The Annual Messages of the Presidents of Liberia 1848–2010: State of the Nation Addresses to the National Legislature 9783598441691, 9783598226007

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The Annual Messages of the Presidents of Liberia 1848–2010

The Annual Messages of the Presidents of Liberia 1848–2010 State of the Nation Addresses to the National Legislature From Joseph Jenkins Roberts to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Edited and compiled by D. Elwood Dunn

Volume 1

De Gruyter

Photograph on the cover: The Capitol in Monrovia, home of the National Legislature of Liberia.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The annual messages of the presidents of Liberia 1848-2010 : state of the nation addresses to the National Legislature : from Joseph Jenkins Roberts to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / edited and compiled by D. Elwood Dunn. v. cm. ISBN 978-3-598-22600-7 1. Liberia–Politics and government–Sources. 2. Presidents– Liberia–Messages. 3. Speeches, addresses, etc., Liberian. I. Dunn, D. Elwood. J875.N15 2011 966.6202–dc22 2011009432

ISBN 978-3-598-22600-7 e-ISBN: 978-3-598-44169-1 Bibliogrphic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2011 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin / New York Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

IN MEMORIAM Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman (1926–2004) and George Flamma Sherman (1913–1999)

Mentors and Colleagues

Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia ............................................. 11 Maps

............................................................................................................................... 17

Photographs ........................................................................................................................ 21

The Annual Messages I.

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (January 3, 1848 – January 7, 1856) First Annual Message January 5, 1848 ................................................................. 25 Second Annual Message December 14, 1849 ....................................................... 34 Third Annual Message December 3, 1850 ............................................................ 43 Fourth Annual Message December 3, 1851 .......................................................... 57 Fifth Annual Message December 15, 1852 (Summary) ........................................ 65 Sixth Annual Message December 6, 1853 ............................................................ 65 Seventh Annual Message December 20, 1854 ...................................................... 77 Eighth Annual Message December 20, 1855 ........................................................ 84

II.

Stephen Allen Benson (January 7, 1856 – January 4, 1864) First Annual Message December 3, 1856 ........................................................... 102 Second Annual Message 1857 (Missing) Special Message April 6, 1857 ........................................................................... 111 Third Annual Message December 9, 1858 .......................................................... 122 Special Message January 6, 1859 ....................................................................... 136 Fourth Annual Message December 9, 1859 ........................................................ 146 Fifth Annual Message December 3, 1860 ........................................................... 155 Sixth Annual Message December 7, 1861 .......................................................... 160 Seventh Annual Message December 5, 1862 ...................................................... 168 Eighth Annual Message December 5, 1863 ........................................................ 175

III.

Daniel Bashiel Warner (January 4, 1864 – January 6, 1868) First Annual Message December 6, 1864 ........................................................... 181 Second Annual Message December 11, 1865 ..................................................... 189 Third Annual Message December 6, 1866 .......................................................... 194 Fourth Annual Message December 16, 1867 ...................................................... 202

IV.

James Spriggs Payne (January 6, 1868 – January 3, 1870) First Annual Message December 10, 1868 ......................................................... 206 Second Annual Message 1869 (Missing)

viii

Contents

V.

Edward James Roye (January 3, 1870 – October 26, 1871) Annual Message December 8, 1870 ................................................................... 219

VI.

James Skivring Smith (November 4, 1871 – January 1,1872) Annual Message December 4, 1871 ................................................................... 224

VII.

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (January 1, 1872 – January 3, 1876) First Annual Message December 9, 1872 .......................................................... Second Annual Message December 15, 1873 .................................................... Third Annual Message December 10, 1874 ....................................................... Fourth Annual Message December 17, 1875 .....................................................

235 247 258 263

VIII.

James Spriggs Payne (January 3, 1876 – January 7, 1878) First Annual Message December 12, 1876 ........................................................ 271 Second Annual Message December 17, 1877 .................................................... 285

IX.

Anthony William Gardner (January 7, 1878 – January 20, 1883) First Annual Message December 12, 1878 ........................................................ Second Annual Message December 10, 1879 .................................................... Third Annual Message December 16, 1880 ....................................................... Fourth Annual Message December 10, 1881 ..................................................... Fifth Annual Message December 6, 1882 ..........................................................

298 308 314 319 323

X.

Alfred Francis Russell (January 20, 1883 – January 7, 1884) Annual Message December 1883 ....................................................................... 328

XI.

Hilary Richard Wright Johnson (January 7, 1884 – January 4, 1892) First Annual Message December 4, 1884 .......................................................... Second Annual Message December 18, 1885 .................................................... Third Annual Message December 14, 1886 ....................................................... Fourth Annual Message December 21, 1887 ..................................................... Fifth Annual Message December 11, 1888 ........................................................ Sixth Annual Message December 30, 1889 ....................................................... Seventh Annual Message December 15, 1890 ................................................... Eighth Annual Message 1891 (Missing)

332 339 348 354 360 366 374

XII.

Joseph James Cheeseman (January 4, 1892 – November 12, 1896) First Annual Message December 8, 1892 .......................................................... 383 Second Annual Message December 1893 .......................................................... 387 Third Annual Message 1894 (Missing) Fourth Annual Message 1895 (Missing)

XIII.

William David Coleman (November 12, 1896 – December 11, 1900) First Annual Message December 14, 1896 ........................................................ 393 Second Annual Message 1897 ........................................................................... 395

Contents

ix

Third Annual Message 1898 ............................................................................... 400 Fourth Annual Message December1899 ............................................................. 403 Fifth Annual Message 1900 ................................................................................ 407 XIV.

Garretson Wilmot Gibson (December 11, 1900 – January 4, 1904) First Annual Message December 10, 1901 ......................................................... 412 Second Annual Message December 9, 1902 ....................................................... 418 Third Annual Message December 16, 1903 ........................................................ 424

XV.

Arthur Barclay (January 4, 1904 – January 1, 1912) First Annual Message December 15, 1904 ......................................................... 430 Second Annual Message December 14, 1905 ..................................................... 436 Third Annual Message December 11, 1906 ........................................................ 444 Fourth Annual Message December 12, 1907 ...................................................... 448 Fifth Annual Message December 15, 1908 ......................................................... 456 Sixth Annual Message December 13, 1909 ........................................................ 472 Seventh Annual Message December 10, 1910 .................................................... 483 Eighth Annual Message December 12, 1911 ...................................................... 497

XVI.

Daniel Edward Howard (January 1, 1912 – January 5, 1920) First Annual Message December 12, 1912 ......................................................... 507 Second Annual Message December 17, 1913 ..................................................... 519 Third Annual Message September 23, 1914 ....................................................... 532 Fourth Annual Message 1915 (Missing) Special Message March 10, 1915 ....................................................................... 542 Fifth Annual Message September 19, 1916 ........................................................ 545 Sixth Annual Message December 20, 1917 ........................................................ 550 Seventh Annual Message 1918 (Missing) Eighth Annual Message December 16, 1919 ...................................................... 556

XVII.

Charles Dunbar Burgess King (January 5, 1920 – December 3, 1930) First Annual Message January 13, 1921 ............................................................. 570 Second Annual Message December 14, 1921 ..................................................... 583 Third Annual Message December 19, 1922 ........................................................ 600 Fourth Annual Message December 13, 1923 ...................................................... 622 Fifth Annual Message December 9, 1924 ........................................................... 638 Sixth Annual Message December 16, 1925 ........................................................ 668 Seventh Annual Message October 20, 1926 ....................................................... 692 Eighth Annual Message December 22, 1927 ...................................................... 713 Ninth Annual Message October 18, 1828 ........................................................... 732 Tenth Annual Message October 30, 1929 ........................................................... 759 Eleventh Annual Message October 30, 1930 ...................................................... 787

XVIII. Edwin James Barclay (December 3, 1930 – January 3, 1944) First Annual Message December 22, 1931 ......................................................... 806 Second Annual Message October 24, 1932 ........................................................ 827

x

Contents

Third Annual Message October 25, 1933 .......................................................... Fourth Annual Message October 26, 1934 ......................................................... Fifth Annual Message December 19, 1935 ........................................................ Sixth Annual Message October 28, 1936 ........................................................... Seventh Annual Message October 29, 1937 ...................................................... Eighth Annual Message November 1, 1938 ....................................................... Ninth Annual Message December 19, 1939 ....................................................... Tenth Annual Message November 5, 1940 ........................................................ Eleventh Annual Message November 4, 1941 ................................................... Twelfth Annual Message 1942 (Missing) Thirteenth Annual Message December 28, 1943 ...............................................

849 890 901 911 921 932 941 954 963 971

XIX.

William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (January 3, 1944 – July 23, 1971) First Annual Message November 1, 1944 .......................................................... 981 Second Annual Message November 9, 1945 .................................................... 1007 Third Annual Message November 15, 1946 .................................................... 1035 Fourth Annual Message 1947 (Missing) Fifth Annual Message November 26, 1948 ...................................................... 1060 Sixth Annual Message October 28, 1949 ......................................................... 1091 Seventh Annual Message November 7, 1950 .................................................. 1115 Eighth Annual Message December 14, 1951 (Summary) ................................ 1147 Ninth Annual Message November 26, 1952 .................................................... 1150 Tenth Annual Message October 23, 1953 ........................................................ 1174 Eleventh Annual Message January 25, 1955 .................................................... 1191 Special Message June 13, 1955 ........................................................................ 1206 Thirteenth Annual Message November 30, 1956 ............................................. 1234 Fourteenth Annual Message November 11, 1957 ............................................ 1243 Fifteenth Annual Message November 14, 1958 ............................................... 1253 Sixteenth Annual Message December 22, 1959 ............................................... 1269 Seventeenth Annual Message November 22, 1960 .......................................... 1281 Eighteenth Annual Message December 9, 1961 .............................................. 1299 Nineteenth Annual Message November 23, 1962 ............................................ 1310 Twentieth Annual Message December 23, 1963 .............................................. 1325 Twenty-first Annual Message November 24, 1964 ......................................... 1335 Twenty-second Annual Message November 16, 1965 ..................................... 1344 Twenty-third Annual Message December 15, 1966 ......................................... 1353 Twenty-fourth Annual Message December 18, 1967 ....................................... 1363 Twenty-fifth Annual Message December 20, 1968 ......................................... 1373 Twenty-sixth Annual Message December 30, 1969 ......................................... 1384 Twenty-seventh Annual Message November 21, 1970 .................................... 1401

XX.

William Richard Tolbert, Jr. (July 23, 1971 – April 12, 1980) First Annual Message December 21, 1971 ...................................................... Second Annual Message January 23, 1973 ...................................................... Third Annual Message January 23, 1974 ......................................................... Fourth Annual Message January 24, 1975 ....................................................... Fifth Annual Message December 17, 1975 ...................................................... Sixth Annual Message January 28, 1977 .........................................................

1418 1455 1502 1546 1580 1609

Contents

xi

Seventh Annual Message January 31, 1978 ...................................................... 1629 Eighth Annual Message February 27, 1979 ...................................................... 1649 Special Message April 17, 1979 ....................................................................... 1662 Ninth Annual Message January 24, 1980 ......................................................... 1666 Special Message March 10, 1980 ..................................................................... 1678 XXI.

Samuel Kanyon Doe (January 6, 1986 – September 9, 1990) Special Message (to the Nation) December 11, 1985 ....................................... 1681 First Annual Message January 29, 1987 ........................................................... 1689 Second Annual Message January 20, 1988 ....................................................... 1705 Third Annual Message January 27, 1989 .......................................................... 1716 Fourth Annual Message February, 1990 ........................................................... 1730

XXII. Charles Mcarthur Ghankay Taylor (August 12, 1997 – August 11, 2003) First Annual Message January 26, 1998 ........................................................... 1743 Second Annual Message January 25, 1999 ....................................................... 1749 Third Annual Message March 20, 2000 (Summary) ......................................... 1758 Fourth Annual Message January 29, 2001 ........................................................ 1759 Fifth Annual Message January 28, 2002 ........................................................... 1771 Special Message February 14, 2002 .................................................................. 1782 XXIII. Moses Zeh Blah (August 11, 2003 – October 14, 2003) XXIV. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (January 16, 2006 – ) First Annual Message January 23, 2006 ........................................................... 1787 Second Annual Message January 29, 2007 ....................................................... 1792 Third Annual Message January 28, 2008 .......................................................... 1816 Fourth Annual Message January 29, 2009 ........................................................ 1835 Fifth Annual Message January 25, 2010 ........................................................... 1864 Appendices 1.

Vice Presidents of Liberia, 1848–2010 ............................................................. 1911

2.

Speakers of the House of Representatives, 1848–2010 .................................... 1911

3.

Presidents Pro-Tempore of the Senate, 1848–2010 .......................................... 1912

Preface My interest in the annual messages of the Presidents of Liberia to the Legislature was first sparked in 1994 during a visit to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Washington, D.C. Though I had gone in search of material on Liberia-United States relations, I was fascinated by the scope, and in some instances, depth of historical content as I perused a large number of presidential addresses of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In time I would move on to examine a variety of other sources in my quest to compile as complete a set as possible of these important state papers. What follows, then, are verbatim reproductions, with light corrections, as acquired from NARA (American National Archives), the Center for National Documents and Records Agency (Liberian National Archives), the Library of Congress, and a variety of other sources.1 Several persons contributed time and effort to the collection of these messages. I gratefully acknowledge all of them for the assistance rendered. I must, however, make special mention of the following individuals whose help was crucial to the project. Angel Batiste of the Library of Congress located a number of the messages. Verlon Stone and his staff at The Liberian Collections Project at Indiana University reproduced from their collections, especially the Svend Holsoe sub-collection, a number of the messages. Sewanee: the University of the South provided significant support through its interlibrary loan system. Sewanee’s Print Services, led by Minnie Smith Tate and Tammy Elliott, scanned and typed, sorted and organized at early stages, while Tracey Williams Omohundro handled the concluding crucial phase of proofreading and related work. Kevin Reynolds and Sewanee’s Dupont Library literally led the charge in locating what was first a good number of missing messages and may very well be responsible for the number dwindling down to nine missing messages. Laverne Page of the Library of Congress was also helpful with tracking down missing messages. I regret exceedingly my inability to locate all of the messages, though I am gratified that 147 annual and special presidential messages – a couple of them message summaries – were in fact located. Perhaps a future compiler will succeed in uncovering what I failed to locate as this effort is carried forward. D. Elwood Dunn Sewanee, Tennessee July 2010

1

American Colonization Society Papers (African Repository and Colonial Journal) Liberian Collections Project (various sub-collections) Collection of C. Abayomi Cassell Private Papers (African Imprint Library); Collection of the Louis Arthur Grimes Papers (African Imprint Library); Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture of the New York Public Library Willie Givens, editor, Liberia: The Road To Democracy Under the Leadership of Samuel Kanyon Doe: The policies and public statements of Dr. Samuel Kanyon Doe, Kensal Press, 1986; Jonathan Taylor, editor, Towards Unity and Progress: Collected Speeches, Pronouncements and Declarations by Dr. Samuel K. Doe, President of the Republic of Liberia, Kensal Press, 1990; E.Reginald Townsend, editor, President William V.S. Tubman of Liberia Speaks: Major Addresses, Messages, Speeches and Statements, 1944–1959, Department of Information and Cultural Affairs, 1969; E. Reginald Townsend & Abeodu Bowen Jones, editors, The Official Papers of William V.S. Tubman, President of the Republic of Liberia, Covering Addresses, Messages, Speeches & Statements 1960–1967; Presidential Papers, Documents, Diary & Record of Activities of the Chief Executive, 1972–1977, 4 volumes, Press Division, The Executive Mansion; Republic of Liberia, Presidential Papers: policies, speeches, statements and record of activities of the Chief Executive … His Excellency Dahkpannah Dr. Charles Ghankay Taylor, August 2, 1997 – December 31, 1998, vol. 1, edited by Reginald B. Goodridge, Sr., Public Affairs at the Executive Mansion.

Introduction To me, any attempt to mobilize the masses in revolutionary Liberia for a better society must begin with a clear definition of the mission of the nation, its purpose, and its hopes for the future being clearly formulated. Such clarification can only be meaningful when the history of the nation is heard with objectivity. Each tomorrow implies a today and each today a yesterday.1 Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman First Woman President of the University of Liberia (1978–1984) Annual Messages of the Presidents of Liberia to the National Legislature were originally mandated by Article III, Section I of the founding Constitution of 1847 which states: “[The President] shall inform the Legislature from time to time, of the condition of the Republic, and recommend any public measures for their adoption, which he may think expedient.” Annual Messages have since 1986 been mandated by Chapter VI, Article 58 of the Constitution in force of 1986 which reads: “The President shall, on the fourth working Monday in January of each year, present the administration’s legislative program for the ensuing session, and shall once a year report to the Legislature on the state of the Republic. In presenting the economic condition of the republic the report shall cover expenditure as well as income.” President Arthur Barclay offered in his 1909 message this interpretation of the constitutional mandate: “It was not without direct intention that the framers of our Constitution arranged that the coordinate branches of Government assemble at the end of each year at the National Capital. The design of the Constitution is to ensure on the one hand, a statement of the year’s happenings, and of work done, and on the other, conferences upon, and agreements with respect to the policy to be followed and the efforts to be put forth during the ensuing year. For, every act of a Government is tentative, and is subject to constant modification and change as the varying circumstances of the times make necessary.” Former University of Liberia President Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman admonished in the euphoria of the April 1980 coup d’etat that history not be jettisoned, for no people can minimize the impact of the past on the present and future. The renowned African scholar, Professor Ali Mazrui has written much about the triple heritage of Africans or their experiences with their own traditional, the Islamic and the Western worlds.2 Liberia cannot be an exception. The inspiration for compiling these messages draws much from these perspectives and sentiments. In the long and often tortuous challenge of forging a nation, presidents responded to the experiences gleaned as much from pre-Liberia circumstances as from those associated with the early colonial settlement that initiated the modern Liberian state. Since the 1848 meeting of the first session of the first Legislature, through many permutations, to the sixth session of the 52nd Legislature, annual messages have been regularly delivered at approximately a year’s interval. Out of a total of 154 messages delivered by twenty-four presidents since the first in January 1848, we have located 141 that are included 1

2

“Mobilizing the Masses in Revolutionary Liberia For a Better society” by Dr. Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman, National Workshop As Part of The National Redemption Day Celebration Sponsored by the Ministry of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism, Monrovia City Hall, April 1–4, 1981. 12pp. (editor’s file). Ali A, Mazrui, The Africans: A Triple Heritage, Little Brown & Co. 1986

2

Introduction

in this compilation. President Roberts delivered eight in his first term, and President Benson delivered eight. Warner delivered four, and Payne delivered two in his first term. Roye and Smith each delivered one message. Roberts delivered four in his second presidency, and Payne delivered two in his own second presidency. Gardner delivered five, and Russell delivered a single message. Johnson delivered eight, and Cheeseman four. Coleman delivered five, while Gibson delivered three. Arthur Barclay delivered eight, as did Howard. King delivered 11 and Edwin Barclay delivered 14. Tubman delivered 27, and Tolbert 10. Doe delivered four, and Taylor delivered six. President Blah delivered no message. President Sirleaf has so far delivered five messages. Included in the collection are five non-annual or special messages to the Legislature, another six located but not included because of space limitations. These are more samples, as special messages constitute a pattern of presidential communication with the Legislature. Each special message has an important bearing on the state of the nation during the concerned presidential or leadership term. Benson was perhaps the first president to address a message to an extra session of the Legislature. On April 6, 1857, he reported on the implementation of a Legislative Act titled “An Act providing for the relief of the State of Maryland in Liberia.” This was in reference to civil conflict within the independent colonial settlement of Maryland, the role Liberia played in addressing that conflict, and the subsequent decision that resulted in Maryland joining the Liberian state. President Benson sent a second special message to the Legislature pursuant to House of Representative Resolution of January 3, 1859 –“Resolved, that the President of Liberia, be requested, and he is hereby requested, if not incompatible with the public interest, to furnish for the information of the House, a detailed statement of the facts in connection with the mutiny on board of the French emigration Ship ‘Regina Coeli,’ together with all and every other information, relating to the French system of emigration as prosecuted on the Liberian Coast.” President Howard called a special session of the Legislature on March 10, 1915 to report on extraordinary financial matters occasioned by World War I and its impact on Liberian commerce, including the merchant marine services of Britain and Germany. President Edwin Barclay addressed to an extraordinary session of the Legislature on July 18, 1932 a message in reaction to the following bearing on the welfare of the state: granting special powers to the president to maintain public order; considering League of Nations Plan of Assistance; considering budgetary and financial matters; and approving measures for economic and financial welfare of the population. One of Tubman’s messages to extraordinary sessions of the Legislature is included, the second located but not included. The first of June 13, 1955 was a detailed response to a “Bill of Exceptions” addressed to the Legislature by former President Edwin Barclay challenging the results of the presidential election that year. The second message of July 11, 1955, reported on an attempted assassination of the President by alleged plotters associated with the opposition party that Barclay led. Included as well are two special messages that Tolbert addressed to the Legislature, the first of April 17, 1979 reported on the civil unrest of April 14, 1979, and the second on March 10, 1980 titled “Attempt made by the Progressive People’s Party to overthrow the Government of the Republic of Liberia.” The Tolbert government was itself overthrown about a month later, on April 12, 1980. Doe’s own first “special message”, not included, was addressed to the nation. It was to announce that he and his military associates had overthrown the Liberian government and installed themselves as a Peoples’ Redemption Council (PRC) government. His second “special message” was addressed to an interim legislature, the Interim National Assembly (INA) that sat before the formally established Legislature in January 1986. Doe was reporting in November 1985 on a major attempt by former junta colleague, General Thomas Qui-

Introduction

3

wonkpa, to topple his military government in the aftermath of controversial elections in October 1985. Likewise, Taylor communicated a special message on February 14, 2002 reporting on gathering insurgencies that contributed importantly in forcing his resignation from the presidency the following year. Though a few messages were delivered to legislatures during the four interregnums in the constitutional order – October 26–November 4, 1871 (civilian executive rule), 1980– 1986 (military rule), 1990–1997 (civil war), and 2003–2006 (interim between war’s end and democratic elections) – most of those messages are not included in this compilation because the leaders delivering them did not come to power through constitutional means. The first interim was made necessary by the first coup d’etat of 1871 when President Roye was overthrown in a civilian revolt against the government. An executive committee of three conducted the affairs of state until the vice president was located and installed in constitutional succession. The second interregnum came with the overthrow in April 1980 of President Tolbert by a military junta, the PRC. The Council was succeeded in 1983 by a junta-created INA. Elections were held in 1985 under a new Constitution. Samuel K. Doe, declared winner of the election, was inaugurated president in January 1986. The third interregnum was occasioned by the initiation in 1989/90 of an insurgency, led by Charles M.G. Taylor and his National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), which resulted in 14 years of civil war. Doe was killed in September 1990, and various political players installed a series of interim arrangements. Among those who led these arrangements were Amos C. Sawyer (1990–1994), Charles M.G. Taylor (1990–1994 concurrently), David Dower Kpormakpor (1994–1995), Wilton Sengbe Sankawulo (1995–1996), and Ruth Sondo Perry (1996–1997). A fourth interregnum came about when President Taylor was pressured in August 2003 by internal and external (largely American) forces to relinquish power. He inducted into office his vice president, Moses Z. Blah, before being escorted into exile in Nigeria by a phalanx of African presidents that included Obasanjo of Nigeria, Kufour of Ghana, Mbeki of South Africa, and Chissano of Mozambique. Blah briefly then succeeded to the presidency pending the implementation of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) brokered in Ghana by Liberian stakeholders and international partners. The CPA enabled Charles Gyude Bryant to assume a two-year interim chairmanship of the state, 2003–2006. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf who won the presidential election of 2005 was installed as President of Liberia on January 16, 2006. The significance or usefulness of the annual messages is their value for historical research. Since emergence from a quarter century of instability and war, scholars have dwelt on Liberia’s commonalities with countries that have experienced civil war. The notion of historical and societal uniqueness of post-conflict countries is gaining currency to complement the commonalities. The annual messages of the presidents represent raw material available to historians and other social scientists interested in capturing a more complete picture and deeper understanding of the Liberian experience, or at least the antecedents to civil war. Given the peculiarities of Liberian history, the 19th and early 20th century presidential messages tended to monopolize perspectives on the state of the nation since consistent political opposition and serious scholarly accounts were few. Even so, it is possible to compare presidential accounts with those of such early thinkers and writers as Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832–1912), Alexander Crummell (1819–1898), T. McCants Stewart (1854–1923), Benjamin J.K Anderson (1834–1910), George Seymour (1819–1860), Varney J. Fahnbulleh (1892–1975), Gregory T. Bedell (1832–1897), Edwin Gyude Hodge (1897–1980?), Plenyo-

4

Introduction

no Gbe Wolo (1883–1940), Raymond Leslie Buell (1896–1946), Abayomi W. Karnga (1883–1951), Monday B. Abasiatti ( University of Uyo, Nigeria), Albert Porte (1906–1986) and J. Gus Liebenow (1925–1993), among a host of others. There were as well challenges to presidential perspectives by an independent media that Carl Patrick Burrowes has well documented in his book, Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830–1970 (Africa World Press, 2004). President Johnson noted approvingly the publication in 1885 of the Belgian Henri Emmanuel Wanwermans’ Liberia: histoire de la fondation d’un etat negre libre (“Liberia: history of the founding of a free negro state”), Brussels: Institut National De Geographie. Not so with President King who contested the account of Maurice Delafosse’s Un etat negre: la Republique de Liberia (“A black state: the Republic of Liberia”). Delafosse was a former French consular officer in Monrovia. President King equally disagreed with the perspective of Raymond Leslie Buell in the American author’s account of the arrangements that led to the beginnings of the Firestone business in Liberia. But King was in agreement with Buell as the American writer pointed out a forced labor practice in African colonies of the epoch. President Edwin Barclay was broadly dismissive of his foreign and domestic critics, as was President Tubman in the notable case of Growth Without Development: An Economic Survey of Liberia, the book written by a team of Northwestern University professors in the 1960s and banned from circulation in Liberia.3 There was a marked increase in the tempo of competing perspectives on the state of the state with the rise of nationalism and decolonization in Africa. And while several Liberian and foreign scholars were clearly in evidence to contest the presidential perspective, this did not remove the need for the perspective of the official office holder, privy to things confidential of both a domestic and foreign character. Though such perspectives may have at times been circumscribed, they nevertheless provide an important vantage point. They remain relevant even in a post-civil war political climate of heightened political contestations with a multiplicity of formal and informal dissenting voices. The usefulness of the messages may be noted as follows: 1. A significant body of state papers, they represent Liberian political literature that illuminates the past; 2. They reveal presidential character, and perhaps point to the need for serious biographies of all the presidents, to hopefully complement those done already by A. Doris Banks Henries (“The Life of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 1809–1876”) and Svend Holsoe (an unpublished manuscript on the life of Edward James Roye), as well as pending biographies of “African-American Presidents” of Liberia currently being researched by David Smith, Jr. of Georgia State University. 3. They reveal as well presidential characteristics as they point to the need for a serious study of the Liberian presidency, its origins, its evolution, and its future prospects. 4. They aid in contextualizing the history of Liberia as the environments of the delivery of the messages speak to the tenor of the times.

3

Authors are Robert W. Clower, George Dalton, Mitchell Harowitz and A.A. Walters (with the assistance of Robert P. Armstrong, Johnette Cole, Robert Cole and George Lamson). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1966. 385 pp. There is a full account of the saga involving the Liberian president, U.S. government officials, officials of Northwestern, and officials of the American Association of University Professors. See my Liberia and the United States During the Cold War: Limits of Reciprocity, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009

Introduction

5

Though the annual messages represent political literature from a single African country, it bears repeating Liberia’s uniqueness, even as the commonalities with other African countries remain evident. Liberia was for long one of perhaps only four independent states in Africa, and the only African state whose independence was never interrupted. The presidential messages speak to how Liberia addressed the lingering transatlantic slave trade in the 1820s and the decades that followed, how Liberia interacted with European legitimate traders and subsequent colonial neighbors, how Liberia addressed its own internal challenge of nation building, and also how the country related to the rise and consolidation of nationalism and decolonization in Africa and elsewhere. Liberia is also like Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, the states emerging from the former Yugoslavia in that they are all countries recovering from civil wars. And for a variety of reasons they are all objects of scholarly inquiry. The government and non-governmental organizations that are currently engaged in Liberia, and are likely to remain engaged for many years into the future, should be interested in knowing the historic roots of conflict as efforts are made to address their contemporary manifestations. The past weighs heavily here. The presidential messages help illuminate that past. The messages reveal presidential character. Through them one acquires at least a glimpse, perhaps more, of the 23 males and sole female who have held the office of president of Liberia. Founding Father Roberts exudes pioneering leadership qualities, as do a few others of the early presidents. Many came to the presidency from Christian religious careers. Roye, perhaps the first formally college educated, and former Chief Justice of Liberia’s Supreme Court, was an independently successful businessman before he sought the presidency. The vice president who succeeded him was a practicing physician. Noted West Indian immigrants who arrived in Liberia in 1865 produced two highly educated presidents – Arthur Barclay who earned a bachelor’s degree from Liberia College in 1873 and became president barely two decades after reaching Liberia, and Edwin Barclay, a Liberian-born nephew, who also received a B.A. degree in 1903 from Liberia College. The senior Barclay is architect of state policy of expansion from the coast to the interior of what became Liberia, while the junior Barclay’s policies addressed the difficult aftermath of the forced labor scandal that brought down his predecessor, President King. William V.S. Tubman’s 27-year tenure is the longest so far in the history of Liberia. Though an able administrator, he was a crafty politician who governed autocratically. He left a legacy that still appears to be engrained in the national political culture. More recent presidents have had to address the challenge of change toward democratization. The challenge is ongoing. Taylor and Sirleaf are the first two presidents who, as born Liberians, acquired higher educations abroad in the U.S. They each are culturally hybrid Liberians, Taylor a blend of American immigrant and Gola ancestry, and Sirleaf a more complex blending of Kru, Gola and German ancestries. Among presidential characteristics are the following: Roberts was the first “African American” president of Liberia. Russell was the first former slave president. Roye was the first Liberian president to meet with his American counterpart. He visited with U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant at the Executive Mansion in Washington DC on September 8, 1870. Roye was also the first opposition figure to defeat an incumbent, and was as well the first overthrown president. Tolbert and Doe met a similar fate. Payne was the first president to be impeached (1877) though not removed from office. Gardner was the first president to resign his office, as was Coleman who resigned under pressure. King and Taylor would each later suffer a similar fate. Cheeseman was the first president to die in office (November 12, 1896). Tubman, Tolbert, and Doe also died as sitting presidents.

6

Introduction

James S. Smith was the first vice president to succeed to the presidency. The existence of his sole annual message in which he details the circumstances of his predecessor’s overthrow and his succession to the presidency establishes with finality that he was the sixth president of Liberia.4 Gibson was the first secretary of state to succeed to the presidency. King was the next president after Roye to meet with his American counterpart as he visited with U.S. President Warren G. Harding at the White House on April 15, 1921. Edwin Barclay again met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House in May 1943 following their first meeting in Liberia when Roosevelt visited in connection with the prosecution of World War II. Having earlier accompanied Barclay to Washington as president-elect, Tubman when president in his own right, visited at the White House with U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower (1954), John F. Kennedy (1961), and Lyndon B. Johnson (1968). Doe was the first president from the ranks of the indigenous majority population, and he met at the White House with U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1982). Only Taylor in recent times never met with his American counterpart. Blah is the only president who did not deliver an annual message or some similar address to the Legislature or the nation. This was not because of duration but circumstances, as Smith’s time in office was shorter than Blah’s, yet Smith delivered an annual message to the Legislature. Sirleaf is the lone woman president so far in the history of Liberia. The final of the noted usefulness of the messages is that they contribute to contextualizing the history of governance in Liberia. The presidencies of Roberts through H.R.W. Johnson set the pace of governing enclave settlements in the midst of multiple indigenous polities. Two dissimilar worldviews soon confronted and struggled for pre-eminence. European colonization and the concomitant continued resistance of indigenous polities ensued as the Liberian state sought to forge ahead. The period covered goes from Johnson through Edwin Barclay. Then followed Liberia’s reaction to the emergence and consolidation of African nationalism, the independence movement, and the challenge of a Liberian internal renaissance. Tubman, Tolbert, and Doe faced these challenges. The global context of the Cold War is relevant here. As the global conflict ebbed, Liberia was plunged into civil war, and the violence soon engulfed the West African sub region. Though begun under Doe, it was Taylor who was at center stage at this time of massive upheavals. Post-civil war reconstruction and unfinished past challenges bring us to the Sirleaf administration, and her messages reflect these challenges and political contestations. The annual messages were delivered to a variety of venues including the Hall of Representatives (notably in 1861, 1895, and 1910), the Senate Chamber (1894), and the Executive Pavilion (1951). With the Legislature meeting for the first time in 1957 in the current Capitol Building, that year’s message was the first delivered in the building. The E.J. Roye headquarters of the former ruling True Whig Party became the venue for the delivery of all of Tolbert’s messages until January 1977 when he for the first time addressed legislators in a re-modeled Capitol Building. There was irregularity in delivery time – some at start of, others at end of the calendar year, yet others in middle of the year. These are not in reference to the special messages as by their nature they came in response to special circumstances. The 1910 message was misdated as December 13, 1911 when it should have been Dec. 12, 1910. The 1954 message was delivered January 21, 1955 and carries the printing date of January 25, 1955. So too was 4

See William E. Allen and D. Elwood Dunn, “Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is The Twenty Fourth, NOT Twenty Third President of Liberia: A New Interpretative History.”… Liberian Studies Journal, vol. 33, No. 1, 2008, pp64–68

Introduction

7

the message of 1961 which was erroneously dated January 9, 1961 when it should have been December 9, 1961. The message of 1917 was misprinted as 1918, thus rendering the latter a missing message. Tolbert made an attempt to regularize message delivery schedule. He refers in his 1972 message, delivered January 1973, to the need for “Legislation authorizing the restructuring of our annual reporting period to conform to the fiscal year so as to provide a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the activities of government. It is in this context that the present message includes the period January 1 to December 31, 1972.” Yet deviations followed even if one allows for the shift from the 1847 to the 1986 Constitution, as when Doe delivered in Feb. 1990 his annual message covering the year 1989. The messages as well reveal some little known but important facts. For example, that there was a law department at Liberia College, and that a class of lawyers was graduated in 1903 (Gibson’s 1903 Message). Howard points out in his 1917 Message that until 1908 the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was the only lawyer on the highest court of the land. And Tubman relates in his 1969 Message the following which should be understood in light of the so-called “rice riots” of April 14, 1979 that marked the beginning of serious social unrest and political instability, culminating in civil war: “The Secretary [of Agriculture] recommended that a certain small amount be added to the ceiling price of rice to encourage the farmers to produce more rice. I rejected this proposal instantly because for more than one reason it would be unfair and inappropriate to place a tax on the principal article of food of the people of the country among whom are some of the poorest, even poorer than the farmers, to benefit the relatively few farmers. I therefore told the Secretary of Agriculture that funds for the expansion of agriculture must be found elsewhere.”

Problem of History in Liberia and Problem of Liberian History: Though older than most African countries, Liberia is in many respects a microcosm of contemporary Africa, reflecting its indigenous and exogenous experiences. An understudied country, it has of late attracted international attention since joining the ranks of post-civil war societies. In the quest at rebuilding such countries, scholars are increasingly stressing both issues common to all post-war reconstruction as well as the need to appreciate the unique complexities of each national society. The annual state of the nation addresses of the presidents of Liberia, as we have suggested, constitute an important corpus of raw material useful for understanding the country’s past. Inevitably this raises at least two issues – nation-building trajectories since the early 19th century, and the more recent challenge of “collapsed states” or “failed states” status. As regards nation building trajectories, it may be useful to briefly highlight a few of the approaches so far noted in the writing or understanding of Liberian history. • History informed by the civilizing and christianizing mission. The works of such writers as A. Doris Banks Henries, C. Abayomi Cassell, Ernest J. Yancy and Nathaniel Richardson follow this perspective. • History as ‘Black Colonialism” or “Americo-Liberian repression of indigenous Liberians” is a paradigm largely of foreign historians. Perhaps the Nigerian historian Monday Benson Akpan’s (Abasiattai now replaces Akpan) pioneering dissertation (“The African policy of the Liberian settlers, 1842–1932” PhD dissertation, Ibadan Univ., 1968) set the stage for this perspective. The approach posits as evidence indigenous peoples’ resistance to Christian mission influence (a worldview) and central state au-

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Introduction

thority. See also Raymond Leslie Buell’s The Native Problem in Africa. (London, Frank Cass, 1965, vol. I, 1045 pp; vol. II, 1101 pp) which was first published in 1928. History as the authentic narrative of each indigenous community including the critical role of oral tradition in historical reconstruction. This is also in reference to a multiplicity of narratives reflecting the nature of indigenous societies, as well as the lived experiences of the Liberian people, severally and individually. Some have suggested this approach especially for societies in conflict or emerging from conflict. A number of general and specific ethnographic studies of Liberia’s various indigenous communities reflect well this approach. For the general one might consider Robin Horton’s “Stateless societies in the history of West Africa” In History of West Africa, edited by J.F.A. Ayayi and Michael Crowder (1976). For highlights of historical work on the indigenous peoples, see the studies of the following researchers: Warren L. d’Azevedo, George E. Brooks, Svend E. Holsoe, Jane J. Martin, Martin J. Ford, Jo Mary Sullivan, S. Jangaba M. Johnson, Joseph M.N. Gbadyu, Paul D. Korvah, Augustine V. Konneh, and Syrulwa Somah. Two sets of bibliographies by Svend Holsoe and this writer, as well as issues of the Liberian Studies Journal contain a record of research conducted so far on the ethnic groups of Liberia. Linguists have played a role in the classification of such groups, pointing out that Liberia’s indigenous languages fall under the Niger-Congo family of languages. Liberia’s Niger-Congo family consists of the Mande (Mano, Dan, Vai, Kpelle, Lorma, Bandi, and Mandingo), the Atlantic (Gola, Kisi), and the Kru (Belle, Bassa-Gbii, Dey-Dewoin, Grebo complex, Krahn, Klao).5 Other narratives would include the American immigrant group (much work done here but often from narrow perspectives), the Congo-Recaptive immigrant group, the Caribbean immigrant Group, as well as an important hybrid group (varying combinations of existing groups) which has so far received scant, if any, attention in the scholarly and popular literature. History as inclusive of pre-Liberian historical experience, and accounting for interaction between native institutions and those of an evolving state. Abayomi Karnga’s The Republic of Liberia, Liverpool, D.H. Tytre & Co., 1926 establishes this genre.

A sampling of these path-breaking studies include: Joseph M.N Gbadyu, “The Bassaman and the Expansion of the Liberian State: 1847–1912” In: Anthology of Liberian Literature, Monrovia: Society of Liberian Authors, 1974, p.135–157; Warren L. d’Azevedo, “Continuity and Integration in Gola Society”, PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 1962. 302pp; Jane J. Martin, “The Dual Legacy: Government Authority and Mission Influence Among the Glebo of Eastern Liberia, 1834–1910”, PhD thesis, Boston Univ., 1968, 477pp; Svend E. Holsoe, “The Cassava-Leaf People: An Ethnohistorical study of the Vai People with a particular emphasis on the Tewo Chiefdom”, PhD thesis, Boston Univ., 1967, 298pp; Richard M. Fulton, “The Kpelle of Liberia: A Study of Political Change in the Liberian Interior”, PhD thesis, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 1969, 285pp; George E. Brooks, Jr. “The Kru Mariner in the 19th Century: An Historical Compendium”, Newark, Delaware: Institute for Liberian Studies, 1972, 121pp (Liberian Studies Monograph Series No. 1); Martin J. Ford, “Ethnic Relations and the Transformation of Leadership among the Dan of Nimba, Liberia”, PhD thesis, State Univ. of New York at Binghamton, 1991, 337pp; S. Jangaba M. Johnson, “The Traditional History and Folklore of the Gola Tribe of Liberia” (Monrovia: Bureau of Folklore, Department of Interior, 1961, 2 vols), “The Traditional History and Folklore of the Glebo Tribe of Liberia (Monrovia: Bureau of Folklore, Interior Department,1955)”, “The Traditional History and Folklore of the Belle Tribe” (Liberian Studies Journal, vol 1, no. 2, 1969, p.45–73); Bai T. Moore, The Senkolo Story: A history (of the Monrovia area) based on Oral Traditions, Monrovia, Liberia, March 17, 1989, 68+ pp; Augustine V. Konneh, Religion, Commerce, and the Integration of the Mandingo in Liberia, Univ. Press of America, 1996; Paul D. Korvah, The History of the Loma People, Oakland, CA: OBooks, 1995; and Syrulwa Somah, Nyanyan Gohn-Manan: History, Migration and Government of Bassa, First Book-rev 1/30/03.

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History a product of historiographical analysis of the Liberian past that sees the “nucleating agency” (“emigrant ethnicity”) of the Liberian state as a fluid and changing institution destined to become progressively inclusive. C.E.Zamba Liberty’s 1977 dissertation (Stanford University), and the 1961 Memoir of C.L. Simpson, a former vice president, highlights this perspective. • History as regime or first republic (1847–1980) experience, pervaded by the civilizing and Christianizing founding myth, and now in need of significant adjustment or redressing. See Joseph Saye Guannu’s series of texts for primary and high schools that take this approach to Liberian history.6 There also seems to be developing a new genre that focuses interpreting Liberian history in light of the civil war.7 There is merit to each of the foregoing approaches to understanding Liberia’s past. They could no doubt be joined fruitfully to a host of other perspectives in the unending quest for overcoming the problem of history in Liberia, or how one might objectively come to understand the country; and the problem of Liberian history, or how to overcome the circumscribed perception or single narrative of Liberian history as a morality tale. As I have observed elsewhere, the Liberian experiment with nation building might benefit from comparative perspectives, for nation-state building everywhere since the genesis of the modern nation-state in the aftermath of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, has been associated with warfare. This was the experience of European states and subsequently the United States of America. This makes Liberia a part of the wars and nation-making nexus, for like “The War That Made America,” the Liberian experience has been “a tale with many facets … anger bred retaliation, retaliation bred ambition … No one was immune … The results were … morally ambiguous.”8 Moreover, the Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa resulted from Usman Dan Fodio’s Jihad of the 1700s in much of what today is Northern Nigeria. Even President Roberts invoked the war and history linkage in his 1850 annual message as he wrote: “Did not the cottages of shepherds rise into imperial Rome, the nursery of heroes – through the invigorating operation of unceasing wars? Trace back, if you please, the history of the United States of America, and see how those States flourished and grew strong under 6

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Joseph Saye Guannu, Liberian History Before 1857 (Exposition Press, 1977), Liberian History Since 1857 (Exposition Press, 1977), and An Introduction to Liberian Government: The First Republic and the Peoples Redemption Council (Exposition Press, 1982). Issue of the number of Liberian republican experiences has not been established beyond passing references as follows: 1847–1980 (first republic), 1986–1990 (second republic), 1997–2003 (third republic), and 2006 to present (fourth republic). For initiating insights into the approaches to the study of Liberian history, see D. Elwood Dunn, compiler, Liberia, World Bibliographical Series, Volume 157, CLIO Press, 1995, 207pp. For a compendium of Liberian historical facts, see D. Elwood Dunn, Amos J. Beyan, and Carl Patrick Burrowes, Historical Dictionary of Liberia, second edition, African Historical Dictionaries, No. 83, The Scarecrow Press, 2001. Useful as well to note Liberian historian Abeodu Bowen Jones’ suggested “approaches to the study of Liberian history” in volume I, number I of The Liberian Historical Review, 1964, pp 24–30. Labeled what she calls the “monographic approach to the understanding and writing of Liberian history with heavy emphasis on political development and interpretations,” Jones briefly outlines four approaches as follows: the humanitarian, the economic, the diplomatic, and the biographical. For work on the civil war, see Werner Korte, “Liberia: A Bibliography (1988–1998), with special references to the Civil War,” University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Politics & Economics 23, 1999, 76pp. See footnote to Jay Winik’s review of Fred Anderson’s “The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War,” New York Times Book Review, January 8, 2008, p 23), and my collective book review of Amos Sawyer’s Beyond Plunder: Toward Democratic Governance in Liberia (2005), and Jeremy Levitt’s The Evolution of Deadly Conflict in Liberia (2005) in The African Studies Review, volume 49, number 3, December 2006, pp 151–154.

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Introduction

the difficulties that surrounded, and more than once, threatened the annihilation of some of them. But these very difficulties produced an exceedingly enterprising people, and hardy legions that have subsequently proved themselves equal to any emergency.” I. William Zartman’s edited book Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Lynne Reinner, 1995) includes a chapter on Liberia. Though he is guarded in his definition of collapse and does not suggest total collapse or failure, the failed states discourse has incorporated the Liberian experience. It needs underscoring that in spite of numerous “deadly conflicts” (one source lists 14, another 47)9 as well as 14 years of fullblown civil war, the center held, the state endued. In the midst of the earlier “AmericoLiberian scramble for the hinterland”, and the more contemporary specters of rival governments, of warlordism, there is no record of secessionist attempt. All aspirants for power targeted the centralized state. All invoked even the problematic national symbols such as the National Flag and ceremonially sang with gusto the National Anthem. All spoke what John Victor Singler has called “Liberian Englishes” (Singler, “On the classification of Liberian Languages”, paper at Liberian Studies Association 42, Temple University, 2010: Author’s file) or, Standard English with a common Liberian accent, the various indigenous languages, notwithstanding. The foregoing suggests that historical verdict on the state of the Liberian experiment is still pending as a serious comprehensive history of Liberia has yet to be written. When such a history is in fact written, the historians, social scientists and other scholars who must undertake the task may find the presidential messages useful in the manner we have earlier indicated. In the end, the admonition of the late Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman best encapsulates the practical utility of the annual messages, that the Liberian past is integral to shaping a Liberian present and future. From the presidential reports on the state of the nation can be gleaned vital information about and insights into not only the “what” and “how” of the past of the Liberian state and society, but the “why” as well. Inevitably, a host of other critical perspectives will be required to complete the story of Liberia. For the researcher and policymaker, however, the significance of these primary state papers cannot be overemphasized. They are the critical vantage points of the 23 men and one woman who have placed on history their imprimaturs as they individually and collectively chronicle more than 163 years of the socio-political evolution of a people. It is hoped that the publication and therefore one-stop availability of these presidential messages to the National Legislature will occasion for researchers and policymakers alike the need to approach an understanding of Liberia from two fundamental perspectives – (1) the contemporary preoccupation with reconstruction following the devastating civil war of 1989–2003, and (2) foundational issues, including the history problematic (unresolved issues of national purpose and identity), indispensable for appreciating what eventuated in the civil war. These two perspectives could contribute immeasurably to pointing the way to a desirable inclusive set of requirements for national renewal that translates into sustainable peace. Such requirements may as well point to the need for re-negotiating protocols between the Liberian state and the society or societies within which it is embedded.

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Anthony J. Nimley lists 47, while Jeremy Levitt references 14 “deadly conflicts” in Liberian history. For Nimley, see his multiple volumes Government and Politics in Liberia, Nashville, TN: Academic Publishers International, Incorporated, 1991, 3.000 + pp. For Levitt, see his The Evolution of Deadly Conflict in Liberia, Carolina Academic Press, 2005.

Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876). First and seventh president of Liberia (1848–1856 & 1872–1876), and last governor of the Commonwealth of Liberia (1843–1848). Freeborn March 15, 1809 in Norfolk, Virginia (USA), he received a liberal education in Virginia and immigrated to Liberia in 1829. Considered the nation’s Founding Father, Roberts was also the first President of Liberia College (1862–1875), the country’s first higher education institution that was founded in collaboration with the Boston-based Trustees of Donations for Education in Liberia. Stephen Allen Benson (1816–1865). Second president of Liberia (1856– 1864). Freeborn in Baltimore, Maryland (USA) May 21, 1816, he immigrated with parents to Liberia 1822; educated in schools supported by the American Colonization Society (ACS), he joined his family’s successful business (sale of coffee and palm oil), and was a Methodist preacher. His political career before his presidency included service as vice president in the 1850s. During his presidency the United States in 1862 formally accorded diplomatic recognition to Liberia, fifteen years after the 1847 declaration of independence. Daniel Bashiel Warner (1815–1880). Third president of Liberia (1864– 1868). Freeborn in Baltimore, Maryland (USA) April 19, 1815; immigrated to Liberia with parents in 1823. Home schooled by his father; became elder in the Presbyterian Church; prior to presidency, was first Speaker of the House of Representatives, twice secretary of state, and the first mayor of Monrovia; elected vice president 1861. James Spriggs Payne (1819–1882). Fourth and eighth president of Liberia (1868–1870; 1876–1878). Born in Richmond, Virginia (USA) October 15, 1819, he immigrated to Liberia with his parents in 1829. Educated in Monrovia, he was also trained as a Methodist minister and was formally ordained in the USA in 1840. Author of “A Prize Essay on Political Economy, As Adapted to the Republic of Liberia,” Monrovia: G. Killian, Printer – Liberia Herald office, 1860, 86pp). Impeached December 1877 by the House of Representatives, though not removed from office. He returned to his Church work following his presidency. Edward James Roye (1815–1872). Fifth president of Liberia (1870–1871). Freeborn in Newark, Ohio (USA) February 3, 1815. Educated in Newark schools and at Ohio University, he became successful businessman before immigrating to Liberia in 1844 where he continued his business activities before entering politics. He was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court prior to his presidency. He was overthrown in a civilian coup d’etat on October 26, 1871.

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Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia

James Skivring Smith (1825–1892). Sixth president of Liberia (Nov.1871– January 1872), he succeeded the overthrown Roye following a brief interregnum. Born in Charleston, South Carolina (USA) February 26, 1825. Immigrated to Liberia with his parents in 1832. Studied medicine initially under Dr. James Lugenbeel, a white physician hired by the ACS, and subsequently at the Berkshire Medical Institute in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, graduating 1848. He practiced medicine in Grand Bassa County, serving briefly as Roye’s vice president and subsequently as president for an even briefer period. Anthony William Gardiner (1820–1885). Ninth president of Liberia (1878– 1883). Born in Southampton County, Virginia (USA) January 24, 1820; immigrated to Liberia with his parents in 1830, settling in Grand Bassa County where he studied law under famous Grand Bassa County lawyer, Louis Sheridan. A representative to the 1847 Constitutional Convention, he was Liberia’s first Attorney General, and served as Roberts’ vice-president 1872–1876. Gardiner defeated Payne for the presidency in 1877, and he resigned the presidency in 1883. Alfred Francis Russell (1817–1884). Tenth president of Liberia (1883–1884). Born a slave on August 25, 1817 in Lexington, Kentucky (USA); immigrated with his family to Liberia in 1833. Educated by missionaries of the Methodist Church, Russell subsequently became a priest in the Episcopal Church. He was Gardner’s vice president and succeeded to the presidency on Gardner’s resignation. He died April 4, 1884 only a few months after leaving the presidency. Hilary Richard Wright Johnson (1837–1901). Eleventh president of Liberia (1884–1892), he was the first president born on Liberian soil. Born in Monrovia June 1, 1837, he was educated at Alexander High School and Liberia College. He taught at the college upon graduation. Johnson became private secretary to President Benson, and subsequently served as Secretary of State and Secretary of the Interior, before his election to the presidency. Joseph James Cheeseman (1843–1896). Twelfth president of Liberia (1892– 1896). Born in Edina, Grand Bassa County on March 7, 1843, he was educated at Liberia College, and ordained a Baptist minister in 1868, serving the denomination for much of the time thereafter. Prior to his election to the presidency, he was a member of the House of Representatives in the 1870s and Judge of the Superior Court of Grand Bassa County beginning 1884. He died in office as president of Liberia on November 12, 1896. William David Coleman (1842–1908). Thirteenth president of Liberia (1896– 1900). Born a slave in Fayette County, Kentucky (USA), he immigrated to Liberia with his parents in 1853, settling in Clay-Ashland, Montserrado County. Educated at a Presbyterian mission school in Clay-Ashland, he began his career as a carpenter, later becoming a farmer and a merchant, before his entry into politics. He was a member of the House of Representatives for six years, and of the Senate for eight years. He also served as vice president to Cheeseman, succeeding the latter upon his death in office.

Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia

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Garretson Wilmot Gibson (1832–1910). Fourteenth president of Liberia (1900–1904). Born Talbot County, Maryland (USA), he immigrated to Liberia with his parents in 1835, and the family settled in “Maryland in Africa” (later Maryland County) in 1835. Gibson’s early education was with the mission of the Episcopal Church in Cape Palmas. He subsequently returned to the States where he was a theological student at Virginia Theological Seminary from 1851–1853. A seasoned prelate (and subsequent diplomat), he was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal Church, serving as rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Monrovia, and president of Liberia College (1892–1896). Upon the resignation of President Coleman, and due to a vacancy in the vice presidency, Gibson as Secretary of State, became the constitutional successor to the presidency. Arthur Barclay (1854–1938). Fifteenth president of Liberia (1904–1912). Born Bridgetown, Barbados July 31, 1854, Barclay immigrated with his father to Liberia in 1865. He was educated at Liberia College (B.A., 1873), becoming there a professor, and subsequently studying law at the college. He partnered with Henry W. Grimes a fellow Liberian of West Indian background in establishing what became a famous law firm in Monrovia. His distinguished public career included such cabinet portfolios as postmaster general, secretary of state and secretary of the treasury. Even after leaving the presidency he was often called upon to render public service. Barclay served on the League of Nations commission that investigated charges of improprieties in the government of President King. Daniel Edward Howard (1861–1935). Sixteenth president of Liberia 1912– 1920). Born in Buchanan, Grand Bassa County August 4, 1861, he was educated in Monrovia, eventually enrolling in Liberia College. Before the presidency he was private secretary to President Johnson, superintendent of Montserrado County, and secretary of the treasury (1904–1912). Charles Dunbar Burgess King (1875–1961). Seventeenth president of Liberia (1920–1930). Born in Monrovia March 12, 1875 of Sierra Leonean parents, he was educated in Monrovia and Freetown, and studied law under Chief Justice F.E.R. Johnson. He practiced law and served in senior government positions before his election to the presidency. During his administration the 1926 Firestone Concession agreement was concluded and the American rubber business installed in Liberia. King was forced to resign his office following internationally determined evidence of serious violations of human rights in which his government was complicit. Edwin James Barclay (1882–1955). Eighteenth president of Liberia (1930– 1944). Born Brewerville, Montserrado County, on January 5, 1882, of West Indian parents, he was educated at Liberia College (B.A., 1903). Barclay served as a judge and attorney general before being named secretary of state. Barclay succeeded to the presidency following the forced resignation of President King. The circumstances of Barclay’s succession remain historically unclear, given that he appeared not to be in the line of constitutional succession. The U.S. Embassy in Monrovia raised the issue in a series of diplomatic correspondence in the 1930s, and President Tubman raised it in political exchanges during the 1955 presidential election.

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Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia

William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (1895–1971). Nineteenth president of Liberia (1944–1971). Born Harper, Maryland County on November 29, 1895, he was educated at the Methodist Cape Palmas Seminary, and studied law under renowned Attorney Monroe Cummings. He served in the Senate prior to his appointment in 1937 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia. He left the Bench to seek the presidency, which he won in 1943. Tubman was the longest-serving president. William Richard Tolbert, Jr. (1913–1980). Twentieth president of Liberia (1971–1980). Born in Bensonville, Montserrado County May 13, 1913, he was educated at Crummell Memorial Hall High School and at Liberia College (B.A., 1934). He entered a public career early with his election to the House of Representatives in 1943. It was from the House that he was invited to serve as Tubman’s running mate in the election of 1951. First elected vice president that year, he successively served in that position for almost 20 years, succeeding to the presidency on Tubman’s death in office in July 1971. In April 1980 Tolbert was assassinated and his government overthrown in a bloody military coup d’etat. Samuel Kanyon Doe (1950–1990). Twenty-first president of Liberia (1980– 1990). Born in Tuzon, Grand Gedeh County on May 6, 1950, he was the first Liberian of indigenous ethnic (Krahn) background to become president. Doe was initially trained as a military officer, but availed himself of opportunities to further his education while serving as president. Doe initially led the military junta, which seized power in 1980, and then ran for the presidency in 1985, winning under highly controversial circumstances. He was installed as the first president of the Second Republic in January 1986. An insurgency some four years later led to his assassination and the overthrow of his government. Charles Mcarthur Gankhay Taylor (1948–). Twenty-second president of Liberia (1997–2003). Born Arthington, Montserrado County on January 28, 1948, he was educated at Ricks Institute, the University of Liberia, and Bentley College in Massachusetts, USA (B.A., 1970). His route to the presidency was through a bloody insurgency and civil war, which he initiated and dominated for 14 years. It was during a respite in the war that an election was held which brought him to the presidency. The continuing conflict eventually caused him his office, and he was forced to resign and go into exile. Charged by an international tribunal with war crimes and crimes against humanity, he was standing trial at a hybrid international court in The Hague in 2010. Moses Zeh Blah (1947–). Twenty-third president of Liberia (August 11– October 14, 2003). Born Toweh Town, Nimba County, his significant training appears to be largely military, having trained with Taylor in insurgency warfare in Libya. When Taylor ascended the presidency in 1997, he named Blah Liberian ambassador to Libya. Upon the death of Vice President Enoch Dogolea in 2000, Blah was appointed in succession. The presidency devolved upon him when Taylor resigned on August 11, 2003. Blah ceded the presidency to Charles Gyude Bryant when the latter was named interim leader by a negotiated peace pact, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement.

Brief Biographical Information on the Presidents of Liberia

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Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (1938–). Twenty-fourth president of Liberia (2006–). Born in Monrovia on October 29, 1938, she was educated at the College of West Africa, Madison Business School, and Harvard University (M.A., public administration, 1971). An economist, banker, and politician, Johnson Sirleaf served in a variety of positions at home (finance minister in 1970s) and abroad before returning home from exile to seek the presidency during the post-war 2005 general elections. She won the presidency in a second round hotly contested election, and in 2010 is nearing the completion of her six-year term.

Maps

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Photographs

Executive Mansion 19th Century (President Robert's House, Monrovia)

The Legislative Hall late 1920s by M. Dinklage, Jr. (The Hall at Monrovia-Liberia)

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Executive Mansion early 20th century (a former Executive Mansion)

Executive Mansion late 20th century (a former Executive Mansion)

Photographs

Current Executive Mansion (Constructed early 1960s, completed 1964)

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Joseph Jenkins Roberts

I President of Liberia: 1848–1856

Annual Message to the Legislature January 5, 1848 Gentlemen: It is with feeling of peculiar satisfaction that I meet the first Legislature of the Republic of Liberia; and it affords me very sensible pleasure to congratulate you on the free, mild, and equal Government, which, in the wisdom of our fellow citizens, has just been established. The people of Liberia, by their representatives in Convention assembled, on the 29th day of July last, solemnly declared the “Commonwealth of Liberia a free, sovereign, and independent State,” – thereby dissolving the political connection hitherto subsisting between them and the American Colonization Society. The decree, therefore, has gone forth, and thus has arisen in the world, and on this barbarous coast, a new empire, and independent Christian State, – styled the “Republic of Liberia.” While we anticipate the blessings, gentlemen, of a government founded on freedom, having for its object the happiness of the people; it affords the most pleasing reflection that the Constitution framed by the late Convention – although not entirely perfect, for no such thing is found among men – has justly and equitably decided on most of the principal points whereon the happiness of the people of Liberia depends, and therefore has met with general approbation – indeed, it was adopted by nineteen-twentieths of the whole population. Upon so respectable and honorable a bottom the present Legislature is founded. Gentlemen, it would be a pleasing task, indeed I should be exceedingly gratified to avail myself of the present occasion – to take a minute view of our new Constitution, to investigate its principles, and to remark upon the connection and use of its several parts; to do so, however, would be a work of too great length to be proper at this time. I shall, therefore, confine myself to a few general remarks only respecting it. In the first place, I would remark, that the reason and understanding of mankind, as well as the experience of all ages, confirm the truth of the proposition – that the benefits resulting to individuals from a free Government, conduce much more to their happiness than the retaining of all their natural rights in a state of nature. And these blessings are greater or less, as the form of Government, and the mode of exercising the supreme power of the State, are more or less conformable to those principles of equal impartial liberty, which is the property of all men from their birth, as the gift of their Creator, – compared with the manners and genius of the people; their occupations, customs, mode of thinking, situation, extent of country, and numbers. If the constitution and form of Government are wholly repugnant to those principles, wretched are the citizens of that state. They have surrendered a portion of their natural rights, the enjoyment of which was, in some degree, a blessing, and the consequence is, they find themselves stripped of the remainder. In such a case, a state of nature is, perhaps, more preferable. As in a state of nature, however, much happiness cannot be enjoyed by individuals, it has been conformable to the inclinations of almost all men, to enter into a political society,

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so constituted as to remove the inconveniences they were obligated to submit to in their former state, and at the same time, to retain all those natural rights, the enjoyment of which would be consistent with the nature of a free government and the necessary subordination of the supreme power of the State. But to determine what form of government, in any given case, will produce the greatest possible happiness to the citizens, is an arduous task, not to be compassed perhaps by any human powers. Some of the greatest geniuses and most learned philosophers of all ages, impelled by their solicitude to promote the happiness of mankind, have nobly attempted it, and their labors have crowned them with immortality. A republican form however, is the only one consonant to the feelings of the people of Liberia. A few remarks, therefore, with respect to those principles upon which all republican Government are founded, and which must enter into the spirit of a free republican constitution may not be out of place here, especially as the idea of liberty and republicanism has been held up in such dazzling colors, that some among us may not fully understand it, and may not feel themselves bound to submit to that subordination necessary in the freest State. Now, it is certain that all men are born equally free, and the rights they possess at their births are equal and of the same kind. Some of those rights, however, are alienable, and may be parted with for an equivalent. Others are unalienable and inherent, and of that importance that no equivalent can be received in exchange for them. Those rights which are unalienable, and of that importance, are called the rights of conscience. We have duties for the discharge of which we are accountable to our Creator and Benefactor, which no human power can control. What those duties are, is determinable by right reason, or a well informed conscience, and what this conscience dictates as our duty, is so, and that power which assumes a control over it, is usurped, for no consent can be pleaded to justify the control, as any consent in this case is void. The alienation of some rights, in themselves alienable, may also be void, if the bargain is of that nature that no equivalent can be received. Thus, if a man surrenders all his alienable rights, without reserving a control over the supreme power, or a right to resume in certain cases, the surrender is void, for he then becomes a slave; and a slave can receive no equivalent for his freedom. Common equity, as has been properly remarked, would set aside such a bargain. When men form themselves into society, and elect a body politic or state, they are considered as one moral whole, in possession of the supreme power of the State. This supreme power, therefore, is composed of the powers of each individual collected together, and voluntarily parted with by him. No individual, however, in this case parts with his unalienable rights, the supreme power, therefore, cannot control them. Each individual also surrenders the power of controlling his natural alienable rights only when the good of the whole requires it. The supreme power, therefore, can do nothing but for the good of the whole; and when it goes beyond this line, it is a power usurped. If the individual receives an equivalent for the right of control he has parted with, the surrender of that right is valid; if he receives no equivalent, the surrender is void, and the supreme power as respects him is a usurper. Therefore, if the supreme power in any State is so directed and executed that the citizen does not enjoy political liberty, it is an illegal power, and he is not bound to obey it. Political liberty is defined by some to be a liberty of doing whatever is not prohibited by law. This definition is thought to be erroneous; and doubtless it is. Others define it thus; political liberty is the right every man in the State has, to do whatever is not prohibited by laws to which he has given his consent. This appears to be the generally received definition of political liberty.

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If, then, the fundamental principle on which each individual enters into society, is that he shall be bound by no laws but those to which he has consented; he cannot be considered as consenting to any law enacted by a minority; for he parts with the power of controlling his natural rights, only when the good of the whole requires it; and of this there can be but one absolute judge in the State if the minority can assume the right of judging, there may then be two judges for however large the minority may be, there must be another body still larger, who have the same claim, if not a better, to the right of absolute determination. If, therefore, the supreme power should be so modeled and exerted – which, indeed, cannot be the case in what free republican government – that a law may be enacted by a minority, the enforcing of a law upon an individual, who is opposed to it, is an act of tyranny. So on the other hand, when a majority of the individuals composing the society – which is the supreme power, acting for the good of the whole – adopts any measure, or enacts any law, not conflicting with the natural unalienable rights of the citizen, it is the imperative duty of each member of that community to conform implicitly thereto. These, gentlemen, appear to be the fundamental principles upon which all republican Governments are founded. It has, therefore, been properly remarked that “the man who alone undertakes to form a constitution, for a free people, ought to be an impassioned being, one of enlightened mind; biased neither by the lust of power, the allurements of pleasure, nor the glitter of wealth – perfectly acquainted with all the alienable and unalienable rights of mankind – possessed of this grand truth – that all men are born equally free, and that no man ought to surrender any part of his natural rights without receiving the greatest possible equivalent; and influenced by the impartial principles of rectitude and justice, without partiality for, or prejudices against the interest or professions of any individuals or class of Men. He ought to be master of the histories of all empires and states which are now existing, and all those which have figured in antiquity, and thereby able to collect and blend their respective excellencies, and avoid those defects which experience has pointed out.” Rousseau, a learned citizen of Genoa, sensible of the importance and difficulty of the subject, thought it impossible for any body of men to form a free government, or frame an equal constitution, for themselves, in which every individual should have equal justice done him, and be permitted to enjoy a share of power in the state equal to what should be enjoyed by others. Each individual, said he, will struggle not only to retain all of his own natural rights, but to acquire a control over those of others. Fraud, circumvention, and an union of interests of some classes of people, combined with an inattention to the rights of posterity, will prevail over the principles of equity, justice, and good policy. The Genevans, perhaps the most virtuous republicans of that age, thought like Rousseau, and called to their assistance the celebrated Calvin. He came, and history says, “by their gratitude they embalmed his memory.” Our situation, however, for forming a political society, and erecting a free government, is more favorable in many respects, than that of any people who have preceded us. We have the history and experience of all States before us. Mankind have been toiling through all ages for our information; and the philosophers and learned men of antiquity have trimmed their midnight lamps to transmit to us instructions. We live also in an age, when the principles of political liberty, and the foundation of government, have been fully canvassed and fairly settled. With these lights before them, our Delegates have given us a Constitution, founded not upon party or prejudice – not for today or tomorrow – but for posterity. It is founded in good policy, because, in my humble opinion, it is founded in justice and honesty. All ambitions and interested views seem to have been entirely discarded, and regard had only to the good

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of the whole, in which the situation and rights of posterity are considered, and equal justice has been done to every citizen of the Republic. And the highest respect has been paid to those great and equal rights of human nature, which should for ever remain inviolate in every society. Proper attention has also been given to the separation of three great powers of the State. Indeed, it is essential to liberty, that the legislative, judicial, and executive powers of the government be, as nearly as possible, independent of, and separate from each other, for where they are united in the same persons, there would be wanting that mutual check which is the principal security against the making of arbitrary laws; and a wanton exercise of power in the execution of them. If these three powers are united the government will be absolute, whether they are in the hands of a few, or a great number. The same party will be the legislator, accuser, judge, and executioner. What probability then, as I have heard it remarked, will an accused person have of an acquittal, however innocent he may be, when his judge is also a party. And if the legislative and judicial powers are united, the maker of the law will also interpret it; and the laws may then speak a language dictated by the whims or the prejudice of the judge, with impunity to himself. It will also be in the breast of the judge, when grasping after his prey, to make a retrospective law, which will bring the unhappy offender within it, – and this also he can do with impunity. And what people, I would ask, are so unhappy as those whose laws are uncertain? Should the executive and legislative powers be united, great mischief and inconvenience to the citizen would follow. The executive would enact such laws only as it pleased him to enact; the judicial power would be set aside as inconvenient and tardy. The executive power would make itself absolute, and the government, finally, end in tyranny. Should the executive and judicial powers be united, the citizen would then have no permanent security of his person and property; the executive power would interpret the laws, and bend them to his will; and, as he is judge, he will leap over them by artful instructions, and gratify, with impunity, the most rapacious passions. Indeed, the dependence of any of these powers upon either of the others, has so often been productive of such calamities, and of the shedding of so much blood, that the page of history where we find them noted, seems to be one continued tale of wretchedness; and warns all people against such union of powers, if they expect to be, and remain free. With these facts before them such care has been taken by our Delegates, in the disposition of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the government as to promise permanence to the Constitution, and give energy and impartiality to the distribution of justice. The legislative power is employed in making laws, or prescribing such rules of action to every individual in the State, as the good of the whole requires to be conformed to by him in his conduct to the governors and governed, according to the several relations he stands in society. It is the part of the judicial power, which is a court and a jury, to ascertain the member who has broken the law enacted by the legislature; – and every man is to be presumed innocent, until the judicial power has determined him guilty. When that decision is known, the law annexes the punishment, and the offender is turned over to the executive power, by whom it is inflicted on him. The judicial power has also to determine what legal contracts have been broken, and what member has been injured by a violation of the law, to consider the damages that have been sustained, and to ascertain the recompense. The executive power is to take care that this recompense is paid. The executive power is also divided into external and internal executive; the former comprehends war, peace, the sending and receiving ambassadors, and whatever concerns the transactions of the State, with any other State.

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The latter is employed in the peace, security and protection of the citizens and his property, and in defense of the State. The executive power is to martial and command the militia for her defence, to enforce the law, and to carry into execution all the orders of the legislative powers. These three powers are considered the supreme power of the State, over which the people have a control. And thus our lives, our liberties, and our property are at the disposal only of our Creator and ourselves. We will know no power but such as we will create – no laws but such as acquire all their obligation from our consent. Adequate security is also given to the rights of conscience and private judgment. They are by nature subject to no control but that of the Deity, and in that free state they are now left. Every man is permitted to consider, to adore, and to worship his Creator in the manner most agreeable to his conscience. No opinions are dictated – no rules of faith prescribed – no preference given to one sect of Christians to the prejudice of others. In a word, the convention were of opinion, that the Gospel of Christ, like the ark of God, would not fall, in Liberia, though unsupported by the arm of flesh; and happy would it be for all mankind, if that opinion prevailed more generally. But, gentlemen, it is to be remembered that whatever marks of wisdom, experience, and patriotism there may be in our new constitution, like the just propositions and elegant forms of our first parents, before their Maker breathed into them the breath of life, it is yet to be animated; and until then, may indeed excite administration, but will be of no use: – from the people it must receive its spirit, and by them be quickened. Let virtue, honor, the love of liberty and science be, and remain, the soul of our present constitution, and it must, it will become the source of great and extensive happiness to this and future generations. Vice, ignorance, and the want of vigilance, will be the only enemies able to destroy it. Against this provide. Every citizen of Liberia ought diligently to read and study the constitution of his country; and teach the rising generations to be free. By knowing their rights, they will sooner perceive when they are violated, and be the better prepared to defend and assert them. This, gentlemen, is the first Legislature under the authority of our new constitution, and I sincerely hope that its proceedings will be such as to merit the approbation of the friends, and avoid giving cause of censure to the enemies, of our present government. I will now proceed, gentlemen, according to my constitutional duty, to give you such information respecting the state of the Republic as present circumstances will allow; and at the same time will recommend for your consideration such public measures, as appear to me necessary or expedient for your adoption. When we assemble together, however, to consider the state of our country, and to adopt such measures as are calculated to advance her interests, and to increase the prosperity and happiness of her citizens, – our just attentions are first drawn to those pleasing circumstances which mark the goodness of the Being from whose favor all our blessings flow; and the large measure of thankfulness we owe for his bounty. Another year has come around and finds us still in the enjoyment of the blessings of peace and friendship with the native tribes that surround us: and we have great reason to be thankful to our merciful Benefactor, that we have also at our command, and are permitted to enjoy, all the necessaries and comforts, and many of the luxuries of life. During the past year, great success has attended the efforts of our farmers: in no year perhaps since our establishment here, have the crops been more abundant; and it is gratifying to witness the increased interest, on the part of our citizens, to that unfailing source of happiness and independence.

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Our commercial prospects are also encouraging. Indeed, I have particular satisfaction in remarking, that every view we take of our country presents us with grateful proofs of its substantial and increasing prosperity. I have the satisfaction of informing you, gentlemen, that during the last year we have succeeded in extinguishing the native title to five tracts of country, lying between the extreme points of our jurisdiction. In July last, we obtained a title deed, from the rightful owner of the soil, for the north-west half of the Little Cape Mount territory: and in November we negotiated the purchase of four tracts, and obtained title deeds – viz., “Timbo,” “Zepay,” “Hourahzon” and the well known territory of “New Cess.” No sooner however was it known, by the slavers established at this latter place, that the king and chief had ceded to this government their country, than they set to work to induce the chiefs to disavow the sale, and consent to receive from them, as a present, and for the privilege of continuing their slave establishment, as long as they pleased to remain in the country, – an amount equal to the price agreed on between this government and the chiefs. Their efforts, however, as far as I am informed, have not been effectual. A few days ago, I received a communication from one Joze – the principal, I am told, of the slave establishment at New Cess – stating that the natives disclaim having sold the country to the Liberians; and demanding proof of our title to the territory. But with him, I conceived we had nothing to do farther than to inform him of the fact that this Government had obtained, for a valuable consideration, a title to the country, and that the inhabitants had incorporated themselves with us, and are new citizens of this Republic, and that the laws of the Republic of Liberia will now extend over all persons and property within that territory; and that the slave trade there must now cease. This information I have officially given him, and, at the same time, emphatically appraised him that the majesty of the laws, particularly with respect to the slave trade, will be sustained at all hazards. Copies of these communications will be laid before you. It will, of course, gentlemen, be among your first acts to fix and establish the boundaries of the Republic; and to adopt such measures as are necessary to carry into effect the laws and ordinances of the government, over all the territories within its jurisdiction. For this purpose, a small marine will be necessary; perhaps a single “Guarda costa,” well armed and manned, will be sufficient for the present. We have extinguished the native title to all the lands lying between Grand Cape Mount, and the northwest boundary line of “Maryland in Liberia,” excepting six small tracts, comprising about forty miles of seacoast; and of these except two – the tribes are under engagements with us, that when they shall be disposed to sell their lands – and we have already commenced negotiations for two of them – they are to be sold only to this Government; and that until such sale the Government will protect them in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all other persons or tribes. These tribes also acknowledge themselves under the protection of this Government, and no other power whatever. And no maxim of public law – relating to savage tribes occupying territories in the dominions of civilized nations – is more universally established, than that of suffering no interference of foreigners, or of a foreign power in the relations between the acknowledged sovereign of the territory, and the native tribes situated upon it. I presume, therefore, you will find no difficulty in defining the present boundaries of the Republic; nor do I apprehend that you will find it difficult to adopt such measures as will enable the Government to carry into effect, throughout its jurisdiction, all the laws of the State; and to give security to the native tribes that have placed themselves under its protection. As a means of raising funds for this purpose, I would recommend that a well regulated tariff be established to operate in every part of the State. In doing so we shall probably come

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in contact with the imaginary interests of foreign traders: I say imaginary, because I sincerely believe that under proper regulations, established by this Government, the trade of foreigners will not be diminished, but rather increased; and certainly their persons and property more secure than under the present system. But, whatever may be their opinion in regard to it, we must be just to ourselves, and to the tribes inhabiting those territories, to whom we have promised protection, and among whom we are pledged to introduce the arts, the habits of civilization, and the Christian religion. And how are we to accomplish this, gentlemen, without the aid of money? It is also known that serious disputes frequently arise between neighboring tribes, which can only be settled by an appeal to arms, or by reference to this Government; and that the authorities here have been often called on to appoint and send commissioners among them to arrange and settle these difficulties. And to prevent the shedding of blood, and consequent horrors of African warfare, the Government here has always, when appealed to, and on some occasions at considerable expense, interposed its authority. And, ought not those tribes that are receiving such benefits, contribute something to the support of the Government that gives them protection? And in what respect ought such regulations to offend foreign traders, especially as they will be placed, so far as the trade is concerned, upon the same footing of our own citizens? And surely no nation will refuse to us the right of regulating commerce within our own ports, or jurisdiction. The propriety of adopting measures to regulate the commercial intercourse of strangers with the citizens of all parts of our dominions, must be obvious to every reflecting mind. Gentlemen, it is in every point of view of such primary importance to carry the laws into prompt and faithful execution, and to render the administration of justice as convenient to the people as may consist with our present circumstances, that I cannot omit to recommend to your serious consideration the Judiciary system of the Republic. No subject is more interesting than this to the public happiness, and to none can those improvements, which may have been suggested by experience, be more properly and beneficially applied. It may happen, as heretofore, that numerous questions respecting the interpretation of the laws and the rights and duties of officers and citizens will arise. It is therefore of the first importance, that the laws should be stripped, as far as human sagacity can discern, of all ambiguity; and the rules of legal proceedings so simplified that every citizen can easily comprehend them. I would also call your attention to our present militia system, which is obviously defective, and which, in my opinion, should be wholly remodeled. As it is the essential property of a free Government to depend on no other soldiery but its own citizens for its defence, so in all such Governments, every man, especially every freeholder, should be a soldier. A freeholder, who is not exempt by law, that is no soldier, manifests but little regard for the security of his freedom, and the protection of his property; for if the same spirit were to become general, there would be no soldiery within the Government, and it must either cease to be defended, and secure in its freedom, or seek its defence in foreign assistance, and so be no longer an independent Government. Every man, therefore, who wishes to secure his own freedom, and thinks it his duty to defend that of his country, should, as he prides himself in being a free citizen, think it an honor to be a soldier citizen. And while it is the right and privilege of a citizen to bear arms in the service of his country, it is inexcusable in him not to be willing to do so. And on the other hand he who affects to bear arms and does not know or will not learn the use of them, is equally culpable. Every man, therefore, that feels the least spark of virtue or freedom, and feels that it is an honor which he owes himself, and a duty which he owes his country, to bear arms, and who is willing with his life to bear and use them for this country – ought to learn his duty;

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and if once he is conscious that he ought to learn, he will soon know it; for there is neither difficulty nor mystery in it. There are many things, to be sure, which a soldier, whose whole life is devoted to that service, may learn and acquire the practice of, that a militia cannot spare the time to learn, nor is it required of them. There are things, however, which a militia must learn to make them effective in the defence of the State. I know that many of our fellow citizens – indeed, they are generally expert in the use of the fire-lock; and many of them plead this in justification of their indifference to militia trainings – which is all well as far as it goes – and if in action every man had to fight as a single person, I should wish every man to load and fire his own way – in that way which he has been accustomed to; and should think him the best soldier who could throw the most balls in the shortest time. But as in service, the whole is to act together as one united body, something more, and something different is required; for whatever method a man has of loading and firing by himself, when he acts in a body of men, it must be such as not to interfere with his neighbor, nor to interrupt his acting, or obstruct him arms, for in that case, the service of both would be lost, and so far as the obstruction of arms reached, so far would the service of all be lost. Every motion, therefore, that a soldier makes with his firelock, must of absolute necessity be right up and down directly before him, or in a direct line from front to rear, and in the space between him and his right hand man. The same is also absolutely necessary to be observed in every motion he makes with his bayonet, either while he is fixing it, or when it is fixed. But further, when a number of men are acting together in a body, if one falls back to load, while another advances himself to fire, the consequences of such interfering will be, as has always been found to be, that they will wound and destroy more of one another than of the enemy. It is therefore absolutely necessary that the militia learn to load and fire at the same time, or as nearly together as possible; and also to learn to act together , that they may be able to march with different fronts, as the nature of the road or pass will permit; and be able without confusion, to take possession of their ground in different forms, as the nature of the ground requires; and be able to change and vary their form, even in time of action, as the strength, position, or motions of the enemy might make it necessary. Whatever may be the opinion of some of us with respect to frequent militia trainings, one thing is certain, gentlemen, these things must be learned to make a militia effective in actual service. And I regret to find so much indifference manifested by many of our citizens in regard to this subject. Some among us appear to have lost all military ambition, and have not sufficient patriotism to induce them to give proper attention to this arm of public defence. But as all male citizens, of sound health, from sixteen years of age to sixty, are considered as the component parts of the national defence and legal force of the country, it becomes your duty, gentlemen, to adopt such measures as will compel each citizen to contribute an equal portion of his time to the service of his country, and such as will make the militia of the Republic adequate to the national defence, and efficient in service. I am happy to inform the Legislature that Fort Norris has been thoroughly and permanently repaired; and a battery of ten long guns mounted on it; – they are at present, however, only temporarily mounted, as the carriages for them, though in a forward state towards completion, are not yet finished. And, if not otherwise directed, I shall proceed to garrison the Fort, under the act of the Legislature of 1845, which provides for that purpose. Gentlemen, the ways and means of producing a revenue adequate to the wants of the government, without oppressing the citizens, will of course claim your particular attention. I deem it quite unnecessary for me to say much, if any thing here, in the way of recommendation to you, on the subject. A plan, for raising a revenue, has been suggested by a member of your body; which plan has been before the public for several months; and, I believe, its merits have been fully discussed and digested: and it appears to me to be the only feasible

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method which can, at present, be adopted, that will produce a revenue equal to our necessities. And, I believe, a general conviction of the expediency of the measure prevails throughout the republic. It is particularly your province and duty, gentlemen, to fix and establish a currency for the State; and I feel satisfied that you will place it upon such firm and solid bases, that the wants and wishes of the people will be fully met. It has been remarked, that “paper money is the only kind of money which cannot make unto itself wings and fly away.” I am decidedly of opinion, however, that the omission of paper money, unless based on specie, and redeemable, on demand, at the Treasury Department, will operate seriously against the interests of a large number of our fellow citizens. When the currency of a country becomes so impaired as to allow merchants and others to speculate in it, – the government, and a large portion of the inhabitants must be the sufferers. The people of Liberia have already experienced too many inconveniences consequent upon the depreciation of paper currency. And I sincerely hope that the present Legislature will effectually put an end to this fraud upon the public, by placing the currency upon such a footing as to secure it against depreciation. Gentlemen, a uniform standard of weights and measures is an object of importance, and will, I am persuaded, be attended to. Suitable provisions for the maintenance of public schools, and for the support of the poor, I am sure, will not escape your attention. Nor need I remind you of the provisions necessary to be made, by the Legislature, to enable the executive to carry into effect, the letter and spirit of the 15th section of the 5th article of the Constitution. To maintain among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature, and of nature’s God, entitle them, the people of Liberia have assumed an independent national character; it therefore becomes your duty, gentlemen, to adopt measures, by which this fact can formally be announced to all civilized nations. And, as it is necessary that nations should treat for mutual advantage of their affairs; and especially to accommodate and terminate differences which may, from time to time, arise between them, I would recommend to the Legislature the propriety of soliciting immediately the acknowledgment of our independence; and of making proposals of friendly arrangements with foreign powers. And, I am fully persuaded, gentlemen, that we have no reason to conclude that our independence will not be acknowledged, or that friendly arrangements will be declined, or that advantage will be taken of our situation and circumstances to demand of us unreasonable terms. Should the legislature concur in this opinion, it will be necessary to constitute a commission for that purpose. I would also remind you here, that according to the 16th section of the 5th article of the Constitution, you are required, at this meeting of the legislature “to take measures to arrange the future relations between the American Colonization Society and this Republic.” Gentlemen, in fixing the pay of officers, and making appropriations for the ensuring year, you will, of course, be mindful of that economy, and plan of strict frugality, now indispensably necessary in every department of the State. The present crisis, gentlemen, imposes an obligation on all the departments of government to adopt an explicit and decided course: and as it is our indispensable duty, may it be our invariable aim, to exhibit to our constituents the brightest examples of disinterested love for the common weal; and, particularly, be inflexible in our resolutions – to know neither friend nor favorite, whenever his solicitations appear incompatible with the public good. In our public capacities, we ought to rise superior to all private attachment or resentment, and make the intrinsic merit of every candidate for an office our sole rule for his promotion. Let us, both by precept and practice, encourage a spirit of economy, industry, and patriotism;and that public integrity and righteousness which cannot fail to exalt a nation. May the founda-

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tion of our State be laid in virtue and the fear of God, and the superstructure will rise gloriously and endure for ages. Then may we humbly expect the blessings of “the Most High, who divides to the nations their inheritance and separates the sons of Adam.” In fine, gentlemen, let us unitedly strive to approve ourselves master builders, by giving beauty, strength, and stability to our new government. On my part, a most solemn oath has been taken for the faithful discharge of my duty; on yours a solemn assurance has been given to support me therein. Thus a public compact between us stands recorded. And you may rest assured, gentlemen, that I shall keep this oath ever in my mind – the Constitution shall be the invariable rule of my conduct – my ears shall be always opened to the complaints of the injured, justice, in mercy, shall neither be denied, or delayed. Our laws and the liberties of Liberia shall be maintained and defended, to the utmost of my power. I repose the most perfect confidence in your engagement. And, on my part, you may count on a cordial concurrence in every measure for the public good; and on all the information I possess which may enable you to discharge to advantage the high functions with which you are invested by your fellow citizens. But above all, gentlemen, we have great reasons to rejoice, in view of the confidence we are encouraged to feel in the guardianship and guidance of that Almighty Being, whose power regulates the destiny of nations, and whose blessings have been conspicuously dispensed to this infant Republic, and to whom we are bound to address our devout gratitude for the past, as well as our fervent supplications and best hopes for the future. J.J. Roberts Government House, Monrovia, January 5, 1848

Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1849 Gentlemen: – It is my first duty, on our present meeting, to invite your attention to the providential favors which our country has experienced during the past year, in the unusual degree of health dispensed to its inhabitants, in the fruitful season with which we have been blessed, and in the plentiful harvests with which Heaven has rewarded the labors of the husbandman. In truth, so numerous have been the favors of an all-wise Providence; and so encouraging are our present prospects, that we have great cause of thankfulness and praise to God. With these blessings have been necessarily mingled, the pressures and vicissitude incident to all new countries, and from which, peculiarly situated as we are, we had no reason to expect exemption. Still there is just occasion for our mutual congratulations and thankfulness – especially when we reflect that our difficulties and sufferings in establishing a Christian state on these barbarous shores, and supporting the cause of liberty here, have been few and little, if compared with what others have suffered in search of freedom. We should also bear in mind that those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom, must like men, be willing to undergo the fatigue of supporting it. What we obtain too cheaply we are apt to esteem too lightly. It is dearness only that gives all and every thing its value. Heaven knows how to set a proper price upon her goods, and it would be strange indeed, if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated. But with respect to Liberia, Heaven has been lavish of her blessings; and I am sure, gentlemen, that you heartily participate with me in the pleasure of tracing that conscious providential agency, which has hither-to

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sustained us, and which has, almost in a miraculous manner, frustrated the sanguinary purposes of our enemies, and has led us, as it were – step by step, to the proud position we this day occupy. It is well said: “How wonderful are the providences of God.” But, gentlemen, in the progress of politics, as in the common occurrences of life, we are not only apt to forget the ground we have traveled over, but frequently neglect to gather experience as we go; we expend, if I may so say, the knowledge of every day on the circumstances that produced them, and journey on in search of new matters and new refinements. As it is pleasant, however, and sometimes useful to look back even to the first periods of infancy, and trace the turns and windings through which we have passed, so we may likewise derive many advantages by halting a while in our political career, and taking a view of the wonderous, complicated labyrinths of little more than yesterday, through which we have traveled. Truly may we say never did an infant grow to manhood in so short a time. We have crowded the business of an age into the compass of a few months, and have been driven through such a rapid succession of things, that for the want of leisure to think, we have probably, and perhaps unavoidably, wasted knowledge as we came, and have left nearly as much behind us as we have brought with us; but the road is yet rich with garments, and before we fully lose sight of them, will amply repay us for the trouble of stopping to pick them up. When we retrospect our own history, gentlemen, we can scarcely realize the fact, that a generation has not passed away since the Pioneers in this great enterprise, inspired by the love of liberty and equal rights, expatriated themselves, and abandoned forever the land of their birth, to seek an asylum on these inhospitable shores to lay here the foundation of a Christian government, to be composed wholly of freedom. Thousands in the United States beheld their determination with wonder and astonishment; and though they could but admire in them that spark of liberty, which panted for equal government and laws; and could not commend the greatness of their sprit, and acknowledge the justice of their cause; still they trembled for the result, believing them unequal to the task. They seemed unable to realize that to such men death had charms compared to slavery, and that those noble spirits were prepared to brave every difficulty and danger in search of freedom; and like men of political sagacity – though reared in a land unfavorable to the development of their political capacities, – they possessed a happy boldness and grandeur, which clearly pointed out to them the point to which their course would safely lead them. They came, gentlemen, and though called to endure hardships and sufferings, and to encounter difficulties and dangers, which tired men’s souls; they never realized their efforts, but by an indefatigable perseverance, and noble exertion, happily, under God, succeeded in laying here the foundation of a free government. Under the auspices of the great Governor of the universe, the superstructure steadily advanced towards completion till the 26th of July, 1847, when the last stone was placed upon the building, and the whole firmly cemented together by the adoption of a constitution just in all its parts – and which guarantees the existence of the body politic, and secures to each citizen composing it the power of enjoying, in safety and tranquility, the natural and inalienable rights of liberty, and the blessings of life. And which constitution, constitutes you, gentlemen, the representatives of a free, sovereign and independent people. Gentlemen, it affords me very sensible pleasure to inform you, that nothing has occurred since your last meeting, to disturb the friendly relation happily subsisting between this government and foreign Powers. Our present relations with the surrounding native tribes are also of the most friendly character. I have the satisfaction of informing you that the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, concluded in November 1848, between this Republic and Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, has been duly ratified by Her Britannic Majesty, the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; and the ratifications were exchanged at London on the first day of

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August last. The British ratified copy reached here on the 15th of October, and was immediately made public to the end that the stipulations thereof should be strictly observed by the Government and people of Liberia. I have the honor to inform you that the Resolutions of the Legislature, ordering the removal, from our territory by force – all other means having failed – of a company of desperate slave leaders located at New Cesters and Tradetown, have been fully acted upon and effectually carried out. And it is with the greatest pleasure I congratulate the Legislature upon the complete success of the expedition employed on that service. In compliance with our request to the British Government for the assistance of two or three armed vessels to convey our troops to, and cover their landing at New Cestsers, Commodore Sir Charles Hotham Commander in Chief of Her Britannic Majesty’s Naval Force on this coast, early in February last, dispatched to this place a small squadron of three vessels of war – a corvette and two steamers, under the command of Captain Alexander Murray of Her Majesty’s sloop “Favorite,” with instructions to offer to the Liberian authorities the services of these vessels, to accompany an expedition against the slavers at New Cesstors. Captain Murray, however, was limited, by the Commodore, to twenty-four hours to receive our troops on board his vessels. Commodore Hotham, with his usual promptness, dispatched those vessels immediately upon the receipt of instructions from his government to that effect, without reflecting that we had no standing army which could be ordered to march at a moments warning, and that the military force of Liberia consisted of a militia scattered through the various towns and villages of the Republic, and that several days notice was necessary to assemble the body of the troops required for such an expedition. Such, however, being the fact, and not having an opportunity, previously, of conferring with Sir Charles Hotham to concert with him respecting the time the expedition would be ready to embark, we of course, could not avail ourselves of the use of his vessels so kindly tendered. I communicated to Commodore Hotham the reasons why we were not able to accept the use of his vessels at so short a notice, and named the 6th of March for the embarkation of our troops requesting him, if possible, to furnish us a couple of vessels on that day to accompany the expedition. Application had also bee made to the French Government for the assistance of armed vessels to accompany said expedition; and on the 24th of said month, February, Commodore Edward Bouet, Commander in Chief of the French Squadron on this coast, arrived in our harbor, in conformity with orders from his government, placed at our disposal a French frigate for that purpose. According to arrangements, on the 6th of March – the British vessels of war not having arrived – the first regiment under Colonel Yates, was embarked on board the French Frigate “Espedon,” Captain Villiman, and sailed immediately for Grand Bassa, where she was joined on the morning of the 7th by the Liberia Government schooner “Herald,” with the second regiment, under Colonel Weaver, and military stores for the troops on board. Brigadier General Lewis, who had been appointed to that duty, assumed the command of the expedition and proceeded immediately to New Cesters, where he found the natives collected in great force to dispute his landing. On the morning of the 8th, under cover of the “Espedon’s” guns, our troops were landed in good order. – The landing, however, was vigorously opposed by large body of natives collected, armed, and commanded by the Spanish slave dealers in the country, by a well directed fire from the guns of the “Espedon” and two of her boats, each mounting a brass 12pdr. And drawn near the beach, our troops were able to drive back the opposing army, and land without serious loss on our side. – General Lewis after landing his men and stores, proceeded with a little delay as possible into the country to attack the principal Barricoon, which was understood to be well fortified, and contained a

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garrison capable of resisting our whole force. It only remains for me to say that all the slave Barricoons were effectually annihilated, – the slaves that had been collected for exportation, recovered, – and the traffic in slaves, both at New Cesters and Tradetown, totally extirpated: And I am sanguine in the opinion that, unless our efforts for the suppression of the slave trade are relaxed – it will be impossible to revive the traffic at either of those places, or at any point within our jurisdiction. It is proper that I should remark here, that Commodore Hotham did all in his power to meet our wishes, with respect to furnishing a couple of vessels to accompany the expedition on the 6th of March. On the receipt of my letter, however, he was on his way to the Cape De Verds, to meet his relief. He handed my letter to his successor, Commodore Arthur Fanshawe, who immediately determined to comply with our request, and who hoped to reach here in time to furnish the assistance required. In consequence, however, of adverse circumstances the commodore did not arrive here until a few days after the sailing of the expedition. He nevertheless, though there was considerable sickness on board of this vessel, proceeded without delay to New Cesters to tender his services, and supply any assistance in his power. To Captain Villimain, and his officers, we are under many obligations; they were most gentlemanly and kind to our officers and men during their stay on board the “Espedon,” and aided them to the utmost of their ability in carrying out the objects of the expedition. Their zeal and exertions, particularly the assistance rendered by them at the embarkation and debarkation of our troops, are beyond all praise. Captain Villimain is an officer well deserving the confidence of his Government, and of this Republic: – and it affords me much pleasure to record here my testimony of his worth. Gentlemen, it is my duty – indeed, I should be doing injustice to the officers and soldiers who composed the expedition against the slaves at New Cestors and Tradetown, if I was not in the most positive terms to assure the Legislature that they in general, behaved with the greatest gallantry, and strictest subordination during the whole enterprise. Next to the very signal interposition of Divine Providence, which was powerfully manifested in their favor, – it was undoubtedly owing to that noble intrepidity which discovered itself on the first attack, while landing, and which struck the enemy with such a panic – from which they never recovered – as disabled them from taking pains to direct their fire, that General Lewis had not one man killed, and only five or six slightly wounded. As far as I am informed the officers in general behaved so well that it would be not right to name any particular one for his singular valor. – The General informs me that the officers and soldiers, during the period of their service, displayed a firmness and activity that would have reflected honor on veteran troops of any country: and I must heartily congratulate you, gentlemen, on their heroic behavior. It is an auspicious presage of what may be expected from the valor of our fellow citizens when called to the post of danger; as it also demonstrates that men, animated by an ardent zeal for the sacred cause of liberty and humanity – and trusting in the Divine support, are capable of the most glorious achievements. I cannot too much commend the services of General Lewis, the good judgment and conduct displayed by him during the expedition are additional proofs of his ability to discharge the high and important duties of General Officer with credit to himself and honor to his country, and which entitle him to confidence o f his fellow citizens. As soon as it was known that the government had resolved to maintain the majesty of the laws at all hazards, and use force to compel all persons within its jurisdiction to observe them; and abolish from its territory the Slave Trade, – the Slavers at New Cesters and Tradetown determined to defy the authority of the government, by opposing force to force they, therefore, concerted measures for a vigorous resistance. Indeed, so extensive were their preparations, and so numerous the force it was reported they would be able to employ

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against us, that it was doubted, by some foreign traders, who had witnessed their preparations, whether we were able to reduce them, and compel their removal. Such fears were entertained by some of our own citizens, which of course, called for greater exertion of the part of the government, and to be prepared for any emergency, it was thought advisable to employ a much larger force than was at first contemplated. I have therefore to inform the Legislature, that the expense incurred in fitting out the expedition, including their pay – the pay of the officers and soldiers – has exceeded by some $5000 or $6000, the amount appropriated by the Legislature for that purpose. This result, however, was not unexpected. The cost had been carefully estimated, and every circumstance connected with the enterprise fully considered; and though it was found that a heavy debt must necessarily be incurred in carrying out the purposes of the Government – still it was the only alternative. The honor of the Government was at stake. It stood pledged, to rescue thousands of our brethren, the victims of a diabolical avarice, from the horrors of slavery, and to drive from its coast forever the ruthless and inhuman slave dealer. The assistance of foreign vessels had also been tendered the government, to enable it to carry out more vigorously its wishes with respect to these intruders, and accomplish the objects contemplated, which assistance was then at hand, and if declined, could not be counted upon with certainty at any future time. Therefore, in view of all these circumstances, it was determined that the expedition should proceed without further delay, and that we would appeal to our friends, and the friends of humanity, in the United States to aid us with funds to meet the liabilities thus incurred. Accordingly in May last, I commissioned Hon. H. Teage to visit the United States for that purpose, and in addition to which, if possible, to raise sufficient funds to enable us to secure the territories on our northwest frontier. I regret to have to inform you that Mr. Teage was wholly unsuccessful, not having been able to collect a single dollar. I have the honor herewith of laying his report before you. The arrival of the “Lark” in May last, in charge of Captain Hall, R.N., was opportune. She has been kept cruising along our coast, especially in the neighborhood of New Cesters and Tradetown, to intercept any Slavers that might attempt to land there. It appears that attempts have been made to renew the Slave Trade at those points, but the presence of the “Lark” has hitherto foiled their efforts, and will no doubt continue to frustrate all their attempts in that quarter. The “Lark” is a fine schooner of about one hundred and ten tons burthen, mounting five guns, well found in sails and rigging – a donation to this Republic from Her Britannic Majesty’s Government to be employed as a Guarda Costa, particularly for the suppression of the Slave Trade along this coast, and she is in every respect well adapted to the service. Commodore Bouet, Commander in Chief to the French Squadron, while here in March last, assured me that he would endeavor to procure for our use, as a donation from his government, three or four brass field cannon, five or six hundred uniforms and as many stands of arms. A few days ago, I received intelligence, indirectly, that the application had been made and granted, and that we might expect to receive those articles in a few days. Gentlemen, I am happy to inform you that an increased interest in our favor is beginning to manifest itself on the part of the Government of the United States. Hitherto we have received but little support from the government of the country, though we are literally the offspring of American benevolence; many of us were born in the highly favored land; and naturally turn our eyes in that direction for assistance, to enable us to carry out the great objects of building up for ourselves and our children a country and a home in this land: and I am sanguine in the opinion that the Government of the United States will not be behind any other government in extending to us the helping hand, and in sustaining us in our new position.

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The President has been pleased to appoint the Rev. Mr. Gurley to visit Liberia, for the purpose of collecting statistics and facts, with respect to the extent of our territory; – number of population, – form of government, – public revenue, and how it is raised, – military and naval force of the Republic, – our relations with foreign powers, – amount of commerce with the United States, and susceptibility of that trade to be beneficially increased: Our influence upon the Slave Trade. This information is sought by the President, preparatory to recommending us favorably to the consideration and generosity of the Congress of the United States. The marks of favor which we have received from foreign powers, since our new organization, open a wide field for consoling and gratifying reflections: and I am sure you will feel much pleasure in expressing to those Governments the thanks of your constituents and fellow citizens, and in assuring them that the people of Liberia entertained a deep sense of the obligation they are under, and they properly appreciate their friendship and liberality. With respect to the agreement concluded between this government and the American Colonization Society and ratified, conditionally, by the Legislature at its extra session in February last, Mr. McLain writes under date of July 31st. “The interpretations which your Legislature put upon the articles of the Treaty, agreed with the understanding of our committee, and will doubtless meet the approval of the Board of Directors at their next meeting.” Since your last meeting, several important acquisitions of territory have been made. We have secured the whole of Grand Cape Mount, Sugaree, and Manna territories, on the northwest, and Grand Cesters, on the southeast; which gave us, – with the exception of a small intermediate point of about five miles in extent , in the Kroo country, an unbroken line of coast of about three hundred and twenty miles. The aboriginal inhabitants of these recently acquired tracts of country, have incorporated themselves with us, and they increase the population of Liberia Proper to about one hundred and fifty thousand. Negotiations have been opened with the chiefs of Gallinas, for the purchase of that territory, and funds only are required to secure it. You doubtless agree with me, gentlemen, as to the importance of securing Gallinas as soon as possible – especially in view of the possibility, I may say probability, of the withdrawal of the British blockading squadron from before that territory; in the event of which, efforts will no doubt be made immediately to revive the Slave Trade there as vigorously as ever; which must be prevented if possible. I have still hopes of obtaining funds from abroad to enable us to conclude the purchase, and bring that territory within our jurisdiction. I shall, therefore, not relax my efforts until we shall have accomplished so desirable an object. I now, gentlemen, enter upon the more immediate concerns which will claim your attention during the present session of the Legislature. The labor which your fellow citizens call upon you to perform is arduous and difficult. But by effecting it with firmness and prudence, you will acquire an indisputable right to the gratitude of those who expect so much from you. I think I have never met the Legislature, at any period, when, more than at the present, the situation of our public affairs demands greater unanimity and disinterested zeal on the part of the great council of the nation,. But I am consoled in the belief that you will, to every question which may claim attention, apply that practical wisdom which the actual state of our affairs requires. Gentlemen, the subject of commerce and revenue will claim your particular attention. I am aware that this subject is surrounded by many difficulties. But when the foundations of a superstructure are threatened to be undermined, prudence will dictate the means of averting the impending danger. A state supported by its commerce – which is emphatically the case with respect to Liberia, at present – should watch cautiously over every occurrence that can possibly tend to obstruct the channel of its commercial enterprise. The time has now arrived

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when the commerce of Liberia should be placed upon a firm and equitable basis. And it is imperatively the duty of the Legislature, on terms compatible with our national rights and honor, to extinguish the causes of discord growing out of present loose maritime regulations; and which have so long menaced our very existence. Our merchants must be placed upon a footing with other traders visiting the coast, otherwise it will be impossible for them to compete successfully with foreign capitalists, who will continue, as they have hitherto done, to drain the country of its riches – without contributing scarcely a dollar to its support. Our present revenue system requires material revision; and I cannot forbear recommending to your particular attention the propriety of adopting measures by which smuggling may be prevented, and the duties on imports more readily secured. The impositions practiced upon our revenue laws are indeed alarming; and unless some remedy be speedily applied, we may give up all hopes of conducting the government successfully – as it can only be sustained by a revenue derived from imposts. During the past year not less than one hundred thousand dollars worth of goods have been landed on our coast, upon which tariff duties were not paid. These infractions, gentlemen, are not the result of inattention on the part of the officers engaged in the revenue service, but the consequence of the vagueness of the law regulating “Commerce and Revenue.” I know that this is a question of anxious thought; and has been the subject of frequent legislation. All laws grow out of circumstances, and as the ingenuity of men is constantly employed in the invention of new modes of evading laws, it is difficult to provide against every case which may arise. I have no doubt, however, but that this subject has been revolving – itself – in your minds for some time, and that you are prepared to strip the law of its present vagueness and apply a remedy which will enable the officers in future to do their duty more effectually. I beg, gentleman, to recommend to your consideration the subject of education. I am aware you have not the pecuniary means at present, of doing much in the way of providing schools and paying teachers, still the subject claims your attention, and what you can do for its promotion. For while we have great reason to congratulate ourselves on the acquisition of a form of government, in all its parts, immediately under the influence and control of the people; we should remember that a government so popular can be supported only by a universal knowledge and virtue in the body of the people, it is therefore the duty of the legislature to promote, – as far as in its power, the means of education for the rising generation, as well as the true virtue, purity of manners, and integrity of life among all classes of our fellow citizens. And especially should we exert ourselves to carry more fully into operation the 15th Section of the 5th Article of our Constitution, which provides for the improvement of the native tribes, “within our jurisdiction, and their advancement in the arts of agriculture and husbandry.” This is an important work – the work of civilization – and “civilization and religion must go hand in hand;”-the plough and the Bible must go together. Let us therefore beware of the impiety of being backward to act as instrument in the Almighty hand, for the Almighty, has planted us here for great and important ends, now extended to accomplish his purpose and by the completion of which alone, Liberia, in the nature of human affairs, can be secure against the craft and insidious designs of her enemies, who think her prosperity already by far too great. In a word our piety and political safety are so blended that to refuse our labors in this divine work, is to refuse to be a great, a pious, and a happy people. The aboriginal inhabitants of our territory require only education to make them a valuable portion of our citizens; let us then do what we can do to promote education among them, especially among the females. I believe it essential to the success of the great work in which we are engaged that the female character – among our aboriginal inhabitants – be raised from its present degraded state to its proper rank and influence. By educating female children, they

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will become prepared in time to educate their own children, and manage their domestic concerns with intelligence and propriety, and in this way they will gradually attain their proper standing and influence in society; examples exist to show that all this is practicable. The work of educating and changing the manners and customs of the natives is acknowledged to be great and arduous. But the difficulties are not insurmountable. The arm of the Lord, in whom we trust, is strong. His power can do all things. On earth, however, all things are full of labor. It is the destiny of man to get his food by “the sweat of his brow;” to labor of the comforts he enjoys, for the riches and honors after which he aspires: and the labor required is usually proportioned to the magnitude of the good to be effected as its reward: calculating therefore, on this principle, we see what will be the probable magnitude of the obstacles to be overcome, and the labor to be performed in attaining our object. The civilization of Africa is a work of time; many a great obstacles, which stand in the way, are to be removed, and which require a vast amount of labor to effect. But even such obstacles and labor, formidable as they are, intimidate and palsy not the heart and arm of the man of real courage in the cause of suffering humanity. It is gratifying to know that our fellow citizens, are awake to their duty and obligation in this respect. I have been frequently pleased to witness the interest manifested by our citizens in the welfare of the heathen around us; and the pains many have taken to instruct the native youth committed to their charge. In this way almost every Liberian has become a teacher. And already a vast amount of good has been accomplished, hundreds of natives are to be found in our towns and villages exhibiting all the marks of civilized life; and in all the native villages, within our influence, are to be seen great improvement in the habits of the people, indeed a very marked advancement towards civilization. The result evidently – including missionary efforts – of their frequent intercourse with us, by which means they have imperceptibly imbibed many of our ideas, manners and customs. It is important to the great amend in view, that the Government interpose, and regulate the intercourse with native, and the manner of conducting native trade – especially to discourage as much as possible, the introduction of West India and New England rum among them. Let traders of good character, – and of this character only, who are cordially disposed to promote the designs of the Government in regard to the improvement of the condition of the natives – receive from the Government license to trade with the natives and be required to plant themselves in some central spot within the sphere of their trade, and let it be required that all trade be done at that one place. Let there be a reasonable and liberal sum required for the license of these traders to be applied exclusively to the promotion of civilization and education among the natives. From all the information and facts I have received, I believe this plan is agreeable to the natives. It would doubtless be the means of better securing their interests, of promoting their civilization, and more effectually curing two prominent evils. – the Intercourse of corrupt foreigners with the natives, and the introduction of floods of ardent spirits among them – and thus prevent wars, and promote peace among themselves, and their neighbors. The Judiciary will, of course, claim your attention. The present system is capable of important improvement. I invite your attention to the necessity of enacting a law defining and making the Slave Trade piracy: also regulating the proceedings of courts with respect to the trial of vessels found, and seized upon our coast engaged in Slave Trade, or otherwise, charged with contravening our maritime regulations. A well digested militia law, founded upon just and equitable principles, has been ever regarded as the best security of the liberties of a people, and the most effective means of drawing forth and exerting the natural strength of the State. A well regulated militia in Libe-

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ria, if only to keep up a show of military preparation, is absolutely necessary, especially as it supercedes the necessity of keeping up a standing army. I have requested the officers to suggest, for the information of the legislature, such alterations as will remedy the evil complained of. Which suggestions I will lay before you in a few days. I regret to inform you that the act entitled – “An Act to raise a Revenue,” approved January 26, 1848, has not met the anticipations of the legislature, nor the expectations of the people, as will be seen from the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, which will be handed to you. This act will require material modification, to make it in any respect adequate to the objects it contemplates if in your judgment you should not deem it prudent to repeal it. The condition of our finances requires the greatest care on your part. Means must be provided for the serious necessities of the present; and, at the same time you are called upon to establish a financial system, calculated to maintain the credit of the Government in future. The great expense necessarily incurred in fitting out the expedition against the slavers at New Cesters and Tradetown, and the amount we have been required to disburse for the payment of newly acquired territories, have very much embarrassed our fiscal concerns. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you the accounts of the receipts and disbursements of the Treasury Department, during the fiscal year ending the 30th of September last. Which amounts show a balance against the Government, including its foreign liabilities, of $22,000; from this amount, however, may be deducted the available assets of the government, consisting of tobacco and other merchandize, in the public warehouse, amounting at prime costs to about $14,000 leaving still a balance against the government of $8,000. These, gentlemen, are some of the subjects that will claim your attention, others will doubtless arise during the progress of your discussions. And I shall have occasion to communicate to you at some subsequent period, during your present session, other matters, though of minor importance yet proper to be laid before you for consideration. As the term of many of our civil officers will expire during the present session of the legislature, it will be my duty to nominate for your approval persons to fill such offices as may be vacant. I ask of you, gentlemen of the Senate, not to approve the nomination of any man, in whose qualifications, to discharge the duties of the office to which he may be nominated, you have not the utmost confidence. Certainly, as public men you are to know neither friend nor favorite; fear nor resentment. I need not remind you, that much depends, especially in the infancy of our Government and civil institutions, upon the selection of proper persons to occupy the various departments of the Government. You are the guardians and protectors of the State, the general good should, therefore, be the sole object of your attention. And in the appointment of officers intrinsic merit should be the sole rule of promotion. No time ever required more economy, industry, patriotism, and true devotion to the public cause than the present. The experience of the past, and the peculiar circumstances by which we are still surrounded, effectually teach us how essentially necessary it is to the weal of the State to increase these excellent qualifications. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, I close this communication under the full conviction that you discharge the important trusts committed to you with firmness and fidelity. And that you will do all in your power to extend the benefits of civilization, by combining the development of political institutions with true social progress. In doing which you will not only fulfill a sacred duty of humanity, but also materially strengthen the basis in which modern civilization, family, and property are founded. I know, gentlemen, that our position is still a delicate one, and that you are surrounded by many difficulties, yet we are

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relieved by many hopes. After that which confidence in Providence offers, the greatest is in virtue, love of country, and your wisdom, on which your fellow citizens have perfect confidence. I pray that you may be sustained in your deliberations by that wisdom which comes from above, and when you have finished your labors you can retire under the full conviction that you have conscientiously discharged your duties to the best of your ability. J.J. Roberts Government House, Monrovia, December 14th, 1849.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 3, 1850 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:It is with the greatest pleasure that I again meet you in this Session of the Legislature. The great purposes for which you have assembled, are first, for the redress of public grievances, and secondly, for making such laws as the general good may require, – therefore the labors in which you are about to engage are of the most important nature, and lie at the very foundation of the future welfare and happiness of the people of this Republic. In the various and constantly changing avocations of an industrious and intelligent people, it may often become expedient, either to make new laws, or modify or repeal old ones – and for this the constant recurrence of our election provides, by bringing from all parts of the Republic, legislators, who have learned from the people themselves, the practical operations of old laws, and the necessity of enacting new ones. You gentlemen, have come thus immediately from the people, and if you consider their demands, and consult their interests, as you doubtless do, with the blessings of Divine Providence – without which no undertaking can prosper – you have little cause to fear either for your own honor or the prosperity of the government. By our inestimable charter, in you are vested the conservation of the rights and interests of the whole people of this Republic. Whatever alteration in the laws, the urgency of affairs, or the authority of the people can be conceived to justify, or render expedient – that authority is fully delegated to you; and your constituents look to you, as entrusted with their most sacred rights. I have every confidence that in general, they will cheerfully be governed by whatever your wisdom may ordain. And your zeal for the good of your fellow citizens, and your knowledge and experience in the affairs of the government, inspire, in me, the believe that your present meeting will be productive of lasting benefit to the whole people of our infant state. According to the concise and comprehensive language of the constitution, it is incumbent on the Executive “to inform the Legislature, from time to time, of the condition of the Republic, and recommend any public measures for their adoption, which he may think expedient.” But before I proceed directly to the discharge of this duty, permit me, gentlemen, to remark, that every revolving year brings with it new and just occasions for our mutual congratulations and thankfulness to that beneficent Being, who in his goodness continues to favor us, as a people, with such distinguished mercies, – these should create in us devout feelings of gratitude and praise. It affords me unspeakable satisfaction to be able to inform you that during the past year, our beloved country has been greatly favored and blessed. An unusual degree of health has been dispensed to its inhabitants; – in no previous year has greater attention been paid to

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agriculture; and the earth has rewarded the labors of the husbandman with abundant harvests;-the commercial operations of our merchants have been greatly extended. Indeed, the progress of general improvement, throughout the Republic, was never more encouraging than at the present time. Nothing of a very serious character has occurred to disturb the harmony of our citizens at home; or the friendly relations subsisting between this government and foreign powers, or the native tribes around us. In the midst of these blessings, however, the government have not been altogether exempted from the perplexing difficulties and embarrassments. Some of the circumstances connected with these difficulties and embarrassments I shall recur to hereafter. I would remark here, however, that we have no just reason to expect that our progress in national prosperity is to be uninterrupted by the evils incident to all governments. Nay, such evils are often wholesome and produce good results. The waters that stagnate, you know, corrupt. The storm that works the ocean, sometimes into a rage, renders it salutary. The rose is not without the thorn. Heaven has given us nothing unmixed. Difficulties and embarrassments, in public affairs, frequently call forth great virtues and efforts, which would otherwise sleep in the gentle bosom of ease and quietness. They open resources which would be concealed under the inactivity of tranquil times. They arouse and enlighten the citizens. They produce a people of animation, energy, adventure, and greatness. If we consult history we shall find this to have been the case in all ages. Did not the Grecian republics prosper even amid continual warfare! Their prosperity, their power, their splendor grew from the all-animating spirit of war. Did not the cottages of shepherds rise into imperial Rome, the nursery of heroes – through the invigorating operation of unceasing wars? Trace back, if you please, the history of the United States of America, and see how those States flourished and grew strong under the difficulties which surrounded, and more than once, threatened the annihilation of some of them.. But these very difficulties produced an exceedingly enterprising people, and hardy legions that have subsequently proved themselves equal to any emergency. I do not wish to be understood, gentlemen, as desiring war – I pray God to deliver us, forever, from such calamity – or difficulties or embarrassments of any kind, to incite the citizens of Liberia to greater exertion, and to call forth their latent talents and energy. There are some among us, I know, who tremble at every occurrence that in any degree threatens to interrupt the even course of our political affairs. They fear that it may put an inevitable stop to the further progress of the government, and ruin irretrievably our future happiness, and deprive us of those civil and religious blessings which the early veterans in the cause of freedom here, and ourselves have called forth from this once savage land. We may commend the anxiety of such men, however, without praising their judgment. It is true patriotism, boldly to front every difficulty;-and with a determined purpose overcome every obstacle which may oppose our progress; then we shall defend our natural and national rights, with dignity and success. With a firm trust in the Great Governor of the universe, and right on our side, we have nothing to fear. Gentlemen, with all our quick perception of the existence of public evils, to which many years enjoyment of prosperity and freedom has made us peculiarly sensitive, it is not easy, in a survey of the condition of the Republic, to point to any thing which justly calls for the exercise of the first of your prescribed duties; nothing, certainly, which in any other age or country would be regarded as a “public grievance.” Imperfections in our system of government, and its operation, undoubtedly exist; as well as in every other work of human hands; but its guiding and fundamental principles of freedom, justice, and equality, are unchangeably right and true, and are firmly established, not

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only in our written codes, but in the universal consent and affections of the people. We can have no further controversy as to the great objects and aim of political organization, or the source of its power. The sovereignty of the people is with us, a familiar, practical truth; and the happiness of the people, the only legitimate end of all civil governments. Their unlimited and unquestioned power, prompted by an ever active spirit of inquiry and reform; and directed in its exercise by an enlightened perception of their true interest, will be sure to interpose a remedy for public wrongs before they become gross or intolerable. In a government like ours, peculiarly situated as we are, the necessity and demand for new laws will probably never cease. The advancing tide of civilization and improvement with its attendant complications of interests, and the changes of opinion which result from the lapse of time and the light of exercise, will constantly require modification and amendments of our laws to meet the varying exigencies of our condition. There rests, therefore, upon us the obligation to see that legislation is kept in practical and harmonious conformity with the broad principles of freedom upon which are based our much cherished institutions. Gentlemen, I have the honor to inform you that since your last meeting the territorial limits of the government have been considerably extended. On the northwest – excepting about ten miles of sea coast – the political jurisdiction of the Republic extends to the entrance of the River She bar. This jurisdiction – comprehending the notorious Gallinas – has been regularly and formally ceded to this government by the native proprietors. The native title to the soil of several of these tracts have been extinguished – the deeds for which will be laid before you – and negotiations are now pending for the extinction of the native title to the soil of the whole of them. And I apprehend no great difficulty in being able, soon, to bring these negotiations to a favorable termination. The principal difficulty hitherto has been the want of funds to meet the large advances demanded by the chiefs. I am happy to state that this embarrassment has been partially removed. By the Liberia Packet, in September last, the Secretary of the Treasury received, from Rev. Wm. McLain, Secretary and Treasurer of the American Colonization Society, an invoice of merchandise, amounting to three thousand eight hundred and thirty-four dollars, to aid this government in the purchase of territory. This assistance is very opportune, and places us under renewed obligations to the friends of Liberia and of Africa, in the United States. No time shall be lost in applying this amount to the purpose for which it was granted. I beg also, to state here, that I have drawn on our good friends. S. Gurney, Esq., London for 500 of his donation; which bill he writes me, will be honored. The acquisition of the political jurisdiction over those territories is exceedingly important, in as much as it effectually abolishes the Slave Trade from this part of the African coast, and enables the government to extend a wholesome and beneficial influence over the tribes inhabiting them. And I am happy in being able to inform the Legislature that the influence of the government is already producing salutary results among the aborigines of this district. And not only these – there is evidently a great and important revolution commenced in the condition of our whole native population, which is now rapidly going forward; and only needs, on the part of the government, prompt and encouraging measures for promoting their civilization, to raise them speedily to respectability and usefulness. This is a subject, in which I know, gentlemen, you are deeply interested and concerned. The citizens of Liberia have kept steadily in view the two great objects of African Colonization – and, I believe, the principal objects which prompted the philanthropists of America in establishing colonies upon this coast, – viz: the closing of the coast of Africa against the ravages of the Slave Trade and the best means of introducing civilization and Christianity among the barbarous tribes of this continent. How far we have succeeded in effecting the

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first, I leave the world to judge. Of the second, gentlemen, we have yet much to accomplish; and past success, in this great and important work, should incite the government to renewed exertion. It is very evident that the natives are improving more rapidly at present than at any pervious time. There are more instances of laborious industry among them every returning year. It used to be said the natives can never acquire the habit of labor. But facts abundantly disprove this opinion. There are now numerous instances among them of very laborious industry. Some of them not only provide an abundant supply of food for their families, by the labor of their own hands, but have a surplus of several hundred bushels of rice with which, and sundry articles of commerce they are in the habit of collecting, they procure their supply of foreign manufactures. And there can be no question that the current is setting more strongly in favor of agriculture and other laborious pursuits now, than at any previous period. Notwithstanding these encouraging appearances, however, there is yet much to be accomplished before this people generally can reach the proper standard of rational and immortal beings. According to the law of nations, this government holds jurisdiction over a territory, comprising at the lowest computation, over two hundred thousand of the aboriginal inhabitants, who are almost in total ignorance of God, his law, and the plan of salvation; and who are also to be taught nearly all the useful branches of human knowledge. In this view of the subject – may we not ask ourselves, gentlemen, what do we owe them?-and what are our duties in reference to them, in a civil and religious light? This government has assumed the guardianship of these perishing thousands; and they have claims upon us of high importance to them, and to our own character as an enlightened, just, and Christian people. In return for what they have yielded to us, that we will do all in our power to impart to them the blessings of civilization and religion. They are entitled as citizens of this government, for such they are, to justice in all our dealings with them, to education in the useful arts and sciences, and in the principles and duties of the Christian religion. In a word they have a right to expect, and to receive from our civil and religious communities combined, that sort of education and training which will raise them, ultimately, to the enjoyment of all the blessings of civilization; the rights and privileges of freemen; and make them useful citizens of this Republic. This I conceive to be the precise object of the government. And if we fulfill not these duties, which grow naturally out of our connection with, and relation to them, we cannot avoid the imputations – which, by the way, have already, been falsely charged against us – of injustice, unkindness, unfaithfulness to them. It cannot be denied that the work of civilization is no easy task, and is exceedingly slow in its progress. But when we look back in the pages of history five or six hundred years, and see what was then the state of the Anglo-Saxon race; and whence sprung the most polished and scientific nations of Europe, we find much to encourage using our efforts to extend the blessings of civilization; and sufficient to convince the most skeptical of the practicability of civilizing the barbarous tribes of this continent. Gentlemen, these people sustain a peculiar relation to us, and must be civilized, and the work is ours. They are not to share the fate of the innumerable tribes of North American Indians, which a few centuries since roamed fearlessly in their native forests; but have been swept into oblivion, and are with the generations before the flood – and of others not a trace remains but in tradition, or in the person of some solitary wanderer – the last of his tribe, who however like a ghost among the sepulchres of his fathers – a spark still faintly glimmering in the ashes of an extinguished race. But happily the circumstances growing out of our relation and connection with, the aborigines of this country, are altogether different, and cannot, possibly, in the nature of things produce such results. They are not only of the same

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nature, and of one blood with ourselves – but they are our brethren, our fellow citizens, and of the same race. And must be raised to a condition to partake with us in all the blessings we enjoy; to participate with us in all the affairs of the government; and to be in all respects on an equal footing with other citizens of this Republic. The best informed and more intelligent of our native population are fully sensible of the evils of their present state, and feel that a change in their situation has become necessary, and are strong in the conviction that we sincerely desire their welfare, and they are steadfastly looking to us to relieve them from their present degradation. The chiefs of several tribes within our jurisdiction have recently expressed to me an earnest wish to have missionaries and schools established among their people, who they say, are anxious to receive instruction. And there is nothing now to prevent the sending of missionaries and the establishment of schools, except what results from the want of pecuniary means. I sincerely hope the time is not distant when this difficulty will be removed, and that the present generation may have lights kindled in all their borders; and that generations to come may be saved from the darkness and wretchedness of their fathers. This object is truly worthy of the continued labors, and persevering efforts of the government. And I am exceedingly gratified to observe, that there seems to be a most remarkable reciprocity of feeling and union of sentiment on this subject, which plainly indicate that the hand of Heaven is in it – as no power short of this could ever have produced such a state of things. This is for our encouragement, and it is encouragement, enough to induce us to persevere. Indeed, in such circumstances we cannot relax our efforts. Honor, justice, humanity, and all that make man respectable in the sight of God and men imperiously require us to go forward, in full faith till this work, so auspiciously commenced shall be accomplished. My enthusiasm, gentlemen, on this subject, and that I am not ashamed to acknowledge that I posses it, does not blind me to the difficulties and obstacles which are to be overcome; past experience impresses this on me. But I hold that these difficulties are not insurmountable, and if the government will persevere in its duty, this thing, which we so earnestly desire, will be accomplished. The pecuniary embarrassments of the government, I am aware, present a serious obstacle to the carrying forward of the work of civilization as rapidly as we could wish. I am also aware that economy in our public expenditures is “the order of the day”-indeed the fashion of the time. This to a certain extent, and in reference to particular object, is undoubtedly wise and proper. There is, however, a just and politic economy, the result of extended and liberal views; and there is also a false and spurious economy, the offspring of narrow views and little minds. The one is wholesome to the reputation, and to all the true interests of a nation. The other is hollow-hearted and mean, and disgraceful to a nation’s character. But, gentlemen, I doubt not your discrimination in this matter; and I also feel that you agree with me as to the importance of the subject on which I have been speaking:-I, therefore, scarcely need invite your attention to its serious consideration, or impress upon you the necessity of adopting measures which will so increase the public finances as will enable you to spare an allowance sufficient, for the purposes and plans of the government, for the improvement of our native population. I must also be permitted to remark, gentlemen, that it is absolutely essential to the success of our efforts, for the civilization of the natives, that the legislature speedily adopt measures to increase and preserve the reputation and influence of the government in the estimation of this part of our community, and secure for it full confidence and respect; without which your best concerted plans must fail.

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You are not ignorant, gentlemen, of the attempts which have recently been made by some designing, bad men, to create discord and jealousy among the natives and to incite them to insubordination. And I regret to say, that in one or two instances, they succeeded too well; and at one time created no little concern for the preservation of the authority and influence of the government. In reference to the natives, this government unquestionably, should be, in its nature kind and mild, but firm and absolute. Laws and regulations must be formed to meet their advancing state, and which would remove the perplexing and provoking differences which so extensively exist between various tribes. Which evil, in itself, if not effectually cured, will hinder for many years, the progress of every effort which may be made for their benefit. Another evil, perhaps equally necessary to be provided against, by proper laws and regulations is, their intercourse with unprincipled civilized, if I may employ the term, men, who visit them for the purposes of trade. Many of the natives complain, and justly too, that the morals of their youth are corrupted by bad foreigners, – of which we have sad proofs, as well also as by some of our people, who trade with them. This is a well known fact, and the cause of incalculable injury to the natives and seriously retards their civilization. As we would hope to promote their welfare, this evil must, in some way, by the wisdom of the Legislature, be removed. It can be done effectually in one way, and in one way only; and that is, as I recommended to the Legislature on a former occasion, “that the government interpose and regulate the manner of conducting trade with the natives.” I am fully sensible of the delicacy of this subject, in the view I am now taking of it, but its importance in order to the attainment of the object of the government, forbids that I should pass it unnoticed; or that the evil should longer continue. Some people are so sordid in their views and affections, that when you come in contact with their pecuniary interests, they lose sight of every other consideration, however high or important; and such doubtless will raise their voice against any measure, which in their opinion, may in any degree, restrict their trading operations. But I dare not be unfaithful to my trust, to my conscience, nor to my God. I therefore earnestly recommend, that in future all trading establishments connected with the natives, shall be made in reference to the influence which these establishments are expected to exert over the natives – and that they be made to bear upon every measure which may be put in operation for the civil, moral, and intellectual improvement of the natives. Gentlemen, I have endeavored faithfully to spread before you, in as concise a manner as I could, the actual condition of a large and very interesting portion of our population. I have stated, and have aimed to do it faithfully, their just claims upon the government. The plans and measures best adapted to satisfy these claims, have in part been suggested – others, in the course of your deliberations, will doubtless present themselves to you. The work is now before you, and the scene it presents is certainly adapted to fill and to delight minds bent on doing good. The view and contemplation of it by such minds, I am sure will never tire. Do good and communicate to all men as ye have opportunity, is a divine command. And every man of real benevolence finds his chief happiness in obeying this command. Therefore to do good and to communicate to those heathen tribes, whom God has placed under our special care, is unquestionably our indispensable duty – a duty than which, I can conceive of none more imperative upon the Christian, the philanthropist and the statesman. It affords me much pleasure to be able to inform the Legislature that this government has happily succeeded in settling the difficulties which subsisted between Kings Dour-wee and Zio, – and in terminating the cruel war, which, for the last five years has completely cut

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off all communication with the interior tribes of that section; and which has produced incalculable sufferings among the inhabitants of a large portion of the Grand and Little Bassa territories. Kings Dour-wee and Zio have solemnly pledged themselves never again to make war one upon the other, under any circumstance whatever; and in case any dispute or misunderstanding should hereafter arise between them, it shall be referred to this government for adjustment;-whose decision shall be final. I have great pleasure in stating that King Peter Harris, of Grand Bassa, made himself particularly serviceable to the government in bringing about a reconciliation of the above parties. He was, indeed, unremitting in his exertions, and at one time was absent from his home, on a mission to them as an agent of this government, more than six months. We are also indebted to Kings Barguay and Salt-water of Little Bassa, for important services rendered our Commissioners while employed in the above negotiations. Nor can I omit here to record my acknowledgments for valuable assistance rendered the government, in this delicate matter, by Hon. Stephen A. Benson, and Lewis K. Crocker, Esq., – whose indefatigable exertions greatly facilitated the efforts of the government in speedily terminating the war and restoring tranquility to the country. I am gratified in being able to state that the expense incurred by the government, in settling this war, was partly met by the patriotic and liberal minded citizens of Grand Bassa County, by voluntary contributions. The balance was paid from the public Treasury – which amount you will find entered in the Treasurer’s accounts. I regret to have to inform you, gentlemen, that the same success has not attended similar efforts of the government in other quarters. In the latter part of June last at the earnest solicitation of a number of Chiefs, Veys, Golahs and Deys, I appointed a Commission, consisting of three gentlemen, to visit the Vey Country for the purpose of arranging and settling the disputes existing between the several parties occupying that territory, and if possible, put an end to the war, which was then, and is still being vigorously prosecuted between a part of the Vey and Golah tribes. But I am sorry to say, after an absence of several weeks, the Commissioners returned without being able to accomplish all that was desired or anticipated. The causes of their failure you will find fully set forth in their report which will be laid before you. I beg, however, to recommend that further, and immediate efforts be made to settle those disputes and difficulties; and terminate this war. Knowing as we do, what violent resentment and incurable animosities these discords generally generate, and how they are apt to exasperate and inflame the contending parties, and prompt them to acts of the greatest cruelty, – you are called upon, and required, gentlemen, by indispensable obligations to Almighty God, and to your fellow citizens, to use all the means in your power, for stopping the further effusion of blood, and averting the impending calamities that threaten the inhabitants of those territories. A messenger is now here from the Chiefs of the Vey country soliciting the interposition of this Government in settling the disputes and wars, which are represented as producing great distress among the people. I beg, gentlemen, that you will give this subject early attention, that the messenger may be dispatched as early as possible, with such communications as you may direct to be transmitted to the chiefs. I have the honor herewith to lay before you, for your consideration a communication I received a few weeks since from the chiefs of Timbo, asking the protection of this government; and to be received within its jurisdiction by the annexation of the whole of their territory to the Republic, – and requesting that one Will Buckler – who, some years ago settled among them, but has since succeeded in collecting around him a large force, composed principally of strangers, and now threatens the extermination of the original inhabitants, and

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who has recently committed, with impunity, several cruel murders in the country – be moved from the territory. I beg also to submit to your consideration the propriety of adopting measures to relieve the authorities and people of Grand Bassa from the annoyances of Fisherman Grando, who, by some means, has obtained an influence in that country – though himself a Pickaniny Cess man, – which he exerts improperly by creating difficulties and disturbances, sometimes of a very serious character among the people: which greatly interrupt friendly intercourse, and not a little retard the progress of civilization among the inhabitants of that district. During the past year I had an interview with Grando, at his town, and explained to him the folly of his course, and the pernicious effects of his conduct, not only upon his own people, but upon the happiness and prosperity of the people of the whole country. I assured him that the government could not longer tolerate such conduct; and unless he changed his course, legal proceedings would be instituted against him. To all of which he listened attentively:-and, with seeming penitence, readily admitted the error of his course, and the wrongs he had been guilty of, and promised never again to interrupt the peace and harmony of the people. I had scarcely left the country, however, before his evil genius got the better of him; and he has since been as mischievous as ever – and has recently been guilty of sundry gross infractions of the law, and of using threats against the local authorities of Grand Bassa County. The man Grando has given the government more trouble decidedly, than any other headman, or chief within the limits of the Republic. He has never yet been made properly to atone for the murder of Governor Finley, and rather thinks himself above the laws – but the time has fully arrived that he be taught his obligations to the government and convinced of the majesty of the laws. Gentlemen, in connection with this subject, and as a means of counteracting Grando’s baneful influence, and checking his bad practices, I would suggest that the Legislature authorize the establishment of a settlement at the Cove, near his town – which will bring him under the immediate eye and control of the authorities, and which will also have a good effect upon his people by bringing them more closely in contact with civilized habits. There are other considerations, gentlemen, of a commercial nature, which seem to favor the establishment of a settlement at that place. Its commercial advantages, as a convenient landing place especially, are generally admitted; and the idea of forming a settlement there to secure these, is by no means new. And I think no difficulty need be apprehended in carrying out the measure proposed. Indeed many of the citizens of Edina, Bassa Cove, and Bexley, have expressed to me a desire to locate there, and will do so immediately provided the government will make them small grants of land, and extend to them certain assistance specified in a communication addressed to me on this subject – which I have the honor herewith to lay before you – and which I beg to recommend to your favorable consideration. Gentlemen, during your recess I have used my best endeavors for the preservation of harmony and friendly relations with all nations, by encouraging the intercourse of foreigners – without distinction of country – and by extending to them every facility in my power for conducting trade with the citizens of this republic:-and it would have been a source of much gratification to me, if the conduct of all those traders had been such as to enable me to assure you that, on their part, a similar desire existed to maintain a good understanding with the government. Such, however, in every instance, has not been the case; – and I am pained to have to inform the Legislature that unworthy attempts have been made by one or two of these traders to alienate the affections of certain native tribes within the jurisdiction of this Republic to induce them to disavow their obligations to this government – and to incite them

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to insubordination; and indeed, encourage them to actual hostilities. Means were adopted, however, as far as possible, to counteract there pernicious influences – to preserve the attachment of the natives – and to maintain the influence and authority of the government over them. But, gentlemen, to obviate the consequences of a repetition of such practices, the passage of a law providing adequate punishment for such offences may be necessary. I am also sorry to have to say that some difficulties have arisen in regard to the operation of law of the Republic regulating Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue. One Mr. David Murray, the agent of Messrs. Laurie Hamilton & Co., London, a few months since landed a quantity of merchandise at certain points, on our coast, in direct violation of said law; at the same time informing the inhabitants that he had received express instructions from his employers not to acknowledge the authority of the Liberian government, or its officers, if they thought proper to assume the responsibility, might seize his vessel and the goods thus landed. Upon this information from the officers of the revenue – who understanding the policy of the government and anxious themselves to avoid any collision with British merchants by using compulsory measures to compel obedience to the laws, communicated the facts to the Treasury Department, and asked to be instructed as to the course they should pursue – I addressed a note to Captain Murray stating to him my earnest desire to avoid the necessity of seizing his property; and calling his attention to an interview I had had with him, in the early part of the year, on the subject of the jurisdiction of this government, &c. At which time he assured me that in future he would respect the laws of the Republic, and would give no further cause of complaint. In reply to which, I received from Captain Murray on the 23d of October the following: “Sir: In answer to your letter of the 3d inst, I beg to say that I am instructed by Messrs. Laurie Hamilton & Co., not to pay any duties on goods to be landed on the Kroo coast, they having laid their claim to exemption therefrom before Viscout Palmerston, and from a copy of a letter received by them bearing the date 2d July, 1850, Commodore Fanshawe had been instructed to institute enquiries into the matter, and he may be expected up in all this month for that purpose.” It had already been intimated to me that representations had been made to Her Majesty’s Government respecting the exercise of jurisdiction by this government, over certain territories on our leeward coast, and that the Liberian authorities, in said communications, were accused of imposing unreasonable and unjust restrictions upon British commerce; and that Commodore Fanshawe would probably visit Liberia soon to ascertain the facts in relation to these representations. In view of this and other considerations, and especially to convince British merchants of our desire to cultivate and maintain a good understanding with them – I informed Captain Murray that compulsory measures would not be resorted to until I had had the honor of an interview with the Commodore; in the mean time, the government would hold him responsible for the duties accruing on all goods which he might land within its jurisdiction: and that it would not be difficult to prove, in the most convincing manner, to Commodore Fanshawe, as well by solid reasons, as by the authority of the best authors, who have written on the law of nations: and the judgment of civilized states in general – the rights of this government to exercise sovereignty over the territory in question. Upon what grounds Messrs. Laurie Hamilton & Co., claim exemption from paying duties on goods landed on what they term the Kroo Coast, or at any point within this Republic, I am not fully informed. With respect to the said Kroo Coast, Captain Murray is well aware that that territory is within the jurisdiction of this Republic – that the right of soil and the political jurisdiction over it were obtained for a just and valuable consideration and that it is held by titles as fair and unequivocal as any human property can be held; and that the abori-

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ginal inhabitants, of that territory voluntarily recognized their allegiance to this government. I am aware that attempts have been made there, as well as at other points within our jurisdiction, to induce the native chiefs to disavow their formal and solemn conventions with this government – and to accuse the Liberian authorities of misrepresentation and fraud in treating with them for lands. But I thank God, as far as I know, at our hands, gentlemen, the natives have no just cause of complaint. Would that all with whom they have had to do could say as much. But ah! How solemn the reflection, that on the great day of retribution, what thousands of these poor benighted heathen will appear at the bar of judgment to arraign those, who would attach to the Liberian Authorities frauds, of which they themselves have been guilty. But I entertain the hope and belief that the people of Liberia will then appear in the whiteness of innocence – and that they will not only be free from all accusations of injustice to these their unfortunate, and degraded brethren, but that the testimonials of their acts of justice, kindness, benevolence towards them will plead the cause of their uprightness in all their dealings with them, as it is now authenticated by records upon earth. On the 11th ultimo, I received a dispatch from Commodore Fanshawe, informing me that he had been directed by his government to visit Liberia for the purpose of conferring with the authorities respecting the complaints which have been made by British merchants, who occupy trading establishments on the coast of Liberia; but in consequence of circumstances of considerable importance on the southern part of his command, he could not at an early period visit Monrovia in person – but to avoid delay he had deputed Commander Patten, the senior officer of the Division of Her Majesty’s cruisers on the north coast, to confer with this government on these matters. Under cover, from Commodore Fanshawe, I received the same day a dispatch from the Right Honorable Viscount Palmerston, Her Britannic Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, calling the attention of this government to the said complaints of British merchants engaged in trade to the Coast of Africa, who represent that Regulations have been established by this government, the tendency and effect of which is greatly to obstruct and cripple the commercial operations of British merchants. His Lordship has been pleased to enumerate in said dispatch the principal complaints, which have been addressed to Her Majesty’s Government by British merchants engaged in trade on the Liberian coast. Some of these complaints are founded upon certain provisions of the law of the Republic, regulating Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue – the tendency and effect of which, they say, greatly obstruct and cripple the commercial operations of British subjects. Others are mere fabrications – vile accusations without the slightest shadow of truth to sustain them – charging the government with adopting measures and restrictions, which I may confidently say never existed, except in the imagination of some of the servants whom these merchants have employed on the Liberian coast, who, doubtless, have been making, from time to time, to their employers, these gross misrepresentations. 1st. Of the Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue law, passed December 26th, 1849, they complain that no foreign vessel is allowed to unload at any ports except Monrovia, Marshall, Grand Bassa, and Sinoe – that the import duties to be levied under said Act are in many cases excessive, in regard to some articles amounting to 30 per cent.; and that those duties are levied, not on the cost price merely, but on the value realized by the actual sale of the goods; that no goods shall be admitted without the production of a declaration containing minute details not usually required in any other country, as to their origin, their destination, and their nature; and that although the 17th section of the 4th article of said law authorizes the Collector of Customs to relax the stringent provisions of the 2d section, in regard to the four

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ports of entry, by allowing him to grant official permits to land goods at Factories owned by citizens of Liberia on any part of the Liberian coast; this facility is not afforded to British subjects, and that thus an advantage is given to Liberian citizens, which is unjustly and injuriously withheld from British subjects. These, gentlemen, will of course claim your attention, and I doubt not but that you will give them serious consideration, and will willingly remove every restriction which either unjustly or unnecessarily obstructs the commercial intercourse of British, or the merchants of any other country. 2ndly. It is represented, by these said merchants, to Her Majesty’s Government – that the Liberian Government exercises sovereignty over territory fraudulently obtained from the native proprietors – that it designates the aboriginal inhabitants of the coast as aliens, and endeavors to prevent British subjects from transacting business with them, except through the medium of citizens of Liberia – meaning, I suppose, those who immigrated from the United States; – that it is required that a license should be taken for each trading station at a cost of 2701; – That the Liberian authorities monopolize the advantage of whatever demand may happen to exist for Tobacco, Gun-powder, Muskets, Corckery, Salt, Rum and Soap;that all purchases of land or houses made by foreigners are ordered to be null and void – and that American traders ridicule the regulations and restrictions of the Liberians, and tell them – British traders – plainly, that if they are driven to abandon the trade, they will at once take it up. Is it not astonishing that men in their senses should make such representations, so totally void of truth to Her Majesty’s Government? Captain Patten, of Her Majesty’s Brig Hound, arrived here on the 18th ultimo, and entered immediately upon the investigation of the various complaints of Messrs. Laurie Hamilton & Co., London, who appear to be the principal complainants, and who certainly have indulged unjust and unwarrantable charges and accusations against the Liberian Authorities. It is possible, indeed I will not doubt, that those gentlemen, acting upon statements made to them by their agent, believed that they were making correct and truthful representations to Her Majesty’s Government. It is to be regretted, however, that they so readily gave credence to such statements – without, apparently, giving themselves the least trouble to ascertain the real facts of the case. Full explanations of the several items of complaints were furnished to Captain Patten; and every facility afforded to enable him to examine thoroughly the invidious charges and imputations that have been preferred and insinuated against the Government and People of Liberia. No one could be more particular and minute in the investigation of the charges and complaints referred to, than was Captain Patten. – And I have great satisfaction in being able to inform the Legislature, that he expressed himself fully satisfied and convinced that gross misrepresentations have been made to Her Majesty’s Government, in which great injustice has been done the Authorities and people of this Republic; and distinctly condemned the course of Captain Murray in resisting the laws of this Government. Captain Patten, however without naming any particular provision of the law regulating Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue, intimated a wish that the Legislature would reconsider some of the sections of said law, which he considered rather restrictive, and would extend to British traders every possible facility for conducting business with the citizens of the Republic. I assured him that the Government and people of Liberia entertained the most friendly feelings towards British subjects; and that the Legislature would not hesitate to rescind or amend any existing regulation – which may be done without seriously prejudicing the interests of the Government – that can in any respect obstruct or cripple British commerce. The

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various correspondence on the subject of the complaints referred to above, will be laid before you. Gentlemen, permit me to remark here, that it is the duty on articles of merchandize specified in an Act entitled “An Act to raise a Revenue,” the sale of which the Government monopolizes, that foreigners consider excessive; I beg, therefore, particularly to recommend that said Act be wholly repealed, and that you adopt other measures for supplying an adequate Revenue. With respect to trading establishments along our coast, whether owned by citizens or foreigners, I am still of opinion that a license should be obtained from the Government, for which a reasonable and liberal sum shall be paid, to be applied exclusively to the promotion of civilization and education among the aboriginal inhabitants. I beg also to recommend that the amount realized form the sale of licenses under the 1st and 3d sections of the 8th Article of the Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue law, be granted to the several corporations for the improvements of streets, &c., in their respective townships. Gentlemen, in view of the primary importance of providing every facility for carrying the laws into prompt and faithful execution, and to render the administration of justice as convenient to the people as may consist with their present circumstances – I cannot omit, once more, to recommend to your serious considerations the Judiciary system of the Republic. No branch of our political organization is more interesting than this to the public happiness; and to none can those improvements which have been suggested by experience be more beneficially applied. The compilation of the laws of the Republic, as authorized at your last session, I regret to say, has not been accomplished to the extent of your wishes. I ask the appointment of a committee of the legislature to examine the work, as far as it is gone, and to report upon its correctness, and the circumstances which have delayed its completion. The importance of agriculture, as an efficient contributary to the welfare and prosperity of the human family, and especially of the people of Liberia, is so fully recognized and understood, that I deem it quite unnecessary for me to urge upon you, at any length, its claims to all the aid and encouragement it may be in your power to give to every well directed efforts for its improvement. It cannot be doubted that the cultivation of the earth, with other branches of rural economy, supply the vital principle – the very life blood – to every other department of human industry. Among the most successful of the various measures adopted, in other countries, to give impulse to agricultural improvements, are agricultural societies – and I could wish to see such societies established in every part of this Republic. But, in my opinion, a central agricultural association is at present particularly needed. One that would be able to extend its beneficial influences so generally as to awaken and keep alive throughout the country an active interest in its proceedings. Such an association would certainly deserve, in a liberal degree, your countenance and aid. Many of you, gentlemen, are from agricultural districts, and are entitled, far better then myself, to interpret the wishes of those engaged in agricultural pursuits; therefore, on the present occasion, I have only to say, that whatever measures you may adopt for advancing the interests of agriculture shall have my ready and cheerful concurrence. With respect to common schools, and the importance of extending the means of education – I feel that I cannot do better than to invite your attention to what I had the honor of communicating to the Legislature, on this subject, at its last session. I am quite sensible of the feeling of the legislature with regard to the extension of the facilities of education; and I exceedingly regret, gentlemen, the pecuniary disability which still exists; and which alone, I

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am sure, prevents your doing all that you desire to do for the promotion of useful knowledge. It is, however, a source of much gratification to know that our friends abroad – especially in the United States – in this respect, are interested in our behalf. Besides the valuable assistance we are receiving, in the education of the youth of this Republic, from various missionary societies in the United States: you are doubtless aware, gentlemen, that an association has been formed in Boston, United States, and has been chartered by the Legislature of the State of Massachusetts, for the purpose of receiving and managing the funds, and the general scope and plan of a college in Liberia. A member of the corporation in a letter to me dated June last, says: “We shall soon need a free communication of your views on this subject, of education, on all points that may occur to you. It is obvious that a charter from our government will be needed for the proposed college, with suitable ground for such buildings as may be required, and such patronage and aid towards the erection of buildings as the government may be able to bestow. We shall of course do nothing more than collect and invest funds, until we receive a communication of your mind, on the subject. Whether the instructors shall be appointed by our Board of Trustees, with the concurrent approval of your government, or by the latter alone; or by the corporation to be chartered in Liberia – are questions which you will consider and favor us with your minds.” In reply to this communication I have assured the gentleman that every facility that this government can afford for carrying out the important objects of his board, will readily be granted; I, at the same time, intimated to him the embarrassed state of our public finances, and that but little, if any, pecuniary assistance could, at present, be rendered by this government; but that I would call the attention of the Legislature to the subject, and communicate to him the result of your deliberations. I therefore ask an expression of the Legislature on the points, suggested above, for transmission to the Board of Trustees. The experience of another year has but strengthened the conviction entertained and expressed in my address to the Legislature at its last session; that our present militia system was rapidly tending to utter disorganization. It is with much regret that I feel obliged to say, that in my opinion all hope of reviving or sustaining it in its present form may as well be abandoned at once. It is evident that circumstances demand its entire reorganization upon other principles and with essentially different features. My own sense of the importance of establishing, cherishing, and supporting a strong and efficient militia force, is undiminished – not, however, that I advocate war, to this my feelings are decidedly averse; and it is in view of this, that I advocate the embodying of a militia. Surrounded as we are, gentlemen, by heathen tribes whose ruling passion is war; I look upon the military organization of this government as the most efficient anti-war measure that can possibly by adopted. But how to organize such a system, as will answer the ends contemplated, in the present state of popular feeling of the subject, is to me a problem of difficult solution. I must confess, gentlemen, my own inability to suggest a plan that is satisfactory to myself, or that I would take the responsibility in offering to your consideration. I recommend the subject to your attention, and pledge my ready concurrence in the adoption of any system that shall give the promise of being an improvement upon the present one. Gentlemen, I have the honor to inform you that your resolution, of the 24th December last, authorizing the removal of the cannon from Central Fort to Fort Norris Battery, has been carried into effect; as yet, however, these cannons have not been mounted. The carriages are being prepared, and it is hoped to have them in a very short time ready for use. I regret very much that we were not able to have the carriages constructed of more durable materials, as cast iron for instance, which would relieve the government of the almost annual expense of supplying new ones, or keeping wooden ones which rapidly decay, exposed

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as they necessarily are to the weather, in repair. I hope that the Legislature will, as soon as it may find it convenient, to do so, order iron carriages for all our stationary cannon. In this connection I beg to call your attention to the dilapidated condition of nearly all the gun carriages on our frontier settlements. Hitherto, the citizens of those settlements, with the exception of a very little aid, a year or two ago, from the government, have met the expense of the repairs of those carriages. But for some time, feeling themselves in no danger, they have neglected the repairs, and now look to the government to relieve them from this tax. I scarcely need remind you, gentlemen, that the fiscal affairs of the government will demand your serious attention. In the early part of the year the most flattering anticipations were indulged of relieving the government from its pecuniary embarrassments. No one I believe entertained a doubt on the subject: and I fondly cherished the hope of being able, at this session of the Legislature, to congratulate you on the efficiency of your present revenue system. But, gentlemen, by reference to the Treasurer’s accounts, you will observe that there still remains a balance against the government of $36,000: of which amount, about two thirds are due to foreigners. I sincerely hope that the Legislature will adopt measures that will enable the Secretary to discharge speedily these claims. Necessarily a great proportion of the public resources is derived from duties on imports, and, as you are already aware, various circumstances, which were impossible to foresee and provide against, have concurred, during the year, to embarrass the officers of the customs, in collecting the tariff dues; and in some instances large quantities of merchandise have been landed on the Liberia coast, upon which the duties could not be secured, and of consequence, produced a serious deficiency in the receipts anticipated from that source. The Secretary of the Treasury has been directed to lay before you, at an early day, an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the ensuing year: and also accounts, in detail, of the receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending 30th September last. The following is a concise statement of the accounts the Secretary will lay before you, viz: In conformity with a resolution of the Legislature adopted the 28th of December last, authorizing the appointment of auditors of public accounts, &c., &c. – I appointed Messrs. Warner and Hicks to that duty. They have been laboriously engaged for some months, in the vouchers and accounts of all transactions at the Treasury Department, since the new organization; and they will have ready in a few days, to be laid before you a full report of their doings. There are other matters, gentlemen, that deserve consideration, and to which I shall take occasion, during your present meeting, to invite your attention, by special communication. Gentlemen, I now commend you to the source of all wisdom and knowledge; and I pray that God will guide and direct all your deliberations to His praise, and to the happiness and prosperity of the people of this Republic, and of Africa in general. Feeling, as I most certainly do, that you will avoid all hasty, and ill-considered projects; and that you will avail yourselves of the current experience of the times; and that that experience will not suffer delay, in its application, in consequence of any obstinacy in the exercise of delegated power – I beg to assure you that your labors, to promote the general good, will receive from me the most prompt and decided co-operation. J.J. Roberts. Government House, Monrovia, December 3d, 1850.

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 3, 1851 Gentlemen: – it is the business of the Executive, on every occasion of the meeting of the Legislature, to inform them of the condition of the republic, and to recommend to them any public measure which he may think expedient for their adoption. It is therefore my first and indispensable duty to invite your attention to the providential favors with which our country has been blessed during the past year. In addition to the inestimable privileges of civil and religious liberty, which we are still permitted to enjoy, we have abundant cause of congratulation and thankfulness that our land has been exempted from the visitation of any pestilential disease, and that, in the general, a remarkable degree of health has been preserved to its inhabitants. The agricultural departments of the country were never more encouraging than at the present time; commerce is also rapidly increasing, both in variety and quantity of the articles of export; and I am happy in being able to inform the Legislature that a decided improvement, in the several towns and villages of the republic, is everywhere observable. Indeed, every fundamental interest of the government and people seem to bear the impress of Divine favor and approbation. These circumstances cannot fail to awaken in us a deep sense of the goodness of God, and inspire us with feelings of profound reverence and devotion to him who is the author of all good, and draw from us grateful acknowledgments for benefits so bountifully bestowed. But, gentlemen, in the midst of so many gracious favors, we have not been wholly exempted from the evils incident to human nature, nor from the innumerable difficulties and embarrassments which more or less surround all governments. And, as if to test our faith, or to remind us of our obligations to the great Governor of the universe; or to convince us that in God alone is strength, and that in him only we should put our trust; we have recently been called to experience a severe affliction in the sacking and burning of one of our villages in the county of Grand Bassa, and the cold-blooded murder of a number of its inhabitants, by a band of ruthless savages, headed by Fisherman Grando, who, ten days afterwards, having collected a formidable force, made a desperate attack upon the township of Bassa Cove, but was happily repulsed with great loss on his side. This fellow Grando, for the last fifteen years, has been hanging like an incubus upon the skirts of the villages of Grand Bassa county, taxing his evil genius to the utmost to invent annoyances by which he might distress them, and by this last act has crowned his diabolical purposes. This, gentlemen, is indeed a distressing occurrence, individually or politically considered; and is truly calculated to arrest our attention and impress us with the fact of the uncertainty of all human affairs; and teaches us how constantly dependant we are upon God for his protecting care over us. And while we lament the occurrence, and especially the loss of so many of our fellowcitizens, prematurely cut off in the vigor of life by barbarous hands, we can but bow in humble submission to Almighty God, acknowledging our entire dependence upon his infinite goodness; supplicating his divine aid and protection; humbly entreating that he will deliver us from the machinations of all our enemies, and that he will bless us in the adoption of such measures as will be conducive to the good and welfare of our infant state. Gentlemen, it is with inexpressible concern I have to inform you that, among the evils likely to result from these attacks upon our settlements in Grand Bassa, there is every reason to fear – nay, I cannot see that it can possibly be avoided – that we shall be involved in difficulties with several of the chiefs in that neighborhood, who, influenced by their cupidity –

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Grando, it appears, having divided with them the plunder he procured form the settlement at Fishtown – joined him in the attack upon Bassa Cove, and are now maintaining a hostile attitude, defying the authority of the government. Foremost in these acts of rebellion and threats of insubordination, is that miscreant, Boyer of Tradetown, who actually sent a large force to aid Grando in his attack, and how now a number of men armed at Grando’s barricaded town, to defend him against any attempt that may be made to arrest Grando and his associates. It is well known to you, gentlemen, that Boyer and Grando are kindred spirits, both alike destitute of every honorable sentiment, and capable of any act, however base and treacherous. I have great satisfaction, however, in remarking that, as far as I am informed, all the chiefs, except those of Tobacconee, New Cess and Tradetown, adhere strictly to their allegiance, and manifest the deepest concern at the treachery of Grando, and Boyer’s participation; and several of them have sent me assurances of their readiness to co-operate with the government in maintaining its authority and punishing the guilty parties. This unprovoked and cruel outrage has aroused universal indignation; and every voice is raised to demand that a just retribution be visited on the perpetrators of so foul a deed. And, gentlemen, the period is now arrived which claims from the legislative guardians of the nation’s rights the adoption of such measures as will at once convince all within its jurisdiction of the power and determination of the government to maintain its authority, and punish all crimes committed within its territorial limits. Every consideration demands this at your hands. To war against the dangers that assail; to guard against the dangers that threatened; destroy or drive to a distance every thing by which security might be invaded, is the purpose for which civil governments are formed; and the people have a right to require of the guardians of the public safety the adoption of such measures as will secure these important ends. Therefore, gentlemen, this subject will doubtless claim your first attention. The circumstances of the several attacks and massacre are fresh in your memory; and I deem it wholly unnecessary to trespass upon your valuable time – doubly so at this juncture – to recount them here. With respect to myself, I find that my duty is plain before me; and however painful the being obliged to resort to military force – though justifiable by example and necessity, yet disagreeable in itself, and repugnant to my own feelings – I should certainly but ill deserve the confidence of my fellow-citizens, were I not on the present occasion earnestly to recommend that immediate and efficient steps be taken to apprehend Grando and his associates, and bring them to justice; and also to punish those, who, by their menacing preparations and aspect of combination against the authority of the government, have placed themselves in a position which justly entitles them to the severest chastisement. That strong measures be immediately resorted to, is absolutely necessary to the permanent establishment of the authority of the government in certain districts, and the future security of persons and property, as well as of the peace and harmony of our citizens. The protracted moderation of the government towards certain chiefs and head men in the Bassa country, seems only to have had the effect of producing in them the belief that the government will either continue its forbearance or that it has not the power of maintaining the majesty of its laws. This latter, as you well remember, gentlemen, was the opinion of Gatomba for several years; who continued his depredations, though admonished again and again, until arrested in his career by the strong arm of military power; since which time, no one has been more peaceable, and scrupulously obedient to lawful commands. And this appears to be the only method of effectually arousing others from the same delusion. Had this course been pursued – as his conduct justly deserved – in regard to Grando some years

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ago, we might have been spared the outrage he has committed, and the present necessity of punishing his guilt. Besides the almost innumerable minor depredations of Grando upon the inhabitants of Grand Bassa, this last, gentlemen, is the fourth capital offense of which he has been guilty: thus four times has his life been justly forfeited to the satisfaction of the outraged law. That he procured the murder of Governor Finley, there is but little room for doubt; that he at another time ordered the murder of two of our citizens, is also certain; that he soon afterwards assembled in arms and twice attacked the said village of Bassa Cove, is a fact of history; and the cruelties he committed on those occasions will long be remembered by many of our citizens who severely suffered. And is his cup of iniquity not yet full? Shall he be longer permitted to revel over the mangled corpses of our murdered fellow-citizens? It is for you, gentlemen, to answer. I am satisfied, however, that you agree with me that the time is fully come when the government cannot longer suffer its authority to be trampled on with impunity; and that you will now take measures to put an effectual end to these cruel depredations, and establish permanent security to the persons and property of all within our jurisdiction. This is due not only to our own citizens, but also to strangers sojourning among us, peaceably engaged in mercantile pursuits. And to neglect this duty longer, you will be assuming, gentlemen, an immense weight of responsibility. Under the existing aspect of our affairs in the county of Grand Bassa – especially, information having reached me that the chiefs of Tabacconee, New Cess, and Tradetown, were supplying themselves with powder and guns from vessels trading along that part of our coast – I have thought it not inconsistent with a just precaution to interdict all trade and intercourse, for a time, with the inhabitants of the above-named districts, and to require the removal of all trading factories established in said districts. It remains for the Legislature to determine how long this restriction shall continue. After the attack of the 15th ultimo, it was thought advisable, at least to relieve the citizens from the fatigue of constant watching, to send down a small detachment of men from this place; and on the 17th, a company of seventy-five was embarked on board the government schooner Lark, and was landed there the following day; where the company still remains on duty. I should not omit to mention here, that we are indebted to Captain Pearson of the United States ship Dale, for his prompt response to my application to be conveyed in a ship to Grand Bassa. The arrival of the Dale and Lark was very opportune, as we have every reason to believe that another attack by the natives was contemplated, and that they were only deterred by the presence of these vessels and the arrival of re-enforcements. Up to the present time, nothing further has occurred there, except that the fishermen are rapidly leaving the country. It affords me great satisfaction to be able to inform the Legislature that, excepting the difficulties in Grand Bassa, our relations with the tribes bordering on our territories, and those within our jurisdiction, have undergone no material change since your last session. And generally, from a conviction that we consider them a part of ourselves, and cherish with sincerity their rights and interests, the attachment of the natives is daily gaining strength. Constant applications are being made to the government to supply them with school teachers, and with other qualified persons to reside among them, to instruct them in the civilized modes of agriculture and the mechanic arts; and it is a matter of deep regret that the government, for want of pecuniary means, has not been able to meet their wishes, but to an exceedingly limited extent. In conformity with the wishes of the Legislature, expressed in their resolution of December last, the government interposed its authority, and succeeded in putting an end to

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actual hostilities between the Vey and Golah chiefs, but failed to effect a full reconciliation between the contending parties. They, however, pledged themselves to a perpetual armistice. Nevertheless, I regret to say, symptoms of an outbreak have manifested themselves, now and then, on both sides; but the government has kept them in check; and has not relaxed its endeavors to effect a pacification; and to accomplish this purpose, strenuous efforts have been made to assemble the whole of the chiefs at this place. And though both parties express a decided willingness to have their disputes and difficulties arranged and settled, and friendship restored, still, owing to their natural jealousies and great propensity for war, this desirable object has not as yet been effected. In obedience to the government, in September last a part of the chiefs assembled here; but in consequence of the absence of some of the Vey chiefs, who had not been summoned, and whose presence was necessary to the adjustment of some of the difficulties, the council was adjourned till the 17th ultimo. The Vey chiefs, G. Cane and Boombo, were punctual in their attendance, and have remained here ever since, awaiting the arrival of the Golah Chiefs, Tom Gum and Dourabay. These dignitaries made their appearance last in the afternoon of Saturday last. The council assembled day before yesterday, and I engaged the assistance of several gentlemen to aid me in conducting the investigation of their numerous charges and complaints. The whole affairs is exceedingly complicated, and as yet we have not been able to arrive at any settlement of their difficulties. I am happy, however, to inform you that there is every reason to hope that the meeting will result in an entire reconciliation of the parties, and the permanent restoration of harmony and a good understanding among the tribes. Gentlemen, I feel particular satisfaction in remarking that nothing has occurred during the past year to disturb our amity with foreign powers. In the United States, the cause of Colonization seems to be gaining favor, and a growing interest in that country in favor of Liberia is everywhere manifested. We have cause, however, still to regret that the United States government has not yet seen fit to acknowledge the independence of this republic. And though we are not insensible of the cause of this delay, still we had every reason to hope and expect, notwithstanding the peculiar institution of that country, that it would have been among the first to extend to us the friendly hand, to welcome Liberia among the family of nations. I am happy to remark, however, that we have still grounds for hope that the United States government will not much longer withhold this token of friendship. We have also good grounds for belief that she will even do more – that she will aid this infant State, pecuniarily, in her efforts to introduce into Africa the blessings of civilization and Christianity. It also affords me much pleasure to observe that the kind feelings of Her Britannic Majesty’s government towards Liberia are unabated. We have recently had several proofs of the deep interest Her Majesty’s government and the British people generally entertain for the future welfare of this infant state. And it is proper for me to mention here, that we are indebted to Her Majesty’s government for the hull and part of the machinery of Her Majesty’s steam-vessel Flamer, presented to this government by Commodore Fanshaw, &c., &c., in the name of Her Majesty. I have also the satisfaction of communicating to the Legislature that I am informed in a dispatch from Viscount Lord Palmerston, &c., &c., “that Her Majesty’s government, in order to evince its great desire to encourage the growth of cotton in this republic, has given orders that five of the best kinds of cleaning-machines shall be prepared and sent to Liberia.” These machines, however, have not yet been received. You will, I am persuaded, gentlemen, learn with no less pleasure than I communicate it that I have received from His Excellency, Chevalier Bunsen, His Prussian Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of St. James – through whom I had the honor of making the application to His Prussian Majesty’s government – a dispatch

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containing a formal recognition of the independence of this government by His Prussian Majesty. I have also assurances that two or three other European governments will soon follow the example of Prussia, in the recognition of our independence. I have had the honor of receiving form the Board of Trustees for Education in Liberia – chartered, as you are aware, by the Legislature of the State of Massachusetts, United States – a communication, requesting that this government will incorporate and establish the proposed college, and endow it with such lands or funds as the government may be able to afford. This communication will be laid before you; and I feel satisfied, gentlemen, that you will give it that attention which its importance demands. I have particular satisfaction in being able to inform the Legislature, that the trustees have received very flattering encouragements from the friends of our race, to persevere in their efforts to carry forward the great work of Christianizing and civilizing Africa. I am advised that, on the receipt of the charter and information of the organization and officers’ names of the Board of Trustees in Liberia, the American Board will be prepared for correspondence and immediate action with them, in regard to the erection of suitable buildings, the selection of proper instructors, &c., &c.,. It is proper likewise for me to inform you that I have received, by the hands of Rev. Mr. Christy, agent of the Kentucky Colonization Society, a set of statute laws of the State of Kentucky, presented to this Republic by the Legislature of that State. It has also been notified to me, that the Rev. Mr. Gurley, in our behalf, has made application to the Congress of the United States for copies of the State papers of that government; and we have reason to believe that his application will be favorably considered by the ensuing session of Congress. These papers, should we obtain them, will be an important acquisition to our public library. Hon. S. A. Benson, of Bassa Cove, has been directed by the New Jersey Colonization Society to apply to this government for its concurrence in the establishing of a new settlement, under the auspices of said society, on some eligible site in the mountain region, in the rear of Grand Bassa. The principal object, I believe, of the society is, to procure a more healthy location for emigrants arriving from the United States; but, as to their precise plans, I am not fully informed. I will, however, lay before you Mr. Benson’s communication to me on the subject, and in the course of your deliberations you may be able to obtain further and more satisfactory information in regard to the enterprise. I am requested to communicate to the Legislature the wish of the American and New York Colonization Societies – as expressed in a set of resolutions, unanimously adopted by those societies – that the new settlement in the county of Grand Bassa shall be so arranged as to extend from the northwest limits of the present villages of Bassa Cove, so as to include both settlements; and that the new township be named “Buchanan,” in honor of the late Gov. Buchanan, who, under the auspices of the New York and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies, established the settlement of Bassa Cove, and whose remains now lie buried there. This arrangement and change of name seems to be the wish of a large number of the friends of colonization in many parts of the United States; and I understand that a petition extensively signed, requesting this favor, has been forwarded to a gentleman of Grand Bassa, to be presented to the Legislature. I beg to recommend this subject to your favorable consideration. I will lay before you, gentlemen, a communication from Geo. Wright, Esq., of Liverpool, who wishes to obtain from this government, for a term of years, a special license for the making of palm oil by machinery, at the several principal places on our coast; and, further, to be allowed the rights of introducing into this republic a copper coin of the denomination of one, two, and three cents; under such restrictions and regulations as the government may deem proper for its protection. Provided the privilege be granted, he asks that both the

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machinery and coin shall be admitted into the republic free of duty. He is very sanguine that such an arrangement will greatly promote both his and the interest of this government, and is exceedingly anxious to commence the manufacture of palm oil with as little delay as possible. I therefore ask an early expression of the Legislature on this subject. Gentlemen, during the interval of the Legislature, due attention has been paid to the execution of the different objects which were specially provided for by the laws and resolutions of the last session, and, as far as practicable, have be accomplished. The several reports of commissions, &c., &c., will be laid before you. I may state here that the new court-house in the county of Sinoe has been completed, and that county, to the extent of the appropriation has been placed in a state of defense. I regret to state that the work on the jail, ordered to be erected in the county of Grand Bassa, has not progressed as I had confidently anticipated. Circumstances, however, over which the authorities there had no control, have impeded the work, and, therefore, no blame is to be attached to them. You will be furnished with the proceedings in respect to the establishment of the unfortunate settlement in that county. The bridges, five in number, ordered to be thrown across certain streams in the interior of this county, have been completed according to the provisions of the act authorizing the work. I am also pleased to state, for the information of the Legislature, that the statute laws of the republic directed to be compiled and printed are in a forward state of completion, and will, in the course of a few weeks, be ready for circulation. Gentlemen, during your present session, there are other matters of grave importance that will claim your particular attention. And the first to which I would invite your consideration is the Navigation, Commerce and Revenue Law of this Republic, against the operation of which, British merchants, engaged in trade to this coast, are still alleging complaints to Her Majesty’s government. They complain that the present provisions of the law, in many respects, are unnecessarily restrictive, and that, instead of encouraging, they tend materially to embarrass commercial intercourse with the citizens of this republic; and that, in one or two particulars, the law in question infringes the stipulations of the treaty subsisting between this government and Great Britain. But, gentlemen, while it may be readily admitted that some modifications of the Navigation, Commerce and Revenue Law might be adopted which would afford greater facilities to trade, it is also clear – and I am exceedingly sorry to say – that many, if not all these complaints have grown more out of commercial jealousy and unkind feelings towards Liberia, than in consequence of the operation of the law regulating commerce and revenue. At an early day of the session, I will lay before you copies of a correspondence had with this government by Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul, in regard to these complaints. These papers, gentlemen, set forth very clearly the nature and character of the several complaints of British merchants, and their demands, as also the suggestions of Her Majesty’s government in regard to a revision of certain parts of our commerce and revenue laws. And I deem it unnecessary to say more than to repeat, what I have already remarked: that, in my opinion, it is very possible that some of the provisions of the present commercial regulations might be so amended as to afford greater facilities to commercial enterprise, without materially affecting the revenue or any other important interests of the government. And it cannot be doubted that the interests of Liberia require that her intercourse with other nations should be facilitated by every means in our power. I therefore earnestly recommend to the favorable consideration of the Legislature the various subjects and propositions contained in said documents. I am aware, gentlemen, that the question of our commercial regulations involves matters of grave importance; and it rests with the judgment of the Legislature to decide how far our present circumstances will authorize any modification in our present commercial system. I am satisfied, however, that

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you will carefully review the whole subject, as it has been presented to you, and will give it that attention which its weight and importance demand; and that you will to the fullest possible extent, meet the wishes of Her Majesty’s government, and remove every reasonable ground of future complaint by any of Her Majesty’s subjects. Gentlemen, another subject which will claim your attention, in the course of the session, is a review of our military establishment. This is called for by the events with have recently transpired in our midst. It certainly merits inquiry what imperfections in the existing system further experience may have unfolded: and that imperfections do exist, no one will question. Surrounded as we are by savages, whose ruling passion is war, nothing is more certain to render our tranquility permanent than a well-organized militia, and a constant preparedness for any emergency. Military displays, which in civilized countries, may be justly ridiculed as useless, have among savages a most salutary effect, in regard to their subordination. And as a further measure of public security – that is, to check every attempt to disturb the peace and tranquility of the aboriginal inhabitants of the republic – I cannot omit to call your attention to the necessity of providing against the improper interference of foreign traders with native chiefs, in matters belonging wholly to this government. It is a notorious fact, that difficulties and disputes among certain native tribes within our jurisdiction have been protracted by such unwarrantable conduct, more than once nearly resulting in open hostilities. Every consideration of public safety demands that stringent measures be at once adopted to prevent such intermeddling in future. There are other subjects, gentlemen, that will present themselves to your consideration during your present deliberations. I shall, therefore, content myself with a general reference to only one or two more. These are: the public buildings in this county, especially the lighthouse and jail, which are in a very dilapidated condition, and require immediate and extensive repairs; a census of the population of the Republic is extremely desirable, and some further regulations in regard to the post Office Department may be necessary to meet the new postal arrangement between Great Britain and this country, and such as will probably be established between the United States and this Republic. Gentlemen, it will doubtless add to your concern to be informed that, in looking forward to the future expense of the operations which may be found inevitable in consequence of the difficulties in Grand Bassa, and other necessary plans of the Government, which will demand increased expenditures, the product of the present revenues is not likely to be adequate to the purposes of the government the ensuing year; this, however, will be better ascertained in the course of the session, when it will rest with the judgment of the Legislature to provide for such contingency. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you the accounts of receipts and disbursements at the Treasury Department, for the year ending 30th September last. The following is a concise statement of the accounts as rendered by the Secretary: Receipts. Duties on imports From S. Gurney, Esq., London, 500 Sale of public lands, Sale of merchandize, &c., From other sources,

$ 13,294.35 2,200.00 978.00 6,255.97 9,310.68 $32,039.00

Disbursements. Legislature, Civil List,

$ 1,366.71 5,942.13

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Judiciary, Schooner Lark, Public Buildings, Light-house, Settlements at Fishtown, Grand Bassa, Wreck Flamer, Paid on deposits, &c Territory, Paid of foreign claims, Drawback on merchandize, Contingencies, pensions, military, and elections,..

1,407.99 5,281.25 1,708.90 237.87 1,436.86 714.36 784.36 2,139.88 11,272.43 532.62 1,212.23 $34,039.14

You will observe, gentlemen, that the receipts of the past year have not been equal to the disbursements; nevertheless, while the liabilities of the government at the close of the fiscal year were $9,969, the assets were $14,627, leaving at balance in favor of the government of $4,657. The committee appointed to examine the accounts of the Treasury Department for the years 1848 and 1849 have completed their labors, and their report will be laid before you. Gentlemen of the Senate, I scarcely need remind you that, according to the constitution, the term of office for which many of the officers of the government were appointed, expires with the present session of the Legislature; and it is for you to confirm or reject such nominations as may be presented to you, to fill the vacancies thus occurring. In the exercise of this power, I am satisfied you will be guided by an inflexible desire for the public good; and that you will not approve the appointment of any individual in whose integrity and ability you have not the fullest confidence. It is due to the officers, generally, who have been associated with me in the various departments of the government during the last two years, for me to state that, with but one or two exceptions, they have discharged their several duties faithfully, and with much credit to the government and themselves. Gentlemen of the Senate and House or Representatives, it is possible that, in the course of the session, I may have other communications to lay before you that will deserve your serious attention; I therefore close this, with a full reliance, that under the blessing of Divine Providence, you will unite your exertions for the welfare of your common country. I assure you I am not insensible of the arduous duties now before you. The making of laws for a community, at all times deemed a most momentous and important object, must now call forth your particular circumspection and most serious deliberations; and I can but reassure you of the willingness with which my co-operation will be afforded; for, in the truth, I affirm, I have nothing more at heart than the interest of Liberia, and the happiness of my fellow citizens. J. J. Roberts. Government House, Dec. 3, 1851.

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Annual Message to the Legislature (Summary)* December 15, 1852 President Robert’s Message: On the 15th inst: President Roberts delivered his message before the Legislature. It embraced a couple of history of all his doings while in England and France. We are delighted at the result of his mission to England;-Subjects of a perplexing character, and which in our opinion, were calculated to disturb the friendship which the British Government have constantly shown towards Liberia, are now favorable arranged, and we hope definitely settled. The President had many adverse circumstances to contend against – the most unfounded charges were brought against the people of Liberia and they were to be met and refuted – this he does satisfactorily – and gained many strong and influential friends for Liberia. The President, in his message, acknowledges the kind attention extended to him by the Governments of England and France and makes gratifying mention of the interest manifested for the welfare of Liberia, and the assistance rendered him in the object of his visit to England, by our old friends S. Gurney, G. Raiston, Drs. Halgkin and Wagstaff, M. F. Tapper, &c. &c. Their Excellencies A. Lawrence and Jr. R. Rogers, U. S. Ministers in London, are also mentioned ascertain deep interest for the future well-being of our infant Republic. In France the President found in Admiral E. Bonet-Vilanmez a warm friend to Liberia, from the U.S. Minister in Paris, Mr. Reeves, be received every mark of attention. The President’s visit to France & his interview with the Prince President will – it is presumed have a happy effect. The Prince President proved himself familiar with he history and present condition of Liberia, and assured the President that the had watched the growth of Liberia with great interest, and would do all in his power to solace its prosperity – that he felt certain that Liberia would succeed, and that it was worthy of the sympathy and kind feelings of every nation. The Prince consented to present to the Liberian Government several hundred stands of arms, and as many uniforms, and is believed that an armed vessel will be presented also. We have not the space to notice the message, at present at greater length, we hope to be able to do so in our next.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 6, 1853 Gentlemen of the House of Representatives It is my duty on the present occasion of your meeting to inform you of the condition of the Republic. And I cannot perhaps commence in a manner more appropriate than by erecting another Ehenezer, saying, “Hitherto hath the Lord helped us" Every revolving year brings with it cause of congratulation and thankfulness to God that the great work in which we are engaged, of rearing up on these barbarous shores a Christian State, is onward in its march, by gradually developing its practicability and excellence. During the year that has just passed a kind Providence has watched over us for good, and our country has been signally blessed in all its relations. Every important interest of the *

Full text not located Source: African Repository (1850–1892) June 1852; 28, 6; APS Online, pp 160–162

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government and people seems to bear the marks of Divine favor and approbation. No pestilence has afflicted our land; but, on the contrary, an unusual degree of health has been dispensed to its inhabitants. The agricultural prospects of the country were never more encouraging than at the present time – in no year of the Republic have the labors of the husbandman been more abundantly rewarded. The mercentile interest of the country seems to be in a healthful state; our merchants are extending their operations by opening up new sources of commerce ; and their efforts are producing very satisfactory results, not only in reference to prodncts and trade, but the prosperity attending these branches of industry and enterprise has given an impulse to general improvement decidedly encouraging. Our educational interests have also been blessed – the educational facilities extended to the people through missionary enterprise, and the benevolence of private individuals in the United States, are now more extensive than ever before, and promise much good to the youth of our several communities – who, I am glad to say, are availing themselves of these advantages, and are making gratifying advancements in the various branches of useful knowledge. But above all, God has been pleased to bless the people by a gracious visitation of His churches – inspiring them with a spirit of pure and undefiled religion – thereby wonderfully extending the inestimable benefits of christianity among the idolatrous tribes of this land, and dispelling the gloom of moral night which has so long overshadowed them. These blessings, gentlemen, are not fortuitous, but sure indications of Divine protection and favor, and should create in the minds of our fellow citizens generally, as I doubt not they do, feelings of devout gratitude and praise to that beneficent Being who in His goodness continues to favor us with such distinguished mercies. And in this connection I am impressed with the belief, and there is; certainly nothing in it presumptuous or extravagant, that the prosperity of our country, resulting from these blessings of Providence, has a relation to something out of it, and beyond itself. Its meaning evidently is' in subservience to the good of Africa ; and to my mind is sufficient proof that God is forming this people for himself; that He has raised up Liberia to exert a special agency in the great work of redeeming this vast peninsular from barbarism, superstition and idolatry. I maintain fully the doctrine that "God has just as really a work for nations to do as He has for individuals;" and that there may be just as much of speciality in one case as there is in the other. If diversity of position, gifts and social relations, lays the foundation for a difference of action and influence as it respects individual persons, why may not the same diversity, existing as it does among the great masses of men, present a reason for special exertion and influence, as it respects particular nations ? And this appears to me to be consistent with the history of nations in all ages. In the wise economy of God each nation has its particular work assigned it, and is responsible for its performance. Many considerations lead to this conclusion. And, in relation to Africa, it would seem that the past history of Liberia clearly indicates some special design in Providence, some intimation that through her the conflict between truth and error, between freedom and slavery, is to be decided, and the victory given to eternal righteousness in the elevation of down-trodden Africa: A single glance at the past and we readily see there was something in the first planting of these settlements, something in the character of the men who formed the nucleus of this Commonwealth, which is altogether peculiar, and seems plainly to indicate some special design. Perhaps no other nation began iis existence under circumstances so peculiarly embarrassing as ours. But the men who laid the foundation of Liberia's existence were chosen and precious. They were not men of extensive learning, or of great wealth, but enterprising, conscientious men, imbued with the principles of freedom. Keenly alive to the wrongs they were suffering they fled from grinding oppression to this, their fatherland, to establish and enjoy, in government

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and reli. gion, what is set forth in the Bible as the birth-right of all men, and the foundation of all advance in human well-being. The settlement of Liberia by such a class of men was a great event in the Providence of God, and seems most clearly to point out His purposes; and to our election for some special and mighty agency in the work of rescuing this continent from the iron grasp of ignorance and sin. And, gentlemen, do we not see indications also of the same design in the training to which the infancy of Liberia was subjected. Means and ends have á connection: -by the character of the one we are led to look for something answering to it in the other. A remarkable antecedent in the Providence of God fore-shadows to us peculiarity of design in the sequence. And this is clearly illustrated by the strange facts in the early history of Israel. The wonderful providence in reference to that people must have made a deep impression on all reflecting minds that God was forming them for some great end, that He was training them for some mighty agency in the work of His mercy to man. The begining betokened the design. And so we may reason in reference to Liberia. In the annals' of no other country, Israel alone excepted, is there to be found such a series of trials, such a wrestling with difficulties, such scenes of imminent peril, and of signal deliverance. At every step we have been made to see our danger, and the hand of God in our rescue from it. And, gentlemen, what could be more remarkable than that Providence, which, notwithstanding our feebleness, advanced us so rapidly to the position of acknowledged nationality? and gave to our institutions a character so simple and free, at the same time wholesome and efficient, admirably calculated to develop the energies of the people, and to exalt them in intelligence and virtue; institutions whose influence, like the congenial atmosphere we breathe, pervades all, sustains all, and yet interferes with no act that is right: allows the fullest, freest exercise of thought and feelings of everything compatible with the existence of virtue as the foundation of all freedom. Here government is purely a benevolent arrangement, looking to the good of Africa, affording encouragement to the progress of civil,social, and religious improvement among her children, leading them to that elevation where, in the Providence of God, I believe they are destined to rise- “that they may see good days wherein they have seen evil." That Liberia has been trained in the school of a particular providence, and has been raised up for a particular work, in my mind scarcely admits of a doubt. And the character and extent of that particular work to me seems equally clear. And, gentlemen, those wonderful providences towards us should lead us to feel secure in God while we walk in the path which He has marked out for us. 1 am sensible; gentlemen, that this subject has long engaged your attention, and that you are deeply interested in the welfare of the heathen around us, and especially those, in the Providence of God, placed under our immediate care; and, I doubt not, you will adopt such additional measures within your reach, as will bring them more speedily to the enjoyment of all the blessings of civilization and Christianity. Considering the state of these people – so debased and degraded, through long ages of neglect and misery – it is exceedingly gratifying to observe the great and important changes which are now so rapidly being wrought in the social and moral condition of many of them. And these changes are steadily going forward, effecting not only the tribes immediately within the bounds of the government, but their influence is penetrating into the interior, and will ultimately and speedily be felt by those at the remotest distance. So far certainly the end has been commensurate with the means. And it is a matter of great encouragement to know that there is still an increasing willingness on the part of the natives to accept the benevolent offers of instruction held out to them by the government, and by christian associations. “Do

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good and communicate to all men as you have opportunity," I may repeat here, is a Divine command, and strictly applies to us in reference to the improvement of the aborigines of this land. And I know this to be your most earnest desire. Gentlemen, I feel great satisfaction in being able to inform you that since the last meeting of the Legislature nothing has occurred to disturb the friendly relations happily subsisting between this Government and foreign powers. No cause of complaint seems now to exist, on the part of foreign merchants and traders in relation to our commercial regulations ; but their intercourse with the citizens of the Republic, as far as have come to my knowledge, is harmonious and conciliatory. We continue to receive from her Britannic Majesty's Government assurances of friendly concern for our welfare. From the French Government we are also receiving tangible proofs of the interest His Imperial Majesty feels in the future prosperity of this infant State. As a present to this government, the French Minister of War has forwarded recently one thousand stand of arms, to be followed shortly – as advised by our agent in Paris – by an equal number of equipments for our militia. I am happy also to inform the Legislature that, during the year just passed, the independence of Liberia.has been formally recognized by His Belgian Majesty – accompanied with expressions of friendship, and warmest wishes for our success and happiness. By recent intelligence from the United States I am assured that the cause of African Colonization, and of Liberia, is rapidly growing into public favor, in that country. I regret, however, to have to acquaint the Legislature that the contemplated exploration by Commander Lynch of the country lying east of this Republic, is, for the present at least, given up. I am aware that our fellow citizens entertained encouraging hopes that this benevolent enterprise, on the part of the United States Government would be carried into immediate execution. I know of no project – whether considered in relation to the development of the resources of the country, and.the extension of commercial enterprise, or whether with a view to the spread of civilization and Christianity – that promises more real good to Liberia, and to Africa in general, than an exploration of the interior just at this juncture. Unfortunately for us, our limited pecuniary resources will not allow us to undertake the work. We will, therefore, hope that the enterprise will not be wholly abandoned by the government of the United States. I am gratified in being able to inform the Legislature that, with one or two exceptions, the public peace among the native tribes within our jurisdiction, has been steadily maintained, and among the tribes, by whom we are surrounded, I am happy to say, the best feeling towards this government prevails. I have to state, and it is matter of regret, that the efforts of the government to produce a reconciliation between certain Vey and Golah Chiefs, and restore peace to the country bordering on our northwest frontier, have not been as completely successful as could be wished. – Notwithstanding every effort on the part of this government to accommodate the differences between them, in the early part of the present year their affairs grew worse, and assumed an aspect which threatened the most fearful consequences. The Vey Chiefs were obstinate – received our commissioners coldly – and disregarded every overture made to them for an amicable adjustment of the disputes and difficulties, which were distracting the country. – Nothing but war could satisfy their claims. Indeed one of their chieftains, Boombo – encouraged by George Cane, of Grand Cape Mount, became so emboldened as to extend his depredations into the Dey country – sacking and burning towns and villages – murdering scores of the inhabitants, and carrying off hundreds of others into captivity. Matters being driven to this extremity no alternative was left the Government but to take immediate, decisive, and coercive measures to check – nay, to put an end to these acts of

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aggression and cruelty. – Therefore in conformity with a resolution of the Legislature, adopted at its session in December last, " authorizing the Executive to employ the most feasible, and, if necessary, forcible measures, for the purpose of bringing about a speedy termination of the existing difficulties and wars in the vicinity of Grand and Little Cape Mount" – early in the month of March a detachment of two hundred and fifty men; under the command of Lieutenant Colonel McGill, was ordered to proceed to Little Cape Mount – to afford protection to the peaceable inhabitants of that district – to maintain the authority of the government – and to apprehend the offending chiefs, that they might be brought to answer for the gross violation of their solemn engagements with this government, to abstain from all wars: and that they be required to make reparation for the wrongs they had committed on unoffending tribes. On the arrival of the troops at Little Cape Mount – after some delay – all the principal Chiefs, on both sides – except two – were assembled, and an investigation commenced of the matters in dispute between them, and of those chiefs, who were implicated in the outrages committed on the Dey tribe. These matters, however, were found to be exceedingly complicated, and likely to consume much time in their adjustment; it was therefore thought advisable that the chiefs – who readily consented – should repair at a time fixed to Monrovia, where the investigation would be resumed, and a final settlement had of all the difficulties between them. In the mean time the atrocious criminality of Boombo being clearly apparent, he was arrested, and conveyed to this place, and handed over to the civil authority for judicial examination. He has been tried, and found guilty, on the fullest testimony, of all the charges alleged against him, and is now in prison undergoing the penalty of the law. With apparently deep humility and contrition, he acknowledges the enormity of his crime, and admits the justice of the punishment awarded him. Several Dey chiefs have recently joined, under assurances for his future good conduct, believing, as they say, he was influenced wholly by George Cane, who has now abandoned his interest, to ask the clemency of the Government in his behalf. I submit their request to the consideration of the Legislature, simply remarking, gentlemen, that perhaps, under all the circumstances, some commutation of his sentence might possibly be a matter of policy consistent with prudence. I have the satisfaction to inform the Legislature that the measures taken by the Government, in reference to the Vey chiefs residing at Little Cape Mount, though not producing all the good effects desired, proved very beneficial by restoring peace to that neighborhood, and enabling the natives – especially of the Dey Country – to resume their agricultural pursuits, which in consequence of the disturbed state of the country had for some time been neglected; and but for the timely interference of the Government, another year would have found them almost wholly destitute and in great distress. George Cane failed in his promise to meet the other chiefs here in April last, and I have reason to believe he has united with the Chief of Gorronamra, and has recently made one or two predatory incursions into the eastern section of the Golah Conntry. The intelligence, however, is not certain: I shall nevertheless be able, doubtless, during your present session, to give you further and more definite information in regard to him. With George Cane war seems to be a ruling passion. No persuasion, I fear, will restrain him from shedding the blood of his defenceless brethren. But that he must be checked, gentlemen, is certain. Common safety requires it, justice and humanity demand it, and these claims are not to be resisted. If therefore, it shall be establisued that George Cane is yet carrying on his predatory wars; some measure should be speedily adopted to restrain him. I am happy to inform the Legislature, that with this exception, no serious discord seems to exist among the tribes within the jurisdiction of the Republic.

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The state of affairs in relation to Trade Town remains unchanged excepting, which was very desirable, that a reconciliation between Boyer and Jim Flo of Trade Town Point has recently been effected. Boyer, however, has not yet fulfilled all his engagements with the government – especially in not having secured and delivered up for trial, the person of Grando – whom he aided in the attacks upon our settlements in the county of Grand Bassa, in the year 1851. He has paid five hundred dollars in consideration of his misconduct on that occasion; but protests his inability, – in consequence of Grando having escaped out of the country, to apprehend him. In every other respect he promises implicit obedience, and is constant in his assurances of fidelity to the government, and earnestly intreats that its ban upon him, in relation to commercial intercourse, may be removed. And perhaps it is due to him that I should state that notwithstanding the dubiousness of his motives, in one instance certainly he has demeaned himself in a manner which entitles him to some credit. A few months since a Portuguese slaver attempted to revive the slave trade in that district, and Boyer, with some others, engaged to deliver him within a certain number of days two hundred slaves, and received in advance a portion of the purchase money; in the mean time, however, Boyer communicated to the authorities at Grand Bassa information of what was going on, which enabled the government to take measures to frustrate the whole design. But, gentlemen, with respect to Boyer I may also state that hitherto, than he, no chief within the bounds of the Republic, George Cane and Grando perhaps excepted, has been guilty of grosser deception and unblushing duplicity in his intercourse with the government. For this reason, in connection with his failure to arrest Grando, whose escape from Trade Town there were good grounds to believe he favored, indeed advised, I have not thought proper to withdraw the interdict prohibiting trade and intercourse with that territory. It will now rest with the judgment of the Legislature to decide how far his recent conduct merits future confidence – also to determine whether any other demand shall be made in lieu of the stipulation for the delivery of Grando – which was a covenant of the first importance – and also whether the interdict in reference to trade shall be raised. I am gratified in being able to state, gentlemen, that no measure hitherto adopted by this government for the punishment of gross misconduct on – the part of native chiefs; especially those residing near the sea coast, has produced more satisfactory results than the interdiction, and the firmness with which it has been maintained,. of commercial intercourse with Trade Town. I am satisfied it has given a stability to the authority of the government which no other measure could have produced in so short a time. And I am clearly of opinion that a similar policy, in reference to Grand Cape Mount, or the establishing of a settlement there, will have to be adopted to restrain George Cane from indulging that indomitable propensity for war which seems to possess him. The natives of that neighborhood report that he boasts of his intention to continne the war, and should the government send troops to chastise him he has only to retire for a few weeks into the interior, beyond their reach, and when the troops shall have left the country he will return to prosecute his designs. Such doubtless are his reasonings, as he is aware of the impracticability of maintaining a military force in the country for any length of time. The antidote, however, is an interdict of commercial intercourse with Grand Cape Mount. Close up the channels through which he obtains his supply of arms and other munitions of war, and, in a very short time he will be powerless, and like Boyer, will return to his allegiance to the government. In this connection, gentlemen, I am happy to state that the successful attack, by the troops of the Republic, in 1852, on Boyer's fortified town, which was supposed by the natives to be impregnable, has, I am persuaded, fully established, in regard to the natives; the

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invincibility of our arms, and that in future the authority of the government is not likely to be opposed by open force. Nevertheless, I beg to remind the Legislature of the importance of continuing a well organized militia, which, in reference to the natives, seems to be the only thing that can give them an idea of the power of the government. And, gentlemen, this is not the only consideration which should draw the attention of the Legislature to the necessity of cherishing and maintaining an efficient military force. We have settlements remote and weak, surrounded on-all-sides by savage tribes who delight in war, and whose cupidity is easily excited, and which, in many instances, is only restrained by a knowledge of the readiness and power of the government to pnnish their temerity. It becomes us therefore to be prepared for any emergency. Our citizens should be thoroughly trained in the use of arms, and for acting together if called into the field. But to effect this satisfactorily our present militia system requires revision. And I would recommend it, gentlemen, to your careful attention, with the hope that you will adopt such improvements as shall give promise of greater efficiency to this arm of public defence. It has been suggested, gentlemen, in respectable quarters, that the Legislature, at its present session, should take into serious consideration the necessity of recommending to the people some amendments to the Constitution, which the times seem to demand. An amendment to the 11th section of the 1st article, which defines the right of suffrage, is suggested as being particularly desirable. The object of this amendment it appears, is to provide against abuses of the elective franchise ; as also against evils which it is supposed are likely to arise in the event of a large influx of immigrants on the eve of an election, who, according to existing regulations, are permitted, immediately on their arrival in the Republic, to draw lands under a certificate; which certificate, as expressed in the law, gives only an "imperfect right" in the land until certain improvements shall have been made on it, when said certificate maybe exchanged for a deed in fee simple. The section of the constitution referred to provides that "every male citizen of twentyone years of age, possessing real estate, shall have the right of suffrage." By some it is held that persons holding land under certificate come within the meaning of this section; others maintain that the word possession, as employed in this connection, was intended to imply absolute right or title to a freehold estate in one's own right, subject to no conditions ; therefore the party holding land by certificate only cannot claim under it the privilege of voting. This subject by some means came up before the Legislature at its last session, when the following Bill, entitled "An Act defining the right entitling male citizens to suffrage," was adopted, viz: “That from and after the passage of this Act, all male, citizens of twenty-one years of age, who have drawn lands, and holding a certificate, showing the time at which said lands were drawn, thereby giving the drawer possession, shall be considered possessors of real estate, and allowed the right of suf frage during the term which is allowed by law for theimprovement of said lands." This definition of the Legislature, however, though observed at the late general election, does not settle the question at issue. Indeed instead of satisfying the objections that had been raised it has given rise to new grounds of complaint, and has also excited no little animadversion among the people. It is contended that the act of defining is in itself unconstitutional, and though adopted possibly as a fiction of policy, it is calculated to establish a precedent of a most dangerous tendency, at once repugnant to, and subversive of the first principies of the Constitution. And, gentlemen, it must be admitted that the arguments carry with them some weight. It is too well known scarcely to require mention that in forming the Constitution no one principle was kept more prominently before the Convention than a division of the three great powers of the government, legislative, judicial, and

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executive: that they should be independent of, and separate from each other each confined to the discharge of the proper and legitimate functions assigned it. Under this wise and judicious arrangement it is for the Legislature to make laws, not to interpret them, those even of the least importance, much less the fundamental.law of the Constitution. To weigh words and sentences, to define their distinct and legal meaning, especially in reference to the provisions of the Constitution, is for another department of the government, not the Legislature. However, it was this action of the Legislature principally, I believe, that suggested the idea of amending the constitution. But, gentlemen, while I confess that in my opinion some amendments to the constitution consistent with the interest of the people, and perhaps at the present time demand, are desirable, I am also of opinion that no such necessity exists for the purposes contemplated, in regard to the section referred to. It is nevertheless quite plain that the subject which has led to these reflections is one of much importance, and is entitled to the serious and candid consideration of the Legislature. The abuses complained of, and the evils likely to arise from the causes to which I have alluded, are such, gentlemen, as should be remedied, and provided against. And the remedies to be applied are clearly within the scope of the powers of the Legislature. A slight revision of the law regulating elections, will correct the one, and the passage of a naturalization law will secure the object desired in regard to the other. Gentlemen, in a young and prosperous state, where with each revolving year, the power and resources of the Government and the energies of the people are being rapidly developed, it becomes frequently expedient to make new laws, or modify old ones, to meet the exigencies of affairs growing out of these changes, hence the frequent recurrence of your meetings. And coming as you do from all parts of the Republic, it is presumed that you are acquainted with the particular wants of the people, having learned from them the practical operations of old laws and the expediency of enacting new ones. It is therefore expected, gentlemen, that your attention will be drawn to a review of the present code, in all its branches, and that you will make such additional laws, or amendments, as the general good may require or that circumstances may justify. I may however be permitted to invite your particular attention to the navigation, commerce and revenue law, which in view of the extension of trade requires, in my opinion, some alterations, which I will take occasion at an early day to lay before you, necessary to its efficiency, and at the same time will be affording greater facilities and encouragemont to commercial enterprise. I am not aware, gentlemen, of any very important changes necessary to be made in the Judiciary. The present system, though susceptible of improvement; works well, except perhaps so much as relates to the probate-court, whose power should be increased to enable it to act with more promptness in the settlement of estates. I recommend the whole system however to the careful attention of the Legislature. Nothing certainly is more interesting to the public happiness, than the faithful administration of justice. To this branch of the political organization the citizen looks with confidence for the protection and security of his rights, and for the redress of grievances. Before the court he presents himself, with full assurance that just recompense will be awarded him for wrongs which he may have suffered from the hands of others. It is therefore important, that every facility for carrying the laws into prompt and faithful execution should be provided. And I may also add that it is equally important that the rules of legal proceedings before the several courts, should be made as simple as possible, stripped of all unnecessary technicalities, and brought within the comprehension of every citizen. I beg also, gentlemen, to draw your attention to the subject of education, than which no subject is more vitally important to the future welfare and prosperity of our infant state. The government being immediately under the influence and control of the people, wisdom and

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knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among them, are as absolutely necessary to the support and stability of the government, as for the preservation of their rights and liberties, and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of the country, it is the duty of the Legislature to cherish and sustain, by every possible effort, this great interest. I am sensible, gentlemen, of the deep solicitude you feel in regard to this subject; I am well aware that the limited state of the public finances, at the present time, will not allow you to appropriate much money to this object. I doubt not, however, that you will encourage, to the extent of your ability, those missionary societies and other institutions which are promoting among us the means of education, as well as true religion; and are preparing many of the youth of the Republic for useful employment both in Church and in State. I have the satisfaction to inform the Legislature that the Act of incorporation for " Liberia College" has been accepted by the gentlemen therein named, as Trustees – that they have organized themselves into a body corporate; and though their plans, I believe, are not yet fully digested, we may hope that they will be able soon to carry the contemplated college into operation. It has been suggested, however, that some of the provisions of the charter are not as clear and as well defined as could be wished, therefore doubts might arise in regard to their true meaning, which it would be well to prevent by an amendatory act, a draft of which has been handed to me, and is herewith submitted for your consideration. Another object of general interest, which deserves the fostering care of the government, and which cannot fail to suggest itself to your attention, is agriculture. There are but few subjects that can enter with greater force and merit into the deliberations of the Legislature than a consideration of the best means of promoting, especially among the native tribes, the agricultural interests of the country. This source of national independence and wealth I recommend to the constant guardianship of the Legislature. The land along the banks of the St. Paul river, as far as Millsburg, having been all taken up, it has occurred to me, gentlemen, that great advantages might be secured by opening an avenue or road from the river, at some suitable.point, leading into the interior; on each side of which farm lots may be laid out for the accommodation of new settlers. I have conferred with the gentleman who has charge of the Colonization Society's affairs, and the location of immigrants coming out under its auspices to this country, upon this subject. He approves the plan, and thinks that the society would not object to defray a portion of the expense thus incurred. I recommend the subject to the favorable consideration of the Legislature. Perhaps, gentlemen, of all the evidences of the prosperity of the country the increase of population is the most unequivocal. And with respect to Liberia, the constitution requiring that the first enumeration under it shall be ordered by the Legislature this has not been ascertained since the year 1843, I beg, therefore, to recommend to the particular attention of the Legislature the propriety of making provision, at the present session, for taking a census, or enumeration of the whole inhabitants of the Republic, including the entire, aboriginal as well as the Americo-Liberian population. Gentlemen, I have the honor of laying before you a communication from Governor Wright, enclosing an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, in reference to the purchase of a tract of land in Liberia, as a location for emigrants from that State. You will observe, gentlemen, that one of the provisions of the Act is opposed to the existing regulations of this government with regard to the allotment of lands to emigrants, and which, in my opinion, it would be impolitic to adopt. I have communicated to Governor Wright my views respecting that provision, and have stated some of the reasons which make it inexpedient for this government to entertain it, and at the same time suggested a plan which I thought might meet the wishes of the General Assembly. Accompanying is a copy of my

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letter. No further communication from Governor Wright however has been received. Nevertheless, in the mean time I would ask an expression of the Legislature in regard to this subject, that the Executive might be prepared to act definitely should the question be revived. I have an intimation, gentlemen, that a subject of much delicacy will probably be submitted to your consideration during the course of the present session. I allude to a petition which I understand will be laid before the Legislature by Mr. Jacob Vonbrum, and others, his relatives, of Grand Bassa, who claim the right of property in a certain tract of land in the aforesaid county, lying along the beach between the old settlement of Bassa Cove and Fishtown Point. They rest their claim on a purchase alleged to have been made many years ago of King John, by their father, to secure the right of way to the coast. This being a subject of much importance, I may state for the information of the Legislature, that a portion of the tract claimed was purchased whether before or after the purchase alleged to have been made by Mr. Vonbrum's father is uncertain – of King Joe Harriss, by the New York and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies; and was occupied in 1834 by the immigrants landed from the ship Ninus, whose melancholy fate forms a part of the history of Liberia. And subsequently, in 1836, a council of the chiefs of the whole country, attended by Governor Buchanan and Dr. Skinner, was assembled at Fishtown, when, as appears from the document executed on the occasion, not only the purchase made of King Joe Harris was confirmed, but the remaining portion of the territory lying around the sweep of Bassa Cove was ceded to the Commonwealth. It also appears, from what I can learn, that Mr. Vonbrum's father was represented in this council, but no claim was set up in his behalf, or any reservation made in his favor. I beg, however, to add that while the rights of the government should be strictly guarded and looked after, individual rights are no less sacred, and that justice to Mr. Vonbrum, and those connected with him in the claim referred to, demands that a candid and careful investigation of the whole matter be had by the Legislature, and if the claim can be established, that their rights be secured. I have the satisfaction to inform the Legislature that the progress of repairs and improvement of public buildings has been as favorable as circumstances have permitted. For want of funds, no measures have yet been taken to commence the building ordered to be erected in this city for the Executive residence. I am happy to say, however, that the prospects are now more favorable, and that the work may be commenced, during the present season, under a fair prospect of being prosecuted to completion within a reasonable time. I would also invite your attention to the dilapidated condition of the light house on Cape Mesurado, which is almost entirely unfit for use. I recommend that provision be made for the erection of a new house, more suitable to the purpose, and for supplying a lamp better adapted to the wants of the mariner. A further appropriation for the erection of the prison in' the County of Grand Bassa is found to be necessary ; and to which I would ask your particular attention. Your consideration is also invited to the accompanying communication from Mr. Edward Hall, of Greenville, Sinou, requesting on behalf of the proprietors of the SawMill in that County, that the Government will extend to them such aid as will enable them to carry forward more successfully their operations. The estimates of the appropriations necessary for the ensuing year, together with an account of the receipts and expenditures at the treasury will be laid before the Legislature at an early day. In the account, gentlemen, you will observe that the expenses of the year have been greatly, though unavoidably, increased by the necessity of maintaining for several months, a garrison at the new settlement of Buchanan, as also by the expedition to Little Cape Mount, and other measures which the Government has been compelled to adopt for the purpose of settling disputes and difficulties among certain native tribes, and putting an end to their cruel and destructive wars. But we may reasonably hope that the harmony now so

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generally subsisting between the several tribes will continue, and that in fnture there will be no occasion for expending any considerable amount of money to maintain this good understanding and preserve peace. I may not omit to mention in this place, also, that we are under renewed obligations both to the American and to the New York State Colonization Societies for pecuniary assistance rendered the Government, during the year, and which arrived very opportunely, to relieve it of some pressing demands. In the report of the Secretary of the Treasury the state of the public finances will be fully shown. I have great pleasure, however, of stating here, that the condition and prospects of the revenue are decidedly encouraging indeed, quite equal to our most sanguine expectation. During the year just passed the revenue has been more considerable than during any former year. And from the increased, and still increasing trade, and commercial facilities, bringing into the Republic, large quantities of merchandise, it may be safely estimated that the revenue which will be received into the treasury, from that source during the present year, will considerably exceed the amount of receipts of the year just ended. It is therefore confidently hoped that with the means which the Government will have at its disposal, from various sources, during the year, not only its ordinary expenses will be met, but all its present liabilities will be discharged, and that such public improvements may be made as are thought to be particularly necessary. The following is a concise statement of the receipts and disbursements at the treasury, as detailed fully in the accounts which will be laid before the Legislature, for the fiscal year ending 30th September last. Showing the receipts, into the treasury, from all sources, to have been $35,093, while the public expendiiures to the same period have amounted to ,$32,072; leaving in the treasury on that day, exclusive of sundry merchandise in public warehouse, $2,695. I may also add, there is now due the treasury, from various sources, the sum of $7,963; and the present liabilities of the Government, including $5,738 due to foreigners, amount to $13,925; leaving a balance against the Government at the period above named of $6,062. It is my duty to inform the Legislature that the strictest accountability has been observed by the officers who have been charged with the management of the fiscal concerns of the Government. No delinquency has been discovered. And as the period for which many of the officers who have been associated with me in the administration of public affairs, during the present Presidential term, expires with the current year, I avail myself of this occasion to assure the Legislature that the officers, generally, have manifested their best endeavors in the discharge of their respective duties, and I am greatly indebted to them for their cordial support and co-operation in every thing which has been suggested for the advancement and benefit of the public interest. But, gentlemen, in the afflicting dispensations of Divine Providence, during the year, two of our most distinguished fellow citizens and public servants, have been removed by death. To say that Hon. H. Teage and James Brown are no more, is but to open afresh the fountain of public grief. But while we bow in humble submission to the afflicting hand of Divine Providence ; the earnestness of language – the force of arguments and the commanding eloquence of our late Secretary of State, can never be erased from the memory of those who have listened to his patriotic appeals in this Chamber, in advocacy of Liberia's rights and national interests. Superior genius and talents were his, and his mind endowed by nature with a lively imagination, and a remarkable degree of logical strength, admirably fitted him for the many responsible public stations, which through the course of many years, he was called to fill. And (except that his public career numbered fewer years) less may not be said in reference to the public services of the late ex-Senator Brown, whose love of country knew no

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bounds, whose ardour increased in proportion to the difficulties which surrounded it, and when danger threatened, no personal sacrifice was too great for him to make for the public weal. It is not for me however, to pronounce here an eulogium on the public life and character of these eminent men. Their public deeds are identified with, and belong to the history of Liberia, and will be recorded on its pages. Gentlemen, in the above, I have submitted for your information, and have recommended to your consideration such objects of public concern as occurred to me worthy your particular attention and serious deliberation. I may however, during the course of your session, have occasion to invite your attention to other matters of interest connected with the common weal. In the. mean- time, gentlemen, I ám fully persuaded that your own zeal for the interest of your fellow citizens, will readily suggest to you other subjects of importance, which will claim your immediate attention. It is a matter of congratulation that the view which I have been able to lay before the Legislature of our affairs – foreign and domestic-presents gratifying and indubitable proofs of the continued prosperity of our country. And in conclusion, gentlemen, allow me to say that I am deeply sensible of the arduousness as well as of the importance of the labors in which You are now about to engage. To your guardianship are committed the rights and interests of the whole people of this Republic; and your first care is to preserve and foster these by good and wholesome laws, thereby laying deep the foundation of Liberia's future happiness and prosperity. And, gentlemen, I scarcely need remind you that the prosperity of a nation depends much upon the purity of its patriotism; especially of its legislators. If this be founded on the broad and solid basis of right, political economy, as well as moral philosophy, pledges to it the possession of every object which lies within the grasp of national desire. If we desire to seek our country's good, to see her people prosperous and happy, her government permanent and just, and her national character high and commanding, this is true patriotism – a passion which if controlled by virtuous principles leads to much that is generous in sentiment, elevated in purpose, and noble in action. Men, however, do not always distinguish between the popular. and the true notion of patriotism. Local attachment is a radical principle in the constitution of man. and often leads him to that popular notion of patriotism which is selfish in its objects, and in its domestic relations devoted to sectional interests. But this is not true patriotism, that patriotism which, unbounded by county lines, or sectional prejudices, is founded upon the law of benevolence, and when exercised extinguishes a thousand jealousies which are ever ready to interrupt public harmony. True patriotism is, in its very nature, virtuous; doing right, which is virtue itself. It aims by equal legislation, extending to the remotest angles of the country, to enconrage and support the interests of all. Acting ourselves, gentlemen, upon these principles of a pure and high-minded patriotism; and inculcating them in the rising generation, then shall our patrimony be also that of our children – and Liberty, having here found a home, shall abide for ever. Gentlemen, I have now only to assure you of my cheerful concurrence and assistance, where required, to promote the discharge of your present duties. And my earnest prayer is that your minds may be drawn to that Almighty Being, the source of all wisdom and knowledge, and, from whence come all earthly blessings; that He will enlighten your understandings, and so direct your deliberations that whatever measures you may adopt they shall tend to the perpetuity of our institutions, the improvement of society, and the spread of civilization and christianity among the barbarous tribes of this continent. J. J. Roberts, Government House, Monrovia, Dec. 6th, 1853.

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 20, 1854 Gentlemen: After an absence of a few months, it affords me great satisfaction to meet you again, assembled in your legislative capacity for the discharge of the arduous and responsible duties which devolve upon you as representatives of the people – the guardians of the rights of your constituency; and the fountain whence should emanate good and wholesome laws. It is not my purpose, gentlemen, on the present occasion to advert to such local public affairs as should, and doubtless will, claim your attention during the present session; these have been laid before you, with such recommendations as were deemed advisable. It becomes my duty, however, as during my absence I have not failed to consider, and, by every means in my power, to advance the interests of our infant state, to report to you such proceedings, of a public character, as have engaged my attention while abroad. Very soon after my arrival in England, I was glad to discover that, notwithstanding the slanderous reports of our enemies and traducers, a lively interest was still felt, both by the Government and the people of Great Britain, in the future welfare and prosperity of Liberia; and that it only required a little exertion, in the way of circulating correct information, to remove certain false impressions, which, I regret to say, in some quarters had gained credit, – and thereby increase the feeling of friendship and benevolence which seemed everywhere anxious to develop itself. I scarcely need remind you that hitherto the Abolitionists of England – particularly the large and respectable body of Friends – have more or less maintained a silent disregard of the claims of Liberia upon their sympathy and support; from the fact of its connexion with colonization. But I am happy in being able to inform you that although their prejudices against the American Colonization Society, held in consequence of the view they take of the motives of that Society, especially of its Southern supporters – are but little abated – I found among the Quakers of England many warm, devoted friends, and consistent advocates, not only of our race, wherever oppressed, whose rights they steadily maintain, but also of the interests of Liberia; which they now readily admit has sustained herself beyond their most sanguine expectations; and that whatever might have been, or still are the motives of the Southern advocates of colonization, Liberia seems to be the child of heaven, and under the fostering care of divine Providence, is destined to do more for the elevation of civilization and Christianity into Africa than any other enterprise – civil or religious – hitherto conceived: and of consequence is deserving of the sympathy and support of British philanthropists and of the civilized and Christian world. This sentiment was advanced and favorably received by the audience, by Joseph Sturges, Esquire, a leading abolitionist, at a large antislavery meeting held in London, not long since. Being encouraged by indications so decidedly favorable to the interests of Liberia; and being backed by the kind offices of several influential persons with whom I had conferred in regard to the measure – I availed myself of the occasion to broach to Her Majesty’s Government a subject which has long been to me an object of serious reflection, and one I have ventured to hope might be realized at no very distant day. I allude, gentlemen, to securing to Liberia a suitable port for naval purposes – such as repairs and construction – of which we are present almost wholly deprived; and which, in some way, must be overcome before we can hope to attain any consideration maritime importance. – And to me it appears that no place upon the west coast, afford the facilities we require more invitingly than Sierra Leone.

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I therefore determine – presuming the measure would meet with the approbation of my fellow citizens – to open the subject to Her Majesty’s Government. And at the first interview with which I was honored by the Earl of Clarendon, Her Majesty’s Principal Secretary for Foreign Affairs, I briefly adverted to the commercial disadvantages we suffer in consequence of the obstructions – by shallow and shifting sand bars – at the entrance of all the rivers within our jurisdiction; and assured his Lordship that this was an inconvenience which greatly impeded the progress of Liberia, and almost paralyzed our future hopes of maritime greatness: – that, at present, no object was of greater importance to the commercial interests of Liberia than a safe and commodious harbor where vessels of the largest size might be constructed or repaired, and that we cherished the hope of being relieved from the embarrassment by the kindness of Her Majesty’s Government through the means of Sierra Leone. Though, at first, the proposition was received with some indications of surprise and but little favor, before we parted, his Lordship kindly intimated a willingness to hear me again on the subject after my return from Paris, whither I proposed to proceed in a day or two, to try by a personal application to have completed entire the donation of military equipments, promised by His Imperial Majesty. Impressed with the conviction that Liberia should be accepted more generally into the family of nations, thereby increasing the interests in her favor abroad, my thoughts had also been directed to the propriety of using the opportunity afforded me, by the acquaintance of two or three of the representatives in London, of European powers which had not recognized the independence of Liberia, to make an appeal for that purpose. I therefore, without loss of time, addressed myself to the representatives of Spain, Denmark, Saxony, Oldenburg, and the Hanse Towns, soliciting their cooperation in furthering my wishes. Their assent was readily obtained; with an assurance that the application should be immediately transmitted to their respective Governments. These preliminaries arranged, I crossed the Channel, and at Paris, was received very kindly by His Excellency Drouyn de Lhuys, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, who expressed his unabated interest in the welfare of the “New Republic” and with respect to the promise of uniforms, & c. to the Liberian Government, he remarked, it was a matter of regret to him that, in consequence of the pressing demand upon the French Government for military equipments for the army of the East, he had found it impossible to engage the attention of the minister of war to the completion of the donation to Liberia, by having made up, as was contemplated, a new uniform suited to the climate of the tropics. He promised however to confer with the minister of war, and, if possible, have the whole arranged before my departure. This I pressed upon the grounds of a desire to forward the uniforms by a French vessel then fitting, and to sail in a few days for Monrovia. At the subsequent interview with his Excellency Le Comte de Lesseps, Director for Foreign Affairs, he informed me that the minister of war was most anxious to meet my wishes; but it was impossible to do so unless I would receive the number required from a stock of Garde Mobile uniforms which he had on hand, and which he feared were unsuitable, in size especially – for the Liberia militia. Under the circumstances, however, I thought it advisable to accept these, in the hope of being able to forward them by Mr. Dumont’s vessel, the “Maria” – and arranged with him accordingly. I also availed myself of the occasion to renew the application for a small armed vessel, which had been partially promised as a donation to this government; but could obtain no positive pledge. The increased wants of the French navy were urged as embarrassments at the present time. Hopes however, were held out that at some period, not remote, a vessel of

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war might be added in proof of the decided interest His Imperial Majesty feels in the prosperity of Liberia. The non-ratification – on the part of the French Government – of the treaty, concluded some time since between this Republic and the French Empire, was discussed and explained. The delay was solely in consequence of a disagreement between the English and French copies of the Treaty. I was however assured that the French Government had no objection to either the English or the French version. But, to avoid future difficulty, as soon as the discrepancy was discovered, the attention of Mr. Dumont, our agent in Paris, was called to the fact, and he requested to communicate with this government in regard to it. This Mr. Dumont did about eight months since. The period named, within which the ratifications should have been exchanged, having expired, it was doubtful with me whether any other remedy than the negotiation of a new treaty could be applied. It was suggested however, that an explanatory article might be added, and the exchange made without further ceremony. But this did not accord with my notion; as to me it appears clear that the explanatory article suggested must also be ratified before any exchange could legally take place; it, therefore, remained to write out new copies of the treaty, with the necessary corrections – to be ratified as a whole, and the ratifications exchanged within a time to be named. This course was finally agreed upon. But the Director of the Board of Trade being absent from the city, some five or six days must elapse before new copies could be prepared. And as my time was too limited to allow me to remain so long in Paris, it was arranged that the matter should be referred to the French Ambassador at London – between whom and myself the corrections were to be agreed upon; and by us the new instrument was signed. Up to the time of my departure, however, no instructions, in regard to the subject, had been received at the Embassy; which possible might be accounted for in consequence of the news of the battle of Balaklava, which it was supposed diverted, for the time being, the attention of the minister from all matters, not of pressing importance. So the treaty with France remains a subject for further consideration, and, if renewed future negotiation. And with respect to the uniforms, I may here remark, that although my expectations of being able to forward them by the “Maria” were high and almost certain, in this too I was disappointed; and not only in not being able to forward them as soon as I hoped; but also in the delay which must now attend their delivery. The following extracts from letters received from Mr. Dumont, soon after my return to London, will give you an idea of the encouraging prospects, and of the delay. Under date, November 6th, he writes: – “Sir, I make haste to let you know of the result of my solicitation to the French Government, and I am happy to tell you that I have just been officially informed that His Imperial Majesty has been kind enough to order that a thousand military uniforms should be held at my disposal to be sent to you, as a friendly gift, and at the same time as a benevolent token of the interest His Imperial Majesty bears to the people of Liberia, and the true esteem he possesses for your Excellency personally. I received this morning from the Foreign Office a regular document stating the said grant. I will hasten as much as possible the completion and delivery of those important materials: but I am afraid they will not be ready in time to be sent by my ship “Maria” which is going to sail from Havre about the 15th or 20th inst. I will then put them on board “the Star of the Sea” that I intend to send to Liberia in January next. At all events your Excellency may rely on my careful attention to that affair. But being aware how much you feel interested in it on account of its moral and material consequence, I would not lose a moment to impart to you such good news.

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I was also regularly invited to make application to His Excellency, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, in order that a French consul should be accredited near you. I will immediately write on the subject.” The above however respecting the uniforms, was, in a few days afterwards, rescinded – as appears from the following letter, dated November 16th: “Sir” says Mr. Dumont, “I duly received the letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 14th inst: at the very moment it reached me, I was preparing to impart to you a new intelligence. Having been lately invited by the Director of Materials at the ware office, to go and confer with him respecting the thousand uniforms which His Imperial Majesty has been kind enough to grant us, I called this morning, and beg to let you know the result of our conversation. The uniforms of the Garde Mobile of France that had been spoken of at first are in such a condition as to be considered now as unworthy of the Emperor’s intention. It was therefore, resolved that a thousand new uniforms should be made; and my opinion was asked as to the most convenient shape. Here is the shape we agreed upon, and I was desired to ask the advice of your Excellency of the subject. These uniforms are very much like those of the French soldiers in Algeria, and would I think perfectly suit the people of Liberia; viz: yellow leather gaiters – spatterdashers – from the ankle bone to the knee; large red cloth pantaloons down to the gaiters; iron-gray cloth short coats with red laces; blue cloth waistcoats; and red felt caps with blue strings. These uniforms, that are very well appropriate to the climate of Liberia, will do honor to the Sovereign who grants them as to your Excellency. I beg you to let me know in your next letter if you approve them.” In reply to this letter, I did not think it necessary to add any suggestions, either with regard to the shape or the material of the uniform proposed; I did however, avail myself of the occasion to urge, strongly, that a thousand knapsacks be included, and if possible, that the whole be sent out by the “Star of the Sea” in January ensuing: which I have reason to believe will be done. I have not the slightest doubt that Mr. Dumont will exert himself to this end. In his letter to me on the day of my departure from London, he says, “I am very much satisfied to find that you fully approve of the designs I imparted to you for the military uniforms; I will, therefore, get them made as soon as possible. Some French officers, with whom I spoke of them, were of the opinion, that they are the most convenient for the people of Liberia, and very well adapted to the climate being altogether of a very good military aspect. I will make my best endeavors to obtain also the thousand knapsacks you mentioned.” And with respect to the prospects of obtaining a small vessel, he remarks, “I have very good reason to assure your Excellency that besides the military uniforms already granted, I will, I am confident, obtain within a short time the delivery of a small ship of war according to your desire.” Mr. Dumont, in the letters from which the above extracts are taken, refers to two other subjects which, will claim your attention: – viz, his desire that Liberia should be represented in the French Exhibition of 1855 – and the question of some compensation for services rendered this Government to receiving and forwarding military equipments. These letters I submit to your favorable consideration. On my return to London I found that several persons of influence had interested themselves in the subject of securing to Liberia the commercial facilities of Sierra Leone. A distinguished philanthropist and friend of Liberia proposed to advocate the measure through the columns of the press, by leading articles and a series of letters addressed to the Earl of Clarendon: – The heads of his first letter he had prepared, a copy of which I have, and you will take occasion to submit to you – and awaited my return from Paris to obtain certain

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statistics and facts which he wished to embody. Others had taken a lively interest in the matter and promised to further my wishes by every means in their power. Thus encouraged, I sought an early interview at the Foreign Office, and was gratified to find that the subject seemed to have gained favor, since it was first proposed. I hesitated not to press the questions by every argument I could command in support of the claim I conceived the descendents of Africa – above all others – do have in whatsoever concerns the interests, and future well-being of the Christian State established, and independently maintained by them upon the soil of their forefathers. I was however informed that nothing definite could be arrived at during the short stay I proposed to make in England; but that the question would be submitted to the consideration of Her Majesty’s Government – though Lord Clarendon feared the time had not yet arrived for the adoption of a measure so important, we should be informed as soon as practicable, what hopes might be entertained of a favorable issue. Though I made the most strenuous efforts gentlemen, it was scarcely to be hoped that any thing more definite could have been accomplished within the period of my short visit. The question however, – under encouraging auspices – is now fairly before Her Majesty’s Government, and I am fully persuaded, if followed up, we may reasonable anticipate the accomplishment of this important object within a comparatively short period. How far I have met the views of the Legislature and of my fellow citizens generally, in the course I have pursued in regard to this matter, is for you, gentlemen, to say. With respect to my application for the further recognition of the Independence of Liberia, I have to state, that up to the time of my departure, all these Governments had not returned an answer to the communications of their respective ministers on the subject. I was however assured that the solicitation would be renewed and that but little doubt was entertained of the success of the demand; and that we might expect shortly to be informed of the result through our agent in London. The Governments of Saxony, Oldenburg, and the Hanse Towns communicated their favorable reception of the application for recognition; and at once authorized their representative at the Court of St. James, Chevalier Colquhom, to negotiate with the Republic treaties of Recognition, Amity, and Commerce. I had not contemplated however, entering into any commercial stipulations; a mere formal recognition of the independence of the Republic, by an official letter, was all I sought. Though it was argued that commercial treaties were the bonds of nations to regulate their friendly intercourse, and the usual method of receiving new States into the family of sovereignties, I did not think a commercial treaty absolutely necessary to the object of a mere recognition, &c. – and cited the example of Prussia and Belgium, both of whom had formally acknowledged the independence of Liberia in the absence of any commercial treaty; and further, that however much disposed I might be to meet this suggestion, I had not the time at command then to warrant my entering upon the negotiation of commercial treaties; therefore nothing further was concluded in regard to an acknowledgement of our independence. Gerald Ralston, Esq., who was intimate with Chevalier Colquhom, greatly assisted my efforts; and promised to continue his kind offices in pressing the subject to a speedy and favorable termination. A few days before my departure from London, he enclosed to me the following note, addressed to him by Mr.Colquhom, from which I apprehend he too entertains the opinion that treaties will be necessary to the object of recognition, and therefore wished to provide for that contingency. He writes Nov. 19th. “My dear Sir, I have delayed answering your note till I should have gotten an answer from Saxony, whither I sent as desired. I am in daily expectation of his answer. I again refreshed the memory of the minister of Oldenburg, and wrote urging on the Hanse Towns, who had declared themselves favorably inclined, expedition, but you know

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Germans are not Americans in that respect. It is unfortunate that the President’s stay is so short, but it will be prudent to avoid miscarriage that he leave you three full powers, one for negotiation with the kingdom of Saxony, one for Oldenburg, and one for the Hanse Towns: in any case, he must leave you an authority or full power to exchange ratifications, which could not possible be done, save he should be again shortly in London. This is a mere formal act, and your only duty to see that the exemplifications agree with the treaty as signed.” I did not, however, leave any authority or full powers to negotiate treaties or exchange ratifications. Nevertheless, this note is important inasmuch as it indicates that treaties of friendship and commerce may be negotiated with those powers, should the legislature deem it advisable. And I beg to solicit, gentlemen, an expression of your opinion in regard to this subject. It cannot be doubted that the extension of our political relations, must necessarily add to the standing and moral influence of the Government, while on the other hand it is equally clear, that the greatest circumspection should be observed in entering into commercial stipulations with foreign powers. In this regard, the Senate, of course is the great safety valve, and no treaty stipulations, detrimental to the interests of Liberia, are likely to escape detection when submitted to their scrutiny. While in England, gentlemen, I had the pleasure of meeting, frequently, a number of distinguished citizens of the United States, all of whom expressed unqualified regrets and mortification, at the indifference of their Government towards Liberia; and especially at the unkindness of not acknowledging her independence. They seemed to fell the more, that Liberia, the child and boast of American philanthropy and benevolence, was receiving so much consideration and favor in Europe, while the Government of the United States still neglected her. For aside from every other consideration, it appeared clear to them that European powers were establishing an influence in Liberia, which must in time, unless their Government speedily change its policy, prove disastrous to the commercial interests of the United States on the African coast. Feeling myself that such were the natural tendencies of the opposite policies pursued, I of course offered no argument in contravention of the sentiment advanced. On two occasions, by invitation, I met several American gentlemen, when the claims of Liberia, upon the United States Government, were freely discussed. Hon. G.N. Sanders, especially deep interest in the subject, and strongly recommended that Mr. Buchanan should take up the subject officially, and urge it with all the power of his influence, upon the attention of his government. Mr. Buchanan readily promised his cordial co-operation in any measure that could be made to appear to him practicable. Mr. Sanders advised as the most feasible and ready means of reaching the object, that I should, while in England, address an official letter to Mr. Buchanan, adverting briefly to the rise and progress of Liberia – to the extension and growing importance of the trade – to the claims of her citizens upon the sympathy and benevolence of the Government of the United States – to the attention and consideration the Government of Liberia has hitherto received, and is still receiving from European powers, and the effect these marks of attention and kindness are likely to produce upon the minds of the people, resulting prejudicially to the commercial interest of the United States with Liberia – and finally to propose on the part of Liberia, the negotiation of a treaty, stipulating to admit duty free, all merchandise imported into the republic in American vessels, the Government of the United States will pay to the Government of Liberia one hundred thousand dollars annually for ten years. Though ten hundred thousand dollars was a tempting consideration, I did not deem it proper for me to accede to the proposition; first, upon the ground, that I had not the slightest

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hope of succeeding in such a measure with the present administration: and secondly, were my doubts of success ill founded, and however much my personal views inclined me to favor the measure – I could not think of proposing a stipulation so important which had been canvassed, with regard to its merits, by my fellow citizens. Though Mr. Sanders, and others, were exceedingly anxious that some effort should be made with as little delay as possible, the subject was allowed to rest here, with the understanding that I would submit it to the consideration of the legislature on my return to Liberia; and should it be approved, to take the earliest opportunity of communicating the result to Mr. Buchanan. With those details, gentlemen, I beg to submit the matter to your serious and candid consideration – not doubting but that you will give it that attention which its merits and importance demand. I am aware that this is a subject involving considerations of the deepest concern, both to the present and future interests of Liberia, and to be entered upon with great circumspection, and mature deliberation; still I indulge the hope that the legislature will be able to arrive at such a conclusion, in regard to it, as that the executive may be advised as to the course proper to be pursued in his correspondence upon the subject. Having, gentlemen, in as few words as possible, given you a statement of the political matters which have employed my attention while absent, I am also happy to be able to inform the legislature that their wishes – as expressed in their resolutions of January last, respecting military and other public buttons, and a light house and lamp for Cape Montserrado, have been carried into execution. As soon after my arrival in England, as circumstances would permit, I contracted for the manufacture of the above named articles, but found that it required more time to complete the order than I had expected; so I had not the satisfaction of bringing them with me. They will be forwarded, certainly, by the packet of the 24th inst. I have also to inform the legislature that – being impressed with a conviction of the necessity of a new paper currency assumed the responsibility of having engraved plates for striking bills of the denomination of fifty cents, one dollar, three dollars, and five dollars: and ordered to be printed, a sum equal to six thousand dollars. I am sorry to say that I was disappointed also in not having these ready in time for me, but they too will be at hand by the forthcoming packet; in the meantime, I procured a rough impression which will give you an ideas of the description of the bills, and beg to submit to your judgment and approval or otherwise of the responsibility assumed. Besides this I have assumed one other responsibility, for which, gentlemen, I have to ask the approval of the legislature. During my sojourn in London, I had frequent conversations with S. Gurney, Esq. on the subject of a metallic currency which he thought we ought to have – as well for the conveniences of trade, as to mark the existence and the nationality of the Republic. I agreed with him of course, as to the propriety and importance of such a medium; but, at the same time, hinted the inability of the Government – in consequence of its limited pecuniary resources – to remove at present, this embarrassment. A few days before my departure from London, while speaking on this subject, Mr. Gurney proposed to supply one hundred pounds, in aid of procuring such a currency, on condition that the Government of Liberia would supply another hundred pounds. He further proposed to advance the whole amount – say two hundred pounds – and to have the dies cut, and the coin struck immediately – in one and two cent pieces – to be forwarded by the steamer of the 21st January next; on the receipt of which the one hundred pounds from the Government might be remitted. I scarcely need say, that I accepted his proposition, and that the work was put immediately into the hands of the coiner. Besides the great facilities, such a means of exchange will afford to the commercial transactions of the country, and the stamp of nationality a coinage always impresses upon the public mind – whether at home or abroad, and estimating the proposed coin at the standard value of the copper currency of the United

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States, it will realize to the Government at least thirty per cent; and which, including the one hundred pounds presented by Mr. Gurney – will add to the money resources of the Government some seven or eight hundred dollars. No mean token of the generosity, of the interest, Mr. Gurney feels in the welfare of Liberia. And as an additional further proof of his interest and benevolence, I may be permitted to add here, that at our parting he authorized me to draw on him for fifty pounds, to be applied to educational purposes in Liberia. I beg to inform the legislature that I have procured upon the requisition of the Secretary of the Treasury, sundry articles which were needed for the use of the Government Schooner Lark – such as copper, canvass, cordage, paints, oil, &c., also I have obtained a good supply of stationery for the various departments of the Government; including suitable books for records – of the registry, and respective Courts of the several counties – all lettered appropriately, according to the uses for which they are intended. And I am happy to add, gentlemen, that the bills, for all the articles enumerated above – except for the copper coin; which, if approved, I have to request you provide for refunding – are closed and settled. From Sir Horace St. Paul – a staunch friend of Liberia, and a decided advocate for the spread of Christian knowledge throughout Africa – I obtained a donation of thirty pounds worth of bibles, testaments, &c., for distribution among the Sabbath and other schools of the Republic. I beg to request, gentlemen, that the legislature will order the discharge of the small amount – say fifteen or twenty dollars – for freight &c. In conclusion, gentlemen, I have only to add, that when I left you, it was with the hope of enjoying a little relaxation from the incessant toils of public duty: which the state of my health seemed to require. But disappointment awaited me – for no sooner had I arrived in England than I found that the interests of Liberia demanded my attention. And who, worthy of the name of Liberian, would not willingly make any sacrifices for his country’s interest – forgetting his health, or any other private interest; undertake any toils, however arduous, in the cause of Liberia. I, therefore, hesitated not to devote my best energies to her service; and during the six weeks I spent in Europe, there was scarcely a day – nay, scarcely an hour, that I could appropriate either to rest or pleasure. And my only regrets are that I have not been as completely successful, in all my efforts, as my fondest wish suggested. If, however, in any degree, I have promoted the interests of Liberia, I feel gratified, and have no complaint to utter. I have only done my duty, and beg to assure you, gentlemen, that I have performed that duty to the very best of my ability. All of which is most respectfully submitted to the kind consideration of the legislature. J.J. Roberts Government House, December 20th,1854

Annual Message to the Legislature December 20, 1855 Gentlemen, The occasion of your annual meeting is always one of deep concern to your fellow-citizens generally. As legislators, every interest of the State and people are entrusted to your patriotism and good judgment. To you are delegated powers, bounded only by the fundamental law of the land. In your legislative capacity it is your province to pass in review all the statutes

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of the Republic, and to adopt such alterations or amendments of existing laws, and to originate such new ones, as in your wisdom may be deemed essential to the sound principles of your Government, and in like manner conduce to the best interests of your constituents. These duties, Gentlemen, are important, and call for the exercise of integrity, independence, patience, a sound judgment, and a careful discriminating mind. Therefore you are selected from the body of your fellow-citizens for you intelligence and good reputation; and on the faith of these is believed that the duties of your office will be effectually performed. That these duties are highly responsible is readily perceived. On your actions depend essentially the destiny, the happiness, and the future prosperity of those you represent. That you are not insensible of the importance of the trust confided to you, I have every reason to believe. I therefore deem it unnecessary to remind you, Gentlemen, that whatever acts you adopt during your present session-within the scope of our chartered rights – must be binding alike on you and your fellow-citizens, for good or for evil, during another legislature year. But that you will discharge faithfully, and to the best of your ability, the responsible duties committed to your hands, I doubt not your fellow-citizens generally have every confidence; and on their part they will sustain you in the legitimate functions of your duty; for they are not ignorant that on the maintenance of law the public good and security depends. Upon this occasion of addressing the Legislature, though we have not been wholly exempted from public embarrassments, I am possibly impressed with a feeling of congratulation, inasmuch as the duty occurs under circumstances of a most encouraging nature, as people we are advancing in all that ennobles and dignifies man, and facilitates the improvement of human society with gratifying rapidity; and whatever may be our individual differences with respect to politics, or the mode or means by which our national prosperity is to be advanced, there is, unquestionable, a sprit animating all classes of our fellow-citizens, which will not suffer them to withhold their support from the Government, or to disregard the bounties of Providence so liberally bestowed upon them; but the first they are ready to offer on every occasion of emergency, and the latter they will receive with grateful hearts, and apply them with zealous promptitude to the advancement of the general good. Herein, Gentlemen, lies the secret of our national success. And I am gratified in being able to inform the Legislature that our country continues to be highly favoured in all the elements which contribute to individual comfort and national prosperity. In taking a survey of the present condition of our country, on reference to subjects interesting to the public weal, we cannot fail to be impressed with sentiments of grateful acknowledgment to the Disposer of all good for having vouchsafed to us, during the past year, such signal blessings of His providence. Though the past rainy season was one of unusual protraction, and to human calculation apparently unfavourable to health, still in an eminent degree this inestimable blessing has prevailed generally within our borders; and while war has been making its ravages, and is still producing painful calamities among some of the most enlightened and Christian nations of Europe, and while certain civilized communities on this coat have been involved in deadly strife with their savage neighbors, we, until within the last three or four weeks, have enjoyed uninterrupted peace. Under these favourable auspices the Government and people of Liberia have been enabled to advance every important interest connected with their welfare. And that every branch of industry and enterprise has received attention and encouragement, the progress of general improvement and national advancement, everywhere observable, especially in the counties Montserrado and Grand Bassa fully attest. Excepting in Sinoe County – where, from causes not satisfactorily accounted for, the crops have fallen short – the labours of the husbandmen have been abundantly rewarded, and notwithstanding the interruption of trade which occurred with certain

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portions of the interior, in consequence of disturbances among native Chiefs, the commerce of Liberia has suffered no diminution, and is now in a healthful condition; the enterprise of our merchants, too, is now opening up new channels of trade which give the promise of encouraging remuneration for their efforts. Indeed the spirit of improvement and enterprise is abroad in the land. It stimulates the hearts, not only of our Americo-Liberian population, but also of the aborigines incorporated with us, and is producing most gratifying results. There are but few objects which, as a people, we can decide which we do not possess, or which are not within our reach. To preserve, to improve, and to perpetuate the sources, and so direct in their most effectual channels the streams which contribute to the public weal, and to individual comfort and happiness, is the purpose for which civil societies are formed. And we, Gentlemen, are blessed with a form of government which protects citizens in the full enjoyment of their civil, political, and religious rights., and the free exercise of all their facilities to pursue the impulse of their nature, and the obligation of their duty in the improvement of their own condition – a government which guarantees to the humblest citizen the means of justice and the enjoyment of all the immunities contemplated by the organization of civil government. How far the public institutions of Liberia have been sustained by the patriotism of her citizens, and how far they have succeeded in establishing their capacity for self-government, are questions to be answered only by pointing to her present favourable condition, the order which has marked her progress, and the pertinacity with which she has maintained public faith during the period of her nationality; and it cannot be denied that, in these respects, she will compare favourably with any other nation of the same age. In assuming her station among the civilized nation of the earth Liberian entered upon a career which filled the minds of the best friends of our race with anxious solicitude as to the result of the enterprise. They feared that the time had not yet arrived when the people of Liberia should assume responsibilities so difficult and perplexing, arguing that by a failure here the race would be doomed to perpetual inferiority and degradation. There were those who doubted the capacity of the African race for self-government, under most favourable circumstances. And it is within the recollection of us all, with what fear and trembling some of our own citizens entered upon the important step; not, however, that they believed the dogma of natural African inferiority, and consequence incapacity for self-government. This they know to be a vulgar prejudice, founded on the pride and ignorance of those who, by oppression, have kept the black man at such a distance as to be unsure to form a right judgment of his true organic capacity for development of culture; nor were they unaware of the fact, that the many things appertaining to civilization and political progressiveness, ascribed to the superiority of the white man, are the results of fortuitous circumstances and favourable combinations, which, when enjoyed by any other race, would produce effects equally honourable and salutary. But other and more weighty considerations impressed the people of Liberia with the importance of the measure proposed to be adopted. The moment was a critical one. They were about to launch upon the boisterous sea of nationality – to guide by their own hands the little ship of State, freighted with the destinies of all their earthly hopes. Could it be other than a moment of intense anxiety. Especially in view of the feebleness of our numerical strength and the limited financial resources of the community-subjects of the first importance in maintaining a national existence. With these facts before them, it was not surprising that reflecting citizens should recur, again and again, to the questions-“Has our apprenticeship in the art of managing public affairs been sufficiently long to prepare us for the arduous and responsible duties of self-

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government?” And in assuming an independent position, “How far will other Powers respect our national rights?” “What Governments will extend to us the friendly hand of recognition, and receive us into the family of nations?” These were considerations, surely, which demanded most serious attention and sober reflection; for to remain isolated upon this barbarous coast, uncountenanced by other nations, it were not unreasonable to fear that independence would avail us nothing; but, indeed, might expose us to insult and serious embarrassments. But, on the other hand, however much we might feel disposed to shrink from the responsibility, there were circumstances of a political nature, involving questions of the gravest importance, which could be met and put at rest only by a declaration of our independence and sovereignty. Thus we were impelled forward, and seemed to be borne along by an unknown force to the accomplishment of an end, the judiciousness of which time alone could determine. And now, Gentlemen, in looking back to review the ground over which we have traveled, it can but be a source of gratification and thankfulness to know that the result of the enterprise – or experiment, if you please – has, so far at least, been crowned with success equal to the most sanguine hopes of those Christian philanthropists by whom Liberia was planted, and those of our fellow citizens who were prominent in the initiative of her national organization. And although our claim to the civilities of national brotherhood has been disregarded in a quarter where we had good reason to expect favour, some of the enlightened and powerful nations of the earth have not suffered us to appeal in vain to their magnanimity and sense of justice for a recognition of our independence and national rights, nor to their sympathy and benevolence for encouragement and aid in the work of Africa’s redemption. And today Liberia occupies a position in the civilized world no less honorable than prosperous, and, with reference to the people by whom we are surrounded, I may also add, no less responsible than gratifying. The “Lone Star” of Liberia’s national insignia seems, in the order of Providence, to be the star of hope to the savage tribes of this degraded land. Here, by the blessing of Heaven, we have planted the standard of freedom, civilization, and Christianity, whence it is hoped will radiate light and truth, penetrating the dark recesses of benighted Africa, dispelling the clouds of ignorance, superstition, and idolatry which have so long enveloped the minds of her unfortunate children; and here too, having, under the Divine protection, successfully laid the foundation of political and religious liberty, we are pledged to posterity to continue the work of the superstructure with unabated zeal – to preserve in their purity the social and civil rights with which we are so eminently blessed, and to hand them down unimpaired to the generation which shall succeed us. This we can do only by a strict adherence to the principles of virtue and true patriotism, and by persevering industry. Should we fail to conform to these, He who has committed to our hands this important work will hold us strictly accountable for the manner of our conduct. That you, Gentlemen, and our fellow-citizens generally, are properly impressed with a sense of this weighty obligation, past experience leaves but little room for doubt. If faithful to that wise, patriotic and humane policy which has hitherto marked the progress of legislation in Liberia, we cannot fail to go in the happy career we have begun, and which, in the short period of our political existence, has brought us to a position most favourable to the realization of our fundamental hopes. The view which I have now to present to the Legislature of our affairs – foreign and domestic – will, I am persuaded, sustain the idea I entertained of the public prosperity; and, at the same time, impress you, Gentlemen, with the auspicious circumstances under which

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you will commence your present session. You will not of course understand me to mean that the prosperity of Liberia is complete – that she has already attained the acme of her glory – not to be increased, nor indeed, that the duties which now lie before you are not arduous and self-sacrificing. All governments are or should be progressive, and year after year should produce evidences of the social, civil, and political advancement of the people. And it is expected of you, Gentlemen, that by your legislative enactments the true interests of Liberia will be so promoted during the ensuing year as to give strength and permanency to the institution of our country, and vigour and encouragement to the various branches of industry, that you will adopt such measures as will essentially promote, nay, as will firmly establish, the principles of sound and good government, making them the creed of the people’ and such also as shall tend to cultivate the best feeling of friendship with foreign nations, and confirm their confidence in our national integrity and ability for selfgovernment. I have great satisfaction in being able to inform the Legislature that, during the past year, nothing has transpired to interrupt the steady progress of public affairs, and that in every respect the national dignity has been faithfully preserved. Our relations with foreign Powers have undergone no unfavourable change since the last meeting of the Legislature. The policy of Liberia has always been, in her commercial intercourse with other nations, of the most liberal character; she has avoided all unnecessary restriction in her trade and maintained commerce on the footing of perfect reciprocity – invariably cherishing the most friendly relations and intercourse with the citizens and subjects of every country on principles and conditions which would make them permanent. Though a few years since, as is well remembered, the system of commercial intercourse adopted by this Government in reference to her domestic trade was source of much speculation and animadversion on the part of certain foreigners trading with Liberia, and in consequence of the obstinacy and unfriendly disposition of some of these, the Government experienced at the time no little embarrassment, both at home and abroad – at home, because they influenced certain of our aboriginal population to acts of insubordination which threatened serious results; and abroad, because the subjects led to perplexing correspondence with several foreign Governments, which thought proper to interpose investigations with regard to rights claimed by their respective citizens, and alleged to have been invaded. But, happily, the business and the reasonableness of the system have been fully developed and made apparent, and is now no longer a matter of complaint or of dissatisfaction. Foreign Powers, especially those with whom we have political relations, are satisfied with respect to our desire to encourage and extend, under whatsoever regulations, commercial intercourse throughout the extent of our political jurisdiction, that commerce may have its full influence and effect in advancing civilization and Christianity among the barbarous tribes of this coast. Under this conviction, doubtless, several European Governments are making anxious inquiries respecting the present and future prospects for our country. Indeed some of them seem particularly interested in our national advancement, and are readily extending to us the hand of friendship. From the Governments of England and France we continue to receive assurance of kindness, and of earnest solicitude for ultimate success in the career of nationality. These assurances cannot fail to have a happy influence on the character of our country; assurances which, I doubt not, will give the people of Liberia no less pleasure to reciprocate than to receive. A Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation has recently been concluded between this Government and the Free Hanseanic Republics of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburgh.

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With respect to this Treaty, I have only to remark that it embodies those principles of friendly policy which bind nations to mutual good understanding and give permanency and effect to their profession of cordial disposition to cultivate amicable relations in their future intercourse. At an early day I will lay the Protocol and Treaty before the Senate for approval, if in their judgment it shall be deemed proper I will also avail myself of the occasion to submit to the consideration of the Legislature a communication which I have received form the Prussian Government on the subject of negotiating a Commercial Treaty with the Power, embracing all the Governments, members of the German Customs League. To this favourable view of our relations with distant civilized States, I am also pleased in being able to add that our relations of friendship with the numerous aboriginal tribes of this country, ordering on our frontiers, have been preserved, and the opportunities to improve them have been cultivated with anxious and unremitting attention. In no instance during the year has any hostile dissention been evinced by any of these tribes towards this Government, but on the contrary, they have manifested the greatest respect for the Liberian authorities, have received our citizens, visiting them for the purposes of trade, with much kindness, and seem properly to appreciate our kindness. Passing, Gentlemen, from our foreign to our domestic affairs. I am glad to say, that they too – excepting the present state of affairs at Sinoe – present a picture equally favourable to the public propriety and national progressiveness. The improvement of the native tribes within the limits of the Republic has ever been object of deep concern both to the legislative and executive branches of the Government; and it affords me much satisfaction to observe, that the measures which have been adopted by the one, and the efforts contributed by the other, for the instruction of this portion of our population in the arts of civilized life, and the duties and advantages of civil government are producing effects in may parts of the Republic which give encouraging promise of ultimate success. As might of course be expected, difficulties have arisen between some of these people scattered along our coast; in but few instances, however, has the authority of the Government been defied, or even disregarded where it has been interposed to settle their disputes. In the early part of the present year some misunderstanding arose between certain Chiefs occupying portions of the New Cess and Grand Bassa districts, which at the time was not considered important; after a while, however, the affair assumed a threatening aspect, and in June last a party of marauders, under the direction of Prince Wee and one or two other turbulent chieftains, made an attack upon the town of one Topaneo, and carried off a number of the town people and a large quantity of their effects. By the vigilance of the local authorities of Grand Bassa, however, the principal aggressors were immediately arrested, and required to restore the persons and property seized, and make restitution for other damage sustained by Topaneo, by the burning of his town. All of which have been satisfactorily arranged, and the aggressors otherwise punished for their infraction of the laws and disturbance of the public peace. About the time of these occurrences a dispute arose between Jim Flow, of Trade Town Point, and the people of Grand Corrow, in consequence of an attempt on the part of the latter to restrict the people of the former place from intercourse with the interior for the purposes of trade. To effect this object a certain Grand Corrow chieftain established a town on the road leading to the “bush country,” and from this point committed several depredations on the people of Trade Town Point, while passing to and fro. These interruptions finally engendered angry controversy, which led to several encounters between the tribes, in one of which the said town was seized and held by Jim Flow.

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I visited Trade Town Point and Grand Corrow in September last, and had an interview with some and corresponded with others of the respective chiefs. Each, of course, complained of wrongs alleged to have been committed by the other. But as I could not remain sufficiently long to examine thoroughly into and settle their differences, I demanded an immediate suspension of hostilities, and assured them that Commissioners could be appointed and sent down without delay to investigate the matters of dispute between them, and make such award in the premises as in their judgment be deemed just and equitable. They readily consented to the demand, and promised faithful conformity to the decision of the Commissioners. Early in October, Messrs. H. W. Dennis and A. W. Gardner were commissioned, and proceeded to Trade Town Point and Grand Corrow, where they assembled on board the Lark, all the parties, and carefully investigated their complaints, pro and con. It was clearly ascertained that without provocation the Grand Corrow people were the aggressors. The Commissioners, therefore, required of them that restitution be made to Jim Flow of the property, or its value, seized from the people of Trade Town Point, to remove the obnoxious town, which it appears had been a shelter for some worthless fellows who lived by plundering traders of other tribes, and that in no case thenceforward should the people of either party be molested or in any way interrupted while traversing said road. Both parties were required also to pay a small fine to the Government for having resorted to force instead of submitting their complaints to the proper authority for adjustment. To the award of the Commissioners they willingly assented, paid a portion of the fine imposed, gave assurances of the faithful performance of all the stipulations adjudged by the Commissioners, and pledged themselves to perpetual friendship. According to instructions, the Commissioners also inquired into the complaint of Mr. Moore James against the Grand Corrow people for having wrested from his captain certain stranded property saved from his vessel wrecked near that place in May last. They admitted having carried off goods to the value of about 200 dollars, but pleaded in excuse that according to their understanding of the will of Providence “ a vessel wrecked near their habitations is a godsend, and from time immemorial their fathers had exercised the right of appropriating such property to their own use.” This right, of course, the Commissioners could not recognize; nor, indeed, did the accused parties themselves expect they would; but some excuse must be made, and to plead ignorant of the law of humanity and of civilized usages, they thought might, perhaps, secure them from the punishment their conduct justly deserved. The Commissioners, after hearing all they had to say, deemed it advisable, in view of various considerations, only to require them to reimburse Mr. James the amount seized; and to pledge themselves never again to be guilty of similar conduct, but in like cases of distress to render all possible assistance and protection to persons and property. These terms they unhesitatingly agreed to and gave suitable guarantee for their faithful fulfillment. The only other exclusively native difficulty in our leeward counties, during the year, of public concernment, and which perhaps has some connexion with the causes that instigated the recent attacks upon our settlement at Sinou, is a controversy of some years’ standing between the people of Grand and Little Bootoo districts, and a tribe interior to those places who claim the right of passage through the territories to the sea coast for the purposes of trade. This right is resisted on the ground alleged by the Bootoos, “that God has appropriated to the tribes of the country their several locations, and that those on the sea coast are placed there for the purpose of managing all commercial concerns, and that interior tribes are to employ them as their factors or agents in all matters of trade with foreigners.” The absurdity has maintained for many years among the tribes occupying the sea board, a mere pretext of _____ for speculating on the tribes of the interior, and has given the Government

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no little trouble in eradicating it from many parts of our coast. And in this instance Commissioners have been repeatedly sent to the respective parties to convince the one of the unreasonableness of the restrictions imposed, and to impress forbearance on the part of the other, with the hope that the Government might be able to effect an amicable arrangement between them by removing the causes of complaint. These efforts, however, proved unavailing further than to restrain them from acts of violence, until the early part of the present year, when King Juvier, the interior chief, sent one of his sons to confer with the Bootoo people, and to urge his claim to direct intercourse with the sea for commercial purposes. This son, it appears, was seized and basely murdered, and, as was to be expected, hostilities immediately ensued. Whereupon Commissioners were dispatched to the belligerents with the hope of reconciling their differences, and restoring peace. King Juvier, though much grieved, and exceedingly indignant at the murder of his son, received the Commissioners kindly, and expressed his decided willingness to submit his claim and grievance to the arbitration of his Government. But the Bootoo people, with an insolent disregard of the overtures of the Commissioners, persisted in their aggressive acts, and indeed committed several outrages upon the Americo-Liberian settlers at Sinou, which so annoyed them as to make it absolutely necessary that something should be done to relieve them from those embarrassments. In September last I visited Sinoe, mainly for the purposes of trying to adjust and settle these difficulties. Though several messages passed between the Chiefs of Grand Bootoo and myself, I could not succeed in obtaining an interview with them. I therefore informed them, that failing all others, it would be the duty of the Government to resort to coercive measures to restore peace to the country, especially within the jurisdiction of the Republic. Upon this intimation, they promised to take immediate steps to reconcile the differences between King Juvier and themselves, and that the reconciliation should be perfected before the middle of November ultimo. This promise however, they failed to keep, though they adopted the artifice of frequent communications with the authorities at Sinou, assuring them that the difficulties between them and Juvier were in progress of settlement; but we have reason to know they were acting in bad faith, and instead of using efforts of pacification, they were employed in preparations for a more vigorous war. And, doubtless, fearing the Government would compel them to an equitable arrangement with Juvier, they have instigated the Blue Barre natives, in which they too have taken part, to the recent attacks on settlements in Sinou county. In relation to the difficulties at Sinou, I have to inform the Legislature that it appears, on the 18th ultimo, a canoe and three kroomen belonging to the British barque Ariel, lying in the harbour of Greenville, while proceeding to the shore, were seized by certain fishermen residing at Blue Barre. The following day Mr. Harriot, supercargo of the Ariel, appealed to the local authorities of Sinou county for a process to have restored the persons and property thus seized. The sheriff of the county, with a small party of men, was directed to proceed to Blue Barre and demand the surrender of said canoe and men. After some hesitation one of the men was given up, with a promise that the other two would be set at liberty the next day. There appears to have been no threat or disturbance on either side; and the sheriff, with the whole of the party that accompanied him, as he positively asserts, returned quietly to the river, and had entered his boat, when he discovered the smoke of a small native town on fire. Whether this town of a few worthless huts was fired by accident, or whether by some mischievous boys who had gone over with the sheriff’s party, or whether by the natives themselves to create a pretext for commencing hostilities, has not yet transpired. The latter, however, is strongly suspected to be the case; though, I regret to say, there seems to a possibility that the first was communicated by a mischievous little boy who was on the Blue Barre side at the time of the occurrence.

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We are aware that, the early part of this year the Blue Barre people manifested some little irritation, in consequence of the arrest and punishment of three or four persons belonging to that tribe, for robberies, &c. committed on the settlers; and it is also known that the Bootoo people have been tampering with them for some to induce them to acts of insubordination. It is, therefore, not unlikely that the fire was the work of their own hands. At any rate, as had been custom hitherto in case of difficulty with the settlers, they asked no explanation nor made any demand for redress, but the following morning barbarously murdered two of our citizens who had crossed as usual to Blue Barre to pursue their labours. Shortly afterwards a party entered the settlement of Readsville, and murdered an old man, and his daughter. By this time the alarm of war had spread through the settlements, and hasty preparations for their defense were made. On the 21st Readsville was attacked by a pretty large force, but the natives were repulsed with considerable loss. They retired in the direction of Bluntsville, our most remote settlement, the inhabitants of which, fearing they would not be able to defend themselves, fell back upon Readsville. Thus abandoned, Bluntsville was sacked and burned. The following day unsuccessful attacks were made on the settlements of Louisiana and Upper Farmersville. On the 24th and 25th Lexington was furiously attacked by the combined forces of the three tribes. These settlers, being well posted in the church and school-house, defended themselves manfully; and, strange to say, by a wonderful interposition of Providence, though the conflict was long and fierce, without the slightest casualty on our side. It is to be regretted that the day after this noble defense, for some cause or other, the settlers abandoned their favourable position for protecting the village, when the natives returned and laid in ashes the church, school-house, and several other buildings; since which time, up to the 9th instant, the enemy, hanging upon the skirts of the settlements, has, with small parties, employed himself in annoying and harassing the settlers in their communication with the several settlements. On the 9th a vigorous attack was made on Farmersville, but without loss on our side excepting two men slightly wounded. We have had, in all, eight killed and ten wounded, two since dead. I am happy to inform the Legislature that, with some few individual exceptions, the militia of Sinou have behaved well, and deserve credit for the coolness and bravery they displayed during the attacks, on several trying occasions. By the kindness of Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul and Captain Gruble, of Her Majesty’s steam-vessel Teazer, I was enabled to visit Sinou on the 27th instant, and to spend a day there, that I might better understand the actual state of affairs, and the means of defense. From the observations I was enabled to make, I think the settlers will be able to maintain their present position and prevent the further destruction of property. Some 50 or more families of the outer settlements beyond the reach of protection, have been compelled to abandon their homes, barely escaping with their olives, and have taken shelter at Greenville, wholly destitute, and in a pitiable condition. On the 4th instance the schooner G. R. M. Gill, with a small detachment of men from this place and Grand Bassa, and supplies for the troops, and temporary wants of the destitute women and children, was dispatched for Greenville. She arrived there on the morning of the 9th instant, whence the Lark sailed on the 10th, having remained there since the 23rd ultimo. The commanding officer at Sinou, Colonel Dickerson, has instructions to act only on the defensive until the pleasure of the Legislature is known. I therefore beg to recommend this subject, Gentlemen, to your earliest attention. It is desirable that measures should be adopted, with as little delay as possible to relieve our fellow-citizens in Sinou from their present difficulties and embarrassments. I am happy to inform the Legislature that King Juvier continues firm in his friendship, and as soon as he heard of the attack upon us by the Bootoo people, he sent a party of his men within the Boo-

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too district, and is there holding them in check, otherwise our loss might have been much more serious. I am also glad to say that King George and others of the Blue Barre Chiefs have behaved well towards us. On one occasion when the enemy was approaching stealthily upon one of our settlements he gave the alarm, and by every means in his power has restrained his people from taking part against us. Whatever, Gentlemen, may be the considerations in reference to the Blue Barre people, in consequence of the burning of the town referred to, advantage should be taken of the present favourable circumstances to chastise the Sinou and Bootoo peoples for their unprovoked outrages, and to teach them there is sufficient power in the Government to maintain law and order, and to punish crime. The measure necessary to this end I submit to your sound discretion and good judgment. In compliance with the Act of the last session of the Legislature, entitled, “An Act authorizing and directing the formation of a settlement at Grand Cape Mount,” a company of 68 efficient men was organized and dispatched for that purpose under the superintendence of Hon. A. D. Williams early in April last. On reaching the Cape it was discovered that the state of the country was wretchedly deplorable; distracted by internal feuds, and involved in war with a powerful neighbouring Chief. The principal headmen of the country, excepting George Cain, who was too ill to attend, were immediately assembled, and the objects of the Government in wishing to form a settlement there fully explained to them. They expressed decided satisfaction at the measures proposed by the Government to restore quietness and peace to the country; they seemed fully to appreciate the interest of the Government in their behalf; and with much feeling declared that, in their opinion, the measures then about to be adopted were the only means of relieving them from impending dangers. They were glad to have in their midst a civilized community, not only for the protection it would afford them against the aggression of other tribes, but it would also maintain order in the country, and be the means of reopening commercial intercourse with the interior, which for several years had been almost entirely closed. They hoped, therefore, that no time would be lost in adjusting their domestic differences, and in terminating the war between them and Farfarney. With the promise that these matters would be attended to at an early day, they gave assurances of their hearty co-operation in all the wishes of the Government. These preliminaries arranged, temporary houses were speedily erected on a site near the base of the mount contiguous to the river for the accommodation of the settlers, and around which entrenchments were opened, and every precaution taken to secure the settlers against treachery, should it be contemplated. According to previous arrangements I visited the new settlement again in the early part of July, and met the Chiefs of Grand Cape Mount, Sugaree, and Manna in grand palaver, and their respective complaints and grievances. After investigating thoroughly the several matters of dispute between them, we succeeded in placing their differences in such a train of pacification as soon led to a satisfactory settlements of all their internal contentions. I also made an effort to have an interview with Farfarney, but failed. I, however, communicated with him relative to discontinuing hostilities against the Vey Chiefs, but he would return only evasive answers, which left but little doubt of his intention to prosecute the war. And soon after my return to this place, he planned and put on foot two expeditions against the Veys, both of which, however, signally failed, and the attacking parties were driven back with great loss. During a recent visit to the settlement I availed myself of the occasion to send to Farfarney to inform him that he could no longer be permitted to disturb the peace of the country by his predatory wars; and unless he consented to an amicable adjustment of the differences subsisting between him and the Vey people, the Government would be under the necessity of taking measures to restrain him, either by confining him within his own limits or by ejecting him from the country. He complained of many wrongs alleged to have been

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committed by the Veys; among others, that they had murdered his mother, and several of his children; he, therefore, felt inclined to fight them as long as he lived;” nevertheless, “if the Liberian Government demand that he shall cease hostilities and talk palaver, he must submit.” I apprehend, however, that his late reverses have produced some material change in his prospects, and possibly he may not be indisposed to a settlement of the differences by negotiation under the guarantee of this Government. Still I doubt his sincerity. Measures, however, are in progress to bring about a reconciliation; and I may be able in a few days to communicate to the Legislature the result, favourable I hope, of these efforts. With respect to the new settlement, I am happy in being able to state, that everything there has gone on admirably well. Though much of the time the weather has been very inclement, and the settlers much exposed, still they have performed the duties with cheerfulness and are greatly encouraged. In connexion with the subject of this settlement, I may here observe that some time since, as you will remember, the Indiana Colonization Society, under authority of the Legislature of that State, proposed to purchase a tract of land in Liberia for the use of their emigrants. This land they wished in the neighbourhood of Grand Cape Mount, to be conveyed to, and held in the name of said society, and by them distributed at pleasure. It was deemed inconsistent with the policy of this Government to grant lands to any foreign body whatever; and besides there were other reasons which made it unadvisable to accede to the proposition of the society. These considerations were communicated to the Colonization Board. I have received, recently, a communication form Governor Wright, in which he admits the wisdom of the arrangements made by this Government for the settlement of emigrants. He informs me that the Legislature of Indiana has so amended the law, under which the purchase, referred to above, was authorized to be made, as to afford the Colonization Board ample power to negotiate with the Republic of Liberia for land for the use and benefit of coloured persons emigrating to this country from that State, on the best terms possible; and that the title for which to be “vested immediately in the emigrant.” It is also stated that the Indiana Colonization Board have abandoned the idea of distinct settlement; and seemed disposed to leave the location of their emigrants to the discretion of the Government, in connexion with the settlements already established. They contemplate sending a company of emigrants in the approaching autumn; and Governor Wright remarks, “Being anxious to have suitable arrangements made for them all without delay, and having such confidence in the discretion, kind feeling, and good faith of the Government of Liberia, that we do not apprehend any difficulty in arranging this matter satisfactorily, we hereby authorize you, in case your Government shall consent to sell us land for the object we have in view, at a price not exceeding one dollar per acre, to draw on John W. Lord, Esquire, agent of the State of Indiana in the city of New York, at ten days after sight, for the sum of 1,000 dollars to be placed on the books of your Treasury to the credit of the State Board of Colonization of Indiana, and returned in lands according to such agreements as shall hereafter be definitely made between said Board and the Government of Liberia.” Governor Wright’s letter contains inquiries and suggestions proper for your consideration, and will be laid before you. I have to inform the Legislature that the public works ordered by the last session, have been carried forward to the full extent of the public finances. The obstruction directed to be removed from the north-west branch of the Junk river, have been satisfactorily effected; and the navigation of that stream to its source has been rendered safe and easy. The lighthouse on Cape Mesurado is completed, and a bright light now maintained there; a commodious court-house of substantial and durable materials, has been erected in the county of Grand Bassa; bridges, connecting the settlements of Greenville, Lexington, and Louisiana, in the

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county of Sinou, have been constructed, and the public buildings generally of the several counties have received such attention and repairs as were found to be necessary to their preservation and wants. I regret to have to say that, for the want of funds, the work of the Government house has not proceeded further than to secure portions of the necessary materials for the building; and for the same reason the bridges and roads ordered to be constructed in this county have not been undertaken. Due attention has been paid to the resolution of the last session, authorizing a certain number of muskets, accoutrements, &c., to be deposited in the counties of Grand Bassa and Sinou. But in consequence of not being able to carry into effect the stipulations under which the block-houses and armories were ordered to be erected in the above named counties, these works remain the subject of your present consideration. Among the other objects, Gentlemen, of public concern, which will claim attention during your present session, none are more deserving legislative encouragement than agriculture and commerce; as well also – and perhaps at this juncture first in importance – the intellectual improvement of the people. Agriculture, being the admitted basis of individual wealth, comfort, and happiness, and of national prosperity, has hitherto been a subject of annual legislation. For its promotion many plans have been introduced; at first view, some of these appeared most feasible. But I am sorry to say that as yet not one has met public expectation. The “Act of the Legislature,” it was hoped would supply the necessary impetus to agricultural industry. But upon careful examination it has been found to contain provisions which, under present circumstances, make it almost wholly inoperative. The restrictive provisions to which I refer have been publicly canvassed, and doubtless have been revolved, again and again, in your own minds; I therefore deem it unnecessary for me to say more here than to ask for this subject your careful attention, and to recommend, if you think it compatible with the public interest, such modifications in the present Bill, as will render it practicable for the Government to procure at once the machinery needed for manufacturing sugar and cleaning coffee. And as commerce and agriculture are twin sisters, inseparable in interests, and dependent for support the one upon the other, I cannot doubt but that you will give commerce also that consideration which its importance demands. And as far as legislative action can increase its prosperity, that you will give it that encouragement, by the adoption of such liberal measures, as will tend to facilitate trade and commercial enterprise, and afford accommodation and protection to our merchants. The subject of education – so important; nay, so absolutely necessary to the stability and perpetuity of our republican institutions, and to the development of the vast resources of our country – will present itself with irresistible force upon your attention. It is a matter of thankfulness, Gentlemen, which cannot fail to impress us with feelings of profound gratitude – that our educational interest has been, and is still an object of deep concern to American philanthropists. Several Christian denominations in The United States have for years been contributing liberally to our means of mental improvement. They have been maintaining schools in various parts of the Republic for the moral, religious, and intellectual training of our youth, and but for this assistance dark, indeed, might be the prospect now before us. But happily, through these instrumentalities, much good has been effected; and thus some of our young men are being trained for usefulness, and give promise of efficiency in the various departments of Church and State. These facilities, supplied by foreign benevolence, however, are not sufficient for the educational wants of our numerous aboriginal population; nor, indeed, would it be reasonable for us to expect from abroad all the means necessary to the education of these people. We must put our shoulder to the wheel, and push forward the work of the civilization with a mighty effort. It is not only demanded by a wise policy, but it

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is our indispensable duty to use our best endeavours to reclaim these people from barbarism. I know that the improvement of the natives, within our territorial limits, is an object of deep solicitude, which has claimed the attention of successive Legislatures; and I have every reason to believe, Gentlemen, that you, too, will do all in your power to advance this object. Our relation to these people is particularly interesting. Though rude and ignorant, they are our brethren, and not to be driven out from among us; but are to be drawn within the circle of social compact – to be incorporated, not only nominally but practically into our body politic – to partake and enjoy alike with us all the blessings of civil society. How very important, then, that they be taught, by every possible means, the arts of civilization and the doctrines of Christianity. Indeed, to fit them for a national participation in the duties and blessings of human society their civilization is indispensable. Many difficulties I am aware, growing out of their deep-rooted, barbarous habits, present themselves to the attainment of this desirable result, within any very short period. The work is one of time, and its progress, in the natural order of things, necessarily gradual. But past experience has shown – though their conduct sometimes seems to dampen hope – that, by untiring perseverance and a faithful trust in Providence, it can ultimately be accomplished. Some well digested plan, which will, as speedily as possible rescue these people from their present degraded condition is due to them, to the cause of humanity, and to the honour of the Government. I, therefore, earnestly recommend that the Legislature will adopt such additional measures as may be found within their reach to extend the means of instruction in letters and the arts of civilized life, as far as possible, among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Republic; and in connection with this subject, I beg also to recommend that the Legislature will authorize the appointment, in each of the counties of the Republic, of an officer whose special duty it shall be to look after the interests of the aborigines within his respective district, to hear their complaints, to give advice and command in their business transactions, when called on for that purpose, and to represent them in all matters of dispute resulting in judicial investigation before any of the courts of the Commonwealth. In examining, as you doubtless will, into the efficiency of the various departments of the Government, you will readily perceive that the exigencies of the public service require improvement in some of them to render them more adequate to the wants of our growing community and the pressure of public business daily accumulating. The judiciary especially I would recommend to your serious deliberations. Nothing, perhaps, pertaining to civil government is more conducive to public tranquility, nor better calculated to inspire public confidence than a speedy and comprehensive administration of national justice. I may mention here an inconvenience which at present exists in relation to the mode of commencing actions against the Government for the adjustment of claims, real on imaginary, in favour of individuals. I beg, therefore, to draw your attention to the 17th section of the Bill of Rights, which provides that “suits may be brought against the Republic in such manner and in such cases as the Legislature may by law direct.” Hitherto the Legislature have provided only for the adjustment of claims involving title to lands for the Government. But other causes of complaint are, in the very nature of things, likely to arise; and as, in such contingency, citizens and others would be greatly embarrassed in respect to the course and means of obtaining redress, it is therefore the duty of the Legislature to designate, without further delay, the cases in which suits may be brought against the Government, and the manner in which they are to be conducted. I deem it to be my duty on this occasion again to invite your attention to a careful examination of our present militia organization. Another year’s experience, added to long and patient reflection, has strengthened the opinion I have heretofore expressed to the Legislature, the cause of the great inefficiency of this and of the public defense. There can be no

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question that a more efficient organization of our militia is essential to that security, which is one of the principal objects of all Governments. While we have no regular military establishment – and I could hope the day will never arrive when that shall be found necessary, but that in time to come, as in time past, we may safely rely for protection on the great body of our fellow citizens – it is important, situated as we are, in the midst of warlike savage tribes, whose favourite mode of settling all disputes is by brute force, and who are ever restless, and on the slightest occasion ready to resort to arms, as the recent occurrences at Sinou too clearly demonstrate, that the citizen soldier should be so trained as to be able to act efficiently whenever his services may be required for the defense of his country. I have great pleasure is remarking that our fellow-citizens generally, with an alacrity honourable to themselves, have always responded to the call of their country in the hour of danger, and their success in arms has been equal to their courage and their devotedness to the public service. In our early contests with the natives, however, great skill in military science, or even in ordinary tactics, was not essential. But the times have changed, and now the tribes around us are becoming expert in the use of firearms: and if by any misfortune we should be drawn into collision with any of the most powerful of these, it would be different from what it is now at Sinou; nor is it certain that we would be prepared for such emergency. It is obvious enough that but little useful knowledge is gained by the musters and drills as now established, and that the whole system requires thorough revision. In submitting this subject to your consideration, I would recommend the appointment of a board of military officers, whose experience will enable them to make some suggestions which might aid your deliberation in regard to this matter. I scarcely need advert to the occurrences which transpired during the late general election to impress upon you, Gentlemen, the necessity of remodeling the law regulating the elective franchise. Amidst the collision of party spirit, originating in speculative opinions, or in different views of administrative policy, I think I can safely say, the political creed of Liberia, without a dissenting view that can be heard, is, that the will of the people is the source and the happiness of civil society, the end of legitimate Governments; and that the best security for beneficence, and the surest guarantee against the abuse of power consist in the freedom, the purity, and the frequency of popular elections. And this is true. But it seems to be equally true that intrigue and corruption are the natural defects of elective Governments, which are to be watched with lynx-like eyes. In times of great political excitement and party frenzy. men, more or less, of all political parties, are too apt to substitute adroitness for patriotism, which always tends to degrade political morality until it finally genders into corrupt influences most pernicious to the public good. To neutralize these, requires all the force of well digested laws, made positive and explicit, and unflinchingly executed. I feel that the Legislature will do its duty in this respect, and prevent the recurrence, certainly, of the embarrassments which, for several days, have delayed the organization of the House of Representatives, and thus interrupted the progress of public business. This experience, however, clearly demonstrates the expediency of interposing such checks against frauds at elections as will maintain the purity of the ballot-box, and secure a legitimate expression of the will of the people in the choice of their officers. There is no greater truth in political economy than that the stability and perpetuity of Republican institutions depend almost exclusively on the purity of popular elections. Once let corruption and fraud be practiced with impunity on the ballot-box, and away goes popular Government, away goes civil liberty, to be substituted by anarchy, oppression, and all

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adjuncts consequent upon depraved human nature, developing only sordid interests and vile political ambition. These remarks, Gentlemen, be it understood, are not intended to convey any invidious allusion to party organization in Liberia, but are prompted, I assure you, only by an anxious desire to see those evils provided against which are too common in all free countries and too frequently practiced by thoughtless individuals of all political parties, as well in Liberia as elsewhere. Intimately connected with this, is another subject, to which I cannot refrain from inviting the attention of the Legislature. I allude to the expediency of a Naturalization Law. I am assured, Gentlemen, of the diversity of opinion, on the part of our fellow-citizens, in regard to this question, and that recently it has been the theme of much speculation throughout the country. And I have listened with much attention, and have carefully examined all the arguments I have heard adduced on both sides, but, with becoming deference to those who take an opposite view, I must say that I am more than ever before, impressed with the belief that the time has fully arrived when the peace and harmony of the community and the safety of the institutions of our country demand this protection. I think, Gentlemen, it cannot be maintained, as has been asserted, that the advocates of this measure are inimical to immigration, and entertain unfriendly feelings towards those who may have recently arrived among us. For such assertions, I am fully persuaded there can be no just foundation. But the measure is one founded upon the sound principle of national prudence – a measure adopted, as far as my knowledge goes, by all civilized nations of the earth. Yea, it seems to be, and very properly too, the cardinal principle of every Government established on the right of the people to govern themselves – a right which human experience has evidenced – can only be beneficially exercised when the training, the habit of self-government, and the general diffusion of sound morals and education among the mass of the people have given the capacity for the exercise of that right. Can it be believed that a person just coming into a country is well enough acquainted with the wants and resources of the Government to take part immediately in its management; or that, being a stranger, he would be likely to know what persons to vote for to secure the best interest of the State? Surely not. Hence, then, the principle recognized by all other Governments, and why not in Liberia?-that before a man’s right to participate in the government of the country is conferred, he shall have lived long enough in it to have become conversant with its institutions, and sufficiently imbued with their spirit as to be able to exercise the right of citizenship with benefit to himself and the community at large. This Gentlemen, is a question of no little importance to the future of Liberia; a question on which depends, in an eminent degree, the future happiness and prosperity of the people; a question, perhaps, upon which are suspended the safety and perpetuity of our Republican institution. It is a question whose bearings and relations are greater and more extensive than I will attempt to depict or describe. These, I am sure, you feel and understand without my dwelling upon them. In bringing this question to notice of the Legislature, I have done, Gentlemen, what I believe to be my imperative duty, as I am convinced in my own mind of its necessity, I now submit it to your serious and candid deliberations; only adding that, in the consideration of the subject I do hope that the Legislature will look into its merits, discarding all calculations of a political character connected with the party conflicts of the day. Legislation subjected to party influence can never be just or conducive to the public weal; nor will it long retain the sanction of the people, whose active patriotism is not bounded by party considerations, nor

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insensible to that spirit of concession and forbearance which gives life and animation to our political compact. Sensible as you are of this important fact, I am fully persuaded that you reaction, whatever it may be in regard to this question, will not be governed by party feelings or prejudices, but will be controlled by higher and purer motives, centered in the patriotic determination to promote, by every possible means, the great interests, present and future, of our yet infant but rising State. The propriety of enacting a law defining the nature and regulating the operation of promissory notes and bills of exchange has occurred to me as meriting the attention of the Legislature. It strikes me as necessary to the trading interest of our community, in business transactions promissory notes and bills of exchange are bought and sold in the markets as other property. It is, therefore, important, nay, necessary, to the protection of the merchant, that it be defined by law how far they are to be recognized as evidence of a debt, and the relation each party thereto sustains to the holder; also what forms shall be observed in protesting promissory notes and bills of exchange, and the manner of giving notice, and what rate of damages shall be allowed and paid upon the protest for non-acceptance or nonpayment. I also recommend to the consideration of the Legislature the subject of a law of descent or hereditary succession. The law of inheritance is of the highest importance in all countries, and should be relieved, as much as possible, from all ambiguity and all extraneous matters which might tend to create embarrassment and confusion. Indeed, in relation to Liberia this question is involved in great doubt and uncertainty. We find in an old biennial code of the Common wealth a law, very indefinitely describing “who shall be a man’s heirs in the colony.” But this law, obscure in its provisions and unsatisfactory in its doctrine of descent, has not been brought into the revised statutes of the Republic, and now, I believe, considered by many of our citizens as obsolete. I beg leave respectfully to remind the Legislature of a Bill which was introduced and discussed at the last session, in relation to the recording of conveyances and other documents implying titles to lands. This is matter which demands, for many reasons which I need not stop here to mention, legislative action, and I cannot too strongly recommend it, Gentlemen, to your further and more favourable consideration. I would also remind you of another subject among the unfinished business of the last session, a matter relating to a suitable remuneration to Mr. J. J. Dumont, our Consul-General at Paris, for services rendered in receiving and forwarding certain military equipment presented to the republic by the French Government. Mr. Dumont has recently been urging his demand with much earnestness, and I regret to say, with equal unreasonableness. He alleges that promises of remuneration were made by me, which I most distinctly disavow. At an early day I will lay his correspondence before you, from which you will be enabled to discover the inaccuracy of his statements. I trust, however, the Legislature will take such action in the premises as will afford him such remuneration for his services as shall be deemed equitable and proper. In averting to the subject of internal improvements, it is only necessary, perhaps, for me to observe, that I consider it encumbent on the Legislature to contribute, as far as may be found practicable, to works of public utility and the development of the national resources of the country. There are unquestionably many objects of great national importance to which the care of the Government may be beneficially applied, and perhaps the time is arrived when, among other objects which claim attention, something might be done towards the exploration of the region lying interior to our territories by which means much useful knowledge might be gained respecting the geography and healthfulness of the country interior, and of the character of the several tribes beyond us; and, at the same time, such an effort

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could not fail to promote in an important degree the commercial interests of our citizens and advance the cause of civilization. We have it, Gentlemen, constantly before our eyes that professions of superior zeal in the cause of internal improvements are loudly and earnestly put forth by candidates of all political parties in constituting the highest claim to the confidence of the people; and the people, of course, have a right to expect that this interest will receive a proper share of legislative attention. They will not, however, require more than might reasonably be accomplished with the means at the disposal of those whose duty it is to direct them. And to what extent the public finances will allow you to prosecute the measures of internal improvements, which I believe you desire to see effected, the state of the Treasury and the prospective revenue of the country for the current year can only determine. With respect to the condition of the public finance and the prospects of the revenue for another year, I am happy to be able to inform the Legislature that they are fully as favourable as could be expected, and exhibit the resources of the country is an aspect highly flattering and auspicious of the ability of the Government to prosecute with vigour the various objects of national policy where the general good may seem to demand. According to the estimation of the Treasury Department it is ascertained that the revenue of the country is steadily increasing. At an early day the Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you accounts in detail, of the transactions at the Department during the years last past; as also the estimates of appropriations necessary for the various departments of the Government during the current year. In conformity with a resolution of the last session of the Legislature, “authorizing the appointment of three responsible and competent persons to audit all unaudited accounts,” I named Messrs H. W. Dennis, W. A. Johnson, and R. L. Stryker to that duty. These gentlemen, with great strictness and perseverance, have carefully examined and compared vouchers, and audited all unaudited public accounts from the year 1851 to the close of the last fiscal year, September 30th; and I am authorized to say, that they have found the state of the public accounts satisfactory, and furnishing indubitable evidence of the accountability of the Treasury Department in relation to the public expenditures. The auditors’ report is not quite completed, but in a few days will be laid before you. The copper coin, ordered to be struck, according to the proposition of S. Gurney, Esquire, has arrived, and awaits the further order of the Legislature. I am also authorized to say, that if the amount of copper coin already received is deemed insufficient for the demand, and the Government is disposed to increase the circulation, Mr. Gurney will contribute another100l sterling, on like condition as the first, to that object. I would observe here, that the present mode of making returns of the public money falling into the hands of agents charged with its collection, especially court and military fines, is in some respects unsatisfactory; and a large amount of these, now outstanding, might be collected by a little more vigilance on the part of the officers whose duty it is to enforce payment. With a view to some reformation in these matters, I recommend the subject to the attention of the Legislature. Having, in this communication, given you a view of the present condition of the affairs of the Republic, and having presented to you the circumstances which have occurred since the last session of the Legislature, interesting to the public weal, and having recommended to your consideration such objects of public concern as I deemed sufficiently important to claim special and immediate attention, I shall avail myself of a subsequent occasion to bring to your notice some other matters of a public character which I consider interesting to the general good, and others of a private nature which I would submit to your consideration;

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among these is a matter relating to the landing of a quantity of ardent spirits at this port from the brig Haywood in April last, involving the question of refunding an amount of duties paid on said spirits – landed under a false impression of the operation of the law of the 1st of May, and which false impression it is alleged was received from the Collector of Customs. All the facts, in regard to this case, as far as they have come to my knowledge, will in due time be transmitted to the Legislature. Gentlemen, as the period retiring from office is near at hand, and this being the last occasion which will occur to me of addressing both Houses of the Legislature at the commencement of their meeting, I cannot close this communication without recording here an expression of my sincere gratitude for many indulgencies I have received from time to time at the hands of this branch of the Government, and the same grateful acknowledgments are due for the repeated proofs of confidence manifested towards me by my fellow citizens generally, whose support and encouragement have sustained me in the discharge of the arduous and responsible duties which have devolved upon me in the management of their public affairs. In directing these I cannot have escaped error; it is incident to imperfect nature. One thing, however, consoles me that in whatever it has been my lot to commit errors, they have been the result of my weak understanding, and not of intention. To administer impartial justice; to maintain the honour of the Government, and the rights of my fellow-citizens; and to advance the true interests of Liberia, have been my constant aim, and the motives which prompted every action of my public life. My thanks are also due to all the officers of the Government who have been intimately associated with me in the administration of public affairs, and I beg to be permitted on this occasion to tender to them my grateful acknowledgments for their co-operation and assistance accorded to me on all occasions, and under all circumstances, however trying or embarrassing. I now, Gentlemen, commend you to the guidance of Almighty God, with full reliance on his merciful providence for the maintenance of our free institutions, and with earnest supplication that He will direct you in all your deliberations on the topics of general interest to which I have adverted, and such others as your more extensive knowledge of the wants of the people may suggest. Recollecting always that it becomes us to cherish a devout gratitude to that Divine Providence whose goodness has been so remarkably extended to this infant but rising nation, and to implore from the same omnipotent source a blessing on the consultations and measures about to be undertaken for the welfare of our common country, and the prosperity and happiness of our fellow citizens. To this end I earnestly entreat that in all your deliberations and counsels you will cultivate a spirit of harmony and unanimity of action, laying aside, if such there be, all sectional or other considerations not compatible with the general weal; and, with common zeal and common efforts, cheerfully co-operate in the adoption of such measures as will promote the supreme good of our beloved Liberia. J.J. Roberts. Government House, Monrovia, December 20, 1855

Stephen Allen Benson II President of Liberia: 1856–1864

Annual Message to the Legislature December 3, 1856 To the Honorable Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: The period having arrived at which the law of this Republic makes it my duty to meet you, it affords me great pleasure to do so, for the purpose of making representation to your honorable department, of the foreign and domestic affairs of this Republic; as also of recommending such public measures, as I have deemed expedient under existing circumstances. We have great cause to feel profoundly grateful to the Father of all our mercies, for his preserving care and direction of us and our public affairs through the course of another year, which has been marked by difficulties and dangers of no ordinary nature. The ushering in of my administrative term, was a juncture fraught with many disadvantages and discouragements. About six weeks previously, at a time when this government, and especially that county, were ill prepared for such an event, a most distressing civil war had broken out between the Americo-Liberians of Sinoe county, and the aboriginal tribes, known as the Grand and Little Butaw, the Sinoe and the Blue Barree tribes inhabiting said county which, for some time, threatened the extinction of our settlements in that section of this Republic. Three of the interior settlements had been abandoned, and two others partly destroyed by the flames of the enemy, were but feebly occupied as outer stations. The crops were nearly all destroyed: all inland communication, and consequently such supplies as the country usually afforded, were cut off; thus suddenly rendering four-fifths of the AmericoLiberians in that interesting county entirely dependent on charity for food and raiment, at a time when foreign and domestic provisions were more than fifty per cent higher than usual; so that the extinction of the settlements in that interesting county by war and its concomitants seemed inevitable, and was pretty generally apprehended. But we have great cause to feel grateful, that Divine Providence has mercifully dispelled during the year, most of the clouds that presented such a portentous aspect, and has measurably caused a genial and encouraging sunshine of security, prosperity, independence, and contentedness to ensue. The military campaign authorized and requested by you, at the last session, to be put on foot, for the purpose of chastising the aggressive tribes of Sinoe county, and for the protection of our settlements there, has been faithfully and effectually prosecuted under the able command of General John N. Lewis. The first regiment (Col. Payne) sailed from this port on the 26th of January; and the second regiment (Col. J. D. Washington) From Grand Bassa, on the 24th of the same month for Sinoe, where they were joined by the third regiment; (Col. S. Dickerson,) and took up the line of march on the 31st, to operate against the Grand and Little Butaw, the Sinoe and Blue Barre tribes, and by the 23d of February, had inflicted such a chastisement, as was necessary to carry out the object contemplated by the act; and on the 26th February embarked for home, having sustained very little numerical loss. In the prose-

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cution of that campaign, (which, properly speaking, was but the suppression of an insurrection of heathens,) the policy was to adhere as closely as possible that humane principle in international law, which enjoins “To do the enemy as little harm and as much good in time of war, as may under existing circumstances, accord with a sound discretion.” Considering gentlemen, the relation we sustain to aboriginal Liberia, our great duties, responsibilities, and brilliant hopes, with respect to their future social, political, and religious welfare, it was generally regretted that measures so revolting to our feelings had to be resorted to for our own, as well as their safety and benefit. The great pressure of business consequent upon the incipiency of my administrative term, prevented my revisiting Sinoe after the return of the troops, until the 11th of June, when I was happy to find that Judge Murray, associated with commissioners, had, on the ninth, two days previously, concluded a satisfactory peace in Greenville with the Grand and Little Butaw tribes; and during my stay there, I succeeded on terms mutually satisfactory, in negotiating peace with the Bleu Barree and Sinoe chiefs, who met me in the court house at Greenville for that purpose.-Copies of the terms of peace will be duly laid before the Honorable, the Senate, in which it will appear that reasonable indemnities were exacted of them; reparations sufficiently stringent, when taken in connection with the chastisement they had already received, to cause them to reflect seriously in the future before perpetuating similar aggressions; and from their general expressions of regret, exhibitions of humility, and solemn promises of future good behavior and loyalty, I cannot doubt, if a judicious course I observed by the Americo-Liberians, that that county will rest from war at least a score of years, if not perpetually. In order, however, to contribute to the perpetuation of peace, I advise that provision be made, so soon as our pecuniary circumstances will allow, for putting the settlements there, as well as elsewhere, within the Republic, in a sate of defense. A great number of our fellow citizens inhabiting that county have long since returned to their deserted villages and homes with new life and zeal, and are praiseworthily laying the foundation of a permanent prosperity and independence. During my visit to Sinoe, I dispatched Capt. Crayton via Butaw, with friendly assurances to Joe Weah, an interior chief, with whom for many years we have been on the most friendly terms; the obstruction of whose intercourse to our settlements by the Butaws, who had been waging war against him for several years for that purpose, has proved very retarding for the prosperity of our settlements for years; and the interposition of this government so as to establish free intercourse, contributed in a great measure to the assumption, by the Butaw tribes, of the late hostile attitude towards us. These friendly assurances were cordially reciprocated by Joe Weah and tribes contiguous, and a proposition was made by him, and an understanding had, that, as former obstructions were now removed, a good road be opened from our settlements to his town; in the prosecution of which he pledged the co-operation of his people. It is said by those who have visited it, to be a healthy, fertile, well-watered and timbered country, furnishing an abundance of rice at all seasons, and with contiguous sections abounding with many valuable commodities. I visited Grand Cape Mount early in May, for the purpose of regulating matters at Robertsport, as well as to bring about a cessation of hostilities among the seaboard tribes of that country. I am happy to inform you that I succeeded in making peace between the two principal belligerents, George Cane and Far Forney; and the long obstructed intercourse between them was re-opened and has not been obstructed since: both chiefs have since died, the former last month, and the latter during the month of June. The term of the enlistment of the volunteers to Robertsport having expired on the first of April, they had become discouraged by the impoverished state of the country induced by constant war and their discouragement was augmented by their continued disappointment, in

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an accession by immigration; but I could not for a moment entertain the idea of an abandonment of that promising settlement, after so large an expenditure by government for its establishment. I had, therefore, to assume the responsibility of continuing their rations for four months beyond the original term of enlistment, by which time, I indulged the hope that the settlement would be strengthened by immigration, with the understanding that they remain there as permanent settlers. I also assured them, should circumstances require them to be called into actual service up there this year, I had no doubt that you would authorize their adequate compensation. Though it is possible, we may find it necessary at some future day, to chastise some of the more interior tribes of that section of the country, for persisting in the prosecution of their predatory wars, on which they have so long depended for livelihood, yet for the present, it is a very highly gratifying fact, that peace so generally prevails within our borders, and that the aborigines are manifestly increasing in their respect for, and loyalty to this government; and are encouragingly progressing in those principles of civilization that are destined to elevate them to social and religious blessings as well as to national greatness. During the month of March, I sent up a surveyor to lay out the city of Robertsport, who returned in the month of May, with a certificate from the General Superintendent, stating that four hundred and sixteen lots had been laid off. I am happy to say, that about one hundred of the immigrants by the Elvira Owen were landed there early in September, under the supervision of the Rev. John Seys, Special Agent of the American Colonization Society; and one of the fine commodious receptacles brought out by the same vessel, has been erected at that place for the accommodation of successive companies of immigrants. The volunteers and immigrants have drawn their town lots, and are praiseworthily converting that wilderness into civilized habitations. I know of no seaboard settlement in Liberia possessing more and greater advantages. As it was deemed advisable that the farms be apportioned of lands up the country, which can be reached by ascending the bay and river, I have deferred their assignment until such time as the present settlement shall have acquired sufficient numerical force for self-protection; meanwhile there is sufficient public land contiguous to Robertsport, that the settlers can cultivate for the present with more convenience, profit and safety. I beg to invite your attention to the propriety of making suitable provisions for the administration and government of the local affairs at Cape Mount. In case you are pleased to constitute it a distinct county, in compliance with the petition of its inhabitants, and will invest it with the usual county officers and organizations, then my duty will be plain, but should it not be made a separate county, then it will be necessary for you to make special provisions for the administration and government of their local affairs, so as to obviate in some degree, the great inconvenience and expense that would in such case result from their being so distant from the county seat, and the poor facilities for communication and transportation. In either case, I advise that you constitute Robertsport a port of entry and delivery. The Rev. John Seys, well known as a devoted Christian missionary for a long time in Liberia, arrived in the ship Elvira Owen in the month of August, as Special Agent of the American Colonization Society; and among other important duties, he is charged with the mission, by permission of this government, of making exploration interior, for the purpose of selecting a suitable locality for the formation of an interior settlement, with a view of testing the comparative healthiness of our seaboard and interior in the acclimation of immigrants. This laudable enterprise was originated some years ago, by the New Jersey Colonization Society; but circumstances have prevented its prosecution hitherto. I am sanguine that its prosecution under well considered and judicious provisions meets your cordial approbation – and as this government has not as yet, to my knowledge, formally signified its concur-

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rence in the measure, I beg to invite your attention to it at this session. I have already advised the Society of the propriety of a sufficient expenditure by them, in order to provide adequately for the security of said settlement. I shall be pleased to carry out any recommendation of yours in this matter. I beg to invite your attention, at an early day of your session, to the communication of the 19th of April, 1855, addressed to the President of this Republic, by Governor Wright, President of the State Board of Colonization of Indiana, in reference to their procurement of land in Liberia, at a fixed price, for the purpose of making additional grants to immigrants from that State, to the quantity of land allowed immigrants by the existing laws of Liberia; as also soliciting information on other important matters connected with the future operations of said Society. As the operations of the Board have no doubt been retarded in consequence of your action on that communication not having been consummated at your last session, and as reply will be awaited with some anxiety, at an early day after this commencement of your session, I beg that you will give it your earliest attention. I have also to invite your attention to the matter in dispute between the ex-collector of customs of this port, and Capt. Josiah Webber, of Salem, Mass., U.S.A., in reference to an amount of duties he was required to pay on a quantity of ardent spirits landed in this Republic after the first day of May, 1855, on which he claims to have paid duties previously, under the operation of the law immediately preceding that date and he now asks a refundment of the last amount paid; and as this can be done only by a physical act of yours, I believe that the subject will receive such attention and action as justice demands. As this matter was submitted to you at the last session, and remains among the unfinished business, you are in possession of the documents connected therewith. In the month of August, there were furnished by the Secretary of State, to H.B.M. Government, on official application, the tariff of this Republic, also the value of the different foreign coins circulating within the same. The latter, in the absence of any statute fixing their value, were based upon usage. I advise the regulation of their value within this Republic by law at this session, so as to secure a legal uniformity in their valuation throughout the State. I also beg, that you will constitute the copper coin, procured by this government, partly through the beneficence of the late lamented S. Gurney, Esq., a legal tender of this Republic; and that you will authorize the issue and circulation of such an amount of the engraved bills of this Republic, as you may deem accordant with a sound policy under existing circumstances. I have to call your attention to the “bounty land bill,” which passed both houses nearly at the close of your last session; the which, from some objectionable features and provisions, was not approved. Without adverting to all I consider objectionable in it, I will simply invite your attention to the fact, that the act actually places it out of the power of its intended beneficiaries to dispose of their bounty lands, in case they wish to do so which I cannot believe to have been the intention of the framers of the bill, but was an oversight, through the great pressure and hurry at the time of its passage. This feature would render at least two-thirds of the claims entirely unavailing to the claimants, for reasons too manifest to need mentioning here. I beg, therefore, your reconsideration of the bill, and that you make such amendments as will carry out more satisfactorily, the very commendable object contemplated. I have also to recommend the passage of a law defining citizenship of this Republic; that is, as to what shall constitute one a citizen of this Republic; as well as making provisions for carrying the same into effect. The passage of such a law should not be delayed longer, if we would obviate serious difficulties, not only among ourselves, but with foreign powers; a warning against which, we have had this year, in the attempt of the notorious A.T. Woods. I have to further recommend, that you so amend the act entitled “An act authorizing

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the appointment of surveyors for each county, and defining their duties,” approved January 30th, 1855, as to require persons who may order land surveyed through the Land Commissioner, to pay the expense of surveying the same, provided the person thus ordering does not appear and have the said land sold at the succeeding Quarterly Court; and that the Land Commissioner be authorized to adopt such measures, as will insure its prompt and immediate collection. The increase of cases of larceny within the Republic the last two years manifestly proves, that the statutory provision made for its punishment, approved January 9th, 1854, are not sufficiently stringent. – The bare requisition of fourfold if detected, will likely always prove a temptation to the committal of such acts, by the dishonest, acute speculator if the thief can satisfy himself, that the chances of his escape are good for five out of six, he will be encouraged to prosecute the business for a livelihood. It is highly important, gentlemen, that the law at once be made more effective, so as to timely check this growing evil. I have to request your authorization of the appointment of one or more discreet persons in each county, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine such native complaints and misunderstandings, as are usually referred to the chief executive; and that you define the duties and jurisdiction of these officers, as well as the compensation of such of them, as may not be the regularly appointed general superintendents of counties. And as the aborigines living adjacent to our settlements perform no public duty, nor contribute otherwise directly to the support of the government; and as they claim and receive the protection of this government, which on an average, spends thousands of dollars annually, settling their misunderstandings, one with another, and in affording them protection, I therefore recommend, that a reasonable tax be imposed on them, to assist in defraying these expenses and that you define and authorize the organization of a system that will promptly and effectually secure the desired object. Gentlemen, I have also to invite your attention, in a somewhat cursory manner, to the propriety of making the following amendments and additions to the judiciary code. I deem it unnecessary to offer any arguments in commendation of them, as they will no doubt readily commend themselves to your experienced and discriminating judgments. 1st. A law defining the method by which suit shall be brought against this government – wide 17th section of the bill of rights. 2d. A law of descent, or hereditary succession. 3d. A law requiring, within a given time, the public record or conveyances and other documents involving title to land, in order to their validity. 4th. A law providing for a more efficient organization of the militia of this Republic. It affords me great pleasure to communicate to you, that nothing has occurred during the year to interrupt the tranquility of our foreign relations; and so far as I am cognizant, the most friendly feelings subsist between this government and all nations. This very desirable state of things has been greatly contributed to by the very commendable deportment of the foreign functionaries residing in the Republic, who, while they have zealously guarded the interest of their respective governments, have so demeaned themselves, as to have secured the confidence, respect, and best feelings of this government. In the month of June, Dr. J. Z. Forney, Esq., arrived in this city, bearing a commission of United States Commercial Agent for Monrovia, and parts adjacent; and was received by this government in the month of July, after the requisite correspondence and understanding were had with him. Any further information, gentlemen, you may require with respect to this matter, will be duly laid before you.

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I have the pleasure of informing you, that ratifications of the Hanseatic treaty were exchanged in London, by G. Ralston, Esq., on behalf of this government, on the 13th of May; copies of which have been duly received at the State department. In the month of April last, the Hon, H. H. Roberts, intending to make a visit to Europe, was commissioned charge de affairs of this government, accredited near the court of His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of France; and having been duly recognized by that magnanimous nation, was enabled through his efficient ministry, to make such representations of the character, object, and claims of this infant Republic, as could not fail to make a true and favorable impression. His Majesty, true to that magnanimity and benevolence that have hitherto characterized his reign, entertained up to the date of the last advise from our minister, his wonted feelings of friendship towards this infant Republic, and evinced a disposition to contribute to his welfare. The special duties with which our minister was charged, were to exchange ratifications of the French treaty; to procure of the French government the first of the promised small vessel of war, and to adjust and settle the claims of our Consul General at Paris. I regret that he has not been able to consummate the prosecution of all these duties timely, for me to make full report to you of the issue, at this commencement of your session. I have the gratification, however, of informing you that he succeeded in settling the claims made on this government by our Consul General a Paris, by the payment of two hundred and fifty dollars in addition to the thousand dollars appropriated for that purpose at your last session, of which I beg your approval. – Through the kindness of Mr. Woermann, of Hamburgh, the thousand uniforms presented by the French government have been shipped for this city, and are daily expected. I am happy to inform you, that on the arrival of the Elvira Owen, I received, through the agency of the American Colonization Society, a valuable library, with surgical instruments and human skeleton, (constituting nine cases,) which were bequeathed to this Republic by the late lamented Dr. Kittredge, of Portsmouth, N.H., who, I learn, has been Liberia’s unswerving friend for many years. This bequest is value at five thousand dollars, and I am sure, will ever be gratefully remembered, and duly appreciated by this government. I also received early in the year, from Liberia’s unrivaled and well known benefactor, Benjamin Coates, Esq., a large and beautiful lithographic picture of the Senate of the United States in 1850, which he kindly presents to the Honorable, the Senate of this Republic. It gives me great pleasure to be able to state further, that through the instrumentality of the Rev. A. Crummell, who communicated with friends in the United States on that subject, an amount has been generously contributed for the erection of a library building in this city; and he is fully authorized by the donors to commence the same so soon as procurement of a lot for that purpose can be made of government. The Rev. gentlemen, accordingly, made application to me for a lot nearly four months ago; and in course of conversation it occurred to me, that notwithstanding he is not as yet advised as to their plans relative to the control and management of the library, yet, as it cannot be reasonably supposed, that it will be simply the product of benevolent heart for the general good of Liberia, you would readily allow its erection on the corner, or some other spot of the government square, as being the most convenient and suitable place. I will, at an early day, transmit to you a copy of the Rev. gentleman’s communication with me on the subject; and as the work has been delayed several months for the purpose of procuring y our formal consent to its erection there, I am sanguine, gentlemen, that you have not the least disposition to retard a moment longer, an enterprise so very laudable – so very pregnant with blessings to the present, as well as future generations of this Republic.

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I have the gratification to inform you, that in conformity to an act entitled “An act authorizing the settling of land difficulties in the settlement of Caldwell, and survey of lands in all the settlements of this Republic, where difficulties exist,” approved January 28th, 1855, I have succeeded, through the obliging disposition and efficient services of the Hon. D. B. Warner, Secretary of State, in settling the most intricate land difficulties at Clay Ashland and vicinity, and have made new assignments to most of those who have been ousted by the adjustment. I also appointed two commissioners for Caldwell in September, as provided in the said act, who finished their labors and issued the necessary certificates by the first of October; and the surveyor has been employed more than a fortnight re-surveying that township, and surveying the farm lands to be apportioned, agreeable to the provisions of the said act. I also have the gratification of communicating to you, that in conformity to an act entitled “An act authorizing a just appointment of land to be surveyed for the citizens at New Georgia,” approved January 30th, 1855, I have had eighty-seven farms, comprising four hundred and ninety-eight acres, land off in the vicinity of New Georgia; and apportionments have been made to those New Georgians who were found deficient to the quantity to which they were by law entitled. I made the effort, as soon I could this year, to have your resolution executed, which passed at your last session, authorizing and requesting the compilation of the laws of the Republic, including those of that session, together with our treaties, &c. &c. I am happy to say that Major Erskine whose services I was fortunate to secure as compiler, is progressing finely. I have contracted to have a thousand copies printed, one-third of which have already passed through the press; and unless the work be delayed by your order, so as to include the laws of this session in the volume, the entire printing will have been finished before the close of this session. I have also to state, that the counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe stand very much in need of a jail, each. The expense to government of renting private apartments in the County of Grand Bassa, in which to keep prisoners, almost amounts to a sufficient sum in two years to erect a suitable jail. I solicit your appropriation of moderate amounts for the erection of those two buildings, and that you authorize the sale of the present public building that is used as a jail in Greenville, in case I shall find it advisable. The subject of education should by no means escape attention, though I can promise only a cursory notice of it on this occasion. I am happy to say that there is no abatement of benevolence and zeal on the part of our foreign friends, to assist in adequately providing for our educational interests; and we should, as a people, feel very grateful, and entertain the kindest feelings towards the foreign teachers residing within this Republic, who with much sacrifice of health, as well as of domestic and social enjoyment, are praiseworthily laboring for the moral and intellectual improvement of our youth. It is also very gratifying to know that some of the schools now in operation, and in contemplation, are to be conducted on the manual labor system: a system of operation that has been hitherto a great desideratum. While being so very liberally assisted by foreign benevolence, it occurs to me that it is not only a wise policy, until the imperative duty of this government, to support at least a good common school in each of our settlements, and to compel parents and guardians to give their children and wards no less than a definite number of years schooling. I regret that the state of our finances does not justify, at this session, the recommendation to any extent of such measures as I deem best promotive of our agricultural interest. It is however a very gratifying fact, that an increased interest has awakened this year in that important department. This is manifest in the increased extent, as well as systematical ar-

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rangement, of a number of the farms within the state, which has been induced to a great extent by the importation of increased facilities for cultivation and manufacturing. I will venture, however to recommend the appropriation of two or three hundred dollars, to assist in defraying the expense of holding a national fair next December, in the government square of this city; as also to assist in awarding premiums to the best producers. I have no doubt that this measure will prove the incipient step to the formation of state agricultural society by our enterprising citizens, having its county auxiliaries, and holding its regular annual fairs; and thus, in imitation of the enterprising citizens of other civilized nations, encouraging one another, inciting a commendable sprit of rivalry, as well as dispensing throughout the state such useful information as will powerfully tell upon the interests of this rising Republic. In connection with this subject, I am happy to say , that some of our enterprising citizens organized themselves into a company this year for the purpose of facilitating intercourse and transportation to and from the interior, by opening roads – which they purpose, I learn, to be conducted under well digested plans and regulations. This enterprise, if judiciously and energetically prosecuted, cannot fail to rapidly promote our commercial and agricultural interest, as well as greatly conduce to the spread of civilization and Christianity to the interior tribes. I am sanguine that this company, when duly recognized by you, will receive such countenance and encouragement as a wise policy shall dictate. The organization of some well digested and effective system, by which unobstructed intercourse to and from the wealthy sections of our interior might be secured, has hitherto been a desideratum. The principal barrier has been a want of means for opening a highway, and for the adequate compensation of discreet and enterprising agents, to be located at suitable points, and to itinerate as occasion may require, for the purpose of carrying out the very humane and laudable provision contained in the 15th section of the 5th article of the constitution of this Republic, which recognizes as a cherished object of this government the improvement of the native tribes, their advancement in the arts of agriculture and husbandry; and which provides that the President shall appoint discreet persons to make periodical tours among them, for the purpose of calling their attention to and instructing them in those wholesome branches of industry, so soon as the legislature can make provision for that purpose by the appropriation of money. Without mentioning other valuable commodities of our interior, I invite your attention to the one article of cotton. It is an unquestionable fact, that our interior tribes manufacture hundreds of thousands of domestic cloths annually, which must consume several millions pounds of raw cotton; thousands of these cloths, through much difficulty, find their way down to the seaboard annually; but if the communication was kept open, and they could be assured of a safe transit, and were encouraged by discreet and influential agents to increased cultivation of that useful article, in a very few years, millions of pounds would be brought down annually and exported; as also would other valuable commodities find their way down. Gentlemen, you will perhaps pardon me for being so sanguine and apparently enthusiastic on this subject, when I inform you, that I can well remember when not a thousand gallons of palm oil were to be bought annually on the entire line of coast (400 miles) between Shebar and Cape Palmas; but by encouragement it has long since increased to an annual exportation of a million of gallons. Equally rapid has the ground-nut trade increased by encouragement, within a few years, in Sierra Leone; and it is well known, that the natives of the interior are more industrious, ingenious, intelligent and friendly than the seaboard tribes. This is a subject that cannot fail to interest the Christian and commercial world; and I hope the mere outline of facts I have attempted, will induce such inquiry and investigation on the part of the speculator and philanthropist, as will not only lead to the discovery of facts far more

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interesting than those I have stated, but to such a tangible manifestation of that interest as will, through the instrumentality of this government, happily subserve the cause of commerce, civilization and Christianity on this continent. Gentlemen, I have next to perform the very painful duty of announcing to you, that both Church and State have sustained almost irreparable loss in the deceases of several distinguished citizens since your last session: – Hon. George R. Ellis, senator for this county; the Hon. Ex-Senator Charles Henry, and Col. James D. Washington, of Grand Bassa County; and the Hon. Judge Murry, of Sinoe County; have all been taken away from us within the course of the last three months. No eulogy from me is necessary to elevate your estimate of their character and worth. The loss of them is regarded by all who were acquainted with them, as a great national calamity, and their praise will stand forth in living characters upon the pages of our national history. Gentlemen, I beg to bring my communication to a close, after I shall have stated that the past was of necessity a year of unprecedented expense to this government; and which has been keenly felt in the pecuniary pressure that obtained throughout the state. Had it not been for the expenditure of government for the formation of a settlement at Grand Cape Mount, and two or three other expenditures not properly belonging to the current expenses, the expense of the Sinoe war could have been met without embarrassment; but having all these expenses to meet, in addition to the current expenses, without the aid of a dollar from aboard in our great emergency, it is but reasonable to suppose, that under such circumstances, government would have been embarrassed in its operations. I am happy, however, to be able to inform you that the hasty apprehensions of some, as to the inextricability of this government from its present liabilities, shorter than three or four years, are unfounded in fact: of which you will be satisfied by the very concise statement I now proceed to give, of the receipts and disbursements of government for the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1856. The Secretary of the Treasury will at an early day of your session, submit for your inspection and further information, full and detailed accounts to the same; which will also be published in a suitable, condensed form. Receipts……………………$42,644.44 Disbursements……………..$59,349.76 Excess of Disbursements…..$16,705.32 It is proper that I should state for your information that the sum of $14,000, for the rent and purchase of a President’s Mansion, is included in the above disbursements; which, if subtracted – it being payable in annual installments of $1,000 – would leave an excess of about 3,000 above the receipts. As before stated, this amount of $14,000, was during the year reduced to $9,000, which we hope to be able to cancel this year, so as to avoid nine years’ interest. It is also very gratifying to me to be able to communicate, to you, that the revenue of the last fiscal year has advanced twenty-five per cent on that of the preceding; thus evidently showing an encouraging increase of our commerce amidst the troublesome and pressing times of the year, and which is but another indication of the special interposition of Divine Providence in our emergencies. Though we have reason to believe that our commerce and revenue will continue to increase gradually, yet, gentlemen, as there is so much that can be profitably done by government if in possession of the requisite means, and as the Executive is usually charged by your honorable department with the annual prosecution of so many responsible, important, and expensive duties, the prompt execution of which is expected by the public, for the fact that appropriations are made to meet these expenses, yet as there are seldom adequate ways and means devised to raise the amount of these annual appropriations, I beg particularly to invite your

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attention to this subject at this session, so that in the future, the ways and means devised for raising the annual revenue, will harmonize with the annual appropriations. Indulging the hope as I do, that the public finances will be in a more healthy condition during the present fiscal year than they were the last, and as a consequence, there will be a diminution of my cares and anxieties, I will no doubt have more time, and be better prepared to give the subject of Ways and Means, as also kindred subjects, more thought; which, with the aid of increased experience, may enable me at a future period, to render you efficient aid in the performance of this important part of your work. Will you now permit me, gentlemen, to assure you, that you shall have my cordial cooperation for the dispatch of the very important business of the session; and I sincerely hope that you will be so endowed with wisdom, and every other divine qualification, as that your session will prove harmonious and profitable: a session that will be highly creditable to yourselves, and satisfactory to your constituents; and thus effect great honor upon our country in particular, and our race in general. Stephen Allen Benson Government House, Monrovia, Dec. 3. 1856

Special Message to the Legislature April 6, 1857 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives. Since the close of your session on the seventh of February of this year, circumstances of an extraordinary nature have arisen, involving the political, as well as other interests of this Republic, which make it highly necessary for me to convene the Legislature, conformably to the provisions of our fundamental law. In conformity with the Act of the Legislature, entitled “An Act providing for the relief of the State of Maryland in Liberia,” approved the 7th of February, 1857, which authorized and requested the President of this Republic – in compliance with the request made of this government, by the government of the State of Maryland in Liberia for aid of men and means – to organize and dispatch to that State, a sufficient military force to act as allies, for the purpose of assisting that government in suppressing the hostile tribes constituting a portion of its aboriginal inhabitants, and in restoring peace, I have the honor to inform you, that on the eleventh of that month, a force of one hundred and fifteen men, officers inclusive, under the command of Major General Roberts, embarked from this city for that State on board of the fine ship Mary Cardine Stevens owned by the American Colonization Society, and which was kindly tendered for that purpose by James Hall Esq., M.D., who at the time was most opportunely on a visit to this Republic – and were safely landed at the place of destination on the sixteenth of that month. I have also to inform you, that agreeably to the said Act, which authorized the procurement of a loan by this government for the purpose of assisting in carrying out the provisions of the Act, a loan of five thousand dollars was obtained through the kindness of Dr. James Hall, general agent of Maryland State Colonization Society, to be refunded in annual installments of five hundred dollars with six per cent interest. General Roberts was also vested with ministerial powers agreeably to the provision of the said Act, to negotiate and arrange the terms on which the troops of this Republic should operate as an ally in that Sate. The necessity of creating such a commission would have been

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superseded in a great measure, in case that government had accompanied its application for and of men and means with the presence of a Commissioner, so as to have arranged all necessary preliminaries. In consonance with the spirit, and intent of the Act, our Commissioner was instructed to operate only defensively with the allies, until renewed efforts had been employed to negotiate a substantial peace between the belligerents; and in case of failure in these negotiations, then to operate offensively, after the government of the State of Maryland in Liberia had executed to this government, acceptable bonds of reimbursement within a reasonable time for all expenses incurred in rendering the desired aid. While negotiations of peace were pending, a treaty of friendship, offensive and defensive, and of indemnification, was concluded (on the 19th of February,) between the Republic of Liberia and the State of Maryland in Liberia, with was ratified by the Senate on the 20th of that month; and a bond was executed in favor of this twenty thousand dollars, with the provision, that only the actual amount that had been, and might be expended by this government for aforesaid purposes, should be refunded when accurately ascertained. These documents read as follows: Treaty of Friendship-Offensive and Defensive between the Republic of Liberia and the State of Maryland in Liberia. Whereas serious difficulties have arisen between the government of the State of Maryland in Liberia and certain of the aboriginal Tribes of the Cape Palmas district, and whereas the Government of the State of Maryland in Liberia – through its Executive acting under authority of an act of the General Assembly of the said State of Maryland in Liberia, passed January 26th 1857 – having applied to the Government of the Republic of Liberia for material and in the supply of munitions of war and whereas the Legislature of the Republic aforesaid penetrated with the necessity of affording prompt and efficient aid to a sister State and of putting an end to the sanguinary contest, which exposes the lives and property of the inhabitants of the State or Maryland in Liberia to the ravages of a savage foe: and animated by the desire of stopping the further effusion of blood and of arresting the evils of all kinds, which might arise from the continuance of such a state of things – have by an act approved February 8th in 1857; authorized the President of the Republic of Liberia to adopt measures for the formation of a armed military force – offensive and defensive – of volunteers to be raised in the said Republic of Liberia in settling the difficulties now passing between the said state, and those of the aboriginal inhabitants who are hostile within its jurisdiction; and in reestablishing peace and confidence, which are called for as much by the laws of humanity, as by the interests of all civilized communities on this coast; and whereas the President of the Republic of Liberia, by the Legislative act aforesaid, is authorized and directed to assume the expense of maintenance and payment of the Troops employed, and of the munitions of war supplied to the Government of Maryland in Liberia, for the purpose aforesaid – and as a means of doing so, the President of the Republic aforesaid being authorized so to do – has borrowed money on the faith and credit of the Government of Republic of Liberia – which money, as far as applied to the defense of the State of Maryland in Liberia in emoluments to volunteers, and the supply of munitions of war, is to be reimbursed to the Government of the Republic of Liberia by the said State of Maryland in Liberia: Therefore, His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Liberia, and His Excellency the Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia being desirous to regulate, by a formal

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Treaty, the conditions of which the Troops of the Republic of Liberia are to serve the State of Maryland in Liberia, in its present emergency, as well also to settle the mode and manner by which the state of Maryland in Liberia will reimburse to the Government of the Republic of Liberia the amount of money expended or other considerations granted by the said Government for the Military assistance rendered in conformity with the Legislature act aforesaid: The President of the Republic of Liberia has, for this purpose, named as his commissioner, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a citizen of the Republic of Liberia &c. &c; and the Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia having named as his commissioner Joseph Thomas Gibson a citizen of the State of Maryland in Liberia to conclude such a Treaty the said commissioners after having communicated to each other their respective powers, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles. Art 1. The Troops of the Republic of Liberia, appointed by the President of the said Republic on the service aforesaid, shall co-operate in all military operations, whether offensive or defensive, as hereafter stipulated, with the Government of the State of Maryland in Liberia in the defense of the said State of Maryland and in bringing to just and amicable terms of peace, the aboriginal tribes now hostile to the said State of Maryland in Liberia. Art. 2 In all cases the Troops of the Republic of Liberia shall be commanded by their own regimental and Company officers; Nevertheless when said Troops are concentrated with the Troops of the State of Maryland in Liberia, and acting together in line or otherwise, the senior General, Regimental, or Company Officers present – whether bearing a commission of the Republic of Liberia or of the State of Maryland in Liberia – shall assume the command of the whole allied force. Art. 3. While it is understood that the individuals composing the military force supplied by the Government of the Republic of Liberia are subject to the civil laws of the State of Maryland in Liberia, and may be adjudged accordingly for any and all unlawful offenses committed by them or any one of them, within the jurisdiction of the said State of Maryland In Liberia; it is also understood and stipulated that the said Troops shall be subject to the military laws of their own Government only, and shall be tried for all military offenses by Court Martial composed of officers appointed by their own commander; and shall be punished according to the finding of such Court Martial, if approved by the commander, and in no other way. Art. 4. The President of the Republic of Liberia, and the Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia wishing to maintain concert and harmony of action in the measures necessary to be adopted for restoring peace – and as martial law has been proclaimed and is now in force in the State of Maryland in Liberia, it is deemed desirable and is hereby agreed and stipulated that the plans of operations against the enemy, and the measures for restoring peace shall be entrusted to a commission composed of His Excellency the Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia; the Commander of the force of the Republic of Liberia Dr. James Hall Agent of Maryland Colonization Society, and four other Gentleman, to be named respectively by His Excellency the Governor, and the Commander of the Troops of the Republic of Liberia. Art. 5. The State of Maryland in Liberia hereby solemnly pledges itself to reimburse to the Government of the Republic of Liberia all moneys or money value which may have been expended or granted by the said Government of the Republic of Liberia in the defense of the said State of Maryland in Liberia in its present emergency; – For the faithful performance of which, Bonds shall be executed by the said state of Maryland in Liberia, signed by the Secretary of State and countersigned by the Governor; the stipulations of which shall be faithfully performed. As the actual amount expended, or to be expended by the government of

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the Republic of Liberia in the defense aforesaid, cannot now be ascertained, the Bonds aforesaid, shall be executed in the sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars. In case of such disagreements, as to any time or items of charge or charges the said commissioners shall be approved without unreasonable delay, and they shall convene as soon as practicable, in the City of Monrovia to consider and adjust the accounts which may be submitted to them, in case of disagreement between the commissioners in regard to any item or items of charge or charges, they shall be authorized to call in an Umpire, whose decision shall be accepted as final. As possibly the amount for which the aforesaid Bonds are executed may be greater than the amount actually expended by the Government of the Republic for the purposes aforesaid, it is hereby agreed and understood, that when the amount actually expended shall have been reimbursed, the Bonds aforesaid, shall be considered canceled. The Present Treaty shall be ratified by the State of Maryland in Liberia immediately and a certificate of such ratification shall be placed in the hands of Commissioner of the Republic of Liberia, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Monrovia or at Harper, at the pleasure of the President of the Republic of Liberia within the space of Twelve months from the date hereof. In Witness whereof the Commissioner of the President of the Republic of Liberia; and the Commissioner of the Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia, have signed the same and have affixed thereto their respective seals. Done at Harper, this nineteenth day of February Eighteen Hundred and Fifty-seven. Signed J.T. Gibson J.J. Roberts To all whom these may come present. Know Ye: That I, Boston Jenkins Drayton, Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia, do hereby certify that the Senate of the said State did by Resolution passed by two-third vote on the 20th day of February 1857. Ratify, and confirm the treaty of friendship offensive and defensive between the Republic of Liberia on the one part and the State of Maryland in Liberia on the other part. By Commissioners of the reactive government in the town of Harper did negotiate and conclude the same. Whereas the Law provides for the immediate ratification on the part of the State of M.D. In Liberia, and a certificate of the said ratification on the part of the said State of M.D. in Liberia. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the State of M.D. in Liberia to be herein affixed. (L.S.) Done at the Seat of Government Harper, this twentieth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty seven and in the Independence the Third. By The Gov: C.H. Harmon. Secy: of State (Signed.) B.J. Drayton. Gov. M.D. Liberia. Know all men by these presents: That the State of Maryland in Liberia is held and firmly bound unto the Government of the Republic of Liberia in the just and full sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars, with six per cent interest per annum, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic of Liberia, endorsed by the President of said Republic, at the Treasury Department, Harper in

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the State of Maryland in Liberia in gold and silver coin, in Annual installments of three thousand Dollars. This Bond is executed in conformity with Treaty stipulations concluded between the Government of the Republic of Liberia and the State of Maryland in Liberia, the 19th day of February A.D. 1957 and Ratified b the Senate of the State of Maryland in Liberia, the 20th day of the month and year above mentioned. For the faithful fulfillment of the obligations of this Bond the Revenue and the sources of public revenue of the said State of Maryland in Liberia are hereby pledged. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal for the State of Maryland in Liberia to be hereunto affixed, and countersigned this 23rd day of February A.D. 1857: Done at Harper, the seat of Government and the third year of the Independence of the State. Charles Harmon. Secretary of State. (signed) Boston J. Drayton. Governor, State M.D. Liberia I am happy to be able to inform the Legislature, that the necessity for offensive and defensive operations in that State by the forces of this Republics, as stipulated in the treaty just read, was superseded by the conclusion of a treaty of peace, friendship and indemnification on the 26th of February, between the allies and the hostile native tribes, on terms mutually satisfactory and honourable, which treaty reads as follows: Treaty. The following acknowledgements, declarations and stipulations have been duly considered, and are now solemnly adopted and proclaimed by the undersigned, that is to say; – The Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia and the two commissioners, on the part of the said state, and three Commissioners, appointed by the Republic of Liberia, according to treaty stipulations, duly entered into between the governments – That from and after the signing of the Treaty between the government of the State of Maryland in Liberia and the Cape Palmas and Graway Tribes, hostilities between the several tribes and the State of Maryland in Liberia shall cease; and perpetual peace and friendship shall exist. The said Tribes do hereby place themselves under the protection and exclusive jurisdiction of the government of the State of Maryland in Liberia, and that they are now, and will forever remain under the aforesaid jurisdiction and protection. 1st. That the Cape Palmas people shall settle on the Hoffman river, north of Harris house and a small Krue town on the beach. 2nd. That the State of Maryland in Liberia to pay the Cape Palmas people: 1 hd Tobacco 20 Muskets 50 ps. S. Stripe 600 Plates 1000 1 Gallon Jugs 100 “” Iron Pots

$150.00 60.00 125.00 37.50 25.00 25.00

50 ps. Blue baft 50 kegs powder 600 was basins 3000 pint Mugs 240 Cutlasses Sunders

$125.00 1,000.00 18.75 50.00 50.00 $1,000.00

For their land they had occupied as town seats, the first installment in thirty days from date, the second installment the first of July, the third installment in four months from the last installment.

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3rd. That the Cape Palmas and Graway people pay for burning of Mission premises at Mt. Vaughn, the amount of two hundred Kroos of clean rice or equivalence in cattle at the expiration of seven months. That the Cape Palmas and Graway people return the canoes and drums lost in the lake. The Cape Palmas people building on the Hoffman river, and the Graway people at Graway, promise not to disturb trade or any other Tribe or American trading on the beach or road with trade or otherwise. 4th. That, the Cape Palmas and Graway people shall not make any palavers with the Rocktown, Half Cavally, Fish Town, Middle Town, and Krebo people about this war after the Treaty is signed, but be friendly with them as with the Americans. 5th. That the Cape Palmas and Graway people shall not trespass upon the Half Cavally people’s land ergo beyond the land marked up by Ex governor McGill. 6th. That the Graway people pay the amount of thirty six dollars or equivalent in rice or bullocks for the goods stolen from the Trunk which had been detained at their house, and also for the bullock stolen from Mr. Joseph T. Gibson, that the Cape Palmas and Graway people shall not disturb in any wise render any protection whatever to any of the men of the various Mission schools. 7th. That the Cape Palmas and Graway people promise to submit all disputes which cannot be sociably adjusted between themselves and other tribes be referred to the government for settlement. River Cavally, Barroks, Pelibo people the friend the Cape Palmas and Graway People shall not war or palaver with either or all those tribes who have fought against the Cape Palmas and Graway with the Americans. 8th. That the Graway, Palmas and River Cavally people shall not, in case of the wreck of any vessel on the beach near their towns, take council or plunder any such wreck; but in all such cases to return all to the Captain, Supercargo or Agent as may by or picked up for which they may be entitled to. They shall not engage in the slave trade under the penalties provided therefore by law. 9th. that the Cape Palmas people have free engress and ingress to carry away their growing crops their farms without molestation from the Americans. The Americans shall desist from cascade. 10th. That the Cape Palmas and Graway people cease from burying their dead on Russwurm Island after the signing of this treaty. In witness where of we have hereunto affixed our names this 26 day of February at Harper Md. Liberia. Podah Neh alias Yellow Will his X mark Saba alias King of Graway his X Mark Simile Belle alias Bill Williams his X mark Peh Gikparmo alias King palm his X mark Neh Weah X Bar Nymiah X Tanoa Queah X alias Black will Greba Dweh X B.J. Dratton J.J. Roberts J.R. Trill Antony W. Witness J.W. Livingston Com. U.S. Ship St. Louis

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Joseph T. Gibson H. W. Easing Thus the requisite and to the State of Maryland in Liberia having being tendered by forces, and peace between the belligerents have been established upon a permanent basis, troops under the directions of General Roberts were preparing for embarking for home, when from the government of the people as posed by their vote – he received volunteer propositions for the annexation of a State to this Republic: these propositions – as frequently modified by them you will find embodied in the document, I shall soon prepare to lay before you for your consideration, actions constituting the principal business which extra session has been called; which you will find based upon the flowing formal and legal proceedings, (To Wit:) Pending the negotiations for peace, the citizens of that State being sensibly impressed with the necessity and advantage of that State becoming a member of this Republic, when after mature reflection and deliberation, they concluded should be by county annexation petitioned the General Assembly of that State asking that measures be adopted for obtaining an expression of the whole people means of the ballot box; whereupon the General Assembly passed resolutions, which were approved by the Governor, authorizing polls to be opened for the purposes aforesaid, at which people by the popular vote unanimously approved of County annexation to this Republic and on the 24th of February they elected Governor B.J. Drayton, Lt. Governor J.T. Gibson and Senator Thomas Fuller, Commissioners, with full powers to confer with the Commissioner of this Republic, and to settle and arrange with him without further recourse, matters and things necessary to the consummation of County annexation to this Republic; and an authority vested in them by the people, did in their name dissolve the government of the State Maryland in Liberia and ceded to the government of the Republic of Liberia their public domain with all things else, corporal and incorporate connected with the said government of the State of Maryland in Liberia, of which it was possessed previously to its dissolution; that throwing themselves in the arms of this Republic to be annexed thereto as a County member on equal footing with the existing counties of this Republic. I now beg to proceed with the reading of the official document which embraces the aforesaid proceedings, and which also affords valuable information, necessary to be known by this government before consummating its action on the subject. Union is Strength Whereas it was contemplated by the several Colonization Societies under whose auspices Colonies or settlements were established on the Western Coast of Africa, that eventually these Colonies or settlements would form one Great Christian State; and whereas the people of the State of Maryland in Liberia, originally a Colony under the auspices of Maryland in Liberia, originally a Colony under the auspices of the Maryland Colonization Society in the United States, but now an independent State having dissolved its political relations with said Colonization Society-feeling deeply impressed with the necessity of uniting the said State of Maryland in Liberia to the Republic of Liberia – which measure is unquestionably important to the interests of both Governments, but more especially to the future protection, happiness, and prosperity of the people of the State of Maryland in Liberia. And whereas the people of the State of Maryland in Liberia, have carefully considered the subject of annexation to the Republic of Liberia in all its bearing; and having upon mature reflection determined that their best interests demands that immediate application be made for admission as member of the Republic and where as after full discussion of the subject by the people as to whether admission should be sought as a State after the model of the United States, or as a county on the footing of the Counties now composing the Republic of Liberia, it was deemed advisable,

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for many reasons that County annexation is more desirable. Whereupon the people of the State of Maryland in Liberia acting upon their Constitutional rights – did petition the General Assembly of the said state of Maryland in Liberia asking the attention of the General Assembly to the subject and requesting that measures be adopted for obtaining an expression of the whole people by means of the ballot box. Whereupon the General Assembly passed resolutions, which were approved by the Governor authorizing Polls to be opened for the purpose aforesaid, and whereas county annexation was unanimously approved by the votes of the people, and on Wednesday the 24th day of February 1857 the undersigned namely Boston J. Drayton Governor of the State of Maryland in Liberia Joseph T. Gibson Lieutenant Governor and Thomas Fuller Senator were chosen by the popular vote of the people, Commissioners, with full power to confer with the Commissioner of the Republic of Liberia near this Government, and to settle and arrange with him without further recourse all matters necessary to the consummating of county annexation to the Republic of Liberia. The said Commissioner however not being vested with patent full power from his Government, for that purpose, declines the responsibility of negotiation a treaty of annexation; but nevertheless gives the undersigned reason to hope and believe that no objection will be raised by his government to county annexation; and that the people of the state will be received into the bosom of that Commonwealth, and have extended to them all the privileges and immunities now enjoyed and that may hereafter be enjoyed by any other county of that Republic. While the undersigned would be glad to settle definitely one or two points which might be thought desirable before annexation still they deem it more desirable; nay, important in view of pressing circumstances, which threaten the tranquility of the state and also involved the safety and happiness of the people – that annexation should not be delayed for these preliminaries. But having full faith in the justice and magnanimity of the Government of the Republic and of the people of the Common wealth we, at once dissolve the Government of the State of Maryland in Liberia and throw ourselves into the arms of the Republic. The undersigned being sustained in this impression by the mass of the people of his state, they propose to surrender into the hands of the Commissioner of the Republic and everything pertaining to the sovereignty of the state. The Undersigned however, beg leave to submit. st 1 . That the territory now composing the state of Maryland in Liberia shall be known as the County of Cape Palmas. 2nd. That in addition to two Senators provided by The Constitution of the Republic for each County the aforesaid County of Cape Palmas shall have at least three members to represent her in the lower branch of the Legislature of the Republic and in all other respects shall enjoy all the privileges and immunities awarded to other counties of the Republic. 3rd. That the stipulations entered into between the State of Maryland in Liberia and the Maryland State Colonization Society, concluded the 22nd day of February 1854 shall remain unimpaired. 4th. That all contracts and claims now existing shall be equally binding as if no change had taken place in this Government. And all suits actions, and prosecutions now pending shall be terminated according to the laws of the state at present extent. 5th. The Public Domain of the State of Maryland in Liberia compress all the territory living between the North Western boundary line of Wedabo and the Eastern line of Grand Tahoo or line formed by the River San Pedro on the east including all the barbers, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and Atlantic waters, thereto appertaining. 6th. The number of Americo Liberian inhabitants is now estimated at Nine Hundred, and the aboriginal population of the state of Maryland in Liberia is estimated at sixty thousand.

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7th. The State is well provided with suitable buildings for all county purposes. 8th. The present revenue of the State, arising from imports is about eighteen hundred dollars per annum, and the present liabilities of the state are about three thousand dollars (a schedule of which will be forwarded) most of which have been incurred in consequences of recent difficulties, and hostilities with certain aboriginal tribes within our jurisdiction, which difficulties and hostilities have happily terminated and tranquility restored. 9th. The assets of the state including public buildings and bills payable are about ten thousand dollars a schedule of which will also be forwarded. Now therefore, we the undersigned Commissioners as aforesaid acting on authority vested in us by the people of the State of Maryland in Liberia do in their name and in their behalf hereby dissolve the Government of the said state of Maryland in Liberia, and the same is henceforward dissolved; and by these presents we the undersigned Commissioners as aforesaid, do cede to the Government of the Republic of Liberia all the public Domain of the sate of Maryland in Liberia with all her bare bays, rivers, creeks, lakes, and Atlantic waters thereunto pertaining including the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the same, also all public buildings, fort arsenals, guns and ammunitions of war of very kind and description whatever, which we the under signed Commissioners acting as afore said are prepared to and will deliver to the Commissioner of the Republic of Liberia now present in Harper or to any one whom he may designate as the Superintendent of the county of Cape Palmas for the being, and the said Commissioner of the Republic of Liberia is requesting, to assume immediately in the name of his Government the public affairs of the said county of Cape Palmas and establish here the authority of his Government, by unfurling the Flag of the Republic of Liberia.” Given under our hands and seals at Harper this the Third day of March in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty seven. Signed. Boston J. Drayton. J.T. Gibson. Thos. Fuller. In the event of your concurrence in the action of the government and people of the State of Maryland in Liberia, by which they have made formal application – after taking all the necessary preliminary steps on their part – to be annexed to this Republic as a county, and if you will ratify the same by the passage of a Resolution of annexation, then I solicit, that you will, in connection with the concomitant provisions of that Act, also take the following under favorable consideration: 1st, I recommend that measures be adopted as soon as possible, by which the existing Constitutional barrier may be removed, which will prevent that newly admitted county from having more than one representative in the Lower House for many years to come. If admitted, that county should have as soon as possible three representatives in the Lower House, which will place it in that respect on an equal footing with the Counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe. I am aware that this does not occur in the form and sense of an express stipulation in the document just read, but simply as a request made of this government; yet, the fact that they have manifested so much confidence in the integrity and magnanimity of this Republic, by unreservedly placing their political interests in our hands before this and other preliminaries were settled, should morally induce this government to most scrupulously demean itself in such a manner with respect to that county, as will fully manifest our worthiness of the almost unlimited confidence reposed in us.

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2nd. In a letter bearing date of the 21st ult., received on the 2nd inst., from the Hon. J. T. Gibson, Superintendent pro tem of the County, I am informed that the inhabitants thereof have made request through him to this government, to have the name of their County changed from the “County of Palmas,” as was first requested by them, to the County of Maryland. This in my opinion is richly due to the State of Maryland in the United States of America, whose Colonization Society, having been liberally aided by the State government, planted and for a long item fostered the settlements at Cape Palmas; and whose solicitude for their welfare is yet undiminished. 3rd. I have also to request that you so amend the Act, “which authorize the division of the uniforms between the three Counties,” as to allow that County one hundred and twenty-five of them. As I do not deem it necessary to particularize the necessary provisions to be made, in order that that County shall be invested with an organization and facilities similar to the other counties of this Republic, I will forbear to invite your attention further on that subject. Our Commissioner having assumed – by the request of the government and people of that State – the political control thereof, placed the Hon. B.P. Yates, Vice President of this Republic, (who accompanied him thither on the aforesaid mission,) in charge of the public affairs there, with instructions to consummate certain measures which for want of time had not been completed at the time of his embarkation, which with the troops, took place on the 3rd ultimo, on board H.B.M. Steamship Heela, Capt., Aplin, by whose kindness they were conveyed to this port and landed safely on the 5th, and on the following day, the troops were disbanded. Col. Yates having faithfully prosecuted the duties with which he was charged by our Commissioner, committed the Superintendency to the Hon. J. T. Gibson, and on the 7th ult. Embarked for this port on board the U.S. Ship St. Louis, Capt. J. W. Livingston, through whose kindness she reached here on the 13th ult. It is also proper that I should gratefully acknowledge here, the kindness of Capt. Aplin, of H.B.M. Steamsphip Heela; senior officer of this station, who most kindly gave passage to our troops from Palmas to this city, and who also kindly proffered any reasonable assistance this government might require of him. And it also affords me a pleasure to gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Capt. Laporterie, of H. I. M. S. Euphrates, whom I met at Cape Mount a fortnight ago on his way to this city for the purpose of rendering such aid to this government as might be required for the adjustment of the difficulties at Cape Palmas. To the government to which each of those three vessels of war belongs, we, as a nation, are placed under lasting obligations. This Republic has great cause of gratulation, for the ability, energy and prudence with which our Commissioner prosecuted and consummated his very important mission. And our gratitude is richly merited by the officers and troops who accompanied him to that seat of war, for the martial conduct and patriotism which, as a general thing, characterized them during the campaign. I now beg to lay before your Col. Yates’ report, as submitted to me, of the condition of the several departments, as well as of his proceedings down there. Document No. 1, Is a treaty of peace and friendship concluded between the several tribes that were hostile to each other. Document No. 2, Is the plan of the town to be built by the Chief Yellow Will of the Cape Palmas tribe, according to the assignment made him and his people in the Treaty of the 20th February 1857.

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Document No. 3, Is the copy of a proclamation of peace issued by the Superintendent, enjoining upon all, on pain of punishment, to desist from future hostilities. Documents 4 &5, Are Reports of the public property at Cape Palmas. The former gives a catalogue and an estimated value of the public buildings; and by reference to the margin, you will find noted opposite each building, the necessary repairs that each requires. I have to invite your attention particularly to this and to solicit – owing to your pecuniary pressure – that you will order only such repairs made this year, as are indispensably necessary to preserve them from considerable injury before the next regular session. The light house should by all means be repaired and put in use as soon as possible. Document No. 6, Is a report of the supply of munitions of war at the four military stations of defense, viz; Harper, Jackson, Mount Tubman and Latrobe stations. Document No. 7, Furnishes a detail and aggregate report of the liabilities of that government at the time of its dissolution. Document No. 8, Is the collector’s report of the Customs up to the 7th of March, 1857. Document No. 9, Is the Treasurer’s report up to March 7th,1857. Document No. 10, Is a bill for merchandise amounting to ninety nine dollars and fifty one cents, which was disposed of by the Superintendent in the way of presents to native Chiefs. Document No. 11, Is a list of the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary officers of the government previously to its disorganization. Gentlemen, I now submit these documents, and am persuaded that it is unnecessary for me to solicit your favorable consideration of, and action on the one which details their formal proceedings preparatory to, and makes application for annexation to this Republic as a County. No matter what may have been the peculiar distinctive title of the government under which they lived, the fact remains incontrovertible, that we have been, are, and will continue to be one people with them! We are of the same race, and have a common destiny. We were actuated by similar motives in fleeing from the same land of oppression to this our common land of refuge; here to build up and maintain a free and respectable home for ourselves and posterity. We are unquestionably identified in every possible conceivable interest. This fact partly accounts for the almost unlimited confidence exercised by them in the integrity and magnanimity of this government, as manifest in the entire proceedings on their part, preparatory to annexation; and which should be duly appreciated by us, and so far reciprocated as to prove to them, by our just and liberal action in the premises, that this government was, and is fully worthy of the bestowment of their utmost confidence. It is but reasonable to suppose, that the expenses in connection with that newly admitted County for the first two or three years, will exceed the revenue accruing immediately within its geographical limits; for it will require perhaps one or two years to get the laws of this Republic in uniform and effective operation, in that County; but we should look beyond the present to the period, which – by proper management – cannot be far distant when the revenues accruing there will exceed the expenses, and when, as an auxiliary, she will contribute her quote to the general treasury. Again, the moral benefits that will result form the annexation preponderate in favor of the measure, over all pecuniary considerations. It will be the means of extending our influence, of extending the healthful influence of the Christianity and civilization of a Christian State over scores of thousands of pagans, heretofore without its pale. It will give protection and encouragement to extended missionary operations. In a word, while increasing the power, influence and wealth of this Republic, it will meanwhile confer temporal and spiritual blessings to each and all within our borders. Gentlemen, the limit of our national density is unknown to us; and though by the aid of reason and contemplation we oft-times imagine, and are almost sanguine, that we discover

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through that vista of our future, the glorious halo by which the national density of our race is to be circumscribed through that instrumentality of this Republic; especially, when through the instrumentality of its gradually spreading Christian State, the vast multitudes of the aborigines of this land shall have become as stones from the quarry, polished by art, and fully identified with us, yet the knowledge of our wisest men that respect is limited, and must continue somewhat veiled in uncertainty, until the consummation of our great work – the mission with which we are charged by the God of nations. As a nation, small and impotent as we are, we have before us as great, as responsible, and as interesting a geographical field for moral and intellectual labor, as any nation on earth. It is our duty, and therefore should be our policy to persevere in that course that will characterize us as industrious, frugal, intelligent and moral people, meanwhile trusting in Divine Providence, and vigorously availing ourselves of eye opening by His providence to our national welfare. In this way we shall grow and spread far beyond our own calculation; and Christianity and civilization will soon be co-extensive on this continent with our geographical borders, which we both trust and believe will not be restrained, until our great mission as a Christian national on this continent is consummated, and our Fatherland is redeemed. Stephen A. Benson. Government House Monrovia April 6, 1857

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1858 Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: It is a cause for unfeigned gratitude to the Father of all our mercies that in meeting you this day for the purpose of making my annual communication of the state of our public affairs, as well as of recommending public measures, I am able to say that though we have not been exempt during the last year from such perplexing incidents as are common to nations, yet we have manifestly shared largely in the blessings dispensed by His bountiful hand. General Prosperity. The seasons have been very regular; the crops – excepting those blighted by the salt winds within the vicinity of the sea coast in the County of Maryland – have been unusually large and diversified; the camwood and palm-oil trade has exceeded the expectation entertained the preceding year; our foreign relations, with one exception, are both tranquil and satisfactory; we have been blessed to a great extent with peace within our borders, and though in common with other nations on the earth, we have felt the monetary depression; yet to the reflective, to those of enlightened, patriotic, and liberal minds, this very depression, though a great inconvenience, will ever be regarded as a blessing in disguise. It has had the effect, to a very encouraging degree, of causing our citizens to search out and look to those springs of independent subsistence which lie within our own naturally Heaven-favored country. Relations with Native Tribes. There were several matters introduced at your last session which received your concurrence, and for the carrying out of which appropriation was duly made; but for reasons partly beyond my control, as well as those of a prudential nature, I have not succeeded in carrying them out. Among these I will mention my desired and intended visit to Gurroway, for ad

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justment, either by pacific or coercive means, of the long standing difficulties between the Niffaus and Podeis, who, though not actively engaged in war, nevertheless obstruct intercourse, and stagnate the trade to a considerable degree. The departure of the Lark for England for repairs, leaving us without a suitable Coasta guarda, and facilities for traveling, the difficulties growing out of the recapture of the Regina Coeli in our waters, and the tedious correspondence and business connected with which , making my presence in this city very necessary nearly the whole year, have been the means of most painfully frustrating my cherished purpose of visiting the various settlements of our leeward counties, and several points along the coast during the year, and of my carrying out several objects that were so very accordant with both legislative and executive policy. I am happy to say, however, that notwithstanding this – expecting the abominable by the so-called emigration system – which invariably engenders within our jurisdiction wars, kidnapping, and consequently a breach of the laws of God, and of all Christian nations-peace, and respect for our laws among the aborigines, have been remarkably preserved. And though the influences of our Christian and civilized example have not extended as rapidly and as effectually among them as we have desired, yet it is both gratifying and encouraging to us to know, by incontrovertible evidence, that the benign influences of our Christianity and civilization are hopefully progressing among them; that proselytes are being made annually from their ranks, while the greater part of those living within fifty miles of our settlements are manifestly assimilating themselves to our manners and customs; and their confidence in and respect for us and our institutions are correspondingly increasing; and if the Divine blessing shall continue to rest as theretofore up on the great Colonization enterprize, in the prosecution of its philanthropic work amidst oppositions and discouragements – if there be no abatement in the wanted zeal of the Missionary Societies operating in this country, and if Liberia will keep its duty and responsibilities prominently in view, there is not a shadow of doubt that the great, and I may say one of the leading objects contemplated in the organization of the great Colonization and enterprize, viz: the civilization and Christianizing of this vast moral waste, will in due time be consummated. Farm Land at Cape Mount. In a special message at your last session, I requested that you would by law define and proclaim the area of reservation to be made as the corporate bounds of the city of Robertsport; in order that in laying of the contiguous surplus lands into a farming district, the wishes and the views of the Legislature might not be deranged with regard to that settlement. In the absence of any definite action by the Legislature on the subject – being urged thereto by the urgent necessity that the inhabitants of that settlement be placed in possession of their lands as speedily as possible, I instructed the Surveyor early this year to commence laying off farm lands (lots) immediately beyond a line which is parallel to, and three miles distant from, the street fronting the Receptacle, and lying between the building and the bay or harbor. Many of the inhabitants of Robertsport express a wish that the area reserved as its corporate bounds be diminished from three to one mile square; so as to increase at once the quantity of farm lands in the vicinity, and the facilities for reaching them. I shall be pleased to carry out any wish you may express on that subject. In the month of March, 1857, I made a visit to Cape Mount, and ascended the bay about twenty miles – which, as you are no doubt aware, makes an indention of twenty odd miles from the line of sea coast – and selected on its northern bank, commencing about six miles from Robersport, a fine tract of land to be laid off in a farming district; it runs along the north bank of said bay about ten miles, extending interiorward indefinitely. I spend nearly two days in traveling over and examining that fine tract of land, and found it in every re-

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spect well adapted to agricultural purposes; a great part of which overlooks the largest and handsomest inland sheet of water as yet known in Liberia. The native chiefs expressed a desire that it be occupied at once, and I feel a desire almost amounting to anxiety that it be occupied as a farming district as soon as prudence shall dictate such a course as proper; for you will no doubt agree with me, that, next to a sufficient numerical force for self-protection and the suppression of the wonted cupidity of the natives, it is of importance that the proper regard be had to the moral, industrial, and to some degree the intellectual qualities of the founders and inhabitants of all our interior settlements, especially among a people like the Veys, who are intellectually in advance of many of the immigrants to this country from the United States – without which regard this Government would be involved in almost interminable trouble and expense growing out of difficulties imprudently brought about with the aborigines. And though a suitable community for the formation of that farming settlement can be selected from Robertsport, yet to do so at present would be to imprudently weaken that settlement in every respect. These facts suggest, as the most prudent course for the present, that as many settlers as are disposed should take their farm lands on the Cape and contiguous plains; and those who are not disposed to draw elsewhere than in the contemplated farming settlement, can find a sufficiency of public land in the vicinity of Robertsport to cultivate for the present. Careysburg and new Road. I made a visit to the new interior settlement of Careysburg early in February of this year, which was commenced and from several months was so very ably and successfully prosecuted under the supervision (as special agent) of the Rev. John Seys, the tried and staunch friend of our country and race; and I am happy to be able to bear testimony, not only to the beauty, but also to the capability of that section of country to sustain by manly effort a teeming population. Nor was I less gratified with the evidence I there had before me of the perseverance of its enterprising founder, as well as of Hon. J. H. Paxton, who succeeded him in the Agency, and holds the general superintendency under a commission from this Government. Though the distance of that settlement from the sea-board, in a direct line forming a right angle with the coast line, will, when accurately ascertained, scarcely exceed sixteen miles, which is much less than is generally supposed – such mistakes, however, owing to the very serpentine course of the native foot-paths, and the large and not unfrequently dense growth of the forests, it is difficult for any one to escape – yet as the settlement has so far, to a satisfactory, extent, secured the object contemplated in its formation, the emigrants sent out there having, up to the present, with little expectation, acclimated so very successfully – this fact, so long as it holds good, should be regarded as of paramount importance to mere distance. The settlement, however, lacks facilities for transportation; and until these are provided, the operations of the Society in that direction will of necessity be expensive; and the inhabitants will labor under great disadvantages. The Society has appropriated an amount to assist in the construction of a road down to White Plains; and the people in the several corporate capacities ought to contribute, either in labor or money to supply the deficiency for constructing a good road safely traversable by team. The present superintendent, following the commendable example of the founder of the settlement, has cultivated and maintained a friendly feeling and good understanding with the natives in that vicinity. Interior Settlement at Bassa. I received last June a copy of Resolutions of the Board of Directors of the American Colonization Society, passed at their last annual meeting, providing for the immediate formation of the interior settlement long ago contemplated in Bassa County, which had been defeated if

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not supplanted by the formation of the settlement of Careysburg; and in the letters received at the same time from the Corresponding and Financial Secretaries, I was informed that advertisement had been made for names of a sufficient number to be given in to constitute a proper company before the sailing of the packet last spring, so that directions might be given for preparations to be made for their reception and accommodation on their arrival in the fall expedition; but it is said that up to the sailing of the Stevens last May no names had been received. It is an enterprize, however, in which, I learn by letters, the New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies feel much interest, and I feel sure that their efforts will not be abated until their long cherished desire is honorably consummated. I wrote fully and encouragingly on the subject to the Corresponding Secretary by the last packet, but it yet remains to be seen, on the arrival of the next packet, what progress is being made. Interior Settlers wanted in every County. The fact is, we need, and should have as soon as is practicable, at least one good interior settlement in each county of this Republic; and this Government should by all justifiable means encourage their establishment as speedy and permanently as possible. It is a blind policy to retain or encourage any more emigrants to remain on or near the seaboard than are necessary for the protection of the sea board communities. They should by all means be encouraged to go back in approximation to the heart of this Republic and of this continent; their longing eyes and expectant hearts should be independently turned away – so far as subsistence is concerned – not only from our Atlantic coast, but from the country of their birth lying beyond the great Atlantic, unless turned thitherward in quest of a market for the superabundance of their products of agriculture of art – or affectionately in remembrance of a dear relative remaining beyond the high seas, or in commiseration of the cognition of millions of our race (bondsmen or the nominally free) dwelling there. Liberia College. I regret to have to state that within the last nine months no progress has been made in the erection of the College buildings. Your perfect knowledge of the cause of the suspension of operations supersedes the necessity of my advertence to it in detail. Justice to the administration, however, seems to require that further explanations than those contained in my last annual message, be now given of the cause of executive action in making the appropriation of land, and for the recommendation made to the Legislature. Change of Site. I then notified you of the safe arrival, as early as in December, 1856, of the materials for the College buildings, and that upon re-examination by the trustees of the original site selected for their erection on the hundred acres granted in the vicinity of Clay-Ashland, they decided its inappropriateness, owing to a large swamp said to be contiguous to it; and that I had, by request of the trustees, solicited that another appropriation of land be made, on which a suitable site might be selected for its erection; and that the action of the Legislature upon the application not having been satisfactory to the trustees, they subsequently determined to erect it within the corporation of Monrovia; and that in order to expedite and facilitate its erection, so as to save the materials from decay, I had assumed the responsibility of making a grant of twenty acres within this corporation, with the hope that you would increase the area to one hundred acres. Why he gave a Promise of a new Site. I did not particularize on the subject in my last message, because I deemed it unnecessary: not anticipating the difficulties that have since arisen respecting the place of its erection. But some of the litigant discussions had, and explanations given on the subject during this year,

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having been such – though perhaps not intended – as tended to cause an erroneous view to be taken of executive action in the premises, and to render him chargeable with indiscretion and inconsistency, implied if not expressed, it becomes now necessary, in vindication of my official reputation – especially as this whole matter will, no doubt, form a part of the history of Liberia – that I should give a succinct explanatory statement of the ground of executive action, as well as of the controversy involved. The misunderstanding and litigation during the year, which resulted in sustaining an injuction against the erection of the College in the Corporation of Monrovia, have originated, so far as I have been able to understand, from the following causes: 1st, an ignorance on the part of some, until litigation had progressed considerably this year, of the existence of the law which is said to locate it at Clay-Ashland; while others though aware of the existence of a law, denied that it positively fixed its location at Clay-Ashland, as contended for by the plaintiffs. I am free to confess that I was ignorant of the existence of the law which has since been judicially determined as fixing its location at Clay-Ashland, until litigation had considerably progressed. Major Erskine, who complied the laws in 1857, and for this purpose had free access to the archives of the State, was more than once particularly instructed by me to make diligent research in the State Department for the act that was rumored had passed some years previously, incorporating the College. I judged from the reading of the caption of an act, to wit, “An additional Act respecting Liberia college,” found in the compilation made in 1853, that unless repealed, there must have been a previous or original act incorporating or pertaining to the College, to which the additional act was but an adjunct. But Major Erskine reported to me more than once, while he was prosecuting his work of compilation, that after diligent research for days he could find no trace of it. I also made diligent inquiring in person, to ascertain if such as act was in existence, so that in might be inserted in the new compilation, in case it had either been omitted in the previous compilation, or had passed subsequently to it; failing in the object of my inquiry, as had been the case with the compiler in the object of his research in the State Department, I very reasonably concluded that if ever such an act had been passed, it had been repealed or abrogated. Hence, upon a re-application to me by a committee from the trustees of the College, and subsequently by the President of the same, for a grant of land to be made within this corporation for that purpose, the latter gentleman having informed me, upon inquiry, that he knew of no law in Liberia that said grant would be in violation of, and that in the absence of express legislative action, the Executive had always made conditional grants of land to religious, educational, or other benevolent institutions – which I knew to be a fact, as well as perfectly consistent – I assumed the responsibility, as stated in my last annual message, of making a grant of twenty acres in this corporation, recommending its increase to one hundred acres; which under the circumstances, I would feel fully justified in doing again. Defective Compilation of the Law. Under the aforesaid circumstance I promised to grant a deed for the twenty acres. But the House of the Representatives having refused to confirm the grant, upon the ground, as they say, of its having been made ignorantly of a law still unrepealed, having passed six years ago, fixing its location at Clay-Ashland, which error resulted from the omission of the law in the compilation made in 1853, a year after its passage, and an injunction having been sued out by plaintiffs against the trustees, founded upon the declaration that there was a law somewhere existing fixing its location in the vicinity of Clay-Ashland, which law is said to be found published in a number of the Liberia Herald, issued early in 1852, agreeing, as it is said, with an interlined bill found among some rubbish papers; these, together with a reference to the journals of the Legislature and to a number of the African Repository, in which said act was also published, being regarded and decided by his Honor the Judge of the court

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of Commons Pleas and Quarterly Sessions for this county, as sufficiently corroborative and conclusive to sustain the injunction, it were not reasonable to suppose that I would presume, under such circumstances, to so far willfully come in collision with legislative and judiciary action in the premises, as to grant a deed, the promise of which was made under circumstances induced by omissions over which I had no control, and of which I had no knowledge. Recommends a speedy Decision. Justice, truth, and candor, alike demand that these explanatory statements be made in vindication of my public and private reputation, from an implied if not expressed imputation of indiscretion, inconsistency, and instability, which erroneous impressions could not otherwise than obtain in the absence of these fully explanations. Having made these explanations, I have nothing more to add or recommend than to solicit such early and prompt action on the subject as will secure its immediate erection upon the most suitable site. Respect for, and gratitude to, the noblehearted donors and friends of the enterprize dwelling in foreign lands, should inspire us with this feeling and determination. You are now equally, if not more, competent than I am, to judge of the most suitable site. I feel sanguine, therefore, if you are satisfied that the original site at Clay-Ashland is unfit, and that the site in this corporation, on which its erection has been commenced, possesses superior advantages to any that have been offered up the river, you will not hesitate to legalize and continue this erection here, which would be a great saving of expense. I hope a spirit of conciliation will generally pervade and that it will in a special manner influence your action on that subject, so that the cherished desire of our benevolent, and magnanimous friends abroad, as well as that of every true patriot in Liberia, may be realized as speedily as the nature of the case will possibly admit. Donation to the College Library from J. B. Collins, of New York. On the arrival of the M. C. Stevens, last voyage, I received from the New York State Colonization Society through the Rev. J. B. Pinney, their Corresponding Secretary, a lot of fine books for Liberia College, donated by Mr. Collins of New York, which I have safely delivered into the possession of the President of the College. I also continue to receive each year from Benjamin Coates, Esq., of Philadelphia, valuable contributions of books to our public libraries. Agriculture Prosperous in some Counties. I am happy to be able to inform the Legislature that the agricultural interests of the Republic, especially in the counties of Montserrado and Grand Bassa, were never more prosperous and encouraging; and the approximation of the country to what may be considered independence may be considered independence on a permanent basis was never greater in the annuals of Liberia. National Fair and Premiums. The National Fair of 1857 has greatly contributed this year to intelligent industrial efforts. And if it is continued annually, as provided by law, and the proper influence is exerted in its favor, as all intelligent patriots will do, it will be the means of bringing about a complete revolution and reform in the industrial departments of the nation, which will increasingly bless the country with peace and prosperity. From the Rev. D. A. Wilson, Principal of the Alexander High School, and Mrs. L. H. Sigourney, of Connecticut, United States of America, I received last year fiver dollars each, contributed in the way of prizes. And by the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, a resolution has been recently passed, and a copy communicated to me, nobly appropriating the sum of ǧ25, or $120, per annum, for four years, for the best and most satisfactory samples of

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cotton raised in Liberia each year; also four appropriate medals, to be awarded annually as second-class prizes; all which, in the name of the generous donors, I will take pleasure in awarding to the meritorious. H. B. M. government, in furtherance of the very laudable object of cotton cultivation in Liberia, kindly sent out gratuitously to this Government, near the close of last spring, ten barrels of superior cotton seed, which, unfortunately, arrived about six weeks too late for the proper planting seasonal the seed, however, is preserved, and will be used to ensuing season, when ascertainment will be made as to its superiority to the several qualities of our native cotton. Our citizens have made an encouraging commencement at it this year, as also has there been an increase in the cultivation of cane, coffee, and other staples; and from indications, we are led to believe that the increase will be greater the ensuing year. Small exportations of those products of their farms commenced this year, which, if properly encouraged by our merchants, there is not a shadow of doubt of their increase annually. A new Census in Progress. I have caused the Census of the Republic, exclusive of such aborigines as do not live in our settlements, which such statistics as are prescribed by law, to be taken this year; which I purpose having printed at an early day as possible. Duty to Elevate the Native Tribes. By reference to my annual message to the Legislature at the session commencing December 1856, you will perceive therein that I specially invited the attention of the Legislature to the claims of our aboriginal inhabitants upon, and their constant applications to, this Government for adjudication of their numerous misunderstandings and for protection, and the great expense to which the Government is subjected annually, in complying with their numerous requests. I also expressed regret that, for lack of means, the humane provision for their improvement, contained in the 5th article of our Constitution, could not be effectually carried out. I recommended that a light direct tax be levied on them to assist in defraying the expenses incurred by virtue of their relations to us. In fact, the improvement of our aboriginal population, their social, moral, religious, civil and intellectual elevation, are subjects to which your attention has not only been frequently and urgently invited, and discussed by the Legislature in nearly all their phase, but subjects on which the Legislature have so far taken and consummated action, as that a bill, on more than one occasion, embodying their views and making provision, so far as was then deemed justifiable, passed one branch of the Legislature and attained to a second reading in the other. This is therefore very gratifying to know, that the great principle of duty, as embodied in the aforesaid article of our Constitution, has long since, and still continues to claim both executive and legislative solicitude; and I am further pleased to notice that the subject is awakening increasing interest and solicitude among our citizens in private and social circles; and that in almost every public address of late the subject is alluded to and discussed in earnest and eloquent strains. The Legislature Warned not to Make a Different System of Education for Liberia and Natives, Tending to Degrade the Latter. And I am happy to be able to say, that since the introduction of the subject to the Legislature two years ago, I have received written and verbal messages from several native chiefs, who have by some means learned the purport and object of the recommendation, expressive of their cordial approval of the measure, as being in perfect accordance with benevolence and justice, and assuring me that they stood ready to cheerfully comply at any moment with such

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a reasonable arrangement and requisition. The fact is, I have not had, for the last six or eight years, any serious fears of the existence of insurmountable difficulties in the way of assimilating, in due time, the manners and customs of our aboriginal population to those of civilized life, and of bringing them, within a reasonable time, into a state of intelligent, loyal subjects of this Republic. That it can be effected only by the employment of the proper effort, attended with a degree of difficulty, none but a fanatic would deny; but I also contend that those difficulties do not form so formidable a barrier to the consummation of this cherished desire of every true Christian patriot, as is generally supposed. The fact is, though very gradually, yet it is most certainly and encouragingly approximating consummation each successive year; of this, no one who has given the proper attention to the matter will for a moment doubt. I am yet to be convinced, however, of the existence of any thing so peculiar in the condition and dispositions of our aborigines and in their relations to us, as to justify the adoption by this Government of a system of education and training for time, differing from the necessary to be employed with the Americo-Liberians and their descendants, for the accomplishment of the same results. If it be necessary to make provision by law for the training up of our aboriginal population thoroughly in the industrial arts, as a means of at once contributing to their own welfare as well as to the wealth of the nation, it is equally if not more necessary that the same law apply to the Americo-Liberians and their descendants. For I hold that the Americo-Liberians ought to be their exemplars, especially of industry, in the pursuits of civilized life; and I shall ever regard with suspicion any system of education and training for the aborigines, provided by law, that does not equally apply to ourselves, lest it should prove an introduction – though not intended – to a state of things that will cause them to be regarded as intended to permanently sustain the relation to us of hewers of wood and drawers of water, while our own sons and daughters may be encouraged to live in idleness, luxury and affluence. In a word, it would be encouraging a dangerous line of demarcation, that should have no existence in Liberia. I must confess, as an individual, that my fears and anxieties for the last six or eight years, have been that the moral, intellectual, and industrial training of a majority of the emigrants who may arrive here in the future from the United States, as well as that of our posterity bred and born in this country, will not keep pace with the advancement of our aborigines in those elements of individual and national greatness. In order to show that those fears and anxieties are not unfounded, I have only to state what is pretty generally known in Liberia, that there are thousands of natives living within the jurisdiction of this Republic, who are intellectually in advance of at least one-half of the emigrants that arrive here annually from the United States. And we have only to ask, secondly, What is understood by contributing to the wealth of the nation or the resources of government? By what means is this great end to be effected? In what does it consist? Surely no one will deny that it consists in, and is effected by, productive industry; and that the exports of a nation are presumed to be mainly the result of productive industry. This raises the question, What proportion of the exports from Liberia annually is the result of the productive labor of Americo-Liberians? and what proportion of the aborigines? I submit these questions to you, gentlemen of the Legislature; and when you shall have decided them in you own minds, from the facts as they are, you will simultaneously prepare to answer as to which of the two classes or divisions of our population contributes most, pro rata, to the wealth of the nation and the resources of the Government. It affords no argument in our favor to say that we export more, or that more passes through our hands to foreigners ,in proportion to our numbers, than is the case with the aborigines, unless, before exportation, we had by our industry, by what political economists style productive consumption, attached an increased value to the article originally procured

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of the aborigines, that is, unless we had, before exportation, converted, by our own industry and skill, the palm oil into candles, soap, &c.; the ivory into the numberless uses to which it is usually applied; camwood applied in the way of dyes to our manufactures, &c., &c., thus increasing the original value. Nor is it any argument in our favor, so long as the original article given in exchange is exclusively of heathen labor, to say that, being civilized, our wants are much greater, in proportion to our numbers, than those of the aborigines, which causes a corresponding increase of importations in our favor, and consequently, of the revenue. This argument would simply amount to a confession, that we are the greatest consumers and non-producers; or, in the language of political economists, all our importations for the supply of our real and imaginary wants would, under such circumstances, be properly classified under the term of “unproductive consumption,” which, according to a maxim in political economy, detracts from individual and national wealth, and the resources of the Government. My main object, gentlemen, for introducing this subject, and for a cursory notice of a few of the facts and principles involved therein, is simply to guard in future against an improper and exclusive legislative action respecting our aborigines. That some action, so far as is feasible and practicable, should be had as speedily as possible by the Legislature, having for its object the general improvement of our aboriginal population, rendering them increasingly useful and profitable members of this Republic, no one of sound mind will deny. But there is equal, if not greater occasion, that Government action on such matters should begin nearer at home, right among ourselves. While the missionaries are, as a general thing, laboring among the aborigines, which is very proper, this Government should enact and enforce laws at home discountenancing idleness and highly encouraging industry; laws that will effectually provide for the training up of at least three-fourths of our youth with a practical knowledge of some mechanic art, or of some branch of industry that will be of utility. Our sons and daughters should be, as a general thing, trained up in and with such industrial habits, as a prominent part of their education, as will at once contribute to their physical development, their mental vigor, to the wealth of themselves and of the nation, and to the resources of the Government. This principle, this state of things, should be first generally cultivated among ourselves; and when it has firmly taken root, having become a fixed and admired principle among us, under sanction of law, then let it spread as rapidly and effectually among our aboriginal population as possible; let it practically, as well as by law, apply to them as far as the circle of our influence and power extends among them. We shall then be consistent exemplars to and teachers of them and Government will thereby be most blessedly co-operating with and effectually sustaining the missionaries of the Cross in their labors among them. As a young nation, we need less tinsel and show, and more reality and stability, ere we can attain to real permanency and greatness. We must learn to abate our admiration of and honor for the exclusively external appearance, or any other futile condition or consideration; and we must learn to place a greater estimate on, and to attach more honor to, real merit, such as are the laudable products of the brain, the heart, and the hands. I close this subject, gentlemen, by expressing the hope, that the time is not far distant, when our citizens generally, and especially all our wisest and most influential ones, will, as has been the case to a considerable extent, patriotically second and encourage every legislative and executive effort that may be employed, having for its object the dissemination and establishment of the aforesaid laudable principles throughout the length and breath of this Republic.

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Revenue. The necessity of providing an adequate revenue for the purpose of meeting the current and contingent expenses, and for that liquidation of the claims against Government each year, is a subject that has been repeatedly urged upon you in my annual communications, as being indispensable to a healthy, vigorous and reputable administration of the government; and I regret to say that this and other important subjects have been deferred by the Legislature to within a few days of the close of their session, when the great pressure of business has invariably deferred them to each successive session, leaving the Administration each year greatly crippled and embarrassed its operations. I have been particular to cause the Secretary of the Treasury, at each session, not only to timely lay before you the aggregate amount of the receipts and disbursements of each preceding year, but a detailed statement of the exports and imports, as well as other statistics, which, from their very nature constitute for the most reliable data for the guidance of the Committee of Ways and Means in making the aforesaid provision with an accuracy almost amounting to certainty. In addition to the current expenses, and the liquidation of claims, it is indispensable requisite that means be provided for carrying on certain public works; the repairs of public buildings; the erection of new public buildings in each of our counties; and the more securely fortifying of some of our towns and settlements. Causes of Increased Expenses. It is also my duty to invite your attention to the fact, that unless some change takes place very soon in the policy of such governments as continue to give every indication of their purpose to prosecute at all hazards the so-called emigration system on our coast, we shall have form some time to come, not a new source of expenses exactly – for we have been battling with the slave trade for its extinction in all its phases, at the expense of our lives and treasures, from the earliest period of our history here to the present – but an old source of expenses greatly increased, growing out of the duty and necessity of this Government to keep a sufficient local police employed and stationed at each of the principal points along our coast, to co-operate with our Coasta-guarda: and to employ a military force, when necessary, in order to prevent the more powerful native chiefs from stealing and selling the subjects of the less powerful ones to the so-called emigrant ships, and for the severe punishment of kidnapping chiefs, should they prove persistent after the proper pacific measures shall have been sufficiently employed. I see no other feasible plan, under the circumstances, for suppressing the illicit prosecution of the systems, with this concomitant abominations, on our coast and within our jurisdiction. The Tariff Reviewed. In order, therefore, to meet the expenses to which I have made allusion, our tariff should be reviewed, and such alterations made in it, and resort should be had to such other means and sources for the increase of our revenue, as a sound policy shall dictate. I earnestly solicit, gentleman, that you give this subject your earliest attention. Whatever reasonable entrenchments of any of the existing expenses of government you may feel justified in making, will, if in my opinion just and proper, received my cordial acquiescence. I may also add, that the great number of orders drawn on the treasury, which of the necessity have been over two years, more or less, in circulation, and which through a great relief to the people under the then existing circumstances, have nevertheless greatly depressed us in our financial operations, have all been taken in and redeemed within the last three months, so far as this county is concerned, – excepting, perhaps, forty or fifty dollars. The circumstances which impelled the drawing of these orders no longer existing so strongly, I have fully concluded to act upon the principle in this county, and I instructed the Super-

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intendents of the respective counties and settlements early this year to act similarly, of drawing no orders upon the treasuries, unless the means to honor them are in hand, so as to prevent their circulation as a kind of circulating medium; and that nothing be received at the Treasury Departments except such as Government can pay out and circulate as lawful available funds. This purpose, which is the only proper course, makes it increasingly necessary, that you should provide sufficient means in the treasury and in the sub-treasuries of the respective counties, so that the claims of our citizens, and of others, may be promptly met as they arise. I hope to be able to transmit to you, in a very few days, the Report of the Auditors, whom I appointed this year, by your authorization, for the purpose of auditing the public accounts. I have the promise that it shall be submitted to me this week. United States Frigate Niagara and Echo Slaves. I have also to state, that the United States splendid steam frigate Niagara arrived in this port on the 8th ult., with about two hundred recaptives sent out by the United States Government, under a contract with the American Colonization Society. I will, in a special message during your present session, communicate with you fully on this subject. French Emigration Scheme Denounced. In my last annual message, I cursorily, yet sufficiently fully, under the circumstances, brought into review the emigration system as it had been prosecuted on our coast for the supply of foreign colonies with laborers. And I did not hesitate to express an unfavorable opinion of it, as being a system fraught with evil. And I invited your special attention to the propriety of so providing by law as would either put an end to it within our jurisdiction, or as would throw around it so many guards and checks as would prevent its illicit prosecution. I also gave you all the necessary information respecting the arrival, entry, and proceedings of the Regina Coeli, Captain Simon, up to that date. The catastrophe of that unfortunate vessel’s operations on our coast the facts and principles involved in her case from first to last; the unprincipled misrepresentations and downright untruths that have been ingeniously invented and put in circulation since she was forcibly and unlawfully taken out of this harbor and carried away by a French naval vessel; as also the great propriety of a proper vindication of the policy and reputation of the Government in the premises, seem to imperatively demand that a full, lucid and reliable history of the French emigration enterprise, as prosecuted on our coast during and from the year 1855 up to the present, based principally upon authentic documents, shall be submitted to you. And I shall, either by or without your special request, submit the same, with a special message, at a very early day of your session; a number of copies of which you will no doubt direct to be printed. This is the more necessary, since the enemies of our race have, as usual, by their ingenious misrepresentations and eager indorsement of libelous statements made and circulated against us, respecting the policy of this Government in regard to the French emigration system, and particularly with reference to the operations of the Reginal Coeli within our jurisdiction, sought to inflict what they vainly thought and hoped would prove the finishing stroke, not only to the good reputation of the country and our race in general, but also to Liberia’s very existence. In fact, they had pretty well succeeded in making false and unfavorable impressions concerning us, on the minds of some of the true and honest friends of our country and our race dwelling in foreign lands, who, in the honesty of their hearts, seek and desire to be correctly informed on the subject. We owe it as a duty to such gentlemen, wherever they are to be found in the Christian world, and it is a pleasure to us – others we care nothing for, they sink into contemptible insignificance in ours as well as in the estimation of the respectable portion of the Christian world – to spare no pains in affording all

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necessary information on the subject, believing as we do, that if the base charges and false imputations that have been so ingeniously and malignantly made against us were substantiated, the mortification and grief of our friends abroad would be no less than ours. Liberia never professed to be immaculate; to make such a profession would be to profess to be super-human; and yet we are willing that our policy and reputation should be as closely scrutinized as possible. After the full and lucid explanations and facts contained in the contemplated history, are submitted to an enlightened Christian world, Liberia will be content to abide their verdict. Chevalier Caught in the Act of Buying Slaves, and Runs Away. During the last month, the notorious Chevalier arrived on our coast again in the Phoenix; and notwithstanding the very unpleasant and unsettled state of the difficulties growing out of the case of the Regina Coeli, he had the audacity to commence prosecuting what the laws of Liberia declare to be the slave trade, within our jurisdiction, and at the very places at which Captain Simon obtained him so-called emigrants, and the very point off which the mutiny occurred. The Superintendent at Cape Mount conveyed to me the information of his being on our coat, the second day after his arrival; and through the kindness of Commander J. Hunt, of Her Majesty’s Sloop Alectro, who was most opportunely in this port, Col. F. Paine was conveyed up in search of the aggressor and found him anchored off Manna; and though he had been there only a few days, he had already bought nine slaves, and had them secured below. By the Chevalier’s own confession, verbally as well as in writing, he had bought and paid for them as slaves. A consciousness of having committed a gross crime within our jurisdiction, so palpably demonstrated in the presence of British as well as Liberian officers, and all the circumstances entirely precluding the possibility – as had been in the case of the Regina Coeli – of inventing ingenious falsehoods of the complicity of the Liberian authorities, to shield his atrocities, and knowing that his engagement in the slave trade – which is declared by our laws, as well as those of several Christian nations, as being piracy – could not be other wise than condemned and punished by his own Government, he became so affrighted (for he trembled from head to foot) that a confession flowed spontaneously from his lips and pen, ere he recovered himself. In case our only Coasta guarda had not been absent in England for repairs, the Phoenix would have been taken as a prize and brought to this port for trial, notwithstanding she would have likely been violently and unlawfully carried off, as was the case with the Regina Coeli. I will, in a special message, communicate with you more fully and definitely on this aggravated subject. I will simply add, however, that Chevalier, in his fright, weighed anchor and left that vicinity for parts as yet unknown. I directed the Superintendent at Robertsport immediately on Col. Payne’s return and report to me, to establish a local police of Americo-Liberians at each of the principal points between Grand Cape Mount and Gallinas, inclusive, to prevent any shipment of slaves, or communication with the vessel, provided she should continue in that vicinity; and also in the name of this Government to threaten the native chiefs with severe punishment this season for their co-operations in the illicit business, by a military force, if it should be found necessary. Liberia Appeals to the World. It is very much to be regretted, and it is an abominable shame, that this young and weak nation, which has every reason to husband its little means, and to employ them rather in the great and noble work of the moral and intellectual improvement of our aborigines, with a view of, as speedily as possibly, raising them to a perfect level with us, civilly and religiously, should be necessitated, year after year, to incur enormous expenses for the prevention of

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heinous crimes attempted to be forced upon and among the very people we are thus trying to elevate by the subjects of a professedly Christian nation, simply because we are a young and weak nation; and yet with this very nation we are in treaty relations, the stipulations of which declare against and utterly condemn such abominable conduct. I have only to add on this subject, gentlemen, that when the history of this French Emigration System, as prosecuted within our jurisdiction, shall have been laid before you, giving minute description of the almost innumerable impositions that have been practiced upon us, the intolerable arrogance of naval officers, the many unprincipled misrepresentations that have been made of us by French emigration agents, you will agree with me that forbearance and partial silence, through national courtesy, are no longer virtues; that the time has fully come for us to speak out and to act out, with a fixed determination of putting a stop to the abominable system within our jurisdiction, at all hazards, though the actual or attempted accomplishment of this duty should cost us our lives, or result in our extermination. We had, by far, better reconcile ourselves – and I both hope and feel assured that every Americo-Liberian, together with thousands of our aborigines, has fully resolved – to prefer extermination, to have the name of our dear Liberia blotted out from the catalogue of nations by the might of any nation more powerful than we are, and for our remembrance to cease forever on earth, than to submit longer to such arrogant impositions, or to tolerate the prosecution, within our jurisdiction, of an abominable system of human oppression, fraught as it is with principles so despicably intolerable to us as to have caused us to leave the land of our nativity , and with many privations, to seek an asylum upon these heathen shores. The Emperor Deceived, and will Correct the Error when Informed. I presume, gentlemen, that I will be considered almost unreasonably incredulous, when I assert that I cannot believe that His Imperial Majesty’s Government will openly avow its approval of such conduct by its subjects, nor will it tacitly approve of it, by refusing to speak and act out in condemnation and punishment of its palpably aggressive subjects. It must be that the ingenious misrepresentations that have been made to His Imperial Majesty’s Government, from time to time, and especially within this year, is the main, if not sole cause, of the delay of that redress being made to us, with those assurances which justice so reasonably demands. I am pleased to learn that the French commodore anticipates a visit to this city, and may be expected daily for adjustment of the difficulties of the Regina Coeli, &c., &c.; when I feel sure, that the superabundant evidence, incontrovertible in its nature, that will be afforded him of the truth of more than we have said and complained of, will satisfy His Imperial Majesty’s Government of the misrepresentations that have been made to it by its subjects, and will induce that Government, whose magnanimity we would not, as yet, for a moment question, to take the proper view of and action on the matter. It is to the interest, and therefore is the policy of this Government, to cultivate the best feeling with all the civilized nations of the earth. We feel under many obligations to his Imperial Majesty’s Government, for our early recognition, and for subsequent acts of kindness; and it is our fervent desire to cultivate the best feeling with that great nation, so far as is practicable without compromising our fixed principles. Postal Convention with England Concluded. I am happy to be able to inform you that Postal Convention, of which, I gave information last year, as being in course of negotiation between H. B. M. Government and this Republic, has been so far consummated as to only require now a formal ratification by the Senate, &c. It is a very liberal postal arrangement with us, and should be regarded as another evidence of the kind and generous feeling of H. B. M. Government towards us. G. Ralston, Esq., our Consul General at London, who was duly empowered to act in the premises on behalf of this

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Government, transmitted a copy of the treaty early this year; and as stipulated to go into operation on the first of April last, and it was deemed imprudent to incur the expense of convening the Senate for the special purpose of its ratification, and as nothing was to be lost, but much gained, I allowed it to go into operation, with the assurance to Her Majesty’s Government, that its stipulations would be strictly binding on this Government until its formal ratification by the Senate, at this session. Treaty with Belgium I have also to state, that the treaty, of which I gave intimation at your last session, that was being negotiated between this and His Belgian Majesty’s Government was respectively signed in this city, ;last March by Louis Bols, Esq., on the part of the Belgian Government, and the Secretary of State on the part of this Government; both this and the Postal Convention will, at very early day, be submitted to the Senate for ratification. Liberia Commercial Policy. The gradual yet certain increase in the acquisition by our citizens of vessels of sufficient capacity, and their actual commencement to ply commercially between this and foreign civilized countries, will bring us to realize at an earlier day than was generally supposed, some of the great advantages that should and will accrue to us from our treaties of reciprocity. It is my opinion, that six years will not have elapsed before many colored gentlemen of capital and business tact, now residing in foreign lands, will not only turn their attention towards Liberia, but will become actually identified with her interest; and will be aroused to such action as will secure to them, by a commerce carried on in their own vessels plying between this Republic and foreign lands, a good share of the profits of the coast trade. And why should they not, as Liberians, or as the founders of new settlements on this continent, be numbered among the chief beneficiaries of the coast trade? And I further venture to express it as my firm belief, that if no untoward circumstance shall arise, it will be as common a thing before the expiration of the next then years, to ship cotton, coffee, sugar, syrup, and other commodities of this country, in Liberian bottoms, to foreign countries, as it is now for palm oil and camwood to be shipped in foreign bottoms. I am therefore decidedly of opinion, that this Government, in its commercial relations, should entertain and exercise as enlarged and liberal views as circumstances will possibly justify. The Lark and Quail, Gifts of England. Pursuant to a resolution of the Legislature at the last session, which was based upon information afforded in my last message, I succeeded after some difficulty, in despatching the schooner Lark from this port on the 5th of June, to England, for repairs, under the promise so generously made by Her Majesty’s Government. She arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of July, and was condemned and pronounced unworthy or repairs, lat in August. I am happy in being able to inform you, that by advices received by the last mail from our Consul General at London, I am informed that Her Majesty’s Government has been graciously pleased to present us a substitute, (the Quail,) of little larger capacity than the Lark; and it is intimated that her armament, as well as her general arrangement, will be superior in their adaptation for a Costa-guarda to those possessed by the Lark. I anticipate her arrival before your adjournment, when I will be pleased to communicate with you further on the subject. There are several matters affecting our interests, both in Europe and in the United States, of which I could afford you some cheering intelligence; but prudence dictates that I forbear until they progress further. I may, however, have occasion to communicate with you on some of those subjects ere the close of your session.

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I have the painful duty to perform of making allusion to the great loss our country has sustained this year in the decease of some of its prominent and useful citizens: among whom was Colonel J. B. McGill, for many years an able and faithful Senator, and who, as a Christian statesman, possessed the confidence and respect of all who knew him; also, Colonel Dickerson, of Sinou County, a man of sound judgment and of sterling character: these, with others, whom according to human views, we could illy spare, have been taken from us by the ruthless hand of death. These dispensations should properly impress and influence us during future life. I close this communication, gentlemen, after assuring you that you shall have my cordial co-operation, so far as may be required, in the discharge of the duties of your session; which I hope will be performed to the satisfaction of your constituents, as well as in accordance with your own fervent desire. Stephen Allen Benson. Government House, Monrovia, Dec. 9, 1858.

Special Message to the Legislature January 6, 1859 To the Honorable, the House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia. Gentlemen, Pursuant to your Resolution of the 3rd Inst, requesting “if not incompatible with the interest of government, that the President afford the House of Representatives for their information, a detailed statement of the facts in connection with the mutiny on board the French emigration ship Regina Coeli, together with all and every other information relating to the French system of emigration as prosecuted on the Liberian Coast.” I have the honor to transmit herewith, a collation of facts and circumstances made by the Secretary of State from authentic documents on file in the state department, with such notes and comments by him, as will afford you a full and clear history of the matter, and consequently the desired information – By a perusal of these documents you will at once perceive how great has been the forbearance that has been exercised by this government, amidst repeated impositions and provocations practiced upon us by French emigration agents who were arrogantly supported by French Naval officers. A patient and unswerving opposition to any illicit prosecution of the enterprise within our Jurisdiction, I deemed to be most prudent and effectual course to put at end to it. Nothing could have been gained by precipitous action on the part of this well known young and weak nation, especially in this favored age of Christian and civilized enlightenment, when the moral sentiment and verdict world, should be regarded as more powerful than the armament of the greatest nation on earth. H.I.M. Government, whose sense of honor and Justice we would not as yet for a moment question will not and cannot in my opinion for a moment countenance such a flagrant conduct in its officer and subjects, as is detailed in the accompanying collation, I still attribute the silence of that Government to our dispatches on the subject, and the delay of that redress and satisfaction which Justice seem so reasonably to demand, to the gross misrepresentations, that have been made to that government by its aggressive subjects. Let H.I.M. Government become once convinced that there have been palpable misrepresentations by its subjects, and that the accompanying collation, though correctly made, and is abundantly sufficient in itself – does not contain half of the arrogant impositions and wrongs

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attempted, and really practiced by French subjects within our Jurisdiction, and that government so far famed, for high toned magnanimity, will promptly redress us for all the multiplied wrongs and impositions that have been practiced upon us by French naval and emigration ships. If that government should fail to do so I can only express my disappointment in the future. It were but reasonable for that government to give credulity to its own subjects, especially national officers, in preference to contradictory statements by foreigners. Any other civilized nation would perhaps do the same, and maintain its position until misrepresentations had become so palpable, as to render the position no longer honorably tenable, at least without instituting a prompt and fair investigation into the whole matter. And I doubt not, that whenever such inquiry and investigation to be instituted, as will lead to the awarding of the proper redress to us, with such assurances from that government of a non recurrence of the multiplied wrongs aforesaid, as shall at once relieve us of the painful annoyances of the last three or four years, and the heavy expense of maintaining a local police at points along this coast for the prevention of the evils among our aborigines, so fully detailed in this collation. The Judicial proceedings in this City with reference to Captain Simon of the Regina Coeli, – the numerous depositions on file, and other evidence said to be corroborative against Capt. Simon, for prosecuting an illicit business within the Jurisdiction of this Republic in violation of repeated warnings to and equally repeated assurances given by him – are for the present omitted from this collation. In case you do not specially call for them, or otherwise make request, I am not inclined to give publicity to them, unless I find myself impelled to that course in the future. Stephen A. Benson House of Representatives January 8th, 1859. Resolved, that 100 copies of the message of the President called for by a Resolution of this House on the 3rd, inst., in reference to the mutiny on board the French emigration Ship “Regina Coeli,” and information on other matters in connection with the French system of emigration as prosecuted on the Liberian Coast, be printed for the use of this House, &c, &c. Anthony W. Gardner, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia. Department of State. Monrovial, January 5, 1859. To the President of Lbieria. In pursuance to your direction, I now proceed to collate from the documents on file in this department, a narration of facts in connection with the French System of emigration, so far as it regards its operation on the Liberian coast, and which will show the views entertained by this Government in reference thereto, and also show, that the Government of His Imperial Majesty have long since, been made acquainted with them. It is absolutely necessary for the vindication of the honor of the Government and the people of Liberia, that this course be adopted. The English and American public, from representations made to the French Government by some of its subjects, – directly interested in supplying French colonies with laborers from Africa, – are made to believe, that for a consideration paid to this Government, it has encouraged and fostered this French system of emigration, by its participation and complicity. Notwithstanding the well known fact, that the accursed system of slavery has ceased to exist on the Liberian coast, through the vigilance and at the expense, (to say nothing of the loss of life) of this Government and people of Liberia, yet the false and libelous statements

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so industriously circulated as to the complicity of the Liberian Government in kidnapping the aborigines of the country, and sending them on board a French ship by violence and fraud, from their homes and families, to eke out a miserable and fearful existence in a French colony, may find credence among many friends of humanity, and among many of Liberia’s best defenders. It is necessary then, that we place ourselves in a position of defense, and present to the civilized world a plain and faithful history of matters and things in connection with the French system of emigration as prosecuted on the Liberian coast. About the middle of the year 1855, M. Chevalier or another French emigration agent, made his appearance on the Coast of Liberia in a Steamer. He visited New Sess, Tradetown and other parts of the Liberian coast – the inducements held out by him for emigrants caused several native towns in the New Sess country to be sacked, many of the inhabitants of which were made prisoners and sent off to him as emigrants. About 40 of the inhabitants of those pillaged towns, who made their escape, consisting of men, women and children, fled to authorities at Buchanan, Grand Bassa, and were assigned by the superintendent of the county a suitable and safe place contiguous to Buchanan at which to locate where many of them are still residing. In 1856, M. Chevalier again visited the coast of Liberia ostensibly for the purpose of procuring free laborers from the aboriginal inhabitants. He was accompanied by a French Officer, who, it was reported, was placed on board M. chevalier’s vessel by the French Government, to prevent fraud in the procuration of emigrants. On his arrival at this port, M. Chevalier reported himself to the authorities, and was by them informed of the requirements of the law regulating “Navigation, Commerce and Revenue.” He remained in board some two days, proposing for a consideration, to arrange with government to be allowed the privilege of establishing a permanent commercial and emigration depot at Tradetown point, and in endeavoring to convince authorities that the law did contemplate a transient business like the one he was engaged in. That the merchandize aboard his vessel was to be given as presents to whomsoever would assist him in collecting emigrants. He was informed most plainly, that no emigration depots would be allowed within our Jurisdiction and that the law required of him and all others not to take persons from Liberia unless they were furnished with passports from the Secretary of State. This requisition was the more urgently insisted upon, in view of the known selfishness and rapacity of the native chieftains, who for the sake of gain, would not hesitate, as had been demonstrated during his voyage of the preceding year, to seize upon inoffensive men, women and children and send them off from their homes without the least compunction of feeling – and be compelling M. Chevalier to procure passports, the Government would know if the emigration was free of constrained. After many evasions and subterfuges M. Chevalier proceeded down the coast without having made known his intentions in regard to the requirements of the Government. It may be proper to remark in this connection, that the authorities here would certainly have taken decided steps to insure M. Chevalier’s compliance with the law whilst on the Liberian coast, if it had not been argued, that the French officer of Marine who accompanied M. Chevalier, would consider it his duty to see that no French subject violated the laws of Liberia – a State with which his Government was upon terms of amity. This was not an unreasonable conclusion to arrive at. A French merchant vessel leaves a port in France for Liberia – her business is unique in its character, and in the prosecuting of it, liable to much injustice and wrong. The Government of France knowing this, and also, that its subjects were not more honest than the citizens and subjects of other countries, and would not be apt to care much for the principle and honor when they conflict with the dictates of an avaricious hears – places on board said vessel one of its officer, who is, it is reasonable to suppose entirely free from any pecuniary interest in the expedition for the procu-

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ration of free laborers – to prevent any wrong or injustice being done, and to see that no laws or regulations are trampled upon in the attainment of the object of the voyage. It will be seen in the sequel how egregiously the Liberian authorities were deceived in their estimate of the presence of the French Marine officer on board the vessel of M. Chevalier. There is no law in Liberia to prevent its citizens from leaving it for other parts, but it is required however, that a public notice of ten days shall be given of the intention to leave, before a passport can be obtained from the Secretary of State. This is a measure of precaution to protect creditors from absconding debtors. M. Chevalier anchored off New Cesstors and Tradetown and invited some of the native Chiefs to an interview. It is not definitely known what passed at this conference, but the confusion and dismay which seem to have paralyzed many of the weak and less powerful chieftains clearly showed that war, rapine and murder were to follow in the footsteps of M. chevalier. The unfortunate people flocked to the authorities at Grand Bassa for protection, and many of them are living now near the settlements in that Country, having flown from their homes and the association which made life dear to them, to escape being kidnapped and carried off to satisfy the wants of M. Chevalier. A few Americo-Liberians who were trading on the beach at New Cesstors and Tradetown witnessed scenes on this occasion which made them shudder. The poor kidnapped creatures were brought down to the beach strongly secured with cords, put into canoes, thus bound and carried off on board the French vessel, and she hurried off towards the south coast before intelligence could be conveyed here of her movements, and steps taken to bring her to account. The poor unfortunates would call on their Americo-Liberian friends (traders) for protection – they done all they could to get them released – they remonstrated with those who had them in charge – but all to no purpose – the cupidity of the native chiefs and the wants of M. Chevalier must be satisfied even at the cost of bleeding humanity – the destruction of villages and of rapine and murder. It was after this fashion that M. Chevalier proceeded to collect his Free laborers. It may be asked where was the French Marine Officer at the times this outrageous wrong and injustice were being perpetrated? He was on board M. Chevalier’s ship, and if any part of his time was spent on the deck of that vessel, he must have known that the poor Africans were carried on board strongly secured with cords and that their fearful countenances bespoke everything but satisfaction. It was left to the humane and Christian world to review and make up a verdict upon the character of this Conscientious French Officer. M. Chevalier as before intimated did not return to Monrovia and consequently complied with none of the requisitions of the law, but immediately after filing his vessel with a dissatisfied, oppressed and enslaved number of poor unfortunate inoffensive natives, left the coast. From all parts between Monrovia and Cape Palmas, complaints poured in to the Government of the wrongs and injustice of M. Chevalier, and the natives of the country looked and expected protection from the laws of Liberia. Under these circumstances – so painful and revolting to the feelings of the people of Liberia, the Government issued Proclamation, copy of which here follows, as the only course to pursue, that presented a possibility of preventing a repetition of the wrongs of M. Chevalier. Proclamation. “Whereas Mr. Chevalier, in behalf of His Imperial Majesty’s Government of France has recently come to this coast for the ostensible purpose of procuring Labourers for French Guyana by offering, as inducements, the sum of seven French Dollars, to each Labourer that will emigrate in his ships, a promise of kind treatment, and a free passage back to his origi-

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nal home, which inducements have created considerable dissatisfaction and disquietude among the native tribes of the coast, where the majority of said labourers so emigrating are taken, giving rise to multifarious complaints, which have been presented to this Government, and which have awakened on its part no ordinary concern and interest; and whereas this Government is desirous of maintaining inviolate its principles of laws and justice of protecting the rights of its citizens and promoting in every possible manner their interest, peace and tranquility; Therefore – Be it known to all whom it may concern that masters of vessels are prohibited from taking on board passage to any individual residing within this Republic without a passport from the Secretary of State, unless to be landed within this Republic, under penalty of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars; and that vessels carrying or intending to carry away emigrant must come to this port with their emigrants on board to obtain passports, in order that an opportunity may be afforded this Government ascertaining whether the emigration be free or constrained.” All violations of the above law regulating passports will be visited with the utmost penalty thereunto annexed. Done at Monrovia this twenty-fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and fifty six and the Republic the Ninth. Stephen A. Benson. By the President, (signed) D.B. Warner, Secretary of State.” After M. Chevalier’s departure from the Boat, time and opportunity were afforded to ascertain the precise condition of matters the aborigines of the country, after the excitement among them, growing out of the kidnapping measures of the chiefs to supply his demand for laborers. The excitement apparently, had in a measure, subsided. The natives had received assurances from the Government, that steps would be taken to prevent a repetition of the deplorable scenes they had passed through. Tho’ their minds became somewhat relieved, they were still suspicious of each other. They looked for the villages they had lived in – searched for the missing portions of their families who had fled to the Liberian settlements, or been carried off by M. Chevalier – their property squandered – indeed destruction had come upon them, and they feared every one, and every man’s hand was raised to strike his neighbor. Repeated assurances of the Government of Liberia, somewhat, gave confidence to them, and their attention was turned to their ordinary avocations. But for the ready interest and interference of the Liberian authorities, the countries of New Cesters and Tradetown would have become the theaters of the most deadly strife, which it would have required an expenditure of tens of thousands of dollars to quell, to say nothing of the utter destruction of legitimate trade in those parts. This is but a sketch of the actual condition of affairs at those places at the time. The plans adopted by the French for the procuration of emigrants on our coast having become a matter of much serious importance, involving even the very existence of the Republic as a free state, and all that the people thereof hold most sacred – it became a matter of most earnest consideration with the Government, as to the best course to pursue, to obviate, in future such lamentable occurrences. The Government of Liberia did not for a moment believe that the Government of His Imperial Majesty would sanction the course of M. Chevalier, no such a course in any other person acting under the authority of the French Flag. Indeed, the Treaty subsisting between the two Governments was a guarantee that such would not be the case. In March 1857 M. Chevalier returned to the Liberian Coast in continuation of his system for the procuration of free laborers. He not only had a French officer of Marine on board his vessel (Phoenix) as before, but he was accompanied by the French Steam Ship of War “Euphrate” Commander Laporterie. On your arrival at Cape Mount last March, you found M. Chevalier there with his Ship, – having arrived two days previously – prosecuting

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the same business between Cape Mount and Gallinas (both inclusive,) and had refused to allow a boat sent off from the settlement of Robertsport to board him. Captain Cooper, by your direction, dispatched Midshipmen Harris of the “Lark” to M. Chevalier’s Ship with your compliments, to inform him that it was legally and indispensable requisite that he touch at Monrovia and procure of the Secretary of State passports for all emigrants obtained within the jurisdiction of the Republic, as also to settle the duties accruing on all merchandize landed or disposed of by him within the same. You also addressed him a note to that effect by the same conveyance; with all of which he assured you there would be a faithful compliance by him. In about ten minutes after Midshipman Harris left the emigrant ship, and when about a hundred yards distant from her, he espied and overhauled a canoe near to, and making for said ship, with a man on board securely board with cords, whom Mr. Harris released and carried on board the “Lark;” and whom, you subsequently brought to this city on your return in the “Lark.” This man reported that he had been unexpectedly seized on shore that morning at Sugaree – distant only five miles from Robertsport – bound with cords, thrown into a canoe, and was being involuntarily taken to Mr. Chevalier as an emigrant. He was incessant in his expressions of gratitude to his rescuers. Mr. Chevalier preceded you by some four of five days to Monrovia, and had left before you returned. On his arrival here he called on the authorities, and they complained of his violating the law on his last voyage; and they again made known the requirements of the law regulating Commerce Navigation and Revenue and the provisions of the law regulating Passports. Mr. Chevalier strongly contended that the Government of Liberia had no just grounds for the issuing of the Proclamation in connection with his operations on the coast – that he had not done or caused to be done any wrong, or committed any injustice whatever, and that all such information coming to Monrovia was fabricated by evil minded persons. Nothing was to be gained in a controversy with M. Chevalier, and it was hoped that the presence of a French National vessel would deter him from again violating the laws of Liberia, and prevent a recurrence of the lamentable and deeply regretted disturbances among the aborigines of the Country, which so indelibly marked his former visits to the coast. It was, however, soon ascertained, that M. Chevalier would have a strong and powerful support in Commander Laporterie, in any future violations of Liberian laws, instead of finding in him a ready and willing agent to see that the laws of Liberia were respected and adhered to, especially by subjects of his own country, with which this Government is on terms of peace and friendship. It was, and is now, a deep source of regret to find Commander Laporterie giving encouragement and support to M. Chevalier in his unjustifiable pretensions, to carry out his own system for the procuration of emigrants on the Liberia coast, without caring whether the laws of Liberia were violated or not. There can be no doubt but that M. Chevalier claimed the interference of Commander Laporterie against being compelled by the Liberian authorities to submit to the operation of the law regulating Navigation, Commerce, and Revenue, and the requirements of the law regulating Passports, and hence a communication addressed by him to this government, through the French Consul. Here is a literal translation of the communication. “Note to the Consular Agent at Monrovia. The fiscal and other claims which the authorities at Monrovia have issued with reference to Captain Chevalier, give rise to the following observations. It does not appear that Mr. Chevalier ought to acquiesce in any payment whatever of ad valorem duties on the merchandize of exchange, since they are not for the purpose of commercial operations with the natives. He offers them as gifts to those who facilitate his business of enlistment, and at first cost; both remain on board without communicating with the shore, and besides, this use of goods being subordinate to the enlistment is essential.

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The Hon. Secretary of State would have assumed the right of placing on board of the “Phoenix” a fiscal agent and an officer for inspecting the engagements on the coast pertaining to the Republic of Liberia. M. Chevalier operating under the inspection of a French administrative Agent who is, himself placed under the control of the Commander of one of His Majesty’s vessels, that would be to subject to suspicion that which France is accustomed to see respected. He does not appear to have any thing else to do in this matter than to furnish to the Secretary of State written assurance that those ships, operating on this coast, in engaging free labourers renounce the liberty of bartering or of prosecuting any other commercial operation thereon. Captain Chevalier consents to this, and the mandatories or proxies of the Commanderin-chief adhere to it. This ought to satisfy the question. To desire to make Captain Chevalier pay duties in advance would evidently be to impose upon him a most burdensome security. In effect, the only means which they point out to him of entering their waters, if he has room there, is to return to Monrovia and settle with the Collectors. 1st. What establishment would now assure him of reimbursement if he shall not have found sale for his merchandize of the Liberian Coast? 2nd. Is it right that a vessel having on board a hundred men whose daily expenses are considerable, should lose so much time in meeting a provision altogether exceptional, since habitually, when duties are exacted arrangements are made for collecting them at a place nearest the point of debarkation. By right there is no fraud where there is not an impossibility of proving a misdemeanor. M. Chevalier would not be able even to apply to the Republic itself in case of dispute with the Treasury; he would be obliged then to abide the exigencies, this is the more inadmissible, since he has on board his vessel an Agent of the French Government, who will be always careful to establish the morality of the operations of our emigrant ships. In relation to the passports which the Republic of Liberia intend to require of the free labourers who engage themselves with us, I have but one remark to make, that is, that whenever there are Liberian authorities, it becomes them to adopt means of police; for if they do not themselves violate the right of nations no one will have to oppose them. M. Chevalier ought then to abstain from engaging emigrants wherever there really exists a constituted Liberian power, unless the Captain does not submit to the authority of the Law of Liberia on this matter. I think that many native chiefs whom they wish to consider as Liberians at Monrovia, formally deny that honor, should be insisted upon; which gives occasion of asking the Hon. Secretary of State what are the limits which the Republic claims as its own in order that we may be able to direct our actions knowingly. Finally, in expressing to the Secretary of State every sentiment of good will that I should have addressed to the President of the Republic at Cape Mount, on behalf of His Honor The French Commander-in-Chief, the Consular agent is requested to cause the Hon. Secretary of State to understand that he has not observed exact reciprocity in desiring to consider at this time emigrant vessels as Commercial ships, when they have all along been regarded as transports of the State according to the declaration of the Collector of Monrovia. This explanation then need only be maintained, to avoid, perhaps, debates and difficulties; always vexed between two countries which have many reasons to continue on terms of cordiality and good will. The Commander of the “Euphrate.” (signed) M. Laporterie. The Consular Agent of France, at Monrovia, Messurado Roads, March 1857.”

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In reading the above note of Commander Laporterie we are seriously impressed, and reminded that the views and wants of others, however selfish in their nature they may be, must be met, even at the sacrifice of law, principle and honor. This fact is prominently brought to our notice in the person of the Commander of a ship of war, belonging to a nation with which we are united by Treaty stipulations, and from which we have on several occasions received marks of sympathy and friendship. In almost every line of this note, there appears a studied intention to insult and wound the feelings of the Government and people of Liberia. Hitherto we have been taught to believe that the French people, of all others, were the most courteous. If Commander Laporterie found that the laws of Liberia were too stringent in their effect, and that they bore rather detrimentally upon the operations of M. Chevalier, it certainly would have been more courteous in him, and perhaps his duty, to discuss those points which appeared to him objectionable, and endeavor to obtain some concession, or to develop a plan which would be less inconvenient to Mr. Chevalier, and at the same time not derogatory to the honor of the Government in conceding it. Apart from the offensive tone, there is nothing in the note but that clearly indicates an intention to violate the laws of Liberia. In the very outset, he says “that Mr. Chevalier ought not to acquiesce in any payment whatever of advalorem duties on the merchandize of exchange since they are not for the purpose of commercial operations with the natives.” We may not stop here, to show the futility of this reasoning, no that the introduction of merchandize into Liberia by M. Chevalier was clearly for the object of gain, and greatly to his advantage, if he had the privilege of introducing them; but we wish to notice the arrogance of the French Commander in assuming to himself the right of interpreting our laws, and declaring what shall be done, and what shall not be done in the jurisdiction of Liberia. The Republic of Liberia is acknowledged to be a sovereign and independent State, and entitled to the rights and privileges of the most powerful nation. It has then, in common with other nations, enact laws and to adopt regulations to suit its circumstances without consulting or knowing if they will be agreeable to others or not. It is sufficient that the Government and People of Liberia know that such laws and regulations are necessary for their interest and security, and that they do not conflict with international law. The Government of France, and every other Government, holds it an inherent right – a sacred privilege, to enact such laws as circumstances point out, for its advantage and protection, and no one has the right to complain about them. Those who do not like their operation, need not place themselves under their influence. If the laws of Liberia are unfavorable to M. Chevalier, it would be manly in him, and more to his honor to keep clear of their action. It strikes us also, that Commander Laporterie could find much more honorable employment, than that of encouraging the violation of our laws, and offering unprovoked insults to a Government, because of its weakness and its reluctance to assume a hostile attitude toward him, – an employment no doubt, that suits him, better than any other. All along, the people of Liberia, have believed that their strength consisted in their very weakness – but it is left to this accomplished Commander to teach them another lesson. Nothing further need be said in this connection. M. Chevalier under the protection of the guns of Commander Laportorie continued for a time on the Liberian coast, in utter violation of its laws and in part consummated the object of his voyage. The Secretary of State through the French Consul replied to Commander Laporterie – a copy of which here follows. “Department of State. Monrovia, March 20, 1857. Sir,

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I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of a Despatch, addressed to you by the Commander of His Imperial Majesty’s Steamer “Euphrate” which you transmitted to me with your note No. 1, dated March 19. To the Despatch I beg to reply in general terms, without confining myself to a reiteration, in regular order, of the queries and propositions therein contained. First – The Law regulating the Commerce and Revenue of this Republic are plain and explicit, requiring that all vessels coming with in the territories of the Republic and trading at ports of entry – of which there are five – shall pay a duty of six per centum advalorem on the amount of sales; and in case such vessels wish to trade coast wise, they are required to enter the whole of their cargoes, and pay a duty of eight per centum on their prime coast; obtaining at the same time, assurance from the comptroller of Customs that a draw-back of duties shall be allowed on all such parts of said cargoes as are not sold within the limits of this Republic; ardent spirits and wines excepted. Further, every trade vessel is required, on entering at the Custom House, to deposit her papers in the office of the Representative of the national to which she belongs, in the absence of such a Representative the papers must be deposited at the Custom House of the port she enters; which arrangement renders it necessary that such vessel having prosecuted a coast-wise trade, should return to the port she first entered. These provisions apply to all vessels importing goods into the territory of the Republic for the purpose of any kind of exchange whatever. The case of the “Phoenix” does not furnish an exception; for the bestowing of Merchandize upon those who are of service in facilitating the prosecution of our business, whatever it be is, to all intents and purposes, bartering such merchandize; the bestowing of the goods being in consideration of the rendering of services. Secondly, In regard to the Passports, I beg to say, as such a scheme of emigration as that being prosecuted by Mr. Chevalier was not contemplated by this Government, the Legislature has made no provisions for the furnishing of passports to persons wishing to leave the Republic, at any other place than at Monrovia, nor by any other individual than the Secretary of State. Thirdly, The limits of the territory claimed by this Republic are included between the Shebar on the North-West and Grand Cess of the South-east. In cases where direct purchase of any intermediate points has not been effected by this Government, the Chiefs of Headmen of said points, by treaty stipulations, ceded to this Government political jurisdiction over those points. It is a matter of very deep regret to this Government that from an expressed desire on its part of carrying out the provisions of its Commerce and Revenue Law, by placing an inspecting office on board of vessels trading on this coast, there should be inferred a disposition to call in question the honor and dignity of the national to which such vessels belong; and that the absence of a regularly established police along the Liberian coast, to afford facilities to an isolated and singular scheme, should be regarding as an infringement of the laws of nations. It is certainly not consonant to the laws of nations that one Government should, for the sake of its own convenience, infringe upon the rights of another. It is the earnest hope of this Government that this matter will be settled satisfactorily to all concerned, without involving the necessity of any protracted debate on the subject. Please to assure the Commander that this Government entertain the most friendly feelings toward himself and those whom he represents, and is sincerely, disposed to render them any service not incompatible with the laws of this Republic. However much this Government may be disposed to favour the French Government, it is not within my competency, no do I suppose it is within that of the Executive to confer such favours as shall involve an infraction of the laws.

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With distinguished consideration, Your obt Servant (Signed) D.B. Warner. His Im. M’s Consul. Monrovia, Liberia.” We repeat the opinion, that the Government of His Imperial Majesty will not approve the course of Commander Laporterie and M. Chevalier in the flagrant violation of the laws of Liberia, and we hope that it will show is disapprobation of such conduct in terms so unequivocal as to relive the minds of the Government and people of Liberia as to any future cause of complaint in this respect. This is an age of freedom, and men and nations demand the right to act and speak, and the civilized world will not acknowledge that might makes right independently of what is honorable and just. Justice must be the standard by which nations shall be governed, and it matters not if a nation is weak and unable to cope in strength with another, yet if the weaker is in the right, the opinion of the world will do justice to it. Liberia is awake to its interests. The people very well know that it is their best policy to cultivate the most friendly feeling, and enjoy the good will of all nations. Liberia is in its infancy, and needs the kind sympathies of Christendom, and the Government of Liberia will not intentionally do or act in any manner which would afford just cause for censure or condemnations. It is to the interest of Liberia that the people of every county should be encouraged to have intercourse with us – it is from this source, as much as from any other, that we hope to obtain a character as a national worthy to be honored and respected. The Americo-Liberians came to this their Father-land to raise and build up a civilized and Christian state. After surmounting many difficulties, they succeeded in planting on these shores permanent civilized communities. These communities are surrounded by innumerable numbers of heathen, and it is hoped that they will eventually be brought to adopt habit of civilization. Many hundreds of the aboriginals have already been induced to abandon their superstitious rites and ceremonies, and to conform to the habits of civilized life. The better to accomplish the purpose for which Liberia was established, it was deemed of the first importance to obtain from other Governments a recognition for it, as a Sovereign and independent State. We owe eternal gratitude to those magnanimous Governments who so nobly came forward and extended to us the hand of recognition; among the first to do us this honor was the Government of France. The Government and people of Liberia are not only under obligations to France in this respect, but hey have received from her otherwise, important material aid. For the many favors shown us by France, Liberia will ever entertain grateful recollections. In the natural course of things, unpleasant circumstances will, at times, transpire, notwithstanding every care and diligence may be used to prevent such occurrences – and very often before the true character of the differences are understood, unfavorable impressions are made, and perhaps, disagreeable consequences have ensued. A Nation as magnanimous as that of France, will not be found withdrawing its good will and friendship for Liberia, as long as she proves true to herself, and when it is informed of the true nature of the causes of which we complain, and the reasonableness of them, we feel assured, that it will promptly see that all proper justice is rendered to us, with assurances, that there will not be a repetition of such offenses, at least, by persons acting under the authority of the French Flag. Finding that M. Chevalier was not restrained by Commander Laporterie, and that he was continuing to create disturbances among the natives in those sections of the country which he selected to procure free laborers, and the complaints coming in from a number of the less powerful chiefs, describing a sad and distressed state of affairs among them, growing out of the kidnapping system of the more powerful chiefs to procure labourers to supply the wants of M. Chevalier and seeking at the hand of Government protection for themselves, their families and their property; the Government adopted the only course which presented a

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possibility of a repetition of such lamentable occurrences, without resorting to measures which would have been regarded as hostile, which was, to communicate direct to the Government of His Imperial Majesty and solicit of it, its interference. It is hoped and believed that this system will not be continued on the coast of Liberia. No acknowledgement however, has been received of the note to the French Government. The following is a copy of the communication made to that Government. Incomplete!

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1859 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: In making this communication to you, at the opening of your regular annual session, it is very proper that I should introduce it with a devout acknowledgment of the mercies of our Heavenly Father, whose superintending care has watched over and graciously conducted this young nation through the vicissitudes of another year. Our seasons have been favorable. The soil has very bountifully rewarded the hand of industry. Commerce has manifestly increased. With few exceptions, among some of the native clans, peace predominates. Our foreign relations may be regarded as tranquil. And though a contagion visited this county this year, and threatened great destruction in its strides among the aborigines, and some four or five or our settlements, yet, excepting New Georgia, the mortality has been less than what was anticipated soon after it made its appearance. And to day, I am happy to be able to express the fact, already known to you, that a spirit of intelligent, manly industry, and of independence, obtains within the Republic, to a degree beyond that of any former period in the history of Liberia. Convened as you are, from all parts of the Republic, to commence, under so favorable circumstances, the first session of the incumbency with which you were invested last May by the free and enlightened suffrage of your fellow citizens, there is much at present, as well as in the prospect, to encourage you in your work of legislation, which your knowledge of the wants of your respective Counties, as well as of the general government, will, I doubt not, enable you to do creditably and advantageously to the country. I have striven, so far was reasonably practicable, to carry out the laws enacted at the last Session of the Legislature. Immediately after the close of the session, I directed the boundary lines of the Corporation of the City of Robertsport to be fixed, in conformity to the Act reducing its area, and directed the lands lying contiguously thereto, to be laid off in farm lots for original volunteers and immigrants; which has been done to the general satisfaction. I have not been able to make a visit there in person this year, but I am officially, as well as otherwise informed, that the settlement is manifestly improving, and promises not to be second, very soon, to any of our sea-board settlements, in may respects. The aborigines of that section of the country, though apparently submissive to the laws of the Republic, and their deportment to a very great extent is respectful and loyal, are nevertheless distracted at times more or less by tribal or clannish misunderstandings; and from rumors and threats to engage, and now and then their actual engagement, in retaliatory or aggressive acts, so that we are not seldom disappointed in realizing our cherished desire to preserve undisturbed peace and friendship, with their concomitant blessings among them. It is my purpose this dry season, provided your session is not necessarily protracted too long, to have the barricades of the towns in the Cape Mount section of country demolished;

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and to threaten with severe punishment the first who may attempt a reconstruction. And as, in order to do this – though I do not anticipate any resistance, and it is my purpose to avoid if possible every thing like actual hostilities – it may be necessary to employ a small force, I have to request that you pass a resolution of authorization, and that you make sufficient appropriation for that purpose, provided it is your opinion that the act entitled “An Act to maintain peace and enforce order on the highways to the interior,” approved January 31, 1859, does not confer the requisite authorization. There are also several barricades in the New Sess Country, which I intend ordering and compelling to be similarly demolished this dry season, for which I have to ask a similar provision. It is gratifying to me to be able to inform you, that Mr. Superintendent Gibson, of the County of Maryland, succeeded, at my direction, during the late visit of the Quail (last month) to that county, in bringing measurably to a satisfactory adjustment the long standing difficulty of perhaps ten years, that existed between the Po River and Padee tribes near Garroway. The former who, some ten years ago, forcibly ejected the latter from the section of land occupied by them by assignment of the then government of State of Maryland, and who had so obstinately refused to yield it up again to the peaceable and rightful possession of the Padees, now solicit of the Superintendent a grant of land from government, to which they have promised to peaceably remove, and to yield up the usurped domain, so soon as the solicited assignment is made. At the request of Mr. Superintendent Gibson, I have directed Captain Cooper, of the Quail, to so arrange as to be present there, about the middle of this month, as to facilitate and enforce the consummation of that object. In the absence of a government vessel this year until early in July, I could not conveniently visit the leeward counties and settlements until the middle of that month; having left this city for that purpose on the 14th of that month, and returned on the 23d of August. I not only visited most of our sea-board civilized settlements, but in company with Mr. Superintendent Gibson and other prominent citizens, visit many of the principal sea-board towns of our aborigines; and at some of the places at which I did not land, I had very satisfactory interviews with the chiefs on board: and I am happy to be able to say, that, with only one exception, their intelligence, together with their respect for and loyalty to this their government, far surpassed my most sanguine expectations. I was much pleased to witness the various clans commendably striving to rival each other in demonstrations of confidence, loyalty and respect; and that a feeling of identity of interest with us so generally obtained among them. Never before had my visit to your aborigines been so pleasant; nor had I ever before been so much encouraged by so general a progress in assimilation to us. In my visits to the three leeward counties as aforesaid, it was manifest that their interest and progress were greatly retarded for want of immigration. I had hoped, that before this time there would have been a more general distribution of immigrants to the several Counties, so as to afford sufficient numerical force in each county, to safely occupy the rich lands lying more interiorward. This is the great desideratum in the three counties of Grand Bassa, Sinoe and Maryland. A few good companies of industrious immigrants, settled near or a few miles beyond the head of navigation of the St. John’s and Sinoe rivers, and a few good companies to commence and sustain an agricultural settlement on the banks of the fine river Cavally, in Maryland County, would be to Liberia, as a whole, a most judicious and beneficial distribution and assignment. The finances of the government would allow a very few of the public enterprises to be carried out, for which appropriation was made at the last Session; such as the State Prison up the St. Paul’s river, the repairs of and additions to the Court houses in Bassa, Sinoe and Maryland Counties, &c., &c., toward which nothing of importance has been done; and it will be well to renew the appropriations this year, so that I may be fully authorized to prose-

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cute during the year, such as the state of the finances will justify, especially for the prosecution to completion of the Representative Hall, commenced about two and a half months ago. The road authorized to be constructed form the St. Paul’s river to Careysburg would have been completed before this, but for impediments of an imprudent and offensive nature, of which and their connections, it is earnestly hoped there will not be recurrence. So soon as government is relieved a little of the expense of erecting the Representative Hall, the road will be constructed at once. Commencing with the month of March, the Small Pox, for about five months, raged somewhat frightfully in this City, and in three or four of the settlements on the St. Paul’s river, as well among the aborigines of this county; and though the mortality – excepting at New Georgia and among the aborigines – has not been as great as was at first anticipated, yet it far exceeded that resulting from the same malady in our communities, at any previous time. The Legislature at the last session having abrogated all the city charters of this Republic, left them without any municipal organization, which has been the cause of much inconvenience and detriment to the people during the year. In the absence of that prompt and efficient action in providing means and adopting measures to which our citizens ought to have been influenced in their respective municipalities, by the great first law of nature, self preservation, I found it necessary and consequently assumed the responsibility of appropriating and expending between three and four hundred dollars from the public Treasury, to assist in arresting the malady in its spread in our communities, of which I have to solicit an expression your approval by an appropriation therefor. The Attorney General has given it as his official opinion, that the several city charters, and the subsequent acts, making grants of money to the City Corporations, together with the acts annulling those charters, have repealed, and consequently nullifies, the old statute, which, antecedent to any city incorporations by Charter, made provision for, and enjoined, the respective municipal organizations, throughout the Republic, by ballot on the first Tuesday of each October. This will make it necessary, that you either resuscitate the old statute, or enact an improved system of municipal operation, with a reduced number of officers, so as at once to secure a more efficient and less expensive organization. Unless the charters you may grant in the future shall provide for and enjoin municipal organizations to operate with more efficiency and less Administrative and Legislative expense than heretofore under the lately repealed Charters, they had better by far operate under the aforesaid old Statute. I have striven to have carried out, as speedily as could be under the circumstances, the law levying taxes upon the taxable citizens of this Republic. The law cannot be fully put in operation until early 1860. This does not arise from any opposition on the part of the people, but from the great quantity of printing and other labor that was necessary to be done under the provisions of the act, after the assessment had been returned from the several Counties and Settlements to the Treasury Department. I am pleased to say that the citizens of this Republic, with very few (if any) exceptions, have cordially acquiesced in the measure by manifesting a pride to pay their taxes. In this they have discovered a magnanimity and patriotism never excelled in that way by the citizens of any republican government. The aborigines generally hail the measure with joy, pleasure and pride. As the kind as well as quantity of their tax was left to my discretion, I simply imposed a capitation tax of one dollar on each taxable male; and so soon as I can get the entire system that I have devised for its collection properly organized and put in operation, which will not be until early 1860, I anticipate a respectable income from that source.

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Whoever may regard the idea as ridiculous and chimerical, I am free to confess my firm belief, that, by power management, they will promptly pay their taxes, with becoming cheerfulness and patriotism. The townships within the Republic, with very few exceptions, are amply provided with schools. Yet it is my purpose, so soon as the taxation law begins to operate successfully among the aborigines, to establish under the provisions of an existing law at least one common school in each county – the number to be increased in the future as circumstances may justify – for the special, though not exclusive, tuition of Native youths. If they be known as government schools, specially established for their benefit, and the services of efficient teachers are secured, I am sanguine that they will be well attended by youths as well as middle aged persons. And since they will pay their taxes cheerfully, and otherwise contribute to the support oF the government, and to a considerable degree no longer feel an estrangement from, but identified with us, it seems but the reasonable duty of government, to at least make this commencement for their education and training, which will at once increase our claim upon them, and their attachment and respect for us as one people, having one common interest. I shall transmit to you, within a day or two, a copy of the communication I received in September from the Trustees of Donations in the United States, respecting, and responsive to the documents which accompanied the Act entitled “An Act Amendatory to the act entitled” An act incorporating Liberia College and the supplement thereto,” approved March 1st, 1859, which by implication provided that it should be transmitted to the respective Boards of Trustees of Donations and of Liberia College, for their reception or rejection. In that document you will find the decision of the former, together with the reasons and arguments upon which it is based, explicitly and respectfully set forth. I shall transmit at the same time a copy of the Preamble and Resolution adopted in this city September 19, 1859, by the Board of Trustees of Liberia College, concurring in the aforesaid opinion of the Board of Trustees of Donations; and I shall transmit, also, a memorial of much interest, from the Board of Trustees of Liberia College, respecting Liberia College, which I received on the 6th inst. Regarding as I do, the subject to which these important documents relate, as being of vast importance, I shall transmit them at a very early day, with such a special message, as I deem their importance demands. The Agricultural interest of the Republic is making encouraging progress. There has been more produced and exported by the Americo-Liberians during the last year, than in the entire previous history of Liberia, comprising a period of nearly forty years. And it is very manifest to all who have visited the plantations this season, that there will be a large increase this year over the last. The counties of Montserrado and Grand Bassa are especially progressing praise-worthily in such pursuits; and I have no doubt that their example will influence other sections of the Republic to similar industrial pursuits: pursuits that constitute the basis of wealth, comfort, and independence, and which, as an auxiliary, are second to none, in promoting the intellectual, moral and religious interest of a nation. I have already directed measures to be adopted for the procurement of several barrels of the best cotton seeds this month at Cape Mount and vicinity, to be distributed among the native chiefs along our coast for cultivation the ensuing season, commencing in March; and I am happy to be able to say that the subject of the cultivation of cotton is very well received by the chiefs all along our coast; and it is at the earnest request of many of them that the seed will be procured and distributed. It however remains yet to be seen, as to whether cotton cultivation will prove more profit than, or even equally so, to the making of palm oil, and the cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, rice and other exportable articles. The cultivation of cotton in

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Liberia to any extent other than for home consumption will depend on this issue. Should the issue declare in favor of cotton, millions of pound will be exported from Liberia annually within the next fifteen years, otherwise a very few thousand pounds. In this connection, it should state for your information, that the Manchester Cotton Supply Association has kindly tendered through its secretary to Gerard Ralston Esq., our Consul General at London, the sum of fifty pounds, of the amount of which I gave information at the last Session, as having been appropriated by that Association to be awarded as premiums for four years for the encouragement of cotton cultivation in Liberia, which amount is subject to order. And I am further advised by Mr. Consul General Ralston, that the five Medals of bronze and silver from the same source and for the same purpose, have also been tendered to him, which he will forward by the Rev. J. S. Payne, expected to arrive this month. Our commerce, though as yet small – the result of a non-development of the inexhaustible resources of our county – must increase in proportion to the increase in the production, by agriculture and manufacture, of exportable articles by our citizens. We have had it demonstrated during the year, that our exchange with foreigners is not to be restricted in the future to a few products of heathen labor; but also the products of civilized skill and energy, which are being brought into increasing practice daily. Nor can, nor will, nor shall, there be any abatement henceforth in this respect, so long as so genial a sun, continues to shine upon so prolific a soil, in so delightful a climate, as we have in the Republic of Liberia. The increase of commerce through industrial pursuits, will necessarily bring Liberian bottoms correspondingly into requisition, to ply between this and foreign countries. Foreseeing this, I advocated nearly four years ago, the policy of entering into treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation, with as many of the civilized donations of the earth as would negotiate with us on terms of reciprocity. By reciprocity, I do not mean granting to foreigners equal commercial or other privileges in Liberia with our own citizens, but granting them only such privileges in Liberia, as a sound policy shall dictate, upon condition that similar privileges be reciprocated to our citizens by the other contracting party; the policy of which I knew would be soon manifest, in the advantages that would accrue to us proportionally to the rapid development of the vast resources of this country. Several leading nations of Europe have indulged in no hesitancy in treating with us on terms of perfect reciprocity – the privileges reciprocally guaranteed are not, however in some of the cases as restricted as we have desired. With the United States of America, where so much of our produce finds with increasing demand, so ready a market; the nation with which we anticipated to sustain, by conventional law, early and definite commercial relations, has up to date stood aloof from us in that respect. And yet with becoming modesty, which should for a reasonable time be the policy of a young nation in such cases, we have hitherto practically placed her citizens on an equal footing with those of the most favored nation; which as yet has not been reciprocated us, as is manifest in the case of the Liberia brig E.N. Roye, on making her first trip to the United States this year under the Liberian Flag. This is a subject that should claim your attention at this session. Not that I would advise the speedy adoption and enforcement of retaliatory measures; as a young nation we can gain nothing by manifesting such impetuosity of spirit. Yet, as the Congress of the United States have vested the President with power, in the absence of subsisting treaties, to treat the subjects and property of such nation on the principle of reciprocity, it may not be amiss for you to consider the propriety of investing the administrative powers of this Republic with similar authority. As regard the United States, I do not doubt for a moment, that all we claim in that respect will be granted, so soon as the subject is properly introduced to the notice of that Government, and sufficient time is had for the proper action. If there were no higher motives to influence that government – an opinion I

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would not for a moment entertain, that of self-interest, (Liberian shipping to the United States bring not more than one twenty-fifth of United States shipping visiting our waters – would bring about very soon that reciprocity, for which this government so respectfully, reasonably and justly asks. So far as report has reached me from the Treasury Department, I learned that the act passed last session, entitled “An Act to amend an act entitled “an Act of duties on imports,” approved 14 January. 1859 has operated very well in facilitating the liquidation of claims against the government, as well as in meeting the current and contingent expenses. I regret that I cannot, as yet, recommend a reduction in the tariff; of this however and other matters respecting the finances, you will be better prepared to judge and act upon, after you shall have received the full annual report that will be transmitted to you in a few days by the Secretary of the Treasury. The revenue arising from direct taxation cannot be considerable, since one fourth per centum only is levied upon real estate; consequently its [sic] cannot be relied on as a source of much relief. The assessment and taxes of the Americo-Liberians in the respective counties stand thus:

Total

MONTSERRADO COUNTY Val. Real Estate Tax Poll $357,837 $902.80 $639.44

Aggregate $1,542.24

GRAND BASSA COUNTY Val. Real Estate Tax Poll $209,970 $572.99 $68.22

Aggregate $641.21

Val. Real Estate $54,562

MARYLAND COUNTY Tax Poll $572.99 $101.09

Aggregate $243.34

Val. Real Estate $19,348

SINOE COUNTY Tax Poll $50.22 $166.30

Aggregate $216.52

$641,717

$1,668.26

$2,643.31

$975.05

The Report furnished me from the Treasury Department states, that the receipts into the Public Treasury for the fiscal year ending 30 September, 1859, were $46,612.08 Disbursements for same year $46,166.43 Excess of Receipts $445.65 Receipt for the year ending 30th Sept. 1859, were $46,612.08 Receipt for the year ending 30th Sept. 1858 were $40,426.47 $6,185.61 Thus exhibiting an excess of receipts over the preceding year of $6,185.61 Disbursements for the year ending 30th Sept. 1859, were $46,166.43 $37,375.95 Disbursements for the year ending 30th Sept. 1858, were $8,790.48 Thus showing an excess of disbursements over the preceding year of $8790.48, which excess I have been informed by the officers of the Treasury Department has been principally applied in liquidation of claims against the government. As before intimated, the proper details will be embraced in the report of Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year, which I have directed him to submit to you at an early day of your session.

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There were several bills presented for my approval on the previous, as well as the actual day of the close of the last Session, to some of which I could not consistently or legally give my approval. I will refer at present only to the one upon which so many misconstructions have been placed, and which has caused some labored misrepresentations of Executive action in the premises, engendering, especially the early and middle part of this year, a degree of political agitation in the County of Maryland that was not of the most pleasant nature. The Caption of the bill reads thus; “A resolution to allow Maryland County two additional Representatives until the taking of the Census in said County.” Then follow the preamble of the resolution, citing the opinion of the Supreme Court, officially given at its last session, in which it is declared, as the doctrine of the Constitution of this Republic, “that all Counties admitted to this Republic are entitled each to one Representative only, until the census shall have been taken, and it shall appear by such Census to be Constitutionally entitled to more.” Which, as you will readily perceive, is in direct opposition to the Caption above cited. And, strange to say, the preamble, in continuation, declares in the very next lines, the difficulty amounting to impracticability, of taking the census of that county at present, and renders this impracticability, as a sufficient excuse, and authorization for abrogating or suspending a constitutional requisition – as the resolution immediately following the preamble was intended, and purports to do – which Constitutional requisition, as explained and set at rest by the Supreme Court, had just been cited and admitted in the foregoing part of the preamble, as genuinely authoritative. Next follows the resolution, authorizing and directing the inhabitants of that county to elect three representatives at the biennial election that was held in May 1859, and requesting the Executive to have the Census of that County taken as soon thereafter as possible. As before stated, this preamble and resolution with others, were presented for my approval on the afternoon of the day preceding the one on which the Session closed; thus, as you perceive, not allowing me sufficient time for its thorough examination and formal return with my objections. With my then and present convictions respecting the Constitutionality of that resolution, no consideration on earth would have induced me to give my approval to it under the circumstances. The opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law, whether Statute, Constitutional or Conventional, is paramount to that emanating from any other source or department in Liberia. The opinion of this court having just been obtained, declaring that unlawful, for which the Legislature by a subsequent act made provision, it is unreasonable to suppose that I, who upon my induction solemnly swore to support the constitution and laws of this Republic and all my official acts, would give my official approval to a law declared by its own preamble, as well as by the supreme competent department, to be in violation of our fundamental law. In my instructions to the Superintendent of that County, respecting the subject of three representatives, I directed him to adhere unswervingly to the opinion of the Supreme Court in any directions he might give for the guidance of the people of that County at the then ensuing election. I exceedingly regret, gentlemen, that the proper Constitutional course, recommended in my Message to the Legislature in April 1857, failed by one vote in the lower house of being adopted at that session by the necessary two third vote. Had the Legislature then provided for so amending the constitution as to have legalized the three representatives for that County for the lower house, the matter would have been set at rest long ago, and much unpleasant, as well as unprofitable discussion, misrepresentation and political agitation, would have been obviated. I am decidedly of opinion, that the Legislature ought to either promptly take the Constitutional course for granting that county the three representatives – which they deserve, and ought to have had long ago – if in earnest about the matter, or plainly tell them that they are opposed to their having them, and cease further action. The subject should be regarded as of too much vital importance to be

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trifled with. It has been agitated already too unnecessarily long, and some of the people of that county, though not as yet able to understand where the blame really lies, are beginning to think seriously that they are being trifled with; and as it is not known to what this matter may lead through bad advice and political intrigue, sound patriotic discretion dictates, that the subject should be promptly, fairly and honorably disposed of. This year has been remarkable for the arrival of intelligent and enterprising persons of color from the United States, and for the indications of desire, so general on the part of the free colored people of North America to emigrate to Africa, for the purpose of changing their condition, and of assisting to build up in this their father-land a respectable civilized colored nationality. Among the most eminent of these, is Dr. M.R. Delany, who arrived here about the middle of July, enroute for Yoruba, or the great Niger Valley, as one of a corps of gentlemen, designated as the “Niger Valley exploring company,” with a view of selecting suitable locality for the formation of a settlement or colony, by Emigration of persons of color from the U.S. and the Canadas. The Doctor made a very favorable impression during his stay of two or more months in Liberia. He is regarded as a gentleman admirably adapted, mentally and physically, for the prosecution of so highly interesting a mission. My having been necessitated to leave on a visit to the leeward in two days after his arrival, and not having returned before he had left this City for Yoruba, I was prevented from holding such interview, and having such consultation with him, as was mutually desired. No Liberian of intelligence and patriotism can feel indifferent as to the object, and what will be the result of their mission. Whatever may have been, and is still the prejudice of the free people of color of the United States and the Canadas, against the American Colonization Society; however strongly they may have impugned the motives and principals of that Society, to which Liberians feel so very grateful, the feeling seems now to be generally obtaining among them, that as descendants of Africa, we are one people and have a common destiny. And that the feeling is cordially reciprocated by a vast majority of Liberians, is fully documented by the history of Liberia. If Dr. Delany and many more of the free colored people of North America should prefer, and decide upon settling in that section of our fatherland as an asylum from oppression, and from the unreasonable withering prejudice of what is styled the dominant race, as well as for the purpose of introducing and inculcating the principles of civilization and Christianity into the very heart of Africa, we should bid them God Speed. Should they ever prefer and conclude to operate entirely independent of us – I doubt however that this is their policy – I would have no fears that their enterprise would detract very materially from the interest of Liberia. I have never doubted, that the future will prove the assertion correct, that a majority of the free colored people of North America will emigrate to Liberia and make it their cherished home, especially as our interior offers to them every advantage that if not more than, Yoruba can possible afford. By communications, under date of May and July of this year, received from Dr. Pinney, Cor. Sec. N.Y.S. Col. Society [Corresponding Secretary of the New York State Colonization Society], I was informed that that Society had contracted with the enterprising firm of Johnson, Turpin & Dunbar to have constructed for them a small steamer of about Seventy two tons burthen, which they contemplate employing upon our coast mainly as a packet. The Society was the more induced to take interest in the enterprise, because of the great facilities it will afford to the government and people of Liberia, particularly since the British Mail Packets now touch as Palmas instead of at this port. I have learned since that date, that

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she was launched on the 13 Sept. and it was contemplated to have her ready for sea by the first of November. In an interview recently had with the members of that firm, they suggested and even expressed a wish, that this government would grant them a liberal contract for statedly carrying the mails, touching at designated points along our coast. And it has also been suggested to me, that the contract could be made to embrace the privilege of putting a revenue officer on board, and for her to ply statedly the entire extent of our coast. I have also been advised, that anticipating such a contract with this government, she will likely have a suitable gun mounted forward, adopting her for such service. I deem it unnecessary, gentlemen, to employ an argument in commendation of the enterprise; or to convince you of the wisdom of that policy that will not hesitate to so far accede to the proposition of that enterprising company as will under a well digested arrangement, assist them in establishing and successfully conducting so desirable and highly important an enterprise. Such an arrangement would constitute her the most efficient guarda coasta we have as yet employed, because she could be depended on to statedly present at designated points of our coast, at once preventing a violation of our revenue law, and the success of any secret attempts to revive the slave trade. In fact such are the rapidity of the current, and adverseness of the wind at certain season of the year, on that part of our coast lying below or eastward of Cape Palmas, as to preclude the possibility of any other but a steam vessel performing efficient revenue service down there. I have therefore to request, that you authorize a contract with that company, under such restrictions as you may think proper, for carrying the mails and for the performance of revenue service, &c., &c., through the medium aforesaid: and that you duly make appropriation therefore. I am happy to be able to state for your information, that our foreign relations are tranquil, and with very little exception, satisfactory. No communication has been received from the Imperial Government of France since the close of the last legislative session. Consequently, the vexatious questions, and difficulties growing out of the Regina Coeli case last year, are not yet formally disposed of. I may communicate to you further on this subject, before the close of your session. The schooner Quail, “an armed vessel of one hundred and twenty-three tons,” which is the noble gift of H. B. M. Government, of which I gave information in my last annual message, arrived in this port on the 29th of June, 44 days passage from Plymouth, England. She is a fine little vessel, admirably adapted in every respect for a Guarda Coasta. This, gentlemen, as you are aware, is the second gift of a naval vessel to this government by the government of Her Britannic Majesty. I am sure that the government and people of Liberia, without an exception, are most sincerely grateful to Her Majesty’s Government, for an act at once so magnanimous and benevolent; and I doubt not that you will, as the representatives of the people, embody in a suitable resolution an expression of their warmest feelings of gratitude. The gift is the more appreciated, because made to us at a time when the most strenuous efforts were being made in foreign countries to alienate H.M. Government from us, and to lessen its confidence in and respect for us, by charging upon the government and chief men of Liberia, a complicity in the nefarious slave trade; than which if true, nothing would in the estimation of H.M. Government, more effectually stamp infamy upon our national character, and thus alienate that magnanimous nation from us, which under God seems as yet to be our only practical national co-laborer in the elevation of our race. The gift of the Quail at a juncture, when every argument had just been brought into requisition, and every effort employed

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against us by our enemies and maligners, in order to effect our national disgrace and ruin, should, and will always be regarded as one of the great seals of our moral triumph over our enemies. A seal of our innocency affixed by one of the greatest, wisest, strongest and richest governments in the world. Much praise is due to Mr. Consul General Ralston, at London, and Mr. Consul T.W. Fox, Jr., Plymouth, for the zeal, attention and taste with which they supervised the repair, outfit and dispatch of the Quail. Mr. Ralston, in letters to me this year, wrote in the highest terms of Mr. Consul Fox, who had the immediate superintendence of our every interest in Plymouth during the repair, outfit and dispatch of the vessel. And I am happy to be able to say, that Lieutenant Monger has confirmed, since his arrival, all that Mr. Ralston has written in respect to the excellency and efficiency of Mr. Consul Fox. I have to inform you that ratified copies of the Belgian treaty, and of the Postal Convention with Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, have been exchanged at London by Mr. Consul General Ralston, which he has advised me, will be transmitted in the care of the Rev. J.S. Payne, who is expected to arrive at Palmas in this month’s Mail. The Government of His Belgian Majesty has within the year, established a consulate in this city, and has been pleased to confer the appointment on the Hon. J. J. Roberts, who has been duly recognized by this government; and I doubt not that the appointment of this distinguished gentlemen will tend to increasingly strengthen the relations of amity, that have so happily subsisted hitherto, between the two Governments. During the year, the Rev. John Seys has been by his government confirmed in the function of the United States Consulate in this City, and has been respectfully recognized by this government. I feel unwilling to close this communication without paying a tribute of respect, however imperfect, to the memory of the late Judge John H. Cheeseman, of the County of Grand Bassa, who, with the Hon. J.T. Neyle, Member elect from that County to the House of Representatives, was drowned in the month of June, while attempting to cross the St. John’s river. Seldom has there been more grief manifested in Liberia on the occasion of one’s death, than was instanced in that of Judge Cheeseman. He was highly esteemed as a gentleman of talent and piety, and his loss is very deeply felt by Church and State. I close this communication, gentlemen, after assuring you of my cordial co-operation with you, so far as may be required, in the discharge of the business of the session, which I hope will be performed to the satisfaction of your constituents, as well as in accordance with your own cherished desire. Stephen A. Benson. Government House, Monrovia, Dec. 9, 1859.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 3, 1860 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: Your last and highly commendable short session afforded me the necessary time to have prosecuted, before the termination of the dry season, the purpose which I signified to you in my last annual message, “of effecting, during the last dry season, a demolition of the barricades of some of our aborigines, especially at Cape Mount and New Cess; and of establishing peace among them, as far as could be, on a permanent basis.” I am pleased to say, that my expectations were more than met, without the least hostile demonstration; and the fruits

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have been eminently manifested in the unusual and profitable increase of our commerce during the past year. There are one or two chiefs living in the interior, some distance north of Cape Mount, whose misunderstandings remain yet to be adjusted, which, for want of time, could not be attended to last dries. But as they are anxious for government interposition, and have sent several solicitations, I apprehend no difficulty in having them all arranged early in the dries, provided the Superintendent at Robertsport shall not have previously succeeded. In fact, though there are some minor misunderstands among several clans along the coast, yet the only case that seems to have particularly assumed such an aspect as now to require prompt action on the part of this government, is the misunderstanding and hostile relations subsisting between the Po River and Padae people, living thirty or forty miles to the north-west of Cape Palmas, to which, and especially the obligations of the government to the latter, growing out of treaty stipulations, I have more than once invited your attention. The efforts of which I made mention in my last annual message, that were being employed by the Superintendent of Maryland County, and the bright prospect he then had of success in adjusting the difficulties between those tribes, (the former having promised to remove to their own domain,) have all proved abortive; and I am informed that the impression of the leading men of that County is that nothing short of the employment of force will effect that object, which they regard as indispensable. I have therefore to request, that if what you may learn in addition on this subject, from the representatives from that County now present, be such as to justify it, you will authorize the coercive removal of the aggressors, and that you make appropriation sufficient for employing the requisite military force. Should you deem it necessary to employ a force for the purpose aforesaid, it will no doubt be the means also of quieting two or three factious tribes in that vicinity, and of putting an effectual stop to the cruel, heathenish practice of administering the poison of saucy wood, which still obtains among some of the aborigines living in the vicinity of our settlements in that County. Several cases of a most revolting nature occurred this year, for which the perpetrators should be punished. The time has come when such homicidal practices by natives living (at least) within the vicinity of our settlements, should be promptly checked. If this government has the right and power to stop it, (which I presume no one will deny,) then it becomes a moral duty, and the neglect of such a duty involves moral delinquency and national guilt. I am gratified to be able to state, that this new Representative Hall, commenced the latter part of last year, is now completed, at a cost of $4,389, and is acknowledged to be the best public building in the Republic. The second story has been laid off into commodious public offices, which saves the expense of the rent of two buildings for that purpose, to which government was previously subjected. The spirit of agricultural industry has increased most encouragingly. Several of the leading articles of domestic provisions have never in the history of Liberia been more abundant and cheap, than they were the last, and have been the present year. And the production of exportable articles by our civilized communities this year, will be more than two hundred per cent. in advance of the preceding year. It affords me pleasure to say that the National Fair, instituted a few years ago by your patriotism and wisdom, has, as was but reasonable to suppose, largely contributed to the industrial interest of the Republic. It is an institution which every intelligent patriot will ever duly appreciate; and institution in which the great masses – particularly the laboring classes of our citizens – take the liveliest interest, because they regard it particularly as their own; one at which they can (though occupying an humble position in life) honorably demonstrate their manliness and patriotism, by an exhibition of samples of what they are doing, not only for the comfort of themselves and families, but

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also for the substantial prosperity of Liberia. And I cordially endorse the very judicious and patriotic sentiment of the respected chairman of the intelligent Adjudicating Committee of the last Fair, – “That every cent expended on the National Fair yields to Liberia a thousand fold.” Much is due to several warm friends of Liberia in the United States, for contributing, so liberally in facilitating the development of the productive industry of this Republic, by the timely supply of machinery, &c., &c., on very accommodating terms. I have already intimated that there has been a manifest increase during the year in our commerce, at an advance of nearly fifty per cent. over the preceding year. This has arisen from the increased production by our aborigines, as well as civilized communities. While the former have unusually devoted themselves to the production of palm oil, dye-woods, cotton cloths, &c., the latter have been equally diligent in the production of sugar, syrup, molasses and coffee. And though the quantity may as yet be regarded as comparatively small, yet the annual increase is very encouraging. And if government should continue to be so fortunate in its efforts for the preservation of peace and the suppression of the slave trade among the aborigines, there is no doubt that their devotion to legitimate industrial pursuits will most gratifyingly increase with each succeeding year. By reference to statistics in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, it will be seen that more than fifty per cent of the commerce of this Republic is carried on with the United States of America. Considering that Liberia is the offspring of American benevolence, and the fact that we have brought with us to these shores the language, religion, and to some extent the customs and manners of that people, it were natural to suppose that the avenues to the development of our commerce, so far as foreign instrumentality was expected to operate, would first emanate from and lead to that country. And it cannot be denied that Liberia has striven earnestly, and struggled hard, during the entire length of time we have existed as a sovereign state, to establish and perpetuate that comity, that international and commercial intercourse of reciprocity, so indispensable for successfully promoting the commercial interest of the citizens of both nations. These efforts on the part of this government, instead of being seconded in a spirit of just reciprocity by that government, have, up to this date, been treated indifferently, if not contemptuously, either by silence to the appeals of this government, or by an indirect assurance, that while the administration of that government entertains the best feeling toward Liberia, and would be happy to do whatever it consistently can to promote our national interests, finds it impracticable and impolite, in the present agitated state of that country on the all-absorbing “peculiar institution” question, to treat with us fully as sovereign state, or even to temporarily regulate the commercial intercourse of the citizens of the two countries, under the act of Congress which invests the President of that Republic with the prerogative, in the absence of treaties subsisting with any government, to admit and treat the citizens and vessels of such nation, within the jurisdiction of the United States, on terms of reciprocity. It is for you to determine at this session, if after its close it can be regarded any longer as politic, or even just, for this government to accord such commercial privileges to citizens of the United States, as are accorded to citizens of the most favored nations with which we have treaties of friendship and commerce, based upon principles of reciprocity, when the United States Government refused to accord to us similar privileges. Can this government any longer, in justice to itself, to its citizens, and to those nations with which we have treaties of reciprocity, consistently recognize the pursuit of such a policy of commercial intercourse with the United States as virtually prevents our citizens, in their own vessels, from profitably participating in the commerce of that country, and throws open our ports and line of sea coast to the citizens and ships of that nation, for an unrestricted and profitable trade within the jurisdiction of this Republic?

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Infant and feeble nation as we are, and emanating from them, it was to be expected that the magnanimity of that government would have voluntarily consented to accord to us, in our struggle for national life amidst great difficulties, commercial privileges more favorable than those received from us. It is impossible for Liberian merchants, in their own vessels, to succeed in honest competition in the United States, under the great pressure of existing discriminating duties. Agreeably to your resolution, approved January 14, 1860, a contract for one year has been entered into between the Secretary of the Treasury and the owners of the steamer Seth Grosvenor; to go into effect the 1st of January proximo, for monthly, and when practicable, semi-monthly, cruises from this port to the river San Pedro, touching at the ports of entry and the principal intermediate points, each trip up and down the coast, to convey the mails, also government officers, troops and property, when required, and to assist in guarding our line of coast against infractions of the navigation, commerce and revenue laws of this Republic, and especially the revival of the nefarious slave trade. I will not here attempt to enumerate the items of service stipulated to be rendered, as a copy of the contract, if desired, will be transmitted to you. In consideration of the service stipulated to be rendered, the government has agreed to pay them the sum of three thousand dollars per annum; government reserving to itself the privilege of abrogating the contract, provided the line of British Mail Steamers should, at any time during the year, cease to touch at Cape Palmas. The Quail will be kept, during the year, cruising for the same purpose, mostly between this port and Shebar, our northwestern boundary. This has become highly necessary, since the vigilance and late success of American cruisers, in making captures on the south coast have resulted in the attempt to revive that piratical traffic, the slave trade; on our coast. On the 2d of November, and within four hours after the receipt of the dispatch from Mr. Superintendent Stryker, of Cape Mount, informing me of the fact, I dispatched the Quail to Gallinas and Solyma, in search of a slaver reported to have been cursing off those notorious slave marts of past days, and had been seen for a week or more, running into land each afternoon and going to sea in the morning. The Quail was ordered to call via Cape Mount, and take up Mr. Superintendent Stryker to Gallinas and Solyma, whom I had instructed to land and visit the chiefs, of whom and the places at which it was reported slaves were being accumulated; and to gather all the information he could as to the fact, and to threaten the chiefs with severe punishment if a slave was permitted to be shipped from that region. The Superintendent had interviews with the principal chiefs: Prince Manna, of Gallinas, professed to know nothing about the slaver, except from report. He said that he had permitted none to land or operate in Gallinas territory. The chiefs of Solyma acknowledged that a number of doubloons had been landed from the vessel, which had proceeded to the leeward to be back in a week or two; but that they never intended to pay a farthing of the money they had received; that they never intended a slave to be shipped off from there, because they knew it would bring on them chastisement by this government. The Superintendent learned that some few Spaniards had been landed from the vessel and were on shore, secreted up some of the rivers, and he reported to me soon after the result of his mission. I immediately, under the date of 12th November, wrote to Prince Manna, in positive terms, that he was implicated in the matter, and his pleading ignorance amounted to nothing; that the Spaniards, and such slaves, if any, as may have been accumulated, must be given up to the Commissioners; and in the event of his refusing to do so, or allowing a slave to be shipped off from that region, he would be severely punished, and perhaps driven entirely out of that country by a military force, which this government would feel compelled, in such case to, employ.

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That part of our coast shall be diligently guarded, especially until that vessel has been either captured or left our coast. And Prince Manna and other chiefs will be held accountable for any implication or delinquency in the present as well as future cases. He must be taught, by whatever means will prove most effectual, the obligations of allegiance he is under to this government. Had the affair not occurred within a few days of your session, I would have sent up a sufficient force and brought those Spaniards down. My reason for presenting this matter in detail to you, is simply that you may be cognizant of a case that may be attempted to be repeated within the jurisdiction of this Republic more than once within the next twelve months, and to invite your attention to the propriety of making a sufficient appropriation, and authorizing the raising of a sufficient force, military or otherwise, in the rainy or dry season, for the purpose of demanding and arresting such pirates in future, upon a moment’s warning of Liberia’s soil being polluted by such incarnate demons. Prompt, and when necessary, summary action on shore, both with the chiefs and foreign slavers, will be the only effectual means of causing a cessation of future piratical visits to our coast. I have repeatedly invited the attention of the Legislature to the necessity of providing a criminal code of laws for this Republic. Until within the last eighteen months, the criminal law of England, so far as was applicable to our republican form of government, was in general use. But since that period it has been decided by the judges that the criminal law of England is not enforceable in this Republic, since there is no existing statute adopting it as a part of our laws. The House of Representatives did, in 1858, adopt a resolution, appointing three gentlemen to draft a criminal code; but the resolution being the exclusive action of the House, could not be regarded as law, and consequently the gentlemen designated declined serving. It will greatly endanger the security of life, property and liberty, in this Republic, to defer this matter any longer. I recommend the immediate adoption of the criminal law of the United States, or of England, so far as applicable to our condition – at least until a criminal code can be drafted, for which I hope you will make provision without delay. The Journals of the Senate and House of Representatives, commencing from the Declaration of Independence, up to your last session, have been, during the year, corrected and legibly transcribed, in excellent substantial books, in conformity to your resolution, approved February 24, 1859, authorizing and requesting the same. I shall be pleased to have you appoint a committee for their inspection. I shall transmit to you, in a day or two, a communication from the State Department, inviting your attention to the equal, if not paramount, propriety of authorizing an immediate transcription, in permanent books, of the old Colonial records and documents of interest, which will embrace a period of about a quarter of a century. Those records have been, for years, in a very shattered condition, and will, in a few more years, be entirely lost to us, if not transcribed very soon; the loss of which would be deeply lamented throughout the future of Liberia. Nothing to my knowledge has occurred during the year, to interrupt the tranquility of our foreign relations. In view of the great anxiety and expense to which this infant State was subjected, (at least for three or four years,) immediately after the Declaration of our Independence, which trouble and expense grew mainly, if not entirely, out of misrepresentations made to foreign governments, respecting the policy of this infant State in matters, which affected the interest of their citizens, I have striven earnestly during my entire administration to prevent, as far as I could, even the possibility of misrepresentation; and I am pleased to say, that excepting the misstatements in the Regina Coeli’s case, which have been long since

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corrected, and the policy and character to this government satisfactorily vindicated, this government has succeeded in its cherished desire. No honorable means will be neglected during my future administration to cultivate, strengthen and perpetuate the most friendly feelings in our foreign relations; and if I should be thwarted, it will only be by a well studied plan of mischievous misrepresentation which may be for a time beyond my control. I feel unwilling to close this communication without an allusion to the sad loss Liberia has sustained during the year, in the death of the Hon. A. D. Williams, ex Vice President of this Republic, and at the time of his death Superintendent at Robertsport; as also of the Hon. ex Senator John Hanson, Senator M. A. Rand, of Grand Bassa County, and Hon. Judge Hansford, of Sinou County. The loss of those faithful and patriotic public servants is very severely felt in Liberia. In fact, the rapid passing away annually of our leading men, would almost depress us beyond endurance, if we were not so encouragingly relieved by the brilliant genius, and the moral and patriotic cha-racteristics, manifested by a respectable number of young men, either born or raised up among us, who, I have no doubt, will by the blessing of a benign Providence, be fully prepared, in due time, to occupy our places, and acquit themselves honorably and creditably as public functionaries. I close this communication, gentlemen, with the assurance that you shall have my cordial co-operation, as far as may be required, in the discharge of the duties of this session. Stephen Allen Benson. Government House, Monrovia, December 5, 1860

Annual Message to the Legislature December 7, 1861 Fellow citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: The revolution of another year has brought us to the period, when it becomes my duty to inform you of the state of the country, and to recommend for your adoption, measures for its welfare. Though the year has been one of a very eventful character to us in general, as a nation, and in many instances, in particular, as individuals, yet we have abundant cause to recognize with grateful hearts, the innumerable evidences of Divine favor that has been attendant upon us, by and through which we have been thus far safely led through great and many national difficulties and dangers, and are enabled to meet on this occasion under circumstances so encouragingly favorable. Within a fortnight, after the close of your last session the military force authorized to be employed for the adjustment of misunderstanding between the Poes and Padaes, and for the punishment of the former, in case of persistent obstinacy, was put on foot, consisting of between three and four hundred men, who succeeded in fully accomplishing; within five weeks from the enlistment, to disbandment, all that was reasonably desired. The injured tribe received redress, and was reinstated upon its domain. The aggressive tribes were punished. A good understanding was had between the hostile tribes. Intercourse opened in every direction. And the civilized portion of the inhabitants of Maryland County would have since felt more security for their lives and property, and the greater degrees of assurance – by proper management – of future peace and prosperity, than at any pervious period, were it not for some untoward occurrences which took place this year, tending greatly to revive the

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tribal feuds that had been so happily allayed throughout the republic by this government, which I shall make known to you more fully before closing this document, and which cause alone prevents our interchange of congratulations this day on the country being in a state of perfect tranquility. The arrangement entered into by this government with the American Colonization Society, which went practically into effect the first day of this year, by which the supervision, control, support, &c., &c., of recaptured Africans that had been, during the previous year, and those that should be sent to and landed in Liberia by direction of the United States government, devolved upon this government, as also the law growing out of that arrangement, passed at the last legislative session, have operated as well as could be reasonable expected under the circumstances. There will be such amendments and additions recommended to be made to the act during this session, as experience may have suggested during the year. I exceedingly regret, that the unavoidable delay in timely placing this government in possession of the necessary means to enable me to have the receptacles for recaptured Africans erected and completed in the several counties, and to meet other expenses connected with them, has prevented me as yet from inaugurating and prosecuting the system of training for them originally contemplated, and for which provision, by law, was made at the last legislative session. It was not until the 22d of June, that notice was received by this Government from the Financial Secretary of the American Colonization Society of an amount being in hand for which we could draw. And that amount, together with the consignments of merchandise received in December and March, were barely sufficient to pay to our citizens the amount due to them for two quarters board and clothing of recaptives, to say nothing of the many other expenses incurred on their account which had to be met. However, with what means could be spared from the Public Treasury, efforts were made and are still in progress for the consummation of that cherished object, as speedily as circumstances will allow. A contract has been entered to erect one of the receptacles on the road leading from Whiteplains to Careysburg, about equidistant form each place, and on an area equaling two square miles, selected by Mr. Superintendent Pexton and Dr. Laing, the cost of which is to be five thousand dollars; and I have no doubt, from the very reliable and enterprising character of the contractor, that if not retarded for want of means he will soon prosecute it to completion. The one commenced before the transfer, by the American Colonization Society’s Agent, about six miles up the St. John’s river, Grand Bassa County, has been retarded by the same cause. It has been raised, however, and is now being shut in. It also has a fine location, and an extensive area of land in connection therewith. Though similar directions were given to the Superintendent of Sinoe County to prosecute the work on the one designed for that count, yet he has found it impracticable to make equal progress, owing in part to deficiency of mechanics in that country. So soon as government shall have sufficient means at command to justify it, mechanics will be employed and sent down for that purpose. The forgoing circumstances, which were no doubt unavoidable in the United States as well as in Liberia, necessitated me to direct the recaptives to be judiciously apprenticed out at the June term of the Probate Court – government continuing to tender the full amount appropriated and other provisions made for them by law, up to the expiration of the year from the date of landing. It is very gratifying to me to be able to say that I have been, and am, from personal observation as well as from the Commissioners’ report, highly pleased with the humane feeling and great interest manifested generally by your citizens in behalf of the recaptured Afri-

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cans, in which, should there be no abatement, and I do not believe there will be, we shall most gratifyingly realize in due time our most cherished desire, the complete civilization and Christianizing of those people, who are and most continue to be incorporated with us in the body politic. And here it affords me a great pleasure, to be able to bear testimony to the courtesy and business like demeanor of the United States’ Agent for Liberated Africans in all his official intercourse during the year with this government. While he has unswervingly guarded the interests of his government in the prosecution of the duties of his office, and his integrity has been the admiration of all capable of appreciating merit, he has striven in every justifiable manner to render his official intercourse agreeable. A complete report, statistical and otherwise, on the Recpatured Africans for the year, will be presented you by the State Department in a day or two, which I indulge the hope, when published, will prove satisfactory to the country and to all the others concerned. Education. The deficiency in the revenue during the year compelled me to restrict the increase of Public Schools to a few that were established for the special benefit of the recaptives. College. The causes which for the last two or three years have led to a delay in the erection of the College buildings, have been removed the latter part of last year. That building has since, under the indefatigable supervision of its able President, been progressing and at this time is, I learn, approximating completion. Agriculture. I am pleased to be able to say, that there has been a marked advance in our Agricultural interest during the year. From inquiries and investigations I have made, I am satisfied that the Sugar and Coffee crops of the year are a hundred per cent. advance on those of the preceding year. There has been progress in the quality as well as the quantity of those and other articles. Domestic provisions, than during the year, have never been more cheap and abundant in Liberia. The fact, that the great influx within a year of a receptive African population equaling early one-third the number of our entire civilized citizens, has not raised the price of any article of domestic bread-stuff; that those articles have been as abundant and cheap this year, even during the usually scarcest season of the year, as at any previous time in the history of Liberia, clearly demonstrate the progress of the country in that important branch of industry. This feature of progress, demonstrative of the capacity of the country by the productive industry of its citizens to sustain so large a population suddenly thrown upon it, is particularly interesting at this juncture, when, from events that have been during the year and are now occurring in the United States, we may reasonably expect ere long an annual influx of a larger colored population from that country than at any previous time. A great and rapid emigration to this country, which is, in our opinion, clearly indicated to be their destined homes, and which events, beyond human control, now transpiring, and will, until the consummation of that object, continue to transpire in the western hemisphere, particularly in the United States, will in due time most assuredly bring to pass, either voluntarily or involuntarily on the part of all concerned dwelling there. For the accommodation of our Farmers, and in order to give an increased stimulus to Agriculture, I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to order from the United States a number of Sugar Mills and their fixtures, which I have no doubt will arrive in February or March.

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I have assumed the responsibility of making an expenditure from the Public Treasury for the purpose of collecting such articles for, and transporting to the International Exhibition to be held at London, 1862, as I hope will secure to Liberia a respectable representation on that grand occasion. The great excitement, growing out of the late attempt to revive the nefarious slave-trade within our jurisdiction, in which all the communities in Liberia have been kept for the last four months, has prevented the procuring of more than about one sixth of what would have been procured otherwise. I will direct the Secretary of the Treasury to transmit to you an estimate of the amount necessary for that purpose, of which I have to solicit your approval by making the necessary appropriation. You will perceive by the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, which he will transmit in a day or two, that the revenue of the year has been inconsiderable, scarcely more than half of that of the preceding year. This falling off resulted in some degree from the civil war waging in the United States, but mainly from the efforts so strenuously made this year to revive the slave-trade in Liberia. This fact prevents me as yet from recommending appropriations to be made for prosecuting public enterprises, some of which I regard to a very great extent as indispensable: such as fortifications and defenses, repairs and erections of public buildings, interior settlements, internal improvements, with special reference to the facilitation of transportation; and the best adapted measures for effectually civilizing and making reliably loyal, the hundreds of thousands of aborigines residing within the jurisdiction of this republic &c., &c. I shall communicate to you in a few days on this subject, and suggest a plan by which, if seconded by the wonted patriotism of our fellow-citizens, we may readily overcome the most formidable of those barriers, and be able to prosecute during next year the most of those very important enterprises, which to a great extent I regard necessary to our progressive national existence. The question of our right of political jurisdiction over the Gallinas and some of the adjoining points, which was raised the latter part of last year by Her B. M. Government, and the circumstances which grew out of the same, were duly laid before the Legislature at their last session, so far as the matter had then progressed. Copies of such correspondence as has been subsequently had on that subject, I herewith present for your information, by which you will perceive that the question during the year had assumed a somewhat serious aspect. I do not believe half a dozen persons could be found in Liberia, previous to the latter part of last year, who had the slightest impression that Her B. M. or any other foreign Government entertained the least doubt, that the Gallinas and the adjacent points, extending – with the exception of a small strip – to the Shebar, had been acquired under such bona-fide title as invested this government will full sovereignty over them. The liberal donations made to this government, some ten or twelve years ago, by British and American Philanthropists, for the express purpose of extinguishing the native title to those old slave marts, especially Gallinas, and of investing this government by their acquisition with the necessary sovereignty to legalize its action in the suppression of the slave-trade; the proclamation and annual message of my predecessor nearly eleven years ago announcing the acquisition of that territory from the native chiefs by bona-fide title, and proclaiming the extension of Liberian sovereignty and law over the same there: – the visit of my predecessor to England, in 1852, mainly for the purpose of explaining and finally settling those and other territorial questions; the authorative publication of the legislative enactment passed some eight or ten years ago, fixing the present boundaries of this republic, which enactment is to be found in the state pamphlet containing the fundamental, conventional, and statute law of this republic, together with other facts I forbear to mention; harmonized to remove every vestige of belief from the minds of the government and people of Liberia, that any foreign government entertained

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a doubt of our possessing, and consequently having a right to exercise sovereignty over that territory. You will perceive by the documents just presented, that Commodore Edmonstone, the commodore and senior officer of Her B. M.’s ships and vessels stationed on the west coast of Africa station, has respectfully notified me by the mail, the Commander Douglas of Her B. M.’s ship “Espoir,” has been directed to communicate with me, in a few days, for the purpose of examining our title deeds to the territory in question, which examination had been declined by Capt. Heneage of Her B. M.’s ship “Falcon,” when he visited this port in July, and communicated with me on the same subject by direction of the Commodore. And as the Commodore has most courteously promised me the pleasure and honor of a visit early next year, I have no doubt that from the bona-fide titles to said territory in our possession, and the fact, of which he will be able fully to satisfy himself during his visit, that the calling in question of our right of jurisdiction over that territory has been within the last twelve months, productive of evils most blasting to the moral, civil, Religious, and industrial interests of this young but rising republic; that it has in one year undone what of good it has required ten years to effect, and that if persisted in, it will sap the very foundation of our national existence; he will be so impressed by these deplorable events, under which we are now individually and nationally suffering as to be induced to make such just and magnanimous representation to Her B. M. Government, as will, without delay, cause this matter to be set perfectly at rest for the future, and thus allow us, in our national weakness, to resume our wonted progressive march, in faithful fulfillment of weakness, to resume our wonted progressive march, in faithful fulfillment of our great and responsible mission to this Savage country, which mission has been solemnly imposed on us by the Great and Just Arbiter of nations. I now proceed, as previously intimated, to state the causes of the almost unprecedented outbreak of predatory wars this year among the aboriginal tribes within the jurisdiction of this republic, especially in that part of this county extending from the east bank of the St. Paul’s river, northward to, and beyond Gallinas. The opinion expressed in my last annual message, that the vigilance of the British and American cruisers in suppressing the slave-traders on the south coast, would result in strenuous efforts to revive it at the old slave marts on the Liberian coast, has been fully verified, as will appear by the following detailed statement, and the documents herewith presented. On the 12th of May, I received a communication from R. L. Stryker, Esq., Superintendent at Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount, transmitting a note from Prince Mannah, Chief of Gallinas, written for him by a British trader residing there, conveying the intelligence of a Spanish slaver being at Gallianas bar, and that he regarded it his duty to give notice thereof to Government according to promise. When those notes were received, the Quail was on a cruise as low down as Cape Palmas, and would not be due at this port, for eight or ten days. So soon as she arrived and could be got in readiness, she proceeded to Gallinas, where she arrived on the 27th of May. The Commander of the Quail having been satisfied by testimony obtained on shore, corroborative of the information previously given this government by Prince Mannah, of the vessel being a slaver, and that she had distributed cash and goods for the purpose of accumulating a number of slaves within a given time, seized the vessel, which had entered the river, and whose name on the stern had been effaced with paint, as a prize, intending to bring her to his port for adjudication. The bar and surf having meantime become unusually rough, and continued to for nearly a week, rendering communication with the shore extremely hazardous, so much so as to have resulted in the loss of Capt. Monger and a seaman, who were drowned in attempting to cross Gallinas bar, and all the Quail’s boats having been so far wrecked and injured by land-

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ing or attempting to land, as to measurably unfit them for use, a prize-crew of thirteen men under an officer was left in charge of the prize, and the Quail proceeded down to this port for boats and facilities for getting the prize out of the bar; but wind and current being strongly adverse, she did not arrive here until the 10th of June (seven days.) On the 12th of June she was dispatched with the necessary facilities, and arrived at Gallinas, via Robertsport, on the afternoon of the 13th. H. B. M. S. Torch, Capt. Smith, Senior Officer o f this division, having, as I learn, received intelligence of a slaver being there, had arrived on the morning of the 13th; and as he asserts, not having seen the Liberian flag flying on board the prize, and not being cognizant of her being in possession of a Liberian prize-crew, the Captain had sent in boats in command of his Lieutenant before the Quail bad reached port and anchored. The British lieutenant and crew, after boarding the prize, communicated with Capt. Smith of the Torch, who ordered her to be burned, and she was thus destroyed on the 14th of June, which gave rise to the correspondence between Captain Smith and Benedict, copies of which I herewith present, by which it will be seen that the commander of the Torch expressed his disapproval of the act of his lieutenant in taking possession of the prize after ascertaining that she was a prize to the Liberian government schooner Quail. Though the act was, as he stated, done without his knowledge and approval, yet it having been committed, he concluded to direct her to be destroyed, as aforesaid. The motive by which he was to an extent actuated in deciding upon the latter course he hoped the government of Liberia would appreciate, as it was intended thereby to relive the government of Liberia from any unpleasant misunderstanding with the Spanish government, he in the name of his government assuming the responsibility in the matter. The officers and crew of the slaver having been attacked by the African fever, disabling them to travel by land to Monrovia, and rendering it imprudent to risk their lives by embarcation, it was thought advisable by Lieutenant Carney, as most accordant with humanity, to allow them about a week previously, at their own urgent request, to go to Sierra Leone by inland water route, so as to secure medical attention, &c. &c., under the supervision of the Spanish consul at that place. On the return of the Quail from Gallinas and my receipt of Commander Benedict’s report, I immediately transmitted to H. B. M. Government through our Consul General at London, a dispatch, a copy of which I herewith present. This bold attempt on the part of the Spaniards to revive the slave-trade at Gallinas in November, 1860, and May, 1861, and, as I will soon bring to your notice, the attack made on the Quail in this harbor on the 11th of September by a Spanish vessel-of-war, all of which spread with greatest rapidity among the aborigines within the entire jurisdiction of this Republic, revived the hope, almost amounting to a certainty, in the old slave-dealing chiefs who still survive, that the slave-trade would be forcibly revived by foreigners in our jurisdiction, and they were strengthened in their belief by misjudging the policy of H. B. M. Government, misconstruing the action of Capt. Smith of H. M. ship Torch in this harbor last December, and his subsequent action with the Liberian prize at Gallinas in June, as amounting in effect to H. M. Government positively denying the right and authority of this government to suppress the slave-trade at Gallinas and other points claimed as within the jurisdiction of Liberia; and those old-slave dealers, who have been checked for years by t his government from prosecuting the slave-trade, concluded that they could revive and prosecute it with impunity. These untoward circumstances have led, during the year, to the revival of the old predatory wars among the tribes and clans, commencing from above Gallinas and extending down beyond the S. E. bank of the St. Paul’s river, a distance of over a hundred miles, and extending a considerable distance interiorward. That extent of country has been in a state of war

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for the last four months, creating an almost incessant scene of excitement in all our settlements. Hundreds of aboriginal refugees in this county have within the last four months fled from their homes, abandoned plantations and other property, and sought in our settlements protection from captivity for the slave market. Our citizens residing in the rural districts of the St. Paul’s and at Careysburg, and up the Mesurado river, have been taxed during the year with the shelter, support, and protection of hundreds of men, women and children, from the interior, who had thus to make their escape from the accursed slave-dealer. Chiefs and tribes who had been for many years previously loyal, among whom the missionaries of the Cross had commenced operating encouragingly – tribes which had to a great extent lost hope of seeing the slave-trade revived again, and were praised worthily devoting themselves to legitimate avocations, have been thus tempted to resume, within the last four months, their old practice of man-stealing, spreading devastation among the weaker tribes almost in contiguity to our most interior settlements. Such have been a few of the results within the year, of the attempts to forcibly revive the slave-trade within the jurisdiction of this Republic; and they are facts so well known throughout this county in particular, and Liberia in general, as that I need not further describe them. On the return of the Quail from Harper, Maryland county, in the month of August with the mail, I received intelligence in the shape of rumor, that a Spanish steam vessel-of-war was fitting up at Fernando Po, to be sent up by the Spanish authorities of that place, for the purpose of sinking or capturing the Quail, and of demanding satisfaction of the Liberian authorities at Monrovia for capturing and confiscating the cargo of a Spanish store-ship that was bound to Fernando Po, and had from stress of weather put into the port of Monrovia. Immediately on Commander Benedict’s return from Gallinas in June, and report of what had transpired, knowing well the effect it would have on the natives, I gave direction for suitable carriages to be made, and for every cannon at Fort Norris and within the corporation of Monrovia that could be sued to advantage, to be mounted. This and other defensive preparations were vigorously prosecuted to temporary completion within two and a half months from the date of issuing the order. It is proper that I should here acknowledge the efficient service of Capt. Reid Cooper, who superintended the works, and of Henry Cooper, for the very satisfactory manner in which he performed the mechanical labor. On the evening of the 27th of August, three days after the former, I received intelligence kindly afforded unofficially by a United States naval vessel direct from Fernando Po, that the report was current there, that a Spanish war-steamer was taking in coal, and was to have left the day succeeding the departure of the American vessel from that port, under instructions from the Governor of Fernando Po, to sink or capture the Quail. Though few, if any, men of intelligence in Liberia, could persuade themselves at the time, that such a highly disreputable and anti-civilized course would be adopted in this enlightened age, at least until the aggrieved had adopted the proper course for obtaining correct information respecting the supposed cause of grievance, and being fully satisfied of the existence of a just cause of complaint, had, in the proper manner, asked of this government the proper redress, which this government will always take the greatest pleasure in respectfully tendering to any government or people, whenever a clear case of aggression or wrong is made out against it; yet I thought it not amiss, upon the receipt of corroborative intelligence, to prosecute with increasing vigor the directions I had given, and the efforts that had actually commenced a couple of months previously, to place ourselves in a better condition, to protect and defend, to the utmost of our ability, this city and harbor from aggression. And I am pleased to be able to say, that the citizens almost generally responded most cordially by voluntarily cooperating. And I am pleased to be able to further say, that our citizens residing in the several counties, upon hearing of the rumored threat, and knowing the effect the bare threat would

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have upon such aborigines living in the respective counties as favored the revival of the slave-trade, turned out voluntarily in their respective townships, made carriages, mounted their unmounted guns, cleared off scores of acres of forest land contiguous to their mounted guns, cleared off scores of areas of forest land contiguous to their respective townships, and made such other preparations-the best they couldn’t mainly voluntarily, for the defense of their respective townships and counties as reflect great credit upon them. Having been satisfied that circumstances justified it, and that our patriotic citizens who had voluntarily turned out so generally upon my requisition, and without any charge for compensation upon government, to stand guard and perform other duty, should be relieved, I placed a squad of men on actual service for that purpose, and stationed them at Fort Norris under the immediate command of Capt. J. W. Clark, and general supervision of Lieut. Col. Smith, about a week before the attack was made upon the Quail in this harbor, with the intention of continuing them in service so long as it should appear necessary: the propriety of which will somewhat appear, when I shall have informed you, that on the afternoon of the first of September, a steamer was espied by the officer in command of Fort Norris, coming up from the southward, and then abreast this Cape, she bore off somewhat to the westward, and in three or four hours she was out of sight, standing up to the northward and westward; kroomen from this place pulled off in canoes and attempted to board her, but were prevented. They reported that she wore an ensign resembling the Spanish flag. Nothing more was seen or heard of this steamer, until on the morning of the 11th of September, where she made her appearance, bearing the Spanish flag, came in harbour, and anchored not very far from the Quail, whose boat immediately boarded her, and ascertained her to be, as was expected, a Spanish steam vessel of war, just from Sierra Leone. I present herewith the report of Commander Benedict of what transpired on what morning, as also the depositions of the captain and mate of the American barque Edward, then in harbor, corroborative of that report, by which you will be more accurately informed of the most shameful aggressive conduct of that Spanish steamer, whose Commander had professed only an hour previously to have come on a friendly visit, and had manifested every courtesy to Lieutenant Carney. The documents will also briefly acquaint you of the gallant defense made by Commander Benedict, he having in a very short time completely repulsed the aggressor, but inflicting such serious damages, as necessitated his speedy departure for Sierra Leone. For the very noble valor displayed on that occasion, Commander Benedict and the officers and crew of the Quail have merited the high praise and admiration of the Government and people of Liberia. From the foregoing statements, you will perceive that a crisis has been force upon us, as serious as any in the history of Liberia the entire matter has narrowed down to a question of life or death with us, of national and individual existence or extinction. To fold up our arms, and pusillanimously permit the slave trade to be forced upon us, will result in our certain and irrecoverable ruin as a people. But by battling with it with a cool but firm determination, though under a full consciousness of your physical weakness, and the many other disadvantages under which we labor, yet, trusting in God, and regarding life itself but a small sacrifice, if necessary to sustain the great principle and blessing of human freedom, we may survive the shock, and yet succeed in our cherished purpose, even the perpetuity of the Government, and our highly prized institutions upon the firm and honorable basis of virtue. I cannot, until I learn otherwise, officially, believe that H. C. M. Government of Spain authorized or will sanction the aggressive act committed in this harbor by the Ceres, as aforesaid; and this opinion, so far as I have been able to learn, generally obtains in Liberia. I have directed this unpleasant matter to be respectfully brought to the notice of H. C. M. Government with the least possible delay. And I as firmly believe, as I strongly wish that

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many months will not have elapsed before I shall have the satisfaction of knowing that the matter has had a fair, honorable and mutually satisfactory adjustment; especially as I was officially advised by the last mail, that H. B. M. Government had, in compliance with the request of this Government, kindly offered its mediation in the unpleasant affair, and had respectfully requested H. C. M. Government to consent to the proposition; which I have no doubt will be readily acceded to, in case that Government should recognize the existence of a complaint against this Government that cannot be peacefully adjusted by themselves since justice is all that should be mutually desired by the parties concerned. I have great satisfaction in informing you that H. B. M. S. Torch, Capt. Smith, arrived in this harbor on the 17th day of October, having been kindly dispatched by His Excellency Governor Hill of Sierra Leone, to obtain correct information from, and to confer with me, respecting the Spanish aggressions that had been committed in this harbor, and the probability of their continuance as was currently reported; she left for Sierra Leone on the following day. On the 14th of November, her B. M. Ship Falcon, Capt. Heneage, arrived in this port under instructions from Her. B. M. Government, on a similar mission, and to specially convey to this Government the sympathy and friendly feeling of Her M. Government. She remained in this port fifteen days, during which time her accomplished commander and officers, by their courteous intercourse, elicited the unfeigned respect and admiration of this community. These tokens of kindness and sympathy from Her B. M. Government, are but a continuation of the innumerable acts of magnanimity of which Liberia has been the beneficiary, dating from the first year of the founding of the colony of Liberia up to the present. Before concluding this communication to you, it is proper that I should state, that there are other matters respecting our domestic affairs, such as the progress of the interior settlement, the bridges on the Careysburg road, &c., &c., which I will communicate to you in a special message. Suffice to say for the present, that the interior settlement is gradually progressing, and the bridges which have been retarded until late by the heavy rains, are likely to be completed, I am informed, before the close of your session. It only remains now for me to reassure you of my purpose cordially to co-operate with you in the dispatch of the very weighty and responsible duties of this session, which I doubt not, under Divine Guidance, will be discharged beneficially to the country, and creditably to yourselves. Stephen Allen Benson. Government House, Monrovia, Dec 7, 1861

Annual Message to the Legislature December 5, 1862 To the honorable the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia: Gentlemen: Nearly nine months absence from the Republic this year, and having returned only a few days previously to the opening of your session, have rendered me almost entirely dependent on my constitutional substitute, for data, on the home affairs of our common country, which I have not had sufficient time to consider, and put in that shape, by amplification, as we have mutually desired. I shall, therefore, make communication to you from time to time during the session, on such matters as I shall deem promotive of the interests of the country.

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I have first to invite the attention of the Legislature to the manifold disturbances and outrages committed by the Little Sess Fishermen. The peace and quietude of our leeward coast have been sadly disturbed by them during the past year. They have been accused of not only having made war upon, and killed several of the Niffaw people, without reasonable cause, as was ascertained by the Secretary of the Treasury during his visit of investigation to the leeward this year, but have also monopolized all the portering business along the coast, such as the shipping and unshipping of goods, and the usual services performed by Kroomen on board of trading ships. Fishermen connected with other tribes are compelled to forego the benefits which they would derive from such employment, through fear of the treachery, jealousy, and ill will of the Little Sess Fishermen, who are very numerous, and live on nearly every part of our coast as adventurers. I indulge the hope that the Legislature will, during the present session, devise some plan by which the turbulence of this tribe may be restrained, so that order and peace may again be restored along the coast. On the 19th of April, the Government schooner Quail arrived from the leeward counties, bringing with her the Commissioners appointed under the act passed at your last session, authorizing the appointment of Commissioners to select a site in the interior for the seat of Government. Notwithstanding the dry season was far advanced, they were nevertheless commissioned, and sent on their mission. After an absence of seventeen days, they returned to this city, having in their tour selected two sites in the vicinity of Bees’ Mountain in the rear of the Junk country, either one of which will, they think meet the object contemplated. Intelligence was received on the 17th of April of the return to the Gallinas, in another vessel, of the captain of Spanish slave schooner Bueneventura Cubana, which was seized in that river by the Quail, June, 1861, and which was subsequently wrested from her by H. B. M. S. Torch. The object of the return of the Spanish captain to the Gallinas, was to procure the slaves purchased with the cargo brought out in the Bueneventura Cubana. The advice boat, steamer Seth Grosvernor, was immediately dispatched to the Gallinas, with the Secretary of the Treasury in her, with instructions to arrest, seize, and bring to this city for adjudication and trial, all vessels and persons that he might find there engaged in the slave trade. His visit resulted in an interview with Prince Manna, the native Chief of Gallinas, who was warned that he would be severely punished if he permitted the slaver to take off a single slave from the Gallinas. As the steamer passed out of the Gallinas river, a glimpse of the Spanish vessel was descried wide in the offing. I am happy to be able to inform the Legislature that the two voyages of the Spanish captain to your coast for a cargo of slaves, were entirely frustrated through the vigilance of this Government, and that every exertion will be used to prevent the native chiefs living within our jurisdiction from holding out inducements to the slave dealer to approach our coast. The educational interest has had and will continue to have special attention. The common day schools authorized at the last session to be increased and put into operation in each county, were established as early as the several School Committees could engage teachers and procure books. They number in the aggregate sixteen schools, to be increased by the number to be established in Grand Bassa County. Books are very much needed. Notwithstanding the long and almost unprecedented dry season this year, occasioning the loss of a large number of early crops of grain, and the resowing of others, succeeded suddenly by a heavy and incessant rainy season, causing great damage to the maturing implantations of various products, especially to those of cotton, scores of acres of which were destroyed; yet the agricultural interest is of an encouraging character, admitting of a fair comparison with that of last year. The sugar cane crops increased on the St. Paul’s and the quantity augmented by that grown in the leeward counties. It affords me much pleasure to

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be able to say that the people of Liberia are paying more attention than ever to the cultivation of the soil, and to the rich products which so readily find a market in foreign countries. The Government has, during the year, imported six sugar mills, which have been judiciously distributed among the several counties; and it is the intention to import others for the convenience of our farmers, so soon as it shall be practicable. The actual revenue of the country is insufficient to meet the demands of Government sine so many public enterprises have been put on foot. The report of the Secretary of the Treasury will clearly demonstrate this. I invite the special attention of the Legislature to this subject; and I shall be happy to meet their wishes in any reasonable measures they may adopt for increasing the revenue of the country. The receipts from all sources, including recaptive African funds during the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1862,were $138,016.42 Total amount of disbursements for the same time was $138,499.29 I will add in this connection, that it is my firm purpose during the remaining year of my incumbency to employ every effort to liquidate all demands now against, and such as may be incurred up to the close of the fiscal year by Government, in order that my successor may, on his induction, be relieved of unpleasant pecuniary embarrassments. To effect this, retrenchment will be indispensable; and as a consequence several public enterprises must cease, until that object shall have been secured. And I have to earnestly request that you will cause your appropriation for the fiscal year to harmonize with this policy. Under the appropriation made at your last session, with a view to develop the iron resources in the vicinity of Careysburg, advances have been made from the Treasury to Charles Deputie, Esq., of Careysburg, who has succeeded, it is said, in demonstrating that the iron ore near that settlement is of superior quality. Samples of the iron smelted from the ore has been submitted to the Government. No formal report, however, has as yet been received from him to enable the Government to determine upon the propriety of making further advances for that object. Specimens of ore found on the little Cape Mount river by Mr. J. G. J. Barbour, and by him forwarded to the United States to be tested, were, on examination, said to be a rich quality of coal. See Liberia Herald, August 6, 1862. A revision of some of the judiciary acts is very necessary, in order to define more clearly the jurisdiction of the courts. The Attorney General will readily designate to you those conflicting laws, which, as long as they remain, will keep up a conflict between the superior and inferior courts. Abraham Hanson, Esq., was received September 2, 1862, and acknowledged as the United States Commercial agent for Monrovia. By virtue of a resolution adopted by the Legislature of Liberia at their last session, granting the President of Liberia leave of absence from the Republic during the year 1862, or longer, should he deem it necessary for the restoration of his health, and vesting him with special authority, during his absence, to enter into any arrangements, and to transact any business he might deem promotive of the interest of Liberia, I embarked from this place on the 11th of March, for Europe via Harper, and arrived in Liverpool on the 11th of April. Before leaving Liberia, I had determined that I would extend my visit to the United States within a few weeks after my arrival in England, provided my progress in the dispatch of the more important public business in Europe, and letters I might receive in England from the United States should justify it. The many difficulties, and at times sore humiliations we had long been subject to in the enforcement of our commercial, revenue, and navigation laws, and in our attempts to suppress the nefarious foreign traffic in human flesh and blood

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with the aborigines within our jurisdiction, rendered the definite and permanent adjustment with H. M. government of our territorial claims and boundaries, of paramount importance. Consequently, though I received several letters in Europe from the United States, urging me to extend my visit to that country, and I felt as certain then as I do now, that I would have had a cordial reception by numerous friends and acquaintances there, and that becoming courtesy would have been accorded by the officials of that Republic, yet, I could not see that much good would have resulted from my visit in the present unhappy state of affairs there. I therefore felt unwilling to defer the adjustment of the more important business in England, in order to make a visit of doubtful utility to the United States, especially as my business there could be transacted equally as well by correspondence from England. In less than a fortnight after my arrival in England, I presented in person to H. M. Minister of Foreign Affairs, and respectfully pressed the same by argument, a memorandum of the several matters I wished to adjust, and have a clear understanding between the two Governments, before my departure from England. The first subject was the full recognition of our territorial claims, and fixing the boundaries, especially of that part of our territory lying conterminously with territory claimed by H. M. Government. I shall transmit to you on the 8th instant copies of the correspondence, with explanatory remarks on the action I had with H. M. Government on that subject during my absence, by which it will appear that H. M. Government having magnanimously acknowledged the just claims of the Government of Liberia to the territory comprehended between the San Pedro river on the southeast, to the river Shebar on the northwest, with the understanding, however, that the northwest boundary cannot be definitively described and laid down, until a survey of the river Jong, and ascertainment shall have been thereby made, whether its course and extent interiorward are sufficient to give us a northwestern boundary of some sixty miles interiorward, otherwise a line as you will see delineated on the map which accompanied the despatch of July 5th, from the foreign office, is to run due north from its head to complete the sixty miles. A report of the survey fixing this definite northwestern boundary was expected from the Governor of Sierra Leone, in October; and I had hoped, and signified the same to H. M. Government, that it would have arrived timely to have had it accurately laid down by H. M. Government on an authentic map, before my embarkation, so that I might be able to bear home with me in that form the evidence of a correct and definite adjustment of our northwestern boundary, which would have rendered extinct the last vestige of a possibility of future misunderstandings between the two Governments growing out of questions of political jurisdiction in that direction. H. M. Minister of Foreign Affairs was absent on the continent a few days previously to and up to the day of my leaving London to embark at Liverpool, having been detained there as I learned by stress of weather. I have directed Consul General Ralston to bring the subject to his lordship’s notice as early as possible after his return to London, a report on which I am confidently expecting by the mail to arrive this month. The second subject introduced in the memorandum, was that H. M. Government assume all responsibility toward the Spanish Government, not only for the destruction of the Spanish slaver Beuneventura Cubana in 1861, by H. M. S. Torch, but also of the original capture made by the Liberian Government schooner Quail, since the action for the commander of the Torch prevented the prize from being brought to the proper port for formal adjudication. Third. That such an apology be tendered for the conduct of the Commander of H. M. S. Torch, as H. M. Government might think justly due to the Government of Liberia; and that such prize money be tendered to the captors – the officers and crew of the Quail – as H. M. Government might regard justly due them.

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The fourth subject contained in the memorandum was, notification to H. M. Government, that the Government of Liberia intended the passage of a law that would restrict the operations of all foreign vessels within our jurisdiction to the xi ports of entry now, and others that may be hereafter constituted; and that a reasonable time would be allowed before the commencement of its enforcement. In introducing this latter subject, no doubt was intimated by me of our perfect right to make the restriction. The position was reasonably assumed of our perfect right to do so. But as H. M. subjects had for sometime previous to you declaration of independence, traded indiscriminately on the coast, which has continued under regulations ordained by the Government of Liberia since the declaration of independence in 1847, courtesy rendered it not amiss to acquaint H.M. Government of the contemplated restriction. I was particularly induced to adopt this course, in order to obviate in the future, if possible, the sore humiliations inflicted on us at times by H. M. cruisers, when attempting to enforce our navigation, revenue, and commercial laws. These humiliations at any time, and under any circumstances, have been sorely grievous to us, and highly detrimental to our interests; among other evils, causing us to lose prestige with the aborigines residing within our dominions, whom we are endeavoring to bring under the influence of law and order, and to thoroughly identify with us in a common body politic. By reference to copies of correspondence and statements of interviews I had with H. H. Government during my absence, which I hope to be able to transmit to you on the 8th instant, you will perceive that the several matters embodied in the memorandum have, to a considerable extent, been met in a just and generous spirit by H. M. Government, so that the adjustment of them may be regarded upon the whole as having so far resulted satisfactorily. And it affords me great pleasure to be able to add, that H. M. Minister for Foreign Affairs was pleased to express in person every assurance of the best feelings of H. M Government, as well as of himself individually, for the welfare and success of Liberia. Having, after the lapse of a few months in England, become convinced of the improbability of extending my visit to the United States, I addressed a dispatch to that Government in July, proposing the negotiation of a treaty between the two Governments. The subsequent correspondence and action on that subject, resulted in the conclusion of a treaty between the two Governments, which was dully signed in London on the 21st of October, by Hon. C. F. Adams, United States Minister to the Court of St. James, (specially authorized,) and myself. As this treaty (and if required explanatory documents of it) will be transmitted in a day or two to the Senate for ratification. I need say no more at present on that subject than I regard the treaty as being very fair and satisfactory. And though the Government of the United States did not favor stipulating by treaty on the subject of emigration to Liberia, nor respecting recaptured Africans, but preferred those subjects being left open to future circumstances, and acts of Congress, and contracts that may in future be based upon such acts of Congress, yet wished of the Administration, and of their favorable impression toward Liberia in connection with those subjects. Recaptured Africans taken on this coast by American cruisers, will, as usual, be brought to Liberia. Respecting the destination of the vast majority of colored persons (African descent) in the United States, I feel no uneasiness whatever. I have not a particle of doubt that there will be a great and voluntary emigration of them to Liberia, and Liberia wishes and will accept none other than those who will come voluntarily. Various circumstances rapidly converging to a point will ere long cause a greater influx of them than perhaps it will be considered prudent to admit within a given time. I feel no less certain now than I felt years ago, that our Anglo-Saxon friends in America have been, are, and will become increasingly dependent on Liberia, as affording the only satisfactory home as yet for those whom they have of late strangely charged with being the cause of the lamentable sanguinary contest now waging in

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that great country; at least as much so as Liberia is dependent on them for the encouragement of immigration hither. The truth that Africa for a long time, at least, will prove the only place to which they can move to find a satisfactory home, will increasingly force itself upon both colored and white, until it shall become irresistible. Liberia can gain nothing by impatience on this subject. The basis of our national and individual progress, respect, and influence having been greatly expanded and deepened by the treaty recently negotiated with the United States Government, let our citizens nerve up, and exert every power of body and mind, that they may with a becoming manly spirit render our country increasingly attractive by their industry and progress in the pursuit of civilized life, and we need entertain no fears that we shall not have sufficient voluntary immigration in the future. Pursuant to the resolution of the Legislature passed at the last session, providing for the appointment of Commissioners from this Government to present to the colored people of the United States the advantages and claims of Liberia, I appointed as such at an early a day as was practicable, J. D. Johnson, Esq., and professors Crummell and Blyden, who have informed me, from time to time, by letter, that they were zealously prosecuting their mission in the United States. Their absence as yet from home, and not having received their formal reports, I am disappointed in being able to communicate the substance of them to you at the opening of your session. I have no doubt their reports will be supplied timely to enable me to transmit them to you before the close of this month. I have specially to acknowledge the efficient services of J. D. Johnson, Esq., who was commissioned early this year; and before he entered upon the duties of a Commissioner to the colored people of the United States, to afford all necessary information respecting Liberia to the Government of the United States, preparatory to their recognition of the independence of this Republic, which services no doubt contributed much to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. After ascertaining the improbability of extending my visit to the United States, I commissioned the Hon. J. J. Roberts, in June, who purposed leaving England for America, early in July, vesting him will full authority to amicably adjust all accounts and business matters between the American Colonization Society and this Government, especially those respecting recaptive Africans landed here within the last two-and-a-half years, so that our Commissioner might be able to present on his return a correct and satisfactory statement of items, and of the balance due this Government up to the date of adjustment. I was very desirous that this should have been done to enable me to place the Secretary of the Treasury in possession of it in a completed form, timely for his annual report. The Secretary of the Treasury to whom I have transmitted the Commissioner’s report will inform you that the object of the mission has not been secured. The fourth quarter’s payment to be made by the United States Government on account of recaptive Africans is yet delayed in consequence of alleged omissions in the certificates issued in favor of this Government by the United States Agent for liberated Africans. I am informed by the Secretary of State that the necessary measures have been adopted months ago to supply the main mission, and I have no doubt that the matter will be satisfactorily settled in a short time. Before and after leaving home this year, I indulged the hope that the civil war in the United States would have subsided ere this, which would have afforded me an opportunity – though a subordinate consideration – or procuring very cheaply while abroad all the arms and munitions of war we would likely require for many years. But as this has not been the

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case, and there is at present no very pressing need of them, I have deferred the procuring of them to a more favorable time. I have, however, instructed our agent in the United States to purchase conditionally, as you will perceive by the copies of the letter of instructions, and description of the vessel, which I will transmit it in a day or two for your approval, a small steamer not exceeding two hundred tons, and with heavier and more complete armament than that of the Quail. I have authorized him in case he shall procure her to make the necessary arrangements and expenditures for sending her out without delay, to arrive, if possible, before the close of April ensuing; for all which I have to ask an adequate appropriation. While in England I contracted for, at the suggestion of the Secretary of the Treasury, two light-house lamps and fixtures, for the light-house of this place, and of Harper. The lamps are to be out in all of this month, and are said to possess every important modern improvement. The Secretary of the Treasury will transmit to you an estimate of their cost and charges, for which I have to ask an adequate appropriation. Very soon after my arrival in England, and subsequently thereto, I had conferences and correspondence with a gentleman of high character and respectability in London, Mr. Henry Pinkus, who was desirous of organizing an institution, to be styled the London and Liberian Banking and Commercial Institution. The object contemplated by this institution, you will find, to a great extent, set forth in the copies of correspondence I had with, and documents from him, which I will in a few days transmit to you. I recommend that no conclusive nor even definite action be taken on the application for a charter until the arrival of the Hon. J. J. Roberts, to whom, as the contemplated chief manager of the interests of the institution in Liberia, I requested Mr. Pinkus (owing to the pressure of the duties upon me at the time) to make all further communication on the subject, so that he might be able to afford the Legislature all necessary information on the subject that may not be contained in the correspondence and documents aforesaid; and which I shall transmit, simply that you be able to give the subject as much as thought as possible before consummating action thereon. You will find my own views (which have since undergone no change) embodied to some extent in my correspondence with him. And when ever I have hesitated to give a definite expression approval to any special propels, it was simply, as you will perceive, because I was unwilling to commit myself on any important point upon which, for want of more time for reflection, my mind was not clear. Upon the whole, I think very highly of the contemplated institution, and believe that it can be organized and conducted under a charter, in a manner that it will prove safe and highly beneficial to Liberia, and satisfactorily remunerative to the investors. Considering the ready employment that such a company will proffer to successive companies of emigrants, whose arrival in the future may reasonably be expected in great numbers, the facility and accommodation it will afford to the mercantile and agricultural interests of the country; in a word, the great impetus it will give to every branch of industry, and to the rapid development of the resources of the country, which cannot be done effectively without skill and capital, I cannot regard such an institution, guardedly, yet liberally chartered, otherwise than the great desideratum; and I cannot hesitate to believe, that you will whenever you shall take action on the subject, meet the wishes of the directors in a just, liberal, and enlightened spirit. I shall no doubt have occasion to communicate with you more definitely on this subject. Upon inquiry, I ascertained that I could have made arrangements in England to have a pier or break-water built out one-eight or one-sixth of a mile in Montserrado roads, on terms not very pressing. But I was unwilling to, and consequently did not, negotiate such an arrangement, involving so large an expenditure in the absence of legislative opinion on the

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subject. I am in possession of plan and estimates, which, if desired, I will lay before the Legislature for their consideration. Liberia’s contribution this year to the International Exhibition at London, though humble, yet did not fail in interest. The enlightened minds and good sense of Her Majesty’s Commissioners, as well as of the jurors and the British public, did not expect a display of exquisite genius in the Liberian court. They expected to see raw materials-samples of commodities that could be made highly available to the two countries by commercial interchange. I am happy to be able to say, from general testimony, that they were not disappointed in their expectations of which I am of opinion you will have no doubt, when the report of our Commissioners shall have been received. I feel unwilling to close this communication to you, without expressing my gratitude to a gracious Providence for the preservation of my health, and for granting me favor while abroad, and a safe return to my country. The authorities of the several European countries which I had the honor and pleasure of visiting, have placed Liberia under many courteous, respectful and friendly obligations, by reason of the attentions and high considerations accorded to the representatives of this Republic during his visit, and for the very unfeigned interest they have manifested for the general success and prosperity of Liberia. With several of those powers treaties have been negotiated this year, which will be presented to the Senate this session for ratification, and others are being negotiated which may arrive timely to secure ratification also at this session. You will permit me to add, that the respectful attention of the civilized powers of the earth is now attracted towards Liberia with more scrutiny and friendly solicitude than ever before; and that our destiny is now under God to a great extent in our hands; and that I feel sure that the wisdom, moderation, and self-respect, not only of the several Departments of this Government, but of the loyal citizens of this Republic, will fully demonstrate in future, that the Government and people of Liberia were not unworthy of the respect, confidence, and good will of those great civilized Christian nations. It only remains for me to assure the Legislature that I will cordially co-operate with them during their session, in every honorable measure that shall tend to demonstrate and secure this cherished object. Stephen A. Benson. Government House, Monrovia, Dec. 5, 1862

Annual Message to the Legislature December 5, 1863 Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In meeting you at this session of the National Council, during which my administration of the affairs of this Republic for the last eight years will close, I am prompted by the dictates of propriety to restrict this last annual message mainly to showing the state of the country in its various interests, from which my successor may derive sufficient data to assist him in deciding on and shaping the course of his policy at the commencement of his administrative term, on the 4th proximo.

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Relations with the Natives. Owing to circumstances which have transpired at the seat of government this year, I deemed it imprudent to absent myself, as I fully intended the early part of this year, for the purpose of giving my personal attention to rectifying matters with the aborigines, the entire extent of our coast. I however adopted the best means at my command for that purpose, the Honorables Messrs. Drayton and Harmon having spent some time in August and September as Commissioners in settling native difficulties in Maryland county, in which they met my expectations. In Sinoe and Bassa counties, and Marshall, Carysburg, and Roberstport of Montserrado county, the respective Superintendents have been, with very little exception, equally successful in adjusting matters with the aborigines, and in keeping the country in a state of quietude. I am however apprehensive that when the enforcement of the law commences which restricts the foreign trade to ports of entry, there will be some manifestations of dissatisfaction for awhile by the coast tribes, which I have no doubt will subside in due time if the proper policy shall be pursued. The most sanguinary disturbances have prevailed this year in that part of our territory lying between Solyma and Shebar. Those disturbances would have been quelled by a military force early this year had pacific measures failed, but for the unexpected obstructions put in our way by H. B. M. Government since my return from Europe, by hesitating to recognize the Shebar as our Northwestern boundary, and by expressing, to say the least of it a desire that we would not, before they had recognized our right of jurisdiction, employ a military force for the purpose of bringing them to loyalty and order, especially as British commerce would likely be injured thereby. Education. I did not regard it this year prudent nor practicable to expend more than half the appropriation for common schools made at the last session. One reason for which was, that the citizens had paid no direct tax for two years, and as I was winding up the affairs of my administration, I wished to leave my successor as little pecuniarily encumbered as possible. 2d. I thought then and think now, our citizens ought to begin to manifest more patriotism, by showing more liberality in contributing to the education of their children. The common schools have, however , progressed this year as encouragingly as could be reasonable expected under the circumstances. I have incidentally learned that Liberia college went into operation last January. As I have not been advised of its commencement, proceedings nor examinations, I am unable to make even a reliable cursory allusion to it, farther than to say, that it is the almost universal regret in Liberia that the college buildings had not been erected either in one of the rural districts of the St. Paul’s river, or at Carysburg. Agriculture. The progress in Agriculture this year had been very gratifying – the increase in some of the main exportable articles, say sugar and coffee, within the last nine years, has been as 50 to 1, or 5,000 per cent., and that of those of exclusive domestic use has been almost equally as unprecedently great. This is specially gratifying, when it is remembered that ten years ago, not more than one out of ten of our citizens could be induced to believe in the practicability, that Liberia could produce sugar, coffee, cocoa, &c., to compete in price in foreign markets with those produced by other countries. Now there is not one out of fifty to be found who will express a doubt that the cultivation of these articles in the most profitable investment they can make of their time and capital, and that Liberia can be made to compete with any country on earth in quantity, quality, and price, and that she is encouragingly progressing to that point.

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Coal and Iron. I will transmit to you, without delay, the report of Mr. Barbour, who has been engaged a few weeks this year, under appropriation of the Legislature, for the purpose of ascertaining the reality of the existence of coal in the Golah country, interior of Cape Mount. I will transmit also the report of Mr. C. Deputi, for whom appropriation was made to enable him to experiment, with a view of ultimately developing the iron resources of Carysburg and vicinity. Recaptured Africans. The Secretary of State will transmit to you his report on the Recaptured Africans, who were landed in this Republic under the auspices of the U. S. Government, in 1860 and 1861. It may not, however, be amiss for me to briefly remark that the progress these people have made in conforming to civilized life has exceeded our most sanguine expectations. Fortunately, most of them were young and had not acquired fixed habits. This, united with the good treatment, advice and encouragement which, as a general thing, they have received from their guardians, coupled with the very kind and efficient supervision of the United States Agent of Liberated Africans, has greatly tended to inspire them with love for and confidence in the government and people of Liberia, and an intense desire exists to be not only like us, but to be like us on equal terms, in a common body politic. Receptacles. The receptacles originally for Recaptive Africans have been erected in three of the counties of this Republic, and are completed, excepting two locks and other fastenings. They are said to be fine buildings, and though we may not have occasion to use them for the purpose originally intended, yet they and additional ones will no doubt be much needed within a comparatively short time. Erected as they are in healthy districts, contiguous to fertile lands abounding in timber and other building material, they will no doubt admirably serve the purpose of accommodating during acclimature, the thousands of emigrants who will soon find their way to these shores. The total coast of the three substantial buildings, erected in 1860-63 for the direct and indirect use of Recaptive Africans, is $21,448.81. The one erected at Sinoe is a little below the falls, the terminus of canoe and boat navigation, said to be sixteen miles from seaboard. It is a fine selection of country, and as it is intended to form a settlement at that point, and as that county greatly needs emigrants, it is very desirable, and I hope that many emigrants will soon find their way there. The new interior settlement (Finley) at the mountain region of Grand Bassa, and situated about eighteen miles (direct) from the seaboard and the settlements of Buchanan and Edina, has so far progressed as to be prepared to receive a large number of emigrants. Half the distance from Edina and Buchanan can be traveled in boats or canoes on the St. John’s river. A good road has been made the remaining distance from the head of navigation; and a number of bridges, at considerable expense, have been constructed. That part of the site at which the receptacle and volunteer houses are built is not more than a mile from the St. John’s river. And though far from being the greatest elevation in that extensively hilly and mountainous region, is supposed to be from 500 to 600 feet above the level of the sea, which is visible from the settlement. That entire section of country is very fertile, well timbered, and abounds in other excellent building materials. The arrival as yet of no emigrants for that place has been a very great disappointment to the people of that county. The receptacle built at Bexley, in that county is on the St. John’s river, about seven miles interior of Buchanan and Edina. It was commenced in 1860, (procuring materials,) for the use of Recaptive Africans, by the Agent of the American Colonization Society, before the Recaptive African’s affairs were transferred to this government. It has a fine tract of land in connection with it.

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The receptacle in this county (Montserrado) is on the road leading from the St. Paul’s river at White Plains to Carysburg and is situated about equi-distant. Our citizens are settling along that road rapidly. I have directed that one-half of the lands on that road be reserved for emigrants, and the other half to be sold on account of government, in the usual way. I succeeded this year in having the farms of our citizens at Robertsport laid off up in the country. That contemplated rural settlement is between the Bomar river and so-called lake. It is a beautiful and fertile section of country. I had hoped that before this time such would have been the extent of emigration of persons of color from the United States to this country, as that the fine banks of the Cavalla river, in Maryland county, would have been occupied by organized civilized communities. I hope the time is not distant when so very desirable an enterprise shall have commenced. Quail. The Liberian Government schooner Quail needs thorough repairing. Finances The present indebtedness of the Government is thus represented by the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury: The Debits are – Individual accounts Estates Debits Total

$ 8,885.07 13,452.52 9,978.41 32,316.00

The Credits are – Individual accounts Estates Deposits Total Indebtedness of Government to September 30, 1863

$7,309.60 534.80 22.00 7,866.40 24,449.60

The indebtedness is more than balanced in favor of Government by the amount of taxes and military fines due Government, which cannot amount to less than $30,000. The Secretary of the Treasury will, at a very early day of your session, transmit to you, according to law, his accounts, which will, I have no doubt, lucidly represent the financial state of the country. Notwithstanding his incumbency comprises a period of very little more than seven months, and he has had to perform very much work in the department that should have been attended to long before his incumbency, and innumerable obstacles have been premeditatedly and boldly thrown in his way to check his progress in bringing up the accounts, and he has been subjected to many impositions and annoyances in this city, yet I have endeavored to encourage him in his arduous duties; and I am pleased to be able to say that he has labored day and night with a fortitude, manliness and principle that reflects great credit upon him, and which, I trust, will be duly considered and rewarded by you. I earnestly solicit a very careful perusal of his report, and such action thereon as will tend to correct in future such most manifestly delinquent, audacious, and felonious conduct as is set forth therein. I also solicit, in his behalf, an early and thorough examination of his accounts, especially those respecting the Recaptive African business. The Seat of Government. It will be your duty to seriously consider it if be any longer safe to the liberties of the people generally of this Republic, and consequently advisable, to continue the seat of this Govern-

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ment in a community, so many of whose leading men – who should be exemplars of sobriety and good order – encourage with impunity, from year to year, such disgraceful and disorganizing conduct. The threats and annoyances, to say the least to which the three great departments of this Government have been subjected within the last few years in this county alone of all Liberia, are as well known to you as are the leading restless individuals who have induced them. While there are most honorable and noble exceptions among the leading men of this community, and the common classes, so called, are generally disposed to be loyal and quiet citizens, and have as a general thing most praiseworthily demeaned themselves, yet such has been, is, and for some time will continue to be the influence mischievously if not feloniously exerted over the uninformed and unstable portions of the community for the purpose of forcibly controlling and directing of those whom the people have elected and appointed under the Constitution to fill the three great departments, (Executive, Judicial and Legislative,) as that I am led to the conclusion that unless some change shall be speedily made as to the location of the seat of this government, not that they cannot be quelled by force, but as a judicious rebuke, our free institutions will either merely have existence in name, subject to the dictum of less than a dozen men in this community, or officers appointed by authority to fill the three great departments as your honorable body has already experience, will be constantly subject to indignities and annoyances induced as usual by the influence and constant exertions of some of the leading men of this community: which state of things, if allowed to continue, must, before many years, if not months, prove most seriously disastrous in its result. In this opinion, many citizens in this city – eight-tenths of those in other parts of this county – the leeward counties almost unanimously concur, whether the change be made to Carysburg or one of the leeward counties. Any further information you may need on the subject respecting such occurrences, I will be pleased, on intimation, to communicate to you fully. North-west Boundary. Our foreign relations may be regarded as pacific. I regret, however, to have to state that our N. W. boundary has not been definitely settled with H. B. M. Government. This fact I am sure was as little expected and is as much regretted by you as by me. I transmitted to the Legislature, at the last session, the correspondence I had with H. B. M. Government during my visit to Europe last year, which fully confirmed all I stated in my message in regard to the same. The conclusion arrived at by the correspondence was simply, as I understand, that on my return home a joint Commission was to have been appointed for the purpose of ascertaining the course and extent of the river Jong, with a view of ascertaining if its extent was sufficient (60 miles) to form our N. W. boundary; if not, that a line should be run from its terminus due north, so as to complete the sixty miles. In a few months after my return home, I received a dispatch from H. B. M. Government; through our Consul General in London, to the effect that they had learned from the authorities at Sierra Leone since I left that the natives occupying territory we claim to the N. W., deny our claim, and consequently have no right to exercise political jurisdiction; and that in the opinion of the authorities at Sierra Leone, for the Government of Liberia to employ the requisite means (by force) to compel them to keep faith with us in their most solemn stipulations and obligations of allegiance, would too injuriously affect the commercial interests of British trade in that section of country, to be regarded favorably by H. B. M. Government. The British Commissioners arrived in April. I appointed the Honorables J. J. Roberts and J. N. Lewis on the part of the Republic of Liberia. I will transmit their report to you tomorrow. The instructions of the British Commissioners, and consequently their proposals

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ere so dissimilar to the understanding I had had in England with H. B. M. Government, and so contrary to what Liberians can possibly voluntarily accede to, as that the entire matter remains today in statu quo. A copy of the proceedings of the joint Commission has, by my direction, been transmitted by Mr. Consul General Ralston to H. B. M. Government, and a definite reply has been solicited as to whether H. B. M. Government will adhere to the understanding I had with them in London, 1862, or will they adhere to the position assumed by their Commissioners. In a recent dispatch from H. B. M. Government, I am informed that they have the Commissioners’ report under consideration, and will likely arrive soon at some conclusion on it. I need not remind you of the immense difficulty this Government has had from abroad and at home for several years past, owing o the hesitancy of H. B. M. Government in recognizing our claims to territory acquired by bona fide deeds. It has been the sole cause of the repeated attempts of foreigners and the aborigines, for the last ten years, to renew the slave trade at Gallinas and vicinity. The intestine wars that have ravaged that country, and even the extensive and destruction intestine wars now waging among that very people, of which the British press complain bitterly this year as being so destructive of British property, so crippling to British commercial interest in that vicinity, would have been perfectly obviated had H. B. M. Government recognized our just right to that territory. Several treaties have been concluded this year with European governments, and will by duly transmitted to the Senate for ratification. Conclusion. In closing this communication, which propriety dictates should be brief, I beg to assure you of my hearty and prompt co-operation with you during the few remaining weeks of my term, in expediting the prosecution of the duties of the session. And I have to request that those matters of most importance which connect with my administration, among which I will specify the public finances, &c., &c., will claim your earliest attention, so that they may be disposed of in a just and proper manner before the expiration of my term. Any information or explanation regarding any of these matters, if desired of me, and the application made in a proper manner, will be given with the greatest pleasure. Stephen Allen Benson. Government House, Monrovia, December 5th, 1863.

Daniel Bashiel Warner III President of Liberia: 1864–1868

Annual Message to the Legislature December 6, 1864 Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: To the Father of all mercies are due our unfeigned thanks for the favors which have marked the past year. All our communities have enjoyed a pleasing immunity from sickness; bountiful harvests have crowned the labors of the husbandman, and a good degree of peace has prevailed within our borders. Foreign Affairs. Our relations with foreign nations are pacific. The questions which have arisen between this government and that of her Britannic Majesty out of the repudiation by certain chiefs in the north-west portion of the Republic of the right of this government to exercise authority in territories bought of them in that section of the country, are still in course of discussion. I regret to state that Great Britain still maintains an attitude on this question which, although unintentionally – for we cannot doubt the friendship of that government to this Republic – is immensely injurious to us. But to those territories we cannot relinquish our claim, however strongly it may be questioned by Her Britannic Majesty’s government. I do not trust to diplomacy or force for the adjustment of this question. We and the aborigines are one in race and destiny. Foreigners can produce no permanent alienation between us. The progress of events will ere long set this matter at rest forever, in a manner entirely satisfactory to Liberia, and without infringing upon the rights of the aborigines. For the discussion of this question, I beg to refer you to the papers relating to foreign affairs, herewith submitted. A supplement to the Postal Convention between Liberia and Great Britain has been recently negotiated. It will be submitted to the Senate. I shall also submit for the consideration of the Senate two treaties of Amity and Commerce; one between Liberia and Denmark, the other between Liberia and Hayti. The latter treaty assimilates the Slave trade to piracy. The former treaty was concluded and sent to this government for ratification as long ago as May, 1860. If its delay here, though owing to an unfortunate circumstance, does not impress the Danish government unfavorably, it is due only to the deep interest they take in the Republic and their ardent desire for its prosperity. I have appointed a Consul to represent Liberia at Port-au-Prince. I must here express the high gratification I feel at the establishment of international relations between Liberia and that tropical State in the western hemisphere of our own race. The Haytians have passed through great vicissitudes of trial and suffering. Their extraordinary deeds of valor in their revolutionary period; the scantiness of their resources; the noble manner in which they surmounted their embarrassments; and their manly struggles to maintain their national independence, have never been done justice to. Their examples of self-denial, manly fortitude,

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and perseverance we may copy with advantage. I rejoice that the two negro states have embraced each other. In the month of February last I was gratified to receive Abraham Hanson. Esq., as Commissioner and Consul-General of the United States of America to the Republic of Liberia; and soon after I accredited a Charge d’Affaires to the United States Government. The treaty between this Republic and His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway has been ratified, and the ratifications duly exchanged. In connection with this, I am highly pleased to remark that there is now lying in the harbor of Monrovia, on a complimentary visit to this Government, the Swedish corvette “Gefle,” Commander Alexis Pettersen. Through the courtesy of Commander Pettersen the executive mansion has been presented with a portrait of His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. In view of the growing commerce between Liberia and the Netherlands, I have thought proper to appoint a Consul-General to represent this Republic at the Hague. I take pleasure in recording that the extension of our foreign relations, which, within the last few years, has been so happily brought about, is due, for the most part, to the energy and activity of our indefatigable Consul-General in London, Gerard Ralston, Esq., who, with an untiring zeal, an unsleeping vigilance, and an exemplary industry, is ever on the alert to promote the interests of Liberia. The government library has been, during the year, enlarged by a donation of several volumes of the recent scientific publications of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The American Contest. It is with sincere regret that I have to refer to the continuance of the American contest, in which, as a people, we cannot but feel the deepest interest. As a part of the African race, and as immediately allied to the victims of American slavery, the war is of enormous importance to us, and I cannot but express the ardent hope that it may be brought to a speedy termination, in such a manner as to secure the complete triumph of justice over injustice, and of right over wrong. Immigration from the West Indies. The need on the part of this infant state of an intelligent and industrious immigration is urgent and obvious. In consequence of the war in the United States we have been, for some time, deprived of our usual supply of immigrants from that country. In conformity with the law passed at your last session to encourage immigration to Liberia from the West Indies, I have adopted such measures for the promotion of this object as were within the power of the government for the particulars of which I must refer you to the correspondence touching foreign affairs. Port of Entry Law. I deem it of importance here to advert to the law confining foreign vessels trading to this coast to the legally constituted ports of entry, to go into operations a few weeks hence. This is a subject of grave moment, inasmuch as it will materially affect the system of trade heretofore pursued in Liberia. It is to be regretted that some foreign traders to this coast are disposed to attribute the enactment of this law to a feeling on our part hostile to their interests and to the interests of the aborigines, and to a desire entertained by us to enrich ourselves by monopolizing the native trade. With respect to their own interests, it is but just that foreigners should both feel and manifest some concern, and that they should endeavor, as much as possible, to guard them from detriment; so with regard to our interests, we should be allowed to look after them in the best manner we can.

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While I admit that there is strong probability that Liberian traders will be pecuniarily advantaged by the law, I must wholly repudiate the idea that we are hostile to any one, or that mere mercantile interest was the originating cause of the enactment. The commercial advantages we may be expected to reap from the operation of the law, hold but a secondary and subordinate place to the great political and social results which we expect to accrue from it. A protracted experience has thoroughly convinced us that the indiscriminate visits of foreign traders to all points of our coast to hold unrestrained intercourse with the aborigines of the country, are not favorable to maintenance of peace and quietude in the country, and to the uninterrupted exercise of our lawful jurisdiction. “Self-preservation is nature’s first law.” This principle applies to States no less than to individuals. I take pleasure in recognizing the fact, that there are some noble foreign traders to this coast, who appear to be as zealous for the honor, dignity, and interest of the Republic as any citizen can be. But there are others without force of character or good will to Liberia, who are entirely under the influence of their selfish impulses. To such men as these is owing the greater part of our misunderstandings with the aborigines. They come to the coast, and, in their dealings with the natives, profess a cynical and utter disregard of the authority of Liberia, and inspire the natives with feelings of insubordination. They continue this affected defiance to the Liberian authorities, however, only until they get into some serious difficulty with the aborigines; then they at once recognize the “jurisdiction” of the Republic, and look to the government for “indemnification” or “assistance”. To check these evils, therefore, to neutralize the baneful influence now playing upon our aboriginal population; to bring them under rule and subordination; to obviate the necessity of going to war with them; to rid the government of useless foreign correspondence respecting their treatment of foreign traders; to afford the custom-house a greater certainty of receiving its lawful dues – these are some of the objects designed to be effected through the operation of the Port of Entry law. It is, therefore, as a national policy, so far as foreigners are concerned, neither hostile nor interest, but simply a policy prompted by the very natural desire for self-preservation. In the course we have taken we are supported by the plainest principles of common sense as well as by the regulations for the government of nations adopted throughout the civilized world: and I am persuaded that all who know Liberia and feel interested in our prosperity will readily appreciate the necessity for the restriction in question and the beneficial consequences which must result from it. Finance. In his message of December, 1862, my predecessor remarked, “The actual revenue of the country is insufficient to meet the demands of the government since so many public enterprises have been put on foot.” This remark, as you will see by the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, to which I invite your careful attention, is still applicable. The operations of the Treasury during the past year have been conducted on the most economical scale, and, I should say, in a manner not altogether compatible with our profession of independence. Notwithstanding the prevailing dissatisfaction of the citizens at what they conceive to be an unnecessary expenditure of public money by way of salaries for government officers, a few warm-hearted patriots, though among the dissatisfied, have responded, during the year, very liberally to the appeals of the Treasury for means to keep the machinery of the government in operation. I would respectfully urge upon you the necessity of confining the annual appropriations within the revenue of the country. For several years the appropriations have exceeded the revenue, and the consequence is, that demands are constantly made on the Treasury which cannot be met, to the great inconvenience of the officers in that department, and disappointment of those making claims.

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The sources of government revenue being very limited – principally the customs and public lands – it has for several years past been barely sufficient to meet much more than half the current expenses. If we keep on at this rate the public debt must perpetually increase. The emission of paper money will not mend the matter. It is only another form of borrowing from the people, and therefore increase the public debt. With our slender resources, then, common sense dictate retrenchments as the only method of relief for the present. It would not be wise, under these circumstances, to borrow money if we were able to do so, unless it could be invested in enterprises that would reproduce it. I must say here, however, that the period through which we are now passing is an exceptional period. We must not regard this as the ordinary and normal financial condition of the country. Various causes among ourselves of which you are cognizant, have induced the present state of things, which is kept up by the depressing influence which American affairs exercise upon us. The remedy is, in a great degree, if not altogether, in our own hands. As a first measure, then, to relieve the financial condition of the country, it is indispensable that there be retrenchment of the salaries of public officers – leaving those officers whose salaries are fixed by the Constitution, to voluntarily forego so much of their salaries as their patriotism shall prompt them to do. On this subject of retrenchment I had the honor of communicating with you in a special message during your last session; and as I think the language and sentiment of that document quiet as appropriate now, I beg to repeat here what I said on that occasion: “In view of the embarrassed state of the public finances and my earnest desire to redeem as speedily as possible the numerous government checks in circulation, and restore the currency to its proper value, as well as to carry on several needed improvements, it is my intention to call upon all classes of our citizens to make some sacrifices for the public benefit. It is a noble thing for any citizen of a free country to feel that he can do something which shall be felt for good in the general operations of his government; that he can make some small sacrifice which will assist to promote the independence and perpetuate the liberty of his country. “In view of these facts, I have the honor to suggest and recommend that you adopt such measures as to you may appear proper to diminish the burden of the public expenditure and to increase the public revenue. “Before anything can be done to persuade the masses of the people, when they render services to the government, of the propriety and necessity of lessening their price and sacrificing something for the public weal, it is important and quite becoming that the public servants – government officials – should set the example of self-denial. The mass of the people who do not study these things, but have delegated the management of them to their rulers and representatives, are incompetent to sympathize with the financial wants and difficulties of the government. But when they see the law-makers and office-holders so sensible of the severity of the monetary pressure as to cheerfully make sacrifices for the public good, a general confidence and content will be engendered in them as to whatever pecuniary burdens they may be called upon to bear. “This confidence and content on the part of the people are the strongest foundation of social order and the best guarantee for the strength of the government. I would urge, therefore, that the salaries of all officers in Government employment, excepting such as are already obviously too low, be reduced by a suitable per centage. “As the expenses of the Legislature, recently increased – both by additional number of members and the raising of salaries – are, from year to year, quite uncertain, being dependent upon the length of the session – so that the Government can, beforehand, form no definite calculation as to the amount of its disbursements in that direction, I would respectfully

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recommend that the members of the Legislature be made salaried officers – their salaries to be drawn during the session and on the adjournment of the Legislature. This, I conceive, would be a measure suited to the present crisis, and would find a hearty response among all classes of the people – provided the salaries be not placed too high for our present financial ability.” In order that our Treasury engraved bills may have a freer circulation among all classes of the people, it will be necessary to reduce the amount to very nearly that of the average revenue of the country, from all sources. If this measure be adopted, it will place those bills beyond the possibility of depreciation. The causes of their deprecation is undoubtedly their immoderate expansion during the last few years. When they were first issued, and in small quantity, they were in demand, for they were a great convenience to the people and the Government. But as they multiplied beyond the revenue of the country, not being money proper, but, as I have said, an indirect loan from the people, the credit of the Government was impaired, and it made it impossible to negotiate them, except at a heavy discount. I would recommend that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorized by the Legislature to enter into contract with any foreign country willing to contract, to supply it with timber, hewed or round timber. If this can be done and the timber is furnished, the revenue of the country will be greatly enhanced by the operation. It will then pay to open roads and build bridges. I would recommend the enactment of a Patent Law both to encourage home inventive genius, and invite the introduction into the country of foreign skill and enterprise. The raw productions of the country are as valuable as they are abundant – quite sufficient, if exchanged with other countries, in an improved state, to afford us all the wealth we need. I invite your careful consideration of the documents from Henry Pinkus, Esq., resident in London, on the subject of the proposed establishment of the Liberian Company, financial, commercial, and agricultural. (limited.) The letters, memorial and draft of a bill in connection therewith will be laid before you at an early day. I commend to your consideration the propriety of lowering the duty on imports from twelve to ten per cent. I am of opinion that such an amendment to the tariff would tend to increase importations, enhance the revenue, diminish the burdens of the people and be of decided advantage to the commerce of the country. I shall call your attention again to the bill relative to revenue stamps which was before you near the close of your last session. The circumstances which originally occasioned the expenditure for the purpose of maintaining a garrison at Fort Norris having long ceased, it was thought expedient, in view of the financial pressure, to discontinue the services of the men. National Wealth. The establishment of a pecuniary independence for our country is the besetting problem of Liberia, which we must solve or be miserable. I believe that with the elements we have around us, the problem is entirely practicable, and that there is sufficient genius in the country to work it out. Indeed, if we manage judiciously, we are already on the road to its satisfactory solution. I am gratified to give it as my earnest conviction that Liberia is growing in material wealth. Our exports are every year increasing, and if this exercise of our productive power is continued with the same progressiveness, as within the last few years, we shall soon be independent. But we must allow the future to have its proper place in our thoughts. We must regard time to come as a period for which we are bound to consider. I cannot at this very trying crisis, forbear insisting upon this point: that this country will have to work out its own destiny. We are being admonished that we may not hope for any real success independently of our own exertions. We are daily being thrown upon our re-

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sources, and if these do not raise us, we shall not be raised at all. I would therefore earnestly urge upon the country to look more to itself for support. Every country but ours seems to have taken advantage of the three year’s suspension of those wonderful supplies which once issued from the great American Republic. How can Liberia consume her articles of provisions at their present rates and thrive? Where the cogent necessity of using many of them at all? We should begin now, we ought to have begun long ago, to relieve ourselves of the enormous tax which the consumption of foreign provisions imposes upon us. We have a country of unbounded resources – a soil incalculably fertile, possessing all the properties required to render vegetation luxuriant and healthy, capable of producing all the breadstuff we need. But this alone will not prevent us from being abject and dependent. With sources from which to accumulate, and with the ability to accumulate, there must be what is called the effective desire of accumulation. It is after all upon the character of the people that our hopes must depend. If there be no self-exertion, no self-sacrifice, no devotion to race and country, we shall never escape our ignoble dependence upon foreigners, but we shall be forever bound by our rude necessities and by the primitive difficulties of a new country. We shall never fully demonstrate our fitness for self-government until we shall exhibit that spirit of independence and self-abnegation which shrinks from extraneous aid – that patriotism which welcomes inconvenience and foregoes personal ease in order to protect itself and provide for its own wants. After this we should strive and to this should Legislators in their deliberations study to lead the people. The Navy. In the early part of April last, Commander Cooper made an attempt to take the government schooner “Quail” into the St. Paul’s river, in order that she might undergo repairs ordered by the Legislature; but the bar being too shoal to admit her the enterprise could not be prosecuted. This hindrance to the vessel’s entering the river was beyond a doubt a providential interposition for not long after this unsuccessful attempt, information reached the government that certain suspicious movements, on the part of some of the native Chiefs at the leeward, had inspired among Americo-Liberian traders at various points of the coast, an intense anxiety, amounting almost to distressing alarm, for the safety of their persons and property. As soon after the receipt of this information as the “Quail” could be got ready for sea, she was dispatched to the leeward, conveying thither the Attorney-General as special Commissioner to the Chiefs who were reported to be concerned in demonstrations of hostility to the government, to ascertain whether the rumors were correct, and if so, the causes of their hostile intentions. On the return of the Attorney-General, he reported as the result of his interviews with the Chiefs that all of them but one utterly disclaimed any hostile intention against the government of the Republic or its citizens. Subsequent information, however, renders it certain that there had been some plot intended, but that it failed for want of a sufficiently extensive combination. It seems that the hope of doing mischief successfully to the Republic had been induced among some of the Chiefs, by rumors then current at the leeward of the total wreck of the “Quail.” In view of this fact, I kept the “Quail” afloat as long as possible, it being evident that her withdrawal from the coast in the absence of a suitable substitute could not be effected without exposing some of our leeward settlements to serious danger. Nor was it until she was entirely unfit to do further service, that she was brought into the Mesurado river in October last, where she is now undergoing repairs. From the Superintendent of Maryland County, I received, in the early part of the year, several communications, complaining of the insubordination and turbulence of the natives in the vicinity of the Cavalla River. In order to bring them to a better mind, it was thought

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advisable to lay an interdict upon that portion of the coast inhabited by them, forbidding all intercourse with them. It is hoped that this measure is having a salutary effect. About the same time there were disturbances among the Kroo natives at Settra Kroo and Nanna Kroo, necessitating the dispatch to those places of a special commissioner, who succeeded in conciliating and restoring order but it became apparent to him during his visit among them, that their turbulence had been occasioned by extraneous and unwarrantable interference. Whether it will be promotive of the mutual interests of the Kroos and the country generally to constitute either of those places a Port of Entry, I hope you will determine during your session. The Aborigines. In pursuance of the law passed at your last session, to establish regular official intercourse between the government and the Aborigines within our jurisdiction, I appointed soon after your adjournment commissioners in the different counties, and I am happy to say that, as far as I have learned, they have done a good work among the natives. Circumstances to which I have already adverted, illustrate the facility with which some of the native tribes may be made to assume an unfriendly attitude to the Republic. The prolific source of their discontent – especially of the older chiefs – is the annihilation of the slave trade along our coast. The agency of Liberia in destroying the slave trade, is still to them a source of constant and bitter irritation. They allege that the cessation of that traffic has impoverished the country. And they never allow themselves or their children to forget that we were the cause of arresting the influx of foreign gold which attended that trade. For this they are ever on the lookout for an opportunity which they think they can improve with impunity to signify their opposition to us. The moral and social, and even commercial advantages which the country has gained by exchanging the traffic in human flesh for the traffic in Palm Oil and Ivory and Camwood, they are for the most part incompetent to discover. But it is our duty to do all we can to convince them, at least the younger portion of them, that the country has really gained. We must do all we can to make them an effective part of ourselves – make them feel that as members of the same race our interests are identical. I do not consider it as either wise or dignified to hold an isolated place in regard to them, and be content to be surrounded by foes who hate us, whose combination to injure us might at any time do us immense harm, and to whose mutual jealousies or animosities we must trust for safety. That we should maintain such a position is both unwise and unnecessary. The natives ought all to be, and might be, if we managed properly, easily our cordial friends. We might surround ourselves by tribes who really love us, and whose interests it is to be our allies. There are many in every tribe who feel that the presence of Liberia is their only protection against the ravages of the foreign and domestic slave trade – that the liberty and peace which they enjoy, they owe altogether to our influence. These therefore are and must be our friends; but we can make them all our friends by steadily pursuing towards them a just, generous and sympathetic course. Ardent Spirits. I truly desire the people of Liberia may enjoy fully the results of their labor, that they may exercise all the rights guaranteed to them by our free institutions. I would have them to be neither slaves nor serfs, bending the necks to the galling yoke of oppression and tyranny. But there is an evil growing among us, which, if not soon checked, will entail upon the country a most degrading bondage. I allude to the manufacture and indiscriminate sale of intoxicating drinks among us. These unfortunate practices in a community like Liberia are fraught with serious mischief. Besides being the fruitful source of popular demoralization

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among the civilized portions of our citizens – impairing the health and interfering with the morals, good order and prosperity of the community – it is an unmitigated curse to the aborigines around us. We owe it as a duty to our aboriginal brethren not only to maintain an amicable intercourse with them; but also to protect them from every species of injury, and no injury more serious could be inflicted upon them than the introduction among them of ardent spirits – a practice that has disgraced the intercourse of civilized and uncivilized men in all parts of the world. So serious do I consider this evil among us that I would earnestly recommend the enactment of a law requiring that every person intending to distill ardent spirits or to sell it by wholesale or retail shall take out a special license, and shall pay for that license into the Treasury of the Republic the sum of seventy-five dollars. I invite you to an early consideration of this subject and trust that you will adopt such measures, in view of this growing evil as shall best secure the public welfare. Reconciling Courts. There is another evil now in our communities, assuming alarming proportions, which every good citizen doubtless designs to see checked or effectually counteracted. I refer to the growing spirit of litigation, and the facility and readiness with which matters which might be amicably settled are carried to courts of law, involving the parties in enormous expense, and producing between them violent and deep-seated animosity. We cannot, in this infant state, afford these alienations. To remedy this evil I would respectfully recommend that you make provision for the holding of Reconciling Courts in the several counties. There are such institutions in some countries and they work admirably, tending to preserve peace and unity among the citizens. The Constitution. Unless I greatly misapprehend the general tone of feeling in Liberia, I conclude that an amendment of that part of the Constitution which relates to the Presidential and Legislative terms of office is earnestly called for. It is impossible to exaggerate the evils which necessarily flow from the frequent recurrence of electioneering period among us. In a country like ours, where things are still in a forming state, where we are still struggling with the wilderness, where we have so little time to lose and so little energy to waste, the consequences of our present law are manifold, and nearly all unfavorable. It is needless for me here to point them out in detail. It cannot be for our good, on the whole, that there should be so often produced among our scanty population bitter opposition of opinion-imaginary differences of interests, and local feuds commonly so lasting and so bitter. Where appeal is so frequently made to the judgment and decision of the masses, it is impossible to inaugurate and carry out any very important measures for the good of the country. For there are ever those ready to misrepresent the designs of government for electioneering purposes; and where beneficial results are not at once obvious and palpable, the cavilers readily succeed among an impatient people in thwarting any plan which they may find it profitable to their party interests to oppose. It is often not possible even to mature a plan within two years, and before the plan is matured the election comes around, new measures are put on foot not in sympathy with the plan of the retired administration. The frequent change of officers in the various departments of the government is injurious to the country, often rendering the business of the departments very complicated and unintelligible. These are only two of a number of illustrations that might be furnished of the evils growing out of the present state of the law. To produce, then, any important change that will be felt for good throughout the country, there should be greater permanency in the administrations.

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Every patriotic citizen must feel the inconvenience of the present state of the law. The framers of the Constitution did the best they could at the time and under the circumstances. It was not their idea that they were providing a document to last, verbatim et literatim, through all coming time; hence they made provision for its amendment. If the evils of which I have spoken are to be remedied it is with you to place them before the people to be decided by them at the next biennial election. Liberia College. I am gratified in being able to state that the condition and progress of the operations of Liberia College during the year, have been satisfactory and encouraging. The faculty has been recently enlarged by the arrival of Martin H. Freeman, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, whom we are glad to welcome among us as a laborer in this needy field. It is hoped that this Institution, the only one on the coast, if not on the continent, founded upon such a liberal basis, has a useful and interesting future before it. May it be liberally sustained. Deaths. I cannot close this communication without adverting to the melancholy loss which the Republic has sustained since the adjournment of your last session, in the death of BrigadierGeneral Anthony Woods of Maryland County, and Rev. B. R. Wilson of this city. General Woods was one of the founders of the Maryland settlement and an enterprising citizen. The Rev B. R. Wilson was signer of the Declaration of Independence, and lately judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions for Mesurado County – for more than thirty years an active, energetic, useful and exemplary citizen of Liberia and member of the Methodist E. Church. The loss of both these citizens is deeply deplored by all our communities. Responsibility Of Rulers. In concluding this paper, allow me to remind you of the solemn responsibilities which rest upon us as rulers and law-makers of the land. To us is committed measurably the direction and guidance of the interests of the people. We should control as well as follow popular opinion, let us ever keep before our minds the truth that our acts are all clothed with the authority of the whole nation, and will have powerful influence in assisting national progress or precipitating national decay and ruin. Therefore I devoutly commend you and your deliberations to the guidance and illumination of the great God of nations. Daniel Bashiel Warner Monrovia, December 6, 1864.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 11, 1865 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives. A retrospect of the events in our history during the twelvemonth that has elapsed since I last met you, furnishes abundant matter for sincere and humble thanksgiving to the Great Ruler of nations, who has so kindly watched over us and so mercifully directed our affairs. Our Foreign Relations – Nothing has occurred to interrupt the harmony and friendship subsisting between us and foreign nations; on the contrary, our foreign relations have been gratifyingly extended.

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An interesting correspondence between the Department of State and M. Drouyn de L’Huys, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, gives assurance of the re-establishment of the amicable international relations, which prior to the year 1858, so happily subsisted between this Republic and the Emperor of the French, and which were unfortunately interrupted by the matter of the “Regina Coeli.” Nothing of importance has been heard from H. B. Majesty’s Government on the subject of our North-West boundary since I last communicated with you. In the month of March last, I had the gratification to receive Beverly Page Yates, Esq., as Consul-General of the Republic of Hayti. The ratifications of the Treaty between Liberia and Hayti, and that between Liberia and Denmark have been duly exchanged. A treaty between Liberia and his Majesty the King of Portugal has been recently negotiated. It will be submitted for the consideration of the Senate. I should not fail to inform you that the most remarkable and pleasing feature of this treaty is the article assimilating the Slave trade to Piracy. This formal and emphatic protest against the horrible traffic by the government of Portugal is full of encouragement. It is an indication that we are approaching towards the suppression of a trade of unparalleled atrocities, which has left an almost irrecoverable blight upon many a fair portion of this land, and consigned millions of human being to a watery grave or to brutalities to which such a grave is far preferable. The United States. – It affords me inexpressible pleasure to refer to the cessation of the unhappy contest in the United States; and especially as it has terminated in the permanent extinction, I trust, of human bondage throughout that great country. An unbounded prosperity doubtless lies before that nation. But in the month of July, in the midst of our rejoicings at the triumphs of the banner of freedom, a feeling of unutterable horror and indignation was sent throughout this land, pervading every household, and saddening every heart, by the intelligence that the President of the United States, the illustrious Abraham Lincoln, had fallen by the hand of an assassin. Liberia perhaps more than any other independent community, and for peculiar reasons, felt the shock of the melancholy death, and bewailed the loss of Abraham Lincoln. How prophetical was the remark which nearly two years since he is said to have uttered, that “When this war is done, I shall be done too!” Emmigration from Barbados. – On the 10th of May last, we had an accession of three hundred and forty-six immigrants by the brig “Cora” from the Island of Barbados. They were sent out under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, but owing to the people being from a country not included in the constitutional provisions of the Society, but more particularly on account of the high prices of provisions, the usual six months supplies were not furnished them. This threw them, after being two months in the country, upon the support of the Government, until such time as they should be able to support themselves. For this emergency the Government treasury was both unprovided and unprepared, and it became therefore, a subject of serious consideration and much embarrassment. To relieve the people, however, everything was done that the state of the finances would permit. Just here I take great pleasure in stating, in justice to the citizens generally, and to the Ladies Benevolent and Union Sisters of Charity Societies in particular, that from these respective sources, the newly arrived and necessitous immigrants received very considerable assistance and unremitting attention during their illness. Much gratitude is also due, and I most cheerfully record the expression of the same, to the American Colonization Society,

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for its very liberal donation of ten thousand dollars expended in transporting the West Indians to these shores and supporting them here two months. Those of the immigrants who removed from Monrovia, are located, some at Careysburg, and others on the road leading thither. Some of them have not done so well. Some have died, mostly from disappointment after the first emotions of joy. These appear to have been carried away by romantic notions of the country to which they were coming. They entirely overlooked, or did not sufficiently appreciate, the costs and sacrifices of leaving scenes and associations with which, from their birth, they had been connected. They did not take into account the ocean to be crossed, the difficulties of a new country – an acclimation more or less severe to be passed through. They saw nothing but the “land of promise,” and the promise of twenty-five acres of land – when unexpected trials came upon them, therefore, they sank under their weight. I am happy to say, however, that the great majority of the immigrants are doing well and promise to be a valuable acquisition to our little commonwealth. Immigration. – On the subject of immigration we cannot but feel a deep interest. Our population is still exceedingly scanty. Our need of population is immediate and urgent. Our immense resources cannot be developed – the fruits of the earth, spontaneously produced, cannot be gathered – the fat of the land cannot be made available, simply for the want of minds and hands to engage in the necessary operations. Surely with the vast latent capabilities of this country, we have the ability to become a power, by no means to be despised in the agricultural and commercial world. We have again and again invited our brethren in the United States to come over and help us fill up the vast solitudes, which for centuries have remained uninhabited; while they, in exile in the western hemisphere, are jostled and elbowed and trampled upon by an oppressive race. But my hopes are as strong as ever, and my confidence remains unshaken in the destiny of Liberia. She is yet to be the asylum for the oppressed American negro and a beacon for the guidance of the benighted tribes of this continent. I may not be able to predict the methods by which Africa’s exiled sons are to be restored to her bosom; but I feel certain that such an occurrence will in some way or other take place. It is most likely solution of the vexed negro question in the United States; and the only one that has yet suggested itself to the most distinguished statesmen and philanthropists of that country. And it is gratifying to notice that this view of probable events is beginning to be entertained by some of the leading black men also. Things are evidently tending to that condition when the most indifferent of our oppressed brethren in the United States will be compelled to give the question of emigration a serious, studious, and systematic consideration – a question upon which their physical and political well being greatly depends. Resources of Africa. – Africa is to be opened. The eyes of the enterprising in Europe are intent upon the discovery of the secrets of science and of wealth, hidden in the unexplored regions of this continent. The necessities or commerce and the desire of mankind will compel this land to contribute to the comfort and luxury of other quarters of the globe. We in Liberia have been permitted to make a very promising opening; and applications are being made to us by capitalists in foreign lands, or their agents, to be allowed to take part with us in the work of subjugating this continent. Encouragment of Foreign Trade – While the country should guard strictly against the insinuations of undue foreign influence, yet no unnecessary obstruction, by legal enactments, should be put in the way of foreign enterprise. Our Legislative enactments should be such as not to repel the friendly approaches of foreigners towards us, but such, on the contrary, as to invite their friendship, their genius and their enterprise. They should be as liberal and ac-

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commodating to commerce and the social intercourse of foreigners with ourselves as our peculiar institutions will allow. I would, therefore, earnestly recommend that you carefully consider any plan that may be laid before you, that has reference to the opening up of Africa to civilization and Christianity; and that will not interfere with our solemn compact respecting lands with the American Colonization Society, or that will not in any way compromise our independence. Port of Entry Law – In order that foreign traders having establishments along the Coast before, and up to the time the Port of Entry law went into operation, should sustain no loss of what goods they had failed to remove from said establishments, during the two years they were allowed to do so, I have, from time to time, as they requested it, given them permission to visit the Coast to recover what property they claimed to have at the various points; and, in instances where the native Chiefs have interfered, preventing the removal of the effects of foreigners from their respective towns, they have been induced by Commissioners from the Government to withdraw their aggressive interpositions. I was under the painful necessity last year, of informing you that, for the most part, much of the obstinacy and disloyal conduct manifested by the natives – the hostile attitude they had assumed towards the Government since the enactment of the Port of Entry law, was caused by mischievous interference on the part of foreigners with the native Chiefs. Hostile Attitude of Prince Boyer. – The most obstinate and unyielding of the chiefs was Prince Boyer of Trade-Town. To him Commissioners were sent during your last session. At the request of Government, the Commissioners were kindly conveyed to Trade Town, on board of His Swedish Majesty’s Corvette, “Geffe,” Commander Alexis Petterson. This worthy and accomplished officer, treated with marked respect and kindness the Commissioners, and afforded them every facility for speedily and effectually prosecuting their mission. Boyer, however, persisted in his obstinacy. From that time, he has been pertinacious threatening hostilities, unless the Port of Entry law be repealed; and he has been, during the whole year, steadily, though unsuccessfully, endeavoring to secure the co-operation of neighboring tribes against the Government. His threats of hostilities being made more particularly against the County of Grand Bassa – being the settlement nearest to Trade Town and presenting points favorable to an attack – I was under the necessity, in the early part of last month, of sending to that County munitions of war and a Commissioner to ascertain definitely the state of its defenses, and, if the emergency required it, to have them strengthened and others made. To defray the expenses and to carry out the object of the Commission, I authorized the expenditure of such an amount of public money as in the judgment of the Commissioner and of the Superintendent of the County, should be deemed advisable – proceedings which I hope you will approve. He, however, a few weeks ago, delivered all the goods which he held in his possession belonging to European houses, and sent Commissioners to assure the Government that his intentions are pacific. Good Conduct of Certain Native Chiefs. – I am happy to be able to add, that all the native Chiefs, at the trading points, not Ports of Entry, have delivered to foreigners their goods, thus ridding the Government of the unpleasant necessity of resorting to compulsory measures. I must particularly commend the chiefs of Nanna Kroo, Settre Kroo and Niffoo; also Prince Wee, and New Joe West of New Cess, for their loyal conduct and cheerful submission to the authority of the Republic.

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In connection with this, I may inform you that Bishop Payne, of the Episcopal Mission at Cape Palmas, has made application to the Government to be allowed to purchase, for Missionary purposes, the buildings formerly occupied by the factories of the German house at Nanna Kroo, and relinquished by that firm since the Port of Entry law – the Government guaranteeing to the Mission the use of such an amount of land with said buildings as may be sufficient to carry on missionary operations in that interesting and populous section of the Republic. I commend this subject to your favorable consideration. The Public Treasury. – Although the revenue for the year just closed exceeds that for the corresponding period in 1864, still the Secretary of the Treasury has found it far from adequate to the expenses incurred by the Government during the fiscal year. This suggests the great importance of adopting such economical measures in the prosecution of Government operations as will relieve us from such paralyzing embarrassment in the future. At present we have pressing upon us two or more foreign debts, which should be liquidated at once. Modification of Tonnage Dues. – I would recommend that the law passed at your last session, imposing a duty of seventy-five cents a ton on vessels indiscriminately, be so modified as to lessen that tax, and to require the payment of it by foreign trading vessels only when such vessels, actually transact trading business. To encourage and foster trade will be of infinitely more benefit to the country than to burden it with heavy taxes. Our true policy is, or should be, to remove as much as possible, instead of imposing, restrictions on commercial intercourse. I would also invite your attention to the second and last Revenue law, and suggest that you make such amendments thereto as will render its provisions more definite. For the want of such definiteness great inconvenience is experienced by the Collectors of Customs. The Currency. – I would further recommend that, instead of the new currency notes, authorized to be issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, a copper currency be substituted. The non-reissuing of the former Treasury “demand notes,” taken into the Treasury during the year, has brought said notes nearly at par; and if such an amount of them only as will equal the revenue of the country from all sources be allowed to issue and circulate, they will, with slight variation, remain at their true value and worth. In consequence of the non-resisting of said notes after they had been paid into the Treasury, the Secretary of the Treasury, in order to defray some of the more urgent expense of the Government, was obliged to negotiate loans of money from the citizens. This he could do only by pledging the faith and credit of the Government for their refundment, in kind, as soon after the meeting of the Legislature as they should be pleased to authorize it, which I hope will be done at an early day in your session. I will transmit to you, as soon as possible, the Report of the Committee appointed agreeably to your resolution of January last, to examine and adjust the public (back) accounts. The Ocean Mail. – It will be necessary to devise means for the regular conveyance of the mails hence to Cape Palmas. This department of Government, for the want of facilities – vessels, which Government has not – has not given that satisfaction to the Republic it should have done. Liberia College. – I take pleasure in stating that the operations of Liberia College continue to be progressive. The students have made very satisfactory advancements in the various branches of the studies pursued, since December last. On the 30th of last month, they competed for prizes, which will be awarded to the successful competitors during this month. Much credit is due to the President and Professors of the College for their indefatigable

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attention to the moral, and religious and general training of the youth committed to their charge. Patriotism Enjoined. – A glorious prosperity and unbounded usefulness are within our grasp; but this prosperity and usefulness can be achieved only by a devotion to the various interests of the whole country, unaffected by party or sectional prejudices. The people, as a whole, must cultivate the most thorough patriotism; and the representatives of the people, as a class, invested with Legislative power, should, in accordance with the solemn oath under which they have bound themselves give the most careful, assiduous, and candid attention to their particular work, remembering that the interests and well-being of the nation are in large measure entrusted to them. Death of Ex-President Benson. – The melancholy duty devolves upon me to communicate to you the death of Ex-President Benson, who departed this life on the 24th January last, in the vigor of life and maturity of his powers. Lest I should anticipate any formal expression or tribute to the intellectual ability and energy of character you may desire to accord to him, I will only add that Mr. Benson was regarded as one of the ablest men that have appeared among the negro race. But he is gone! Gone from the interesting scenes of his childhood and the labors of his maturer years, leaving the people of this Republic to lament their loss. In conclusion, I beg to assure you of my readiness to co-operate with you in every measure that pertains to the public welfare. May a kind and merciful Providence superintend your deliberations. D.B. Warner Monrovia, December 11, 1865.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 6, 1866 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia: The expiration of another twelve months has brought around the period when it becomes my duty to lay before you a statement of the affairs of the Republic, and to recommend such measures as appear to me calculated to enhance the welfare of the nation. In discharging this duty I have to invite you to unite with me in rendering unfeigned thanks to our Heavenly Father for the blessings with which the past year has been crowned. The immunity we have enjoyed from those epidemic diseases which have been the scourge of other lands, the bountiful harvests that have blessed the labors of the husbandman, the peace that has prevailed, to a great extent, within our borders, are unmistakable marks of Divine favor; and for these mercies we should show ourselves grateful by pursuing such a course of conduct as will meet the approbation of the Almighty. Foreign Relations. – Our relations with foreign nations are satisfactory, with the exception of the North Western boundary dispute. This question, which has been pending for the last five years without having yet come to a solution, must be settled before it can be determined which of the two Governments – this or Her Britannic Majesty’s – is responsible for the numerous atrocities which have been committed, as well as for those which are daily being committed by the natives in the territories in dispute. The predatory wars waged by the natives in those parts of the country against the peaceful natives living in close proximity to our settlements at Grand Cape Mount, and to the great detriment of that settlement; the vast

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amount of merchandise introduced from adjoining provinces without bringing a revenue to this Government; the open rebellion of the natives instigated by unprincipled traders living within the territories claimed by this Government, are evils which are likely to continue for a long time, and to affect most injuriously the interests of the Republic unless this question of boundary be at once at rest. The finances of the Government have not been in such a condition as to allow us to occupy those windward territories with civilized settlements, or we might long since have availed ourselves of the surest method of confirming the claim which we have rightfully acquired by fair and honorable purchase. On this subject the Government has renewed the correspondence which, two years ago, was broken off by the brief reply of the British Government to the last requisition of the Liberian Government. And it is to be hoped that the magnanimity and keen sense of justice of the British Government will allow the question to be put at rest speedily and amicably. I have appointed Monsieur L. Carrance, Consul for this Republic, at Bordeaux, in France. I have also granted a commission to Senor Senmartity Brogues, as Liberian Consul at Barcelona and Madrid, in Spain. I felt particular gratification in making this latter appointment; and in a dispatch from the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs, we are assured that it was hailed by Her Catholic Majesty’s Government as the forerunner of the establishment of friendly and commercial relations between the two countries. During the year I have granted my Exequatur to Samuel F. McGill, Esq., Consul for Sweden and Norway; also to C. T. W. F. Jantzen, Esq., Consul for Hamburg, at Monrovia. It is with feelings of inexpressible sorrow that I have to announce to you the death of Abraham Hanson, Esq., late United States Commissioner and Consul General, which occurred in the month of July last, at the Legation in Monrovia. The death of Mr. Hanson cast a deep gloom over our community. Never has foreign functionary stood higher in the estimation of a people than Mr. Hanson did in that of the Liberian, nor succeeded in establishing a better understanding than that which subsisted between Mr. Hanson, and the Government to which he was accredited. As a gentlemen of Christian character, of kind and benevolent disposition, endearing himself to all who knew him, and as a liberal minded public functionary, Mr. Hanson justly merited every mark of respect shown to him, and his memory claims a prominent place in the affections of this people. To fill the office made vacant by the death of Mr. Hanson, the Government of the United States has appointed William A. Johnson, Esq., Vice Consul General at Monrovia; and I have accorded to him my Exequatur. The Government has been invited to participate in the International Exhibition to be held in Paris during the next year. It will be to me a matter of profound regret if, from any consideration, the Government should be compelled to decline the friendly offer. Such exhibitions tend, to a great extent, to bring into notice the products and commodities of different countries; and considering the limited commerce of Liberia notwithstanding her vast but undeveloped resources, we should put forth a vigorous effort to improve the opportunity now afforded the country of exhibiting to the world its rich products. In the latter part of 1864 we made application to the Government of the United States for the purchase of a gun-boat. The application was generously responded to, and the sale of a vessel on very liberal terms was provided for. A Treaty of Amity and Commerce has recently been negotiated between this Republic and the Empire of Austria, which I will lay before the Senate for ratification. The Mails. – The Postal Convention between this Government and that of Great Britain continues in operation. Recent arrangements provide that the steamers bearing the monthly mails shall touch at Monrovia as well as Cape Palmas. This gives us increased facilities for

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communicating with foreign countries. But in order to have regular intercourse between our settlements, and to prevent those serious delays which too often occur in the operations of the Government from want of mail carriage, it is necessary that you provide some sure and economical means for conveying the mails to and from the different settlements along the Coast. International Hospital. – A proposition has been made to this Government by a wealthy and influential gentleman in France, to establish in this city, under the patronage of our Government, an International Hospital. He petitions for a grant of Land suitable for this benevolent object and a small appropriation to assist in the enterprise. I hope you will take this subject under favorable consideration. The seaport towns all over the civilized world could not give stronger expression of their appreciation of the severe toil and abundant services of seamen than by erecting buildings in their respective localities for their accommodation, when distressed either from shipwreck, sickness, or other causes. Travelers, also, to this Coast, would experience an inexpressible feeling of relief from a knowledge that such an asylum existed for their reception when assailed or wasted by the disease of the climate. The Public Revenue. – It is necessary that vigorous measures be adopted and executed in order to enhance the public revenue. It is true there is in the paper currency a marked improvement which tends greatly to the advantage of the citizens generally, but it cannot be of material benefit to the Government, unless the receipts of the Treasury constantly exceed or at least equal the expenditures it may be necessary to make to carry on the Government. While I admit that all unnecessary expenditures should be abolished, I am not inclined to favor the opinion that the expenses generally of the Government are a waste, because they make no return in kind for the capital invested. The citizens need protection in the prosecution of their various interests, and this the Government should not only have the ability to give, but its ability should be so fully known and seen as to render it unnecessary, except in extraordinary cases, to put it to the test. The Native Tribes. – I have for a long time thought that the native tribes residing within the near jurisdiction of the Republic could be brought into closer relationship with us by being required to contribute to the support of the Government, and by being allowed such a representation in our national council as will easily commend itself to their comprehension. Such a measure inaugurated among these will induce those tribes more remote to seek to sustain similar relations to us. No desire to exterminate these people and aggrandize their territory brought us here. They are our brethren, deluded though they often appear, and our Constitution expressly declares that their improvement is a cherished object of this Government. The government, then, being for mutual advantage, is one that calls for mutual support. The aborigines should assist in the great work we have to perform. Like the civilized population, they should give something in return for the protection and redress which our courts always, and our armies often, are required to render them. And I doubt not that many of them are now willing to assist; and when they shall have been convinced that the civilization of which the Republic is the nucleus, must spread far and wide over this continent, enlightening and refining its inhabitants, and raising them in the scale of being – that it is a work designed by the Almighty Himself, and cannot be stayed, I am sure they will become willing coadjutors. I therefore recommend that the discretionary powers given to the Executive, in the fifth section of an act regulating Taxes and Licenses, passed by the Legislature in 1858, to require our aborigines to contribute to the support of the Government in such a manner as he shall deem best, be made a positive law to be enforced in common with other revenue laws. There are in these forests men of royal blood, and of minds susceptible of the most exalted

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ideas of systematic and well-balanced government; and by a proper appreciation of them, they could be made to sustain to us a much nearer and dearer relation than that of being mere contributors to our treasury. Passports. – I have also to suggest that for each passport issued by the Secretary of State, a fee of two dollars be charged, to go into the Treasury; that said passport be issued only on the presentation of the Treasurer’s receipt acknowledging the payment of the fee; and that the receipts be passed quarterly from the Department of State to the Secretary of the Treasury. Our passport law needs other important amendments. At all times and under all circumstances, the present law allows persons of all characters to obtain passports, simply by giving ten days notice of their intention to leave the Republic and paying a fee of fifty cents for each passport. Taking advantage of these easy circumstances under which they can leave the Republic, many of a willfully thriftless class, whether long in the country or recent comers to it, go to foreign countries only to find the obstacles to be surmounted by indolent persons more numerous than they are in Liberia. In a short time they become reduced to extremities in the communities they enter. Did they break off their allegiance to the Government of this Republic, we should be saved all further concern about them; but to avoid the duties and responsibilities of citizens of the new State to which they may have gone, they retain their passports and their allegiance, and this way, to say the least of it, occasion this Government considerable anxiety, as it is often called upon to relieve its destitute citizens. Patents. – The Patent law in force in the Republic should be so amended at to require every person filling a caveat in the Patent Office to pay a small fee for the privilege thus secured to him. Pay of Members. – I am fully aware that most men in the public service are already required to make some sacrifice; still they should always set examples of patriotism in order that the citizens generally may be induced to second their efforts the more cheerfully. In this connection, I have again to propose to you a recommendation made during the session of ’64 – that each member of the Legislature receive for his services a salary, not to exceed the amount to which he would be entitled for a session of a moderate length, at a reasonable pay per diem. License Fees. – I have often considered that in the administration of the affairs of a nation, justice required that burdens imposed should be borne equally by the citizens, or in proportion to each man’s ability. In our system of licenses, this principle does not operate. There are only three class of citizens – merchants, lawyers, and auctioneers – who pay a license fee for being allowed to follow their various vocations. It is not clear to my mind upon what principle certain classes of our citizens are taxed for procuring a livelihood, while others are exempt. I have on a previous occasion spoken of the propriety of requiring persons following other trades or professions to pay a reasonable license fee, and I would again bring this subject to your notice. Manufacture of Ardent Spirits. – There is pursued in the country an occupation which, to say the least of it, brings no good either to proprietors or customers. I refer to the distilling of ardent spirits. We are, it is true, under a free government, with a liberal constitution; and while total prohibition may appear to some as an invasion of the rights of citizens, yet I cannot see upon what principle of political economy or justice the trade in distilling ardent spirits has been encumbered with the lightest tax, while wholesome, unobjectionable occupations pay to support a Government which knows that its people are demoralized, and shuts

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its eyes upon the fact. Each still erected or in operation in the Republic should pay a tax proportioned to the capacity in gallons of the said still. It would be very far from fulfilling our mission to this country that we continue to demoralize the natives by the abundant sale to them of ardent sprits. It seems clear to me that, as in the case of individuals, God holds men responsible for thus putting into the hands of their fellows material capable of so much harm, inciting them to rapine, murder and war. So, in our case, as a nation, God will not hold us guiltless of this sin which we have been committing to the destruction of our heathen brethren, as well as ourselves; and surely their blood will He require at our hands, and will hold us chargeable for the evils which these tribes commit under the influence of this destructive drink. The manufacture of ardent spirits and the traffic in them by other civilized countries should not be argued by us in justification of the Republic of Liberia engaging in the same thing. The prosperity of those other countries might have been much more abundant and abiding, and there would have been committed in them a less number of murders, had there been in them a total absence of ardent spirits. And may not the secret of the slow progress we are making, compared with great advantages we have of a fertile soil, a uniformly favorable climate, and the enormous percentage of the yield of our crops ,and the evanescent character which the accumulations we make from time to time assume, be attributed to the sin of manufacturing and selling rum? Ardent spirits had much to do with the kidnapping and forcing of our forefathers from their ancient homes to a land of slavery. It caused the opening in that land of many premature graves, which closed over the mangled bodies and broken hearts of the victims of American bondage. We may not hope to escape similar misfortunes and evils if we persist in manufacturing and selling ardent spirits. Besides this, the ease with which those natives procure firearms and ammunition, increases the hostilities and protracts those bloody struggles in which they engage, but which it is our duty to check. The Government of Liberia is the guardian of the tribes which have placed themselves under its jurisdiction; and we should advise, admonish and gently coerce them into that subjection to law and order which they sometimes appear reluctant to yield. And when our civilized communities so far forget their duty to these heathen as to place in their hands the instruments of death – encouraging them to lawless and murderous acts, they too should be restrained by law. I have therefore to recommend the placing of a high duty on the importation of fire-arms powder, and ardent spirits. These articles are by no means essential to the traffic of the country. Intercourse with the Natives. – There is no subject which more affects the interests of this Government than that of the tribes by whom we are surrounded. It must be admitted that the relation we sustain to these aborigines is very different from that held by any other civilized people to the natives of a barbarous country which they have entered. We often find the circumstances attendant on this relation exceedingly embarrassing. These people are our brethren, and yet we sometimes find them in antagonism to us. And then, again, in their own case, another and very important difficulty arises from the fact that there are chiefs under our jurisdiction who have laws, which we find it difficult to abrogate at once, conflicting with our statutes; thus keeping their subjects in constant dread of violating our laws on the one hand, and incurring the penalty of their own code on the other. I have already referred to the propriety of making these tribes understand the necessity of contributing to the maintenance of this Government; and I have now to suggest that there be some restriction placed on the intercourse of the civilized setters with the natives, defining how far that intercourse shall extend, and when and for what purposes it shall be allowed. Many disturbances, and during the present year several of a serious nature, have arisen, resulting from that unlimited intercourse with the natives, which has been continued for

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years by persons ostensibly engage in trade, who have gone among these tribes to the demoralizing of themselves and to the great disprofit of the natives. I am of opinion that persons going among the aborigines to reside should be made to show that they are engaged in some lawful and necessary enterprise, and to give bond and security, to be renewed from time to time, for their conforming to law and conserving the public peace, and whenever it might appear that such persons are no longer, prosecuting lawful business with the native, they should be required to withdraw from them; and for being allowed to prosecute trade among the natives they should obtain a license, for which they ought to pay tax proportionate to the amount of capital invested in such native trade. Prince Boyer. – I have to inform you that in the month of June last, Prince Boyer of Tradetown, seized and detained the Hon J. M. Horace, at said place. By this act of Boyer the Government was placed in a serious dilemma. To have attempted to force the exasperated chief while Mr. Horace was in his power, would have endangered the life of the latter; and the conditions proposed by Boyer on which his prisoner could be released, were such as the Government could not accede to and maintain its dignity and preserve the majesty of our laws. The Government sent a note to Boyer requiring him to set Mr. Horace at liberty. Mr. Horace has been released. Boyer, however, given the following ground of grievance: 1st. That an annuity promised him in 1849, and fixed by law has not been regularly paid him; 2d. That after he had become reconciled to the Port of Entry law, the domestic trade was interdicted to him simply because it was rumored by his native enemies that he was contemplating a descent upon the settlements in Grand Bassa County; 3d. That his confession of repentance for the wrong he had done, by refusing, when commanded to do so, to surrender the goods of foreigners detained by him, were spurned by the Legislature; 4th. That his officers, while on a peaceful mission to the Government, were detained at Grand Bassa and stripped of their insignia; 5th. That a present which he sent to the Government as an assurance of peace was seized at Bassa; 6th. That the passage of the law interdicting the domestic trade seemed to be last resort to crush him; 7th. That Senator Horace, by coming within the territory interdicted, violated the law which he himself assisted to make, and that he, Boyer, under the circumstances, could not but act according to the natural impulse of a man. He has written to the Government earnestly imploring a removal of the interdict. On the other hand, it is clear that the tribes within our jurisdiction have no right to indulge in the spirit of reprisals which they manifest either towards ourselves or each other. When they have complaints against the laws or any proceedings of the Government, they should set forth their grievances in a proper manner. And no men know better the force and virtue of law than some of the powerful chiefs who preside over these tribes. Neither Boyer nor any other chief has any right to execute our laws, or to set up his authority against the majesty of the Republic. But these chiefs and their subjects have, undoubtedly, certain rights, both natural and political, which should be lightly respected by this Government and people. And when this is done, and the natives are not provoked by us to the commission of lawless deeds, or instigated by dishonorable foreigners to insubordination, there will subsist between us and them a permanent good understanding and the greatest cordiality of feeling. Murder at Settra Kroo. – Sometime in the month of October last, one James Douglas, of Greenville, Sinoe, was wantonly murdered at Settra Kroo, by a native of that place. Immediately after intelligence of the tragical affair reached the Government, I sent down to Sinou a proclamation interdicting all intercourse with Settra Kroo until such time as satisfaction should be given for the murder committed. By the vessel bringing the legislators to this city,

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I received a communication from the King and headmen of Settra Kroo, assuring the Government that the murderer shall be delivered up to justice as soon as he can be placed in the hands of the Nanna Kroo natives. Seizure for Violating Revenue Law. – Presuming upon another illustration of the might of the British naval force on this Coast over the just rights of the Republic, one J. M. Harris, a subject of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, who has for some time kept a trading establishment at Solyma contrary to the laws of the Republic, arrogantly sent, a few weeks ago, his vessel into the little Cape Mount river to prosecute a trade with the aborigines of that place, as if to see how far and with how much impunity he could contravene the laws of the Republic. It will be remembered that this vessel is one of the two that were brought into the port from Solyma by the gunboat Quail, in 1860, to be tried for trading at that place contrary to our revenue laws, but were forcibly taken out of harbor by Her Britannic Majesty’s cruiser “Torch”. The vessel having been seized by order of the Government has been brought to this port, and now lies in the river awaiting the investigation of her case by the proper authorities. Proposal for a Bank. – In connection with the subject of Finance, I have further to inform you that the plan proposed by Messrs. McFarlan & Co., of London, for transacting financial business for this Government, and which was adopted by you at your last session, has not been acted upon by that firm; they preferring to operate on a totally different basis, merging their proposal into the plan of a bank, of which the details will be duly laid before you. Codification of the Laws. – The revision and compilation of our statute laws, which are at present in such inconvenient publications, require your authorization. I have to solicit an appropriation for this object. Education. – During the year, Liberia College has continued in operation. The Preparatory Department, under the care of Mr. H. R. W. Johnson has given the greatest satisfaction in the training of its scholars. In connection with this I am happy to inform you, that we have intelligence from the United States of a growing, and active spirit of emigration to Africa among the blacks. In a week or two some five or six hundred will probably be landed on our shores. The Attorney General of the Republic, now on his way home, made an interesting tour, during the last summer, over a portion of the Western States; and he assures us that, from what he has witnessed among the blacks with whom he came into contact, a steady stream of emigration has just begun. We are doubtless all glad to receive such intelligence. But the question that occurs to every thoughtful mind is, can Liberia, with her feeble institutions, take up and absorb safely this influx of our down-trodden brethren, unaccustomed as they are to the duties and responsibilities of building up new States? I answer without hesitation, that we can. But it becomes us, as Legislators and executors of law, to make provisions to guard and perpetuate more effectually the liberties of our country. And among the provisions necessary, a most important and, indeed, indispensable one, is the establishment of an efficient common school system. We have in our statute books many laws referring to common schools, but they need revision and consolidation. Depend upon it, unless this matter is attended to, our free institutions will be in danger. Let knowledge be generally diffused, and we need not fear the debates and discussions which periodically take place among us as to our political affairs. But the diffusion of education among us will, for some time, be dependent chiefly upon Legislative action in the establishment and maintenance, throughout the country, of common schools. The Government must here, as in other countries, take this subject into its hands – a

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subject which, to my mind, involve the whole matter of what is generally termed popular education, comprising not only schools established by the Government, but also mission schools in our townships or within jurisdiction. System of Common Schools. By having the education of the people under some system – I mean something like the following – so as always to keep the subject of education prominently before the people: 1. Let the different counties be divided into school districts, and let the people in those districts be taxed to provide school-houses and help to support the schools – the Government furnishing a certain amount. 2. Let a Secretary of Education be appointed, to regulate the educational interests of the country, in connection, if thought advisable, with a committee of Council. All appointments of instructors to common schools to be made by the Secretary, with the advice of the Council; and no teacher to be appointed without a certificate of capability from recognized examiners, i. e., any of the Professors in Liberia College or any other wellknown instructor. 3. School teachers to be examined twice a year by the Secretary of Education or his deputy. 4. Provision to be made for schools for girls, in which, besides mere book learning, they may be taught domestic economy and general habits of industry. This is a sore and pressing need of Liberia. 5. Children of the aborigines in our settlements and their neighborhood to have the same rights to education as emigrants; and the Government to have the right to establish schools in purely heathen districts. Our brethren who flee from the United States to this country for freedom find, on arriving here, a large and superabundant freedom; but they lose the advantages of enlarged education afforded them in their native country – advantages which, since the war, have been increasing in various parts of the United States. It is therefore meet and proper that in a system of common schools, such as I have just referred to, efficiently established, they should find some compensation for the sacrifices they have voluntarily made. Pension Recommended – Before closing this statement, I would request for Jonas Carey, a state pension during his lifetime. He is one of the only three male pioneers of Liberia surviving, and connecting the present with the past. He took part in the memorable battle of Dec. 1, 1822, on the issue of which depended the question whether Christian civilization should be established on this Coast by black colonists from America or not. He is now aged and feeble, and deserves whatever aid or patronage the Government can render him. Conclusion. – And now, in conclusion, I beg to assure you of the cordiality and cheerfulness with which I will co-operate with you in any measure for the promotion of the public weal. In all your deliberations, fail not to keep steadily before your mind the great object we should all have in view, viz – the vindication, up building and honor of the negro race, and the opening up of this great continent to civilization and religion. Keeping this elevated and glorious aim always before you, your labors will be considerably lightened, and harmony, peace and fraternal feelings will mark your whole intercourse during the session. D. B. Warner. Monrovia, December 6, 1866.

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1867 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: Contrary to the predictions of the majority of our communities, based on their experience of last year, in reference to the scarcity of breadstuffs brought on at that time by disturbances in the rice-growing districts, our rice crops of this year have been very abundant. For this blessing, and for all others that have marked the year, and of which we have been the happy recipients, our unfeigned thanks are due, and I here record an expression of them to Him, the Father of all our mercies, who dispenses His blessings bounteously to all His creatures. Foreign Relations. – Relations of the most gratifying character subsists between the Republic and foreign countries. In the month of January last, I had the pleasure formally to receive near this Government His Excellency, the Rev. John Seys, Minister Resident and Consul General of the United States of America. By the last mail, the Government received from C. Goedelt, Esq., Liberian Consul at Hamburg, the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, which has just been concluded between the Republic and His Majesty the King of Prussia, acting on behalf of the North German Confederacy. This treaty, which is the fifteenth we have with Foreign Powers, will, in a few days, be laid before the Senate for ratification. By the same conveyance the Government received information from our Consul General in Spain, that a similar treaty is being negotiated between the Republic and that country, and will likely be concluded in time to reach here next month for formal ratification. In a day or two I will transmit to you for your consideration and the adoption of such portions of them as may be found applicable to the institutions and needs of the country, six volumes of laws, &c., sent out by Wm. Tracy, Esq., of New York, and by him recommended to the Legislature for the purposes just stated. These volumes comprise copies of the civil, political, and criminal codes reported to the New York State Legislature by the Commissioners appointed by that body, and contain much that might be turned to good account in the revision of our own laws. Prince Boyer. – The requirements of the ‘Acts’ passed by the Legislature of December and January last, in reference to Prince Boyer of Tradetown, have been by that chief met in every particular, and that point of the coast is again open to traders privileged by law to visit it. To the people of the portions of country known as the Five Kroos, interdicted by order of the Legislature, a Commissioner was sent in the month of April last, to make another formal demand of them for the apprehension and delivery to the legal authorities of the murderer of James Douglass. But neither the inter-dict nor the demand of the Commissioner has had the effect intended. It remains now, therefore, for the Government to take such other steps for the arrest of the murderer and the vindication for the authority of the laws of the Republic as the Legislature may designate. Revenue. – The revenue for the fiscal year ending 30th September last, was more than onethird in excess of the revenue for 1863, and greater than that for any one year since the organization of the Republic; and it will go on augmenting yearly, if some untoward contingency does not arise to prevent it. There are also owned by the mercantile community of the Republic larger, and a great number of vessels than were ever owned by it before, at any one time. This undoubtedly shows progress in that branch, at least, of the industry of the country.

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Increase of Duties. – As a measure for the further improvement of the paper currency of the country, I would recommend the raising of the duties on imports and exports a little higher, that the receipts of the treasury shall exceed a few hundred dollars, at least, its disbursements. This would in a short time enable the Treasury to begin to redeem its notes in specie. For the protection especially of foreigners having money transactions with the Republic, it will be necessary to render, by legislative enactment, the notes not receivable for duties, signed and issued by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Treasurer in 1865, receivable at the Custom House. Being, as they now are, legal tender for all debts, dues, &c., in the Republic, (the Custom House dues excepted,) they are being forced upon foreigners having debts in the country, to their detriment and to our discredit. Such a system of money transactions should not obtain in the Republic. A continuance of it will sooner or later bring upon it very serious difficulties. Immigration. – During the year there have come to the country from the United States of America nine hundred and forty-two immigrants in four ships. They have been apportioned among the several counties. These occasional accessions to the Republic are duly appreciated, but they fall far short of satisfying its urgent and immediate needs for a numerous and productive civilized population. This, doubtless, suggests the necessity there is on our part for a greater devotion of our endeavors to civilize and incorporate the native tribes. These can and will furnish the Republic with an element more enduring physically, and which will, in time, become as efficient, morally and intellectually, as that which we are receiving from abroad. The incorporation of these people with ourselves will be the commingling of no antagonistic elements. Being of the same race, and in some instances of the same tribal origin as ourselves, with all the natural affinities, they will easily assimilate. It will be but engrafting the wild plant upon the improved plant of the same common stock. It will be the righteous carrying out of what was originally, and is yet, one of the great designs of the Almighty in planting us here. May we not believe, then, that in proportion as we fulfill that design will be the rapidity of our growth, the increase of our strength, the abundance of our prosperity, and the degree of our productiveness, as a people? On this, and a kindred subject, I have, on similar occasions, spoken before, and it only remains for me to complete this supplement by inviting your careful attention once more, and for the last time, to the system of the education and training of these native tribes proposed and communicated to the Legislature in my Message of December 6, 1866. The female portion of our population is considerably in excess of the male portion. This disproportion between the two sexes should be as far and as soon as possible rectified, that the evils flowing from such an abnormal state of society may be somewhat modified or measurably prevented. One way to effect this will be to train and elevate to our own level both the recaptured Africans – the males of whom are in excess of the females – and the children and youth of the aborigines. Continued Peace. – It should be a matter of profound satisfaction to the country to know that it has enjoyed for four consecutive years a happy immunity from war. There indeed were times when war with some of the native tribes seemed inevitable, but by the timely and persistent use of pacific measures for allaying the irritation on both sides, it was averted. With the exception of the Settra Kroo murder case, and the obstinate refusal by the Half Cavalla natives to fulfill a solemn promise it made to the Government in April, 1866, to demolish certain towns built on or near the River Cavalla to the annoyance and detriment of the River Cavalla and the Cape Palmas natives, the best understanding subsists between us and the aborigines throughout our territories. It will be of infinite advantage to the country to have as few wars with its aboriginal people as possible, and there should be none with them when the points of difference can be settled by means less severe. The superiority of

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our implements of warfare and our mode of waging war may allow us to conquer and even subdue them, but this will only alienate them in mind and produce in them feelings of revenge, which they will ever be seeking an opportunity to gratify. Conduct contrary to this we must observe and maintain towards them, if we would conquer their minds and secure their good will, love, and affection. Elevation of the Race. – The period of the world’s history through which we are now passing is one full of events pregnant with interest to the whole human family. In it we see more numerous, if not more efficient agencies at work for the further improvement of depraved humanity. They are effecting the destruction of that unnatural partition which for ages has stood up between man and man, interrupting and degrading that universal fraternity which should bind together the great human family. They are powerfully aiding the great enterprise in which our Republic is engaged – the civilization of the heathen and the regeneration of the negro race. It is very important, then, that we use our best endeavors to keep pace with their workings, recognizing and prosecuting with energy the part we are to act in the great onward movement. Never before has there been in foreign countries so great an interest in the Republic as seems at present to prevail; nor has there ever been so intense a desire on the part of those countries to enter into commercial relations with us. And this desire would be properly guided and take the form of some tangible and useful expression, were this country to cause to be published quarterly, at least, statistical accounts of its exports and imports, its revenue, agricultural improvements and productiveness. Review of the Administration. – A few days more and my administration will close. I feel unwilling to bring this, my last communication to you to a conclusion without a few parting words. During the four years that I have borne the responsibilities with which by the suffrage of my fellow-citizens I was twice invested, I beg to assure you that I have endeavored earnestly of my ability, to discharge the duties which have devolved upon me. I have always striven to keep before my mind the welfare of our little Republic, the honor of the negro race to which we all belong, and above all, the interests of civilization and Christianity on this continent. On assuming the government, I found our monetary affairs in a very depressed condition. The American war, exercising a paralyzing influence upon the trade of the country, and consequently upon the national revenues, tended to perpetuate our pecuniary embarrassments. My first attempt, therefore, was to bring about general retrenchment in the expenditures of Government; thus, if possible, to bring our disbursements down to the level of our income. You know with what success this effort was attended. My next plan was to inaugurate some system to effect a more immediate political fraternization with our aboriginal brethren, and, as fast at they advance in civilization, their social incorporation among us – a policy which I regard as essential to our prosperity and to our respectable and permanent national existence. You know, also, how, though repeatedly urged upon your attention, this measure has been entertained. Other measures of importance, also, I have brought before you; in some our views harmonized, and we have co-operated; in others I have failed to secure your sympathy. If during my administration nothing dazzling has been done, it has been because my work has been the quiet and unobtrusive, but not the less important – one of financial reconstruction. It has been my lot, and that of the officers associated with me, to labor and suffer to rid the Government of cramping liabilities. In the performance of this work I have never consulted my own ease. I have evaded no toil, and shrunk from no self-denial. I cheerfully leave my labors to the consideration of my candid fellow-citizens, and to the verdict of an

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unbiased posterity. I do not claim to have been free from errors in administering the Government; but I beg my fellow-citizens to believe that no motive foreign from the highest interests of the country and the elevation of our race have ever influenced any course I have at any time thought proper to pursue. Conclusion. – A glance at my protracted life of forty-five years in Liberia, discovers to me incidents in that life which to-day I look upon with no dissatisfaction. Beginning with the termination of the agency of the self-sacrificed Jehudi Ashmun, and at the commencement of that of the Rev. Lott Cary, one of “nature’s noblemen,” you ceased not to keep me gratefully sensible of the signal favor with which you regarded me, until you honored me with the highest position in the gift of this people. For this, I feel deeply grateful to you. It only remains for me to assure you of my earnest desire to co-operate with you in any measures you may adopt for the public good during the few remaining days in which I shall have the honor to be the servant of the country, and an immediate and official co-laborer with you. D. B. Warner. Monrovia, December 16, 1867.

James Spriggs Payne IV President of Liberia: 1868–1870

Annual Message to the Legislature December 10, 1868 Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: The arrival of the period for the meeting of the Legislature of the Republic enables me to congratulate you that you have been preserved, and are still found in your places of duty and responsibility. We should feel profoundly grateful to the God of all mercies who, in the visitations of His inscrutable dispensations, continues the evidences of his care and kindness unto us. Notwithstanding the peculiarity of the seasons of the year, the health of our communities has been good; notwithstanding the restlessness of some portions of our aboriginal population, the peace of the country has not been materially disturbed, so that we realize our expectation of a good harvest of the staff of life and have fine prospects of exportable produce from the agricultural operations of the year. Our mercantile interests have been prosecuted with great assiduity, and the success with which they have been crowned has demonstrated the ability of Liberia to give the native population of our entire coast all the supplies they require, while it has also made apparent the propriety and the practicability of our merchants taking the products of the coast directly into foreign markets, and there selling them to an advantage not to be expected from the system of barter on the coast. We should, I repeat, be very thankful for so many proofs of the goodness of God, without whom they labor in vain that build. His unsearchable providence has deprived us during the year of two members of your body, whose loss no true friend of his country will fail to deplore. The Honorable John H. Paxton, to the Senate, and the Honorable Thomas Moore, of the House, were men that circumstances never mature in a day. Having served their country long in various capacities and finally in that of legislators, they had, joined to good natural abilities and acquirements, an experience rich and eminently useful to their country. We lament their early departure from our midst, but we must submit to the doings of infinite wisdom, and trust with firmness in Him, to sustain, guide, and prosper us. Incentives To Duty. In doing this it becomes us to avail ourselves of all the means to labor efficiently, to proceed safely, and to prosper commensurately in the prosecution of our work. If there is any sentiment I would impress at this time upon the citizens of the Republic through their Representatives, it is this; we should not consider ourselves beyond danger because we have sustained our institutions so far. Our history is too brief; our existence too recent, our situation too peculiar to so consider ourselves. Whether we contemplate the heathenism which surrounds us, or the circumstances of our position, or the accessibility of our race from any quarter from which they may come to us, we should not divest ourselves of that degree of apprehension which quickens caution and watchfulness over the operation of our institutions, so as to secure them from decay and

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disruption. I do not refer to a change of the form of Government merely, which might result, if not from deliberate choice in the people, from revolution or civil strife, but to a disappearance as a civilized state, to a failure in our undertaking to maintain such a Government, which might result from such lawlessness, such disregard for the administration of justice; such an abandonment of the ideas of a civilized and Christian people as might constrain individuals and communities to separate and vainly endeavor to sustain distinct institutions where only unitedly they are able to stand. I would fellow-citizens, notwithstanding the hopefulness that animates me, or the signs of progress and prosperity which encourage me, impress this idea! As yet we are not established beyond the possibility of a failure. Everything among us is in a state of infancy; we have only begun to walk. Do you know that in the opinion of men of great intelligence, men well versed in the histories of ancient and modern times, the Republic of Liberia, is regarded, a problem? Let us not deceive ourselves, our wives, our children; let us not disappoint the trembling aspirations of the friends of our race, and by carelessness to the workings of the Government, or a want of patriotic interest in whatever tends to give stability and prosperity, retard or frustrate the fair commencement of our father to secure a home – a Christian Government – for our race on these distant shores. We should be wary of anything that portends alienation, which augments prejudice, or seeks only self aggrandizement. I would not have you become indifferent to politics and resign to the rampant and professed politician your right to wield a portion of the power in shaping the course of the State. I do not recommend the abnegation of the benefit to a Government of a proper party spirit. In the juvenile condition of our Government no citizen should yield his interest to another. I would, therefore, recommend you, the Representatives of the people, to consider yourselves bound by the solemn duties incumbent upon you to inculcate, by all the weight of your influence and position, circumspection and devotedness to the affairs of Government as the best means to preserve our institutions and insure success and prosperity. Foreign Sympathetic Interest. The Republic of Liberia continues to be an object of sympathetic interest, and has the sincere aspirations, for her prosperity and success, of the best men and wisest nations of the earth. While she continues to govern herself wisely, to sustain herself vigorously among her heathen population with the humanity and justice which should characterize her acts, while she continues to accord to the subjects of friendly Governments the protection of our laws, we may reasonably conclude this state of friendly interest will continue. We may entertain this conviction from the belief that in spite of the convulsions and exciting changes taking place, the world is advancing in the acquisition of sound principles and true morality. The fashion to absorb or to crush a feeble power has been substituted by a disposition to encourage. The principle that might is right is beginning to be ignored as unworthy of a place in the moral system of nations. The propensity to enslave the ignorant and the heathen has been displaced by a charity as expansive as was the disposition to prey upon them. Amidst this state of unexaggerated feeling it is our happiness to begin to act as a nation. Certainly we should accommodate ourselves to it. Rising above the heathenism of the continent, its feelings and principles, we should show ourselves perpetually entitled to the continuation of the friendship of enlightened Powers. But it is not improper to apprise the world of our objects, and to solicit their quietude if not their encouragement, while we apply ourselves to the acquisition of them. We are laying the foundation of a power to be felt in the peaceful counsels of the nations of the earth. Centuries of existence – if we are watchful of our institutions and true to our principles – are before us. In this belief is it to be expected that we would shape our course without a reference to the future of the probable existence of the Government? Amidst the disposition of

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Christian Governments to acquire sections of the African continent, appropriating to themselves the North, the South, and the East, to exercise their ameliorating influence, can the Government of Liberia, composed of the descendants of Africa, be required consistently to content herself with a slip comparatively of a hand’s breadth on the West Coast? For the future purposes of the Republic of Liberia, the area from the River Jong to the San Pedro is insufficient, admitting that no one comes into any portion of the distance claimed in the interior of us. We cannot in the face of our probable extention be required to release ourselves from all care for the future by any Government who participates in the healthful changes taking place among enlightened nations. While all acknowledge our hereditary connection with Africa, we think the Christianity of none would allow them to deny our right to secure the space on the territory of our fathers on which to develop the nationality we have begun. If, in the intensity of the interest taken now in African civilization, it should be feared that this Republic would employ unjust methods to acquire the territory she needs, we can appeal to our past history, to the absence of severity in dealing with our aborigines when they have given us just cause to come into hostile collision with them; and to the fact that our natural connection with them makes their preservation and elevation subjects of deeper interest and anxiety to us than they can possibly be to another race. As a people, we are far from a disposition to question the purity of the interest taken in all that relates to Africa whether manifested in efforts to colonize her children from the land of their captivity, or in the efforts which have resulted successfully in breaking the bonds of slavery and the abolition at once of this curse of humanity. Neither can we divest ourselves of equal admiration of the interest taken by all enlightened Powers, with few exceptions, in the abolishment of the African slave trade. Having labored so effectually to check it on the West Coast, they follow it with equal determination and into the territories of the Sultan of Zanzibar, the east Coast, and the region of the upper Nile. If civilized Governments, in the days of the legitimacy of the traffic generally participated in it, they – now so generally oppose it, so determined are they upon its death, that no descendant of Africa can question their sincerity or withhold his high appreciation of their deeds. With such interest manifested by the greatest effusion of blood the world has been drenched with, and the expenditure of almost fabulous amounts of money, the man of color everywhere should be gratified, particularly. At least an expression of gratitude to the benefactors of the African race should be given. At least a word of concern should be uttered toward the enfranchised – the former victims of centuries of oppression. All nations have, or individuals of all nationalities, have done this, yea, more than this, except Liberia. We should have been among the first to hail with the most grateful feeling the changes taking place in favor of our race. We never have been a pro-slavery institution, and should have applauded the efforts to abolish it. No reasonable community or nation could justly have censured us for so doing. The youthfulness of the Republic of Liberia, the plea of some for silence on a subject as near to our hearts as to any, does not excuse us from an expression when it is right, and manly, and proper to make it. The question of what good could we accomplish by an expression of concern and congratulation for the millions of our race so recently made free, betrays a disposition to underrate ourselves. In communicating with friendly Governments we have had so far the most respectful attention, and from none more that the Government of the United States. We have no reason, therefore, to believe than an expression by us would have been deemed offensive or officious. If there was ever a time when it was necessary and proper, it was when the eventualities of the late civil war in the United States had given them freedom; when the great American Republic united her voice

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in the dirge of slavery, and, regardless of the enormous cost, declared that humanity should no longer be bowed to the earth by the odious institution. It is not too late to do good, and therefore I recommend you to express, in appropriate resolutions, Liberia’s high appreciation of this great act of justice of the Government of the United States. I recommend also a like expression in reference to our race in them, manifesting the deep interest and hope which the Republic entertains for the colored population so recently placed in a condition in which they are at liberty to demonstrate their manhood and equal susceptibility to whatever improves, and elevates, and dignifies human nature. On the subject of the foreign relations of this Government, I am thankful that I have no ill tidings to communicate to you. Friendly relations to the civilized governments of the world has been acknowledged necessity from the time of the Declaration of Independence of Liberia. Such a relation is fraught with the interest, encouragement, and quickening energy necessary to an infant Government so peculiarly situated. From the time application was first made to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty to, the present, none of the nations to whom similar applications have been made have hesitated to give the benefit of their recognition, or the advantages of a generous treaty. This has had a marvelous effect upon the uncivilized inhabitants of our coasts. They have given up their opposition to our laws, and become reconciled to our jurisdiction in the proportion as they have become convinced that certain Governments were in friendly relations with us. Acting upon the principle-an appreciation of the amity of civilized Governments-I have to communicate to you that this Government has reciprocated the declarations of adhesion to the treaty with the North German Confederacy by their Royal Highnesses, the Grand Duke of Baden, and his Majesty, King of Wurtemburg, most courteously made through Charles Goedlelt, Esquire, our Consul General to the North German Confederacy, for whose appointment, 8th June, 1868, I have to ask your confirmation. The North-Western Territory. Two subjects of no small degree of interest to the parties concerned, and the annoyance to us, have engaged the attention of the Government, which I cannot bring myself to believe can amount to anything subversive of good feeling, upon proper explanation. The facility with which traders and merchants may enter our North-western territory, and intersect our interior, and by so doing violate the laws of the Government, forestall our commerce, and prejudice the native mind, demands that the most stringent measures should be employed to prevent these effects, or the question of our North-western boundary should be put finally to rest. Unable to do this in the way the most effectual, I have presumed to hold to account some persons who, there was reason to believe, were employing the privileges granted them to trade within our ports, to trespass upon our rights. Neither the enactments of the Legislature nor the injunctions of conventional law have been regarded, and the effect upon our aboriginal inhabitants in the Vey territories has been so decidedly pernicious that I am entirely convinced that nothing less than a military expedition is likely to adjust existing difficulties, and cause the laws of the Government to be respected. The notorious Prince Manna, taking advantage of the exposure of our North-western territory, and vainly flattering himself that the denial of Liberia’s title to it has settled the question, being too much under the influence of heathenism to know that a denial does not, per se, adjust and determine, in these days, a question of so much magnitude has actually come out of the country in which he resides into the Manna territory, to which this Government has as clear a right, and there defies its authority. He shelters himself as he supposes, under the wing of Her Britannic Majesty’s colony and by representations unfavorable to Liberia taking their rise from Liberia’s unrelenting demand upon all within her jurisdiction to abandon forever the slave-trade, he seeks to shield himself and justify his acts. I fear he

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has succeeded in his unfavorable representation; but it is to be hoped that his success is limited to that class of persons in whose estimation the profits of trade are paramount, for it must be obvious to any unprejudiced person that the representations of our aboriginal inhabitants should be admitted with the greatest caution, since they will not be entirely convinced for sometime that the existence of the Liberian Government among them is a benefit to them. Restrained from the slave trade – the favorite traffic of the chiefs – opposed in their marauding propensity, and threatened by the desertion of their slaves and women, who begin to understand that by flight into the towns of the Republic they can free themselves from the domestic institutions of slavery and polygamy, it is not probable that heathen princes and chiefs would be favorable to the Government which they imagine is operating detrimentally, in these respects, to their interest. At the time of the cession of the Gallinas territory, April 30th, 1850, and the confirmation of the cession, February 19th, 1851, by King Rogers and chiefs, Prince Manna, one of them was but a third-rate man, and stands now accused by the survivors of the Rogers family of foul play, resulting in the death of the King Rogers, whom he succeeded. That he should be disposed to ignore the acts of his predecessor is not incredible. But in all cases where these representations have failed to take effect, and the natives have been given to feel that their appeals met no response, they have identified themselves with us, and become satisfied. A communication of the date of October 23rd has come to the Government from Prince Bombo, asking aid, and apprising it that Prince Manna and his allies threaten him with war because he refuses to join with them to conquer and reduce the Zara people to slavery. He says: “Now the facts in the case are these: the Zara people were slaves, and decreed themselves free some years since, and Prince Manna and his allies say they shall not be free; if they let them alone, all the slaves in the country will run away and go to them.” To conquer these revolted slaves he has come into the Manna country, and defies the authority of this Government. This is the man who thinks to sustain himself by a treaty made subsequently to the cession of the territory. Claim of an English Company. The other subject is one of a delicate character on which I cannot refrain from expressing my sympathy with the complainants, who are gentlemen of the highest respectability in England, and whose extensive business on the Liberian coast entitles them to consideration, and their clam to respectful attention. The Company of African Merchants, through their director, have made a demand on this Government for certain lots in the town of Robertsport, which they claim to have bought with the improvements thereon, and confirmed their title by certain payments to the natives. This Government regrets deeply the occasion for this complaint, and the inconvenience to the company. Nevertheless it has the good fortune to know that it is entirely innocent of the perpetration of any wrong in the premises. The assertion of the Company that their agent made a payment on these lots to the natives could not be admitted by this Government, however true it might be. The laws of Liberia prohibit even its citizens from such transactions with the aborigines, and to allow foreign subjects the privilege would be most dangerous, and cause endless confusion. Ignoring the right of the Company’s agent to purchase any land within the jurisdiction of the Government of Liberia from the aborigines, I confess that it was the right of their local agent, being a Liberian to have secured the lots in the way the law prescribes, and I am unable to account for his neglect to have done so, when an application had been made by the general agent to the Government, June, 10, 1864, and its consent obtained July 14, 1864.

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In the month of December 1867, these lots were offered at public auction, and were bought for President D. B. Warner, who duly fulfilled the requirements of the law as to payment for them. Under these circumstances, it is inconceivable that any just demand can be made upon this Government. Notwithstanding, I have deemed it proper, in consideration of the character of the Company of African Merchants and the importance of the question, to have them furnished with all the satisfactory information within the power of this Government to give; and it is to be hoped that they will hold no unpleasant feeling toward the Government. Finances of the Republic. It has been a matter of profound regret that the Government has not been able to meet the demands made upon it by citizens and foreigners. The claims of foreigners are not numerous, and for this reason it is humiliating to have them standing of presentation. The causes of the inability of the Government to meet them this year arose from the condition of the Government in January 1868: – the emptiness of the Treasury, there being only $506 in it: the condition of the commissary, the ammunition and arms in it not being sufficient to supply one company in an emergency; the destitution of all the public offices, except the collectors of customs, of the most common and necessary facilities for the transaction of the affairs of Government; the large amount of debenture scrip in circulation, which threatened the absorption of all the revenue from imports and exports; and the large expenditure in the quarter ending December 31, 1867, including the default of $1,536.09 by the ex-Secretary of the Treasury, which the accounts and Auditor’s report will show. The Government found itself in these circumstances too greatly embarrassed to undertake the settlement of outstanding claims and yet carry forward its regular operations. The accounts of the Treasury Department, for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending December 31, 1867, not having been audited, neither their correctness nor their effect upon the general appropriation for the year could be ascertained until properly appointed auditors had examined and reported upon them. The Government considered it obligatory to have this attended to in the most faithful, impartial, and efficient manner possible, and therefore appointed H. W. Dennis, W. H. Lynch, and W. A. Johnson, Esquires, the report of whom will be submitted to you by the Secretary of the Treasury. This report served only to increase the embarrassment of the Government, showing the disbursements of the first quarter to have amounted to $15,823.56, which exceeded the receipts by the $2,617.46 of which $1,536.09 are adjudged by the auditors to the default of the ex-Secretary of the Treasury. Impressed with the conviction that the finances of our country require great stringency and particular exactness, I directed an inquiry to be made for the bond of the ex-Secretary of the Treasury, which resulted in the information that his bond was cancelled; therefore, neither that person nor his securities have been held to answer for this default. In this state it became obvious, that to attempt to meet the demands of citizens who require their assets for the expansion of their business, and the just claims of a few foreigners, and to admit to be taken at the custom houses the large amount of debenture scrip in circulation contrary to law, would materially impede the operations of the Government for the year. Accordingly, the policy was adopted to limit the acceptance of debenture scrip by the officers of the customs to such as had been issued agreeably with the law. Adhering to this policy, while it is much to be regretted that the indebtedness of the country has not been decreased, it has not, I hope, been materially augmented, while the affairs of the Government have not been disturbed. And I am impelled to state the gratification I have had in the patriotism of the citizens and the forbearance of foreign claimants, manifested by a general disposition to withhold their claims, rather than to add to the complication of the Government and thereby check its operations.

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Postal Arrangements. I invite your attention to an inquiry into the workings of our post offices, and a consideration of the entire postal arrangements, with a view to ascertain the cause of the country’s continual indebtedness for this service under the operation of the postal treaty with Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, the provisions of which I consider to be liberal and prudent The account of the British post office left a balance against the post office of the Government to December 31, 1867, of ǧ406,13 or $1,951.92. With our system of pre-payment, and the amount accruing to Government from postages, it is difficult to understand how this service involves the Government. The Postmaster General’s Report will be laid before you, and I hope you will be able from it to ascertain the cause, determine the remedy, and make such improvements as will increase the efficiency and healthiness of the entire postal service. The Revenue Cutter Liberia. Besides the regular business of the Government, I have considered it necessary to procure, according to an enactment of the Legislature of the Republic, a vessel to operate on our coast as a guarda costa. The schooner “Liberia” was purchased on April 20, 1868, and put in commission under a lieutenant commander, suitably supplied as to crew armament, to answer the purpose of a revenue cutter, and has been actively employed in watching against the violation of the revenue laws, suppressing difficulties along the coast in co-operation with the Government officials in the southern counties. Her service, under Lieutenant Commander W. H. Lynch, has been efficient and highly useful. The native population, which were becoming restless and turbulent, have been quieted, and are now on the best terms of peace and friendship with themselves and us, being convinced that disturbances which retard commerce will not be tolerated without a vigorous effort to suppress them. The Americo-Liberians, who have stationed themselves at different places on the coast for purposes of trade, have felt assured. In fine, the presence of the Government vessel “Liberia” has been an advantage thus far which, in my opinion, quite justifies the expense of her purchase, outfit, and maintenance. But it is necessary to have more than one vessel on our coast. The revenue laws of the Government are frequently violated. I have cause to believe, to the south of Cape Palmas, and it is difficult for one revenue vessel to prevent these violations. The National Debt. The debt of the country has been a subject of anxious and I may say fruitless inquiry for some years. I have endeavored to have this ascertained, as far as practicable, during the year; and I am happy to be able to report that the claims registered against the Government, amounting to $66,636.91, justify me in the belief that the indebtedness of the Government is not as great as we supposed. We may congratulate ourselves for two circumstances in the premises, that during the twenty-two years of our national existence – after embarking upon the sea of nationality with comparatively nothing- the Republic has entailed upon herself no larger debt; that without having made even the effort to contract a national loan, its indebtedness is, with a small exception, like the great and influential debt of Great Britain, limited to our own citizens. The time may soon come, however, when the Government may feel compelled to adopt the common practice of other governments to introduce capital, to gain access to the interior, to intersect the country with practicable roads, and develop more expeditiously the resources of the same. For the present, I prefer that the people should tax their own energies to improve the condition of the country, and demonstrate their ability, self-reliantly, to sustain themselves without resort to a foreign national loan. We will, at least, learn the value and the proper use of capital by this course. It remains with you, Senators and Representatives, to determine the means of paying off the ascertained debt. Whether it is most feasible to appropriate a certain per cent of the revenue, inviolably, for its liqui-

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dation, or take up the claims upon long bonds bearing interest, payable annually, or to employ the assets of the sinking fund, consisting entirely of demand notes, for its settlement, preventing the increase of this debt by deposits of unusable paper in the Treasury by legislative enactment, are questions which I submit to your united wisdom. If Government could at once relieve the citizens and put them in possession of the amounts due them, the economy and the wisdom of the act would be beyond question. My proposals on this subject are1st. That you repeal the Funding Act, which propose that the claims against Government should be funded and the interest on the bonds be paid annually in specie, without providing the means of procuring the specie. This cardinal defect has embarrassed the Government no little, and I trust you see the impropriety of such legislation. 2nd. That you authorize the payment of the registered debt by annual payments of twenty-five per cent each in debentures of the character of the “demand notes” of the Government. This I believe to be as much as the probable receipts of the Government will admit without disturbing the business of the Government. And I am of the opinion that your adoption of a plan of this nature will enable the Secretary of the Treasury to pay off the registered debt in four years. Cession of the Settra Kroo Country. I am pleased to be able to inform you that a commission, composed of Lieutenant Commander W. H. Lynch and J. L. Crusoe, Esq., succeeded in a most peaceable manner in adjusting the Settra Kroo difficulty. Becoming satisfied of the inability of the community to deliver up to justice the murderer of our fellow-citizen, James Douglass, without serious disturbance amongst themselves, the commissioners accepted the voluntary proposal of the proper authorities – -King and headmen – to cede that territory and identify themselves politically and absolutely with this Republic. This was done by their signing, in the presence of witnesses, a proper document, the transfer of the Liberian flag to the territory, and a salute by the people of Settra Kroo, on the 29th of June, A. D. 1868. I have to solicit your speedy action upon the interdict laid upon this country in 1866, the raising of which I considered appropriate only to the National Legislature from the tenor of the act. Compulsory Education. I have now to ask your attention to some measures, which I have concluded, upon deep reflection, to recommend to you, the representatives of the people, for your deliberation and action. Your wise deliberation, in the spirit of true patriotism, will mature them; and your favorable action upon them alone can invest them with the authority of law and make them obligatory upon the country. I recommend the adoption of a compulsory educational system for the whole country. A system making it obligatory upon every parent, every guardian, protector, or any person having a child or children, apprentice or apprentices, orphan or orphans legitimately in his, her, or their control, to cause them to attend either the Government school, or any other in the city, town, or village, three hours each day that school is taught, when not unavoidably inconvenient; and that the advantage be extended to the native population in the neighborhood of a school. I will not take up your time with an unnecessary dilation upon a subject which I am sure interests you. But the importance of a general education permeating the masses, and the propriety of obliging those who do not study the interests of the persons committed to their care, are subjects worthy of vigilant attention of the Government – the common guarding of its populace – and of the action of the law-making department of the same. I do not intend any reflection upon the people of Liberia by an intimation unfavorably to their appreciation of the advantages of education; yet I propose to leave with no citizen the election, whether a child or an apprentice, committed providentially to him, should be

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withheld from the advantages of a common school education while he is incapable of thinking and acting to his own advantage. Fellow citizens, it is a subject involving a tremendous responsibility – it is with you to determine whether within a few more decades every citizen, Aboriginal and Americo-Liberian, shall possess a primary-school education – a sufficiency, at least of the rudiments of education to qualify them to pass along the walks of life somewhat manfully. I will only add the remark, that should you entertain this recommendation, it will afford me the greatest pleasure to render you any aid within my power to conclude, upon a comprehensive and efficient system, by which to bestow upon the country the great and vital advantages of at least, a common education, by which I intend the elementary branches, which adapt persons to the practical duties of life, lead them to appreciate the institutions of civil society, and which constitute them proper conservators of whatever adorns and benefits a civilized government. The Aboriginal Population I invoke your patriotic and sagacious consideration of a plan ameliorative of the circumstances of our aboriginal population. I ask you seriously to consider that there are within the jurisdiction of the Republic a population variously estimated, but not less that 600,000, in a state of heathenism-cut off from the slave trader’s influence, severed from their association with foreigners engaged in legitimate purchases but, with a few honorable exceptions, not less pernicious in their influence than the slave dealer, and now dependent upon Liberia for everything which they themselves cannot supply. There is no rational hope that they can or ever would civilize themselves – an arduous, if not impossible, work to any isolated people who exclude an extraneous influence of greater power and better ideas and sentiments. The elements of civilization and Christianity, the advantages of enlightened institutions must be brought and imparted, and, if they like children spurn them, urged upon them. Moral suasion among heathens, destitute of any sentiments which modify their heathenism, is, in the absence of power to sustain it, a feeble force. I recommend, therefore, the adoption of a plan by which the influence of the Government may be directly exerted upon them in the way of gradually and peaceably undermining their ancient customs of superstition and cruelty; a plan that abolishes the administration of sassy-wood in all places within our jurisdiction, and makes it a capital offence, to be punished upon conviction, as any other capital crime; that ignores their systems of domestic slavery and polygamy, by forbidding all courts of justice to entertain suits for the recapture of fugitives from slavery or the harem; that refuses to allow persons, who support “gregrees” or believe in the pagan system of “fetish,” to make oath in any court; that forbids their ordinary tests for witchcraft and holds the perpetrator responsible for a misdemeanor; that requires all investigations for murder, by poisoning or any other means, to be submitted to the adjudication of the civil tribunal; that enjoins all persons addicted to the practice to refrain, upon pain of a heavy penalty, from “marking” the face of themselves or others. In the early days of the slave trade, the necessity of slave dealers induced them to employ laborers when they arrived on the coast. A contract was entered into with the inhabitants of the Grain coast, that they should serve them and be considered when employed as a part of the crew, who in consideration therefore were to enjoy an immunity from slavery. To distinguish them from the common victims of the traffic they were required to mark the face – a truce to which both parties to the contract adhered with uncommon good faith, unless, and I think it can with truth be said that the “crew men” in faithfulness excelled the so called Christians, for the mark was not always a protection from the traffic. The self protecting disposition of man operated in this instance to accept a hideous mark as a shield from slavery. But the cause has passed away from this part of the coast, and the inhabitants should be required to discontinue this practice. I can perceive no impropriety in the Government extending its influence and operating by its laws to abolish the now un-

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necessary practice. It is the maximum guardian of its populace, and should especially interest itself about that class that cannot determine for themselves. If it has the authority to compel parents in one respect with regard to their children, it can restrain them from inflicting a barbarous mark which will serve to create an unpleasant distinction all the days of their life. But another strong reason for the prohibition is supplied by the known fact that the practice of facial marking is becoming a shield to that of kidnapping children on our Windward coast, and taking them to parts of what we designate the “Kroo Coast,” as slaves. Both the crime of kidnapping and that of domestic slavery would be checked and, in time, greatly modified if not entirely eradicated by a law forbidding facial marking. I think many of the native chiefs would admit its reasonableness and co-operate for its discontinuance. On this subject, and in connection with such a plan as I earnestly recommend you to adopt for the improvement of our native inhabitants, by which they may be assimilated to and identified in every respect with us, I propose to you to pass an act recognizing as Liberians our entire aboriginal population and granting them civil and political rights on the same condition that Americo-Liberians enjoy them, and confirming to them the sites of their towns and farming districts, which shall be considered reservations, any survey or allotments of which to be void henceforward. To supervise an universal educational system; the operations of civilized law upon the aborigines; to enter into correspondence and contracts with distant and interior tribes; to see that native residents in our towns are treated with justice and humanity; to require that those in the employment of farmers and others are not overworked, are properly fed and clothed, and that they have the privileges of the common school system; to co-operate with agriculturists to obtain a supply of laborers when necessary, and to have the general oversight of the internal revenue, and improvement of the cities and towns of the Republic, are works of so much importance to us as a nation that I would be recreant to duty did I not recommend them to your consideration. I do so on this interesting occasion with a consciousness of both their feasibility and desirableness. Should you concur with me in this feeling, allow me to recommend also the creation of an Interior Bureau, to which they shall be committed. Change of Laws Proposed I request your attention to some improvements in our laws which circumstances have shown to be necessary. Your consideration has been already solicited to desired amendments to the fundamental law of the Republic by petition from many of our fellow citizens. After a probation of more than twenty years, how much are we struck with admiration of the ability of the men who drew up the Constitution of this State! It seems marvelous that a convention surrounded by circumstances so peculiar should have draughted an instrument so well adapted to the feelings of the people, and to anticipate and provide against the dangers before us. But it is the work of men. It could not be expected to be free from imperfections which would require amendments in the future. But a respectable number of citizens having most respectfully solicited your consideration of this subject, I will only ask you to consider the propriety of so amending the act creating a Court of Admiralty, that seizures of merchandize and all other articles may be adjudicated by this court the same way the seizure of vessels is provided for. The present state of this act justifies the opinion that this court, when adjudicating the seizure of merchandize, &c., must do so during the term of the Court of Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions, but that it may convene at any time, after sufficient notice has been given, to adjudicate the seizure of a vessel. Now, it has been the practice to adjudicate all seizures in the same way; the judicial officer convening the Court of Admiralty at any time without awaiting the term of the Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions. But would a reasonable construction of the law sustain this practice? If not, in order to give a speedy trial, and to avoid the expense and inconvenience inseparable from delay in judicial

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proceedings, I consider it would be an improvement to allow the Court of Admiralty to convene at any time it becomes necessary to determine the legality of a seizure, or to try offences in contravention of the navigation, commerce, and revenue laws. I invite your attention also to a consideration of the question of the propriety of endowing Monsterrado county with a judiciary system which requires the holding of fifty-two sessions of courts in a year, with an appropriation of only one thousand dollars more than each of the other counties with only twelve sessions respectively. Whether to increase the appropriation or to modify the sessions in this county, deserves your consideration. It has been a subject of reflection whether the mercantile interests of the country would not be promoted if the Port of Entry Act was so amended as to allow Liberian vessels engaged in the foreign trade to engage also in the coast-wise trade. We have a large aboriginal population to supply, and we should endeavor to assimilate them to our communities, to identify them with us in sentiment and feeling by every possible plan. To withhold from them the intercourse with foreigners by which they were formerly supplied, and to fail ourselves to supply them, cannot have upon them the desired effect. I grant that the population to the north of Cape Palmas are well supplied, some of them confessing themselves quite satisfied and agreeably disappointed in their calculations, but there are parts of the Liberian coast where it is not advantageous to employ the small craft which trade profitably between the different points of the windward coast. It is necessary to supply these and sustain that intercourse with them which is so beneficially effecting the tribes on the windward coast. In addition to this, the amendment would be judicious for the reason that every facility should be given to the mercantile interest of the country. The want of capital should constrain to the employment of every feasible plan to increase it. With this view, we should not fear the monopoly of trade by large vessels, they being bona fide Liberian vessels. In my opinion, the supply of produce by our aborigines will keep pace with the supply of merchandise by us. I deem it expedient to ask your attention to the evils which may result from the ambiguity of the law on the subjects of commission and retail licenses, in connection with the act regulating the intercourse of foreigners. This act restricts those foreigners whose governments are not in treaty stipulation with this Government, in the transaction of mercantile business to the intervention of brokers or commission merchants. While, however, those who are not thus restricted, because of treaty stipulations with their governments, are at liberty to conduct their business in person, a question has arisen whether it is the intention of the law to confer upon them the privilege of doing commission business. I recommend this subject to your consideration, and ask you to discriminate between a commission and wholesale license, and determine the spirit of the law by an act perspicuous and definite, not likely to mislead a foreign resident, or to embarrass the Government. Had the Government reserved its water lots, or a sufficient number of them to erect in each port of entry a warehouse, besides the facility of a place for bonded merchandise, it would afford at each port of entry a safe place for the transaction of business by transient traders, under the immediate notice of a revenue officer. Were we in this condition, we might dispense safely and advantageously with the commission license; but as it is I have doubts of the utility of the policy which limits the privilege of a commission license only to Liberian citizens. Immigration I consider it important to recommend to you for consideration the subject of immigration to this Government. I am of the opinion that the circumstances of a country in which the proportion of the civilized populace bears so small a ratio to the uncivilized, make necessary

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that the Government should not omit to use any means within its power to increase its enlightened population. It should not be supposed – but I fear it is – that Liberia has done nothing that evinces an active interest in immigration to her shores; for, besides the lands which it furnishes, without regard as to whether they were originally acquired by the American Colonization Society and ceded to the Republic in trust for immigration, or whether they were acquired by the Government, besides the burden which immigration has invariably imposed upon the citizens and sometimes upon the Government; there has been a considerable appropriation by the Government to immigration, in the non-exaction of custom dues, licenses, and taxes from the importations and transactions for the American Colonization Society. Of the $2,558,907.10 raised for the purposes of emigration, from 1817 to 1866, we perceive that from 1847, when Liberia declared her independency, to 1867, there has been raised for the purpose something like $1,343,386.38. On the calculation that half of this amount was disbursed directly upon immigration, then exemption of the same from custom dues, together with them exemption of colonization ships from the usual duties; colonization stores and property from tax and license fees and the importation of immigrants from import dues, it will appear that the Government of Liberia’s appropriation to immigration has not been far short of one hundred thousand dollars in twenty years in this way. I propose that, continuing thus to manifest this interest, the Government be authorized to appeal to the colored men of the United States of North America and elsewhere, and invite them, on the most liberal terms, to aid in the maintenance of a Christian Government in the land of our fathers; and the Government of the mother Republic by which immigration may be promoted, and the security of this struggling infant State my be increased. Naturalization There is good reason to apprehend that the oath of allegiance to this Government is being considered in the light of a custom house oath, sometimes regarded as allowing any amount of reservation; and to prevent the advantages which are taken of it, that a special act of the Legislature is necessary. Of the intention of persons coming from distant climes into Liberia and taking this oath there can be no apprehension; but it is an acknowledged fact that those who come from the colonies on the Western Coast of Africa, come principally for the purpose of trading. We have no objection whatever to their residing for this or any other legitimate purpose among us; but if they wish to assume the relation of citizens, they should be required to take an oath, make a registry of themselves, and procure a uniform certificate, by which their allegiance to any other government shall be surrendered on their admission to citizenship in this. Passports for Natives. If you, Senators and Representatives, should entertain my recommendation with regard to an act by which aborigines shall be formally acknowledged, then an additional act requiring masters of vessels, supercargoes, and agents taking any of them out of the jurisdiction of the Republic to obtain a passport for every one, will become imperatively necessary. Uniform Standard Measurements. I recommend that the Legislature would consider and pass an act creating a national standard, and defining the mode of measurement of vessels by our Government officials. Our revenue laws provide that before a vessel can be registered, she must be measured by the collector or someone authorized by him; but the law does not prescribe how the vessel is to be measured; and, as there are several modes of measurement, this state of the law works a hardship upon our citizens for it often happens that one of our merchants has to pay more

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tonnage dues on his vessel than the foreigner pays on a vessel of much greater size, because of the difference in the mode of measurement between this and the country from which the foreigner comes, who pays his duties according to his national tonnage measurement. Secretary of the Treasury Report The financial condition of the country will be submitted in a proper form to you in a very perspicuous and able report by the Secretary of the Treasury, Daniel J. Beams, Esq., who will also lay before you the report of the Auditors of the public accounts. From the Secretary’s report you will have concise information of the management of the finances, the embarrassed state of the country, the working of the plan inaugurated for its relief, and the prospect, if you entertain the plan proposed, of extricating it from its long standing, and, until this year, its unknown indebtedness. You possess the means of better information as to whether there is any improvement in the state of the finances, than any I have it in my power to impart. The receipts of the year ending 30th of September, 1868, from all sources, have been $81,691,24. The disbursements for the same period have been $68,332,50. A gratifying item in the revenue of the year is the amount of increase of the internal revenue of the Government; and the pleasure of the country will be enhanced by the knowledge of the fact that a portion of our aboriginal population have borne taxation with as much ease as our civilized inhabitants, whose ready payment of their taxes is a strong evidence that they are beginning to recognize the importance and necessity of an internal revenue. James S. Payne Monrovia, December 10, 1868

Edward James Roye V President of Liberia: 1870–1871

Annual Message to the Legislature December 8, 1870 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: It is a constitutional duty imposed upon the Chief Magistrate to lay before you annually a statement of the condition of the country, in respect both to its home and foreign affairs. In attempting to perform this duty, I have to invite you to join with me in thanksgiving to the Father of all mercies for the marked favors which as a nation have attended us during the past year. Foreign Affairs. By unanimous consent of my Cabinet, it was thought necessary that in pursuance of an act of the Legislature, certain foreign interest should be attended to by the President in person, the most important of which was our English complications. I, therefore, sailed from this port on the 10th of June last, and returned on 12th of November. An absence of five months from the Republic has made me, in a great degree, dependent upon my constitutional substitute and the members of the Cabinet for information in relation to home matters. I take great pleasure in informing you that our foreign relations are in a satisfactory and hopeful condition. When I left here our relations with Great Britain were seriously threatened, in consequence of the misunderstanding which grew out of the unfortunate affair at Manna, in the early part of 1869. But in two interviews which I had while in London with Her Majesty’s Secretary for Foreign Affairs, I succeeded in restoring the former friendly understanding, excepting that Earl Granville insisted that the money which we had agreed to pay, in consequence of the seizure and the destruction of British property in the manna district, should be paid. Since my return home a very lengthy dispatch has been received by the Government from Earl Granville, in which all our matters of difference are reviewed in an amicable manner; and his lordship suggests that two commissioners be appointed on the part of Great Britain, and two on the part of Liberia, in co-operation with one from the United States, to act as umpire, to investigate the validity of our title to the Northwestern territory claimed by the Republic, and that the decision arrived at by the said commissioners shall be final. The Secretary of State will lay the dispatch before you for your consideration. Before leaving this subject, you will be gratified to learn that during my travels, especially within Her Britannic Majesty’s dominions, I was treated with the utmost courtesy; and a banquet complimentary to Liberia was given to me, a few days before my leaving London to return home, by a number of distinguished gentlemen in that city. I cannot omit to mention the special attention I received at Sierra Leone from His Excellency Sir Arthur E. Kennedy, the Governor in chief, and from the African citizens of that colony, who, on my homeward voyage, waited upon by deputation to extend the expression of their sympathy with Liberia in our efforts to establish here an independent negro national-

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ity. This I looked upon as one of the most pleasing incidents of my visit abroad, as it seemed to indicate the approach of the day when there will be an understanding and friendly and intelligent co-operation among the civilized and Christianized descendants of Africa on this coast, both native and colonist. Consul-General in London. I regret to inform you that the increasing infirmities of age have deprived the Republic of the able and energetic services of Gerard Ralston, Esq., who for fourteen years has rendered most efficient services to Liberia as Consul-General of this Republic in London. He richly deserves the lasting gratitude of the Liberian people for the invaluable services he has so faithfully rendered. He resigned his office in the month of October last. David Chinery Esq., highly recommended by Mr. Raltson, as well as by his past services in behalf of African interests, has been appointed to succeed Mr. Ralston. Visit to the United States. My visit to the United States was also of a gratifying character. On the 8th of September last, I had a most interesting interview with President Grant at the Executive Mansion in Washington, and I was pleased to notice the earnest interest, manifested by the Chief Magistrate of that great Republic in our little State, and the readiness which he exhibited to do whatever he could to promote the welfare of Liberia. Through his kindness I was enabled to negotiate with the United States Government for a beautiful little iron steamer, the “Rescue.” It only remains for you to provide the means to bring her to Liberia. Cape Palmas Difficulties Satifactorily Settled. I am gratified to be able to inform you that the unhappy difficulties which occurred at Cape Palmas in the early part of my administration, precipitated by reckless and disappointed demagogues, have been brought to a satisfactory settlement. The people, during my absence from the Republic, seeing the error of their course, quietly allowed J. W. Good to take his position as Collector of Customs and Postmaster of the port of Harper, to which he had been appointed by the Chief Executive, with the advice and consent of the Senate. But this was not done, unfortunately, before their rash and intemperate proceedings had laid them and the whole Republic open to the adverse criticism and severe censure of the civilized world. It is to be hoped that the experience of the past year has been fraught with wholesome lessons that will not soon be forgotten. National Finances The derangement of the national finances presents a question of pressing interest, I earnestly entreat you to give your most careful attention to this subject. It is admitted on all hand that one of our sorest needs at present is pecuniary capital. Our currency, because it calls for gold on its face, and because of its great depreciation in the hands of the citizens, but always paid into the custom-house at par, has very much crippled the operations of the Government, and impaired its credit at home and abroad. And yet this is an exceedingly difficult question to manage in our circumstances. Its difficulty has been proved by the number of years during which it has been a vexed and perplexing question. It is difficult to meddle with the medium of exchange without inflicting hardships either on creditors or debtors. The consolidation of the national debt is one of the means by which that debt may be converted into a sort of available capital and circulate as money upon the faith of the Government which renders itself worthy of credit. Other nations have resorted to it when unable to pay at once the individuals holding claims against their governments. Consols are held by the individual creditors upon the faith of the Government, such as those in circulation in Great Britain and the United States, drawing a certain interest, payable at certain periods

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named in the law. These consols are transferable for money for a sum little less than the face of them calls for. But stability in the Government, honesty in handling the revenue, the certainty of receipts in excess of disbursements, equal to so much yearly, which can be relied on as a definite sum, amounting to such and such debts to be paid at certain estimated periods of time, must be regarded as indispensable. I commend this subject to your serious consideration, and would suggest that you make stock out of all those debts, to be paid off gradually within a certain number of years to be named by law. For this purpose it is advisable that you pass a law requiring all persons to deposit their claims against the Government, and to take these bonds, &c., within a specified time. It is of great importance to ascertain the amount of debentures issued according to law which authorized them, since it appears that many of these debentures were issued without being registered. I recommend the adoption of a charter for an individual, and also a charter for a National Bank, and that the one or the other or both shall go into operation as soon as practicable, as funds can be found for the purpose. I am sure that many benefits will accrue to our farmers and mechanics by a sound monetary system to be put on foot by observing the condition above stated. There is a company of gentlemen being formed in London, to furnish either the coin or every description of merchandize to take up the Liberian currency. If you can so legislate as to show them due protection and a margin of remunerative profits, they will hold out important advantages to Liberia. The prospectus of the company is in my possession, which, if desired, I will lay before the Legislature. In behalf of the Republic, I entered into a contract with a rich merchant in London for the sum of $20,000 which might have extended to $40,000 at will. After the contract had been made and signed, I requested him not to forward the money until you had made provision for its payment according to the contract. The copy of the contract shall be laid before you for consideration. During my absence, a contract was entered into by the acting President with N. J. A. Malschalk, Esq., Agent for Messrs. H. Muller & Co., of Rotterdam. A copy of said contract shall be laid before you. I regret to inform you that the Secretary of the Treasury having persisted in repeated refusals to make his quarterly reports, as the laws requires, was dismissed at a meeting of the Cabinet on the 22d of November last. It becomes your duty, under the circumstances, to appoint and send an able committee to examine the books and investigate the condition in which he left the Treasury Department. County Seat-Complication of Laws. The law for removing the county seat from Monrovia to Clay-Ashland has not been carried out, because of a want of funds to erect the necessary buildings. The compilation of the laws authorized at the session of Legislature of 1868-’69, is in progress. Interior Contry and Population. The Government, in consideration of the prospect of an increased commerce presented by the rich advantages which the Barline tribes and country offer, appointed Hon, W. S. Anderson a commissioner to go through that region of country and make such arrangements with the tribes as may facilitate intercourse. The results thus far attained by the treaties made with the natives and the building of block-houses for the protection of trade, exceed the anticipations of the Government. The report of Mr. Anderson will be laid before you.

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It would be a great dishonor to us not to attempt to develop the rich resources beyond us, though it be an imperfect way. And, if we make such laws as shall liberally protect capital that may be invested in the country in the construction of railroads, &c., we cannot fail to stimulate the enterprise and bring into relief the capacities of the country. The report of the Secretary of the Interior ad interim will also be laid before you. Individual and National Resposibility. With the large native population available to us, with our natural gifts of climate and soil, with our forests of precious woods and our mineral wealth, there is open before us, if we only manifest a little energy and enterprise, a future of unbounded prosperity and material development. Notwithstanding all the sore trails and difficulties with which we had been beset, Liberia is to become one of the most important agencies in imparting light, civilization and Christianity into this part of Africa. And I would here remind you of the providential warning in the past of our history, that those who will not discharge the sacred duty entrusted to them of building up a Negro nationality on these shores, will be removed in some way or manner to make room form those who will. And remember that you are honorable members of the Legislature to no greater extent than your actions prove it by enactment of such laws as shall promote your country’s highest interest, irrespective of party bias. It is a mistaken idea that a tricky, scheming, selfish, or deceptive man in any Legislature is truly an honorable, simply because he had been elected to a seat in one or the other branch of the Legislature. The higher men are elevated, the more careful they should be to deserve well of their country men, and the more anxious they should be to show their fitness for the position. For their enlarged influence puts it into their power to disseminate evil examples among the masses of the people. Upon you depends the character of the masses. Where there is no honor or fixed principles among the leaders of the people, the people become corrupt. The profession of religion among them becomes a mere form; social intercourse is sadly deranged; confidence between man and man, necessary to do business, is greatly impaired; and all healthful growth is impeded. Settlement of Native Wars. I recommend that you pass a vote of thanks to the various Superintendents who have persevered and settled old and longstanding wars among the natives as the report of Hon. S. A. Horace, S. J. Crayton, Richard Ford, and Hohn Hagan will show. Constitutional Amendment In pursuance of a resolution passed at your last session, authorizing the President to cause an election to be held on the first Tuesday in May, 1870, to ascertain the opinion of the people of the constitutional amendment, I have to inform you that the said election was held, and according to the returns made to the Department of State of said election the constitutional amendment was considered carried; and I have caused a proclamation to be issued to that effect. Matters referred to the Judiciary will be laid before you in another communication. Causes for Gratitude. I feel unwilling to close this communication without expressing my heartful gratitude to Almighty God for the kindness vouchsafed to me in preserving my personal health while abroad, in granting me favor among the people, and in permitting me to return safely to our beloved Liberia.

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Earnest Hope, and Promised Co-operation It is my earnest hope that harmony and good will may mark your deliberations during the present session, and that the laws made will redound to the highest interests of the country and of our race. I will most cheerfully co-operate with you in all measures that look to the progress and prosperity of our common country. Edward James Roye. Monrovia, December 8, 1870

James Skivring Smith VI President of Liberia: 1871–1872

Annual Message to the Legislature December 4, 1871 Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: As a nation it becomes our imperative duty as well as exceeding high privilege, to tender thanks to Almighty God for the healthiness of the seasons and for the abundant harvest that we have enjoyed, and especially for the deliverance vouchsafed to us from the common evils of a civil war. Circumstances of a peculiar character must have occurred to cause my appearance before your honorable body to deliver the Annual Message, and of these events it becomes me to speak before I further proceed. Suddenly summoned away a month ago from the retirement of my domicile, distant from the capital, and unacquainted with the general operations of Government during the current year, it can scarcely be expected that I will be enabled to make a clear and full exhibit of the state of public affairs. Add to this the numerous changes made in the departments of the Government, and the recent and unexpected incumbency of those who now officiate in the State and Treasury Departments-from whom I have to obtain the necessary information, and then consider the general confusion that prevailed and the pressing engagements that devolved upon me on my accession to office, and you will clearly discover the unenviable position of your humble servant. Deposition of President Roye. Fortunately for us, though President Roye was deposed on the 26th of October by the uprising of the sovereign people of this Republic, notwithstanding fire-arms and munitions of war were scattered broadcast to keep him in, his deposition was accomplished without the shedding of blood. The people felt aggrieved at the acts of President Roye to maintain the position that he had assumed, contrary to the declaration of the Legislature, which was in accordance with their will and pleasure, as expressed at the ballot-box at the special election in May, 1870, and reiterated at the ballot-box at the biennial election in May, 1871. Remonstrance after remonstrance, and the entreaties of friends, proved equally unavailing until forbearance was regarded no longer a virtue, and the sovereign people of the Republic rose in their might, resumed the delegated powers granted the President and deposed their Chief Magistrate, Edward James Roye, and in a peaceable yet decisive manner declared that he should no longer discharge the duties of said office. This solemn act was not unadvisedly and precipitately entered upon. The existence of causes, and setting forth the expediency and the necessity of such a course were communicated to all parts of the Republic, and an expression of the people solicited; and each county held a convention to consider and deliberate on the subject. And though the announcement of President Roye’s deposition

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fell like a thunderbolt from heaven at noonday on the sensitive minds of our countrymen in the various communities, and produced a shock to the national honor, yet it had been considered and determined if President Roye persisted in his course and refused to hear the warning voice of the people, that notwithstanding they deeply deprecated the act, and were solemnly impressed with its momentous responsibilities, yet in their extremity they decreed that it should be done, and invoked the blessing of heaven of this dernier resort to save their country from destruction. It is not disreputable to the people of Liberia that they indulged the hope to the last moment that President Roye would discontinue those acts, against which they used every persuasion and proceeded to protest in tones of thunder, or that he would for the maintenance\ of public peace and the preservation of our Republican institutions have peaceably and quietly resigned his position. But in this they were sadly disappointed, and the last and direful resort was forced upon them, and they spoke, and it was done. Though I deplore this sad event, and would have rejoiced had a beneficent Providence seen fit to have averted it, yet I cannot charge my countrymen with a disposition to disregard rule and order. I admire their patience, fortitude and discretion. It is, nevertheless, my candid conviction that if the same moderation and discretion had been exercised by the Legislature, this lamentable event might have been avoided by seasonable intervention of the Judiciary. We hope that this lesson will not be lost on the present and succeeding statesmen of our country. And it is sincerely to be hoped that the surprise and agitation the act produced on the public mind, notwithstanding the subject had been thoroughly considered, weighed and determined, will teach us that we cannot be too cautious and deliberate as regards the preservation and protection of our national existence. There is nothing, fellow-citizens, in the nature of a Republic and certainly nothing in the character of the negro, that should give us any uneasiness in connection with our late difficulties. Nay, on the contrary, we should take courage and march on. But it may be supposed there may be some peculiar circumstances connected with our difficulties that may be ruinous, let the general issue with republics and the negro race be what it may. Then let us go over the history of the case from its commencement to the deposition of President Roye, and see if we, as a nation, committed an unpardonable sin, and plunged ourselves into an inextricable dilemma, as some persons would have us to believe. Causes of the Deposition. It is a certain and established fact that there was no alternative left the people of Liberia save the one they adopted; and they felt convinced that they had of necessity to depose President Roye, or allow the Constitution, the sacred palladium of their liberties, to be trampled under foot. The case of President Roye and the people is substantially as follows: President Roye proclaimed in November, 1870, that the constitutional amendment to prolong the presidential term of office from two to four years, the senatorial term from four to eight years, and the term of the members of the House of Representatives from two to four years, was adopted by the votes cast at the special election of May, 1870. The proclamation electrified the people, and evident marks of dissatisfaction were instantly manifested throughout the country. The Legislature expressed great indignation at the act, and pronounced it as an unconstitutional assumption of the President to exercise the prerogative of the Legislature, as they recognized that the Department of State was constituted by the Constitution as a depository of safe-keeping for the sealed ballot-boxes of the election, to be kept inviolate and transmitted at the meeting of the Legislature to the House of Representatives.

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The President assumed the position that the law authorizing him to re-submit the proposed constitutional amendment to the people for their vote in May, 1870, conferred upon him the right and imposed on him the duty of declaring the result of the said election. The Legislature contended that no such power had been conferred by such act, and as the Constitution had expressly provided and laid down the course of procedure, that it was an unwarrantable assumption of the Executive Department. The Legislature demanded the ballots; declared the proposed amendment lost, and made a full statement, of the votes cast in the several election precincts, showing that a majority had voted against them. It appears that the State Department had rejected all of the votes cast, save one from Maryland county, as the tickets had more words on them than the law expressly provided for, (the additional words were explanatory and copied from the law) nevertheless, they so vitiated the tickets, according to the view of the Secretary of State, that he rejected them, as laws must be literally obeyed. This explanation did not allay the excitement, and the House of Representatives preferred articles of impeachment against the honorable Secretary of State for interfering with the ballot-boxes. The Senate acknowledged the correctness of the position assumed by the House of Representatives, and supposing that by a strange freak of mind, some mental hallucination, the Secretary of State possibly may have considered it his duty to act as he did, and the Senate being favorably impressed with the past services rendered by him and his devotion to the interest of the country, allowed him the advantage of an informality in the proceedings of the House, and dismissed the impeachment with a reprimand. The declaration on the proposed constitutional amendment which was passed by the House of Representatives, in which the Senate concurred, according to the custom in such cases, was entitled: “A resolution declaring the constitutional amendment not carried.” No sooner did the President discover the word “Resolution” in the caption of the declaration, than he conceived that he had a clear right and authority to veto the said declaratory resolution, and it was accordingly done, in which he stated that the amendment had been legally submitted and adopted at the biennial election in 1869, and that the vote in 1870 had not annulled it. The legislature then passed a declaration protesting against President Roye’s proclamation, and announcing that the proposed constitutional amendment was not adopted by the people. President Roye issued another proclamation, denouncing the action of the Legislature, and declaring that, according to the vote taken at the special election, the Presidential term of office had been lengthened from two to four years, the Senatorial term from four to eight, and that of the members of the House of Representatives from two to four years. Consequently he decreed that no election should be held, and all who attempted anything of the kind should be treated as rebels. Among the questions which arose in connection with these unpleasant proceedings were these: Has the President the right to veto a constitutional question? Does the Constitution give the President any power to control an amendment to the Constitution? Have not the people reserved this right to themselves. While it is true that he may lay any proposed amendment of the Constitution before the Legislature in his recommendations to them, if two-thirds of each branch indorse it and submits it to the people, it becomes their duty to decide by ballot the amendment submitted. Two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature much submit the question, and a two-third vote of the people must decide it. Now, all that is left after the election is to declare the result, and upon whom does this devolve? The Constitution confers on the House of Representatives the power to declare the result of the ballots cast in the case of a Presidential

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election, and as it is not expressly stated in the Constitution how the declaration is to be made in cases of amendment of the Constitution, by implication it was considered that the same procedure should be adopted as in the other case provided in the Constitution; nevertheless, for the sake of a perfect understanding on a matter touching the bulwarks of the nation, it has invariably been the practice to pass a joint declaratory resolution that the proposed and submitted amendment or amendments have been duly adopted and declared to be a part and parcel of the Constitution, or that the question was lost. But just here the President and the Legislature disagreed, and the disagreement ended in the deposition of the President. It appears to me that our Constitution never contemplated that a misunderstanding occurring between two departments of the Government, and especially between the Legislative and Executive departments, should be submitted to the people for decision, when there is a third department that can settle it; especially a constitutional question, involving the powers conferred by the Constitution on such departments, which legitimately belong to the Judiciary. In our humble opinion, if the President felt ever so confident of the correctness of his opinion, and the Legislature questioned it, he should, in courtesy to the Legislature, submit the question to the Supreme Court, or yield the point; and so, on the contrary, if the Legislature felt assured of the constitutionality of their position, if they observed a disposition on the part of the President to persist, to avoid difficulty they should also refer it to the final Interpreter of the Constitution, because a contrary course, must in our judgment, be hazardous to the public peace and tranquility. We have made this review principally to determine or ascertain our present position, and that we may examine the matter step by step; and if in any respect we have erred we may the more readily discover our errors, that in the future we may carefully avoid them, as this is the only way to learn and grow wise by experience. Foreign Relations. Our foreign relations have not undergone any material change during the year. The subject of the North-Western boundary is still under consideration. President Roye laid before the last session of the Legislature for the proposition of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government for the settlement of the North-Western boundary question. Earl Granville stated in a letter of October 31, 1869, “that within the limits claimed by Liberia, i.e., between Sugaree and the Shebar, the right of trading is the only interest which England possesses, except on the extreme northwest, in the neighborhood of the Shebar, where her claims in some instances clash with those of Liberia; but this includes but a small portion of the district in dispute, and in other portions England has no territorial pretensions.” And in the draft proposals it is provided that the two Governments appoint each two commissioners, who are to investigate the matter on the spot. In case of dispute, the question is to be decided by an arbitrator to be appointed by the United States Government, each nation to pay the expenses of its own commissioners. The expenses of the United States arbitrator to be divided between the Governments of England and Liberia. The British Government recognizes the right of Liberia to the territories northward as far as Sugaree, but cannot recognize its jurisdiction over other territory only on proof. The native chiefs are to be allowed full opportunity to enter their protest against our claims. Earl Granville communicated on the 22d September, 1871, that he had forwarded copies of the proposal to the United States Government, and requested to be informed by that Government by telegraph as to the date of the probable arrival of the United States arbitrator at Monrovia; that Commander James McEwen and Charles Beresfor Primet, Esq., were appointed commissioners on the part of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, and requested

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the Liberian Government to have her commissioners in readiness to proceed as proposed, on the arrival of said arbitrator and commissioners. As the meeting of the Legislature was near at hand on the reception of the communication referred to, and as this Government would be notified when the United States arbitrator would probably be at Monrovia, we have not yet made any appointment. The British claim for the seizure of the Elizabeth for contravening our revenue laws within our jurisdiction, appears to be settled, or nearly so, by draft on the loan. Hon. J. Milton Turner, Minister Resident from the United States had his credentials exchanged and exequatur granted on the 19th July of the present year. It is a source of gratification that though the United States Government was not fore most in our recognition as a nation, yet since her acknowledgement she has accorded to us the highest diplomatic agent that has been accredited to our Government. We esteem this high appreciation of our nationality and the cordiality of their intercourse with us. We indulge the pleasing hope that our friendly relations will be perpetual, and that Mr. Turner, in his official capacity, will greatly promote the interest of the great American Republic and her offspring, the African Republic. International Reform Congress We are pleased to inform you that the Government received an invitation from Rev. E. C. Wines, D. D., United States Commissioner, to join in an effort acceded to by several of the high powers of Europe, to inaugurate an international Congress on Prisons and Penitentiary reforms, to be held in London, June, 1872. We are solicited to send a deputation from Liberia to said Congress, and to appoint commissioners here to correspond with similar commissioners of the different Governments adopting the measure; to obtain information from all countries respecting prison government and reform, in order that a system of reforms may be conducted in the most enlightened manner, and thus prove a blessing to the unfortunate inmates of houses of correction and reform, which should be the cherished object of all prison discipline as well as to prevent the commission of crime on the part of those who have not entered their precincts by the fear of punishment. We hail this philanthropic movement with delight, and hope that the smiles of heaven will rest upon the laudable efforts set forth to accomplish the design. We hope that our Government will arrange to receive the full benefit of the wisdom and experience of the world on this important subject. The English Loan According to an act of the Legislature, approved 28th January, 1870, to negotiate a loan not exceeding $500,000, President Roye commissioned in May last, Hon. D. Chinery, our Charge d’Affaires in London, Hon. W. S. Anderson, Speaker of the House of Representatives and Hon. H. W. Johnson, Sr., Secretary of the Interior, to negotiate said loan. The Government has been officially informed that the loan was negotiated according to law on the first of August. We have copies of the prospectus, bond, &c., but we feel confident, from statements in letters received, that they were modified. We were expecting, from communication received from our Charge d’Affaires, that commissioners Anderson and Johnson would bring a full statement of all matters appertaining to the loan, and that an order for $25,000 in gold might be expected by them. Commissioner Johnson arrived on the 11th November, and knew nothing save that he assisted in the negotiation, but kept no memorandum, and could give no statement of it, and had no money belonging to it. Commissioner Anderson arrived in our roadstead November 24, in the steamship Liberia, had the expected documents and gold, which was marked and entered on the manifest as the property of W. S. Anderson. He did not come ashore, but proceeded leeward on the steamer. In consequence of these delinquencies on the part of the Commissioners, we are

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unprepared to lay before your honorable body at this time a correct and reliable statement of the terms of the loan, but it becomes our painful duty to inform you that we have abundant evidence in our possession to show that there has been an unwarrantable interference on the part of the deposed President and the heads of his departments in connection with that loan, and that drafts have been drawn thereon for $129,077.75 including the $25,000 gold, already alluded to, and indent of goods of $50,000 which had been ordered. In connection with the indent we are informed by letter of the 10th October, 1871, from Hon. D. Chinery, our Charge d’Affaires in London, that the order had been executed, and that the ship “Town,” of 286 tons barthen, had been chartered and was being laden at Liverpool, and would probably sail in ten days for Monrovia, and that duplicates of accounts and a general statement of all matters appertaining to the loan would be forwarded by her. All documents in our possession relative to the loan will be laid before you, and as soon as others come to hand they shall be submitted for your consideration. Prominent among the amounts drawn we discover $30,849 in favor of President Roye, and $4,376.02 for his Secretary of State. I exceedingly regret that the deposition of President Roye is connected with two very important and vital interests of our country, which are the introduction of money, and the extension of the presidential term. The loan having been misapplied, and the question of the proposed constitutional amendment having unhappily produced a rupture between the people and the President, these subjects are apt, in popular discussion, to be influenced prejudicially and tend to prevent cool, dispassionate; liberal and patriotic consideration. We hope, however, that these subjects will be allowed to stand on their own merits. It is my candid conviction that the great want of Liberia is the judicious employment of capital in the development of the vast resources by a well-conducted and properly-directed system of internal improvements; a wise regulation and molding of our aboriginal population, that they may contribute to the strength, stability, material prosperity, and perpetuity of our nationality. Without money we cannot shape, fashion, and build up a great national temple, though the quarry of marble lay at our feet. Get money, and use it with discretion; apply it to its legitimate purposes, and your flag will be respected to the ends of the earth, and we will be exempted from insults at times in the exercise of the prerogative of sovereignty. We would be enabled to afford protection to our commerce and citizens, and to the heralds of the Cross, and establish law and order throughout the land. The arm of industry will grow weak, the spirit of enterprise languish and die, and the genius of ingenuity lie dormant, unless inspired by the hope of reward, and reward cannot be rendered without money. Watchmen of Liberia, who are intrusted with the public welfare, let me pray you not to encourage the erroneous idea which has been promulgated, that the introduction of foreign capital endangers our liberties and involves the safety and independence of our State, and that thereby we sell our country. The world is progressive and is going by steam; and if we wish to keep apace we too must go by steam. So we hope that whatever of disaster may befall the first loan negotiated by the Government of Liberia, that it will not deter us from viewing matters in their proper light, or from using properly the advantages which we possess. Some of us deny that it is the legitimate employment of Government to engage in internal improvement, but this is simply because they have not given the subject proper attention. What makes New York city the great emporium of the trade of the Western hemisphere but the sagacious action of De Witt Clinton in the construction of the Erie canal? What caused such rapid expansion in the United States but the attention paid to internal improvements

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and to popular education? Cities have risen almost in a day, and men became wealthy in an hour. What has placed Prussia in her present exalted position but her superior system of education and attention to internal improvements? I do not mean or desire that our Government should trade, or check the enterprise of her citizens, but I hold that it is the duty of the Government to coin money and enjoy all the profits of coinage, and to encourage railroads, canals, &c., by liberal subsidies, if the citizens will engage in them, and by prosecuting these works herself if the citizens will not. In other words, Government should afford facilities for the profitable employment of all her inhabitants, and compel every man to work and behave himself, or to be subject to punishment. We do not want money that we may indulge in extravagance, or live at ease and in elegance while the land lay in waste around us. This would be an exceedingly difficult task, if not a moral impossibility. Were we to acquire affluence, live in ease and relax into effeminacy, and neglect the active duties which devolve upon us in taking a full and deep inspiration of the true spirit of our mission here, and breathe the spirit of the age in which we live and prophesy to the valley of dry bones to live, that a mighty array of living men, full of knowledge, understanding and immortality may appear, we would be swept away as with the bosom of destruction; for the God of Heaven would forsake us, and the wild and untutored heathen would destroy us. We must be active and astir; the necessity is laid upon us, and we must obey. There is very much land to be possessed and we must throw aside all indulgencies and in the might of Jehovah go up and possess it. We have been too circumscribed in our actions; we have been too exclusively employed of late in regarding the immigrant portion of the population of the country, and not taking a more general and comprehensive view of the incorporation of our aboriginal population as a principal source of our national permanence. Our fathers laid the foundation of our national fabric, and we have to gather the materials to erect the superstructure from Musardu and the regions far beyond as well as across the Atlantic. The Presidential Term. The lengthening of the presidential term of office is a subject that has received much consideration in Liberia, and has been pressed upon the attention of the people; and it is clear from the general expression throughout the country that they have desired a change of the presidential term of office from two to four years, but that they did not favor a change of representative term of office, nor the extension of the senatorial term of office beyond six years. Knowing that the proposed amendment had failed at the special election, the people petitioned largely the last Legislature that the matter should be re-submitted at the next ensuing biennial election, but in the excitement of the times it was prudently passed over; but we hope that in due time it will be revived, and that the people will not reconsider their determination, based on good and sufficient reasons, to extend the presidential term of office. It is my solemn conviction, which has been entertained and expressed for many years that commotion and political falsehood, corruption and dissimulation, lack of public confidence and faction and want of efficiency in the administration of Government, and disunion, and misrule, and disorder of every shade and variety, will continue to increase until the change is effected. The evil may be masked a while, but it will ever and anon show itself in its true colors. Allowing that we who now compose the citizenship of this republic should heartily repent of our sins against the ballot-box, and resolve in future to regard it as the safety-valve of our machinery of Government, and were of one mind and would act in unison, what

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guarantee have we, or good ground of hope, that the immigrants, who may in a few years far outnumber us, will not act as we have, and be so anxious for change, change, change, that we may not have any steady administration, but a regular system of political wire-pulling to keep in or to get in office. Time will not allow me to adduce corroborative evidence, nor do I deem it necessary on this occasion, as “a hint to the wise is sufficient,” and I only desire to pledge my hearty cooperation in support of the measure. Coin Contract I beg leave to lay before your honorable body, and ask your favorable consideration of the same, a contract entered into July 20, 1870, between this Government and Messrs. Coats & Co., London, which stipulates that Coats & Co. are to deliver at Monrovia, free of charge to the Liberian Government, $20,000 of copper coin, consisting of one and two cent pieces similar to those now in circulation, only lighter in weight, a specimen of which will be furnished you – the Liberian Government paying for said coin the sum of two thousand two hundred and ninety pounds sterling, or $10,992, leaving a clear profit in favor of Government of $9,008. At the option of the Liberian Government an additional amount of $20,000, copper coin is provided for on the same terms. Much time and labor are expended in Liberia for want of small change, and a tendency to extravagance and non-appreciation of small amounts of money is promoted by the lack of change. Military Expedition The military expedition under Colonel R. A. Sherman, put on foot to arrest Prince Manna in his hostile aggressions in the Grand Cape Mount country and parts adjacent, and for the rescue of Mrs. Blackford, proved eminently successful so far as their operations extended. The notorious stronghold Bessa, was stormed and leveled to the dust 20th March, 1871. At that fortress, in which the enemy had concentrated all of his forces; and made every provision to withstand a protracted siege, our troops met with a vigorous resistance, but it was reduced by dint of valor and superior military skill. En route, to Bessa stood the town of Deara, which was well suited, from its natural environs, as a strong position for defense. Here the enemy concentrated his forces to try his strength, and hotly contested the passage to Bessa, but our arms proved victorious and the enemy retreated to Bessa to await the final struggle, and Bessa having fallen, fled as they were pursued from town to town by our troops. Our troops broken down by fatigue and forced marches by tramps through swamps, and burdened, it was deemed advisable to withdraw to the base of operations and thence to embark for home, the prime object of the expedition having been accomplished. The section of the country in which the expedition operated is extremely unfavorable to the military operations of an invading army, as it abounds in marshes. At Deara the brave and intrepid Colonel Sherman was severely wounded, and the command devolved on Lieutenant Colonel Anthony D. Williams, who, with military skill and soldier-like coolness, inspired the army with confidence, and the renowned Bessa fell by the vigorous onset of our gallant troops. Death of King Momoru. On the 23d of November, a communication was received from Benzaleh Quella, chief of the Condo people, in which he informs the Government that J. W. Tucker, a school master employed by the Episcopal Mission, was captured at Totoquella on the 2d of the month, by

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Wetta chief of the Bondy people, who gained possession of the town but were repulsed. Demand was made by the Government on Weta for the immediate release of Mr. Tucker, and Bengaleh Quella was directed to send him forthwith to Monrovia. Though Bengaleh Quella subscribes himself as the chief of the Condos, yet he endeavors by subterfuge, according to the native custom, to conceal the death of Momoru Sou. We regret to hear of the demise of Prince Momoru. He was a man of signal ability as a ruler of his people, and the Government might have made him an active ally in extending our trade and dominion interior ward. The Aboriginees. By proper management and the judicious expenditure of a little means we could make our aboriginal population contribute largely to the material strength, stability and permanent prosperity of our country. We could penetrate into and open free communication with the far interior. We could build up a great nationality with the millions of Africa which the world would respect. We must, by well concerted action, convince our aboriginal brethren that we have the disposition and the ability to make of them a great nation. They see the superior advantage or our civil and religious institutions; they admire but cannot embrace them unless we, as a people and as a Government assist them, and win their confidence, command their respect, restore our prestige; and provide ways and means for assimilation and incorporation among us. Such a course requires zealous, assiduous and persistent efforts on the part of the Government, and involves the expenditure of a large amount of capital, but it will be like bread cast upon the waters, which will be seen after many days, and like seed sown in good soil, which shall yield its thirty, sixty, and a hundred fold. Any amount might be judiciously expended in this direction, whether to subsidise worthy chieftains and impose on them the duty to keep the highways open so far as that can be done to advantage, or in the protection afforded to depots of trade established on the highways to the interior, as it has already been commenced by the Department of the Interior, or guaranteeing such protection to trading companies, adventurers, or mission stations which are to become the nucleus of settlements after the Arthington system; or whether the money be expended in the employment of discreet commissioners, with power to settle difficulties and enforce peace and order, as well as to conciliate the natives, induce them to adopt civilized habits, instruct them in the duties of civil and domestic life, encourage the growth of cotton and other staple products of exportation, distribute seeds, and offer inducements in the form of premiums and the prospect of sale for said products, and introduce, as far as practicable, the arts and handicrafts of civilized life by manual labor schools, &c. From their strong faculty of imitation, which is conceded even by our enemies, and by the judicious employment of well-selected agencies, we could whet their ingenuity and produce prodigious results. Then, fellow citizens, if we would only be alive to the importance and dignity of our position as a nation occupying an extensive territory which can be extended indefinitely, possessing a large population which merely needs regulation to make us strong and wealthy, having a rich soil abounding with the most precious natural productions of the earth, and yielding in rich profusion all the valuable productions of the tropics, and having a tolerable proportion of the producers of such products – we could extend the sceptre of power and dominion, stretch forth the magic wand of science, and elevate the standard of Christianity and civilization.

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Warehouses and Wharves I beg leave to recommend to your honorable body the importance of inaugurating a system of bounded warehouses and Government wharves. Our present system of collecting the customs is quite inadequate and unsatisfactory, and is liable to any amount of fraud and deception that merchants and shippers and officers may be disposed to practice. A custom-house oath, which many persons do not regard, is the only safeguard and regulator of the whole system, and must, from the nature of the case, be much abused. Having effected a loan based upon the revenue arising from the receipt of customs, it becomes our duty to secure by all possible means the proper collection of the tariff. The company of African Merchants offer for sale their establishment in Grand Bassa county, consisting of permanent buildings, and a wharf and crane in the most eligible position of the county, and admirably adapted to this purpose, as well as suited for the purpose of a court-house, jail, and Government offices of every description, for less that threefourths of the original cost of said premises. When it is remembered that the county contributes largely to the revenue, and the importance of commencing the desirable system of bonded warehouses, which afford superior advantages to our commerce than any other system with which we are acquainted. I hope that the Legislature will favorably regard the proposition and make the necessary appropriation. Tariff Dues. If the percentage on the import duties were lessened, we would realize a greater profit by increasing the facilities for securing and collecting the customs. We hope that the Legislature will continue the system of specific duties, and justly discriminate between things necessary and useful, and such as are superfluous and pernicious. Things injurious to the public health and morals, if found impolitic to prohibit, should at least be made to contribute largely to the revenue of government in compensation for the evils entailed. At the same time care should be taken that the duties should not be levied so high as to offer inducements to smuggling, or tax too highly articles of improved taste and ingenuity. We hope that the Legislature will take into consideration the importance of constituting by law a well-organized Board of Trade, and that they will give it their careful attention so that the object contemplated may be fully secured, as the protection of our trade is of the greatest importance. We hope that the delay of a year, the President having vetoed your bill of last session, will only serve to produce a more excellent organization. Thanks-Responsibility. I beg to record my appreciation of the active and energetic manner within which the provisional Government administered the pressing engagements of the Executive Department of Government, and hope that you will make suitable acknowledgement of their valuable services. We will, by special message, acquaint you of particulars in this connection. In conclusion, I beg to say that I hope that this hurried and incomplete document will not prove altogether unprofitable to the Legislature and the country. If I could have commanded more time I would have condensed the matter and presented the subjects to better advantage. What I have omitted will be supplied by a special message. And now, gentlemen, allow me to say that the eyes of the country rest upon you with great solicitude. You have matters of grave importance to attend to, which will demand your best efforts. We hope that the prayers of the people will ascend to heaven in your behalf, and that the blessing of Providence will attend your deliberations, so that in all time to come

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many shall rise up and call you blessed for the labors you shall have performed during the session. J. S. Smith

Joseph Jenkins Roberts VII President of Liberia: 1872–1876

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1872 Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia: You are again assembled in your legislative capacity, to confer together upon the common good, and to enact such laws and adopt such other measures as, in your judgment, shall be deemed necessary to the interest of the State, and conducive to the prosperity and happiness of the people. And to this end you have brought with you the experience of another year, which will doubtless aid you much in the discharge of the important duties now devolved upon you. There is also great cause for thankfulness, that you have entered upon the duties of your present session under auspices essentially more favorable and encouraging than when you assembled a year ago. The political troubles which then perplexed you have happily subsided, and the affairs of Government have resumed their wonted regularity and efficiency. It is, indeed, cause for profound gratulation and thankfulness, that the danger which then threatened the very foundation of our political fabric was so happily averted; and we find ourselves to-day under renewed obligations to a kind Providence for the protecting care so signally manifested in our behalf. No people, perhaps, has been more eminently favored, or should acknowledge with deeper gratitude and reverence the manifestations of the Divine protection. Obituary. I have to announce to the Legislature that, since your last meeting, it has pleased an Allwise Providence to remove by death Senator Montgomery, of Sinoe County, from the national councils. His place has been supplied by another distinguished citizen of that County. I may also be permitted to mention on this occasion of the decrease, within the year, of a distinguished foreigner, whose life has been devoted to the best interests of Liberia, and who has shared largely the confidence and esteem of the whole people of this Republic. In early manhood he consecrated his brilliant talents and commanding eloquence to the cause of African Colonization – not for lucre, nor to gratify any morbid desire for worldly fame; but impelled wholly by motives of Christian philanthropy, in behalf of a despised and cruelly oppressed race. I allude to the Rev. R.R. Gurley, a contemporary of Jehudi Ashmun, and who stood by the side of that brave and good man on this hill, nearly half a century ago, aiding by his advice and counsel in arranging for the safety of the infant Colony, still struggling between hope and fear as to the ultimate result of the great undertaking. His memory will be cherished in every Liberian heart. A Hopeful Future. Half a century has just marked the existence of our little Commonwealth; and a kind Providence has graciously watched over all our public interests, and guided and directed us in our

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infant struggle for nationality in a manner clearly indicative of a hopeful future for our country. It is my duty, at this early stage of your session, to communicate with the Legislature in regard to the condition of the Republic, and to recommend for your consideration and adoption such measures as appear to me expedient or necessary to the public welfare. Thanks to Public Officers. It affords me pleasure to state, that during the year the officers of Government generally have applied themselves assiduously to their respective functions; and I am particularly indebted to those gentlemen who are immediately associated with me in the Government, for the willing and efficient service they have rendered in maintaining order and restoring systems in the management of public affairs. And while each has performed faithfully and promptly the duties of his office, the Secretary of the Treasury – as the present favorable condition of the public finance fully attests – is entitled to unqualified credit for the persistent devotedness with which he has applied himself to the onerous and perplexing duties of his Department. And it is gratifying to know, that the improved state of the public finances has greatly facilitated all branches of trade and industrial pursuits; the farmer and the mechanic, especially, are substantially benefited in the rewards of labor by the par value of the currency of the country. Encouraging Aspect. With the disappearance of those political apprehensions which so seriously disturbed the public mind a year ago, the national concern resumed their usual encouraging aspect; the people returned to their various industrial pursuits with renewed energy; and at present the agricultural and commercial interests of the country indicate a degree of prosperity and enlargement particularly gratifying. And it is no less pleasing to note, that while those discordant political elements at home have been generally harmonized, peace has been maintained with our aboriginal neighbors; and nothing has occurred during the year unfavorable to our amicable relations abroad. I may not, however, omit to mention, that there has been no further correspondence with Her Britannic Majesty’s Government for indemnity to British traders for goods seized as forfeited to the Government by the Liberian authorities in 1869, on said disputed territory. It is very desirable the Legislature order some expression in regard to these matters, and that they be satisfactorily arranged without further delay. Agricultural Interests. As regard the agricultural interest of the country, I may remark, that while the export of coffee for the year shows considerable increase over any previous year, it has been a matter of regret, that the interruption to agricultural labor, occasioned by the Northwest military expedition, in the early part of last year, and the political difficulties immediately following, produced a scarcity of certain articles of food – rice, cassada, and potatoes – during the last season, which was seriously felt in several parts of the Republic; but I am thankful to say, that the crops of the present year, though not so abundant as could be desired, afforded the necessary relief. It is pleasing to observe the widespread attention now being paid to this important interest, especially in the growth of coffee, sugar-cane, arrow-root, and ginger. Farmers everywhere are increasing their fields to the fullest extent of their ability. As a sure and permanent source of national wealth and individual comfort, this branch of industry deserves the special attention and encouragement of Government, to advance as rapidly as possible its full development.

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Trade Expanding. But while nature has blessed us with a soil and climate so admirably adapted to the growth of a variety of marketable products, we may readily regard agriculture as the surest road for Liberia to national prosperity; nevertheless the commercial interest of the Republic is also an important element of the national resources, and as such is well deserving the fostering care of the Government. The trade and the mercantile marine of the Republic have increased, and are still increasing, in a ratio scarcely credible: enterprising merchants are opening up new avenues of trade, and are extending their operations both coastwise and interior, with encouraging prospects of continued success. I scarcely need remind the Legislature that this expanding trade and shipping interest should receive that protection and encouragement which its growing importance demands; not only for the purpose of increasing public revenue and the capital of merchants, which are of course important considerations but also with a view to correcting the abuses and checking the evil tendencies, to which the present manner of conducting trade along our Coast is exposed. There can be no reasonable doubt, that by a well-directed effort of Government, in giving adequate protection and systematizing this trade, it may, within a comparatively short period, be astonishingly increased; and at the same time, by suitable inducements and restrictions so improve the quality of our oil product – by condemning the admixture of foreign substances, now so generally practiced by the natives in its manufacture – as to make it equal in value to the very best article of the kind in the foreign market. I am aware that you had this subject under consideration at your last session, comprised in a bill entitled “An act organizing a Board of Trade;” but owing to the extraordinary claims upon your time and attention, in consequence of the peculiar public exigencies then paramount, you were prevented from digesting said bill, so as to satisfactorily harmonize all its parts to meet the object contemplated. During your recess I have given this subject much thought, and had proposed a visit to several of the most important trading sections, for the purpose of personal observation, as a means of acquiring fuller information in regard to the general state of the trade, and the measures best to be adopted for its improvement. But not being able to procure suitable conveyance, I have not found it convenient to make this visit; nevertheless I have carefully considered the provisions traced in your original bill, and I shall take occasion, at an early day, to submit for consideration two or three suggestions that have occurred to me in connection with the measures you propose, and which I think will add a little more efficiency in producing the results intended to be secured. A Government Vessel Needed. In respect to the visit of which I have spoken, I have reason to believe, that if it could have been carried out, considerable good might have been accomplished. And I may here remark, that perhaps one of the greatest present needs of the Republic, is that of a suitable public vessel; not only as a means of protecting the trade and securing the customs, but also to afford regular and speedy communication between the settlements and trading stations now spread along the whole line of our Coast. An enterprising merchant of Buchanan owns a fine schooner, which he proposes to sell to the government to meet this demand. The Secretary of the Treasury will submit his proposal to your consideration. The Navigation Laws. As regards our navigation laws, I am not convinced that they are open to any material improvement – either in respect to national vessels or foreign shipping visiting our ports. It is true there are certain reprehensible irregularities being practiced at several points of our Coast – particularly by the two lines of British steamers prosecuting the African trade – especially in the transportation of native laborers in contravention of the law restricting the

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visits of all foreign vessels to ports of entry, and contrary to the regulations adopted by Government for the protection of native laborers engaged to proceed beyond the limits of the Republic. When in 1852, the “African Steamship Company” commenced running their steamers along this Coast, carrying the royal mail, the Government of Liberia – to encourage the enterprise, as a means of facilitating trade and travel, and of securing a regular channel of communication between Liberia and foreign parts – exempted said steamers from all port charges, custom-house dues and regulations, for the purpose of affording to them every possible dispatch. Subsequently, the “British and African Steam Navigation Company” introduced their steamers on the line, and though no application seems to have been made to that end – the Government, still entertaining the considerations above referred to, had not thought proper to withhold from these same privileges and facilities. But I regret to say (with, however, several commendable exceptions) the commanders of said steamers have not seemed to appreciate these immunities. On more than one occasion we have had just cause of complaint, and in answer to our remonstrances we have been met with the reply, “If you are not satisfied, or should attempt to enforce your navigation restrictions, the Company’s steamers can readily be withdrawn from your ports.” This is certainly true; but such threats should inspire no intimidation, where a manifest duty to the State and its citizens is involved. The commerce of Liberia is open to the enterprise and competition of the world, and will be looked after so far as it can be made profitable. It is clearly evident, that by means of these steamers trade and travel along this West Coast have amazingly increased, and by their regular visits the mercantile facilities of Liberia are greatly enhanced: all of which we are free to acknowledge and fully to appreciate exemption. Still, while we would, by all proper concessions encourage an enterprise so eminently calculated to develop the commercial resources of this Coast, we cannot yield what would either compromise the national dignity, or impair the sovereignty of the State. No foreign Power will require this of us, in dealing with its vessels visiting our ports. The Protection of Native Laborers. But to return to the subject of the transportation of native laborers from our Coast, which, as now practiced, is attended with hardships that have recently, and very justly, elicited severe animadverion. I doubt not the Legislature will give this matter their earliest attention, and will adopt measurers to correct the abuses complained of with as little delay as possible. These people are citizens of the Republic, and as such are entitled to the full protection of Government. While they are at liberty to seek employment wheresoever, their interest, in their judgment, could be best served, it is the imperative duty of Government to see – 1. That no undue means are resorted to by native chiefs, or others, to force any into engagements against their will; 2. That they shall receive humane treatment on their passage from and to their home; and 3. That their property or effects, especially on the return passage, shall not be exposed to unnecessary waste or damage. I am aware that you had this subject under consideration at your last session and that the House of Representatives originated a bill, entitled “An act authorizing the appointment of shipping masters for the protection of native Africans,” which it was thought would afford salutary correction of the wrongs to which these native laborers are exposed; but, for reasons which I mentioned in reference to your “Board of Trade” organization, this bill also failed to pass into a law. And I may be permitted to say that, as a measure regulating the ordinary shipping interest at the several ports of entry as regards seamen, said bill, with a slight revision, may be found serviceable; but to meet the requirements of this particular case, I am fully impressed that a special regulation would be more efficient. I, however, submit the whole matter to your careful and judicious consideration.

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The Finances. I am glad to inform the Legislature, that the present condition of the public finances is as favorable as could reasonably be expected. The demands upon the Treasury during the year have been unusually large, consequent upon the additional expense incurred to meet the exigencies of the late Provisional Government; also increased by the prolonged judicial proceedings, in the early part of the year, made necessary for the dispersal of certain cases pending against political offenders: nevertheless it has been found, that the ordinary revenues of the Republic were sufficient to discharge these, with the current expenses of Government, leaving a small amount to be applied to the liquidation of the floating debt. The English Loan. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you a detailed statement of the condition of the finances, comprising receipts and expenditures at the Treasury for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1872. And the facts and figures there exhibited are, to me, convincing proofs of the utter inutility of the ill-advised and premature loan negotiated in England during the last year. It is very bad policy to contract a new debt to discharge an old one, especially at increased disadvantage. And, in regard to our old debt, I have not discovered a single reason why a foreign loan should have been resorted to for its payment, when it might have been readily funded at home, at comparatively small interest, and the principal and interest fully discharged, without increasing taxes or interrupting the general operations of Government, in much less time than said debt has been accumulating. And as to the grand public improvements to be accomplished, as set forth in the programme of said loan, the whole thing was merely speculative, and therefore premature. Such public undertakings as there noted, and carried forward to completion, would unquestionably be a great blessing to Liberia. But no specific improvement had been designated; no plans had been matured; indeed, not a single preliminary had been arranged for prosecuting any work, so that, when the money should be obtained, it might be readily and profitably applied. But this loan, in all its phases, forms a remarkable episode in the history of Liberia; and has finally involved the country in a monetary difficulty, far beyond what the most earnest opposers of the measure could have possibly anticipated. The act authorizing the loan provides, 1st, for the borrowing of not more than $500,000 at the rate of interest not exceeding seven per cent. per annum, and that the lender should be allowed to deduct three years’ interest thereon; 2d, that not less than $100,000 of said loan should be applied to the payment of the existing public debt; 3d, that not less than $100,000 should be deposited in the Treasury of the Republic as a basis upon which should be issued a paper currency denominated Treasury Notes; and 4th that the remainder of said loan should be deposited in some safe banking institution, as a fund to be drawn upon in case of emergency by special act of the Legislature. At the time this loan act was passed, President Roye was contemplating a visit to England and the United States, and, as I learn, it was distinctly understood between the Legislature and the President that the loan would be negotiated at par, and that he would give it his personal attention while abroad, and thus avoid the expense of negotiation. President Roye, however, returned from his visit without success. He then, it appears, opened a correspondence with David Chinery, Esq., at the time Liberian Counsel-General at London, on the subject, who, it would seem, assured him that the loan could be negotiated in London, and advised that Commissioners should be sent over to England for that purpose. On the receipt of this information, it was understood that President Roye intended to convene the Legislature to consider Mr. Chinery’s proposals or suggestions, and, if deemed advisable, to authorize the appointment of Commissioners, and to take such action as the nature of the case might require. The President, however, did not convene the Legislature, for the reason, as

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supposed, that the general feeling at the time was strongly opposed to the loan, and that, if assembled, the Legislature would entirely abrogate the loan act. But whatever may have prompted the course, the President thought proper to take upon himself the responsibility of appointing Commissioners, and vesting them with powers wholly unauthorized by law. And said Commissioners did negotiate in London, August, 1871, a 7 per cent loan, of 100,000 pounds sterling, at 30 per cent., below par and three years’ interest deducted – leaving a balance of 49,000 pounds sterling paid into bank to the credit of the Commissioners. Then followed a system of charges, peculation, and frauds unparalledled, I presume, in any public loan transaction of modern times. No sooner was it announced in Liberia that the loan had been secured than President Roye – before a single dollar had been paid into the Treasury of the Republic for any of the purposes specified in the loan act, and before the Legislature had either accepted the loan or taken any action in relation thereto – commenced to draw drafts against it for account of himself and others, and also directed Mr. David Chinery, who seems to have been the managing Commissioner, to invest 10,000 pounds of said loan in the purchase of merchandise as alleged for the account of Government; and all this without the slightest shadow of legislative authority, and greatly damaging to the interest of the Republic. Mr. Chinery did ship to Liberia merchandise invoiced at 14,146 pounds 3s 6d, or the larger portion of it, including transportation, shipping charges, freights, insurance &c.; most of the articles, however, largely in excess of their market value, many of them greatly inferior in quality, and some almost, and other entirely, useless in Liberia. Indeed, so palpably manifest was the mismanagement of this whole loan transaction in London, and so culpably extravagant the charges and other outlays connected with it, that James Jackson, Esq., then Consul, now Consul-General of Liberia at London, felt it to be his duty to interpose in behalf of the Republic, and to arrest, by legal proceedings, the further misapplication of these funds – at least until the pleasure of the Government could be known. And we have good reason to believe the course was specially judicious; for up to that point not a dollar of the money borrowed had been legitimately applied, and a balance of only 17,903 pounds remained. Mr. Jackson is entitled to much credit for his prompt action and for the important service he has rendered to the Government in protecting its interests under the peculiar circumstances. These proceedings, as might be supposed, have caused him no little annoyance and perplexity; nevertheless he has conducted them, I am pleased to say, in a self-sacrificing spirit truly commendable, and in a manner entirely satisfactory to the Government; all of which is justly appreciated. I scarcely need say to the Legislature that the whole matter of this loan in most unfortunate for Liberia. It has already produced political occurrences which we could well wish to have escaped; and it still involves complications and embarrassments extremely perplexing. The correspondence and accounts, with all the papers relating thereto, received at the State and Treasury Departments during your recess, will be laid before you. At your last session – though almost entirely ignorant of the conditions upon which the loan had been negotiated, and wholly so in regard to the enormous frauds that had been practiced, but in consequence of the circumstances which had been forced upon you by the arrival of the larger portion of the merchandise purchased by Mr. Chinery, and which seemed to demand legislative interference to protect the interests of all concerned, and to maintain, if possible, the credit of the Government – you deemed it advisable to accept the loan. At the time of the arrival of said merchandise – indeed, up to the hour of your adjournment, nearly nine months after it had been contracted – no definite report from the Commis-

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sioners nor any account of expenditures from Mr. Chinery had been received. Why this culpable neglect, we are left only to conjecture. But you will now find that the Commissioners entered into engagements which appear to me decidedly objectionable; and of the 100,000 pounds for which the country was pledged, it is very doubtful that more than 25,000 pounds will be realized by Government. Instead, therefore, of the great public benefits boastingly announced to be conferred upon Liberia by capital derived from this loan, the country finds itself involved in an onerous public debt, which no good citizen can fail to deplore. Had this debt been incurred in consequence of any unavoidable necessity, or had the Government received, in any shape, an equivalent therefore, the people would cheerfully submit to any sacrifice necessary to discharge it; but to be heavily taxed to pay a claim entailed upon them by a reckless and unscrupulous course of procedure, is matter of serious public concern; it is, therefore, not surprising that the people should feel anxious and complain. Nevertheless, the national honor is at stake. And however censurable the wrong-doings by which we have been brought into this financial difficulty, and however indignant we may feel towards the guilty parties, we cannot indulge the thought of impairing the public credit. Every patriotic citizen will recognize the force of this conclusion, and readily accept it. Assuming, gentlemen, that you concur in this view, I doubt not the Legislature will adopt such measures as shall be deemed adequate to meet regularly the interest accruing on the debt, and also provide a sufficient sinking fund for its total extinction at the period fixed for its redemption. I scarcely need say to you, that the subject of the payment of this debt is a matter of deep concern among all classes of our citizens; not only because of the culpable manner in which it has been imposed upon them, but more especially because they foresee that in providing for its discharge – without excessively oppressive burdens upon the people – many of the objects of national improvement must necessarily be neglected or suspended for a time, and thereby seriously retard the progress of the country in some of its most important interests. In this view of the case, I fully appreciate the perplexities you are likely to encounter during the present session. But while it is clear that the Government will be pressed for funds to prosecute energetically all the objects of public solicitude, I do not indulge the apprehensions so generally expressed of the distressing insufficiency of the public resources. By strict economy and accountability in the disbursements of public money, I cannot doubt but that we shall be able to accomplish much more than the fears of many of our fellowcitizens will allow them even to hope for. Improvement of the Native Tribes. But passing from the unpleasant view of our present pecuniary situation occasioned by this unfortunate loan, and in looking to the internal concerns of the country, I am sure you will find much to impress you favorably, and to encourage your efforts in promoting those objects of national interest to which, in the discharge of your official duties, your attention will be drawn. And among these I cannot too strongly urge upon your consideration the importance of inaugurating some well-digested plan for the more rapid improvement of the condition of the native tribes bordering on our frontiers, and especially the adoption of measures that will accelerate the elevation of the aboriginal population within our political jurisdiction. This is a subject of increasing solicitude: nay, it lies at the very foundation of Liberia’s permanent advancement and ultimate success. Their civilization is not only indispensable to their own happiness, but equally so to the maintenance of our civil institutions, and the growth and prosperity of the country. The sooner they can be brought to understand distinctly the great objects of civil government, and the obligation they are under as citizens to

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conform themselves to all requirements of the civil compact, the sooner will the Government be relieved from much of the trouble and expense now annually incurred in repressing such of their barbarous practices as still cling to them: especially their insatiable propensity for roving, pilfering excursions, and committing depredations upon traders and other peaceable citizens. Recently, one or two audacious outrages have been committed at Niffou and that neighborhood, upon vessels and crews employed by certain of our merchants at Harper, and which the Government is bound to redress. The papers and documents relating to these occurrences will be laid before you. In the meantime, it is a gratifying fact that, in the general, our native population is making encouraging advances, under the fostering operations of our civil and religious institutions; and I shall hope that the Legislature will find it within the scope of their pecuniary ability to continue, if not increase, the means of facilitating this desirable work. Many of the chiefs and headmen of tribes within our limits are now earnestly importuning the Government to establish schools in their districts, for the instruction of their children in the principles of Christianity, in the ordinary branches of literature, and in the arts of civilized life. Instead of the severe pressure upon our finances, I could heartily wish the Legislature had at their disposal many thousands of dollars to devote to this object. Reservations for Natives. The present, perhaps, may not be the most favorable time, considering the question of expense, thought I do not believe the outlay need be considerable for bringing into view a thought I have some time entertained, of the propriety of collecting the thousands of Dey and Golah tribes now squatting in little hamlets over the whole southeastern portion of this country, obtaining a precarious subsistence, and often the subjects of violence by marauders of other tribes, into two or three large towns, regularly laid out, in civilized style, with good farming lands contiguous; where thus congregated they may be easily reached and brought directly under civilizing and Christianizing influences, by having suitable officers appointed among them to arrange their disputes and to instruct them in the improved modes of husbandry and the mechanic arts, and where schools may be established for the education of their children. I believe that in a very few years the benefits accruing from this plan, both to the Government and to these people, would be incalculable. Educational Interests. In regard to the subject of general education in Liberia, I may only remark that it is still of paramount importance. And it is a matter of deep regret that, even with the generous assistance of Missionary Societies in the United States, we are not able to supply the increasing demands for educational facilities in many of our scattered Americo-Liberian settlements: some of these are wholly without regular schools, and others have schools of such low grade as scarcely to deserve the name of schools. Nothing can be more desirable than that the youth of our country, the whole country, should have placed within their reach the means of acquiring that degree of mental training necessary to make them useful members of society; and also, as far as practicable, to lay such a foundation as will enable them to reach readily those attainments required for the higher duties of life. In this view we have not only to deplore the need of funds to maintain schools, but also the need of efficient teachers to conduct them. No one can doubt that both the Church and State are now suffering for want of additional intelligence to aid in advancing the civil and religious institutions of the country. In this connection, I have great pleasure in communicating to the Legislature, that the distinguished philanthropist and noble friend of Liberia, Hon. H.M. Schieffelin, who has always felt the liveliest interest in the educational advancement of the Republic, has just created a foundation from which the Government may expect to receive three hundred dol-

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lars per annum for the use of common schools. We thank him and the gentlemen who are co-operating with him in this kindness. And I may also add here, that we have great cause for thankfulness that a gracious Providence put into the hearts of our friends in the United States – especially in Massachusetts, the cradle of American literature and science – to establish an important and efficient agency in dispelling the deep gloom which, for so many weary centuries, has enveloped the minds of the people of this degraded Continent. It is an incalculable blessing to the people of Liberia and to Africa,: it has already prepared a goodly number of young men for usefulness, many of whom are now rendering valuable service as teachers and otherwise in various parts of the Republic. I shall hope that American philanthropy will continue to cherish an enterprise so eminently worthy of Christian sympathy, and will amply endow it for the successful prosecution of the work it is designed to accomplish. The Leeward Counties. In September last, through the kindness of Captain Richardson, of the barque “Thomas Pope,” owned by Messrs. Yates & Porterfield, of New York, I was enabled to make a short visit, accompanied by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General, to the three leeward counties. It was a visit of observation and inspection, and in all personal respects peculiarly pleasant and agreeable. The health of the people was generally good, whilst everywhere a degree of comfort and happiness was observable. In some places we witnessed most gratifying indications of rapidly increasing prosperity; though, without intending to be invidious, I may be permitted to remark that in some places I fancied – still, I may be mistaken – that the people devoted too much of their time to politics, at the expense of their own personal interests. I regret to have to inform the Legislature that in all the counties, more or less, we found much to complain of in the management of the public concerns. The absence of any regular system of public accounts was everywhere manifest and disbursements of public moneys were found, in some instances, culpably vague and unsatisfactory; and in one or two instances of the conduct of public officers, it appeared to be that official accountability seemed to exert little controlling influence in restraining their own views and purposes in dealing with the public interests. The duties of public officers in Liberia are generally plain and simple, and men of intelligence may readily qualify themselves for their performance: whenever, therefore, delinquencies occur, no officer should be allowed to escape the penalty attached to his official misconduct. We found each of the counties sadly deficient in suitable public buildings. In Grand Bassa County they have neither court-house nor jail. The Company of African Merchants own in the city of Buchanan two large building adjacent, constructed of stone and brick, covered with sheets of galvanized iron. I am advised that the Company will sell these buildings; and on examination it is thought that, with a moderate additional outlay, they can be made available for court-house and jail, and also afford office accommodation for other departments. If in the judgment of the Legislature the amount required for the purchase is deemed compatible with our present financial exigency I would earnestly recommend that they be secured. In Sinoe County they have a commodious court-house, but the jail is in a wretchedly dilapidated condition. In Maryland County they have in course of erection a substantial jail, but they are without a court-house; and the Light-house at Harper has become so unsafe as to necessitate a discontinuance of the light. All these matters claim your attention. It was a cause of very sincere regret that in each of these counties particularly in Grand Bassa and Sinoe, our time was too limited to allow us to collect all the information desired in relation to several matters connected with the public interests; and especially to investigate certain native difficulties, and to conclude some arrangements with neighboring

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chiefs, deemed desirable to restore harmony and a good understanding between them. I shall probably have occasion, during the session, to bring to your notice two or three other matters of public character relating to these counties, which may require legislative action. The Public Revenue. The condition of the public finances is always an object of deep solicitude to any people; and in ordinary times is properly regarded the surest index of the growth and prosperity of a country. In this view it is doubtless gratifying to the Legislature to learn that the revenues of the past year have fully met the public expectation; and but for the heavy draft now to be made upon our income, in consequence of the seven per cent loan, we might feel satisfied with the monetary prospects of the Republic. But his additional charge upon the revenue forces the necessity of revising the present financial policy of the Government to meet this new exigency. Accompanying the able and elaborate Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will be laid before you a statement of the probable receipts, with an estimate of appropriations, for the current year. The Report comprises a comprehensive view of the whole range of our fiscal concerns; and I am persuaded will be valuable in directing your deliberations in regard to the matters of which it treats. On the subject of disbursements, I feel sure the Legislature – for the times demand it – will maintain the strictest circumspection. It does not admit of doubt that in times past there had been great improvidence in the expenditure of public moneys on objects of doubtful utility, and for the increase of patronage not called for by the public service. Such misapplication of the people’s money should be discontinued; and to this end I invite the careful attention of the Legislature to a general and minute inquiry into the whole working condition of the Government, with a view to ascertain what offices can be dispensed with, what expenses retrenched, and what improvements may be made in the organization of its various parts, to secure the proper responsibility of public servants, and to promote efficiency in all is operations. While the Executive is charged, in the Departments under him, with the disbursements of the public money, and is responsible for the faithful application of it to the purposes for which it is appropriated,, and to meet this requisite responsibility, every facility should be afforded to the Executive, to enable him to bring the public agents intrusted with the public money strictly and promptly to account, the Legislature is the watchful guardian over the public purse; and in the discharge of this obligation it is its duty to see that no moneys be appropriated unless for purposes clearly necessary to the public requirements. And I may also be permitted here to remind the Legislature, that among the maxims of political economy which the stewards of the public funds should never suffer to be transcended, without urgent necessity, is that of keeping expenditures within the limits of receipts. In the observance of this maxim there can be no failure in maintaining the public credit. The Floating Debt. With the view of ascertaining the actual indebtedness of the country, the Commissioners appointed at your last session, in each of the Counties, “To examine all papers purporting to bind the Government to the payment of money,” and to discover, as far as practicable, all claims held by the Government against individuals, entered promptly upon the duties assigned to them; and their reports on the indebtedness of the Government at the close of the fiscal year which ended 30th September, 1871, will be laid before you. According to the exhibits, the Commissioners passed upon claims against the Government amounting in the aggregate to $130,000. As directed by the Legislature, the Secretary of the Treasury has applied such of the merchandise shipped by Mr. Chinery as could be made available to the payment of a consi-

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derable portion of this debt. A good portion of said merchandise, unsaleable, remains on hand. I would suggest that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorized to dispose of these articles under the hammer, and close up the consignment. I may also state here, that during the year nothing has been drawn by the Government from the balance of the loan. The Legislature will therefore determine what disposition shall be made of it: whether it shall be used for discharging the balance of the floating debt, for canceling bonds issued on the account of the loan, or for such other purposes as may be deemed more urgent to the public demand. I regret that the Commissioners for the Counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe have not as yet made a return on that part of their duty relating to the claims from individuals to the Governement. It is known, however, there are numerous amounts outstanding, making in the aggregate no insignificant sum, though a considerable portion of it is undoubtedly desperate, and can never perhaps be recovered. Nevertheless, it behooves the Government to ascertain the real state of the case; and to accomplish this, it seems desirable that the Legislature should adopt some special judicious course for the collection of such of these claims as can be made available. The Judiciary. I am thoroughly impressed that some modification of our present judiciary system – in its triple relations of convenience, efficiency, and economy – is desirable. The Attorney General will submit to the Legislature a few suggestions he has carefully drawn on these points, and which I recommend to your favorable consideration. Compilation of the Statutes. I have to inform the Legislature that Ex-Attorney General Johnson has placed in the State Department a compilation of the Statutes of the Republic which he had undertaken about two years ago. The work has not yet been examined or compared. The Legislature will of course direct what disposition shall be made of it. Under the existing aspect of our pecuniary affairs, it will rest with the judgment of the Legislature to decide whether several of the present statutes may not be materially modified. And I would invite special attention to the statutes relating to pensions and the grant of bounty lands. The general pension law is altogether too vague in its application, and of consequence entails upon the Government an expense doubtless far beyond what was contemplated by the framers of the law. And the act granting bounty lands to volunteers engaged in military expeditions deprives the Government of an important source of revenue, by no means compensated by the service it was intended to encourage. The Militia. It will also deserve the consideration of the Legislature whether the militia organization of the Republic is not susceptible of improvement. Situated as we are in the midst of barbarous tribes, an efficient militia is the only sure guarantee of defense and security. Our present organization is universally regarded as less efficient than it ought to be made. The system of quarterly gatherings, where the militia is called out for a day only, and paraded the streets for a few hours, imparts little or nothing of that kind of military instruction which the peculiar mode of offensive and defensive operations in acting against the natives makes necessary for us to adopt. In regard to this, I would suggest, that the militia be required to assemble once, or perhaps twice, a year, for a period of six to eight days; during which time the whole force shall be put upon the footing of troops, as regarding discipline and rations, when called into actual service. Under an arrangement of this kind I have no doubt the effect would be most salutary, as a means of better qualifying the militia for the service to be per-

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formed in the event of hostilities, and it would unquestionably more strongly impress our aboriginal neighbors with the readiness and power of the Government to repel attacks, repress violence, and maintain order. By this show of preparedness we should, without doubt, allay much of the restless disposition of native chiefs in the vicinity of our more remote and exposed settlements to predatory excursions, and relieve the Government from the too frequent necessity of expensive military expeditions to punish such offenses, and to preserve the public tranquility. Centennial Exhibition. During your recess a dispatch reached the State Department, requesting this Government to take part in the International Exhibition to be held at Vienna, Austria, in the spring of 1873; but in consequence of the depressed condition of the public finances it was not deemed advisable that the Government should enter upon the undertaking. I have also to acquaint the Legislature that, in a communication received several months ago from Edward S. Morris, Esq., of Philadelphia, we are informed that a place will be assigned to Liberia in the Grand Centennial Exhibition to come off in the City of Philadelphia, United States of America, in the summer of 1876. For several substantial reasons, it strikes me as very desirable that Liberia, if practicable, should be represented at said Exhibition. No doubt Liberia would be able to contribute various articles of native product, that would be interesting to commerce, and perhaps to science. The vast agricultural, mineral, and other valuable resources of this country are but little known to the world. It can scarcely be doubted that a fair representation of the products of West Africa, even as far as at present discovered, could not fail to awaken in the United States a spirit of commercial enterprise that would produce most valuable results to Liberia. And further: it appears to me a fit occasion for demonstrating the labor-paying advantage of the country to those in the United States whose attention may have been drawn to Liberia with a view of emigrating hither. And in connection with this subject, I would invite the attention of the Legislature to the desirableness – if the expense can be now met – of directing such explorations and researches as might now lead to the discovery of new sources of wealth and enterprise. Simplicity and Economy Necessary. Having, in as concise a manner as possible, invited your attention to the principal matters which I have thought it necessary at this time to communicate for your information and consideration, I may only add, that in looking forward to the expense which may be found inevitable for the operations of government during the present year, I am consoled in the reflection, gentlemen, that each of you fully understands the peculiar situation of our country at the present juncture, and that, as a result of your united deliberations, you will adopt such measures as shall maintain the public credit, preserve the efficiency of the Government, and promote and secure those objects of national concern deemed necessary to the permanent advancement of the county; and that, with a view to the accomplishment of these ends, I dare say you will take into serious consideration the genius of our institutions, which prescribes simplicity and economy in all that pertains to the public service. Semi-Centennial of Liberia. But I cannot close this communication without congratulating the Legislature on the interesting period in the history of Liberia at which you are now assembled. You commence your

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present session in the midst of great public demonstrations and rejoicings on the occasion of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the wonderful achievement of our pioneer fathers – when opposed by hordes of barbarous warriors, back and encouraged by more than savage monsters in the shape of foreign slave-traders – which permanently established on this hill the foundations of our present political fabric. Standing at this point of time, and looking back to the heroic deeds of December 1, 1822, when was gained that signal triumph of freedom over the implacable enemies of human progress and the rights of man, it is with profound admiration that we contemplate the steady determination of that band of Christian patriots, under the most appalling discouragements, to establish on this barbarous Coast an asylum, where they and their children might enjoy, unmolestedly, the blessings of civil and religious liberty. With but a single venerable exception, all, I believe, who took an active part in the severe contest of that memorable day have departed, cheered by the benedictions of a grateful posterity, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame and free institutions, and the memory of their ardent patriotism in the struggle for freedom. In reviewing the scenes though which Liberia has passed during the half century, and the proofs given that our political institutions have been equal to the severest trials, we may well indulge in grateful exultations in respect to the past, and in cheering hopes of the future: nevertheless, it becomes us always to recollect that, for the numerous benefits we have received, we are indebted to a gracious Providence, whose goodness has been so remarkably extended to this people in times of deepest distress.. Now, gentlemen and fellow-citizens, in managing the legacy that has been committed to our hands in trust for generations yet to follow, we cannot be too careful in maintaining and improving this political inheritance, that posterity shall have no just reason to complain of any want of diligence on our part in promoting the public interest, or of any improvidence that would entail upon them burdens either unreasonable or oppressive. It is therefore of the highest importance that the Legislature – where is supposed to be centered the intelligence and wisdom of the country – should exert their best energies to improve and perpetuate the political fabric which our fathers have reared; and should allow no opportunity pass unimproved, by which an enlightened patriotism might contribute to the general weal – looking both to the present and to the future. Finally, gentlemen, feeling deeply impressed with the inestimable blessings we now enjoy, and with the weighty obligations and responsibility resting upon us, I commend you, in all your deliberations, to the guidance of that Allwise Providence whose beneficent goodness has been so conspicuously manifested towards us these many years and whose favor we will continue to supplicate in behalf of all the interests of our country. J.J. Roberts. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 9, 1872

Annual Message to the Legislature December 15, 1873 Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: The annual meeting of the National Legislature is always an interesting event; and it affords me very sincere pleasure to meet on this occasion the constitutional representatives of the people, fresh from their constituents of the several counties of the Republic, to take counsel

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together for the common good. On your assembling at this interesting juncture to perform the high and important trusts which the people have confided to you, of legislating for the general welfare, it gives me great pleasure to congratulate you on the present favorable condition of our common country. Gratitude for National Prosperity. When the representatives of the people are assembled to deliberate upon the state of the country, our just attentions are first drawn to those pleasing considerations which mark the goodness of that Being from whose favor they flow, and the large measure of thankfulness we owe to His bounty. We have great reason for renewed expression of devout gratitude to the Giver of all good for His benign protection through the vicissitudes of another year. Our country presents on every side the evidences of that continued favor of Him under whose auspices it has gradually progressed from its earliest infancy. We are happily blessed with domestic tranquility and all the elements of national prosperity. A kind Providence has favored us with healthful seasons and abundant harvests. He has sustained us at peace with our aboriginal neighbors, and has preserved us in the quiet possession of civil and religious liberty. The agricultural development of the country is progressing encouragingly; and the public credit has attained a confidence particularly gratifying. In a word, a gracious Providence has crowned the year with His goodness, imposing on us no other conditions than those of improving, for our own happiness, the blessings bestowed by His hands. For blessings so numerous and important, it is our duty to unite in grateful acknowledgements to that omnipotent Being from whom they are derived, and in unceasing prayer that He will endow us with virtue and strength to maintain and hand them down, in their utmost purity, to our latest posterity. The view which I have now to present to you of our public affairs – foreign and domestic – realizes, I think, the most sanguine anticipations which have been entertained of national prosperity. In making this remark, however, I do not mean to be understood to imply that unvaried prosperity is to be seen in every interest of our country, or that every object of national concern is satisfactorily advancing. In the progress of a nation, it is not surprising that pressures on certain public interests should be more or less felt in the changes incident to and the uncertainty ever connected with all human affairs. As in many other countries, so in Liberia, the need of adequate funds unfortunately retards the progress of many of those important national improvements which are necessary to the public convenience, and such also as are essential to the speedy development of the rich mineral and other resources of our country. Increase of the Public Buildings. It is a cause of great regret, that, for the reason above alluded to, the progress which has been made during the year in the erection and repairs of public buildings in the several counties – to which the attention of the Legislature was invited in my last annual message – has not advanced to the extent required for the public necessities. I am glad to state, however, that the Secretary for the Treasury is now negotiating for buildings in the county of Grand Bassa which, with a comparatively small additional outlay, will afford to that county all the office and other necessary building accommodation for the public requirements. Roads to Trading Districts. For many years the public mind has been impressed with the importance of constructing roads to the rich trading districts of our interior but hitherto the Government, in consequence of the pressure upon its finances, has been in a condition to undertake works of this description to any considerable extent. I may be permitted, however, on this occasion to invite your attention to this subject, in the hope that you may find it practicable, at your present session

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to contribute to an object so intimately connected with the national welfare. By thus facilitating intercourse between our civilized communities and the native tribes of the interior, we shall be contributing greatly to the cultivation and extension of a vastly profitable trade, which will carry with it civilizing influences that cannot fail to produce gratifying results upon the social and moral condition of those people. Exploration of Interior Regions. I would also recommend to the favorable consideration of the Legislature, another object which appears to me manifestly important to the national interests. I allude to the desirableness of providing for a careful survey and exploration of the interior regions of our country and more especially the examination of certain localities to which attention has been drawn, in the belief that they contain rich mineral deposits that may be turned to good account in improving the national resources. It can scarcely be supposed that a few thousand dollars judiciously employed in such researches would fail to produce valuable results. Volcanic Eruption in Grand Bassa County. Conformably with a resolution of the Legislature, adopted at the last session, authorizing the examination of a volcanic phenomenon reported to have occurred in Grand Bassa county during the past year, a small exploring party, under the command of Major J. W. Powell, was organized at Edina, in March last, and proceeded to the place of the eruption – lying in an easterly direction distant about sixty miles. After a fatiguing march of two days from Hartford, on the St. John’s river, to which place the party had assembled in boats and canoes, the site of the volcanic disturbance was reached, situate between two ranges of hills of varied elevations, separated by a small stream of excellent water, running southward. The eruption had occurred at the westerly base of one of these hills of the eastern range, with an abrupt elevation of about four hundred feet. The disturbed earth embraced an area of about fifteen acres, extending along the side of the hill, inclining upward in a northwesterly direction, oval shape, with a centre width of one hundred and fifty yards. There was no means of ascertaining whether the whole rupture was simultaneous, or was produced at long or short intervals. The natives residing in the vicinity – two or three miles removed – report that rumbling sounds occurred at intervals, and smoke was observed to issue from the hills for several weeks before they ventured to visit the spot. The conclusion, therefore, may be correct, that the disturbance commenced at a point near the little stream of water, and proceeded along the slope of the hill at intervening periods. The earth and trees within the space disturbed were evidently thrown up to great elevations. Large trees with charred trunks and branches, were found buried several feet below the surface and the depression of the earth at some points, occasioned by the disturbance, reached from ten to twenty feet. An examination as thorough as practicable was made of the erupted parts and their surroundings. Nothing could be arrived at as to the cause of the combustion; or was any other discovery of importance made, excepting that about half way up the eastern edge of the eruption was discovered a large deposit of chalk and magnesia, and on the summit of the hill large masses of white marble. Having completed the examination at this point, it was determined to make a circuit in a southeasterly direction towards the Gee, commonly called the Finely Mountains. Two of these mountains or hills, were crossed, the last presenting an elevation of perhaps a thousand feet, and its base washed by the waters of the St. John’s river; thence a westerly course was followed along the banks of the river, fifteen or twenty miles, to an uninhabited island, which was visited and found to contain about one hundred and fifty acres of excellent land, and covered with flourishing palm trees. On the eastern end of the island was discovered a bed of fine rock crystals, and specimens of very rich iron ore; thence the party proceeded in

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a northwesterly direction, performing a considerable circuit of the country, making excavations and collecting mineral specimens at such points as presented indications of valuable deposits, returning to Hartford on the afternoon of the fourteenth day, having traversed a country, heavily wooded throughout, well watered, and admirable adapted to agricultural purposes. And it affords me great pleasure to remark here, that the officers and men composing the party seemed, one and all, to be animated by a patriotic desire to advance the interests of the country by discoveries which they hoped might prove valuable auxiliaries to the national welfare; in this spirit each discharged cheerfully the duties required of him. I may also be permitted to state in this connection, that J. L. Crusoe, Esq., influenced by a like commendable spirit, accompanied the party – without pecuniary consideration – and by his advice and counsel, derived from his knowledge of the country and long acquaintance with many of the inhabitants of the district visited, rendered important service. And I may further state, for the information of the Legislature, that the specimens thus collected were forwarded to England and submitted to the inspection of a competent geologist, who found among them rich copper ore, lead, and silver; and one or two specimens which he says contain strong indications of the presence of gold in the vicinity whence they were taken, all of which I have reason to believe may be turned to good account. I hope the subject will receive proper attention. Northwestern Boundary Line. In adverting to our relations with foreign powers, which are always an object of the highest importance, I have peculiar satisfaction in remarking that they have undergone no unfavorable change, and the opportunities to improve them have been cultivated with anxious and unremitting attention; and I am gratified in stating that these efforts have not been without favorable results. In compliance with resolutions adopted by the Legislature in January last, authorizing an official visit abroad for the purpose of settling, if practicable, on satisfactory terms, the questions relating to our Northwest boundary line, and the adjustment of other important matters touching the interests of the Republic, I proceeded to England with as little delay thereafter as circumstances would permit, and immediately placed myself in communication with Her Majesty’s Government. I was received most courteously by Earl Granville, Her Majesty’s principal Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, and discussed with his lordship fully and freely the several international subjects with which I had been charged. With me the immediate settlement of the question relating to our Northwest boundary formed the first and most important consideration; and this I urged upon every ground of principle and justice that occurred to me. But while I have reason to believe that Earl Granville was favorable impressed by the arguments advanced in favor of an immediate settlement of the question, his lordship informed me that “Her Majesty’s Government felt themselves precluded from departing from the arrangement come to in 1871 for settling the Liberian Boundary Question;” and his lordship added the assurance that “it was from no want of friendly feelings towards the Government of Liberia or of interests in the welfare of the Republic, that a decision adverse to the wishes of the Liberian Government was come to;” and that “having again attentively considered the question, Her Majesty’s Government would not feel themselves justified in acquiescing in the territorial claims put forward by Liberia without a preliminary inquiry into the subject of the Coast.” I scarcely need remind the Legislature that the arrangement referred to as having been concluded in 1871, provides for the appointment of a joint commission, consisting of two British and two Liberian commissioners, to investigate on the spot the disputed claims of Liberia, and to entertain all and any evidence that the native chiefs or other claimants may desire to submit to them.

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This Government has steadily resisted the idea of allowing the testimony of the native chiefs to be admitted as evidence against the validity of title deeds which they themselves or their predecessors had solemnly executed. And had not this course of admitting the testimony of the chiefs been insisted upon by the British Commissioners at the Joint Commission which met in 1863, for the purpose of terminating this difficulty, the whole question would doubtlessly have been satisfactorily arranged at that time. The very unjust disadvantage to which Liberia would be exposed by a course so unusual was brought to the attention of Her Majesty’s Government; and it was distinctly enunciated that Liberia had better abandon altogether her claim to these territories than to submit to a proceeding that would inevitably involve the Republic in disputes and difficulties in other quarters that would prove most embarrassing to the future welfare of the country. Earl Granville, however, suggests that the Liberian Government will give effect to the arrangement of 1871; which, if acceded to by the Legislature, I have good grounds for inferring will be impartially carried out. Seizures in the Mannah Territory. With regard to the bonds of indemnity, executed by this Government for claims of British subjects arising out of the seizures made in the Mannah territory in 1869, I have to state that I availed myself of the opportunity to submit to Earl Granville the fact – that the Government of Liberia had good grounds for believing that the amount claimed by said British subjects was greatly in excess of the actual value of the merchandise seized; and which being the case, the Liberian Government indulged the hope that his lordship would take the subject into favorable consideration, and, if practicable, afford the Republic equitable relief in regard to said bonds. It was ascertained that the bonds had not been transmitted to the Home Government, but remained in the possession of the Administrator of the British African Settlements at Sierra Leone. In this circumstance it was concluded to transfer the settlements of these bonds to the Administrator at Sierra Leone; and that officers were furnished with instructions on the subject, and authorized to arrange their settlement and grant a full acquaintance in regard to them on the part of Her Majesty’s Government. And it affords me pleasure to remark that I have no reason to doubt that, in the adjustment of these bonds, his Excellency the Governor of Sierra Leone, will apply the principle of strict justice in determining the actual liability of this Government. Contravention of Navigation Laws. In the matter of complaint against British ship masters for contravening the navigation laws of the Republic, especially the commander in charge of the African steam packets, in touching at places on the Liberian Coast not open to trade, and there embarking and disembarking goods and passengers to the prejudice of the public revenues, and also obstructing the means of acquiring the statistical information respecting trade and travel which the Government ought to possess; and more especially the embarking of native laborers at these places for service abroad, contrary to established regulations of the Government; – Earl Granville remarks, “it must rest with the Liberian Government to take such steps as may be necessary for enforcing their municipal law by appointing proper authorities on the Coast, who would see that communication with vessels is not allowed except at places open to trade.” And in a subsequent letter his lordship adds, “I will not fail to point out to the companies to which the packets belong the irregularities complained of, with the view to prevent a recurrence of them.” The correspondence relating to these subjects will be laid before you, and it will remain with the Legislature to take such action in regard to them as in their judgment may be deemed necessary.

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Cargo of the Steamship Yoruba. I may add here that it was a cause of very deep regret and not a little embarrassing, that during the progress of this correspondence reports reached England seriously complaining of the conduct of Government officials at Harper, Cape Palmas, in respect to their action in reference to the cargo of the steamship “Yoruba,” wrecked at that port in May last. But while I had not the information at hand which would enable me to disprove the charges set forth, I did not hesitate to advance my belief that, if in any wise true, the facts alleged had been greatly exaggerated. Whereupon, I assured Her Majesty’s Government that the Government of Liberia would institute a rigid investigation of these matters, with a view of ascertaining the actual facts in the case. I therefore beg to suggest to the Legislature the propriety of authorizing the appointment of a commission to inquire into all the facts and circumstances relating to the conduct of said officials in dealing with the aforesaid cargo. As yet I have received but little certain information in regard to the doings of our officials at Harper respecting the property saved from the aforesaid wrecked steamer; and, though I have still reason to believe that the reports which have gone abroad are greatly exaggerated, the question is deeply interesting to the national character, and, as such, demands the prompt attention of the Legislature. Relations with Great Britain. I may not omit to mention that, while our intercourse with the British Foreign Office was kind and friendly, several acts of the Liberia Government were adverted to as calculated to impress Her Majesty’s Government unfortunately, and induce the belief that their friendship was not suitably appreciated. Some of these could be met only by the reminder that many of the best statesmen of the world had from error in judgment, committed very gross blunders; and that in whatever the Liberian authorities may have given just cause of complaint, it was not in consequence of a want of proper appreciation, or the absence of a firm desire to cultivate the most friendly relations with Her Majesty’s Government, but simply the result of a mistaken conviction of right, and of what was regarded an official duty. We may hope, however, that ancient friendly relations have been restored, which I trust will be perpetuated. The English Loan. With respect to the matters of the seven per cent loan, I regret that, though they engaged my earnest attention, I am not able to inform the Legislature of their final adjustment. On my arrival in England, I found that our agents in London, Consul General Jackson, and Alfred Edwards, Esq., had with great zeal and ability exerted themselves to maintain the interests of the Republic as relating to the loan; and that our solicitors Messrs. Tilleard, Godden, and Holme, had employed their best legal talent in prosecuting the cause in chancery which had been instituted against David Chinery and others, for alleged wrongs practiced upon this Government in connection with said loan. These chancery proceedings had been greatly protracted, when defendants suggested a compromise, which our agents were disposed to consider; but to conclude a compromise involved perplexities which the agent of the Government found difficult to overcome; and such was the state of these matters on my arrival in London. Having conferred with our agents and solicitors on the subjects, it was deemed advisable, for certain cogent reasons, that a suitable compromise should be agreed to; and entertaining the conviction that the interest of the Government would be materially served by a proper arrangement of the kind, I co-operated with our agents and solicitors in negotiating with certain of the parties such a compromise as appeared to me might be acceptable to the Legislature. It was a work of great delicacy, and attended with no little trouble and perplexity in arranging several points of controversy raised on both sides.

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Finally an agreement was executed, conditioned on the passage by the Legislature of an act supplementary to the acts approved respectively January 26th, 1870, and January 29th, 1872. The objects of this supplementary act are: first, to secure to bond-holders, who may have bona fide subscribed to the said loan, the rights accorded to them under the provisions contained in the general bond and the special bonds dated August 1st, 1871; second, that the excise tax, mentioned in the 6th section of the act of 1870, shall be reserved as a sinking fund, to be applied from time to time in paying off the principal of the loan in half yearly drawings, so that the amounts of the said half yearly drawings shall be ǧ2,000, to be made after the first drawing in the manner and at the same time mentioned in the general bond; and, third, to confirm the agreement of June 18th, 1873, as regards dismissing the suit in chancery in respect to certain of the defendants each party paying his own costs. On the official notification of the passage of this act, Messrs. Holderness, Nott & Co. agree to reimburse the Government the amount of ǧ5,000, to be paid by them in half yearly installments of ǧ1,000 each, to be applied towards the discharge of the half yearly drawings; and an additional ǧ1,000 cash in discharge of costs incurred by Government in legal proceedings; and they further agree to deposit ǧ11,000 to secure ǧ10,500 the balance of ǧ21,000 which was to have been deposited to secure three years interest on said loan; and that the said ǧ10,500 shall bear interest from August 1st, 1873, at 3 per cent. per annum, for the benefit of the Republic. As a guarantee to secure the fulfillment of the above recited stipulations, Messrs. Holderness, Nott & Co. have deposited in the hands of Messrs. Glyn, Mills, Currie & Co., bankers, bonds to the value of ǧ13,000. The aforesaid agreement also stipulates that “all moneys in court be paid out to the attorneys of the Republic.” But on application to the court by our solicitors, in conformity therewith, Mr. E. F. Roye opposed the motion, on the alleged grounds that the Government of Liberia is largely indebted to his late father for advances of money made to the Government, which he would be able to prove by the books of the Republic; and that his costs in the case pending should be secured by retaining in court a suitable amount of the money applied for. Upon this, the Vice Chancellor made an order directing the payment of ǧ6,392s.15 5d., in addition to the amount of ǧ10,000 previously paid out of court, to the agents of the Republic, leaving still in court ǧ2,000, in addition to the amounts remaining open with Roye’s administrator and John N. Lewis. The agreement and draft of the supplementary act above referred to, with a statement of our solicitors as to the action taken by them, and the proceedings had in the matter of the loan, will be laid before the Legislature; also an exhibit, drawn up by the agents of the Republic, showing the manner in which the moneys paid out of court have been disbursed or otherwise disposed of. You will find among the items to the debit of the Government in said statement, an amount ordered by the Legislature to be paid to the General Post Office, London, for postage account, and an amount so ordered to be paid to Messrs. Coates & Co., for account of the late G. Ralston, Esq. a small balance; found to be due to Mr. Harriot on a draft drawn by Government on Rev. Wm. McLain, I directed to be paid. The other items are sufficiently explained. In compliance with the fourth requisition of the resolution of the Legislature, January 15th, 1873, authorizing the President to make an official visit abroad for purposes therein stated, the President is requested, after paying certain claims against the Government out of the loan, to bring the remainder to Liberia, I therefore, on my return home, brought with me six thousand pounds sterling, leaving a small balance, as the statement shows, to meet any emergency or contingency that may arise. Besides this sum, the agents placed in my hands

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three hundred pounds; a part of which was expended in England for account of the Government, and the remainder to be paid to the Secretary of the Treasury. I trust, gentlemen, you will indulge me in the earnest recommendation that you will not allow, except in case of absolute necessity, any portion of the said six thousand pounds to be applied to any other purpose than to some permanent national improvement tending to the development of the country, with a view to increasing the convenience of the people and the resources of the State. The injurious effect upon the interests of the Republic, occasioned by the negotiation of this loan, impress me more and more with sorrowful regrets and indignant feelings of reproach against the parties who, by culpable ambition and unblushing dishonesty, have brought upon the country so many depressing evils. It has not only involved the country in a heavy foreign debt without a recompense scarcely worth noting, but events show that friendly Governments, as well as benevolent individuals abroad, who from the beginning have sympathized with Liberia in her struggles, and have always been ready to extend to her material aid in carrying out the objects of her mission on this barbarous Coast, seem now to be impressed with the idea that this loan has placed Liberia in a position above the necessity of further pecuniary assistance; whereas, on the contrary, the burden imposed by the loan has placed the Government under monetary obligations and embarrassments never before more depressing. And it is earnestly to be hoped that a correct view of the present financial condition of Liberia may be so impressed upon our friends abroad, as that they will not abate their sympathy or kind liberality in aiding the efforts of this Government to advance the cause of humanity and religion among the idolatrous tribes of this heathen land. Applications Involving Concessions. In compliance with a wish of the Legislature, I endeavored while in England to procure the services of a competent geologist or mining engineer to visit Liberia for the purpose of conducting systematic explorations and mineral researches through the country. And in answer to an advertisement of Consul General Jackson, several persons applied to engage; but in each case, where the applicant appeared competent to the service required, the demand for outfit and salary was greater than was deemed desirable to accept. Meanwhile an agreement was concluded, subject to the approval of the Legislature, with certain parties in London, granting to them the right to explore the country, at their own expense, for the purpose of discovering mineral deposits, and to have the right to work the same, or any mines which they may claim to discover; and also the privilege of constructing railways, tramways, and other works incidental to working said mines – the concessionaires, on their part, to pay to the Government on the net profit derived by them, after deducting six per cent. on capital account, a fixed per centage on the respective minerals worked. I will cause to be laid before the Legislature said agreement, and it will rest with you to determine whether the national interest is likely to be served by its acceptance. I shall take occasion, at an early day, to lay before the Legislature several application which have been addressed to me for certain concessions by this Government: first, for establishing a bank in Liberia; second for landing on our Coast submarine cables to connect the Republic to the nearest telegraph station northward; and, third, for running a line of steamers between the Republic and England. The terms of these proposals have not been discussed; and while it is evident that some of the stipulations are certainly inadmissible, I have thought it proper to submit them to the consideration of the Legislature, with the request – if the objects are desirable, as I think they are – that they will suggest such modifications as in their judgment might be acceptable on both sides. The gentleman submitting these applications I have reason to believe, is

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backed by men of capital and influence who are quite prepared to carry out the objects stated on terms of mutual advantage. Purchase of a Revenue Cutter. I am gratified in being able to inform the Legislature of the purchase of a small vessel in England for the use of the Government in maintaining regular communication between the several counties of the Republic, and for protecting the revenue and enforcing the laws regulating trade and intercourse along our Coast. She is a new vessel, seventy-nine tons burthen, and well adapted to the service for which she is designed. Just before leaving England application was made, through Consul-General Jackson, to Her Majesty’s Government to place on said vessel a suitable gun to complete her efficiency. The last information I have is to the effect that an officer from Admiralty would be directed to visit the vessel to ascertain, I presume, the description of gun that would be suited to her. The National Finances. By account which will be transmitted to the Legislature from the Treasury Department, you will probably be surprised to find that the national revenues for the year endings the 30th of September last have not equaled those of the preceding year. Why this is so challenges inquiry. Nevertheless I am glad to state that the receipts were found sufficient to meet the current expenses of the Government, and also to enable the Secretary of the Treasury to discharge the interest and a large portion of the principal of outstanding claims against the Government in the hands of citizens. And but for the additional obligation imposed upon the Treasury by our foreign loan, I think we should have no reason to complain of the present condition of the public finances. As it is, however, there is no escaping this additional responsibility. And however reckless and blamable the conduct of those who contracted the loan, or those who, by peculation and fraud, so greatly reduced the amount contracted for, one thing is certain, the money was obtained on the faith of the Government, and I am satisfied that no patriotic citizen of the Republic would be willing that the faith and credit of the Government should be impaired. And as it devolved upon the Legislature to maintain, by suitable legislation, the honor of the country, I cannot allow myself to doubt that your united wisdom will devise the measures necessary to be adopted to meet this pressing pecuniary emergency. More than the present, there never was a time in the history of the Republic when the strictest economy should be observed in the public expenditures, nor when true patriotism should arouse the dormant sensibilities of the citizens of the Republic to active exertion, and a willingness to make personal sacrifices to advance the public good. Gentlemen, your constituents rely upon your wisdom and patriotism to inaugurate, at your present session, such a system of retrenchment in the public expenditures as the present financial condition of the country imperatively demands. Claim of the United States Government. I beg to remind the Legislature that in the latter part of the year 1869, when certain native tribes in the neighborhood of Grand Cape Mount were in a threatening state of excitement, this Government obtained from the Government of the United States certain arms and other military equipments, stipulated to be paid for in three years. But almost immediately after the purchase, a new administration was inaugurated in Liberia; and in less than twelvemonths thereafter, we found ourselves involved in serious political troubles, and these evidently diverted the attention of the Government from the course which was proposed to be pursued in regard to this purchase. The three years, however, having expired, the United States Minister Resident and Consul General near this Republic, acting under instructions from his Government, in April last demanded a settlement of the claim. But we could make

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no other reply than a truthful representation of our inability to meet the demand, in consequence of the existing financial embarrassment of the Government, occasioned by causes stated; which was communicated by the Minister Resident to his Government. In a subsequent dispatch from the Minister, October last, we are informed that the President of the United States regards the circumstances presented as sufficient justification for the past delay in respect to the settlements of said claim; and that while the President is reluctant to urge immediate payment of the debt, he expects an unqualified recognition thereof by payment of the accrued interest thereon. I submit this subject to the early attention of the Legislature, with an earnest recommendation that they will take such action in relation thereto as, in their judgment, shall be found practicable and advisable. Relying upon the kindly feeling of the United States towards Liberia, I confess I indulged the hope that our Government would be relived by that of the United States from the pecuniary obligation incurred by this purchase. Since the planting of the first American settlers on these shores, during the incumbency of President Monroe, who favored the enterprise, each successive Chief Magistrate of the United States has expressed a lively interest in the future of Liberia; and on many occasions have they manifested, by acts of kindness, their desire to advance her progress. I am aware that his Excellency, President Grant, is not indifferent to the welfare of this Republic; and were it an Executive prerogative to remit debts, I have reason to believe that President Grant would readily accord to Liberia a full discharge. But as I have stated, this case does not come within the purview of the Executive powers; nevertheless there is a power in the United States competent to deal with it, and I opine equally interested in the prosperity of this offspring of American benevolence and enterprise – I mean the Congress of the United States-and I am fully persuaded that an appeal to Congress would not fail of its object. Subjects Again Recommended. Of the subjects recommended to the consideration of the Legislature at their last session, some were left unfinished and others seem not to have been reached in the order of business. As I am still impressed with the importance of legislative action in regard to some of these, I will simply invite your attention to what was said on that occasion in respect to them. 1st. In reference to the improvement of the native tribes within our limits; which is still an object of the highest importance to the speedy development of our country. In the early part of the present year an attempt was made to establish, near the head waters of the Messsurado river, a large town into which to collect the scattered natives of that region. The chiefs were consulted, and readily accepted the plan suggested as promising results beneficial to the improvement of their people, and agreed to commence the work of reconstruction in a couple of months from the time at which they were convened; but though the natives generally seem favorable to the idea, it requiring an effort on their part to abandon their old homes and construct new buildings, no progress has been made in the proposed arrangement; and the Executive has no authority to bring to bear upon them the slightest pressure but that of persuasion. 2d. The present Judiciary system of the Republic appears to me open to improvement, and especially in those particulars suggested at the last session by the Attorney General. And I may here add that the compilation of the statutes of the Republic, also submitted at the last session, was not finally disposed of. 3d. I am still impressed with the desirableness of some modification in our present Militia system to increase its efficiency. 4th. The subject of the Centennial Exhibition to be held in the city of Philadelphia, Pa., U. S., in the summer of 1876, deserves your earliest attention. Since the last session of the Legislature, the Secretary of State has received, through our Consul General in the United

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States, a communication from the State Department of the United States, enclosing a copy of the proclamation by his Excellency, the President of the United States, announcing the time and place of holding the Exhibition, and a copy of the general regulations adopted by the Commissioners of the Exhibition, and asking the co operation of this Government in the proposed celebration. By the general regulations, which the Secretary of State will submit to you, you will observe that a formal acceptance of the invitation to be represented in requested previous to March 4, 1874. Annual Receipts and Expenditures. With the report of the Secretary of the Treasury will be laid before you accounts of the receipts and expenditures of the last fiscal year, together with estimates of the appropriations necessary for the public service of the current year. It is ascertained that from some unaccountable cause the revenue on imports and exports during the year which ended 30th September last, has not equaled, by twenty-seven thousand dollars, the revenue from the same sources the preceding year. While, from certain reasons, it was not expected that the imports of the past year would likely be equal to those of the preceding year, still the large difference has awakened apprehensions which require to be satisfied. Whether the officers of the customs have not been sufficiently diligent in the discharge of their respective duties, and of consequence very grievous frauds, by smuggling or otherwise, have been practiced on the Government, is a question demanding solution. And I cannot too strongly press upon the attention of the Legislature the propriety of ascertaining, if practicable, the cause or causes which have lead to the difference above referred to and if found to result from any defect in our present system of collecting and making returns of imports, or from the want of more stringent regulations to prevent smuggling, that the Legislature will apply such remedies as, in their judgment, shall be deemed necessary to correct any abuse found to exist prejudicial to the interests of the country. Revision of the Tariff. While canvassing the question to which I have adverted, I would invite the attention of the Legislature to a review of the present tariff of the Republic; imperfect in its ambiguity in several important particulars, and still more imperfect in its inequality in respect to many articles taxed. That the tariff needs radical revision appears to me fully manifest. But to adjust a tariff for the purposes of revenue requires much time and thought to place it upon an equitable basis; and it has occurred to me that the object can be better attained by the appointment of a committee to draft, during the recess of the Legislature, a suitable tariff act, to be presented at your next session for modification or approval. The Treasury Department. I cannot omit to mention that, in consequence of the limited revenues of the past year, the Secretary of the Treasury has been placed, on several occasions, under very embarrassing circumstances; but, in perusing his report and accounts, I doubt not you will find pale proof of the ability and successful exertions of that officer in conducting the duties of the Department during a period truly remarkable for its difficulties and peculiar perplexities. There is no department of the Government that requires a more efficient staff of officers than the Treasury Department. The duties of that department are complex and arduous, and – if conducted as they should, and as the interest of the State demands – every facility, in the nature of assistance, should be provided; and especially a strict accountability should be insisted upon in the discharge of the duties required in the several branches of the department.

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Reliance on the Legislature. Reserving for future occasion in the course of the session whatever other communications may claim your attention, I close the present, by expressing my reliance, under the blessing of Divine Providence, on the judgment and patriotism which will guide your measures in the great council of the nation, at a period calling for inflexible exertion for the welfare of our country. I shall await, with encouraging hope, the result of your deliberations; assured that, with a due sense of the obligations you are under to your constituents, and of the high responsibilities weighing upon you as representatives of the whole people, you will give efficacy to the means committed to you for the common good. And may He who searches the hearts of the children of men prosper your exertions to secure all those blessings which are calculated to promote the highest welfare of our country, and the permanent happiness of our fellow citizens. I have now, gentlemen, only to add the assurance, that whatever measures you may adopt, tending to the general good, shall have my hearty co-operation and faithful execution. J. J. Roberts. Executive Mansion, December 15, 1873

Annual Message to the Legislature December 10, 1874 Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives: you are again assembled in your Legislative capacity for the dispatch of business, and with you are assembled certain native chiefs from the several counties of the Republic, summoned in conformity with an act of your last session, as advisory members of your body in matters relating to the government of our aboriginal population. During your recess it has pleased an all-wise Providence to remove by death from your counsels Senator Green, of Sinoe county. Senator Green was comparatively a young man who had just entered upon a public career, but those who knew him best inform me that he was a man of liberal views, of good natural abilities, and, had he lived, would have done honor to his county and important service to the State. And I may not omit to mention here that, since your last meeting, intelligence has reached us of the death of a devoted friend of Liberia abroad, the Rev. Joseph Tracy, D. D., of the United States. For a quarter of a century or more Dr. Tracy had been identified with African Colonization, and devoted much of his time and talents to the true interests of Liberia. No man who had not visited Liberia understood better than he her wants and resources and the actual state of affairs in the country, and when her good reputation was assailed he was never backward in using his pen to defend her character and in setting her right before the world. He had been for many years the active Secretary of the Massachusetts Colonization Society, and from their organization the valued Secretary of the Trustees of Donations for Education in Liberia. On the subject of education in Liberia he was always deeply interested. In his last letter to me March 8th, the present year, he remarks, “I am very much engaged now in studying how to complete the independence of Liberia. Education independence is a necessity, and I think the time for it is near, even if it has not fully come.” The people of Liberia appreciate his services, and deeply lament the death of Dr. Tracy.

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Condition of the Country. It is the duty of the Executive, at an early state of your session, to inform the Legislature of the condition of the Republic, and to recommend for their adoption any measures that, in his judgment, may seem expedient. In taking a view of the present state of our country, I scarcely need mention that the heavy and almost continuous rains of the past season so interrupted the preparations for planting rice that serious apprehensions are entertained of a scarcity of this article of food the ensuing year; but we have cause for thankfulness that all other crops of the season produced abundant harvests. It is also cause for congratulation and thankfulness that our shores have not been visited during the past year by any malignant contagion, and that peace has been maintained with our aboriginal neighbors. Foreign Relations. As soon as practicable after the adjournment of the last session of the Legislature steps were taken to carry into effect your resolution of the 5th February, 1874. Hon. W. M. Davis, Attorney General, was commissioned and instructed early in May to proceed, with as little delay as possible, to Sierra Leone, and to discharge, on the best terms obtainable, the “Indemnity Bonds” executed by this Government in favor of British subjects for losses alleged to have been sustained at Manna in 1869. The Attorney General entered with zeal upon this duty, and in the adjustment and settlement of these claims exhibited an ability both creditable to himself and important to the State. The Commissioner’s report will be laid before you, showing a liquidated balance of fourteen thousand forty-nine dollars and seventy-six cents paid the Sierra Leone Government for said British claimant. The Secretary of the Treasury lost no time in remitting funds to meet the amount due the United States Government for accrued interest on purchase of arms and munitions of war in 1869. William Coppinger, Esq., Consul General of Liberia, to whom was remitted said funds, has advised the Secretary of the Treasury of the payment of nine thousand two hundred and eighty-four dollars and nineteen cents as the amount of the four years’ interest. I beg to mention in this connection, that the Secretary of State, by direction of the Executive, has addressed a letter to the Secretary of State, of the United States, asking, for reasons therein stated, that the aforesaid claim with further interest thereon be remitted; but as yet no reply has been received. Interior Annexation. The Commissioners for interior explorations, &c., of the several counties, whose appointment was authorized by an act of the last session of the Legislature, were duly commissioned, and after some unavoidable delay, were dispatched on their respective missions. Though the weather since their departure has been very unfavorable for travel, rumor places them a considerable distance in the interior; but up to the present no official intelligence has been received from any of them, except that Captain Benjamin K. Anderson, Chief Commissioner for Montserrado county, has informed the secretary of State of the acquisition of a fine territory in the Pessey country, the chief and people incorporating themselves with the citizens of the Republic. Superintendent Roberts informs me that the Commissioners of this county obtained a cession to government of the “entire tract of land lying between Grand Bassa county and the Pessey country.” We may hope that these explorations and researches will be of great benefit to the State, at any rate we may have reason to expect that these explorations will give us a better knowledge than we at present possess of our vast interior. Codification of the Laws. I exceedingly regret that I have not been able to have executed your resolution of the 12th February providing for the revisal, compiling, and printing the statutes of the Republic.

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Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature an effort was made to have this work accomplished. Two gentlemen had partially agreed to undertake the completion of the compilation and prepare the manuscript for the press, but on examining the manuscript presented by exAttorney General Johnson, which doubtless the Legislature supposed to be a compilation of the laws up to 1872, it was found to be simply a transcript, with here and there marginal notes, and in no sense a revision or compilation of the laws of the Republic. In this state of the case the gentlemen referred to declined the undertaking at the price fixed by the Legislature; and it is also complained that the time allotted the compilers is too short to do justice to a work of such high importance. I scarcely need mention that a complete revision of the statutes of the Republic is now a necessity, and I doubt not the Legislature will give the subject that early attention which its importance demands. Centennial Exposition. It is proper I should inform the Legislature that under the act of January 26 of this present year, accepting the invitation of the United States Government to co-operate in the International Exhibition to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in 1875, ex President Payne has been appointed Commissioner on the part of this Government to operate in Liberia in collecting, arranging, and forwarding the various articles proposed to be collected in Liberia for said Exhibition. I cannot too strongly or too earnestly press upon your fellow citizens throughout the Republic the propriety of a hearty co-operation with said Commissioner in his collection of such articles as will do credit to the industry of the people, and present a fair exhibit of the products of our country. I doubt that there is a citizen of Liberia who is not properly impressed with the importance of this subject, or who would withhold his co-operation in a matter that promises so much to the future of the Republic. Edward S. Morris, Esq., consents to serve, and has been commissioned to represent Liberia at Philadelphia in matters relating to the Exhibition, and especially in receiving and having placed in the Exhibition buildings such articles as may be forwarded from time to time by the Commissioner in Liberia. The Treasury. For a correct view of the present state of the public finances, I beg to refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, which will be laid before you at an early day. In the meantime it affords me very sincere pleasure to inform the Legislature that the duties on imports and exports for the fiscal year just passed exceed the amount of the preceding year several thousand dollars, and you will observe there has been a small increase of the whole revenue of the country. Nevertheless, I regret to state that the revenue has not been equal to the appropriations of the Legislature at its last session; and of consequence the Secretary of the Treasury has not been able to meet several of the appropriations, especially for this county, during the current year; and this embarrassment has been increased by the failure of the two counties – Sinoe and Maryland – to pay into the treasury of the Republic during the year anything towards the support of the General Government, as the law directs. This omission is an injustice to other counties, and the citizens of these have just cause of complaint that the public improvements deemed desirable or necessary to their convenience by the Legislature, but be suspended indefinitely for want of funds. I beg to invite special attention to this subject, and to ask the Legislature to apply such remedy as will equalize the charge of the General Government upon the several counties of the Republic. It is not fair that a portion of the counties only should be burdened with the whole of the general charge.

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Taxation. I beg to ask also a review of the law regulating taxes on real property. Your attention is invited especially to this law, for the reason that during the year I have received petitions from certain citizens of this county requesting the Executive to suspend the collection of taxes for reasons in each case specially stated, but in my judgment, there did not seem sufficient grounds to justify Executive interference, and it was, therefore, deemed advisable to submit the whole subject to the consideration of the Legislature. The petitions above referred to will be laid before you, and will give you an idea of what is required. The English Loan. Nothing important has transpired abroad since your last meeting respecting the seven per cent. loan, except the bankruptcy of Messrs. Holderness, Nott & Co., with whom our agents in London concluded an agreement based on the passage by the Legislature of an act supplementary to the acts approved respectively January 26th, 1870, and January 29th, 1872, &c., &c. On the passage and notification of said supplementary act, Holderness, Nott & Co. agreed to reimburse the Government to the amount of five thousand pounds, (ǧ5,000), to be applied as specified in their agreement, and an additional one thousand pounds (ǧ1,000) in cash, in discharge of costs incurred by the Government &c., &c., and to guarantee said payments they have deposited bonds to the value of thirteen thousand pounds, (ǧ13,000.). I confess, gentlemen, that I see no good reason why this supplementary act should not be accepted. It imposes no additional obligation upon the Government, and would save to it more than is likely to be recovered, under existing circumstances, by a suit at law. While it is true that great fraud and peculation have been practiced in regard to this loan, and that the Government has received but a small portion, comparatively, of the amount actually borrowed, still the people desire that this shall be faithfully discharged, that the public credit shall be preserved, and that bona fide bondholders be not disappointed in their confidence. I therefore ask your careful attention to this subject, and earnestly solicit that you will adopt such measures in relation thereto as shall meet the wishes of your constituents. I regret that I can give the Legislature no certain and satisfactory information respecting the action against the estate of the late President Roye for four thousand pounds (ǧ4,000) withdrawn from the aforesaid loan contrary to the law authorizing the loan, and contrary to the Constitution of the Republic. Nevertheless, upon the allegation of the administrator that the Government of Liberia is indebted to the estate of the late President Roye, Vice Chancellor Malins ruled that the bill as against Roye be dismissed, as the affidavits which had been field by the Republic were regarded as insufficient. Our agents, I understand, have appealed to the House of Lords. Up to our last advices, no answer had been filed in the case of John N. Lewis. The Wrecked Steamer “Yoruba” Affairs in the county of Maryland – especially relating to the cargo of the steamship “Yoruba,” wrecked at Cape Palmas in 1873 – have given the Government much concern and perplexity during the past year. Immediately after the adjournment of the last session, I proposed to make a personal visit to Maryland to look into these matters, and soon after the arrival of the “Emmy” from England I embarked, accompanied by the Secretary of the Treasury and Attorney General, for Maryland county, intending to visit the intermediate counties during the passage; but, in consequence of bad weather and severe ill health, I was obliged to return to Monrovia. In the meantime the superintendent of the county had sent up statements and accounts of the disposal of such of said cargo as had come to the hands of the authorities; but they were not satisfactory, and feeling anxious that there should be no further delay in arranging these

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matters, I appointed and empowered Hon. H. W. Dennis, Secretary of the Treasury, a special commissioner to proceed to Cape Palmas, and there to adjust fully all accounts relating to the “Yoruba’s” cargo, and to give such directions with regard to any goods or merchandise remaining on hand as might best serve the interest of the owners. But I regret to have to inform the Legislature that the commissioner failed in accomplishing the object of his mission. Superintendent Gibson’s accounts, as the commissioner found them, were not sufficiently explanatory, and in several important particulars defective – in so much that the commissioner felt bound to ask for other accounts more comprehensible and acceptable to all parties concerned. These were promised; but the commissioner, after remaining several days, failed to obtain them, and returned to Monrovia without any adjustment of accounts relating to the “Yoruba’s” cargo. The commissioner’s report will be laid before you, to which I ask your special attention, and shall hope that the Legislature will adopt such measure as will lead to an immediate adjustment of these matters. Underwriters and others are urgently demanding that these accounts be speedily arranged and settled, and the honor of the Government should not be compromised by further delay. I have no communication from Superintendent Gibson on the subject of the “Yoruba’s” cargo since the departure of the commissioner from Cape Palmas; and such are the seeming complications of this whole business, that I have deemed it proper to suspend that officer until the Legislature shall have taken such action in the premises as in their judgment may seem proper or desirable. Common Schools. The subject of common schools, which, in some of its present phases, involves questions of grave importance, will claim your attention. It is, indeed, doubtful whether the plan of multiplying schools, without competent teachers to conduct them, is judicious. Coming, as you do, gentlemen, from all parts of the Republic, I doubt not your own observation will direct you as to the best method of using the fund appropriated to this object. In this connection, I beg to remind you that, in a previous communication to the Legislature, I stated that Hon. H. M. Schieffelin had created “a foundation from which the Government might expect to receive three hundred dollars per annum for the use of common schools.” This foundation consisted of a steam sugar-mill, located on the premises of the late Hon. W. S. Anderson. After the death of Mr. Anderson, in consequence of its remoteness form the river, the mill could not be made available for general use, consequently, it was found to be of no utility to the Government. This fact having been communicated to Mr. Schieffelin, he has placed the mill entirely at the disposal of the Government, to be sold, or otherwise disposed of, as the Government may deem most expedient, so that the proceeds shall go for the purposes of education. The Legislature will direct what disposition shall be made of said mill. Strict Economy Enjoined. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you a statement of the probable receipts, and also estimates of the appropriations necessary for the public service during the current year. I scarcely need remind the Legislature that the time is now at hand to test the patriotism of every citizen of the State – that the strictest economy must be observed in the public expenditures, and that the disbursements of the Government should be kept within the receipts. These are considerations of the highest importance, considering the present financial condition of the country. This session will, doubtless, adopt measures to discharge the interest on our foreign loan and to meet the half-yearly drawings, and, with this view, I earnestly recommend that the Legislature will carefully review and, as far as in their judgment may seem proper, alter the laws regulating the salaries of public officers, and the laws fixing the fees of officers and others rendering public service.

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Improvement of the Natives. I am aware that the improvement of our aboriginal population and the native tribes around us, is always an object of deep interest to the Legislature, and I regard your present session a most favorable opportunity for measures tending to this end. For the first time in the history of the Republic you have associated with you in your legislative deliberations native chiefs from the several parts of the country. These chiefs have been selected for their intelligence and influence, and I doubt not will be able, by their counsel and advice, to render important assistance in whatever measure you may deem it proper to adopt for the elevation and improvement of this people. In conclusion, gentlemen, I commend you to the guidance of an all-wise Providence, in the hope that He will direct all your deliberations to results favorable to the welfare of our common country. J. J. Roberts Executive Mansion, Monrovia December 10, 1874

Annual Message to the Legislature December 17, 1875 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: Another year has rolled around, during which there have been many and marked changes and occurrences in the political as well as in the natural world; and in conformity with a provision of our Constitution, I am here to lay the condition of our Republic before you, who have been elected by the people to represent their interests, to legislate the advancement and prosperity of our political institutions, and to devise ways and means for most effectually establishing a firm and sure basis of national progress and greatness. On this, as on all occasions, we have manifold reasons for offering the Almighty and beneficent ruler of the universe, our unfeigned thanks and gratitude for the continued mercies and goodness which He has not ceased to manifest and bestow upon us, either as individuals or as a nation. Notwithstanding, since your last session the churlish knot of allabhorred war has been unknit among us, and the angle of death has with unsparing hand cut down in our midst valuable and useful citizens, yet even these events may be some of the mysterious workings of an all-wise Providence for the salvation of the country; and in the abundance of the harvests which has attended the labors of the agriculturalist, and in the success experienced generally by those engaged in commercial, mechanical, or other pursuits, we cannot fail to acknowledge the goodness of God. Obituary.—It becomes my melancholy duty to inform you of the death of Hon. Jacob. D. Preston, Senator from Grand Bassa County, who after a lingering illness departed this life in the early part of the year. He filled several positions in our Government, and his services to the public are well known to you. At the time of his death there were two years of his term remaining to be served, and accordingly I ordered a special election to be held in that county on the 26th of October last, to fill the vacancy thus occasioned. Among those who have also passed off the state of action this year, I might mention Hon. D. F. Smith, who for many years served his country as a legislator – first in the House and then in the Senate – and in the Judiciary had won the reputation of having no superior as a judge, either in ability or integrity. He was Superintendent of Grand Bassa County at his death, and had also been selected as one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court,

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under the act passed at your last session. Hon. H. E. Fuller, Treasurer of the Republic, a position filled by him for the last three years with satisfaction and probity. Hon. H. W. Moulton, Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas of Maryland county. He was killed during the hostilities in that county, thus leaving vacant a place in which he had served for several years. Hon A. Washington, Ex Senator from Montserrado county, who by his industry, rectitude and straight forwardness, had so commended himself to the favor and appreciation of his countrymen as to have been returned several times to represent their interest as a member of one or the other of your houses. His term was finished at your last session. Absence of the President.—Those of you who were present at the last session of the Legislature may have observed the impaired state of my health at that time, and my increasing feebleness. Finding myself gradually becoming more infirm, I was impressed that a visit from home would so far resuscitate my strength and restore my health as to enable me to fill the remaining portion of my term of office with greater satisfaction both to my fellowcitizens and to myself. I therefore, on the twenty-seventh of June, left here in one of the mail steamers, reaching England in due time, where I remained until last month, when I took passage for home and arrived here on the 30th of the same. While I have not fully realized a restoration to health, and do not find myself improved in this respect as I would like, yet I have every reason to believe that for the change of climate and other concomitants I should not have the honor of being in your presence. And I would here beg to offer my absence as an excuse for any deficiency in this document as to fullness of details of such occurrences of the year as should be brought to your attention. For most of the information herein contained I am endebted to the Vice President – who conducted the affairs of state during my absence, and has since my return furnished me with a summary of the doings of Government while he was thus acting, which I perceive is already in print, – and to the other officers of Government who assisted him. Foreign Relations.—Nothing has transpired within the year to impair the friendly relations existing between this and other nations:-these, so far as we are aware, are as satisfactory and favorable as when last reported to you, and no occasion has been permitted to pass unimproved that has offered for the enhancement and strengthening of them. Difficulties in Maryland County.—Unfortunately our relations with the aborigines of the country do not present so pleasing and favorable an aspect. On the contrary, there perhaps has been no period in our national existence when these have assumed a more precarious and unsettled state. The restless disposition of this class of our population becoming apparent, especially in the county of Maryland, I empowered the Hon. J. S. Payne, on the 26th of June last, as a Special Commissioner to proceed thither, inquire into, and adjust the difficulties existing between the natives and the settlers, to discover the causes of the disloyal feelings entertained by the natives, as evinced in their assuming, in Dec’r, 1873, in a conference of our chiefs and headmen of the various tribes of the G'deboes within our jurisdiction, the right and power to make a treaty forming themselves into a kingdom within and yet free and distinct from the Government of Liberia. Mr. Payne entered upon his duties in the following month with an assiduity, devotion, and earnestness deserving of better success and more felicitous results. On his arrival at Cape Palmas invitations were extended to the chieftains of the several tribes to meet him; but only one of them, Weah of Cape Palmas tribe, with an unusually small number of his principal men, complied with the request and attended the interviews which were appointed.

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After the hearing of the complaints as presented by the settlers and natives against each other, the Commissioner prepared conclusions on each point submitted – conclusions that commend themselves for their equity and impartiality – but before these were made known to the chieftains of the Cape Palmas G’deboes, a hostile intention was manifested by an armed force being ambushed in Park woods – the highway of the settlements – for the avowed purpose of fighting the Americo-Liberians. Chief Weah, when questioned by the Commissioner respecting this warlike demonstration, attributed it to a report that the Government had sent information to the interior natives, inviting them down, that the Government was going to fight the Cape Palmas tribes. This report was, apparently to Weah’s own satisfaction, proven to be false by the chiefs of the tribes to whom it was said the message had been sent; and confessing his wrong in thus hastily placing himself in such a hostile attitude, he promised to disarm his men. “This promise,” the Commissioner states, “was not kept, for the day following (12th of August) his people began deliberately to fire upon the settlements from the Hoffman Mission Station, about which they paraded defiantly and repeatedly.” On the land matter, which seemed to be the chief question and the real cause of the dissatisfaction, the Commissioner’s conclusions were:-“It must be understood that the domain of the country is the Government’s. That it acquires and holds it for the people. The people of Liberia are AmericoLiberians and the Aboriginal-Liberians. There can be allowed no molestation to parties who hold lands by virtue of Government grants or sale. The Americo-Liberians having such lands will be protected in their right. The Aboriginal-Liberians when they apply for and draw the two thousand acres appropriated by the Act of the Legislature will be protected in their right to the same. Public land is accessible to both classes of the population alike for farming purposes and cutting timber. When the Aboriginal-Liberians select public lands before the assignment of the two thousand acres, the chief should give information of the locality to the Superintendent. The Land Commissioner shall not dispose of such lands nor any of their town sites while the former is being cultivated.” Though the conclusions thus arrived at were so equitable and just, yet they were unsatisfactory to the natives. They deny ever having sold the land; they ignore the right of the Liberia to that part of her domain; the amounts paid by the Maryland State Colonization Society for the purchase of the territory, they claim were paid them for landing the immigrants and building their huts. Their chief aim is to repossess themselves of the land, the right over which has become vested in the Liberian Government by regular deeds of cession given at first to the aforementioned Society during and between the years 1834 and 1856, and on the annexation of that country to the Republic in 1857, transferred to this Government: to which right the title acquired by conquest can in several instances be added. The more effectually to accomplish their object of dismembering the Republic, the Half Cavalla, River Cavalla, Graway, Cape Palmas, Rocktown, Middletown, and Fishtown tribes, together with such others as they could get to join them, combined into a so-called kingdom under the leadership, it is painful to say, of those of their number who had received the advantages of an education – the graduates, scholars and native employees of the Protestant Episcopal Mission. And here I would remark that while there may be, and apparently are reasons for imputing to some of the instructors of those scholars the credit of having instilled and encouraged in them doctrines and sentiments pernicious and detrimental to the interest of the Republic, yet no blame can be attributed to the mission itself, for on learning of the combination referred to, the Secretary of the Foreign Committee of said mission issued a circular under date of December 20, 1874, to those in their employ, in which, after referring to the account

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of a conference held at Cape Palmas in December, 1873, at which the G’deboes tribes united themselves by treaty into one kingdom, the following statements are made: “This matter is one with which the Committee have, of course, no right to meddle except in so far as it relates to those who are connected in some capacity with the mission work which the Committee are prosecuting within the limits of Liberia. As far as such persons are concerned, the Committee feel that they have a duty to perform. The Committee know no government within the limits of Liberia other than the Liberian Government. It is under the protection of that Government that the missionary work is carried on; and everything conspires to make the committee most anxious that nothing shall interfere with the growth and prosperity of said Government. This view must control the Committee in all their operations in Liberia; and in this view it is expected that all persons employed by them will agree. It is with no little concern that the Committee observe in the account published in the West African Record, before referred to, the names of the persons employed by the Foreign Committee. Therefore it is that the Committee desires me to send to you, in their name, this letter of caution.” The cautionary letter, however, did not have its desired effect, nor was the movement regarded as of sufficient importance, so far as I am informed by the immediate representatives of that county, as to cause them to bring it to the attention of the Legislature. The representations and recommendations up to and since the beginning of the present year to the Executive were such as to create the impression that a commission composed of one or more well-known citizens could adjust and settle the differences. The combination, however, in the meanwhile seemed to have been led on by the hope of receiving the fostering care and protection of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government-an impression created and strengthened, doubtless, by the same class of unprincipled foreign traders to whom on more than one occasion we have been in no small degree indebted for the calamities of war with our native population. A disposition to assist and encourage these insurgents, even after hostilities have fairly begun, has been too plainly manifested; and in this respect I might allude especially to some of the commanders of the steamers belonging to both the African Steamship and the British and African Steam Navigation companies. These would not only land at the places thus in rebellion such of the insurgents as were brought from further down the Coast, but also such contrabands of war as arms and ammunition; and in some instances, taking advantage of our want of facilities to forcibly prevent such wanton outrages and disregard of our laws, would make it specially convenient to stop at other than ports of entry to land such parties and things, so as not to encounter even a show of opposition to a species of transactions so unfriendly and illicit. I am loath to believe that the conduct of the commanders of the steamers who have thus acted in a manner that cannot be too strongly denounced, can have the countenance of their respective companies; and I am sure it can never receive the approval of Her Majesty’s Government, or of the British public, of whom the traders who visit our coast are in many instances no fair and just index. This combination has entered into a correspondence with Her Majesty’s Government, but I am unable to inform you definitely of the nature thereof, as the Commissioner could not induce the Chiefs to exhibit said correspondence. We learn, however, that their overtures to that Government were not favorably entertained. The Commissioner, soon after the rejection of his conclusions, became convinced that the only way to avoid a war was to yield the land question. Such a concession would have been the death blow to the Republic, for if the doctrine once attained that we will relinquish our right honestly acquired to any tract of land whenever the sellers thereof or their descen-

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dants see fit to ignore the sale, we shall be doomed to see title after title disappear until we cease to have a foot-hold to call our own. “From this time,” he states, “everything bore the aspect of war.” “The AmericoLiberians, perceiving the true intention of the natives, began to make preparations, mounting their cannon, laying off stations, raising breast-works, and putting small arms in a proper condition – nothing occurring in the meanwhile but occasional firing of small arms from and at the mission station.” Warlike preparations and demonstrations rapidly increased, and the mail steamer arriving here on the 29th of August brought information to the Government that hostilities had begun. Acting President Gardner, after consultation with his cabinet and the chief military officers, made a call the same week for volunteers-acting in this under the authority vested in the Executive by the Constitution which provides that “he shall in the recess of the Legislature have power to call our the militia or any portion thereof into actual service in defense of the Republic.” This call was so promptly and patriotically responded to that by the fifteenth of September there had been landed in Harper near four hundred soldiers from the counties of Montserrado and Bassa, the remaining force from these and Sinoe counties following thereafter. Ere this however, between 11th and 13th of the same month, there had been several engagements, in all of which our forces were victorious and with remarkably small losses. The enemy who in large numbers had attacked twice the settlement of Philadelphia, defended by a force of only thirty-three men, were each time repulsed; but it was considered the most prudent course to abandon this new settlement – the farthest in the interior – which was done of the 13th, and on the following day the place was fired and destroyed by the enemy. The vessels conveying the commanding officer with a portion of the troops from that first and second regiments, having drifted below the cape, did not reach Harper until the 27th, bringing the startling news that captain Francis A. Gross and Commissary R. L. Griggs, both of the second regiment, having landed for wood and water at Bassa, they, with seven out of nine kroomen comprising the crew, and the boat belonging to Messrs. Crusoe & Brother’s schooner, the “Edina,” then in the service, had been detained. Two of the kroomen, who had escaped and reached Harper about this time, reported the others as killed; but the subsequent arrival of two more of the crew has created a doubt as to the real fate of those two officers and the other kroomen. I would specially commend to your consideration the propriety of devising some way either for obtaining these parties if alive, or of punishing so flagrant an outrage upon our citizens. Bassa was represented as being friendly, is within our jurisdiction, the deed of cession therefore bearing date Feb’y 24th, 1846, and it was by the declarations and apparent manifestations of friendship that these parties were induced to go ashore. It is due to men who leave their homes and risk their lives for the general good and that the government should exhibit some interest in them when missing. Our forces having all assembled in Harper, Sunday, the 10th of October, seemed to have been selected as the day for attacking the principal town of the enemy. This selection appears the more injudicious and inexcusable when it is known that after weeks of comparative idleness we should without even an apparent reason therefor have acted so directly contrary to the precepts that we profess to endeavor to impress upon the natives. In one of the deeds of cession for land in that section is this provision and exaction of the natives:“We shall observe the Lord’s day, and not suffer our people to convey any trade or fire-arms through the Colonial settlements, or do it ourselves on the Sabbath; and if any are found offending by trading or bearing fire-arms, they shall pay for the first offense five fowls; 2d, one goat; 3d, one bullock.”

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I do not allude to this as especial cause of failure, or as an excuse for any military mismanagement that may have resulted in our disaster, but to contrast our pretensions of regard for religion and Christian influences with some of our actual doings which have elicited from the natives the well-deserved rebuke – you do not allow us to fish, trade, or carry arms on Sunday, but you carry war on that day. In such acts can we expect Divine favor to attend us? Was the loss of the battle too great a forfeiture for us to pay for our offense? The following account of the fight is taken from the statement of the Acting President:“All necessary preparations having been made to attack the insurgents, the enemy was bombarded by the ‘Emmy’ and land forces on the 9th of October, and, according to Gen’l Crayton’s programme, the army was marched against Benelu (the Bigtown) on the 10th, and engaged the enemy at a quarter to 6 o’clock in the morning. After a most severe contest for about two hours, the enemy gave way and fled in every direction before our troops, and strange to say, with these facts staring them in the face, it is said that General Crayton fainted and called for some 30 or 40 men to take him off the field; and while he was being assisted to the jail station, some cowardly person passed the order up the line to retreat. Instead of our troops retreating in order, they ran off in all the confusion imaginable, and nothing that Col. Sherman and Col. Redd on the right could say or do could stop the general stampede. The natives discovering that the Americans were running, at once returned and pursued our troops, wounding many in their flight. Our troops had most gloriously won the battle, but the flight turned the tide of war against us at an enormous sacrifice of money, if not of life. After this defeat, owing to the state of the arms, the defects of which had been greatly experienced in the course of the fight, it was not deemed prudent to renew at once the attack; but as Vice President Gardner writes-“It was suggested by the officers of the army that, owing to the bad state and condition of our arms, Palmas should be garrisoned with two hundred men, that is, one hundred from the first regiment and fifty from the second and third respectively, until such time as the Government can procure the Snider or other improved arms for the further prosecution of the war.” “Although,” he continues, “I did not like the plan of garrisoning Palmas, yet knowing that the Government was in need not only of good guns but also the means to prosecute the war effectually, I yielded to the suggestion, and garrisoned that place for two months, or until the Legislature can take such action in the premises as they in their judgment may deem best.” By his request I have to ask your approval of the several warrants drawn upon the Treasurer of the Republic for the relief of Palmas, a distinct account of which will be submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury. I have laid before you at some length the condition of affairs in Maryland county. All of the troops except those to compose the garrison have been ordered to their homes, and with few exceptions perhaps, have already returned to their families. The natives continue ever and anon to fire upon, attack, or in other ways to annoy the settlements, but as in all the engagements previous and subsequent to the 10th of October, they are invariably repulsed. Jacksonville or Bunker Hill, which in the general panic of that ever memorably day was abandoned and afterwards destroyed by the enemy, has since been re-occupied by the settlers. It is for you now, gentlemen, to determine the course and measures to be adopted for effectually crushing out the rebellion and the spirit of insubordination extant among our aboriginal population. There are many and weighty reasons why this war should be prosecuted to a successful issue for the Republic. The restless and offensive attitude assumed by the natives in all parts

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of the country, since our disaster in October, too clearly manifests the general feeling towards the republic, and evinces a disposition on their part to disintegrate and destroy our national fabric, that can only be checked by a successful prosecution and termination of the present hostilities. This general dissatisfaction is not very complimentary to our past policy and treatment of the natives, and should strongly direct the attention of you, gentlemen, and the whole people to a correction of past errors and wholesome reformation in this respect. I should not fail to remark that in the preparation of the late expedition much credit is attributed to the merchants-citizens and foreigners – who cheerfully responded to the call of the Government for aid, and came forward with liberal hand to her support. I beg also to state that much praise is due to our Consul General in London, James Jackson, Esq., for his indefatigable efforts to raise subscriptions, &c., for the relief of the sufferers of the war. On the 28th September, the Secretary of State, by direction of the Acting President, applied to the American Minister at this place for the assistance of a United States’ man-ofwar; and I am pleased to state that so promptly was the application forwarded by that gentleman that our Department of State has already been placed in possession of the information that the Secretary of State at Washington had requested the Secretary of the Navy to order one of the ships-of-war of the Government of the United States to proceed to Palmas. I think I am justified in adding that we may expect the arrival of this warship daily, and to observe that this manifestation of friendship towards us by a nation to whom we are so peculiarly allied, is very gratifying. I have also to submit to you in connection with our native difficulties that the German Consul at this place has complained to this Government that two boats belonging to the house of A. Woermann, Esq., a German citizen transacting mercantile business in our midst, while on their way from Cape Palmas to Monrovia were attacked, robbed, and carried away by the residents of Piccaniny Cess and Toota Benda, and that five of the crew were killed in the affair; and the damages sustained by the loss of the boats and cargo are assessed at seven hundred and seventy dollars. This complaint was filed on the second of the present month, but the absence of the “Emmy,” now engaged in protecting the harbor of Harper, has prevented any investigation or inquiry being made into the affair. Finances.—The financial condition and prospects of the country are far from cheering, for added to our previous embarrassments the outlay that has been made and that it will be still necessary to make on account of the unexpected war into which we find ourselves plunged, will form no insignificant or unimportant item of expenditure. The Secretary to the Treasury has laid before you his reports more fully setting forth the actual state of our finances. Apperance at the Centennial.—I have already, through the Department of State directed your attention to the consideration whether under our present circumstances we can creditably appear at the Centennial exhibition of 1876, to be held in Philadelphia, or if our embarrassments do not dictate the advisability of the withdrawal of the acceptance of the invitation tendered to us. The English Loan.-At your last session was again submitted the subject of the loan, and all the papers and information connected therewith that had reached the Government were laid before you. During the present year the Government has been communicated with respect to the default in the payment of the interest, &c., by the council of Foreign Bondholders, who write-“The council have learned with regret that the legislature at its late session made no provision for the payment of the interest and sinking fund. They, however, sincerely trust that both in the interests of the bondholders and of the republic of Liberia herself, some

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steps will at once be taken by the Legislature to provide the necessary funds for the service of the foreign debt, as the continued default is most injurious to the credit of the Republic.” Applications have also been received from individual bondholders urging upon the Government the payment of the overdue interest. I can only again invite your attention to a subject of such vital importance to the public credit and character, and respectfully submit if it is not worthy of your earnest efforts and energies as legislators. In a few days the “general bungling of the present Government” will cease to be an excuse for the apparent indifference and non-action o n this subject of the legislators of the people. And it is to be sincerely hoped that there will be a full realization of all the grand changes for the benefit of our common country so earnestly and anxiously anticipated at the termination of the present administration. Education.—There is a wide scope for improvement in the educational interests of the country. At present the public schools present in many instances very farcical appearances from the inability of those having these under their control to get competent teachers for the small salary paid. While we are aware that at this time the Government can make no large outlay in any one direction, yet there are public expenses which might with great propriety and advantage to the country be curtailed in favor of the educational department. It is to be exceedingly regretted that the citizens generally do no more fully evince some of the essential conditions of a permanent government, viz., a willingness and ability to do what is necessary of its preservation, and to discharge the functions which it imposes on them. They seem to ignore their duty to contribute to the support of the Government by the payment of those taxes that are levied upon them from time to time; to entertain the opinion that such a political anomaly could exist as a government maintaining the institutions of the country, promptly meeting and canceling the current expense of a national organization, while the people who constitute that government were not bound and should not be required faithfully and equally as promptly to contribute to these ends by the payment of their legal dues. Thus it is that aside from the revenue arising from the customs, a sufficient amount is not realized from other sources to support even the class of schools now existing. A proper dissemination of knowledge may awaken the masses to this obligation, and I would remark that it would at least show the further interest of the Government in this respect if the suggestion offered by Ex-Secretary Dennis in his report in 1873 to support six lads taken from the several counties as students in Liberia College, were adopted. Military.—Late events clearly demonstrate the necessity of some measures being adopted to improve the military department, a subject to which on more than one occasion I have directed your attention. Retrenchment.—The subject of retrenchment has been so often presented to you that I deem it unnecessary to add anything on this head. Conclusion.—And now, gentlemen, in conclusion I have only to impress upon you the present condition of affairs so loudly demanding the most patriotic actions and best energies of the country, and to assure you of my hearty co-operation in any measure tending to the improvement thereof. And may we be guided in the proper discharge of our duties by Him who rules both men and nations. J. J. Roberts. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 17th, 1875.

James Spriggs Payne VIII President of Liberia: 1876–1878

Annual Message to the Legislature December 12, 1876 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, Upon the meeting of your honorable body to enter upon the high and responsible duties of Legislating for the good of the country; it becomes the duty of the Executive to communicate to you its state or condition and submit such Measures as he thinks essential to its future prosperity and progress. I may, I hope, join you in thanks to Almighty God the Father of Mercies for the blessings and gracious Providence with which He has favored us as a people during a year so peculiar and eventful. For, amidst the trials to which as a people we have been this year subjected, there has been no want. To the believer in His divine providence, of abundant evidence of His interposition and care for us. And I feel sure that you will not only not fail to appreciate His mercies yourselves, but be thankful that the people seem to have become awakened to this great duty, from the religious awakenings throughout the land which inspire us with the consoling hope that Christianity, the most vital principle of all successful governments, will stimulate them to the duties they owe their Maker and their fellow man. There is no situation or concentration of circumstances in which a man or community can reasonably ignore dependence upon Him whose favor is the guarantee of protection and peace. And there is no community than Liberia where it is more becoming to confess the reasonably incumbent duty. It is, therefore, infinitely pleasing to us to find from recent abundant manifestations that God is with us – deigning yet to bless us with His protection, His providence and His guidance. But the year 1876 has been marked and made memorable by some events of a most painful and solemn character. In the Month of February the country was called to part with the venerable Ex President Joseph Jenkins Roberts who had served it as chief executive for a longer period than all others together having served as Governor of the colony six years and enjoyed the suffrages of a majority of the citizens for six terms or twelve years as President. Later in the year, the Honourable H.W. Dennis succumbed to the ruthless rage of the last enemy. He had served his country, to the best of his ability, faithfully in several positions the last of which was that of Secretary of the Treasury in which position he laboured indefatigably hoping to improve the finances. In addition to these serious and heavy losses we have been afflicted by the death, in September, of Honorable John R. Freeman whom we had secured as chief of the Treasury Department. Congratulating ourselves that, amidst the indisposition to take office, we had

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found one whose long connection of government, whose laboriousness in office, would manage the fiscal concerns of the country efficiently for some time. But our hope was vain. He, too, broke down and closed his career among us. The passage away from our view and from our aid in the great work to which we are committed, of such men in this rapid succession cannot but be regarded, if not felt, by all good citizens as a sore trial and heavy loss. When you held your last session the country was in the most gloomy and sorrowful condition it ever had seen. The rebellion of its Grebo populations had taken a proportion unimagined by the most sanguine and credulous, but had been encountered with so little consideration and management, notwithstanding the ample provisions, made by the patriotism of the citizens and kind disposition of foreign residents, that the condition and character of the combination had been immensely strengthened. In keeping with the disposition manifested ever since Liberia has existed not to embark in a war with the inhabitants of these lands without compelled by the most urgent necessity, we deemed this the condition of things that made it imperative to prepare to crush and put down the hydra-headed combination, and had contracted for the arms and ammunition and provisions requisite to the stern necessity which, I am thankful to be able to say, were here in due time. The ancient firm of A. Woerman through the head of its House – W. Brohm Esqr. – having promptly forwarded a fine quality of Snider rifles &c.; the Liberian Rubber Association; through its general agent, F. F. de Moraes, Esqr., another quantity and the tried friendship of H. Muller & Co. through the chief of their business N. J. A. Maarshalk, Esqr. having made up and sent, without word, the provisions ordered; which together with the aid and willingness of our own merchants – J.L. Crusoe & Bro, H. Cooper & Son, R.A. Sherman and others quite prepared us to put down successful this rebellion. But a kind providence intervened to save from the prosecution of this fratricidal war any further. The interest awakened in the United States manifesting itself in carious expression in the public papers and especially in deputations to the President thereof resulted in the ordering of a war steamer to visit Liberia. On the 5th of February Captain A.A. Semmes commanding the “Alaska” arrived in our harbour and communicated to this Government through the Legation of the United States his instructions from the Secretary of the Navy of the Government of the United States. His instructions were entirely in harmony with the views and desires of our Government and the services of Alaska magnanimously offered and so cheerfully given by her Commander and officers, enabled this government to terminate the strife without renewing the conflict and to conclude an agreement or treaty, with the Grebo people, which I believe, is the basis of a lasting peace in that section of the country. The ending of this affair in this manner has had a fine effect upon the aboriginal population of our entire coast, impressing them with the hopelessness of the endeavor to ignore the sale of territory by their ancestors and the hopelessness of thinking to attach themselves to the British Crown after having alienated the territory for valuable consideration. They have also been convinced that no highly civilized government will countenance an endeavour so unjust in principle and evil in its intentions. For during the stay of the “Alaska” at Cape Palmas and in the midst of negotiations of the treaty a letter was returned to them from Commodore Sit William Hewitt commanding Her Britannic Majesty’s squadron on the Western Coast, informing the Grebo confederation, in reply to one sent him, that in case the British flag was hoisted, as they said they intended, they would not be acknowledged.

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The Commander of the “Alaska” was equally explicit and emphatic as well as untiring in his exertions to facilitate an adjustment and settlement. The whole negotiation was impressive, interesting and, I believe, sincere. The intervention of the Government of the United States to prevent, by exhausting all peaceable means, further strife and bloodshed and make peace in Liberia between us and these populations was the manifestation of the friendliness and comity which have characterized the interest of this Government in Liberia in all the stages of her brief existence. For while the American Government never assumed, as it has not in this instance assumed, any of the responsibilities of governing in Liberia, it has from the beginning evinced sympathy for the handful of its inhabitants who have planted themselves, by the aid of American philanthropy, on the distant and barbarous shores. The manifestations of this interest began when Captain Stockton of a U.S. War vessel interposed in the first difficulties, and effected an adjustment of the first war by which the permanent possession of Cape Montserrado was achieved. And it has been continued to the present. The people of Liberia have had all along their history the duty imposed upon them to entertain the liveliest sense of gratitude to the American Government. To it they should have looked, for guidance and for help, more than to any other, in the effort to establish themselves where, untrammeled, they might develop their manhood, erect a government of their own and take a part in the solution of the problems that look to the enfranchisement and elevation of mankind. I recommend, therefore, to your consideration the great propriety of recognizing this recent act of magnanimity, consideration and sympathy on the part of the Government of the United States in a suitable expression of the grateful feelings of the republic of Liberia. The Condition of the Country. The condition of the country since its emergence from the difficulties in which we entered upon the year, has been in most respect satisfactory as being all that could have been expected in its embarrassed financial circumstances. The apprehension of unprecedented scarcity for all necessary commodities faded away in the ability of the people to provide the means to obtain them. The immediate cause of this scarcity, from which none of the civilized settlements seemed to have been exempted, was the war in Maryland county which taxed the ability of each county. But another cause was the consequence of a neglect of the farmers, in their absorbed to the cultivation of exportable articles – sugar and coffee particularly – to give attention to other products essential to successful and profitable cultivation. It is obvious to all that profitable farming, in a country where food requires so large an outlay, requires diligence to provide the essentials of subsistence. The prospects of the agricultural interest are annually proving the commercial transaction have been on a larger scale than usual. In fine, the indications are clear and distinct that so soon as the country manages to rid itself of the evils of foreign debt and depreciated currency her prosperity will be in a manner assured. Her vast area of most fertile lands, extensive wildernesses of various and useful timbers, her mountainous districts of rich ores and minerals and numerous exportable products, coming by degrees gentle and safe, into demand, could not fail to make this one of the most prosperous of countries in the hands of an enterprising, industrious and liberal people. Notwithstanding the increasing interest of the commercial operations of the country, it is doubted that there will be a corresponding increase of the revenue. I regret to communicate to you the fact that the legislation of your last session has not improved the revenue. It is the opinion of the present Superintendent of Grand Bassa County that from one third to one half of the duties on exports of the duties on exports and imports in that county fails to be collected.

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It was anticipated that the interdict on powder and firearms and the high duty on spirits would measurably restrain the introduction of these articles and decrease the revenue to some extent, but it was not supposed that your legislation would effect the revenue any other respect. I deem it a duty to request your attention to the consideration of this subject – and the Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you comparative statements of some articles of the tariff of the present and previous years. The fact coming to the knowledge of Government that the steamers which call at Bassa, seldom, if ever, deposit a manifest in the Custom House, making it dependent upon the disposition of consignees voluntarily to report their invoices. I have appointed, in accordance with law, a boarding officer, and but for the nearness of your session, would have appointed a wharfinger to facilitate the collection of the tariff dues. Considering the difficulty of safe landing at all times in this county, the failure of the steamers to enter regularly and deposit a manifest is entitled to some allowance, but it is so great a drawback to the operations of the Custom House, so unusual, (for I doubt that a practice of this character would be tolerated by any other government) that I submit the subject to your consideration with my opinion that it might not be found impracticable, if a legislative act required it, for the Collector of Customs of Grand Bassa County to have a branch of his office in the lower ward of the City of Buchanan – alias “Fishtown” – and the steamers required to conform to the revenue laws. In connection with my reference to the revival of the office of Boarding office in Grand Bassa County, I would submit to you the recommendation that provision should be made for such an officer in each County. The danger to some of our communities, if not all, of being infected by some noxious disease from the easy intercourse of vessels has been apparent more than once. It is scarcely possible to believe that any civilized man would put on the shores of a civilized town an individual infected with a loathsome contagion and yet it is a fact that the inhumanity of many foreigners, traversing this coast, can scarcely be exaggerated – when it is known that persons thus suffering have been pushed on shore within the limits of a civilized town by some of the British steamers, when for a small sum, not coin, but anything of value to an uncivilized African, he might have been sent to a distant shore. Without some regulation to protect ourselves from imposition of this character as well as to secure the full operation of our revenue laws, we may some day reap the bitter fruits of a disregard and want of such a sanitary provision. On the subject of the condition of the country I would communicate to you that the Government has found it impracticable to issue the one hundred thousand dollars in engraved bills which an act of your last session authorized. At an early date after your last session, it submitted the project of engraving or printing to an American firm and was informed that the minimum charge would be 450 dollars – the plates being furnished and the amount to be paid at once. The proposal was made to the firm of Messrs. Yates and Porterfield of New York. The proposal was renewed through our Consul General in England with much better success and the terms accepted and the order given for the execution of the amount of one hundred and twenty five thousand dollars. The plates were forwarded in the month of October. There has been, therefore, no increase of the circulating medium beyond the amount of $17,863.70 issued during your last session. The expenses of the war, which were to be met with 60,000 dollars of the authorized issue, have been met in the main by the revenue. I am not prepared to say that all such expenses have been paid but in the main the volunteers have

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been paid and a large Portion of the claims for the materiale of war have been meet by drafts upon the revenue. And notwithstanding the probable execution and arrival of the printed currency in due time, I think it would be good policy not to augment the amount in circulation if it could be possibly avoided by effecting a loan or borrowing as much of that now in circulation as will meet present demands. This I have been informed is practicable and can be done without expense. It is in harmony with the wishes of patriotic Citizens and, I think, of the entire people. The Secretary of the Treasury has, therefore, been requested to effect such arrangements as will secure this result. Foreign Relations The foreign relations of the country have continued, I am thankful to inform you, without interruption. There is good reason to believe that the civilized world appreciates the endeavors of a young community to maintain a civilized government upon this dark continent. The sentiments and real feeling of enlightened governments are reflected not so truly by the isolated individualism with which one comes in contact on this coast as by the friendly attitude they assume or their voluntary expressions of encouragement and sympathy. We have these from all sides. They have strengthened us in periods of difficulty and at no period more than the present. It is vastly to our interest to cherish these sentiments and maintain inviolably the peaceful relation of friendly comity now existing between us and fourteen of the Powers of Christendom. It is for this reason that the government is urgent that the treaties with the governments of these nationalities should be put in print and made accessible to the people of Liberia. For this same reason, that the laws of Liberia should be accessible to them and all foreign residents; and without an attempt to argue the propriety of this – which would be like elaborating a truism – I recommend the subject of public printing to you with the request that you make such provision by appropriation for it that this very important object may be delayed no longer to the great danger of violating solemn treaties and falling into complications with foreign powers, through the ignorance of their resident citizens of the laws of the land. The preservation of these peaceful relations – so desirable to us – makes it necessary that you should consider and determine the status and prerogatives of the foreign consuls accredited to this Republic and accepted upon an unequivocal exequatur. I imagine I see difficulty arising from this direction. The government has labored to prevent it and has on more than one occasion, from a desire to avert it, passed over what could have been, with an easy interpretation of the language, construed into an insult. The relation of these officers to their governments and to their commercial firms gives them dual character, and it is easy to see how one person with such a character may construe an act meant for one phase of this character into an attack upon the other unless there is a clear statement of his rights, his position and the place of his Consulate. This is a subject of some delicacy and nothing but a desire to obviate future unpleasantness with foreign officials and their governments has prompted me to recommend to you the consideration of the subject – and the passage of an act definitely declaring the status &c., of foreign consulate – not that you should accord them less, but whether we should continue to accord them greater rights and a higher position than their respective governments expected them to receive or have accorded to them. Here I may also invite your attention to the conclusion of the government that " foreigners have a right to trade at any of the civilized Liberian settlements" according to conventional law, and the "Act confining and restricting foreign vessels to Ports of Entry and the Amendatory Act."

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Without a clear understanding of these acts, there may be an interruption of the friendly relations of those foreign governments some of whose citizens reside in Liberia for purposes of trade. An interpretation might be obtained from the Courts, but if it were regarded, the injury inflicted might be beyond our reach of repairing and a sad disturbance of our foreign relations might be the consequence – a result we are by no means anxious to realize. The Government holds still to the conclusion aforesaid, not as the opinion of the Attorney General to which it attaches the importance given it by all civilized governments possessing such an officer, but as the construction of treaty stipulations and the acts aforesaid. This “conclusion” met the opposition of certain persons in Grand Bassa county who succeeded in two separate town meetings in expressing determined opposition, in highly unbecoming language and with unjust reflections, that might have resulted disastrously if the foreign resident concerned had persisted in his intention sustained by the conclusion of the government. We have been informed that the people of Grand Bassa county did not endorse this opposition gotten up at the town meetings. If so, we are truly thankful. Still we are anxious that the legislation out which may flow sad interruptions to our foreign relations should be definite and without ambiguity. The residence of foreigners in Liberia whether a blessing or not, whether they exert any influence for good upon a community so much needing it, any civilized settlement is as much entitled to as another. But they may be reasonably restrained from this privilege heathen towns bound as we are to protect them; and liable as we are to demands for indemnification for injuries sustained by them. If we would perpetuate the good feeling and friendly relation existing between us and foreign Powers, we must accord to their citizens residing among us the rights guaranteed by the treaties we have made with their governments, or the laws we enact from time to time; and we must construe the words of such treaties according to the recognized meaning of such words in that language. The illiberal spirit that would restrain them from such rights fearing they may monopolize the trade, is unwise and a confession of inability to compete successfully with them, which is contrary to the fact; I contend that no citizen or class of citizens has a right to make this humiliating confession without having first employed the means adequate to a fair solution of the question of the inferiority of the black man to the white in trade. The fact is, the foreign trader employs a larger capital resulting from the association of the members of his firm, when Liberians do the same either singly or by associated companies they will have no cause to dread this rivalry. But willing or unwilling to contest with them the question, by treaty and by the act authorizing the lease of lands, if not by the act and its amendments confining and restricting foreign vessels to Ports of entry, rights are granted that can not be withheld without misunderstanding and to prevent this, there should be as little ambiguity as possible. The Fiscal Condition of the Country. I invite your attention to the fiscal condition of the country and its liabilities, at no period more perplexing and requiring careful thought and legislation than at present. The pressure upon the country this year has been immense. The forestalling of the revenue by the amount of scrip in private hands, the expenses of the war in Maryland county, which bad amounted, at the close of the fiscal year, to $ 95,432.04 and. the ordinary expenses of the government have had only the revenue from imports and exports to meet them, and while I am sure many stand yet unpaid, I am certain that many have been and that the amount of the domestic liabilities of the country is diminishing. The Government thinks that all reasonable citizens will agree that with such a pressure and an exhausted treasury, more could not have been done during the year.

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It would have afforded it unbounded pleasure if it could have responded to the demands of foreign creditors. But this has been simply an impossibility. The provision made at the last session of your body, to liquidate the loan, has realized nothing. It remains for you to devise some plan to enable the government to entertain the demands of the bondholders with some hopefulness of soon making a payment. A plan should have been adopted long before this time to do so, but as the responsibility of this debt has fallen upon this administration, it is time something should be done. Were there any systematic principles in the collection of taxes, the amount of the loan might be easily raised even with such a population as ours. But few, and they the most unreasonable of beings, object to taxation among either the AmericoLiberians or the Aboriginal-Liberians. The latter never object to it when the subject has been properly presented to them: of the former, those who raise objections do so mainly on the grounds, that some persons are not made to pay and the tax money is not fully reported. It is a fact that there is nothing to force a tax collector to make a faithful return but his conscience, and it has long since been deemed the better policy not to leave fiscal matters to the legislation of a single individual. We have, however, no determined systematic principle in the collection of taxes, otherwise we might not be frightened by a loan of 500,000 dollars with a population approximating to a million. But the cardinal thing to be achieved, in adopting a well defined policy for the collection of the taxes, requires the time that we have not now to spare in devising a plan to meet the responsibility of the country as to this loan. Various projects present themselves and to them I invite your attention. One is to propose to Her Britannic Majesty's Government to terminate the question of the "Northwestern boundary" of Liberia by accepting the territory northwest of Manna River for a valuable consideration. Another is to propose to European or American merchants transacting business in Liberia to either buy up the bonds or advance the amount necessary to accomplish this, and accept Liberia's obligation to cancel the sum, for which they may be brought, at the Custom houses of this government. A third, which I cheerfully endorse, is to request the United States Government to advance the required sum or order that the bonds of Liberia be commuted into the scrip of that Government, and accept the obligation of the Republic of Liberia holding the same, as it were, a mortgage upon the government until it is cancelled. A fourth is to effect the lease of lands on such terms and to such an extent as will give an amount sufficient to take up the bonds. And there is another which proposes to constitute the revenue, on certain articles a sinking fund for the inviolable payment of the loan. The least objectionable proposal is to grant, for a sufficient sum, to any company in the United States or Europe the privilege, for a definite period in a definite section, the exclusive mining operation. The last suggestion is to subject the English Steamers to the revenue laws and to hypothecate, or appropriate, inviolably, all revenue from them to the liquidation of this debt. Having enjoyed an immunity till now from all port charges, this requirement could not be considered improper or unreasonable in the circumstances and with the responsibilities of this government. And bound or obligated as it is by treaty stipulation to afford protection to them while in our waters as far as we can, which has been given more than once, I doubt that any admirer of justice would complain of the requirement. This, however, is deserving of thoughtful discrimination. To demand the usual port charges of steamers returning to our coast several times severally in the year would be a heavy burden. If you concur with me in my views on this subject I recommend a course that would not be oppressive.

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The foreign liabilities of the country is the most perplexing and immediately important subject of any that occupies my mind. Notwithstanding the fact that that first and unfortunate and unproductive loan was most immorally manipulated, a desire to act in good faith with the lenders of the money makes us anxious to make them a return. I entertain the hope that you will calmly consider, not the amount or the manner in which it has been used or squandered, which would be an unprofitable investigation, but the ways and the means of making the unfortunate lenders of the money a compensation. Lease of Lands to Foreigners. It may not be improper to invite your attention to the act of your last session " authorizing the Government of Liberia to lease lands to foreigners" which it was believed would have recommended itself to persons wishing to engage in enterprise in this country. There were some good grounds for this belief immediately after the passing of the act which, however, disappeared, it is supposed, from the inability of the Government to give assurance that its negotiations would certainly be "ratified" by the Legislature. I recommend a change in this feature of the Act by which the Government may finally conclude a lease with a party that proposes to effect it. This change you might safely make by fixing the rate per acre, and the increase of rate per acre upon renewal of a lease, determining whether the land leased shall be seaboard land, i.e. land on the "coast" or interior lands – whether in proximity to the civilized settlements or where the lessees may choose it, and the maximum quantity that may be leased to a company or individual. The liberality of the act would also be improved by an act authorizing private citizens to effect the lease of land owned by them for the same period and with like privilege. . I will not attempt to dilate upon the propriety and importance of such changes. The Patent Act. I deem it very necessary to request your attention to the " Act to promote the progress of the arts, manufacture, agriculture and commerce " on which I have to inform you that in the month of November A.D. 1875, a patent was granted, under the seal of the Republic, to Francisco Ferreira deMoraes – an alien (who subsequently transferred his right to the Liberian Rubber Association of Liverpool England) for the manufacture, preparation and exportation, exclusively, of the article called India-Rubber or Gutta Percha which had not become known in Liberia as an exportable article of commerce and accordingly was never incorporated among dutiable products. The Liberian Rubber Association while securing a patent for the exclusive rights to manufacture, prepare, after a specified process and export, for twelve years, entered into an agreement to pay the government of Liberia 2 ½ centrum on all exported and ten dollars per ton export duty. As remuneration for the discovery and development of this article as one of trade a patent was granted as aforesaid by the Government of Liberia upon the strength of the Act. It is now claimed that the Government of Liberia, can neither make nor enforce a concession of this kind, and I invite your attention to a consideration of the patent act and the patent thereupon granted, with a view to sustain the act of the government and maintain its right to make concessions for valuable discoveries and development of articles of value, and with a view to encourage further developments or discoveries. I will not, however, submit this subject to you without my opinion that the law is sufficiently perfect and that the patent has been granted in clear accordance with it and that the government has as manifest right to grant the patent or concession to " exclusively manufacture, prepare and export " or sell a newly discovered article of value as any other govern-

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ment. The documents pertinent to this subject will be furnished you at your request. But to prevent all misunderstanding I recommend the passage of a declaratory act to the effect: That the present patent act be so extended as to authorize the government to give exclusive right of exportation to persons making new discoveries of vegetable or mineral substances hitherto unknown to our law as articles of commerce. The Aboriginal Population. You have often had before you the subject of our aboriginal Liberians – the vastly preponderating portion of the population of this Republic, I have not the smallest doubt that you and all intelligent citizens are anxious for their elevation into complete citizenship apparent as it is that this indigenous population is destined for no insignificant part in the maintenance of the government which a Christian Republic affords. The day may come sooner than we expect it, when the colored population of the United States will divest themselves of an intense prejudice to emigration, when they will discriminate between the claims of fatherland and those of the land that adopted them. Then, having gained great advantages from the processes of preparation to which they are now eligible, they may elect to take a ripe scholarship, a precise scientific knowledge and other qualifications to a field offering them ample opportunities for a fruitful employment of them. Liberia will welcome them. Even then, this indigenous population, with its many sterling manly qualities, will be an acquisition of great utility and power, and the problem has long occupied the minds of our best citizens how to bring them in and assimilate them to our customs and institutions. I do not flatter myself with the idea that this problem can be solved at this date. There is a great deal to learn of aboriginal character, a great many evils to efface, a great deal of unreasonable prejudice to conquer. But I think that Liberia never had a better opportunity, a better state of things than the present time presents, to impress its character and take hold of this population with a determination to demonstrate to them that the existence of a civilized and Christian government among them is intended also for their benefit and that we can mutually benefit each other and follow up this declaration with a course of conduct compatible with civilization and enlightened laws. My anxiety on this subject equals that of any citizen and induces me to propose that we make preparation, in amending the Constitution, to accord to the great tribes of our population a more direct participation in the affairs of the country. Possessing property as any of them may procure land, they are eligible when thus qualified. But they should be represented directly in the National Legislature. I recommend, then, 1st, that there be an amendment to the Constitution, to be submitted with others, by which the great tribes of our population may be directly represented in the National Legislature. 2. That an act be passed by the Legislature defining the limits and vicinity of established native towns and making it a misdemeanor for any surveyor to survey the same for any other person or corporation. 3. That an act be passed making it the duty of the Government to appoint the native chief of his district or town the government tax collector and that it be clearly specified that in all instances there shall be satisfactory ground that there is an abandonment of their heathenish practices in order to the enjoyment of the advantages aforesaid and of our courts of Judicature. 4. It having come to the knowledge of the government, upon complaints of native chiefs, that lands assigned them have been surveyed and deeded to Americo-Liberians in several instances, I recommend that in all such cases authority be given to the government to make new grants and give deeds for the same to native chiefs.

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5. That no land on which any aboriginal-Liberian or native subject of this government has begun to plant coffee shall be surveyed for another party. That to do so be made a misdemeanor liable to a penalty. A small appropriation, to buy seed coffee, for distribution amongst leeward natives, disposed to plant coffee, would not be impolitic and therefore, I recommend it, Education. It is a duty that I have no inclination to neglect to bring to your notice the condition of education in the country. Your attention has been so often taxed with this subject that it is wholly unnecessary to dwell upon its importance to a community and particularly one of a republican character. That the popular will that wields and controls the government of a country should be educated no one would hesitate to admit. And I am constrained, by a deep conviction of the truth and by a desire to do justice to the people of Liberia to assert that no people admits more strongly the vital importance of intelligence. Their error has been in according intelligence where it was not to be found and passively entrusting the entire .management of this great interest to the persons employed as educators from belief that they were too intelligent to fail in management of this work and that their independence of society gave it no right to question their operations. This was a great mistake, almost inexcusable, I admit. The common good, or the interest essential to the advancement and welfare of a people should enlist the sympathy and concern of every citizen beyond all preference and sympathy for the individual, and should demand that what is intended for the good of society should be made to promote its welfare. The government itself seems not to have comprehended, at all times, its responsibility on this subject. For of the several charters and supplementary charters which emanated from its legislature in respect to Liberia College, only one of them ( " An Act amendatory to the act entitled an act incorporating Liberia College and the Supplement thereto). 2. Lib. Stats. page 37) contained and carried out the idea of government's right to control the institution which its patrons intended to be a national one subject to such control. This chartering act of the Legislature soon passed away before the "Act to amend and consolidate the several acts concerning Liberia College." This "Consolidating Act" annulling all others that conflicted with it, swept away the authority of the government to control and supervise the College and left it only an abnormal relation to it. A close inspection of this incorporating Act makes the impression that the government was set aside from any active participation in the management or possibility of intervention except upon a possible contingency. But the government set itself aside by its own final act of incorporation. That the patrons of the institution did not eject it is plain from their intention that it should be national and incorporated, and this appears now more plainly the intention from the blame attached to the government for the want of success in the College. The government, however, acted upon or was silenced by the same feeling that has actuated individuals – that is, "since the institution or school, or mission is independent of us, that is, since we do not support it, we have nothing to do with it." Made to believe this, despite the intention to promote the good of the country, there has been silence for fear of being charged with interfering when there should have been a strong protest against the misuse of what was intended to be a blessing to the people. I hope that this great mistake, now so obvious and so deplored, will teach the people this important lesson. The prostration of the educational interest of the country calls for the efforts of not only the educators of society, but also of the people and all that represent them.

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My recommendation on this subject will devolve upon you no great deal of labor from the fact that we have on the Statute Books sufficient law for the present. I Propose, 1st, that you revive the "act creating an Interior Department" and authorize the immediate enforcement of it. 2ndly. That you make the schools dependent for their support upon the revenues of the state. To have, them supported by the taxes retards the operation of the schools as this year's experience has shown for the money to sustain them must be in the treasury or there must be some certainty which the collection of the taxes has not yet given. 3rdly. That an appropriation be made for education commensurate with the want and .requirements and importance of the subject. 4thly. That the government be authorized to accept the cooperation of any foreign institution, corporation or society taking a part in the educational movement in Liberia and that it be authorized to seek the blending of the several funds held in the United States for education in Liberia and, if successful, to open, besides common schools in each district, a school of a superior grade in each county and, if absolutely necessary, import teachers for them. 5thly. That the government be clothed with authority to choose, in the event of any corporation or society engaging in the advancement of education in this country, whether to Operate with it or to commit the management of its schools to such society or corporation. State of the Finances. Owing to the frequent changes in the Treasury Department this year on account of the resignation of Hon. J. T. Wiles, Secretary of the Treasury – made necessary by the state of his health as he represented – and the demise of Hon. John R. Freeman whom I appointed his successor, I have entertained great fears that you might not have a report from this department this year. I have much desired that you should have one and in time for a leisurely examination of it for I am satisfied that the fiscal condition of the country should be more frequently reported and examined than it had been for the last number of years. Actuated by this desire, I appointed as the successor of the late Secretary of the Treasury, the Hon. Benjamin Anderson and upon the information gathered from him as to the state of the department, I authorized him to make every effort and procure any assistance requisite to make up a report in time. The Secretary of the Treasury is prepared to submit his report and is entitled to great commendation for his assiduity, and the ability with which he has achieved this result and mastered such a task as he has had in so short a time. From his report I have gathered this information. 1. The revenue of the country from all sources during the fiscal year ended 30th, Sept 1876 has aggregated 2. The disbursements for the Period including $ 48.742.62 on account of the war in Maryland County 3. Deducting the amount on account of the war expenses, the true expenditure for government has been for the year that without the war expenses has been for the year 4. Showing that without war expenses there would have been an excess of the disbursement of the result for the year compared with the last three years is encouraging: In 1873 the revenue was In 1874 the revenue was In 1875 the revenue was In 1873 the disbursements were In 1874 the disbursements were

$ 113.026.34 $155.551.07 $106,807.45 $6,218.89 $81,586.33 $95.662.51 $94.831.49 $108,984.84 $138.57163

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In 1875 the disbursements were There was in 1875 only an excess of revenue above expenditure and that was nominal – appearing on the books but not in the coffers, and amounting to

$90,906.11 $,3.925.38

But there was an excess of disbursements in 1873 and 1874 of $ 60,302.63 which shows approximately the amount of scrip which must have been employed in these disbursements. This comparison leads me to believe that by a judicious arrangement for, and efficient collection of, the revenue, in two years, at least, the bulk of scrip which has been accumulating in the hands of holders, for several years, might be taken up leaving the currency only – the circulation of which can only be prevented by a sufficient amount of coin to meet expenses of the entire government for at least one half of one year It may appear a repetition, yet as I hear of mutterings on the subject, I deem it proper to refer again to certain items of a financial character for your and the people's information. Although you authorized the issue of 100.000 dollars in engraved bills and appropriated 60,000 dollars of the issue to the expense of prosecuting the war, the government has, in its inability to carry into effect this Act, refrained from augmenting the bulk of currency in circulation except the amount issued during your last session.. The amount then issued was 17,863.70 which was almost immediately exhausted by the payment of the expenses of your last session $ 11,486.19. The payment of that of the Supreme Court $990.00 and the transmission to Maryland County $1000.00; to Sinou County $2000.00 making $15,446.19 and leaving for the operations of the general government $ 2,417.51 In appropriating 60,000 dollars for the further prosecution of the war, you were good enough to “authorize and direct the Secretary of the Treasury under the direction of the President, to issue dutiable obligations not exceeding the sum of sixty thousand dollars as appropriated for the war in Maryland County and for no other purpose whatsoever." I am happy to state to you that the amount disbursed during the fiscal year ended September 30, 1876 has been $ 48,742.62 of which only $ 24,660.03 were dutiable obligations taxing the revenue immediately with the balance $ 24,082.59; immediately, I say, for it is obvious that all dutiable obligations are drafts upon the revenue. Paying, then, $ 24,082.59 of the expenses of the war directly from the revenue and taxing it indirectly with dutiable obligations for the balance, you will perceive that the revenue has borne the entire burden when it was reserved for the ordinary expenses of the government. Had the entire war expenses been taken up with dutiable obligations, it would have been an act in accordance with your authorization. Had it been exceeded, the necessities of the government, destitute and exhausted, would have justified the act with a reasonable people, aware as they must be of the fact that with a plethoric treasury, equally stringent enactments have had to be ignored in the issue of dutiable obligations for the last three years prior to 1876. New Ports of Entry. I must here recur to a thought expressed in reference to the revenue. The impression, I find, is more general than I had supposed that but a portion is secured to the government. I have no reference to places where a great deal is introduced and exported from which no revenue is collected – such as all the region of country south of Cape Palmas and the section of country known as the Liberian Northwestern territory where immense imports and exports are going on continually without, in the least degree, increasing the revenue, but at the ports of entry, with the marked increase which has taken place in the commercial transactions of

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the country, it is strange that the increase of the revenue is so slow and small. It is believed that it is considerably less than what it would be with proper or requisite vigilance and requirements. I ask your attention to the subject, and hope you will devise some acts to remedy the present defects of the law and secure the revenue with some certainty. In connection with this subject, I would invite your attention to the consideration of the propriety of creating more ports of entry. From certain sections of our territory, as you know, we have no revenue and it becomes a question whether we should not have there and at some other points ports of entry. We should save the duty on imports and exports growing out of the business there transacted. We would facilitate the industry of the native population and enable them to supply their wants to a greater extent and by this policy we might afford employment to some civilized natives and a few capable young men of our communities. It has been suggested that River Cesters, Sanguine and Grand Cesters would be excellent points to open – besides the extremities of our territory. I do not hesitate to state that a determination of the representatives of the people to carry into effect this suggestion, would make it necessary to authorize the construction of block houses having all the means of defense, of temporary residence, and of offices for the transactions of business. If this suggestion should awaken apprehension of collisions with our aboriginal inhabitants, I would not be deterred by such feeling from a work of its expansive and liberal character. The native populations would, I am certain, appreciate it and, if we utilize some of themselves, would sustain it. But shall we from a fear of encountering danger confine ourselves to the few points we occupy of our territory? Shall we longer allow places to be unoccupied from whence a considerable increase to our resources and revenue might be made to flow? There are at some of the places mentioned – not only the articles of export so long known to us, but, without doubt, many things which may be made exportable values. Highly valuable vegetable productions, now unknown, might be secured by their massive populations, while coal, petroleum, iron and the most precious metals might be brought to light in addition to the agricultural operations which the abundance of laborers would largely facilitate. In the condition of Liberia, no people would hesitate to do something of this kind. It requires courage and prudence, enterprise and industry which, I am sanguine, can be found in the country. Men old and young would be inspired – the despairing and despondent would break loose from old homes and try again to improve themselves and the country. Again, in the circumstances of this government and country, there is not, I am free to say, another civilized government or country in the world that would content itself with want and poverty pinching and checking it at every turn. If we cannot do ourselves what is necessary to develop its resources we should be willing to share a part of the benefits of prudent concessions to foreign capitalists to embark in such enterprises. Military. It may not be improper to call your attention to the state of the military of the country which needs all the improvements that a good military law and efficient officers can impart to it. It is not necessary for me to attempt more than to recommend you to remedy the defects in the military act of your last session and extend the number of regimental parades to four in each year instead of two. I am not aware what is the opinion of the military officers of the other counties on this extension but I am apprised that the military officers of this county share my opinion and wish it.

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Public Arms. The squandering of the public arms and ammunition is a subject of a very painful nature to every good citizen, and I avail myself of this occasion to request and recommend that you classify its criminality and impose a penalty upon any one that sells, buys or retains when they are called in, any public gun or ammunition. I am in earnest in making this request. Of the number of superior arms which this country has had within the last ten years, it is painful to witness the destitution of the commissariat. And I am unwilling to regard the act of making away with them a "breach of trust" or petit theft subject to the cognizance of a justice of the peace – the fines of many of whom and also of some of the higher courts exert no restraints upon the commission of crime. Secretary of State. Having been early in January informed by the Secretary of State of his disposition and desire to resign his office on account of the pressure of his private business upon him as he represented – he renewed his request on the 20th. of May and terminated actually his official relation with the government as Secretary of State for reasons before stated on the 12th of July, whereupon I appointed Honorable James S. Smith, Superintendent of Grand Bassa County, to the office of Secretary of State. Conclusion. I wish in concluding this communication to invite your attention to the performance of an act of justice toward the warm friends of Liberia whose interest was never more manifested than in their untiring efforts in this instance. I wish in a word, to recommend you to make during your present session a becoming acknowledgement of the eminent service of Messrs. Edward S. Morris & Co. of Philadelphia in their persistent and successful efforts to have Liberia represented on the great occasion of the United States Centennial Exhibition. The abrupt action which led to the determination to abandon the prudent project was both surprising and impolitic. The country had had never so good an opportunity to make herself known and obtain, by the manifestation of her products, the favorable opinion of enlightened persons as to their value. That in many places and by many persons the products of the country were known, that some of them were known to be superior to like products of other climates, we were all aware of, and we know also that but few of the persons that engage in trade in Liberia are willing to recommend it as worth embarking in or profitable enough to justify the risk to do so. Hence so few American merchantmen visit the country and open establishments. If the truth were told, it would be found that commercial transactions in this country have been systematically disparaged. The object of this still tongue policy is known and the American Centennial Exhibition was looked forward to as a time when the values and capabilities of the country might be made known to all the world. It gives us great pleasure to communicate to you the fact that the occasion was highly important and interesting for Liberia and that we are indebted to the persevering efforts of our Americo-Liberian friends – E.S Morris Co., for the signally successful and eminent service of representing Liberia on this occasion. Another subject I must bring to your mind. Your attention has been called to the subject of new ports of entry. If you take favorable action on this subject you will require the adoption of regulations for volunteers and opening and managing of new towns. In such an event, I would ask your attention to the propriety of passing an act by which, in future, all water lots shall be reserved to government for a perpetual revenue by the leasing of them. The government has been apprised by its consul that it is the intention of the Government of the French Republic to inaugurate an International and Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1878

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to hold from May to 31 of October; and from the tenor of our consul's last communication it appears that he has committed Liberia as an exhibitor. This has not been by any action of this government. We have been awaiting the details and full information on the subject and an invitation. But, as it is likely that Liberia will be invited I ask, in time, for your direction upon the subject. James S. Payne Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 12, 1876.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 17, 1877 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House or Representatives. Meeting to enter upon the arduous duties of the annual Session of the National Legislature, I do not forget that it is made the duty of the Executive to lay before you the state of the country and such recommendations as he considers important to its interest and progress. I think every citizen as well as yourselves will join with me in the sentiment that our obligation to the Father of mercies and Arbiter of nations has been increased by the superintendence and operations of Divine Providence which we find so regularly continued unto us. Let us thank the Lord who has preserved us from war, from pestilence, from famine, and the many evils that are befalling some other portions of our common humanity. It was with great apprehension that we entered upon the year. The depressed state of the finances, the partial failure of the crops in some sections and the demands to which we were liable could not fail to affect any citizen capable of appreciating the situation, much more the persons called to administer the Government. Whatever may be thought, I find it a pleasure to congratulate the country not only for the immunity with which we have been favored, but for the stern endurance and patience, the industry and perseverance that have characterized the people amidst the circumstances calculated to beget contrary effects. Agriculture. The spirit of agriculture is spreading in all directions. Traffic is falling into the hands of the few who by their enterprise and business habits, show themselves qualified to manage it advantageously. Here after investments in this direction, while they may prove as profitable will not be so general. The people have found out that it is safer to invest their means in the earth. They find her giving them many fold in return in the unrivaled coffee of this climate, and other products the majority of which find a ready market in other parts of the world. This is as it should be. This it seems is the lesson providence designs to teach us by the failure or want of success in so many who betook themselves to and invested their means in the business of traffic. It is time that the people should heed this teaching and employ themselves with the business to which they are adapted; in which with ordinary diligence and economy, they cannot fail. A judicious encouragement of the agricultural operations of the country would strengthen the disposition of the people to apply themselves to it and prove one of the best investments the Legislature could make. There is no doubt that action of the Legislature in awarding a premium for planting coffee stimulated the cultivation of this product. It is estimated that not less than 200,000 Coffee scions have been the plant of the years following this action of the Legislature. And I am of the opinion that the encouragement of

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farming operations should be continued and extended to other products. There should be located by the Government in each County, provided the people show a justifying determination to make sugar, a moderate size sugar mill to facilitate the manufacturing of an article that we much have and which we should produce rather than buy. Unfortunate for the country the sugar mill introduced here have been too expensive, requiring too large an investment to run them, and exacting too heavy a toll from small planters. Two such mills, as I propose, located at proper points on the Saint Paul’s river, two on the Saint John’s, and one in each of the farming districts of Sinoe and Maryland counties would have an important influence upon the spirit and manufactory of sugar. The agricultural encouragement given should not be limited to the Americo-Liberian. The entire population disposed to bend attention in this direction besides producing the common staples demanded and consumed at home should participate in this encouragement. This was the spirit of the country in the early days of the Government. The fathers and pioneers of the land contemplated the drawing in among us this population and disciplining them to the healthy avocations which would satisfy them to surrender slavery, which increase the growth and therefore, the wealth of the country, and which, by giving them fixed locations in opposition to a migratory propensity would give them a tangible responsibility, and acquirement which disposes to peaceful habits and lessens the disposition to predatory wars and conflicts with government. The aborigines where they find themselves prospering in consequence of undisturbed application of business they had in hand, are not slow in acknowledging the advantage of peace in their interests. The ancient feeling, if I may use this term, in so young a government, of the fathers agreeing with the aspirations of the aboriginal population, we should, in view of the benefits that might result to all, extend the encouragement to all. The importance of the agricultural operations of the country begin to find the Liberian communities the attention which is an acknowledgement and guarantee of success. It is that upon which we find now we have to depend. After nearly a half century’s application to commerce or rather trading, after losses which all, with few exceptions, have sustained; and after, in the aggregate, having lost one-third, if not one-half of the money the country had invested in the business, we have become awakened to the fact, to the unprofitable character of trading transactions and to the importance and advantage to us of general attention to agriculture. The odds in the business have been in the most causes against the AmericoLiberian. Having to confide his investments to the irresponsible African, he has had to content himself with what he could get him to pay. Then, again, his shipments of produce to foreign markets have been trammeled with the heaviest expenses and manipulated to the lowest degree of profit to him. Considering his dependence upon foreign agents, with no further interest in the matter than the commission they received or the profit of the consignment to them, it is not astonishing to any one who studies the subject, in connection with the circumstances of the Liberian, that so few have succeeded of those who turned attention to traffic. They have had the greatest difficulties to contend with and in consequence have not in all cases come out creditably. The futility of persevering in this course having become apparent to the people, they are appreciating the importance of that avocation, which is confessed by the enlightened nations to be the basis of national wealth, the surest road to comfort and guarantee of peace. The Importance of an Interior Department. In connection with this subject, I submit to you the importance of an Interior Department of the government. Under such a department the subject of agriculture with all its circumstances and demands would be taken. It would become one of the unavoidable incidents of its attention. There would be a department exclusively devoted to this great interest. Not that

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such a department would have no other great interest committed to it but that this would be one of the objects had in view. It requires no great effort I think to comprehend the propriety of an Interior department of this government. The large majority of our population needs to be looked after and their interest studied, their efforts directed and encouraged. In the hands of an individual interested in the development of the resources of the country combining adaptation, ability and energy, such a department could be a great benefit to the country and to this population. The agricultural work of the country could immensely be facilitated. It could employ an agent to instruct the aboriginal population in coffee culture and &c. It could enter into arrangements with native Chiefs for employing their people many of whom they now sell to raise means to meet their wants. It could demonstrate to them that the wages of labourer would more than equal the amount they sell him for and that his successive employment would be highly profitable. The domestic Slave-trade would be undermined, checked, and ultimately broken up. Now, the fear of those unfortunates’ escaping is inducing their owners to dispose of them. They are being bought largely by the kroomen who squat about on our North-beach and taken to the leeward coast. They procure them for labourers, but the labor is a kind that will bring no profit to the country. Kept at home they might enhance the operations of the country, increase the crops; and, by inducing their lords to hire them, they might be made to increase the coffee, sugar, and other products on the Saint Paul’s, the Saint John’s and other Liberian rivers. They would thus catch the idea of the cultivation of the articles we so much desire to introduce in large quantities into foreign countries. By a judiciously administered Interior department, farmers might be supplied with labourers. Thousands go abroad yearly in quest of it. Many might be retained at home by guaranteed employment and guaranteed payment. A short trial of the plan would satisfy them. They would soon come to prefer employment where mildness would be substituted for cruelty, where their labor would be exacted upon system and not upon the impulse of the arbitrary will of a foreign employer. It is a fact not to be truthfully denied, that many of the poor creatures whom necessity compels now to seek labor abroad, are most cruelly worked, are made to venture where imminent danger lurks and perish frequently at the command of some heartless being intent only in coming to the coast upon gain. It is no less than a fact that, after an absence from their families for months and sometimes years, they have most inhumane treatment on the steamers in getting home. Their hard earnings are not infrequently pitched in the sea lest the stay on the vessel should be prolonged – notwithstanding the payment of their passage! This inhumanity they feel and would avoid if they could find employment at home. It would not be very difficult to such a department, to give these employees the advantage of the common schools in the districts. Their hours of labor being determined as well as their wages and treatment, thus – at least two hours – a day they might have an opportunity to learn something. The advantages of an interior department are so great that I hope the country will consent to its revival and be willing to bear the additional expense. Properly managed the interior tribes might be brought under the influence of the Government; roads might be opened and systematically kept unobstructed; block-houses and trading depots might be created and communication opened with the distant interior, – an interior abundant in products, in cattle and stock, which the owners would gladly convey-if they were sure of a market and protection. Let block-houses be planted at proper localities, and place there some of the persons more fond of adventure than of work, under strict rules, and stricter commandants, and a safe conduct will have been given to the African merchant of which he will not be reluctant to avail himself.

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The penetration of the interior under the wise management of an energetic and enlightened Interior Department, will as a matter of course interfere with the plans and operations of some citizens. Freedom of travel will prompt many to travel who now hand their commodities to the persons accustomed to the routes; these consign themselves and their wares to their friends; but these friends – unless they become exceedingly accommodating and able to meet the increased wants – may not find the same amount of patronage. But shall this apprehension be allowed to oppose successfully the opening up of the interior, the founding of new Settlements, the starting of new enterprises! Lives there a man so sordid a disposition! If there be one no prophetic gift is required to foretell this disappointment – if the interior is opened. Want of More Ports of Entry. My conviction of the soundness of the policy of creating more ports of entry has been so strengthened during the year that I should not discharge faithfully the duty of communicating to you the measures I consider important to the country’s weal, were I to fail to recommend the opening of more. The wants of the native population, the inability of Liberian merchants to supply them, the inability of Liberians to communicate, at all seasons of the year, with certain parts of our undisputed coast, are sufficient reasons to justify the measure. They need no argument. The reasonable citizen admits them without question. And any one sound in his appreciation of the principles of Government would confess that the necessities should be met of a population so much greater than that which reclines upon certain points where ports of entry are established would consider it a good and wise measure. Besides, the fiscal aspect of the policy commends it. At present, we derive no revenue from certain points. The trade even does not fall into our hands. It must find an outlet and if we cannot induce it to flow to established ports, we may save the revenue by giving it additional ports of entry. I propose, therefore, that you constitute a port of entry at the San Pedro, another at Nanna-Kroo, and one in our North-west territory at Solyma or the most suitable point. To achieve the successful working of this measure, it might be necessary to leave the Executive a large discretion with power to send a commissioner to each of these points to ascertain the wishes of the population, the extent to which they would guarantee the undisturbed operations of the custom houses, and their disposition to co-operate with the Government in the maintenance of port of entry regulations. The Executive should be authorized to make the working of the establishments as interesting to the native population as possible compatible with the interest of the country and their healthy efficiency. Where there are found natives of ability and competency they should be put into the services. The draught upon the civilized communities would scarcely be felt; for, besides the services that might be given by competent natives, there are always Americo-Liberians about some of these places who as well as the employed aborigines would feel themselves elevated to be thus employed. A primary thing of the utmost importance to the good results of these establishments, would be the empowering of the Executive to procure without delay if possible, a suitable Steamer; for it is clear to every one that these establishments should have the vigilant supervision of the Treasury Department. A great deal of teaching may be necessary. Authority higher than that of the ordinary revenue officer would be requisite from time to time. Moreover, these establishments, and all other ports of Entry should have the protection that only such a vessel could give once a month. A measure of this character would go further towards finally adjusting and terminating difficulties about territory than any other solution of

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them. The main point is to do something for the aboriginal population at, and adjacent to, these locations. Give them good ground, to believe that the Government cares for them, that the citizens are willing that they should prosper also, and difficulties will wane, – you will enlist their good feeling, their good opinion; and, as surely as the magnet attracts steel, you will draw them unto you. It would be judicious to take this measure into consideration without further delay. The possibility is that in a few months there may be a large emigration to the country. Having these new ports created, they might be rapidly strengthened and the new immigrant and all others greatly advantaged; – the government in the mean time securing a revenue from imports and exports which it now entirely loses, the natives themselves largely benefited in, at least, having a port of entry at which steamers may land their people returning from service in foreign colonies without sustaining the loss as they frequently do, of all they have accumulated. Protected to this extent, they would not be unwilling to pay the duty on their imports when judiciously demanded and justly exacted. I mean by this that the duty on their imports should be taken in the kind of goods imported and at fair prices, that is, prices established by the Treasury Department and not by the local officer. Commission of Immigration I am of the opinion that it is quite time and very important that there should be some superintendence or supervision of immigration. Such a commission is not unknown to other countries and I think it necessary and might be made a great benefit to this. Hitherto the supervision has been exercised in a great measure by the American Colonization Society. But it has been manifestly not to the greatest benefit of the Country to resign this interesting work to a Society distant some thousand miles from localities to which they consign emigrants. It is quite impossible for them to know exactly the want of the counties, the proper places to pitch Settlements or to give the emigrants the attention and direction they require after their introduction into Liberia. They may be ever so kind, their integrity unimpaired, but they are too distant to superintend and direct them; except through an agent. And this agent has his hands full of work attending to their immediate needs. They may have suffered great impositions upon their embarkation, the passage, and after their arrival, and all Liberia can do nothing for them. No one, besides the agent possesses authority to speak or write in their cause. How far this condition of emigrants has effected immigration I am not prepared to say, but the many complaints I have heard of great impositions practiced upon some upon their embarkation and after their arrival, I can not doubt are communicated to their friends in the United States. Of the question of the truth of the complaints of emigrants, I have nothing to say. And this is one reason for the creation of a commission of immigration that there might be authority some where to say something and act in behalf of persons who need direction and council in circumstances so changed that a new experience has become necessary to them. I recommend, therefore, legislation on this subject and that such a commission be created and invested with authority to promote, direct, and superintend all future immigration into the country. Provision for the Defence of the Towns. I am convinced of the propriety of submitting to you for legislative action, the subject of the defense of the settlements. It is my conviction that but few of them are in a state to defend themselves. In some counties and in some towns, the people seem to have come to the conclusion to trust everything to the Lord. But this confidence is unenlightened and presumptuous. The trust in God’s which ignores on man’s part, effort, vigilance, forethought and preparation, He does not require.

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I have learned with sadness that there are towns where upon a surprise, not a piece of ordinance would be found in order, and an insufficiency of small arms and ammunition exists which would render them unable to sustain themselves. This state of things, this condition of many of the Liberian towns, notwithstanding, the abundance of arms in their hands a few years ago, calls for an improvement which nothing less than stringent legislation can effect. To reason with some citizens amounts to nothing. To point them to the fact that manifest weakness in a settlement is a temptation to invasion has no restraining force. The native knows this, and he secures from them the arms on which their lives depend, by offering some article of produce. This recklessness has brought me to think seriously whether it is proper to deplete the public arsenal in order to put guns in the hands of the citizens. Would they be produced upon an emergency, would they, if forth coming, be in order for service? I am forced by the experience of the past to object to running the risk and to oppose the miscellaneous distribution of the small arms and their ammunition. Nevertheless, the people should be armed. Every solider in every town should possess a good gun and ammunition. Every citizen, in interior towns especially, should do the same. I suggest, then, that you repeal the act authorizing the distribution of small arms, allowing the use of them on some occasions at the option of the regimental commander who should be responsible for their return in so many days after, in the condition they were when delivered. Further, that the colonels or whoever commands the regiments on regimental parades be required to put under arrest during the parade, any soldier appearing on the ground with an unserviceable gun or a stick, who shall be fined by the Court martial not less than five dollars. Again, that the Executive be required to demand the return of ordinance of towns that do not keep it in order, and affect a proper distribution among all that will. I make these suggestions from the deep conviction that impressive discipline only can reclaim the people from this tendency to a criminal disregard of the proper protection of the communities, their families and themselves. The known fact that Berriman Johnson kept a good musket in his house saved him and his family in the massacre of the Bassa Cove settlement. We began too soon after our organization as a government to incorporate towns, and erect municipalities. In time, they would have been becoming, beneficial, and healthful. But to communities such as ours, with so great a want of competent citizens for public duties, this division of its members can but make against the State and against themselves. The more qualified members will not accept offices in these corporations in the hope of higher positions in the State. The municipal offices, thus abandoned, fall into hands that can not make them efficient and effectual and the incorporated town is neglected, its authority is feeble, the town suffers, the citizens are inconvenienced, and nothing progresses. Thus the attempt at a dissemination of authority has been nominal. And in some cases, it has conflicted with the proceedings of the Government if it has not exposed it to international complications. By this premature step, the glamour of municipal institutions has drawn attention from unincorporated towns which are nominally under the operation of the law governing towns and villages – the enforcement of which is left to themselves. It is not astonishing that they fail to improve, and that the arms intended for their defense are neglected. My opinion is if all towns and villages were placed under the same urban code enforced by the government through qualified commissioners, progress would result. Improvements in Laws. The attention of the legislature is again earnestly invited to improvements in the revenue laws. The government continues to experience the greatest embarrassment and obstruction

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from the want of funds. Demands from abroad, from the holders of the Liberian bonds, are made still with equal unsuccess and discouragement. There is a sad insufficiency of revenue to meet the unavoidable operations of the State. In this condition of things, I am compelled to invoke the action of the legislature, and I trust that their patriotism and ability will give the country the improvements in the revenue laws and the plans by which the revenue may be increased, by which trades upon it may be prevented, and the entire revenue secured. It may be that this subject has had the attention of some public spirit among you during the year and that you have come prepared to deal with it without delay. If you will, however, allow it, I would suggest that you make it incumbent upon persons transacting business in Liberia to have their invoices certified by the Liberian Consul of the port whence they sail; that all invoices and manifests be presented at the custom house in English; that the Collector of Customs be empowered to enforce payment within the time prescribed by law, and that such a revision of the law generally be made as to move the impediments to their operation. The Secretary of the Treasury in reporting to you, will give you his suggestions upon this very important subject which has engrossed his attention and time this year to an extraordinary degree. The wisdom of prescribing all that an act requires to prevent its being violated, is obvious to you. The propriety of imposing as many checks as are reasonable upon financial officers is admitted by all. The sad defalcation at one Collector during the year and the general belief that the office is loosely administered in some counties make it important that you should tighten the screw if you would save the revenue. At a previous session the opinion was given that a large portion of the revenue was not secured by the government. There is no longer a doubt on that point. And the belief prevails that if the government could secure its revenue there would be a sufficient amount to meet its annual expenditure and a surplus to apply to the liquidation of foreign and domestic claims. It may not be improper just here to request your attention to the improvements necessary in the general laws of the country. If laws are worth anything, if they are worth the expense of making them, they should be improved and made to meet the circumstances and necessities of the people. They are unworthy of the appellation, if, ignoring these they are prescriptions for a realm which the people do not dwell in. The necessities and condition of a community should dictate and inspire the laws made to regulate their conduct; and that man is the efficient legislator and statesman who adds to an ability to legislate and act for the people, a comprehension of their condition and necessities. The country has been organized into an independent government now thirty years. It is full time for an experience of the working of its constitution and the adaptation of its laws to the proper achievement of success and prosperity. There has been emanating from them, during this time, an influence healthy in the main, but the determination of the citizens of that period to respect law and not to tamper with its majesty, contributed as much, if not more, to insure the safe conducting of the government. The times have changed and men have become equally changeable – even with respect to the best principles of government and Christianity. A facile conscience can, in these days, lay hold boldly on the sacred ark, without danger of being dealt with or suffering the estimation of citizens. But will the intelligent, the responsible citizen, filled with a just appreciation of the laws of this country, sanction such conduct and grant to such persons an immunity from shame and respect of the law! These reflections have been prompted by the tendency of our democratic notion to license – a tendency which your legislation can diminish. I confess that the best enactments of the legislature may fail to be executed. I fear that there is cause to believe that there is not that harmony between the judiciary and other departments of government, that would insure

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a prompt and strict execution of the laws. The tendency in the departments, even of governments, if not to license, is to show their independence of each other. This lamentable and abnormal state of feeling in the members of the body politic, every patriotic citizen regrets, and the more so, as it operates against that manner of executing the laws which would constrain obedience. Nevertheless – the legislature may, and I indulge the hope that your session will, introduce a check by definite and positive enactments of the necessary strictness. You may save much to the country financially and otherwise by amendments to the Constitution especially and many of the statute laws. The frequency with which our elections take place and the rapid changes in the administration of the government are believed by the most thoughtful of our citizens to be serious impediments to healthy progress. If the legislature would propose amendments to the Constitution changing the presidential term and the sessions of the legislature from annual to once in two years, the saving financially, to government would be great; and an opportunity would be given to mature and test measures for the recuperation of the State. On this subject, I deem it unnecessary to say more. There is reason to believe that if these changes had been proposed to the people disconnected from objectionable amendments such is the general conviction of their desirableness, they would have been adopted at the last election. Disturbed State of the Coast. Information has reached the government that a large part of our coast is in a greatly agitated condition. Business has fallen off, and general uneasiness prevails. In the Kroo-country proper an actual state of warfare exists. The principal cause of this state of things is the disposition of the interior tribes to take positions and locate colonies on the sea-board, while petty feuds among the people of the country and the fishermen living in proximity to them complete the cause of the almost general strife. The government has been appealed to with a view to secure its interposition, particularly by some of the Kroos. It has yielded so far as to authorize a commission to be sent from Greenville, Sinoe county, to Settra Kroo. But the commissioners failing to secure the adjustment and pacification hoped for, the agitation and warfare have been perpetuated to the great detriment of trading and farming operations. The want of success of the commissioners was owing to the demand of the Kroo people that the “bushmen” should leave the coast and return to their interior possessions. The idea of colonies has faded from the minds of the present inhabitants of the coats, the most aged of whom can produce no traditional account of the exodus of their ancestors to the coast many centuries ago. They claim the sovereignty of the sea-board and the right of managing the traffic and the intercourse of the interior tribes with the foreign vessels and persons visiting the coast. But, while the government is unwilling that their immediate locations should be invaded and they dispossessed of them, it can admit neither the demand nor the claim of the sea-board inhabitants. The interior tribes are notoriously a producing people. Laborious and anxious to be brought into association with foreigners, they should be rather encouraged than repelled. Ample strips of uninhabited sections are abundant all along the coast to which they might be assigned, and the sea-board people should be given to understand that the Government, unwilling that their towns and farming sites should be interfered with, can not adopt a policy of repelling population. To affect a pacification of these difficulties, and arrangements by which the interior people may be accommodated, I have considered it proper to recommend that a commission should be provided for this ostensible purpose.

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The authorization of this commission, would, I must acknowledge, be an expensive work. For it should be reasonably large; composed of from two to five citizens from each county, constituted of men of the strictest habits and known respectability; men able to grasp the questions in dispute and, estimating the importance of the wave of emigration to the country, are able to achieve a solution of the difficulties. The outfit of the commission and preparation for a somewhat magnanimous meeting of the Representatives of the tribes would be attended with unavoidable expense. But it would be an investment that would soon begin to pay. The restoration of peace would be the increase and development of commerce, and that by a greatly augmented population which, in a few years, with the ports of entry and the encouragement of agriculture I have recommended, would increase the revenue beyond expectation. This commission might extend its inquiries and efforts to the circumstances of the coast requiring investigation and adjustment. That there are many irregularities and unlawful acts there is abundant reason to believe. In fact, complaints are frequently reaching government, from various sources, of these irregularities. A class of individuals claiming allegiance to this government without having yielded that they owed to another, squat on different points of the coast to the injury of trade and the revenue. The complaints in most instances are against these. Their pretended civilization, their claims to be citizens of this government and their ability to read and write, gain for them a popularity they could not otherwise have and enable them to perpetrate acts high derogatory to a civilized government and injurious to the interest of business. The Prince and Chief of Trade town has felt himself and people so offended by some of this class that he has formally complained and requested their removal from the country over which he presides. The status and circumstances of all such persons might be inquired into and their removal effected if their conduct warranted it. Trade might be regulated and extended – the capacity of measures, an improvement in the quality of produce determined, debts demanded, and quiet and confidence restored. The native population would be thankful for this service, would be inspired with confidence and would co-operate with efforts having their object the adjustment and pacification of the elements and interests now so frequently found in deadly conflict. In connection with this subject, I would suggest the importance of providing, at prominent points, for the administration of civilized law, and employing in this service the natives most interested and competent to carry forward measures looking to the supplanting of heathen law and customs by those of civilization and Christianity. The Necessity of a Compilation of the Laws. IT may not be improper to communicate to you the fact that the country greatly needs a compilation of the laws. The truth in the case is that the Statute laws are nearly out of print. Besides those in private hands there are none for any purpose. It is a demand that you should not fail to supply by removing the difficulties of former acts authorizing the compilation of the laws or the passage of a new act. Foreign Relations. It affords me great pleasure and I am thankful to be able to inform you that nothing has transpired during the year to affect injuriously the relation this government sustains to other powers. Anxious at all times to cultivate and maintain the best feeling with one and all, this government has striven to accord the respect due to them, and to avoid any departure from international law and comity that would give the least cause of complaint. With the double purpose of accommodating the desire for laborers in the dominions of His Catholic Majesty the King of Portugal and of securing for those laborers humane treatment, faithfulness to

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contracts with them, and a safe and certain return home, I appointed 27th February 1877, J. L. Baptista Esqr., our Consul at St. Thomas giving him, as soon as I could, the instructions I considered essential to the protection, proper treatment, and certain return of the Liberians who accept employment in that province. I felt it my duty also to communicate to the Government of His Catholic Majesty the instructions given and solicit for our Consul J. E. Baptista the comity and privileges usually accorded to such an officer. It became manifest to me during the year that a higher grade of representation in other countries was important to Liberia. The simple representation by a Consul or even a Consul General who, by sufferance, performs diplomatic functions is far from that representation the country requires, and has proven itself anything but the efficient representation essential to its interest and honor. Actuated by his belief, I appointed on the 10th May 1877 Honorable Joseph Amitie Theodore Vel Lubin, Charge d’Affaires to the Republic of Haiti. His relation having been changed – his functions are now concededly diplomatic – a change and a promotion I am thankful to learn most acceptable and satisfactory to the Government of the Republic of Haiti. Influenced by the belief and entertaining a hope that the question of our North-West territory might be arranged , I thought proper to avail myself of the occasion of his visiting England to appoint Professor E. W. Blyden to look after this important subject. Accordingly on the 12 July 1877, he was commissioned Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James and duly accredited to Her Majesty Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India and supplied with such instructions as I conceived important to the success of his mission. The results of this mission have not been altogether in accordance with my anticipations. Her Majesty’s Government see no reason to depart from an agreement of the two governments in 1870 and 1873 to appoint Commissioners to adjust and conclude this question on the spot. And it is likely that the British Commissioners will be appointed at an early day. The effect, however, of this appointment of a Minister has been good. An impression favorable to Liberia has been made, an interest in this country developed, while the courteous reception of our minister has demonstrated the firm adhesion of the most enlightened and best established government to the highest principles of international law. The instructions and report of the Minister Plenipotentiary will be at your direction, promptly laid before you. Bouying Rocks. I think it proper to invite the attention of the legislature to the propriety of providing for the better security of ships traversing our line of coast. I am of the opinion that both the security of our crafts and foreign vessels may be promoted by a small outlay for placing bouys in close proximity to certain rocks of a most dangerous character in the county of Maryland especially. Cape Palmas has become from the very circumstances of its situation, a place of call for more vessels than any other port on our coast. The frequent calls of steamers of more than one nationality and other vessels are highly advantageous to the population and could be made more so to them and the government by proper action of the legislature. The coast therefore, should be made as secure as we are able to make it; and I recommend an appropriation by which the Executive may have the Cooley rock and others buoyed. It seems proper that this should be done whether any advantage accrue to the government or not. We have command of so much of the coast. No nation disputes our right to this part of it. We might, if we would, subject the whole of it to our laws. We are not exonerated from duty by a voluntary surrender of our rights.

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Education. I cannot conclude my communication to you without again referring to the subject of education. I have so often and so lengthily referred to this subject that nothing but its vital importance justifies my doing so again. I regret to inform you that but little improvement has ensured since your last legislation upon it. The universal importance of it is felt in the country, in fact there is an eagerness for its diffusion; but the embarrassments which attend the common schools prevent their efficiency and accomplishment of much good. The schools are embarrassed and hindered by the want of a class of teachers that the appropriations are inadequate to employ and by the want of suitable school books which the money of the country cannot purchase. There has been also a disproportion in the appropriation for the several counties. It is a comparatively easy matter, the principle of compensation being determined, to determine also the appropriation for the respective counties, without a disproportion that strikes the minds as having been done without plan or principle. It was the intention of the government to enter into arrangements with some mercantile establishment in Liberia to supply by importation the books required for the schools. But practical as this might be the want of suitable teachers is one of such importance that, with the best assortment and the best supply, no success would result without efficient or qualified and conscientious teachers. This is a subject that the attention of the country cannot too seriously fix itself upon. The estimation of the importance of education is not as great as it should be. The estimation of the subject has been affected in the common mind by the halo that has been thrown around the tangible accumulations of property and wealth, by the importance attached to the prosperous individual, however coarse and uneducated and ignorant: by the homage paid to money by the cultivated, the educated and elevated of society! The services of the teacher have been underrated, the teacher himself poorly paid, not sufficiently to give him time to prepare himself, the work of education depreciated, not to the extent of a total indifference, but to the extent that a belief that superficial amount of the most meagre quality is quiet sufficient for the duties of life in the country! This state of things should be changed; teachers should be employed qualified to teach. If they cannot be found in the country they may be found abroad, and arrangements might be made to pay them. The education of the children of the country should be the aim of the country; and education should be estimated not capriciously but as an interest of the utmost importance – as the life blood of republican institutions. If you legislate at this session in the interest of the country, you will give the subject your best thoughts and consideration. You will take into your mind the lessons the present day is obtruding upon us: that we cannot maintain the institutions of Christianity and civilization on this coast without an educated populace capable of appreciating and duly estimating them: that in the absence of a healthy diffusion of education there will be a degeneracy into the habits and practices of the surrounding population: and that, in such a case, the institutions imported into the country, depreciating in the hands of inefficient supporters as if a poisonous breath had been inhaled by them, ultimately fall into a state of semicivilization with all its debasements. There is no interest in the country more important. Both state and Church without it must be feeble, unprogressive and measurably powerless. There is no work which you should labor more to promote. And there is none for which you should appropriate more freely. I commit it to you in the hope that your interest in the country and your patriotism will induce you to take into calm consideration and provide for a subject of the greatest importance to the country.

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Bonds of Officers It may not be improper to request you to examine the law respecting the bonds of public officers, with a view of improving it. At present there is a looseness that makes a bond a thing of no importance. The custody, the transmission of bonds to the estate department, and the amount are equally irregular. Instances of bonds having been extracted and disappeared from the office are sufficiently notorious to justify legislative action looking to improvement and greater strictness as to a subject of so much importance. I am of the opinion that exactness in requiring official duty and the responsibility to which officers are amenable are important to restrain a tendency to carelessness and license. If you would make a healthy government of this you may feel certain that your acts cannot be too well guarded. It is because of the conflict of the laws of our statute book; that the execution of our laws is so difficult. They are neither sufficiently strict, nor unconflicting with themselves. Financial Statement. The Secretary of the Treasury will submit to you the financial statement of the year. I shall only say on the subject that the fiscal condition of the country is most perplexing. The disposition to evade the revenue laws is increasing which, with the imperfections of the laws, is a matter of no great difficulty. The amount of dutiable articles put on the shore during the year at places not ports of entry by the British Mall Steamers would of itself, I believe, relieve the embarrassment of the revenue. They seem determined to infringe the laws regardless of any force the Republic may employ to restrain them. They manifest a daring that amounts to a belief that their government can have nothing to say to the contrary and that if held to an account by the authority of the Liberian government theirs will intervene for their protection. The spirit and practice of the large majority of the steamers are decidedly opposed to Liberia and it becomes a question whether they should be accommodated and indulged any longer in the practice of such unlawful acts. My opinion is that they should be restrained and required to comply with revenue laws. This would necessitate an appropriation that would allow government to employ any vessel whose services may be commanded and to commission the same for the protection of the revenue and enforcement of its laws. Magnanimity of the United States. The people of Liberia will, without doubt, acknowledge the propriety of the act of the last session of the Legislature in a joint resolution tendering their thanks to the Government of the United States for the magnanimity of that government towards the Liberian government during the last year with the confederate Greboes in the County of Maryland. This magnanimous interposition has been repeated this year in the visit and service, particularly in Maryland County, of Commander Winfield Scott Schley of the U. S. S. Essex. We think the acceptance of such service is far from humiliating, an independent government though we claim to be. The influence of a vast nationality upon our coast, acting frequently through unscrupulous agents makes the manifestation of this concern of the Government of the United States welcome and opportune; and the people of Liberia would do well to invite a more active interposition of the mother Republic. Any form of alliance to it would be an immense service to this infant State – whose intermediate position cannot fail to make it an inconvenience to the great commercial visitants of this part of the coast with an unwillingness to comply with civilized law entirely strange to a civilized people.

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Had we the native population alone to deal with we might hold our own and live in peace and prosper; but with them, to have also to contend against an extraneous influence decidedly pernicious and unprincipled, gives the future of this country a somber aspect – unless under the protection of the United States Government or in some form allied to it. The circumstances of Liberia are so unique that I am brought to entertain the belief that we shall have to either seek this connection, or prepare to become a part of the British possessions on the West Coast, or be worried incessantly by the depredations of English shipping and English Merchants. Conclusion. These are the suggestions which I have thought should be submitted to you – fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives – from a conscientious sense of the duty properly imposed by the Constitution of the State upon its Executive. He encounters during the year the changes and emergencies, the wishes and the opposition through and to which the government passes or is subjected – he passes with it through the phases and incidents of its passage through that period, and he is supposed to note those subjects that would be improved by a thoughtful and intelligent legislature to the country’s good, to be submitted to them. Having done that – as your humble servant hopes he has – his duty in that respect is discharged. Taking the recommendations made to the last session of the national legislature – which was honored with the membership of many of the present session – in connection with the suggestions I am making, you have the measures in my opinion, important to the country’s growth, peace, and prosperity; and notwithstanding my duty in submitting them is complied with, yet I assure you that whatever is in my power to contribute still to facilitate your patriotic efforts to meet the country’s wants and expectation of the present session, I will most cheerfully render. James S. Payne Executive Mansion, Monrovia 17th. December 1877

Anthony William Gardner IX President of Liberia: 1878–1883

Annual Message to the Legislature December 12, 1878 Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives, Gentlemen; I have the honor as well as the pleasure of congratulating you on the present occasion. We have abundant reasons to be thankful to the great Arbiter of all human events for his preserving care. He has crowned our efforts in giving us a bountiful harvest and has mercifully preserved us from famine and pestilence. Since your last meeting there has been an accession of Immigrants by the “Azor” of 242 persons, and by the “Liberia,” if I am correctly informed, of 70 persons. The immigrants per “Azor” were poorly prepared for self support, as had been announced by the “Liberian Exodus Association,” and in view of this fact, and the very destitute condition of said immigrants, the Government had not only to rent houses to shelter them, but also, to furnish provisions and medical attention during their acclimation. And here, I must give the “Azor” immigrants much credit for their industry and enterprise since their arrival in the country. They have labored hard and done much to help themselves. Many of them have drawn their lands, located, and gone to work on their farms – a more industrious people have, perhaps, never immigrated to these shores; and they should be encouraged by all means. I would however recommend, as there is a spirit of immigration pervading every State in the American Union that some law should be made, regulating immigration to Liberia, and their location in the several counties of this Republic. The privilege of locating immigrants should not be left to Executive caprice or discretion, but something definitive in the form of law to enable the Executive to act without suspicion of partiality or local prejudice should be enacted. I have also to inform your Honorable Body, that, in keeping with the recommendation as contained in your Report on immigration at the last Session, I authorized the Commissioners to rent suitable houses for said immigrants until they could provide for themselves; and I beg most respectfully to request your approval of the amount expended. The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury will, at an early day, lay the account before you for your consideration and approval. Before leaving the subject of immigration, allow me to urge upon you the importance and necessity of a law regulating the same. Every encouragement should be given to promote immigration to Liberia not only from America, but from all parts of the civilized world where our brethren are scattered and earnestly longing to return to their father land. I regret to inform you that the Government Schooner “Emmy” sent to Grand Bassa County by my predecessor some fourteen months ago for repairs, is still at that place, said “to be undergoing repairs.” The Government needs the service of that vessel as a Coasta guarda, and especially at this time, to place her at the disposal of our Commissioners to Sierra Leone on the North West Boundary question. But most unfortunate for the Govern-

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ment, the contractors Messrs. Clinton & Son have failed to repair the “Emmy” in time for the purpose above named. I do not think the failure to repair said vessel, can in any way, be attributed to the Government. I have not only issued three Warrants of twelve hundred dollars each, but I have in every communication urge upon the Hon. Superintendent, of Grand Bassa County, to push forward the repairs to completion, and to get the Emmy to sea at an early day as possible; as foreigners, and especially those trading below Cape Palmas, are disposed to contravene the Revenue laws of the Republic with such impunity. But from some cause or other, the “Emmy” still remains not repaired: and I am inclined to the opinion that Messrs. Clinton & Son having to build their own vessel have not had the time to devote to the repairs of the “Emmy,” as I am sure, it was not for the want of money to meet the current expenses. The Bassa Treasury has not been wanting in money in that respect. It is due to Grand Bassa County that I should here remark, that it has, to a very great extent met the current expense of the General Government, as well as the expense of some of the other Counties of the Republic. It is proper that I should here state that the Act of the Legislature regulating the burning of a certain portion of the Currency received at the Treasury Department has had a very beneficial effect, not only in promoting labour throughout the country, but it is nearly at par value with gold coin. Currency is in great demand. Let well enough alone. The problem is self evident, and will work itself out in pure gold; touch it and a reverse action, say, deprecation will immediately follow, and the energies of Government will become paralyzed, and leave no hope whatever of paying one dollar of our foreign debt, much less, to carry on a healthy Government. Every species of internal improvement will collapse as it has done for the last 16 years and every public building go to wreck leaving not a trail, the most common of all building, sufficient to secure a common thief, much more a murderer. My advice is, let us endure like good soldiers the present hardships, as better and more glorious days are ahead. We have only to take the signs of the times and give latitude to the admission of the Capital and the promotion of internal improvement. The time has come that the Government and people of Liberia should lay aside all timidity and imbrace some of the proffers calculated to give labour and improve the condition of the country. It is evident that we need money in the country for every purpose and we can only obtain money by developing the resources of our Commercial and agricultural interests. The world of mankind is moving with gigantic strides evident by steam power, turning every thing to account in a very short time. Inventive genius, and steam power are renovating the world, and it is high time that Liberia should feel some of this renovating power, and it is to be hoped that our country will awake on this important matter and no longer defer the accepting of proffers or concessions calculated to benefit the Country and relieve humanity. And here I would inform your Honorable body, that I will, in due time, lay before the Honorable Senate a project of concession for a Railway from Monrovia to Musardu. I need not here enlarge on the propriety or utility of a Railway in any Country – it stands at the head of every facility for Commercial business, travel, and intercourse. Messrs. Criswick and Barnell of London, are desirous at their own cost and responsibility of projecting a Railway from Monrovia to Musardu; and all they ask of the Government is a Concession of sufficient quantity of land to plant said Railway, and I can see no good reason why the Government may not make the Concession. Our interior abounds in a vast variety of natural resources that can be made subservient to the Commerce of the world, as well as a great benefit to say Liberia, to nothing of the civilizing effect upon the aboriginal inhabitants of the Republic of Liberia. Commerce is said to be a powerful civilizer to any people, but I am inclined to an opinion, that the Iron horse emitting his Fiery flames through our dense populated interior will prove a greater civilizer than mere commerce; it will wake up thousands and tens of thousands that are barred from

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all intercourse with our civilized and Christianized communities. The Kings and Headmen of Bopora and Musarda will not only be able to visit our sea-board towns at any and all times, but they will compete with each other in bringing down their Gold, Iron, Cattle, Hides, Cotton, Cloths, ground Nuts Beniseed and Rice, and their intercourse, will bring about such an alliance and friendship, as can never be severed. They are our brethren, and it is only necessary for us to understand them and they understand us, and all things will conspire not only to make the Republic numerically strong, but a happy and wealthy people. Now Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives, allow me to impress upon the propriety, as well as the necessity of adopting some plan that will augment the Revenue; this you can do without any risk of uprooting any privilege guaranteed in the Constitution to your children to the latest generation. I shall rely upon the patriotism of the Senate to ratify the Concession for a Railway in Liberia in the manner set forth in the agreement which I shall submit for Constitution. Our foreign relations are friendly and of a reciprocal character. All matters of difference between this Government and the Government of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, growing out of the complaint of Consul Marschalk have been amicably adjusted and settled, and I trust satisfactory to His Majesty, Consul General Hamel, a most polite and able gentleman was entrusted by his government to settle these matters. The Liberian Government can as well as the Netherland Government, appreciate the disinterested and courteous manners in which Consul General Hamel discussed the subject submitted to his mission to Liberia. There can be no doubt but that Consul General Hamel has fully observed that, in order to avoid every thing like a misunderstanding or complication in matters of trade and commerce, especially in our position, just struggling into existence as a nation, that no individual who is a merchant, should be accredited to this Government as a Consul. This dual character of merchant and Consul at the same time, is calculate from a blended interest and honor, not only to engender strife, but complications of a bellicose character, which, we as a weak people can not ward off, but must yield obedience to every thing which a merchant Consul who chooses to regard his interest and honor infringed may impose. And I would here be understood, that the Government has nothing special against Captain Marschalk either as a Consul, a merchant, or as a gentleman, but simply state that the dual position appears to be incompatible and should be discountenanced. Since the last meeting of your Honorable body Her Britannic Majesty’s Government has thought proper that the North West Boundary question should be settled, and in keeping with this opinion Lord Salisbury, Secretary for foreign affairs, has been pleased to direct His Excellency the Governor, of Sierra Leone, to inform this Government that Commissioners on the part of Her Majesty’s Government had been appointed, and that, the Liberian Government is requested to appoint Commissioners on her part to settle said question, and, also, the claims of certain Sierra Leone Traders for alleged spoliation of property by the Liberian troops in 1871 at Salijah and other points in the immediate vicinity of the Gallinas and Manna countries. It is to be regretted that this question of our claims from the River Jong to Solima has been so long held in abeyance. To my mind, if I have the right views and conceptions of the claim of the Liberian Government to these territories, – it is not to be questioned. Our claims to the territory from Jong including all the portion of the country known as Gumbo, Muttro, Galinas, and Shebar, (now in dispute) is of more than 27 years standing, and it is a maxim of national law says, Mr. Worlsey that, – “The territory of a nation, or that portion of the earth over which it exercises the right of sovereignty, may have begun to pertain to it in a variety of ways. It may have derived its title first, from immemorial occupa-

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tion of land before vacant. Second. From occupation by Colonies, or other incorporation of land before occupied. Third. From conquest accepted as a fact and at length ending in prescriptive right. Fourth. From the purchase or gift.” The Liberian Government following in the precedent of settling America took the just and honorable course of paying for the soil on which it has established itself, and in the Country, and to my certain knowledge, the Liberian Government has acted steadily on the principle of extinguishing the native title by treaty and payment of a price. Commander Stockton, of the United States’ Navy, set an example in this particular when he removed our fathers from the Sherbro and landed them on these shores. He then laid down the golden rule, if we would be happy and prosperous, we must do unto the heathen man as we would have him do unto us, and English philanthropists from our early settlement here, have constantly encouraged us to persevere honestly in acquiring the territory from the natives by purchase; which the American Colonization Society has done, or in other words steadily followed during its administration of the Government, and which every President (of the Republic) has scrupulously pursued since our independence as a Republic. And it would be almost impossible for an Executive of Liberia to depart from these praise worthy examples, of an honorable purchase of the soil by Commodore Stockton and Mr. Ayers, Guvernors Ashmun, Mecklin, Skinner, Buchanan, Hall, of Cape Palmas to the River San Pedro, President Roberts, of the Gallinas and adjacent territories in the years 1849 & 1851 from a donation by Mr. Garney, a British philanthropist. To now question our rights to these territories would seem to undermine the very foundation of the Republic of Liberia and set at naught the fundamental principle of law that says, deeds and other writings shall be evidence of the transfer of all titles or rights transferable by them, against all mankind.” These Executive officers, of Liberia, were men of undoubted Christian character and veracity, and did all in their day not only to assimilate, but to incorporate the heathen element with us, and their labours are seen and felt throughout the length and breadth of Liberia. The Liberian Government has not only paid a full and just consideration in money for the territory from the River Jong on the North West, to the River San Pedro on the South East, but the Government, from the instigation of unprincipled traders along our Coast, has paid an invaluable price in blood. Harris of all Englishmen that ever traded on the Liberian coast has done us more injury in promoting rebellion, sedition and insubordination than all the world put together. He is the principal agent in causing the natives in our North West boundary to deny our title to the territory, and I am sure, our deeds carry on their faces what every true and honest lawyer would term pressumpio Juris, et dejure, and Harris’ conduct, if in any other Country, except Liberia, would have caused him long since to have been brought to Justice and suffered the consequences of the law. As, I see noted in the “Report of the Committee, of the House of Commons, and ordered to be printed June 26 1865” there is to my view and opinion, no difference between the substances and language of our deeds for the North West territories and the deed of Cession by the king and Headmen of Lagos and parts adjacent to her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain. And why our deeds should be disputed for the natives, is a matter to me unaccountable and most unreasonable, unless, it is for the purpose of allowing foreigners to have a better opportunity of taking an advantage of our Commerce in that portion of our territory without paying the import and export dues, as Harris has done for the last 15 years, thereby causing a loss of Revenue to this Republic of at least, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Until Harris trespassed upon our territory and instigated the natives to insubordination and a denial of our title to the North West territory, the aboriginal inhabitants wore perfectly at peace, friendly and loyal to the Government, Harris’ persistent and defiant attitude has caused this government to pay an immense sum of money to say nothing of the loss of life, wounded and decrepit soldiers, now pensioners upon this Government for life. If we contrast

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the conduct of Harris, now residing on the disputed territory, and carrying on an extensive mercantile business without paying duties, with Englishmen generally who have traded along our coast for 28 years prior to the Government containing and restricting all foreign vessels to Ports of Entry we shall observe a great difference in characters. Take for instance, old captain Spence who first introduced the Palm Oil trade, and Captain Dring Murry, Cottland, and a number of others who followed while in some instances there were a few who did not come up to the mark of national courtesy and respect, yet they were generous and noble hearted Englishmen, and would never give the least encouragement to our aboriginal inhabitant to resist the authority to the Liberian Government. And in every case of emergency or war, they were among the first to come to our assistance, by supplying provisions and in some instances munitions of war. These honest English traders, unlike some now in our midst from undue forestalling, regretting and competition, never misrepresented the Government and people of Liberia and as a consequence we had no trouble with them. And I am sure trade was better and more profitable than it is now. But to recur to our right and title to every part of the territory between the river Jong and Grand Cape Mount, I would remark, that the question according to mutual understanding will be finally settled by commissioners; and from the tenor of our deeds of Cession and Confirmation, the Government of Liberia has good reason to believe that Her Majesty’s Commissioners will do Liberia the justice to acknowledge the validity of our title deeds from the fact, patented nationals and reiterated by Mr. Vattel that, “when a nation takes possession of a Country to which no prior owner can lay claim, and there are none prior to Liberia, it is considered as acquiring the umpire of sovereignty on it at the same time with the domain. For, since the nation is independent, it can have no intention, in settling in a Country, to leave to others the right of command, or any of those rights that constitute sovereignty. The whole space over which a nation extends its government becomes the seat of Jurisdiction and is called its territory. And it cannot be denied, but is a fact generally known and accepted that the Liberian Government exercised unmmolestedly the seat of Jurisdiction over Gumbo, Muttro, Gallinas, and the Shebar from 1849 to 1863 when our title was first disputed and were called in question by Lord John Russell from some complaint that had been made at the foreign office of the seizure of the Phebe and Wily, two Sierra Leone Schooners, for violation of the Revenue laws of this Republic, which vessels were taken and towed out of the Port of Monrovia by Her Majesty’s ship of war, the “Torch.” And I can but think that when our claim to the above mentioned territory is properly and fairly laid before the Commissioners and adjudged according to Common law that a party in the deed is estopped from invalidating his own deliberate act, and Her Britannic Majesty’s Commissioners will accord to the Government of Liberia that courtesy and Comity that is due to the potent nation on earth. The English Government is too just and magnanimous, to deprive us of a just and equitable claim to our North Western territory. And again, there is another maxim of international law which is generally acknowledged and conceded by nations; and that is – the domain of the nation extends to every thing she possess by a just title; it comprehends her ancient and original possession, and all her acquisitions made by means which are just in themselves, or admitted as such among nations, concessions, purchase, conquests made in regular War &c. And her possessions we ought not only to understand her territories; but all the rights she enjoys The native chiefs and Headmen of the territories above named being sovereigns and absolute owners of the soil at the time of ceding the same and owing allegiance to no power on earth, have of their own free will and accord ceded the above mentioned territory to the Republic of Liberia, and at the time of alienation incorporated themselves with the Republic as citizens of the same and our title can not be regarded otherwise than just – the same having been acquired by means just in themselves. This prin-

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ciple of international law, I feel confident that Her Majesty’s Government can not fail to recognize, especially as all her acquisitions of territory on the West Coast of Africa stand precisely upon the same fundamental basis, and to eject or repudiate this principle of international law is simply to support vi et armis, which Her Majesty’s Government can maintain, but Liberia can not. The Government of Liberia is content to rest her claim upon these principles underlying the wellbeing and perpetuity of nations. We simply ask at the hand of Her Majesty’s Government that justice in respect to our North West territory that she would require and demand in any interpretation she could or would claim for any of her Colonies whether on the West Coast of Africa or in the West Indies. And in closing my remarks on this subjects, I can not well conclude without referring to an other principle of international law which Mr. Woolsey, lays down as a rule accepted by nations and as a settled point, he says, – the territory of a state includes all that portion of infia firmo which lies within boundaries of the state as well as the waters, that is, the interior seas, lakes and rivers wholly contained within the same lines. Thus the sea of Az, of the Volga, Lake Michigan, the Ohio and the sea Marmora are inclusively in the territory of Russia, the United States, and Turkey. And as the Jong, branch of the Shebar was definitely understood by Earl Russell, Her Majesty’s Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and President Benson in 1862 to be the North West boundary of the Republic of Liberia, it was so noted on the Chart by Admiral Washington, and in view of this fact as well known to Her Majesty’s Government, the territory of Gumbo, Muttro, and the Galinas lying between the Shebar and Solima must have been regarded according to the doctrine of Mr. Wooley, the bonafide property of the Republic of Liberia, made doubly sure by purchase. The form of a conveyance by the chiefs and Headman to the Republic of Liberia is very simple, as many words would darken Counsel by the formality of manner, the proximity of its provisions and the usual redundancy of its language. It is usually by bargain and sale according to the 2 section of an Act relating to treaties and the negotiation with the surrounding Chief and Headman of native tribes for lands &c that the possession passes et vi fact without the necessity ____ of Seisiu, reference to the statute of uses. And I trust the Liberian Commissioners will draw the attention of Her Majesty’s Commissioners to apparent good understanding between Earl Russell and President Benson in 1862 in regard to our North West boundary, as well as subsequently to the evidence of Counsul General Ralston, before the Committee of the House of Commons reported June 26, 1865, in which, Mr. Ralston very clearly sets forth the claim of the Liberian Government in the territory above named, especially, as I have intermitted before the question of the right and title to the Jong appears to have been settled by President Benson and Earl Russell, except the course which was to have been determined for sixty miles interiorward. There seems to have been some difference of opinion as to the true source of the River Jong and it was agreed by Earl Russell and President Benson that a “Commission of Survey” should be appointed to ascertain the true course, and if it was ascertained that the said River did not run to the North, then in that case a line from the Care or bend of the said River was to run due North sixty miles interiorward, forming the North West boundary of the Republic of Liberia. See the Jong notes on the Chart in red ink by Admiral Washington. And it was not until President Benson returned from England that this Boundary in question assumed a quite difference phase and has subsequently been the subject of diplomatic Correspondence until now, and in the mean time, English traders especially have taken advantage and entered the disputed territory to trade and in a word, done as they have pleased without the slightest deference or courtesy to the Government of Liberia and in consequence of their discourtesy, we have lost thousands of dollars by the question being held in abeyance. And the Government of Liberia cannot but feel grateful to Lord Salisbury in desiring to bring the

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question to a speedy termination. According to a Newspaper Notice, the Philadelphia daily evening Telegraph, _____ will not only visit the African Coast as the American Arbitrator on the Liberian Boundary Commission, but he has had several Conferences with Secretary Thompson in regard to his proposition to examine into the resource and demand of the African trade, and the Secretary has concluded to give him the Command of the Ticonderoga with directions to visit the West Coast of Africa. Hon. John H. Smyth, the newly appointed Minister Resident and Consul General from the United States to Liberia, arrived about the 31st of July, and was formally received by me on the 19th of August last. It would be a pleasure if her Britannic Majesty’s Government had a similar officer accredited to this Government, it does seem to me, that our Commercial relations with England warrant the accreditation of such a Minister, as well as an accommodation to British traders in our midst on matters of difference that may arise from trade, or the infringement of the Lex loci of the country. With respect to our internal affairs, as above alluded to, I would remark, that it is important that some Act should be passed at this Session to increase the Revenue; while there is a gradual increase of our Commerce and Revenue in some parts of the Republic, there is a fear of falling off in other parts – for instance in Montserrado county, the Commerce and Revenue has greatly fallen off to what it was a few years ago, and I can only account for it in one of two ways, the first is, the principal trade is carried on for Greenbacks. Drafts, and Coffee on which there is no Duty or Revenue accruing to Government. There are thousands of dollars in Greenbacks, Drafts, Coffee, and Specie that go out of the Country on which the Government do not derive one cent of the benefit, and yet the Republic is called upon, and expected to meet the current expenses from her Commerce, or even a tax upon the country. And I would here inform your Honorable Body that we have foreign debts to pay and our present system of Paper money can not meet the demand now upon the country, and it will become the duty of the present session of the Legislature to devise ways and means to meet the demands upon this Government for money due foreigners. Hon. John H. Symth, Minister Resident and Consul General, on the part of the United States Government in 1868 has since arrived, demanded the amount due for Arms and Ammunition furnished this government in 1868 – And gentlemen, of the Legislature, you will have to arrange in some way to enable the Secretary of the Treasury to meet the demand, which must be done at an early day as possible, and I need not remind your Honorable Body of other foreign demands, as you are aware, that not even interest has been paid on the English Loan. These are matters that must claim your undivided attention during the present session. Secondly, the Produce trade is not extensively prosecuted in Montserrado County owing as I suppose to native disturbances in the interior which have tended no little to retard the trade almost from one end of the county to the other. It has occurred to me that the Government is derelict in not putting down and removing these obstructions to trade, and causing the Highway to the interior to be open to the ingresss and egress of the far interior tribes, desiring to trade with us. Much depends upon the prosperity and protection of our trade to ensure a Revenue to Government. And here, I would most respectfully recommend not only the protection of our trade from the interior, but the opening of a few more Ports of Entry and delivery along our coast. Our aboriginal inhabitants, a most industrious class, for the want of a few, more intermediate Ports are greatly inconvenienced and circumscribed. I believe our trade might be increased tenfold by a few additional ports. And for the greater accommodation of our citizens would it not be well to amend and supplement the present port of Entry law in such a manner, as that foreigners desiring to open business in any of our Americo Liberian settlements, may have the privilege of doing so? I make the recommendation upon the principle of international law that-“it is the duty of Nations to encourage their

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foreign trade.” And especially, as the freedom of trade tends to the prosperity and happiness of a nation. And in this connection I would further remark, that I notice a very interesting paragraph in the African Repository under date of October last, headed, “Liberia, its Resources and Prospect,” which reads thus, “People in remote regions of the world – who had never heard of Liberia are now hearing of it through its coffee. The London Times of August 28th contained a whole column advertising Liberia Coffee plants. Orders are sent for seed and young plants from all the Coffee producing countries in the world. Thus it would seem that Providence has provided a means, not only for the comfortable support, but for the wealth of the thousands of hard working and enterprising Africans in this Country who are looking toward the land of their fathers; and it is to be hoped that the Liberian Government will know how to raise the Revenue from this large demand for one of the most valuable products of the country.” I would here note, that hitherto, the Government was not disposed to put a Duty upon Coffee for fear it might have a tendency to discourage the enterprising citizen planting it in large quantities but in order to give a stimulus to the growing of Coffee, the Government gave a large premium to every person who would engage in this laudable and industrious enterprise. And here I would remark, that as small and magnificent as our Revenue has been and is now, thousands of dollars have been paid to the Citizens under the Act of the Legislature regulating “Agriculture throughout the Republic of Liberia” – and strange to say, these very Coffee trees and plants for which Government have expended so much money in premiums, are now being sold and sent out of the Country by hundred of thousands, said plants are actually sold for less then the premium paid by Government. It is a burning shame that any such advantage should be taken of the Government in this manner! While I do not recommend a prohibition to the sale and exportation of Coffee plants and seed, I do recommend a very high protective duty to be levied and assessed upon this article especially, as every nation has the right of judging for itself in respect to the policy and extend of its Commercial arrangements. The general freedom of trade, however reasonably and strangely it may be inculcated in the modern School of political economy, is but an imperfect right and necessarily subject to such regulations and restrictions, as each nation may think proper to prescribe for itself. To revert again, to internal Affairs, I beg most respectfully to inform your Honorable Body that, for wants of funds – and the falling off of the Revenue, I thought it best to defer for the present the repair or the Executive Mansion, and repair of the Court House and Senate Chamber, as we have no public building for the Court or the use of the Senate. I trust however, to have this building ready for the use of the Senate in the course of the next two to three weeks, as well as the lower Story of said building for the use of the Court. I am pleased, however, to inform you that I am gradually collecting the material for the repair of the Executive Mansion; an Iron Roof has been ordered out from England for it, which is daily expected to arrive. And in this connection, I would further inform you that I have in contemplation to the erection of a Custom House 40 by 60 full 20 ft. high for the Port of Monrovia and I have to request an Appropriation for the same. For it is certainly time that the Port of Monrovia had a Custom House, as there have been none to my knowledge since our independence. The office of the Customs has been dragged all over town, from one side of Ashmun street to the other, and now it is in the old Mansion. We can do better and better shall be done. I beg also to inform your Honorable Body that the Superintendent of Grand Bassa County has made an arrangement to get out an Iron Court House for that place, and we wish him every success in the undertaking. I regret to acquaint you, on inquiring that, not withstanding the amount of three or more thousand dollars that have been drawn in the shape of Legislature, nothing has been done

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towards rebuilding the Court House in Sinoe County. It is said “there is not a block or piece of timber on the ground of the first piece cut for said building,” the fault is some where I can not say where. I have however urged upon the Superintendent of Sinoe County, to cause said building to be erected under the law regulating Public Work; but the plea is “the Legislature has stopped the payment of the Debentures, and the Government has violated her contract, and the Contractors dissolved from all responsibility, or liability to Government to erect said Court House.” How the Contractors obtained the full amount of Debentures in advance, I do not understand. To parties engaging to perform Public Work under Bond, it is usual to advance one third to commence the work, and when completed to satisfaction, the last one third is then paid, and the work handed over to Government. I regret that I am not much in a position to report even progress on the Court House in Sinoe County, I am sure, it is no fault of mine to be unable to do so but I hope to commence that building, if I can not complete it during the present fiscal year. If the amount appropriated had not been drawn in Debentures in advance that building might have been very far advanced, if not entirely completed. Light houses. I can only offer, or assign the same reasons as above mentioned (the want of funds) for not commencing the Light House in Bassa and Sinou Counties. I am aware of the great need of these building, but the Revenue has been so small and uncertain that I dare not direct the Superintendent of Bassa and Sinou Counties to commence said buildings and I know not that I shall ever have the privilege of doing so – the Executive term of Office is so very short and uncertain, that it is impossible to do much to proceed. The Executive inaugurated on the first Monday in January in a presidential term of two years, and in 16 months after; another Presidential election comes one, and very little, if anything, of importance can be done in 16 months, such a regime and administration of affairs doing and undoing, as our political predilection may direct, can never benefit the country. I do not give utterance to above sentiment because I am desirous of reelection, but for the general good, peace, harmony and prosperity of our Government. Doubtless the more thinking portion of our Citizens have seen the evil of frequent elections; political rancour, apathy and non association is the order of the day. And these unhallowed feelings extend to, and effect the Church of God. Let me review the Days of Roberts and Benson when they were____ in office for eight years – pristine days, what prosperity and sociality compared with these days of asperation and unfriendliness? But to return to our subject of Internal improvement. Much depends upon the Government in promoting a division of labour in the Country. Every species of Labour should be encouraged by holding out inducements as a reward of labour genius and enterprise. National Fairs and reward are the order of the day among highly cultured and refined nations, and Liberia should not be behind in exhibiting her products, however crude they may be: life and nativity must be infused into the people by some national movement, and I recommend some national effort in this direction. Let the Government be willing to make the first effort and the people will follow, as in days past. The people seem to be indifferent in some respect, as to what is going on, and it is time they should awake and consider not only how they shall improve their own individual condition, but the condition of the Country. This we can do by a spirit of liberality that pervades more or less every nation, not by restricting Commerce or by isolation from the world, now advancing with gigantic strides in the arts and sciences, and turning every thing in nature to account. The Hon. Secretary of the Treasury will at an early day lay before your Honorable Body his Report on the Finance of the Country and doubtless, you will there see the necessity of improving, as far as practicable the financial condition of the Country not by an additional

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tariff duty, but rather a modification or reduction of the tariff, so as to bring about more of a uniform system in our Revenue laws. Many of the amendatory and supplementary Acts are so ambiguous, vague, and loose, that it is not very difficult for the keen eyed merchant to drive a Coach and six through, and thus escape paying the Government her just dues either for tonnage, or the Duty arising on merchandise. The system of bonding goods, wares, and merchandise is very defective, and the law should be amended or repealed. The idea of a private Bonded Ware House is chimerical and wholly unsafe so far as it relates to the securing of the duty accruing to Government, and I would recommend some amendment, or the repealing of that portion of that law. I am decidedly of the opinion that the Committee on Navigation, Commerce and Revenue should, by all possible means consolidate the several Acts on these subjects and thus, make plain in the most ample manner the Revenue laws of the Republic. The law passed and approved February 8, 1878 regulating the payment of Tonnage dues by vessels which may casually visit a single Port of entry within the republic of Liberia should be reviewed and enlarged; the words Goods, Wares, and Merchandise; preclude the right to demand the Tonnage dues on a vessel bringing gold and buying up a cargo of produce or other commodity of the Country. If the Collector demand Tonnage, the Captain will say at once, that he has landed no goods, wares, or merchandise, and he will not pay the Tonnage dues. I trust that your Honorable body will see the propriety of changing the phraseology of the law. There is one more subject that I take the liberty of calling your serious attention to, and that is the large quantity of unoccupied land in our several settlements once drawn by persons who have died, leaving no relatives or heirs to claim said land; in my opinion a statute of Escheat or reversion should be passed regulating this matter. Our cities and towns, as well as the farming districts are over-grown with noxious weeds and trees on lands which no person can legally claim, and I would therefore, invite your attention to the subject. The education of the youth of Liberia is a subject of vital importance and should deeply interest the nation; the manner in which our Public schools are conducted, the want of competent teachers, and substantial school houses situated in some central position in the respective Counties, so as to be convenient to the outlying settlements, is a matter I hope will claim your serious consideration. And I would further invite your attention to the law regulating Public schools. It may be, that the several Acts need to be amended in order to give a greater efficiency to our educational system, if so, I can but recommend the necessary amendment. I regret very much that owing to my recent induction into office I can say little or nothing in regard to the Liberia college, as I have no knowledge of its operation or the officers, nor have I been informed as to who is the President or whether the Trustees have elected a President or not. If not it is their duty to do so according to the 4th section of an Act to amend and consolidate the several Acts concerning Liberia College – passed and approved December 1861. It is simply the duty of the President of the Republic of Liberia to inspect the state and condition of the College; and the proper officers of the College shall, upon his request, furnish him with an account of the Government, a list of its Officers and Teachers, with their names and professions, the branches of education taught, the studies pursued, the number of students in the different departments, and a statement of its pecuniary resources, &c. For the want of the above information I must respectfully decline saying any thing with respect to this most interesting Institution of learning, trusting however that whatever may be remiss, will soon be rectified and the College prove a great blessing to Liberia. It is with much sorrow, and grief that I have to inform your Honorable Body that since your last meeting Senator C. B. Dunbar departed this life much lamented by his friends and the Country. As a medical man, the loss of Dr. Dunbar will be felt in this community, if not

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throughout the Republic, for a long time to come; and as an industrious and enterprising farmer, and as a loyal Citizen Dr. Dunbar’s loss is keenly felt. I have also to inform you of the death of Dr. Fletcher, late Superintendent of Maryland County. The loss of Dr. Fletcher’s eminent services to the Country both as physician and Superintendent is severely felt and lamented. Hon. J. T. Gibson has been appointed to fill the vacancy in the Office of Superintendent. In conclusion Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, I beg to assure you that you shall have my cordial cooperation in any measure tending to benefit the Country. In the language, or the instruction given to Joshua by Jehovah to go in and possess the land, – “let us be strong and courageous, whatever our hands find to do, let us do it with all our might,” for millions of our brethren in the United States and other quarters of the world are preparing to join us in the work of civilizing and evangelizing this part of our great continent. None but the strong and Courageous nation can succeed; and our success depends upon our boldly and Courageously launching out and laying hold of every proffer calculated in its tendency to enhance our welfare in this benighted land; light and knowledge must be diffused and pervade this Continent, and we will be derelict to our high trust if we have no part in it. The day is ours, and let us work while we have the opportunity and privilege of doing so, and leave the event to our children as all nations have done, and must do, to the end of time. Let no imaginary evil to us or our children prevent your Honorable Body from faithfully discharging the high trust imposed upon you. Now is the day for accepting the reward due to the sable sons of Ham, and the sons of Japheth, of their great abundance will give it. Let us not turn aside the Providences of God, for, He is stirring up our brethren to return to their father land, as the Eagle stirreth up her nest, and we must make ample preparation in this goodly land for their reception. Anthony W. Gardner Dec. 12th. 1878

Annual Message to the Legislature December 10, 1879 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia. Gentlemen: – In keeping with the Constitution, and through the blessings of a kind and Beneficent Providence, we have, after the lapse of another twelve months, met again for the purpose of enacting such laws as will, I trust, enhance the highest interest of our common country. We have abundant reason to be thankful to the Great Arbiter of all human events for the privileges and for the blessings of the past year, in that our several communities have enjoyed a reasonable portion of good health, and prosperity has attended our labors. Notwithstanding the abundance of rain, the farming season has been generally good, and coffee planting has largely increased throughout the Republic and it is to be hoped that our citizens will see the propriety of continuing to plant this important ar-ticle of produce, as the most reliable source of revenue to the country, and of individual wealth to the nation. Owing to the unusually low prices of palm oil and camwood in foreign markets, the trade in these articles with Liberian merchants is somewhat discouraging and no less so to the Government, as the revenue is derived chiefly from this source.

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We have an extent of east coast of about six hundred miles, teeming with hundreds of thousands of aborigines, who might, by their commercial operations pay hundreds of dollars into the public Treasury. But owing to a circumscribed trade, and living at too great a distance from the ports of entry, their industrial pursuits are paralyzed, and they are made to suffer the want of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the Government the loss of a large amount of revenue. Now unless we change our policy and give a greater latitude to trade and the interchange of commerce, as well as afford encouragement to a division of labor, we must be content to suffer the charge of indiscretion and the want of political sagacity, to say nothing of the great lack of economy which such a course indicated. We have not only failed to utilize and enlarge the coast trade as we ought, but have also neglected to give encouragement to our interior traffic, which is far more advantageous in every respect than that on the sea-board, and which should claim the fostering care of the Government and people of Liberia – which care should be demonstrated in the full protection given to its development even though it may possibly at times render the resort to an armed force necessary. This of course should always only be adopted when all other methods prove unavailing, and when it becomes an absolute necessity. I am glad to be able to inform your Honorable body that the chiefs and headmen of the Barline country have made an application, through Mr. Rose, to the Government for assistance to enable them to bring down their trade to the sea-board, and also to protect them on the road against the intermediate tribes who are accustomed to rob and maltreat them with impunity. They allege that when thus treated by marauders from the border tribes they get no redress except by resorting to predatory wars, in which, to use the language of the chiefs, both parties suffer most seriously, and without reparation. But they allege, that if the Government, which commands the respect and fear of all the tribes, will interpose, the highway to the interior will be rendered free and safe to all who may travel to and fro with their articles of trade. The King of Barline, through his son, represents the country as abounding in cattle, rice, cotton, country cloths, palm oil, palm kernels and camwood. He also assures the Government that laborers can be supplied in large numbers from this populous section of country. The Pessas are said to be a hardy and industrious tribe, capable of enduring great fatigue and labor like the Kroomen. And what is especially gratifying, is their great inclination to civilization and Christianity: more so perhaps than any other tribe about us. Such a people should have special encouragement, not only by the Government, but also by the bold and enterprising merchants, in offering every inducement to bring them and their trade among us. I have also to state further in this connection, that I have had the pleasure of receiving recently a messenger from Ibrahima Sissi, sovereign rule and commander of the faithful of the Kingdom of Medina, requesting the Liberian Government to assist in opening the roads for trade from this wealthy commercial emporium to Monrovia. He represents the road to be infested with robbers, which he advises must be removed in order to secure a free egress and ingress to trade. Ibrahima Sissi is of my opinion, however, that the chiefs residing on the road may be conciliated and easily controlled by the payment of a yearly stipend. But adds, in case of the failure of this method, he is prepared to join the Government in a military force of horsemen and foot soldiers, to co-operate with the Liberian troops in removing the obstructions. He states that he sent a thousand horsemen to Musardu to escort the Government Commissioner, the Hon. B. J. K. Anderson, to Medina in the year 1868, but Mr. Anderson, for some reason unknown to him, declined the invitation. Medina is represented as abounding in cattle, hides, goats, sheep, horses, asses, rice, peas, corn, ground-nuts, cotton, country cloths, butter, rock-salt and gold in great abundance. All he wants is free and unin-

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terrupted intercourse between Medina and Monrovia in order that the wealth of this interior region may pour down into our markets. In reply to his message, I have dispatched a communication to him in the Arabic language, prepared by Dr. Blyden, with the view of arriving at a full and definite understanding with him. This letter was sent by his messenger Vumba Sissi, who left here on the 7th day of October, hoping to return by the middle of January or the first of February next. Vumba Sissi, the King’s messenger, having read my letter, and noted in his book some important points therein contained, is of the opinion that it will be cordially received and entertained by the King and people of Medina. And permit me to remark to you, gentlemen, constituting this Honorable body, our duty to our brethren of the interior is providentially plain before us. Let us heed the Macedonian call now lest we have cause, when too late, to regret it. God in His overruling providence has inclined and predisposed the hearts of our aboriginal brethren toward us for good. Let me urge upon you the importance of heeding the divine monition, and of engaging in the work of enlarging our borders and making strong our bands, by uniting with this intelligent people who like ourselves can read and write (though in a different language) and who occupy no mean rank in mathematical and classical literature; a people who for many generations have been free from the destructive effects of intoxicating drinks, and are therefore in the happy enjoyment of an unimpaired body and mind, an undwarfed manhood, and a soul that delights in the free worship and adoration of the Great God, the merciful and the compassionate. I have also to state that the Hon. Superintendent of Grand Bassa county has received a deputation from the “Mar” people, asking the intervention of the Government to protect them and their property in their passage to and from that place to Buchanan. And shall we, gentlemen, be indifferent to the interest of the people so intimately connected with our own? Surely not. The Mar country, lying in the north-eastern part of Grand Bassa county, and about twelve days journey from Buchanan, was ceded to this Republic in 1874 under the administration of President Roberts, and is entitled to the protection for which the chiefs ask. I have directed Superintendent Smith to assure the King’s messenger that the Government will do all in its power, to protect person and property on the highway, as well as to foster interior commerce. The aboriginal tribes, also in and about Cape Palmas, with the exception of the Bereby section, presents a most encouraging and gratifying aspect. The Hon. Superintendent under date of Nov. 11th writes, “Several of the interior Tribes have recently sent in their Chiefs and other representatives to enter into more intimate terms of friendship with the Government. Several quasi treaties have been made, and more friendly relations never existed than at the present time. The Sorake people, now an important tribe, who remained friendly during the Grebo war, have engaged to assist the Government in keeping the roads open for eighty miles interiorwise.” “The Greboes,” he writes further, “are on the most friendly terms with the Government. The educated young men, some eighteen or twenty in number, have recently taken the oath of allegiance. The natives, far and near, seem to becoming awake to an important fact, viz: that God intends them become one with us, a part and parcel of Liberia in all her interests. And the interior tribes particularly, are very anxious for the opening of schools among them.” From these references, Gentlemen, your Honorable Body will be able to form some idea of the vast and favorable opportunities presented to the Government for uniting our brethren of the tribes around and beyond with ourselves; and thus laying the foundation of a powerful future state. And I fondly cherish the hope, Gentlemen, that in view of the gigantic propor-

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tions of the work before us, and the important bearing it has upon the vital interests, of the nation, the Executive shall have your hearty co-operation, in all judicious measures tending to carry out and perfect an enlightened and wise domestic and interior policy. I believe that there is sufficient tact and experience in this Honorable Body, to seize hold of these favorable opportunities, and render them subservient to the best interests of all concerned. I believe that, with me, you will invite the friends of Africa in foreign lands to come with their railroads and other appliances, and join us in our efforts to reach the Kingdom of Soudan, the garden sport of our country, and open its rich treasures to the commercial world. I am willing, Gentlemen, and I believe you are, to follow the indications of the Great Arbiter of all events in work of civilizing and evangelizing Africa. Who can divine the motives that induced the Mohammedan King, Ibrahima Sissi, to seek the co-operation of the Liberian Government? Who can foresee the sublime results that may hang upon the appeals echoing from the Barline, Mar, Soreka, and Grebo tribes, for a more intimate connection with Liberia in all her interests? Admit that their motives are wholly selfish and mercenary. Admit that their object in only for gain, even in that case they will compare favorably with other nations and peoples on the globe who make a much louder boast of having higher aims in view than the mammon of this world. But can you positively assert that there may not be a background of the most thrilling events, pregnant with the highest interests of African elevation and redemption, behind the scenes? You cannot, you dare not. It seems to me that I can see in the call of the Mohammedan chief the fall, or the bowing of the crescent before the cross, at least in Africa. And who can tell the part that Christian Liberia is to play in this great drama? Gentlemen, allow me to repeat, we have a great work before us, and it is our duty as a Christian Government to go forward and do all we can in our day and generation, to bring about the grand result, not only of the unification, but the civilization and Christianization of the thousands of heathen now sitting in darkness and in the region and shadow of death. And in order that these important matters may receive due attention, I would most respectfully recommend that the act creating and regulating the Interior Department be enforced, and that a suitable appropriation be made by you for carrying out the same. I sincerely trust that no considerations of economy or retrenchment will prevent you from making provision in the appropriation bill for a salary for the officers to be put in charge of this Department. For I beg to assure you that this division of national concern, always important, is to us now more than ever, a matter of absolute necessity, in view of the leading policy of the Government at this time – viz: interior development, and the incorporation of the native tribes into the Liberian body politic. To put this Department in proper working order, with an able and discreet man at its head, one who can comprehend and appreciate the vast responsibilities it involves, – one who has experience in and respect for the character, opinions, prejudices and even customs of our aboriginal population, will be setting in motion a machinery fraught with the highest interests to this nation. This Department properly managed, will do more to build up the nation, to consolidate the Americo-Liberian and native citizens, to enlarge our borders, to multiply our inhabitants, to put us in a condition to defend and protect our national institutions, and to develop the manifold resources of our country, than can be easily imagined. It will give to the Republic of Liberia an impetus which will result in growth, strength, and development far beyond the expectations of the most sanguine among us. I am aware that the act regulating the highway gives the Executive great discretionary power, as well as eight thousand dollars annually to carry into effect that law; but the President personally cannot attend to the duties prescribed in said act. In fact the several requirements therein set forth are matters of record, and a proper person should have the entire

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management of the Interior Department under the direction of the President. The Government has nothing to lose but every thing to gain by the immediate revival of this office. Recurring to the subject of the coast trade, while I would not be understood as advocating the doctrine of throwing open our coast indiscriminately, I do say we need more ports of entry to command a larger trade and an increased revenue. The greater the commerce of any country, the more the advantage to the public exchequer. And the Government should, by all possible means, adopt such a policy from time to time, as will conduce to the national progress. Commerce and agriculture are the ordinary sources from which most governments derive their support. The time has fully come in the history of the Republic, when we should adopt more liberal laws for the admission of foreign capital. In view of our peculiar circumstances, it is our duty to avail ourselves of every means by which we may enhance our material as well as moral prosperity, and thus increase our usefulness on this continent. We have applications from various quarters urging the opening of our coast more extensively to foreign intercourse. And I am persuaded that under certain restrictions we may with safety and advantage accord larger privileges to foreigners, – admitting them not only to more numerous points of our coast, but to our various rivers, where they may be permitted to lease lands for a term of years, for carrying on their operations with some degree of responsibility to the local chiefs, conforming at the same time to the revenue laws of the Republic, and being solely responsible for any disorder arising from their own conduct. Our common school interest is one of paramount importance to the country, and should claim far more of our attention. I would recommend that the law regulating common schools be so amended as to bring about results more favorable to the educational demands of the country. I beg to recommend also a larger appropriation for common schools, in order to supply in some measures the increasing number of applications for schools on the part of the native tribes around us. It is worthy of note in this connection, that many of the aborigines are willingly paying taxes to aid in the maintenance of the schools accessible to them. To meet the requirements for a higher education, I most earnestly recommend that the Liberia College, a national institution and the benevolent gift of good men in America – men who were true friends to Negro elevation in this country – be more highly appreciated and sustained by the Government and people of Liberia. The support of this important institution should not be left solely to the Trustees of Donations. The Government should not stop at supporting the Preparatory Department, but should appropriate at least three thousand dollars annually for ten years to aid in keeping up repairs and for the payment of professors. And I have to request that you will at your present session pass a resolution to this effect. The time has fully come, fellow citizens, when we should address ourselves to the work of maintaining our literary institutions. As a Government we cannot be too careful in looking after and guarding the educational training of the youth of the nation. Not only should we know that they are under instruction, but we should also know what is the character of the instruction they are imbibing; whether it is such as will inspire them with sentiments of personal and national self-respect, loyalty, love of race, patriotism and virtue, or the reverse of all these. To provide in some measure of this kind of supervision, the Government has already directed that no books shall be used in any of the public schools except such as shall have the approval of the Government, through the Secretary of State and school commissioners. And plans are in progress for securing of a series of approved school books to be used in all the state schools. Other measures are in contemplation with the view of obtaining such a course of early training for our children and youth as will tend to implant in their minds sentiments of love for and appreciation of their race and country. Too much of the indiscriminate training, recklessly lavished upon Liberian youth theretofore, has just the

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opposite tendency. The time has come, fellow citizens, when we should look these matters squarely in the face, and take the necessary precautions to guard against the disastrous effects that they will naturally produce. It is gratifying to know that there are considerable funds held by the Trustees of Donations, in Boston, and the New York State Colonization Society, the bequests of benevolent friends of Liberia, to be used in maintaining the Liberia College; and if you will supplement these amounts by the appropriation above recommended, the institution can soon be put on a career of further and more extensive usefulness to our growing Republic. I am happy to inform your Honorable Body that our public buildings have not failed to claim the attention of Government during the past year. In fact so urgent was the demand for these edifices, that their supply had become a positive necessity. And while much remains yet to be done in this respect throughout the different counties, I am glad to be able to say that something has been accomplished. The Court House and Senate chamber, a structure of this city, has undergone thorough repair, and is now, as you see, completed and ready for use. This building, erected in the early stage of the colony, by Governor Buchanan, is a relic of the past that should be sacredly preserved, especially as it was in this building that the Constitution was framed and the Declaration of Independence made in the memorable year of 1847. Would that I had the means not only to repair, but to enlarge and rear up here on the original foundation, a stately edifice of exquisite beauty and worth, to hand down to future generations as a monument to the self-sacrificing zeal, energy and patriotism of our fathers. A custom house is being erected in Grand Bassa county, at Lower Buchanan, by the Superintendent, with commendable diligence. Such a building has been much needed at that port for many years. In the county of Sinoe, the new court house is completed. It is a fine edifice of the most durable timber, and reflects much credit upon the zeal and energy of Messrs. Harris & Ross, the contractors. The jail house is in progress. At Cape Palmas, Maryland county, the Honorable Superintendent has nearly completed the fortifications that were deemed necessary to put certain frontier settlements at that point, in a proper state of defense. The block house at Jacksonville has been erected; and the stone wall of the fortress at Mount Tubman is nearly completed also. These military precautions were deemed expedient at the time they were ordered, for the purpose of keeping down disturbances and disorder in that vicinity, and for affording peace and security to the agricultural district of that county. From present indications however we have every reason to believe that they will not soon, if ever, be called into requisition for any warlike purposes. The North-West boundary question, owing to difference of opinion that arose between the English and Liberian Commissioners, is, I regret to say, still unsettled. Our Foreign Relations are of a peaceful and friendly character. I have every reason to believe from consular correspondence that the Christian Governments of Europe and America desire to see a prosperous and happy Negro State, capable of exerting a beneficial influence upon this Continent, firmly established here. I have to recommend to you the passage of a resolution thanking the United States Government for having so generously sent Commodore Shufeldt and the Flag Ship Ticonderoga, to aid in the adjustment of the North-West boundary question. The remarkable patience with which the Commodore and his gallant officers waited upon the movements of the Commission to its adjournment cannot soon be forgotten by the Government and people of this Republic. It would be a grave omission on my part, Gentlemen, should I close this communication without recording an expression of appreciate by the Government of the services of the Liberian Commissioners, the patriotic citizens who accompanied them as witnesses, and the

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Liberian Consul at Sierra Leone, in their efforts to facilitate the termination of the boundary question. The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury will at an early day of your session lay before you the public accounts, with such recommendations as he may deem necessary to improve the financial condition of the Republic. Relying, fellow citizens, upon your patriotism and hearty co-operation in all measures that may be laid before you tending to advance the welfare of the State, and trusting that your session will be harmonious in character and beneficial in its results, I must close by asking appropriations for the following objects: viz: – Civil and Legislative Service; Public Buildings; Internal Improvements generally; Naval Service, special and general; Internal Department, including the mission to Medina; Military Service, including Pensions; General Contingent, including Diplomatic Service; Public Schools, including Liberia College. In all the above, Gentlemen, you shall have my hearty co-operation. And may the Great Arbiter of all human events bless you in your efforts for the good of the nation. Anthony W. Gardner, Monrovia, Dec. 10, 1879

Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1880 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives. You have again, after the elapse of another year, returned to resume the arduous work of enacting laws for the well-being and prosperity of the Nation. It is meet and proper that we should render praise and adoration to the great Arbiter of all human events for His goodness and mercy in preserving our unprofitable lives during the past year. We have abundant reason to rejoice in view of His preservation of our being, as also for the fruits of the earth with which He has blessed us during the year. Notwithstanding the abundance of rain the crops have been generally good, and the faithful labors of the husbandmen have been amply rewarded. There is, I am happy to observe, much activity on the part of the citizens in enlarging their coffee farms and this industry, if duly encouraged, bids fair to become a source of great wealth to the citizens, as well as of large revenue to the Government. Trade – Our interior and sea-board commerce would, in my opinion, be greatly increased, if a stop could be put to the tribal wars which, in a measure, prevent the egress and ingress of trade to our settlements. The wars in the Grand Cape Mount, Gallinas, and Solo districts are still going on to the detriment of commerce in that section of country, and nothing but an armed force on the part of the Liberian Government will put an end to them. And the sooner this is done, the better will it be for the trade as well as the peace and prosperity of the inhabitants of the Republic. Owing to these continued wars, many, I learn, have suffered greatly from hunger and starvation, as well as from the cruelty of victors and to say the least the Government should not allow such a state of things to exist longer. The fact of sending Commissioners to settle these wars within the jurisdiction of the Republic, carries with it the idea that the native tribes are independent sovereign powers, instead of subjects of Liberia, and that they are at liberty to obey or not the requirements of the Government. I think the time has fully come that we should teach them better, by impressing them with the truth that we are one people

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under one Government, and by making the seditious party feel the power and respect the majesty of the law. Government Relief Act. – I have to inform your Honorable Body that the “Act for the Relief of Government” has not operated in many respects as was anticipated. The bill-holders have held back to a very great extent, and have declined to deposit their bills. Perhaps some of the causes for their not doing so is that the law did not give a starting point or a minimum deposit, but declared that all “debtentures, cheques or any other papers representing legal claims against the Government, excepting currency demand note, shall be consolidated, and Bonds given to their holders as receipts for the amounts so deposits in the Treasury of the Republic, upon which an interest of six per cent. per annum shall be paid to the depositors in the legal tender of the country; namely, gold, silver, and copper coin, or currency demand notes: the Bonds to be redeemed at the expiration of ten years, the Government of Liberia reserving to itself the right to redeem the Bonds at any time after three years.” Department of the Interior. – The Department of the Interior having been revived at your last session, is now in working order. The Educational interests of the State have largely claimed its attention during the year, and I am gratified to inform you that already forty-three Government schools have been put into operation with forty-four teachers, attended by fourteen hundred and thirty pupils. A large portion of the youth attending these schools are children of the Aborigines – Golahs, Veys, Deys, Bassas and Greboes. Several schools are located in native towns, and the demand for them is increasing. In some case the Aboriginal tribes offer to pay a tax in support of the schools among them. It is the cherished object of Government to increase the educational facilities of the country as rapidly as circumstances will permit. And I am fully convinced that a judicious system of taxation persistently carried out, will afford ample means to supply the wants of the country in these respects. I am happy to observe that besides the Government, there are more than half as many Mission and private schools, with a large number of children enjoying the advantages of daily instruction. The College – The prospects of The Liberia College are gradually improving. The joint action of the Trustees of the College in Liberia and of the Trustees of Donations in Boston, in the election of Rev. Dr. Edward Wilmot Blyden as President of the college, has inspired hope both at home and abroad in the future of the institution. The Act passed at your last session legalizing the removal of the College from the present to an interior site, has met with general approval among the friends of the same in America, and has revived their feelings of hopefulness in the ultimate success of the establishment. It is hoped that at an early date the institution will be transferred to some interior site. The judicious and timely appropriations of three thousand dollars by your Honorable Body at your last session for the use of the College would have been applied to that institution, but for the loss which the Government sustained in September last by the wreck of the “Ta” on its way to Cape Palmas, with funds of the Government: but every thing will be done as soon as possible to carry out the action of the Legislature and the desire of the people in this important matter. The Preparatory Department, sustained wholly by the Government, has made gratifying progress during the year. It numbers thirty-five students, and gives promise of success. It is a matter of serious concern that so little is, as yet, done by the Government for the special training of females. The education of females is always an interesting feature in the educational reports of other civilized countries, especially of the United States. Young Ladies Seminaries, Girls’ High Schools, and Female Academics are numerous in all enligh-

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tened countries. I trust that it may be within the scope of Liberia College to admit within its precincts the girls of the land, and that Government may be able, before long, to adopt some general and efficient measures for the advancement of female education. In this connection I am happy to announce the expected arrival from America of a highly educated and accomplished Negro lady whose object is to found a Female High School at Brewerville. Besides the establishment of schools the Department of the Interior has in contemplation plans for carrying out other important interests connected with the welfare of the country, but has not yet had the time to put them into operation. I am happy to be able to announce that notwithstanding the difficulties which exist among the petty tribes on our eastern borders, the influence of Liberia, both as commercial and civilizing agency, is extending among the powerful tribes further interior. A recent Arabic communication from the native messenger sent to Medina by the Government gives information of the good feeling towards the Republic on the part of powerful Chiefs in the interior, and of their desire for intimate commercial if not political relations with Liberia. Our Foreign Relations. – Nothing has occurred since your last meeting to interrupt the friendly relations so happily existing between the Republic and foreign nations. The Secretary of State has found it necessary to call the attention of some parties abroad to acts of infringement upon our Port regulations, by trading ships calling at places not Ports of Entry, and shipping Kroomen, in contravention of the laws of the Republic. Several instances have come to the knowledge of the Government of such violations of law on our coast. In one case of very recent occurrence, serious consequences followed. A German steamer, the “Carlos,” left Hamburg with special instructions to stop at Sassa-town, not a Port of Entry, to ship kroo boys, in direct violation of the laws of the Republic. While in the act of carrying out these instructions, the vessel struck on a sunken rock near Sassa-town on the 25th of October, and soon went down, the crew escaping in boats. Information has reached the Government that certain of the Aborigines on that part of the coast committed depredations upon the crew, who were German subjects. While the Government will take the necessary steps to investigate the matter and bring the offending parties to justice, yet foreign traders cannot expect the protection guaranteed to citizens of friendly nations while they persist so willfully in violating our revenue laws by frequenting places on our coast not open to the foreign trade. To save future complications of this nature, the Secretary of State has had two hundred copies of a map of Liberia carefully prepared and lithographed, with Ports of Entry properly designated, and has furnished our foreign Representatives with two copies each, one for the Consulate and one to be presented to the Government near which they reside; so that ships clearing from a foreign port to visit our coast, can get all the information needed touching points at which they may lawfully call, from Liberian Consuls abroad. In this connection, I must again invite your attention to the considerations urged in my annual message at your last session, on the subject of legalizing a few more Ports of Entry, at points where the revenue laws can be enforced with little trouble and expense to the Government. A step in this direction may bring about happy results, not only in largely increasing the trade but also in promoting peace and good feeling, together with a spirit of commendable emulation among the coast tribes. Repeated applications have been made to this Government on the part of foreign nations to open more ports on our coast. And I trust that a year’s reflection on this subject has had the effect to convince you of the importance and propriety of the suggestions in my last message, and that you are prepared to give your approbation to a measure so advantageous to the welfare of the state. Under this head I am pleased to mention that the invitation extended by President Hayes to take part in an International Sanitary Council, to meet at Washington in January ensuing,

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has been accepted by this Government, and that William Coppinger, Esq. Liberian Consul General, has been appointed to represent Liberia. It affords me great pleasure to inform you, as a proof of the deep interest taken in our work in this country by distinguished foreigners, that the Government is in frequent receipt of applications from men of eminence and merit, requesting that the Order of African Redemption be conferred upon themselves or their friends, who have rendered any service to Africa or the Negro race. And feeling it a duty that we owe to ourselves, it has afforded me much gratification to recognize, in behalf of this Republic, worthy services rendered to our race at any time and place, whether at home or abroad. In connection with foreign affairs I have to invite your attention to the importance of such measures being adopted as shall lead to the speedy extinction of the claims held by the English bond-holders of the Liberia loan, against the Republic. They have just and lawful claims against us which we must meet, or subject the Republic to serious detriment. Excepting these claims and the small obligation to the United States, our foreign relations are entirely satisfactory. Finances. – The Secretary of the Treasury will, at an early day of the session, lay before your Honorable Body a report of the finances of the country, together with such other information touching the revenue, as may be deemed desirably by you, and he will suggest such arrangements for the better collection and security of the same as may, in his judgment, seem best. And I regard it not amiss to say that nothing short of a Bonded Warehouse system will ensure the timely collection of the revenue for the purposes of Government, as well as put an end to all legal proceedings except in cases of smuggling. Liberia will have to adopt this course, and she might as well inaugurate it now, and require all imports and exports to pass through the custom house, as to leave it to be done at some future day. If started at once, much that is now lost will be saved to the country. It is admitted, I believe on all side, both by citizens and merchants, that the duties are imperfectly and poorly paid, owing to the want of a better system. The liberality of our system in allowing importers and exporters their own time to pay is a great drawback, and most embarrassing to every enterprise, to say nothing of the very unpleasant manner it exposes revenue officers to the grave charge of malfeasance, however legal and economical the money may have been disbursed. In revising this law and providing for the adoption at once of the Bonded Warehouse system, requiring all imported goods to pass through the custom house, there would be little difficulty in the collection of the revenue, which, if paid in available money, would be amply sufficient to meet the demands of Government. We are every day more and more convinced of the utter impossibility of conducting the Government efficiently under the present system of Customs and very recently certain occurrences have forced upon me the conclusion that it is absolutely necessary that we resort to such measures as are resorted to by all civilized Governments for the maintenance and preservation of the body politic. That is to say, the advisability is forced upon me of recommending to your consideration the passage of an Act suspending the receipt at the custom houses of any paper obligations until the Government is able to get itself out of its present dilemma. These, Gentlemen, are serious facts which you will do well to notice. Now it is with you, fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives, for the sake of your own self respect, for the sake of the advancement of the country – the sacred interests of which are entrusted to your hands, for the sake of the honor and welfare, not to say the very existence of this State, to remedy these things. It does not admit of doubt for one moment that the intelligent and enterprising foreign merchants who have for so many years enjoyed the protection of this Government, and have under this flag enlarged their

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operations and built up their financial character, will do all within their power to aid the Government in all lawful measures, not only to secure itself against impositions in the collection of the revenue, but even to preserve the life of the State; since upon the ability of the Government to maintain order and open new sources of trade, depends not only their safety in the country, but their continued and increased prosperity. And so far as our own citizens are concerned, who are engaged with commendable energy and praiseworthy success in the prosecution of trade, they would find their condition materially altered, if, for the want of pecuniary support the active energies of the Government in affording encouragement and protection to trade, were withdrawn. Immigration. – We have been glad to welcome to our shores during the year a number of self-moved emigrants, who, fleeing from political, social, and industrial disabilities, determined to push their way through every obstacle, and reach the land of their fathers. They arrived here in June last, and the Government having promptly assigned them their lands, they are now in circumstance that give promise of success. There are numbers of our brothers in the United States of America who are anxious to come and join us in the great work which lies before us. And I cannot suppress the belief, or at least the hope, that the day is not distant when the Government of the United States will see its way clear to render pecuniary assistance to deserving Negroes who are anxious to emigrate to Africa. Necrology. – With emotion of sympathy and regret I have to inform your Honorable Body that since your last session, Hon. James B. McGill was drowned on the night of the 16th of September last, by the capsizing of his vessel, the “Ta,” off Tobacconee, in a squall. Mr. McGill was elected a member of the House of Representatives n May, 1879, and, as a young man of talent, bid fair to prove himself a useful and patriotic legislator. He entered upon the duties of his office with zeal and enthusiasm and with a determination, if possible, to reduce the salary of all officers within the reach of legislative action. His loss to the community is greatly lamented. The vacancy in the house occasioned by his death has been filled by the election of Hon. James S. Payne, Jr. who no doubt by his ardent devotion in bringing forward measures for the advancement of the country, will commend himself to admiration and esteem of his fellow-citizens. On the first of November, Senator L. H. Williams, after short illness, departed this life. Mr. Williams at the time of his death was a member of the Senate of Grand Bassa county. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1869 and served one term, and in May, 1877, he was elected to the Senate, where with interest and zeal he served the country to the day of his death. An election to fill his vacancy was ordered to come off on the 23d of November, when Hon. Marshall Allen was chosen to succeed him. On the 9th day of November, Joseph W. Diggs, Esq., of Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount, after a lingering illness that had affected him for the last three or four years, died in the vigor of manhood. Mr. Diggs has for several years been the Superintendent of Robertsport, in which position he faithfully discharged the duties assigned him. As a military character also, he displayed much ability and gallantry, having served for some time as Major of the First Regiment. Last but least, I have to record the death of the late Vice President, Hon. Daniel B. Warner, which took place at this residence on the morning of the first inst. succeeding an illness of only a few hours. The long career of devoted and efficient services in the cause of the Republic rendered by this distinguished gentleman and patriot, as the first Secretary of State, as President two terms and Vice President three terms, is well known to you. The nation deplores his loss.

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Turning aside from considering the demise, patriotism and devotion of these noble minded gentlemen, let us praise and adore the Majesty of Heaven that our lot is cast in pleasant places, and let us act well our part, so that when, like them, we shall be called from the ever varying perplexities of this life, we may have an approving conscience of having done our duty in our day and generation. May our prayers like one of old be “Lord enlarge our borders and make of us a great nation according to Thy good pleasure.” In conclusion, gentlemen, I beg to assure you of my hearty co-operation in all matters tending to the benefit of the country; and may He who governs all human events guide and direct us in the path of duty. Anthony W. Gardner. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Dec. 16th, 1880

Annual Message to the Legislature December 10, 1881 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: Our unfeigned gratitude is due to the Almighty Ruler of Nations, in view of the auspicious circumstances under which it is our privilege to meet again for the purpose of taking into consideration the condition of the State, and devising measures for the promotion of the national interests. We have been blessed during the year with the general health throughout our communities, and the earth has yielded more than her usual supplies. The rice crop which has failed for several years past has this year been abundant. The coffee trees have also afforded an unusual yield. The election of the Chief Magistrate of the Republic came off in May last with becoming order, giving assurance and stability of our institutions, and of our ability to maintain a Republican Government with its official rotations and changes. The constituencies did not vote to adopt the constitutional amendment submitted by the Legislature, following, perhaps, a wiser instinct than appears on the surface. Interior Affairs – There has been marked improvement in our relations with the interior. Roads long closed have been opened, and intelligence of that fact has been sent to me by powerful Chiefs. The native wars which have been going on in the vicinity of Cape Mount have now nearly exhausted themselves. The periodical wars are, for the most part, the results of long-standing feuds arising from the horrible foreign slave trade, that dreadful scourge which distinguished the intercourse of the European world with Africa for more than ten generations. These wars will be effectually suppressed only by the progress of civilization, the development of systematic agriculture, and the increase of wealth among the people. About the middle of the year, I received a letter from Prince Jiah of Gallinas, one of the most influential of the belligerents, given assurance that the wars in which he has been engaged with districts in the neighborhood of Robertsport, had no hostile reference to the Liberian settlements. It is of the greatest importance, however, that the Government use every possible means to maintain order in our territories, and see that legitimate commerce is not interfered with. The expenses of meeting native difficulties, have all been drawn from the general contingent fund at the disposal of the President; but that fund is not sufficient for dealing effectually with the numerous questions which arise in connection with Interior matters. There should be an increased appropriations, in keeping with the “Act to maintain

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peace on the Highway to the Interior,” for aboriginal purposes, at the disposal of the Department of the Interior, under the direction of the President, that we may be able in native difficulties to bring such influences to bear in promoting their settlement, as shall put an effectual stop to hostilities, and keep the roads permanently open. It is encouraging to know that there is a large element among the Aborigines utterly dissatisfied with these periodical wars, and anxious for such quietness in the country as shall allow them to improve in agriculture and to enjoy the advantages of uninterrupted trade. That element would readily come to the assistance of the Government in any effort put forth for removing the cause and extinguish the smoldering embers of belligerent conflagrations. The suggestions made by the Secretary of State, in a circular issued the early part of the year, as to the importance of systematic agriculture among the natives of civilizing purposes, would find a ready and practical response among a large majority of the Aborigines. And I would most respectfully recommend that the Legislature encourage the general cultivation of permanent farms among the portion of our citizens, in order to a perpetuation of peace in the country and the diffusion of secular and religious knowledge. The friendly communications of which I notified you in my Annual Message of 1879, between this Government and Ibrahima Sissi, King of Medina, continue. That monarch has been assiduous in his efforts to open the road for the facilitation of trade. Foreign Relations. – Amicable relations continue uninterrupted between this Government and foreign nations. The Government of the United States still manifests a friendly concern for the prosperity of this Republic, and is anxious to afford us every protection in its power against unfriendly influences, whether proceeding from within or without. When there was rumor two years ago of a French Protectorate of Liberia, a letter form the Department of State at Washington to the American Minister in Paris, contained the following paragraph – “When it is considered that this Government formed and fostered the nucleus of a native representative government on the African shores, and that Liberia so created affords a field of emigrations and enterprise for the lately emancipated Africans of this country, who have not been slow to avail themselves of the opportunity, it is evident that this Government must feel a peculiar interest in any apparent movement to divert the independent political life of Liberia for the aggrandizement of a great continental power which already has a foothold of actual trading possessions on the neighboring coast.” In this connection, I entreat you to join me in renewing the expression of the national sympathy with the Government of the United States, in the distressing loss they have recently sustained in the melancholy death of an able and honest Chief Magistrate. It is also my duty to inform you that Her Britannic Majesty’s Government having acquired erroneous information as to the actual relations between Liberia and the Kingdom of Medina, have written to express their disapproval of the annexation of that territory to Liberia. So numerous have been the kindnesses extended to this Republic by the Government of Queen Victoria, from the day that in weakness we declared ourselves a free, sovereign and independent Sate, that we cannot doubt that in addressing to us that communication, Her Majesty’s Government was influenced by the most friendly motives. In reply, I assured Her Majesty’s Government that the Kingdom of Medina had not been annexed to Liberia. We reserved to ourselves the right, however, if circumstances make it necessary or possible to affect such an annexation with the full and free consent of the people of that country, to pursue whatever course our national interest may require, in the exercise of the right guaranteed to independent communities by the law of nations. The whole policy of the British Government in their treatment of us, I am bound to acknowledge, has been to encourage our growth and expansion in the interest of commerce and civilization.

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Toward the end of February last, there arrived in Monrovia harbor, the German Corvette “Victoria,” Commander Valois, sent by His Imperial Majesty’s Government to demand indemnity for the outrages perpetrated upon the crew of the wrecked streamer “Carlos,” of whose loss on the Kroo coast I notified you in my last Message. Commander Valois had instructions to co-operate with the Government of Liberia in bringing to justice the perpetrators of the robbery and outrage on the property and persons of German subjects. After preliminary arrangements as to methods of co-operation between the Government and the Commander, I proceeded, accompanied by the Secretary of the Interior, on board the “Victoria,” to Nanna Kroo – having stopped at Sinoe to receive Col. W. E. Harris and an interpreter. After an interview with the chiefs at Nanna Kroo, during which I impressed upon them the importance of the mission which had brought the German War vessel to their doors, and pointed out to them the account which they will always be called upon to render, for any unlawful interference with peaceful foreigners whom accident or any other cause may bring to their shores, I then informed them that it became my unpleasant duty to inflict severe punishment upon them for the misdeeds which they allowed their subjects to commit, and ordered them to deliver up the parties among them who had plundered the seamen of the “Carlos.” They surrendered, after some hours delay, five men whom they charged with being concerned in the robbery. These, with five of the chiefs, were brought to Monrovia. The chiefs, after a short detention, were allowed to return home, having bound themselves to pay the full amount of the pecuniary indemnity. Before leaving Nanna Kroo, it was thought advisable to destroy the town in order to impress more deeply upon the minds of the Natives the serious responsibility they incurred, in ill treating or otherwise interfering with peaceful strangers in their country. This visit of the “Victoria” to the coast, and the discreet cooperation of her gallant Commander with the Government, have done a great deal to enhance the prestige of the Republic among the coast tribes, proving to them that infractions of the peace and disregard of the usages of civilized nations, in their dealings with the life and property of foreigners, will not be passed over with impunity. The “Victoria” returned to this port in October, when the Government paid over to her Commander, through the Imperial Consul, the whole amount of the pecuniary indemnity of $5,375.00 which was to reimburse the crew of the “Carlos” for damages sustained in consequence of the plunder of their property and ill treatment of their persons. The National Finances. – The condition of the financial affairs of the Government will be laid before you in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury. Our responsibilities as a member of the community of nations are very serious. We have to bear the burdens, and should see that we enjoy the rights and privileges of nations. Among those rights is that of regulating the revenues with reference to national exigencies. Experience has shown us that we cannot exist respectably as an independent nation without having a revenue in moneys of universally recognized value. The inconveniences suffered by the Government in consequence of our present system, are too numerous to mention. The present income of one tenth in money available abroad, is far from being sufficient to meet our wants. I would most earnestly call your attention to the urgent necessity of immediate legislation on this subject. I would recommend the passage of a law making all custom dues payable in gold or silver coin, while giving to the currency now in circulation the capacity of legal tender in private contracts, and for all Government claims, except custom dues. Sound financial principles, and our daily experience, teach us that the Government should receive, through at least one channel of its income, money of an intrinsic value, such as gold and silver coin, that the nation may advance along the line of progress which is necessary to the perpetuation of its existence, and to any measure of respectability among the nations of the earth. If there is any class of our citizens – I would fain hope that there is no such class-disposed to complain of

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the legislation now recommended only a short time will be necessary to satisfy such, if they are sincerely patriotic, that my recommendation on this subject is conceived in the highest interest of the country. The wisest financial legislation is that which tends to diminish the public burdens, and open up avenues for the general improvement of the country, giving to the daily laborer as well as to all the servants of the Government who are the servants of the people, such remuneration for their services as will enable them to supply themselves not with luxuries, but with the necessaries of life. Such legislation will also enable the Government to discharge its pecuniary obligations, both foreign and domestic, with greater fidelity, relieving it from the burden of paying excessive prices for common articles, and thus enable it to carry on necessary public improvements. In accordance with the law passed at your last session, the three ports of entry, namely Sassa-town, River Cess, and all the coast to the northward of Robertsport, were thrown open as additional ports of entry. Although the time is not long enough to enable us to form an accurate estimate of the results, I feel justified in stating that matters, so far, have worked favorably. American Cotton Exhibition. The Government by invitation, appointed Edward S. Morris, Esq., of Philadelphia, to represent Liberia at the International Cotton Exhibition held in the State of Georgia in October last. Education. Reports from the School Commissioners in the several counties are generally favorable. There is an increasing interest in all our communities in the subject of education. Liberia college, under the new auspices, has made encouraging progress. Considerable repairs and improvements have been made by the Trustees to the College edifice. The building has been in a measure reconstructed. The road leading to it has been cleared of bushes and repaired, and a new road over a better route is in process of constructions by the Government. Everything now about the College premises wears the aspect of life and earnestness. The number of students at present residing in the building is larger than at any previous period, and there is every prospect of an increase in the number during the coming year. I would suggest the adoption of such legislation as may be necessary to give increased efficiency to that important institution. And in this connection, I would respectfully recommend that such an amendment be made to the military laws of the Republic as to exempt from military duty all students of Colleges and High Schools while persecuting their studies in such institutions. And for the further usefulness of Liberia College I would that you make the appropriation of three thousand dollars, an annual grant for the use of the College, and that you supplement it by the creation of ten or twelve scholarships in the College of at least one hundred and fifty dollars a year each, for four years, to be competed for by young men over thirteen years of age and under twenty-two, to be selected from the four counties of this Republic. Futile Attacks and Misrepresentations. Liberia has been subjected during the year to more than the usual attacks and misrepresentations; but these attacks have all come from persons in the greenness and freshness of their years, and in the novelty of their Liberian experiences. Some have been in Liberia and some not. I feel sure that with riper manhood and wider experience, other sentiments will inspire their vigorous pens. Notwithstanding misrepresentations, a more accurate knowledge of the condition of things in this Country is spreading among our brethren in America, who, as they have access to enlarged measures of information and culture, and as they grow in self-respect, must find their way to the land of their fathers.

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I am persuaded that there are great things in store for Liberia and the land of our fathers. Foreigners are fighting for entrance into this Continent on the north and on the south, on the east and on the west; but the will of God is being accomplished. We have endured as a race long and severe afflictions, and the Most High “will make us glad according to the days wherein He has afflicted us and the years wherein we have seen evil.” Let this nation place itself in harmony with the plans of His Providence as they are being daily unfolded, and we shall move on with accelerated and uninterrupted progress. Obituary. Since your last session, death has deprived this nation of the valuable services of the late Hon. James E. Moore, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and James R. Moore, Esq., Collector of Customs for the port of Grand Bassa County. While deeply deploring the loss of our fellow citizens thus called away one after another, let us be animated with a sprit of renewed zeal to act well our part in the discharge of the solemn duties we owe to God and the commonwealth. Invoking the guidance and direction of Heaven upon your present deliberations, gentlemen, I remain your obedient servant. Anthony W. Gardner. Monrovia, December 20th, 1881

Annual Message to the Legislature December 6, 1882 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: In the discharge of the duty incumbent upon me at the opening of your session, I have the gratification to say, that the past year has been crowned with marked indications of national prosperity as well as of individual thrift and enterprise. Agricultural activity has not only kept pace with but has considerably exceeded that of the last several years, both as to the quantity as also to variety of the production raised. The rice crop as well as that of bread stuffs generally has been unusually favorable, while the exportable articles of coffee, sugar, rubber, palm oil, palm kernels, camwood, &c. have never been shipped in such quantities before. This increase is owing partly to the favorable seasons which we have had, partly to the growing industry of our citizens, and partly to the extension of our intercourse with the interior tribes from whom quantities of rubber, camwood and ivory, far in excess of former years are brought down to our markets. Foreign Relations. Nothing has occurred during the year to interrupt the friendly relations between this Republic and foreign nations. So far from it they have been considerably extended. In this connection I have to mention that His Majesty Don Alphonso XII, King of Spain, in the early part of the year gave evidence of his regard for and interest in the Republic of Liberia by tending to your Chief Executive the National Order of Isabella the Catholic In June last the illustrious American President of the United States of Venezuela, General Antonia Guzman Blanco, was pleased to transmit to me, as your President, a first class (Great Cross) diploma and decoration of the Bust of the Liberator, and at the same time expressed a warm desire to see the good relations existing between the two countries strengthened and enlarged. About the same time President Salomon of the Haytian Republic was pleased to forward a first class diploma of the National Order of that State for the President of Liberia. These

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are some of the many expressions of increasing interest in and appreciation of the work in which we are engaged in building up a Christian State in the land of our Fathers. The Government of the United States of America has also afforded a renewed evidence of the friendly attitude of the attention toward Liberia in the speedy supply of the vacancy caused by the lamented death of the Hon. Henry Highland Garnet, Minister Resident and Consul General for that country at the seat of this Government. The Hon. John H. Smyth, LL. D. who only about two months before the occurrence of the sad event just mentioned had closed a term of diplomatic service justly appreciated by the Department of Washington and highly acceptable to this Republic, has been returned to fill the important post for which he is so well qualified. Our North-West Boundary. Her Majesty’s Government of Great Britain, anxious to remove everything that can possibly be the cause of the least friction in the friendly relations so long existing between that Empire and this infant State, saw fit to renew the appointment of British Consul for Liberia, the post having been vacant for the last several years, and to invest the appointee with authority to visit this Government with the view of effecting a solution of the long pending question of the North-west boundary of this republic, as well as to inquire into certain alleged claims of British subjects for property said to have been destroyed by the troops of Liberia in a campaign against certain Gallinas tribes in 1871. His Excellency Arthur E. Havelock, C. M. G. Governor of Her Majesty’s West African Settlements, was appointed said Consul. He arrived in this City in March last, and met the Liberian Commissioners, Honorables W. M. Davis and E. W. Blyden, who with himself held a session of four days. Questions and points having arisen during the conference that could not be settled without legislative action, the whole matter is referred to your Honorable Body, and I trust that you will give it the attention due to so important a subject at the earliest date possible. As I shall make a special communication to you in connection with the papers to be laid before you on this question, I need not dwell upon it in this document. Finances. The Secretary of the Treasury will submit to you a report of the finances of the country. Under this head I need only refer you to the urgent necessity set forth in my last annual message, for the passage of an Act making all customs dues payable in gold or silver coin, while giving to the currency now in circulation the capacity of legal tender in private contracts and for all other Government claims. The passage of such a law might be followed by retrenchment to the extent of one-tenth in the salaries of officials and the current expenses of the Government. These measures, together with a faithful collection of the revenue and a rigid economy in the disbursements thereof, would soon place the financial department of the country in a safe and healthy condition, and afford every year a considerable surplus to be paid on the indebtedness of the State. In advising retrenchment, Gentlemen, I would by no means convey the impression that I regard the salaries now paid to Government officials exorbitant. So far from it I deem them quite insufficient. But there are times in the story of most nations, when citizens must evince their patriotism by making sacrifices for the welfare of the State. Such a time in my opinion has arrived in Liberia. I feel confident in the assertion that there is a large measure of high-toned patriotism diffused throughout the masses of this Republic that in an emergency will assert itself, arise to the surface, and sustain the Government in any reasonable measure that you may adopt for the good of the nation, and the promotion of our Republican institutions. And I believe further that every good citizen of this Commonwealth would rather render official service for half pay, and see the Government credit resorted and brought to healthy financial condi-

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tions, than to insist on a large salary which would precipitate a humiliating aspect of national bankruptcy. You will observe that among other measures I mention the prompt and faithful collection of the revenue as a means to effect the relief of Government so much desired. It is stated on very good authority I understand, that not more than two-thirds of the revenue is collected-that if Government had the full benefit of its customs dues and property tax there would be no lack of means to carry out all the purposes of the State. Two years ago I called your attention to this matter and urged the adoption of the Bonded Warehouse System, as one likely to remedy some of the defects connected with the operations of the present one. I must again respectfully urge, that you spare no pains in endeavoring to inaugurate more effective measures for securing the revenues of the State. I must not fail to mention under this head also, the importance of so amending the revenue laws as to impose higher duties on the importation and sale of alcoholic liquors, gunpowder, fire arms, and tobacco. The fearful evils inflicted upon this infant State by the large introduction of the first named destructive agency are too apparent to require any comment here. Many of the tribal difficulties among the Aborigines, and most of the late irregularities in one section of the Republic among the civilized inhabitants, leading to the destruction of valuable life, may be attributed mainly to the free use of alcohol. The great importation of rum and gin into this country, which has been going on for the last number of years, is not only productive of disorder among the Aborigines in our territory, but is also destroying much precious life, laying waste valuable intellect, engendering a spirit of idleness and thriftlessness among hitherto industrious tribes, and is rapidly consuming the wealth of the land. I appeal to you, Fellow Citizens, in your Legislative capacity, to look these facts fairly in the face, consider the ponderous mass of evils with which they are burdening the State, and check, if you cannot wholly remove, the sad consequences being entailed upon us by them. Educational. A report on the state and condition of the common schools of the Republic will be laid before you by the Secretary of the Interior. Notwithstanding the disadvantage under which the schools have had to labor during the year, much has been accomplished. And it is the cherished object of the Government to place the advantages of a common school education within the reach of every child in the country. Your Honorable body, seeing the importance of this, will, I feel sure, make the necessary appropriation for books and salaries to carry out the same. The Liberia College, through the indefatigable efforts of the Executive Committee and Faculty, especially Professor Martin H. Freeman, M. A., who, in the absence of the President, has charge of the Institutions, is progressing finely. Great credit is due to the untiring and devoted energy of this able Professor, but for whose presence at the College, there would have been a suspension of its operations during the greater portion of the present year. It is with great pleasure that I am able to add at this point, that much good is likely to accrue to the Institution from the present visit of Dr. Blyden to the United States of America. The increase of the corps of professors, the addition of a Female department, as well as the revival of a general interest in it, on the part of its friends in that country, which he is endeavoring to effect, will add greatly to the efficiency of the College, and render it an invaluable boon to West Africa. By referring to the report of the Secretary of the Interior you will notice several important suggestions for the improvement of the educational interests of the State, which are worthy of your serious attention. I refer especially to the establishment of Government high schools in the several Counties on the manual labor system, the providing of Females aca-

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demics, and the endowment of several scholarship in connection with the Liberia College, to embrace the sciences, medicine, civil engineering and jurisprudence. The great importance, yea, the absolute necessity of a more general diffusion of knowledge among the people of this Commonwealth, if we would preserve and perpetuate our civil institutions, is so generally admitted by you, that I will not dilate upon the subject at this time. Judiciary. I regret to be under the necessity of informing your Honorable Body that the judicial department of the State has recently been subjected to the loss of the services of one of the oldest judges in the country. I refer to the resignation of Hon, Beverly Page Yates, late judge of the Quarterly Court of Montserrado County, in consequence of the failure of his health. And here again I must repeat a recommendation in my last message to the effect that you make some provision by law, which will allow a judge in case of failure of health, to be relived temporarily for foreign travel or to seek other means of recovery, without being under the necessity of tendering his resignation. Having noticed this subject at length last year, I beg to refer you to what was then said, and trust you will see the propriety of an enactment to meet the case. Postal Department. The Post Master General will submit to you his annual report, in which you will notice some important suggestions looking to an improvement in the efficiency of the indispensable service. I have to mention also that a proposal has been made to this Government offering additional facilities for the carrying of the mails between the several ports in the Republic, as well as to foreign countries. The papers referring to the same will be laid before you. Telegraph Project. An enterprise is in contemplation that proposes to bring to Liberia the advantages of telegraphic communication with the settlements on the coast, as well as with Europe and the United States. The details on the proposition will be submitted to you, and your direction in the matter solicited. Concession Asked. I have to call your attention also to a proposal that has been made to the Government very recently, asking for a concession to engage in mining operations, cut and export timbers, and to cultivate the soil, in consideration of a loan to this State of four hundred thousand pounds sterling, for fifty years, at seven per cent interest. The terms proposed, as well as time mentioned in which the debt is to be paid, are more favorable than any hitherto offered. It will be with you, Gentleman, after having given due attention to the terms of the offer and the circumstances of the country, to say whether or not it will be desirable and wise to accept the same. That we have foreign claims which must be met, none of you will deny. Nor will you refuse to admit that it is high time we were inaugurating measures with the view of satisfying the bond holders of the loan of 1871. Two other proposals were made to the Secretary of State while abroad last year, having reference to the settlement of this debt, which it may be advisable to have before you when you shall find it convenient to take up the one now under consideration. Native Difficulties. It affords me no little pleasure to be able to report the happy termination of the difficulties among the native tribes in one portion of the camwood country in Grand Bassa county. Though the persevering efforts of Superintendent Smith, Judge Neyle, and others, the guilty parties have been brought to justice and peace fully restored. The disturbances which for the last several years existed in the Cape Mount territory, have also been settled. In the month of July last I appointed Rev. C. A. Pitman, T. G. Fuller, Esqr., and Superintendent R. J. B. Watson of Robertsport, with Mr. E. J. Barclay as Clerk, to

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visit this section of country, convene the Chiefs of the contending factions and endeavor to restore peace. The Commission arrived at Robertsport, proceeded to Sallijah, entered upon their duties with commendable zeal, and after meeting with and surmounting many difficulties, succeeded in having a treaty of peace signed by thirteen Chiefs of the Gallinas, Mannah, Solon, Teywah and Sallijah Territories, a copy of which will be submitted to you. In a former communication I called your attention to the progress that was being made in Maryland county toward the opening up of roads interiorwards, and effecting greater intercourse with more distant tribes. I am happy to inform you that these efforts have been followed up by Superintendent Gibson, so that at the present time, roads for trade and intercourse are available, for ingress and egress, which have been closed for the last eight or ten years. The importance of increasing our friendly intercourse with the powerful tribes of the country is a matter that cannot claim too much of our attention. So important do I regard our relations with these our Brethren, and so desirous am I of seeing this vast Aboriginal population and a Christian Government, thus giving strength and permanency to our Republican institutions on this coast, that I consider it really the great work of Liberia at present to pursue such a policy as will cement into one mass the many tribes about us, and bring them under the moulding influence of our laws and religion. The great work of Liberia at present is at home, and the sooner we lose sight of distracting party politics and address ourselves to the task of elevating our brethren and building up the country the better. Congratulations. I am unwilling to close this communication, Gentlemen and Fellow Citizens, without congratulating you and the nation generally, upon the pleasing abatement of that excessive political party strife which ran so high at your last session, as to prevent harmonious legislation. The fact that the storm has passed away and you are able to enter upon your duties under circumstances so favorable, shows that there is yet a gratifying measure of recuperative energy in our little ship of state. That though at times she may toss and reel as though the next moment were destined to be her last, yet after awhile she recovers her balance, uprights herself, and proceeds on an even course toward the sublime goal that awaits her. May we gather experience, from the past, learn wisdom for the future, and under the direction of Him who guides the affairs of the children of men, go on courageously and faithfully in working out our national destiny. I trust that your present session may mark a new era in our national history, and effect great good for the nation and the Race. A. W. Gardner. Executive Mansion Monrovia, December 6, 1882

Alfred Francis Russell X President of Liberia: 1883–1884

Annual Message to the Legislature December 1883 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: In meeting you again for the purpose of taking the annual retrospect of our national affair, it is becoming that we gratefully recognize the kindness of our Heavenly Father in shielding and guiding us to the present moment. The earth has yielded more than its usual supplies. The harvests have been bountiful and gratifying. Foreign Relations. Nothing has occurred to disturb the amicable relations which we sustain to foreign Powers. A treaty of amity and commerce with the Spanish Government at Madrid, has been negotiated by our Minister resident and will be submitted to you for ratification. In view of the rapidly increasing commerce between Belgium and Liberia, a treaty is now being negotiated between the two countries. Owing to the energy and enterprise of the Liberian Consul General at Antwerp, Baron Von Stein, it is hoped that an extensive trade with Belgium will be established along this coast, and the attention of the International Association of which the King of Belgians is the distinguished President, will be called to this portion of Africa. Soon after the adjournment of you last session; a dispatch was received from A. E. Havelock Esq., Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul to Liberia. On the receipt of this communication, the Government thought it advisable to issue a protest against the action of the British authorities at Sierra Leone, a copy of which is herewith transmitted. The protest was sent to all the Nations with whom we are in treaty relations, accompanied with a dispatch soliciting their good offices in the settlement of the North West boundary dispute. Very few replies have been thus far received. The President of the United States, who manifests deep interest in the amicable adjustment of the question, has communicated to me a suggestion in relation to the subject which will be laid before you. In this connection I may remark that President Arthur has given several tokens of his good will toward this Republic and of his desire for its success and perpetuity, a disposition in keeping with the traditional policy of the United States. I recommend that you will as soon as possible adopt such measures on this important subject as that this vexed question may now be forever laid at rest, and in such a way that the friendly relations between Her Majesty’s Government and this Republic may be maintained. It is evident that it is of great importance that some definite understanding should be arrived at between the two Governments at the earliest possible moment in relation to the boundaries of the Republic, and it is with you to make such provisions as will enable the Government to carry this out effectually. The Aborigines. The state of things in our Interior and among the Aborigines generally in our unquestioned territory is satisfactory. The natives inhabiting the maritime districts between the Cavalla

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and San Pedro rivers are now in a most friendly attitude, and are seeking to emphasize, in the opinion of the Government, their loyal disposition. The Superintendent of Maryland, under date of August 6th last, writes, as follows-“We are at peace with the surrounding native tribes, of which there are several more interiorwards who send in requesting to become allied to the Government. The Beriby people also express the same wish, and we are expecting their chiefs in a few weeks to meet in council in this city.’ The apparent friendliness on the part of the natives now from the river San-Pedro to Taboo, offers a good opportunity to strengthen the ties of our relationship with them, and there are strong reasons why it ought to be improved. I earnestly recommend that steps be taken to foster this good feeling, and to effect such a confederation of all the respective tribes within the limits of our jurisdiction, as will bring them into harmonious co-operation with the government. Application has been made to the Government by the people of Nanna-Kroo to have a regular port of entry established at that point, which I recommend to your favorable consideration. We are every day more and more convinced of the importance of a rapid incorporation of the native tribes as necessary to the upbuilding of this Republic. Increased Facilities to Foreigners. The time has come for a more liberal policy towards foreigners. The whole European world is advancing towards Africa and we, as far as it comes within the scope of our influence, should facilitate such intercourse with the country as shall promote a healthy civilization. In extending facilities along our Coast to foreigners, care should be taken to guard the Aborigines against the introduction of those pernicious influences which have proven so detrimental to aboriginal races elsewhere. Ardent spirits and all intoxicating liquors should be entirely suppressed or admitted under severe restrictions. If this precaution is not taken, the admission of foreigners to direct trade with our unsophisticated brethren will prove more of a curse than a blessing to them, and involve the Government in constant expense to keep down wars. The terms on which foreigners are now allowed to hold land should be so improved as to encourage the investment of capital from abroad. I cannot see that it would interfere with the purposes and aims of this nation to grant to foreigners the right of obtaining lands on a far more protracted lease than is now allowed by law. Leases do not confer the rights of citizenship. The English Loan. The English loan will soon become due, and it is important that measures be authorized at this session for the payment of the same. Recent events admonish us as to the serious responsibility of claims held against us by foreigners, and we cannot tell what complications may arise from this claim. The Finances. You will have at an early date in your session the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, which presents in detail a satisfactory exhibit of the receipts and disbursements, as well as the state of the finances and the conditions of various branches of the public service administered by that department. I commend to your favorable consideration the suggestion of the Secretary with reference to the importance of the Government procuring, as soon as possible, a suitable gunboat for the better enforcement of the revenue laws of the Republic. Efforts of the Retiring Administration. The term of service of the existing administration is now drawing to a close. A distinguished citizen born on the soil will soon take the helm of the State. It may not be out of place here

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briefly to review some of the efforts for the good of the country made by the administration now going out. It has been our endeavor to liberalize the foreign policy of the country. Additional ports of entry have been opened during the last two years and trade has proportionately increased. Concessions have recently been granted to a German and a French line of steamers to induce them to take the Liberian ports within the circle of their operations, and application has been made by a Belgian company for a similar concession which has also met with a favorable consideration. The intercourse of these steamers and that of the two lines of English steamers will furnish increased facilities for transporting the produce of Liberia to the various European markets. A concession has been granted for the establishment of telegraph posts in different parts of our territory, thus enabling the Republic to share in the enormous benefits which the telegraph has conferred upon other portions of the globe, and giving us the advantage of that “succinct method of communication.” Our humble efforts to place the finances of the country upon a sound basis have met with encouraging success. The payment of a portion of the customs dues in gold coin, required by the law passed at your last session, is already stimulating enterprise all over the country, and it is hoped that it will soon be possible to require the whole of the customs dues to be paid in coin. I am pleased to be able to record my sense of the patriotism and public spirit with which the much dreaded Gold Law has been received by the citizens throughout the State. It has been the policy of the administration not only to increase the number but to improve the condition of the public buildings. In this city the Senate chamber and the Executive Mansion have been restored and reconstructed. The counties of Grand Bassa, Sinoe, and Maryland have witnessed similar improvements. It has been the cherished object of the Government to promote an efficient system of education not only in its lower but higher branches. The common schools of the country have claimed the earnest attention of the Secretary of the Interior. On application by the Trustees of Liberia College, the Legislature at its session of 1880-’81 made a grant of three thousand dollars for the purposes of that institution. The growing necessities of the College, in view of its removal to the interior and its enlarged curriculum, require that this annual grant be increased. You will be happy to learn that the faculty has been enlarged by the addition of two Professors from the United States, and that a female department, long desired, has been established and was opened on the 10th of September by an able female principal from America. The department will need to be developed, and an assistant teacher appointed by the patronage and support of the Government. The educational work of foreign Missionary Societies in this country have also shared the attention of the Government, and liberal grants of land in eligible sites have been made and every other lawful aid given to facilitate their operations. Among those that have claimed the patronage of the administration in these respects may be mentioned the Protestant Episcopal training institution at Cape Mount, the Muhlenberg Mission school near Arthington, the Female school at Brewerville, and the “All Saints Hall” female school on the St. John’s river. To supply a want generally felt, the Government has succeeded in having a map of the territories of the Republic constructed by a Liberian who has distinguished himself in mathematics and explorations; which map has been lithographed, and copies of the same furnished to all foreign Governments with whom we are in treaty relations, as well as placed in the schools of the country. The following from the Liberian Consul General in Paris, referring to the operations of the War-office in France in constructing a map and history of the western coast of Africa, will show the appreciation of this effort abroad; “The map drawn up

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by the Hon. Benjamin Anderson met his (the Secretary of War) approval, and was taken as the basis of the work by the gentlemen entrusted with the Republic of Liberia part.” Ready always to encourage and foster a spirit of combination for laudable enterprises among our citizens, the Government has hailed with deep interest the formation of and granted liberal characters to several organizations of a very promising character. Limited as undoubtedly will be the operations of these companies at the outset, owing to the lack of capital, it is reasonable to hope that in the course of time, by perseverance and energy, they will secure to themselves and to the country generally important and gratifying results. Our Work and Responsibility. It is not for a moment to be doubted that the nations of Europe and that of the United States are interested in the welfare of Liberia as one of the most effective entrances to the interior of Africa, and one of the most promising agencies for its civilization and they are ready to second any truly liberal and progressive effort put forth by Liberia for the opening of this great Continent for commerce and humanitarian enterprises. But while the European world is interesting itself in this country and by various independent movement endeavoring to open it to civilization, we must not lose sight of the great and peculiar responsibility resting upon us, as the only Christian Negro race on the continent, representing before the world our race, not only in heathenism and barbarism but in civilized lands – having the opportunity to speak for the race at home and abroad as no other community can. The truth cannot be too much impressed upon our mind, that far more than any other nation, it is our duty to strive by intelligence, by energy, by industry, by high moral endeavors, to cause this nation to grow in favor and influence with both God and man. And I need not assure you that in your efforts, during this session, to attain these high and noble ends, you will have the earnest sympathy and co-operation of the Executive. Obituary. It is with regret that I have to announce to you that since your last session the Republic has been deprived by death of the valuable services of Hon. James M. Priest, an old faithful citizen, who for several years filled with ability the office of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. We have also to mourn the death of Hon. A. L. Stanford, who had just been called to occupy the office of Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas for Montserrado County, made vacant by the illness and subsequent death of that old and valued servant of the Republic, Hon. Beverly Page Yates. Alfred F. Russell Executive Mansion Monrovia, Dec. 1883

Hilary Richard Wright Johnson XI President of Liberia: 1884–1892

Annual Message to the Legislature December 4, 1884 To the Senate and the House of Representatives: – The past year has been eventful. But notwithstanding the difficulties and dangers through which we have passed, and the severe domestic affliction experienced by the Chief Executive, there is still, in the present aspect of affairs, cause for felicitation and for gratitude to the Supreme Arbiter of Nations Foreign Relations. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue on friendly footing. Owing to causes occurring both in Sierra Leone and Liberia – among which were the temporary absence of the British Consul, and the prevalence of the yellow fever epidemic in Sierra Leone, and political difficulties in Liberia – the North West Boundary Treaty between Great Britain and Liberia has not been concluded. It is hoped, however, that within a short time this object will be accomplished. Considering the contemplated increased commercial relations between the Republic and the Kingdom of Belgium, there was need for a more comprehensive treaty between the two countries. The Department of State and the Foreign Office in Brussels have compared draft treaties. But up to this time the accepted copy has been delayed, owing, no doubt, to the recent change of Government in Belgium. It is gratifying to bear testimony to the lively interest which His Majesty King Leopold II evinces in the welfare of the Republic. In this spirit, at the instances of the King, the President of the Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp, Col. Wauwermans, has written and published a history of the Republic, from the earliest times to the present year. This has been done with a view to circulate information of Liberia, and to excite, in European countries, interest and sympathy on behalf of the Republic. I digress a moment to allude to an important principle of international law discussed in this work – one upon which depended the destiny of the Colony in the early days. The author takes the affirmative of the question, “Can independent chiefs of savage tribes cede to private citizens or companies the whole or part of their states, with the sovereign rights which pertain to them?” The principle, although acted upon from the earliest times and conceded by renowned publicists of the present day, especially since the formation of the International Association, or The Free State of the Congo, was disputed in the case of the Liberian colony. And it was the contesting of this principle that precipitated the Declaration of Independence. The Republic has been invited to participate in the International Exhibition to be held at Antwerp next year, beginning in May. Our worthy Consul General, Baron Von Stein, has offered in case of the Republic being represented, to render material assistance on his personal responsibility.

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The Government received, also, in the early part of the year, an invitation from the United States Government to assist at the International Prime Meridian Conference, which assembled in Washington in the month of October; and our representative in that city was instructed to act on behalf of the Republic. Soon after my induction into office, the Government was solicited to take part in the World’s International and Cotton Centennial Exhibition, to be held in the city of New Orleans, United States of America, beginning in the month of December. As your session would be too late to ask for an appropriation, the Government was compelled to decline the invitation. The Universal Postal Congress intended to have been held at Lisbon in October, and in which the Republic had consented to take part, has, on account of the cholera epidemic, been postponed to the month of February of the coming year. The treaty with Spain, to which your attention was called by my predecessor at the beginning of your last session, appears not to have been in a condition to be laid before the Senate for ratification for it is only recently the Secretary of State has received a draft copy for inspection and comparison. Financial. For the past year, the expenditures have been in excess of the receipts, increasing somewhat the indebtedness of the country. This arises principally from three causes: first, an unprecedentedly large appropriation bill, in excess of what would have been the revenue even under more favorable circumstances than were experienced the past year; second, the retirement from circulation of too large a proportion of the currency – one half. When it is considered that the imports paying gold duties the past year were less than those of the previous year, it can be readily seen how seriously the rendering unavailable of one third of the revenue retarded the operations of Government. Had there been a retrenchment of unnecessary expenses and a retirement of a smaller proportion of the currency the finances would have been in a better working condition. The third cause to which I have alluded, is the necessity which compelled the putting on foot of two military expeditions. This rendering unavailable so large a proportion of the currency also pressed with some inconvenience upon the people. They were required to pay taxes and military fines. In many cases they held properly audited bills against the Government. The law prevented the Treasury from receiving them in payment of dues, when, at the same time, it had not the currency to redeem them. In view of the large amount of currency that has been withdrawn from circulation the two past year, its present scarcity in the market, and, consequently, its enhanced value. I would recommend that, for the present, the retirement of the currency be discontinued; except that all defaced and badly worn currency should be retired or destroyed as fast as received. I would recommend, also, that some measure be adopted for the relief of persons liable for taxes and military fines, and who hold properly audited claims against the Government. Considerable difficulty is experienced in the collection of the revenue from the fact, that in cases of doubtful passages of law, the revenue others seek instruction of interpretation from different sources; hence, there often arises a conflict of opinion and action. And although orders have repeatedly been given, to refer all questions or doubt to the Head of the Department for solution, it seems difficult to check this evil. This conflict of opinion and action was clearly seen in the enforcement of the Importation Liquor License, – one receiving officer considering the law restrictive or prohibitory, and demanding the whole amount, whether for a year or fractional part of a year; while another was receiving a proportionate part of the license for a fractional part of the year.

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The Government has taken the position that the law is, in its very nature, restrictive, or prohibitory and that therefore the whole license should be paid, whether for a year or a part of a year; and it has ordered receiving officers to conform to this decision. Native Trade. Trade has been somewhat obstructed the past year by the Fish war, which for some years has been waging at interval between the Bittars and Carbors. These fishermen have not confined their depredations to the persons and property of their respective tribes, but have even attacked the boats of the merchants having as crew any of the hostile tribes. Two causes are alleged as giving origin to this war: one is that the supremacy for the seas is contended for by these fisherman and boatmen; the other is that they are disputing the possession of a certain point of coast territory. Whatever may have given rise to this war, or however remote may be its origin, it is clearly the duty of the Government to put an end to it. From its origin, the State has expended almost yearly considerable sums on commissions to the various tribes. In some cases, the results have been satisfactory; in others, where the tribes are remote from powerful centres of civilization and have been accustomed to recognize no argument but that of physical force, the expenditure has been fruitless. In the case of tribes not too remote from the centres of Government, small military expeditions are often effectual in maintaining the peace of the country, when other means have failed. And where the action of the Government is prompt and energetic, the object can generally be accomplished without bloodshed. In remote sections, I am of opinion that small military posts, or block-houses would be the surest means of insuring the peace of the remote interior. The little garrisons might possess also an itinerant capacity, moving from post to post, as occasion might require. This means, I think, should be adopted as soon as the resources of the Government might justify. Returning to the Fish war, I am of opinion that the only effectual remedy is, to keep constantly on the coast an armed vessel, that there might be a constant exhibition of physical force. Besides the advantage referred to by the possession of a steam gunboat, the Government would experience considerable benefit in the collection of the revenue, and its facilitating the work of the revenue officers. There would also be some advantage derived by the Postal Department. In utilizing the territory to the eastward of Cape Palmas, a sailing vessel would be of no avail at certain seasons. Even on other parts of the coast, a sailing vessel is by no means calculated to facilitate the operations of Government. For these reasons I consider a steam gunboat of sufficient capacity a great desideratum. During the year, the Government has made inquiries as to the cost of a steam gunboat of suitable size and capable of burning wood, and I shall, at an early day, lay before you different plans and estimates. On the thirtieth day of January of the present year, I proclaimed the Port of Niffou open for foreign and domestic trade; although it is only recently that foreign traders are beginning to avail themselves of the advantages of the new port. As this new port does not come under the law governing River Cess and creating deputy collectors, it is necessary that you provide a salary for the collector of Niffou. Liberia’s Boundaries. The causes which have delayed the conclusion of the Boundary Treaty, have postponed also the opening of the Port of Mannah. Beyond some preliminary steps, no progress has been made towards the San Pedro settlement. The heavy rains had set in before the Government could complete its arrangements, which were also retarded by lack of communication with

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the counties. The volunteers, too, did not come forward in sufficient numbers, of whom it was desired to procure an equal proportion from each county. As it is the intention of the Government to start this dries, the Society also being ready to move about that time, I have to request that you renew the appropriation for that settlement. The Korsors. On coming into office, I found the Little Cape Mount country inflamed with a Korsor war. In this case, history was but repeating itself. In all ages of the world, warlike and unproductive tribes, inhabiting, for the most part, unprolific sections of country, have subsisted chiefly by inroads on peaceable and productive tribes. The Korsors belong properly to the interior of the Gallinas country. In the case referred to, they had been invited into the Little Cape Mount country by one rival chief to fight another. There had been considerable destruction of life and property; trade had entirely ceased, and the Korsors had become masters of the situation. Had they not been checked, they would soon have been followed by other bands; and their course would have continued onward in the rear of the settlements, until checked by a powerful foe. Devastation would have followed in their path. My predecessor had, through a commission endeavored to ascertain the cause of the war, in order to put a stop to it. My attention was called to the situation by a resolution of the House. And notwithstanding I had requested an increased appropriation for “maintaining peace on the highways to the interior,” with a view to meeting this difficulty, the Government resorted once more to a commission. Without going back to the origin of the war, I had to deal with the facts as they presented themselves. The Korsors were evidently invaders and aggressors. They were ordered to restore the prisoners and plunder, and leave the country. To the demands of the Government, they returned an unsatisfactory and insolent reply. A detachment of the First Regiment under the command of Colonel Williams, was dispatched in the month of March to execute the orders of the Government. One of these orders was the demolition of all the barricades in the section, which are always provocative of war. The expedition was successful. In keeping with one of the policies announced in my Innaugural, this section of country was laid off into several districts, and in each district there was appointed a head-chief responsible for the peace of the country. Since the military expedition, quiet has reigned and trade has revived in that district. In the month of September, the noted Chief, Maranna Sando, of the Teywah country, died in the town of Sugary. Chief Freeman of Bessy has been selected as his successor. The representative of the Government assisted at the installation and administered the oath of office. I consider this change in the government of that district as having considerable political importance. The Public Domain. I beg leave to call your attention to the public domain. The state possesses millions of acres of the most fertile soil. Land is abundant and cheap, but capital is scarce. Keeping in view the needed reservation for Negro immigrants and the coming generations, there is still room for the introduction of the capital into the country for the exploitation of a part of the public domain – the cultivation of the soil, the selling and exporting of timber, and the working of mines. The present law, granting leases for fifty years, subject to the approval of the Legislature with privilege of renewing such leases for another term of fifty years, seems to leave matters in such a state of delay and uncertainty as would materially hinder, if it did not thwart, its own object. It is believed that the law can be rendered so definite, as to enable the Executive to effect leases in the recess of the Legislature. According to the opinion that

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seems to prevail as to interpretation of the existing law, citizens are unable to effect leases of their land for more than twenty-one years. I believe however, that a law allowing citizens to lease their lands for longer periods, the same as the Government, would promote the interests of the country. The support of the Government being derived principally from external revenue, and the needs of the Government increasing in a greater ratio than does the revenue, every effort should be put forth not only to increase the commerce of the country, but also to open up some additional profitable and lasting source of internal revenue. There is needed a general and well defined law so devised as to protect the natives in the possession of their town and farm sites. There should be reservations for them in proportion to the populations of the towns. Each Chief Executive has from time to time issued orders in the case, but the encroachment continues: and the tendency is to drive away trade and labor, and sow, probably, the seeds of dislike, if not of a more bitter feeling for the institutions of the country. We are not fulfilling the promise we made on obtaining from the natives the sovereignty of the country. “The improvement of the native tribes” (I quote from the 15th section of the V Article of the Constitution of Liberia) “and their advancement in the art of agriculture and husbandry being a cherished object of this Government, it shall be the duty of the President to appoint in each county some discreet person, whose duty it shall be to make regular and periodical tours through the country for the purpose of calling the attention of the natives to those wholesome branches of industry and of instructing them in the same; and the Legislature shall, as soon as it can conveniently be done make provision for these purposes by the appropriation of money.” I make this quotation, in order to show the intention of the framers of the Government to protect the natives in the possession and use of the land. There is another class looking to participation in the distribution of the public lands. From time to time there emanate from the educational institutions of the country, particularly the foreign missionary schools, young men educated, civilized and Christianized. I have been asked to grant lands to them. Different Chief Executives, with a view, to encourage the adoption of civilization and Christianity by the native youths, have in keeping with the intention, no doubt, of the founders of the Republic, granted them small tracts of land from the public domain. But as there is no law to protect them in their possessions, they have suffered from encroachments and have in some cases lost their land. There is needed explicit law on the subject. Public Schools. The usual number of schools has been opened in the different sections; and the Department of the Interior has procured a fine assortment of books and other requisites. Complaints have occasionally reached the Department as to the qualifications of the teachers. In my Inaugural, I remarked that “it cannot be supposed that most efficient teachers can be procured for the small salaries which the Government will be compelled to pay for a long time to come, owing to the large number of teachers to be employed in proportion to the population, and this again owing to the scattered state of the people.” The only way in which this can be remedied at present is, for the citizens of each township to supplement the small Government salaries by private contributions. The school teachers have participated in the general inconvenience arising from retiring too large a proportion of the currency. It is gratifying to know that the friends of the Republic in the United States continue to manifest a deep interest in the educational matters of the country. The views of some of them appear to be assuming the following shape: first, there should be facilities for the higher classical and pro-

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fessional training; second, industrial schools; third, normal schools for the training of teachers. Government Buildings. The custom House, Monrovia, for which an appropriation was made at your last session, has been erected and completed under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, as also the Custom House in Sinou. I have called your attention to the court house in Buchanan, Grand Bassa County. I believe no public work ever undertaken by the country has caused so much dissatisfaction, or consumed so much money fruitlessly. It appears that, previous to your last appropriation, there had been three successive annual appropriations. After a large additional quantity of material have been procured the work already performed was declared unsafe. Different experts made conflicting reports. Nor was the large quantity of material already procured husbanded. Indeed, the interests of the State appear to have been sadly neglected, if not betrayed. This subject demands your closest scrutiny. Grand Bassa County. During the June term of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas for the County of Grand Bassa, the Collector of Customs for the County was indicted for official misconduct, tried and convicted. The case came before the Executive on petition form the Collector and citizens of Bassa for clemency. The pardoning power granted to the Executive by the Constitution is tremendous; and, on this accounts, it is reasonable to suppose that it will be exercised discreetly. On looking into the merits of the case, to ascertain if there was sufficient justification for the exercise of Executive clemency, it was found, first, that the dismissal from office of the Collector, in order that he might be prosecuted, was not done by the Constitutional power and second, that the Court, in two instances, mistook the law as applicable to this case. The refusal of the Court to allow reasonable time for defense, or to grant an appeal or a new trial, stood as a barrier in the way of the Collector obtaining a remedy at law. Keeping in view the principle, that it is as much the duty of the State to protect the liberties of the citizens as to secure the revenue, and that the former is paramount, the Executive, considering that the Collector had been illegally removed, pardoned, and restored him to office. The prosecution of the Collector appears to have been intensified, if not initiated, by local feuds and prejudices of long standing. There appears, too, to have been in Grand Bassa County smoldering fires and discontent, the true causes of which were misrepresented. Concerning any local grievances, real or imaginary, the Executive had not been memorialized. And this is the more surprising because, in my Inaugural, I had promised to be zealous in removing any evils that might exist under my administration. On the return of the Collector to Bassa an insurrection broke out in the city of Buchanan, having sympathy, to some extent, in others places. The burning of the dwelling-house and custom office of the Collector, Mr. McGill, the breaking open of the arsenal and plundering of the arms and ammunition, and the breaking open of the prison and setting free the prisoners, are among the acts of violence committed by the insurgents. The local civil Government appears to have been completely paralyzed. An attempt to suppress the insurrection by the military power of the country failed, because, it was alleged, many of the Second Regiment were infected. Another danger threatened that County. It is well known that some of the Native tribes are by no means reconciled to the loss of their old slave-haunts; and this appears to be particularly true in the case of the city of Buchanan. When the insurrection broke out, there

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were said to have been suspicious movements on the part of some of the natives, and had this state of division been allowed to continue by non-interference on the part of the General Government, the result might have been disastrous in the highest degree. On a representation of the state of affairs by the local authorities, and on their urgent request for relief, I ordered out seven companies of the First Regiment and as many of Second as might be loyal, the whole under the command of Brigadier General Sherman, to suppress the insurrection, and bring the principal offenders to justice. Whatever may be the interpretation of the laws, or the opinion of the measures adopted, this was clearly a case to which could be applied the injunction that has come down from the remotest times, that the ruler shall take care that the State suffer no detriment. The General Government set at defiance, the local civil power prostrate and paralyzed, there was one and only one resource left to the Executive. In all ages and in all countries, the absolute necessity of the case has invariable pointed out this resource – the military or war power. And the Government had to choose between resorting to this only resource or probable loss of the County. If the opinion should prevail, that the existing laws are inadequate to cope with such cases, then it will be necessary to enact such laws as will enable the Government to deal with emergencies of the kind. There is the strongest probability that there were local grievances; and while the true causes were doubtless misrepresented and exaggerated, and while these grievances were not sufficient to justify an insurrection, still they deserved some consideration by the Government in its efforts to restore peace. For this reason, in suppressing the insurrection, still they deserved some consideration by the Government in its efforts to restore peace. For this reason, in suppressing the insurrection, I adopted as moderate measures as might be consistent with the majesty of the laws and the peace of the country. Papers on this subject will be laid before you at an early day. I cannot pass from this discussion without bearing testimony to the lofty patriotism of our citizen soldiery. Officers and men deserve the highest praise. Leaving their homes and occupation in the depth of the rainy season, they came at the call of the Government with an alacrity that is not surpassed in any country. The English Loan. Within a year and half the Republic will have to encounter its greatest financial difficulty – the English Loan of 1871. As if to increase our responsibility and our difficulties, all efforts at a settlement, or to pay off the interest, have been postponed to the very last, until we find to-day on our hands an accumulation of troubles – those that should legitimately be borne by us, and those that should have been encountered in their proper time by others. Papers and records are wanting; but having had the direction of our Foreign Affairs shortly after the negotiation of the Loan, I am able to give some figures. The Loan yielded 70 per cent; that is the ǧ100,000 produced ǧ70,000. Out of this sum, there were paid commissions, expenses, law charges, &c., ǧ9,189. There were commissions paid for negotiating this Load: a commission of two and a half per cent to the three commissioners, a commission of ǧ5000 to Williams & King of London, and a commission of two per cent to D. Chinery, who was serving in the double capacity of commissioner and diplomatic agent of the Republic in London. Previously to the acceptance of the Loan by the Republic and an act of appropriation by the Legislature, there were drafts drawn on it in favor of private individuals to the amount of ǧ5,383. Out of the net proceeds of the Loan, the sun of ǧ21,000 was deposited to secure three year’s interest on the nominal sum of ǧ100,000.

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The sums coming to the Liberian Government after the acceptance of the Loan are as follows: Coin shipped, ǧ500; paid the British Post Office, ǧ100; merchandise, ǧ15.520 (this sum includes ǧ1000 for the charter, a part of which the Government was deceived into paying the second time on the arrival of the ship in Liberia, the charter-party having been fraudulent, and the merchandise was invoiced at 25 to 70 per cent above cost) amount in the Imperial Bank ǧ17,993 – to secure which the Government was compelled to undergo considerable law charges. I estimate that after accepting the Loan (deducting for the overcharge on merchandise), the Government realized less than 27 per cent, or less than ǧ27,000 out of the ǧ100,000. To make matters worse, the Loan was borrowed at five dollars to the pound sterling and paid out at four dollars and eighty cents to the pound. Three theories or plans have been suggested for meeting the Loan. The first proposes funding the accumulated interest with the principal, and paying interest on the consolidated debt. At the expiration of the Loan the twelve years unpaid accumulated interest will have nearly equaled the principal. If the Government has not been able, with its present resources, to pay the annual charge of simple interest, it could hardly be expected to pay the present rate of interest on the consolidated debt. But if as is the case of some funded debts, the rate of interest should be reduced then by funding the interest with the principal, there would be the advantage of a gain of time, or a postponement of the final settlement. The second plan proposes a loan from American capitalists to pay off the Loan of 1871, and develop the agricultural and mineral resources of the country. The third plan proposes the establishment in the Republic of a Bank, with adequate capital. Its object would be, the exporting of timber, the cultivation of the lands belonging to the State, and the working of mines, – the Liberian Government receiving a bonus, a part of which to go into a sinking fund, for the purpose of redeeming the loan of 1871. Papers on this subject will be laid before you. A Crisis. We have reached a momentous crisis. We have arrived at a period, in which there are required the greatest efforts of diligence and prudence, and the greatest circumspection to prevent jeopardizing our national and international interests. We have often witnessed, particularly this year, the exemplification of the truth, “a little matter kindleth a great fire.” The expectation of nations is on tiptoe. The “sick man’s” goods are often apportioned before his demise. Forbearance has come to be scarcely regarded as a virtue. It is only by the most careful management and the greatest circumspection in our conduct, that we shall be able to avoid those disagreeable entanglements that work the ruin of nations, and especially young and struggling nations like this. Hilary R. W. Johnson Monrovia, December 4, 1884

Annual Message to the Legislature December 18, 1885 To the honorable the senate and house of representatives. – At the beginning of your session, I unite with you in recognition of the Beneficent Providence who has permitted our assembling together under comparatively favorable circumstances. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue on a friendly footing.

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With most of the nations with which we are in treaty relation nothing has occurred to call forth special remark. Some of these, however, not heretofore engaged in the trade of the country, are manifesting a desire to initiate commercial enterprise. The Treaty between the Republic and the Kingdom of Belgium, to which your attention was called at the beginning of your last session, was concluded on the 1st of May of the present year, and will be laid before the Senate for ratification. This treaty, which has already been ratified by the Belgian Government, contains all the provisions of the former compact, as well as additional stipulations rendered necessary by the contemplated increased commercial relations between the two countries. Although some of the principles of the aforesaid treaty are defined by international law, it was deemed best that they should be inserted in the compact for greater certainty of application. At the International Exhibition which opened at Antwerp on the first of May of the present year, the products of the industry of the Republic were exhibited by our representatives, Baron Von Stein, on his personal responsibility; and I am pleased to be able to state that the Diploma of Honor has been awarded to Liberia, as well as a medal to the parties immediately concerned in the representation. Considering the very intimate and friendly relations existing between the two governments, as well as the dignity of the same, I have raised the rank of our representative in Belgium to that of Minister Resident. The Department of State has received the Transactions of the Prime Meridian Conference held in Washington during the month of October of last year. The following are six of the Articles of Protocol adopted at the said Conference, – the representative of the Republic, Mr. Coppinger giving in his adhesion to the same, with the majority. I. “The Congress is of the opinion that it is desirable to adopt a single initial meridian for all nations, in place of the many meridians which actually exist.” II. “The Conference proposes to the Governments represented here to adopt the meridian passing through the centre of the meridian instrument of the Observatory of Greenwich, as the fundamental meridian for longitudes.” III. “Departing from this meridian, longitude will be reckoned in two directions up to 180 degrees; east longitude will be denominated plus and west longitude, minus. IV. “The Conference proposes the adoption of a universal hour for all the needs for which it may be convenient. This hour ought not to prevent the local hour, or of any other normal hour which may seem desirable. V. “The universal day ought to be a mean solar day. It ought to commence, for the whole world, beginning from a mean midnight of the first meridian, co-inciding with the civil day, and the day ought to be counted from zero to twenty four hours.” VI. “The Conference expresses the desire that, as soon as it can be done, astronomical and nautical dates in the whole world shall commence at a mean midnight.” The Universal Postal Congress that had been postponed on account of the cholera epidemic, assembled in Lisbon in the month of February last, by virtue of the 13th and 19th Articles of the convention of Paris, of June 4, 1878. The final Protocol was signed by the representatives of the various governments, at Lisbon, the 25th of March, and consist of articles of

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substitution, amended articles, and articles additional to the previous Convention. The Government received, through its representative, Count Senmarti, the Transactions of the Congress. During the year, the Government received an invitation to participate in the International Copy-right Congress that assembled at Berne in the month of September; but although owing to the delay in the transmission of correspondence, by the infrequency of the arrival of mails, the Republic could not be represented, it has been requested to give its adhesion to the principles adopted at the aforesaid Congress. In the month of October, I received an invitation to attend, or send a representative to the North, Central and South American Exposition to be opened at New Orleans on the 10th of November, when there would take place the organization of a permanent American Commercial Peace Union. But notwithstanding the notice arrived too late for me even to delegate a representative so important I considered the occasion as calculated to contribute very materially to the peace and prosperity of the whole world, that I hastened to express the deep interest felt by the Government in a cause of so much moment. At your last session, by the Act approved January 2nd, 1885, the President was “authorized and requested to enter into, and conclude with the United States Government, through the proper diplomatic Agent, a commercial Treaty for introducing into Liberia, upon reciprocal terms, by American vessels and American traders, the following merchandise free of duty, viz: Dry goods, that is, cotton and woolen goods, from the United States, provided the United States will allow, upon the same terms, sugar, molasses, coffee and ginger, the products of Liberia. It was found, however, that such was the tempter of the sugar and other markets, as well as the present policy of sugar-producing countries, that the moment was not opportune for the negotiation of the treaty. Immediately on coming into office, I was authorized by the Senate to conclude, with Her Britannic Majesty’s Government, the Treaty fixing the north west boundary of the Republic, conceding to the south east bank of the Mannah River. The delay in the conduct of this business was owing partly to the causes indicated in my message of last year – the temporary absence of Her Majesty’s representative, the prevalence of an epidemic in Sierra Leone, and the necessity on the part of Her Majesty’s representative, of referring to the Home government the questions under discussion. Although the Executive endeavored to secure some advantages which, in the light of the principles of international law and from the force of circumstances, were again opened for discussion, still the negotiation of the past two years had mainly for its object the securing of undisputed interior territory, especially the Boporu or Condor section. And this was considered the more necessary, since the Treaty gave to Her Majesty’s Government the right to procure territory conterminous with the interior territory of the Republic. On the 4th day of November, Honorables H.B. Grimes and Benjamin Anderson, Commissioners on the part of the Republic, embarked for Sierra Leone, with Full Powers to conclude, with the representatives of Her Majesty’s Government, the treaty so long pending. And I am pleased to say that Sir Samuel Rower received the Commissioners in a most friendly spirit, and evinced a desire to facilitate their labors. Considering the concessions that had already been made (See Senate Resolution of the 19th December, 1883), I am of opinion that the Commissioners accomplished all that could be expected of them; and praise is due for the dispatch, as well as the ability, with which they conducted the business committed to their care. The Treaty will be laid before the Senate for ratification. I am of opinion, however, that as the treaty provides for payment of money as well as alienation of what had been consi-

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dered a part of the public domain, auxiliary legislation becomes necessary; for although this limitation upon the treaty making power is not expressed in the fundamental law of the State, it is necessarily implied from the distribution of constitutional powers. Although the Republic has undergone vast expense on account of these territories, including the original purchase money, the expense of two important military expeditions, to quiet disturbances and enforce law and order in that section, two expensive missions to England, the cost of four commissions and an indemnity to the British Government; – the sum appalling to so small a nation, still, it is a source of some satisfaction to know that this very vexed question, that has been pending a quarter of a century, has been set at rest. This settlement will not only relieve the public mind of vague apprehensions, but will also put a stop to unlawful ingressions on our north west; and, while giving facility to lawful trade in that direction, it can have that trade so regulated as to yield to the State its just revenues. A special message will be laid before you regarding the settlement of the South Eastern or San Pedro Boundary. During the past and the present year, the Boundary Question was threatened with fresh complications arising from the leasing, for a period of ninety-nine years on the part of a native chief, of a square mile of land at the mouth of the Mannah River to the Senegal and West African Company. But after considerable correspondence, during which full opportunity was afforded for an examination of Liberian laws pertaining to leases, the French Government made its declaration to the effect, that it could sustain the company in its claim; and thus a matter which might have produced an unpleasant situation was set at rest. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his Financial Report for the year. On comparing the receipts of the year with those of 1883 there will appear to be a falling off in the revenue. But it must be borne in mind that the condition of things two years ago was abnormal; there was, so to speak, an artificial and not a natural increase of revenue. The restrictive gold law had been passed; and to anticipate its operation, traders imported into the country a quantity of liquor sufficient for the requirements of two or three years’ trade. In fact, a portion of the gold duties paid in 1883, and which were credited to the revenue of that year, properly belonged to the two succeeding years. In other respects and independently of the abnormal condition referred to, there has been an increase. I am of opinion that the tariff needs revision in one or two respects. I allude more particularly to the levying of export duties on any agricultural produce of the country which it is to the interest of the national to export as rapidly as possible. This, which at any time may be considered bad policy, is the more manifest as such, now that agricultural commodities of the kind produced in the country have fallen in the markets of the world. I therefore recommend, that the export duty on marketable coffee be repealed. The sum taken off agricultural produce can be placed on articles of import not necessary to the welfare of the country. Considering the tendency of the natives to engage in predatory wars, to the detriment of life, trade and commerce, the loss on agricultural produce might be more than compensated by an additional duty of articles contraband of war. How far the principle of raising the taxes from agricultural produce should apply your wisdom will point out. There are articles exported from the Republic, in one sense agricultural, though not strictly so, – products of the soil, requiring no regular or systematic industry, but drawing off labor from industries that are strictly agricultural, and that conduce more to the welfare of the State. These, I am of opinion, do not come in the category of agricultural products that should not be taxed. Considering the losses to which the customs are liable, from inadequate valuation of imports, I am of opinion that in the case of some articles imported, whose value is seldom

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liable to fluctuation, there should be a specific, instead of an advalorem duty. But the change should be made only upon nice calculation. In connection with the finances of the country, I have to state that great inconvenience is experienced from the inadequate working of the law fixing the end of the fiscal year on the 10th of September. Facilities of communication are lacking; and this, with other causes, retards business to a great extent. And this inconvenience is felt the more when it is considered that reports are to be laid before the Legislature at the beginning of the session in December. I have to call your attention to the law opening the Port of River Cess, and creating deputy collectors. I have never favored the idea of deputy collectors as defined by the aforesaid law; and, therefore, when recommendations increased facilities for trade, I have preferred regular ports of entry, with regular and permanent collectors. It has been represented to the Executive that, in consequence of the inefficient working of the law referred to, the revenue has suffered a loss in that direction. I have therefore to recommend that the law be amended so as to create a regular and permanent collectors with an adequate salary. The limits of the Port of River Cess not having been defined, its boundaries have been treated as being very elastic; and some trouble has arisen in consequence. Prudence dictates that its boundaries should be once defined. The north west boundary having been fixed, I recommend that an appropriation be made for carrying into effect the law approved January 18th, 1884, opening a port of entry and delivery at the mouth of the Mannah River. This port will require discreet management. The river divides a tribe (the Veys), one half being on either side; two distinct governments possess the opposite sides of the river, having dissimilar tariffs, with different police and other regulations. There will sometimes arise questions which will require great prudence to settle. On my induction into office, I stated to the Legislature that I saw no inconsistency in allowing the reports of minor officers to be transmitted in writing, since this was allowed in the case of officers of higher grade, so as to rid the State of heavy expense on account of mileage. I also alluded to the fact that there were no vouchers in possession of the Government for amounts said to be collected from taxes, fines, &c. the constables could report to the Court, without the latter knowing whether the constables reported all the business intrusted to them by the magistrates. Collectors could report without the Government or the Court knowing how many receipts had been issued, or if the entire amount collected had been reported. The Act approved January 8th, 1884, after trial, has failed to remedy the evil complained of. The Court is still unable to decide if faithful reports are made, there being no confirmatory reports from the magistrates or receipts to tax payers and others to serve as vouchers. Another evil grows out of the inefficiency of the Act. The population being scattered, the number of towns and settlements is large in proportion to the population; and this gives a large number of constables and collectors who are required, by the said Act, to report to the Court. It has sometimes occurred, that the reports have consumed one fourth of the time allowed for the holding of the Court. In some instances, the mileage paid to these reporting officers has far exceeded the amount collected and paid by them into the treasury, thus, in an unjustifiable manner, increasing the burden of the State. Another great evil grows out of this consumption of time by reporting officers. Cases that have been long on the docket of the Court are crowded out from one session to another, so that litigants find it very difficult to procure “the speedy and impartial trial” guaranteed by the Constitution.

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I would recommend that these reports be taken out of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas and be placed elsewhere; that some measure be devised for saving the enormous expense now incurred for mileage; also that some means be employed for ascertaining the correctness of reports more effectually than can be done under the existing law. I would call your attention to the number of Acts beginning “That from and immediately after the passage of this Act, the President be and he is hereby authorized and requested.” the number of such laws is legion. In the early days of the Republic, when the population was a mere handful, although many of these enactments might not be strictly in accord with the genius of a free and sovereign government having responsible officers in the various departments still the objection to these laws might not weight so heavily as now. No doubt, at first, there was the mistaken notion that the Chief Executive gathered dignity by having all measures, great and small, immediately under his direction; and probably sometimes a desire for popularity has encouraged a state of things which is abnormal. Much, however, is due to other causes, for this custom of referring everything to the Chief Executive. there are many who do not understand the workings of government. Sometimes the injustice of subordinate officers drives supplicants to the highest source. Sometimes again, subordinate officers endeavor to shirk responsibility by referring to the Chief Executive. And the custom complained of has become so established in the practice of a half century, that it appears to be an evil hard to remove. But I shall give you an instance in which the law itself appears to be at fault. The Act “relating to official misconduct” prevents any commissioned or non-commissioned officer or other person from going beyond the limits of the town where he resides, and interfering with the natives, unless acting under the immediate authority of the Executive power. The foregoing enactment renders necessary the indorsement of certain writs by the Chief Executive. Now, the Constitution ordains the three departments of government distinct and separate; and requiring the Chief Executive to assist in a legal process in this manner appears to produce a conflict between two coordinate departments of the government. Furthermore, the second section of the above recited Act seems to constitute the chief executive department a court of law for the trial of justices of the peace. Independently of other inconvenience, such matters consume valuable time, and draws attention of the Executive from grave matters of the first importance. In compliance with the Resolution of the House at your last session, special auditors were appointed to examine the accounts of Ex-Superintendent Smith, of Grand Bassa County, on the expenditures for the Court House and Jail. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you the Report of the auditors. In connection with this subject, I have to state, that the Executive has received, from the County of Grand Bassa, a petition praying for the completion of the Court House and Jail, considering the quantity of materials on hand. In the absence of an appropriation, nothing has been done in this direction. The report of the special auditors contains an inventory of materials on hand. It is a matter for deliberation, what action in the premises will be justifiable. Opinion seems to be divided on two questions – the advisableness of continuing work on the original plan, from the point at which it has ceased, or of remodeling the structure. I have now to call your attention to the conflict of townships. The Act “incorporating, bounding and regulating counties and towns” gives to each township a domain not exceeding eight miles square; and where there is not a distance of eight miles between two townships the distance is to be equally divided. But great difficulty sometimes arises from the recognized establishment of a town or settlement within eight miles distance from a pre-

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viously established settlement, in which case it is difficult, if not impossible, to take half the distance between them. At you last session there was passed a joint resolution authorizing the survey of the settlement of Brewerville, by which the President was instructed to have surveyed and determined the correct boundary of the settlement. Brewerville and Virginia are near each other. Both are accomplished and recognized facts which cannot be altered. Neither can have a domain of eight miles square; nor can the distance between the two be equally divided. Apart from the general law referred to, there appears to be in the statues no law decreeing the establishment of Brewerville; but this settlement, like others, has grown up under the management of its founders, until it has become sufficiently important to be recognized by the laws. Had the boundaries of the town of Brewerville been decreed at the time of its establishment, and there had been a misconception of the law, recourse could have been had to the judiciary for interpretation. If we recognize the facts of the two settlements as they exist, the law referred to does not seem applicable to them. Nor does the conflict stop there, it involves the three townships of Brewerville, Virginia and Clay Ashland. I refer to this subject, not only because of the difficulties in this particular case have been of long standing and are increasing in importance, but also because the same difficulties are springing up in other directions. No one will ignore the fact that our greatest need is men. To quote the language employed by myself on my induction into office, – “While we have in our aborigines a population sufficient, in point of numbers, for all the wants of this nation, still, there will be needed, to some extent, and for some time to come, that civilization and Christianity possessed by our brothers in other lands, to give this native element its proper direction, consistency and force.” But when a considerable portion of this native element have attained to civilization and Christianity on the soil, it would appear that they would constitute very valuable instruments for elevating and regenerating the country. I referred last year to this subject, the native young men that emanate from the educational institutions of the country, particularly the foreign missionary schools, – young men educated, civilized and Christianized. From the class alluded to a considerable number of whom is located on our south eastern boundary, complaints have come, pointing to a lack of facilities to procure lands, by means of which they could exercise the full rights of citizenship and have participation in the government of the country. While all matters complained of do not come under legislative cognizance, still I believe there are some which might be treated by legislative means, and in other cases, the aid and advice of individual members may go far towards satisfying any wants that are real and legitimate. During the year there have been repeated some of the predatory incursions among the native tribes. These raids hinder trade and industry. Foreign colonies on the west coast suffer from these troubles equally with the Republic. The difficulty of settling them would be much lessened and much simplified, if it were always practicable to decide as to the absolute right or wrong of the parties in dispute. But it is often impracticable from the nature of the causes. The wars are predatory – waged for plunder. Sometimes in the beginning of the conflict, there are indications to point out who are the aggressors and the aggrieved; but as soon as the scales of war begin to rise or fall, first on one side and then on another, some of the contending parties shift from side to side, thus rendering very complicated the difficulties of the situation. In Grand Bassa County, there appear to be some obstructions to trade on the road to the camwood section in the Ghibbee country. But the matter has not yet been presented to the Executive in such a form as would enable him to deal with the case.

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A more extensive combination in Monterrado County among the Golah, Ding Golah and Boatswain tribes. It is to be regretted, that one of the principal leaders, who appears also to be the principle aggressor, is a warrior to whom with others, the Government, two years ago, gave large subsidies, to keep the peace on the highway to the interior, and keep the road open for trade. This chieftain appears to have selfishly misinterpreted his engagement as giving him the right to plunder industrious and peaceable tribes. This chieftain is from the Boatswain country; and it appears to be from this direction, that the principal attacks have been made upon the Golahs. I have been urged to take some steps in the premises. But up to this time, I have not felt warranted in doing more than giving to one of the tribes attacked the asked for permission to defend themselves, and drive the intruders beyond their possessions. I have been informed that they have been several times successful. I am of opinion, that, in this case, it is not impracticable to ascertain who are the aggressors, and who are the aggrieved; and that the granting of moral support and a little aid, in material to the parties in the right, would go far towards settling the difficulties. In my last annual message, I laid before the Legislature a brief statement of the English seven per cent. Loan of 1871. I showed how the Loan was disposed of, or in other words, mismanaged, realizing the Government less than 27 per cent., or less than 27,000 out of the 100,000. There were suggested three theories or plans for meeting the Loan, one of which proposed the establishment in the Republic of a Bank with adequate capital. Its object would be the exporting of timber, the cultivation of the lands belonging to the State, and the working of mines, – the Liberian Government receiving a bonus, part of which would go into a sinking fund, for the purpose of redeeming the Loan of 1871. On examination, three objectionable features were found in this proposal: 1st, the bankers requested diplomatic privileges and immunity, which is contrary to the principles of international law; 2nd, they asked for a monopoly of the forests and mines of the State; and 3rd, the payment of the Loan was dependent on a too remote contingency. In the meantime, the Loan is rapidly expiring; and the Bonds should be met, not only because we owe them, but also to redeem our credit abroad, and inspire confidence in regard to any enterprise which the Government may undertake in future. Our past dilatoriness becomes very apparent, when it is stated, that not until this year has the Government obtained a copy of the Bonds. I have always been of the opinion, that the best way to settle the Loan, is to work it out of the soil of the country – in cultivation, in the exporting of timber, and in the working of mines. By your Resolution of last session, the President was authorized to go abroad, to offer a limited portion of the public domain, for a limited time, to any capitalists who would redeem the aforesaid Loan. On examination, and after lengthy correspondence, I felt that I should not be warranted in spending thousands of dollars to ascertain what could be done with no expense. Referring to the aforesaid Resolution, considering the quantity of land offered for the sum to be paid to the creditors of the Republic, it would naturally be expected that the soil would contain valuable materials. But how was the ascertainment to be made? However eager capitalists might be to invest money in such enterprises, no one would take up a concession for exploitation until ascertainment could be had of the approximate quantity and value of the articles contained in the soil. Without this knowledge, land could be expected to bring only its ordinary value; and the estimate set upon the land in the aforesaid resolution is many times the usual market value of ordinary land.

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Before a concession can be granted or accepted on equitable conditions, preliminary steps are necessary to be taken. Scientific surveys and assays must determine the probable value of the products of the soil to be granted. But before this can be done, the Loan will have expired. The plan that has been proposed to meet the emergency and which would not interfere with any reasonable future concession, but which would, on the other hand, if faithfully carried out, further the taking up of concessions by inspiring confidence in the transactions of the Republic, is to come to an arrangement with the Bondholders for a conversion of the Bonds. In this conversion, the original bonds would be exchanged for new bonds running for different periods, and with a rate of interest that would place the annual sum of indebtedness within the competency of the Government. Owing to the distance between Liberia and foreign countries a single item of correspondence requiring some months to discuss, and desirous of negotiating at as little expense to the State as practicable, thereby saving money that might be available for the redemption of the Loan, I have not yet been able to put the matter in a form to lay before you for ratification. Papers on this subject will be laid before you at an early day. I have to state, that any arrangement entered into with the bondholders will be conditioned on ratification by the constitutional power. I cannot too deeply impress upon your minds the necessity of faithfully fulfilling our obligations. And here it will be clearly seen that the Government must be conducted with economy; and that never before was a retrenchment of all unnecessary expenses so urgently required. The Republic suffers from a difficulty embarrassing to more wealthy and powerful nations. With regard to bills or acts generally the Executive has some discretionary power in the privilege granted him by the Constitution to return a bill with his objections. The Appropriation Bill may be considered many money bills in one. An important safeguard of the financial interest of the nation would be, an amendment of the Constitution which would enable the Executive, while giving his approval to necessary items, to return with his objections such others as do not commend themselves as being calculated to enhance the welfare of the State. A two third majority in the Legislature would prevent an arbitrary exercise of the veto power on the part of the Executive. The Republic cannot ignore the example of economy set by more wealthy and powerful nations. I am fully aware that I have been the object of censure for my notions of simplicity ad economy – notions which I have always considered quite consistent with the condition of this young and struggling nation. It has been through the practice of economy, that the Government has been able to meet the emergencies that have arisen during the past two years. I have studied the condition of the country very closely during this time; and if there is any money that can be wasted on extravagance and vain show, I have not yet been able to discover it. At this day, I still adhere to the principle laid down in the Inaugural two years ago, which I beg leave to repeat. “”Economy being one of those virtues which should be encouraged, it is incumbent on the rulers of the land to set an example in this as well as in other, respects. In vain may we recommend economy to the people, if we ourselves indulge in extravagance. I am fully aware, that as a country grows in wealth and in the practice of those virtues that ennoble and dignify man, there is afforded scope for these elegancies and refinements that impart grace to man. But, at present, we need in our economy a slight mixture of Spartan simplicity. Let us first lay deep the foundations for a permanent prosperity, and the ornaments and decorations of the superstructure will appear in due time.”

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The measure brought forward last year for retrenchment was with the motive of taking the initiatory steps in meeting our foreign debt. It is unfortunate, not only that nothing in the way of retrenchment was done last year, but that for so many years no attention has been paid to the principle of retrenchment. For even had the State been able to grant the concession asked for last year, or should be able to grant any reasonable and equitable concession in the future, an economical administration of the Government would still be necessary. Hillary R. W. Johnson Monrovia December 18, 1885

Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1886 To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives; – In assembling again for the transaction of the business of the year, it is our first duty to acknowledge, with unfeigned gratitude, the Beneficent Providence, Who has sustained us amidst difficult surroundings. It is cause for felicitation, that notwithstanding the almost unprecedented depression that has embarrassed trade and commerce, and industry generally, throughout the civilized world, the country has been free from the suffering and the insurrectionary outbursts that have afflicted other lands. This is owing, in great measure, to the bounteousness of soil and climate, the abundance of spontaneous productions, and the law-abiding disposition of the people. Our relations with the Foreign Powers continue on a friendly footing. The diplomatic and consular service of the Republic has reached a state of efficiency unprecedented in our history. Men of the highest position and ability, from sympathy with the race and nationality which we are endeavoring to build up, are offering, free of any pecuniary profit, to serve the country; and the flag of the Republic floats at the legations and consulates throughout the world. This, surely, points to an important lesson to be learned by us at home, who, too often, instead of having our eyes opened to the true interests of the country, are blinded by the spoils of office. The Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the Republic and the Kingdom of Belgium, ratified at your last session, has also been ratified by His Majesty the King of Belgium, and the ratifications were exchanged at Brussels, on the first day of April. The North West Boundary Treaty between the Republic and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, ratified at your last session, has also been ratified by Her Majesty the Queen; but the exchange of ratifications has been delayed in consequence of the temporary absence of Her Majesty’s representative at Sierra Leone. The Convention which was signed by the representatives of the various governments at the Universal Postal Congress at Lisbon, on the 25th of March, 1885, and which was ratified at your last session, has also been ratified by the respective governments, and the ratifications have been exchanged at Lisbon. The Third International Copyright Conference, for the purpose of securing to authors, composers, and artists copyright privileges in this country for reciprocal rights abroad, assembled at Berne from the 6th to the 9th of September of the present year. The Republic was represented by its consul general at Vienna, Mr. William Koentzer, imperial counselor and member of the chamber of commerce. The Convention, which has been signed by the repre-

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sentative of the republic with a reservation on one subject, will be submitted for ratification. As, by article 20th, the countries acceding to the Convention have each the right of withdrawing from the same after a year’s notification, I see no difficulty in the way of ratification. Authorized by the Legislative Chambers of Belgium, His Majesty, King Leopold, has assumed the title of Sovereign of the Independent State of the Congo. His Majesty expresses the firm confidence that the new state, in devoting itself to a mission of peace and civilization, will answer the expectations of all the Powers. The union between Belgium and the new state is exclusively personal. This step had been anticipated by the judgment of the entire world, considering the long, ardent and unselfish devotion of His Majesty to the regeneration of Africa. I have extended recognition and accredited a representative near the Government of the Independent State of the Congo. The Republic has been solicited to take part in the International Exhibition to be held in Australia, next year, although our able consul-general, Robert Litton, Esqr., offered to defray a material part of the expenses, owing to the distance and the indirect way of transporting products as well as the lateness of the reception of the notice, the invitation was declined. The interest of the Government of the United States in the prosperity and perpetuity of the Republic continues unabated. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his Report for the fiscal year. Contrary to what was hoped a year ago, some of the products of the country have fallen in price lower than has ever before been experienced and the depression which has prevailed in other countries, has been felt in Liberia. In consequence, the revenue, instead of increasing, has fallen short. The evil has been intensified by the high price at which foreign commodities have been held in the market after being imported at very low prices, while home products have fallen to the lowest lever – an abnormal state of things, altogether at variance with the laws of trade, and can only be accounted for by the fact of our unwarrantable dependence on foreign commodities. Increased competition, the increasing and the varying of home products, will to some extend remedy the evil complained of; but this state of things cannot be permanently altered until we shall have begun the practice of economy, political and domestic, and shall have acquired the moral courage to face the facts of life in their true character. The inability of the natives generally to understand this depression of trade – a state of things beyond the control of legislative enactment or executive action – has caused some restlessness in some sections, but not to the extent that might have been expected. In consequence of the general depression, considerable business has been withdrawn from the new port of entry, to await a more favorable turn of affairs. Although there appears a prospect of revival trade, still some time will be required for the country to recover from the effects of the depression. It becomes necessary, then, that all financial measures should be regulated with a view to this fact. I would again recommend that the export duty on marketable coffee be repealed. Considering the tendency of the natives to engage in predatory wars, to the detriment of life, trade and commerce, the loss on agricultural produce might be more than compensated by an additional duty on articles contraband of war and on articles that may easily be produced in the country, as soap, sugar, and salt. To repeat my observation of last year, your wisdom will point out how far the principle of removing the traces from agricultural produce will apply. The revival of trade will doubtless increase importations into the country; and this will require a more careful guarding of the revenue. In older and more powerful governments, with more efficient revenue systems than we possess, the loss to the revenue from underval-

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uation of invoices has been in astonishing proportions; and it must be expected that the revenue of the country will suffer from the same cause, to an equal, if not greater extent, unless some measure be adopted to prevent the evil. The “Act to repeal certain portions of the Act authorizing specific duties on certain articles imported into the Republic of Liberia, and the collection of the same, and regulating the payment of duties on imports,” approved February 8th, 1878, requires that all original invoices shall be verified by the Liberian Consul of the port, and signed by him with his official signature; and further, it shall be the imperative duty of all importers to make oath that the invoice presented is the only one that he, or she, or they, have, or has; and if at any time another should come to hand, the same will be presented to the said collector.” But the aforesaid provision of the law having no penalty attached to its violation, is inoperative. An amendatory provision to the aforesaid Act, attaching a penalty, would, doubtless, effect the desired object. The imposing of specific duties would prevent the fraud of undervaluation in price, but could not prevent under-estimate of quantities. Even in the case of specific duties, the attestation would still be necessary. I have been informed, that a practice – of how long continuance, I am unable to say – allows the importation by consuls of certain articles duty free, which are not, by international law or treaty, entitled to such exemption. “Consuls have no right of exterritoriality; and therefore cannot claim, either for themselves, their families, houses or property, the privileges of exemption which, by this fiction of law, are accorded to diplomatic agents, who are considered as representing, in a greater or less degree, the sovereignty of the state which appoints.” “They are subject to the payment of taxes, and municipal imposts and duties on their property or trade and to the municipal changes incident to their personal status, and from which they are not exempted by the privileges of their office.” Even in some countries that grant unusual privileges to consuls, they pay the custom house duties on the articles they receive from abroad. I am free to confess that certain articles strictly belonging to the consulates should be exempt. But a distinction should be made between these and ordinary commodities which, after procuring an exemption, are said to be exchanged in the course of trade. Wherever the limit of exemption is not properly and strictly defined, abuses naturally grow up. A durable Custom House has been procured for Mannah. The building, erected by a foreign firm across the boundary, was obtained for a reasonable sum. The setting in of the heavy rains, however, shortly after the purchase, prevented its early removal to its intended site. Proposals will be laid before you for placing on the Liberian Coast a steamer for the conveyance of freight, passengers and the mails, and for the transport of troops. The regular and frequent conveyance of the mails between the counties, is an object, the accomplishment of which is greatly to be desired. It is equally desirable to promote intercourse among the counties. And since the lines of mail steamers from abroad do not all call at the same ports of the Republic, the running of a regular coast steamer on terms of mutual advantage will, I believe materially, facilitate and increase the business of the country. The “Act authorizing the Government of Liberia to lease land to foreigners,” approved January 26th, 1876, allows the leasing of lands for a period not exceeding fifty years, subject to the approval of the Legislature, and permits the renewal of said lease for an additional space of fifty years, subject to the approval of the Legislature. The inutility of the Act has been demonstrated in more than one instance; and it was clearly shown on a recent occasion when a small portion of land was applied for, – since the Act makes no difference between a large and a small tract of land, between a single acre and a thousand acres.

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While it might be supposed that the Executive would lease lands only on reasonable conditions, and that the Legislature would sanction any reasonable arrangement, still it would be a rare case where an applicant would be willing to wait a whole year, or lay out capital for a year, on such a contingency – a contingency altogether at variance with business rules. It appears to me that the difficulty could be obviated by fixing a minimum price – said price, of course, rising according to the quality and the situation of the land – a maximum period of lease, and the maximum quantity of land to be obtained by a single applicant or company, – also preventing the leasing of too large a quantity in a section, – the Government having power, with these provisions, to conclude leases. Touching the public domain, I would call your attention to the 11th Section of Article V of the Constitution, which allows the granting of lands to aliens, without distinction of creed or sect, for “colonization, missionary, educational, or other benevolent institutions, so long as the property or estate is applied to its legitimate purposes.” The applications for lands for the aforesaid purposes come more numerous from time to time, with the increase of our foreign relations, which are already extensive. In former times, such applications came only from a country so much interested in the welfare of the Republic as to preclude the probability of any grave complications growing out of said grants. But to-day the case is quite different; applications come from other sources. Serious troubles have been known to arise from the misinterpretation by stronger powers of the most benevolent intentions of a weaker government. Besides such troubles, lands, after being granted, sometimes lie idle a long while. To obviate at least some of the difficulties that might arise from too easy access to the public lands, I am of opinion that limits fixed by express law would better secure the end in view, than any rule or precedent established by the Executive, who might afterwards find that rule or precedent ignored by a successor. I would recommend, that on first application only a certificate should be granted, and that the applicant should not be secured in the possession of said land by a deed, until certain improvements had been made; that the law should fix the limit of time within which such improvements should be made; and that the law should declare within what time after a cessation or apparent cessation of operations, the land may be considered as having reverted or escheated to the Government. If the law should state what proportion of the land should be improved to secure a deed, then it is probable applications would be made only for necessary and reasonable quantities. The law organizing the County government of Montserrado, passed at your last session, has been put in force. The law having been enacted near the close of the session, and probably somewhat hurriedly, is not sufficiently full and explanatory. It is true, it forms the County government on the model of the other counties. But the case of Montserrado is an anomaly – quite different from that of the other counties. In the other counties there is a single superintendent; in Monserrado there are four. From the fact that the Appropriation bill, passed after the county bill, provided for the support of the other superintendence, it was rightly inferred that they were to be continued. But it can readily be seen how, in such circumstances, a conflict might arise. Even had there been left to the framers of the bill more time for deliberation, it would have been impossible to foresee all the contingencies that might arise. All laws that are worth much come by growth. In case of the leeward counties, the superintendents were not really the creation of a law ordained before their appointment; but the law as the result of a practice that had grown into a law – a practice of appointing “general superintendents,” as they were originally called – who were the vice-gerents of the Executive in the leeward counties.

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Probably sufficient time has elapsed to enable the Legislature to see what amendatory or explanatory provisions are necessary. Whatever measures may be adopted, I have to recommend that the Superintendency of Robertsport remain under the immediate direction of the Chief Executive. The reasons for this are strong. This department is at one extreme of the Republic; there are near the boundary warlike tribes that require discreet management; and the territories of a foreign government adjoining the boundary, there will sometimes arise delicate international questions that cannot be handled by the county government, but must be referred for solution to the Chief Executive Government. I have been informed that the road to the Camwood section, in the county of Grand Bassa, which had been closed, to which I called your attention last session, has been opened for trade. Whenever difficulties of the kind occur, the complicated and conflicting trade interests sometimes so obscure the real cause of difficulty, as to prevent the Government from ascertaining clearly its duty in the matter. Sometimes, too, movements that appear to be serious and warlike, are merely an extensive haggling for prices. And these contentions about prices ought to be distinguished from cases where the majesty of the law is set at defiance. Otherwise, the Government will sometimes find itself ranged on the side of one class of traders and opposed to another class. The war waging last year between the Golahs and Ding Golahs on one side, and the Boatswain tribes on the other, to which I referred at your last session, has been brought to a close. The aggression came from Boporu, or the Boatsawin section; and was led by certain chieftains who, under the previous administration, had received large subsidies to keep the road open for trade. These chieftains had willfully misinterpreted their engagements by plundering industrious and peaceable tribes. The permission granted to the Golahs to fight, was limited to the defense of themselves and the expulsion of the intruders beyond their possessions. But the result of war cannot always be foreseen; and very often a single step takes one beyond the line dividing defensive and offensive operations. The result of the war was, that the Golahs were compelled to capture and hold Boporu. Had the finances of the State justified, the best means of permanently quieting that section of the country that had been long in the possession of tribes who were always inciting to warrior predatory gain, would have been to place a small garrison there. But the best that could be done under existing circumstances, was to allow the Golahs to retain Boporu for the present. I have again to call your attention to a subject which becomes more and more urgent. In my previous messages, I referred to the practice of constables and tax collectors reporting in the Quarterly Court, a practice which increases the expenses of the Judiciary, and seriously retards the business of the Court. The evil is growing to an alarming extent. Independently of this, as I have before stated, it is not possible to ascertain the correctness of reports under the present system. The Bill passed at your last session, entitled “An Act to alter and amend the several acts establishing the Judiciary Quarter sessions and Common Pleas of the Counties,” was intended to remedy one of the evils complained of – the retarding of the business of the Court; and while this was good so far as it was intended to go, the bill appeared to be nullified by the fourth and fifth sections – the principles involved in which were considered questionable. The Legislature adjourning a short time after the presentation of the bill, the Executive was not allowed the constitutional time for its consideration. The third section of the above received Act provides for vouchers for the reports. This provision, with an additional one that would save the enormous expense of mileage, would

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meet the case. And I am of opinion that this expense of mileage, which is out of all proportion to the good accomplished, can be saved, and ought to be saved, by taking these reports out of the regular quarterly business of the Court; and thus allow to be applied to its legitimate purpose the large amount of money that is intended to meet the ends of justice. During the months of March and April, accompanied by my suite, I visited the leeward counties, to inquire into the condition of the counties and to adjust some difficulties existing there. My reception was a perfect ovation. Every county, each town, vied with the other in doing honor to the Nation in the reception accorded the Chief Magistrate. All organizations, ages, sexes and conditions joined in the rejoicing. And when it is remembered that these exuberant feelings of joy were manifested at a time when a gloom was cast over most parts of the world from the general depression in trade and commerce, while in rich and powerful nations, there were riots and insurrections, we ought to feel encouraged by this hopeful spirit displayed by the people generally. In the County of Maryland, on the extreme southeast, some difficulties were adjusted, but there is still in one section of that County a state of things, to deal with which, I have to request your advice and co-operation. Probably the depression of trade and the machinations of a few foreign adventurers have, in great measure, created a situation altogether unwarrantable. I say unwarrantable, because I have received from the principal chiefs in that county, who are as much affected by the depression of trade-assurances of loyalty and sympathy. Besides, the Government has the sympathy and support of the civilized native population. There is the greatest need of increasing the civilized population of the lower counties beginning with the extreme south eastern county – either by accessions from the tribes or by immigration from abroad. For the last three years, I have been endeavoring to procure the assistance of the American Colonization Society in strengthening that County so exposed in its situation. And I am assured of a movement at present in that direction. The English seven per cent Loan of 1871 expired on the 15th of August of the present year. After taking into account the small amount received by government out of a loan that was so fraudulently managed, and making due allowance for the large sum out of which the Republic was defrauded, – the State still remains responsible. With regard to this debt, I have to repeat some observations made on a previous occasion. “Neither the Executive nor the Legislature can work a miracle; but I have reason to believe that I shall have your hearty co-operation in any feasible measure that may be adopted for the extinction of this debt. And this I expect, not only from consideration of the moral obligation that binds us, but also in order to restore the credit of the Republic.” The loan having expired four months ago, the matter cannot be postponed beyond the present session. What the country is reasonably expected to do, is what comes within the sphere of its ability. But this ability is not to be measured by an extravagant appropriation of money in unnecessary and wrong directions: it is to be ascertained by a prudent and economical management of the finances. In other words, not until we shall have cut off all unnecessary expenses and brought even the necessary expenditures within the limit of our income shall we be able to do what is expected of us. Considering the falling off in the revenue, consequent on the depression of trade, retrenchment would be necessary even had we not this enormous foreign debt to meet. How much more is it necessary when we have to face both this debt and a lessened revenue. The depreciation of government paper arises from anticipating the revenue living above, or faster than, the income. Large salaries are of no advantage when paid in depreciated money. Eighty cents at their par value are worth more than one hundred cents discounted one half. Smaller salaries paid in good money are preferable to larger salaries paid in bad money,

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or no money at all. In a healthy and flourishing condition of the revenue, keeping in view the dignity and importance of the government, salaries and expenditures that are now considered large would be regarded as only reasonable. But salaries and expenses should always be measured by one’s ability to pay them. The present crisis calls not only for economy but also for sacrifices. A people carrying on a free government in their own land, who suppose that they are never to make any sacrifices, are under a delusion which every effort should be made to dispel. The importance of the subject of the Loan prevents its full discussion in the present communication. But I shall, at an early day, lay the matter before you in a special message. Repeating my observation that settlement of this question cannot be postponed beyond the present session, I have to assure you of my hearty co-operation in this as well as in all other questions of interest to the State. Hilary R. W. Johnson Monrovia, December 14, 1886

Annual Message to the Legislature December 21, 1887 To the Honorable The Senate and the House of Representatives;In assembling for the transaction of the business of the year, let us acknowledge, with unfeigned gratitude, the Beneficent Providence who has thus far sustained us. With the exception of the most southern county, which has suffered somewhat from an unusual drought, the economic condition of the Republic remains nearly the same as during the previous year. Our relations with foreign powers continue on a friendly footing. The ratifications of the North West boundary Treaty between the Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which, I informed you at the last session, had not been exchanged, owing to the absence of Her Majesty’s representative from Sierra Leone, remain still unexchanged, probably from the same cause. In connection with the North West Boundary, I have to state that the unsettled condition of things across and near the line has influenced trade injuriously; and this injurious influence has at times extended to the Liberian side. During the month of April last, warlike tribes in British territory made incursions into the British factories and settlements, and, after plundering, drove before them some of the tribes, who fled into the Liberian territory for protection. At one time it was supposed that these warlike bands would cross the boundary and invade the district of Robertsport, as they had threatened to do. But the government of that district, having been supplied with additional arms, appeared sufficiently strong to have prevented even the attempt. The Republic has been invited to take part in the International Exhibition to be held in Brussels next year. Our representative, Baron Von Stein, having offered to supply and conduct the Liberian department on his personal responsibility, the Government has accepted the invitation. The Republic has also been invited to participate in the International Exhibition in Melbourne, Australia, next year. It has also received an invitation to the International Exhibition to be held in Paris, in the year 1889.

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Considering the limited revenue caused by the continued fall in the prices of products; considering also the pressing demands at home; owing also to the great distance and the indirect way of transmitting products to the former country, the Government was compelled to decline the former invitation, and has not yet seen its way clear to accept the latter. While, in certain contingencies, governments do not participate in these exhibitions, this does not preclude the practicability or advisability of citizens representing the industry of the country by exhibiting the fruits of their labor. The advantages to be derived, by making known, in new markets the products of the country, and increasing the competition for these, more than compensate for the little trouble undergone in preparing them for exhibition. Considerable speculation having been indulged in, in reference to the emigration of laborers to Panama, I consider it necessary to observe, that the Legislature of the Republic, recognizing the right of citizens to sell their labor in the best markets, enacted the Shipping laws, with a view to protecting, or setting safeguards around, a right always possessed and always recognized. The present government of the Republic has positively refused to allow citizens to be transported, to engage in foreign wars, although it has been alleged, by parties seeking Liberian aid in this direction, that previous governments of the Republic granted such permission, – a permission, you will agree with me, altogether at variance with international law, and conflicting with the interests of the country and the dictates of humanity. But in this case of employment of labor for peaceful purposes, the Government saw no paramount interest of the State warring against it. Its duty, then, was clear – to see that safeguards set for the protection of the life, liberty and property of the employed were duly observed. Up to the present, it appears that the agents have acted in conformity with the engagements entered into with the Government, observing the Liberian laws and respecting the integrity of the Liberian territory. The interest of the Government of the United States in the prosperity and perpetuity of the Republic continues unabated. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his financial report for the fiscal year. The depression of trade from which the country, in common with others, has suffered for several years, has been only partially removed. While there has been a slight increase in the revenue and considerable activity in some directions, not only have some prices remained stationary, but the prices of one or two articles have fallen even lower than the lowest point reached a year ago. To meet this difficulty, I do not recommend an increase in the tariff. To insure trade and promote commerce, the tariff laws should be based on equitable principles, and then altered no more than necessary. To supply the lack caused by the depression of trade, the general falling in prices, and consequent limited revenue, and even to furnish means beyond the ordinary requirements of the government to develop additional branches of industry and enterprise in the country, one important means is increasing the sources of internal revenue. The amount derived from capitation taxes is neither adequate to the wants of the nation, nor commensurate with the population of the country. But, in order to realize the reasonable taxes that should be paid by the citizens, both civilized and uncivilized, some more efficient system must be devised than that followed for years; some system that would place the collection of the taxes in the country under the control of a few honest and responsible officers, instead of in the hands of a host of irresponsible persons. With the present population of the Republic, and with proper management, the capitation tax of the country ought to be several times the amount at present received.

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When it is known that some of the precious minerals are within easy reach, more accessible than was formerly supposed, as has been demonstrated by the discoveries of Hon. Benjamin Anderson, the country sees a source from which might readily be derived the means to satisfy its various necessities, and relieve it of its burdens. With regard to this subject, a further communication will be made to you. But to accomplish the objects alluded to, another measure becomes necessary. With a small revenue and an enormous appropriation bill not only will the national debt be increasing, but all hope of improvement will be precluded. The remedy is at once apparent, the expenses must be brought within the income. It will then be practicable to pay salaries, and to have a small surplus to assist in developing the resources of the country. From the year 1860 to the present time, the officers and attendants employed by the Legislature have increased by a large percent; while the pay of members is nearly threefold. Certainly, the revenue has not increased in the same proportion. Other salaries have been raised; and there has been a multiplication of officers not warranted by the financial ability of the Government. It is thought that the Government could easily dispense with the services of the various commissioners, and sub-auditors, and some others, whose functions could be performed by other, and more necessary, officers already in existence. In a government of the proportions and circumstances of our own, there is no need of so great a sub-division of officers. This multiplication of officers produces another serious evil, aside from the unwarrantable expenses necessary to support them. There are frequent conflicts or confusions of interests and jurisdiction, diverse interpretations and application of law, – all tending to obscure the real object and intention of the Government in creating these officers. The condition of things more especially increases care and trouble for the Chief Executive, who seems to be considered by all the ultimate power to bring order out of chaos; to dispel the confusion that has been so unwarrantably brought about. Touching the question of the multiplication of officers, and increasing the expenses of the Government, the honorable Legislature are aware that two years have elapsed since the passage of the bill organizing the County government of Montserrado. My objections on returning the bill were clearly stated at the time. But the Legislature did not harmonize with the views of the Executive on this subject; and the law was passed and put in force. I believe I state a fact, when I announce, that the County organization has not worked smoothly or as advantageously as was hoped. It remains with the honorable Legislature to examine whether it is expedient to repeal the organization, or to rectify by amendatory act any defect in its working. In connection with the subject of retrenchment, I would call your attention to the “Act to alter and amend the several Acts establishing the Judiciary and regulating the powers common to the Courts of Quarter Sessions and Common pleas of the several Counties.” That amendatory Act remedies one of the evils complained of insufficiency of time for the trial of important cases. But the Act by no means removes the evil of the enormous expenses paid to reporting officers. The sum expended for this purpose is out of all proportion to the good accomplished, and it is, in the aggregate, much greater than appears at first sight. During the year, the Executive has been asked for a concession for a line of steamers to call at the ports of the Republic, on the same conditions as the two other lines. As the concession would necessitate the abrogation of the tonnage dues, the Executive was of opinion that this could be done only by the power that imposed those dues. The proposal will therefore be referred to your honorable body.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 21, 1887

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It is anticipated that a fourth line of steamers, intended to start in January for the west coast, will call at some of the ports of the Republic; but as yet no concession has been asked for. It is to be regretted that the Legislature, at its last session, did not consider it expedient to accept the proposal for placing on the Liberian Coast a steamer for the conveyance of freight, passengers and the mails, and for the transport of troops. The reasons given are still as weighty as, if not more so than, they were a year ago. The mails sometime lie in adjoining counties a long time, and are occasionally conveyed by a circuitous, or out of way method. Provided it were proposed to move a body of troops from one section of the Republic into another, there being no railroads, the sea transit would have to be rapid, to effect any good. Not among the least of the benefits to be derived from such a concession, would be the increased intercourse among the counties. I would call your attention to the “Act entitling importers to a drawback on goods or merchandise that may have been landed duty – paid in one county, and afterwards transhipped to another. Whatever may have been the reasons in past time for the enactment of the law, all of the reasons do not seem to exist at present. The steamship lines afford facilities for a pretty equable distribution of goods among the ports of the Republic. There will, however, occur occasions when goods on which the duties have been paid in one county are transhipped to another county. Since the shipment and reshipment would go on reciprocally among the counties, there would be no material loss to any county organization. The drawback system assists in complicating the financial operations of the Government, and increases the number of government demand notes. In my last message, I called your attention to the loss that would readily accrue to government by undervaluation of invoices. I observed, that the “Act to repeal certain portions of the Act authorizing specific duties on certain articles imported into the Republic, and the collection of the same, and regulating the payment of duties on imports, approved February 8, 1878,” requires that all original invoices shall be verified by the Liberian Consul of the port, and signed by him; and that it shall be the imperative duty of all importers to make oath that the invoice presented is the only one had by the importer; and that if at any time another should come to hand, the same will be presented to the Collector. I observed, further, that the aforesaid-provision of the law, having no penalty attached to its violation, is inoperative. It is to be regretted that the attempt to amend the law at the last session did not succeed. The Republic having consuls in all foreign ports that trade with the country, I see no difficulty in enforcing the law,; if properly amended. In conformity with the Act of your last session, approved January 17th, in the month of May, I proclaimed the interdict of Timbo and its vicinity. Since that time, the Executive has received a petition from the chiefs of that district, praying to have the interdict revoked. The petition appeared to express penitence, but made acknowledgement of only a single act of aggression recently committed. Considering, however, that the Act charged them with frequently committing acts of aggression and wrong upon Liberian factors residing there for the peaceful purposes of trade, and that this charge appeared to be based upon facts, the Executive did not judge it expedient to revoke the interdict at that time, unless, as a penalty, the chiefs would pay a fine for their pass conduct. The interdict, therefore, continues. There is another important subject which demands our consideration. I allude to the various missionary establishments in the country and their importations. From the earliest days of the colony, down to the present, the government has always recognized the advisability of

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encouraging these establishments. If conducted on legitimate principles, they assist in promoting the growth of the State and strengthening it by the implanting of sound principles. It is true, trouble has sometimes grown out of the commendable intentions of the government. In the days of the colony (I quote an observation made by myself on another occasion) a contest between a foreign church and the government shook the latter to its foundation. The agent of the church wielded a money patronage five times as great as that of the colonial government. Under the law allowing strictly missionary goods to be imported free of duty, the agent, it is said, imported large quantities of merchandise for speculation, and refused to pay duties. The trial of strength and authority between the foreign church and the colonial government, although for a long time the battle hung in even scale, resulted in favor of the later. The Legislature of the Republic, in subsequent years, endeavored to preclude the repetition of this abuse by an amendatory or explanatory Act, more fully defining and, probably a slight degree, restricting the privileges formerly accorded. There are missionary institutions that are purely ecclesiastical or spiritual; and there are those which partake, as well, of legitimately secular character. These assist in developing a manual industry and physical capabilities of the people. Then conducted on a sufficiently large scale, they work in an interest of the State in another direction. They assist confirming the right of the State to its outlying territory. While encouragement should be given to the former class of establishments, these latter deserve especially the fostering of government. I beg leave to call your attention to our present school system. The system appears to have failed in accomplishing its ultimate object. So vital an interest as the education of the people, upon which so largely depend the prosperity and perpetuity of the state, should have immediate and careful consideration. I am decidedly of opinion, that some change in the conduct of the schools is necessary. And should the various commissioners be abolished, further change will be necessary. In improvement attempted, one of the first and most important steps will be, to place the schools, as much as practicable beyond the sphere of the politics of the country. The bill to improve the school system, that originated in the Legislature during the last session, had some good features. But the bill did not pass through. It proposed to place the conduct of the schools more in the hands of those who should be invested in them. The teachers, after examination by a committee or board of each district, would be selected by those whose interest would prompt them to exact a reasonable qualification, and a reasonable amount of work; and who have the privilege of recommending the removal of incoming teachers. I have frequently remarked that with our scattered populations it is impossible to give each town, large or small, a government school with a competent teacher. If each town or village must have a school, salaries will necessarily be small; and very small salaries, as a rule, procure incompetent teachers. If each town ship must have a school, it must augment the government salary. This would procure an advantage, – it would increase the interest of the people in their public schools. The difficulties growing out of the Golah and Boatswain war have been partially adjusted. The native tribes and clans are so numerous, their interests often so conflicting, the casus belli so many, the main hope of a permanent settlement of their difficulties would arise from the founding of permanent industrial and civilized settlements among them. Nor will this altogether remedy the evil, unless the civilized and Christian population of the country as a whole, will with a commendable patriotism, and spirit of justice and equity, work in the direction of their legitimate interests and the interest of the State.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 21, 1887

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The experience of the last four years has taught me that the tribal differences are often increased by the unreasonable interference of conflicting trade interests. The natives of the country are, to a great extent, heathen; yet they have tolerably clear sense of justice and truth. They have shown in a number of instances, and sometimes, too, by terrible examples, that they are able to distinguish between the law and just measures and decrees of the Government, and a capriciousness of selfishness that may lurk behind any true interest. What is the Government but the whole body of the people? What interests can the Government have not identical with interests of the whole people? If the people, or any class or section of the people, through trade jealousies and selfishness, endeavor to thwart or hamper the legitimate operations of the Government, they but hasten their own eventual ruin. I have again to call your attention to the difficulties of Half Cavalla. After a careful study of this question, I am decidedly of the opinion that the people of Half Cavalla have no real grievances of which to complain; nor have they experienced unjust treatment from the Government, or any body of people. Their imaginary grievances have been fermenting a spirit of rebellion, which has been encouraged by the forbearance of the Government. Amicable and peaceful measures have proved of no avail. The rebellious natives being encouraged as well by some unprincipled foreigners. I am of opinion that the matters will become more complicated and serious, unless decisive measures are at once adopted. I have therefore to request your co-operation to adopt means to settle the difficulties at present existing in the south-easternmost county of the Republic. Matters not discussed in the present communication will be laid before you separately. Gentlemen of the Senate and House Representatives, – I consider this, the beginning of a new legislature, a most suitable occasion to correct what errors we may have committed in the past. There are evils that may be remedied by the ordinary enactment of law. But there are others that cannot be so reached. These can be corrected only by an alteration in the fundamental compact. In the establishment and progress of nations, there are principles that may remain unaltered for all time, because they are fundamental. There are others that must change with the progress of the age and the growth of the nation. When a nation has proceeded on certain lines of development and has arrived at a place whence these lines can carry it no further in its progress, it is evident that a change of direction must be adopted. Again, it must be admitted, that in this, as in all other, governments, some measures are tentative. Should sufficient trial prove their unsuitableness, they should be replaced by other better adapted to the condition of things. There is a growing sentiment in the country, that the Executive and Legislative terms of office are too short to secure efficiency in the measures and policy of Government. I have on other occasions pointed out some of the evils that grow out of the frequent elections of the country. With regard to the Legislature, a longer term of office, with biennial, instead of annual, sessions, is considered by some preferable to the present short term with annual sessions, – the Constitutional provision for the calling of extra sessions remaining the same. In avoiding one extreme, men frequently rush to another. In shunning the evils of monarchism, republicans have sometimes disregarded some of its good qualities. I am strictly a republican; but I am far from asserting that any one form of the government contains in itself all the elements of perfection. The principles best suited for growth, for the perfection of manhood, and the well-being of the nation, are those that should be adopted in any form of government.

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I shall allude to you one more principle, and I shall have done, leaving to your own wisdom the suggestion of others that may be considered important. In some governments, the Executive branch is represented in the Legislature. It is said this facilitates measures, and explains, more satisfactorily than can be done by any other method, the measures and policies of the Executive. But I do not go so far. I would recommend only a limited representation, by which the delegate of the Executive would have only a consultative voice, and no vote. In the growth of nations, the practice often precedes the development of the theory. I have on another occasion alluded to some laws of the country that were induced or recommended by the practice of measures which these laws were afterwards enacted to perpetuate. With regard to the principle of a limited or partial representation, or a delegation with only a consultative voice, the Legislature has already recognized its importance by the provision made for delegates or referees from the native chiefs. I am of the opinion, however, that the application of this principle to an executive delegate or referee – would necessitate an amendment of the Constitution. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, – I should not feel confident of our final success in solving the difficult problems before us, but for the assurance I feel of your patriotic support; and with this assurance, I promise you my hearty co-operation. Hilary R. W. Johnson. Monrovia, December 21, 1887

Annual Message to the Legislature December 11, 1888 To the Honorable the Senate and the House of Representatives, – In assembling for the transaction of the business of the year, it is our first duty to acknowledge, with unfeigned gratitude, the Beneficent Providence Who has sustained us amidst difficult surroundings. The economic condition of the country was affected somewhat during the past year by the failure of crops in Maryland County. This, with a partial failure in some other sections, added to the lowering of the prices of the products of the country in foreign markets, embarrassed considerably the operations of the Government, as well as private enterprises. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue on a friendly footing. On the arrival in this city, in the month of April last, of Sir Samuel Rowe, Governor-inChief of her Britannic Majesty’s West Africa Settlements, and Her Majesty’s Consul to Liberia, the ratifications of the North West Boundary Treaty between the Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were exchanged by Her Majesty’s representative and the Secretary of State. On my first induction into office, in January 1884, I was authorized to conclude a treaty for the settlement of the Boundary. The temporary absence of Her Majesty’s representative, the prevalence, at one time, of an endemic in Sierra Leone, the necessity, on the part of Her Majesty’s representative, of referring to the Home Government the questions under discussion – as already known to your Honorable Body – were the principal causes that delayed the conclusion of the Treaty. The discussion, on the part of the Republic, had mainly for its object the securing of the undisputed territory of the Bopora or Condor section.

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The conclusion of the Treaty set at rest a question that had been pending for more than a quarter of a century. I am pleased to say that the relations of the two Governments are of the most friendly kind. In the Robertsport district (I should state in this connection), near the boundary, matters are becoming settled, and trade is increasing. A faint effort made by some British traders near the boundary to prejudice the mind of her Majesty’s Government has been of no avail. The Republic has twice been invited to participate in a Universal Tariff Conference assembled in Brussels, for the regular publication of the tariffs of all nations. The Government, however, was of opinion that the benefit to accrue to the Republic would not, under existing circumstances, warrant the expense that it might be necessary to undergo. Owing to our present financial difficulties, the Government could not accept the invitation to participate in the International Exposition to be held in Paris next year. The Secretary of State will lay before you certain correspondence, in which you will observe the interpretation put, by a friendly foreign Power, on an article of the treaty between the Republic and that Power. This interpretation is at variance with the opinion of the lawadvisers of the Government; does not appear to accord with the explicit meaning of the words of said article; conflicts with the interpretation put upon a similar article by other foreign powers; and, even were the words of the article in any respect obscure, this interpretation would not be in accordance with the rules governing the interpretation of treaties, as defined by international law. On account of the speculation that had been indulged in on the subject, in my last Message I alluded to the emigration of laborers to Panama. These laborers were returned to the coast in the month of May last. Although there had been considerable mortality among them, the mortality was much less than had at first been represented. Since the return of these first, no others have emigrated to Panama. I beg leave to call your attention to the fact, that occasionally there arrive in the Republic agents to procure emigrants for foreign countries. The citizens of Liberia are free to go whither they choose. But no unlawful means should be employed by foreign agents to mislead citizens. Recently, I have been informed, a foreign agent deliberately and falsely misrepresented the people and laws of the Republic, in order to obtain emigrants. I am of opinion that cases of this kind require some enactment to meet them. The Secretary of the State will lay before you proposals for the building of a railroad in Liberia. These proposals come from a company in the United States. They are free from two objectionable features that sometimes occasion much trouble in the building of roads. The concessionaires do not ask for any monopoly of road-building within the Republic, or within any particular section. Secondly, they do not prevent the crossing of their road, or roads, by the roads of any other company. Other companies would be free to cross at any point, being required only to defray the expenses of their crossings. I am of opinion that the granting of the concession, on reasonable conditions, will be of immense benefit to the Republic. The capital to be expended for the employment of labor will be considerable. The settling of immigrant and other laborers on the road will add greatly to the production and the material wealth of the country, not to speak of the advantage of rapid transit and transportation, for lack of which, the industries of the country are considerably hindered. Probably, before the end of the session, proposals will come from another direction. But this will necessitate no delay, if the first proposals appear to be based on reasonable conditions, – since they do not ask for a monopoly, and do not prevent the crossing of the road. There will also be laid before you the request for a concession of what I might style a limited monopoly for the exploitation of India Rubber; that is to say, the granting of a mo-

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nopoly for the collecting and exporting of Rubber within a certain defined section of the Republic. For this privilege, the concessionaries agree to pay at once a certain sum, and to pay a royalty per pound on the Rubber, provided the quantity collected and exported shall reach a certain specified amount. Monopolies are sometimes resorted to, and sometimes granted, by governments, but only in exceptional cases. The Republic, during its history, has resorted to a monopoly, for its own needs, only in a single case, – immediately after the organization of the government, – and this did not have the most satisfactory results. It will be for the wisdom of your honorable body to decide, on examination, whether the needs of the country and the benefits to be derived will justify granting even of a restricted monopoly. With regard to the introduction of foreign enterprise and foreign capital into the country, I am of opinion that this can be done on terms mutually advantageous. (I speak of enterprises other than monopolies). The country has great resources: but, to use a hackneyed expression, these resources are yet undeveloped. They require extraneous aid for their development. I believe this extraneous aid can be introduced into the country without injuring the genius of our institutions, or damaging the industries of the country, if such industries are conducted on legitimate principles or natural laws. If any industries are not conducted on legitimate principles or natural laws, they must fail, even without the introduction of foreign capital. To allude only to the case of banks, two proposals for which are formulating, and will be laid before you, if received in time, – the Executive has been asked the question, Considering that the principal securities held by banks are mortgages on real estate, and considering your constitutional prohibition against aliens holding real estate, what securities can we hold? I know this is a judicial question; and I know what has been the custom to some extent. Still, it is an important question, – one that requires serious consideration. A large proportion of the business of the country in conducted on the barter system; and considering the mixed population of the country and the kind of commodities required in trade, this barter system must continue for a long time. But a considerable proportion of money has been, and always will be, required; and this proportion will increase in a ratio with the civilized needs of the country. At present, nearly all the circulating medium employed in the business of the country is furnished by the revenue of the Government and the operations of foreign religious bodies. To think that the limited revenue of the Government and the still more limited disbursements of a few religious societies should furnish all the money required in industries of the country, and that every stagnation in the circulation is to be remedied solely by impulse originating in these two sources, is the conception of ideas certainly not calculated to ensure the prosperity or perpetuity of the State. I mean to prefer no sinister charge, when I hint a suspicion, that probably a feeling of self-interest, or self-preservation, has induced the old established moneyed interests of the country to oppose, or at least to look with jealous eyes on the introduction of capital into the country. The introduction of capital, skill and enterprise should be based on principles of natural law, or if I may so speak, on common sense principles. In this case, no legitimate interest of the country would suffer. All interests, from the highest to the lowest, would be benefited in proportion to the industry, skill and economy practiced. If foreign capital is to be employed in the country, it must be used to stimulate and reward industry, skill and economy. And there must be mutual advantage: the givers must be benefited as well as the receivers. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his Report for the fiscal year.

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It will be seen that the revenue for the past year has been less than at any period of the past six years. Several causes account for this. Trade continued depressed up to the end of the fiscal year. Several products of the country have realized less value than at any previous period of our history. The amendment to the Drawback law, to which I shall again refer, has hampered trade somewhat. How far the depression of trade has induced the undervaluation of invoices I am unable to say. In two previous Messages, I recommended measures to provide against this evil, – the verification of invoices and the resorting as often as practicable, to specific, instead of advalorem, duties. Whether there had been undervaluation of invoices, or whether foreign commodities or importations have been lower in price on account of trade depression abroad, in either case, the advalorem duties would be affected for the worse. Probably, also – and which may have occurred in other years – the collection of the revenue has not been sufficiently guarded. It appears, too, that mercantile business has become withdrawn from some points along the coast, to await a more favorable turn of affairs. On comparing the present report with reports of a series of years, other disturbing causes will, no doubt, become apparent. In my last Message, I alluded to the “Act entitling importers to a drawback on goods or merchandise that may have been landed duty-paid in one county and afterwards transhipped to another.” I stated that the steamship lines afford facilities for a pretty equitable distribution of goods, among the ports of the Republic; that there will, however, occur occasions when goods on which the duties have been paid in one county are transhipped to another county; that since the transhipment would go on reciprocally among the counties, there would be no material loss to any county organization. I stated that the drawback system assisted in complicating the financial operations of the Government, and increased the number of government demand notes. The object in desiring to get rid of the drawback law was to renew a system of things in existence before the enactment of that law; that is to say, when merchandise was imported into any county, the duties were paid once and for all. The merchandise thereafter had free transit throughout the Republic. The Act of the last session, “An Act repealing certain portions of an Act entitled An Act providing for and restricting the payment of Import and Export Duties in each county of the Republic,” appears to increase the difficulties. The specific and advalorem duties of the Republic are not exorbitant; but the requisition of fresh duties in each county on the transshipment of the same articles of merchandise appears to be a hardship. This principle, pushed to its ultimate conclusion, is reduced to an absurdity; for if the merchandise should be transhipped at different times to the four counties of the Republic, there will be four duties required to be paid on the same articles. The reasons urged for the acceptance and trial of the law appeared somewhat strong. The law was said to be intended to prevent certain abuses. There is no certainty that these abuses have been prevented. On the other hand, it is probable abuses have increased. At any rate, it is certain that the law has hampered trade. Different states, under separate and distinct governments, sometime unite in the formation of toll unions; so that the payment of customs dues in one state procures the free transit of goods throughout all the other states. In the same state, certainly, there should be every facility afforded for the transit of goods, when once the duties have been paid. The experience of the world’s most enlightened statesmen shows, that too severe and restrictive measures increase, rather than check, abuses in trade; and that beyond a certain reasonable limit, the more stringent the measures imposed, the more frequent and successful will be the attempts to defraud the revenue. There are difficulties with which the most powerful nations find it hard to grapple, – when any restrictions suppress what may be considered, correctly or incorrectly the growing

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needs and aspirations of men civilized or uncivilized. The populations chafe and fret under them; and even mighty nations find a task before which they sometimes stand amazed. Let us look facts squarely in the face, with reference to the Liberian coast. Twenty five years ago the tribes had free access to trade; or, if your prefer, the traders had free access to the tribes along the coast. The Port of Entry Bill was passed; and the foreign trade was confined to the ports of entry. The main reason alleged in justification of the Act was, that foreigners sometimes intermeddled in the affairs of the Government. However this may be, it is matter of history, that a powerful chief on the coast, immediately after the passage of the law, seized and imprisoned a senator of the Republic, – although alleging motives foreign to those that may have been induced by the enactment. The difficulty was apparently settled; but for a quarter of a century, the impatience, the restlessness, under what the chief considered unreasonable restrain, has been growing in other directions. What are the facts that seem to create difficulty? The coast is extensive in proportion to the civilized inhabitants, who at present have the chief control of the political affairs of the nation. Some of the centres of trade, or ports, are far removed from some of the tribes who produce considerably. And lack of facilities of transportation, as well as tribal jealousies, prevent free intercourse from section to section throughout the tribes. Then again, the commercial marine of the country is, by far, too inadequate to the needs of the trade. Now, I am not here to condemn the Port of Entry Bill in its entirety. Nor am I here to sustain it, if better measures can be devised for the development and regulation of the trade of the country. I lay before you a difficulty that has been increasing the troubles along the coast. Of course, it can be readily said that war-vessel could easily settle the matter. I confess that a war-vessel is one of the needs of the country. It would, for a time, keep down trouble and settle temporary difficulties. But a war-vessel, under the existing laws of the country, would materially increase the expenses of the Government, without opening up that trade, the revenue from which would be needed to support both the Government and the war vessel. These matters to which I refer, are not temporary difficulties. These fires, smouldering though they be, were kindled a long time ago. In justification of some of their complaints, the tribes allege that one of the promises on which the sovereignty of the country was obtained, was the maintaining of facilities for trade, which they had enjoyed from time immemorial. The question to be decided, is, whether the experience of a quarter of a century has shown that the Act alluded to can, in any way, be so modified or amended as to meet the requirements of the present time. I must point to the fact, that every year the Government is expected to meet an increasingly large appropriation bill. It desires a large revenue, when the main source of revenue is shut up, coastwise and interiorwise. It is, then, but fair to expect, that some reasonable measure, not militating against the legitimate interests of the Republic, should be devised, for increasing the commerce of the country, and, as a consequence, increasing the revenue of the State. I beg leave to call your attention to the Act of January 17th,1887, – “An amendment to the several statutes regulating the payment and the collection of duties upon Imports and Exports within the Republic.” The law amended by the Act alluded to required the specific duty on Tobacco to be paid in gold. The amendatory Act requires the payment of one half in gold and one half in currency. It was supposed that the slight increase in the proportion of gold from certain other duties would more than compensate for the loss of gold on tobacco.

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But it appears that this expectation has not been realized. It is considered advisable that the tobacco duties be paid all in gold, as before. The law requires the Government to pay its bills in the proportion of two-thirds gold and one-third currency. The circumstance that prompted the passage of the law, was the importation into the Republic of unusually large quantities of alcoholic liquors, to anticipate the going into force of the high license law. I alluded to the fact that this circumstance was exceptional, and would not constitute a rule; and I advised the authorization of the payment of bills in the same proportions of gold and currency as these moneys were received into the treasury. As the laws stand, the Government is simply required to do an impossibility – to pay more gold than it receives. The fact that some holders of government bills demand and receive the proportions prescribed by law, renders greater the hardship of those who do not so receive them. I beg leave to call your attention to the Land laws of the Republic. There has been, from the founding of the State, the greatest facility for obtaining land. Each immigrant, on arriving within the Republic, receives a certain quantity of land. Each soldier serving in a military expedition receives a certain quantity in proportion to the length of the service. Recently, the law grants to native Africans who have become civilized within the Republic the same quantity of land as is allotted to immigrants. But what I desire particularly to call your attention to, is the indiscriminate location of land grants. Two evils grow out of this practice. The land cannot all be plotted; and in this case, much of it is overlooked in assessing the traces. Secondly, the evil becomes the more apparent when one comes to consider the building of roads that must, in many cases, cross private lands. While sufficient land for the roadway might be obtained without great difficulty, there is no certainty of this in every case. Then, there is the question of land grants near the road to the road companies, – a question not so easily disposed of. I allude to the districts near the coast, where considerable land had already been allotted, a large portion of which has also been improved. I believe in one of the proposals for building a road to be laid before you there is an accommodation. Where the company cannot obtain land touching the road, it agrees to receive land as near the road as practicable. But this accommodation probably, will not apply to every case that may be submitted for the consideration of the Government. The educational interests of the country need careful consideration. In my last Message, I alluded to a bill that originated in the House two years ago, but which did not pass, for the improvement of the schools. I am informed that the bill possessed some good features. In the same Message, I alluded to other measures that might be adopted. Coming from different sections of the Republic, honorable members, no doubt, are already aware of the difficulties to be dealt with. Liberia College being a national institution, and some honorable members of the Legislature being members of the board of trustees, ex officio and otherwise, their attention and advice will, no doubt, soon be required to assist in devising and adopting measures for increasing the efficiency of the institution. The President of the College and the rest of the literary or teaching staff have labored indefatigably, even under adverse circumstances of health and other interests. I am of opinion, that the improvement of the College depends, to some extent, on suggestions and measures that are to emanate from Liberia, – the authorities and friends in the United States appearing to be as much as ever interested in the success of that institution. This furnishes the reason for my calling your attention to this subject more especially at this session. But to promote the educational and other vital interests of the country, some important changes must be adopted in the appropriations. There must be a curtailment of expenditures

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for unnecessary purposes, in order that something may be employed for the support of the vital interests of the country. In a flourishing state of revenue, the appropriations would not appear unreasonably large. But the case of a government is similar to that of an individual; the Government must live within its income. In previous messages some curtailments of expenses are alluded to. Your wisdom will, no doubt, suggest others. On my first inauguration, I said, “It is only an industrious and thriving people that can constitute a prosperous government. If, instead of devoting their energies to the improvement of their condition in proper and legitimate spheres, an unreasonably large proportion of the people be encouraged to look to the Government for support, it requires no prophet to foretell the sad consequences.” The increase in the number of officers in recent years, keeps behind the Government an increasing number of persons clamoring for office. Such a condition of things has a tendency to damage all the industries of the country, by drawing men away from work to office seeking; and it tends to keep from the service of the State men of ability and integrity having any delicacy of feeling. The difficulties of our South East, in the county of Maryland, are still unsettled, owing to causes already known to you, and which are set forth in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. Proposals, however, will be laid before you for settling these difficulties. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, – I promise you my hearty cooperation in any measures devised for the benefit of the country. Hilary R.W. Johnson. Monrovia, December 11th, 1888

Annual Message to the Legislature December 30, 1889 To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives: – In assembling for the transaction of the business of the year, it is our first duty to acknowledge, with unfeigned gratitude, the Beneficent Providence Who has thus far sustained us. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue on friendly footing. It is the desire and request of the Postal Union, that the states of the Union should be protected against the forgery of their postal stamps. Some of these states have laws sufficient to meet the case. Other states, again, have promised to enact the requisite laws. As it is very necessary and important that the forgery within the Republic of foreign as well as Liberian postage-stamps should be provided against, I have to recommend that you will enact a law sufficient to meet the case. During the last session, your honorable body granted a concession to a company in the United States for building a Railroad in Liberia. Considerable discussion and consultation arose on the amount of subsidy to be granted to the concessionaries by the Government, and the practicability, under existing circumstances, of paying the money part of the subsidy. And this was an important question, in view of the limited finances of the Republic. The bill was approved by the Executive, but withheld from publication, because there appeared a probability of securing, by negotiation, better terms, notwithstanding the passage of the bill. The object sought has been accomplished. Instead of being required to pay cash for its subsidy, the Government is enabled to give bonds running for a period of sixty years. Be-sides,

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the bonds are not to be confined to a single market, but are to be sold in the most profitable market. There has also been a clear definition of what are to be considered as “minerals used for constructive purposes.” Article VI of the aforesaid Act reserves to the concessionaires one half of the minerals that may be discovered on the granted lands, if the minerals shall be mined by the concessionaires for constructive purposes in connection with the road. It will be seen at a glance, that by an indirect application this phrase would include all the minerals that would be discovered on the granted lands, gold, silver, platinum, mercury, and all others, since, indirectly, the proceeds of the sale of all minerals could be employed in the construction of the road; while strictly only a few minerals could be employed for constructive purposes. An agreement setting forth the necessary alterations to the Act has already been signed by the concessionaires and the Government. This agreement will be laid before you. I have to recommend that you will so amend the aforesaid Act as to include these alterations. As soon as the Act shall have been amended, the concessionaires will be prepared to begin operations. A railroad running coastwise will be of material benefit to the country. But considering the subsidies in land that would be required, as well as other circumstances. I am of opinion that the railroad for which a concession was granted last year should be considerably advanced before the Government will be prepared to deal with another proposal of the kind. Because, first, the Government should consider if it is able to grant, for the present, any more subsidies in land, or money; secondly, because it must keep in view the conflicting land claims that will arise on the direction of a road. Doubtless, an important reason influencing the Legislature at its last session to grant a liberal subsidy in land to the railroad concessionaires, was the obligation by which the latter bound themselves to bring into the country large numbers of Negroes from the United States of America. This will facilitate materially the operations of the road company, and will increase largely the producing population of the country. In addition, the running of a road interiorward would be the surest and swiftest way of putting an end to the tribal wars that periodically devastate some sections of the country. By the construction of a road, not only the rich trade of the interior, but also the abundant labor so much needed in agricultural operations will be more accessible. Dangers interiorwise as well as coastwise frequently threaten small governments like the Republic. Considering the lust for territory – especially territory in Africa, that seems to be inciting some powerful nations in their aggressions, our rich and healthy interior high lands might some day become a prey to some unscrupulous power. Not only so, but all extension by us interiorwise would be forever barred. It appears to me, that nothing would more surely prevent this misfortune, than penetrating the interior with a railroad, and establishing along the line of the road, and in other places, settlements of the immigrants that may be brought to the country at the instance of the concessionaires or others. The advantages, then, of the road under consideration will be, first, a large increase in the civilized population of the country; secondly, the conducting of mining operations along the line of the road, from which operations the Government will derive material benefits; thirdly, facilities for rapid transit and transportation of the products of the Country; fourthly and consequently, a large increase in the volume of the trade and the country, necessitating, doubtless, swifter and more direct communication with the United States of America; fifthly, a more certain means of putting a stop to tribal wars; and sixthly, the securing of the possession of our interior, besides the easy practicability of further extension. At your last session there was passed “An Act granting a concession to Benjamin L. Thomson and others of London, to gather, collect and prepare Caoutchoue, or India Rubber, within the Republic.” The aforesaid Act was based on a preliminary agreement that had

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been discussed during the previous year by the Government and the concessionaires. The preliminary agreement stipulated that, for the privilege of collecting, preparing and exporting Rubber within and from a certain specified area of the Republic, the concessionaires would pay a certain sum; a portion of the money to be employed in paying some of our foreign claims, the rest to be used by the Government at home. In addition, should the amount gathered reach a certain designated quantity, two thousand tons, the Concessionaires would further pay to the Republic a royalty of three pence per pound. The Act aforesaid authorizes “the President to enter into a further agreement with the parties herein referred to, – specifying the locality and special area within which the said Benjamin L. Thomson and others shall operate in gathering, collecting and preparing from such , trees, vines, and shrubs as are capable of yielding the substance or product known as Caotchoue, Rubber, or Gum elastic, with such other details as are proper and necessary to be expressed and understood in such agreement, requiring, at the same time, of Benjamin L. Thomson and principal, a statement of the method in which they propose to gather, collect and prepare the said substance or product for export, with such other details on their part as are proper and necessary to be expressed.” It is clear, then, from the terms of the preliminary agreement as well as from the reading of the Act, that the rubber is to be exploited within a limited area; that is to say, the concession was, in the terms employed in my last message, designated a limited or restricted one. The agents of the concessionaires have arrived on the spot. They allege that they were given to understand that the area within which they were to exploit, contained all the rubber that was to be found within the Republic; that on arrival they find that rubber abound throughout the country; that with only a limited area within which to operate, they will be placed in unfair competition with others who have not paid for the privilege of gathering, as they have engaged to do. Further, they allege that trees, &c., after being tapped, require some time to recover; and that if a single section be constantly worked, the rubber would exhaust itself. Consequently, they ask to be allowed to gather rubber throughout the Republic. The terms of the law are precise. The Concession being an Act of the Legislature, it can be altered or amended only by an Act of the Legislature; that is to say, the Executive has no power to permit the exploitation of rubber beyond the specified area designated by the Act of Concession. It is true, the extent of this area is not yet designated, it being left, by the Act, to the discretion of the Executive; but it clearly signifies a limited portion of the Republic. Let me drop the passing remark, that there appears to be, in the minds of foreigners at home and abroad, an erroneous notion of some of our treaty obligations, a notion that will readily be dispelled on a plain reading of the treaties. I allude particularly to the matter of Concessions, so called. It is supposed that if the Republic grants to the citizens or subjects of any State, with which we are in treaty relations a concession to build a road, or to exploit rubber, the citizens or subjects of every nation with which we have concluded a treaty are entitled to a like concession. That is to say, the granting of a concession to build a road will necessitate the granting of concessions, if desired, for as many roads as we have treaties. The favor, privilege or immunity to which the citizens or subjects of each contracting party are entitled, arises only in matters of general trade, or, in the express language of the treaties, “in matters of commerce and navigation.” I make this allusion to a matter so distinct and clear, because this erroneous interpretation of the treaties might deter capitalists from investing in enterprises in the country. Already some foreigners have expressed fears that their enterprises will be injured by foreign competition, and already some foreigners have expressed boasts that they are entitled to

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demand and receive the like privilege. But this is a fallacy. When the Republic grants one concession of the kind we are discussing, it rests solely with the Republic as to whether it will grant another similar concession. In the question of the extension of the area for the exploitation of Rubber, several considerations are involved; First, one half to the land of the Republic, every alternate block, section or square-mile – has been secured by the American Colonization Society for Negro immigrants from the United States. The obligation under which this places us should not be violated. It is true, this arrangement has already been broken into, but there is sufficient compensation in the public domain still unoccupied. Secondly, the Act to grant certain concessions for the charter and construction of a system of railroads in the Republic of Liberia, renders it necessary to reserve considerable quantities of land as subsidies to the railroad. Thirdly, the land laws of the Republic grant bounty lands to soldiers, and besides allotting lands to immigrants, permit the regular and constant sale of lands to citizens, as well as allow the leasing of lands to foreigners. And these lands are to be used principally for agricultural purposes. An extension of the area for the purpose of gathering Rubber, without taking all the aforesaid interests into consideration, would confine the agricultural operations of the country for twenty-one years within the land already obtained by settlers and citizens. The Government, of course, would have the right to dispose of the lands by lease, grant, or sale; but the lands would be sold or leased with this encumbrance of twenty-one year lease for gathering rubber. I do not deem it sufficient to pledge that the land will be retired from as fast as it may be needed for immigrants or others. Twenty one years is a considerable period. We know not what contingencies may arise within that time. Retiring from the land as fast as it may be needed, does not necessarily imply retiring from the land most eligible and most accessible to immigrants. On account of the wrested interpretation of treaties sometimes resorted to by stronger powers, it is necessary that every important point be guarded. By the Act of Concession, the assignment of the area is left to the discretion of the Executive. The area might be limited to a single section, or it might be divided among different counties. At any rate, it must be taken for granted that the area would be commensurate with the compensation offered, as far as is practicable. Now, without determining what is the extent of area to be exploited under the Act of your last session, the concessionaires ask the privilege to exploit rubber throughout the Republic. I do not yet discover how this can be granted without violating vested and potential interests. Admitting, however, that the wisdom of the Legislature may discover some way of accommodation, then the question arises; What additional compensation do the concessionaires offer? It must be admitted that even were this accommodation found, the increased compensation ought to be very considerable; for apart from giving up the right for twenty one years, there is the damage that might be done to the regular and settled industries of the country. For this latter reason, I should be opposed to any arrangement that would convert a whole nation into gatherers of a single spontaneous product of the soil. And not only so, but when a whole nation is converted in this manner, the course of civilization is turned backward, and men degenerate into barbarism. However, two questions will be submitted to your honorable body: Can an extension be granted consistent with the interests of the country vested and potential? What additional compensation from the concessionaires is necessary to cover this additional grant?

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The compensation for the area granted by the Act of concession of last year, appears to be fixed by the preliminary agreement; that is to say, a bonus is to be paid down for the privilege of gathering the rubber, and a royalty of three-pence per pound provided the amount of rubber collected reaches a given number of tons. Another amendment to the Act of concession desired by the concessionaires, is, to strike out, in the fourth section all the words after the words “provided for;” so that the concession will endure for twenty one years, and will not be terminable at the option of the Government or the concessionaires at the end of the first seven or fourteen years. Should the Legislature see fit to amend the act of last year, I would recommend that a royalty be paid on any quantity of rubber that may be collected. On this question of the Concession, I do not desire to be misunderstood. In past years, several proposals were made to the Liberian Government for introducing various enterprises into the country. The rejection of these proposals is not to be attributed solely to illiberality on the part of the Government and people of Liberia. It is true, all nations, in their infancy, are conservative, – sometimes unduly so. But the rejection of the proposals to which I refer, was owing mainly to some very objectionable features contained in those proposals. At the present time, it is evident that the people of Liberia are more liberally disposed towards foreign enterprises and foreign capital than at any previous period in our history. They believe that the introduction of capital and enterprise into the country on equitable conditions would stimulate the industries of the country, and assist to reward labor properly. The Government of the country, too, desires that the revenues of the State should be increased as fast as practicable, not only through the ordinary channels of trade, but also through new enterprises calculated to develop the rich resources of the country. At the same time, this belief and this desire do not preclude necessary caution in dealing with unusual questions. A mistake may cause serious and irreparable injury. It is in this spirit, that the Executive Government has been discussing proposals for concessions within the last two years. Certainly, Men in the public service, who work arduously from month to month, and year to year, without adequate compensation, should be as desirous as any other persons to see a material improvement in the finances of the country. But we should proceed circumspectly. And it is in this spirit of caution, that the Executive comes to co-operate with you, to ascertain if there can be found the accommodation sought in the case of the Rubber Concession. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his Report for the fiscal year. There has not been that increase in the revenue that was anticipated a year ago. On the other hand, there has been a slight falling off. For this, several causes account. In the first place, the prices of products have not risen. On the contrary, some have fallen lower than before. Again, there has been a retirement of business from some trading points. As in other countries, so, there is reason to believe, there has been and still is within the Republic the practice, to some extent, of underevaluation of invoices. In previous messages, I alluded to this evil, as well as the measures necessary to provide against it. Again, this year, considerable damage has been done to the revenue by the Act requiring the payment of duties in each county on the transhipment of the same goods. I presented as forcibly as I could, last year, the reasons why the Act should be repealed. But as facts are the most powerful arguments, it may be sufficient for me to state, that the facts of the two previous years warrant the belief, that so long as the Act remains in force, the revenue will suffer materially. I beg leave to renew the recommendation made at your last session, either so to amend the law as to allow the duties to be paid once and for all – the merchandise thereafter to have free transit throughout the Republic, – or to return to the old drawback system.

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I would also renew the recommendation made last year with regard to the tobacco duty. The existing law requires the duty to be paid one half in gold, the other half in currency. In the proportion in which the moneys are received into the treasury, the Executive Government is simply required to do an impossibility. It is ascertained from the Treasury Department, that the moneys are received in the proportion of one half of each kind; while an existing law requires the payment of two thirds gold and one third currency. The fact that some holders of government bill demand and receive from some of the subtreasuries this proportion, renders greater the hardship of those who do not receive it. I would recommend that the tobacco duty be paid all in gold. First, I beg leave to recommend that a larger proportion than one third (as the law now prescribes) be paid in gold on all articles not gold bearing. For years, I have endeavored to ascertain the real cause of the heavy discounting of the currency. It is true, in past years, much was to be attributed to the issue of duty-paying papers which rendered the currency less in demand. For the latter half of the last fiscal year, those papers have not been issued; and those previously issued have been taken in as fast as practicable. Apart from this, the currency is growing less every year by the law retiring a certain proportion of it, and by the usual wear and tear to which such moneys are subject. And yet the currency appears to be as much discounted as before. Consequently, I have been forced to the conclusion, that the currency, like other things in the country, is not allowed to obey the usual and natural laws of supply and demand but that the currency is at present largely discounted through the force of habit. If the currency is not allowed to obey natural laws, then some remedy should be found for the evil. If the currency of the country is worth its nominal or par value to parties paying Government claims, but depreciates one third or one half in value when paid on the salaries of Government officers and employees, then a small portion of the community is bearing a burden and sustaining a loss that should be borne equally by the entire community. I am reminded, just here, that since the foundation of the Republic, various foreign bodies have been operating in Liberia. To pay the expenses of their operations, they issue bills on foreign countries. Until recent times they issued bills in duplicate. These drafts being in duplicate, could be sent to be paid where the gold, on which they were drawn, was deposited. At present, with two exceptions, the bills are issued singly. Further, a large proportion of them is in very small sums, so small as twenty five cents. This, together with the fact that the drafts are not duplicated, increases the difficulty of transmitting them for payment. The consequence is, a large portion of them is worn out in the hands of the people, who, able or unable, are bearing a large proportion of the expenses of those bodies, who all the while are boasting of the large sums they spend in the country. What becomes of the gold deposited abroad, on which these bills are based? It may be replied, that these small bills are drawn for the convenience of the people; that the object of these foreign bodies being, in part, humanitarian or philanthropic, the people should be content under their losses. The fact, nevertheless, remains, that this procedure is not necessary – since the general distribution of gold and silver coin throughout the world renders it as easy to pay small sums in coin as in paper. Let us suppose a case. A foreign body expends ten thousand dollars in Liberia. One fourth of that sum is in small bill, – probably worn out in the hands of the people. The people, then, are actually paying one fourth of the expenses of said body. But the question does not stop here. Any foreign commercial house might resort to the same procedure, and issue a large quantity of small bills to be worn out in the hands of the people, thus compelling the people to defray a considerable portion of the expenses of any ordinary commercial house.

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I beg leave again to call your attention to the coast trade. That trade appears to be falling off. In some parts legitimate trade is suffering and an illicit trade is springing up to some extent. In my last message, I expressed the opinion that the commercial marine of the country is not sufficient to avail itself of the advantages of the entire coast trade. I believe the facts of the present year sustain this opinion. The trade, then, should be encouraged by proper measures, otherwise it will open into unlawful channels. I remarked last session that the question to be decided, is, whether the experience of a quarter of a century has shown that the Port of Entry Bill can, in any way, be so modified or amended as to meet the requirements of the present time. For several years the people of Settra Kroo have petitioned for a port. They stated the difficulties in the way of going to Greenville to trade, and they alluded to the hardship they would experience in being deprived of the right to trade. Their offer to comply with the duty law and trade at home could not be accepted in the face of the Port of Entry Bill. There appear to be natural centres of trade, where trade will spring up and grow without encouragement, and even in face of opposition. The oft-expressed desideratum is a gunboat. With a coast line of five hundred miles, and several lines of foreign steamers frequenting the coast, a gunboat would be inadequate to prevent illicit trading. Even had the Government a gunboat which could stop illicit trading, the trade would remain sealed up under existing laws. It would be of no advantage to the State, considering the interests of the whole nation. What the state needs, is revenue to support the Government and protect the entire nation. At present, there are some small outlets, here and there, where the trade is tapped in an insufficient manner, and this, too, by a mere handful of people. But what is the revenue thence derived, in comparison with what the State needs, and what it would receive by a proper encouragement of the trade? I remarked, on a previous occasion and in another connection, that the experience of the world’s most enlightened statesmen shows, that too severe and restrictive measures increase, rather than check, abuses in trade; and that beyond a certain reasonable limit, the more stringent the measures imposed, the more frequent and successful will be the attempts to defraud the revenue. The history of the Liberian coast trade confirms this opinion. If states with fleets and navies are unable to prevent all the evils consequent to the imposition of too stringent measures on trade and commerce, how is it possible for a small state without a navy or any adequate force to prevent the consequence? I beg leave to call your attention to the land laws of the Republic. Under existing laws foreigners may lease lands for a period of fifty years, the lease being subject to ratification by the Legislature, with the privilege of renewal for another term of fifty years, also subject to ratification. In a previous message, I recommended that the law be so amended as to enable the Executive to complete the lease, to avoid delay and to facilitate agricultural operations. As safeguards, the law might designate the minimum price of the land, and the maximum quantity that might be leased to a single individual or company. In addition, I think an important provision would be, to fix the limit of time within which agricultural operations must commence. I am of opinion that the land should be leased only in reasonable quantities. It is only in large states possessing an area equal to a fifteenth part of the land surface of the globe, that vast tracts are leased to foreigners; and some of these, having experienced the disadvantages of such leases, have discontinued the practice. Without some limit being fixed, a single large capitalist would be able to lease the entire unoccupied lands of the State. The limit of time within which agricultural operations should commence and the minimum prices also are important; otherwise, the lands would be leased for a mere nominal sum and held over for a rise in price, to be sub-leased, thus encouraging a speculation in land to the material

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disadvantage of the Government and the country, instead of stimulating agricultural industry, which it is evidently the intention of the law to effect. From some applications that have been made, I am of opinion, that it is the intention of some persons to lease large tracts for a mere nominal sum, and hold the land for speculation when there comes a rise in the price. I am of opinion that the regulations suggested in the case of the lease of public lands should apply as well to lands obtained for missionary purposes. I would recommend, that on first application only a certificate should be granted and that the applicant should not be secured in the possession of said land by a deed, until certain improvements have been made; that the law should fix the limit of time within which the land, or a portion thereof, shall be improved; also that the law should state within what time after a cessation of operations, the land shall be considered as having reverted to the Government. It is within the knowledge of the Executive, that several grants of land have not been utilized, although the grantees still hold the deeds. The status of such lands is left in uncertainty. Serious troubles have been known to arise from the misinterpretation by stronger powers of the most benevolent intentions of a weaker government. The judiciary laws of the Republic provide for the adjudication of causes in a court in which the judge of said court is interested. But there is no provision in cases where the judge may be prevented by sickness or other causes from holding a session. And the probability of a judge becoming disabled by sickness is greater than the probability of a judge being interested in any case that comes before him. The recent illness of the Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas of Montserrado County, rendering it necessary to postpone the session to the next quarter, shows the necessity of some law on the subject, by which the business of the court can be transacted even during the illness of the judge. I have to call your attention to the educational interests of the country. At the last session, with a view to retrenching the expenditure of the Government, the Legislature discontinued, among others, the appropriation for Commissioners of Education. It was, doubtless, supposed by the Legislature, that the schools would be under direction of some existing officer of the Government. The matter has been partially managed by the Superintendents. But this important interest of the country again requires your earnest consideration. The country is much in need of a good school system; and it is to be hoped that among the measures passed this session, some means may be devised for promoting the educational interests of the country. Liberia College being a State institution founded on a charter by the Legislature of the Republic, besides, a number of the members of the Legislature being, ex officio, and otherwise, members of the Board of Trustees, I consider it necessary that some inquiry be made into condition of the aforesaid institution. It will be observed, from the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, that the appropriation of last year was again considerably in excess of the revenue. In order to prevent considerable embarrassment in the working of the Government, I have to request that your honorable body will devise some plan, either by retrenchment or increase in the tariff, or by both, in order to prevent this embarrassment. Matters not submitted in the present paper will be laid before you in separate communications. I beg leave to assure you or my hearty co-operation in any measures that may be devised for the public welfare. Hilary R. W. Johnson, Monrovia, December 30, 1889

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 15, 1890 To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives; – In assembling for the transaction of the business of the year, it is our first duty to acknowledge, with unfeigned gratitude, the Beneficent Providence Who has thus far sustained us. There has been some improvement in the economic condition of the country. This is to be attributed to the rise in price of some of the products of the country, the withdrawal from circulation of a large quantity of depreciated currency, the substitution of gold in its stead, through the late tariff law and other resources and the redemption of a large number of government bills. These causes have greatly stimulated the industries of the country; and there is a strong probability that production will steadily increase. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue on the most friendly footing. For the last seven years there has not been the least friction in our foreign affairs; while our diplomatic and consular relations have increased all over the globe, and the quality or character of our representatives generally compares favorably with that of the representatives of other governments. On the overthrow of the monarchy and the erection of the provisional republican government in Brazil, that government asked for recognition by Liberia. As this government received information that the Constituent Assembly, the representatives who would express the will of the people, would soon convene to complete the work of organizing the new republic, it was deemed best to await that event. Most of the Treaties concluded between the Republic and Foreign States provide that these treaties may be terminated by a year’s notice from either contracting party. Even with regard to treaties that do not so provide, there arise circumstances of paramount importance to both contracting parties, that renders it advisable that such treaties should be modified. Treaties, like all other human laws, are creatures of circumstances. They arise from the necessities of the times. As times change, and nations progress, and circumstances alter, fundamental and other laws must change accordingly. Most treaties are devised with a view to the maintenance and increase of friendship and commerce. But it can readily be seen, that any provisions in a treaty that restrict the growth or in any way prevent the development of a country and consequently the increase of its commerce must be disadvantageous as well to the commerce of the other contracting party. On this subject of treaties, a special communication will be made to you. In my last annual message, I referred to the Concession that had been granted the previous session to Benjamin L. Thomson and others, of London, to exploit India rubber within a limited section of the Republic. I informed your honorable body that the concessionaires, those to whom the concession had been transferred, before putting into operation the first concession, requested an extension of privileges that would allow them to operate throughout the Republic. You are aware of the earnest and lengthened discussion which the proposal elicited in both branches of the Legislature as well as in the Executive Department. Although there was not secured that increased compensation which the increased privileges asked for would warrant the Government in expecting, still, for several important considerations, it was judged best that the Act should pass. The former Act of Concession allowed the money to be paid abroad, – the fate or fortune of which money, no one could foresee. The latter Act required the payment of the money into the Treasury Department in Monrovia. The former Act was based on an Agreement which allowed fully one fourth of the amount to be received by Government to be paid in London to negotiators, proposers, or promoters,

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while one half would go towards paying the foreign debt of the country, – leaving the Government to only one fourth of the entire sum to meet its home liabilities, this one fourth, besides, clothed in all the uncertainty which often envelops the money of small states when paid in a foreign country. It was supposed, too, that an enlarged concession would necessitate increased importations and an enlarged expenditure of money, – thus, in a twofold way, increasing the revenue and stimulating the industries of the country. The building of roads, wharves and bridges which the second Act contemplated would be of material advantage to the citizens of the country. I am of opinion, then, that the Legislature were correct in concluding that the latter Act possessed advantages over the former. In accordance with the terms of the Act of Concession, an Agreement was executed, requiring the concessionaires to pay the “bonus” into the Treasury in Monrovia, within three months from the signing of the said agreement by the concessionaires, provided such signing take place on or before the 14th of March of the present year. On the 13th day of June, the agent of the concessionaires arrived in Monrovia, and paid to the Secretary of the Treasury the bonus required by the law. The President’s Proclamation, in keeping with the terms of the Act of concession, was published within seven days from the date of payment of the bonus. During the last session, the honorable Legislature amended the Act granting to a company in the United States of America the right to build a railroad in Liberia. This Act was amended in order to give the Republic greater facilities from paying its subsidy, also to define more clearly the right of the company to a certain proportion of certain minerals discovered and mined on its line of road. An agreement based on the law was executed, and signed on the 26th day of February this year. The concessionaires express their intention of beginning operations at an early day. As the Act allows the space of two years within which to begin operations, the time has not expired. In my last message, I alluded to the fact, that there is in the country a more liberal opinion in reference to the introduction of foreign capital and foreign enterprise. At the same time, I observed that the rejection, in years past, of certain proposals, was owing more to objectionable features in these proposals than to an illiberal spirit in the government and people. While we should aim always at the development of the country and should, when it can honorably and fairly be done, accept extraneous aid; still, it behooves us always to be careful and circumspect. We should weight every thing deliberately. For some time to come, there will be here, as there is in other lands, a rush for concessions. However fair may be the spirit with which the Republic may be inclined to meet any overtures, the Government should not so lose its self-possession, or its dignity, as to allow itself to be carried headlong. As eagerness increases on the one hand, caution on the part of the State becomes more and more necessary. While we do not desire the Republic to retrograde, or even to be stationary, we do not wish it to take any steps that it will have to retrace. Nor do we desire it to be hurried along so rapidly and so blindly, in the so-called march to improvement, as to be plunged into a miserable quagmire. And here I may be allowed to anticipate some probable requests for concessions. I may make only a passing allusion to some absurdities appearing in portions of the foreign press, to the intent that the Republic will grant concessions for coffee, sugar, palm oil, – indeed, for all the staple products of the country. Were the entire world disposed to concede to smaller nations what it admits for larger ones-a reasonable degree of common sense-my allusion would be unnecessary. The State has considerable liberty in disposing of its mineral and vegetable wealth. But over the property of its citizens, it has only the control guaranteed

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by the Constitution; and that Constitution, framed and adopted by a free people, regards the people as freemen and not slaves. But for the utterance of such an idea, it would have been almost impossible for us to believe that any being in the universe could conceive the idea that a constitutional government could, for any consideration whatever, give to foreigners such control of the labor of free citizens. With regard to the mineral, vegetable, and other wealth of the public lands, which the State has a right to control, some observations may be necessary. The country possesses various woods of the most excellent quality, capable of being employed in both the useful and fine arts. No harm could be done to the country by exporting a limited quantity of such woods. But a rapid deforesting of the lands would not only deprive the citizens of the use of excellent woods which should be reserved to them and to future generations, but it would doubtless effect injuriously both the temperature and the moisture of the climate, by increasing the former and lessening the latter, and thus, also, injuriously affect the agriculture of the country. On the subject of minerals, I need hardly delay. Within the Republic minerals appear to be valuable and abundant. The State for the lack of capital has hitherto been unable to utilize them. No reasonable person would object to the use of foreign capital, under proper guarantees, in developing the mineral resources of the country. But in contemplating these various enterprises, one question would naturally arise in almost every mind: Considering the difficulty in procuring a sufficiency of qualified men to fill the usual offices of State, whence would the government obtain the host of officers necessary to supervise all these enterprises, – a host of men, with line and rod, with rule and square, with compass and bevel, with stamp and crusher, with scale and weight, with chemical and crucible, with compass and chain, in order to secure to the Government its dues, and to prevent private rights from being invaded? It appears to me, that the answer would naturally suggest itself, – that even in the case of any enterprise that is acceptable, the State should allow to be done only so much as it can overlook. I may be allowed to make observations on banks, concessions for which may be asked for at present, or in the near future. I have on other occasions, frequently expressed my objection to a state bank. I mean especially a state bank of a kind that has on former occasions been suggested to the government, – a bank that solely would have the right to coin and issue money in coin and paper, to collect the revenue, to control the entire financial operations of the government, – in fact, one that would at one stroke virtually abolish the Treasury Department: What has been proposed to us in the past, is what has never been accepted by any well-organized and enlightened government. I have referred to state banks such as do exist in well-ordered governments. But even these do not suit Liberia. Even should the time ever arrive, certainly, this is not the time for them. What has struck me very forcibly in regard to these proposals for state banks, is the ridiculously small capital on which they are proposed to be based (I allude to the proposals made to the government in the past); showing evidently a desire to get the control of the affairs of the country for a ridiculously small promise to pay. A concession asked for a short time ago, for the establishment of such a state bank as I have alluded to, proposed to found the bank on a capital of merely ten thousand pounds! I cannot say that I am opposed to private banks. I am inclined to favor the establishment within the Republic of a private bank on suitable conditions. It would assist materially in circulating money and stimulating industry. Against private banks, two objections have been urged by some foreign applicants. First, it is alleged that in a young and small country like this, a private bank would not pay; se-

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condly that there is a constitutional barrier which prevents aliens holding real estate in fee simple. Since the securities in transactions with the bank would consist principally of mortgages on real estate, these mortgages could not be foreclosed in favor of aliens. It is alleged that while there is nothing in the law or constitution to prevent the sale of real estate to satisfy claims in favor of foreigners, there would be occasions when it would be advisable for them to hold over, or buy in this real estate in order to hold over, for a better state of the market. In reply to the first objection, I may state that scarcely any operation pays in the beginning. It is started with a view to making it pay. And a private bank would pay, as the business of the country, which the bank ought to be calculated to increase, progressed. Besides, some other business similar in nature, could be included within the sphere of the operations of the bank. The second objection is answered by the custom of the country, which, I believe, has never been set aside by the judiciary. It is frequently the case, that mortgages to settle the claims of aliens are held in trust by Liberian citizens. On this principle, able and reliable Liberian trustees in connection with a bank could hold over, or buy in order to hold over, for a better state of the market. The Secretary of the Treasury will send in his Report for the fiscal year. It will be seen that the ordinary revenue increased considerably over that of the previous year. To account for this, there are several causes. First, the new tariff law increased the duties somewhat, and gave a larger proportion of gold; secondly, there was an improvement in the prices of some of the products of the country; thirdly the new tariff law, providing for the verification of invoices by the consular officers, has, doubtless, to a great extent at least, prevented the undervaluation of invoices. It was reported to the Legislature that the first law requiring verification of invoices was without a penalty and, therefore, inoperative. The second law obviates this difficulty. The amount of currency withdrawn from circulation and the number of government bills redeemed and destroyed has been considerable, – so that there has been a large gold circulation. As the rise in the prices of products is inducing the re-opening of business at some point from which it had withdrawn, there is a prospect the revenue will still further increase. Considering the healthy condition to which affairs are brought and the stimulus imparted to the industries of the country by the increased gold circulation, I would advise no reissuing of paper currency. Strange to say, there still prevails the unaccountable custom of largely discounting the paper currency, when it circulates in such small proportions. And my observation made last year comes up with greater effect; that is to say, I have been forced to the conclusion, that the currency, like some other things in the country, is not allowed to obey the usual and natural laws of supply and demand; but that the currency is at present discounted solely through the force of habit. Approaching the period when I shall retire from office, it is necessary for me to explain a custom followed in my messages different from that adopted generally in Liberia and some other Republican states; that is to say, I have not stated in my messages the figures from the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. Of course, the people have a right to know what are the receipts and expenditures of the government. There are cases where even foreign nations have a right to know this; for the financial transaction of different states depend materially upon the solvency or insolvency of one or the other. The annual Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury are printed and published; and information can be obtained therein as to how the revenue is made up, and how it is disbursed; and, besides, this information is given in detail. The messages of the President reach points not accessible to most other state papers. On coming into office, I found, through what fault, or whose fault, I am unable to say, some

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very large figures had been circulating in some countries with regard to the financial and other affairs of the Republic. To have given the correct figures, would, in some cases, have made the impression that the Republic had suddenly fallen back fully one half, and that in the short space of a year. I have seen estimates doubled. And even some Liberians, not knowing the facts in the case, on seeing correct figures, blatantly proclaim on all occasions, that Liberia is fast retrograding; while the real state of the case is, that the country is making more material progress and is more self-sustaining than at any previous period in her history. I know too, that during the last seven years, while the messages of the President of Liberia have been published far and wide, in Europe, in Africa, in Asia, in South America, and some parts of North America, and in the islands of the sea, in other directions, they have scarcely, on rare occasions, received a passing notice. Our business is not with people who make capital off exaggerated reports of the prosperity of Liberia. Our duty is to build up the State. We should seek to discover the evils and defects, – to remove or remedy the evil, to retain and strengthen what is good. Even to the very foundation should we look; and whatever is rotten or defective in any way should be removed and replaced by sound suitable material. In the way I have alluded to, sometimes the misguided friends of Liberia, by exaggerated and unfounded praise, do more harm than do our enemies who detract in every instance. Our way lies in a middle course. We should not flatter ourselves with a false idea of self-sufficiency and perfection; nor should we underrate what is noble and good, as good as can be accomplished by human agency under like conditions. The Secretary of State will lay before you certain proposals from the holders of the Bonds of the Liberian seven per cent Loan of 1871, as well as from the Council of Foreign Bondholders in London. I am of opinion that these proposals deserve our careful consideration and, as far as practicable, our earnest co-operation. It is well known that the Loan has been overdue for four years. The forbearance manifested in most quarters was due not alone to the condition of the finances of the country, but also to the fact that the Republic was actually defrauded out of three fourths of the nominal sum, or two thirds of the sum at which the bonds were placed on the market. The instance of the Liberian seven per cent loan is not unique – similar cases occur with other nations, – the smaller states. And the same principle, or rather non-principle, underlies them all; the money is squandered or consumed by the so-called foreign friends of these small states under the pretence of developing the alleged untold and inexhaustible resources. The Republic, however, having obligated itself in the case of the loan of 1871, while unwilling to be defrauded, has always been ready to come to some equitable arrangement to pay its liabilities. And it is this subject which will be discussed in dealing with the papers that will be submitted to you. From Kroomen on some parts of the leeward coast, there have come, recently, complaints that they have been unfairly dealt with in the matter of collecting duties. I have been informed that there is some ominous murmuring on the part of some of them. Whether the duties have been fairly assessed or not, the Executive, from the evidence on hand, has not yet been able to decide positively. From some statements of the Kroomen, there arises a suspicion that in some instances they have been imposed upon. If the officers of the revenue have gone beyond the law in this matter, the present laws are sufficient to deal with them. The honorable members coming from different parts of the Republic may be better prepared than I am to say whether the law has been fairly carried out, or whether the law has been stretched so as to cover articles which ought not to be so covered. The case of these people is somewhat peculiar. There may be articles on which duties were assessed, on which prob-

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ably the law was not very clear, but which, under the circumstances, might have been admitted duty free. I know the State must have a revenue; and these stalwart people who give their labor to foreign colonies, perhaps to a larger extent than ought to be done, should help to support the State by paying proper duties. But the question arises, – since these people have been importing for some years with impunity – an impunity for which there appears no justification – ought the whole force of the law to have been brought to bear on them at once? Then, again, another question opposes itself, – if the law should be relaxed on their grumbling, will they not be induced to believe that the whole law will be abolished whenever they may be disposed to grumble? These are the two questions that should be put in opposite scales. I know the situation and the facilities for enforcing law differ in different parts of the country. But the operation of the law must be uniform; if it be enforced in one section, it must be executed in another; if it is put in operation against one, it must be put in operation against others. But, as I have already hinted, there appears some reason to believe, that in some instances the Kroomen have been imposed upon by the revenue officers. Again, knowing what we do of the disposition of some of the civilized citizens, from motives of self-interest, to meddle in the affairs of the natives, even where the State is concerned, there is some reason to believe that in some directions, the dissatisfaction arises from the prompting of some civilized citizens. In my message three years ago, I informed the honorable Legislature of the emigration of a large number of laborers, native citizens of the Republic, to Panama. Notwithstanding the alleged unhealthiness of the climate there, the law did not prevent citizens from going abroad, to sell their labor, in peaceful pursuits, in foreign markets. With the international complications that might grow out of the making of the canal, the Republic had nothing to do. Its duty was to see that the safeguards set for the protection of the life, liberty and property of the employed were duly observed. There was considerable mortality among these laborers, although much less than had at first been reported. The survivors were returned; and no others enlisted. Four years ago, on the occasion of a foreign military expedition, permission was sought to enlist baggage carriers from Liberia. Although it was urged that previous governments of the Republic had granted such permission, – a permission, you will agree with me, conflicting with the interests of the country and the dictates of humanity, – even in the absence of express law, I considered that the government had a right to forbid such an enlistment. Notwithstanding the prohibition on the part of the government, a few went off secretly. In one of the attacks, the enemy broke through the ranks and carried slaughter among the baggagecarriers. When the news reached Monrovia there was wailing among the Kroomen at Krootown, some of whose relatives had gone off on the expedition. Recently, permission was asked of the government, indirectly, by a foreign state, to reinforce its foreign colonial army by recruiting among our native population. Of course, to this, also, the government objected. If the soldiers of foreign governments cannot be compelled to leave home, to protect their own colonies, I see no reason why Liberia should furnish soldiers to protect the colonial possessions of foreign states. I have, however, reason to believe, that at this moment some recruiting for this purpose is going on among some of the tribes along the coast. Even in the absence of express and definite law, the officers and citizens of the country should know better; and their conduct should be inquired into. Not only so, but any consular agent who ought to have known the views of the government on the subject will be required to vindicate his conduct, if he can. I think it is very necessary, and I have to recommend, that you will enact express law, to prevent the native citizens from being deceived into enlisting for military service abroad.

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Such a course would not be invading the rights of citizens, but would be protecting their rights and the rights of the States. All citizens, with certain exemptions, whether the law be fully enforced or not, owe the State military service until they are fifty years old; they have no time, then to serve in foreign armies. But I have to go further than this. The laws do not prevent citizens from going abroad on peaceful pursuits. But the native citizens are sometimes grossly deceived. In many cases, they get neither the pay in the kind promised them, nor the treatment they should receive. Nor are they all returned to their homes at the stipulated time. Some complaints have recently come to the government, to the effect, that some native citizens enlisting for peaceful service abroad have been retained a long while after expiration of their stipulated time of service; and this, too, with the connivance of the native headmen who procure the enlistment. And yet they continue to allow themselves to be deceived. The present shipping laws should be revised, so as to remedy as many of these evils as practicable. Should the government succeed in procuring a suitable coast-guard vessel the laws could be properly enforced. Four years ago, I informed the honorable Legislature of the war that was waging between the Golahs and the Boatswain tribes. I stated that the attack came from Boporu. In the year 1883, two somewhat important chieftains visited Monrovia bringing some presents to the government. Through motives of trade, or other self-interests on the part of certain persons, the government was deceived into the belief that these were the real kings of the country, and treated them accordingly. The injunction of the government, by all peaceable means to keep the road from Boporu open for trade, was, by these chieftains intentionally and wickedly misinterpreted as giving them the right to attack whomsoever and whenever they pleased. And this idea is borne out by the fact, that their attack was made against a tribe not on the road from Boporu, but living, indeed, on just the eastern side of St. Paul’s. The government has been censured in some quarters for allowing the capture of Boporu. Boporu was captured without the fore-knowledge or the permission of the government. Indeed, without a garrison, or a detachment of troops on the spot at the time, the government could not have prevented the capture. The Golahs were at first on the defensive. But the result of war cannot always be foreseen; and very often a single step takes one beyond the line dividing defensive and offensive operations. The flames of that war were extinguished; but the embers have been smoldering up to the present. In the latter part of April of the present year, war broke out in the interior in the section of the country occupied by the Golahs, on both sides of the St. Paul’s. The animosity engendered by the Boporu war and the grievances of the different chiefs, some of which were long standing, were the fuel that added fury to the flames. But the occasion that precipitated the war was the capture and barbarous murder, in an unprecedented way, of an aged chief by one of the principal Golah chiefs. Hundreds and thousands of the defeated and even neutral natives precipitated themselves in flight upon the civilized settlements for protection. It was evident to the government that the result of this state of things, if not at once remedied, would be more disastrous than a direct attack upon the settlements by the aggressive chiefs. Consequently, about the middle of May, I ordered out and put in motion three hundred men of the First Regiment under Colonel J. D. Jones, to repel the aggressors, to bring the principal offending chiefs to justice, and to restore quiet to the country. It is gratifying to know the alacrity with which the men came to the call of the government, and that, too, in the rainy season. There appeared on the field double the number of men required; so that one half had to be sent back to their homes.

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Although the objects of the government were accomplished up to the time of the disbanding of the troops, there still remain some difficulties in this section, as well as in other parts – which difficulties, I fear, will continue until the civilized settlements extend further interiorward, or until the government is able to place garrisons at suitable points. These difficulties extend all along the coast. The intermediate tribes hold the position of those sometimes called middlemen; but in reality they are the plunderers of the interior tribes who trade with the coast. Then, there is another difficulty. So soon as a weak or oppressed tribe is strengthened by the support of the Government, it, in its turn, becomes the oppressor. You can see, that, in this direction, the business of the State is very perplexing. I have again to call your attention to the land laws of the Republic. Independently of the land set apart for immigrants and the land sold to citizens or leased to foreigners, there is, on the occasion of every military expedition, a large quantity of land given to soldiers for bounty, in addition to their regular pay in money. This land is of no use to the soldiers – is not needed by them, since almost every one had before a sufficiency of land. And this statement is proved by the large number of bounty land certificated that is sold for an insignificant sum. Not only is this a waste of land, but it is rendering the land more and more inaccessible to immigrants and others who are prepared to cultivate the soil, and keeping in forest land that should be improved. Besides, the indiscriminate drawing and location of land that are prevalent, are seriously complicating land difficulties and litigations. I would therefore recommend, either that the pay of the soldiers be slightly increased, or that they receive a bounty in money. It is most probably true, that the service of volunteers is more acceptable than that of drafted men; and although the citizens owe their service to the State, I see no harm in continuing to hold out inducements for free and ready service. But it must be borne in mind that the idea of bounties originated in extraordinary circumstances. That is to say, I mean the amount of the bounty should differ in different cases, – should depend upon the peculiar circumstances of the expedition. Whatever may be the individual opinions of the millions of our race abroad, the time appears to be approaching for the repatriation of them. Willingly, or unwillingly, the most of them will have to return to the fatherland. It is not necessary to speak of any special dispensation of Providence wrought to accomplish this object. The result will be reached through the operation of the ordinary laws of nature. Considering that, at a time not very remote, there will be an unusual exodus of Negroes from foreign lands, returning to Liberia, what should be our duty under the circumstances? Clearly, to provide for this as far as practicable. It would be the duty of the State to see that in the matter of food, of shelter, of land, of the preservation of health, there should be carried out the benevolent intentions of philanthropists abroad who assist these exiles to return home. And this duty should be begun at once by the State having some supervision of the immigrants who annually arrive in the country. At present, there seems to be no responsibility any where for any mismanagement of those concerns. And yet our friends abroad may not be deserving of blame; for they have been accustomed, for many years, to receive from Liberia such varnished and glaring statements, that when the truth is communicated to them, they are utterly confused. I am decidedly of opinion, that it is our duty to adopt some measure of State supervision, to secure the proper arrangement of these affairs. There should nothing go on in the country beyond the control and independently of the government. The renewal, at your last session, of the appropriation for school commissioners in the several counties, as well as a somewhat increased appropriation for schools was encouraging. But as the educational interests of the country are of vital importance, and the question becomes of more and more moment every day, I think it necessary to consider if something

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more cannot be done at this session. I allude to the fact that there are needed in the country some schools of a higher grade than those at present supported by the State. Five years ago, I called the attention of the Legislature to the number of Acts beginning “That the President be and he hereby is authorized.” I stated that the number of such laws is legion. I observed, that in the early days of the Republic, when the population was a mere handful, although many of these enactments might not have been strictly in accord with the genius of a government having responsible officers in the various departments, still the objection against these laws did not weigh so heavily as now; that, no doubt, at first there was the mistaken notion that the Chief Executive gathered dignity by having all matters great and small, under his immediate direction; that probably also, a desire for popularity has sometimes encouraged a state of things that is abnormal; that much, however, is due to other causes for this custom of referring everything to the Chief Executive that there are many who do not understand the workings of the government; that sometimes the injustice of subordinate officers drives supplicants of the highest source; that sometimes, again, subordinate officers endeavor to shirk responsibility by reference to the Chief Executive. Let us instance one important interest of the country, – land matters. The President is required by law to sign every deed for public land. There is no surveyor attached to the President’s office, nor should there be. And yet, before signing, the Executive has to examine every deed, and even to plot many, to ascertain the correctness; for it must be admitted that some surveys are not accurate. Then again, the Chief Magistrate is required to sign a certain number of blank deeds to be deposited in the county. These deeds are filled in as occasion requires, correctly or incorrectly, over the signature of the President; and the Superintendent has to approve a deed that bears the President’s signature. But to say the least of it, it appears strange. Honorable members know full well, without any reference from me, the petty military and other matters that are continually brought to the President. If all these things are to be attended to by the Chief Executive, how much time will be left for really serious and critical affairs? The President must either work himself to death, or neglect important business. Gentlemen of the Legislature, – believing that during the year you have, individually, been devising measures calculated to promote the welfare of the State, I would be reflecting on your wisdom and foresight, did I attempt, even were I able, to make every necessary recommendation. It only remains, then, for me to assure you of my most hearty co-operation in any measures intended to insure the stability and the continued prosperity of the Republic. Hilary R. W. Johnson Monrovia, December 15th, 1890

Joseph James Cheeseman XII President of Liberia: 1892–1896

Annual Message to the Legislature December 8, 1892 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: You have again assembled to enter upon the onerous duties of that branch of Government to which you have been elected, and it becomes my duty at the opening of the session to present to you a review of the doings of the past year, and to suggest for your consideration, such measures as will serve to improve the condition of the state. It is proper at this period that we should with grateful hearts, acknowledge with thankfulness and praise that Divine wisdom which has guided us along thus far and has guarded the nation in its struggle for national existence. Foreign Relations. Happily for the nation, nothing has transpired during the year to disturb the friendly relations she sustains to other powers; and it is gratifying to record the unusual concern which other nations have manifested during the present year, for our growth and prosperity – We have especially to recognize expressions of the good will of Her Majesty’s Government, among which I may mention, the unprecedented compliment extended the Government on Inauguration day in January last, when, by special orders, Her Majesty was represented on that occasion by His Excellency the Governor of Sierra Leone. I have also to mention the very marked courtesy extended our Minister, Dr. Blyden, during his sojourn in England also other expressions of interest in the affairs and of earnest solicitude for the welfare of the nation. I have to inform you, that such treaties as are in shape to be submitted to you for your ratification will be communicated to the Senate during the present session, especially the Treaties concluded at the International Congresses convened at Berlin 1885 and at Brussells in 1890. The Government has formally expressed its adhesion to these treaties, and the Governments of Belgium and Germany only wait the ratification of the Senate to send the formal notification to the signatory powers. An Extradition treaty has also been concluded with Great Britain, also a treaty of Friendship and commerce with the Congo Independent state, signed at Brussells 15th December 1890. I have to inform you that our treaty with Portugal was denounced by that Government and its expiration was formally announced to take place on the 9th March last. I have directed the Secretary of State to authorize our Consul General in Portugal to renew the treaty, you may possibly have it before you for ratification before you adjourn. With reference to the Extradition Treaty it will be necessary to enact certain extradition laws for the enforcement of provisions of said treaty. I have also to submit to you through the State Department, several propositions, among them is a proposition from George Whitehead for providing for the payment of the loan of

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1871, also one from James Irvine asking for concessions for cutting Timber from the banks of the Cavalla River, also a proposition from Elder Dempster and Co. of the Steam Ship Companies to confine the shipment of Kroo boys to Monrovia. Correspondence on these subjects will be submitted. Owing to the large portion of the territory of West Africa which has fallen under French influence and which is contiguous to the Territory of Liberia, it became necessary for this Government to open negotiations for a treaty of Delimitation with France, accordingly I appointed under commission dated March 28th Baron von Stein, our worthy Consul General in Belgium, as Commissioner on our behalf, and I am glad to say he is serving the Government in this matter, in an able and dignified manner. In his late dispatch, he is hopeful of satisfactory results, I am anticipating that before you adjourn, I may have something definite to submit for your consideration. Interior. Fortunately for the State, the interior tribes have not given much concern from tribal wars during the war. The unfriendly attitude of the Half Cavalla people still continues, but with the facilities which will shortly be at the command of Government; I am incline to the opinion that the Cavalla people will give no difficulty in yielding to the demands of the Government. During the middle of the year, owing to the earnest solicitations of the people of Robertsport, I took with me a detachment of Soldiers and repaired to that place where I found the Chiefs of that entire country in hostilities against each other, fortunately however without difficulty, or without the necessity of using fire arms, I succeeded in quieting the war excitement and arrested some of the principal Chiefs or leaders of the excitement and lodged them in jail at Monrovia until they shall have paid the fines imposed on them for disturbing that country. This course has had the desired effect in keeping order since in that section of country inhabited as it is by such restless and warlike tries, whose annual raids for plunder to the great damage of crops and the paralyzing of trade, often unnecessarily, occasions large outlay of monies from the public treasury. I have to inform you, that during the year I commissioned the Hon. H.J. Moore as Secretary of Interior, who I believe fully realizes the varied responsibilities devolving upon him. Being so recently appointed to office, he has not yet been able to complete the organization necessary for a thorough system of work in his Department, and also on the part of such Officers of Government who are amenable to that Department. I am pleased to say that the Secretary is hard at work to this end, and hopes shortly to be in good working condition. On the 30th of May, I issued a circular through the Department of State inviting the Liberian and Foreign Traders to meet me, to which they readily responded. I represented to them the present condition of the Coast and the Interior, and solicited their aid by extending their business relations along the Coast and the Interior, for the purpose of supplying the wants of the natives; copies of my address to them on that occasion were sent you at your homes which I have no doubt you have carefully read and considered. I am glad to say that in response to this appeal Mr. A. Hedler, one of the leading Merchants of this city, proposes to equip at his own expense, an expedition to the interior, under the sanction and control of Government His proposition and the reply of Government will be submitted to you, and I am persuaded that such a liberal proposition will not fail of having your hearty approval. Our educational branch has had our most serious consideration and I am glad to inform you that from reports which have come in, there are now in the Public Schools of the Re-

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public 1750 Scholars and in Denominational Schools 1815 Scholars. The enforcement of the compulsory school law will, I am sure greatly augment these numbers next year. The Liberia College is presenting at present a favorable aspect under its present management. It is to be desired that the difference between the Trustees here and those in America will be arranged satisfactorily and a better understanding arrived at. I have to ask, that you authorize the Executive to endow a Medical Department to the College as soon as the finances of the State will warrant such an addition. Some of you are residing in communities where Doctors are few, and many persons among the poorer class lose their lives for the want of immediate medical treatment. Therefore the necessity for such an addition to the College is self apparent. Finances It is very gratifying to inform you that the system of controlling the finances of the State as inaugurated by the Secretary of the Treasury has been very satisfactory and the people have appreciated the efforts of Government to relieve them from selling their hard earnings at from 50 to 75% discount, which was a profitable source of speculation when Government was unable to cash the people’s checks. The Secretary of Treasury will forward to you at an early day, his report for the fiscal year and I have to ask your most serious consideration of such suggestions as he will make for the improvement of the condition or the finances. The following comparative statistics will show the increase of the Revenue over the preceding year. 1891 Receipts $151,940.90 1/6, Disbursements $151,439.06 1892 Receipts $188,075.45, Disbursements $165,943.60. Being an increase in the receipts of $36,134.55 5/6 and in the Disbursements $11,504.54. I have nothing to suggest, with respect to our Tariff laws, beyond what is suggested by the Secretary of the Treasury. I think the present condition of our finances under the present tariff regulations, is meeting with general favor. I suggested in my Inaugural address last January which I will repeat here that “We should not be blind to the fact that to insure confidence in the Government, there should be some well defined financial policy. The fluctuation of our tariff laws has created such uncertainty in the minds of Importers that the small amount of paper currency now in circulation is unable to reach a par value exception at the Custom House.” With the exception of what is suggested by the Secretary of the Treasury you perceive the necessity of letting “well enough” alone. Judiciary. The Attorney General will submit for your consideration some important matters pertaining to this branch of Government, which I am impressed are very necessary to improve the condition of the courts, more especially I have to call your attention to the general practices of the County Courts. It seems to me that it must give lawyers considerable trouble to follow up the practices of the courts so much at variance with each other. You no doubt see with me the necessity of authorizing the Supreme Court to provide from time to time, uniform rules of practice for the government of the courts. I have also to ask your most serious consideration to the hampered conditions of our business or trade interest, which has for a considerable time suffered for want of proper legislation on the subjects of Embezzlement and Bankruptcy. With regard to the former, I am creditably informed that merchants have by sad experience lost large sums of money though the fraudulent conduct of factors or other persons entrusted with the management of Sub-branches of trade. In view of this fact I am impressed with the opinion that proper

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Legislation on this subject will afford proper safe guards and restore confidence, and also afford employment to a large number of individuals who are to day shut out from such occupations. With regard to Bankruptcy, I am quite certain your superior wisdom will direct you in legislating on that very important subject. If we need to increase commerce to greater proportions than what it is now, the Government should throw around Debtors and Creditors such safe guards as will insure confidence and afford proper protection of the interest of both parties. It may be argued that the State has an Act governing Insolvency. I need not remind you of the difference in the two of which I have no doubt you are intelligently informed. Your special attention is invited to Article VIII “Relating to offenders escaping from one County and going into another,” the present practice pursued for returning offenders to the county from whence they escape is without legal authority. Also to the “Act defining Piracy” this law makes murder committed on vessels punishable only by imprisonment for life. I fail to discover the difference in murder on a vessel and murder on land that the punishment should not be the same. These laws in my opinion need amendments. Land Grants. There have been repeated applications for grants of land for Mission and Educational purposes. The liberality of the Government in proposing to encourage Missions and Education has been much imposed on by persons who have no means of legitimately appropriating said grants. It seems to me that it was simply to get large tracts of land they applied for such grants under the pretext that they were for Mission or Educational purposes, the consequence is that such lands as should be available for immigrants are all taken up and allowed to remain undisturbed to the exclusion of immigrants or other persons. It is desirable that some legislation be had on the subject, and I would suggest that you restrict the grant to no more than 50 acres and if the individuals wish more land, they may have the right to lease. It will soon appear that in the event they do not use the lands they will be too glad to return it to Government in order to save the expense of the lease. I think that by a careful investigation you will find that some grants already made need to be cancelled and have said lands revert to Government for the use of Immigrants. I have also to ask your consideration to the Bounty land act, entitled “An Act pertaining to Bounty lands” while the Government should reluctantly take from the soldier any reward offered him for voluntarily exposing his life in defense of the national honor, yet I think that the provisions of this Act are too liberal in the distribution of lands. It would be a wise suggestion to increase the soldiers pay in the place of land grants, but the finances of the Country will not justify at present any increase of pay. I am quite certain the soldiers rather have the land, however little, than the mere promise of pay, and in all probability not to be paid at all. I would therefore recommend that, that law be amended to grant 10 acres for not less than 30 days, and under 60 days service, 20 acres for any time after 60 days and under 90 days and 80 acres for any time over 90 days. Military. The First Regiment has increased to such a proportion that it has become necessary to divide it into two regiments. I would therefore recommend that another regiment be orga-

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nized as the Fifth Regiment and to be composed of all the Militia and Volunteer Companies above Clay-Ashland and extending from Arthington to Careysburg. Post Office. the Post Master General will during your session present to you his annual report which will exhibit to you the improvements made in that very important branch of the Government. During the year the issue of the new postal stamps has been made and it is gratifying to the people for the reductions made in the postage of letters agreeably to the treaty concluded at the International Postal Congress at Vienna ratified by you at your last session. Cholera. During the year this epidemic has visited Russia and some parts of Europe. Early precautionary measures adopted in England, America and here, have succeeded in checking its onward march; but for want of proper and improved facilities, Liberia has had to resort to the old method of quarantine which resulted in keeping off the disease, but interfering with our Continental trade and causing a large falling off in our revenue for the December quarter. Necrology. Gentlemen of the Senate. The death of the Honorable Senator E. L. Brumskine which occurred on the 19th day of the last month has left a vacancy in your Chamber which owing to the nearness of your session could not be supplied by an extra election. The nation mourns the loss of that valuable citizen. Conclusion. I entertain the hope that the ability and wisdom exhibited at your last session will characterize the present session, and that the same liberal spirit that moved you in adopting and providing for several of the suggestions contained in my Inaugural Address will control you in your deliberations at this time, and I take this occasion of assuring you that in any measure you may adopt for the improvement of the condition of the state and people you will have my most hearty co-operation. J. Jas. Cheeseman.

Annual Message to the Legislature. December 1893 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, In communicating to you this my Annual Message, I am glad to be able to say that our relations with foreign powers continue unimpaired, and we have cause for congratulation that during the year, we have had further evidences of continued sympathy and friendliness. During the early part of the year, and near the day of your adjournment, we had a complimentary visit from another of Her Majesty’s representatives, His Excellency Sir Francis Fleming, accompanied by his good lady. He gave assurances of the desire of Her Majesty to promote in a proper manner the good feelings now existing between the two Governments, and of his personal desire to bring into closer relationship the Government, and Colony of Sierra Leone, over which he has the honor to preside. I assure you, I highly appreciated the sentiments expressed, and did not fail to impress upon him our most earnest desire to reciprocate the same. Following this we had in an un-

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precedented number, complimentary visits of war ships of various nationalities; among which I may mention Her Majesty’s Flag Ship “Raleigh,” attended by two other war ships, under the command of Rear-Admiral Bedford. The Commanders were entertained, and expressions of reciprocal good feelings were made, as existing between the Government of Liberia and the Governments they represented. Cavalla Expedition. In compliance with the provisions, made by you at your last session that an armed force be put on foot for restoring to the allegiance of the Government, the rebellious tribes of Half Cavalla, I authorized General R. A. Sherman, to put into service, sufficient Officers and Soldier to carry out the same. Accordingly in the month of June, he with myself, proceeded at Cape Palmas with the requisite number of men and opened battle with the enemy on the 21st of June. The Campaign was prolonged until November, when the last of the enemy laid down their arms and submitted to the authority of Government. By this act, peace was restored and the dispute which had been existing for seven years, was brought to a close to the great satisfaction of all concerned. During the Campaign which was prolonged far beyond the anticipation of the Government, being on the spot myself, I did not fail to recognize the power of endurance and bravery of our soldiers. The privations, exposure and sickness, incident to war, were endured by them to such an extent as to deserve the high appreciation of the Government and people. In consequence of the long and tedious months the soldiers were kept in the field, and the necessity of furnishing them with improved arms, an expense was incurred beyond the appropriation made by you, for which I ask your approval. Notwithstanding the proclamation issued blockading the ports of Rocktown and Half Cavalla, of which the foreign residents at Half Cavalla had due notice; some of the residents persisted in violating the same, very much to the encouragement of the rebellious natives of that place, and at the time the town of Cavalla was invaded, there was present two English subjects. Lawrence and Wood with their vessel “Beatrice” laying close into shore, having gone into harbour under cover of night without being observed by our Gunboat lying there. Finding hostilities had commenced, those two men sought refuge on board their vessel and made an effort to escape out of the harbour the same night, but failing in getting away was detained until next morning when she was observed by our Gunboat, and immediately seized by her, and carried to the nearest port, to be proceeded against according to law. The matter was put into the Admiralty Court at Cape Palmas. Awaiting trials, Mr. Lawrence to avoid delay and expense, proposed to Government a compromise of the same. This application was supported by Mr. Wilcocks, her Majesty’s Vice Consul, and Commander Scullard of Her Majesty’s Ship “Widgeon”. In view of the disinterested attitude assumed by Her Majesty’s representatives and which the Government cannot but appreciate, the application was accepted, and on the 14th of last month, the subject was discussed by Hon. H. W. Grimes, Attorney General, on the part of the Government, and Mr. Wilcocks, Vice Consul and Commander Scullard, on the part of Her Majesty’s Government – It was mutually agreed and decided upon that the vessel and cargo be confiscated to Government and Mr. Lawrence for himself and Messrs Wood and Roberts, Libellees, pay an indemnity of ǧ500 sterling, which sum having been paid, the personal actions were withdrawn from the Courts, and the vessel was by due course of law, confiscated to Government.

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Written agreement of arrangement with Mr. Lawrence, and copies of the treaties with the Chiefs of Rocktown and Cavalla, will be sent you from the Department of State. I cannot dismiss the subject of the Cavalla Expedition, without making reference to the timely aid afforded the Government during the progress of the Campaign, by her citizens, and also in a special manner by Mr. Bakker, of the firm of the East African Company, at Monrovia and Mr. Hendel, of the firm of Messers A. Woermann at Cape Palmas. The thanks of the Government are due to her citizens and those Gentlemen for their very valuable services. World’s Columbian Exposition. In order that the Government should take part in the Exposition at Chicago, you made provisions and authorized the appointment of Commissioners to represent the Republic. Accordingly I appointed the Hon. A. B. King and W. E. Rothery Esq. I am pleased to say that through the indefatigable efforts of these Gentlemen, the Government was represented in a manner very creditable, and many thanks are especially due to the Hon. A. B. King for his efforts in collecting the articles for exhibition. The report of the Commissioners will be submitted to you during your present session. Claims of the Estate of M. T. Worell. At your last session you authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to investigate said claims; and if according to the books of this Department there appeared anything to the credit of the said estate; to pay the same.-Pending the investigation, the Government was startled when it learned that Hon. C. B. Reeves, a member of your body, acting on behalf of the estate, had brought an action in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Grand Bassa, for the recovery of the amount said to be claimed by the estate. Without discussing the right in law to bring, and the right of the Court to assume jurisdiction in such a case, I have to inform you that a verdict was recorded in favor of the Government. Franco-Liberian, Delimitation Treaty. This document which was submitted to the Senate at your last session for ratification, and was laid over by that body to the present session, has been the subject of much comment, and during the year there has been some effort put forth by certain private individuals in opposition to the ratification of the Senate. It has appeared in certain Newspapers that those persons were acting by authority from Government. It is due to the Government to say, that no such authority has been given any one, nor has any expression been made by the Government adversely to the ratification of the treaty. In dealing with this subject in the interest of Liberia, the Government has sufficient faith in the ability of the Senate. High School At Grand Bassa. The American Colonization Society having offered to furnish buildings and bear half the expense of supporting teachers, at any place that may be designated by Government; I have directed the Secretary of State, to accept the offer, and to inform the Society that the first school will be located at Grand Bassa. It is the desire of the Society that the school be opened at an early period; and the Society promises to send out competent teachers, if they cannot be had here. I hope this arrangement will have your approval.

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Whittiken Concession. The company obtained from the Government some time ago, a Concession to build railroads and telegraph lines. For some cause, the concession was not carried out within the time agreed upon; The Company now make application for extension of the time, and promises if the application be granted to go to work at an early period. It is a source of regret, that notwithstanding the willingness on the part of Government for the encouragement of the development of its resources, in granting concessions, the obtainers of said concessions, fail to come up to their promise. It is sincerely to be hoped that the change of hands in connection with the Liberian Rubber Concession Company, will tend to develop one of our very important industries, which has been for time shut out from the market. The Government is looking upon the workings of the Company with the deepest concern. Communications touching this subject, of the Whitteken Concession, will be submitted to you for your action in the premises. Treaty with the Government of Spain. The barrier which prevented the earlier conclusion of a treaty with that Government no longer existing, I have directed our Consul General to conclude a treaty of Commerce, Navigation and Friendship, subject to the ratification of the Senate. Treaty with the Government of the Netherlands. The Foreign Minister of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, having through our Consul General asked for an Extradition Treaty between the two Governments; I have given authority for the same to be concluded, subject to the concurrence of the Senate. Recommendations. Having been absent from the Capital nearly one half of the year, engaged in restoring order in the County of Maryland, and having returned home so near the opening of your present session, I have not had the opportunity of informing myself of any improvement necessary for the public good other than what I have now to submit to you for your consideration. Port of Entry. It is desirable for the increase of the revenue, and the better regulation of the coast in order to legalize the large illicit trade that is now being encouraged by steamers calling into places not regular ports of entry, to authorize the Executive to open additional ports of entry along the coast, at such place as in its judgment it may find practicable, and under such an arrangement with the chiefs as will guarantee the prompt execution of our Revenue Laws. I am daily convinced more and more of the necessity of a more liberal policy in our intercourse with our native subjects, as the only means of preserving peace and quietude among them, thereby saving the Government the necessity of resorting to unpleasant means for restoring order. Contests. It appears to me, that our present system of contesting seats in the Legislature is attended with considerable waste of time and consequent unnecessary expense, not to say anything of the injustice contestants have to submit to when strict party lines are drawn. I am of the opinion that we should give the Courts jurisdiction in the trial of contests as they do in England. Not only will valuable time of the Legislature be saved, but it will tend to check the wholesale corruption now attending our elections.

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Judiciary. Petitions embodying complaints against some of the Judges, have come to hand recently, which have caused me to think that the Government would be greatly benefitted to have “District,” instead of “County” Judges, by dividing the four counties into two districts. Not only would it be saving of money, but it would be less difficult to supply the places of two than of four Judges. Were it not for the Constitution and laws, to the contrary, I would recommend as another remedy, that the Judges be elective officers. In that case the people would then have the right to retire them to private life, rather than subject them to the humiliation of being retired by a vote of the Legislature, when they do not come up to the popular idea in the administration of the Law. It becomes my duty to inform you that the petition against Judge Belgrave, which will be submitted to you, being so largely signed by the leading citizens of this County as also in view of the prevailing sentiment so strong against him, I was under the necessity of suspending him from office, and await your actions in the premises. Land Tax. The law imposing tax on real estate, needs considerable amendment. As the law now stands, to enforce it would prove oppressive on the citizens. Its oppressiveness is so apparent that so far as I have been able to ascertain, it is at present enforced in one County only against the earnest protest of its citizens. Military. If we have to continue to depend upon our present military system to preserve order and guard our home, it is very desirable that the same be reconstructed to prevent its dwindling into further insignificancy. I am however of the opinion, that you see with me the advisability of putting on foot and maintaining a small force, which being kept under strict discipline and training would render more real good service than a much larger force composed of undisciplined recruits. The present system of enlisting men into service, and calling them from their various avocations, has also a damaging influence upon our various industries; and in many instances the soldier suffers more at home than the government is willing to repay. Finances. Your recent Act providing for the deposit of Currency I am of opinion, needs to be amended to include all kinds of just claims against Government. Our present financial embarrassment will continue unless you provide some relief to the people. There are many citizens inclined to deposit their claims in exchange for interest bearing bonds, payable in Gold, rather than hold their papers which they can neither get redeemed at the Treasury nor receive any interest upon. The want of such a provision occasions a constant rush on the Treasury Department often at a time when the Treasury is not prepared to meet the demands, and if the claims are not instantly paid, the holders go away dissatisfied, and as is often the case, charge the Treasury officers with irregular management of the finances. I cannot recommend anything amendatory to our Tariff laws as I still hold to the opinion that it is proper in order to retain the credit of the Government, there should be a settled financial policy; frequent changes in the tariff have the tendency as we have experienced, to lessen the faith of its citizens in the stability and integrity of the Government which follows such a practice.

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Reports. I have to ask your indulgence in behalf of some of the heads of Departments if their reports are not ready to be handed in during the early period of the session. Owing to the unsettled condition of the Country during the last few months, and the failure to obtain reports from subordinate officers in due time; the officers may be delayed in presenting to you their reports. The Late Jas. M. Thompson. On the 18th day of July, of the present year, the country had to lament the death of Hon. J. M. Thompson, late Vice President, and at the time of his death one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court – his death has made a vacancy on the Supreme bench not easy to be filled. Conclusion. Commending you in your deliberations to the direction of Divine Wisdom, for whose mercy and care, during the year, the state has abundant reason to be grateful; I ask you to accept the assurance of my co-operation in any measure that will conduce to the prosperity of the nation and happiness of the people. J. Jas. Cheeseman.

William David Coleman XIII President of Liberia: 1896–1900

Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1896 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: The revolution of the year has brought us to the time prescribed by the Constitution for the Executive to inform you of the condition of the nation, and to recommend any measure for your consideration which he may think expedient; but before so doing let us acknowledge with unfeigned gratitude the beneficent Providence who has thus far sustained us. The year has been marked and made memorable by incidents of the most painful, solemn, and lamentable character. On the 12th day of November last the whole country was called to part with their Chief Executive, Joseph James Cheeseman, who had been faithful in the service of his country and in the several positions which he has filled with honor and credit to the nation as well as to himself. His death is recorded as first in the history of the nation while Chief Executive. Previous to his death the country had been called to mourn the loss of Rev. James H. Deputie, one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court; Rev. E. W. Diggs, ex-senator and sub-treasurer of Maryland county at the time of his death; Hon H. A. Williams, acting Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of War and of the Navy; Rev. J. P. K. Valentine, of Maryland county; Hon. Dr. James S. Smith, who had also been long in the service of his country, and in addition to these serious, painful, and heavy losses, we have been afflicted by the deaths of Hon. Walker Brumskine, judge of the court of quarter sessions of Grand Bassa county, and who had more than once enjoyed the conference of his fellow-citizens to represent them on the legislature. The executive and judicial departments have sustained heavy strokes, and the country is still draped in mourning, weeping, and lamentation. Foreign Relations. I am thankful to inform you that nothing has transpired during the year to disturb the friendly relations existing between this and foreign governments. Finance. There still hangs over our financial system a gloom which, it appears it is difficult to dispel. The only way I see in which to remedy the difficulties surrounding us in this respect is to bring the expenditures within the general receipts, or so manage as to increase the revenue beyond the general expenditures. Therefore, to increase the revenue there must be a more liberal policy adopted for the encouragement and extension of agriculture and commerce. Strict attention should also be given to the collection of the revenue. I therefore recommend the immediate building of suitable bonded warehouses in each county, through which all goods imported into this country should pass. Under this head I have to suggest a more careful attention to the observance of the law on the part of the financial officers, so as to afford less ground for complaints arising from this quarter.

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The Interior. It is the desire and determination of the government to open roads to the interior and to enforce peace and order upon them as far as our limits extend. In order to do this successfully I recommend that each of the native tribes be located in their respective sections of the country; that the census be taken, and that the government appropriate sufficient lands (which are not to be unlawfully disturbed) upon which they may plant coffee and other exportable products, as well as those necessary for home consumption. I would recommend also that block-houses be erected in each of these sections sufficient to accommodate a suitable number of men under the command of an officer with certain military authority, who shall have associate with him a discreet and influential aborigine, who shall be styled general superintendent of the tribe, with the authority to settle all matters or disputes arising among them not purely judicial. If you think it practicable to put in operation the plan of opening the interior, as has been suggested, I trust you will pass an act to encourage missionaries to establish schools adjacent to these block houses and give them full protection in the work which they might establish for the promotion of civilization and Christianity. In connection with this I would rather recommend that the government select three youths from each native tribe within our limit and try to secure services of Thomas J. R. Faulkner and Rev. C. Irons to teach them engineering and other branches of industry. The Shipping Law. There are thousands of native Africans, Liberian citizens and subjects, who are being shipped on foreign vessels to other ports as laborers, two-thirds of whom never return and are wholly unaccounted for. In order to give them better protection and to make more certain their return, I would recommend that the shipping law be so amended as to require any and all persons soliciting, encouraging, or in any way connected with getting laborers to ship for other ports shall first pay into the general treasury $1,000 in gold annually and obtain a license for such privilege, and on failure to comply with this provision of the law the party or parties shall be declared guilty of a crime equal to that of kidnapping, or be moderately dealt with by imprisonment, to work in irons on the public streets or elsewhere, for a term of not less than one year, no more than three years, and pay a fine each of not less than $500 no more than $1,500 and all costs and charges of trial, in coin, and the shipping master shall require every master, owner, agent, or supercharge who is to receive these laborers for other ports to give bond with good and certain security, of not less than $500 for each laborer. Reports. As the law provides that the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War and Navy, Secretary of the Interior, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General, who is a representative of the judiciary, shall lay their reports before you, I shall leave them to make such recommendations as they deem necessary for the harmonious working of their several departments. Treaties. I have to inform you that the extradition treaty between Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands and this Republic, having been duly ratified and the ratification exchanged, is now in full force and effect.

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On the 28th day of May last Her Majesty’s consul, Colonel Frederick Cardew, who is also governor of the Colony of Sierra Leone, visited this city with authority to negotiate a treaty, which is to be reciprocal, for the engagement of laborers by the government and subjects of Great Britain. The late President Cheeseman appointed the Hons. Secretary of State and Attorney General to treat with him in the negotiation of the treaty, subject to the ratification of the Senate, a copy of which will be laid before you. Conclusion. An application for a concession to carry on mining operations in the county of Grand Bassa will be laid before you. The executive government have duly considered the proposal and having suggested such modifications as they deem advisable, I have to ask for the measure your favorable consideration. A concession is also asked for the privilege of opening trade routes in Liberia by the means of railways, tramways, etc. I trust that, in view of the difficulties in the way of transporting trade from the interior, you will consider these proposals worthy of serious consideration. Certification of Invoices. At your last session you amended the law providing for the certification of invoices so far as to abolish the consul fees without making any provisions for the remuneration of the consuls in the discharge of their duty. It was evidently an oversight, as it could not have been the intention of your honorable body to require our consuls at Liverpool, London, Hamburg, and other commercial centers to furnish offices and be on hand at all times to certify invoices of goods shipped to our ports without receiving some remuneration. I trust you will take this matter into consideration and pass an act that will relieve consular officers. Kroo Coast and Half Cavalla. I am pleased to inform you that peace has been restored at Settra Kroo, Nanna Kroo, and among the Half Cavalla, River Cavalla, and Cape Palmas tribes. They have paid the fines imposed upon them, except a portion yet due by the Half Cavalla people, which they express a willingness to pay, but ask for a little more time. I trust you will therefore find it expedient to open ports of entry at Settra Kroo and Half Cavalla under such regulations as will insure a faithful and strict collection of the revenue. The time has come for the country to consider whether modification ought not to be introduced into the law confining foreign traders to ports of entry. Gentlemen, if we trust in God I feel that with your cooperation we can solve the problem before us. W. David Coleman. Monrovia, December 15, 1896

Annual Message to the Legislature 1897 Gentlemen of the Senate, and House or Representatives: Let us heartily thank Almighty God that he has blessed us through the past year as a people, and as a nation, and has enabled us to meet again to transact business for the general good of the State. According to the fundamental law of the State, it becomes my duty to inform you of the condition of the Nation, and to recommend to your Honorable Body such meas-

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ures as I may deem expedient for your consideration. It is with sad emotions that I am obliged to inform you of the great loss the country has sustained since the adjournment of your last session, in the deaths of Major General I. N. Roberts, and Hon. J. W. Worrell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Both of these eminent gentlemen were residents of Bassa County, and were well known throughout this Republic as having rendered great and valuable service to their country both in Church and State. We sincerely mourn their loss. The country has also been called to mourn the loss of James E. Moore, Adjutant of the 5th Regiment. This young man had the necessary qualities and bid fair to be of great use to his country. Foreign Relations. I am thankful to inform you that our relations with all the Powers continue to be of a most friendly character, with marked improvement and assurances of special friendly interest for the welfare of the Republic. The Government have given attention to an important event in connection with our Foreign Relations during the year. I allude to the Diamond Jubilee Anniversary of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of England and Empress of India. The long reign of this illustrious Sovereign has had such an important bearing upon the welfare and existence of the Republic, as well as upon the elevation and progress of the Negro race generally, both at home and in his exile that it was most natural for this Government to give vent to some expressions of interest on that occasion, therefore, in keeping with letter of congratulation to Her Majesty through the Honorable Henry Hayman, our Consul General in London, whom I appointed special commissioner and charge d’Affaires to present the same. Mr. Hayman, who afforded another evidence of efficiency in the execution of the trust and fidelity merits the appreciation of the State he so worthily represents. Early in the year an invitation was extended to this Government to attend the Universal Postal Congress which met at Washington D. C., U. S. A. in June last. The invitation was accepted, and the Government appointed the Honorable Charles Hall Adams, our Consul General for the United States, and Baron Von Setine, our Consul General for Belgium and Minister Resident at Paris, to represent this Government – circumstances prevented the latter from being present. Consul General Adams attended during the term of forty three days, and has forwarded a very full report of the proceedings to the Department of State, a copy of which will be laid before you. In recognition of the valuable service of Consul General Adams, the Government has conferred upon him the order of African Redemption, and upon his recommendation has also conferred an Order upon Colonel Chaille, Charles Long and Robert Stockwell Hatcher. Treaties. At your last Session you were pleased to ratify a reciprocal Treaty for engagement of Kroo laborers negotiated between Her Britannic Majesty’s Government and Liberia, which has been transmitted to the Foreign Office in London for the exchange of ratification. A similar Treaty was negotiated in the month of July last with the Government of the German Empire, which will be laid before you at your present Session. An Extradition Treaty negotiated with the Republic of France will also be laid before you for ratification within a few days. Concessions. The year has been fruitful in applications for Concessions for Timber cutting and Mining operations. While I am disposed to favor the introduction of foreign Capital for the development of our national resources I think it advisable to be very careful in guarding the in-

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terest of our citizens. It is probable, however that I shall ask your favorable consideration of at least one which I think may be granted with safety. In the month of August last correspondence was received at the Department of State, informing the Government of the injustice and hardships inflicted upon Liberian subjects who had been engaged for laborers on the coast, and after enlistment, had been taken over to work on the Panama Canal. The matter is having the attention of the Government, and in the mean time the British and American Consuls at the place mentioned have been requested and authorized to extend protection to Liberian citizens until an appointment of a Liberian consul shall be made. In this connection I cannot too highly commend the Act passed at your last Session for the protection of Native laborers, citizens of Liberia going abroad for employment, no objection is made to their shipping for other ports on the coast, if the parties are willing to go, but we are bound to see that no undue advantage is taken of them by the employers, and that they be returned home at the expiration of their stipulated term of service. The advantageous effect which your Act of the last Session has had to check the wholesale and indiscriminating shipment of laborers is very marked, this can be seen in the large crops of Rice produced this year, and increased supply of laborers to carry on farming in certain sections of the country. Aboriginal Difficulties. There has been considerable restlessness in some portions of the interior and along the Coast, among our Aboriginal population. By action of Government the peace of the country has not been materially disturbed outside of its tendency to hamper trade. A warlike disturbance between Parklet Tuah, Bartarzallea, Marwey, Marohie, Doblee, Zwie, and Doblee Zulue combined on one side and Jallah Kie, Zoulue of the Pessy Tribe and Ylasseah, Gaymah and Santor of the Dean Golab tribes. These men were heading large and warlike tribes on both sides, with a sworn determination to effect their war purposes which threatened greater disaster and ruin to the prosperous crops – the only life blood to the native. The Government saw that it was necessary to put on foot a Commission associated with the Secretary of the Interior and myself to stop the warlike enterprise and effect Treaties of peace between them. I therefore appointed Hon. R. H. Jackson, Hon. A. L. Sims, and Rev. June Moore. By the order of General Jones to Colonel Dennis, of the 1st Regiment, and Colonel B. Y. Payne of the 5th Regiment, each furnished 75 men, under command of Captains J. W. Howard and J. I. Thorps. On the 8th of July the General handed these men over to me as an escort under the command of Lieutenant Colonel J. A. Railey, from which number I selected 97 good men, and on the 15th, in company with my Aid-de-Camp Lieut. Col. Capehart, Rev. J.O. Hayes Chaplain and H.B. Hayes Secretary to the Commission, we went as far as Suehn when the arrangement was completed for the voyage, and on the 21st, of July we started for Barnga the town where the tribes were assigned by Prackler to meet us to enter into Treaties of Peace between them. On reaching Bum-Bum Mah, a distance of about 80 miles interiorward and about 20 miles short of Barnga, here we were informed that we would not be able to meet with those Chiefs and head warmen. On close investigation we found that they were so bent on carrying war on the S. E, side of the river to attack Jallah Kie Zoulu and his party that they had assembled their army with intention to cross over before we reached this place, but our approach was much sooner than they expected. Being in their path they were obliged to refuse to meet us – inorder that their army would not be exposed to our personal view. Finding by this timely move on the part of Government that the promising Rice and other valuable crops would be saved and their plans disconcerted, and war scattered, so that they would be obliged to suspend action for the time.

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Not being able to effect the peace Treaties as intended, we then instructed Jullah Kie Zoulu, by messenger to stand only on the defensive until the meeting, of the Legislature. And if these disturbances are not settled then, and the Treaties of peace concluded among them – then further arrangements would be made for their settlement. Robertsport. At the request of the citizens of Robertsport, on the 28th of May last, I visited this interesting Port for the purpose of settling a long standing difference between Jallah Varnie and Jambie, each living in the Vey section of the country. After settling this difference, and in order that the peace which had been restored might be kept, I found it necessary to appoint Hon, R. J. B. Watson, Superintendent for that district and I am pleased to inform you that peace exist and trade is flourishing in that section of the country. In order to protect our Revenue in this Section it is necessary to authorize the Superintendent to place a Constabulary Force along our boundary line near the Mannah River in order to keep the Interior road open and to prevent smuggling goods from the other side into our country. Kroo Coast. Superintendent Grant of Sinoe County reports the Grand Boutaw and Carbo Fishermen at Blue Barrow and the Niffen Carbo Fisherman at Sampleapro near don Country, are tribes that live in continual open violation of the laws of the Republic. They are constantly stopping boats and seizing good belonging to citizens – shipping boys landing them when they return from the coast and taking from them whatever they choose and disrespect every order of the Government. He has recommended that the Government interdict Grand Boutau and that some immediate steps be taken to put a stop to the violation of the laws by the other tribes. Early in October the Hon. Secretary of State was fully authorized to proceed directly to Maryland County and settle some grave difficulties then existing which were likely to bring abut serious National Disturbances, and then to take passage on the R. L. S. Gorronammah to Sinoe and assist Superintendent Grant in doing whatever he thought necessary to settle the existing difficulties in the County. But unfortunately Commander Smith was unable from ill health to take charge of the vessel, and the other commander from different causes was much able to safely manage the vessel at this point, consequently Secretary Gibson was obliged to take the first chance for this port, hence the difficulties in that county have not been further looked after. In consequence of the hostile attitude of the natives at Timbo and Grand Colah, it is thought by several traders well to interdict from Timbo River to Little Colah River, this I leave to your better judgment. Within the last Twelve months I have been fully convinced, that all the tribal difficulties which cost the Government so much time and expense to settle from time to time, are caused by the unreasonable and illegal interference of a few people living in different sections of the country and on account of their conflicting trade interest often advise the natives against the decisions of the Government, intercept messages sent by Government and excite the tribes to unlawful measures against each other – therefore I must respectfully recommend that your Honorable Body pass An Act declaring it felony in any person or persons who may be guilty of interfering with official messengers obstructing Government decisions or advising native chiefs, headmen or other to insubordination or of exciting the natives to illegal and warlike attacks upon each other, authorizing the Government to deal with all such in a summary manner and sentence him or them accordingly.

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Public Schools. There is general hue and cry among certain classes throughout the country for improvement in the Public School. This is not without just cause. It is evident that there is a wide scope and pressing necessity for improvement in the educational system of the country. You gentlemen, coming immediately from the body of the people in the different sections of the country, will no doubt be able from your own observation to adopt the steps necessary for the improvement of the present school system. Finances. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you his financial report, for the fiscal year with plans for improvement. There is one great evil that has existed for many years in the financial system which I hope you will check. I allude to the Audited Bill being passed around as a circulating medium. These Bills are often so managed as to be used a second time against the Government. Agriculture. This branch of industry has within the last three years suffered violence from several causes. First, the farmers generally having planted coffee and ginger very extensively it became necessary to secure improved machinery to assist them in preparing these articles for market which they failed to do. Second, the tribal wars cause the laborers to ship for other ports along the coast for employment thus depriving them of their services. Third-sudden fall in the market of articles of commerce in both price and demand has greatly inconvenienced the small farmers because they had failed to give sufficient attention to those articles of produce necessary to be consumed at home. Public Buildings. Superintendent Summerville of Bassa County reports that he has completed the repairs of the Government House in that county with every necessary office, and the basement is comfortably arranged for convening the Court at the legal Term, also of completion of the Custom House at Lower Buchanan. I beg to call your attention to the fact that there is neither Court House nor Jail in Robertsport. These buildings are very much needed in the District. Ports of Entry. There are one or two loyal tribes along the coast pressing their claims and making their earnest appeals to open one or two more Ports. Settra Kroos, Little Kroos, and Krobar tribes have made several petitions, and I promised that the matter would be mentioned to your Honorable Body for consideration, on condition that they furnish material sufficient to build Constabulary Quarters 23 feet by 60-and 14 feet high, and a Custom House of sufficient size to accommodate the necessary officers. This they have pledged themselves to do if the Port be granted. They also pledge to pay a Head Tax for the support of the Constabulary, also a School and Navy Tax. It is thought advisable by many persons of position in Maryland County, to have a port opened at Half Cavalla. Conclusion Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, though things are handed to us in dark colors, I feel confident that with your co-operation, and our joint sacrifice for upbuilding of this nation we shall succeed in scaling the mountain of obstacles. W. D. Coleman

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Annual Message to the Legislature 1898 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives. In obedience to the fundamental law of the State we have again assembled to transact business for the general good of the nation. In entering upon the discharge of these responsibilities, it becomes us to acknowledge with unfeigned gratitude the Beneficent Providence who has thus far sustained us in our national career. While informing you of the condition of the State, and attempting to recommend such measures as in my opinion may be necessary for your consideration, it is with deep sorrow that I have to refer to the loss which the country has sustained since your last session, in the death of several valuable citizens who filled important positions in the service of the Government. The late Honorable Judge H. C. Russ, Senator J. W. Morris, and R. H. Montgomery have passed away leaving a fair record of faithful service to the State. Several others who were filling minor position in the Government, some of whom had just entered upon the state of public life and gave promise of usefulness have also been carried away by death. Among these may be mentioned the names of J. W. Howard, I. H. Early, A. J. Adams and J. A. Howard. Foreign Relations. I am exceedingly gratified to be able to inform you that our Relations with Foreign Powers continue on the most friendly basis – a condition of affairs that we cannot too highly appreciate in view of the state of the civilized world at the present moment. The sad massacre which took place in Sierra-Leone some months ago, during which many valuable lives of harmless missionaries and peaceful citizens of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government were exposed to brutal outrages, afforded me an opportunity of returning in a small measure, some of the acts of kindness of that nation to this, by giving aid and protection to certain distressed refugees from that colony, which was promptly done. Her Majesty’s Government lost no time in expressing their appreciation of the services rendered. There have been troubles this year among some of our Interior tribes which have engaged the attention of the Government. In accordance with the Resolution passed at your session in February last authorizing the President to put on foot a military force for the purpose of bringing into subjection two rebellious chiefs, Barsinghi and Parkler Tuah, I sent a company of men out on the 22nd of that month. Captain Williams had no difficulty in arresting the former of the chiefs. He was soon brought in and is now in perfect submission to the laws of the Republic. I found it necessary to impose a fine on him to cover the expense of his capture. On the 8th of March of the present year, I embarked for Cape Palmas in company with three members of my Cabinet, Messrs. A. Barclay, H.J. Moore and J.C. Stevens, to adjust certain matters at that place, chiefly that which is known as the “Koch difficulty,” and which had been the cause of the visit of the governor of Cameroons here in January. According to an arrangement with Governor Von Putt Kamer representing the German Imperial Government, I visited this place in person, in order to ascertain what damage had been sustained by the German subject Koch, and to see that his losses be made good. Unfortunately Mr. Koch was ill and just about to embark for home. His agent however came to see me, and assured me that he was in the quiet possession of the disputed property, and was pursuing without any obstruction his agricultural and mercantile operations. I informed him that I had come down to ascertain to what extent the first had sustained damages from the natives who were charged with disputing their claim to the land upon which they were

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operating and to have the matter duly investigated according to the laws of the Republic. He said that no instructions had been left with him on that subject, and therefore declined to assume any responsibility. Finding that nothing further could be done in this matter I proceeded to look after other affairs in the county. I had several interviews with the citizens, explained the objects and policies of the Administration, and especially its Interior policy, which I was glad to note was well received. Just about this time I was invited to meet a gathering of the civilized Greboes of Cape Palmas in the Rock School house who presented a very interesting paper emphasizing their allegiance to Government, the Constitution and laws of the Republic, but also to work for the spreading of the Gospel and to do all within their power to induce their less informed Brethren to join with them. They declared it to be their intention never to rebel against the Government, and to exert their influence to the utmost to prevent their less civilized brethren from ever taking up arms against each other. I availed myself of this occasion to visit Half Cavalla which is inhabited by a section of the Greboes who had just been brought into subjection after maintaining a rebellious attitude for ten years. Superintendent Ashton, Senator Dennis, Associate Justice Dossen, Representative Cox, and General Gibson, together with several other citizens accompanied us on this trip. We were received by Chiefs and Headmen in a most friendly manner and sumptuously entertained. A perfectly loyal sentiment seems to pervade the tribe. Returning from Half Cavalla I had an interview with the Graway people who also accorded us a fine reception and gave reiterated assurances of continued loyalty. Returning from Cape Palmas I lost no time in making arrangements to restore order in the Golah country growing out of the rebellious tendency of certain chiefs in that section. I organized a Commission consisting of the Secretary of the Interior, Senator Jackson, Rev. June Moore, Hon. Supt, Sims, Rev. J. S. Washington and Mr. P.R. Flowers who together within escort of two military companies under the command of General Jones accompanied me on what we hoped would prove a peaceful mission. It was our object to convene certain tribes, settle amicably their difficulties, and thus open the road for the ingress of trade form the interior. At first our mission proved quiet successful. Further out however we were attacked by one Doblee which led to an engagement and the destruction of his towns. He escaped but has since been captured and is now a prisoner. There is still a chief, Parklah Tuab who maintains a rebellious attitude, and whom it is necessary to subdue before the interior of this county can be considered in a healthy condition for trade and travel. To accomplish this, I have passed nearly six months away from the capital, during which time a great deal has been effected in establishing the prestige of the Government; and many tribes who held a rather indifferent position toward the Government have signed papers declaring their allegiance to the authority and laws of the State. The time that I have passed in the country in efforts to settle differences, and opening up road, has not been wasted. While it is true that all has not yet been accomplished that is desirable, yet much real work has been effected. And if the efforts already made be followed up, there can be no question as to the advantages that must accrue to the country. It is admitted that the wealth of the country is in the interior, and that a great trade in gold-dust, ivory, rice and cattle, would soon find its way to the coast markets upon the establishment of safe means of travel. Tribal jealousies and a spirit of rivalry between sections of the Golah and Mandingo people, seem to lie at the root of the disturbances that have hindered the trade for the last several years. To remove these hindrances is the purpose of the Government in the present effort. And I am pleased to observe that some of the most prominent citizens in the Interior Set-

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tlements have emphasized their appreciation of this object by tendering not only their services but also their means towards its accomplishment. Among these I have to mention the names of Senator Jackson, Rev. June Moore, Mr. Solomon Hill, Mr. Vandor Miller and others to say nothing of the patriotic spirit manifested by the good ladies of the Settlement of Arthington in making liberal voluntary contributions of provisions and luxuries for Major Baracewell and his detachment from that place. In fact the determined policy of the Government to open the roads to the Interior, and to restore and keep peace on the public highways has, I am glad to observe the sympathy and support of the intelligent citizens of the country generally, and must in the end be effected notwithstanding the petty opposition arising from political partisan considerations. That the wealth of the country is in the interior, is a fact supported by the testimony of all, both citizens and foreigners who have traveled any distance from the coast. To gain access to the means needed for building up the State in material prosperity, as well as to exert a Christianizing influence upon the aboriginal tribes who are our brethren, are the cherished objects of the Administration. And I trust that you will spare no efforts during your deliberations in endeavoring to devise the most effectual ways and means for the accomplishment of these objects. There can be no doubt that God has special work for nations as for individuals. If diversities of gifts, positions and social relations lay the foundations for differences of activities and influences as it respects individuals, why may not the same be true with regard to masses of men in nations. I verily believe that Liberia is a missionary government, and has been trained in a special school of Providence for the work of leading our brethren of the interior to the truth, and thus save them from the iron grasp of heathenism, superstition and ignorance. This idea has been prominent in my mind during my late efforts in the Golah country. And whenever opportunities offered for securing heathen children that would have been otherwise neglected or left uncared for, I have made efforts to get and bring them in for educational purposes. Quite a number of such youths male and female have been placed in the boarding school of the Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist Missions. Others have been placed in well regulated families that they may receive proper training and education. More than a hundred and twenty children are so situated. It is highly necessary for the peace, safety and well being of the tribes that they be allied to each other under the authority of the Government; that trade routes be designated leading from several points of our civilized settlements to the interior markets. It is also desirable that the Government encourage the building of native towns on the most healthy sites at reasonable distances on said trade routes. These towns should be occupied by at least one of the most influential chiefs, or their legal representatives, whose duty it shall be to keep the roads open under the direction of the Government and maintain peace on the public highways. Each of said chiefs should receive stipends from the public revenue and have ample tracts of land reserved, for the special use of themselves and their people which may not be drawn by emigrants or sold by the Government. This probation however should not be so construed as to prevent missionary operations at such points from procuring grants of fifty acres of land for church and school purposes. The erection of block houses to be garrisoned with a small police force at suitable distances apart, will be a further guarantee for order among the tribes. Finance. I am pleased to inform you that law passed at your last Session providing for a retrenchment of 25% upon all claims presented by persons performing services for Government was put into operation on the first day of April of the present year. The expenses of the State

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through the execution of the said Act have been curtailed to a very appreciable extent. There can be no doubt that if the policy of retrenchment be persisted in for several years, as it should be, the local debt of the country will be very near the point of extinction. The Loan. The necessity for making an arrangement respecting the Loan of 1871 has pressed upon the Government for many years. During the present year the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General were sent to England where they affected an arrangement which will be laid before you. It is to be hoped that your Honorable Body will carefully examine the same and if found practicable give it your sanction. Reports. The several reporting members of the Cabinet will lay before you their reports with such recommendations as they may deem necessary to facilitate the effectual working of their departments. Please give the same your careful consideration, and adopt such measures as you may consider conducive to the best interests of the State, in which you shall have my hearty co-operation. W. D. Coleman

Annual Message to the Legislature December 1899 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: Under the protection of the All wise Providence, we have again met to transact business for the good of the State. Let us therefore thank him for the past and present blessings, and implore His continued mercy and protection for all future. It becomes my duty under the constitution to inform the legislature of the condition of the Republic, and to recommend to that body any measures that I may deem necessary for its consideration. While so doing it becomes my painful duty to refer to the loss which the country has sustained since your last session, in the death of several valuable citizens who filled importance positions in the government: – viz. The Honorable W. E. Harris, Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas, Sinoe County, W. M. Roberts, Auditor, J. A. Cuthbert, Judge of the Provisional Court, Careysburg, C. H. Gray, Col. of the 4th Regiment Maryland County. Each of the Gentlemen were ex members of the Legislature. In addition to these painful and heavy losses, on the 24th October the country was called to part with the Vice President Jacob James Ross who had been faithful in the service of his country for more than thirty-five years. On the 31st of October, Hon. R. A. Kennedy, who also filled several important posts in the service of the country was also summoned by the hand of death. Foreign Relations. I am pleased to inform you that our relations with all foreign powers, continues friendly; and I feel it safe to say, with indication of improvement. On being informed of the death of His Excellency Felix Faure late President of France, this Government made a suitable acknowledgement of the same and, a letter of condolence was prepared and forwarded by the Secretary of State. His Excellency Emile Lavbut, now President of the great French Republic, has more than once expressed a desire to increase the friendly relations, that have ever existed between the two governments. On the 14th of October the cruiser "Montgomery" of the United States Navy, arrived at this Port, under command of Commander John Maurell, who did jointly with the American

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Minister, express on behalf of the United States Government a desire, that the friendly relations which now exist may continue for all future. Cape Palmas Difficulties There have been considerable upheavngs in different quarters of the Republic this year, which have threatened fearful consequences. During the months of May some evil disposed person in the County of Bassa threatened violence to British subjects and to some of our own citizens. About the same time great violence was committed upon the persons and property of a number of Liberian citizens in the County of Maryland, many of whom were rendered harmless, and were obliged to take shelter in Harper for the security of their lives. These disturbances appear to have grown out of the activity of the political parties in those Counties during the last campaign, and of the result of the election in May. The authorities in each County, taking a firm stand in favor of the laws, and being supported by the leading citizens of the County, kept the rioters somewhat in check, until the General Government was informed. Upon this information the Cabinet was immediately assembled and with their advice and consent, I issued a Proclamation enjoining all officers, both Civil and Military, to give proper protection to the person and property of British subjects, to which they heartily responded, assisted by the peaceful citizens, things were soon quieted without any damage done to foreigners. Finding it necessary to send special Commissioners to Maryland County, I accordingly appointed Attorney General Stevens and Secretary Dennis, members of the Cabinet, who proceeded by the first chance, and on the 31st of July assembled in council with the assistance of many leading citizens, and commenced investigation which disclosed the fact that houses and other property of certain citizens, members of the Whig Party, civilized Greboes residing at Hoffman Station, were injured, and some houses utterly demolished by certain members of the Republican party, civilized Greboes, joined to a party of uncivilized Greboes of the Cape Palmas people, living in and belonging to "Bigtown." Most of the civilized persons engaged in the riot have been indicted in the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas, Maryland County. His Honor the Judge and County Attorney are of the opinion that the Judiciary is able to deal with them. The evidence further shows, that the Mission Station known at the Eliza F. Drury Station, P. E. in the interior was destroyed by the Barraka and Glodobo people; the latter proceeded to occupy the place. After duly examining the matter, the Commissioners decided that the Government's commission held by Wodo Sibbee, be withdrawn, and he be no longer chief of the Cape Palmas people, and that Yallar Judy be appointed and recognized as Headman for Big-town and the Cape Palmas people, until the Government be pleased to appoint and recognize a chief Ruler for the Cape Palmas people. Mahto Chief Graway was appointed and is now recognized chief and Headman of the Cape Palmas tribe. Wodo Sibbee upon hearing of the arrival of the Commissioners, absconded without making known to his under chief where he was going. And whereas the evidence convicted him as being the head and chief of the difficulties; a reward of $200.00 was offered to any person or persons who would arrest the said Wodo Sibbe and deliver him to the authorities at Harper. A fine of $2000.00 was assessed upon the Cape Palmas uncivilized Greboes, to be applied to indemnify the sufferers from the riot at Hoffman Station. The Barrakee people were fined $1500.00 to indemnify the Drury Mission and $200.00 to Government for contempt, in refusing to obey the call to attend the council, and to answer the charges. In order that the fines imposed be collected speedily, the Commissioners decided that the Cape Palmas and Barrakee people interdicted until the same be paid. And I am pleased to inform you that every Chief with his people in every town from the Cavalla River to

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Sasstown inclusive, stands ready as part of the Government to assist in enforcing the laws and keeping the public peace. Aboriginal Difficulties. I am pleased to inform you, that the difficulties which existed among our Aboriginal tribes in different sections of the country, have been brought to a satisfactory settlement, and the rice and other native crops are prosperous except in that section of the Pessey Country in which the belligerent Parklar Tuah resides. This Chief has been in open rebellion for the last three years against the Government and laws, and also against the native laws. In obedience to the joint Resolution passed and approved January 19th. 1899, directing the President to appoint not more than three Commissioners with the Secretary of the Interior to meet the said beligment Parklar Tuah, at some town in the Gorgay section of the country with power to treat with the said Parklar, and to settle the existing difficulties, the necessary arrangements were made, the Commissioners appointed and the Secretary of the Interior with his instruction left on the 5th of August for the Gorgay section to meet the said Parklar; and up to the last report from the Commissioners this Parklar was still promising, but had not met them. Secretary Moore on arriving at Gorgay sent a white flag to this Parklar, which he received, assembled his council and informed our allies the the Government had sent him a white flag, and was therefore begging him, and he required them to surrender to him, otherwise he would not stop until the last one of them was captured. This sending of the white flag to Parklar so alarmed our allies and threw them into such a state of confusion, that I was obliged to send out Mr. Burgess Peal to assure them that the white flag sent to Parklar was not intended to beg him, but to assure him that the Government would give him a fair chance to submit to the Government as he had said that he wanted to do, but if Parklar did not submit to Government, the sending of the white flag by Secretary Moore would not help Parklar any, but only make it worse for him; therefore they must remain on the defensive and give Parklar time to beg. They accepted of this explanation and became reconciled, and resolved to stand by the Government until Parklar submitted or be taken by force. Within the last few days we have been creditably informed, but not officially, that the said Parklar Tuah would not surrender to Government, and that his towns have been taken and a large number of his people captured, but he escaped, and is now in the Gorgay section of the country. I have not as yet received any despatches from the Secretary of the Interior, but have learned form a creditable messenger that he with Commissioners Peal and Washington are at Balla-Quella, Musa's town, giving attention to that portion of our allies who were wounded in the destroying of Parklar's towns. I have despatched three sets of messengers to ascertain the facts officially. I instructed the Commissioners to prevent if possible our allies from following Parklar into the Gorgay section of the country. It appears that many of the natives living along the Cavalla river, had special interest in towns settled on each side of the River; but after the southeast bank was possessed by the French Government, all those who became French subjects lost their legal interest and right in the towns on the Liberian side, and all the Liberian subjects lost their legal interest in the towns on the French side of the River. But the natives continued to try to inforce these last rights, which caused constant confusion and difficulties between the subjects. This also gave annoyance to each Government, therefore a joint Commission was appointed by the two Governments with authority to discuss and settle these and other disputes that existed between them, except such claims that existed before the ratification of the treaty. Ex Senator Dennis and Mr. J. R. Copper composed the commission on the part of this Government, who performed well their duty in perfect harmony with the commission on the part of the French Government.

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Recommendations. I respectfully call your attention to the great necessity of an act embodying a definitive Criminal Code, defining the various crimes and misdemeanors, and annexing the punishment thereto. In view of the growing tendency to cause ignorant, irresponsible natives to vote in our elections, I recommend in addition to our election law an act establishing a registration law, to be got up in such a manner as will put a check to fraudulent voting. Should the general Legislature tax your time to matters of importance, the Attorney general who is well versed in the laws of the country, and knows the necessity of the amendments to those just mentioned, will gladly give his assistance to the Judiciary or any other committee to whom your may assign this work. There appears to be a growing desire on the part of our people in the United States, to migrate to Liberia, and according to the statements set forth in the "Voice of Missions," we may expect a large Colony prepared to come out this Winter. In view of this fact, and the necessity of fully settling and strengthening the North west and South east boundaries of the Republic, I recommend the erection of suitable Receptacles and Block houses in the new settlements on the Cavalla River, and in the Cape Mount section near the Mannah River, and in Cheesemanburg, near the Po River. This will prevent many of the warlike difficulties that often threaten these extreme boundaries. I also recommend the erection of Receptacles in Bassa and Sinoe near the several Mission stations. As we are settled and wish to advance the interest of the nation and the Negro Race, it becomes our duty to put forth every effort to encourage emigration and promote christian civilization. This cannot be successfully accomplished without first unifying and allying more closely our native tribes to us, and to each other, at the same time adopting a better and more regular system of settling and living. I therefore recommend that your Honorable Body will make a sufficient appropriation that the Government may strengthen the main route leading from the important civilized settlements to the interior and to encourage the building of native towns along said routes on the most healthy sites, at suitable intervals. These towns must be occupied by a Chief or Representative from each tribe in the section of the country through which these roads may lead, whose duty it shall be to keep the roads open, under the direction of the Government, and maintain peace on the same. There must be a sufficient quantity of land surveyed around each town for the inhabitants to farm, and the establishment of Mission stations, also a well regulated Police force to assist in keeping the peace upon these roads, and protecting the mission work. The law authorizing the appointment of the Secretary of the War and Navy Department, do not fully set forth the duties of that officer, I therefore most respectfully recommend that Your Honorable Body will amend the law so as to fully organize that Department, define its duties, extend its authority and require a sufficient bond for the faithful performance of the same. The internal revenue is collected in a manner very unsatisfactory, and is often misused by some of the Collectors. Therefore I must respectfully recommend that the Tax law be so amended as to prevent any Tax Collector going from place to place to collect taxes of any kind, but have his office in the settlement where he resides and notices be placarded in at least four (4) of the most public places of said settlement, naming a day in each week for persons to appear and pay their taxes. In case any person fail or refuse to pay the tax within a given time, then the Tax Collector shall invite a Justice of the Peace to his Office and have execution issued as the law now provides, and no person or persons residing in one settlement, shall be allowed to pay Navy or Poll tax to a Collector of another settlement, and that the Navy tax be sixty cents, fifty cents to be placed into the Treasury and the remainder retained by the Collector for his expenses.

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The English Loan. I am pleased to inform you that arrangements have been made for the payment of the first coupon, in accordance with the agreement made with the English Bondholders in 1898. But the number of Bonds brought forward was much larger than was expected by the Government. The revenue assigned for the service of the Loan is therefore insufficient as collected, and will have to be promptly and fully collected, or increased. I trust therefore that the suggestions of the Secretary of the Treasury in the premises will have your earnest attention, as it is vitally necessary that the national credit in the matter of external loan be zealously maintained. Finance. The system of retrenchment which was put into operation on the first of April 1898, has enabled the Government to reduce the domestic debt to a very great extent which would have been more sensibly felt among the masses, had it not been for the amount expended in paying the first coupon on the Foreign loan. I trust that you Gentlemen will provide ways and means to enable the Secretary to furnish better facilities for the collection of Revenue. I am of the opinion the sooner we have the Bonded Warehouses erected, and the Government properly prepared to assume the landing of goods and shipping of Produce, the sooner the revenue will be fully collected, and not until then will it be collected. For I am certain the Government do not get the half of her revenue at the present. Public Schools. Gentlemen you have come from the great body of the people in all parts of this Republic, and therefore know the need of an improved Public School system. I trust therefore that you will work to that end and especially repair the Liberia College so as to enable the Government to open the Preparatory Department in that building early in the coming year. Reports. The several members of the Cabinet will as usual lay their several reports before you according to law for your consideration. Trusting that you gentlemen will have a har-monious and successful session, while I assure you my hearty co-operation in all measures that you may bring forth for the advancement and peace of the nation. W. D. Coleman President, Monrovia, Dec. 1899

Annual Message to the Legislature 1900 Fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia in Legislature Assembled, Gentlemen, In keeping with the time honored provision of our sacred Constitution and the requirements of the exalted station which I have the very distinguished honor to fill, we are permitted yet once again by the Great Father of all to meet face to face in this Hall dedicated to public duty and liberty to transact such business as the present exigencies of the State demands. And for which great mercies and blessings we should never fail to record our unfeigned gratitude and thankfulness to him who orders all our steps officially and individually, as members of the body politic; and, as I undertake on this occasion to inform you of the

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present condition of the Republic, it is with a pang of pains, and sorrow that I find myself compelled to refer to the great loss which the State has been called upon to sustain, even within your own immediate bodies since the adjournment of your last Session, the death of so many valuable and distinguished fellow Citizens. You departed from this city last February, after the close of a most busy, active, and patriotic session, mourning for the loss of our learned Vice President and two active and earnest members of your August body. You meet to-day draped in mourning for two Senators and one Representative from among your limited number; you can but ill afford the loss. In your present mourning death seems to have leveled his darts at bright and shining marks – Honorable, J. H. Logans, J. T. E. Brooks of the Senate, and A. L. Gibson of the House of Representatives will not soon be forgotten in the councils of state, in Maryland we have lost the father of that important County in the person of Hon. J. T. Gibson and his distinguished brother the incorruptible statesman, Judge R. H. Gibson, Hon. F. W. Proud ex member of the Legislature and travelling commissioner at the time of his death, who rendered great service by keeping the interior of his country quiet. The scholarly and earnest commissioner of Education John P. Gibson. In Monsterrado Co., we are still in mourning; Rev. June Moore the ideal citizen and public servant, the patron and promoter of good works for the elevation of Liberia was the first to leave us to the bourne, from whence no traveler returns. Then followed in quick succession Hon. J. R. Cooper, Spanish Vice Consul who for a number of years was Shipping master for the Port of Monrovia, Chas. and Thomas Smith each old and faithful citizens have rendered not lees than sixty odd years of valuable service to this Republic in many ways. Captain L. R. Johns on a brave soldier and faithful citizen, Brigadier Gen'l. B. Y. Payne who expired in "Chicago" U. S. A. after a most painful surgical operation and Rev. J. S. Campbell ex member of the House of Representatives and Native African Commissioners at the time of his death was actively engaged in his work when taken ill; this Gentleman was the first who really allied the Condo and Bosaih tribes to this Government and caused them to understand this relationship thereto. Foreign Relation. While it is a matter of profound regret to the Government that the unsettled state of affairs, still continue to exist in China and some other parts of the world; yet I am pleased to inform you that our relations with foreign nations are at present entirely satisfactory and friendly. It was with feelings of inexpressible sorrow the Republic heard of the death of the magnanimous King of Italy Humbert I of Saxony, who fell by the hand of a ruthless assassin while serving his loving subjects; he was a staunch and life long friend to our country. I caused letters of condolence to be forwarded through the State Department at as early date as possible, and also extended the congratulations of the Republic to his able and worthy son and successor, Victor Emmanuel, with the hope that the friendship and happy relations between Italy and Liberia – begun by his great and good father will be fostered and continued with growing interest for all future time. I have every reason to believe from this foreign correspondence with our State Department that the great powers in Europe and America wish to see a happy and prosperous Negro State in Liberia, and will exert their influence and moral support to sustain all our good and wholesome efforts and enterprises looking forward to the redemption of Africa, and the advancement of our race; in this connection I have also to notice the loss to the Nation and to the American founder of Col. Society, our foster mother, of Mr. Robert Arthington one of our most prosperous and enterprising settlements on the south banks of the St. Paul's River. The Country can never repay the debt of gratitude due to the great and good men in America and Europe who have assisted us to establish this Negro State in the midst of so many hindering circumstances.

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The names of Arthington, Monroe, Burgess, Stockton, Ayers, Ashmun, Gurley, Mills, Latrobe, Harper, Clay, Caldwell, Findley, Buchanan, Heddington, Shufeldt, Muhlenburg, Crozier, Brewer, and Schieffiling, will remain with us as long as our rivers, creeks, islands, hills, valleys, and streets bearing these historic names, shall constitute a part of the Republic of Liberia. And it is my earnest wish to see other worthy names of our sainted patrons dotted all over our public domain; following Arthington on to Suenh, Moradee, Bumbumah, Gongbeah, and Saplimah until we come to the inviting Vauker-hills viewed and often described by Hon. B. J, K, Anderson, crossing the vast plains of Musardu. Intercourse with the Natives. There is no subject which affects the interest of the Government more than that of the tribes by whom we are surrounded. For this matter, always important is more than ever, of absolute necessity, in view of the leading policy of the State. The Interior development and the Incorporation and absorption of the Native Tribes into the body Politic. I am more than pleased to inform you that in this respect the Government has a most worthy coadjutor in the person of the Honorable Superintendent of Maryland; who dispatched a peaceful expedition to the Interior of that County by the river and land with the most gratifying results. The Commission brought in (250) chiefs and delegates from the various parts of the County; and; a week was spent in discussing, arranging, and settling old standing wars and other particulars, which resulted in the drawing up of a most statesmanlike compact on the 9th of October, signed by Chiefs, from the Grebo, Webo, Plebo, and Gedebo. In Bassa and Sinoe Counties we have had some troubles of a minor nature with the natives with which the able Superintendents and native African Commissioners have been able to grapple and settle; and I am more and more of the opinion particularly with the exercises of the present year before me, that the Legislature should take some steps at its present Session to safeguard our Interior. The annoyance and disturbance can be traced to the very doors of these irresponsible, traders and mendicant conspirators. I find in the archives of my office, as far back as 34 years ago, that one of my sainted predecessors as the Chief Magistrate of the Republic, felt compelled to make the following observations to your Honorable body: – I am of the opinion that persons going among the aborigines to reside, should be made to show that they are engaged in some lawful and necessary enterprise, and to give bond and security to be renewed from time to time for their conforming to the laws concerning the Public peace – and whenever it might appear that such persons are no longer prosecuting lawful business with the natives they should be required to withdraw from them, and being allowed to prosecute trade among the natives, they should obtain a tax in proportion to the amount of capital invested in such native trade. Ex. Pres. Johnson in one of his messages to the Legislature said, "the experience of the last four years has taught me that the tribal differences are often increased by the unreasonable interference of conflicting trade interests; the natives of the County are to a great extent heathen – yet they have a tolerably clear sense of justice and truth. They have shown in a number of instances, and sometimes too, by terrible examples, that they are able to distinguish between the lawful and just measures and decrees of the Government and, any capriciousness or selfishness that may lurk behind any trade interest. What is the Government but the whole body of the people? What interest can the Government have, not identical with the whole people? If the people or any class, or section of the people through trade, jealous cries, and selfishness, endeavor to thwart or hamper the legitimate operation of the Government they but hasten their own eventual ruin.”

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Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, I can today repeat the same with greater force and strength, having more light and experience of the subject, and transposing the disturbed centers then from Trade town Settra Kroo, Saddama, to Moradee, Saplimah, Barngay, and Suenh. In the midst of the many upheavals among the aboriginal population of Montserrado County, especially the Government with the constant aid of providence has been enabled not only to sustain its prestige and dignity, but at the same time to win the friendship of nearly all the far interior tribes, and unite and bind close to the body politic, all those near such as the Dean, and Tombah Gollah, the Veys, Pessys, Bosains, and Mandingoes, except that portion of the Gorgy, and Synjay Gollah and Pessys, who are under the control of Ballsinby, Tarway, Daddour, and Pocklah Twah, and several minor Chiefs in the same section of the Country; who are at present in an open state of hostility toward the Government incited thereto by parties known to some of the authorities. Within a few days I will cause to be laid before your Honorable Body a report of all my doings at the Suenh from July to November, as a separate message, then you will see how strenuously I strove to pacify the several sections of the country, to talk over, arrange and settle long standing and grave grievances and complaints, and together with their ideas of dividing the country into well defined spheres, of natives rule, so as to fit into the body politic and to appoint well know chiefs heads of these spheres making them responsible to the central Government for the taxes and good rule of their districts. Bonded Ware Houses. For the first time in the History of the Country, we are on the point of successful launching this very necessary branch of Customs and capital, and in keeping with further Acts respecting the collections of Customs passed at your last Session accordingly was put into operation. The service is working admirably well in the counties of Montserrado, Bassa, and Maryland. Sinoe is making the necessary preparations to follow, in the work. Already the General finances are improving every where and I trust that your Honorable Body will make the necessary appropriations for the erection of suitable buildings at Robertsport, Marshall, River Cess; in fact I recommend the same for all the minor Ports along the coast. The new Bonded Ware House will soon be completed in Monsterrado County, the Honorable Superintendent Summerville has imported an Iron Custom House for Grand Bassa 100 x 40 arranged so as to allow ten rooms in it; there will be added if the Legislature approve of it, a Pier fifty yards long; the whole cost will be Twenty seven thousand Dollars $27000. This Pier will be a great boon to the Merchants and traders of Grand Bassa County, and will doubtless, materially enhance the better collection of the revenue at that important port. The Loan of 1891. It pleases me to announce that the Republic has been able to meet all her engagements under the new arrangement, and I have asked the Secretary of the Treasury to lay before your Honorable body a full and clear statement of the subject at an early date as possible. Native Labor. You will find in my special message a report to be laid before you; a paragraph on this subject coming directly from the natives themselves, that is from the Deys, Veys, Pessys, Dean and Torpah Golah the bosain, and condo tribes. It is a very strong petition indeed and taking together with the many complaints that have reached me from officers and responsible authorities otherwise, I am compelled to ask your Honorable body to give this important question your early and earnest attention.

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Public Education. I know you are equally gratified with myself at the forward steps taken throughout the Republic in the course of public education. A Bureau of education has been established and fully organized at the Capital under the able management and Superintendency of Professor J. C. Stevens, who served me so well and affectually in the Cabinet for two years as Attorney General. Liberian Coffee. I have to call your attention to the low state of this great industry in the face of the high name it took at the World's fair, under the Superintendency of Comissioner Alfred B. King at great sacrifice and personal loss to himself to unite practical legislation for its immediate relief. Report. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you at an early day as possible the public accounts with considerable plans of improvements. It is with regret and deep sorrow that I have mentioned the illness, of ex. Pres. Johnson, now Post Master General who has faithfully served this Republic from boyhood to the present; for three years he has rendered great service in my Cabinet, not only as Post Master General but also in reading and translating our French and German letters; his worthy and able son, Hon. F. E. R. Johnson who has for a short time been acting for his father will give you as full and complete a report as the circumstances will allow. The other reporting officers are also ready to render to your Hon. body their reports with such recommendations necessary for the peaceful and harmonious working of their respective Departments. In the midst of sorrow and causalities, we are again called within the last three days to lament the early loss of a very promising member of the National Legislature at the very threshold of the commencement of the second session of the 27th Legislature in the person of the Honorable T. R. Collins from Maryland County, his death is to be greatly lamented because he was a loyal citizen from among a great and prosperous Cavalla Tribe, a portion of the main strength of this growing Republic. Conclusion. Gentlemen of the Legislature, having tendered you my resignation with grateful feelings for the harmonious manner in which the Legislature and myself have worked together in the past, I take great pleasure in handing the Government over to my successor, a gentle man who has honorably kept the archives of State before and during my administration; knowing that his ability will enable him to manage the affairs of State equally well as he has the Department, which he has managed for many years; Therefore, trusting and believing that he will have your heartily co-operation in every thing that will be put forth for the upbuilding of this Nation, and for the advancement of the Race. I am W. D. Coleman.

Garretson Wilmot Gibson XIV President of Liberia: 1900–1904

Annual Message to the Legislature December 10, 1901 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives. Gentlemen. In communicating to you my first Annual Message, at this the First Session of your Honorable Body in the Twentieth Century, I need not remind you how grateful we should feel to the Giver of all good, for blessing us with continuance of National existence, peace, and prosperity. When in the memorable year, 1847, a little colony of Negroes from the United States of America, had courage to launch their little ship of state out on the tempestuous sea of nationality, many anxious spectators, both at home and abroad, entertained serious doubts as to the probability of the Republic being able to maintain her sovereignty for even a quarter of a century. Some of her best and most hopeful friends thought that she would struggle on for a decade or two at most, and then be forced to give up in despair, to become the dependent of some European or American Power. But to-day finds us after an existence of over fifty years, in the happy enjoyment of national life, having achieved commendable growth and progress, enjoying the privileges, and at the same time, charged with the responsibilities of an independent Christian State, responsibilities of rapidly increasing weight and delicacy, in proportion to the extension of our relations with foreign powers. And I take this occasion to say, that we cannot too seriously recognize the vital importance of safe-guarding our foreign affairs, if we hope to keep sacredly, and transmit to our children the precious boon which we have inherited from our Fathers. Years of experience in the Department of State, enable me to assert that at no time in the history of the Republic, has there been greater need for high toned patriotism, farreaching intelligence, and careful thought in the management of questions in connection with foreign states. For difficult problems, involving intricate international subjects, and interests, not dreamed of twenty years ago, are being almost daily thrust upon us, the solution of which requires the most patient and thoughtful attention. And to you, Gentlemen, the Executive Government must always look for the powerful aid of your legislative functions, in enabling the State to inaugurate and maintain, such an intelligent liberal foreign policy, as may cause Liberia to prove herself worthy of the respectable position she holds to-day in the family of nations. It is gratifying to be able to record that since the adjournment of your Body nothing has occurred to interrupt the friendly relations of the Republic with foreign powers. Early in the year we were caused to mourn in common with the entire civilized world, the death of the late Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India, who

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was the first Sovereign to recognize the Independence of Liberia, and whose unceasing concern for the welfare of this country, contributed largely to encourage and help us in the struggle for national life and growth. The Government attended the funeral obsequies, in the person of our worthy and distinguished Representative in London, the Honorable Henry Hayman, K. C. Liberian Charges des Affaires. He also presented a handsome wreath of choice white flowers, fringed with lilies of the valley, and decorated with orchids with the following inscription: "With the deepest sympathy of the President of Liberia." A few months ago, by the cruel hand of an assassin, fell the late highly esteemed President of the United States of America. So intimate are the relations between Liberia and that country, that whatever affects the latter, whether for weal or woe, concerns the people of this State. Liberia is an offshoot from the North American Republic, and has brought to the west coast of Africa its language, laws, religion, literature, and customs. And not only so, but is still receiving ever and anon fresh accessions of immigrants from there, who come to join their kith and kin in the work of building up a home for exiled Negroes abroad, as well as in that of African civilization. No wonder then that the news of the atrocious crime against the American nation created a storm of indignation and regret throughout the Republic. Suitable expressions of sympathy on the part of this Government and People were tendered to the United States Legation here, to the Department of State at Washington, as well as to some of the United States Legations in Europe by our Representatives. The death of the late Queen alluded to above, created a vacancy which was filled by the accession of His Royal Majesty, King Edward VII, whose coronation will take place in the month of June ensuing. In view of the strong ties of friendship which bind the people of this country to England. I deem it quite becoming to tender the congratulations of the Liberian Republic to His Royal Majesty on that occasion. And in giving vent to the nation's feeling at the crowning of King Edward, I think it would not be amiss to place on record our interest in the approaching One thousandth Anniversary of the death of King Alfred, which will take place at the ancient town of Winchester in July following. For we cannot forget the historic fact that the Kingdom of Great Britain, whose magnanimity to this nation we have so richly enjoyed; was founded by that great Monarch; and that to his benign and exemplary reign, the world is largely indebted for the constitutional governments of the present day. With the view of seeking to avoid the possibility of any friction between Liberia and the Colony of Sierra Leone, in connection with the navigation of the Manoh River, I deemed it advisable to despatch a Commission to London, for the purpose of arranging terms with His Majesty's Government, which would enable our citizens to enjoy the free use of that stream for trade and travel. Hons. Z. B. Roberts, Chief Justice, A. B. King, President pro tem of the Senate, and A. Barclay, Secretary of the Treasury, were appointed. Arriving in England on the 19th of July, they lost no time in securing interviews with the authorities in Downing Street, London, and in discussing the subjects entrusted to them. Besides dealing with the special objects of their mission, they availed themselves of the opportunity afforded by the visit, of seeking to ascertain the feelings of the Great Powers towards the future of this Republic, of talking over territorial and political questions at the Foreign Office and of discussing matters of trade with the Great Shipping Company of Elder Dempster and Company, who have been intimately concerned with our Republic from its incipiency. And I take this occasion to say, that I do not think it would be out of

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place for you to pass a Complimentary Resolution, showing the appreciation of this Republic for the Company as public carriers for the West Coast of Africa for the past fifty years. The efficient manner in which the Commissioners discharged the duties assigned them, is quite apparent from the results which you will find embodied in a Protocol I will cause to be laid before you at an early date; the ratification of which I earnestly solicit. I hope your Honorable Body, will in some suitable method, indicate the nation's appreciation of their valuable services. In the month of May, a despatch was received at the State department from the Hague, extending an invitation to this Republic to become a signatory power, and thus place herself in a position to share the benefits of the International Permanents Court of Arbitration, which was established over a year ago by the leading Christian Nations of Europe and America. The object of the organization is to provide a method for the settlement of international disputes without resorting to war. While it is gratifying to know that the Governments with which Liberia has any business relations, are on the most friendly terms with us at present, yet it is possible that at some time or other, questions may arise, which would be more satisfactorily settled by disinterested parties. In view of such a contingency, as well as to show that the Republic is in full accord with the Peace promoting movements of the day, I lost no time in assuring the President of the Court of our appreciation of the privilege thus offered, and of our acceptance of the same. Papers will be laid before you touching the subject of a Convention for the protection of wild animals, birds, and fishes, in West Africa, to which the Government of Great Britain solicits the adhesion of this Republic. I trust you will give the matter your consideration, and take such action as you think adapted to our circumstances, and to the conditions of the life in this country. At home, quietness prevails with the exception of mischievous efforts on the part of one or two marauding chieftains in our interior, who seem inclined to continue their raids upon weaker tribes for purposes of plunder. The heavy fall of rain for the last several months, causing the creeks and rivers to rise much higher than has been the case before within the last 20 years or more, rendered communication with those distant tribes very difficult. No very active efforts therefore could be put forth on the part of the Government during that period toward the settlement of these disputes. Now that the season has changed however, the matter has been taken in hand seriously. I hope to transmit to you a special message on this subject later on. It is gratifying to be able to state, that in all other sections of the Republic, the most complete harmony prevails between the Government and the aboriginal tribes. This is remarkably the case in Maryland County, where, for so many years there existed a condition of affairs exactly the reverse. The Greboes of that County largely, through the wholesome influences of the many educated youth who have been under the training of the Mission schools, have learned to understand and appreciate the aims of the Government, and are now vieing with each other, in manifesting their loyalty to the State. Hundreds of those who but a short time ago persisted in a most stubborn resistance to authority, have declared their allegiance to the Republic, have drawn grants of land for farming purposes, and are enjoying the privileges of full citizenship under our laws. And some are filling responsible Government position with efficiency and fidelity. There is not the least doubt in my mind, that a faithful adherence to a liberal and righteous policy on the part of the Government in our intercourse with our aboriginal brethren,

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will have the effect of solving most, if not all, the problems connected with the growth and development of our home population, and numerical strength. The establishment of schools under efficient and upright teachers, who will be required to explain the laws and intention of the Government to the people, and be associated with the commissioned chief of the tribe in the adjustment of local disputes, will go far toward accelerating the incorporation of the neighboring tribes into our Body Politic, and of cementing more effectually their interests with those of the Government. The large number of those who have already adopted our methods of living and agriculture, and who contribute so extensively to the culture of coffee and ginger for exportation, afford a reliable guaranty of what is to follow on this line. Closely allied to the subject of Home Growth and numerical expansion; is that of immigration from the United States and from the West Indies of exiled Negroes, which deserves more than a passing notice. Without abating in the least degree our reliance upon, and efforts toward promoting national advancement by the incorporation of the natives of the country, we cannot be unmindful of the importance of taking steps to encourage and induce our Brethren abroad, to "Come over and help us." The superior advantages they enjoy on account of their education and contact with a high civilization, fit them for taking a very active part in the great work of the elevation of the millions of their race in this land. And although there appears to be a strong opposition on the part of many of the leading Negro minds in America to African emigration at the present, yet I feel that the time is not distant, when they will see the matter in a different light. It only requires a few more years of growth on their parts, on the line of self-respect, and faith in their race, to prepare the way for a large exodus of Negroes from the United States of America to Africa. The Election Registration Act passed at your session two years ago was put into operation this year, the salutatory effects of which were remarkably apparent at the Biennial Election held in May last. The Public Educational System authorized at your recent session, has been introduced in all of the school districts, and bids fair to effect very great improvement. This department of instruction, together with that of Liberia College and its affiliated High School for males and females, afford fair advantages for the mental and moral culture of our youth. The latter Institution should be supplied with at least two more chairs, so as to be able to impart a fair course of instruction in mineralogy, and two modern languages, French and German. The authorities of the College will no doubt in keeping with the Act endowing the Institution, report to you the amount and disposition of the funds received from the national revenues during the past year. It would be a serious oversight not to mention the educational work carried on in this country by the several mission Boards operating here, and it is gratifying to know that these schools are improving both in respect to number and quality. In accordance with the Act approved January 30th last, I appointed a special commission to take evidence on the conditions of commerce and trade in Liberia. Hon. Messrs. C. T. O. King, J. Vieweg and Rev W. T. Hagan composed the said Commission and entered upon their work on the 4th of July. After a session of sixty days of laborious effort in collecting the views of leading traders and in procuring information on the matters entrusted to them, they have submitted a report which will be laid before you. During the year, the Liberian Construct and Improvement Company limited, acting by the authority of Charter granted them, have commenced operations. Under the management

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of Mr. J. K. Faulkner their agent, Monrovia has been placed in Telephonic communication with several of the leading towns of the St. Paul’s River. This improvement together with the daily steam navigation of that important thoroughfare, established by the enterprising firm of Messrs. Hill and Moore, supplemented by the services of the steam launch the "John Payne" under the auspices of Bishop Ferguson, afford exceptional facilities for rapid communication and travel in this county. Facilities which it is hoped will in the near future be enjoyed in other parts of the Republic. Bonded ware-houses have been provided, and the new system of collecting the revenue introduced at several of the leading ports with encouraging results. Already a marked improvement in the state of the Treasury is manifest, which indicates the wisdom of the arrangement. A faithful adherence to the system, will soon secure for the state such an amount of income as will materially relieve the Treasury of the strain to which it has for sometime been exposed. But something more than the collection of the revenue on imports and exports is required to raise Liberia to a position of financial prosperity. The Coffee industry which had made such commendable progress, and which up to two or three years ago had proven a profitable source of income, has largely failed on account of the fall in the price of that commodity in the foreign market. It is important therefore that some other means be resorted to, in order to make up the deficiency. We are not a manufacturing community yet; and therefore cannot look to that industry for relief. For some time to come, we must be dependent upon the proceeds of the earth, in the form of Agricultural and mineral products. The cultivation of the Cocoa-bean, Ginger, Rubber, Piassava and Cotton as well as the rearing of cattle, are pursuits which the Government should encourage in every possible way. And that this may be done more effectually, there should be created a Bureau of Agriculture with a chief who shall be entitled to a seat in the President's Cabinet to give tone and direction to these industries, as well as to be the channel through which the Government may advance this essential branch of national pursuits. Besides Agricultural products there are, it is supposed, valuable mineral deposits in the country which may be turned to good account in supplying the needs of the State as well as in promoting the accumulation of wealth on the part of citizens. I have not the least doubt that there are land owners in this hall to-day upon whose estates there are reefs of gold, coal, oil spring, and precious stones, which if brought under the hand of enterprising industry would soon place them in possession of thousands of dollars. If the time has not already come it is near at hand when we shall feel it our duty to unearth the hidden treasures of the country, and bring them forth to aid in enriching and building up the State. With the view I presume of inaugurating and promoting the mining industry, you granted a charter to a Company of Liberian citizens at your recent session, which accorded to them very liberal privileges, and which it was hoped would be the commencement of an enterprise that would prove to be of great help to the Government and people. Owing however to reasons set forth in their communication to be laid before you, the Company relinquished the charter with all its rights and interests to the Government. I trust that you will during your present session give this matter the consideration its importance demands, and that you may see your way clear to so deal with it as to place the advantages of the mining interests on such a basis as will protect the state form damaging complications. Tenders on the part of foreign capitalists who are ready to cooperate with the Government in prosecuting the mining industry will be made known to you during the session.

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Besides the reasons above mentioned in favor of development of this industry there is another which is entitled to serious consideration. If Liberia is to grow and prosper, her commerce must be fostered by the collection and conveyance to the markets of the world the rich products of the country. These products abound in the interior. And to secure and render them available for exportation, we must provide carrying facilities. There must be railways and tramways to bring in these articles of trade. The need for such facilities is seen and is being provided for by our adjoining neighbors, the English and French, who are diligently pushing forward the work of railway communication with the interior districts of their colonies. We too must provide the same facilities to bring in our trade, or run the risk of losing all beyond the distance of a few miles in the rear of our settlement. If Liberia is to hold her own in the midst of the present eager rush for the West African trade, it is absolutely necessary that she have the appliances for controlling her rich resources. And with our present methods this is simply impossible. One of the most pressing duties then before us at the present time is to put forth efforts to secure railway intercourse with our hinterlands. I am quite aware that it requires money to effect this enterprise. But if we succeed in providing to the financial markets of Europe and America, that we have mineral deposits in paying quantities, there will be no difficulty in raising the demands for this purpose. There is no scarcity of money in the world. Any quantities of it can be procured, for any and every purpose imaginable. And no nation with the rich resources we have ought to lack money for any worthy object. Should Liberia attempt to exist another decade without putting forth an effort to secure the Railway and the Telegraph, I fear the results to our commercial industry as well as to your national reputation, will be very disastrous. In this connection I may mention the fact that I have a proposal in hand to lay before you, asking for a concession to build a railway to the distance of 75 miles back from the coast, to any point that the government may designate. There is one feature in connection with it that you may find objectionable. But it may be modified or rejected altogether and a new arrangement made. The world is moving on, and Liberia must move too, or be trodden under foot. We cannot afford at this period of the world, in this pushing age, to fold up our arms in a spirit of self complacency and unconcern while everything else is astir. It is frequently remarked the first and most important work of Liberia is to prove to the world that the Negro is capable of self-government. Well, an existence of over fifty years ought to afford a pretty fair proof of that. Let us now turn over to the next chapter in the beginning of the 20th century, and show that Liberia can not only govern herself, but that she can also feed, clothe, and enrich herself, as well as contribute a fair quota to the prosperity and well-being of other peoples. A quiet and peaceable Government is very nice, but in the present day, the nation that secures that and nothing more, does not command the highest respect. What the world wants now, is to see a nation that can make money and take care of itself. This we can do, if we make a proper use of the means within our reach. The Secretary of the Treasury, War and Navy, and to the Interior, together with the Post Master General and Attorney General will submit their reports in due course. Among other, suggestions, the Secretary of the Treasury will call your attention to the great need there exists for Banking facilities in the country, and will solicit your cooperation and authority for the negotiation of a scheme that will enable him to consummate plans for securing the same. In this connection I beg to call your attention to the importance of confining the Annual Appropriation within the limits of the probable receipts of the Trea-sury.

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When the disbursements are in excess of the national income, there must be an accumulation of debt some where. The Hon. Secretary of War and the Navy will ask you to provide for the purchase of a gun-boat for the better protection of the coast-wide traders. The Post Master General points out among other improvements, an arrangement for the insurance of Postal Parcels already effected, and the negotiation now in progress, providing for the exchange of Postal money orders between England and this country. In view of the great importance of the Postal service, and the increased amount of work in connection with the same, the chief of the Department recommends an increase of the salaries of the clerks and runners, so that he may be able to command efficient and reliable persons to fill these positions. I trust you will give this recommendation favorable consideration, and lend your influence toward promoting such improvements in the department as may tend to enhance the welfare and ensure the reliableness of the Postal service of the Republic. Death has not only visited the ranks of Liberia’s friends abroad, but has been active here. The late Ex President H. R. W. Johnson, L. L. D., the Hon, Thomas W Howard., K. C., the highly esteemed Treasurer of Liberia, and the Hon., and Rev. Henry Cooper, Exmember of the House or Representatives, have passed away during the year. These men acted well their part as General Government Officials leaving bright examples of fidelity and patriotism to those who fill their places of responsibility and trust. Hoping, Gentlemen, that your present session may be a harmonious one, and it may mark a new era in the history of this country, I beg to assure you of my hearty cooperation in all profitable measures for the good of the nation. G. W. Gibson. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 10, 1901

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1902 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives. Gentlemen, In keeping with the provision of our Constitution, I beg to transmit to your Honorable body a brief statement of the condition of the Republic, with such recommendations as have occurred to me in the interest of the same. It is gratifying to know that through the superintending care of a Beneficent Providence, the machinery of our civil and political institutions has been carried on peacefully during another year. Our relations with Foreign Powers continue friendly. Exequaturs have been granted since the adjournment of your last session, to His Excellency Hon. J. R. A. Crossland, U. S. Minister Resident and Consul General, Hon. Joseph Franoux, Consul for the German Empire; and Capt. Charles Francis Cromie, Consul for His Britannic Majesty's government, all of whom have entered upon the discharge of their duties. A great political event, which was attended with a magnificent international demonstration, took place in London, August last, on the occasion of the Coronation of His Royal Majesty, King Edward the Seventh. Availing ourselves of the privilege magnanimously accorded to small States as well as the Great Powers, to witness the august ceremony, Liberia was

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present with a message of congratulation, in the persons of His Excellency Baron Von Stein our Minister Resident and Envoy Extraordinary to France and Belgium, and Hon. Henry Hayman, Liberian Consul General near the Court of St. James. An autograph letter from His Excellency President F. Estrado Palma, communicating the fact that on the 20th day of May last, the Republic of Cuba came into existence, reached me some time ago. With this announcement the President assures this government in the name of the Cuban people, that it will be his invariable purpose to maintain the closest relations of friendship with all nations, and especially with Liberia. I feel quite sure that Your Honorable Body will sanction any action on the part of the Executive government in reciprocating these generous sentiments, and if found desirable, of entering into treaty relations with the new Republic. Only a few days ago, a communication in mourning came to hand from His Majesty King Leopold of Belgium, conveying the sad intelligence of the demise of his late lamented consort, Queen Marie Henrietta. Expressions of sympathy on the part of the Government and people of Liberia have been extended to His Royal Highness. I am glad to be able to inform you that the Protocol which was laid before you at the last session embodying articles of agreement between His Britannic Majesty's Government and Liberia, facilitating trading intercourse on the part of British subjects and Liberian citizens on our North western frontier, has been accepted by both governments. Arrangements have also been made for a joint commission to demarcate the boundary line between Sierra Leone and Liberia, which work we hope to begin early next year. Negotiations are in progress with the French Government to the same effect, with respect to the boundary line between the Ivory Coast and the Republic. I need not point out how desirable it is that these measures be consummated as soon as possible, and thus remove those conditions that would be likely to afford causes for the interruption of friendly relations between citizens of the countries residing on the border line. I hope you will make a liberal appropriation to meet this object. And with the view on making the necessary provision to cover the expense that must be incurred, it may be well, if necessary, to materially curtail the usual appropriations for roads, bridges, public buildings, etc., so that the Government may not be embarrassed for means to finance this important operation. Home Affairs The scarcity of bread stuffs and domestic provisions, which was caused by the destruction of crops in consequence of the heavy rains last year, has given place to an abundance. This salutary change is largely due to the activity and commendable industry of the farming population of the country. This enterprising class of our citizens seeing the menacing aspect of affairs with respect to the food supply for the masses addressed themselves seriously and diligently to the task of averting, if possible, the threatened distress. And with a determination and industry that cannot be too highly commended, turned up the soil and planted seed, the result of which is manifest in the abundant supply we enjoy to-day. And in consideration of this recent instance, pointing out the vital importance of agriculture to the existence of the State, I am convinced of the propriety of repeating and emphasizing here, a recommendation contained in my message last year, to the effect that the Government take a greater and more active interest in devising ways and means for promoting and fostering this industry. It is generally conceded that there is no department of national activity entitled to greater consideration than this. And Liberia could scarcely make a more serious mistake than that of devoting her chief energies to the questions of traffic in the spontaneous products of the country whether vegetable, or mineral, and neglect the attention that should be

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given to the intelligent cultivation of the staples, so necessary for home consumption, and foreign exchange. And any measure or measures, which will have the effect to hinder, or in any way hamper the farming operations of State, can hardly be viewed in any other light than that of being detrimental to the welfare of the nation. In this connection I trust you will see the importance of discouraging any proposal looking to the removal of labor out of the country. I do not wish to convey the idea here that you have any right to pass a law restraining the free citizens of this Republic from emigrating or going wherever they imagine they can get the best market for their industry. It is only under certain exceptional circumstances that such an act would be constitutional. But what I do maintain, is that in a country like ours, with so many valuable spontaneous products that may be profitably collected for exportation, and with a soil capable of yielding such rich returns for the labour of the husbandman, an enlightened policy would dictate the putting forth of every effort to convince the laborer that his best market for industry is here at home. Divorce. Duty to the well-being of the State requires that I call your attention to the Divorce Act passed by limitation at your last Session. In my inaugural address I pointed out some of the evils which I feared would grow out of a law that permitted a bill of divorcement to be procured on such slight grounds. And I am encouraged to know that the pulpit, the platform, and the press of the country, have during the year amply supported the position then taken. I trust therefore that you will take the matter into serious consideration at the present session, and either repeal, or make such modifications in the law as will bring the same more within the range of equity to all concerned, and of safety to the family life of the nation. In small communities, where there prevails a great tendency to circulate gossip, you cannot afford to render the procurement of divorce so easy, without exposing the country to risk of having the family relation, the foundation and bulwark of the State completely undermined. The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury will submit his report by which you will see that notwithstanding the low price of coffee, and other Liberian products in the foreign markets, there has been an increase in the revenue of about 25 per cent above the average for several years. This is owing largely to the enforcement of the Bonded Warehouse system, which protects the Government from the frauds that to too great an extent have been practiced upon the Customs. This improved condition of affairs has enabled the departments to pay up regularly the interest on the Foreign loan, and also to materially reduce the domestic debt. The duties on Gunpowder, and Tobacco, so wisely set apart for the purpose by your enactment, have enabled the Secretary to considerably restore the foreign credit of the Government. And I trust there will be no disposition to make any change that will check progress on this line. A vigorous persistence on this plan of collecting the Custom dues, with economical and discriminate appropriations, must in the near future effect a very salutary change in the financial status of the Republic. We cannot afford, Gentlemen, at this juncture to take any backward step, or to make any change in the tariff that will lessen the income of the State, and prevent the government from keeping up regular payments on the foreign loan. I speak thus earnestly on this point, because I learned that there is considerable dissatisfaction in some quarters on account of having to pay gold duties. I do not think however

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that this would be the case if the people were informed as to what becomes of the money and to what objects it is applied. But unfortunately they are not. The citizens of the country are entitled to know what becomes of every dollar that is paid into the Government Treasury. And the laws of the State have made the necessary provision for them to have this information by directing that full reports of all receipts and expenditures be made quarterly to the Heads of Departments, who are required to make annual reports, to the Representatives of the people in the National Legislature. This is regularly done. Now it appears to me that in order to keep the people informed as to what become of the money they pay into the Government, their Representatives, after examining and approving these reports should order them to be printed for circulation among the people, just as is done in the case of laws. I am of the opinion that this method if adopted and continued, will prevent much of the grumbling about payment of duties that we hear. I speak advisedly when I say that Liberians are not the disorderly unruly people that they are often represented to be, but like any other people they wish to know what is being done by those whom they have chosen to conduct their political and financial affairs. Keep them informed on these matters and I venture to say that there is not a more orderly People in the world. The report of the Postmaster General will furnish you with a detailed statement of the operation of this important branch of the public service during the past year. From that you will be able to see that the work of the department has increased over fifty per cent and is dispatched in a satisfactory manner. The large increase in the number of letters and parcels passing through the office, is a favorable comment upon the growth of business, intercourse, and commercial enterprise among our citizens. The agreement effected with Great Britain, Germany, and the United States, for the interchange of Postal Money Orders adds greatly to the convenience of business men and others who have occasion for remitting funds to those countries. Besides being a safe and speedy method of transmitting funds, it allows the coin to remain in the country for circulation, and also yields a revenue to the government. Taking into consideration the importance of the Postal service and the increased work growing out of the Parcel Post and Money Order systems, I endorse the request of the Postmaster General for a larger force, and higher salaries for some of the employees of the department. Honesty, promptness, and efficiency are traits of character that cannot be dispensed with in the Postal Service; and to procure persons possessing these, we must expect to pay fair salaries. The larger force here alluded to, has reference to a Comptroller for the Money Order Department, which you will please create by law, and provide a clerk for the same. The Attorney General who has had the supervision of the judicial affairs of the country will report in detail at your present session. Commendable activity has characterized the department during the year. By personal visits and written instructions that officer has been very helpful in protecting the State against serious losses, as well as in upholding the dignity of the Republic. It is scarcely necessary that I call your attention to the importance of having efficient and honest Judicial officers throughout the State. I regret to be obliged to say that this has been too often overlooked. A period of service in the Department of State covering many years, has afforded me an opportunity of knowing that many of the troubles of the government with foreigners have been caused by the inefficiency of some of its judicial staff. Even a magistrate, as humble as the position may appear in the estimation of some, may by

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an unlawful decision, or some rash unconstitutional procedure involve the country in the most serious complications. It was with the view of preventing the government from disagreeable humiliations growing out of mistakes, that the Attorney General has been requested more than once during the year to superintend and direct important cases in the leeward Counties. Mistakes and blunders in the judiciary that relate to Liberian citizens, can as a rule be settled without much loss to the State. But the case is very different when the subjects of powerful foreign governments are affected by them. Among the recommendations made by the Attorney General is that relating to the repeal of the Divorce Law to which I have already alluded. A serious attack of illness will I fear prevent the Hon. Secretary of the Interior from submitting a detailed report of operations of his department. Soon after the adjournment of your last session, he made a visit to the leeward counties, with the view of inspecting the proceedings of the several Native African Commissioners, as well as to impress upon them the importance of observing the pacific and equitable policy of the administration in dealing with aboriginal affairs. On his return he reported favorably upon the aspect of matters generally, and particularly of the loyalty of the Native tribes in all the Counties. His attention during the year has been chiefly devoted to efforts for the restoration of peace among some interior tribes of this County. The contention between Baromy and the Gorgie section of the Golahs has not yet been settled. As both of the parties express a desire for peace, a commission has been appointed to go out and confer with the chiefs, and to arrange for a Peace conference to take place at an early date. The Honorable Secretary of War and the Navy is also disabled by illness, and will not I fear be well enough to submit a report to you of the working of his department. It was his purpose to visit the Counties over a month ago, with the view of inspecting the arsenal in each, and looking after some other matters connected with the military, but he has not been able to do so. The vacancies created by the death of the late Brigadier General Ware and Colonel Gross will be filled during your session. It is gratifying to be able to say that no necessity has arisen for fitting out any punitive expeditions for some time past. While there have been petty differences from time to time among neighboring chieftains there is no disloyalty manifested toward the Government. Educational. The Superintendent of Public Instruction will no doubt report upon this highly important interest of the State. This statement together with that of the authorities of Liberia College, will point out to your Honorable body the use to which your appropriations for the educational work of the Republic is being applied. That there is real progress in the schools of the country is very evident. The wholesome rivalry that exists between the denominational and Governmental schools, as to which can do the best and most effective work, is producing a beneficial effect for good, and has created an unusual public sentiment in favor of popular education. In view of the need of the State for qualified men to fill the offices of the Government, and of the gratifying progress that Liberia College with other similar institutions is making to aid in supplying that need, I trust you will allow no consideration to induce you to make any abatement in the appropriation for the support of that Institution.

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It is difficult to conceive of any investment of the public revenue of more importance to the future welfare of the State than that of the funds applied for the education of the youth of the nation. General training for the masses, and the higher education for those who aspire to become leaders in Church and State, cannot be dispensed with in a Republic like ours without exposing our civil and political institutions to the most serious danger. Immigration. There is quite a stir among the Negroes in the United States of America which cannot but be of deep interest to thinking Liberians. I refer to the rapidly increasing concern that is being manifested on the part of thousands of that class of American citizens with regard to returning to their Fatherland – this country. Having been under a system of training (very severe it may be) for over two hundred years in the land of their exile, it appears that the fullness of time is approaching for their return home, laden with the treasures of Art, Science, and Religion to share the same with their Brethren in this land. There appear to be fair indications, that the 20th century is destined to witness a marvelous development in connection with Africa and Africans. And that Liberia is on the verge of commencement of a period of unusual growth and activity. The remarkable phenomena on this side, manifest in the readiness and even eagerness of the native tribes of Liberia to ally themselves under the care and protection our Government, and the great preparation being made on the part of thousands of their brethren in America to come over and cast their lot with their kith and kin here, are Providential indications that we cannot safely ignore. As wise statesmen let us catch these glimpse of an Overruling Providence and work in line with the same. It is not difficult to see what would be the effect of several thousands of industrious intelligent Christian Negroes from the United States settling on the healthy fertile lands of our interior, with the improved methods of agriculture and other industries that they would bring with them. A great change would be wrought in the interior. Every such settlement planted in the midst of the active hospitable tribes, who would welcome their advent, would constitute so many centres, calculated to send forth rays of wholesome influences that would ultimately transform the entire region of our interior into thriving Christian communities. As members of the National Legislature you cannot be indifferent to this great movement. Duty to the Republic, to your oppressed brethren in America, as well as to the great cause of African Civilization imperatively demand that we put forth ever effort within our power to encourage and foster this great scheme. In meeting together, gentlemen, for the legislative work of another session, you enjoy the special advantage of coming afresh from the body of the citizens. Having mingled with them during the year in the several counties and districts, you are prepared to represent their wants and wishes as well as to know how far the laws already in force conduce to the welfare and the happiness of the people. Relying therefore largely upon you for aid, and trusting in the God of nations, the Executive is prepared to co-operate with you in the promotion of all measures on right lines, having for their aim the good and prosperity of the State. G. W. Gibson Monrovia December 9, 1902

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1903 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives, It becomes my duty at this stage of your proceedings to lay before you a statement of the condition of the Republic, and to offer such suggestions as in my opinion may tend to the improvement and welfare of the same. We cannot however more fittingly introduce the work of the session, than by placing upon record an acknowledgment of the debt of gratitude we owe to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, for His Providential care, and for the manifold mercies He has vouchsafed to us as a people, during another year. It is gratifying to be able to assure you, that nothing has occurred since your last session to interrupt the friendly relations existing between Liberia and Foreign Powers. An evidence of this is manifest in the number of accredited agents who are residents here, and who are engaged in the discharge of consular and diplomatic functions. In the month of July I had the pleasure of receiving His Excellency Dr. Ernest Lyon, bearing a commission as the United States Minister Resident and Consul General to Liberia, to fill the vacancy created by the withdrawal of Dr. J. R. A. Crossland. And I am glad to inform you also, that the visits of national Ships of War to our ports during the same period, have been uniformly of a friendly and complimentary character. With the view of maintaining and cementing more firmly the friendly relations which have so long existed between Liberia and the governments of Great Britain and France,nations whose colonies join our territory on the north-west and south-east respectively, you were pleased at a former session to make an appropriation for the demarcation of the boundary line between Liberia and Sierra-Leone, and that of Liberia and the Ivory Coast Colony. Immediately after the adjournment of your last session, the Executive Government set about making the necessary preparations to undertake the work. Securing the services of Hon. Anthony D. Williams and J. B. McCarthy, Esq., Civil Engineer, to act with the British Commissioner, Capt. H. D. Pearson, R. E., the work was commenced in March, and by the middle of July the survey and marking of the line by the erection of beacons between Sierra-Leone and Liberia was completed. The heavy rains having set in by that time, it was impossible to proceed with the line between Liberia and the Ivory Coast Colony. Arrangements were however undertaken, which are now nearly completed, for resuming the work early next year, under the direction of French and Liberian Commissioners. Trip to the Leeward So soon as preliminaries had been completed for getting the demarcation commission on foot, I took an early opportunity to visit Maryland County, with the view of meeting the native Chiefs of that large aboriginal population of the Republic – a section of our territory which up to a late period had been a source of more grave concern, and which had been the scene of more military expeditions than any other portion of the State. Taking advantage of a favourable condition of affairs which had been largely promoted by the judicious policy of the late Hon. Superintendent James H. Dennis, I deemed it a fitting time for the chief Executive to visit in person the headmen and lead-ing officials of these tribes, and especially those who had recently emerged from a rebellious attitude. It was thought that an effort to confirm them in the friendly position they had assumed, and to assure them of the deep interest felt by the Government in their welfare, might be followed by salutary results.

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I embarked on board the s/s "Angola" January 29th, and landed at Harper the following day. Three weeks were spent in the County, during which time an opportunity was afforded for personal interviews with all the leading chiefs of that section. Old tribal and sectional grievances were talked over, and disposed of. Commissions were issued to the most influential rulers, constituting them officials of the State, they pledging themselves to cooperate with the authorities in settling difficulties, suppressing tribal wars, and in maintaining the majesty of the laws of the Republic. It was gratifying to notice how readily they seemed to appreciate the efforts made, and how uniformly they avowed and emphasized sentiments of loyalty. They were pleased to learn what I pointed out to them, that in any cases that might arise in which they should have reason to suppose that from local prejudice, or other causes, justice had not been awarded them, they have the right to appeal to the central government at Monrovia. They were urged to avail themselves of this privilege, rather than place themselves in a defiant attitude, as had more than once been the case. While at Harper I visited the several departments of the local Government, reviewed the fourth Regiment, and inspected almost everything that was to be seen having any connection with the public service. The Regiment showed signs of marked improvement. The Schools and Churches were well attended, and a spirit of thrift and cheerfulness was manifest among all classes of the citizens. Traffic was active, and it was interesting to notice the good feelings that existed between the Foreign traders and the Liberian citizens at this place. There seemed to be an absence of that spirit of unfriendliness and Racial prejudice, the prolific source of contentions and serious disturbances, which have too often occurred, causing anxious concern to the Executive Government, and sometimes leading to International complications.' Your appropriation for improving the building of the Post Office in Maryland County was not a moment too early, for the one I met there was entirely too small and insecure for so important a branch of the service. The arrival of the Post Master General on the spot a day or two before I left, gave assurance that arrangements would soon be made for a favourable change. I had hoped to be able to visit the counties of Sinoe and Bassa on my way homeward, with the view of inspecting the Receptacles that were being erected at the former place for the care and housing of Emigrants, and to see the new Light House and Customs Building, already completed, and the Government Pier in progress, at the latter. But the steamer on which I took passage not calling at these ports, I could not do so. Reliable information from Officials and others however, show that the buildings alluded to in both places are well erected, of durable material, and are suited for the purposes contemplated. And that the work on the Pier necessarily retarded during the rainy season, will be pushed forward with diligence now that the dries have set in. The importance of this public work can scarcely be overestimated when we take into account the loss of life and property to which the Commercial and shipping interests of that thrigty country have been subjected for the want of such conveniences as it will afford. The immense loss of human life by drowning and exposure of health, the tremendous expense attending the wear and tear of boats, to say nothing of the items of damaged and wrecked goods, with loss of time in waiting for opportunities to ship produce, must necessitate a very large deduction in the profits to be derived from commercial investments in that County. To accomplish as speedily as possible this important piece of work, will be the cherished object of the Executive Government. For we cannot afford to lose sight of the

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fact, that facilitating commercial enterprise, in giving it all the help and protection possible, is a duty that the State owes not only to those engaged in that Department of Industry, but also to itself. Finding on my return from the Leeward, that the differences existing between the Golah, Pesseh and Behleh tribes were still keeping up a feeling of unrest, which had led to serious interruptions of the trade, and which also had the effect of checking very considerably the Agricultural Industry of the County, it was deemed necessary to lose no time in taking steps to effect a settlement. Accordingly messengers were sent out to the several leading chiefs and warriors engaged in fomenting these troubles, summoning them to meet in Monrovia either in person or by responsible Representatives, for the purpose of submitting their disputes to the Government. They were assured of a safe conduct with permission to return to their homes whether matters should be amicably adjusted or not. They were made to understand positively however, that such chiefs as should disregard this call, would be considered to be in rebellion against the Republic. The summons met with a hearty response, and in the month of June a large gathering of leading men convened in the Council. The result of the interview which lasted several days was a pledge on the part of the belligerents to cease further Hostilities, and to meet in a General Council, at such time and place as the authorities should appoint, for the settlement of all questions in dispute. These promises having been faithfully observed, the Secretary of the Interior is now on a mission to Boporo to attend to this business. Closely allied to the subject of our interior difficulties, is a suggestion which I would earnestly recommend for your consideration. I refer to that of a material change in our policy, touching the aboriginal elements of the country. A change, I respectfully submit, more in keeping with the advanced condition of this class of our population. Years of contact with our civilization, have wrought in them a very great improvement. They are far removed from the low state of society in which they were found at the formation of our settlements here. The ideas and habits of life which they have imbibed, the object and aims of government with which they have been impressed, and the marked improvement which they exhibit all along the line of progress in civilization, entitle them to privileges, and to a share in the internal management of the State, that cannot be safely ignored. The wise statesmen of Liberia recognized this fact years ago, and hence the judicious provision, of allowing Tribal Referees to seats in our National Legislature, to witness the laws enacted, as well as to speak for, and present the wishes and claims of the several tribes they represent. I think, however, the time has come for a further advance on this line. Something on the following plan might be adopted. Arrange, or divide the interior tribes as well as those on the coast distant from civilized settlements, into districts, and commission the paramount Chief of each such district, constituting him an official of the government with a salary. Authorize him to collect the taxes of the district, as well as to convene a council whenever necessary for the settlement of all matters of dispute arising within his jurisdiction, making quarterly reports to the Secretary of the Interior. Where necessary, he might be furnished with a clerk to record all cases arising and the disposition of the same. Such a plan judiciously and gradually introduced, would not only deepen the interest of the people in the Government, but would simplify the work of the Executive, and protect the native tribes from many impositions practiced upon them by unscrupulous petty officials and tax collectors.

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The Election Registration Act. In view of the importance of safeguarding the sacred privilege of the ballot box, I am of the opinion that the 2nd paragraph of the 7th section of the Election Registration Act ought to be reconsidered and amended; as it is now open to very serious abuses. An unscrupulous designing demagogue may grant a deed of five, of even a less number of acres, to from one hundred or more semi-civilized or other irresponsible persons, register their names and secure their votes for some mischievous purpose, very detrimental to the commonwealth. You can readily see how dangerous a weapon is thus placed in the hands of enemies of our institutions. And the very Act which was intended to protect the State, may be used for its over throw. The object of the law was to provide that none other than responsible bona fide free holders should have a voice in electing men to control our national affairs. But with the open door here alluded to, the end sought is not secured. Immigration The appropriation you were pleased to make at you previous session for the encouragement of immigration into this country from the United States of America, has not been used. The conditions under which it was to be applied to that purpose, have not yet been met. I trust however you will see the propriety of continuing the appropriation at an increased figure, as I have no doubt that there will be an opportunity for utilizing the same to grant advantage. The numerous openings that are being presented for the establishment of settlements both on our seaboard, and in our rich interior districts, invite a measure of governmental activity on this line that ought not to be neglected. Settlements wisely planned, and judiciously located, will have the two-fold effect of largely developing the resources of wealth in the nation, and of spreading Christian civilization in the regions beyond. The opening of such interior settlements as are here alluded to, will also be the means of affording protection to the large amount of European and American capital that is now waiting to be invested in this country, so soon as it can be done with safety and profit to the owners. .And I deem this a very important consideration, since it is a well established principle, that without capital the development of the resources of any country must be exceedingly slow. And there is scarcely anything that retards the growth of a country more effectually than the insecurity of invested capital. Agriculture In a former message your attention was invited to the Agricultural industry of the country with the view of pointing out the importance of the government taking a more active interest in its promotion than has hitherto been the case. After the expiration of a year, I see no reason for changing my views on that subject. So far from it, I am persuaded that every day adds force to the argument in favor of giving special attention to the advancement of this interest, so vital to the existence and well-being of the State. The various ways in which this can be done, will readily present themselves to your mind, should you conclude to give this matter any serious consideration at your present session. The eagerness with which all the leading nations of the world are seeking to grasp the advantages offered by agricultural pursuits, and the number of Europeans who leave their homes for Africa and other Foreign countries, for the purpose of engaging in this industry, should afford to Liberia striking object-lessons of the place which it holds in the estimation of enlightened people. That this industry has not been lost sight of by the people of Liberia is very obvious from the great attention which has been given to the successful cultivation of Coffee, and which up to a few years ago, was such a prolific source of revenue to the state. But what is here contended for, is, the aid which the government can give in introduc-

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ing variety in production, improvement in cultivation, and perfection in preparing products for the foreign markets. Education The demise of the Late Hon, J. C. Stevens in the month of April last, deprived the state of his efficient and faithful services as the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Attorney General Haynes was appointed pro tempore to fill the vacancy, whose report will be laid before you, exhibiting a detailed account of the number of teachers, schools, pupils attending in the several counties, together with a statement of the outlay of the funds appropriated for this object. While as you will notice, much work is being done on progressively lines in our public schools, yet there is ample room for improvement. And I trust that in view of the vital importance of popular Education to the existence and well-being of the State, you may see your way clear to make a larger appropriation to meet the growing demands of the Country in this respect. Besides the public schools of a primary and elementary character, the Liberia College, a State Institution, with its feeders in the several Counties has shared the careful attention of the Government. A full staff of Professors, and tutors have been at their posts during the year, giving instruction to a large number of pupils of both sexes. The College Building has been repaired and rendered far more commodious and comfortable than before. The development of the Law department established a few years ago, has made commendable progress, a class in which has graduated this year. In addition to the work of supervising the public schools, Mr. Haynes has completed the task of publishing a short time before Mr. Stevens’ death, copies of which will be laid before you. Departmental Reports The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury will submit a detailed account of the financial condition of the Country, with suggestions for the increase of the same to meet the growing demands of the Government. His long experience in connection with the Department, entitles his views to the consideration which I trust they will receive in your deliberations. The circumstances of the Republic at the present, growing out of the fall of prices in connection with our exports, together with the new openings for Governmental activity, present problems which call for the most careful Legislation, lest our anxiety to effect immediate relief, precipitate the enactment of measures that may prove disastrous to the future welfare of the commonwealth. The Postmaster General whose report will be read with interest, makes a suggestion which if adopted, may prove a source of considerable income to the revenue, as well as promote confidence and security in business transactions. I refer to that which alludes to the passage of a law requiring that all Deeds, Mortgages, Bonds, Licenses, Wills and c. bear a Government stamp of such value as you may see fit to affix. The Attorney General, the Secretary of War and the Navy and the Secty. Of the Interior, will submit reports of the proceedings of their several departments during the year. The Attorney General mentions for your consideration certain recommendations, which he thinks will be helpful in the speedy and equitable Administration of justice, and the better protection of the rights of citizens and suitors. This being the cherished object always sought by well regulated States, any proposal which tends in that direction, will, I am quite sure, occupy a prominent place in your programme of measures. His recommendation touching the need of a Land Office ought not to be over-looked.

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The Secretary of State will ask the ratification of a convention for the protection of wild animals in this Country by the Senate the propriety of which provision will recommend itself when the treaty shall be presented. In this paper I have given only an outline of some of the measures which I think ought to claim special consideration at an early date Coming as you do, fresh from the body of your constituents, you must be well posted with regard to the wishes and requirements of the nation, the working of the laws already enacted, and the extent to which it will be advisable to amend or repeal old ones, and enact new ones. Of course, in dealing with these matters, there will necessarily be conflicting interests. I make us of the expression real and apparent advisedly. For very often what appears to be a divergence of interests, is merely superficial and imaginary, but is made to assume an air of seriousness, by the heated atmosphere of debates and personal or local considerations. Legislation for the nation must be based upon the wide and liberal principle of the “greatest good to the greatest number.” Gentlemen, in closing this my last message to you in this capacity, permit me to emphasize two recommendations which I deem of vital interest to the permanence of the Republic. The one is the importance of giving more attention to looking after and safeguarding the rights and privileges of the aboriginal population of the country. The second is, that you exercise the greatest care and discrimination in granting monopolies and concessions. Turn over the pages of your statute book, and see how many such grants have been made within the last twenty-five years, not one of which has been worked to any advantage to the State. Garretson W. Gibson Executive Mansion, Monrovia December 16, 1903

Arthur Barclay XV President of Liberia: 1904–1912

Annual Message to the Legislature December 15, 1904 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In accordance with the provisions of the Organic Statute of our State we are here today to review the progress of our affairs during the past year, as well as to give and to take such counsel as may upon mature consideration and reflection appear most fit and proper for the further guidance and direction of the business and interests of the Republic. It seems proper in the first place to direct attention to internal Conditions. During your recess death has deprived the State of an able, devoted and capable public servant, the Honorable H. J. Moore, Secretary of the Interior. His father, G. Moore, Esqr., a prominent merchant largely interested in the interior trade, for many years before the formation of the Interior Department was recognized as the Agent of the Government of Liberia among the tribes of the hinterland of Montserrado, among whom he was widely known. His tactful management maintained the peace of a great part of the province for many years, especially of the districts contiguous to the Americo-Liberian townships. It was through neglect of the advice given by him toward the end of his life that the country between the Little Cape Mount and the St. Paul’s Rivers has been for over twenty years in a disturbed condition. Secretary Moore received from his father much useful information and sound advice as to manner in which the native population ought to be controlled and governed. Dr. Moore was appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Cheesemen in 1892 and directed that department for about twelve years. His attitude toward the native population was sympathetic and his policy conciliatory. It is to be regretted that his ideas were not always popular, especially among the less thoughtful section of our civilized population. But Secretary Moore made a lasting contribution to the country’s prosperity and progress when he succeeded eventually in convincing the community that the policy he advocated and invariably followed was and is the correct one. No bill so far as I have been able to ascertain, has since the declaration of independence passed the Legislature providing for the local organization and government of the territory. The necessity for such a measure has now become urgently necessary. It may be said we have townships – our smallest political unit – and these townships are grouped into counties. So much was done before 1848. Since that time as regard townships, and their boundaries, every man has done what was right in his own eyes. The public statutes accord to the township a territory of 8 miles square. In Monsterrado County the township of Virginia claims the township of Brewerville is in its territory. No one knows where the township of Brewerville begins and ends. There is also an unpleasant boundary dispute between the townships of Arthington and Millsburg in the same County. Misunderstandings and difficulties of a like nature exist elsewhere in the territory of the Republic. I recommend that the townships should have an area of six miles square. That all townships be laid out under direction of the President. That they be called into existence by public proclamation, and in such

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proclamation the boundary of each be indicated and the inhabitants dwelling therein be directed to elect and appoint the local authorities, notifying their initial action to the Secretary of the Interior who shall immediately give publicity to the same. Said township shall then be considered as properly organized. In the same connection I think it will be found advisable that the Native districts be considered and treated as townships under the government of the native authorities. In the Act, power of sub-division and re-arrangement under direction of the President ought to be reserved. The Native Chief in charge, commissioned by the President, will be treated as local authority. The town assembly has not been altogether a success. I suggest that a Mayor and Council, elected every two years, be substituted for the town assembly, the election to take place the first Tuesday in October in the specified years. I hope that Legislature will not adjourn before passing a bill to regulate the government of the native communities of the Country. This matter cannot be any longer delayed. A national policy in this regard ought to be initiated. The territory should be controlled through the leading native families. We ought to make it a point to recognize and support them and get them to work with us. The desired bill should be arranged on the following lines. Assimilation of tribal territory to townships; right of inhabitants to land within a specified area; local self government granted to people; the recognition and administration of Customary Native law, both locally and by Courts of the Republic. Supervision of native population by commissioners living among them; the creation of two new courts, the court of the native Chief, and that of the District Commissioner. The former will take, in Native communities, the place of Justice of the Peace in the townships inhabited by the civilized population. The latter will deal with appeals from the Court of the Native Chief and will hear and settle disputes between members of different sections of the same tribe; or persons of different tribes within his jurisdiction. Jails, fees, and costs are subjects which for the present ought to be left to Executive regulation, through the Attorney General. Appeals from District Commissioners should be to the Court of Quarter Session of each County which courts should also deal with crimes of a serious character. The bill should also accord to the Executive the power of issuing such regulations as may be requested or advised by the native Chiefs, which regulations would of course, have the force of law until expressly disallowed by the Legislature. It should also accord to the Executive the power of issuing such regulations as may be requested or advised by law until expressly disallowed by the Legislature. It should also be made a Misdemeanor for any chief or other person to refuse to obey the summons of the President, the Secretary of the Interior or the Superintendent of County or District when it becomes necessary to investigate matters and things tending to disturb the peace of the country. Education The Superintendent of Public Instruction will submit his report for 1904. It will show over 5000 pupils in the public and mission schools of the country. The expenditure has averaged $25,000. Besides this we are spending about 10,000 a year on the College. The latter is an absolute necessity, since it is from the ranks of its students that we will obtain the most efficient teachers of our primary and secondary schools. The great wants of the public schools at present are books, and a defined course of instruction. The Government will give the tuition. Parents must pay for the books which their children need. People never properly value that which cost them nothing. We must not pauperize the people. My idea is that as soon as the prescribed course laid down and a list of the books required given, the Government might arrange for the establishment of a book depository in Monrovia with agencies throughout the country. The owner or manager ought to be guaranteed against eventual loss. We ought not to sacrifice the future of our children to the necessities of the present adult

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generation. The education of the youth of the country should in no way be connected with its political parties. Our public school system will never amount to very much as long as the Superintendents and Commissioners of Education are for the most part political appointment. For the party system is necessarily applied, and control in the main, the appointment of the teachers. We need efficient, zealous and punctual teachers. There is need for careful selection. Many otherwise capable persons cannot impart instruction to others. They do not attract and cannot interest the children, have no enthusiasm for work, indeed are often otherwise objectionable. The Superintendents knowing this are hindered from refusing employment to such persons for fear of offending a good partisan or a local boss. Then it is observed too that the County Superintendents do not inspect the schools in their Districts quarterly as is required by the public school law. Hence they can make no suggestions. They do not often remove teachers, many of whom shamefully neglect their charges. It is necessary to put life into the dead bones of our system of public instruction. We ought to take the school out of politics. It is universally recognized that the money spent on public education of the right sort is a national investment of great productive value. It is a gilt edged national security. We ought not then be so indifferent about it. If we must make the investment then we must get full value for the money expended. I recommend that the superintendent of public instruction be created a member of the Cabinet so as to place him in immediate touch with the Heads of the State. That an advisory Board of Education be created the member of which shall be appointed by the President for a term of three years, serving without pay, to advise and assist the Superintendent of Instruction. To the Superintendent and Board ought to be handed over the distribution of the Educational funds, the appointment of Superintendent of the schools in each County and the management of the whole system of public instruction. I cordially endorse the suggestion of the Superintendent of Public Instruction that a fee of two cents per week be required of each child attending a public school. The money to be applied to the purchase of books. Post Office I hope that the Legislature will after ten years solicitation pass the Stamp Act constantly suggested since 1894. If not satisfactory in the way put before you, pass the measure modifying the scale of fees. There is not tangible reasons why it should be no longer ignored. It is a proposal entirely in the interest of the people. I think, too, the Legislature should pass some measure for the encouragement of thrift among our people. I would recommend that the Postal Department be authorised to establish Postal Saving Banks. Judiciary I fear the unguarded expressions of some or our judges are affecting the reputation of the impartiality which our courts have hitherto sustained. The judges of subordinate courts seem at present to have the opinion that they are subjected to no sort of control either on part of the Supreme Court or of the Executive Government. With their judgments where there does not exist a well-grounded suspicion of corruption, or provided they do not violate Constitution and Law, the Executive power has nothing to do. I am of the opinion that if a judge proves unfit from want of legal knowledge, the Executive ought to suspend him and report the facts to the Legislature for action. The judges are civil officers, they are therefore to be supervised by the Executive Government as regard their conduct and deportment, since these must materially affect the respect in which the judicial office ought to be held. These remarks are to some extent called out by a discussion which the Government of the Republic has been carrying on during the year with the Imperial German Foreign Office, with regards to the case of Fischer and Lemcke vs Houston Brothers and Company for dissolution of partnership. This case was filed in the Court of Equity Montserrado

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County in November 1903, and was decided for plaintiffs at the December term of 1903. The defendants appealed and the judgment was reversed by the Supreme Court at its session of January of the present year. On the 19th of May the German Consul complained (1) that in said case several violations by illegal actions of Liberian officials had been committed, and (2) that the Supreme Court of this Republic by its judgments in said case had been perverting justice to the disadvantage of a German firm, and intimated that an indemnity would probably be demanded. Constituional Amendments A great source of weakness in the Government of Liberia, is the very short tenure of office accorded to the President and members of Legislature. Twelve months after inauguration the President is called upon to justify his administration and to undergo all the trouble and strain of a fresh election. Six months must elapse before he can reassure his projects of administration and if he is defeated he knows that it is useless to do so. In any case he can only have eighteen months and continuous administration before his Policy is challenged. Under these circumstances a continuous and progressive policy is almost impossible because an advance is nullified by a return to the old unprogressive condition. We are to some extent going around a circle. We have worn out and sacrificed many of our brainiest men without any corresponding national benefit. A member of the Legislature is of very little service until after his first term. If he is not re-elected the $1,200 dollars the State has paid him is as much wasted as if it had been thrown into the sea. For every avocation in life men must have special training. It takes quite two years for even a fairly well educated man to learn the House; how to manage it; how to catch its ear – and interest it; the rules of order and of business, how to deal with leaders, how to conciliate and compromise with opponents; and where to go for, and how to obtain information of matters of public concern. The good sense of the people has usually accorded to the President and members of the Legislature two terms at least, but many good men have been forced out of the public service by the expense and worry of constant elections. For more than thirty years the necessity for an amendment of the Constitution has been discussed, and agreed upon as a national want. The amendments have been framed, passed the Legislature and submitted to the people at the least on three occasions. Why have they not been carried? Because of a want of moral courage on the part of the men in office, and because of the selfishness of political opponents. Why sacrifice the interests of the Country to our passions and prejudices? If the amendments are adopted all will have the same chance. But I would not advise that the necessary amendments be considered at this session. I would like to see first of all, a plank in the platform of some political Party to the effect that the Constitution ought to be amended. In two years the people will have become accustomed to the idea; will be ready, doubtless to adopt them. Perhaps it would be better, in order to avoid any charge of selfseeking, if the Legislature passed an Act providing for the calling of a constitutional Convention for framing a new Constitution, which might embody most of the features of the present, submitting same to the people for adoption. It would greatly simplify matters. In the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of Liberia the word “Negro” is conspicuously absent. The impression is sought to be conveyed that we are of American origin. The adhesion, attachment and support of the native population of the Country are of vital importance to us. Yet these important State papers place the civilized Liberian in a false light before the eyes of the aboriginal citizen. He is made to appear as an alien and stranger in Africa, the land of his fathers. Foreign Relations

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Our relations with Foreign Powers are on the most friendly footing. In pursuance with the provisions of the Anglo Liberian Boundary Agreement the British Government has announced that the survey of the Coast of Liberia will be taken in hand during the present month. A map of the frontier and other documents relative to the Anglo-Liberian Delimitation Commission has been received at the Department of State. Liberia’s share of the joint expense was found to be equal $23,117.16. You are requested to make provision for the payment of this sum. A Commission composed of the Attorney General and Associate Justice Dossen was despatched to France during the year. The Commissioners with our Minister Resident in France, Baron de Stein were charged to obtain the speedy execution of the Franco-Liberian Agreement of 1892, and to endeavour to arrive at a preliminary understanding with regard to the deviations or changes which might become necessary on lines designated in the agreement, in consequence of said lines running between towns, and the territory belonging to them, or splitting the country of a small tribe in two, and such other changes as might appear proper and in accord with the spirit of said agreement. The representatives of the two Governments were unable to agree with regard to the Cavalla frontier, for which cause, and other good reasons, our Commissioners suspended the negotiations and returned home. Finances The revenue for the year is expected to show a decrease compared with that of the last year of at least $50,000. The accounts have not been fully made up, but for the half year ended March 30th, from all sources only $158,664.04 had been received. No blame can be attached to the administration for this. Revenue is an index of the industrial condition of the country and its relation to the markets of the world. The greater in volume and value the exports, and the larger the imports the greater the revenue. For, since it is principally obtained from the movement of trade, it must flourish or decline in accordance with that movement. First the coffee crop decreased both in quantity and value, and then the piassava fibre, the principal article of export in the leeward counties declined in quality and consequently in price. Disturbances in the interior especially in Monsterrado County and in other quarters have affected conditions. Everything possible is being done to settle the disturbed districts, but as it is easier to excite disturbances than to allay them, it will be some time before the result of these efforts can be seen and appreciated. Nations like individuals, must live within their income or else go into bankruptcy and so lose control to a very great extent of their affairs. It may be useful to place before you a statement of our financial condition. The foreign bonded debt amounts to 96,997 pounds. We are paying interest on 78,250 pounds at the rate at 3 1/2%, and the charge on the revenue for sinking fund and interest will be $16,000 for the next three years. The internal bonded debt amounts to $135,557.17 of which $36,000 bears interest at 6% and the balance at 3%. The annual charge is about $5,000. The floating debt is estimated at under $200,000, less than one year’s average income. It consists of currency, audited bills, and drafts on the Treasury. The total debt, of the country is about $800,000, of which the English 1871, 7% Loan is the largest item. The debt would be covered by about 3 years revenue. For the last ten years, 1893 to 1903, the revenue from all sources is returned at $2,243,148.47. The disbursements were $2,177,556.20 showing a balance in favor of the country of $66,592.27. Unpaid balances due by receivers of the revenue, stamps, etc. account for a very large part of this balance. Now if our disbursements represented approximately the sum annually

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appropriated, there would be no floating debt; but unfortunately they do not. The local budgets of the counties of Sinoe and Maryland especially, for the last ten years, approved, and passed by the Legislature have been double the estimated revenue, as I shall now proceed to show. The total revenue collected in the County of Maryland for the last ten years amount to $335,508.02. A little less than one-half of this sum is placed at the disposal of the local administration say $160,000. The appropriations for Maryland County for the same period, or let us say the Local budget, have amounted to $243,539.06, most of which was drawn for, and the difference, between receipts and expenditure went to form the floating debt. In fact that floating debt in the district was found to be about forty four thousand dollars. Everybody can see how this debt has been brought about. The case is the same in the County of Sinoe where the total revenue has during the last ten years amounted to $202,245.70 while the local budgets for same period have amounted to $235,435.00 as the local administration could control only half, at the most, of the revenue, the difference against the Treasury was at least $100,000. Now the case is different in the two upper counties; the budgets are more in accord with their financial position. The general Government having to meet many unforseen expenses, always, too, owes something. The Secretary of the Treasury confronted on one hand with the necessity of paying the floating debt, must on the other find means of meeting current expenses. If he does not pay the persons who hold the Government paper they will make no advances, and if he does pay and endeavors, at the same time to extinguish the debt by not asking for advances he is met by the angry murmurs of citizens employed in Government service, who require payment of their bills. Now the real blame lies on the shoulders of the Legislature. The Annual Budget must rest on certain data, which ought to be estimated for the five years last past and forwarded to Houses by the Treasury. But if the Legislature will not, as it does not draw up the Budget in accordance with these data, the situation will never improve. The average revenue each year for the last ten years has been for the first five years, $225,000; and for the last five, $226,000. The Budget for the General Government then must not exceed $160,000. For the County of Montserrado $40,000; Bassa $35,000; Sinoe $16,000; Maryland $16,000, in hand. If we could be sure that this estimate would be adhered to, then a small loan could be negotiated for paying off the floating debt. The President of the Republic has for many years been deprived of his right of veto so far as concerns the budget, as it is made the last bill and is generally presented on the last date, just at the last hour, or even a little after the Legislature has adjourned sine die. I hope this course will be abandoned. It is contrary to the Constitution. Arthur Barclay. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia December 15, 1904

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1905 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: In accordance with the will of the people expressed at the last Biennial Election, you, members of the thirtieth Legislature have assembled here to-day to receive the Annual Executive Communication directed by the Constitution. With sincere pleasure I tender you friendly greetings, and trust that a sympathetic accord may be found to exist between the Legislature and the Executive on all questions conductive to public welfare and national progress. To the discharge of the high office to which you have been elected by the people of Liberia, it is to be hoped that you bring patriotism, candor, courage, and a desire to be thoroughly informed on all business of a public nature to which your attention may be directed either by the Executive or by the constituencies which you represent. I must caution you to sift with great care the allegations and representations of persons whose views on matters of public concern have not received the stamp of popular approval. While I am unwilling that the voice of the minority should altogether be stifled in a Democratic State, yet, Members of the Legislature, before according preference to views which they were not understood to favor when standing for election, should be sure that they represent a sincere patriotism, are really sound and progressive, and are not put forward for purposes of political obstruction or private pique. I trust therefore that your Legislative action will be along lines universally recognized as making for national development and advancement, and that your official term may mark the initiation of an epoch to be memorable in the annals of our beloved Country. Since the last session of the Legislature, Death has deprived the Republic of the service of the Hon. J. D. Summerville, late Vice President. He passed away on the 27th of July last. He was very popular in the County of Grand Bassa where he held a leading position and many offices of trust from early manhood. He had attracted the attention of the Country and was considered eligible for the highest post in the gift of the People. I condole particularly with the Senate of the Republic, on the loss of its distinguished Chief, and mourn, with the people of the Country the premature departure of a useful and eminent public Servant. The unexpected demise of Hon. J. C. Johnson, a Senator representing Montserrado County, in the National Legislature, has also been a matter of general regret. The death of Mr. Summerville a few days after his re-election to the Vice Presidency, and some months before the completion of his second term has caused some agitation, and much discussion and inquiry as to whether an election ought not to be held to supply the vacancy. The very discussion shows, that by many apparently, otherwise, well informed persons the Constitution has not been carefully read and studied. The Vice President is an Executive Officer. He is elected every two years. There is no provision in the Constitution for filling vacancies in the office of President and Vice President, other than at the regular biennial election. The reason of this is not hard to discover when we remember that General Elections are everywhere a very disturbing incident in the otherwise smooth current of National life. Referring to Article 3 of the Constitution under the head Executive Power Sec. 2, we find the following provisions: “There shall be a Vice President who shall be elected in the same manner, and for the same term as that of the President, and whose qualifications shall be the same. He shall be President of the Senate and give the casting vote when the latter is equally divided on any

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subject. And in case of the removal of the President from office, or his death, resignation or inability to discharge the duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President; and the Legislature may by law provide for the cases of removal, death, resignation or inability both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.” This section of the Constitution has apparently been well understood by the Legislature. For many years, the Speaker of the House was the officer designated, but within the last five years the Secy. Of State; an appointment by the way, very much in interest of the State, since he (the Secretary of State) was more likely to have a better knowledge of the policy, business, and intention of the Administration than the Speaker of the House could possible have, that officer residing at the Capital only about three months of each year. Under present circumstances and existing laws it is the Secretary of State who will succeed to the Presidency in case of the death, removal or inability of the President, and he will have the legal succession until the first Monday in January 1908, unless otherwise ordered by the Legislature. Foreign Relations. Our intercourse and relations with foreign powers during the year have been most friendly. The Government has continued its efforts to secure from the French Republic the appointment of a Commission for delimitating the frontier between its possessions in this part of Africa and those of our Republic. It having discovered that the geographical data in accord with which the Eastern frontier, the Cavalla basin, was to have been delimitated, were in some respects erroneous, it has been found necessary to arrive at a fresh agreement with regard thereto. As soon as an accord can be reached, the delimitation will doubtless proceed. The Hon. E. W. Blyden was during the year appointed our Minister near the Government of the French Republic in succession to Baron von Stein, and proceeded to his post. The Legislature is asked to consider the feasibility of providing for the appointment of a citizen of Liberia as the diplomatic representative of the Republic, jointly accredited to the Government of Great Britain, France, and the German Empire with an office at the Capital of each power. It is considered that such an appointment for the reasons given in my last Message would be of great public utility. The cost of such a mission would be at least $8000.00 per year. The Union between the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway has been dissolved. The newly elected King of Norway, Haakkon VII, has notified the Government of Liberia of his accession and has expressed the hope that the best understanding may exist between the two States. The survey of the coast of Liberia by H. M. S. “Gold-finch” was carried on during the first half of the year as far as Junk River. The “Gold-finch” reached Bassa in the month of November and has resumed the Survey. The Postal Department The Postmaster General’s report, which will be laid before you shortly, exhibits the gratifying progress which that branch of the public service continues to make. It will show that between the years 1895 and 1905 the number of letters, ordinary and registered, transmitted through the post-office has doubled, without reference to the parcel post, money order and other branches. The Post Office in most countries is so worked as to afford a profit and thus benefit the National Exchequer. In Liberia this desirable result has never yet been attained. The Government is desirous with your assistance to bring this about.

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The appropriations for maintenance of the postal service aggregates $10,000 yearly. This does not include rents, an item which is being rapidly reduced by the erection of buildings belonging to the State, fees for mail conveyance, contribution to Central Bureau of Berne, cost of printing stamps, fees due other postal administrations. The postal revenue for the present year amounts to $11,577.65. In order to reach at least, an equilibrium between receipts and expenses, the postal revenue should be increased by at least, $1500 or $2000. Successive Chiefs of the Postal Service, with a view to the increased revenue, have suggested the enactment of a Stamp Act. But hitherto, the Legislature has ignored the proposal. Have members ever stopped for a moment to consider the enormous utility of the postal service to the commerce, comfort and convenience of the people inhabiting the State? Let it be closed for a month and the inconvenience would be felt in every home. An institution of such value to the people of the State must be kept up by their contributions. We are now, supporting the Post-office partly out of the Customs. This is quite unnecessary. I again solicit your favourable consideration for the proposal of the Postmaster General in this particular. The Postmaster General is also anxious to institute a Deposit and Postal Savings bank of the character generally conducted by postal administrations, in most civilized communities. Such an institution will certainly promote a habit of thrift, and consequently of economy among our people, to the great ultimate benefit of the whole community. If the Faulkner telephone service has collapsed or should collapse, I suggest that the Postal Department be charged with its eventual re-establishment as a branch of the postal service. The Judicial Department Among the subjects to which the Attorney General will call attention will be the legal status of the Liberian paper currency. The history of this paper currency is interesting as showing that a paper currency of little value and reputation always tends to displace in the circulation of a country other currency of greater worth and of superior international value. Originally issued as redeemable at the Treasury in gold, it was so manipulated as that it took the place in the monetary circulation of the country of the coin which it was designed to represent. It became the subject of the speculations and for the note, which the revenue officers of the State received at its treasuries as representing a gold dollar, its employees could get only 50 cents, and often much less. It was of no value, of course, in the commerce of the country. The Legislature finally ordered that the word gold be left out of the Demand Note, and by a series of successive enactments between 1878 and 92, practically demonetized the currency at its treasuries, while providing for its gradual retirement from circulation. While its position as between the Government and its creditors is well understood, and currency is known not to be a legal tender in payment from the Treasury, unless at the option of public creditors; it is in the domain of private credit that this paper has given the most annoyance and has done the most harm. Under existing laws as construed and applied by the courts of the Republic, the Liberian debtor is given an unfair advantage over both his domestic and his foreign creditors. He may, and often does pay his judgment debt in this useless and depreciated paper, of no commercial value for the purpose of exchange, and which cannot be cashed at the Treasury for gold, or turned into gold by methods recognized everywhere. It does seem to the Government that it is the duty of the Legislature by appropriate enactment to place debtor and creditor on a plane of absolute fairness and equality. If the citizen of Liberia is given in any way, by the Courts of this country, an unfair advantage over his foreign creditor, especially, and it becomes universally recognized that this is so, why the credit of the country as between man and man will suffer severely and eventually

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reach a vanishing point. Of course, many citizens of Liberia do pay their creditors in gold; but all the same the tenor of judicial decision is that a debt may be paid in paper-currency. It seems, therefore, that we must do one of two things, either to further demonetize the currency and so make it unavailable for payment of debts, or exchange it at our Treasury for gold. This is really a far more important matter than might appear at first sight. Liberia is recognized as one of the countries whose basis of exchange is gold. The credit which its people may enjoy, their reputation for honesty, is an asset of great value for private credit can often, at a crisis, be utilized to great advantage in the service of a country. A strict observance of their engagements, on behalf of our people, as well as of residents in our territory, ought to be fostered and encouraged by the trend of legislative enactment as well as of Judicial decision. The Divorce Law. I think that the recent law providing the judgments in Divorce cases may be rendered pro confesso upon proof of summons of defendant is too lax. Parties returned as summoned under this law have complained that they knew nothing of the proceedings in court until after judgment. It seems to me a great mistake to allow a divorce to be granted without the court having had evidence before it supporting the allegations of the plaintiff. Another mistake is to allow divorces to be obtained by agreement or collusion of parties. Where such agreement is suspected the County Attorney might intervene. A third improvement wished for, especially where the facts are unsavory is that such cases be heard by the Court in camera. It has been noticed, too, that many successful plaintiffs never apply for their bills of Divorcement, (out of 68 successful suitors only 32 did so) and in many cases do not pay the costs of the proceeding other than the jury fee of $3.00. I recommend that Justices of the Peace, or minister of the Gospel be not allowed to marry divorced persons unless the license be accompanied by a bill of divorcement from previous husband or wife, or a properly authenticated copy thereof. It may be interesting to consider the statistics of Marriage and Divorce among the civilized people living in Montserrado Country between the Little Cape Mount and Farmington Rivers for the last six years. In the year 1900, there were 83 marriages and 11 divorces; 1901, 91 marriages, 10 divorces; 1902 60 to 12; 1903, 90 to 10; 1904, 92 to 12; 1905, 60 to 13. In all 476 marriages to 68 divorces, or roughly an average of 100/0. An amendment of the law forbidding private warfare has been found desirable. The law may now be so construed as to inflict punishment upon the man who instigated the disturbances, if he can be discovered, but not upon his instruments. I should be glad to have the legislature restrain by Statute the discretionary powers exercised by the County Attorneys to enter a nol pros in criminal cases. I conceive that this ought not to be allowed unless upon the written authority of the Attorney General. Nor ought prosecuting attorneys be permitted to have assistants unless by authority of the Head of the Department. There has been considerable waste of public money in this direction. It ought not to be forgotten that while the admission to public office opens up to a citizen of the Country a series of new duties and opportunities, the acceptance of office involves certain limitations upon his freedom of action and his conduct. There are many things which are perhaps not unlawful in the action of public functionaries, but which are clearly improper and inexpedient. The Executive Government has noted with deep regret that members of the Legislature have felt themselves at liberty to appear for, and defend defaulting local officials who were

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indicted by the Grand Jury of their respective Counties for fraud upon the revenue. The impressions which are created by this action upon and among the masses ought to be carefully pondered, for it must not be lost sight of, that the officials accused were recommended in some instances for office by the members who defended them. The situation created by the action now commented on, is exceedingly, delicate. Is this not a case is which the legal Members of the Legislature ought to agree to a self-denying ordinance? I think so, and recommend the passage of an Act forbidding the members of the Legislature appearing as Counsel for public officials criminally charged for official misconduct. The aims of the present Government in its administration of the Interior Department, are: 1st. To make the native population feel sure that the State recognizes, and will grant to them a title for as much land contiguous to their Settlements as will suffice for all their reasonable purposes. 2nd. To provide for the local Government of the Country by the establishment of townships formed around some well known native town the governing body being selected by the Native themselves. 3rd. To form Districts each containing a number of such townships to be presided over by officers of limited judicial powers invested with authority to review cases decided in the local courts of the Native Chiefs and to settle disputes between townships and different tribes and to hinder and remove the cases of intertribal warfare. 4th. To utilize the Chiefs to assist in the administration, either in connections with commissioners, or alone, as may seem best. 5th. To form a police force for the preservation of public order and for guarding and keeping open the principal roads, and for the protection of industry and peaceful trade. 6th. To so arrange for the government and control of our territories as to make our occupation of same fairly effective. 7th. To select and train a suitable body of public servants for service in the interior department, persons possessing ability, courage, tact, resource, patience and perseverance and to effect these aims without bloodshed, and with the least possible friction. Time, continuity of purpose and action and infinite patience will be required for the full realization of these aims. What I deprecate is the spirit of impatience manifested by many of our people. Impatience has no place in a scheme of constructive statesmanship of this sort. It is along these lines that the Government has been proceeding. As at last session, I again request the passage of a resolution giving the President power, to lay out and proclaim townships within the scope of existing laws. The Government, in the interest of the State, deemed it wise to dispatch during last year an expedition to the Liberian territory contiguous to French frontier. The expedition was placed in charge of Lieut. W. D. Lomax who was appointed our Commissioner in that part of the hinterland. Lieut. Lomax proceeded North East until he reached the French post of Singenou on the borders of French Guinea. He returned in the month of March of the present year. His report, if you so desire, will be laid before you. Mr. Vinton our special Commissioner in the hinterland of Maryland County assisted by Hon. E. M. Cummings has been engaged with success in maintaining and extending the interest of the Republic in that part of the Republic. The Robber Tumbo, who raided the Little Bassa District at the end of last year was in accordance with the resolution of the Legislature followed up, surrounded and forced to submit. He and his accomplices have been duly tried and convicted and executed. In the month of February accompanied by the Secretary of the Treasury, Attorney General and Postmaster General, I went on a visit of inspection to the Territory of Grand Cape Mount. A meeting of the Chiefs of the Vey Country and of the adjacent Golah Districts was held. They were asked to state any grievances they had. Where it was possible to meet their wishes, the Government did so. They asked that the shipment of boys from the Territory of Grand Cape Mount cease for the reason that the population was too sparse. At one time, it

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will be remembered the Vey Country was a well populated district but for a period of twenty years or more previous to 1893, it was remorselessly raided by the Mendi people from the Gallinas. I accordingly gave instructions that no laborers should be shipped through the local officials from the Vey Country. Having assigned to the paramount Chiefs present, the Districts, to be governed by them under the supervision of the Superintendent of the Territory, I next explained the new arrangement about the District Commissioners and especially the reasons for placing an officer at Dah, a town of the borders of the Golah and Mendi Country and a great centre from which raids were formerly made. Instructions were then given for cutting out some new and improving some old roads in accordance with an Act passed at the Session 1893/4. We remained at Robertsport sixteen days. Our visit is understood to have given great satisfaction and to have been beneficial to the territory. The Superintendent is now often requested to station members of the police force in native towns. The Vey and contiguous Districts are perfectly quiet and contented. Superintendent R. J. B. Watson, a valuable officer, has been most tactful and considerate in his dealing with the native population. His long service to the Territory of Grand Cape Mount in the capacity of the Superintendent have been of great advantage to the State. At the beginning of the year, the Gissi a rather savage tribe living near the AngloLiberian boundary headed by a chief called Kafura made series of destructive raids into British territory. As we were unable at the time to dispatch a force to restrain these people, I gave permission to the British authorities to send a force into the territory of the Republic for the purpose. The force was stationed some twenty miles within Liberian territory. Means having been found to pacify the country, by inviting the native population to elect a new chief, to which it assented, the force was withdrawn in the month of July. The presence of a permanent official on the Upper Kru Coast having been found very beneficial, a similar officer has been appointed for the Lower Kru Coast extending from Sasstown to Garraway. The large smuggling operations carried on by the steamships of the Elder Dempster Line, cause a great loss of revenue, and make it necessary to have the Kru Coast again patrolled by gun boats. At the same it is considered desirable to get a firm grip on the leaders of the Native populations in that Section. As soon as the smuggling is repressed, and conditions are satisfactory, I hope that the Legislature will see its way to make both Sasstown and Grand-Cess, Ports of Entry. There is a very large population at both places, and they should be allowed to participate in the benefits of the foreign trade. Pressure has been brought to bear upon the Chiefs of the Belli, Pesseh and Gibbee tribes with the view of putting an end to the troubles in those Sections, and it is believed that the efforts of the Government will shortly be met with success. Monrovia. I have always felt that the Legislature considering that Monrovia is the capital of the Republic, have treated the place, from that stand-point with two much indifference. It has, it is true, a Mayor and corporate body, but its local revenue is insufficient for the purposes of a capital. A great many strangers, all the representatives, naval, military, and diplomatic of foreign powers, visit this town and perhaps go to no other part of the Country. The State is very largely appraised by the appearance, and condition of its capital. I recommend that a member of the Cabinet be invested with consultative power with the Mayor and Council, and that the sum of One thousand dollars be expended yearly under the direction of the President for the improvement of the town.

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Education. I have nothing special to report on this subject. Things have been moving on under conditions which have not varied since my last Message. Liberia College continues to do excellent work and to deserve the support so wisely accorded it. Bureau of Agriculture. The Report of the Commissioner will be laid before you. Agriculture must be the principal industry of this State. It must however, be adequately assisted by capital, to which fact the Report very properly calls attention. While I agree that our people might do more, for they could perhaps plant sufficient stuff to feed the community, yet it seems never to be taken into account that the proper cultivation of say ten acres of land, planted with some agricultural product in commercial demand will involve the yearly expenditure of at least two hundred dollars, and that there is no monetary institution or business house, at present, who deems it wise to make regular advances to farmers. Unless some way can be found out of the difficulty our agriculture will never be of much value. I trust some of the useful suggestions made in the Report will have your approval. The Treasury Department. The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will show that the receipts from all sources for the fiscal year ended September 30th, have amounted to $295,646.89 and the Disbursements to $286,427.73. The report of the Registrars of the public debt will show that up to June 1st the amount registered was $361,493.18, summed up as follows: Bonds, $112,334.51. Checks, $111,143.00. Treasury Drafts, $50,503.05. Bills, $77,670.21. Of this debt over $200,000 is held in Montserrado County. Taking out the bonds and the currency, for which means of absorption is already provided, the Checks, treasury Drafts, and Bills amount to $229,116.16. At least $40,000 of this amount was required to meet payments due the treasury for June Quarter, because the account was taken in the midst of the Quarter, and this would show that the statement made in my last Message that the floating debt is estimated at under $200,000, and less than a year’s income turned out fairly accurate. For further information respecting finances and the data for a budget, I refer the Legislature to pp. 16, 17, and 18 of my last Message. Customs Referring to the Customs I believed that Specific duties ought to be imposed on as many articles as possible. There is so much uncertainty about the true price of articles on which advalorem duties are leviable. The interest due on the English 7% Loan, 1871 has been regularly paid as will appear by the following quotation from the report of the Committee of Foreign Bond-holders, London, for the present year: “The service of the External Debt has been carried out without interruption during the period which has elapsed since the publication of the Council’s last Report, the Coupon which matured on the 1st of October, 1904, and 1st of April, 1905 having been paid on their due dates. Bonds to the nominal amount of ǧ800 have been purchased by the Liberian government on account of the Sinking Fund of 1 per cent, which came into operation from 1st October, 1904.” “The Coupon due 1st October, 1905, is payable at the interest rate of 4 per cent.” The October Coupon referred to above has been paid. It is calculated that if the interest saved by purchasing Bonds for amortization, allowing of course for the rise in prices of the

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Bonds, now quoted at ǧ77, be regularly added to the amortization fund, the loan will be fully paid up in 35 years. The complaints made by Liberian laborers returning from the Spanish island of Fernando Po impelled the Government to dispatch an officer to that place to report on the conditions. Attorney General F. E. R. Johnson accepted the mission. A resident Liberian Consul was found to be absolutely necessary and the Government is endeavoring by means of an Agreement with the Spanish Government to give further necessary protection to our people in the Spanish possessions. Yet the laborers who complained would not come home, when offered passage. It was also discovered that many gambled away their earnings. Public Buildings. Grants for rebuilding and enlarging the Representative Hall and the Executive Mansion and for building jails in Montserrado and Grand Bassa Counties are urgently necessary. The buildings in use as jails have been, more than once, presented as unsuitable and unsanitary by the Grand Juries of those Counties. The Country has out grown the present Executive Mansion. Purchased over fifty years ago, it has now become too small for the social and official purposes of the Government. I may mention in passing that it has only one decent bed room and there is not a room in the house in which a hundred persons can be entertained at once. The Representative Hall ought to have beside the apartment for Sessions of the House, at least a lobby, two Committee rooms, and a room for reading and writing, in which a small reference library could be placed for the use of Members and officers. It would be best to appropriate a certain sum each year until the buildings are completed rather than to put down a lump sum for each building. I recommend the abolition of the office of Inspector of Public Buildings in the three leeward Counties. They are, at present, of no service. I would like to secure the appointment of a Commissioner of internal Revenue, an officer who will arrange for and oversee the proper collection and payment into the Treasury, of taxes, fines and other items of internal revenue, now I fear imperfectly looked after. The work of the Treasury Department has increased very much in the last ten years, and is rather undermanned than otherwise. Do not forget that the heads of Departments are their brain. These men are put there to do the thinking, planning and directing. They are not employed as copyists and typists. I have secured a loan of $480,000.00 to be applied to certain specific purposes, provided the Legislature approves of the conditions prescribed. It will enable us to place our finances on a better footing and pay off in whole or part the creditors whose paper is choking the Treasury and preventing the circulation of specie. If an arrangement can be arrived at, then I ask as a part of the scheme that all salaries and allowances be retrenched at least 20 %. I believe that if this matter is arranged the Government will see its way to obtain the gun-boat so urgently needed on the lower Kru Coast. A special Message will be presented on the subject. And also in regard to a timber Concession asked for, I am informed, by American Capitalists. It has been conceded for over fifty years by all leading men of Liberia that the introduction of foreign capital is necessary for the development of the country. We must remember that Capitalists have to be cautious and are especially so, with regard to investments in little known and undeveloped countries. They commence with comparatively small sums. If the venture turns out alright then they take greater risks and increase their investments. Do not let us be deluded with the idea that we can borrow millions of money at will. I am particularly anxious to avoid a financial crisis, always a source of great economic and political danger to a State.

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The Heads of the Departments have prepared and will transmit speedily to the Legislature the Reports required by laws of the country. I gratefully acknowledge the zealous cooperation of Members of the Cabinet and leading officials in the work of the Administration. And now in conclusion fellow citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives, I trust that unity in all things essential and charity in matters about which you differ, will mark the work of your present session. Liberia and the Liberians have been, and are still on trial. To the outsider and onlooker our national life so far as it has proceeded has been made up of personal struggles about things in their nature very petty. We have called men to the leadership of the country, in most cases, only to annoy, humiliate, and pull them down. Our attitude towards the Chiefs of the State has been invariably one of suspicion. Absorbed in petty factional fights (for there is no room for real party government in this country at present) we have neglected and shirked the real problems of the Country. Earnest men of our race are becoming discouraged. The patriotism, wisdom, energy, and public spirit of the Legislature is being more and more questioned by the masses, because of the lines on which it proceeds, and because the results attained do not appear adequately to advance the prosperity of the country. Detractors often unjustly, hold up Liberia and Haiti as instances of the incapacity of the Negro for self government, by which of course they can only mean the Negro who has been in exile, and his descendants. And it is a fact that we do not represent ourselves alone, in this national experiment. Consider what our success or our failure will mean for the Race. If there have been mistakes in the past, it is never too late to mend. May you therefore proceed to your labors, and address yourselves to a solution of national problems, as men conscious and mindful of being charged with a weighty responsibility. Arthur Barclay. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 14th, 1905

Annual Message to the Legislature December 11, 1906 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: It was not until the year 1883 that the Department of Public Justice of which the Attorney General is the Executive head, was organized by Act of Legislature, although of course, the Attorney General had before that time, certain duties assigned him by law. The Act of 1883 is found defective, in that it ordains that the Attorney General shall give opinions and advice to officers of government, but does not say whether said officers shall be guided by the opinions so given, in accordance with the provisions of the Statute organizing the Department of which he is chief. The Government and the Attorney General is often exposed to the annoyance of seeing his opinions and advice disregarded or neglected by subordinate officials. One of the principal duties of the Attorney General in countries with democratic institutions is to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law and judicial or administrative procedure, when required by the President or head of any Executive branch. The Attorney General has invariably been appointed from among the ablest lawyers of the Republic. His opinions should, and generally does carry great weight. It ought to be binding

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on all officials as law until it is set aside by the solemn adjudication of some Superiors Court. An amendment of the law in the sense indicated above is desired. Interior Department Considering the numerical proportions of our communities, the Americo-Liberians are possibly the greatest travelers of all the civilized people of West Africa. It is a pity however that they pay little attention to the contiguous Colonies and protectorates. If they did so they would probably have forced a correct idea of the great improvements and enormous development which have taken place around them, and would not be inclined to criticize, but rather applaud and assist the efforts of their Government to keep peace, however, lamely with the times. I am afraid however, that we are still influenced by the ideas held here since 1848 – that Liberia need not hurry – no one wanted Africa, and we might annex and develop at our leisure. The loss of territory on the Northwest and Southeast has not served to alarm us. We have accepted the suggestions of the neighboring Powers as to what territories we should retain and we are disposed to rest on our oars. But let us remember that if we have rights, we have also duties to perform to other nations, and our retention of territory will depend upon our action in that regard. It is not enough to have concluded treaties setting boundaries. Acquisition must be followed by action in the shape of occupation. Occupation does not mean that we must occupy the whole country by mean of settlements or even reduce it to a state of entire subjection, but it does mean that we should have stations and national officers on the frontiers, for the protection of the subjects of powers with whom we are in treaty relations, and other purposes. At the West African Congress held in Berlin in 1885, it was said by a great political authority, “For an occupation to be considered effective it is to be desired that the owner manifest without an unreasonable delay, the will and the power to exercise his rights and to discharge the duties which result.” Liberia was a recognized State long before the Berlin Conference. It considers the native tribes within its borders as citizens rather than subjects and there might be ground on its part to question some of the dicta laid down at that Conference. But it is a fact that the great Powers really settle the principles of International law. Small States must conform. It results, therefore, that we are compelled to occupy our frontiers with a frontier guard, suitable officials, and Customs Stations, and give to the frontier District an organized government on civilized lines. The English frontier requires urgent attention. The Sierra Leone Railway has been brought close to our frontier. We have no organized administration above Jenne, at the head of navigation of the Mano or Bewa River. The Government dispatched in June Commissioner Lomax to Zuay with an escort to patrol the country and to report on conditions. His report indicated the need for the immediate organization of the Districts above Zuay. I think it can be stated with truth that the Government has now a firmer grip of the hinterland than ever it had before. If the present policy is continuously pursued that hold must become stronger and stronger. There is a source of weakness however to which I feel I ought to call attention. It is the attitude of a certain class of Americo-Liberia citizens in all sections of the Country towards the Government in its dealings with the aboriginal population. They seem to forget that they are citizens of the Republic – bound to support their own Government – the core around which the nation is to be formed – so they turn Vey, Golah, Bassa or Kru and endeavor to

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obstruct orders and authority of Government in a most treasonably way. I trust that the Courts will always deal severely with this class of people. I desired that the Superintendent of Public Education should have Cabinet rank and that he work in consort with an unpaid Board of Public Education composed of eminent and competent citizens. It was expected that continuity of policy and a valuable impetus would be thus afforded to the cause of public education. The duties which the citizen owes to the State, and the problems which its leaders must solve, and can only solve, by the assistance of those entrusted with the franchise, will never be properly apprehended and understood unless we have an intelligent population, instructed through the medium of public school system on proper and improved lines. The Report of the Commissioner of Education will come up for consideration in due course. Among other amendments to the School laws he will ask that the school week be extended to five days and the working schools days be extended to six hours. I think this is just. Treasury Department The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will give particular information concerning the financial condition of the Government and various branches of the Public Service connected with the Treasury Department. During the last fiscal year the receipt from the Customs were $275,157.69. To which Montserrado County contributed $134,673.43, Grand Bassa County $83,780.03, Sinoe $27,680.09, Maryland County $28,802.84 and from all sources $357,433.39. The expenditures amounted to $340,035.83. The amount extended account last loan will be separately reported. The interest due on foreign loans has been regularly paid. In accordance with the Joint Resolution of the Legislature approved by the President the Liberian Development Company paid over to the Treasury the 30,000 pounds stipulated, in gold coin and this except 15,000 pounds turned into silver and copper coins was applied as stipulated to the payment of drafts and check on the Treasury and Sub-Treasurers and dutiable papers of the Republic, held by merchants, traders and citizens. The sum of these papers when filed with the Secretary of the Treasury amounted to $263,687.87. Of this sum, German firms and traders held $132,728.57. Liberian traders and citizens Dutch traders English traders

$82,816.01 30,043.19 18,100.16

The Secretary immediately paid to holders in coin $150,000 more or less, and gave due notes for about $110,000. The larger firms accepted on account of balance due a series of notes running over a period of from one to four years, one note being payable in each case every six months. To the smaller holders were given non-transferable notes, and it was arranged to pay quarterly, if possible, at least 10% of the face of such notes. These notes would therefore be paid up in about 2 1/2 years. Up to the month of October about $30,000, of notes were paid. There are still $80,000 of these notes held, of which sum six mercantile houses hold about $60,000. The Government hopes to pay off the whole debt in three years at the rate of $30,000 per year. The great portion of the appropriation for outstanding claims and the amount of the 10% discount is to be applied to this special purpose. In regard to audited bills, still outstanding, not a very large amount, it must not be thought that they escaped attention. A great many persons on the rumor of the payment of the floating debt, hastened to turn their bills into drafts and cheques. Some of these bills

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will be turned into gold bonds by the holders; others absorbed by payment to such sources of internal revenue as land sales, judiciary fines and the like. A certain sum will be paid out of the appropriation of Outstanding Claims. The Inspectors of Customs, recommended by the British Government at our request arrived in April, and were duly commissioned and sworn in. The arrangement has so far worked very smoothly. It has not been thought necessary to suggest any changes in our own Civil Service, because their duties while administrative, are intended to be to a great extent, educative. The Banking Department of the Liberian Development Company commenced receiving Revenue on behalf of the Republic at the Port of Monrovia on the 7th of April. Everyone payed from that date in gold. The Company has not been able to get for other, places, in the short time that has intervened, suitable persons, able to give security, and hence it has not for the present extended its operations further. The Sub-Treasurers as, heretofore, except at Monrovia have continued to receive the Customs revenue and to account, in the usual way. The Company informed the Treasury that the sum 10,000 pounds the floating loan specified in Section 4th of the Resolution was at its disposal at any time. It has been found necessary to use from that source only 2000 pounds; which is being returned by fixed installments from current Revenue. The Banking Scheme was intended also to be applied so as to benefit the farmers, small trades and citizens generally who desired to avail themselves of the services of a bank and could give the necessary security. And with this idea a scheme has been considered and settled between the Government and the Manager of the Company and sent to London for suggestions and amendments. It is intended to serve as the Charter of the Bank for the purposes above named. This will be placed before you during the session for consideration and action. Internal Revenue The Internal Revenue needs looking after. For the last ten years it totals only $122,091.00, something more than $12,000 per annum, not including Kru boys tax. In this direction, we are, I am sure, losing thousands of dollars yearly. At your last session I recommended the creation of a new Bureau in connection with the Treasury Department at the head of which should be placed a Commissioner charged with the management and collection of the Internal Revenue. This office will be a productive one and will not be an additional burden on the Country. The following are sources of internal revenue: Land Sales, Judiciary Fines, Military Fines, Tax on Kru boys and Laborers, Poll taxes, Taxes on Real Estate, Licenses, the Navy tax, the School tax, the tax on distilleries or their products. Assessors are to be appointed, Assessments made and examined, Reports of Courts-Martial scrutinized and the list prepared for collection. Forms got up. Reports of Tax Collectors examined, and suggestions made. The taxes are all set out in the Statutes, but are not regularly or properly collected. The taxes are exacted from some, others escape. Some officers are honest, others do not faithfully account owing to want of a proper system, and a strict oversight. Now I say, either take off the taxes, or else, provide proper machinery for enforcing them. Not to do the latter betrays an absence of seriousness on the part of the Government. There are many citizens who desire to share the advantages which an organized Government affords, but are very unwilling to contribute anything to its support. They wish to share in the distribution, but do not want to contribute to the fund. It is our duty to see that the advantages and the burdens are equally distributed. In its relation to the Government of Liberia, the Liberian Development Company is but an agent of the State. It has no powers but what we have granted, and politically they are of no

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importance. It can do no harm, on the contrary, it is going to be of enormous service in assisting the development of the country. The Executive and Legislature have great latent powers. These branches of Government always remain invested with the power to see that the State suffers no harm. But one thing is wanting to complete the public satisfaction. The stern refusal of the Legislature to appropriate more money than can be derived from the revenue actually in sight. “Sound finance is the foundation of the independence of States”. Our continued autonomy largely depends upon our keeping as much as possible out of debt, or if we create debt let it be for productive purposes, for the development of the Country in cases where money will beget money, and then only within limits which it is apparent to everyone we are competent to manage. And in conclusion, Fellow Citizens, we shall never be able, adequately to discharge our duty to the State unless, while attending to our own concerns, we keep a finger on the pulse of International Public Opinion. Our duty to our Country, is to some extent marked out by the thought of the world of today of which we form a part. Liberia is looked upon with apparent disdain, and yet with a certain degree of suspicion. An African State surrounded by populations of the same race, under alien rule she has great future possibilities. The philanthropic wave which moved and influenced the European World for over half a century seems for the present to have almost entirely ebbed. There is a great diffusion of knowledge today, but less generosity, and elevation of man. This is essentially a material age. There is perhaps equality of opportunity, but without favor. The Negro need expect nothing but what he may achieve through his own heroic exertions and sacrifices. It follows therefore, that there never has been a time when unity, resolution and caution in our public affairs are more needed. There was never a time when our people everywhere require more to submit to discipline, to leadership, and that leaders be patriotic and broad, patient, determined, selfsacrificing. Let these thoughts animate us all in the discharge of our public duties and pervade our minds while engaged in the execution of the tasks assigned us as the servants and agents of the people of this Republic. Arthur Barclay Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia December 11, 1906

Annual Message to the Legislature December 12, 1907 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: The people of Liberia at the general election held in May last have sent you, a fresh contingent of representative citizens, to the Capital of the State, to look after its interest and affairs.

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Before us are faces seen for many years in this chamber. Others have entered for the first time upon the discharge of the duties of this very important branch of public service. Some who were present with us on this occasion, a year ago, have gone into the Great Beyond. Others have returned to private life, or have been transferred to posts in other branches of the Government. It is hoped that all have come here animated by a common public spirit, that you bring with you, high ideals of public life and usefulness, and that you are animated by a desire to advance to the utmost, the interest of our little State. For the people of our Republic regard the present Session of its Legislature with both interest and concern. And these feelings are shared by a great body of sympathetic friends of our State scattered over the world. It is impossible that any natural or political body can always remain in the same condition. The state must grow or decay. The regard in which it is held must increase or decrease. While West Africa remained outside the circle of political life of the world, we could afford to jog along quietly and conservatively, and to follow lines laid down more than fifty years ago by the founders of Liberia and their advisers. But, now, that phase has passed, and we are confronted with new problems growing out of new conditions around us. It is for the Chief Executive Officer to place before you ideas that grow out of conditions, and it is for the Legislature to bring to a consideration of the problems presented patriotism, patience, temperate and careful consideration and intelligence. A student of the history of Liberia, can, I fancy, detect one great failing, the habit of adjourning from year to year disagreeable questions or measures which although, admittedly useful, were not thoroughly understood, and upon which members were often too proud to ask information. Or perhaps there was a question of personal-pique-some old score to pay off, and a senseless opposition offered a means of revenge. Such petty spites have brought down many a national fabric. It is well at the beginning of the session to resolve that such despicable acts shall have no part in the discharge of our public duties. During your recess the Republic has unfortunately lost the services of the Hon. H. W. Travis, Secretary of State at the time of his demise. Mr. Travis served the state continuously for more than a quarter of a century, occupying successively the important posts of Auditor General, Secretary of the Treasury, Judge of the Superior Court of Montserrado County and Secretary of State, the duties of which offices he discharged satisfactorily. He had large experience, both of men and affairs, as a leader of the liberal and progressive type, was very popular with the people generally, and was loved and trusted by the circle of men who have had the direction of public affairs for a generation. The Auditor General, Mr. W. V. Gibson an official with considerable experience in both the Departments of State and of the Treasury, has also died since your adjournment. Several bills presented in January, on the First day of your session did not meet approval, and hence have not been Printed. One was the Bank Bill which contains new matter of which members of the Government had no previous cognizance. Another error was, that the duration of the Corporation was made uncertain. So the matter stands over for action at the present session. I have pointed out in more than one Executive Message that the President and members of the Legislature are trustees of the public domain and of the public interests. They cannot therefore use their positions to obtain concessions. This was the defect in another bill (Senate’s bill No….) and consequently it was not approved. A third bill, House No. 38, Joint Resolution permitting certain articles to be admitted free of duty infringed our contract with the Liberian Development Company and was therefore illegal.

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Under the Resolution authorizing the Executive Government to conclude arrangements for a Cable between Liberia and Europe, an agreement has been concluded between Felton and Guilleaume, a German firm, the Assigns of the east African Company. A copy of the Agreement will be laid before you by the Secretary of State. I am unable to state at what time it is proposed to commence operations. It was impossible for various reasons to convene during the present year the Military Council established by the Act approved January 26, 1907. The third section of the Act relating to Divorces passed at your last session, has embarrassed the Judiciary. There seems to be no good reason for the provision “that no action of Divorce shall be tried at the next term of the Court after that to which the defendant has been summoned to appear.” There may be good, sound, just reason for delay, as for example, procuring evidence for defendant, and necessary legal advice, I think the section should be amended and trust it will have your attention. Attention was called at the beginning of your last session to the great need there was for a new and properly drawn Naturalization law. The difficulties of Government in this connection were fully explained. It is regretted that the Legislature adjourned without action. Your immediate attention to this measure is requested. The law relating to the office, powers and duties of Justices of the Peace has been codified by Counsellor T. McCants Stewart and printed, and is ready for circulation. It should be legalized. Your action is requested. The compilation and Codification of the Statues of the Republic of Liberia is in progress, and it is hoped that this will be completed by the middle of the next year. Judiciary The Attorney General will call attention to the law regarding the action of Injunction. A decision of the Supreme Court exists to the effect that a defendant not summoned fifteen days before the regular session of the Court before which the writ is returnable is deemed not to have been legally summoned. While this decision may be sound under existing laws, yet the effect is to destroy to some extent the efficacy of this important remedial writ. This writ you will remember, is directed to a party commanding him to abstain from doing some act which it is alleged he is about to do. The opinion seems to be entertained that, in the space of the fifteen days during which the writ cannot be made legally available, persons injured, or about to be injured by some action of their neighbors can obtain no legal protection, and it is to correct this, that legislation is desired. The Government also suggests that Courts of Admiralty have summary jurisdiction in all cases in which a violation of the Customs regulations is charged. The object being to make prosecution and defense more speedy and less tedious and expensive than under present conditions. The Christian influences which dominate the ideas of the Legislature are certainly manifested in the law on the subject of Divorce. The general opinion seem to be that it ought to be allowed only on the ground of adultery. But many cases arise in which there is reasonable cause for separation, if not divorce. Among the suggestions which the legal adviser of the Republic will make is one which you will be asked to pass an Act authorizing the Courts of Quarter Sessions sitting in Equity to grant bills of separations upon the joint application of the husband and wife, or upon the petition of either in case of cruelty, disease, insanity, or of desertion. During such separation, marital and conjugal rights would be held in abeyance, but might be restored by petition to the same Court. The amendments to the Constitution proposed by your Honorable Body at your last session were duly submitted to the people at the Biennial Election held in May of the

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present year and appear to have been adopted if that turns out to be the case, then a reform of a most useful beneficial and progressive character will have been effected. I am of opinion that the Legislature should at the present session initiate a reconstruction of the judicial department. Both the international and Social interests of the State make a reform desirable. The judge must belong to the professional class, that is, must be taken from among men who have had legal training. They must conform to those rules of conduct and of deportment which characterizes judicial officers in the civilized world. I suggest that the present Bench of the Supreme Court be augmented by two Associates Justices, making four in all, and that these should preside in rotation over the Courts now known as Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas in each County and District, as assigned by the Chief Justice. That the Chief Justice receive a salary of $1500 per year, and each Associate Justice, $1200, with actual traveling expenses. Future holders of these judicial appointments must be Counselors of the Supreme Court, or must be able to exhibit satisfactory evidence of legal proficiency. This reform need cost no great additional expense. The salaries of the judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts are collectively about $5500. The new arrangement would cost about $800 more per year. The Supreme Court would be formed by the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices collectively. It being understood that no judge should sit on a case which he had heard in the Court below. An advantageous provision would be that on the completion of his 60th year, any judge would have the option of retiring on half pay, but in case of sickness or other inability of an active judge, might be assigned to a circuit for a term or two, on payment of his expenses. The Attorney General to by retained exclusively by the Government. A salary of $1200 is not excessive if this desirable end is to be attained. It is hoped that the Bill allowing Parties to Actions to give evidence in their own favour if they so desire, subject, of course to cross-examination, will meet your approval at the present session. The Postal Department. The Postal Department continues to show progress as will appear by the Report which the Postmaster General will submit. As in all business institutions, so there is in the transactions of the Postal Department, an element of risk and consequent loss. I regret to inform you that the Department has suffered last year a loss of about $10,000 dollars through the default of the Vice Consul of Liberia at New York, Mr. Charles T. Geyer. To this official, the Postal Department, since the inception of the Money Order business, has been accustomed to remit its America Bills and financial papers for collection. Instead of placing the amounts collected in some bank in the name of the Republic, it appears that he placed the money in his own name. He was suddenly forced to suspend business. A draft of $5000 drawn by the Post Office was dishonored, and on receipt of the news, the Postmaster General being absent on leave, the Government telegraphed to the Liberian Consul General in the United States to endeavor to secure these funds. He did his best but the money could not be recovered. The Government secured from the delinquent Consul an interest in some lands in the State of North Carolina, but these are not saleable at present. As this money belongs to Foreign administrations, the Legislature is now called upon to meet the claim by special appropriation. The Post Office Department has also had losses in other directions, particulars of which will be duly put before you by the departmental officer as well as the steps which have been taken in the premises.

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Foreign Relation. The Republic continues to maintain friendly relations with all foreign powers. The Secretary of State will give you such information with regard to our exterior relations as you may request. The Franco-Liberian Agreement of 1892 having been found un-workable, negotiations continued over a period of six years, have finally resulted in the signature of a Fresh Arrangement which will be placed before the Senate for consideration and ratification. The Manna River question has also had the attention of the Government. The arrangements concluded will be placed before you as soon as the official document is received. The matters referred to above have been pending for many years and the conclusion of Agreement was accelerated by a short visit of the President to Great Britain, and France in the months of August and September. The Secretary of State, Hon. F. E. R. Johnson had preceeded me. I was accompanied by Mr. T. McCants Stewart in the capacity of Deputy Attorney General. The Secretary of Treasury was commissioned as Secretary of State ad interim, and discharged the duties of President during my absence. A full report of this visit has been drawn up and can be pursued by members of the Legislature so desiring. The ideas of the Government of the two countries visited as I caught them, may be thus summarized: The British Foreign Office expressed itself as seeing with regret, the gradual curtailment of the territory of the Republic. It attributed that curtailment to ineffective administration in matters of Police and finance. It expressed the hope that Liberia will see the necessity of speedily putting on foot the necessary reforms. The British Foreign Office owing to complaints that have been made to it recently, is impressed that the Judicial administration of our State requires overhauling. The Government of the Republic, in its opinion should pay immediate attention to this branch of Administration, otherwise it would only provide for itself further embarrassments. The French Foreign Office for its part, assured the Liberian Officials that France had no designs on Liberia. It would be wise to pay attention to the expressions above set forth. The shoals on which our Ship of State may run aground in its international relations should be evident to all of us. We should therefore make serious and unremitting efforts to avoid the shallows. The French Government has intimated through its representative here that it believes that arms of precision are smuggled through the posts of Liberia into its territories. You will remember that Liberia is a party to the Convention of Brussels which forbids the sale of arms to the uncivilized natives of Africa. The Government of Liberia has replied that they considered the fear expressed by the French authorities erroneous and gave its reasons in detail. For the last two or three years the laws and Customs Regulations with respect to arms of precision have been strictly enforced. The Acts on the subject however, need verbal revision. It would be perhaps well to enact in addition, to present expression, that said arms can only be imported by the Military authority of the Government of Liberia. A suspicion exists that the English steamship Lines land arms of precision at non-ports of Entry as part of their illicit trade, but the Government has not been able to verify this rumor. During my visit to England I met Sir Alfred Jones. Managing Director of Elder Dempster Lines who took occasion privately and publicly to dissociate himself and Directorate from any connection with, or approval of the irregular traffic in which these steamers have hitherto taken part.

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Interior Department. The Government through the interior Department has continued its efforts to put an end to tribal wars, to arrest turbulent Chiefs and generally to pacify such Districts as were in a disturbed condition. A considerable staff of District and Assistant Commissioners, some twenty in number, have been maintained for these purposes. In the Annual Communications of 1906 attention was called to the frontiers and it was pointed out that it would be necessary to occupy posts thereon with an efficient police under proper supervision. As you will learn from the report of the Secretary of the Interior, efforts have been put forth in that direction but they have not been as effective as desired. Our neighbors complain that we do not efficiently police our frontiers, that, that neglect is a source of trouble and of expense to them. On the other hand, tribes in frontier districts have complained to the Government of Liberia of wrongs received from local officials and protégées of the French and English Colonies Complaints have only led to recriminations. Each State is disposed to give credence solely to its local representatives. Under the circumstances the absence of proper officials and of an efficient police has been a detriment to the interests of our own State. The establishment of a well drilled and efficient Police Force has therefore become a necessity, and the Government has promised, with your consent to proceed as speedily as possible to effect its formations. It should be from the first embodied and formed by trained men, who in this case will have to be European Officers of some experience in this special time. The usefulness and efficiency of the Force to the Government of Liberia will largely depend upon how it is trained and handled for the first five years. The subordinate commissioned officers will of course be civilized Liberians who will, where possible, be utilized as Administrators in the Districts where the force may be stationed. This force will be run on strictly military lines. It can only be serviceable in that way. The privates will be taken from the aboriginal tribes of the country indifferently. There will be an inexpensive but serviceable uniform. The pay should not exceed an average of $8.00 per month for privates and non-commissioned officers out of which cost of food would be deducted. The term of enlistment should be from five to seven years. Neither officers nor men should be allowed participation in political matters or allowed to exercise the franchise during their term of enlistment. After the initial expenditure has been met, such a force ought to be maintained at a minimum about $1000 per year. The force would be employed in garrisoning the frontier posts, in policing Districts, in keeping open roads, in enforcing the collection of taxes and in repressing turbulent persons and communities. After a short time the money to maintain the force could be raised out of the country occupied and policed by it. Upon the terminations of service it might be found desirable to form special settlements for retired rank and file wherein each soldiers honorably discharged might have a small grant of land, free of charge. Continual complaints are made with regard to the injury which certain districts of the Republic are suffering on account of the recruitment of laborers for service in other West African Countries. It is a matter which has been often brought forward and debated among the principal Executive officers. The Administration conceives that under existing Constitutional provisions it is beyond its power to forbid a citizen leaving the Country except in cases where his departure is forbidden by Judicial process. The course which is now followed in Sierra Leone and other West African countries whereby the recruitment of labor for service abroad is generally forbidden, might be judicially questioned if pursued by your Executive.

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If the Legislature thinks that the Executive Government should have powers to deal with the question, a law might be enacted that in case the prosperity of any District is threatened by an exodus of the effective workers, upon the representation of a local authority, or on the President’s own initiative, that exodus might be for the time being prevented by Executive order. It is possible that if the Constitutionality of the law was questioned, some legal principle might be unearthed by the Courts applicable to the case and supporting our joint action. I recommend that the Legislature consider whether a great saving of public money would not be effected if the Government Surveyors were salaried instead of receiving fees, as it is at present the practice. Roads I hope that all local authorities will exert themselves to improve the Interior roads as this policy assists materially the trade of the Republic. The Careysburg road is not yet finished. It has cost more than it was anticipated. What has been accomplished however is an immense improvement on past conditions. Account respecting it will be laid before you. During the year a survey was made at the instance of Government of a tramway or light railway between Upper and Lower Buchanan in the County of Grand Bassa by Mr. Byrd an engineer in the service of the Development Company. He was understood to report adversely to the idea on the ground that it would not pay. The matter will be placed before the Legislature – there seems a difference of opinion on the subject. The Commissioner of Agriculture has during the past official year continued to promote the formation of Agricultural Societies in the several provinces of the Republic. There has been considerable revival of interest in agriculture. Peaceful conditions prevailing, labor has been more abundant. The Montserrado Association intends holding within the next two months a small Agriculture Exhibition. The Government has made a grant in aid. You will, I am sure, be extremely pleased to further all such efforts. They should however for the most part be the result of private or co-operate enterprise. The Commissioner intends shortly in compliance with Art. 5. Sec. 15 of the Constitution which declares : The improvement of the native tribes and their advancement in the arts of agriculture and husbandry to be a cherished object of this Government”, to initiate series of visits to the natives living near the civilized settlements, so as to get them to plant coffee and other staples in a regular manner. Superintendent F. O. Thorae of Maryland County has also very commendably made some efforts in the same directions. Education. I do not think that there is anything in the Report of the Commissioner of Education to which special attention should be drawn in this communication, further than to say that I hope that the Legislature will continue the policy it has conscientiously pursued for the last years of giving every possible encouragement to Education and Educational institutions. For support given to Education, Liberia holds the first place among West African Administrations. Sierra Leone with a revenue six times greater than Liberia spends only one fifth of the sum devoted by our State to the cause of public instruction. Our Educational system still waits in many respects the touch of an adoptive, constructive director, but if a broad, liberal and aggressive educational policy is persevered in, the result in time will tend to make the Liberians the most intelligent and progressive people in West Africa. I note with pleasure that the President and Executive Committee of Liberia College has been careful to spend a fair proportion of the money devoted to the Institution by the State on the repairs and up-keep of the building which are in better order now than at any pre-

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vious time since they were first put up. It is very regrettable that a greater number of youths do not attend the collegiate classes. It is desirable that the tendency to leave school before they are properly equipped for the avocations they intend to follow, or for the posts to which they may be appointed should in some way be counteracted. A strict enforcement of the law compelling attendance of the school during school age would be extremely helpful. The accounts of receipt of revenue and of expenditure during the year ended September last have not been fully made up. The Report of the Treasury will be presented rather latter than usual owing to the fact that Secretary Howard had to discharge the duties of President during by absence, and the Comptroller was also absent on leave. I may state however that the receipts from the Customs amounted to $362,175.62. An increase over last years income from the source of $86,849.08. The Customs are our principal source of revenue. Under the careful supervision of Mr. W. J. Lamont, the Chief Inspector, this source of revenue has manifested signs of gratifying expansion. But he is much hampered by want of competent assistants. He has expressed the opinion that if allowed two more trained European Assistants the results would be of great advantage to the Treasury. This arrangement would only last until we have obtained from among our people a properly trained and efficient staff. I hope that his suggestion will have your careful and favorable consideration. When we consider that Sierra Leone, a country not larger or more fertile than our own had a revenue last year from customs of $800.00 dollars, the most unintelligent can see that there must be room in Liberia for great improvement. The insight which I obtained while in Europe into the condition, prospects and methods of the Liberia Development Company compelled me to insist that the connection between the Government of Liberia and itself, in matter of the Loan of 1906 be severed. Accordingly an Agreement to that effect between all parties in interest has been drawn up and will be duly submitted for your approval. A special Message will be therewith transmitted. It is hoped that the idea of creating a small bank will continue to have your approval, and that the Act presented last session amended to suit existing conditions will have your support. The Port of Garaway, Maryland County, was duly opened during the year. River Cess is a place of increasing importance, and it is very desirable that a District Commissioner be placed there with a small police guard. The Government has made all arrangements for the erection there of a permanent Customs building. The materials are on the ground and the construction of which will be immediately proceeded with. During the year the site for a small town will be chosen and surveyed and lots granted to intended settlers. A Port of Entry with out-stations has been established at Kanre-Lahun in the Kissie Country on the Anglo-Liberian frontier. A Commissioner of Internal Revenue in accordance with the Act authorizing same, was appointed in the month of July. The Bureau is in the course of organization. The Bureau will in time be one of our great revenue producing agencies. To understand its importance and why it was established you will remember that the Treasury up to last year was organized thus: 1. The Secretary’s office. All correspondence is addressed to this branch and answers sent out therefrom. Here general supervision over the whole Department is exercised.

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2. The Bureau of Accounts. At the head of this Bureau is the Comptroller. He is the Book-keeper of the Republic. He countersigns all checks and keeps all vouchers. He particularly examines, passes and records the accounts of all officers of Customs. 3. The Bureau of Audit over which the Auditor General with five assistants in the different Counties and Districts of the Republic. To this branch is presented all claims against the Government. If the billor claim is passed, the Auditor records it and endorses upon the claim the account under which it is to be paid. The Auditor General examines the reports and vouchers of all disbursing officers and makes record thereof. 4. The Bureau of Customs, at the head of which is the Chief Inspector who is responsible for the proper collecting of the revenue arising from imports and exports. 5. The Treasurer and Sub-Treasurers of the Republic who receive and disburse the entire public Revenue. There were a great number of Collectors of taxes, fines, and Licenses of all sorts under no kind of proper supervision. They make some sort of report to the Courts of Quarter Sessions under the provisions of an Act of the Legislature but these reports were of an inefficient and unsatisfactory nature. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue is expected to systematize this branch of the revenue, and to direct and control this class of revenue officers. I have several times called attention to the necessity of a regular Budget. Before the Legislature makes the annual appropriations it should certainly have some idea of what the revenue will likely be, in what directions and for what public purposes it can be most advantageously spent. It should consult, and be in close touch with the President and Treasury. The fact that things are done in a business like way generally will be found to effect favorably the commercial and financial reputation of individuals and communities. Our State must be careful to obtain and preserve a reputation for sound finance. This will be a source of power. You are asked to approve the expenditure necessitated by the expeditions against Kassay and Mockery, Chiefs resident in the County of Grand Bassa. It is my intention to have presented to your Honorable Body a Budget for the present financial year, a step which is authorized I believe, by the law regulating the Treasury Department. Matters of minor importance not dealt with in this paper will be the subjects during your Session, of future communication. In conclusion fellow Citizens our watch word at this time must be reform, reconstruction, increased efficiency, expansion. I stand ready to expedite in all ways the business of the Legislature. Arthur Barclay. Executive Mansion, December 12, 1907

Annual Message to the Legislature December 15, 1908 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: The Revolution of the season brings us again together in the official relation of Legislature and Executive to review the business of the year as well as the endeavor by mutual counsel, advice and action of finding solution for the national problems by which we are immediately controlled.

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The problems which confront a community are not erected by any one individual or any one administration. They are sometimes the result of neglects, of want of forethought and generally of defects in conduct and of a proper grasp of what the political situation requires. They sometimes result from causes over which a State had no control. Many unpleasant political situations grow out of defects in the national or racial character or environments of the people who influence or direct the conduct of affairs. We need not expect to find, at once, full and immediate solution for all our difficulties. For national problems have many phases and many sides. We can then only deal with the most pressing questions, and strive to solve that phase of the matter which is before us, in the way which appears, at the present time, most advantageous for the national weal. The first problem which we propose to discuss on this occasion is that which grows out of our Foreign Relations. It has been for many years unusual to find in the Messages of the President of Liberia any extended notice of our Foreign Relations and often it is rather awkward to refer publicly to these matters, but so many misrepresentations have recently been made in conversation, by letters and in the press that the Government considers it proper on this occasion to give a summary authoritative statement of all that has been done by it, and of all that has been reported to it, in connection with Foreign Affairs during the last twelve months, so that these misrepresentations may, in the minds of all well disposed and reasonable citizens, be finally disposed of. And first we will take up our relations with the United States. When it was decided by the Government in August of last year, that it would be well if the President should, in response to the urgent suggestion of our Representatives abroad, pay a visit to Europe, it was divined that Liberia would be called upon to make territorial sacrifices; but it was thought that every effort should be made, as an offset to obtain a definite guarantee of our territorial integrity, and of our autonomy. This idea was accordingly kept in view in all Conferences at the Foreign Offices visited. The English Representative said that his Government would be unable to give such a guarantee. It was calculated to involve the Empire without compensatory advantages. But he expressed the view that if Liberia took the advice which his government tendered upon the subject of internal reforms, no one was likely to disturb us. The French Officials disposed of our overtures in a still more summary manner. They said that the Frontier Agreement now being negotiated with the Republic, was a sufficient guarantee so far as France was concerned. Naturally these replies did not tend to satisfy our people and it was finally decided to send a diplomatic mission to the United States to obtain, if possible, through the friendly intervention of that Great Power which has always shown a great and friendly interest in Liberia, the guarantee desired. The Hon. G. W. Gibson, ExPresident of the Republic, Vice President Dossen, and Counsellor C. B. Dunbar were appointed to this Mission and they promptly and patriotically, and at great personal inconvenience accepted the mission. It was a Commission composed of Representatives of prominent and influential families, in which all parties were represented, and it was composed of gentlemen of some experience in public affairs. I have not the slightest doubt that any action taken by them was that one which appealed to them as best, and in the truest interest of the Republic. Now in the move the Executive Government has acted entirely through the Legislature. If you will examine the instructions given the Envoys of the Republic, which will be laid before you by the Secretary of State you will find that these absolutely follow the lines suggested by your Honorable body. In regard to the political side of their mission your Envoys were instructed,

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1. To arrange, if possible, an Arbitration Treaty between the Government of the United States and the Republic of Liberia. 2. To solicit the aid and assistance of said Government in securing Treaties of Arbitration with other Foreign Powers, particularly with France and Great Britain, and in securing an arrangement by which the territorial integrity of the Republic might be guaranteed. The mission arrived in the United States in May and early in June, commenced negotiations with the Government of the United States. Under date of June 12, the Commission advised the Executive as follows: “The Arlington,” Washington, June 12, 1908. His Excellency, Arthur Barclay, President of the Republic of Liberia. Mr. President: I have the honor, by direction of the Liberian Envoys to inform Your Excellency that the Washington Government has taken up the request of the Liberian government ,and has opened correspondence with the British Government, through the American Embassy at London, with the view to invite that Government to join the United States Government in a declaration guaranteeing the Territorial status quo of Liberia, as was proposed by both countries, in the Pro Memoriae of 1897. Meanwhile, the Washington government has dispatched to Liberia, one of its Consuls General At-Large, to report on Affairs in Liberia with a view to enable it (the Washington Government,) to determine its course. The proposition with regard to an Arbitration Treaty and the employment of American Officials, has been suspended, pending the conclusion of the former proposition The Envoys are perfectly satisfied with results thus far. There is a decided desire on the part of the Washington Government to assist the Government of Liberia, in every way. And there is a strong public sentiment in Liberia’s favor also. Unless England declines to join America in the step proposed by Government in 1897, the accomplishment of our object is certain success. The Washington Government however, emphasizes, the necessity of England’s cooperation in this respect. The United States Consul-At-Large is leaving the country immediately, and will be in Liberia about the end of July, proximo. His name is Mr. Gettschalk. It will then be a most opportune time for the Government to make sure the negotiation which we have started. They hope to be successful in floating a Loan in New York, and in arousing in other respects commercial interest in Liberia. I have the honor to be, Mr. President, Your most obedient serving (Sgd.) C. R. Branch. Secretary Liberian Diplomatic Mission.

Now, from this letter it appears that your representatives at the close of the interview with the Secretary of State, Washington, referred to therein were impressed. (a) That the United States acting with England would guarantee the territorial status of Liberia.

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(b) But that she would not do so unless in cooperation with that Power. (c) That she intended to send an officer to look over the ground. It seems that it was to a garbled and doctored version of this phase of the negotiations, that currency was given in some way and which has led to public misapprehension on and political misrepresentations. Modern diplomacy is conducted largely by social contact, personal interviews, conversations and memoranda. Its conclusions appear in formal despatches. We need only pay attention to the facts expressed or implied therein. After going over the whole ground most carefully with American Secretary of State Root; and ascertaining his views the Liberian Envoys addressed the Government of the United States under date of June 11 as follows: Mission Diplomatic Republic of Liberia, To The United States, “The Arlington,” Washington, June 11th, 1908. Sir: Referring to our interview with you today, we have the honor to transmit herewith copies of documents from the fields of the State Department Monrovia, under dates March 8th, and 13th, and 13th July 1897, being copies of the Pro-Memorias from your Government and Great Britain and of the depatch from your minister to Liberia relating thereto. We beg leave to repeat our request that Your Government would take the initiative towards inviting Great Britain to join with the United States in an arrangement that will give some definite shape to the deep interest she so generously expressed in the perpetuity of Liberia and which received the sincere approval of Your Government. We beg again, to thank you for the very kind assurances expressed in this relation. With our high consideration, We have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient Servants, G. W. Gibson, James J. Dossen, Chas. B. Dunbar. The Honorable Elihu Root, Secretary of State, Washington.

The Government of the United States transmitted the following letter in reply: Department of State, Washington. Gentlemen: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the11th inst. in which you enclosed copies of the Pro-Memoriae exchanged between the British Ambassador at Washington and the Secretary of State of the United States and dated respectively March 8–13,1897, concerning the special interest taken by the Government of Great Britain and the United States in the independency of Liberia.

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In connection with these documents you request that this Government take the initiative towards inviting Great Britain to join with the United States in an arrangement that would give some definite shape to the deep interest she so generously expressed in the perpetuity of Liberia. In reply, I have the honor to state that the Ambassador of the United States at London will be instructed to open with the Government of Great Britain the subject of contributing to the welfare of Liberia, making the communication of March 8, 1897, from the British Ambassador at Washington the basis of negotiation. I have the honor to be Gentlemen, Your obedient servant, (Signed) Elihu Root Messrs. G. W. Gibson, James J. Dossen, Charles B. Dunbar. Envoys Extraordinary of Liberia to the United States.

The text of the Pro-Memoriae referred to these despatches is as follows: It will seem from the foregoing documents that in 1897 an overture was made by the British Government to that of the United States, its object being to give such diplomatic support to our State as would enable it to resist unfair or unjust pressure; and to that overture of the British Government to that of the United States, heartily responded in the interests of Liberia. Mr. Gottschalk, the Consul General-At-Large referred to in the Envoys letter arrives here in the month of August. But on inquiry it was found that he had not been charged with any mission to the Government of Liberia. Any information desired by him was cheerfully placed at his disposal. The relations between the members of the Government and himself were maintained on the most cordial and friendly footing until the day of his departure. There has been at all times during his stay here the most friendly and courteous relations between all the members of the Government and the Minister Resident of the United States. He has been unable to add anything so far, to the information just placed before you Government hasten slowly. Negotiations take time. The result of the Mission so far, has been that a foundation was laid for a renewed understanding, between the two greatest English speaking nations of the world, that Liberia shall not be unduly harassed. A great noise has been made by politicians and local editors about some Agreement made with the American Government by the Envoys which it is charged the present Government of Liberia is opposing. The Executive Government is entirely ignorant of the existence of any document or agreement, or arrangement of any kind other than those already referred to in this paper. If the politicians and editors who have declared that this Agreement exists, instead of threatening the members of the Executive, and the Legislature, and misleading the people would publish the document, they would render the country a public service. But if on the contrary these assertions are made merely to bring about a disturbance of the public peace, and to annoy the legally appointed depositaries of public order and authority, then they must expect to be called to account for their actions and representations, and so a final and definite period be set to this illegal, pernicious, and destructive form of political activity. While the Constitution of Liberia gives the right to citizens and the press to examine the proceedings of the Government of the State and to make fair and just criticisms thereupon, it also makes the critics responsible for the abuse of the said rights.

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When a newspaper publishes in bold type, wild assertions with regard to the international attitude of the United States with respect to Liberia in connection with charges against the Government of the Republic, then the simple minded Liberian citizen is led to believe that the Government of the United States has made some positive declaration to that effect, which of course, is untrue, and that his own Government is acting contrary to the interests of the State and the wishes of the People, as expressed through the Legislature in the premises. There is no doubt that great injury is being done the country by the reckless and mischievous statements of the secular press, and I think this propaganda ought in every way to be discouraged by all respectable and thoughtful citizens. I am pleased to be able to state that our Representatives also paid a visit to Berlin where they were cordially received at the Foreign Office and assured that as far as circumstances would permit, Liberia would receive the diplomatic support of the German Empire for the preservation of its autonomy and its present territorial limits. Before entering further upon discussion of our present relations with other Powers, I must call attention to the advice given by President Roosevelt of America to the America People in a public address delivered in 1903. “Do not shirk any duty; do not shirk any difficulty that is forced upon us, but do not invite it by foolish language. Let the friendly expressions of foreign powers be accepted as tokens of their sincere good will and as reflecting their real sentiments; and let us avoid any language on our part which might tend to turn their good will into ill will. A loose tongue is just as unfortunate an accompaniment for a nation as for an individual. The man who talks ill of his neighbors, the man who invites trouble for himself and them, is a nuisance. The stronger and more self-confident the nation is the more carefully it should guard its speech as well as its actions, and should make it a point in the interest of its own self respect to see that it does not say what it cannot make good, that it avoids giving needless offence, that it shows genuinely and sincerely its desire for friendship with the rest of mankind.” When we reflect that these words of advice uttered in connection with a consideration of the Foreign Relations of the United States, were given forth by one of the strongest men intellectually and morally that has ever guided the destinies of the American Nation, a man who has gained the respect and admiration of the civilized world, and that this counsel is addressed to a nation of eighty millions seated in a rich territory of vast extent not yet half developed, a people eminent in every department of human endeavour and human achievement, I think we here in Liberia might well lay them to heart, and permit ourselves to follow the sound common sense advice offered. As your Chief Executive I am very anxious that we should, if we desire to preserve our autonomy, take the right views of things now. There has been considerable unrest and anxiety because of certain advice with respect to our internal administration offered us by Great Britain. I consider it necessary in the present state of our foreign relations to maintain and preserve the best relations with all the world but especially with Great Britain. We have heard how much importance is attached by the United States to the fact that the co operations of Great Britain is a necessary factor in the situation if it is to contribute aught to the maintenance of our State. Some have not hesitated to express the opinion that the effort of the Executive Government to do this betokened the beginning of the end. That we were about to be swallowed up. Doubts have been thrown on the patriotism and loyalty of members of the Executive Government. The motives which induce these attacks are very mixed, and are not above

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suspicion. There is the clearest evidence that some of the men who make them are not at all anxious to maintain the independence of the Country. In considering the advice which was tendered the country through your Executive and by dispatch, I should like to inform you that a certain international importance is to be attached to it by Liberia? because of the fact that the views of Great Britain have been communicated to other powers interested in this part of Africa. It has thus secured for these a sort of moral sanction which it would be unwise for us to ignore. The Hon. Elihu Root; American Secretary of State delivered in April an address before the American Society of International Law, which gives some interesting information with regard to the present international attitude and conduct of State. He points out first, with respect to municipal (national) enactments that the force of the law is in the public opinion which prescribes it. The impulse of the conformity to the standard of the Community and the dread of its condemnation are reinforced by the practical considerations which determine failure or success in life. Conformity to the standard of business integrity which obtains in the community is necessary to business success. It is this consideration for more than frequently than the thought of the Sheriff with a writ of Execution leads men to pay their debts, and keep their contracts. Social esteem and standing, power and high place in the professions, in public office, in all associated enterprises depends upon conformity to the standards of conduct in the community. The rules of international law are enforced by the same kind of sanction, less certain and peremptory, but continually increasing in effectiveness of control. In former times each isolated nation satisfied with its own opinions of itself and indifferent to the opinions of others, separated from all others, by mutual ignorance and misjudgment regarded only the physical power of other nations. Now however there may be seen plainly the effects of a long continued process which is breaking down the isolation of nations permeating every country with better knowledge and understanding of every other country spreading throughout the world a knowledge of each government’s conduct to serve as a basis for criticism and judgment, and gradually creating a community of nations in which standards of conduct are being established and a world wide public opinion is holding nations to conformity or condemning them for disregard of the established standards. Pari passu with the breaking down of isolation that makes a common public opinion possible the building up of standards of conduct is being accomplished by the formation and establishment of rules which are gradually being taken out of the domain of discussion into that of gradual acceptance. A process in which the recent Conferences at the Hague have played a great and honorable part. Beyond all this there is a consciousness that in the most important affairs of nations, in their political status, the success of their undertakings, and their processes of development, there is an indefinite and almost mysterious influence exercised by the general opinion of the world regarding a nation’s character and conduct. The greatest and strongest governments recognize this influence and act with reference to it. They dread the moral isolation created by general adverse opinion and the unfriendly feeling that accompanies it, and they desire the general approval and the kindly feeling that goes with it. International opinion is the consensus of individual opinion in the nations. The first thing Liberia did when she desired international recognition as a State was to appeal to international opinion for support. Our Declaration of Independence reads: “While announcing to the world the new position which the people of this Republic have felt themselves called upon to assume, courtesy to their opinion seems to demand a brief accompanying statement of the causes which induced them, first to expatriate themselves from the land of their nativity and to form settlements on this barbarous coast, and

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now to organize this government by the assumption of a sovereign and independent character” And again, “Therefore, in the name of humanity, and virtue and religion, in the name of the Great God, our common Creator, and our common Judge, to appeal to the nations of christendom, and earnestly and respectfully ask of them that they will regard us with the sympathy and friendly consideration to which the peculiarities of our condition entitle us, and to extend to us that comity which marks the friendly intercourse of civilized and independent communities.” We must be careful therefore not to shirk, or to ignore international opinion. Indeed, we must endeavour in every way to conciliate it. The Congo Free State should be a warning. It has disappeared from the community of States, destroyed by the mere breath of adverse international sentiment. But in endeavouring to ascertain the real facts of our case we have to look below the bare surface of things. The man in the street asks: Why does Great Britain proffer us advice about our affairs? The answer is (a) The authorities of the republic many years ago requested that she should assist this State by her advice and counsel; (b) because the interest of British subjects are involved in the matter about which she has advised us; (c) the international usage of the present day permits her so to do. Now, the subjects dealt with in the dispatch presented by the British Consul in January of the present year were three: The Frontier Force, The Judiciary, Treasury Reform. The first was to her matter of international concern. If the wild tribes, the Mendi and Gissies and the Golahs, continually threatened and occasionally raided the frontier Districts of her Colony of Sierra Leone the Administration of that Colony would be put to great and unjustifiable expense. She has disarmed the native population on her side of the boundary line. We have not done so. International duty compels Liberia to see that the population living in her territory is not a nuisance and source of worry, trouble and loss to the population living in the territory of their neighbours. There is no way in which this duty can be shirked if it is desired to retain possession of the territory affected. The advice to have the Force offered partly by European officers grew out of happenings at Kanre Lahun, where a force of Liberian militia was under observation of British authorities for some months. It was observed that the men were undisciplined and could not be properly controlled by their officers. Whether this charge is generally true all truthful and honest citizens may say. We are therefore called upon merely to perform an international duty in a satisfactory manner. The second request concerned our judicial system. International attacks upon this commenced some years ago, and the movement was initiated by citizens of the German Empire living in Liberia. But the crisis has been precipitated by our people. When the editor of the African League, himself an ex Judge ,and Attorney-at-Law a citizen, publishes a special edition of his paper. Headed Startling Revelations, in which the judicial system of the country is attacked both in its personnel as well as on its administrative side, when he describes himself as a scapegoat and martyr, when months pass and no reply to this attack is made by the persons affected, what conclusion, do you think can other communities of the world, having business or interests in Liberia, draw?

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At the same time the subjects of the Empire filed formal complaints against the action of our Courts in cases in which they were parties. In the cases placed before the Government of the Republic by the British Government, your Executive has not failed to defend our judicial action, and to that defense the British Government has given a courteous consideration but it has intimated during your recess that it abstains from embarrassing us because it expects that the Government of Liberia will give effect to the promised judicial reforms. Courts are local in organization, but international in operation. We have affirmed their international character in our Declaration of Independence where it is stated: “Our Courts of Justice are open equally, to the stranger and the citizen, for the redress of grievances for the remedy of injuries, and for the punishment of crime.” It follows that there is an implied obligation on our part to maintain in our Courts a standard which will be approved by the civilized world. It was considered thirdly that no Government could be said to have a stable and effective government, the finance of which were on an unsound basis or which had been allowed to fall into a state of chronic disorder. Liberia was advised therefore to use the Agencies already in existence for the purpose of augmenting and of putting the finances of the State in a proper condition. Shall we not be strengthened by obtaining this desirable end? If the Powers were unfriendly to Liberia I hardly think they would take the trouble to give advice. We generally smooth the road to ruin for those we wish to destroy. Advice is generally unpalatable, and is often resented, but most persons do not consider it as evidence of an unfriendly disposition, especially when it is accompanied by an assurance that you may rely upon the assistance of the giver. Many persons take offence at the manner in which the advice is tendered. The practical and earnest man is often blunt, and speaks without circumlocution or polish. But as an offset he will generally be found reliable. The Kanre Lahun difficulty has awakened much feeling during the year. It should be remembered that the English have never relinquished the town altho it fell to Liberia. With respect to it, I am hopeful that the Imperial Government will settle the matter amicably. Frontier troubles are often difficult to arrange. They take a long time. The United States and Great Britain, as friendly as these states are, have not yet settled all their frontier troubles. They have recurred off and on for the last hundred years. One adverse element of the situation at Kanre Lahun, which grew out of our neglect and a consequent Frontier difficulty, is the hostility of the ruling Chief. Another has been the conflict of jurisdictions which induced and kept up friction. A third has been the aggressive policy of the Administration of Sierra Leone. A fourth has been the need of a body of disciplined troops capable of maintaining order and repressing disorder. A fifth has been the disunion and alleged misconduct of our Agents. The Government of Liberia has kept a careful eye on the situation, and the Secretary of the Interior was despatched last month to that portion of our territory to look into and report upon the condition of affairs. The Hon. F. E. R. Johnson, Secretary of State, by order of the Government, paid an official visit to Konakry in May. He met the French Minister of the Colonies and New Governor General of West Africa and expressed the desire of the Republic that the most neighborly and friendly relations exist between the administrations. He was received most cordially. The delimitation of the Franco-Liberian Frontier is proceeding smoothly. Proceedings were rather slow at first, but upon the representation of our diplomatic Agent in Paris, the Commission was admonished to proceed with more speed. It is believed that the work will be finished by June. It was hoped that no collision with native tribes would take place dur-

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ing the course of the delimitation, but unfortunately, the Zappah people, a clan of the Boozie tribe resisted all advice to submit and accordingly were attacked by the French in whose sphere their district lay, and their chief town taken about the middle of last month. I have used all the means within my reach to keep the natives on our side of the new boundary quiet, and it is hoped that these efforts have been successful. The French Government signified a few months ago after conference with Great Britain, its desire to have one or two of its citizens appointed to posts in Liberia open to Europeans. Some correspondence has taken place on the subject which will be placed before you by the Secretary of State. Where it is possible, our own interests or previous engagements permitting to meet the wishes of the French Government I think we should do so. That government expressed its desire, in accord with Great Britain, to assure the independence of Liberia. To sum up, the international position of Liberia is not hopeless. The crisis for Liberia consist solely and merely in the attitude which its governing classes intend to assume toward the outside world, and expressed international opinion. Our future depends entirely upon our own action. We are urged to advance. If we obstinately preserve a still and unprogressive attitude we can hardly expect international support or favor. If we, on the other hand show a disposition to go forward, to measure up to the international ideas of what a civilized State ought to be, we shall have many friends and helpers in unsuspected quarters, at home as well as abroad. The Judiciary. The Attorney General will lay before you his report. An outline of the judicial reform considered necessary was set out in my last Annual Communication. The ideas of the Attorney General I entirely approve. They are both sensible and economical. The whole judicial business of this country can be done by five or six competent officials. Let the Courts be open continually except in August and September. We shall then realize the spirit of that section of our Constitution which enjoins: “That justice shall be done without sole denial and delay.” I want to emphasize the fact that there is considerable local discontent with respect to our judicial administration. I have had filed in my office during the last twelve months, a complaint against every Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas in the Country, beside two against Judges of the Monthly Courts. All these complaints were not well founded but it is a symptom, of which we ought to take notice. Our jury system needs taking in hand but I am hoping to have an improvement in this respect when the new judicial machine is put into action. The verdicts, especially in cases in which the Government is a party about which there is so much complaint, may be due to want of proper direction, and exposition on the part of the presiding judge. I hope at this session attention will be paid to some of the other points set out in the Report of the Attorney general to many of which your Executive has called attention in former years, particularly to the writ of Injunction, of the Act relating to the payment of debt by installments of $30.00 per month, which tend to injure us, commercially, and the criminal law concerning Assaults and Batteries. The publication of Revised Statutes now almost finished, is a matter for which your Honorable Body should not neglect to provide as this work is much needed. Estimates of the probable cost of printing same have been procured and will be laid before you. Department of Education. In the Department of education during the present year we have been marking time. The Superintendent, Hon. G. S. Padmore has had difficulties, and is trying to go forward. I regret very much the local apathy which is apparent in educational matters. The value of

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instruction must in some way be brought home to our people. I quite approve of the idea of in some way calling upon the people to contribute something however meager at first in amount to the school fund. Liberia College. has had rather closer attention this year, on the part of your Executive than for previous time. There has been considerable criticism and complaint. The teaching staff none of whom now reside at the College, are as far as I know attentive to their duties. The only resident official is the President. The College receives $12,000 a year from the Government of Liberia and $12,000 yearly from the funds invested in Boston and New York. The $12,000 given by the Republic has been regularly paid by the Secretary of the Treasury to the proper Collegiate authority. But this sum is really disposed of as the President of the College sees fit. I have been unable to ascertain that the Board of Trustees or its Executive Committee regularly settle how this large sum is to be spent. The position of the staff is very trying. They are financially dependent on the moods of the President. Their salaries are from three to six months in arrear. The amount due the Professors and tutors, September 30, was nearly, three thousand dollars and there are other debts. The President receives $1500 a year but he only supervises. He is also allowed a Secretary. The actual students number 10. There is an under class which is being prepared for entrance, of five. The Preparatory Departments have 90 students with four teachers. The Collegiate branch is in my opinion, overstaffed. The Institution can be managed more economically. The resident students are not orderly, nor are they subjected to proper control. There has been some very painful and distressing allegations made about the moral conditions existent at the College. As soon as charges affecting the character or reputation of a citizen holding an important office, or discharging the duties of great public trust are made with regard to his conduct in such position, it is his duty to demand a serious public inquiry, or to resign. If he does not do this, the interest placed in his charge suffer. His position is rendered untenable; his friends and supporters, not insisting on such course, are compromised thereby. The Board of Trustees, composed of some of our most eminent citizens, in religious and secular life, cannot shirk an obvious duty. It must clear the air. I think that some official supervision should be provided in connection with any further appropriation for the College your Honorable Body may be pleased to make. The Postal Department. The Report of the Postmaster General will have, I trust your careful attention especially the items in which he asks for further protection as against those persons who infringe upon the privileges of the Post Office. We shall have to scrutinize very carefully proposals for increased expenditure in any direction, especially in connection with this branch of the public service. The recent attack made in the press of the administration of the post office, Grand Bassa is without just foundation. The Postmaster General has been most careful to cause the prosecution of all offenders in the employ of the Postal Department. It is not true that the petty jury acquitted James. The owner and editor of the African League was his Attorney. He became Judge before the case was heard and affirmed on the hearing of a motion to the effect that the letters stolen were not the Property of the Postmaster General as stated in the indictment, contrary to the usual legal view. As to the special letters referred to as posted October 29, a certificate has been offered by the Editor of the League to the effect that he never mailed the said letters, nor is it true

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that the public refuses to use the post office. It is this sort of reckless misrepresentation which does the country harm. The Militia. Although the law creating an Army Council has been passed quite two year, I regret to say that the Council has not yet had one annual session. The Acting Secretary of War will lay some suggestions before you looking to the adopting of a more convenient time than that fixed in the law creating the Council. The law creating the Frontier Force has been put into operation. In February Capt. R. Mackay Cadell, an officer of the English Army Reserve applied for and was appointed to the post of Commandant and Inspector General. His scheme of organization having been approved, he selected as his staff officials Captain Dinnen, as Adjutant and second in command, and Capt. Blyth as Musketry Instructor and Quarter Master. These officers arrived in May. A site for a Camp was selected on the False Cape in the City and the work of clearing the ground and erecting the necessary buildings for the men and for administrative purposes was at once taken in hand and pressed. The arms, clothing and other necessaries have been procured. Recruiting was commenced in September and up to the present nearly two hundred men are under preliminary training. The following buildings have been erected: Country houses: 16 quarters, each for 12 persons, for rank and file 6 quarters for Staff Sergeants 6 “ “ Non Commissioned Officers 3 Orderly huts 2 Drill and Lecture and Sleds 4 Company Stores and Office Stone houses: Guard room and cells. Orderly Room Quartermaster’s Stores and Armoury Magazine To be erected: Hospital, canteen, Officers Quarters and Mess. 12 Country houses for rank and file 4 For Staff Sergeants 6 For non Commissioned Officers A range for Musketry A drill ground capable of accommodating four companies each 100 men has also been constructed. A scheme for the distribution of the Frontier Force, as soon as its organization and preliminary drill is completed has been presented to the Executive and will be laid before you. It is contemplated to retain only about 40 men at headquarters to serve as the core of the force. Recruits will be sent to headquarters for drill and training. It was thought unwise to appoint further European officers until they were actually needed. Information is being sought with a view of ascertaining where these can be had to meet the restriction specified in Section 4 of the Frontier Force Act. It is very important that as fast as the Force can be got ready it be moved to the frontiers especially the French Frontier where some of the posts to be occupied have according

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to last Frontier agreement already been designated. Rapid movement may save the Republic much worry and possible expense. Much criticism has been excited by the fact that many men of the embodied were not citizens (Americo Liberians or native) of this Republic. The Government is not responsible for this. And this mistake will speedily be rectified. What the Government is responsible for was the employment of drill Sergeants and buglers to the number of ten, natives of Sierra Leone, to assist in drilling the men. But these are attached to the Force, not embodied. If the force is to be what we desire it to be, a disciplined and ready instrument, it must be promptly and punctually paid. Arrangement will have to be made to that end. It will then, I am persuaded, be a great blessing to the country. The Commandant, Major Mackay Cadell and officers have displayed great energy and activity, and Major Cadell particularly has not spared himself in any way and is entitled to our earnest commendation. In accordance with an Act passed two or three years ago a gun-boat was purchased at a cost of about forty thousand dollars. She has been christened the “Lark.” The task of procuring the vessel was entrusted to Financial Adviser Lamont, and the Hon. Henry Hayman our Consul general in London, whose untiring and invaluable services, I deeply regret to announce, the republic is about to lose. These officials with the assistance of Capt. Boggs, Commander of the Lark, have procured for the State an excellent boat worth at least $72,000. Full particulars with respect thereto will be laid before you by the proper officers. His Britannic Majesty’s Government kindly presented the Republic with the gun armament of the Lark at a cost of ǧ1,600. A proper acknowledgement of this kindness has been duly made. Interior Department Referring to the Interior Department, I must ask your indulgence towards Secretary Sims who has gone on a Government mission to the North West Frontier Districts. I beg to report however that the hinterland of Montserrado county has been fairly quiet during the year. One tribal disturbance was reported between the Bondi people living at Pandemah near the Frontier and Yarkparopay a rather notorious bandit of the Kpassi tribe. The latter was severely defeated and there has been no repetition of the disturbance. Yackparopay has been warned, and is reported to be quiet. The country is open and persons travel safely. I have visits from Chiefs of the Mendi, Kongbah, Golah, Vey, and Pesseh tribes, and good feeling prevails. The policy of the administration has evidently the approval of the bulk of the native population. Internecine war has been prevented by the maintenance of officers of the Government in the territory of the Mendi, Bandi, Golah, Pesseh and Boozie tribes of this Province, and at Bopora the former capital of the Boatswain family, now rebuilt. An expedition sent up at the earnest entreaty of the Mandingo and Boozie Chiefs under the command of Major Lomax, a very energetic, courageous and resourceful young officer, with whom was associated Captain Winkey, was dispatched to the French Frontier Districts in June 1906. The escort consisted of three officers and fifty men with due complement of carriers. It was ordered to observe the upper part of the Anglo-Liberia Frontier, which no Liberian officer had visited since the Delimitation operations in 1902. Major Lomax reached Kanre-Lahun in December 1906. As he moved in the depth of the Rains the force weakened by sickness, had to remain on the way until the weather improved. He found part of our territory in that region in occupation of the Sierra-Leone Frontier Force. He reported on the country and suggested its organization for purposes of Government. He also formed on the spot a frontier force of two hundred men many of them natives of the Sierra Leone Protectorate. This force he found very useful. From Kanre-Lahun he sent a patrol into the Boozie country. Friction arose between Major Lomax and British

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military authorities, the ground set out being that the Liberians were plundering the country. As we had already appointed a regular Commissioner in the District, to avoid complications Major Lomax was ordered to retire. This was in July or August of 1907. After obtaining supplies, Major Lomax departed for the French Frontier. He had interviews with the Boozie and chiefs of the neighboring territory in the interest of the Republic. Leaving at Zinta a force of 80 men to maintain the interest of the Republic under the Command of Lieut. J. W. Stewart of Clay-Ashland, a very worthy and tactful young officer, he returned to head quarters in February, having been in the interior 20 months. Commissioner Naber representing Liberia on the Franco-Liberian frontier, in a letter to the President warmly commends the excellent political work done by Major Lomax, the results being most helpful to him for maintaining the interest of the Republic in that quarter. A great deal depended on the loyalty and attachment of the natives to this Republic and Commissioner Naber, in consequence of the determined loyalty of the Chiefs who had come under the influence of Major Lomax, was able to claim one or two valuable districts for the Republic. Commissioner J. B. McGill another valuable officer was placed at the head of a small expedition which was sent to Gizzimah, Boozie District in which Zappah is located. There was great restlessness and alarm in that quarter growing out of the fight at Bussadoo, and the advance of French troops. He was directed to inform the chiefs about the intended delimitation, and to induce them to remain quite. His efforts were to some extent successful, although the Gizzimah sub tribe is among the most turbulent and unruly of the Boozie People. I paid an official visit to the County of Grand Bassa in the month of March and was received by the people in the most gratifying manner. I saw all the native chiefs that could immediately be reached, and gave audience to the complaints brought forward. The number of Native Commissioners were increased to six. Two stationed in civilized towns of the County, two traveling Commissioners and two with jurisdiction over the Coast. One of these, Mr. Mitchell, has his head quarters at River Cess. Mr. Liles, Commissioner for the coast of Grand Bassa, during the year took a force of fifty men into the interior of River Cess, and succeeded in settling difficulties between the hinterland and coast population. River Cess, is much more orderly than before, is becoming something like a civilized town, and is likely to be an important place, and at Nanna Kru and Webo building sites on easy terms and this policy is having a good effect. The Liberian Development Company which has at its disposal the rubber resources of the public forests, has made several complaints during the year about the condition of affairs in the hinterland of Grand Bassa and Sinoe. These matters have had and are having the attention of the Government. What is desired is a strong patrol of about 50 men constantly on the move for repressing brigandage. The Government has not yet been able to establish the posts which the Legislature directed should be placed in the hinterland of Grand Bassa. The cost of a post, say 75 to 100 miles from the coast with a staff of one Commissioner, an Assistant, 20 armed messengers, and ten laborers will be something over $3,000 per year. At fifty miles interior-ward reducing the messengers and laborers by nearly one half, $2,000. To maintain in connection with the Interior Department an efficient staff so as to have a strong grip on the country will cost nearly $75,000. A Commission of two members of the Cabinet, Messrs Howard and Padmore, had to be sent to Cape Palmas in July as trouble was brewing between the Greboes and the Americo-Liberians, growing primarily out of a municipal ordinance. A council wad called and the matter adjusted.

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The native population does not like to pay duties, but the Secretary of the Treasury impressed them that this would be insisted on. Their compliant about the high tax of $5.00 on each Kru laborer, he promised to lay before the authorities with the recommendations that this be lowered. I really think that the employers of laborers should pay this tax and not the Kru boy. He is among the cheapest laborer in the world. However I recommend that some reduction be made. The Commission visited Webo on the Cavalla River and all the principal Grebo towns. They were loyally and warmly received everywhere and brought away a very favourable impression of this section of our population. Messrs Howard and Padmore discharged their mission with uncommon tact and ability, and to the general satisfaction of all sections of the population of Maryland interested in the matter. The extensive smuggling carried out to the detriment of Public Revenue at Grand Cess and the neighboring places made it imperative that these places be brought under control. I therefore interdicted communication with Grand Cess and instructed Commissioner Pratt, who has charge of the Coast of Maryland county, to close the interior roads. He was successful for some time, but had not sufficient and adequate force. With the approval of the legislature the efforts to bring these Districts gradually under orderly government will be steadily pursued. The Commissioner of Agriculture will submit his report. If the Legislature does not see its way to meet his views the report at least serves to remind us that there is a great and needful work to be done, for the development and improvement of Agriculture and kindred industries and for the increase of the output of Economic products. It is a subject of a great national concern. The Treasury Department. The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will give you in detail the necessary information with respect to the Finances. The total Revenue for the fiscal year ending September 30th, has been, from Customs, returned at $379,468.93. From other sources $15,765.03. The ordinary disbursement are returned at $82,580.85. Some discrepancy will be found between these figures and those given by the Comptroller of the Treasury because the rubber duties being mostly paid in London by the Liberia Development Company to our Consul General there, for the service of the Loan of 1871, do not pass through the Treasury or any Subtreasury and hence as it is upon the receipts at the Treasuries we base our revenue returns, this sum $8,929.56 does not appear. There is a further discrepancy of some $2400, but this is probably caused by the Collectors of Customs and Sub-Treasuries closing their Quarterly accounts on different days. It may be interesting for you to know that 347 steamers with an average tonnage of 688,630 tons called at the Port of Monrovia during the fiscal year, of which 89 were British, 233 German, and 25 ships of other nations. The expenses of the Government during the last two years have been very heavy, especially locally in connection with the Interior. We had to try and save some of the hinterland, otherwise from sheer terror almost the whole country would have accepted French protection. The French Frontier Expedition was a political necessity. A considerable sum has been spent in connection with the mission to America, and the Franco-Liberia Delimitation-and then there was the activity of the Sierra-Leone Frontier Force on our North West Border and the manifest disposition shown to establish a system of patrols through a large portion of the hinterland. This could only be guarded against by the establishment of posts and the stationing of officers who if necessary, could make protests and keep the Government informed. I recommend that the fiscal year be made to end on the 30th, of April, or the 30th of June. The delay in sending the reports is a very serious evil which it has been impossible heretofore to rectify.

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The expenses which we must meet are very heavy. Great economy must be observed, and where possible, additional revenue must be raised. The estimates of receipts and expenditures will be duly placed before you, and it is hoped that you will see your way to approve them as already settled. Proposals for re-organizing of the Treasury Department will also be submitted and it is hoped the measures proposed will have your careful consideration. If the Legislature should decide to maintain the present system of auditing bills before payment, then some very radical changes will have to be made. The defect of the present system is that occasionally Auditors have been discovered to have issued false bills. These are bought and held up by speculators who are hoping that the perfect system will break down. The Treasury has not yet been able to check effectually this fraud. The law respecting the distribution of the revenue arising from Licenses for the sale of spirits is unsatisfactory. It is hoped that the Legislature will see its way to give this money to the General Government, Corporations sharing it heretofore being recouped in some other manner. Your careful consideration is asked for other measures suggested for the betterment and increase of internal Revenue. Obituary. I regret sincerely to have to announce to the Legislature the death of the Hon. W. D. Coleman, ex. President of Liberia in his 70th year which event took place at Clay Ashland in July. He lived an active and useful life, and was a worthy, patriotic, and public spirited citizen. His departure from among us is deeply regretted by all classes of his countrymen. Montserrado County lost another useful and prominent citizen by the death of Col. J. P. Dennis, ex Secretary of War and Navy. Grand Bassa mourns the loss of one of its most respected leaders in the person of Hon. C. C. Brown, formerly a member of the Legislature, Superintendent of the County for several years. He died in April. Hon. S. W. Seton, Judge of the Monthly and Probate Court, Maryland County died in February. Of aboriginal extraction, he was a great power in this County. Convinced of the necessity of a gradual amalgamation between the Americo Liberian and Aboriginal elements, and of a blending of their common interests, he was untiring in his efforts in explaining the good intentions of the Government to his fellow tribesmen, as well as in modifying on the part of the settler-the acerbities, which had grown up during four decades of dissension and recrimination. I have had official notice of the demise of Brigadier General, J. A. Gibson, of Harper, Maryland County. He filled, one after another, almost all the principal official positions of his Province. His removal at his juncture is a real loss to his community. In conclusion, I trust to have your co-operation and assistance, as you shall have mine in all measures looking to the betterment of national conditions, and in everything which may seem to be of benefit to the common weal. Arthur Barclay President of Liberia Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, 15th December, 1908

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 13, 1909 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: It was not without direct intention that the framers of our Constitution arranged that the coordinate branches of Government assemble at the end of each year at the National Capital. The design of the Constitution is to ensure on the one hand, a statement of the year’s happenings, and of work done, and on the other, conferences upon, and agreements with respect to the policy to be followed and the efforts to be put forth during the ensuing year. For, every act of a Government is tentative, and is subject to constant modification and change as the varying circumstances of the times make necessary. I have sometimes thought that we do not generally take in the force of the word “coordinate” used in the Constitution in connection with the three branches of Government. It implies on the one hand, equality, on the other harmony-a common action, movement or adjustment for a common end and for the common good. And it is for this harmonious movement of the whole machine that each branch of Government: Executive, Legislative and Judicial, must strive with all its might. Each ought at times to assert and declare with unreserved confidence in its views, and equally at times to subordinate its ideas to the facts of a situation presented with greater grasp and from wider standpoints. For the representations of Liberia are not on the national stage at this time to consider only their own people, but there is the larger audience of the outside world which has also to be taken into account when considering national action. There is in the present day, not any nation which is unreservedly and really independent. The greatest empires are constantly submitting any action or policy of international bearing for the criticism and opinion of their fellow communities, just as a man of same judgment desirous of standing well in his community is careful to explain to his intimates the ground of any action which attracting attention, might injuriously affect him if not submitted and explained. Unless all branches of the administration adopt this policy of harmonious concert and action, there will be very little, if any, real progress in the solution of the problems before the country. Many of these problems are made increasingly difficult for us by the great changes which are being brought about in West Africa. Order has taken the place of chronic disorder. Agricultural progress and scientific research are rapidly adding new articles to the three or four forest products which formed, for half a century, the principal items available for commercial exchange in this part of the world. In the new world forming around us we must hold as far as we can our place, and keep in touch with the new developments and fresh arrangements going on around us. The conservative Liberian may feel a certain annoyance in being constantly reminded of these facts, but the Executive of the country watching the forces at work about us, must sound the alarm, lest our last state be little better in condition than the one from which it was sought to relieve us, by the founding of Liberia. For even among the most enlightened nations of the World to-day, a strong reaction has set in against allowing the darker races equal political rights, even when confessedly fit by birth, long residence, sufficient enlightenment and education for the exercise of those rights. Even the door of opportunity is being closed against them. These facts should therefore make us more eager to obtain and deserve the good opinion of friendly critics and the support of those persons, of whom there are still a great number in the principal centres of the world, who believe in the brotherhood of man and the justice of equality of opportunity for all.

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The first important matter to which I desire to direct the attention of the Legislature at this session in the state of the Militia. The last argument of kings is force. All countries rely for attack, defense or police upon armed masses of the citizenship embodied in a regular active force, supported by enormous masses of reserves, drilled, armed and equipped and capable of being speedily brought to action. More and more attention is being paid by all states to the efficiency and effectiveness of their armed citizenship, other than the regular force. The militia of Liberia has made no great progress in discipline, drill, or efficiency during the last forty years. Its officers are practically untrained. Its drill out of date and unsuitable. Its efficiency doubted even by the rank and file. The object of drill is to give soldiers practice, under conditions as nearly identical as possible with those which would prevail in case of actual conflict; to train a military force to repeat almost mechanically in time of war, at command, the exercises and maneuvers which it has practiced on the parade ground in peace. Due regard must be had in the drill and training first, to the natural features of the country likely to be the theatre of conflict, the arms in use, the methods usually employed for attack or defense of positions, the ease or difficulty of communication, the question of supplies, the nature of the roads, the hygienic conditions, (for the soldiers ought to know how to keep himself well and fit) and the creation and guarding of depots for supplies. Now, it is apparent that our present system of drill and tactics is nearly altogether useless. When the physical features of Liberia-for the most part a thickly wooded, undulating country covered with bush which it is impossible to see through, a country of hills alternating with swamps and lowlands, a country full of water courses-is considered, of what practical use is Upton’s Tactics to our Militia when called into actual service? Every one knows that it is of no real service. The militia, then, untrained in bush fighting is really often placed at a disadvantage as against the native warriors by whom it is sometimes opposed. Their leaders know all the intricacies of bush warfare: officers of the militia, in most cases, do not. Our successes have been due to the fact that we have generally taken the offensive and dashed boldly for the objective; but I am afraid that if abandoning their towns, the enemy should pursue regular geurilla tactics we should often suffer very greatly. It was hoped that by a law providing for the appointment of a military council, some of the faults discussed above would have been talked over, and measures recommended by which greater efficiency might have been secured. The council has never met. Its members occupying other official positions or hindered by private affairs have never found the time for even the initial meeting. Something should be done. The needs of the militia are first of all, a military school or institute for its officers where they may acquire some elementary knowledge of warfare, learn how to handle a body of men, how to throw up entrenchments under actual service conditions, how to support and assist each other. Such an institute might have at least monthly sessions, and a prescribed course of study for a fixed period under competent instructors. Above all it must be impressed on all officers that the positions are not ornamental, and are not for display in the streets of the towns, or for securing the admiration and smiles of simple people They present the serious side of life-the honor and prestige of the Government, the protection of property and homes, and the lives and futures of individuals. For men-the rank and file-it is desirably that they be trained under service conditions to move, march from and manoeuvre in the bush, to cross rivers and streams expeditiously. They should be taught how to use paddle and oar, and above all, and most necessary, how to use properly and effectually the modern rifle. For there is a great difference between discharging a gun and knowing how to use the arm properly and effectively. There are many excellent shots in the Republic although these tend to grow fewer, because, the civilized people do not hunt now with the same zest and constancy as before;

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but I have not for forty years seen the militia at the range. We should have also at least three or four batteries of Light Artillery and Maxims, and they should be formed as soon as possible, as the former especially are very necessary, for the reduction of towns having wooden barricades, or walls of clay. The general opinion of most of our military men is that the monthly and quarterly drills are of no real service. In most townships the men appear merely to escape the fines-there is no drill at all. What is wanted other than the monthly drill is to call out the militia for eight days consecutive annual training in each year. In this period possible warlike operations should be practiced. The cost of the maintenance of 2,500 men would be something like $1,500 or $2,000 for the period covered, but is not too great a sum to secure the increased efficiency and effectiveness of the militia. Companies of Volunteers should not be allowed to wear special dress when forming unites of the regiment to which they are attached. Khaki instead of serge should be the dress prescribed for officers and men, on drill or in actual service. It is hoped that the Legislature will authorize the changes indicated above as necessary. The native population for a distance of forty miles form the Coast is rapidly becoming civilized. The males ought to be, as a rule enrolled a part of the militia especially those living in, or very near to the civilized towns. This has been done in one or two townships, but there seems a strange reluctance in many parts of the Republic, to enter upon this policy. The regrettable incidents of last February which led to the disruption of the Frontier Force as organized under European Instructors did not dishearten the Administration. Major Lomax was placed in charge of Camp Johnson. Fresh enlistments were made and daily drills, proceeded. While the Force has not attained the perfection of drill equipment an deficiency desired, yet it has been found possible to use it for public ends. Ninety men are stationed on the Anglo-Liberian Frontier; about two hundred on the North east Franco-Liberian Frontier; and about twenty-five at Webo on the Cavalla. There no difficulty about obtaining recruits on the frontiers for the service, as it is popular with the native population. Efforts have been made with some success to attract respectable young men of the civilized population to the service as non-commissioned officers, with the prospect of rising to a higher grade, if efficient, as provided in the Act relating to the Force. Eight of the ten Americo-Liberian officers arranged for have been appointed. Only one European officers for the medical force has been appointed during the year. The Executive is of the opinion that the pay of privates should not exceed five dollars a month, rations, uniform and medical attendance being given in addition, because this is the average market price of labour in the Republic. Every thinking citizens recognized by this time that the old method of governing the country by which the criminal elements of the populations were allowed to pursue its feuds, devastate the country, close the roads at will, obstruct, annoy and plunder the industrious, peace-loving laborers, the Government only interfering when things became unbearable or some Amercio-Liberian was held in captivity or killed, has become impossible owing to the new conditions which have grown up outside of our territory. If we allow the old order of things to continue then we should soon lose by emigration the cream of our really industrious population, who readily find in the neighboring districts under alien rule, that protection for person and property which we are too indifferent and too indolent to afford. In accordance with the Act providing for the government of the native population outside to the Americo-Liberian towns and townships, the Republic is being divided into Districts and these are formed as fast as the circumstances will permit. It is designed that each of these Districts cover from 1,200 to 2,000 square miles. The idea is to arrange the Districts in tiers of three-coastal, central, frontier. So far these have been consolidated as follows: commenc-

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ing from the mouth of the Manno along our Northeast boundary we have three districts, the Cape Mount District from the Ocean to the borders of the Gorgee Golah country, and from the Manno to the Lofa or Little Cape Mount River-to the North of this we have the Gorgee and Kongbah Golahs which forms a second district with the head quarters at Zui, and next the Mendi and Bandi countries will form a third district with head-quarters for the present at Kamatahun. There are more than eighty towns in this District. The country of the Deys and Golahs between the Little Cape Mount River and the St. Paul’s form a fourth district, the seat of administration will be at Suehn. This district, extends to the southern edge of Bopora Country which with the district controlled by the Zulu family will form a fifth district, and in the Northeast we have Zinta District which comprises the countries inhabited by the Boondeh, Ziamah Boozie and Belleh tribe. A force of 80 Frontiers is maintained at Zinta. The Ding-Golah and Queahs to the East of St. Paul’s form a seventh and eight district the latter controlled by the Superintendent of Careysburg and Assistants; the country of Gisemah Boozie forms the ninth district, the Commissioner residing for the present at Zorodu and having under his order seventy men of the Frontier Force. The country east of Monrovia to the Farmington River comprising the District of Marshall forms the tenth district inhabited principally by Bassas. The country to the border of Sabay section of the Pesseh tribe forms the eleventh, the Little Bassa and Gibbi countries in Grand Bassa County. In the rest of the Grand Bassa County we have four districts-the Coast District from new Cess to River Cess a distance of forty five miles and extending a distance of ten miles in the interior, the country lying on either side of the St. John’s River forms two districts, and the River Cess country the fourth. In Sinoe County we have five districts, the country in the neighbourhood of the Liberian Settlements, compromising the District of Little and Grand Butau, Blue Barrie, &c. The Putu, the Boe country and Secon Districts and the Sinoe Coast District included in which is the littoral from Settra Kru to Sasstown. In the County of Maryland we hae only three properly organized districts. The Kru Coast from Grand Cess to Harper, the Cavalla District from the mouth of that River to Webo, and the Webo District now in process of organization. We have therefore, already twenty three districts organized and under the control for the most part of resident commissioners. The County of Montserrado is completely districted and is fairly well policed. Bassa County next needs attention. One of the richest sections of the Republic, it has a rather turbulent population. The roads are being constantly obstructed, and innocent traders are continually annoyed and robbed. This County requires three strong posts, two say about forty miles up country and one at River Cess. These posts would constantly send out patrols for the protection of travelers and traders. It is hoped that the advice and attention of the Legislature may be had and given native affairs in that region. With reference to the Interior Department, I must first direct attention to the criticisms which have been made with respect to the District Commissioners. What the President and the Executive officers charged with the administration of this branch of the Administration have been trying to effect in the selection, trial, training and permanent retention in the service of a body of men fitted and able to oversee and direct the local Native Administrators and to efficiently enforce law, order, and government regulations. The first requisite in the appointee must be courage and hardihood. These posts are not beds of roses. They are really among the most difficult in the country under present conditions. Most of the Commissioners go to their posts accompanied by only six men, and these are often dispersed over the District discharging various necessary duties. The system has been inaugurated but a very short time. The persons selected have been from the best classes of the community, aboriginal and civilized, no distinctions have been made; some have done well, some fairly well and some have not given satisfaction. But this can be said

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of individuals attached to any service under any government in the world. The Administration must have time to carry out its ideas and to form the official personnel it desires. Useless officials, unfit men, after a fair trial have been and will be weeded out. The others will gradually come to understand what is required of them and will become interested in their work, and in the welfare of the people over whom they are placed. Another thought. These officers too must have time to take in, to be impressed with, to be convinced of the correctness of the idea which the Administration is putting forth for the management of the Native population before their work can be of the satisfactory character desired. The District Commissioners ought to be people of the country. They will have knowledge, local color, sympathy, national feeling. Not all of them are at present discharging judicial functions. The Head of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, Treasury Department, has duly called the attention of all the commissioners to the requirements of the law with regard to fines, presents, and has transmitted the forms approved by the Secretary of the Treasury for the transmission of the Reports required. District Commissioners are specially charged to insist upon the roads being kept in order and properly bridged. They have also to construct Government houses at their headquarters, including, where necessary, barracks, parade ground, when frontiers are stationed in the District, officers quarters and granaries. The Government station at Zinta in the Boozie Country is reported to be the best of these erected, but there are several others in the course of construction. Resident Commissioners are further directed to raise their food crops where it is possible to do so. This has been done at Zinta, in Zulu’s country and at Bopora. A great deal of the work of constructing houses and preparing the farms has been done by the native population, a present being afterward given them. This labour has so far been given very cheerfully. There are on the Coast of Liberia, north of the Grand Cess, two tribes who follow fishing and the sea as their constant occupation. They are known as the Batahs and Carbors. They have no tribal territory but live on the beach in the territory of the Bassa and Kru people proper. With the former we have had several conflicts; with the latter, the Carbors, we have ever since the founding of Liberia, lived in great amity and have had no sort of disturbance. Indeed this tribe has constantly boasted of its close connection with the Americo-Liberians. The increasingly close supervision which is being given to our fiscal interests on the Coasts of the Republic and the pressure which they have thereby felt has induced the Carbors to send a delegation to me on the subject. Their complaints may be summed up as referring first to a necessary outlet for their workers. They need a port. Second they think the Customs regulations bear too heavily on the luggage which their people bring home from sea. The operations of the “Lark” in connection with Sasstown, together with intertribal disturbances have closed Niffoo to trade and to shipping for the last two years. They now request that Niffoo may remain a port of entry, so that their people may have an opportunity to ship as laborers on passing ships, and some further allowance be made in the matter of luggage. The question of how much luggage ought to be admitted free of duty, is, I am told by the Chief Inspector of Customs, a very difficult problem in the management of the Customs of a country. This is owing to inequalities in respect to wealth and position. An Americo-Liberian might perhaps pass five trunks of clothing and accessories without payment of duty; but a native laborer might be called to pay something on articles contained in his one or two boxes. I have thought perhaps that the Krumen might be allowed at least one box not containing gun-powder, caps, liquor, or other prohibited articles, free, the other being taxed as the law now provides. Niffoo is already a port of entry, and although some of these ports

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ought to be closed, I should be glad to have Niffoo excepted as a measure of grace to so faithful and loyal a tribe as the Carbors. The internal condition of the country has, during the year under review, been fairly peaceful. A small force under Special Commissioner Reeves was sent to the Interior of Grand Bassa in accordance with your Joint Resolution on the subject. The objects were accomplished but the effects were evanescent, as the trouble recommenced as soon as the force was withdrawn. We have also had difficulties at River Cess, which are not yet settled, as the demands of the Government have not yet been complied with. It will be necessary to maintain a police force at River-Cess, say of fifty, and the same number at Nanna-Kru as there is no local authority in either place sufficiently powerful or influential to maintain order. Agriculture must always be the leading industry in Liberia. The Report of the commissioner will be duly placed before you. It was thought that agriculture would be stimulated by the formation, as in other countries, of Societies having an official connection with the Bureau by means of which the proper tillage of the soil might be studied and improved and new products introduced, and experimented with. These were formed, but seemed to have done little work. Possibly owing to unwise choice of officers. In such a Society the leading officials must be men of public spirit, of great activity, vitally interested in the improvements desired. The Commissioner must persevere until the right men can be induced to devote themselves to this cause. The farmers complain of want of laborers. The Legislature has done what it could to help them, but it seems likely that this want will not be supplied without activity and cooperation on their part. Some years ago farmers in this section procured the bulk of their labor from the Golah tribe which encircle the farming Districts of Montserrado County.. The most active of these people are now planting coffee and other products and are aiming to become proprietors. They employ labor. So this source of labor is no longer available. The Pesehs send many able bodied men willing to take work, to the coast settlements between October and the end of December. At which time they leave the coast to look after their own plantations and are not generally available for picking coffee, or planting the food crops. Through this want of labor quite one-third of the coffee crop in this way in annually lost, to the pecuniary and discouragements of industrious farmers. The question of remuneration has also something to do with the trouble. Many farmers buying goods at high prices desire to make profit out of the laborer, and so the goods paid in return for labour are much higher than the ordinary market prices which of course the native laborer knows, and feels he is being ill-treated. Some men, it is charged, will not pay at all, or find some fault and dismiss laborers, when the work is practically done, without remuneration. This sort of people find it impossible to get labor at all. The gradual increase in the use of money in West Africa forms another embarrassment because it has been hitherto unusual in this part of the Coast. And this is partly due to the consolidation and improvement of the English and French possessions to the Northwest, North and East of Liberia. Money has been put into circulation in the countries behind us. The days of barter are numbered. It is hoped the numerous population of Southern Liberia, may afford a source of sufficient labour for Northern Liberia, and farmers are turning their eyes in that direction, still it seems that the aboriginal laborer leaving home to work on the coast plantations should be afforded in some way adequate protection in the interest of the increasingly large number of persons who must find a livelihood from the soil as well as in the interest of a branch of industry so important to national prosperity and well-being. A labor Bureau would be a useful institution. The economic condition of the county is cause for much concern. Our output of commercial products is too small. We should be glad to see increasing attention paid to the

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growth of such staples as Cocoa and Kola, to the formation of plantations of the Oil Palm and Rubber. With respect to the cultivation of Rubber and an excellent object lesson is being afforded by the plantation of the Liberian Development Company near the township of Louisiana where information respecting the planting rubber industry, will, I am sure be most cheerfully given. Private enterprise must initiate progress along these lines, but I am sure whatever could be done to assist such enterprises the Government would do. We are not as well as off we seem to think or as is possible or desirable. The Report of the Attorney-General will put before you the vital facts in connection with out judiciary. It is hoped that the Legislature will at this year’s meeting find time to further consider the recommendation for Judicial Reforms placed before you at your last two Sessions. The first volume of the Reports of the Supreme Court of Liberia authorized by Resolution of the Legislature to be edited and published has been duly issued. The work was undertaken and satisfactorily performed by Associate Justice, now Vice President, Dossen and has met with a favourable reception. The compilation of the Statutes of Liberia is completed. It can be printed in the United States for $3,600 in two volumes. For this sum we obtain two thousand copies. A further sum, not large, should be set aside for freight, reading proofs and for index. A large part of the expense will be recouped by sale of copies at reasonable prices in foreign countries. It is hoped that the examination of the work and an appropriation for printing same will have your early attention at the present Session. A printed synopsis of the work as arranged will be submitted in a day or so. I do not at the present session call attention to any educational matter. The machinery has been framed, but we need some one to breathe life into the dry bones. It has been difficult to get the right sort of popular interest in, and zeal for education. Schools are demanded, but none seems interested that these be increasingly efficient and serve the purpose intended. If there is a momentary popular interest, it soon lags and all the old faults to which attention has been so constantly called tend to reappear. The educational efforts of the Protestant Episcopal Church, of the Methodist Episcopal Church and of the Muhlenburg and other Missions, foreign and local, continue to aid and supplement in a most serviceable and practical from the work of the public school. The Report of the Postmaster General will show that some progress has been made in the Department and that it continues to develop. The revenue is this year nearly a thousand dollars more than last. The postal receipts for 1907–8 were $6,689.62 and for 1908–9 are $7,622.57. The outgoing mails are somewhat larger than was the case during the last fiscal year. The money order Branch issued 246 domestic orders ($5,355.52), 1734 international orders ($44,838.89); total, $48,192.41, and paid orders for $2,277.40. The total fees received was $944.41. The proper discharge of the business of the Department in accordance with local and international requirements obliges the Government to secure the service of some of our most competent young men who should have some knowledge of the French language. The Postmaster-General complains that he is unable to secure and retain the services of competent men on the present scale of salaries. His view is placed before you, but the Executive is unable under the present conditions to request action on the lines suggested. Our relations with foreign powers continue on a friendly footing. The principal and most interesting fact in connection with our Foreign Relations during the present year was the visit of the America Commission . The cordial manner in which it was received by the entire population was very gratifying to the Government and people of the United Stated States, and especially your friends in that country and doubtless the attitude of the country

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will serve as an additional impetus to the granting of any assistance which the Great Republic may feel disposed to render to Liberia. I have no official information to lay before you at the present time either in regard to the form, conclusions and suggestions of the Commissioners’ report which I learn was submitted in the month of October, last. But it will be expected of Liberia by the United States as well as the civilized world that our Republic adopt any suggestions for internal reform which may be made by her, or approved by her and very largely in the form recommended. The Franco-Liberian Delimitation Commission concluded its labors during the year. The Report of our Commissioners, Commander Naber and Lieut. Moret, will be laid before you. Some territorial questions remain in dispute, but it is hoped that all difficulties will soon be settled in an amicable and reasonable manner. The frontier posts settled by the joint Commissioner have been for the most part occupied by the Frontier Force. It is hoped that attention will be paid by the Senate early in the Session to the changes suggested by the Government of Great Britain in the terms of the Treaty of 1848. The Government has also suggested that British protégées inhabitants of Protectorates be regarded as British subjects for the purposes of the Extradition Treaty of 1894. Your attention is also directed to and the approval of the Senate asked for the SpanishLiberian Convention with respect to laborers proceeding to Fernando Po. This Convention has been under consideration for three years. It limits the number of laborers that may be recruited in any one year and secures for the laborer that at least half of his wages be paid in cash at the termination of his engagements at the port of embarkation. The attention of the Spanish authorities has been informally directed to certain criticisms of the Convention by members of the Senate. The French Government has directed attention to the wording of the Concession to Mr. Edgar Allen Forbes as involving a breach of the stipulation of the Treaty of 1848 with that power. Messrs. Erlanger & Co. complain that it infringes the agreement between the Government of Liberia and themselves. The letters on the subject will be duly laid before you. The Liberian Development Company has also protested that the wording of the Concession will enable the concessionaire to infringe their privileges. Financiers are not likely to furnish capital for a concession the legal rights of which will first of all have to be settled in the Courts of Law. Nor do we desire, I hope, to enter into negotiations over possible demands for indemnities. I think the law can be amended so as to meet in the fairest spirit all these complaints and I do hope that that course will be adopted. There are some contests and difficulties in which Liberia can fairly and justly claim the aid and assistance of a philanthropic and justice-loving world; but these helps will not be given to a people who incur the suspicion of being careless about the execution of their political and commercial agreements. The Department of State has never had the necessary statutory organization as in other countries. The Secretary of State will submit a draft bill on the subject which I trust you will, in due course, enact. A Copyright Act has also been prepared by the Secretary of State for which your approval and action is required. The Republic has been asked by the Government of the German Empire to accede to the International Treaty for the protection of Artistic and Literary Work first concluded at Berne in 1886. The text of the Convention will be placed before you. The Executive Government desires to accede; the advice and consent of the Senate thereupon is requested. The German Cable, which it has been arranged shall have a station at Monrovia, is being laid

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and will probably reach our Coast within the next two years. Its terminus will be at some point on the Coast of South America. The visit which at our invitation Monsieur Ponty, Governor-General of French West Africa, paid Monrovia was much appreciated by the Administration and he left the impression that he was genially anxious to maintain friendly and neighborly relations with Liberia. The French Government has intimated its willingness to erect and maintain a wireless telegraph station at Monrovia in connection with its West African system provided a house for the use of the employees is build by the Government of Liberia at its own cost. Such a station would place the country in daily touch with the world and might be utilized for linking up our principal towns. I trust that this offer will have your favorable consideration. The attitude of the Powers with which we are in the most intimate relations has been on the whole, amicable and friendly, and a disposition has been manifested where possible to abstain from embarrassing the Republic. It is hoped that the Legislature will in every way assist the Executive and the Department of State to maintain the present friendly, helpful and cordial relations. The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will be submitted in due course. That officer and your executive are much embarrassed by the failure of the subordinate treasury officials to transmit their reports promptly at least by October 20. The President cannot therefore discuss the financial situation intelligently in the Annual Communication because he is almost always deprived of the figures and data upon which to base his statements and draw there from his deductions for the consideration and action of the Legislative Body. I therefore renew my recommendation that it be enacted that the fiscal year should end June 30, instead of September 30. It is hoped that at the present Session some real financial help be given to the Administration by way of additional resources. The Secretary of the Treasury cannot make three dollars do the works of five. He cannot meet public obligations unless the means to do so is placed within his reach. There is not a more difficult administrative position in the country. It is a cruel one. For all the anger and venom of the disappointed public creditor is vented on the head of that officer. He is the target for a thousand shafts. And I am sorry to say that many of these shafts are pointed and directed by members of the Legislature, who refused or neglected to afford him adequate resources to pay the public claim. If our little game is to appropriate money which we have not got and then to make a scapegoat of the Treasury, we cannot expect in future, men of position to accept this important post unless they receive more sympathetic treatment from the Representatives of the people. The ordinary expenses of the Government were increased last year about $40,000 by taking off the 10 per cent income tax on salaries and adding 40 per cent, to the salaries of members of the Legislature, who, however, made no suggestion as to how to meet this increase of expenditure as the Executive requested. The appropriations for the year amounted to $460,871.82 against this there has been collected the sum of $355,000 from customs and $10,000 at least from internal revenue, $7,000 postal revenue, or $380,000 altogether. The deficit is about $80.000. The floating debt is therefore again rapidly increasing. By the floating debt I mean bills approved in accordance with Legislative appropriations and unforeseen expenses, which there is no immediate means of meeting. Salaries and allowances are everywhere in arrears. We need to raise a revenue of $500,000 dollars to meet expenses on present basis, and gradually pay off the floating debt. The Native African dislikes direct taxes which indeed the administration as yet finds it difficult to effectually collect. We must therefore endeavour as much as possible to collect a sufficient revenue from the people of the Republic through the Custom House. A great

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many members of the Legislature think that to impose taxation in some form makes them unpopular so they strive to avoid action. Well, nothing makes the Administration more unpopular with monied men and with the masses then the fact that it does not provide the ways and means to run the Government. It is useless to endeavour, as some weak men do, to throw the blame on the President and the Treasury officials because sensible citizens whose opinions really control the masses know better. The Legislature and the Executive must agree, must harmonize and find means to raise revenue and support the public credit. The cry has been raised for years that salaries should be cut down and the number of officers reduced. This has not been done because it has been found impracticable. The salaries are not at all excessive when it is considered that the cost of living is higher now than 20 years ago. The offices which might be abolished would not sensibly relieve the Treasury. But in considering the line of financial policy it is well to have a glance at the alternative. Suppose the Legislature refuses to take the course suggested, the result will be that the finances will fall into still greater disorder, and the Government will be unable to perform its functions efficiently or to preserve order. This will inevitably lead to internal troubles, intervention and possibly annexation. The new Administration confronted by the same financial problems would naturally solve them, as much as possible at the expense of the people of the country, by forming an administration in which the population would have no effective representation, or voice, and by raising the sums necessary from the people of the country. It is the opinion of most unprejudiced European observers of the Liberian Administration that taxes are altogether too low, and should be appreciably increased. Given a population of one and half millions the average tax per capita is 25 cents. If for the purpose of supporting the State formed for our benefit, we refuse to tax the population, the people will not thereby be helped for the same money or more will be paid in a thousand indirect ways for the protection and security which the authorities are to furnish. The trader after paying his license to the State will have to give further and larger sums to the local, and often self-created authority for some protection, owing to the absence of a police force representing the State. The suitor, must strive to influence by indirect bribes a judge whose salary is not regularly paid by public authority and arrangement. Men of administrative experience will feel contempt for us and for a policy that continually “lingers shivering on the brink.” We see the public necessity, let us endeavour to meet it promptly by the necessary grants and subsidies. Every administration in West Africa, except Liberia, is paying its own way. The appointment of M. Dinklage for the purpose of raising capital for the State Bank was duly made. He has reported his inability to effect the desired object. Mr. Lange, who was appointed to make a report on the Treasury Department by the same Act, duly submitted his observations. He has secured from a financial syndicate of American and German Bankers the proffer of a loan of two millions upon certain conditions. The proposition will be duly laid before you with the views of the Executive with regard thereto. Loans, unless obtained by way of temporary accommodation will not under present circumstances help the Republic unless they be invested in reproductive works, likely to lead to a large increase in revenue, through the development of the country. Obtained purely to assist the revenue by increasing receipts they are simply ruinous, and will augment, not ease the financial strain. A little patient waiting combined with pressure of the right sort brought about the submission of Grand Cess without resorting to the drastic measures authorized by the Legislature. This result was due in large measure to the way in which the whole difficulty was handled by Commissioners J. S. Pratt. Mr. Pratt, too, was zealously seconded by Capt.

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Bugge, commanding the “Lark.” The Administration is also indebted in its handling of these matters for much useful information and suggestion, to the Hon. J. J. Dossen, Vice President of the Republic, whose views on aboriginal affairs have generally accorded with those of the Executive. The tactful conduct of Chief Inspector Lamont, who personally superintended the opening and organization of the provisional port of Grand Cess, did much to remove any hesitation or distrust on the part of the Chiefs and people of that important place and things have since gone smoothly. It is hoped that the Legislature will agree to reduce the amount of the fines imposed on Grand Cess, part of which has been paid, as some of the people suffered through negligence of the customs officials at Harper appreciable loss. The fine imposed on the Garraway tribe has been paid. In accordance with the views expressed in the Message of 1897, Grand Cess having submitted, a port of Entry has been opened there subject to the approval of the National Legislature, and your approval is now requested. The necessary documents showing submission of the people of Grand Cess and recognition of the authority of the Republic have been duly secured and are in the public archives. The Executive suggest, that ports of entry at which the trade is insufficient to meet the expenses of the Port should be closed. A further suggestion now made is that duties of shipping masters might with economy and advantage be discharged by the Collectors of Customs especially at ports where there is no permanent civilized population. Any doubt about the propriety of the creation of the Bureau of Internal Revenue will, I am, sure be removed by the present year’s report. Last fiscal year the amount of internal revenue collected was only $8920.61. For the year under review the sum collected amounts to $18,547.14. Of which sum $2,604.35 were received for Navy taxes. The amount stated does not include the tax on the shipment of labourers nor any sum arising from the sales of escheated lands, nor does it include the sum of $171.03 paid into the Treasury, for Executive fines. If this is added the amount will be slightly over $20,000. As the organization of the Bureau is more and more perfected, and its grip on the collectors of the several branches of internal revenue grows stronger and more complete, I am sure that the sum from this source will grow larger and larger and will eventually form a very respectable item of the National Revenue. The expected early completion of this Hall of Representatives enables me again to direct your attention to the Executive Mansion, which needs such repair, enlargements and improvements as is necessary to make it a suitable and befitting Residence for the Chief Magistrate of the Republic. The Senate Chamber also requires repair and enlargement. It is hoped that the necessary appropriations for executing work on these necessary public buildings will be made. A large sum of money would be saved the Republic yearly by the creation of the office of Director of Public works with a salary of $600 and $500 traveling expenses, and by the abolition of those sinecures-Inspectors of Public Work. Large sums of money have been voted and paid out for buildings which, if ever constructed, disappear all too rapidly. All erections for public use would be controlled by such an officer. He should have powers to conclude contracts, specify and approve material, and inspect the work at fixed periods, as to its stability and durability and fitness. Then there are the constant repairs to be done to keep the public buildings habitable and presentable. The oversight of all these matters is at present (and improperly) the business of the Secretary of the Treasury. A builder and contractor holding the appointment would be much the more suitably and effectual. I have always thought that the country would be benefited by the passage of a law granting a regular pension and official status to our Ex-Presidents. Their experience, and

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information about men, things and affairs would be of great value to their successors in office while a recognized position of a consultative character would soothe the susceptibilities of many men, who otherwise may give much unnecessary trouble and annoyance. They might be appointed Secretaries without Portfolio. I hope the Legislature will consider this idea. I gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance which I have received during the present year from the members of the Executive Council in the discharge of my onerous duties. Their service merits the public recognition which their follow citizens have so far bestowed. The unexpected death of Hon. J. A. Railey in the month of March who had just entered upon the discharge of his official duties as Secretary of War and Navy, was a shock to his official colleagues and a great loss to the country. We have also to announce with regret the death of Baron von Stien who for many years had charge of our interests at Paris, and was at the time of his demise Consul-General of Liberia in Belgium. Ex-Judge Walker of the town of Careysburg, of which place he was one of the founders, died there in the early part of the year. He was about seventy-three and had lived for fifty years in the town. Colonel Capehart of Virginia, Sergeant-at-arms of the Senate died in July in his seventy-fourth year. He had lived in the township of Virginia on the St. Paul’s River fifty-nine years. Both of these gentlemen were widely known, worthy, and much respected citizens. Matters not dealt with herein will form the subjects Special Messages. And I close the present communication with the hope that all branches of the Government will during the present session keep in sympathetic touch, and endeavour to discharge their several duties with a concord which will reflect credit upon themselves, the people whose representatives they are, and the country whose interests are placed in their hands. Arthur Barclay. Executive Mansion, 13th, December, 1909

Annual Message to the Legislature December 13, 1910 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: The year that has passed since the delivery of my last Message to the Legislature, has in some respects been an anxious one for the Republic. Early in January while your Honourable Body was still in session, it became apparent that a very unsettled state of affairs existed in the County of Maryland. The troubles, you will remember, commenced at the town of Gborrobo, a point of strategic importance on the Liberian side of the Cavalla River. The Government was very anxious to ensure that there would be no breach of the peace. The difficulty really grew out of the enmity which has for many years existed between the two branches of the Grebo tribes living in Maryland County. The dissensions between these clans have cost the Republic of Liberia, in its efforts to preserve public order and to enforce obedience to its commands, an enormous sum of money and many valuable lives. It has been said in some of the public prints of Europe that the Government of Liberia oppresses its Native population, especially the Krus. It may not therefore be inopportune to place before you a brief review of the several collisions be-

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tween the Government of Liberia and its Kru citizens, which have occurred within the last sixty year. The Kru Coast proper commences about two hundred miles below Monrovia in the neighbourhood of Sinoe. The Krus indeed have settlements along the whole coast, but above Sinoe the people of this tribe for the most part are merely tenants at will and exercise no political powers or tribal authority in the districts on the shores of which they are living. The first trouble with the Greboes, if they be considered a branch of the Kru people occurred in 1856–7. This grew out of a disposition to recover the land, the site of the present town of Harper, sold to the Maryland colony, afterwards the State of Maryland in Liberia, or at any rate to render the tenancy of the settlers impossible. The ensuing disturbances forced the annexation of the State of Maryland in Liberia to the Republic of Liberia. Here, the action of the people of Liberia was defensive, and in accordance with natural right. The next trouble known as the Padee war took place in 1862 and grew out of an appeal for protection made by a tribe called the Naffaws against the aggressions of the Padees, and as the latter refused to obey orders of Government their submission was compelled by the armed militia of the Republic and loyal native levies. President Benson in person directed this expedition. The third collision took place in 1875. The sea coast tribes from Grand Cess to San Pedro revolted and formed what was known as the Gedebo Reunited Kingdom. The object was to root up the civilized settlements in that quarter of the Republic. They attacked the Liberian townships and were in turn attacked by the militia without decisive results to either party. This war after lasting a year was finally ended by the intervention of the government of the United States under the Provisions of the Eighth Article of our Treaty with that Power. Peace was maintained until 1893 when a tribal war again broke out between the two sections of the Grebo tribe, one living close to the town of Harper, known as the Nynmowe and the other, the Kudiemowe, Rocktown clan. The latter refused to obey Government’s command to attend a council for settlement of the tribal dispute, but persisted in hostilities. Their letter on the subject was in part as follows: Rocktown, February 23rd, 1893. To His Excellency President Cheeseman. “We have received your note requesting our personal appearance. This we cannot do as we are now at war with the natives of Cape Palmas. We do not at all intend to make war with the Liberians. Our war is with the Cape Palmas natives. The reason why our women were caught by them and shamefully treated as captives will never quiet our minds until we receive satisfaction from them, * * * That is between us and the Cape Palmas natives. Americo-Liberians are not at all concerned in this matter. If this is a declaration of war against the Government we know of no other way, but will fight the Cape Palmas natives till we are conquered by them. We are truly yours, (Signed) Chieftain and Headman at Rocktown, Middletown & Fishtown

Order had to be restored which was effected after some three yeasr of intermittent fighting. To other parts of the Kru Coast since 1856 when it became necessary to subdue the tribes in the vicinity of the Liberian settlements in Sinoe County we have sent but one expedition and that to Nanna Kru at the request of the chiefs of that place to protect them against a bush tribe called the Pitty people who threatened them with extinction. In two cases the Government of Liberia moved for the protection of its legal rights properly acquired, but in most cases during the last sixty years it has acted in the interests of public order and security for the protection of the weaker communities under its rule against aggressive and stronger tribes.

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Since 1875 especially, the Government of Liberia has endeavoured to be just and accommodating in its dealings with the Krus. The establishment from time to time of the Ports of Nanna Kru, Niffoo and Batoo, Sasstown, Piccanny Cess and Grand Cess, Garraway and Half Cavalla within the range of one hundred miles shews its desire to give to this valuable element of our citizenship every facility for both lawful commerce and for employment at sea, and in the neighbouring colonies. Returning to Maryland County and its condition at the beginning of the year, I beg to recall the fact that immediately on hearing of the disturbances the Government promptly dispatched to that County Messrs. Padmore and Sims, members of the Cabinet, with an escort of one hundred men. They were instructed on arrival to call a council of the chiefs of the disaffected and other tribes and to investigate all matters of dissatisfaction in a just and impartial manner. With them was associated the Superintendent of the County. On arrival, the Commissioners found the population, native and Americo-Liberian in an excited state. They, however, endeavoured to execute their instructions. The Native community while declaring their loyalty and expressing belief in the peaceful intentions of your executive professed to doubt the bona fides of the Commission. In letters to the President sent during the month of January, they complain of the attitude of the Superintendent and especially took exception to his statement that he held the paramount chief of the Cape Palmas clan responsible for the trouble at Gbolobo. They objected to the Commission residing at the Superintendent’s residence and took exceptions to their endorsement of his order that the breastworks which had been erected around their towns must be demolished. They charge the people of Harper with burning four thatch houses in that town belonging to their people. Professing to distrust the ability of the Commission to settle the matter they suggested to the President, the appointment of another Commission with the Secretary of the Treasury Howard at its head or, that the President go to Cape Palmas in person. They requested the removal of Superintendent Thorne and the appointment of Mr. George Brewer. The Legislature being in session it was quite impossible for the Secretary of the Treasury or President to leave the Capital. As an alternative the President proposed that the chiefs come to Monrovia, sent a dispatch through the commission to the Grebo Chiefs inviting them to do so and at the same time directed the local treasury officials to pay their expenses to the Capital. To this invitation, no formal reply was ever received, although its reception was acknowledged. Matters however, seemed in a fair way of settlement when the murder of Mr. Speare, a Native minister and missionary of the Protestant Episcopal Church by some unknown person, became a fresh cause of animosity and brought to a head the latent distrust which seemed to exist in this section of the Republic between the Native Liberian and AmericoLiberian citizenship. The Commission did their best, but not succeeding in discovering the murderer of Mr. Speare, although a reward was very properly offered, and every effort made, the tension increased, and finally ended in hostilities which commenced on the 11th of February. On receiving notice of this fact, on the 12th of February, the Government at once dispatched the “Lark” to Cape Palmas with a reinforcement of fifty men of the Frontier Police Force and necessary ammunition and guns. Brigadier General Padmore was placed in command and instructed to make no offensive movement until the necessary force could be collected, supplies provided and transported to Harper. At the time this order was given General Padmore had about three hundred effectives under his command, of which the Fourth Regiment furnished about one hundred and the Frontier Force two hundred, not including Native levies, who of course had to watch and guard their own towns. Skirmishing continued throughout the month of February and March with the hostiles in front of Harper and in the neighborhood of other Liberian settlements, during which period several other tribes joined the revolt. At the end of march the Frontier Post of Webo had to be va-

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cated as in spite of efforts it could not be either reinforced or supplied with ammunition. Through the courtesy of the French authorities of the Ivory Coast the garrison reached Harper safely in the Gunboat “Lark”. In April such offensive movements as were possible were made, and the Grebo towns near Harper gradually cut off from the interior. About this time the U. S. Scout “Birmingham” arrived at Monrovia and the officer in command announced that he had instructions to afford to the Government of Liberia in the premises such moral support as might be necessary. Advantage was taken of this incident to appoint as Special Commissioners, Vice President Dossen and Attorney General King to settle, if possible, the difficulties in Maryland County. They arrived at Harper in peril and were of material service in putting more life into the military operations. Secretary Sims and General Padmore joined the Commission later. On the 12th of May the Grebo chiefs surrendered unconditionally; but as a large tract of country remained in revolt it was still necessary to dispatch the reinforcements originally arranged for. The Government had great difficulty in obtaining the necessary supplied, and in this connection is particularly indebted for assistance received from the German firms of A. Woermann and Messrs. Wiechers & Helm. Finally, it was able to send between the 18th and 25th of May 600 men to General Padmore. I am glad to report that the men for the most part presented themselves for service very willingly and gave the military authorities no trouble whatever. During the campaign on the Cavalla they marched well, showed considerable endurance, obeyed orders not to molest the people of the country and suffered cheerfully the exposure and hardship incident to the service. The activity and services of several of the officers of the three regiments embodied were specially brought to the attention of the President. They will be rewarded by promotion and other distinction. On the 21st of May a part of the troops took possession of the Grebo town near Cape Palmas without fighting. On the 2nd of June a force of 5oo men was dispatched from Harper for the pacification of the Cavalla River Districts. This force commanded by Brigadier General Stevens with whom was Colonel Carter of the Fifth and Lietenant Colonel Moort of the First Regiment, marched to Half Cavalla, and thence along the river till it reached Gbolobo where a permanent post was at once established. The troops moved thence to Yublike, at which place General Stevens as ordered made his head quarters, and where he received the submission of the surrounding tribes as far as Webo. The troops moved thence to Gedebo about June 25th, which was made the base for operation against the Webos and their allies. Great difficulty was experienced in supplying the men, as it had been ordered that supplies should be taken from the country by force. Between June 27th and July 8th, one engagement took place, in which the town of Sorriki was taken with a cost of six killed and eleven wounded. Early in July General Stevens asked to be relieved. He was replaced July 7th by Brevet Major General Tubman, an old and experienced officer. He promptly carried out the instructions given him, moved on Nitielu, the principal town of the Webos on the 13th July, attacking at daylight after four hours fight took it and burned it on the 15th and completely broke up for the time being armed resistence in that quarter. Our lost was five killed and forty-three wounded. A detachment of the Frontier Force with one piece of artillery, directed by Colonels Lomax and Cooper a few days after reoccupied our post at Nyanke, and thereafter garrisoned that place and Nitielu. These movements practically closed the operations. The militia force by order of General Tubman marched from Gedebo on the 17th July through the country direct to Harper meeting with no resistance on the way there. During the operations thirty-four men were killed-twenty two of whom belonged to the Frontier Force. Fifty-six men were wounded. The Medical service under the skillful super-

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vision of Dr. Jourdran of the Frontier Force and his assistants, was conducted in a very satisfactory way and the loss from sickness and exposure was very slight. On the political side the Commissioners held a series of councils with previously disaffected and many loyal tribes, and placed matters in good shape. A printed document setting forth the relations of the Native communities to the Government of Liberia, and of the responsibilities of Government to them was duly read, accepted and signed by the chiefs of each tribe present and by the Commission. Occasion was taken to explain the reasons for the creation of the Frontier Force about which there had been complaints, their duties and the determination of the Government to look into and redress all well founded complaints with respect to their conduct brought to its notice. The Chiefs saw with the authorities in the need for the Force and assured the Commission that they would gladly furnish recruits for same. It was provided that Native Councils be held twice yearly, the Superintendent of the County presiding, at which all inter-tribal disputes and grievances might be heard and settled. On the 13th of August a final Council was held in which the Commissioners announced the decision of Government with respect to the conduct of the Nyemowe clan of Greboes and other tribes, who had joined the revolt and awarded the following penalties: 1. That the villages of Plukey, Benelu, Heseke and Hoffman Station be vacated by the inhabitants who were assigned locations some miles interior from Harper. The Christian inhabitants of Hoffman Station were directed to remove to a fresh location at Springfield near Half Graway. 2. That the towns of whole Graway, which had been burned, might be rebuilt whenever the Government should see fit to so permit. 3. The Baraka Greboes were ordered to construct a road form Philadelphia to the Cavalla, under Governmental supervision. 4. The inhabitants of the town of Kabliki were fined a thousand dollars. The same fine was imposed upon the Beabo clan, while their chief Kassa was ordered to be deported. 5. The Grebo Chiefs, except Budu of Half Graway, were ordered to be deported to Monrovia where, except Kassa they are now held in custody. The tribesmen were ordered to choose new chiefs to be approved by the Commission. These orders were all carried out, portions of the fines have been paid. The survey of the road from Philadelphia has been commenced. Great credit is due to General Padmore and staff, Vice President Dossen and the other members of the Commission for their services in the matter, especially as their efforts were impeded and often arrested by much local inertness, wrong headedness, and obstructiveness. There seemed to be quite a disposition to ignore, suspect, and thwart the efforts of the central Government to restore order, and this spirit made the task of its agents most laborious and trying. It was only after the decision of the commission was announced that the Americo-Liberian population perceived that the efforts of Government has been all the time directed to a pacification which it hoped would be permanent and lasting and would contribute to peace and harmony and ultimate prosperity of all classes of its citizenship in the County of Maryland. It remains for the Legislature to approve the measures with respect to the Greboes taken by the Executive in the County of Maryland, viz: The deportation of the chiefs to the Capital, the removal of the population and the confiscation of the sites of Plukey, Benelu and other towns, and that approval is now asked. It was hoped by the Government that at least one or two of the villages ordered to be moved might have been allowed to remain, but in view of the following letter addressed to the foreign merchants at Cape Palmas by the Grebo Chiefs it was thought best in the inter-

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est of the commerce of the post and in view of possible future complications, to remove the inhabitants of all the villages designated: Big Town, Cape Palmas, March 22, 1910. To the German and English Merchants, Harper, Cape Palmas. Gentlemen: “Some months ago we wrote to inform you that without cause the Liberians had killed certain young men of our tribe and no satisfactory account as to their investigations for the detection of the criminal could be given us by the Liberians. And that if your trade roads were blocked we were not to be blamed for it. During the war we have tried to respect your national flags as much as possible, but we discover from observation as well as information that the Liberians are being benefited by this immunity to the extent that the German flag was seen at the Liberian Government Customs House, and the Liberians through you enjoy all advantages of marine communication while we are effectively barred from the same by them. They are now vigorously trying to cut off all our sources of supply, although without any appreciable result, by carrying the Rocktown people and some of their Frontiers soldiers at the rear of our towns to block our road to the interior. In view of all these facts we should be less than men to sit and allow the Liberians to enjoy all the above mentioned advantages at the same time that they are trying to starve us out. Therefore, we have to inform you that we intend to intercept their over sea communication as much as lies in our power to do; and have to inform you accordingly to hold your boats in check as we no longer wish the Liberians to continue their war through your cooperation. From date we shall attempt to stop every boat leaving the shore for any marine intercourse with any vessel either in or outside the harbor.” “We beg to remain, Gentlemen, Yours truly, his mark King Gyude And Chiefs of the Cape Palmas Greboes.”

You are now asked to vote the remainder of the money, some $80,000 necessary to meet the expenses of the Expedition. The total of these were $120,873.04. Your Joint Resolution providing for the suppression of the rebellion, approved in March appropriated but $40,000. The result of the operations has been, in the opinion of competent observers, to give the Government of Liberia a firmer grip on this province than it has hitherto been found possible to maintain. There remains the question of the ultimate disposition of the Grebo Chiefs. Upon their submission they were detained as prisoners, and have been so kept. It has been suggested that they be assigned lands in the vicinity of Careysburg which they might cultivate for their support. Most of them being aged men, on inquiry it was found that they had neither women nor other dependents who might assist them. It is quite impossible that they can plant and cultivate their own lands. Having regards to the expense, and to the situation in the County of Maryland, I would suggest that they be allowed to return home if they so desire. Unsuccessful in their revolt they have probably lost their influence and the other native communities would understand that order being restored the Government of Liberia is disposed always to be clement and is not inclined to proceed to extremities. The artificial body called a State should have no passions. It should be guided in its actions solely by the dictates of a well considered far seeing policy likely to advance its ambitions and interests.

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It is a rule now generally followed in the political life of the principal States of the civilized world, that where a Government has been compelled to act with vigor against an insurrection of a part of its citizens the cessation of hostilities is signalized by the adoption of measures designed to remove grievances, and in other respects of a conciliatory character. Many instances might be cited. One will suffice: The Government of the United States has for the last forty five years successively adopted and put in execution every political measure, commensurate with national dignity, whereby the people of the Southern States might be soothed and conciliated and a real and abiding national unity re-established. A last word. The County of Maryland contains many persons whose views and ideas with respect to the native population it is both impossible to approve, or to carry out. Maryland is an important frontier province of the Republic, with a virile and an active population. This population it is important to treat in a just and conciliatory manner. All causes of irritation should be as far as possible avoided. The native population cannot be governed and controlled as mere dependants. It must be allowed representatives, a hearing, and a voice in local matters. The friction between the descendants of the Maryland Colony and the Natives arises, I believe, more from personal and social causes than from political differences. The General Government has been called upon to spend more money in this quarter of the Republic in the last thirty-five years than any other. In order that this drain may not continue it will have to exercise a closer supervision over this Province, than any other, and this in the interest of the whole Republic and it will be a national duty on the part of the Legislature to support its action in this regard. Less hauteur of the wrong sort, and more brotherly kindness, less of the assumption of a superiority which is not existent, and a greater recognition of a man as a man would render the task of the Administration much easier in that County and go far to bring about that confidence and repose the want of which has retarded its development and growth. The expedition which it was found necessary to send against Segay and other chiefs of New Cess, to punish them for robbing the factories and ill-treating peaceful traders, was duly dispatched from Buchanan in the month of April. A detachment of the Second Regiment under the command of Major Horace assisted latterly by a detachment of the Frontier Force under the command of Lieut. J. B. R. McGill restored order in that section. It was found impossible to carry out all the objects of the expedition owing to the heavy rain which made military movements impossible, and the ill-health of men. A further appropriation of at least $3,000 will be necessary for paying in full the expenses of the force. The obstructions, which Tor, a chief in the hinterland of Grand Bassa has for the past two years been offering to peaceful trade has obliged the Government to send a force principally of Native levies against him. This was dispatched in the month of October, and will cost about $8,000 for which you are asked to make the necessary provision. In consequence of the conduct of the people of Settra Kru, who attacked a peaceful tribe called that Tatawahs and robbed factories located at that place, communication with that point was interdicted by the Executive, at the suggestion of the local council of Sinoe, with the view of compelling their obedience to the order of the Superintendent who directed this community to cease their raids and to pay for the goods plundered. This they have hitherto neglected to do, and are still defying the local authorities. Mr. Johns, a local trader, violated the interdict and was on two occasions brought before the Court of Admiralty and fined. He has taken the case on appeal, to the Supreme Court. The interdict is a weapon which has been frequently used with effect against obstinate native communities. It often obviates the necessity for sending a military force into a district with all the consequent loss of life, property and prosperity. You are asked therefore, to approve the action of the Executive in this matter. It might be well also to give the Ex-

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ecutive power to enforce such interdicts in his discretion, subject to the approval of the Legislature at its next session. The Frontier Posts, except Barakole have all been maintained during the year. The post of Barakole, the last of those designated by the Franco-Liberian Commission lying on the St. Johns River in Grand Bassa has not yet been occupied, but the Government hopes to send a force there shortly and now request the necessary appropriation. The operations in Maryland and Grand Bassa compelled a great extension of the Frontier Force which now has in its ranks about six hundred men with fourteen officers. About one hundred men have been constantly at headquarters, the rest in Montserrado and Maryland Counties on duty. It has turned out and will prove a useful body of men, but it has not been possible to pay either men or officers punctually and with regularity. This is a source of great annoyance and regret to the Secretary of War, but the Treasury officials are not to blame. They have done their best. The men have grumbled and made representations, but on the whole they have been orderly and obedient when under proper control. For this important force we need twelve hundred men, for the southern and larger section of the Republic, except on the Cavalla river, is quite unpoliced, and we cannot allow it to so remain. No less than six posts will be needed for that part of the interior, and the detachment needed at Rivercess and Nanna Kru and the hinterland of Grand Bassa will absorb the balance. It is estimated that the cost, proper up keep, barracks, etc., will be not less than two hundred thousand dollars, but as pointed out before this will be recouped from the internal revenue as soon as the police administration is placed on a thoroughly sound footing. This question ought to have the close attention of the Legislature as there are great national interests involved in this matter of the Frontier Force. I called attention at your last session to the state of the Militia, and to the necessity for its improvement, and the conditions surrounding the force dispatched to Cape Palmas as well as the state of the Fourth Regiment sustained my criticisms in every particular. With our support I propose to take active steps for its improvement. Among which will be the displacement of disobedient, incompetent and useless officers; the establishment of a transport service, and of a small body of instructed artillerists able to manage and take care of field and machine guns, and the regular practice at the range by the militia with the modern rifle and under the conditions usual in West African Warfare. The Executive purposes to continue to enforce the Act restricting the sale of guns, gunpowder, and gun caps, as a valuable adjunct to the police power of the country. In my first annual message I called attention to the Government of our municipalities other than incorporated cities. At the town meetings held on the first Tuesday in October of each year presided over by the senior Justice of the Peace, the local officials for the year are usually chosen. These consists of three town commissioners, a town clerk, a treasurer, two or three overseers of roads and a collector of municipal rates. These meetings are now often very disorderly; the best class of citizens are either overridden, or do not attend, and a regrettable state of affairs is rapidly becoming normal. I suggest that the commissioners who often obstruct each other, be replaced by a single executive officer elected by the tax-payers with a small council, and that he have the power to appoint with the consent of his council the local officials. In case the local elections for some reason are not held, the President, Secretary of the Interior, should have the power of appointment of officers until the next election. Some control should be exercised over these municipalities by making the obligation to the publication of an annual report addressed to the Secretary of the Interior shewing how their powers have been exercised and their revenues expended during the year reviewed.

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Many local improvements in the way of good roads, bridges and public buildings might be effected by the authorizing, the establishment of a county Board of Works, to be presided over by the Superintendent, of which the executive officers of the local municipalities would be ex officio members. This Board should have control of all the great public roads, the bridges, the rivers, navigable creeks, the repair of the county jails and the erection of necessary buildings for the use of the local authorities. For this purpose it should have power to fix and collect a tax from the whole country, to levy tolls, and to issue bonds to a limited amount to be approved by Government for urgent and necessary public works. I have nothing to which I desire especially to call attention to in the report of the Postmaster General which will be duly laid before you. The question of the increase of salary for certain employees of his Department is not possible under existing financial conditions. I think a comparatively small appropriation might enable him by adding an additional storey to the existing Post Office building to provide the additional space which he considers necessary. The Superintendent of public Instruction will submit his interesting report. Very little administrative work has been possible during the present year owing to the absence of the retiring official as well as the one appointed at the beginning of the year, in Maryland County on military duty. The whole educational situation has however since the termination of the war been examined, and a bill embodying the view of the present official placed before you. I trust it will have your patient attention, examination and ultimate approval. The want of the necessary means is certainly a regrettably obstacle to that development of our public school system on the practical modern lines now everyday seen to be urgently necessary and desirable. Among the questions discussed which has come frequently before the Government and the Department of State during the present year has been the claim for indemnification made by foreign merchants for robberies in districts, where there has been internal disturbances. Instance, Webo, where it is reported in foreign prints that the Natives sedulously guarded the goods of Europeans, but where it is charged with apparent truth by the firm of A. Woermann that the said Natives robbed them of nearly three thousand dollars. Petitions will probably be placed before your Honorable Body for indemnification for losses in Grand Bassa, Sinoe and Maryland. These demands may eventually be a source of embarrassment and I think existing laws are framed with the possibility of such demand being made, as they say distinctly that the state shall not be held responsible. The Secretary of State advises me that the rule is, if the State reimburses its trader citizens for such losses it must also in like manner reimburse its alien traders. It is very desirable that some fixed Rule be adopted for the guidance of the Executive. I beg again to direct your attention to the law proposed last year reorganizing the Department of State and to ask you to enact same at your present session. I again renew my request for the passage of the copyright Act, also brought forward at your last session. The residence of the late Fred. Grant, Esqr., Ashmun Street, Monrovia, having escheated to the Republic for want of legal heirs, I have directed that the same be not sold and have to ask that the property by Resolution be permanently assigned to the Department of State for its offices. This will give the Secretary of State decent and roomy official apartments for the discharge of his official duties. An annex specially constructed for the storing in suitably boxes important public documents and records would be a desirable addition to the present building and I hope you will eventually authorize its construction. For want of funds the Government has not been able to have the Revised Statutes printed. The renewal of the necessary appropriation for the purpose is requested.

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Our relations with foreign powers have during the past year been friendly. The French Government during your recess drew the attention of the Executive to the Act incorporating the Liberian American Produce Company, Sec. 3, clause 2 in which it is provided that the stock be held only by Liberians or Americas. So far as it may be thought that the language of the Act discriminates against French capital I heartily concur in the soundness of the protest of the French Government. But there is reasonable ground for the opinion that the provisions in the Act complained of are declaratory and not mandatory, and that if a case should arise, in which an effort to discriminate against French capital should be made, the courts of the republic would hold said provisions to be inoperative, as to give them force and effect would certainly be in violation of existing treaties. It is to be hoped that when the attention of the Company is called to this objection that it will unite all parties having an interests under said Act and petition the Legislature for such an amendment as will remove all ground for complaints. I may point out that the provisions criticized are very unusual, are not in the interest of the development of the country, and are not helpful. One of the most powerful financial communities in the world is France, and her ill-will is generally avoided by peoples wishing to obtain foreign capital for opening up of their undeveloped territories. If the capital belonging to any special community is desired, this arrangement is generally a matter of special and private negotiation. I trust therefore, this clause will, the Company assenting, be amended. Most of the concessions granted American citizens within the last four years have expired by limitation and the interests designated may now form the subject matter of any new and desirable arrangements. The French Government about August 11th, notified the Government that it accepts of the boundary as delimitated and agreed upon by the Joint Commission. Liberia deposited for her share of certain joint expenses ǧ1,000 or $4,800. Three fourths of which sum has been repaid to the Treasury. Great Britain through her Consul General has laid before the Government of Liberia a proposal accompanied by map for the settlement of the Kanre Lahun question which will be duly placed before you. The British Representative has also filed protests against the action taken at your last session against the Liberian Rubber and the Development Companies. These will be duly laid before you. I have taken the ground that this action was levied not against the companies, but at your Executive, for some unknown reason, or perhaps as a rebuke, which confident of the soundness of his legal and constitutional attitude but deferring to the wisdom of the Legislature he received in good part and with good humor. In almost every state a conflict has arisen at some time between co-ordinate branches of its Government with respect to their respective spheres of action under the Constitution. While lawyers in the Legislature may differ upon the interpretation of the Statutes and of the Constitution, with the Executive and his advisers, I do not think innocent third parties who have invested their monies in Liberian enterprises with perfect faith that the State will protect and defend them ought to be allowed to suffer. Nor ought there to be permitted to exist the slightest doubt as to our bone fides in matters of credit and investment. I am perfectly sure that the Legislature of Liberia does not intend to be unjust to foreign capital and in that certainty I invite you to assist the Executive and the British Consul General to reach a satisfactory settlement of questions at issue with the companies growing out of your action. This can only have for the future credit of Liberia the best result, whereas if the controversy is prolonged the name of Liberia will suffer severely in all the commercial and financial centers of the world. The report of the American Commission to Liberia was submitted by President Taft to Congress on March 25th, 1910. A copy was received by the Government in August. Your Honorable Body will remember the points of the memorial which you caused to be submit-

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ted to the Commissioners. They are, briefly enumerated-a guarantee of independence and integrity, advice and counsel which regard to international affairs, and reforms, liquidation of the foreign and domestic debt, control being assumed by American experts for the purpose of systemization and organization of the customs and the financial administration. Experts to be furnished to initiate and carry through reforms deemed necessary, the establishment of an American Bank with American capital to assist Government, and to further public improvements, to assist in settlement of boundary questions at issue between Liberia and her neighbors, to establish a research station, aid in the establishment of industrial schools, to aid in establishing civilized centers of the frontier force, under American officers and that warships of the United States visit Liberia annually or oftener. The Commission made a very fair, well-digested and exhaustive report. Its recommendations were: 1. That the United States aid Liberia in the prompt settlement of pending boundary disputes. 2. That the United States enable Liberia to refund its debt by assuming as a guarantee for the payment of obligations under such arrangements, the control and collection of the Liberian Customs. 3. That the United States lend its assistance to the Liberian Government in the reform of its internal finances. 4. That the United States would lend its aid to Liberia in organizing and drilling an adequate constabulary or frontier force. 5. That the United States should established and maintain a research station in Liberia. 6. That the United States re-open the question of re-establishing a Coaling Station in Liberia. Under each suggestion is either a statement of reasons for making it or showing how much action would favourably affect the country. I think the report of this Commission should be carefully perused and studied and it has been ordered to be printed. The Government of the United States in the Month of June of the present year informed our Administration that the President had decided to lend Liberia assistance in the financial, military, and agricultural departments, and further that the said Government will affirmatively at the proper time, enter upon negotiations to secure respect for the ascertained boundaries of Liberia. It was suggested that financial assistance take the form of a loan to be raised by an American Banking firm which would have British, French and German partners for the payment of the foreign and domestic indebtedness, to be secured on the customs and headmoney. The security for this loan would be a receivership of customs to be held by an American official, who would also be the financial adviser of the Government of Liberia, assisted by three officers of British, French, and German nationalities. The revenue from customs and head-money would primarily be received by these officers and after meeting the obligations agreed upon by the two States the balance to be paid into the Treasury of the Republic for administrative purposes, other than those coming under the supervision of the American Receiver. At the suggestion of the Secretary of State, Washington, Mr. R. P. Falkner, former Chairman of the American Commission sent to Liberia, was appointed Financial Representatives of Liberia in the United States and Europe to make arrangements for the proposed loan subject to the approval of the Legislature. The Government of Liberia became responsible for the sum of four thousand dollars for his expenses, which amount the Legislature is now requested to approve and place in the Budget for 1911.

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Mr. Falkner has not yet submitted any scheme or reported the final results of his efforts. He has met with great difficulties. Other matters mentioned in the note of the American Government have not as yet taken shape. We should remember that the efforts which the United States desire to put forth in our behalf must wait upon opportunities which may not present themselves at once. Patience is a very necessary element in such matters. Meanwhile we should by our governmental action do everything to assist, and abstain from all acts which will tend to embarrass our Great next friend in its efforts to assist us. If Great Britian, France, and Germany are to be partners in this loan attacks on the material interests of their subjects in Liberia are distinctly harmful and embarrass our agents and friends in their negotiations. Your Resolution amending the Cable Concession of the German South American Telegraph Company should not be executed as provided at your last session because of the absence of suitable locations on public lands in the City of Monrovia. By permission of Government the Cable Company purchased in the name of the Republic the land necessary where it desired it, the Government agreeing, when the Concession ceased that these lands be sold by it and the value as received returned to the Cable Company. Your approval of this arrangement is requested. The Company through the proper official will also submit proposals for the establishment of a telephone service and of wireless telegraph. This latter will enable the company to communicate with passing ships and so perhaps increase the volume of business. The attention of the Legislature is called to the annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury and the condition of the public finances. The appropriations for the fiscal year just ended amounted in all to $537,731,76. The receipts from all sources are approximately$403,408.06. The expenditures were $579,495,02; excess of expenditure over receipts were $176,096.96. Customs brought in $377,3798.19 as compared with $352,361.18 received last fiscal year, rather less than was expected considering the increased duty on spirits, authorized at your last session. But the troubles in districts of Bassa, and Sinoe and in the County of Maryland have affected the trade adversely together with the absence of the closer supervision in vogue last year and this naturally accounts for the relative decrease. The deficit, the Chief Inspector of Customs estimates to be about $40,000 for the present calendar as compared with the last calendar year. The interest on the foreign bonds of Liberia during the year was duly paid but, it found it impossible to meet, in full, sums due on account sinking fund. The accounts of the Public Debt up to June 30th, showed the financial position in that respect to be: Due to Foreign creditors Due to nationals and resident alien Of which $154.630.64 is bonded.

$936,159.48 $554,164.87

A considerable sum is due to the Frontier Force for back due to pay. This has been a most difficult financial year. There has been a noticeable lack of confidence largely the course of legislation as well as to the uncertainties of future financial arrangements. There has been some discussion as to the intention of the Liberian government with respect to sums due resident foreign merchants for goods furnished the Government. An impression prevails that such sums would be scaled down arbitrarily, in consideration of the fact that charges to the Government are relatively much higher than to private parties. The view expressed by the Administration was that if it paid cash down at a period anterior to that of which its creditors expected to realize it was fair that Liberia should have the discount, for cash larger or smaller according to the nature of the transaction and the assistance given; but, as busi-

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ness between the Government, and other parties involved contracts, such contracts would not be arbitrarily set aside. The financial situation is becoming increasingly difficult. Our international obligations take the first place. These are payments of interest on our foreign debt, the policing of our land and sea frontiers, payment of the foreign officers in our service. This if done properly will absorb not less than $240,000 out of a possible revenue of $400,000 leaving $160,000 for all other branches of the Administration. The contemplated loan, if secured will, practically, not affect the financial situation. There are only three methods by which the situation may be relieved: 1. Increased taxation; or 2. Rigid and uncompromising economy in all directions where vital national interests do not forbid; or 3. A contraction and simplification of the administrative machinery. Among our people an impression seems to prevail that we will receive financial assistance from the Governments who have recently manifested some interest in our State. I am sure there is no foundation for this idea. We must accomplish our own financial salvation and this will be the supreme test of our ability for self-government. The financial salvation of the country rests on our development of its fertile acres. Agriculture is the basis of all national wealth, and it is from this source we must look for gradual financial improvement. The proper, scientific tillage of even 100,000 or 200,000 acres of land with its resultants will work almost a miracle in the financial situation. The recommendation by the American Commission of a research station with a view to the investigation and utilization of the indigenous, or naturalized fibres, or plants is a farreaching and most beneficial scheme of great national economic importance the effects and benefits of which, must make themselves more apparent as the idea takes practical shape. The Bank of British West Africa has recently arranged for the establishment of a Branch at Monrovia. This can be made very useful both to Government and people of Liberia, as it will afford them commercial and financial facilities not before existant. I trust the enterprising directors will receive every possible encouragement from Government and people. With respect to the Kru labor the Secretary of the Treasury has my approval of the suggestion he will make that each laborer returning home be allowed to bring in and pass the customs as luggage free of duty, one box or trunk. The deck laborers on board ships proceeding along the coast have a grievance which I think should be removed. The idea of the law passed years ago was that they should pay one dollar per year; but they now pay four dollars or even five dollars as they are made to pay this fee now for each voyage, the length of which does not extend beyond sixty days. In any case they should not pay more than eight shillings per year. I need not tell you how difficult has been the task of the Secretary of the Treasury since your last recess to keep the Governmental machine in motion, under the circumstances to which I have briefly adverted and his efforts should have the appreciative recognition of the Legislature and all good citizens. The report of the Attorney General submitted at your last session and the one now about to be submitted suggest several necessary amendments to the criminal law which I should be glad to have you consider. For example, that the law on Assault and Battery be re-arranged and the jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace in such cases be extended. The law with respect to principals and accessories should also be re-drawn as in such cases the Statutes of Liberia are less comprehensive than the common law. Our Statute

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requires actual presence not only of principals in the second degree, but for accessories. The Common Law admits of a constructive presence as to principals in the second degree, and only deems as accessories before the fact such as having procured or counseled the commission of a crime are actually absent at the perpetration. Suppose A wishes to poison B. He procures C, a servant of B’s to administer the poison. A takes it to C and while it is being put into the food watches outside the door of the room to see that C is not interrupted. According to the common law A would be a principal in the second degree; according to the Statue of Liberia, as it now stands, if indicted, he would probably be acquitted. I think the law in such cases should at once be amended. The attention of the Legislature is once more directed to former recommendations with respect to the necessity for a thorough re-organization of our Judiciary. There is, as has been observed in former communications, need for a Bench especially in the Superior Courts, better prepared by training, experience, and learning for attention to the important interest which are the concern of this co-ordinate branch of our Government. The Judicial officers under present arrangements might well be considered to hold sinecures. They perform really but little continuous work. The Judges of the Probate Courts are working in court about thirty-six days out of a year. A great deal of their Chamber practice is illegal. The Judges of the Superior Court give attention to business twelve weeks out of fiftytwo and the three Judges of the Supreme Court are engaged in hearing cases on appeal, about thirty days in each year, barring an occasional application for a writ of Mandamus, Certiorari of Prohibition once in three months, if so often. The Act so often already suggested has for its scope and central ideas, reduction in the number of officials; appointees whose competency for the Judicial office will be universally acknowledged, higher pay, more work and increased efficiency which comes from constant practice. Five or six men are sufficient for the whose judicial business of a country. Working ten months out of the year six hours daily the whole judicial business of a county could be dispatched by one man, with plenty of time to spare. Juries might often by agreement of parties be dispersed with and the law providing for arbitrations especially in commercial cases more frequently employed. The same man might also be a Commissioner of Probate, I am sure we could save money by a reorganization along these lines. The commissioner of Agriculture is very anxious that some law be passed for the recruitment and protection of agricultural laborers. His views will appear in his annual report. There can be no doubt that the farmers will find it difficult to procure a regular and dependable supply of laborers for the upkeep and development of gardens and farms. The Director of Public Works among other matters will submit bills with reference to the survey of public lands, and also with respect to Mines and mining. Several citizens prominent in the life of their communities have died since your last session among which I mention the Hon. G. W. Gibson, a former President of the Republic, whose demise occurred in April in his 77th year, to the great regret of the country and a large and appreciative circle of friends and admirers. Well informed, courteous, of ripe experience, profoundly interested in all the problems before the country, he was one of a class of which the country has too few; whose loss is immediately felt whose place is difficult to fill. Colonel B. J. K. Anderson, former Secretary of the Treasury, who died in his 74th year had a long and varied official career. He first attained Cabinet rank in the administration of President Benson in the early sixties. He served in several administrations. He is to be remembered particularly for his travels and explorations in the hinterlands of Liberia 1867–8, and account of which was embodied in a small volume entitled “A Journey to Musardu.”

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He repeated the journey in 1874. His work in this connection was of considerable political value to the Republic. After his return for quite seven years he endeavoured by public lectures and earnest personal appeals to interests our principal men in an effort to secure our territorial interests in the Mandingo Plateau but without much avail. His fears turned out well founded and the French acquired the best part of the upper districts which he first made known to the world. Col. Redd a well-known citizen of Grand Bassa, lived in that Province over sixty years. He was at one time a member of the House of Representatives. He was about eighty years old at the time of his death. The members of the Cabinet have been very active and zealous during the year, and have rendered your Executive every possible service especially during the troubles at Cape Palmas. The Secretary of State went there on two occasions with a view of assisting me to form a just estimate of the situation. Other members rendered excellent service both civil and military. I subjoin to this communication a list of the measures projected herein. I trust that the session just inaugurated will be harmonious and will be fruitful in the enactment of measures calculated to advance the true interests of Liberia at home and abroad. Arthur Barclay. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 13th, 1910. List of Measurers Projected Herein. 1. A Resolution approving of the Settlement of the late Grebo Revolt and of the Acts of the Commission appointed for that purpose by the President. 2. Resolution granting the deficiency appropriations asked for in the matter of the Cape Palmas War, the Expedition against Segay and against Tor. 3. Approving the Interdict of Settra Kru. 4. Resolution direction the formation and ___ for the instruction of one company to be composed of forty men. 5. An Act amendatory to the Act providing for the government of Townships. 6. An Act providing for the formation of County Board of Works. 7. The Educational Act of 1910. 8. A Resolution directory to the Executive in the matter of indemnities claimed by citizens and alien traders in Liberia for losses suffered by raids and insurrections. 9. The Act re-organizing the Department of State. 10. The Copyright Act. 11. A Resolution placing the Grant Building at the disposition of the Department of State for offices and other official purposes.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 12, 1911 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: The most important event of the year which has elapsed since your last regular sessions has been the General Election which took place on the 2nd of May. As a result of that election, I have the pleasure of welcoming to-day many new members of both the Senate and House of Representatives an infusion of fresh blood and I trust of new

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ideas into the national representation. The people of Liberia with much practical wisdom have returned to the National Legislature, a few members who have already served more than one term in the legislature. I am sure this mixture of fresh and eager men with the more experienced and thoughtful members of the legislature ought to be, and I trust will be, of the utmost advantage to our business interests, and will I hope conserve the development and progress of our common country. Another feature of the General Election has been the choice of a new chief of State; consequently this will be my last official appearance before the Legislature as President of the Republic, the present encumbent having practically completed the term of eight years, the longest usually accorded citizens selected by the people of Liberia for this important post. Our relations with foreign powers have remained on the most friendly footing. The new Boundary Agreement with Great Britain has been carried into execution. The Attorney General was in the month of May, sent as Commissioner to Sierra Leone and he formally handed over to the British authorities, the Kanre Lahun District. Captain Coghlan on behalf of the British authorities in June formally handed over to Mr. N.W. Williams representing Liberia, the country between the river Morrow and Manna formerly a part of the Colony of Sierra Leone. It was agreed that the new boundary should be delimitated and marked during the present month. The Liberian Section of the Commission is composed of Mr. J.E. Barnes, Director of Public Works, with the Liberian District Commissioner and the Chief of the Country along the limits which the boundary must run. The Legislature is requested to vote $2500 for the expenses of the Commission. In the month of May the French local authorities prohibited the use of the Cavalla River to trade of Liberia unless upon payment of duties. The attention of the Government at Paris was called to section 3 of the Agreement of 1907 which is as follows: Article III. “The navigation on all streams forming the frontiers shall be free and open to the traffic of French citizens and protégés as well as to Liberian subjects and citizens. The French Government shall have the right to construct at its own expense on the waterway or on either bank of the rivers in question, the works which may be necessary to render these navigable or improve their navigability, it being however distinctly understood that this fact will in no way infringe the rights of sovereignty on the banks belonging to the Republic of Liberia. Should said works require the imposition of taxes, these shall be determined by a new agreement between the two Governments.” Instructions were finally issued that it was contrary to the Agreement to demand duties. But the regulations now enforced on the Cavalla River by the authorities of the Ivory Coast are not deemed by your Executive to be in accord with the sense and general purport of the section of the Agreement referred to above, and further representations are being made in this connection. A Commission has been appointed by the Governments of France and Liberia during the year to mark the boundaries recently agreed upon. Colonel Lomax was appointed the Liberian member of the Commission with power to choose his associate. An escort of 36 frontiers and the necessary complement of carriers was despatched in the month of August on this mission. For the expense of this mission, a vote of $5,000 is now asked of the Legislature. A satisfactory arrangement was made with the Government of Great Britain during the year with respect to the free navigation of the River Manna by Liberian vessels bound for ports in Liberian territory. The arrangement went into force on the 1st November.

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The item respecting the bond to be given by the Liberian Government to which the Senate objected was, on representation, waived by the British Government. The same Government has within the last three years made representations with respect to several cases tried in the Courts of Liberia which it was alleged that even-handed justice was not done to the subjects of that Empire. These have all been disposed of save the case of Attia vs. Rigby. This was a case concerning a leasehold between two British subjects which was finally decided by the Supreme Court in favour of Attia. Mr. Attia complained to his Government that through the action of the judicial authorities of Grand Bassa during the pendency of the case, he sustained great pecuniary loss. Memoranda have been exchanged but without result. The two Governments unable to arrive at a satisfactory settlement, have agreed to submit the matter to a small local Commission of three persons, one to be nominated by each Government and the two to choose a third member who should be neither Liberian nor British. The Commission is to meet as soon as the second Liberian Memorandum in reply to that of Mr. Attia on the case is filed. The expense is to be born equally by the two Governments. The Legislature is now asked to vote $500 to meet our share of the expense. I must again, as at the two last sessions of the Legislature, direct your attention to the Act reorganizing the Department of State, and request its passage. The Constitutions thus refers to the Secretary of State: “The Secretary of State shall keep the records of the State, and all the records and papers of the Legilsature, and all the public record and documents not belonging to any other department, and shall lay the same when required, before the President or Legislature. He shall attend upon them when required and perform such other duties as may be enjoined by law. Ever since the inception of the Republic, the Secretary of State has had charge of exterior relations. But this has not been a duty enjoined by law. The Constitution allows the inference to be drawn that it was expected that the duties of the principal secretaries briefly adverted to therein would be settled definitely by Statute. And this is the object of the Bill to which the attention of the Legislature has been so frequently drawn. The Copyright Act is another Bill which has been neglected. The necessity for this Act grows out of an International Treaty for the security of literary property &c. to which Liberia is a party, and which has been duly ratified by the Senate of the Republic. One of the stipulations of the Treaty was, that each State, a party thereto, would secure the passage of an Act punishing violations of provisions of the Treaty. I therefore, commend the Bill a third time to your immediate attention. In consequence of the number of French and other Europeans who will be residing at Monrovia in connection with the French and German Cable Stations, as well as the French Government Wireless Station, the Governor General of West Africa is anxious to build and equip a Hospital on modern lines. It is necessary that lands for such a building be granted by the Legislature, and I invite your favourable attention to the subject. Such an institution would be enormously useful to our own people and would afford a means of preliminary training to young Liberians who may desire to follow the medical profession. It will be necessary to provide an office for our Consul General residing in or near Washington. You are therefore asked to pass the necessary vote. In consequence of his election to the Presidency, Secretary of the Treasury Howard resigned the Office on September 30th. The Accountant-General, J.L. Morris was appointed to the Treasury for the time being. The Secretary of the Treasury pro-tem will lay before the legislature, the Department Report and the Estimates for the ending year. The receipts from Revenue amounted to:

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From Customs The Internal Revenue Miscellaneous Items Total

$438,551.95 38,007.31 6,696.00 $483,255.39

The expenditures I am not able to give you exactly because all the Reports have not been sent in, but as your last Appropriation Bill amounted to $581,954.46 we may be assured that expenditures and receipts are about the same figure. Foreign debt and all sums due on account Amortization, have been during the year, regularly paid. The Principal of the Loan of 1871 now stand at £71,617:11:6 a reduction of £6,631:8:6. And the Principal of the 1906 Loan for £100,000 has now been reduced to £91.720. The Report of the local Debt Commissions to be laid before you will shew claims to the amount of $587,040.54, of which $470,524 are held in Montserrado County, and $15,470.82 in the District of Grand Cape Mount. In Grand Bassa $23,257.07. In Sinoe $37,335.91. In Maryland County $40,452.45. Out Fiscal Year commences October 1, but in view of the fact that a very great retrenchment in salaries and allowances must be made during the current fiscal year, I suggest that one estimate should be for the first three months of the year. The fiscal year on the lines of the Appropriation Bill for year just ended, and the other and larger estimate be framed upon the financial position in sight under the Loan Agreement of this year might commence January 1st 1912. The official year thereafter might be made to being from April 1st and this would be found convenient for all parties interested. The facts brought out to the session convened by the Executive on the 13th day of last month, are doubtless fresh in your minds. The appointment of Receivers of Public Revenue will do away with the office of Sub-Treasurer as at present operated and this can be suppressed throughout the Republic. The duties of sub-Auditors might be performed by the Superintendents of the Counties and Districts, and some other officers amalgamated or held in abeyance for the present. I hope the action of the legislature upon the official Estimates will render, the convening of the Court of Revision, provided for by Loan Agreement unnecessary. The Government of the United States is evidently impressed that the chief danger to the stability of the Republic will lie in an unsound financial administration. It is through bad finance that many States have come, in the last 25 years, to be controlled by the Great Powers of the European Continent. Your Executive has gone carefully into our present financial situation. The revenue conservatively in sight for the Fiscal year will not amount to more than four hundred thousand dollars. The Assigned Revenues, which are for interest and Sinking Fund of Loan, pay of Receivers, cost of customs administration, maintenance of patrol by sea or land and Frontier Force, will take up at least $250,000. This will leave $150,000 for all other purposes of Government. The Estimates for the new year, should be framed on that understanding. It would be wise and patriotic in the Legislature to adhere in salaries and allowances of from 33% to 50%. For some time at least citizens must serve the State more because of patriotism and for honourable distinction than for money. It will be the test of our disinterested love of country and of our sincerity. We have one consolation that ours is an expanding revenue, and that in a few years, we may possibly regain a position more favourable for the office holder. In view of the difficulty which the Treasury often experiences to raise a small loan to meet some national emergency, I strongly advise that the Legislature would at this session, create an Exigency Fund to which the sum of $10,000 out of Customs should be yearly alloted. The Chief Receiver of Customs might be directed to pay out of Customs into the hands of the depository of our Funds for account the Republic the sum of $840 monthly.

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This fund should only be drawn for some real national exigency and by order of the Legislature. In view of the present state of our National affairs, we will be greatly inconvenienced and injured if this vital matter is overlooked or neglected. The sum of $400,000 is exclusive of the internal revenue of which not more than $18,000 or 20,000 is annually collected. But this will be needed for the reduction of the floating debt which is calculated since the Debt Commission closed to amount still to about $200,000-many persons having failed for one reason or other to present all their claims to the Debt Commission. A goodly portion of this represents mostly expenses of an arrears due to the Frontier Force. The Secretary of the Treasury pro-tem will submit a plan for dealing with this special floating debt. Legislation will be needed with respect to the duties of the Receivers other than those settled by the Loan Agreement approved at the Special Session last month. Messrs. Lamond and Hamilton who for the last five years held the posts respectively for Chief Inspector and Assistant Inspector of Customs resigned at the end of the fiscal year. Messrs. Sharp and Maclaglan wee designated and appointed as their succesors in accordance with Loan Agreement of 1906. The salaries were fixed at £750 and £400 respectively. The Ports of Sass-Town and Grand Cess, both important points require the erection of suitable buildings for the use of the Customs. For want of suitable accomodation, the revenue cannot be properly collected. Eight Thousand Dollars would secure the buildings necessary. The Legislature is asked to give attention to this important matter. The Government through Messrs. Wiechers & Helm, arranged during the year for the survey of a route suitable for a railway between Millsburg and Bopora, and from Careysburg to the River, in Montserrado County, and for a short line between Half Cavalla and Dimalu in Maryland County so as to avoid made in the month of July and August. Mr. Hekmeyer who did the work has made an interesting report which will be duly laid before you. The cost has been $3,000. Your attention will no doubt, be further called to the project by my successor. The Report of the Attorney General will, for the improvement of our Judiciary, again commend the passage of laws which so far, the Legislature has not found time to bring to a finish. I reiterate the statement made in my last Message that there is need for a Bench especially in the Superior Courts, better prepared by training, experience and learning for attention to the important interests which are the concern of that co-ordinate branch of our Government. The Judicial Act just passed is designed to giver some effect to these, and I have with pleasure, as a first installment, approved the Bill. I also beg to again call your attention to the defects in the law of Assault and Battery. I tis suggested that the jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace be extended. Attention was also called to the law with respect to principals and accessories. It is hoped that these important subjects adverted to fully in my last Communication will have attention at this session. I have been obliged to suspend Associate Justice Wood of the Supreme Court, and Judge Alexander of the Monthly Court of Maryland County. The Chief Justice early in the year complained by letter to the Executive, that Mr. Wood’s moral standard tended to lower the dignity of the Court and suggested his suspension. He was reported to be dilatory in attendance on Court, and he did not assist his colleagues by drawing up even a single decision. The Associate Justice has also been usurping the functions of the Attorney General by giving written opinions to a Judge of a lower Court which he could only do in cases going up on appeal. The immediate cause of his suspension, was the issue of a writ of Mandamus which on an ex-parte application and hearing, he directed to the Judge of the Monthly Court of Maryland County commanding him to ignore an Injunction which had been obtained and

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served upon Judge Tubman. The parties affected were not, according to the usual practice, directed to shew cause why the writ should not be issued, not was the writ so issued served by the Marshal. This important writ was furtively launched at the instance of a political leader and for party purposes – its object being to affect the poll at Half Cavealla. As Maryland County was still in an unsettled condition, and as Judges are expressly directed to be non-partisan, your Executive was compelled to take the steps indicated to prevent a serious breach of the public peace. The charge against Judge Tubman of the Monthly and Probate Court of Maryland County was, that he shewed bias and partiality in his judgment in connection with section 9 of the Registration of voters Act, approved January 24, 1900. That section provides that representatives of a political party may inspect the Registrat’s book and may challenge voters, in their absence, which challenge the Registrar must record. It will than be the duty of the person so challenged to produce or give evidence shewing the challenge to be groundless, either before the Registrar or the Judge of the Monthly Court. A Committee from Harper went to Half Cavalla and challenged not any particular person, but the whole Registration. Whereupon, the Judge declared it invalid, and directed the previous registration of 1907 be in force. He possibly conceived that this could be done under section 28 of the Act. The transactions created great excitement and led to his suspension. The papers in this connection will be duly laid before your Honourable Body for endorsement or reversal of the act of the Executive as you may deem best. The Revised Statues are now in Press. It is hoped to have these ready for use sometime next year. The necessary funds were advanced by messrs. Kuhn Boch and Co. The appropriation must be renewed. The work of the Interior Department has gone on with much smoothness since your recess, altho some military movements in the Bandi Country, on the Coast of Sinoe, and at the present time against the Pessehs near Bopora, have been found necessary. The first military post on the sea-board in the County of Sinoe was placed at Snaw Point near Nanna Kru for the repression of the restless interior tribes in that region. A small outpost has also been placed some distance up the Nanna Kru River. The Frontier posts already established have been maintained, and there have but three complaints in connection with frontier incidents. In order to insure unity of administration as well as of action Captain J.A. Suard formerly in charge at Zinta, has been appointed Chief Commissioner of all the Country between the Manna and the St. John;s. All Commissioners of Frontier Districts within those points are to report to him, and he will direct the administration. His headquarters for present will be at Vongama on the borders of the Upper Bonzie District where suitable Barracks have been constructed. Another set of buildings for the acommodation of the Frontier Police Force has been built at Kolahun in the Bandi District on the Upper Manna in order to ensure the good behaviot of a Tihamma section of that tribe who gave some trouble at the Beginning of the year. The reason for the revolt of the Pessehs is the desire of the war boys to continue their raids, making slaves and plundering the Country generally. Yachaparapy the leader of these bands states that he intends to fight his wars. If obstructed by the Government he will fight the Government. In July I directed a Council of the Chiefs of the rebellious clan to be convened at Bopara under the presidency of the Secretary of the Interior, in order to ascertain their views, but only one of the Pesseh Chiefs attended, and he after taking an oath to preserve the peace, a very short time afterwards attacked the Post at Bopara with a strong force, but fotunately he was beaten off with heavy loss. The Post was strengthened and the native contingents called out. The Commissioners stationed in and around this section of the Pesseh Country are now engaged in gradually reducing the towns in which these rebels have

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entrenched themselves. It is expected to be a tedious affair and must ask you for a vote of $10,000 for expenses. Travelling Commissioner A.H. Vinton has recently returned from a four months tour, the first undertaken since 1904 in the hinterland of Maryland County. He reports the tribes friendly and well disposed. Arrangements are being gradually perfected for obtaining a firmer hold on districts boarding on the Cavalla and its tributaries. The Cape Palmas Greboes are very anxious to be allowed to reoccupy at least of the towns sites from which they have been removed. They allege that the lands they now occupy are very unhealthy, and there has been great mortality among them, besides these lands belong to another clan who is pressing them to remove. The civilized Greboes say further that the lands at Sprnghill are in the possession of other civilized persons and there is no room for them. It seems but equitable that if removed from their towns, they should have been given lands not in the occupation of others, and such action on the part of the Government will not make for the peace of Maryland County. I trust their petition will have your careful consideration, and especially the case of the civilized people late inhabitants of the village of Hoffman Station. The Interior and District Commissioners especially in Montserrado County, have done good work; many of them have remained at their post for terms of over two years at one time, and have manifested much diplomatic tact and adaptability, in the management of their districts within which they have raised the food necessary for feeding the police force stationed there to support their authority. The saving to the Treasury has amounted to about $30,000 yearly. From the Report of the Secretary of War, you will discover that the Frontier Police Force now enrolled numbers between 900 and 1000 men. About 150 are stationed on the Cavalla River – 50 near the Nanna Kru River in Sinoe County. About 80 in the County of Grand Bassa, and about 600 between the Manna and the St. john’s or Mani. About 40 men are escorting Col. Lomax assisting to mark the Frontier. The rest are at Head-Quarters or on sick leave. The principal posts garrisoned by the Frontier Police, are Kamataliun, Kabawana and Kolahun on or near the Anglo-Liberian Boundary. Zinta, Vongama, Zow-Zow, and Perata on the Franco-Liberian Frontier. Tarpellama, Zani, Loma, Bopora, and Barata in the central Districts. Benson River and Knaw Point on the Coast. Boloba, Nyanke and Nitilue on the Cavalla. The force has been of the greatest service, the men patient and willing, but in drill and discipline is not up to a desirable standard. This has been due to the fact that it has been in constant demand and constantly on the go, and also to the impossibility of providing requisites for and paying the force regularly. It is hoped that through the New American Arrangement these defects will soon be remedied. A Company of Light Artillery ought to be organized in connection with the force, as soon as possible. It is very regrettable that there seems to be no very great or lively interest in the schools of the Country. And yet it is a matter of extreme importance. The Educational Bill suggested at the last session by the Head of the Departments was not enacted and therefore, the contemplated improvements could not be carried through. A properly organized and graded system of Public Schools will be worth to the Republic every dollar, public or private, that may be spent on it. In every Country the public school fund has proved one of the best forms of national investment. I approve the suggestions of the Superintendent of Public Education that eventually the Department should have and expend the funds allotted to it under the supervision for books, traveling expenses, and for office rent, supplied and requisites be separately detailed.

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I do not call further attention to the Post Office Department than to remark that the number of mails which it is enabled to despatch owing to opportunities furnished by the numerous steamers calling at the port of Monrovia, has materially increased the cost of transmission through the countries of the Postal union. The want of money has entirely hampered the work of the Agricultural Bureau, but I am glad to be able to state that there seems an ever increasing movement among the native communities, contiguous to our farming townships to obtain lands in fee simple and to plant regularly, such commercial products as Coffee, Coca, and Ginger. The Hall of Representatives is finished. The Treasury Department has now therein on the first floor a very commodious and decent suite of offices. The third floor is being arranged for the use of the Supreme Court and its officers. I must again call attention to the Executive Mansion. The upper floors are completely out of repairs and the furniture which has not been replaced since 1884 is quite worn out. The Senate Chamber, too, ought to be enlarged and thoroughly renovated. These repairs need not be all done at once. The costs of these new uilings might be spread over several years. Out of twenty-two bills projected at the last session of the Legislature, but six received your sanction. One has since passed. It is hoped that the others will be considered and will receive ultimately your approval. Having given above an account of the progress of public affairs during the year, it seems proper under present circumstances to review briefly the work of the Administration during the past eight years. The present Administration has settled definitely the questions of territory and boundaries. Our right to, between 35,000 and 40,000 square miles has been acknowledged by international Agreements, and the boundaries have been limited and are now being marked. There has been a lot of wild talk about sacrifice of territory by persons who ought to be better informed, but what I wish to point out is that the Berlin Conference of 1885 with respect to Africa settled the rules upon which African territory was to be acquired, and by those rules, Liberia had to abide. Occupancy manifested by garrisons and the maintenance of order within the territory claimed, were the points chiefly insisted upon. 2. That these principles might be reasonably observed, the Administration initiated the Frontier Police which is designed to be the instrument by which internal order is to be preserved. 3. The Administration has to a large extent unshackled trade and endeavoured to provide for the economic development of the Country by granting Concessions to Foreigners. The three measures just mentioned were designed to affect favourably our extermal relations. If they are not persisted in, we shall probably have a great deal of trouble and unpleasant diplomatic correspondence. 4. The appointment of District Commissioners and the gradual organization of the hinterland into Districts, was a necessary measure for which the Administration claims credit and which as far as it has gone, has proved entirely successful. Of course there have been conflicts, and there will be more, for all the chiefs who lived by raids and rapine will naturally attempt to oppose a Government insisting upon and determined to secure internal peace and order. Against the District Commissioners, there has been, and will be no end of complaints. The new order strikes at all the unruly elements of the population, especially at the Americo-Liberian who affects to despise his native fellowcitizen in his own villages and yet often secretly encourages native disaffection. When the English and French on the borders of Liberia were engaged in what is called “peaceful penetration of the Country” claimed by our State, they were careful to report that

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they saw no signs of Liberian authorities, as soon as our officers are seen on the frontiers and signs of authority were manifested there has been, and will be much said of a derogatory character. This however, should only make us, while setting right unproper conditions, redouble our efforts to effect the purpose we have in view, the protection and security of the frontiers of the Republic as now ascertained. The object of the Administration in promoting and following unswervingly this policy, will be to obtain for the Government of Liberia, the confidence and firm support of the industrious and laboring section of the native population upon whose exertions the State really rests. These people want to farm and trade, and desire protection and security for their persons and property. They would like to see the roads to chief centers of trade kept open and made secure, and if this is done, we shall always be able to count confidently upon their attachment, their support, and their loyalty. No one will, I am sure, deny that as far as matters have progressed, the policy pursued by the Secretary of the Interior has been justified by the increased confidence which the native population has manifested in and toward the Government of Liberia during the present Administration. 5. The financial Administration has been improved. The measures promoted by the Administration have added permanently over $80,000 a year to the revenues of the Republic. The Customs service has been reorganized. The paper currency has been suppressed. Advantage has been taken of the establishment of a branch of the Bank of British West Africa to enter into business relations with the institutions which have been found both convenient and useful. 6. The reform of the Judiciary has been pressed. The laws relating to the Customs, Magistrates and Justices of the Peace, and finally the Statues of the Republic up to 1910, codified. The Decisions of the Supreme Court since 1860, as far as preserved, have been arranged and published in a neat volume, and permanent arrangements enacted for the editing and printing of these important Decisions, hereafter, yearly. 7. The volume of Postal business has shewn a gratifying increase, – 60 odd thousand more pieces of mail matter being now yearly handled than of the beginning of the Administration. We may also congratulate ourselves upon having secured cable and wireless communication with the outside world without appreciable national expense. 8. The Administration has unceasingly called the attention of the Legislature to the defects of our Public School system and advocated such change of conditions as would tend to its improvement. To that end, it secured the elevation of the Chief Commissioner to Cabinet rank so that the needs of the Development might be properly considered by the Executive. It has constantly supported the annual subvention granted to Liberia College, altho regretting the manner in which the Institution has, of late, been conducted. 9. The Administration has also repeatedly called attention to the necessity of reform and improvement in the Militia as now organized and secured the passage of a law providing for an annual session of a military Council. The President and Secretary of State are principally responsible for the foreign relations of the State. Our objects have been to secure when necessary a representation of ourselves abroad of a more national character, to have as little friction as possible in our foreign relations, and to secure the support and advice of one of the Great Powers for our State. At the beginning of the Administration, it was clear that Liberia was regarded in a very unfavourable light, and its disruption and absorption into neighboring territory was repeatedly advocated in the public prints of Europe. The objects of our policy have been measurably attained. The objects of our policy have been measurably attained. The country has weathered the impending storm, and by the new arrangement with the United States which has been assented to by Great Britain, France and Germany, has secured a fresh lease of life. It will be the duty of Liberians to support heartily and cordially the untiring efforts which the

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Government of the United States has recently made in their behalf, and to justify by conduct, caution and foresight, the management of their domestic concerns especially, the kindly interposition of the Great Republic. On the whole I have found the Foreign Offices of Countries in touch with Liberia, when matters were properly placed before them, well disposed and friendly toward the Republic, but in some of these States, there is a Colonial Party with an informal Committee which jealously watches the proceedings and movements of other Countries with respect to Commercial expansion, the acquisition of spheres of influence or of Colonial territory. These informal committees through influence they exert are a source of danger to the autonomy of small and weak States. The last achievements of the Administration to which I shall direct attention, is the securing of an amendment to the constitution by which the term of Office of the President and the members of the House of Representatives was extended to four years, of Senators, to six. This will tend to the greater stability of the Government., for it gives the Executive time to consider, formulate and carry out policies, and the people to judge and understand the benefits resulting there from. If any members are disposed to abuse the increased term by using public office for personal ends, their constituents will not forget that the Constitution guarantees the voters the right of instruction to their Representatives individually, and the right of petition to the Legislature collectively. The Record of the Administration shews that your present Executive and his colleagues have endeavoured to pursue a forward and aggressive policy, and so conform, within the measure of the means at hand, to the ideas which are now dominating Africa. My thanks are due to the Legislature for the support which it has given to measures suggested by the Administration. Of course, much more progress might have been made if the projects of the Executive Government had been better understood. When, however, we consider the opposition which new ideas often meet with from the Legislative Bodies of many much more advanced and cultured communities, we may well possess our souls in patience if our own people are somewhat cautious and conservative. The distinguished citizens who will soon be inducted into the offices of President and Vice President of the Republic, have had considerable experience in public affairs, have accorded a strong and earnest support to the Administration and its measures, and I have no doubt, will, as far as circumstances permit, continue its work. I regret to announce to the Legislature the death of the Hon. J.S. Pratt, a former member of the Senate, whose demise took place in October. He has for the last four year, rendered excellent and useful service to the State as Commissioner for the Lower Kru Coast. The principal Executive Officers who have been my colleagues and advisers during my tenure of the Executive Chair, have at all times, and in all matters of an administrative character, honourably, loyally, and actively assisted me in carrying out the decisions of the Government of Liberia. My tenure of the Office of President of the Republic, constitutionally expires on the 31st day of the present month. It is unlikely that I shall every again be called upon to hold this or any Executive Office of the first class. But in whatever business I may hereafter engage, my duty as a citizen, my attachment to, and deep interest in all that concerns our Country, the distinctions with which my fellow citizens have honoured me, will impel and oblige me without regard to individual comfort and personal considerations to further in every possible way the progress, the prosperity, and the perpetuity of Liberia. Arthur Barclay Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 12, 1911

Daniel Edward Howard XVI President of Liberia: 1912–1920

Annual Message to the Legislature December 12, 1912 To the Honorable The Senate and the House of Representatives: With hearts filled with unfeigned gratitude to the God of our Fathers and our God, for the preservation of our lives as servants of the people and the race, we are permitted to meet today, in keeping with the provisions of the organic statutes of our State, to review our efforts and actions of the past year, as well as to counsel together upon such matters as may seem fit and proper for the guidance and direction of the affairs of the State. The year has been pregnant with incidents, delicate in their nature and far-reaching in consequence, which crowded in the train of each other with greater rapidity than we care to see repeated, and no little concern has been experienced by the administration in dealing with the majority of these problems. Many have been the influences, both from within and without, which have conspired during the year to mar the friendly feelings existing between us and more than one of the foreign powers represented near our Government. Nevertheless, I am pleased to state that it is my firm belief that these feelings have been heightened by the prompt and decisive manner in which we have endeavored to deal with the problems as they have confronted us. The friendly attitude manifested by the foreign officials here and the impartial and unbiased representations made to their respective Governments, have, none the less, tended to sustain these amicable relations, and we find ourselves to-day occupying, more than ever before, the interested and benevolent attention of much of the outside world. The first item I desire to call your attention to is the Commission appointed by my predecessor to delimit the Anglo-Liberian Boundary between Liberia and the Colony of Sierra Leone. MR. J. E. Barnes, the then Director of Public Works, was appointed as Chief Commissioner, with instructions to proceed to the field of operations of the Commission and associate with himself Mr. J. W. Cooper, Commissioner for the Tengea District, and the Chief of said District. He was advanced ǧ200 sterling for expenses and equipment, and instructed that he would be furnished with carriers and laborers by Commissioner Cooper, to whom orders to that effect had been sent. Mr. Barnes left for Sierra Leone in November, 1911. On January 1st, of the present year, he wrote your Executive that the previously reported unrest of the natives on the boundary had apparently subsided and the Sierra Leone Government desired that the work of the Commission begin at once. On the 4th of the same month the whole Commission proceeded to their work, as from the reports of Commissioner Barnes, and continued up to about the middle of February. About this time it was reported that some of the cairns erected by the Commission had been destroyed by Liberian officials, which caused a cessation of the work and created a very serious and acute situation, the details of which need not here be gone into. I may

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mention, however, that, growing out of the demands made upon us at the time to have Messrs. Lomax and Cooper off the Anglo-Liberian boundary within a given time, as it was alleged that they were determined to prevent by force the prosecution of the work of delimitation, we dispatched the Honorable Isaac Moort to the border for the purpose of hastening the return to Monrovia of Messrs. Lomax and Copper, who had, previous to any complaint being filed by the British Government, been recalled on January 27th. Upon the arrival on the border of Col. Moort, it was discovered that these men were at Vonjama, on the FrancoLiberian boundary, and had been away from the Anglo-Liberian boundary since February 27th, shortly after the arrival of the Secretary of State, who had been sent to that section for the purpose of inquiring into the alleged killing of eight native Chiefs by Lomax and Cooper. It was alleged by the British Government, owing to misrepresentations of Commissioner Barnes, that the Liberian Secretary of State, then on the border, had countenanced the destruction of the cairns already mentioned. The truth of the matter, however, is that, three or four days after the arrival at Kolahun of the Secretary of State, while at dinner one evening with the officers, he was inquiring as to the progress the Delimitation Commission was making, and Lieut. Morris mentioned about the destruction of the cairns. He said that one of the British Commissioners alone erected a cairn within six feet of a town where he had an outpost and that he had ordered its removal since the Liberian Commissioner was not present to sanction its erection. When the Secretary of State heard this, he censured Lieut. Morris and ordered him to return and immediately replace the stones he had caused to be thrown down. The Secretary then sent for Commissioner Barnes, who was (as he always had been and still is) on British territory, to meet him on Liberian territory for a consultation. Every convenience was made for Mr. Barnes’ traveling, but be emphatically refused to leave British soil, and as a reply, wrote the Secretary of State what must be regarded a very discourteous letter. Commissioner Twe, who have been appointed to convey the above request to Mr. Barnes, discovered on his visit to him in the British camp, that the British surveyors were in the field at work, according to Mr. Barnes’ own statement, while he was at camp amusing himself with such pastimes as suited his fancy. On being questioned by Mr. Twe as to how it was that he was not at work with the other Commissioners, he replied that he did not accompany them in the field, but that every evening these Commissioners submitted their “field notes” to him for his approval. In view of these facts, as well as of Mr. Barnes’ utter disregard for the instructions given him by my predecessor, your Executive considered it his bounden duty to dismiss Mr. Barnes from the Commission and acted accordingly. The British Government was immediately informed of this fact. Mr. Barnes, who when with Liberians is a Liberian, and with Britishers, a Britisher, has since his dismissal, applied to the British Government to claim compensation from us for his services, alleging that he is a British subject. In keeping with your Resolution approved January 27th, 1912, I dispatched the Hon. C. D. B. King up to the Anglo-Liberian boundary to investigate the alleged killing of eight chiefs, as well as to inquire into conditions generally, and sent letters by him to Messrs. W. D. Lomax and J. W. Cooper recalling them from their respective missions. Mr. Lomax, though Colonel of the Frontier Force, was sent on the special mission of Commissioner on the Franco-Liberian Boundary Commission by my predecessor, and left Monrovia in the month of September, 1911. Several reasons were given by him for the delay of the work of this Commission. Finally, on December 25th of same year he wrote that he had received a letter from the French Commandant at Gueke asking for a postponement of the Commission for an indefinite period and, therefore, requesting the acceptance

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of his resignation pro tem from the Commission in order that he might co-operate with Captain Stauard in the war against Yacparopay. This letter was received by me, and on January 27th, as a reply, I wrote him that he was in consequence of the facts stated in his letter, relieved of his appointment and that he should leave for home after a conference with Secretary King. On February 24th he wrote that he had received by dispatch of January 27th recalling him home and that he would obey promptly, stating further that I might expect him at any time. At the same time Commissioner Cooper replied in the exact words of Mr. Lomax. On March 23rd I was informed by the British Government that unless Colonel Lomax and Commissioner Cooper were removed from the Liberian-Sierra Leone boundary within ten days, the Governor of Sierra Leone would be instructed to occupy all the territory claimed by Great Britain on the frontier in question; if necessary, repel force with force and the Liberian Government would be held responsible for all consequences. This issue was lengthily discussed by the British representative here and myself. Two days afterward Colonel Isaac Moort was sent to hasten the return of the officials complained of, and already recalled. This step, together with the very friendly representations made by the Acting Consul-General of the energetic steps the Government was already making to adjust the disordered state of affairs on the border, did much to relieve the tension then existing and to maintain that friendly feeling which obtains up to the present. Secretary King who, as I have stated, was sent on the border and who was represented as countenancing the destruction of cairns, was also required to return to Monrovia to make explanations, for I felt quite certain that he was innocent of the charge. My letter found him at Vonjama, whither he had returned from Zinta, on the Franco-Liberian Boundary, to meet an appointment with Captain LeMesurier. He wrote that he and both Lomax and Cooper left for the Franco-Liberian Boundary on February 27th, and that the latter two had not been on the Anglo-Liberian Boundary since that date. February, March, April and May passed and yet Lomax and Cooper did not present themselves at Monrovia. Distressing representations concerning the actions of Lomax and Cooper on the Boundary were then made by the British Government to the American Government, who realizing that this unrectified state of affairs would inevitably imperil the loan negotiations then pending, urged your Executive to fulfill the promise to the British Government and have Lomax and Cooper to immediately return to Monrovia. I again dispatched for them on May 23rd, sending the Hon. J. L. Morris who took with him Hon. J. J. Sharp, and Captain A. A. Browne of the Frontier Force. By forced marches they reached Loma, in the Belleh Country, in fourteen days, where it was reported that Lomax and Cooper were, but on reaching there it was found out that Lomax was at Labalaba, a day’s journey further up. Mr. Cooper was leisurely wending his way to Monrovia by another route, but was overtaken by Messrs. Morris and Browne, with Col. Lomax. This Special Commission reached Monrovia with Messrs. Lomax and Cooper on the 26th of June. On the 1st day of August, in keeping with your Resolution referred to, Lomax and Cooper were arrested, their cases examined and they incarcerated to wait the September term of the Circuit Court. At the said term of Court they were tried and acquitted by the Jury of the charge of murder. The killing of the chiefs was proven and also admitted by the defendants but a plea of justification in a military emergency was claimed. Interior and Coastwise Troubles For sometime past there have been complaints made to the Government by the agents of the Liberian Rubber Corporation of the incursion into Liberian territory, in the rear of Grand Bassa County by Mandingo traders, and there carrying on illicit trading in rubber. Therefore, with a view of regulating and checking this evil, as well as for the purpose of estab-

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lishing the frontier station at Barracola, in keeping with our agreement with the French Government, Commissioner David D. Freeman with a force of frontiers was despatched to the seat of the trouble by President Barclay in August of last year. Commissioner Freeman did much in checking the menace of these clandestine traders, but owing to the almost weekly complaints from the people of Bassa, much of which, we fear, grew out of local feelings and jealousies, we deemed it wise to recall Commissioner Freeman, and accordingly dispatched Captain Browne, one of the American Officers, to relieve him. Captain Browne has been in the Interior about four months now and, despite the influences which have been leagued against him and in support of the Mandingo traders, he has achieved signal success and has planted the seed for submission to Government authority which we hope will bring forth abundant harvest. The Interdict place on the town of Genewhen in Grand Bassa County, in the month of March, on account of Chief Seegay refusing Liberian citizens the freedom of his town and its environs,as well as in general showing a belligerent spirit towards the Government, was by Proclamation raised and removed on the 26th of August. Chief Seegay, in company with the Superintendent of Bassa County, paid me a visit in October, at which time I tried to impress him of the friendly feeling and attitude of the Government towards the aborigines, and pointed out to him the dangerous consequences of his people interfering with the goods of traders at his place. This conversation, which was conducted in his native tongue, had, I believe, its desired effect. He swore on the “Gbeh” to be loyal to the Government hereafter. The time-worn feuds between the Deos and the Carbors on the coast has also contributed its quota of cares and worries to the Executive. These tribes were about to engage in a warlike combat when the Deos appealed to the Executive to make peace, but the Carbors insistent in their determination to make war, asking that the Government would first let them fight and then, when one side was whipped, the Government should come in and make peace and it would be lasting. We told them that war never settled a “palaver,” for after fighting they would still have to talk. They were given to understand that the Secretary of Interior would be sent down on the “Lark” to talk this “palaver,” which was shortly afterwards done. When the Carbors heard of the “Lark” being at Sinoe they attacked the Deos, but were repulsed with heavy losses, whereupon they were willing to attend the Peace Council. This Council, composed of the Secretary of Interior and four neutral Kroo chiefs, investigated and settled the matter, imposing a fine upon the Carbors who, failing to pay, were brought to Monrovia and are still here in Krootown under surveillance. The report of this mission of the Secretary of the Interior to Nanna Kroo, has been published in the Liberia Official Gazette, but I have gone into details in a little because of certain expressions made by sympathizers of the Carbors who are now present. If peace is to be maintained and law upheld, there are cases and times when firmness must be exhibited, even though it may appear to some to be taking severe measures. Anyone familiar with the Acts passed by our Legislature will have observed that ever and anon the port of River Cess has been a point of periodical resistance to law, as well as a den for the secret society called the “Negees,” through whose machinations and savage rites many lives, both of civilized and uncivilized persons have been suddenly and mysteriously taken. For these reasons the Acts of the Legislature are replete with resolutions closing the port of entry at this place. During President Barclay’s administration more attention was payed to this place, in every sense of the word, than ever before. Civil authority was instituted and a fine customs house erected, and many of the “Negees” were apprehended, tried and executed. It was one of his cherished desire to establish a civilized settlement there, and the present administration entertains the same fond hope.

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True to their lawless nature, the Kroos of River Cess, in the month of October, rose up in opposition to the authority of the Government by demanding from the Commissioner there the release of some prisoners accused of killing a man through the “Negee” society, because the relatives of the deceased, all of the Bassa tribe, had been satisfied for the death by a money indemnity and had not complained to the Commissioner. Just here I may mention that this case, or one happening at the same time, had been reported to me personally by men of the Bassa tribe from River Cess sent up specially, whose only request was that the guilty parties be tried and executed at River Cess as an example, for they agreed with the Government that this society was a menace to the safety of everybody. After many days of warlike demonstration by these Kroos for the delivery of the prisoners, the Commissioner reports that he was visited by the agent of A. Woermann of that port, with the request to talk over the situation. The Commissioner consented to hear what the Kroos had to say, whereupon they renewed their demand for the release of the prisoners, and further made this an opportunity to demand that the law prohibiting the sale of gun powder be revoked by the Commissioner or the Government. It was then unmistakably obvious that the true cause of their uprising was on account of restriction placed on the sale of gun powder. As soon as this condition of affairs was made known to the Government, we despatched a Commission composed of the Secretary of Interior and the Attorney General, with a force of frontiers under Major Ballard, to restore law and order and to protect the lives and property of all persons thereat. The expedition was most fortunate in making a successful landing. They at once communicated the object of their Commission to resident foreign traders, and inquired of them as to the losses they had sustained, if any. A uniform answer was received from each one that they had lost nothing. The Commission then, in accordance with instruction, sent out messengers to call in the leaders of the uprising so as to probe into and settle the trouble. It was the intention of the Government to restore peaceful conditions, if possible, without the use of force, and to leave there a sufficient force to prevent a reoccurrence of these periodical oppositions to authority and to stamp out this wanton disregard for life and property. The messengers, on reaching the first town of one of the leaders being fired upon, returned the fire repulsing the enemy, and proceeded to the town of the notorious Bob and Weaver, where they also met with resistance which they effectually vanquished. The Bassas, who had immediately made it known to the Commissioners when they landed that they were loyal to the Government, readily joined their forces and pursued the enemies as they took refuge in the bush, thereby helping to make the victory of the frontiers more sweeping. The Bassas, as we all know, are the original owners of the land from River Cess up, but having granted the Kroos permission to “sit on the beach to fish,” the latter have usurped the control of the entire sea coast. It was circulated in the community here soon after the dispatch of the Commissioners and frontier force to River Cess, that there was some war-like demonstrations by the natives near the lighthouse in Lower Buchanan at which the German residents at that place became alarmed and cabled, via Sierra Leone, for a gunboat to protect them and their property. By this time unofficial report reached London, Berlin, Paris and Washington, it had gathered bulk and force, as all accounts originating in such a way and springing from such a source invariably do, it was emblazoned in the foreign pres that Monrovia was in a state of revolution and the Government unable to cope with the situation. We dare say that it was in consequence of this distressing report that we were honored with the visit of His Imperial Majesty’s Ship “Panther,” which arrived here on the 11th of November, followed later by the “Eber.” The Commander of the “Panther,” with Acting

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Imperial German Consul Lange, paid us a call at 5 p.m. of the same day and handed us a dispatch in reference to the troubles at River Cess, which to our mind did not bear upon its face that tone of friendly feeling and consideration which we have been accustomed to receive from the representatives of that great and friendly power. Demands were made that the Government should take energetic steps within twenty-four hours to punish the rebellious Kroos and to protect German life and property, the Commander reserved the alternative of acting according to his own opinion. Assurances were give that the situation was well in hand as troops had been on the scene of disturbances since October 27th. Subsequent events have proven that at no period since the landing of troops at River Cess has the rebellion been beyond control. From latest reports from River Cess, I am pleased to say that our troops have gone up and down the entire coast form Lower Buchanan to River Cess, while the “Lark: has done effective work in the disturbed areas. When our plans for pacifying the coast are accomplished we are sanguine of peace for years to come. The Secretary of Interior and Attorney General are only waiting to hand in their respective reports when they will return to River Cess to complete this work. The most recent despatches indicate a tranquil state of affairs in the hinterland of Montserrado County formerly disturbed by the Yacparopay war. We await full details from Lieut. McGill, District Commissioner, who was sent to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Commissioner Bernard. The latest information from our Anglo-Liberian Boundary tells of the formation of a secret combination against the Government, which was occasioned by the attitude of our Commissioner Twe, an efficient and competent young man of the Kroo tribe, who would not countenance the selling of persons by a certain influential chief, and who, moreover, was exerting himself successfully, with the assistance of the British authorities, to get back into Liberian territory many chiefs and people who had been sold or forced to flee for refuge on the British side of the Boundary. Despatches of a later date, just received, tell of the settlement of these intrigues. It is indeed a pleasure to me to announce the peaceful state of affairs that has existed in Maryland County this year. I am informed by one capable of judging, that the internal affairs of the County have never been better so far as the relations between the two elements of the population are concerned. The Superintendent of this County has opened a very serviceable road from Harper to Bolobo which has greatly facilitated trade in that region. The Greboes of Maryland County show an awakening of industrial activity along many lines, especially in the cultivation and exportation of cacao, having exported during the year something over 22,000 pounds of this staple. The Loan Agreement The negotiations for the consummation of the Loan Agreement have been obstructed and delayed by many complex influences which at times threatened to defeat the Loan altogether. It has been no easy task on the part of those responsible for the launching of the loan to harmonize the various interests to whom the Government has been obligated. This task has been rendered the more delicate in view of the fact that these interests were more or less supported by their Governments. The dilatory progress of the loan, with the consequent lateness of the organization of the Receivership, is to be regretted by everyone. At times this suspense engendered discouragement in the minds of the people and has, moreover, mitigated against the inauguration of many of the plans of the administration contingent upon the active institution of the Receivership in smooth working by the time your Honorable Body met. As it is, the actual

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completion of the negotiations is only a few weeks old and the Receivership was only definitely organized on November 26th. Our internal affairs have played a part in arresting temporarily these developments, or at least threatening to do so. The disturbances on the Anglo-Liberian Boundary in connection with the delimitation of that boundary, and the failure of Messrs. Lomax and Cooper to promptly return to Monrovia, already detailed, caused the Bankers to doubt for a while the wisdom of proceeding further with the negotiations, believing from reports given out, that investments here were insecure. Almost simultaneously with this alarm came a fresh rumble of fear from the Bankers relative to what they considered an unreasonable increase in our floating debt, apparently accumulated since the report of the Internal Debt Commission. This debt, of something over one hundred thousand dollars, could in no wise be accurately determined, as it was not only made up of current accounts with the merchants, but of frontier force and miscellaneous claims unregistered by the Internal Debt Commission. We are glad to say, however, that the explanations furnished the Bankers were satisfactory. In February your Executive sent out a circular letter, together with acceptance forms, to all citizens who held claims against the Government, apprising them of the terms of settlement which the Bankers had agreed upon as the most equitable adjustment of these claims. We urged that these terms be accepted, and it is to be regretted that there was not a larger per centage of acceptances. It may be that many of our citizens were deterred in this instance by the thought that foreign creditors would be given more for their claims, but I can assure you now that the same classes of certificate held by foreigners and Liberians will be settled upon exactly the same terms: there is to be no differential treatment. The loan of 1912 is now a fact, and without concerning ourselves with its history, we can look forward hopefully for the accomplishment of those beneficial results contemplated at the time of seeking the loan. I feel certain that your Honorable Body will do all in your power to see that the Government faithfully comply with obligations imposed upon it by this Agreement. Treasury Department In the beginning of the year you were pleased to confirm my nomination of the Hon. Thomas W. Haynes as Secretary of the Treasury who, I am sorry to say, tendered his resignation unconditionally on April 3rd. I then appointed Mr. John. L. Morris, the efficient Accountant General to fill the vacancy. The Secretary of Treasury has, in keeping with the Refunding Loan Agreement, prepared with the approval of the Financial Adviser, a statement in detail of the probable receipts of the Republic from all sources for the ensuing fiscal year, and of the amounts required for the service of any outstanding loan, as well as of the residue of the receipts estimated for appropriation by the Legislature. His report will show receipts from all sources for the fiscal year ending September 30th, 1912 to be: From Customs From Headmoneys, A. Woermann From Headmoneys, other sources From Rubber Tax From Postal Revenue From Internal revenue Total from all sources

492,678.76 6,951.61 5,569.41 4,527.36 6,302.12 18,055.35 $534,084.61

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The revenue for the year ended March 31, 1912, exceeded four hundred seventy thousand dollars, an increase of sixteen per cent over the revenue for the preceding year. Our revenue has steadily increased for the past six years, and a great measure of the credit for this splendid showing is due to the British Inspectors who have organized and supervised our Customs since 1906. It is hoped that this rate of progress will be fully maintained by the new Receivership. The development of Liberia is still in its early stage, and there is every reason to believe that we are approaching a period of commercial and industrial activity which will steadily increase our customs as well as our internal revenue to such a figure as will permit the undertaking of many much needed Government works. The Secretary of the Treasury has prepared the Appropriation bill in harmony with the amount estimated as being available for appropriation, which, though not required by the Loan Agreement, has had the sanction of the Financial Adviser and of your Executive. While an increase in the salaries of some officers has been asked, I would point out that if efficient and faithful services of qualified men are to be had, if men are to give their entire time and service to the State, we must pay salaries commensurate therewith. I refer particularly to members of the Cabinet, whose salaries should all be equal and not so far below some of the men under their direction. Knowing, as both you and I do, of the valuable and faithful services the members of the Cabinet have rendered, not only at their desks, but on the several commissions to all of the counties and elsewhere in the Republic, thereby saving to the Government the extra pay of three dollars thirty-three and one-third cents per diem allowed to Special Commissioners, I can with boldness ask that their salaries remain as set down in the Appropriation Bill. Your Honourable members know of what service they have been to your respective counties. Owing to the fact that the September reports of some of the Sub-Treasuries have not been received up to this writing, I have not been able to procure from Secretary of the Treasury the figures for the disbursements for the last fiscal year. He will include same in his report. The Secretary’s report will contain several recommendations which I trust will receive your support, special among which is the request for a Chartered Accountant for the period of one year, and which has my hearty approval. The Department Of Justice The report of the Attorney General contains several new suggestions or recommendations which I trust will have your favourable consideration, one among them is the changing of the terms of the Circuit Courts. He will ask, and it is hereby recommended, that each Circuit Court shall hold a trial term on the second Monday in February, May, August and November. The amount to be allowed the Circuit Judges for traveling expenses needs definitive action by your Honorable Body. The law of 1879 respecting the pay of the Judges when traveling has, to my mind, been misapplied during the year and has incurred an enormous expense to the Government. I recommend that each Judge be allowed fifty dollars per quarter for traveling expenses. I recommend that the Supreme Court, in conference with the Circuit Judges, should make rules for the government of the Judiciary, provided always that they do not conflict with any statute. The Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior will, of course, hand in his report to you, but it gives me pleasure to say that during the year he has devoted his energies to the betterment of the conditions both in the interior and on the coast, going, as already stated, with the Secretary of

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War as far as Webo on the Cavalla river, and to the Kroo Coast more than twice. The wishes of the aborigines in the selection of their own chief have been given that due recognition which is calculated to insure peace; and your Executive has only commissioned such chiefs as the people themselves recommended, after explaining to both chiefs and people the policy of the Government towards them. We have all reasons to believe, now that the chiefs are permitted to exercise authority over their own people, that many of the former complaints will be obviated. Our time was so much engrossed with the pressing and intricate problems already referred to that we were unable to have the intended conference with the chiefs and people at Suehn for the inauguration of our plans for the Labor Bureau, hence we made no appointments. We still have to ask for the appropriation for this cause, however, as we are determined to prosecute the plan, and the chiefs are anxiously looking forward for the promised assembly and conference from which they expect good results. Our farmers, too, have heartily approved the idea and are keenly waiting for the announcement of the day of this meeting. We have received several friendly visits from prominent chiefs of the hinterland expressing their continued loyalty for the Government, but one preeminently deserves mention more than others. I refer to Chief Varfuquelly, an influential and most loyal chief of the Bondey Country, Zinta District, near the Franco-Liberian Boundary, who paid us a visit in September, the first time he had ever seen the sea. It was this Chief, who, during the delimitation of the Franco-Liberian Boundary in 1907, was asked, when his territory was reached, to decide which country he would elect to be a subject of, France or Liberia. He was told that he would be allowed until the next day to make his preference. I am told that fears were entertained by our representatives that his choice would be against us, while hopes were entertained by the other representatives that he would decided to become a French subject, but Varfuquelly, like the African Prince he is, said: “I do not want until to-morrow; I can decide now. I am for that country whence my mother’s dowry money came. It came from down “Ducorroh”, not from the French side. I am for Liberia.” Such unsophisticated and sublime patriotism deserves to be recorded on tables more enduring and time resisting than the pages of a President’s message, for it is undeniably another link of proof in the chain of evidence that the “native” per se prefers to be rules by men of his own race variety. Several conferences were held with this African Prince which proved advantageous to all concerned. Also, he and his sub-chiefs and retinue, with resident Mandingoes, were entertained at luncheon by your Executive and Cabinet, and Varfuquelly returned home well satisfied with his visit to the Capital. We are in hearty accord with the opinion that Liberia must turn her attention interiorward, and we believe firmly that by bringing the peoples of the hinterland in contact with the more responsible officials, the task of administering the multitudinous affairs of the Government will be made less difficult. We, therefore, by your approval and provision, contemplate making a tour of the boundaries next year with the hope of cementing the ties that now bind us together. War Department. The Secretary of War, who also has had the management of the “Lark” and its oversight, has had to grapple with some very difficult problems during the year, but he has managed each with tact, skill and zeal. He has been on the coast several times on important missions, going as far as Webo on the Cavalla. His visits to the coast and inspection of the various barracks and camps, resulted in the greatest benefits to the organization and systemization of his department.

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The Secretary of War’s report shows an enrollment of twenty commissioned officers, including the three American officers secured to organize an adequate Frontier Force and Patrol Guard in conformity with the stipulations of the Loan Agreement, and 540 enlisted men stationed on the frontiers and elsewhere. I desire to draw your special attention to the scheme for the reorganization of the Frontier Force which has been drafted by the commanding officers of the Frontier Force, Major Ballard, and which will be presented to you by the Secretary of War. This plan will give us a Frontier Force according to our needs and one whose effiency cannot be doubted, and I trust it will have your instant approval. I recommend the passage of a law requiring the Militia of the Republic, including volunteer companies, to wear brown kakhi uniforms on all occasions, or in other words, making brown kakhi the uniform of the several regiments. The “Lark” and its maintenance will claim your attention. She has done good work since her purchase, but the upkeep is thought to be too expensive, and we may have to consider the advantage of disposing of her and procuring two revenue cutters of a smaller size. This would give us more effective patrol over the coast, quicker facilities for the transportation of troops, and lessen considerably the expense as well as obviate much of the trouble and disadvantages we now experience with the “Lark”. Post Office Department In the report of the Postmaster-General it will be discovered that he has had the Postal Laws codified for the use of the service, as well as overhauled all of the post offices and set to work to remedy the existing defects in the service. He has established a fortnightly overland service between Monrovia and Robertsport and Monrovia and Marshall; while a letter box has been stationed at Upper Buchanan from which mail is collected every two days. At Sinoe arrangements have been made of a boat service between Nanna Kroo and Greenville and similar arrangements have been provided for between River Cess and Lower Buchanan. For the convenience of the people on the St. Paul’s river, the Department proposes establishing branch post offices at White Plains, Clay-Ashland and Brewerville. The volume of business of the Post Office Department has greatly increased during the year, the number of postal articles, exclusive or parcels post, amounting to 189,861 as compared with 163,438 of last year, showing an increase of 26,423 pieces. Of the total number of pieces handled during the year, 16,334 were registered, an increase of 3,996 over last year. Correspondence between this Department and the Post Office Department of the United States of America has been opened respecting the exchange of Parcels Post, and a Convention has been submitted which is under favorable consideration. Department of Public Instruction The subject of public instruction is very dear to us, as it should be to every citizen, and we have not failed to give our support to the untiring efforts of the capable Secretary of Education whose report will, I hope, receive your careful consideration. On the first of April the Secretary opened a Day School in Krootown for the Kroo children at which I was present, with the Acting Secretary of States and several other prominent persons, including the indefatigable Miss Mary Sharp of the United States of America, who has labored among the Kroos exclusively for thirty-three years and whose good works will never die. By way of showing the appreciation of the Government for the long and efficient services of Miss Sharp in educational work among the Kroos, your Executive conceived this to be a timely and fitting occasion to confer upon her the Order of Knight Official of the Humane Order of African Redemption, which was done to the great delight

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to the Kroo people assembled. While this step may have been novel, we are certain that she is one of the most deserving of any upon whom it has been conferred. This same day a Night School was inaugurated in the City for the boys who have to work at their trades or whose parents cannot spare them to attend school during the day. This opening was honored by the presence of the Ex-President Barclay, Bishop Ferguson and the leading educators of the city, State and Church, as well as many of the leading citizens. The Educational Department has large plans for the establishment of adequate schools throughout the Republic and the Secretary’s report will contain a few recommendations requiring legislation and which have my favor. The Department has secured 5,470 books, with other supplied, purchased at a coast of over three thousand dollars, and which forms the nucleus of the long-felt Book Supply Department. The number of pupils in the public schools during the year is 2,836 as against 1,782 for the previous year, an increase of 1,054. The school tax yielded the following sums for the first year: Montserrado County, Bassa County Maryland County Territory Grand Cape Mount Marshall District Total

$1,301.81 346.05 85.00 183.52 32.30 $1,948.68

Sinoe County does not appear and the Secretary may give you the reasons for this omission. This is a very encouraging showing considering the hard times and the difficulty in getting people to pay taxes, some of our best citizens often citing law to show that tax is either not yet due or that time to collect has passed, a disposition that must be changed if a school system worthy of the name is to be established. Liberia College, which will celebrate its Fiftieth Anniversary within a few days, has been very unfortunate this year in the loss of its President, Rev. R. B. Richardson, D. D., one of the oldest educators of the country, having been engaged in teaching since the age of twenty-one up to the time of his death in August last. Himself an alumnus of Liberia College, he served the institution faithfully as Principal of the Preparatory Department for a time and as President for a number of years. During his administration there were more graduates sent to serve the country than ever before, and it is a credit to him and his coworker that the Secretary of the Treasury, the Judge of the First Judicial Circuit Court, two Members of the National Legislature, and the capable and popular lawyer, L. A. Grimes, are among the number. Dr. Richardson truly served his generation long and well, and his works will live after him. The removal of the College is not yet practicable. Miscellaneous The shipment of laborers from the country should claim your serious attention. There are no objections to the laborers engaged for services on the steamers, but the shipment of laborers for plantation hands from the counties of Sinoe and Maryland should be greatly restricted or stopped altogether. The importation by the Liberian Rubber Corporation of such large number of Ashantees into Sinoe County while their agent is so actively engaged in the shipment of equally as large numbers of Liberians out of the country is quite an anomaly and has created an

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active suspicion in the minds of the citizens there. Consequently, I have notified the General Agent of the Rubber Corporation that these Ashantees must be withdrawn. I now ask that you state definitely what number of expert rubber collectors this Corporation shall be allowed to import into Liberia under the terms of their agreement. Our labor supply must not become further depleted, for it is bad economy to say the least, to drain one source of labor and allow another to be imported, especially, as in this case, when the imported one in no way substitutes for the other. In looking over the acts chartering the several city corporations I have been able to find that the taxes on real estate has been granted to Harper only, and while the several corporations have been in the habit of collecting this tax, I find no law granting them this right. This fact was pointed out to me by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who has been very active in organizing his bureau for effective work the coming year. Harper being the only City, so far as I know, having the legal authority to collect taxes on real estate, I have to ask that you repeal that Act. The city corporations have authority to levy such taxes as they deem necessary for improvements, which with proper collection and economic disbursements will be sufficient to meet their requirements, without this additional tax on real estate. The several corporations and townships should make an annual report to the Secretary of the Treasury for the Legislature, detailing how they have spent the money allowed them by the Legislature accruing from various licenses, which would otherwise go to the Government, and I hope you will make this compulsory. In keeping with your resolution approved January 27, 1912, we entered into negotiations with the first of Wiechers & Helm respecting the construction of the proposed railroad to Bopora and other points, and their scheme has been printed and circulated for your information. There is no denying the fact that railroads are the greatest need at the present for the internal development of the country, but our present financial status causes me to feel that this scheme is now impracticable, hence, for this and other reasons, I cannot now recommend its acceptance. On the 3rd instant I received a petition from the King, Chief and people of Nymoweh tribe of the Greboes of Maryland County affirming their allegiance to the authority of the government, expressing penitence for their past rebellious attitude and pleading constant loyalty in the future. They also humble pray that you reinstate them in the towns from which they were expelled nearly three years ago. A similar petition has, I believe, been sent your Honorable Body, which I hope will have your favorable consideration. In January last the race and country lost its foremost scholar in the death of Dr. Edward Wilmot Blyden, who died in Sierra Leone. Dr. Blyden was indeed a scholar of whom the race may well be proud. His views on many of the questions affecting the race are certainly at variance with its noble aspirations, but many of them are nuggets of undeniable truths. He was not as much a Liberian as we desired him to be, nevertheless he was undoubtedly a champion of the untrammeled evolution of his race towards its ideals, and one who taught Negroes everywhere to be proud of themselves and their ancestors. That he served his country as statesman, diplomat and educator is well-known to the world, and his work as President of Liberia College will live long to bless and cherish his memory. His last appearance in public in Liberia was on Inauguration Day, January 1st this year, when he was present “to see one of his boys inaugurated President of Liberia.” Liberia, we are told, was uppermost in his thoughts during his last days on earth, and he wrote of her sympathetically and hopefully. It is my painful duty to inform you that Commissioner Franco Bernard, who had been stationed at Naama Barracks on the Franco-Liberian Boundary for a period of about three

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years, died in the month of July. Everyone who knew Mr. Bernard can testify to the zeal and earnestness he showed in everything he undertook. That he was faithful to his duty till death is true. In one of his last letters to me, while he was very ill, he bequeathed his son and daughter to the State and begged that we would take care of them. I commend them to your favorable consideration. Before closing, it becomes my most pleasing duty to inform you of the arrival of the newly appointed official representatives of the Government of Great Britain and the German Empire, in the persons of Mr. Maugham, Consul-general, and Baron von Grothe. They arrived on the 9th instant and were received by your Executive on the 10th. Both of these gentlemen expressed the sincere wish and desire of their Governments to maintain and strengthen those friendly relations which have heretofore existed between their Governments and the Government of Liberia. We are quite confident that the intentions of these Governments, who have always manifested a most friendly interest in our political welfare, will be more than realized by the sympathetic attitude which their official representatives will always take in matters relating to the mutual good of their Governments and to the Republic. It is a pleasure to me to record the faithfulness with which I have been assisted by every member of the Cabinet. They have all done their duty cheerfully and earnestly, recognizing their obligations to the people whose servants they are. May that same feeling of harmony and concord which characterized your former relations with the Executive permeate your present session. On our part, we promise a hearty co-operation in every measure which tends to the advancement of the State and the betterment of the conditions of the people generally. D. E. Howard Executive Mansion, Monrovia, December 12th, 1912

Annual Message to the Legislature December 17, 1913 To the Honourable Senate and House or Representatives: In assembling for a brief review of events during the past year, as well as for legislating for the future, our first duty is to acknowledge our gratitude to the Great Arbiter of Nations for His guidance and protection. I am pleased to announce that our friendly relations with the foreign powers represented at our Government have been of a uniform harmonious character during the year, and that all questions that have arisen have been conducted in such a manner as to warrant the belief that our friendship is more firmly established than ever before. I regret to announce the death of the Honourable W. D. Crum, late American Minister Resident and Consul General. His successor has been appointed in the person of the Honourable G. W. Buckner, who arrived here on the 2nd instant and was received and granted his exequatur on the 8th. I have the honour to inform you also that Dr. Hans Busing has succeeded Baron van Grote as Imperial German Consul near this Government. Events of the Year. The trouble at River Cess, which was reported in our message of last year, has claimed our serious attention this year as well. We do not now feel wholly warranted in saying that the

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disorder has been finally quelled, still peace reigns and law and authority are fully established and being maintained from River Cess to Lower Buchanan. An attempt was made by the Krus in June to take River Cess, but they were successfully repulsed with heavy losses by Lieutenant Smith, of the Frontier Force, of whose gallant conduct Major Ballard speaks in terms of merited praise. The services rendered by Major Ballard, in command of the Frontier Force, in the handling of the whole River Cess difficulty, is deserving of the highest commendation. He has plans on hand for the final adjustment of all these coast troubles, which have my approval which will be made known to you during the session. An accident, somewhat serious in consequences, occurred on the Anglo-Liberian Boundary in the month of March last between two influential chiefs of that section, Bombokolli and Mambu. The latter was on his way to the Capital to pay us a visit when, it is reported, he was caught and killed by the former, thus throwing matters in quite a state of foment in that section. In consequence of this we dispatched Captain E. T. Hawkins, of the Frontier Force, with a strong detachment to maintain law and order. He was successful in preventing noticeable disturbances at this time, but was unable to capture Bombokolli, he unfortunately having escaped into the British Territory. Negotiations for his extradition are now in progress. Captain Hawkins later reported an uprising among the Gissis which necessitated active measures. This was a movement in opposition to every Liberian official with the exception of District Commissioners Twe. Mr. Twe is now charged with being the instigator of this strange state of affairs and is enroute for Monrovia in the custody of Special Commissioner Massaquoi, of the Interior Department and who was sent on a special mission to the Franco-Liberian Boundary. I am pleased to be able to inform you that the troubles in the Gio section, in the rear of Grand Bassa County where the Rubber Corporation is, or was, operating, have been successfully settled, as from the report of Special Commissioner Lieutenant Boyma Sandimannie. Conditions on the Franco-Liberian Boundary, and particularly the Cavalla River Section, have been very peaceful save for a little trade incident which happened between the merchants of Maryland County and the natives on our side. We were informed that the traders of the Cavalla formed themselves into a combination and greatly reduced the prices formerly paid for produce, while they maintained in tact the selling prices of their goods. As a retaliation the natives elected to and did carry their produce over to the French side for sale. This matter was brought to our attention and was discussed with the General Receiver of Customs and, while we both preferred having the produce disposed of in our territory, we saw no legal way of compelling the natives to do so, since indeed in trading with the French merchants they complied fully with our laws. This is one of the proofs that we are not placing any barriers in the way of traffic with our neighbors on the southeast. Having heard so much about the actions of this combination of merchants in all of the counties, it is our purpose to hold conferences with both sides concerned on our proposed trip to the leeward after your adjournment and see if we cannot effect an adjustment of these differences, for it cannot be denied that the present state of affairs respecting trade is detrimental to all interests. The report of Captain Richard Newton, of the Frontier Force, concerning the attitude of the natives in the Cavalla District, even as far as beyond the Pahn Country, is most gratifying. Not only does peace prevail, but the people have turned their attention to agriculture as never before, and it is expected that in the near future the Cavalla River District will vie with the St. Paul’s from an agricultural stand point.

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The rice crop of the Cavalla has been very abundant this year, as it has been in all of the counties. My first request is that you authorize your Executive to purchase at least four rice mills, out of fund derived from internal revenues, to assist the natives in preparing their rice for the market. There is no reason in the world why we should import rice from China or Japan. While Secretary of the Treasury, we were in communication with an American firm who offered us rice mills at very reasonable prices. We were unable to procure them at that time, but were successful in inducing two of our leading farmers, J. J. Morris and E. L. Parker, to purchase coffee mills from the same firm, which mills are giving entire satisfaction. If our request in this matter is granted, we will place one of these mills in each county, in the section in which the most rice is grown, under the management of the officer in command of the Frontier Force. This officer will be required to exact a small toll of the rice hulled to cover expenses and which can be used for the feeding of his force, while the rest will find its way to the market. The Secretary of State will submit to your Honourable Body the findings in the matter of the Attia Claims against the Government; Also the awards concerning the claims for losses sustained by the German merchants at River Cess and points adjacent, at the settlement of Brewerville, and in the case of damages sustained by some clerks of the firm of A. Woermann at the hands of Krumen in Monrovia. It is gratifying to be able to announce to you that negotiations are being carried on by our Minister at the Court of St. James, the Honourable J. P. Cromelin, for the admission and adhesion of the Republic of Liberia to the International Peace Conference at the Hague, and it is hoped that before your adjournment these will have been successfully concluded so that we may be in a position to have this laid before you. Liberia was duly represented at the International Conference on Time, held in Paris during the month of October, by our worthy Consul General, H. G. Raymond Harel, who signed the Protocol on behalf of Liberia on 20th of the same month. Our share of the upkeep is four hundred francs (seventy-six dollars) which I hope will be voted. Boundary Delimitations. Mr. James G. B. Lee, an American surveyor, was appointed as Chief Commissioner for Liberia on the Anglo-Liberian Boundary Commission, with whom was associated District Commissioner Dihdwo Twe. The work of this Commission has progressed smoothly and is approaching completion to the satisfaction of both Governments concerned. We are highly pleased at the manner in which Mr. Lee has upheld the interests of the Republic. The French Government has notified us of their intention to commence the pegging out of the Franco-Liberian Boundary on the 15th of January next. Their representatives on the Commission, now on their way out, are Lieut. Villatte and Sub-Lieut. Drunot. We have selected Mr. Lee and Brevet Major J. A. Steward, District Commissioner at River Cess, as our members of the Commission. It is to be hoped that the work on the Franco-Liberian boundary will be greatly facilitated as was that on the English, and when this pegging out has been completed we can look forward to a reign marked by absence of boundary difficulties and disputes. It gives me very great pleasure to convey to you the information that our ConsulGeneral at Washington, U. S. A., Dr. Ernest Lyon, notified the Secretary of State on the 9th of October, that he had successfully concluded the transaction relative to the Donovan Fund, and that the accumulated sum of sixty-five thousand five hundred eleven dollars and eleven cents had been duly turned over to him by the President of the American Colonization Society for which amount he had given his receipt. He further stated that this sum had been deposited in a bank of which the American Colonization Society is a depositor and whose treasurer is a member of the Colonization Society.

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The late Caroline Donovan, of the State of Maryland in the United States of America, being possessed of certain real estate in the City of Baltimore, executed a deed of trust to the America Colonization Society, giving said property in trust to the Society for the transportation annually to Liberia of such colored persons as might desire to emigrate from the United States. Should the transportation of such persons for any one year not require the net income from the said property for that year, such balance remaining should be applied by the Society to the maintenance of public schools for the education of colored children in Liberia. This sixty-five thousand five hundred eleven dollars and eleven cents represents the accumulated balances of the net income of this fund. It is altogether right and fitting that we should express our appreciation for this donation and for the amount now coming to Liberia, and becoming available as it does at this time when there is a general cry throughout the Republic for an industrial school. I am certain that the wishes of the donor, as well as those of our friends in America, will be adequately carried out. We have already placed ourselves in touch with more than one of the Societies in America interested in education in Liberia with a view of securing their advice and co-operation in the procuring of suitable teachers for the establishment of an efficient industrial plant, and from this co-operation, backed by your hearty approval and enthusiasm, we are sanguine that such results will be obtained as will revolutionize our school work. A bill is being prepared relative to the Donovan Fund governing the appropriation of same towards the establishment and maintenance of an industrial and normal school in honour of the donor of this bequest. Treasury Department My first observation under this head is to call your attention to the fact that the appropriation of the last Legislature exceeded the amount available for appropriation, hence, in accordance with the provisions of the Refunding Loan Agreement, there had to be a readjustment of the appropriations by the Board of Revision composed of the Executive, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser. We regretted very much that the amounts designated for the printing of the Revised Statues, which are so much needed and for the building of the Government house in Bassa County, had to be excluded, but it is hoped that the sum available for this year’s appropriation will be sufficient to provide for these items. The Secretary of the Treasury has succeeded in bringing together in the Treasury Building all of the officers and employees which properly belong under that department. This centralization of related work has resulted in economy of time and trouble to the officials as well as to the public generally. The service rendered by the officials and employees of the department have been quite satisfactory and there is manifested among the heads of bureaux a constant effort to improve their office methods along the line of efficiency. The Debt Commission created under the Legislative Act approved January 25th, 1913, for the registration and classification of the internal debt since January 1, 1911, was constituted by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Financial Adviser and the Comptroller. These officials worked steadily during the period from March 15th to September 15th when the six months time allow by the Act for registration of claims expired. There are a few claims, amounting to about $2,000.00, which have not been registered because of the time limit, the holders thereof stating that they either had no knowledge of the registration Act or they could not find their bills while the Commission was sitting. The total debt registered is $198,763.54. The Report of the Commission will be submitted to you by the Secretary of the Treasury with recommendations for the payment of this debt by regular annual appropriations. In the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury your attention will be called to the awkward relation of the fiscal year to the budgetary year. While the fiscal year remains unal-

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tered, ending September 30th, the Budget for 1913 was made for the calendar year ending December 31st, I have to strongly recommend the change of the fiscal year to June 30th, so as to make it coincide with the Loan and the budgetary year. This will greatly simplify and facilitate the work of rendering reports and accounting. The Treasury Department, as well as the Executive Government, has worked in harmony with the Customs Receivership, rendering whatever assistance possible looking toward the effective collection of the revenues as well as the carrying out of other obligations imposed upon it by the Refunding Loan Agreement. The net results of the operation of the Receivership for this first year are indeed satisfactory and indicate that the financial embarrassments and makeshifts hitherto experienced by the Government are a closed chapter in Liberian history. With reference to the fiscal year ended September 30th, the Receivership has been in force practically for nine months, during which time they have collected customs revenues amounting to $354,408.19/ rubber duties, $2,473.17; headmoneys, exclusive of those collected by A. Woermann, $8,696.74; a total of $365,578.10. During the same period the Receivership disbursed under the terms of the Loan Agreement the sum of $326,164.33. On September 30th the Receivership held to the Government’s credit the sum of $45,890.19 which is reached by adding the year’s balance of $39,413.77 to the amount carried into the present year from December 1912. When all the obligations of the Receivership for the year have been liquidated, it is expected that at least $35,000.00 will be remaining to the credit of the Government, a very creditable showing indeed for the first year. I am in accord with the Receivership in asking that provision be made for the establishment of a quarantine station either at Monrovia or at Cape Palmas for the landing of Liberian citizens from vessels in quarantine, as well as for the purchase of revenue cutters to be used on the coast. I earnestly request that Your Honourable Body pass a bill authorizing your Executive to prescribe the design of a revenue flag for the official of the Treasury Department, the Customs service and the Maritime Patrol Service. The receipts and disbursements of the Government for the fiscal year just close, according to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, are as follows: Receipts. December Quarter, 1912. 1. Customs 2. Headmoneys March, June, September Quarters, 1913. 1. Customs 2. Headmoneys, Receivership 3. Headmoneys, A. Woermann 4. Rubber Total Customs Revenues for the Fiscal year, 1913. Disbursements. December Quarter, 1912 March, June, September Quarters, 1913. Disbursed by the Secretary of the Treasury Disbursed by Receivership Paid A. Woermann against headmoney account… Total of Disbursements

$97.305.66 1.588.64 $354,408.19 8,696.74 10,815.01 2,473.17 $475,287.41 $92,417,88 $123.660.08 $202,503.65 10,815.01 $429,397.22

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The difference between the total receipts and the disbursements is $45,890.19, from this amount the unexpended balance of $10,890.19 from the Frontier Force and the “Lark” appropriation has been segregated for the purchase of the arms and ammunition for the increase of the Frontier Force and to supplement the appropriation asked for in the Budget of 1914 to purchase two revenue cutters. In compliance with the provisions of the Refunding Loan Agreement, the Secretary of the Treasury has prepared the estimate of the Revenue of the Republic available for appropriation this year. These estimates, added to the cash balance of $35,000.00 in hand, aggregate $534,500.00. The total estimated amounts chargeable against the receipts of the Republic under existing laws, contracts and agreements is $366,609.87. Taking this from the estimated receipts, there remains $167,890.13 available for the regular appropriations by the Legislature. The work of the Bureau of Internal Revenue shows mark improvement over the results of last year, and the Commissioner is energetically working to bring this important adjunct of the Treasury Department up to a high standard of efficiency and service. The total collections reported through this bureau for the fiscal year amounted to $52,495.79, of which sum $11,144.51 was in cash. This is the largest figure for cash collections recorded in the history of the Internal Revenue Bureau, and is a very encouraging showing indeed when it is remembered that much of the moneys receivable through this channel is payable in paper and that the people generally held, and still hold, large amounts of this paper. The present unsatisfactory mode of assessing property taxes will be brought to your attention by the Commissioner through the proper source, and you will be requested to formulate a uniform scale of taxation to obtain throughout the country. On the 10th of November we received the following information from the General Superintendent and Secretary of the Liberian Rubber Corporation, Limited: “I am instructed by my Board to inform you that the Company has been obliged to issue orders for the temporary cessation of its wild rubber trading in Liberia on account of the extremely low prices for wild African rubbers prevailing on the European markets, prices having fallen to such an extent as to make it impossible to carry on trade except at a heavy loss”. Department of Justice It becomes my duty at this juncture to acquaint you with the recent change in the head of this department. The portfolio of Attorney General was made vacant in consequence of the election of Honourable S. A. Ross to the Senate to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator C. A. Minor of Sinoe County. The Honourable T. W. Haynes has been appointed to succeed Mr. Ross as Attorney General. In the report of the Attorney General your attention will be called to the statue defining embezzlement. At present, this law, as applied, has a disfranchising effect, which, it is contended, was not contemplated by the framers of the Act, and also in cases plainly shown to be civil action of debt, the defendants are made parties to criminal actions of embezzlement and, when convicted, are disfranchised. Your attention will also be directed to the law respecting Malicious Injury in so far as it permits the shooting of livestock. I most heartily endorsed the recommendation of the Attorney General for legislation forbidding the granting of credits by merchants or others to irresponsible persons, and in such cases the amounts will not be removeable before any of the courts of the Republic. This is deemed necessary because of the persistence of some persons in crediting such individuals and then expecting the Government to become a party to a suit for the recovery of these amounts. I am reliably informed that some of the West African Colonial Government have had to pass similar laws to put a stop to practices of this kind.

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(2 pages missing from original: Editor) …friction heretofore complained of by the natives concerning the payment of taxes. This has been done by appointing the Chiefs as collector of Taxes due by their subjects, paying them the same commission as is paid other tax collectors, and I am pleased to say that in this way several hundred dollars have been collected at less cost to the Government and more satisfaction to the tax-payers than in previous years. The continued confidence of the natives transmitted by the late administration, is still evidenced by those from the far interior, coast and surrounding tribes finding their way to the seat of Government for the redress of their grievances and the adjustment of many a delicate matter of a secret Porro nature, which calls for expert knowledge of such affairs. The Secretary of the Interior, therefore, has my approval in requesting provision for an attaché to his department whose intimate acquaintenance with native customary law and society will enable the department to give better satisfaction in the adjustment of these tribal problems now being so often confronted. This attaché can also assist in the work of formulating a criminal code harmonizing our municipal and native customary law. The need of efficient men to serve as resident commissioners in the interior is as urgent as ever. The Secretary of Interior not being able to inspect stations as we desire owing to his duties at his desk, I have to ask for the creation of the post of General Traveling commissioner whose duty will be, under direction of the Secretary of Interior, to pay regular visits to the interior or coast, to inspect the work of the several commissioners to ascertain if their work allies with their reports. War Department. The report of the Secretary War will show that with the three American and seven Liberian officers at least six hundred men have been trained and disciplined so that they have learned to serve their country rather than individual officers. Three wars have been fought and the Cavalla River District quietly settled. The Frontier Force has been entirely taken from the District Commissioners and placed under the control of military officers, who have their orders to co-operate with the commissioners in maintaining peace and order and in upholding the majesty of the laws of the Republic. The pay of the Frontier Force has been placed in the hands of the Receivership in keeping with the spirit of the Loan Agreement, and the War Department has succeeded in perfecting a system of money accountability. Pay rolls have been devised, rations return and checks and balances have been employed, and a subsistence allowance provided for both officers and men. The troops are satisfied with their pay and allowances, which are promptly paid, and faith of the Government is so well established with the merchants that they are ready and willing to honor all requisitions placed with them without the least hesitation or fear. It has been demonstrated beyond question that the present force of six hundred Frontiers is by no means adequate for the needs of the Republic. Therefore I have given my consent for the increase of the Force to twelve hundred, and have to ask your concurrence in same. The Secretary of War will detail to you how these men will be distributed. The Secretary will ask for legislation authorizing the formulation of regulations containing a uniform schedule of punishments and dress for the Frontier Force, which should have the force of military law throughout the Republic. The advisability of having a regulation uniform for the several militia companies of all of the regiments is still apparent, and this question will be submitted to you for consideration and action, as will also be the disposition of the several arsenals in the counties.

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It has been most difficult to get officers of the proper calibre to enlist in the Frontier Force, hence the War Department has inaugurated a system of cadet training which is now in operation and from which we hope to add within the next six months some well trained lieutenants to the Force. The advice of the Military Adviser to the War Department is that “Camp Johnson” should be abandoned for the following reasons: 1. Because it is unsanitary and not fit for the majority of soldiers who are men brought down from the highland regions and who can, under conditions as obtain at “Camp Johnson”, only stand the climate of the coast for six months: (a). The buildings, aside from two small stone structures, are not fit for habitation by soldiers. (b). It has no strategic value. 2. There should be a dry, healthy, central station opened on the St. Paul’s River, constructed by soldiers for the most part, where soldiers and officers coming and going at all times may also quarter. In connection with military matters I am sorry to announce the death of Brigadier General William H. Carter, of the 1st Brigade, which took place at his home in White Plains on October 21st. Your Executive and entire Cabinet were present at the funeral ceremonies to do him homage, and I conferred upon his remains the Military Medal of Distinguished Service, the first of its kind to be instituted or granted in Liberia. The propriety of having a military decoration for our soldiers has long been contemplated, but it remained to us to accomplish this desired object, and on the 14th of November at the Reg…. (Missing Page on original: Editor) The estimated number of post article dealt with by the department during the year is 205, 463 as against 189,861 of last year, an increase of 15,602 exclusive of parcels post. Of this total number 19,043 pieces were registered, an increase of 2,709 over last year. The department further handled 6,490 pieces of domestic mail matter on which no postage is paid, same being free under the law. The total number of parcels post passing through the department during the year amounted to 6,107, an increase of 1,225 over the last year. The number of insured parcels was 630, with a declared value of 6,230.93. In 1912 the number was 418 with a declared value of $4,744.24. The Money Order Bureau is a very important arm of the Post Office Department, and has rendered our people convenience which, owing to the peculiar circumstances now prevailing, they could not otherwise have obtained. By an agreement with the Deutsch LiberiaBank, the Postmaster General was enabled to reduce the rate charged on money orders from 2 percent to 1 percent, and there has been a steady influx of coin in consequence of this. It must not be lost sight of that the Money Order Bureau has for the past number of years resolutely placed itself in the breach and steadily held its ground against every effort to depreciate the Liberian silver which, unfortunately, does not appear to receive the same consideration as it did a few years ago. The total value of money orders issued and paid was $47,274.37 as compared with $42,788.91 for last year, thus showing the popularity of the Postal Money Order as a means of effecting remittances in spite of local banks. There were $2,180 money orders issued with a value of $ 42,192.11, while 225 were paid amounting to $6,082.26.

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There is urgent need for an appropriation to erect a post office at Harper, Cape Palmas, as well as for substantial repairs on the one at Greenville, Sinoe, and I hope this will have your attention. Department of Public Instruction The decrease in the Legislative appropriation for public instruction for the year necessarily brought about the closing of a number of schools throughout the Republic. There were only 44 schools in operation with an enrollment of 1,226 pupils as against 2,795 last year, a decrease of 1,569. This, of course, is to be sadly regretted and we cannot but ask that the school appropriation of $18,000.00 as formerly be devoted this year, in addition to the school tax, in order that the promises of the Party as expressed in its Platform may be carried out. TO have sufficient work done and qualified teachers employed, money must be had. We cannot by any means afford to slacken our efforts to educate our children. Notwithstanding the small amount placed at the disposal of the secretary of the Public Instruction, his policy of employing only competent teachers was maintained, and only such grade of certificates were granted as the teachers merited after examinations, which were held in January last. While the amount received on account of school tax is not as large as we would like to see, still the results are gratifying, showing a substantial increase of collections in each of the counties over last year and indicating that the people heartily accepting the principle of personally sharing the burden of the education of their children.. The taxes collected by counties are as follows: Montserrado Bassa Sinoe Maryland Territory of Cape Mount Total

$1,724.66 322.00 247.13 359.96 126.91 $2,780.66

The amount received on account of teachers' licenses was $171.00. This shows that an increasing interest is being manifested in popular education and the State ought to redouble its efforts along this line. There being no special appropriation made for books and supplies, the department was not only able to purchase any of these, but owes $735.21 on books procured last year. The Secretary was able to realize only $450.00 from the sale of books. Bureau of Agriculture. The report of the Commission of Agriculture, connected with the Interior Department, will be submitted to you with several recommendations. The Commissioner has started an experimental farm on the St. Paul's River where he intends demonstrating the possibility of using the plow and other modern agricultural implements in Liberia. Our net object in starting this farm is to provide a place for the state’s prisoners whose presence in our streets is not desirable and for whom we have no suitable occupation in the city. We ask for an appropriation to build a state prison on this farm. I cannot be too emphatic or be guilty of purposeless reiteration in calling your attention to the necessity of adopting means for the revival of agricultural industry in the country. It is gratifying to learn that the natives are eagerly drawing land in fee simple and are more and more engaging in the cultivation of same with an energy and alacrity hitherto unknown. Encouraging reports come from all parts of the country to this effect.

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We regret that the Government’s plan for assisting our farmers through the medium of this Labor Bureau has not been practicable. For this reason it is a difficult matter to secure farm laborers in sufficient numbers at the proper season to properly gather the crops that are not cultivated. There has been a recent drop in the price of coffee which has tended to discouraged some producers, but the remedy for such backsets is easily found in intensive farming and diversified crops. The adage “not to put all your eggs in one basket" can be fittingly applied to agriculture. For the present at least, coffee will undoubtedly remain our principal crop for export, but there are other products which offer just as fair returns as coffee, such as cocoa, kola, ginger, indigo, all of which can be easily grown here. All products do not rise or fall in price at the same time and the loss in value of one will invariably be offset by the rise in value of others. Agricultural and economic independence will revolve largely around an extension of our export products. Nearly every country is blessed by nature with some singular thing that cannot be duplicated in other parts of the world. This is what marks the individualiy of a country and is nature's way of making the entire world dependent on its distinct divisions. Our special bequest along this line is our coffee which has a world fame for exceptional flavor and aroma. Scions have been secured here for nearly every other producing country of the world in the hope that Liberian coffee could be reproduced on other soil, but every attempt so far has been a failure; the desirable quality of our coffee is lost in this transplantation. To obtain the aroma and quality the world gives a market to our coffee despite the fact that much of it is bruised and mangled by the method in which it is made ready for market. Improved apparatus for curing, assorting and getting the whole berries would be a great stabilizing factor in the price of same. The Commissioner of Agriculture has devised a stamp and recommends that all shippers of Liberian coffee be required to use only bags that bear this design or tagged with same, as a protection to purchasers against substitutions which will at the same time be an effective and dignified method of advertisement. This has my approval. Fernando Po and San Thome. For some years past the condition and treatment of laborers going from Liberia to Fernando Po and San Thome in the Gulf of Guinea, as gathered from reports of returned laborers as well as from official sources, have given the Government great anxiety and concern. These conditions were represented as being tantamount to slavery, the laborers being flogged publicly, their wages being unjustly kept back from them, they being unwillingly forced to work for longer periods than that for which they contracted before leaving their homes, and being the victims of maltreatment in many other ways. To obtain certain and incontrovertible evidence of the reliability and correctness of these reports your Executive felt compelled to send special representatives to these islands before taking any steps or recommending the adoption of any further measures to restrict or prohibit the shipment of laborers to these places. In July last Assistant Secretary of State J. J. Sharp, was directed to proceed to Fernando Po and San Thome for this purpose and rendered an exhaustive report on this matter, which report is at your disposal. Undoubtedly the conditions were not all that might have been desired but they appear by no means irremedial. The evils that may have been perpetrated are due primarily to the fact that the Government has no representative at these places and the shipping agents and planters may have taken advantage of this lack of oversight to disregard the interests of Liberian laborers. Justice and acceptable labor conditions could be immediately and permanently obtained if the Government has a consular representative at these islands. The interests of our people there as well as the dignity of the Republic demand and warrant such

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representation. The Governor of Spanish Guinea is by no means anxious to have us prohibit the shipment of laborers to Fernando Po and on a visit made to your Executive heartily expressed his desire and willingness to render all possible assistance to see that such treatment as could not reasonably be complained of would be accorded to laborers coming from Liberia. Many of the laborers leaving here never return, either on account of death or from willingness to remain, and those responsible for their shipment have never seen the necessity for obeying the law respecting their return to the port of shipment. Many of these laborers die intestate and leave large amounts due them in wages which heretofore have never reached their relatives in Liberia. Mr. Sharp was successful in collecting accumulated wages due deceased laborers to the amount of 200 pounds, which sum has been deposited in the treasury subject to the claims of legal heirs. More than this, a large number of our citizens have elected to remain in Fernando Po and San Thome and have become land owners and planters in their own right. To look after these and various other details relating to laborers the Government has considered it necessary to create a consulate for these islands and to appoint a Liberian to such post, and your Executive now asks for an appropriation to that effect. There are now 250 laborers in San Thome, all from Maryland County, and 1,323 in Fernando Po from various parts of the Republic, but principally from Sinoe and Maryland counties. A bill is being prepared by your Executive to regulate the shipment of laborers and will be laid before you for consideration and action. Leprosy Owing to numerous and alarming reports reaching your Executive of the rapid spread of threatening danger of the loathsome disease of leprosy in Maryland County, I dispatched the Inspector General of Hygiene to that county to make thorough investigation of the situation. This report, with the recommendations of the Inspector and the plan for the Leper Isolation Station, will be presented to you and I trust it will receive your serious and sober consideration. We are largely at the mercy of Providence in that matter of sanitation and medical facilities, and are at present in no way adequately prepared to cope with any from of epidemic. It behooves us, therefore, to exercise strict precaution in dealing with all diseases of a contagious nature and most especially with leprosy, possibly the most vicious and repugnant disease that has baffled medical science and skill and which is still pronounced incurable. This disease does not wear itself out in time as is the case with nearly every other contagious disease., but once it fastens itself on a victim, by slow and painful progress it ultimately succeeds in carrying him to the grave. The only safe method yet devised for the dealing with leprosy is the resort to isolation and the enactment of rigid and impartial laws governing such isolation, both of which have been recommended by the Inspector General of Hygiene and which have my hearty approval. The Capital. The condition of our National Capital calls for your special consideration and attention. Being the seat of government is naturally expected that the Government should contribute a fair quota towards making Monrovia a worthy capital and beautiful city, one to which every citizen could look with pride. The city government has been hampered on account of a lack of funds to meet the ordinary expenses of upkeep and administration. The city treasury held about twelve thousand dollars in General Government papers, which had been paid in for taxes, licenses and of other purposes, but by a rule of the bankers responsible for the Refunding Loan Agreement,

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the city was deprived of the right of receiving one cent of this amount. This sum would have gone well towards putting the city in commendable condition. Public parks should be laid out, the city should be adequately lighted, a water system and other benefits and comforts should be planned and effected. All these would be a credit to the city, and the fact that Monrovia is at the same time the national capital, the General Government would to that extent be benefited by any such improvements and our civic pride ought to be aroused to the point of contributing something towards the upkeep of the City. In the present circumstances I recommend that the taxes on real estate in the city, made payable in coin, be granted towards this end, also that like consideration be given to all other cities. Executive Mansion. We have long felt the need of a new Executive Mansion and this fact is patent to the least observant. The present building has been outgrown in usefulness and dignity many years ago, and I ask your Honorable Body to take some active steps at your present session to provide a representative and appropriate building. Suitable grounds have already been obtained for this purpose, and the Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you in his report measures whereby provisions for a Mansion will be feasible. The present structure could be used to accommodate the several departments that are now obliged to rent headquarters. The "Lark." The Receivership has contemplated the purchase of two small motor launches for the purpose of better facilitating the collection of customs revenues on the coast. These launches will be properly sea worthy and will be equipped with guns of sufficient size and range as to make them effective adjuncts to the Frontier Force in quelling disturbances on the coast, should it become necessary to do in the future. Your Executive has consented to this proposal, since indeed the annual upkeep of the two launches will be far less than that of the "Lark," and at the same time will afford services which in no circumstances could the "Lark" render. It is therefore recommended that you make the necessary authorization for the sale of the "Lark" and the appropriation for the purpose of the launches. Canal. As far back as the year 1894 the necessity and advisability of constructing a canal connecting the Cavalla and Hoffman Rivers was considered, and in that year an act was passed making an appropriation therefor. This design was never carried out, but as the necessity still exists I have to request that you include in this year's appropriation the sum of two thousand dollars for the procuring of an expert engineer to survey the route and report on the probable cost of such an undertaking. Meeting of Legislature. We cannot too strongly recommend to you the advisability of changing the time of the sitting of the National Legislature from December to August. It is conceded on all side that the hot or dry season has a depressing effect which is not experienced during the rainy season, and the heads of departments who work continuously throughout the year, find it most difficult to devote that time and attention which a legislative session demands. Moreover, such a change would make it possible for many of the Legislators who have farming interests to be at their homes at a time when personal supervision of their affairs is most necessary.

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Deaths. I have to announce at this time the sad news of the death of Honourable James. A. Toliver, late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, of Honourable C. A. Minor late Senator from Sinoe County, of Honourable R. J. B. Watson late Superintendent of the Territory of Grand Cape County, of Honourable F. O. Throne, late ex-Superintendent of Maryland County, and of the Honourable Z. T. Green, late Judge of the Monthly and Probate Courty of Sinoe County. All of these characters served their day and country with credit and honour. Concessions. We are rapidly approaching the point of which maximum output of the natural resources of our coast, and our customs revenues must sooner or later reach a point beyond which there will be no increase unless new resources of revenue are tapped. The expenses of the Government are steadily gaining as there are more contingencies to meet and more necessary activities to provide for. The Government needs public buildings and office in all of the counties, such as post offices, court houses and jails, roads, and bridges, wharves and harbors and lighthouses need to be build, and numerous other provisions for the benefit and convenience of the people necessitating expenditures on the part of the Government but with our present revenues it is almost idle speculation to talk of public works with any degree of seriousness. We cannot again contemplate with equanimity a deficit in the treasury: Our national thrift must naturally keep pace with our needs and ambition. Our interior must be opened up and developed and that shortly; civilized and agricultural centers must be planted; we must know for a certainty what is in our hinterland, and what we have must be made available for the markets of the world and that at a cost which will make it worth while to those who may engage in the efforts to work such products. As bearing upon the development of the material resources of our interior, reclaiming tons of produce now going to waste for lack of proper facilities for working same, for spreading opportunities of employment for our people, offering means of establishing new centers of civilization and as being directly concerned with the economic advancement of the country at large, I wish to call your attention to the several applications for concessions which have been filed with the government, through the Secretary of State, and which have been duly laid before your Honourable Body. Your Executive is in full sympathy with the idea of drawing legitimate foreign capital to Liberia and of affording ample opportunities for that capital to make fair returns. We feel that anxious need of such aid and, while frowning with disfavor upon the principle of monopolies, I favor the granting of such rights and privileges as will warrant investments. It is necessary to exercise all due caution in considering these proposals, but it will manifestly be shortsighted to assume the bland policy of not considering them at all, thereby running the risk of shutting the door in the face of honest and legitimate capital and turning from us sources of incalculable benefit. We have placed the control of our customs in the hands of an international receivership, and we have not yet reached the stage where we have had cause to regret the step. This leaves us practically free to develop and encourage the development of our internal resources, and this we must do with all courage and by offering all inducements consistent with a proper regard of the interests of our citizens and of our political liberties. We are in special need of railroads, not alone for the effectual and profitable transport of produce, but as necessary and desirable means of expansion and communication. It is becoming more and more needful to have quick access to other sections of the country, to move troops and supplies to strategic points in order to maintain a more stringent supervi-

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sion over our coast and boundaries, and nothing is calculated to give us these facilities better than railroads with their attendant requisites. It is gratifying to me to be able to record the faithfulness with which I have been assisted by the members of the Cabinet. They have fully recognized their obligations as servants of the people by conscientiously discharging their multiplied duties. I am confident that the harmony which marked our activities and relations during the last year will prevail this session and that we will all work in unison for the best interests of the entire people. (Sgd.) DANIEL E. HOWARD President, Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 17th, 1913

Annual Message to the Legislature September 23, 1914 The Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives: In keeping with our amended law with reference to the time of the meeting of the Legislature, we have again assembled after the brief space of seven months to review our endeavors during that time, and to legislate for the future welfare of the Republic. We have always had abundant reasons to be thankful to the Beneficent Providence which has protected and guided our Ship of State, but at this moment, when all Europe seems to be in arms and when the hearts of so many millions of people are made to bleed on account of the cruel ravages of war, we have more than ever greater reasons to thank God that there in Liberia is a spot where we and ours are free from the destruction of civilized war, and, further, where the subjects of the belligerents can and do live in peace and quietude. We can only pray for the speedy termination of this unprecedented clash of arms and interests, and that the outcome of it all will be an honest and firm compact that the highest civilized and most enlightened Christians will cease killing each other for what is called the maintenance of dignity and honor. It is very fortunate for us that I am in a position to inform you that, even in this disturbed state of affairs, our relations with the foreign Governments are the same as at your last session. The European war broke out the last of July, and on the 10th of August we issued our Proclamation of Neutrality and have received official assurances from France, Germany and Great Britain that our neutrality will be rigidly respected. I am pleased to announce, in keeping with the information given in my last Message, that the Republic has been admitted as one of the Powers to the International Peace Conference at the Hague, our adhesion thereto and acceptance of the Conventions, as previously agreed to by that august body, having been signed by me and the Secretary of State on February 16th, 1914, and the documents of which, I daresay, will be laid before you by the Secretary of State. Shortly after your adjournment your Executive was approached by the British Government, through its resident Consul-General, in reference to the recent enactment forbidding under penalty, the circulation in Liberia of foreign colonial silver coin, claiming that the enforcement of such an Act would be considered very unfriendly. Believing that we knew

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the object of your Honorable Body in passing this Act, we sought to safeguard this object and at the same time retain the friendly feelings and good wishes of the British Government. Having received what we considered a sufficient guarantee from The Bank of British West Africa, as well as from the British Consul-General, that Liberians would not in any way suffer from the importation and circulation of British Colonial Silver, I took it upon myself to withhold the publication of this Act, report my actions to your Honorable Body and ask for your approval. I am aware the step which I took is open to criticism as being unconstitutional, as has been claimed by a Liberian of note now in London, but I am confident that after you have read the correspondence bearing upon the matter you will see that your Executive has acted from the purest motives and with a due regard for the constitution as well as the welfare of the people. This correspondence will be sent you forthwith. The protest to the operation of the Foreign Colonial Silver Coinage Act was presented in February. On March 13th, both the Bank of British West Africa and the Deutsche Liberia-Bank filed objections against the new law which imposed license upon banks operating in Liberia, and informed me that they were ordered to close immediately if no relief could be afforded them. I take it that it is your desire to see legitimate banking business done in Liberia under reasonable conditions, and that you are only concerned about properly safeguarding the interests of depositors and making certain that such institutions are amply qualified to undertake and bear its responsibilities. It is my opinion, therefore, that the banking license should be imposed only upon the head offices of banks in Liberia, and that such license should not be prohibitive. Our actions and the correspondence in this instance will also be submitted to you for your approval, and a conference on this subject will be asked for. Your Honorable Body having made possible our visit to the leeward counties, we left on the S. S. “Accra” March 20th, accompanied by the Secretary of Education and the Commissioners of Internal Revenues. Our first point of call was at Cape Palmas, Maryland County, whither we arrived on the 23rd of March, and were accorded a hearty welcome by everybody. A delegation of the old women from the Cape Palmas Tribe, which had been removed from the sites of Pluke and Hoffman Station during the last rebellion, called upon us and prostrated themselves, acknowledging their wrongs, imploring forgiveness, promising allegiance to the Government, and begging to be permitted to return to their former homes. The men joined in this petition, and were supported by Budu of Graway and Blanyor of Rocktown who begged for them. I answered that the Executive Government would never consent for their reoccupation of Pluke, but that I would confer with the civilized people of Harper and parts adjacent with the view of obtaining their consent for a conditional return to Hoffman Station, and would, if successful in this direction, lay the question before the Legislature which alone would order their reinstatement. Accordingly, I requested the leading citizens of Harper to meet me in conference, the result of which was an unanimous disapproval of a return to Pluke and a consent for a return to Hoffman Station under restrictions. It was conceded that if the Government would take the necessary steps to safeguard the future peace of the County and the enforcement of law by placing a sufficient police force at Pluke and elsewhere, that these people might be reestablished. I should mention, also, that we paid a visit to Tubman Town and attended a Citizen’s Meeting when this same subject was most freely and vehemently discussed by the people of that settlement. They were most bitterly opposed to the return of the natives to these places and equally as bitter in their denunciation of the people of Harper along all lines.

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I have expressed on more than one occasion to Your Honorable Body in conferences that I believe that these people can with safety be permitted to reoccupy Hoffman Station if we place a military post at Pluke to preserve the peace and maintain law and order, and I hope that your Honoraable Body will favorably consider this subject. The details of the reoccupation can be decided by us, together with the advice of some of the influential citizens of Maryland and Monrovia who are keenly interested in this question. The most important part of my mission to Maryland County was the settling of the long-standing land disputes on the Cavalla River among the several tribes. This problem had been submitted to us soon after our induction into office, but I felt it impossible to justly deal with the situation except on the spot where all parties concerned could be heard and all the facts in the case gathered. The disputants were so informed and were promised a visit for that purpose as soon as practicable. On March 30th we left Harper for Webo, the terminus of navigation of the Cavalla River, in company with Vice President Harmon, Superintendent Brewer, the Secretary of Education, Senator Wesley, Representative Watkins, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Honorables S. J. Dossen, R. A. Massey, Reverends M. H. Muhleburg, A. H. F. Vinton, J. W. Hayes, Government Surveyor, J. R. Cooper and John R. Taylor, Clerk to the Superintendent. Our first stop was at Whole Graway. Here Chief Budu welcomed us with all his people, and later joined us at Cavalla where the welcome ovation was pleasing beyond expression. We reached Wisskia at 6:45 p. m. and spent the night. The next morning the Chief and Headmen paid us a visit, and we left at 9:45 for Webo, arriving at 1 p. m. At 3 o’clock, we held a council with the Chiefs who had assembled from the various parts of the district to meet us. We gave them to understand that the object of our visit was to settle their land matter, and to bring about a better and more friendly relations among the various tribes as well as between them and the Government. We heard all land complaints on our way up river. On our return we stopped at Gedibo, Gdeabo, Debedo, Yorke, Yoboloke and Gbolobo where we also heard land and other grievances. We cited representatives of each of the contending parties to meet us in Harper the following week to hear the decisions. We arrived at Harper April 4th. Two days later we left for Garraway with a stop-over for the night at Fishtown. On this trip we were honored with the additional company of Chief Justice Dossen. The reception all along the route was one of continuous rejoicing. On approaching Garraway, we were met about a mile from the town by two companies of the Methodist Mission boys armed and equipped, and the town folk, male and female, white and black, missionaries and traders, all of whom gave us a most hearty welcome. Garraway is undoubtedly the finest place we visited, occupied wholly by aborigines, and is destined in the near future to excel in commercial and agricultural importance any place in Maryland county. The soil is very fertile and the people are most loyal and thrifty. The decisions given in the land matters which were submitted to us will be handed to you for your consideration. It was my pleasure to confer upon General J. H. Tubman the rank of Major-General of the Liberian Army, an honor richly deserved and well merited. The valuable services he has rendered the country in various wars which have occurred in Maryland County, and his undoubted ability and courage as a soldier readily place him in the first rank. It was also my pleasing duty to decorate many of the officers and men of the Militia in Maryland County, as well as in the rest of leeward counties, with the diploma and insignia of the Liberian Order of Military Service and Merit for bravery displayed upon the field in the many late wars which the Republic has been compelled to wage against the natives.

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In Sinoe County, where we spend a little more than a week, our reception was equally as warm and demonstrative as in Maryland County. Nothing more could have been done by the people to show their loyalty and appreciation for the visit of the nation’s Chief Executive and Vice. There were here, as in Maryland County, some tribal land disputes but not of like magnitude. We held a conference at the Superintendent’s home town with the interior Chiefs and adjusted, with the Superintendent’s assistance, the matters submitted to us. We later held a large council in Greenville with the coast and some interior Chiefs and satisfactorily settled their complaints. We spent four weeks in Bassa County, visiting Hartford, Edina, Upper and Lower Buchanan, where we had several conferences with the interior and coast Bassa Chiefs, and with the Bassa and Kroos concerning the late troubles at River Cess and elsewhere. Several Chiefs who, I am told, had not visited Bassa before, came to pay their respects and acknowledge their allegiance to the State and its laws. The appreciation shown by all classes and wards of the County of Grand Bassa was equal in every respect to that of the other two counties. Aside from endeavouring to adjust outstanding differences between tribe and tribe and between them and the government, I did my best to impress upon all the necessity of engaging in agriculture more earnestly. On our way from Sinoe to Grand Bassa County, the Captain of the “Henrietta Woermann” was good enough to stop at River Cess for a few hours in order that we might go ashore and make observations. We found Captain York and Commissioner Stanford at their posts of duty and the place neat and clean. Captain York has a model barracks at this place and a fine set of men, and he impressed me as being a thorough soldier and a capable officer. It may not be amiss to say that River Cess was safe enough for me to take the ladies of our party ashore. The good work done by the Frontier Force everywhere on the coast was here greatly in evidence, and the present Frontier Force must be maintained. In keeping with the Act passed by your Honorable Body authorizing your Executive to appoint a commission of three persons to revise the Criminal Code of Liberia and formulate a Civil, Criminal and Admiralty Code for the Courts, I appointed the Honorables T. W. Haynes, F. E. R. Johnson and E. J. Barclay to undertake this task, and they were good enough to accept. They have been constantly engaged upon the work and will report to you. Respecting the Act passed providing for the formulation of Uniform Rules of Practice for the Circuit Courts of the Republic, and authorizing me to appoint a committee composed of the Honorable Supreme Courts and all the Circuit Judges for the purpose, I have to say that the appointments were made accordingly, but the Honorable Supreme Court handed down a very comprehensive opinion declaring the same unconstitutional. A copy of the opinion will be forwarded you. The Harbor, Dock and Light Board were created in harmony with your Resolution authorizing me so to do. I have appointed Messrs . T. J. R. Faulkner, C. B. Dunbar, S. S. Roberts, W. F. Walker, F. H. Holland, A. Franck, H. L. Harmon, J. F. Davies and John R. Cooper. These appointments were made late upon my return from the leeward visit and, unfortunately, the Board has as yet done nothing more than to organize. We mentioned in our last Message the visit paid us by the Governor General of Spanish Guinea and of his desire to recruit laborers from Liberia under joint supervision of the two governments. I have now to inform you that on his return to Fernando Poo he broke his journey at Monrovia. He was given full powers as Minister Plenipotentiary by his Government, and with the Secretary of State drew up an agreement in respect to the recruitment of the laborers which will be forwarded you for your favorable consideration and ratification.

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This agreement fully and amply safeguards the interests of Liberians who may go to Fernando Poo as laborers, as it is obligatory upon the Spanish Government to protect them. This agreement removes the laborer from any possible ill-treatment of individual employers, and he will no longer be at their mercy and caprices. All laborers are to be directed to the government at Fernando Poo and there, in the presence of the Liberian Consul and a representative of the Spanish Government, the laborer will be engaged by the planters. No laborer will be contracted to planters who are not in position to fulfill their obligations to the laborer, while the Spanish Government is in all cases responsible to the Government of Liberia. With all these forces in operation for the protection of laborers, there can hardly be any chance of ill treatment being meted out to them or advantage being taken of their ignorance or helplessness. The restrictions, therefore, as to recruitment of laborers in Montserrado and Grand Bassa Counties may well be removed. Experience has shown that the best laborers for the cocoa plantations come from these two counties, and the Governor General of Spanish Guinea requested your Executive to ask that the ban against the shipment of laborers from these two counties be raised at your present session, which I pray will be done upon the ratification of the agreement. The shipment of laborers from these counties, however, should be made permissible to Fernando Poo only, since nowhere else on the coast have we any adequate guarantees for their protection. Boy’s now go to the coast anyway without the knowledge or sanction of the Government, and it is far better to have them go under government protection which will enable us to collect the headmoney, whereas now we get nothing. I have to announce my regret at finding myself forced to convene the Board of Revision on your last budget. I can assure you that the task was not an agreeable one by any means. Your Honorable Body will remember that when the estimates were first submitted to you, provision was made for an increase of the Frontier Force to 1,000 strong, and after estimating the amount necessary for the various regular and special items, the sum of $164,890.13 was put down as being available for legislative appropriation. You will further remember that Your Honorable Body held a conference, through your Senate and House Committees, with the Executive, Secretary of the Treasury and General Receiver wherein it was pointed out by these committees that certain items put down for which appropriation was asked did not, in the mind of the Legislature, “tend to economy,” and after a lengthy discussion of the points raised, the first estimates were withdrawn by the Secretary of the Treasury and General Receiver and revised estimates substituted wherein $178,390.13 was put down to be available for appropriation by the Legislature, the 1,000 men for the Frontier Force being provided for each time. You will also remember that after these revised estimates were accepted no further objections were raised by the Legislature; if so, I am ignorant of them. But when the appropriation bill was handed to me, after the Honorable the House of Representatives had adjourned and the members left the hall, I found that instead of 1,000 men, provision had only been made for 800, and that $211,827.52 had been appropriated instead of $178,390.13: an excess of $33,437.39. My attention was called to this fact by the Secretary of the Treasury and the General Receiver, and it was only after several conferences that I consented to convoke the Board of Revision, and I consented to do this because I know it was imperative that we should increase the Frontier Force to at least 1,000 men in order to meet the requirements of the day. There is no doubt but that the Executive and the Legislature hold opposite views respecting the “amounts available for appropriation,” as referred to in the Loan Agreement, hence it is most necessary that a joint conference be held by us to discuss this point freely and fully.

Annual Message to the Legislature September 23, 1914

537

You will pardon me for saying that I fear there is too great a disposition on the part of our Legislators to define and direct the workings of the different departments of government without the least consultation with the heads of those departments. It is evident that the men who are entrusted with the management of the several departments during the entire year are in a most qualified position to give wholesome suggestions regarding the difficulties they have encountered during the year in the execution of their departmental functions under the laws. And I can see no reason why, if an act is contemplated respecting the Treasury department, for instance, that the Secretary should not be consulted by the author of the proposed bill or the committee with whom such bill is entrusted, in order that he may give the benefit of his experience from personal contact with the difficulties of his office. I see nothing infra digre in such a course, while on the other hand, I am sure, that the country would be greatly benefited by such co-operation and consultation. In this connection I have to call your attention again to the taxes on real estate and our mode of assessment: The law requires the President to appoint assessors whose duty it is to place a value upon all property, and make up the assessment list. There being no definite law laid down as to how these values shall be ascertained, the assessors too often act in a most arbitrary manner in these valuations. A case in point is fresh in my mind when, years ago, a certain person from Barnersville was appointed one of the assessors and who had a pique against a citizen of that settlement. When the assessment list came out, this poor individual’s property was taxed far in excess of every one else’s in the place. An idea of how properties assessed may be gathered from the following items in the assessment lists of Monstserrado and Bassa Counties. For Monrovia the assessed taxes amount $2669.80; Caldwell, $370.20; Brewerville, $992.29; Virginia, $654.93; Louisiana, $641,98; Royesville, $577.48; Clay-Ashland, $1,236.01; Arthington, $1,224.88; Careysburg, $1,342.04; Johnsonville, $517.37; Marshall, $606.08; Paynesville, $341.68; while in Bassa County, Edina is $87.50; Harford, $143.21 1/2; Fortsville, $111.56; Little Bassa, $1.02; New Series and Kingsville, $34.52 ½; Mechlin River, $16.86 ½; Upper Buchanan Farm Land, $8.57 1/2; Town Lots, $235.75 1/2; Central Buchanan, $62.60 1/2; Lower Buchanan, $576.33; Harlandville and Benson River, $113.91 ½. I am sorry that the lists from Sinoe and Maryland Counties have not yet been sent up, for I have no doubt but that the assessments need revision. Soon after the last assessments for this county were placed in the hands of the collectors, there was general protest from the citizens that the taxes were too high and, of course, the President was appealed to have the taxes reduced. I had no authority to do this, for the law requires that in such cases the party aggrieved shall appear to the Quarterly (no Circuit) Court; but it requires a lawyer to appear before the Court, while everyone feels at liberty to present his grievances of whatever nature to the President. We conferred with Judge E. J. Barclay concerning these protests and he took up the question, but there are still complaints of too high taxes. I have, therefore, to ask that this matter be taken up by our Honorable Body and a uniform rule be laid down for the valuation of all property, improved and unimproved, and I feel certain that the Treasury Department, through the Bureau of Internal Revenue, will be only too wiling to render some assistance in this direction. Through the intermediary of the Military Adviser, we were notified that Bartee and Nimly, leaders of Rock Cess insurgents, were desirous of coming to terms with the Government, and requested that a commissioner be sent to River Cess to treat with them. I informed them, through the same intermediary, that the Government would hear any representations they had to make but that they must come to Monrovia to unfold them. Accordingly, on the 24th of February, Bartee, Nimly and other leaders with Darway were given a hearing in Monrovia when a contract or peace agreement was drawn up and signed

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by them, whereupon I issued a Proclamation declaring the River Cess trouble at an end. The night after the conference, there was general rejoicing all night in Krootown, the people having asked for and received permission to make merry. I have had no cause to regret the step taken in that direction, and while there have been repeated rumors of a possible fresh outbreak from the same source, nothing of the kind has happened. On the contrary, when I was at Bassa in May, Bartee, Nimly, Doe Johnson and many other Kroos came up to see me and renewed their pledges of loyalty to the Government. Just and fair dealings with these people on our part and a non-interference by the irresponsible European clerks at these places are all that is necessary to maintain peace. Aside form the regular good work done by the Frontier Force in maintaining law and order, I am pleased to say that the officers in charge have given their attention to the opening of good roads. A road has been started; I am told, from River Cess to Tappi’s Town, the distance of about seventy-five miles interiorward, and a road from Lower Buchanan to connect with this is contemplated. Another road is now being cut out from White Plains to the Anglo and Franco-Liberian boundaries, while there is also a fine road leading from Nyaake, Webo district, into the interior of Maryland County. There is no doubt but that these roads will increase the volume of trade done in these districts. Affairs on the boundaries have been uniformly tranquil during the entire year, while the natives of the near interior have shown a like peaceful disposition. All accounts bear out the impression that the various tribes are now turning their attention and bending their energies in the direction of increased farms and to the making of better roads under the superintendency of the Commissioners and the Officers of the Frontier Force. Our hopes are high that the serious interior troubles, that have hitherto all too frequently worried the Government, are now buried forever, and that in the future peace and good will may reign. It is most regrettable and painful for me to have to announce the death of Captain Richard Newton, one of the Frontier Force officers so kindly lent us by the United States Government, which sad event took place in Monrovia on July 13th last. Captain Newton was a gentleman and a soldier, and enjoyed the unique honor of being the only man whom I have not heard anyone in Maryland County say aught against; he was stationed in Maryland County. Had he lived he would have remained with us; as it is, he sleeps with us. In the month of June there arrived at Monrovia fifty-four immigrants from the State of Florida, U. S. A. They were certainly a promising set of people and of a class needed, but unfortunately the Government was in complete ignorance of their coming and, consequently, we were wholly unprepared for them. Having been misinformed by Mr. Harrison Powell, who is now in America, of conditions obtaining here, these people came out less equipped to cope with these conditions than they otherwise would have had they been properly acquainted with what they might expect. However, the people of the City and many of the merchants were very kind in receiving and caring for them until they made the selection of their future homes. I am sorry that the situation in which the Government finds itself just now does not justify my asking for assistance I intended by way of providing for others who are likely to come here. We took the necessary steps through the press to warn all persons against Mr. Powell, lest others should be misled. Permit me to here call your attention to the laws respecting land grants to immigrants. The original law in the Blue Book governing this matter gives every married man one town lot or five acres of land for himself, two acres for his wife and one acre for each child he may have with him at the time of his arrival, provided, that no family shall receive more than ten acres in all. The law approved February 16th, 1864, enacted for the special purpose of encouraging settlers from the West Indies, grants each single person ten acres of farm land and twenty-five acres to each family.

Annual Message to the Legislature September 23, 1914

539

On taking office I was asked to give immigrants lands in keeping with the law of 1864 as such had all along been done, it was claimed, by my predecessors. While I have been constrained to conform to this precedent, I feel that a definite laws should be passed by your Honorable Body saying how much land should now be given, and also that lands so given should revert to the State should the party or parties leave the country before the expiry of a stated period. There is another question with which we have had to deal in land matters. We are continually applied to by persons or their descendents who have been in the country for ten, fifteen, twenty or more years, for land which they claim they or their parents never had allotted to them. I have not felt it my duty to grant deeds to any such persons, but again precedent has been cited and I have found myself in some instances yielding to the common practice. I have discovered that in some cases the land was only wanted to be disposed of for a paltry sum to relieve a temporary necessity. I have, therefore, to request legislation on this point. My attention has been called to the Act approved January 14, 1864, designed for the purpose of inducing citizens of other parts of Liberia to migrate to the counties of Sinoe and Maryland in Liberia. This Act authorizes the President to grant any male citizen of twentyone years of age or more, who may migrate from any part of Liberia, fifty acres of land and one town lot. Parties who were born in Montserrado County, but who have been living in Sinoe and Maryland Counties, have applied to me for such grants, but I have declined for the reason that I felt that as the conditions obtaining at the time of the passage of the Act no longer existed, the law was inoperative. I now ask that your Honorable Body either revive or repeal this Act. Through the British Government, the Liberian Development Company has protested that the additional rights granted to the Excelsior Mining Company of Maryland County at your last session, infringe upon their rights as obtained from Messrs. Downing & Quirk, assigns of the Union Mining Company. We have repeatedly tried, without avail, to ascertain to what particular rights the Liberian Development Company refer. The only sole rights given to the Union Mining Company, the original grantees, were the rights and powers in Montserrado and Maryland Counties “to search for all minerals, precious stones, earthly products, oil springs,” etc., and “on such deposits being discovered, the Company shall be entitled to a lease of the land containing such deposits for a term of forty years at the current lawful price or rent of land per acre.” From the reading of the original Charter granted to the Union Mining Company, it will be observed that no time limit was fixed in which the said Company was to exercise its exclusive rights to prospect, but in Memorandum of Agreement between Downing & Quirk and the Union Mining Company, of which the Liberian Development Company are assigns, it is stated that “it is distinctly understood and mutually agreed to between both of the contracting parties hereto, that the time given for such exploring and prospecting be not longer than thirteen calendar months beginning from the day of this Agreement, (22nd January, A. D. 1901), but in case, however, the said prospecting and exploring through the domains of this Republic.. … … … … should not have been completed within the said thirteen months as above stated, the said party of the second part for a consideration shall extend the term from year to year, provided that the length of all such extensions shall not exceed in the whole five years. I have not been able to understand if the Liberian Development Company mean that the Government of Liberia is estopped from selling or granting lands in Montserrado and Maryland Counties to her citizens or immigrants, nor have I succeeded in discovering if they mean that they can complete in Maryland that which they have not started, so far as I know. However, the question is still under advisement and I hope will be justly and satisfactorily settled.

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The Bureau of Internal Revenue continually improves in efficiency and service. The Commissioner accompanied me to the Leeward Counties for the special purpose of effecting the thorough organization of the Bureau in each of the counties. He took the opportunity to fully explain to all concerned the policy of the Administration bearing upon taxes and the procedure for their collection. I ask for a careful consideration of the Commissioner’s report and suggestions. The heads of departments will submit their reports to your Honorable Body which, I am sure, will claim your earnest attention. The Secretary of War will forward you for approval and enactment into law a Manual for the Regulation of the Frontier Force. These Regulations have been prepared at the cost of careful study and long experience, and I pray that they will have your endorsement. These Regulations are sadly needed as the Frontier Force is at present without any government which has the sanction of law. The Interior Department is much hampered in the enforcement of its judgments or rulings in cases brought before it, and it is necessary that you make some definite law as to what matters the Secretary of Interior and Commissioners may decide and how they shall proceed in prosecuting their decisions. Upon authority from the Board of Trustees of the Caroline Donovan Normal Institute and the sanction of your Executive and the Secretary of Education, Dr. J. H. Reed, Principal of said Institute, left for America in April last in the interests of that school. We understand that his mission has been entirely justified, and he has succeeded not only in getting the various organizations that have held monies in trust for education in Liberia, but which have hitherto been inactive, to agree upon a centralized plan of aid and encouragement for the Institute, but he has awakened marked interest in Liberian education on the part of many influential friends who are in positions to render valuable help. In this connection I must make mention of the recent arrival from Panama of Mr. Cassius Earnest. This gentleman comes to Liberia to make his home and has generously offered the Government a complete equipment for a blacksmithing and carpentry plant, including the shop itself, and free of cost to the Government. At the request of the Executive, Mr. Earnest has reserved this donation for the Donovan Institute. Such magnanimity calls forth our deepest praise. The Secretary of State and the Postmaster General have by permission been to Europe since you adjournment, the former unofficially and the latter in connection with business pertaining to his Department. They paid a visit to the German Foreign Office, accompanied by Senator Ross, and were cordially received and entertained by the Foreign Minister Baron Von Jagow, who took that occasion to assure them of Germany’s goodwill towards Liberia and of her desire for closer friendship. Secretary King is no stranger to the British Foreign Office and was as heartily and kindly received there as on his former visit in 1908. He had the privilege of discussing many questions of mutual interests to both governments. The Executive and Receivership shared differences of opinion as to the interpretation of portions of the Loan Agreement which, if not unequivocally settled, would inevitably mar the smooth working of the functions of that instrument, which the Executive earnestly desires may never occur. Hence I felt it my duty to dispatch the Secretary of the Treasury to Washington to discuss these controversial points with the American Government while the General Receiver was also in Washington. It gives me great pleasure to inform you that a most cordial reception was tendered him y Secretary of State Bryan and Secretary of Treasury McAdoo. President Wilson most graciously granted him an interview and manifested very marked interest in Liberian affairs. A separate and detailed account of the mission of the Secretary of the Treasury will be the subject of a special message.

Annual Message to the Legislature September 23, 1914

541

During the Calendar Year 1913 the collections of Assigned Revenues were as follows: Customs Revenue Rubber Tax Headmoneys Total

$468,395.72 2,805.60 14,375.54 $485,576.86

The Receivership during the said Calendar Year met all obligations arising during the year and, in addition, made heavy payments both on the Government account and on its own account, to meet Receivership charges brought forward from the year 1912. A complete set of accounts covering all collections and disbursements for the Calendar Year 1913 has been filed in the Treasury Department. There was remaining, when the accounts of the year were closed, a balance of $37,772.58. Of this amount the sum of $24,378.00 was paid over to the Government, the balance ($13,344.58) being retained by the Receivership to meet contract obligations payable from 1913 revenues. This balance was carried forward by the Receivership into the new year. During the half-year ended June 30, 1914, the collections of Assigned Revenues were as follows: Custom Revenues Rubber Tax Headmonies …

$350,902.49 67.74 7,369.20 $258,339.43

During the corresponding half-year (January 1st-June 30th, 1913) the collections of Assigned Revenues totaled $251,222.21. In other words, the collections during the first half of the present Calendar year were greater by $7,117.22 than the collections during the corresponding half of the previous year. The financial outlook was very bright indeed. At the end of the half-year (June 30, 1914) there was remaining in the hands of the Receivership, as show by accounts lodged in the Treasury, the sum of $25,685.19, the balance of the collections having been expended in payment of charges arising under the current Budget. The collections of Assigned Revenues for the month of July, 1914, totaled approximately $40,455.36; for the month of August, 1914, returns so far received would indicate a total collection of perhaps $16,000.00. The financial outlook is now nothing short of desperate. We must anticipate the time, not far distant if the European war continues, when our Treasury will be empty. Liberia is without a reserve of any kind to fall back upon: her very existence is dependent upon the continuance of trade-and trade is paralyzed. The Receivership is of the opinion that the Assigned Revenues will not average over $3,000.00 monthly from the first of September 1914, until the end of the war, while their liabilities far exceed that sum. The General Receiver and Receivers are unanimously of the opinion that it is wholly impracticable at present to prepare estimates for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1915. It is consequently impossible for the Legislature now in session to make appropriations for that fiscal year; moreover, as it will be impossible to meet even approx-imately, for some time, charges arising under the present budget, the most rigid economy must be practiced as regards moneys expended under the budget. The Receivership recommends the enactment of an adequate quarantine law and the enactment of an explanatory revision of the Free Goods List of the Customs Tariff, both of which recommendations have my endorsement.

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Daniel Edward Howard — XVI President of Liberia: 1912–1920

The frightful war in Europe, world-wide in its consequences, has so seriously affected the revenue of the Republic, that as yet we have been unable to take our bearings with respect of finances, and it is impossible for me to touch upon this matter for the moment. The present situation is one calculated to test our patriotism, as we are facing an empty treasury. It is impracticable to pay the servants of the Government and it would be rash to prophesy just when we may expect relief. The problem now is how to tide over the stringency. Some measures must be adopted to satisfy civil employees which will enable them ultimately to receive all that is justly due them. It is hoped that the Secretary of the Treasury will, in due time, lay before your Honorable Body feasible plans for adjusting ourselves to bear the weight of this financial strain. The troublous times that have fallen upon the nations of Europe have nakedly revealed to us the exact position which we bear economically to the outside world. They have disclosed what we have long discerned but have never felt. They show that prosperity based purely upon importations is a plant of uncertain growth and duration. Like the perennial oil palm, real progress, stability and independence are things which spring and develop from within. We must look to our own soil for prosperity; we must develop and encourage the development of what we have at our finger tips; no greater lesson, so far as we are concerned, can be learned from this regrettable war. I trust that your Honorable Body will exert your best endeavors to give an impetus in the direction of real and permanent internal development. The heart of the Executive is attuned to this spirit, and for strength depends upon your sympathetic counsel and ardent support. Daniel E. Howard, President. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, September 23rd, 1914

Special Message to the Legislature March 10, 1915 The Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives, in Special Session: Gentlemen: The unsettled state of the finances of the Government, as mentioned in my last Message to your Honorable Body, and which prevented me from recommending any definite financial program and which also deterred you from undertaking legislation respecting budgetary items, still hovers over us and has now become a matter of so grave a concern as to necessitate this special session of your Honorable Body. The duration of this European War has upset the calculations of even the nations concerned in it, and disappointed the prophecies and expectations of countries that would inevitably be injured by an undue prolongation of this conflict. We naturally expected to be a victim financially on account of the dislocation of our trade and commerce, but not to the extent to which we now find ourselves. The Government has been compelled to cease payments to its employees since August last, and the outlook for the near future for financial relief is all but inspiring. Our commercial activity and life are so vitally interwoven with and dependent upon the unhampered traffic of European commerce that any amelioration of our present conditions depends directly upon the resumption, and continuation of the merchant marine service of England and Germany especially as regards West Africa. The German ships from the outbreak of the

Special Message to the Legislature March 10, 1915

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war, ceased to call and it is unsafe to make any prediction as to when the English vessels will resume their regular service with Liberia, so constant are new and dangerous elements entering into this struggle. It is to be hoped, however, that Liberia will not suffer a great diminution of her revenues than she now experiences. Up to the present we have been buoyed up by the hope of a change in conditions which could mean an increase of customs receipts to the point where there would be a monthly residue, but that hope has not materialized, and with the belligerents preparing for a long drawn out war, definite measures must now be adapted by the Government for the financial relief of the people. The employees of the Government, other than those of the Customs Service, are now due an average of six month's salary. They cannot much longer endure this financial inhibition, nor can the Government reasonably expect efficiency in service or discipline from employees whose spirits are broken and demoralized by continual lack of payments. The customs receipts have gradually increased from month to month since August last, but the increase has been so small relatively that it is idle to expect residue for many months to come. For the six months from August to February inclusive, the Customs Receivership collected approximately $79,457.35 and expended $53,380.05, the balance in their hands being held against interests and other first charge accounts. The Frontier Force has been reduced to six hundred men and the officers of the customs lessened. We understand that the men have been placed upon half salary, the other half carried forward to their credit, permanent directly concerned with the collection of customs revenues, but it has served as an irritant to other employees of the Government. No residue has accrued since August and consequently no money has been paid to the Government by the Receivership. You are now called upon to make it possible for the Government to put some money in the hands of its servants by the adoption of elastic measures, which we believe will be acceptable to every one, and that will work without friction. The program calls for the strictest economy, being based as it is upon the minimum practicable amount for governmental purposes and the maximum revenue which the Government may expect from all sources in the present circumstances. It also means the corralling and impounding in the internal revenues all the available proceeds from governmental fees and charges of all kinds which may have heretofore escaped for one reason or another. In other words, the effectiveness of the program depends upon an airtight system, no matter how high the pressure may be nor from what source it may come. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you a report showing in detail the efforts the Government has put forth during this financial hiatus for the relief of the people and the obstacles which have been encountered. The questions to be dealt with at your present session are: 1. A revision of the Tonnage Acts. It is hoped that the activities put forward by the Government and its friends for a revival of trade between the Republic and the United States will result in a resumption of direct commercial connections with that country in American ships. Already an American schooner has reached Liberia whose relieving effect would have been far greater had the owner been acquainted with commercial conditions of the country. At present the tonnage dues are exorbitant when the tremendous increase of the burthens of ships since the laws of 1872–3 is considered. At that time sailing vessels of small tonnage were almost if not wholly employed in the Liberian trade with the United States. West African steamers touching Liberia from Europe are exempted from the payment of tonnage dues in consideration of their carrying the Liberian mails. This does not obtain with steamers of American register, and in order to encourage the hoped for trade relations, you are asked to considerably reduce the present tonnage dues.

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2. Since the outbreak of the war alleged attempts have been all too frequent on the part of some merchants to monopolize trade advantages to the detriment of others and especially the smaller traders and merchants who are in no position to enter into a reasonably successful competition. Evidences have come to the notice of the Government that persons have used their peculiar positions to gain, in a manner altogether discreditable, advantages which in other circumstances could not obtain. The Liberian Government has consistently maintained and practiced the policy of free and unrestricted trade to all classes alike, and must see to it that opportunities and considerations are given to the small traders to do legitimate business equal and in harmony with those enjoyed by the larger concerns. Moreover, instances have been opted where influential and malicious individuals have exerted themselves to interfere with the flow of traffic from the interior to the settlements and coast. It has been thought opportune by the Government to put in force measures to forestall such actions, and therefore, a bill will be presented to you designed to prevent such restraints of trade and commerce. 3. An Emergency Relief Act in the form of a Stamp Duty will be asked for. The purpose of this Act is to raise the minimum amount of a thousand dollars monthly properly provide for the present officials, and the authority for a substantial reduction of the personnel of every department and branch of the Government has been encoached in this act. 4. A Method of Procedure Act has been formulated and will be presented to you for consideration and action. This act is contingent, and its effectiveness depends upon the Emergency Relief Fund Act. The two must dove-tail, and executed jointly, will undoubtedly mitigate the pinched circumstances in which the people are now placed. 5. In connection and harmony with the above labors I ask your consideration of the advisability of providing officers and employees of the Government with some tangible proof of the Governments indebtedness to them. This proof, however, must not take the form of an obligation which may be negotiable, but such as would enable the holder to utilize his own bonafide claim against the Government to offset any claims the Government may have against him. 6. Finally, and for the reason that the time limit in question will expire before your regular session, I have to call your attention to the "Act Amending an Act entitled an Act Amending and Enlarging the Rights and Powers of the Excelsior Mining Company Limited of Maryland County," of January 19th, 1914, as approved September 29th, 1914, in which eighteen calendar months were allowed the said company within which they should begin the surveys for the railway, and also requiring said company to deposit the sum, of eight thousand dollars before the said surveys are made; as well as allowing them three years from the date of the passage of this Act within which to commence the construction of the railway. This company, I am pleased to inform you, have long since made the deposit with the Government of this said sum of eight thousand dollars, but now find themselves unable, owning to the effects of war, to raise the funds necessary to put this most desirable of all projects into operation. I therefore heartily join with them in asking that you will amend said Act as approved September 29th, 1914, so as to allow the company eighteen months after the war within which to commence the survey and three years after the war within which to commence the construction of said railway. The helpless situation of the people has been a question of serious moment to the Government and the above measures are the products of our earnest desire to cope with, to some alleviating extent, the issues that now face us. Moreover, they have been prepared with a due regard for the effects of their operation. The main object to be attained is to stimulate the circulation of money in the community and consequently to increase the vo-

Annual Message to the Legislature September 9, 1916

545

lume of imports and exports. We are justified in entertaining the belief that the end of our endeavors will be attained from observations of the natural courses which commercial activities take and the galvanic effect which the circulation of money has upon commerce generally. We, therefore commit to your care, with our hearty recommendation, the instruments which we trust will receive the breath of life through your considerate and united action. (Sgd.) D. E. Howard, President. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, March 10,1915

Annual Message to the Legislature September 9, 1916 To The Honourable the Senate and House of Representatives in Joint Convention: Fellow Citizens, After an absence of only eight months, we have met again to consult, advise, and legislate for the common good of the Republic. The great and cruel war still rages with all of its fearful consequences, and I am impressed that it will continue at least a year longer: hence, my advice to all classes of our citizens has been to prepare for such a contingency. I am pleased to say that from reports which have reached me from all parts of the Republic, people of all classes have turned their attention to agriculture as in the days or yore. Nearly everyone who will work has gone to farming. The rice crop is reported as being good throughout the Country, and the reports of the other food crops are very encouraging. Our position of neutrality has been maintained, and I am glad to state, has been respected by our great neighbours, notwithstanding the widely different conception and interpretation of neutrality held by certain aliens. The Government persists in maintain-ing the principles of neutrality which have consistently governed course since the onset of the terrible war. God being our Helper, a breach of friendly relations between Liberian and any of the belligerent Nations shall ____. Circumstances growing out of the European conflict which tended to affect our trade relations detrimentally, made it advisable for us to issue a supplementary Proclamation of Neutrality, the text of which will be laid before you in course of your deliberations. There are reassuring indications that our commercial conditions will be appreciably improved. It may be remarked that since the issuing of this Proclamation the citizens have submitted with loyal acquiescence to its restrictive terms, although many of them have suffered material losses by its operation. Upon the retirement of the Honourable Mr. George W. Buckner from the post of Minister Resident and Consul-General of the United States of America, the Honourable James I. Curtis was nominated and appointed to that post. He was formerly presented and entered upon his functions on December 29th 1915. The Government was notified on August 2nd, of the retirement of Mr. R. C. F. Maugham from the post of British Consul-General of Monrovia. Mr. Montague Y. H. Parks is once more acting as British Consul-General near this Government.

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On December 15th, 1915, advice was received from Paris of the promotion of ViceConsul Emmanuel Baret to the post of Charge d' Affaires and Consul for France. The Government is impressed that the appointment of a diplomatic official at Monrovia by the French Government is an indication of the increased importance of relations between the two States. We feel assured that the establishment of the diplomatic post will facilitate the exchange of views between the two Governments and will harmonize their activities in West Africa on the basis of friendly co-operation.. We were honored on the 4th of the current months by the visit of Admiral Jaures on the French cruiser “Kleber”. There was an exchange of courtesies between the President and the Admiral. As an evidence of the appreciation of our Government for the timely services rendered the Republic by the United States Government through its Cruiser “Chester,” it is requested that a Resolution be passed by you expressing our thanks in a formal manner. Information in detail of such occurrences and actions taken by the State Department in our Foreign Affairs will be furnished you by the Secretary of State. By cablegram on the 27th of May, last, and by letter on the 14th of June, last, the Government proposed to the Fiscal Agents of the Refunding Loan of 1912, the temporary suspension of Interest and Sinking Fund as from July 1st, 1916. The reason for the proposal was the serious falling off of the revenues to such an extent that the current income of the Republic was not sufficient to meet the service of the Loan and the bare necessities of the Government. It was suggested that the Government would be agreeable, after the payment of the Receivership's charges, expenses of the Liberian Frontier Force, and the amount necessary for the support of the Government, to allocate whatever sums remaining to the payment of the Interest and Sinking Fund. Such payment would be made at the end of each fiscal year, during the war period, or sooner, if conditions warranted. The working of the Receivership has been solely along lines during the past fiscal period. Harmony has prevailed between the Receivership and the Government. Questions have arisen, however, respecting the scene of authority of the Financial Adviser. It is hoped that an adjustment will be soon reached. Mr. Reed Paige Clark who has faithfully served in the capacity of General Receiver of Customs for four years, has, for reasons of health, tendered his resignation to take effect on the arrival of his successor, who may in all probability arrive during your sitting. Mr. Clark will carry with him our high appreciation for the untiring service he has rendered the State in the unique position he filled. The receipts of the Fiscal Year ended June 20th, 1916, were: Assigned Revenues. Internal Revenues Total Receipts from all sources The disbursements for the same period were

$247,565.98 47,667.41 $295,233.34 $282,332.59.

Corresponding figures for the year 1915 were: Receipts Disbursements

$273,368.16 266,861.84

The receipts of the Fiscal year 1916 show a considerable improvement over the receipts of the preceding fiscal period. The total increase during the Fiscal year just closed being $21,865.18. This is encouraging, but trade conditions are at present so unstable that it cannot safely be argued that a similar increase will appear at close of the current Fiscal year.

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The disbursements, for the Fiscal Year 1916 exceeded the disbursements for the proceeding fiscal year by $15, 470.75. Disbursements on account of Liberian Frontier Force were greater by $41m 421.56, due to the necessitated increase of the Force for the quelling of the Kroo disturbances along the Coast. By adhering strictly to the terms of the Plan of Procedure now in force, the Receivership has been able to meet all of its current obligations for the Fiscal Year 1916, with the single exception of Interest. Interest has been paid to and including April, 1916. It is hoped that enough money can be set aside from the Receipts of August to complete the required sum of $8,476.80 now due for the month of May. The Courts have been conducted with regularity in all districts of the republic with the exception of Sinoe County and the Territory of Grand Cape Mount. The Military expedition in Sinoe County necessitated a temporary suspension of the judicial administration there. In the Territory of Grand Cape Mount, owing to difficulties of traveling either by sea or overland, it has not been possible to hold all the sessions of the Circuit Court during the year. This is a very serious fact and calls urgently for remedial action. The absence of facilities for traveling renders it obvious that the Circuit Court system cannot, in present circumstances, be applied effectively to the Territory. It is suggested that the present organization be abolished. The draft of an Act for the establishment of a Territorial Court which would be vested with the jurisdiction now exercised by the Provisional Monthly and the Circuit Court in the Territory of Grand Cape Mount has been prepared by the Attorney General and, by him, will be laid before you for your action thereon. In the present state of public finance suggestions, requiring the expenditure of moneys before they can be adopted in practice would seem visionary. Nevertheless I must direct your pointed attention to the state of the jails. It is not necessary to go into details with respect to the question; for reports have been made from time to time in relation thereto sufficiently show that a comprehensive scheme for Jail administration and upkeep is an urgent necessity. The problem is fundamentally a financial one but questions of public moral responsibility and of humanity are also involved, and as there is but very little law on the subject, it is clearly necessary that a suitable scheme be formulated. The Attorney General will advise with Your Honorable Body on these and other needed legislation, which are briefly stated as follows: 1. The establishment of legal standard of weights and measures and provisions for the effective inspection of same. Suggestions hereon may be required of the Treasury Department. 2. An amendment of the Law on Sedition approved January 18th, 1916, the first section of which is, in the Attorney General' s opinion, unconstitutional. 3. Amendment to the law imposing a penalty for violating the President's Proclamation. 4. A law compelling the authorities of Townships and Cities to make reports to the Treasury Department of moneys granted by the Republic to aid them in their township and corporation administration. 5. A law penalizing the making of any deed of lease to an alien which, in effect, amounts to a transfer to such alien of fee-simple title in lands either contingently or absolutely. The War Department is now quartered in the two large parlors on the first floor of the old Executive Mansion. The new offices of that Department are better suited to its work than were the previous ones. The War Department taking its quarters in the said building saves rent to the Government. The funds of the Liberian Frontier Force are now regularly passed thru the hands of the Secretary of War in accordance with the plan for the disbursement of such funds agreed

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upon between the Secretary of the Treasury and the General Receiver of Customs while on their official trip to America. Under the existing organization the Liberian Frontier Force is divided into thirteen companies consisting of eighty-four men when at full strength. This organization of the Force into thirteen companies took effect July 1st, 1916. it is believed that the Force thus organized, will tend to efficiency and better administration. The insurrection of the Kroos along the whole of the Coast is in course of effective suppression by the Frontier Force. The principle chiefs and ring-leaders have been captured. The officers and men of the Force merit special mention in this connection. For the purpose of simplifying as well as of increasing the efficiency of administration in native districts it was thought advisable to issue Executive Order No. 6, dated October 13th 1915. The essential terms of this order were: 1. From and after the 15th day of October, 1915, each and every Interior and Native African Commissioner, including Commissioners-at-Large, Acting Commissioners, SubCommissioners, Assistant Commissioners, and all other persons exercising or claiming to exercise civil administrative authority over the native population in the below mentioned sections of the Republic, is hereby suspended from his post without pay; namely: (a). All Commissioners of whatever class residing in or having jurisdiction over the County of Montserrado and the Territories of Grand Cape Mount and Marshall. (b). All Commissioners of whatever class residing in or having jurisdiction over any district or section of the counties of Grand Bassa, Sinoe, and Maryland. It is regrettable that the objects foreseen in making this order have not been realized. The sweeping removal of commissioners form the Interior, leaving only three of them in control of the entire hinterland was ill-advised and too sudden. It resulted in putting the administration out of kilter. In consequence of the absence of the force of Government authority, a state of unrest now threatens in the Mahua, Sanoquelle, and Jorquella sections. It has become clear to the Government that three Commissioners cannot effectively administer and control the hinterland. The three Commissioners so appointed have themselves complained that they cannot properly supervise the large area of territory assigned them. Chief Tappi of the Gio Country in the Interior of Grand Bassa is now in the City, having traveled all the way overland, among other things, to request me to return to his Country Commissioner Sandimannie who was removed in keeping with Executive Order No. 6. He alleges that the charges made against said Commissioner were utterly false and that he wants him back. A deputation of Chiefs from the Val and Go districts called upon the Government asking to be relieved from the payment of taxes during the war period. They were impressed that the payment of taxes is an obligation of both a patriotic and legal character. They however, offered objections to the Government’s proposal to collect Hut Tax instead of the Poll Tax. It was explained to the Chiefs that the Poll Tax works greater hardship upon them and gives considerable inconvenience to the Government in its collection. Experience here and elsewhere, in West Africa has, shown that the Hut Tax is a more practicable form of taxation. The Government acceeded to the wish of the delegation of Chiefs for the poll tax law to continue in operation until the meeting of the Legislature to which recommendations for unifying the tax law would be submitted. A draft of the Act to meet the object herein stated will be laid before you for enactment into law. The New Secretary of Education has shown great activities in the position assigned him. War conditions making it impossible for him to receive any funds from Government, he

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endeavoured to get the people more interested in the education of their children and appealed to them to contribute, aside from the school tax, sufficient to enable the schools to be taught for at least half of the year. With this object in view he visited Grand Bassa County and St. Johns River district, Marshall, Careysburg, Bensonville, Crozierville, White Plains, Clay-Ashland, Virginia Brewerville and New Georgia. At the last place he was accompanied by Dr. J. H. Reed of the Donovan Industrial School. I joined him. He was very painstaking in explaining to the citizens that the conditions with which the Government were confronted were not unlike what had happened elsewhere, where, for want of sufficient public funds the people themselves had to contribute voluntarily in order that their children might not be deprived of the advantages of attending school, for at least half of the hear. He pledged each settlement that whatever was voluntarily contributed by them for this purpose would be applied to that settlement wholly and supplemented by whatever amount he could obtain from the Government. A few of the settlements promised and gave, while other approved the idea but pleaded the scarcity of money and their consequent inability to do what they were willing to do. I can sympathize with some of them, for money is scarce. The teachers have not been able to teach but very little this year. We have long been aware that there were several legacies left by citizens of America for education in Liberia, which are held in trust by individuals and institution. It was thought that if these amounts could be obtained, it would serve well in these stringent times to procure school buildings and supplies. Since indeed any persons sent to America on the mission of claiming the release of the funds in question would, necessarily have to be vested with much of the powers of the head of the Education Department, it was considered advisable to send the Secretary of Education himself. Judging from his letters to me, he has been well received by several leading persons interested in matters of Education, and with whom he has been impressed as being friendly to Liberia. I am hopeful that his mission will be beneficial. Mr. T. C. Mitchell, Surveyor and Commissioner, from the Department of State at Washington, D. C. arrived here on the 7th of the current month. He came in response to our request of the American Government to furnish us with an experienced surveyor to succeed the late James G.B. Lee, in the delimitation work on the Franco-Liberian Boundary. The Government hopes to have Mr. Mitchell commence his work at an early date. I am expecting before your adjournment the arrival of Mr. F. P. McMullen of Tacoma, Washington, United States of America, for the purpose or discussing his Railway Scheme. It is hoped that such an agreement will be arrived at as will make the construction possible. During the year we have been greatly afflicted by the ruthless hand of Death, who has bourne away prominent citizens whom we could not spare; some of whose places we cannot fill. The death of Major-General J. H. Tubman, which occurred at his home in Cape Palmas on the 29th of April last, was not only a great loss to his County, but a national loss felt throughout the entire Country. He was every inch a patriot and a soldier: one who responded to every call to duty along his line and who could always inspire confidence in the men who were placed under his leadership. His success at the famous heights at “Nitalu” is too fresh in your memory to require further allusions. Suffice it to say that the entire Country mourns with Maryland County in the loss of such a worthy son and congratulate them on having produced such an one. Not satisfied with depriving the Country of one of its bravest soldiers of the secular militant army, on the 2nd of August last, the cruel monster bore away from our fond embraces the first and best of our Spirtual Leaders in the person of the Right Reverend Samuel David

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Ferguson, D. D, whom I am pleased to style, Bishop of Liberia; for though consecrated to that office by one branch of the Christain Church for special service of that branch, he was such an unique Christian and true patriot that I feel justified in claiming him for Liberia, if not Africa. His loss is irreparable. Some one may be appointed in his stead, but his place cannot be filled. As a servant of the Master of the Cross, he never ceased to hold up to his fellow citizens those virtues of a godly conduct which should characterize their actions whether as executive, legislative, or judicial leaders of the people. He constantly warned us that we were not like other nations, and we could not afford to follow some of them in their disregard, of God by the enactment of laws in conflict with God's Laws. At my special request he delivered the Oration for the last Twenty-Sixth of July, our Natal day. The same, which may be considered as his farewell speech to us, was well received by all who heard it. I requested a copy for publication which he promised, but did not have time to prepare. His dear wife has furnished me with it, and I have to request authority to have it printed at the public's expense for distribution in order that his last appeal and advice to us may be known and followed. In the death of Bishop Ferguson the Administration has lost one of its strongest supporters, wise counselors, and true friends; one who readily responded to every appeal for advice and assistance, no matter of what nature it was. His last advice and assistance was given in the preparation of our Proclamation of June 22nd, last. Let us, one and all, bear in mind his repeated warnings and follow his advice. Your Honourable Body has also had to mourn the loss of one of your members in the death of the Honourable Charles R.H. Johnson, from Grand Bassa County, which occurred on August 12th while on his way to duty. It is to be regretted that one so young should have been called away so soon and suddenly. But we can only bow in submission to the Will of Him who suffered such to be, and offer our sympathy to the House of which he was a member, and to his family. The sad news of the death of Chief Blanyo of Rocktown and Chief Kassa of Beabo in the Cavalla River District, both in the County of Maryland, just reached me this morning, and I hasten to record my deep regret. Blanyo was of much service to us in the settlement of the late trouble with the Nimoweh tribe, when on our mission of restoring them to Big Town. His loss is much to be regretted. Kassa was also of great assistance to the Government's troops in their operations on the Cavalla River in 1910, by acting as pilot and guide. Other matters on which your action may be required will form the subject of a special Message. I am confident that the same harmony that has characterized our former deliberations will obtain during this session, and to that end I pledge my support. God Save the State! D. E. Howard

Annual Message to the Legislature December 20, 1917 Fellow Citizens: One more year of sore trial for all civilized nations has passed into history, anal we, the responsible agents of the people of this country, have met again to plan for the preservation of the Republic with due consideration of an awful future, which, without doubt, will have in store still greater trials than we have had yet to experience.

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Foreign Relations Last year we had the difficult and delicate obligations of neutrality to maintain, and this year we have to perform in the full sense of our declared purpose and to the full extent of our national abilities, the serious duties of an ally with those States maintaining a conflict with the German Empire. In compliance with the provisions of the Legislative Act of August 4th, 1917, passed at your Extra Session, touching our official relations with the Government of the German Empire, all the German subjects residing within this Republic have been deported; and their commercial property within the Republic is now in course of liquidation. The other provisions of the Act have been carried into effect fully. It has been rumored recently that the. Spanish firms here are conducting the business of Germans so as to have the same intact at the end of the war and hand them over as going concerns. This rumor was calculated to do serious harm to the Republic and the. Customs Receivership was ordered to make a thorough investigation. The result of their investigation is the following certificate: Office of the General Receiver Customs Receivership of the Monrovia. Republic of Liberia. November 30, 1917. The undersigned have examined the agreement of sale between the former German firm of Wiechers and Helm and Mr. Miguel Lafuente Gordon; the latter offering to sell the goods of April 28, and Mr. Laftuente Gordon, a letter of acceptance of the same date; the inventories of the native produce and imported merchandise, fixtures, fittings, boats, etc,, the correspondence passing between two parties subsequent to that time the fact relative to part payment on account of the sale having been made in cash; as well as the recent contractual agreement made between the Government of Liberia verbally on September 18th, and reduced to writing and signed on October 18th, and are at present of the opinion that there is no truthfulness in the allegation that the business of Germans expelled from Liberia is being managed by Spaniards and that German Commerce in Liberia is being carried on under the cover of Spanish names. Sgd. E.F. Wolfer French Receiver of Customs, Official Receiver of the liquidation of German property, Maryland County. Sgd. Richard Sharpe British. Receiver of Customs, Official Receiver for the liquidation of German property, Counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe. Sgd. H.F. Worley American General Receiver of Customs, Official Receiver for the liquidation of German property, County of Montserrado. It is with deep regret that I have to inform you of the demise of the Honorable James Logan Curtis, the accredited American Minister Resident and Consul General at this Capital, which sad event occurred in the Colony of 'Sierra Leone on the 23rd day of October, of the present year. The Government has extended its sympathy to the Government of the. United States, and to the bereaved family. Other matters affecting our Foreign Relations will be laid before you at length by the Secretary of State in his Annual Report:

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Administrative Changes. These changes authorized at your Call Extra Session have been made, and it is a pleasure to state that they have so far worked appreciably well. It is gratifying to bear testimony to the very cordial relations which exist between the Executive Government and the General Receiver and Financial Adviser. In his capacity as Financial Adviser he has rendered invaluable aid and assistance in times of financial quandary and internal stress. He has been indefatigable in his efforts on behalf of the Government and has not spared himself. When the American programme of reforms was received, his advice and assistance were sought and given. He met with us in Cabinet conferences several days on the program and assisted in drafting some of the Acts bearing on said programme. The Treasury Department. The financial situation of the country at present and the phases which it is most likely to assume in the near future, are very far from reassuring. The ships calling at Liberian ports and the cargoes brought maintained a steady average up to the beginning of the present year. Since that time there has been a serious decline in respect of shipping, so much so that the Receivership is woefully embarrassed both as to the matter of transmission of interest and sinking fund as well as discharging its obligations in respect to payment of employees and the maintenance of the Liberian Frontier Force. And now comes the disquieting news that Cape Palmas and Sinoe will be eliminated from the ports of call of the Elder, Dempster Line. The Sinking Fund is paid up to May 31st, 1916, and Interest up to July 1st, 1917. The position of the Government Proper, as distinct from the Receivership, is graver still, in view of the consequences that are sure to result from the Operations of the Bank Loan Agreement concluded with the Bank of British West Africa, Limited on February 21st, 1917, unless the Government should be able to keep down its indebtedness with that institution well within the limit fixed for advances. On December 5th, this indebtedness was $49,663.73, and at the present rate of increase it will reach the figure agreed upon as the limit for advances to be made to the Government, namely, $100,000.00, by July or August next. The Government will then be thrown back on its own resources, insufficient and uncertain before the Bank Loan Agreement was entered into, and which will be unquestionably more so as long as this Great War shall last and for a considerable time thereafter. No one desires a reversion to the unsatisfactory conditions of payment which existed prior to this Agreement. The obvious thing to do, therefore, is to keep our indebtedness to the Bank well under this limit, which can only be done by further contracting our expenditures without jeopardizing the interests of the state, and by increasing the revenues paid into the Bank against such indebtedness. The measures designed to effect these desirable ends will be fully laid before you; the former, relating to some change in our Judicial System by the Attorney General; the latter, respecting the bonding of the recently registered floating indebtedness and grants in aid to townships by the Secretary of the Treasury. These measures have my strongest endorsement and I trust your Honourable Body will enable the Government to forestall impending financial collapse while yet it is time by acting upon these precautious lines. The Receipts and Disbursements of the Government for the Fiscal Period beginning June 30th, 1916 and ending September 30th, 1917 are as follows: September 30th, 1917, are as follows:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 20, 1917

Receipts by the Receivership Internal Revenues Total Receipts Disbursements by Receivership Disbursements by the Treasury Balance in hand of Receivership Balance in General Treasury

553

$215,387.14 119,965.56 $335,352.70 $215,358.63 119,965.56 28.51 39.10 $335,352.70

Department for Justice. The Courts have been held as regularly as existing transportation difficulties have permitted. The acute economic condition of the country has made more and more potent the necessity for readjustments in all departments of the public administration in order to introduce greater economy in the cost of Government. Naturally these economies are not designed to be at the expense of efficiency, but the problem is how without affecting efficiency can these economies be brought about? The question is equally pointed in respect of the Judicial Department, as to any other department of Government. The Idea of regarding the courts as profit earning institutions has been consistently deprecated. It has been held that the moral, social and political value of an efficiently conducted judiciary is infinitely greater than its Cost in dollars and cents. We have nevertheless recognized that, notwithstanding this moral and political value, the judicial administration can yet be conducted with greater economy than has heretofore been the case. The present economic situation has therefore presented the concrete political question: In what manner can this be done? The Departments of Justice and Treasury have consulted on this matter and the Attorney General shall lay before you the leading features of a plan for the needed readjustment, and later a draft Act embodying the details of such plans. For several years it has become apparent that the Statute which inhibits the Supreme Court to transact any business in the absence of the Chief Justice does not effectively serve the public interests. It is necessary to observe that when that law was passed the Chief Justice was usually the only lawyer on the Bench. The necessity for his presence then was apparent. Since the year 1908 this condition has changed. It is possible now to appoint only lawyers to the Bench of the Supreme Court and the necessity noted above has disappeared. It is unnecessary then to retain upon the Statute Books a law, the reason for which no longer exists, especially so since that law can no longer be made to accord with the public interests. It is proposed then to constitute any two justices of the Supreme Court a quorum for the transaction of all business and the trial and determination of causes or matters which might be docketed therein. In case the Chief Justice is not present, the Senior Justice in commission shall act as president of the Court. When there is a disagreement between the two Justices thus acting in deciding any cause the matter shall be continued for rehearing before the full Bench. The War Department. The general status of the militia of the Republic is not encouraging. In its reorganization, which must take place before long, it will be necessary to displace the officers of the old school who show their unwillingness to learn the improve drill. In connection with the disarming and deportation of the German subjects who were residing in Monrovia, the three companies in Monrovia were constituted a defense guard

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under executive Order No. 5. dated May 8th, 1917. This order is continued in operation with a view mainly to making the companies efficient in the improved drill. On May 24th, 1917, Major John H. Anderson, United States Army Retired, succeeded Major William H. York, in command of the Liberian Frontier Force. It is interesting to note that a year ago 1,200 enlisted men constituted the Force. On June 1st, 1917, there were 998, exclusive of men on furlough, and on November 3th, 1917, there were 821 enlisted men in the service. It has been planned to reduce the Frontier Force to six hundred enlisted men. The necessary orders have been issued therefor, and for the distribution of the six hundred men, but, its execution has been postponed because of the .disturbed conditions in the Mano and Gio; districts, the Bolobo uprising, and having to guard the German property throughout the Republic. On July 4th, 1917, a Cadet School was opened under Major Anderson, and continued by him until September 10th, 1917, when Captain John E. Green, U.S. Army, our Military Adviser, consented to take this school in charge. The General Receiver of Customs has been managing the funds of the Frontier Force since August, 1916. The financial status of the Force can be seen from his report. The two years’ term of service in the Frontier Force for which Captain William Rountree was engaged expires December 26th, 1917, and the Government has accepted with regrets the Captain’s notice not to re-enter the service. Captain Rountree has done excellent work in the Liberian Frontier Force, and is now engaged in quelling the Bolobo uprising. It is feared that in these war times it will not be an easy matter to secure such another thorough-going officer. Arms and ammunition are pressingly needed and the same are not procurable except by arrangement with one of the Allied countries. We have under advisement a suggestion for asking the American Government to secure or permit us to secure and import from their country an appreciable quantity of arms and ammunition. The Interior Department The Government has been able to secure but few commissioners for the interior who have maintained a sound sense of justice and sobriety in their administration. To alleviate the conditions brought about by the commissioners having a misconception of their duties and the aims of the Government, it became necessary for your Executive to ask Mr. T.C. Mitchell, the Boundary Surveyor, to perform the duties of Commissioner General on the Anglo and Franco-Liberian Boundaries, until the time when the surveying is resumed. Mr. Mitchell has proved a success. An improved administration of the Interior is no small problem for Government, and it has become incumbent upon us to resort to measures which in certain quarters might be regarded as rather drastic. Agreeably to the Act of August 2nd, 1917, authorizing the drafting of an effective plan of administration for the interior, the Government has under consideration a plan the leading features of which are: 1. To divide the country into two divisions, Northern and Southern. 2. The Northern Division to comprise all territory north of a line drawn parallel to and about three or four days inland from the coast; and to be under the control of a Commissioner General with four or five commissioners. 3. The Southern Division to comprise all the territory south of the said parallel line, and to be also under a Commissioner General, with four or five commissioners. The powers of

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the Commissioner General of this division would extend only to people living under native conditions. It is estimated that the cost for the first year of the Northern Division would be about $50,000.00. In such Northern Division it is estimated that there would be about 1,000,000.people. Allowing one house to every five persons, there would be 200,000 houses. After one or two years, the chief of the interior would be willingly paying $150,000 in hut tax. Instead of three or four sections of the Interior doing practically all the Government's work and paying taxes, the entire country would be equally responsible for the support of the Government. In the month of October I paid a visit to the Territory of Grand Cape Mount for the purpose of superintending personally the election of the Paramount Chief of the Tawor Country. The Honourable Attorney General and Senator Dunbar with my Secretary and Aid-de-Camp and the Mayor of Monrovia accompanied me from the Capital, and the Superintendent of the Territory of Grand Cape Mount and Representative Watson and other leading citizens of Robertsport accompanied us from that place into the Tawor Country, where all the leading chiefs of the Country were gathered and permitted to make selection of the Paramount Chief according to their custom. After days of consultation, they with but one dissenting vote, elected Momo Kandakai of Kobolia, Paramount Chief of the Tawor Country. While there were other aspirants, the action of the Government in the way the people of the Country themselves were allowed to make the selection was so pleasing to them that they expressed themselves satisfied, and promised to support the Paramount Chief so elected. From Tawor we passed over and on into the Golah Country reaching as far as YangaiYah about 100 miles from the sea. Everywhere along the route was one continuous rejoicing by all the people, who had not had the privilege of seeing a President in their Country before. They vied with each other to do us honor and to show how much they welcomed us. Of course, at most of the large towns there were little differences to be settled, but these were accomplished satisfactorily to all concerned. We visited the important towns of Bendu on Benson's or Lake Pisu, and were royally entertained by Messrs. W. T. Sherman and A. T. Diggs, products of the Protestant Episcopal Mission under the late Bishop Ferguson, who will do credit to any Mission. We were all impressed with the loyalty of these two young men and wondered why we could not find their duplicates at the other end of the jurisdiction. The rice crop throughout the entire route we traveled was very good. We were also pleased to see that in every important town, both coffee and cocoa planting was receiving the attention of the inhabitants. Of course, we encouraged this effort and made it obligatory on each male adult to plant 100 cocoa trees every year We are certain that our Interior trip will be productive of good results and we hope to repeat the visit in another section: There is no telling how much good will accrue from the visits of the ruling men of the country, to the Chiefs and people of the Hinterland. We must not omit to express our gratitude to the Jones’ Brass Band, who of their own volition, accompanied us on this trip. I am sure that without them our tour would have been incomplete. The Educational Department. The annual appropriation for public schools under the rearrangement of the budget is $2,000.00, and with this appropriation it is therefore considered impossible, aside from being unnecessary, to continue the school inspectors. The method of having school inspec-

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tors has shown to be unwieldy in the management of our present school system and has involved the expenditure of $2,4.00.00 per annum without commensurate efficiency, The Educational Department has planned to perform the duties heretofore of school inspectors thru chief clerk of the department who serves as Commissioner of Education. Liberia College is still struggling along. The funds available to the institution are sadly inadequate, and to attempt its conduct under such circumstances is impossible. This College, in spite of its many hindrances and setbacks, from time to time, has, on the whole justified its existence by the large number of efficient and capable men she has furnished the Republic in every of its national life, as statesmen, legislators, judges, lawyers, educators, ministers of the gospel, teachers, business men, &c. We therefore cannot afford to allow this institution, a sacred trust handed down to us by the Fathers, to pass out of existence especially in our day and generation because to it alone can the State look with a great degree of confidence for the continued supply of these intellectual forces needed to preserve and keep intact this our national heritage. To realize such results, however, it is necessary that new life be infused into the College, which in my opinion can be done by a more awakened and active interest on the part of its Alumni and Undergraduates and a closer co-operation with, and relationship to the Government. With this end in view, the Executive Government, in conjunction with the authorities of the College, is preparing a scheme to be laid before you at your present session for the maintenance of Liberia College. The Postal Department The postal Service of the Republic has always been self-supporting by funds accruing from the sale of stamps. War conditions, however, have cut off the sale of Liberian stamps almost wholly. It will therefore be necessary in order to meet its current expenses, to introduce further economy in this branch of the public service. A bill embodying the suggested measure to be taken in this connection will also be laid before you at your present session by the Executive. Conclusion. There are other matters of the State which will form subjects of Special Messages. The Executive Government shall hold itself especially ready during your sitting for consultation on matters, which you may have before you for deliberation; and it is hoped that the harmony of action between the Executive and the Legislature for the common interest of the Republic will be even more complete than heretofore. God Save the State. D.E. Howard

Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1919 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: After eight years of strenuous activity in directing the Government of the Republic, I have now reached the period when I must surrender into other hands the great trust committed to me by the People of Liberia. Never have I been insensible of the obligations laid upon me by reason of this confidence of my fellow citizens and have as far as in me lay, endeavored to discharge the duties of this high charge with an eye single to the highest interests of the

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State, to the maintenance of its honour at home and abroad and to its social advancement. For the unchanging loyalty with which, during that period, citizens of all parties and classes have given their support to the measures which the Administration, in the unprecedented times are just passing, were compelled to adopt, I feel it incumbent upon me at this time and in this public manner to express and record my grateful appreciation and thanks. The Government of the Country without the unanimity amongst the people would have been impossible, and the proverbial patriotism of the Liberian people is thus once more illustrated by the universal determination under every condition to sacrifice self in the interests of the State. My illustrious predecessor had commenced a policy which looked towards a more effective grasp upon the territories of the Republic, by endeavouring to draw the inhabitants thereof into closer relations with the Central Government, and to win their confidence. This policy we have continued. The objects desired could not however be accomplished without in some degree meeting with opposition from tribes which had heretofore enjoyed considerable local independence and in consequence were impatient of the restraining influence of regular government. The consequence was that a little fighting in the interior had to be done, but in the majority of cases the tribes entered voluntarily into the spirit of the new regime. We have endeavored to the best of our ability, with the inadequate resources at our hands, to deal justly but firmly with them and to assure them a settled and orderly line in place of the unsettled and disorderly conditions under which they formerly lived. The Administration for the beginning of its career was faced with a formidable problem in the littoral districts inhabited by uncivilized or semi-civilized peoples. These coming in a contact with foreign influences antagonistic to the Republic of Liberia were imbued with a spirit of revolt against a Government which had been in the main paternal. A succession of efforts was made to draw them by peaceful means to a full recognition of what the Republic of Liberia meant for them, and to attach them by the strongest ties to an acceptance of a situation which while to a certain extent modifying the influence of tribal organization nevertheless attempted to give them a wider political outlook and to inspire them with a national sentiment and ideal. The history of all the great nations which have evolved within the last thousand years conclusively demonstrates how difficult it is to attain national unity. How hard to weld tribes possessing traditions of mutual antagonisms into an harmonious and cohesive political organism. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that in Liberia we have been faced, and are even now faced with the same problem; and that to arrive at the desired end, force has had in some instances to be resorted to when persuasive means had been unavailing. This was necessary not only to bring the tribes to a recognition of the authority of the Government but was essential also to the maintenance of the Republic itself. This of course led to a sanguinary conflict with Kru tribes of Sinoe County and to strong measures being taken to crush out the spirit of disintegration. It may be that we have been stern but this was necessary to maintain the Republic. None regretted the necessity more deeply that the Government, but we have also recognized that the continued applications of palliatives only tended to confirm in the mines of the tribesmen that the Government was weak and incapable to keep them in check or to enforce its authority. Our severest critics cannot but admit therefore that in the face of such an ominous condition the Government was justified. In the International spheres have kept on the best possible terms with those with whom we have had relations of comity. This general friendly international feeling was broken in the case of the German Empire against whom we had to enter into the war lists by the side of the Great Democracies who came into conflict with that Empire. The results of a policy,

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which many of our people contemplated with fear and trembling have been justified by the event. Necessarily we have suffered in our material interests but we have gained much more in a political point of view. The problems growing out of the period of reconstruction have to be faced with courage and an eye single to the paramount political and economic interests of this our country. It must not be forgotten that in the eight years in which we have had the direction of affairs only two and one half years of the period were spent under normal conditions. The Government took office in January, 1912. the World War with all its ill fell upon us in 1914 and continued until the end of 1918, and the stupendous problems which grew out of this conflict loom even now portentous and threatening. Throughout this period we have been encouraged by the friendship of all the powers and especially of the Great American Republic which has begun to take an ever increasing interests in the success of Liberia and the rehabilitation of our affairs. This attitude of that Great Government grew out of a policy initiated as far back as 1908 which we hope will justify loyal support of the efforts which are being made to strengthen us and to give us assurance of perpetuity. In this respect, let me utter word of warning that we should not let our traditional attitude of excessive suspicion cause us to swerve from the consequence of a policy which the Government was compelled to enter upon by the insistence of public opinion. Let us not forget the goal which many desire to hinder us from attaining, but bear all present sacrifices patiently if by so doing we attain what we desire-strength and stability. I have to report the arrival of Honorable Joseph L. Johnson American Minister who was received on the 8th of October 1919. In the nature of things it is not probable that I may be called again to this high station, but I here dedicated myself and my service upon the altar of the Republic, and pledge my loyal support in every possible manner to all measures which may in the future be taken to maintain its institutions, advance its civilization, and ensure its progress and perpetuity. The recognition accorded Liberia at the World's Great Peace Conference which convened at Paris in February, 1919, must be a source of satisfaction and congratulation to every Liberian. It establishes for all time the status and relation of the Republic towards the Nations of the earth. Our Delegates, I am pleased to record, were accorded that recognition and courtesy which were shown to sates of the same magnitude and conducted themselves in a manner which reflected credit upon themselves and the people and race whom they represented. We had hoped from the public utterances of the several statesmen as to the object of waging the great World War that we would have secured reparation for the wrongs done in the past in the delimitation of the several boundaries between us and our neighbours. We were disappointed. We have great hopes, however, that when the excitement and general ill-feeling occasioned by the atrocities of the war shall have subsided, and men return once more to reason, they will at least deal justly in regard to those portions of territory which they have been pleased to concede as ours, and that the restrictions now placed upon us in the use of the natural boundaries separating our territories will be made to conform to what is known as International Law. I refer to the Manno and the Cavalla rivers. On this point we will be as insistent as France in regard to the Alsace-Lorraine, and will not be content till, like her we have secured Justice. The Report of our said commission will be laid before your Honourable Body, and the Treaty of Peace together with the League of Nations Covenant will be submitted to the Senate with my strong and hearty recommendation for its adoption.

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The Treasury Department The revenues have shown a marked increase over those of the preceding fiscal year. Both from Customs duties and from Internal revenues. The former shows an increase of $54,372.31 and the latter $22,700.33. The consolidated receipts of the Government from all source amounted to $349,808.22. $216,084.94 from Customs Duties and $101, 150.50 from Internal Revenue. The expenditures therefrom were $320,700.33 leaving a balance of $29,107.89, of which the Receivership holds $27,978.87. Ordinarily the greater portion of this balance held by the Receivership would have been transmitted to the Fiscal agents in New York City to be applied to the purposes of interest and sinking fund on the 1912 Loan, but the Receivership has been forced to retain this large new sum because the pound sterling dropped in value in New York from $4.80 to $4.13. To have transmitted this money to the fiscal agents at this rate would have meant a loss to the Republic of several thousand dollars; from which the pound sterling was accepted by the Customs here at $4,.80, when transferred the value which would have been received for that pound would have been only $4.13. The Government has taken steps to adjust the rate of exchange in Liberia to conform to that which will prevail in New York from day to day, sot that interest can be transmitted in future without any appreciable loss. Three Per Cent Bonds to the amount of $212,228.00 have been issued in conformity with the provisions of the Act providing for the Registration and Bonding of the internal debt of the Republic. The interests on these Bonds was promptly paid on July 1st. The Auditor, Mr. Charles L. Brackway, secured agreeably to the Act of August 2, 1917, arrived from the United States in April and was assigned to his duties in the Treasury Department. His report will be duly laid before you in conjunction with that of the Secretary of the Treasury. This report contains several recommendations designed to greatly improve the system of accounting which I trust will receive your careful consideration. From the most recent despatches from the Government of the United States, there is every reason to believe that the credit established for Liberia by that Government will be shortly released. It is practically certain that the general scheme of the Government for better administrative functioning conditioned upon this credit, will be ready for your action at this present session. This scheme will embody all the recommendation for changes in the Treasury service which are now contemplated. The Customs Receivership The operations of this Branch of the Government can be better expressed in the words of the General Receiver as contained in his report to me as follows: the operations of the Receivership for the fiscal year 1918–19 show Balance on hand October 1st, 1918 Balance on hand at Kabwana Receipts, December Quarter, 1918 March Quarter, 1919 Receipts, June Quarter, 1919 Receipts September Quarter, 1919 Total

$16,875.06 20.13 45,583.51 59,705.09 60,867.05 49,929.26 $232,980.13

Expenditures, Dec. Quarter, 1918, Expenditures, March Qr., 1919, Expenditures, June Quarter, 1919, Expenditures, Sept. Quarter, 1919 Balance on hand Oct. 1st. 1919. Total

$37,644.72 61,842.72 6,548.04 43,967.87 27,978.87 $232,980.13

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During the fiscal year $98,600.00 has been transmitted to the Fiscal Agents on account of interests due and a result the coupons due July 1st, 1918, on Gold Loan 1912 were paid in full. Because of serious losses from unfavorable rates of exchange remittances to the Fiscal Agents were stopped in July of this year. Shipping conditions have improved wonderfully as is shown by a comparison of arrivals at the Port of Monrovia in 1918 and the first nine months 1919. In 1918, 70 ships totalling 215,425 tons called, while during the period of January-September 1919, 91 ships totalling 220,345 tons called. The figures for 1918 include War Ships, while those for 1919 include Merchant Ships only. During the year Messrs. Elder Dempster & Company, have established agencies at Monrovia, Grand Bassa and Cape Palmas, and this greatly facilitates shipping. It is reasonable to expect further marked improvement along this line. The following is a table of the exports from the Port of Monrovia only for the period January-September 1919: Calabar Beans Cocoa Coffee Palm Kernels Palm Oil Ginger Ivory Piassava Rubber

Pounds .. .. Bushels Galions Pounds .. .. ..

1,820 20,548 2,291.651 74.063 302 464 3,303 4,314,859 62,326

The Department Of Justice There is nothing which calls for special comment with respect to the operations of this Department, except the fact that it is understaffed and that the employees who during the whole course of the war have rendered very efficient and faithful services, have had to carry on under most disadvantageous conditions of pay whilst at the same the time cost of living has increased from one hundred to two hundred per cent above pre-war cost. It is to be hoped that some ameliorations of this condition can be made as soon as possible. The Courts have been conducted with regularity except where judges could not keep their terms from lack of conveyance. In the Supreme Court at its April Term 1919 was determined a case of great administrative interest which involved an enquiry into the powers of the Interior Department or those exercised by the Secretary of the Interior under the Act of October 13, 1914, and such precedent Acts as have not been repealed conferring special jurisdiction on the Interior Department and its Secretary with respect to matters arising in the hinterland districts. The results of the decision of the Supreme Court in this case will render necessary some readjustments in the administrative machinery so far as it affects judicial matters, and some provision by which all conflict and lack of co-operation between the Interior Department and the Circuit Court, both of whom claim jurisdiction over the same matters, might be removed and avoided. The Attorney General will lay certain proposals before the Legislature in the nature of suggestions for remedying these defects in the administration of the Act. Modifications are also required in the Naturalization Act of 1905 to make it more responsive to the safety of the Republic. It is suggested that a law be passed that will modify the present system under which an alien may, without undergoing a period of probation, immediately acquire all the rights and privileges of citizenship, although he may not have given beyond his bare declaration, any evidence of attachment to the political principles,

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institutions and ideals of the Republic. This had led and will in the future lead to many social and political complications which it is necessary at once to guard against. The present system of Township government needs examination in order that it may be reorganized with a view to adapting to it conditions which have outgrown the old law instituted during the colonial period. I have again to insist upon the question of the jails, their administration and supervision and the sustenance of prisoners being seriously taken up. Numerous lives have from time to time been lost as the result of the operations of two secret societies known as the NIGI and the Human Leopard Society. Special powers should be granted the Executive to deal with this menace in a manner more effective than technical proceedings in the courts. It is difficult to get such evidence against the societies as will under the restrictive technical rules of law be permitted to go to a jury, although in the communities which suffer from this menace it is well known who are responsible for the deaths, or rather, murders which are committed. Nobody will volunteer evidence, and all investigations end in a cul de sac. And as no action is taken against the offenders the members of the societies are more and more embolden in their depredations and recently have even extended the areas of their activities. This trouble is confined to purely native districts and should be met by following native methods of procuring evidence under proper guarantees. The officers to whom such investigations are entrusted should be fully authorized and empowered to deal summarily with principals and accomplices. Without this method it will be impossible to root up these dangerous organizations. Post Office Department It is pleasing to report that since the last Message to the National Legislature, there has been appreciable improvement in the Financial and economic conditions of the Postal Service growing out of the discontinuation of the submarine menace on the high seas which retarded to a very large extent shipping facilities, and the cessation of hostilities and its sequel, acceptance of the Terms of the Armistice and Peace as submitted by the Allies and Associated Powers, to Germany and her Allied. There has been an Annual saving to the Government of $3000.00 in rents, due to building an annex to the Monrovia Post Office as well as repairing rooms there at for the housing of the Post Office Department, which has been operating in buildings owned by private individuals. The total cash receipts from all sources-domestic and foreign for the last year just closed aggregated $17,707.02; while the total amount of disbursements aggregated $10,087.70. The detailed statement showing foreign and domestic revenues from the sale of stamps, etc., will be submitted by the Postmaster General. Efforts have been made not further to increase the already existing obligations of the Department handed down to the present incumbent by his predecessors. Evidences of said efforts are: The payment of the American Money Order List, covering amounts for the several missionary organizations using that method of transmitting their funds to Liberia, which amounted to more than $3,000.00 and the subsequent closing of the Bureau; as well as decreasing our indebtedness to the British Postal Administration. In order to further facilitate mail transportation between Monrovia and the leeward counties, realizing past experiences and inconveniences, as well as to increase the Postal Revenues of the Republic, it is recommended that aside from the already existing seatransit arrangement for mails between Monrovia and the leeward counties there be established an overland system of mail carriage between parts of the Republic herein mentioned, in so far as the financial conditions of the Republic warrant.

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That the Act of the Legislature of 1888 and 1889 paragraph 5 and 6 governing the illegal carrying of mails and the penalty thereto attached, be amended so as to include the sender of letters and other mailable articles, as well as the receivers therein specified and that the penalty for the first offense be $50.00 instead of 5.00 and $100.00 for the second offense instead of $10.00. War and Interior Departments Because of the unsettled state of affairs in the hinterland of Monsterrado County by the Golah Uprising it became necessary for the Secretary of War and Interior to go into the Golah Section to conclude the work of compelling the tribe, and all that tribes connected with it, to obey the laws of the Republic. It has not been possible, therefore,to obtain any facts in connection with those two Departments to lay before the Legislature in this Message. The Secretary's Report will be laid before your Honorable Body at the proper time. Bureau of Education The work of this branch of the Government has not been as successful this year as it was last year. This is due to the parents and guardians of the children attending the public schools being compelled to use their children in the planting and gathering of food stuffs, as well as the coffee crops, because of the extreme shortage of foodstuffs, and the scarcity of money with which to secure the food whenever it has been available. Further, some of the schools had to be closed on account of the insufficiency of funds to meet the expenses connected with them. When it is remembered that the monthly allowance to the Bureau of Education from the public Treasury is only one hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-six cents out of which the thirty-nine dollars school teachers and expense of the Bureau must be met; and that the collection of the school tax 1919 showed a decrease of $1,383.53 as compared with the last year's collection, it will be readily seen that it was impossible to attain any measure of success in the Public School System this year to compare favourably with the success of last year, as well as to avoid making new debts against the Republic. It was also necessary to close up some of the Schools. It is felt that more attention should be paid to this branch of Government, and the Commissioner of Education thinks that an appropriation of say ten thousand dollars per annum for the time being would make it possible to establish a proper public school system, and provide for the necessary books, and other necessaries for school work. There is an evident need for books in the schools which will teach the pupils about their own country. Its institutions, geography, flora, fauna, zoology, political divisions, and literature etc. With a view to meeting this need, the Commissioner of Education has prepared a short history of Liberia, with questions and answers for use in the Public Schools, and I again request you gentlemen to make arrangements to put such a work in print. The Bureau is working now on a small reader for beginners which, while teaching children letters and words will convey to them valuable information in the form of stories, which will convey to them knowledge of things of Liberia. Concession The plans for the release and operation of the credit of $5,000,000.00 from the United States Government are now rapidly being brought to a final conclusion. Out of this credit the Government purposes to undertake a general scheme of public work and internal development. It is highly necessary, therefore, that your Honorable Body take no actions at this session in respect of any concession which may upset these plans or which in any manner may throw out of alignment the most effective and harmonious employment of this credit. It is entirely probable that this scheme will be ready for your action before your adjourn-

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ment, so the intelligent course that naturally suggests itself is to waive, with one exception hereafter to be mentioned, the consideration of all applications for concessions which may come before you at this time. I feel certain that this is one instance of which it cannot be said that delay is dangerous. In giving this advice, I would not have you believe for a moment that the Government considers all these applications for concessions wholly bad, or that the policy which has been pursued has been one of simply waiting. We keenly desire to see better facilities for travel and communication brought about and have done remarkably good work towards this end in the matter of roads particularly in the interior. Upon this point the Government has placed and will continue to place great emphasis, as good motor roads are adjudged without question to be the logical and essentials starting point for a larger development of Liberia. We are not alone in our estimation of the value of good roads in comparison of with railways at the present and under existing conditions for we sought and obtained the opinion of Mr. T. C. Mitchell, Civil Engineer and our Surveyor General and who is now acting as General Receiver and Financial Adviser. Mr. Mitchell has traveled extensively in our hinterland and while on the borders was engaged in road building. I give Mr. Mitchell's answer to my query respecting motor roads in his own words and in extenso as his views and those of mine on this point are identical. “Liberia must now give serious consideration to developments, especially to a system of motor roads through the interior. At present we are all talking of a railroad, but if you will stop to think for a few minutes you will readily see that a railroad is not an absolute necessity at present nor will it be for the next ten years provided we can construct a system of improved motor roads. At present our aboriginal population is in an undeveloped state and before sufficient tonnage to support a railroad is produced they will have to be educated to the point where they will take the advantage of the wealth of natural products existing in the interior and to increasing the numerous agricultural products which are easily produced. Therefore, our considerations naturally turn to motor roads, the advantages of which have been demonstrated in other countries and super-demonstrated during the recent war. With a system of motor roads that will support two-ton trucks under steady traffic it is estimated that Liberia's needs in the line of transportation will be easily cared for the next ten years. Now as to ways and means. As you all probably know the usual procedure in any building program would be to first make extensive surveys determining the route your road would follow, the number and cost of bridges that would be necessary, the number and cost of culverts and finally the cost per mile of completed road. This would cost a great deal of money, especially when the surveys would have to be made through country like we have between Monrovia and the interior boundaries. Unfortunately our finances will not permit this procedure as these surveys and estimates would probably cost as much as we will have at our disposal for construction purposes. We will therefore have to take the means at our disposal and build roads that will meet our demands and I am assured that this can be done. We are fortunate in having an unlimited supply of excellent road-building material all through the country. The most serious problem with which we will be confronted is bridges. Again, we will have to design a bridge that is cheap, that can be constructed here and that will meet our demands. I have recently seen some sketches of types of roads and bridges, which, I think, would meet our requirements, and which could be constructed with the means at our disposal. It must be borne in mind that we have original problems to solve and that we must design original methods to deal with them. For instance a man might say that this plan was

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successful in Porto Rico and this one in Nigeria and this one in the Philipines, but that does not necessarily mean that anyone of them would be successful here. An important factor in any road building in Liberia will be to get native chiefs personally interested in the work. This will be difficult to do as the native men naturally dislikes an improved road, much preferring his narrow bush trails. It has occurred to me that a splendid plan would be for the Government to offer each chief an automobile if he would build a specified number of miles of road in his section or furnish the labor for this much road to be built under proper supervision. Assuming a medium priced car would be given, roads would be built very cheaply provided this plan worked successfully and I think it would. We now come to the question of where should the first roads be built. One of our most important problems is to consolidate our territory as we cannot afford to lose any more of it. Therefore our first road should lead direct to the interior boundary by the most feasible route and then along the boundary in the both directions. It is a well recognized fact that this would do more to consolidate our territory adjacent to the boundary than any other step we could take. Our next road should be about parallel with the coast and as it would be a trunk line it should be about thirty or forty miles interior ward. Branches would lead from this line to the numerous ports along the coast and other branches would lead into the interior. This would eliminate the necessity of so many ports along the coast. It must be borne in the mind that Liberia will need additional funds in the near future and that a further loan will have to be negotiated if we are to develop our interior and enjoy the benefits that are to be derived from our vast natural resources . Therefore if we use the residue from the loan to begin the construction of a system of roads we will have an asset on which to base negotiations for a further loan. For instance, it is assumed that we have built one hundred miles of improved roads, that our funds are exhausted and that we have approached the United States for a further loan. The first question that will be asked is, How have you expended the money from the last loan. The answer will be that we have constructed one hundred miles of improved roads over which we are operating a line of [illegible] trucks, and as a result our revenues have increased 25 per cent and our most serious questions of interior administration have been automatically solved. If we can give this assurance we will be very apt to get a further loan. On the other hand assume that we use the residue from the loan to erect public buildings and make sanitary improvements etc. What answer can we give when we attempt to negotiate the new loan? We have fine public buildings, Monrovia is healthy and it is attractive to the foreigner. The reply will be 'Well, that is all very nice, but how has that helped Liberia, what benefits are derived, how much have revenues increased?' we can only reply that we save approximately $1,500.00 that we paid for rental of buildings prior to the expenditure and their answer is going to be, 'No, we cannot let you have a further loan.' Therefore, Liberia must have roads and we must take advantage of the present opportunity to initiate the construction of a complete system of roads that will open up our interior and permit us to enjoy the benefits of our vast wealth of natural products.” Road building in the Interior was started under President Arthur Barclay and has been continued by all of the Commissioners during our term. It therefore gives me much pleasure to inform Your Honorable Body that in a report received this week from Mr. Horace A. Sawyer, one of the American Commissioners sent out at our request and who, during Mr. Mitchell's absence, is now acting as Commissioner-General, he stated he has now between 1,500 and 2,000 men at work building a road from Garmu towards Monrovia via Naam and Sanoye, chief Gidding's town. Mr. Sawyer further states that he expects to reach Sanoye before the next farm cutting season.

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Not only in Montserrado County has construction of roads been started towards the interior. In Grand Bassa County, Commissioner J. A. Stauard has commenced a road towards Gio and other parts of the interior, and in Maryland County Captain James B. Howard has completed the road begun by Major Anderson from Harper to Sodoke. You will thus see that the Government has made an effective beginning on its road building program, the one most essential facility for development. In the coming year, now that peace prevails everywhere, I am quite certain that this feature of the Government's activities will receive intense application and renewed efforts. South American Cable Company I recommend for your favourable consideration the application of the South American Company which might be granted upon such terms and conditions as you might feel necessary in the public interest. West African Currency Notes It is the considered opinion of the Government that the introduction into Liberia of British West African Currency Notes should not be permitted as legal tender under any circumstances. These Notes being a debased currency, not only would their circulation tend to increase the already too high cost of living, but they would certainly have a most unsettling effect upon the financial system of the country, to the point even of destroying confidence in the Government. Once the door was opened for their introduction, there would be no feasible method of controlling the quantities that would ultimately find their way into the country. Moreover, silver would almost, if not entirely, disappear from circulation if these Notes were to come in under Governmental sanction as legal tender. It must be remembered that these Notes are not the issue of any Government, but of a private organization. It is true that the West African Currency Board operates with the special consent and approval of the British Government and reports its activities to the Imperial Treasury, but this Board, so far as I have been able to learn, is entirely responsible for its own liabilities. These Notes constitute a direct liability of the Board, and only because this Board functions with the approval of the British Government and in close cooperation with the Colonial Governments of the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria, can they be considered as being backed by the British Government. Up to June 30th, 1918, the West African Currency Board had issued about £176,000: 0: 0 of these Notes. These were guaranteed by a Note Currency Fund of an equal amount of silver held at the Board's Receive Centers in the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast and Nigeria. Of this Reserve Fund £65,000 :0 :0 had been invested by the Board in other securities up this same date of June 30th, 1918, thus leaving only £11,000: 0: 0 in actual cash against redemption, if redemption is contemplated. The Report of this Board in 1918 stated that the investment of this Fund had proved so satisfactory that further investments were contemplated. These securities are earning about 4 per cent on money which would otherwise be lying idle. This is good business, and from the point of view of the Board, the employment of this Fund in such manner would seem to be eminently desirable. The Bank of British West Africa, Limited, the agency which is urging the introduction of these Notes into Liberia, is directly interested in these Notes, for the Chief Manager of this Bank, Mr. Leslie Couper, is a Director of the West African Currency Board. The profits on the issuance and circulation become wider. Even if the Bank, as a separate and distinct financial organization from the West African Currency Board, does not participate directly in the profits arising from the issuance of these Notes, it does benefit largely from profits in another direction. The Bank of British West, Limited, and the Colonial Bank are the institution for distribution of these Notes, and the expense incurred on account of shipment and

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insurance is infinitely less than that for metallic coins, yet these Banks operate on practically the same margin of profit as if they were handling specie. As business concerns it would be considered folly on the part of these Banks for them not to reap the benefits thus placed in their way by the handling of these notes. While it may be that the original issue of West African Currency Notes was made to cover a temporary shortage of silver coin this primary purpose has certainly been set aside. With the shortage of silver as the excuse, the temptation offered by larger profits on Notes is so strong, that it is hardy to be expected that the Board will hesitate to issue more as the expanding business of West Africa requires larger stocks of money. The appreciated value of bullion silver makes this probability almost a certainty. The gradual rise in the price of this metal has greatly limited the coinage of silver by the Board during the past two or three years, and the present price makes coinage prohibitive, as today silver has practically the same value as gold. As long as this price remains anything like its present level, the West African Currency Board will undoubtedly refrain from converting its present stock of bullion into coins of from purchasing any further supplies in the open market for the purpose. The Board will thus be compelled to issue more Notes or adopt another base metallic coin. I learn that this contingency or issuing a metallic coin other than silver is being seriously considered by the West African Currency Board on account of the open unpopularity of these Notes with the Native populations of the British West African Colonies. By an arrangement with the Imperial Government, the West African Currency Board has assumed the responsibility of supplying British West Africa with a metallic currency. Unfortunately, it seems as if the Board has included in this proportion of the British Empire the Republic of Liberia, and thinks that these Notes, designed for British Colonies, ought, without question to circulate in Liberia. One feature of this arrangement with the Imperial Government is that of reshipping to England of Imperial Coins. Up to the present close on to one million pounds sterling have been reshipped and the Board has not been able by any means to supply the place of these coins and at the same time furnish sufficient coins of their own mintage to facilitate the rapid expansion of the business of West Africa. In their own interests the West African Currency Board, the bank of West Africa, Limited, and the Colonial bank must urge the wider circulation of Notes, but it is safe to say that these institutions do not regard with unconcern the grave position in which they are now placed by being compelled to resort to Notes. They realize fully that if there is unlimited issuance they confront the danger of seeing these Notes become utterly worthless, yet with little or no silver available no other choice is left save to issue and try to widen the area for their circulation. I am given to understand that these Notes constitute practically the only form of currency in Nigeria. This would indicate that this perhaps, othe___ British West African possessions as well, have about absorbed as many of these Notes as is possible. There is however no sound reason why this form of currency, designed to circulate only in British Colonies and not having met with much favor there, should be allowed entrance in Liberia where the evil consequences which would follow their circulation are so patent. The Manager of the Bank here claims that unless the Government permits these Notes to circulate as legal tender, the Bank will be compelled to cease all new business, to discontinue the discounting of bills and to guard in other ways against increasing its liabilities. He intimates that trade will suffer greatly if this should be the course which the Bank is forced to take, for being unable to supply the merchants with sufficient money, they would have to restrict the buying of produce. There may be some truth in this statement, but there is more truth in this assertion: that if the attempt is made to force these Notes on the population in payment for produce, there will be far less trade going on than would be the case with notes

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not circulating. The native would not bring his produce to market if he could get neither goods nor coin, and production would consequently fall off. From the foregoing it will be seen that these West African Currency Notes would constitute a real menace to the financial and economic position of Liberia were they allowed to circulate as legal tender within the Republic. There is not sufficient cash or Government security behind them for them to be regarded as legal tender, and, moreover, there is not apparent limitation to their issuance nor any specified provision for redemption. They would certainly drive out of circulation what silver there is, for as it is, it is too difficult a task to prevent silver form filtering out of the country. With only Notes left the cost of living would soar further skyward and production would fall correspondingly low. The Bank states that while it has sufficient silver on hand to take care of its present liabilities there is no guaranteed of any further supplies being obtained. The Government, therefore, is seriously considering how the difficulties brought about by this obvious shortage of silver can be circumvented and in a way to provide for the expansion of Liberia’s business without creating an unstable financial condition. Miscellaneous It is recognized by all intelligent minds that the entire affairs of the world are undergoing serious changes in every sphere of human activity and in no more so than in the commercial relations o nations towards each other. All Treaties have been annulled and new revised ones have to be made. It is felt that Liberia, in order to reap her share of the changed conditions of things as they will be, is to make a new a departure along the line of personal representations in two or more of the most important markets of the world. We appreciate the services rendered our commerce by the foreign representatives who have hitherto served us, but in the new Liberia to be, we feel that our interests generally can be best served by having a Liberian to represent us as Consul at the emporiums where the greater part of our products are sold and exchanged. To that end the Attorney General will submit to you a Bill making it possible to provide for such appointments and I hope this subject will have your careful and favourable consideration. Of course, this is no new idea, but one which many, if not all of my predecessors have shared but now we feel the time to act has come. In continuation of what the Attorney General has mentioned in his report concerning the human leopard society. I beg to say I have just received a letter from Commissioner Stuard of Timbo, River Cess District, reporting the deaths of five men of this secret society charged with killing twenty-seven women at different times during the last rains. Unfortunately these prisoners escaped during the excitement of the fire which took place in Timbo during the first part of November. In Little Bassa and in the Junk or Queah Section over thirty deaths have been reported as the results of this Society. This society is also very active in the Torade Golah section in the rear of Harrisburg and Crozierville. The Secretary of the Interior visited the Queah Section and made much progress in locating some of the suspects but had to leave for Robertsport to try and settle late “Karnga” uprising. As the law is now, however, we are afraid that he would have experienced great difficulty in establishing the guilt of these parties. What is needed is some tribunal capable and empowered to deal with this menace similar to the manner in which the British Government dealt with them a few years ago, when, we are informed, over three hundred of them were executed. I do not claim that our number should be so large but I am certain that a salutary example will have to be made of these cold blooded murderers.

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Daniel Edward Howard — XVI President of Liberia: 1912–1920

I cannot too strongly urge upon you the propriety and absolute fairness of equalizing the salaries of the Cabinet members. They are the only class of officials of the same grade who are discriminated against. Mr. T. C. Mitchell, our Boundary Surveyor and Commissioner General who had been on leave, returned on the 22nd of April to relieve for a time Mr. Harry A. McBride, as General Receivers. Mr. McBride’s departure was deeply regretted by all who knew him. With Mr. Mitchell also came Mr. Charles L. Brockway and Mr. Horace A. Sawyer, all being sent in compliance with our request to the American Government for assistance in the rehabilitation of Liberia. Mr. Brockway was commissioned as Auditor of the Republic and entered immediately upon the duties of his office in the Treasury Department; while Mr. Sawyer was commissioned and on the Boundary to fill Mr. Mitchell’s post pro tempore as Commissioner General. He has entered heartily into road building, may be that additional assistance may arrive before your adjournment. I recommend that Section 37 of the Customs Code be so amended as to read: “Sec. 37. Sale of Goods.-Every three months a list shall be made of all packages that have been in the Government warehouse for over three months, and said packages shall forthwith be sold and the proceeds brought to the Government’s account. Should a consignor, make a claim within three months after a sale made in pursuance of the provision of this Section, he shall be entitled to the proceeds of such sales, less the duty and other Custom charges, including auction expenses.” It was our privilege, upon invitation, to visit on the 24th and 25th ultimo the Dedicatory Service and Closing Exercises of the Suehn Industrial Mission of the National Baptist Convention of the United States of America. The mission is situated in the rear of Arthington on a lovely site and is under the management of Miss E. B. Delany, who, aside from being one of the finest specimen of our Race, is also an accomplished teacher and disciplinarian. The handicraft of the pupils which were on exhibition was admirable and worthy seeing, and was well worth the miles we walked to see them. Aside from educating the hearts, heads and hands of her pupils, she is teaching them patriotism and love of the Race, as was in evidence from the patriotic songs they sang and the number of Liberian Flags and Coatof-Arms which decorated the walls of their chapel. This Board which contemplated extensive operations in Liberia is asking Your Honorable Body for an additional grant of a hundred or more acres of a land near their present site, which grant I hope you will make. I regret very much to have to report the death of the Honorable Alexander Tubman of Maryland county at the ripe age of 76 years. He served 8 years as member of the House of Representatives for Maryland County and Speaker, and then was elected Senator for 4 years. He served also as Judge Maryland County for 10 years till death. I must also here announce to you the death of the Honorable Wilmot E. Dennis, ExSecretary of War, and at the time of his death Royal Belgian Consul at this Capital. I have also to inform you of the lamentable death of Mr. J. J. Sharp, Liberia Consul General in Spanish Guinea. This sad event took place on 6th of February 1919. Peace be to their ashes. Two years ago the Executive suggested that in view of the Corporation of Monrovia having failed to meet the purposes for which it was created, its Charter should be repealed. This in our opinion was made necessary not only because the Administration of the City under Charter had become inept but also that being the Seat of Government its Administration for obvious reasons should be committed to the Executive Government. The Legislature at that time did not adopt the suggestion although the reasons for taking this course was then as strong as they are now. In the two years that have passed the City Administration

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has not improved and all persons interested in its welfare, good government and improvement will agree that present conditions cannot be allowed to continue. Although the City Council and the Mayor have been given opportunity to redeem the promises they made when they opposed the recession of the Charter, its affairs have gone from bad to worse. A dead lock is existing between the Mayor and Common Council which does not consult the interest of the people. I have therefore to recommend again the repeal of the Charter of the City of Monrovia and the placing of its administration under a commission to be appointed by the President. Conclusion In conclusion I here record my unfeigned and grateful thanks to the God of our Fathers, for His guidance and direction of the affairs of State during our eight years of office. His vigilence and unremitting care over our destiny is responsible for our present political and economical status, and our earnest prayer is that He will vouchsafe to my successor that wisdom which is so necessary to enable him to guide the destiny of the State for the next four years to which he has been elected. Words fail me to express how deeply sensible I am of the obligation I am under to the Members of the Cabinet who those of the past and present have so faithfully, loyally and efficiently assisted me during my eight years. I am really proud of everyone of them. If the Administration has accomplished anything I attribute it to the men I have had around me, with me, and for me; at home and abroad. And they all know how much I value and appreciate the service and assistance they have rendered the cause committed to my keeping. The officers and men of the Liberia Frontier Force, the Customs Staff, and in fact the men of every service have my sincere thanks for their loyalty, faithfulness and sacrifice to duty. It is my hope that the same agreeable and harmonious relations which have existed between myself and the Legislature will obtain in the coming Administration. Let us not forget the young men are still on trial. Do not forget that consultation and a free and candid exchange of views and opinions is necessary to ensure success. Confidence begets confidence. Mistrust begets suspicion and opposition. This is reciprocal. The task before us is difficult, and it requires all the foresight and patriotism, patience and forbearance, we can command to achieve success. Liberality and not selfishness must characterize the dealings between the two branches if we are to measure up the expectation of those who have committed this great trust to you. Finally, seek the guidance of Providence and you will always have a Providence to guide you. God Preserve the State. Executive Mansion Monrovia, Liberia December 16th, 1919

Charles Dunbar Burgess King XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Annual Message to the Legislature January 13, 1921 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: In communicating with you for the first time, since my encumbency of office, it affords me pleasure to tender my friendly greetings to you on the occasion of your assembling at the Seat of the Government to enter upon the important duties to which you have been called by the voice of your Fellow Citizens. The task devolves on me under the provisions of our Constitution to present to you a view of our affairs, and to propose such measures as in the discharge of my official functions have suggested themselves as necessary to promote the interests of our common country. Before proceeding to this task however it is most befitting that we offer the Great Ruler of Nations our unfeigned thanks for His wonderful preservation of the State from the beginning of its existence down to the present time and for His wise guidance and direction of its leaders during this period. May He continue His divine watchfulness and guidance. Foreign Relations. I am happy to report that our relations with Foreign Powers continue on the most friendly footing. This is as it should be. We should always assiduously cultivate those feelings of friendship and goodwill which have subsisted between the Republic and Foreign Nations. We should remember that in assuming the position of an Independent State, the Fathers asked that the Nations of Christendom would extend to them that comity which marks the friendly intercourse of civilized and independent communities; and since that comity has been so generally and, with rare exceptions, so constantly exhibited, our duty in this respect is clearly defined. On our part, everything reasonable and consistent with national honor should be done to show appreciation of those friendly feelings which foreign nations entertain towards us. In keeping with the terms of the League of Nations Covenant as embodied in the Treaty of Versailles concluded in the day of July 1919, the President of the United States of America issued citations convening the assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva, Switzerland on the 15th of November of the present year. This is the first meeting of the Assembly that has been convened, and from its deliberations great hopes for the future peace of the world are entertained, and far reaching results as to international unity and solidarity are expected. Liberia being a member of the League of Nations is entitled to a seat in the Assembly. I have therefore nominated our Charge d' Affaires in Paris-Baron Lehman, to represent Liberia in the Assembly. Baron Lehman's ripe diplomatic experience as well as his loyal devotion to Liberia's interests fully fit him for the task thus assigned him. In January last the following officials were sent out for service in Liberia, in connection with the proposed Financial Plan submitted to this Government in the month of June last by

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the United States Government, Messrs I. C. Ellis, H. A. Miller, J. O. Wanzer, Percy M. Jones, A. W. Longaker, O. W. Barret, Agricultural Adviser, Lee C. Daves, in the Civil establishment and Captains Atwood, Nabors and Bean for the Liberian Force. Messrs. Miller, Wanzer, Lorgaker have since returned to the United States. Mr. Ellis who came out for the Customs service has been transferred to the Audit Bureau and Mr. Daves is now on the frontier establishing a triangulation control. Captain Atwood has been assigned to the Command of Detatchment in Maryland County with Head quarters at Pahn on the Cavalla River assisted by Captain L.L. SmithLiberian. Captain Bean assigned to Kroo Coast with Head quarters at Sanquin assisted by Lieutenant Issac Roberts-Liberian. Captain Nabors assigned to the Franco-Liberian Frontier with Head quarters at Sanbe. I am pleased to report that steps are now being taken towards the resumption of the demarcation of the Franco-Liberian Boundary. It is hoped that the demarcation will proceed to a definite conclusion and thereby bring to a permanent close a question which has been a source of anxiety and concern for so long a period to both the French and Liberian Governments. Mr. T. C. Mitchell will represent Liberia on this delimitating Commission assisted by Mr. Horrace A. Sawyer and L. C. Daves: MR. Mitchell and his associates are men who have had considerable experience of international boundary work and come to us highly recommended by the United States Government. Colonel Young, the Military Attache to the American Legation in Monrovia will accompany the Commission for the purpose of gathering the data necessary to the completion of any authentic and correct Map of Liberia now being prepared by him. The demarcation of the territories of the Republic bordering on the French possessions will prevent the recrudence of tribal raids on the borders, which but for the cordial relations that exist between the two Governments would very often lead to serious misunderstandings. The Imperial German Government through the Spanish Legation at this Capital has intimated its wishes to re-establish relations with the Republic of Liberia, and suggests sending Counsellor of Legation Bussing accompanied by Commercial Attache Milsca for the exchange of Ratifications. Mr. Bussing was the former German Representative at this Capital. He left Monrovia for home on leave of absence in the early part of 1914 before the great European War broke out. The fact that Mr. Bussing, now Counsellor of Legation will be accompanied by a Commercial Attache is most significant and indicates the importance which Germany attaches to her trade with Liberia. Will the Allied and the Associated Powers interested in Liberia take cue from this lead of Germany? The resultant effect upon Liberia’s foreign trade, from this new move of Germany will be watched with great interests by all parties concerned. Customs Recievership. During the fiscal year ended September 30th, 1920, the assigned revenues amounted to $344,459.96 as compared with $222,559.82 for the preceeding fiscal year. While there has been an increase in the Customs revenues they have not as yet reached the pre-war figures. Owing to the lack of shipping during the great world war, Liberia, like many other nations, suffered great loss in her assigned revenues, which were reduced to about one-fourth the pre-war revenues, and she was unable to meet all her financial obligations on account of the interests and sinking fund on the international indebtedness.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

While these obligations could not be met in full she did not repudiate those obligations or suspend payment on them, but rather continued to make payments on account of interest from time to time as the revenues would permit. With the resumption of commerce and trade, and the consequent increase in revenues she has devoted all surplus revenues, over the absolute cost of collection and other charges which had to be met, to the cancellation of arrears of interest. These arrears on account of interests have been met in full to the last interest period of July 1st 1920. The arrears on account of sinking fund have not yet been met, but they are apparently not heavy. There has been remitted during the fiscal year ending September 30th, 1920. $96,000.00 on account of interest, and since the close of the fiscal year a further amount of $38,400.00 has been remitted. The following is a statement of the Loan of 1912: Bonds sold Refunding Loan $1,588,000.00 Bonds Repurchased from Sinking Fund since 1912 face value $100,000.00 Paid on Interest since1912 $496,350.00 Unsold Bonds $142,000.00 Intrests due to Oct. 1, 1920 126,850.00 1920 Amount transmitted in July £20,000.00 Amount transmitted in November £8,000.00 Total £28,000.00 equal to $134,400.00 which amount will off-set the arrears in Interest to October 1, 1920. The annual reports of the General Receiver will contain detailed comparative statistics of assigned revenues from the past ten years. We would, in connection with the Customs Administration, be doing a great injustice to the Liberian Custom official if we passed unnoticed the efficient and valuable services they have rendered the Receivership in the collection of the assigned revenues, at a time and during the period when the Receivership as such were, as far as practical purposes were concerned, ineffective; growing out of the fact that for reasons political the Receivership administration had been reduced to one member, the American General Receiver and he, from his other more exacting duties as Financial Adviser, had not much time if any, to give in the way of personal supervision over the administration and control of the Customs. That during this period the revenue collections have increased and the discipline of the service maintained is a fact which is deserving of notice and stands to the credit of the poorly paid Liberian Customs officials. The Internal Revenue: This branch of the Republic’s revenues has sustained the civil establishment of the Government during the entire period of the world’s great war, and has maintained not only a steady but also a rapid increase. To the preceding Administration is due the credit of developing this source of our revenues from the paltry sum of $8,000.00 in 1912 to over $104dollars on the 30th of September 1919. And I am happy to state that the report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenues shows collections for the fiscal year ended September 20th, 1920, amounting to $154,920.10 an increase over the previous year of $52,071.77 cents. As this source of our revenues is collected without the assistance of any foreign financial experts its development, to its present stage, bespeaks much for Liberian financial

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iniative and enterprise, especially when taken into consideration the general financial and economic depression throughout the country brought about by the world’s war, and the lack of travelling facilities to ensure a larger measure of personal supervision over the collection on the part of the responsible officials of the internal Revenue Bureau. While there is still yet much room for improvement in the way of system and more efficient collections, yet we feel that appreciative recognition should be given to these efforts of Liberian financial administration which have been attended with such large results within the short period of eight years. This fact cannot be too strongly emphasized. Native Tribes. There has on the whole existed a state of tranquility among the native tribes within our territories during the past eight years, especially on the Anglo-Liberian border and the Kroo Coast. The Jaw Quellies are the only tribe of importance that has not yet wholly submitted to the authority of the Government. In the month of August last the military out-post at Naama, in the Jaw Quelly section of the country, was attacked, but the enemy was immediately repulsed under heavy losses. We had no casualties. Captain Nabors, one of the American Officers brought out by Colonel Young at the beginning of the year was in command of the contingent stationed at Naama at the time. He displayed much bravery and military tact in repelling the assault. Since the repulse of the Jaw Quellies a number of their chiefs have surrendered and consented to submit to the authority of the Government. Many of the friendly neighboring tribes have voluntarily offered their submission; but it is thought that by cutting off their connections with civilized centres on the coast and forbidding communication with them by friendly tribes, the rest of the disaffected Jaw Quelly Chiefs will soon follow the lead of their colleagues in submission to the Government. Acting under the authority granted by the Act of the Legislature approved January 25th, 1914, I have given my approval to a Code of regulations for the governing of District Commissioners and the Administration of the Hinterland. These regulations were prepared and compiled by Mr. Mitchell the Commissioner General of the Interior. With the fullest cooperation of all parties concerned in the administration of the hinterland I see no reasons why these Regulations should not work satisfactorily to the Government and beneficial to the natives. There has been some good work done in the hinterland of Montserrado County on the lines of road construction during the year by District Commissioners, Sawyer, Jones, and Twe. The roads are wide and well graded, etc. In connection with Native affairs there is a particularly notorious society called The Human Leopard or Neggie Society to which I desire to call your special attention. This Society seems to have originated among the Bassas in River Cess. The object of the Society is for the purpose of taking human life. Members of the Society are bound by an oath of secrecy. They disguise themselves in leopard skins and way-lay un-suspecting persons on the high ways and in the creeks of the rivers. Very often Members of this Society stealthily enter towns at night and snatch away into the bush women and children. Their victims before being put to death, are subjected to the most horrible torture and barbarous cruelty. The Society has now found itself established in the Junk and Marhnbann sections in Montserrado County and in certain portions of the Golah country. Several persons have been apprehended by the Native Chiefs and identified as members of the Society upon their own confession. These persons give the names of the parties killed by them as well as the names of their confederates. These parties, when handed over to the Judiciary for prosecution, in every case are released by the courts upon the technicalities of the law.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

This Society with such pernicious objects is rapidly spreading itself over the country. It is creating a state of unrest and anxiety among the native populations, rendering travel by land and water unsafe and hazardous. When persons connected with the society, who having been turned over to the courts for prosecution are released upon the technicalities of our laws, which the natives do not and cannot understand, such actions are regarded by the natives as either an admission of Government’s inability to deal effectively with the society, or the Government’s sanction and approval of same. Either of these impressions made upon the mind of the natives go far towards strengthening the prestige of the society and extending its influence and scope. It is therefore necessary that most stringent measures be adopted by the Government to completely obliterate and stamp out such an inhumane and barbarous society. It is the determination of the Executive to put forth every effort in its power towards this end, despite the criticisms of those who would rather see the whole country in a state of unrest while they quibble over legal technicalities, forgetting this legal maxim, that “The Safety of the State is the highest law.” I have therefore to ask that you give the Executive plenary powers to effectively stamp out this society by the summary trial and punishment of all persons connected with this Society, reserving their rights of appeal to the Supreme Court. The Honourable Secretary of the Interior, for the purpose of enabling him to more effectively protect the natives from the imposition of unscrupulous persons, will, in his report to you, recommend the passage of the following Measures: 1. A law subjecting to summary punishment any person or persons found robbing the natives and plundering their towns. 2. A law conferring jurisdiction on any of the courts over crimes committed in the interior, beyond 40 miles, irrespective of the county limits. The Secretary of the Interior will also submit for our consideration the placing under the direct supervision of the interior Department of the local Townships: as far as the upkeep of the public roads and the maintenance of suitable bridges are concerned. Also the placing of the Land Commissioner’s office under the Interior Department. Finance: In connection with the condition of our finances it is indeed most gratifying to note that steady increase of the revenues as pointed out in my preceding observations upon the Assigned and Internal Revenue. There is however much room for their further increase and greater expansion. This can be done (1) by a more improved system ensuing a thorough supervision over all collections of both external and internal revenues. 2. By the construction of Motor roads leading up into the interior from each of our counties, for the purpose of bringing down to the principal sea port towns the enormous quantities of African raw products which are now lying waste in our hinterland for the lack of proper modern transport facilities. 3. By stabilizing and given encouragement to new industries essential to economic development. 4. By developing our natural resource to their fullest extent; by offering rewards for new commodities. 5. By continuing an economic system of expenditure. The Honourable Secretary of the Treasury, in his report to your Honourable Body, will make specific recommendations and suggestions on the above points, which it is hoped will receive your endorsement.

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The following is a statement of the Receipts and Disbursements for the fiscal year ended September 30th, 1920: Reciepts: Balance on Hand Oct. 1. 1919 Receivership $ 27,078.87 Customs duties 323,919.67 Headmoney 30,591.00 Correction of the purchase of silver coin and drafts as per rate of Exchange 13,712.13 396,201.70 Internal Revenues. Ordinary $93,764.10 Emergency Relief Fund $59,785.98 Consul Fees 1,280.00 151,920.10 $551,121.80 Disbursements: By Receivership $325,971.97 Balance on hand 70,229.73 Balance last Fiscal year General Treasury 559.67 By Budgetary Appropriation… 120,444.80 Nett balance Internal Revenue deposited against advance from Bank 33,915.63 351,121.80 $551,121.80 Postal Service: It is very pleasing to report that during the year the condition of the Postal Service assumed an appreciable and healthy state financially and economically. Steamers have been calling regularly at Monrovia, Grand Bassa, and Cape Palmas, and occasionally at other ports of the Republic, bringing and carrying mails; with the result that the quantity of mails received and dispatched during the year shows a large increase over that of the previous year. The consolidated receipts of this branch of the public service and the disbursements therefrom are as follows: Reciepts: Total receipts domestic and foreign

$51,338.56

Disbursements: Total disbursements account Salary and Expenditure

$45,001.68

The postal receipts for the fiscal year just closed show an increase of $4,447.21 over those of the previous year. The Honourable Postmaster General will in his report to you make the following recommendations: 1. The passage of an Act classifying all mail able matter, domestic and foreign, originating within the postal jurisdiction of Liberia and regulating the postage thereon. 2. The classifying of the Post Offices in the Republic and the grading of the salaries of Postmaster accordingly. 3. The Amending of the Postal Act Approved January 12th, 1888, governing the illegal carrying of mails, so as to include the sender of letters by boat head-men or by persons

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traveling by surf-boats; also to increase the fine therein provided from five to fifteen dollars for the first offence, and from ten to twenty-five dollars for the second offence. 4. The passage of a Retirement Service Act, providing a pension for any official or employee retiring from the postal service of the Republic, after an unbroken period of twenty years service with a clear record, as it is the Department’s policy to recruit its working force from young men and young women and to retain them in service until such time as their usefulness is impaired by advancing age or ill-health. Such an Act may be properly made to embrace all branches of the public service. It would serve as an incentive to honest and efficient service on the part of the public officials and employees. It is only right and just, that a person giving the greater portion of his life to the service of the State, no matter in what sphere, should be assured of a sufficient income from the Government to at least keep him and his family from the poor house on his retirement to private life. If we desire to have our public service developed to the same degree of efficiency and effectiveness as have been attained by other Governments, then we must offer the same inducements and opportunities to our own officials and employees. As the “Emergency Relief Fund” is now being collected without the use of Postal Stamps, it is recommended that the stamps that have been surcharged for that purpose be condemned by the Legislature, and the Postmaster General be authorized to destroy the entire lot before and in the presence of the proper Committee of the Legislature at its present session. The question of suitable Post Office buildings is one which has been a source of concern to the Government. Post Office buildings are sadly needed at Grand Bassa, and Harper. The rooms occupied by the Post Office at Grand Bassa, on the bottom floor of the Customs House at that port, aside from being in a very dilapidated condition, are totally inadequate to meet the heavy demands of a constantly increasing mail business. At Harper, Cape Palmas the Department has been paying, for a quite a number of years, the sum of $200.00 per annum for two small rooms occupied for postal use, and these also fall short of meeting the demands of the mail business in that County. It is therefore recommended that the Postmaster General be authorized to build suitable Post Offices at these places. The Department of Public Instruction: This Department has been handicapped greatly in its work, as naturally it would be under present financial circumstances. There was a heavy burden placed upon it in the form of back salaries due teachers for services rendered last year; besides appreciable sums were due book concerns in the United States of America for school supplies previously furnished the Department. These obligations have been fully cleared off during the year, and in addition, the department was enable to maintain twenty-three schools throughout the republic with an enrollment of 1048 pupils and an average attendance of 873. As a result of visits to Arthington by the Secretary of Public Instructions in the early part of the year, the people of that settlement were aroused to such a pitch of enthusiasm that they have by their own efforts provided for three good schools which have been kept open regularly. The people of Bensonville in like manner have supported a flourishing school. The Commissioner of Education, The Rev. G. W. Gibson made an inspection of the schools of Maryland County in April last. He visited the native settlements of Rocktown, Philadephia and Kinikady and opened a school in each place. These schools have been maintained almost entirely from the School Taxes collected in these settlements.

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The Caroline Donoavan Institute at Grand Bassa has had a precarious year, due to the mismanagement of affairs of that institution by its President Rev. Dr J. H. Reed, which led to the demand of his resignation by the Board of Trustees at the early part of the year. As a result from such mismanagement, the institution found itself practically with no funds at its disposal, therefore further work had to be greatly restricted. However the Government placed the sum of $1,440.00 to the credit of the Institute which enabled it to complete the school year fairly satisfactorily. The Donovan Fund in America has most unfortunately been held up since 1911 by lawsuits. The Trustees of this Fund, The American Colonization Society of Washington, have at last been completely successful against those who have been fighting the Will, and it is probable that the accrued interest from the Fund will be turned over to the Trustees of the Donovan Institute before long, so that an active school program may be carried out for the coming year. The Republic was favored with a visit in September by the African Educational Commission, a body appointed by the Missionary Societies in the United States and Great Britain in cooperation with the Phelps-Stokes Fund of America. This Commission is to make a complete study of Educational work being done in West Africa with a view of bringing about as far as possible an intense interests in Educational work by the publication of facts concerning the social, religious, educational, sanitary and economic needs of West Africa. The Commission spent about two weeks in Liberia, and it is to be regretted that the lack of transportation facilities prevented the Commission from visiting other portions of Liberia than Monrovia and its environs. However we are hoping that great good may come to the Republic as a result of this visit. This Commission was composed of Dr. Thomas Jessie Jones, Chairman, Educational Director of the Phelps-Stokes Fund and formerly connected with the United States Bureau of Education, Dr. J. E. Kwegir Aggrey, a native of the Gold Coast, and now Professor of Sociology in Livingstone College , U. S. A., Md. L. A. Roy, Specialist in Industrial Education and Dr. Henry S. Hollenbeck, Specialist in Tropical Hygiene. The Judiciary. Judging from certain recent happenings it would appear that the importance of this department of our Government and the role which it necessarily plays in our foreign and commercial relations are not fully appreciated by some of those who, from the body of our citizenship, are called upon at stated periods to assist in the administration of Justice. The Courts of the Republic are to great extent international in their relations. This fact is sufficiently borne out by the provisions of our Constitution which reads: “Our courts of justice are open equally to the strangers and the citizen, for the redress of grievances, for the remedy of injuries, and for the punishment of crime.” Therefore the foreigners in our midst as well as those abroad are just as much concerned in the administration of our Courts as is the Liberian citizen. This fact cannot be too forcibly emphasized if our Courts are to command that high respect which is due them both at home and abroad. There appears to be held on the part of some of us Liberians, two extreme views with regard to our duty to foreigners. One is entertained by a class, who discouraged by obstacles that meet us at almost every step, become fainthearted, and would relinquish all efforts, stifle all national aspirations, and fall under the control and protection of some great power that would be able to contend with those obstacles more successfully. The other view is held by a class who, regarding, perhaps, only their own rights, pay no attention to the rights of others. These would deny to foreigner even those natural and inalienable rights which the citizens or subjects of one nation possess within the domain of another. In my

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opinion neither of these views are correct or safe. Our way lies in a middle course. While we should strive, without ceasing, to build here a great Negro State, at all times and under all circumstances, whether our progress be fast or slow, whether with bright prospects or gloomy forebodings, we should never forget that there are rights on our soil possessed by citizens and subjects of other nations; that there is a comity due also to them; and that these rights and this comity we should always scrupulously respect. We have reached a momentous crisis in our national life. We have arrived at a period which requires the greatest efforts of diligence and prudence, and the greatest circumspection to prevent jeopardizing our national and international interest. How cogent is this truth “a little matter kindlith a great fire”. Let us remember that in dealing with small nations, forbearance has come to be scarcely a virtue, and that the sick man’s goods are often apportioned before his demise. It is only by the most careful management and the greatest circumspection in our conduct, that we shall be able to avoid those mistakes that work the ruin of nations, and especially young and struggling nations like ours. The Honourable Attorney General will submit to you, during your present session certain recommendations for the more effective and expeditious administration of Justice and the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors, which I earnestly hope will receive your favorable consideration. In connection with the Supreme Court of the Republic, I beg to submit for your favorable consideration and action thereon the following recommendations: 1. The passage of a law authorizing and providing for the compilation and publication, in volume form, of the decisions and Opinions of the Court covering a period of ten years from the last compilation, and thereafter, every decade at least. 2. A suitable Library for the use of the court and attending practicing Counsels. 3. The passage of a law providing for a permanent Assistant Clerk of the Court, with a fixed salary, owing to the increasing volume of work in the Supreme Court. 4. The adjustment of the salaries of the officers of the Court, the Clerk and Marshall, on the basis of similar officers serving in other branches of the Government. 5. Increase of traveling expenses of Circuit Judges and their salaries. Trade and Commerce. The following shipping statistics of the calendar year 1919 is a striking indication of the upward turn of our Foreign Trade and Commerce to pre-war days: Port. Monrovia Grand Bassa River Cess Sinoe Sasstown Grand Cess Cape Palmas TOTAL

No. of Vessels. 146 35 1 10 6 9 43 250

Tonnage. 410,384 77,112 321 12,752 18,598 24,129 95,079 638,366

The upward tendency of our Foreign Trade and Commerce is due, in a large measure, to the enterprise and activity of our merchants and traders, both Liberians and foreigners, to whom we cannot but be grateful and appreciative. I may point out, however, that the Government has also its part to play in this direction since the increase of our revenues is so closely interwoven with the expansion and development of our Trade and Commerce. That part I attempted to point out in my Inaugural

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Address, delivered before your Honourable Body upon my induction into office, on the 4th of January last, in the following words: “In order to further stimulate and encourage trade and commerce our laws with respect to the payment of debts contracted by Liberians, either local or foreign, should inspire greater confidence in the foreigner and afford greater security to foreign investors. In this connection, I refer first to our Homestead Law. This law as it stands at present has been made use of by many unscrupulous Liberians to evade the payment of their just debts and to perpetrate the most glaring frauds upon their foreign creditors both at home and abroad. Secondly, the law allowing judgment debtors time to pay their debts at the rate of thirty dollars per month. Under this law a person owing debt of one thousand dollars, being sued in our Courts for its payment, would be allowed the period of two years, nine months and tend days to pay the debt, and this in spite of the fact that he at the time of judgment may have property or other valuable assets enough and in many cases far in excess of the amount contracted and sued for. The passage of this law was one of the greatest mistakes ever made by us. It gave the commercial world a sad impression as to our honesty and ideals of public morality. Honesty has always been and shall continue to remain for all times the corner stone of all trade and commercial relations. No greater blow could have been given to this Republic, by its bitterest enemies, than the one it received through the passage of this Act, the ill effects of which are being keenly felt by the honest Liberians who are striving to compete in the great commercial struggle of the world and seeking foreign assistance. To all such persons in their appeal for assistance the answer comes, “the laws of your country afford us no guarantee for the outlay of our money.” The Government , for the protection of its honest citizen, as well as the development of the country’s trade and commerce, must see to it that under its laws the rights and interest of the foreigner are as equally safe-guarded and protected as those of Liberian citizens. By this I am not to be understood to mean that the foreigner trading or carrying on commercial business in Liberia, is in every respect to be granted the same privileges and opportunities as those accorded to Liberian citizens. The provisions of our Constitution to a certain extent prohibits such a course. Besides, the predominating position occupied by the white man in the financial and commercial world, his unlimited command of capital, his control of the world’s markets, his absolute ownership and control of practically all of the world’s shipping, at once places the foreign trader or merchant in a superior position to that of his less favoured Liberian colleague. What I do mean is that we, as Liberians, must in our own interests frown upon dishonesty and not give aid and assistance to fraud and deception by enacting laws of the nature of the Acts above referred to. We should not try to irritate and drive the foreigner out of the trade of the country by dishonest and pin-pricking legislation. As Liberians, and rulers of the country, we should and must keep the leading strings in our hands. Our actions however in this respect must at all times be characterized by honest dealings towards the foreigner. Only by pursuing such a course will we be able to maintain our position. To do otherwise we will loose the respect and confidence of the Foreign Capitalist and thereby not only render us dependent and helpless financially but also seriously effect our foreign trade and commerce. In fine we must learn to keep our word and pay our honest debts.” I therefore again most strongly recommend the passing of the necessary legislation on the lines above indicated at the present session.

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I am happy to report the formation and organization of the Liberian Chamber of Commerce, in keeping with the suggestion made b y me in my Inaugural Address; and if its energies are confined to the development of the trade of our country and to the bringing permanently to the view of the world Liberia’s trade and commercial possibilities it will prove a most valuable asset to the commercial possibilities of the country. It is most gratifying indeed to see that the Liberians have now awakened to the spirit of cooperation. This is as it should be, if they are to get their share of the trade of the country and participate in its economic opportunities and advantages. I think very legitimate encouragement should be given by the Government to all movements along these lines. In this connection I am pleased to note the establishment, by a distinguished group of Liberian gentlemen, of a Bank styled “The Bank of Liberia.” There are no reasons why this Bank in its operations should in anyway conflict with the interests of foreign Banks already or which may hereafter be established in Liberia; rather, as I see it, there is much room for mutual friendly cooperation. Because there are certain phases of the banking business in Liberia which, from the peculiar requirements and restrictions of our laws no foreign Bank could except, without regard to its own safety, respond to. Therefore, ready always to encourage and foster a spirit of combination for laudable enterprises among our citizens, the Government has hailed with deep interest the formation of “The Bank of Liberia Limited.” As undoubtedly will the operations of this institution at the outset, owing to the lack of sufficient capital it is reasonable to hope that in the course of time, by perseverance and energy and strict adherence to fundamental banking and business principles, it will secure to itself and to the country generally important and gratifying results. Farmers Alliance Along these lines of cooperative efforts. I am also pleased to note the organization of the Liberian Farmers Alliance. This organization of the farmers of the St. Paul’s River had its birth in the administration of President Barclay some twelve years ago. Though short lived yet, during the brief period of its existence, its benefits were fully appreciated by the farmers, while its influence was also keenly felt by the merchants. This organization, however unfortunately ceased functioning and passed out of existence owing to the death of its leading minds and prominent farmers, as well as the sudden and protracted slump in the coffee markets abroad. Now that after such a long period of inaction, the farmers have decided to come together in a cooperative way for the purpose of giving effective expressions of their legitimate views, aspirations and desires, as well as for their protection, is a source of gratification to the Government; and we shall endeavour to give every encouragement and support to all practical efforts and suggestions which may be put forth by the Alliance from time to time, for the stimulating and development of agriculture. In any scheme for Liberia’s financial and economic rehabilitation there must be embodied some provisions for the giving of financial assistance to the farmers, in the shape of loans to meet the expenses necessarily attending the cleaning of their farms and the gathering of their crops. Of course such loans will only be made upon good and sufficient securities and on strict business lines-not upon sentiments of politics or friendship. Let this be throughly Understood. Concessions. During the year the following applications for Concessions have been filed in the Department of State in keeping with the provisions of the Act of 1915 governing the granting of Concessions:

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1. “The Compagnie des Cables Sud-Americans the right to construct and operate an aerial line of telegraphic communication between the Territory of Grand Cape Mount, Republic of Liberia and Blieron on the French Ivory Coast.” 2. “A proposed grant by the Republic of Liberia to the Societe Colonial Pour le Commerce et L’Industrie, for a Railway with its Annexes in Liberia.” 3. “A Concession to construct and operate a Railway within the Republic of Liberia from Monrovia to a point on or near to the Northern boundary of the Republic, by Messrs. Mann & Cook, Ltd., of 167, Oxford St., London.” I recommend that no actions be taken on any of these Applications while the negotiations between this Government and the Government of the United States of America, touching the five million dollars credit to be established, are pending. The Militia. I am afraid there has been on our part a growing tendency, in late years, to minimize the importance of our Militia especially since the organization of the Liberian Frontier Force. While this force has, since its organization, rendered very good services to the Republic under the direction of corps of efficient Liberian and foreign officers, yet we cannot afford to overlook nor forget the great and in some respects the most marvelous achievements of the Liberian Militia beginning from our colonial days down to the year 1910, covering a period of eighty odd years, during which time the foundations of this State had to be laid by the blood of our sainted Fathers and their high examples of patriotism and loyal devotion. In spite of such a wonderful record and glorious past we cannot but confess that the Liberian Militia as such, has received scant recognization and appreciation. They have on very many occasions been called into active service for protracted periods and discharged without pay. They are required to furnish at their own cost, their uniforms and arms. They are required to furnish their own means of conveyance to and from their regular quarterly parades. They are sent on expeditions unprovided with the requirements to meet the most ordinary comforts of a soldier in the way of tents, blankets, overcoats and cooking utensils. Yet in spite of such neglects our Militia have always in the past and still stand ready in the future to answer the bugle call. Of course I am fully aware that the conditions above enumerated were in a large measure due to the financial embarrassments of the Government. This fact however should not prevent us from expressing the nation’s gratitude to that class of its citizens who compose the Militia of the Republic. During the year I have had the honor and pleasure of inspecting both the 1st and 5th, Regiments at two of their Quarterly parades. The First Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joseph S. Dennis, I am pleased to say is in a healthy condition from the stand point of numbers, efficiency and discipline. Colonel Dennis, who is in every sense a military officer, is to be congratulated for the raising of his regiment from the low state which he met it in a year ago to its present high standard. I regret I cannot make as favorable a report of the Fifth Regiment. I am sure however that there will soon be seen a marked improvement in this Regiment resulting from the recent changes made in its command. It is hoped that it will be soon found possible to give some assistance to the several Regiments in the way of supplying arms to the men when on duty, as well as the music and colors for the regiments, I think that at least the staff officers of the several regiments should be given uniform allowance.

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At the beginning of the year I appointed Colonels G. M. Johnson of Montserrado County and Thomas M. Moore of Grand Bassa County Brigadier Generals of the First and Second Brigades respectively. Both of these gentlemen have made for themselves most brilliant military records; and I am confident that great improvements will be made in the units under their command. The Frontier Force. This Force, I am pleased to say has made during the past year a fair record for efficiency and discipline. Complaints of depredations, committed by the men of the Force, theretofore made by the natives, have been reduced to a minimum during the year. The strength of the Force is at present forty-two officers and seven hundred and twenty-five enlisted men. Besides its regular duty of preserving and maintaining order in the hinterland and along the boundary, the Force has been called upon to perform the following duties during the year. 1. Escorting Government funds to and from the interior. 2. Assisting in Road construction, especially those leading from the Boundary to Monrovia. 3. Guarding prisoners of Interior and War Departments at Monrovia doing public work. 4. Engaged in Quarantine Duty at Monrovia and Brewerville during the Small Pox epidemic. The actions of Major Anderson, the Officer commanding the Force, in foregoing his leave of absence due last July to remain on duty upon the request of the Government, in spite of his having been on continuous duty for nearly four years, are to be highly commended. It is gratifying to notice the marked improvement of the Liberian officers of the Force. This is as it should be. We think however there is some room for improvement as regards their pay and allowances when compared with those of their brother officers from abroad. The Honourable Secretary of War is submitting a full report to you upon the conditions and requirements of his Department. The Proposed Commission to the United States. Pursuant to the provisions of the Joint Resolution passed at the recent called Session of your Honourable Body in August last, authorizing the President of Liberia to send a Commission, composed of three persons, to Washington D. C., for the purpose of continuing negotiations with the United States’ Government on its proposed financial plan for Liberia’s rehabilitation, the Secretary of State on the 25th day of October 1920 advised the American Charge d’ Affaries ad interim at this capital that the President of Liberia had appointed the Honourable Edwin Barclay, Secretary of State, the Honourable F. E. R. Johnson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia and the Honourable John L. Morris Commissioners to the Government of the United States to continue negotiations in connection with its proposed financial plan for Liberia’s rehabilitation, and that the Government of

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Liberia would be pleased to know whether such a Commission would be acceptable to the Washington Government. In a note addressed to the Liberian Secretary of State on the 8th of last month, by the American Charge d’ Affaires, the Liberian Government was informed of the willingness of the Washington Government to receive the Commission, provided the Commission be fully authorized to reach a definite agreement, which would be accepted and put into force without delay by the Liberian Government, and further adding that Government would be glad to see that Commission headed by the President of Liberia who would be accorded a cordial reception. As the powers which the American Government desire the Commission to be clothed with are such that in the opinion of your Executive could only be conferred by the Legislature, in whom alone is constitutionally vested the power and right of final ratification of all agreements and engagements entered into by us with foreign Governments, especially agreements of the nature of the one now under consideration, the Executive deemed it expedient to postpone the departure of the Commission until the meeting of the Legislature, when an expression could be given by your Honourable Body upon the suggestions of the American Government with regards to the powers that might be given the Commission. Owing to the urgency of the situation, growing out of the fact that the present Administration in Washington, under whose kind and benevolent auspices the credit of Five million dollars for Liberia was established at the Treasury of the United States of America, will within a few months be handing over the government of that nation to their successors, it is necessary that the Commission be dispatched as early as possible. To that end therefore I shall ask a conference with the Legislature and other leading statesmen of the country. From such a conference I am confident the best results will be obtained. Finally, Gentlemen and Fellow Citizens, may I be permitted to close this my first Annual Message to you with the solemn admonition that we do not loose sight of the great and peculiar responsibility resting upon us as the only Christian Negro state on this continent, representing before the world our race, not only in heathenism and barbarism but also in all civilized lands having the opportunity to speak for the race at home and abroad as no other community of Negroes can. The truth cannot be too much impressed upon our minds that far more than any other nation it is our duty to strive by intelligence, by industry, by high moral endeavors to cause this nation to grow in favor and influence with both God and Man. And I need not assure you that in your efforts during this session to attain these high and noble ends, you will have the earnest sympathy and cooperation of the Executive. C. D. B. King, President

Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1921 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: The evolution of time has brought us again to another milestone in our national life, and, in keeping with the provisions of our Constitution, the duty devolves upon me as Chief Executive to present to your view our conduct and administration of affairs during that period, as well as to propose such measures which, in our judgment and opinion, would best tend to promote the interest and welfare of our country. To that task shall I now proceed.

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Foreign Relations It is indeed gratifying to report that our relations with all foreign governments continue on the most friendly terms, and that in our efforts to keep apace with the onward advancement of nations, and to discharge our international duties and responsibilities we can rely upon the sympathetic friendship and cooperation of those Great Powers who are specially interested and concerned in Liberia’s welfare and prosperity. In this connection I repeat the admonition given in our first Message to Your Honourable Body, that we should always assiduously cultivate those feelings of friendship and goodwill which have subsisted between the Republic and foreign nations. We should remember that in assuming the position of an independent State, our Fathers asked that the nations of Christendom would extend to us that comity which marks the friendly intercourse of civilized and independent communities; and since that comity has been so generously, and with rare exceptions, so constantly exhibited, our duty in this respect is clearly defined. On our part, everything reasonable and consistent with national honor should be done to show appreciation of those friendly feelings which foreign nations entertain towards us. Liberian Consulate-General In accordance with the Act passed at your last session, directing the appointment of Liberian citizens in the Consular services of the Republic, Mr. C.E. Cooper was appointed to the Consulate-General in Liverpool, England and also temporarily charged with the ConsulateGeneral’s duties at Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Cooper proceeded to England during the year and having received the Exequaturs of the British and German governments is now in the active disharge of his duties at the posts above mentioned. Shipment of Labourers to Fernando Poo Pursuant to the Act of the Legislature Approved January 13, 1921, prohibiting the shipment of labourers from the Cou nty of Montserrado and the Terriroties of Grand Cape Mount and Marshall, the Secretary of State, in keeping with the terms of the Convention of 1914 between His Catholic Majesty’s Government of Spain and the Government of the Republic of Liberia, duly notified the Spanish representative in Monrovia, on the 23rd day of April 1921, that six months from that date the recruitment of labourers in the territories above mentioned and shipments therfrom would cease. The Boundary Delimitation Survey I regret to report that the work of the Franco-Liberian delimitation survey which was stopped just at the outbreak of the great European war, has not yet been resumed. Negotiations are still open between the two Governments for the resumption of this work. In the meantime Mr. L.C. Daves designated by the American Government has, upon the retirement of Mr. Mitchel, been appointed Chief Liberian Boundary Commissioner. He has been furnishing progress reports from time to time on his triangulation work of such a satisfactory nature as would seem to indicate that we have in him a competent official, thoroughly interested in his work. The advance sheets of his maps and reports are on file in the Department of State. Trade Relations between Germany and Liberia In the closing months of the year 1920 pour-parlers were opened between Germany and Liberia with respect to resumption of trade and Consular relations between the two counties. Our State Department had suggested that these matters might be arranged by a new treaty, but Dr. Busing the Special German Representative sent out to negotiate with the Liberian Government advised the Secretary of State that his Government were not prepared

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at that time to discuss the basis of such a Treaty. What was desired was to arrive at a modus vivendi by which the entry of Germans into Liberia, the protection of their property, the resumption of trade and the establishment of Consular representations would for the present be regulated. After some weeks of discussion the following tentative arrangement was arrived at as a basis for the resumption of commercial intercourse: “1. The re-entry of Germans into Liberia for the Purpose of trade and commerce is permissable subject to the provisions of the municipal laws regulating the residence and business operation of aliens within the Republic, the Government of Liberia reserving to itself the right to expel or refuse entry to any firm or individual of German nationality who it might deem undesirable. 2. Property, rights and interest acquired in Liberia subsequent to the Liberian Proclamation of Peace, dated June 15th 1920, by German subjects, who in pursuance of said Proclamation and of this arrangement are already established or may hereafter trade or reside within this Republic shall be given full and ample protection by the Government of Liberia. 3. The Government of Liberia and reciprocally the Government of the German Empire may maintain Consulates within the territories of the two countries. 4. Nothing herein contained shall be taken or construed in anywise as being in derogation of any of the pertinent provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. 5.This arrangement shall be effective for the period of twelve months from the date hereof, but upon the request of either party may be continued for another period of twelve months. In addition to this arrangement a further understanding was arrived at, controlling the question of the entry of undesirable Germans by which a list of the Germans at the time considered undesirable was furnished the German Consulate, and restrictive order published last year was rescinded. As will be noted from the terms of the arrangement a specific period is set as the limit of its life. The German representative desired that this should be left indefinite. To this the Government did not find itself able to agree because it was considered preferable that a more formal regulation of the relations between the two States by means of a Treaty of Amity and Commerce should at as early a date as possible be arranged. The Government nevertheless gave the assurance that should the arrangement become vacated by lapse of time before a formal Treaty is entered into German interest might be assured of such treatment as they under the arrangement might have enjoyed. On the 8th of March 1921, the arrangement went into force by an exchange of notes between the State Department and the German Consul-General. On the 29th of March, Dr. Busing approached the Government with a view to opening of the proceeds of the Liquidation of German property. In reply, the Government expressed its regrets that owning to the then recently developed uncertainties in the international political situation, it was not possible in its opinion profitably to enter upon such a discussion. However, a further attempt was made to explore this subject, when it was suggested that to facilitate the re-establishment of German commercial interests in Liberia, and to assist the firms whose property during the war had been sequestered, profitably to conduct their business and to increase their capital investment in the Republic, a sum of at least $100,000 of the Liquidation deposits should be placed at the disposal of the Consul-General for distribution among the firms interested therein. It was suggested that this could safely be done, since in the opinion of the German Consulate such claims as the Liberian Government would have against Germany could in no case amount to $500,000. The Government in view of the decision of the Reparation Commission by which Liberia would be entitled to

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an indemnity larger in amount than the funds held on Liquidation account, could not see its way to agree with this suggestion. Revenues The report of the General Receiver of Customs shows a decline in the assigned Revenues from that of last year, resulting from the world’s trade depression toward the end of the calendar year 1920. The assigned revenues for the fiscal year 1920–21 being $238,472.98 against $339,393.63 for the year 1919–20. The assigned General Receiver states that this trade depression has continued to date, and while there are some favourable symptons of improvement in foreign counties, this improvement has not been as yet noticeable in Liberia as reflected in the assigned revenues. While there is a great world need of raw materials produced in Liberia, the price of such produce has fallen so low in the world’s markets, and these markets have been so unsettled that there has been very little demand, and foreign traders have limited themselves to unloading their surplus. The price of imported goods have been slightly reduced but not at all in proportion to the produce of Liberia. As most of these native produce is exchanged locally for imported goods, the disproportionate prices have very much discouraged this trade and barter. Because of this disproportion the purchasing power of Liberian producers has been much reduced owing to the reduced price of their products and is still further reduced because of the disproportionately higher prices of imported goods for which they largely exchange their products. However, as all financial and trade sources in Europe and America are now coming encouraging reports of improved conditions, we hope that it will not be long before these improved conditions will be reflected in our foreign trade and revenues. The Emergency Relief Fund being dependent upon our foreign importations, the world’s trade depression has also shown a marked adverse effect on that portion of our internal revenues by a decrease of $20,112.62 from that of last year. While there is a decrease of $90,604.71 in the total Assigned and Internal Revenues from that of 1920, yet it is gratifying collection in the ordinary Internal Revenues from $93,775.40 for the year 1920 to $129,775.96 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1921. The following is a comparative statement of the revenues for the years 1920 and 1921 as furnished by the Secretary of the Treasury: Class of Revenue,

Sept.30th

Sept. 30th

Customs of Duties Head Monies Miscellaneous Internal Revenue Ordinary Emergency Relief Fund Consul Fees

$323,916.67 89,591.00 10,500.00 93,764.10

$212,279.99 25,513.00 10,500.00 129,775.96

59,875.93

39,763.36

Decrease $111,645.68 4,978.09

36,011.59 20,112.62

1,280.00 $509,427.75

Summary Revenue for 1920 Revenue for 1921

Increase

$418,823.40

$40,511.59

$133,875.80

$509,427.75 418,823.04 $90,604.71 Decrease

Statement of Receipts and Disbursements for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1921 also furnished by the Secretary of the Treasury.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 14, 1921

Receipts Balance on hand September 30, 1920 General Treasurer Internal Revenue Ordinary Emergency Relief Fund … Special Bank Loan, Plenary Commission to USA Net Balance Receivership September 30 1920 Customs Duties … Head Moneys … Miscellaneous Disbursements Acct. Budgetary Appropriation Paid Interest of 30.0 Bonds Paid a/c Special Appropriation Plenary Commission to U.S.A. Less Discount & Commission Net Balance deposited against monthly Advances Disbursements by Receivership Balance on hand Receivership

587

$ 266.23 129,775.69 39,763.39 12,000.00 $ 58,539.04 212,270.99 26,513,00 10,500.80 $489,629.11

$181,895.28

$367,823.83 $489,629.11

$125,704.44 6,211.15 $ 15,000.00 $ 34,890.02 270,487.02 37,336.81 $489,629.11

$131,805.28 $307,823.83 $489,629.11

The Postal Service I am pleased to state that the report of the Postmaster General shows financial and administrative progress in this department of the public service during the year. The quantity of mails received and despatched for that period was a larger increase over that of last year which was also an increase to that of the previous year. The consolidated receipts of this Department of the Government from all sources and the disbursements therefrom are as follows: Total receipts, domestic and foreign Disbursements, domestic and foreign Stamps destroyed by the Legislature

$57,459.84 36,091.55 77,143.00

For the first time since the beginning of the European war has the actual cash receipts of the Postal Service Administration shown an increase over that of the disbursements. This is due primarily to the fact that, notwithstanding the increase of the revenues resulting from the rapid growth of the business of the department during the year just closed, the rigid economy of administration and strict accountability insisted upon by the Postmaster General have kept the expenses well below the revenues. Among the recommendations that will be made to you by the Postmaster General in his report is the establishment of District Post-offices in the City of Clay Ashland and the Settlements of Virginia, Millsburg and White Plains in Montserado County. This recommendation has the approval of the Administration, as it is now high time for facilities of this nature to be placed at the disposal of that portion of our citizens living in our rural districts at such a distance from the capital. To achieve this purpose, however, it will be necessary to pass an Act making it compulsory for all mailable matter forwarded up and down the St. Paul’s River to pass through these Post Offices and penalising all violators of the law.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Department of Justice The Report of the Attorney General shows that only eighty-one cases in all have been finally disposed by the Circuit Courts throughout the Republic during the last fiscal year. The cause of this, the Attorney General states is due first to the irregular calling of Foreign ships at our ports at the time when the Judges would be ready to go on their respective circuits to which they are assigned by the Chief Justice second to the shortages of the period which is allowed the Courts to transact all of its legal business both criminal and civil. The Attorney General has been in a poor state of health during the greater portion of the year and is now out of the country for medical attention. In connection with the Supreme Court of the Republic, I beg to submit for your favourable considerations and action thereon the following recommendations. 1. The passage of a law authorizing and providing for the compilation and publication of the Decisions by the Courts for a period of ten years from the last compiled and thereafter every decade at least. 2. A suitable Library for the use of the Court and attending practicing Counsels. 3. The passage of a law providing for a permanent Assistant Clerk of the Court with a view to the increasing volume of work of the Supreme Court. The Frontier Force The report of the Commanding Officer of the Liberian Frontier Force indicated a fair record for efficiency and discipline attained by the Force during the year. This is indeed most gratifying, especially in view of the handicaps with which it has been confronted in the shape of irregular payment of full salaries of enlisted men and the shortage of efficient officers. During the year the Force has been called upon to perform manifold duties outside of regular garrison duties. The present strength of the Force is 42 Officers and 788 Enlisted men. Department of Public Instruction The report of the head of this Department shows that there have been opened and maintained during the year, twenty-five primary schools which carried an enrollment of 694 pupils. These schools remained opened until the mid-year vacation. In order to realize a closer co-ordination of efforts among the several Educational forces operating within the Republic, and in their relationship to the Department of Public Instruction the executive Government by an order issued on April 22, 1921 reorganized the Board of Education and appointed as members of this Board under the direction of the Secretary of Public Instruction the Executive heads in Liberia of the Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal; the Lutheran and the National Baptist Foreign Missions; and the Educational Societies. These agencies represent the largest Educational activities in the Republic, and this consolidation of forces will enable the Secretary of Public Instruction to effectively deal with the great problem of public education in Liberia. This Board has completed the selection of books for the first four grades of school work. Many adaptations and changes are to be made in order to make them specially suitable for Liberia and appealing to the Liberian child. All schools carrying grades throughout the Republic will now be conducted as Public schools regardless of denomination, and all teachers in such schools will be required to measure up to the same standard of efficiency. This will be accomplished through examination and teachers course, to be conducted under the supervision of the Board of Education.

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The second Sunday in June last was dedicated to Education by the Church throughout the Republic. This was in response to an appeal made by the Board of Education through the Secretary of Public Instruction. Special Educational Sermons were preached on that morning from every pulpit in the country, and many places an Educational Union meeting of all denominations was held in the afternoon. This effort aroused great enthusiasm, and it is hoped that an intenser interest will be manifested in the future on the part of the people generally, in the vital matter of Education for the masses. The Interior Department I regret having to report that the affairs of this Department, one if not the most important of the great departments of State, was so unsatisfactory administered during the year, that I was compelled to request his retirement, from the Government, of the Secretary of the Interior. His resignation was tendered on the 6th of September of this year and was accepted. On my assumption of the duties of Chief Executive, I endeavoured to clearly set forth and define the relationship we sustain to our native population and what should be the native policy of the Administration in the following words: “The native population of the country are the Nation’s Wards, and as such their care, advancement, and prosperity must at all time obtain the earnest solicitation and concern of the State. They represent out largest and most important national asset. In them lies the virility of the nation. They are the materials with which the foundation is to be made. We cannot attain to that position of independence, power and wealth which we hope to obtain by ignoring these populations or by destroying them. To do so would be pursuing our own destruction and extinction as a nation. We assimilate and consolidate them into the body politic. But to this work of assimilation and consideration we shall have to exercise patience, tolerance and justice. There is often manifested in out national councils, in the discussion of native affairs, an impatience that should by no means characterize the deliberations of those who have to provide for the stability of the State. We must exercise patience in hearing the grievances and complaints of the Native Chiefs, because of the fact that they have not yet attained to that stage of intellectual development which culminates into brevity of expression. Oftimes the real truth of their story lies hidden at the bottom of their multifarious statements, which is only brought to the surface after a long and patient hearing. Tolerance should also characterise our dealings with these populations. Tolerance in things nonessential to the Government’s prestige and authority, and yet essential to the natives well-being and happiness. Such of their tribal laws and customs that are not repugnant to the laws of humanity and the fundamental principles of the Constitution should be tolerated and left to time and the process of their development to eradicate. We cannot afford to destroy the native institutions of the country. Our true mission lies not in the building here in Africa of a Negro State based solely on Western ideas, but rather a Negro nationality indigenous to the soil, having its foundations rooted in the institutions of Africa and purified by Western thought and development. In our dealings with the natives we should be just. Laws for their Government must be based on justice. Impositions practiced upon the natives by officials of Government however high placed, whether Liberian or Foreigner or by private individuals, should meet with the sternest disapproval of the Government. Only by the impartial administration of justice, and protecting them against maltreatment, even by our Frontier Police Force and some of the petty Commissioners and private individuals residing and roaming about in the interior will the Government inspire confidence in the native and insure his co-operation in the great work of nation building to which we have now set ourselves.”

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Now, after a period of two years, I find myself more firmly impressed with the views above expressed, and I feel I cannot too much emphasize that our official relations and dealings with the native populations of the country should be of such a character as to inspire in them the greatest confidence in the Government, and its agents. These relations should be of an uplifting and not a demoralizing nature. The natives should be made to feel and believe that in the Government to which they contribute the largest financial and economic support, is afforded the fullest security and protection for their lives and property. I repeat again, that the native populations represent our largest national economic assets, which if wisely used and directed will prove to be the greatest source of our strength. How careful therefore should we be in seeing that we are not shorn of that strength through the ruthless exploitation of this class of our citizenship by the agents of the Government or its civilized citizens. In setting up a Government on these shores, we assumed and took upon ourselves the grave responsibility of uplifting its indigenous inhabitants and giving to them the benefit of Christianity and civilization. It was in recognition of these moral responsibilities on our part that the civilized nations of the earth extended to us the hand of fellowship in the family of nations. The Republic of Liberia is not made up with forty to fifty thousand civilized inhabitants alone, but also by the two and a half million natives that are within its territorial confines, which are bones of our Bones, blood of our Blood, and flesh of our flesh. While I fully realize that the Government’s administrative relations with its name populations should be characterized by firmness rather than weakness, yet that firmness should be proceeded by honesty and justice. Only along such lines shall we able to engage in the body politic our large native populations and achieve the hopes of our fathers in building on these shores a strong and virile African State. It is therefore my fervent hope that the administration will at all times have the fullest support in its efforts to unit and cement together in one bond, both the civilized and uncivilized populations of the country. The Submission of the Zorquelli Tribe to the Authority of the Government. This submission was brought about by Military operations taken against the tribe as a result of the attack made against our Military Post at Naama in the Month of August 1920. Captain Nabors, one of the American Officers of the Liberian Frontier Force was in command of the expedition. His command after a short campaign brought the country under subjection. Upon reports being made to the Government on this matter the following instructions were issued: 1. That the Zorquelli Territory be maintained under military control until otherwise ordered. 2. That no taxes shall be collected in said territory until the people shall have settled down to reproductive work and only then upon instructions from the President. 3. The people who have take refuge in the surrounding loyal districts be allowed to return to their towns. 4. A central barracks shall be built in the territory. 5. All Chieftains of importance shall be invited to a conference at Monrovia immediately. The Officer in charge of the section shall forward a list of these with a confidential report as to their status and attitude towards the Government and such information as to their general and individual character as may be gathered.

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6. No indemnities shall be imposed upon the Chiefs or the people, but they shall be required to furnish free of cost, labour for the construction of a main road through the Zorquelli country, linking it up with Commissioner Sawyer’s road in the Sanoquelly district and the White Plans-Kaka-town road, and elsewhere in that section as military and administrative necessities might require. 7. No persons shall be allowed entry into the country, except they be members of the tribe, without permit from the Interior Department, and all unauthorized persons now in the country shall be ordered out. Where the order is disobeyed, they shall be arrest and sent down. 8. As far as possible troops taking part in the fighting should be transferred elsewhere to prevent reprisals. 9. A more detail report on recommendations for decorations showing character of service deserving distinctive recognition must be furnished the Executive.” A few weeks afterwards the Zorquellie Chieftains with their followers to the number of about three hundred, came to Monrovia, when a council was held, inquiring into the causes of the troubles, between themselves and the Government and providing for the administration of the territory. Apparently they were under great apprehensions as to their safety and were disposed to be rather reserved in their expressions. After a while, however, they were at most fully convinced of the sincerity of the Government’s assurances for their safety and eventually confessed themselves fully and freely. After a three day conference the Government appointed Doloquelli, whom they had suggested, Paramount Chief Wolomia as Speaker, Cotar as Sub-Chief for that section of the tribe whose territory borders the County of Grant Bassa, and Jua Mana as Sub-Chief of the section which is in Monterrado County. Wolomia is one of the most influential men in the Country but being a warrior, it appears the chiefs thought it best not to have such an aggressive man as Paramount Chief, one-indeed who had inflicted upon most of them defeats in their tribal wars. He, however, was a Chief who it appears had always counselled submission to the Government and the introduction of new ideas. It was for these ideas, he had fought or had been attacked. Doloquellie is one of the richest Chiefs and his town is reported by Captain Nabors to contain five thousand houses. All the Chiefs approved the appointments, swore allegience to the Government and submission to the Paramount Chief. An adjoining section of country, claiming not to be members of the Zorquallie confederation, submitted that they should be separately administered. After inquiry, which disclosed that the Zorquelli had attacked them because of their standing with the Government, it was thought best to give them an organization separate from the Zorquellis. Their Chief Shuluquelli was appoint Paramount Chief with the same formalities. This section is named Zota and is very rich and the people industrious. Of course there has been some social disolocations as a result of the fighting. The Government thought it prudent not to raise the question of taxes as yet, but to encourage road building and the re-erection of large towns which had been abandoned. The Government had great difficulty in finding available a man of constructive genius, of a sympathetic attitude, and lacking the undesirable forms of selfishness to be appointed Commissioner of the district. The District for the time being was left to be overlooked by Captain Nabors, whom it would seem thoroughly sympathizes with our aspirations and ideals, Captain Nabors is assisted by Sub-Commisioner Ketger. During the year Captain Lemuel Smith operating the Cavalla River District, penetrated the Silox country in Sinoe County, and without much fighting he too brought about the surrender of that tribe.

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Captain Peans, who was treacherously attacked and wounded while attempting a patrol though the Bwao and Fawpo countries on the Kroo Coast, was ordered to establish Government authority in these sections. This was accomplished with a minimum of fighting. The complete submission of the Geh people to the authority of the Liberian Government has also been effected during the year. The Gehs are the people who manufacture their own gun powder and percussion caps. Thus for the first time in the history of the Republic has its authority been fully recognized by all the principal and leading tribes within its territorial areas. During the year there has been no disposition on the part of native tribes for war except in the cases already cited; but there has been nevertheless a general complaint against the administrative actions of some of the Government’s agents sent amongst them. It is worthy to note, however, that the Chieftains have in every case called attention to the state of affairs and have always expressed the confidence of the just consideration which their complaints would receive at the Capital. This is no doubt a source of strength to the Government, as it indicates the moral dominance which the central administration has gained over the whole country. We should therefore strive to retain this confidence by taking such actions that will indicate the central Government’s strongest disapproval of acts of maltreatment of the native Chiefs and their people by the agents of the Government or private citizens. Human Lepard and Neegi Societies In accordance with the Act passed at your last Session, providing for the supervision of the Human Leopard and Neegi Societies, Martial Law was declared by the Executive Government in the Senh and Gorchon sections of Grand Bassa County. Out of more than three hundred prisoners tried in accordance with their tribal laws and customs twenty of these were proven guilty of murder and were shot. The effect of such summary action upon the tribes of the sections above mentioned has been salutory and beneficial. In the New Cess territory this society is still rampant, and in River Cess there is a recurrence of the Neegi activities. The Administration is determined upon the complete suppression of these inhumane and atrocious societies, in apite of the criticism emanating from certain local sources for selfish and political reasons. These barbarous societies can not be permitted to exist and carry on their activities, especially in civilized centers and right under the eyes of central Government. The activities of this Human Leopard Society in the Sherbro hinterland of the Sierra Leone Protectorate a few years ago were completely suppressed and wiped out by the rigid and summary actions taken by the Sierra Leone Administration, with the results that today there cannot be found a single trace of this Society in the Colony of Sierra Leone. We owe a duty not only to ourselves but also to humanity and civilization to use every legitimate means at our disposal to exterminate Societies of such barbarous character established within our territories. Therefore, I hope the efforts of the Administration in this direction will continue to have the support of all good citizens. Suppression of the Recent License Act. Owing to protests made by the commercial class, both Liberian and Foreign, against the effect on business in the payment of licenses under the recent licenses Act. Approved January 18, 1921, the Executive upon mature consideration deemed it expedient to suspend, subject to legislative approval, the operation of this Act pending the passage of another which would eliminate the objectionable to this law resides in the fact that it taxes the stocks of the merchants. It is thought to be more equitable if in lieu of the stocks being

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burdened with the tax, the imposition would be laid in sales. The Executive concurs with these views and recommends actions along such lines. The Liberian Rubber Company In the latter part of 1920, the General Receiver of Customs called the attention of the local Agent of this Company to the short payment of duty by this company from 1913–1920, amounting $7,000, more or less, and demanded immediate settlement of same. The Agent did not only refuse to admit the claim, but also insisted upon the suspension of further collections of duty on rubber, stating as his reasons, therefor, that in consequence of the low price of rubber, in the market the business of the Corporation could not be profitably conducted if the rubber duty remained as fixed by law. Following upon this, the Head Office of the Corporation in England, filed a protest at our Legation in London against the imposition of the tax on rubber, on the ground that it was an impossible tax on the industry in view of the low market price prevailing for the product. The Executive Government took the view upon the advice of the Financial Adviser, that for the better protection of the industry it would be advisable to grant some amelioration of the difficulties in which the Corporation found itself involved provided the Corporation would be willing to surrender its exclusive rights in Grand Bassa County, and the royalties payable to it under the Acts of 1907 and 1911. It appears that the Corporation did not feel that this suggestion would in any way ease the situation, for we were soon afterwards advised that the Corporation had gone in liquidation and the local Agent had been instructed to sell out the moveables, pay off all hands and return to England with his assistants, leaving the plantation in the care of the Government. With regard to the latter portion of said instructions, the Government did not see its way clear to accept this responsibility. Knowing however, that our interest were involved, we were inclined to agree to put in a care-taker upon the premises at the Company’s expense, with the express understanding that this action will not in any way make the Government responsible for the liabilities of the Company. It is well to point out too, that the Corporation is indebted to the Government in the sum of £5,250 on charter account and $7,000 more of less due on short payments of duty loan from 1913–1920. Mr. Crommeln, our minister in London, in reply to instructions from the State Department to take steps that tend to secure the Republic’s interests in the winding up of the Company, suggested that the only way he saw possible for the Government to secure its side and keep it going under Government supervision. He had seen an expert on rubber plantation and trade whose opinion was that the trees should not be tapped so long as the low market prices continue; but that it was advisable to keep the plantation well cleaned and absolutely free from weeds and undergrowth. The value of the trees would thereby be increased to the advantage to the Government. Sanitation I cannot too strongly recommend to your attention the urgent necessity for some sanitary control thorough out the entire country. Heretofore Liberia has been singularly exempt from endemic diseases and only infrequently visited by epidemic diseases. The recent small pox visitation in several parts of the country and its persistency seem to indicate that it is becoming epidemic as other forms of diseases are appearing which heretofore were unkown in the country. The quarantine Act will have to be redrawn, since experience has shown that it is in many respects unworkable and impracticable as a second administrative scheme. The Executive Government endeavoured during the year to meet the situation by a tempo-

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rary organization under the able and most efficient direction of Dr. T.E. Davis, which within the limits of its means had considerable effect on the situation. The Charter of the City of Monrovia. I recommend that the Charter of the City of Monrovia be rescinded and the City administrated directly by the Genera Government or Commission appointed by it for that purpose. Notwithstanding a considerable amount of money was collected by the City authorities during the year in taxes, etcetera. I have been made to understand that only a small portion of such funds, if any, was spent upon the maintenance and up keep of the City. The Police of the City became so ineffective that the foreign Consular representations whose residence were frequently broken into filed a protest with the State Department against conditions, and demanded from the Government protection for themselves and their property. Nothing could be done by the palace guards at the Consulates and Legations in the City. Although many of the victims or small pox were residents of Monrovia and the Corporation claims to have a Sanitary department of its own, not only did they fail to take any steps to control the epidemic or to investigate conditions leading to the death of so many people in the City from a myterious disease which appeared during the year, but they also neglected to apply any of the funds at their disposal for those purposes. The whole cost had to be borne by the Government. The nation’s Capital should in its appearance and administration reflect the highest esthetic and political ideals of the national. Impressions of a country and its people are made upon the minds of foreigners largely by the appearance of its Capital. Hence the neglect of our national Capital can no longer be continued, neither can we afford to regard it as merely a field for experiments in local government by the younger men in the City. The Visit of the Plenary Commission to the United States In response to our appeal made to the United States Government in the year 1918, for financial aid and assistance the American Minister Resident at this Capital on the day of July 1919, handed to the President of Liberia in person a document embodying a Plan for Liberia’s rehabilitation as drawn up by his Government. In the month of August of the same year, a special session of the Liberian Legislature was called for the purpose of considering the proposed plan. A careful study of the proposed plan by the Legislative and Executive branches of the Government, disclosed some features which in their opinion required clarifying of the country, actions were taken by you in manner and form indicated in the following Joint Resolution: 1. “That the President of Liberia be and is hereby authorized to proceed to the United States of America for the purpose of heading the commission appointed by him. 2. That the commission, headed by the President, be vested with plenary powers to treat with the Government of the United States on any matter affecting the interests of the Republic of Liberia; and be authorized to conclude, finally, an Agreement touching the five million dollars credit established by the Government in favour of the Republic, on the basis of the Legislative Amendments; and also be granted power to make such modifications thereof as said Commission may deem necessary.” Approved January 6th, 1921 Arrangements having been made for the conduct of the Government by the Cabinet, during my absence, under the direction of the Secretary of State, the Commission composed of the Honourable F.E.R. Johnson, Associate Justice, the Honourable John L. Morris, former Secretary of the Treasury and headed by the President with Mr. Gabriel L. Dennis as Secre-

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tary sailed for the United States via Spain on the 28th day of January of the present year on board of the Spanish steamer “San Carlos.” Thanks to the helpful assistance given us by Mr. Guyatt the Spanish Charge d’Affaires at this Capital, who was also proceeding home on furlough by the same steamer, we had a most pleasant and enjoyable voyage the Captain and crew sparing no pains to contribute to our confort and happiness. On arriving in Spain every countesy and attention befitting the occasion was extended by the Spanish Government and its officials. In Madrid, I was received at the Royal Palace by His Majesty the King of Spain and had the honour of an introduction to their Majestys the Queen and Queen Mother. Leaving Spain we entrained for Paris where we received a most cordial welcome and hearty reception from the French Government. Official visits were exchanged between the President of France and myself, when President Millerand took the occasion of assuring me of the friendly and sympathetic attitude of France towards her sister African Republic, and of her desire to see Liberia become a strong independent State. While in Paris the Commission seized the opportunity of placing a large wreath on the tomb of the unkown soldier, buried under the Arch de Triumpe, as a token of gratitude and respect of the Government and People of Liberia for the unexampled patriotism, heroism and bravery displayed by the Grand Army of France in the recent world’s war. This simple expression of gratitude was touchingly and appreciatevely received by the French Government. Remaining over in Paris for a few days to make sailing connections with America, we sailed from Boulougne for New York on the 23rd of February, arriving in New York on the morning of the 6th of March. We were met three miles out at sea by a special United States Revenue Cutter, with officials from the State Department sent specially to receive the Commission. We immediately left the Ship and embarked on the Cutter which carried us into harbour. On landing we were escorted to the Waldorf Hotel where every arrangement had been made for our comfort by the United States Government. On the 7th of March the Commission entrained for Washington. At the station in Washington we were met and received by officials from the State Department and a number of prominent American Negro citizens. Upon our arrival in Washington the Commission took up temporary quarters at the Arlington Hotel, which had also been secured for us by the American State Department. The formal meeting of the Commission with Mr. Hughes the American Secretary of State, took place at the Department of State on the 16th of March. The meeting was cordial although strictly formal. At this meeting it was explained that owing to certain immediate pressing duties growing out of the change of administration, it had not yet been convenient for President Harding to turn his attention to the schedule of appointments to meet any of the foreign commissions visiting the United States nor the foreign diplomats who were residing in Washington. However the hope was expressed by the State Department that without much further delay President Harding will find it convenient to receive the President of Liberia and the Commission. On Friday the 15th of April, early after his first Message to Congress, President Harding received the Commission at the White House at 4 o’clock p.m. A few minutes previous to the hour fixed for our reception. Mr. Robert Wood Bliss, the Third Assistant Secretary of State, with Colonel Sherril, the President’s Military Aide called at the Commissioner’s Headquarters with two of the President’s official Cars and escorted the Commission to the White House. The Secretary of State, Mr. Hughes was with President Harding at the reception in the Blue Room. The cordiality exhibited by President Harding and Secretary Hughes, left nothing to be desired.

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At this reception I took the occasion by offer to President Harding my personal congratulations and those of the People of Liberia upon his elevation to the Chief Magistracy of the Great American Nation. In my remarks I pointed out that the Government of Liberia, which is patterned after the Government of the United States, is endeavouring to its utmost ability to uphold the lofty ideals of democracy established by the Great American Government and of the continuation of that peculiar interest which it has uniformly manifested in the welfare of Liberia. I also expressed the hope that this traditional interest of the United States will, during his, President Harding’s, administration to be exemplified in the form of a definite policy looking forward to the active support of Liberia in her efforts to develop as a strong independent African State. President Harding, among other things said in reply “I am not unaware of the traditional interest of the United States in Liberia, and of the fact that that Republic was established by the efforts of American Citizens. You may be assured, Mr. President, that the United States will always be concerned in the welfare of Liberia. This Government stands always ready to support, as far as it can, any country which like yours, is endeavouring to uphold the true standards of democracy.” The President then wished for myself and the members of the Commission a pleasant stay and the members of the Commission a pleasant stay in America and to successful accomplishment of our mission. At 5 p.m., the same day, President Harding returned the call in person at the Head Quarters of the Commission. The conversation during this return visit had bearing, on the main, on the industrial and commercial outlook of Liberia. These official amenities having disposed of the Commission now settled itself down to the object of its visits to the United States. In entering upon its labors the Commission unexpectedly found itself confronted with the fact that the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations had then under advisement the estoppel of all foreign loans and credits to Foreign countries which had not become available. The credits to Liberia, Greece, Czcho Slovia and Russia were the principal ones under consideration. To this was added the activities of certain influential portion of the American Press pressing for an injunction on the Government to stop first, the sale of the White Star Line of the steamship “Leviathan” formerely known as Germand “Vaterland;” and second the further disbursements of moneys to foreign countries in the shape of loans by the American Government. The Senate Committee had called upon the Treasury Department for full information respecting the foreign credits under consideration. In view of these circumstances the State Department felt itself somewhat embarrassed in starting negotiations with the Commission with respect to the loan credit. The Department, however was hopeful that when called upon by Congress to give information touching the Liberian credit it would be able to show that the circumstances of that special credit were such as to cause it not to be included among the general foreign credits which are to be cancelled. The Commission thus found itself confronted at the very outstart of its work with difficulties of a nature which were not only embarrassing, but unexpected. We found the State Department however most sympathetic. This fact was of itself of great help to the situation. We discovered, that while there was a strong sentiment pervading. Congress and the country at large against the further granting of any foreign loans or extension of credits to foreign Governments, yet there was also a feeling that special consideration might be given to the Liberian credit, provided it could be shown that sufficient commitments had been made pledging the good faith of the American Government. All of the efforts of the Commission, had therefore to be directed towards that end. In the light of these difficulties, the change of administration; the change of almost the entire personnel of both the Treasury and State

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Departments from that of the preceding administration which had established the Liberian credit: the unexpected challenge by Congress of the whole question of credits of foreign countries: and the delays which would necessarily result from the negotiations for the purpose of showing that the United States Government was definitely pledged in respect to the Liberian credit, we did not feel despondent although at times we became somewhat weary of the suspense and delay. To our minds the moral influence of the United States, which was involved in the proposed loan credit by far outweighted the purely financial benefits that would accrue to Liberia. Therefore, we were disposed, without any show of importance, to await results. Finally, on the 25th of July President Harding transmitted a special message to Congress in which he enclosed a letter addressed to him by Secretary Hughes explaining why he believes the United States Government is under a moral obligation to come to the financial aid and assistance of Liberia. This letter of Secreatary Hughes reads as follows: “Department of State, Washington, July 20, 1921. The President: I beg to submit the following consideration by the Government of the United States, at tht time that there was no question of a withdrawal of the offer of the money already promised, the time when the credit should be made available merely depending on a satisfactory agreement as to details of administration. Relying on the assurance that the United States was ready to enter into a definite agreement, the President of Liberia came to Washington some time ago with other plenipotentiaries to conclude the negotiations. In anticipation of this journey and at the request of the Government, the Liberian Government gave to him and his associates full and necessary authority to conclude the loan plan, and since that time it is understood they have been prepared to sign an agreement providing for the necessary administrative measures adequately to secure the loan. It should be also be pointed out, in appreciating the moral obligation of this Government, that the Republic of Liberia, which had her origin largely through the efforts of American Citizens and at various times has sought the aid and counsel of this government, decided upon the entrance of United States, into the war, to make common cause with this country and the Allies against Germany. It was largely in consequence of this participation that the economic situation of Liberia was imperiled and that her Government was compelled to make appeal for financial aid. It was in these circumstances that Liberia was assured that the United States, her traditional friend who had been generous assistance to other nations fighting against Germany, would come to her relief. In view of the circumstances and of the obligation to which they gave rise, to which we cannot fail to be sensitive. I need not dwell upon the fact that the extension of this loan is highly important from the standpoint of the proper protection and promotion of American commercial interests on the West Coast of Africa. The advantages which will accrue to our people are not to be ignored, although in the presence of considerations already mentioned they need not be detailed or stressed. In conclusion, permit me to observe that apart from any question of our obligation or of any benefits accruing to ourselves, our people have always been especially interested in the welfare of Liberia because of the close relation which its prosperity may be deemed to have to all that pertains to the advancement of the Negro race. The Republic of Liberia has been fostered through American interest, and at this critical time in her history we have an oppor-

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tunity to give practical expression of our continued solicitude, and by coming to her aid in this severe exigency to promote permanent relations of the closest friendship. Respectfully, Charles Hughes. The President, The White House.” A stronger presentation of Liberia’s case could not in our opinion, have been made. I therefore addressed the following letter to secretary Hughes: “Washington, D.C. August 9, 1921. The Hon. Charles E. Hughes, Secretary of State Department of State, Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Secretary: With pleasure and satisfaction we have read in the papers the reported text of your letter to President Harding bearing the date July 29th comprehensively dealing with the question of the Liberian Loan-Credit and mentioning in connection therewith the traditional relationship which the United States sustained to the Republic of Liberia. It was also especially gratifying to read the covering letter of the President addressed to the Senate in support of your views on the credit question. In behalf of the Liberian Mission now in Washington, and too, the Government and people of Liberia, we desire to express to you, and through you to the President, our deep gratitude for the cordial sentiments of friendship and sympathy which have been so favourably set forth in the letters. Upon these expression of broad policy respecting Liberia, we feel safe to find our faith and confidence to extend aid to our Republic for the security and development. The citizens of Liberia will undoubtedly read with genuine appreciation these letters which manifestly may be expected to exert in the interest of the Republic an influence of far reaching effect. We trust, Mr. Secretary, it will not be regarded amiss to express the hope that the Congress of the United States will before long, take action on the Liberian matter in accordance with the views of the President and yourself. Feeling that you are not unmindful of the embarrassments which necessarily attend our protracted absence from Liberia, we venture earnestly to solicit your good offices in facilitating an early conclusion of the business of our Mission. Again assuring you of our deep appreciation of the sympathetic interest which your great Government uniformly continues to show towards the advancement and perpetuity of Liberia, and holding for President Harding and yourself sentiments of profound esteem. I have the honor to be, Mr. Secretary, Your Obedient servant, Signed C.D.B. King, President of Liberia.

After a long period of delay, and watchful waiting, it was indeed a great relief to the Commission, when on the 28th day of October, an Agreement between the American and Liberian Governments for the loan of five million dollars was formally executed at the Department of State by Secretary Hughes in behalf of the United States Government and the members of the Plenary Commission on behalf of the Liberian Government. As the full text of the Agreement will be embodied in the report of the Commission, which will be submitted to you at an early date, I shall only give a brief outline of its main features.

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1. The arrangements arrived at are now embodied in an Agreement formally signed and executed by responsible representatives of the two Governments and not in the form of mere Proposals emanating from the Liberian Government and signed only by the President of Liberia as was intended in the Plan first submitted in July 1920. 2. The Receivership, a term most misleading as to Liberia’s solvency and therefore most distasteful to Liberian susceptibilities, has been substituted by a Financial Commission. The head of which to be designated “The Financial Commission”. 3. (a) The purchasing and redemption of the Bonds now issued, and outstanding representing the 5 percent sinking fund gold-loan, due July 1, 1952 under the Agreement for Refunding Loan, dated March 7, 1912. (b) Payment of the Internal Floating Debt in full. (c) Internal Funded debt and interest due thereon. 4. The amount of advances made by the Treasury of the United States, to defray the total expenditure of the Government of Liberia for any fiscal year, increased, from $400,000 as suggested by the former Plan submitted, to $560,000. 5. In the application of the assigned revenues and receipts, the sum provided for the current administrative expenses of the Government, as included in the annual budget, shall rank prior to payment of interest and sinking fund. 6. All deficit in the assigned revenues and receipts to meet the cost and expenses of application and administration by the Financial Commissioner, of the revenues and receipts collected by it, and to meet the current administrative expenses of the Government of Liberia shall be met by the United States Treasury for a period of five years, and after the expiration of said period of five years should there be need for a further guarantee to meet the expenditures above stated, arrangements to that effect shall be made between the Government of Liberia and the Government of the United States. 7. All revenues and receipts of the Government of Liberia shall be deposited in a bank designated as the Depositary. The Commission is of the opinion that the new loan plan, as embodied in this Agreement is, in very many respects, an improvement upon the proposed plan sent to Liberia for immediate acceptance in June 1920. Great pains were taken by the American State Department, in its new draft of the Plan, not only to meet all the Constitutional objections made by the Government of Liberia to the Plan formerly submitted, but also those which appeared to unnecessarily offend the susceptibilities of the Liberian people. A budget providing reasonable living salaries for all officials and employees of the Liberian Government has been mutually agreed upon and approved. Also the establishment of a Legation in Washington by the Liberian Government. Such an act was characterized by the State Department as not only necessary, but also most desirable. Of course, there are certain provisions in the new plan which were necessary to insure security for the loan, honest and efficient financial administration, as well as funds that may be needed for development purposes. To such provisions no reasonable objections could be made. We are now entering upon a most important epoch in our national life. With this generous response of the United States to our appeal for financial aid and assistance; with the sympathetic friendship of our great and powerful neighbors secured, our future destiny now lies wholly with us. The question as to whether Liberia shall retain her place in the family and nations and become a strong independent African State, can now be only answered by Liberians. For us to give an affirmative answer to this question, we must first rise above petty party feelings, and personal criminations, and that personalities are not arguments, and indulgence in angry passions destroys the effects of the most eloquent reasonings. Our prominent citizens

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must possess themselves of mature and inflexible minds, independence and firmness of character, lift and noble patriotism. In legislature, justice to every portion of our fellow citizens must be faithfully observed. The public good, founded upon justice, must be the ruling principle of every citizen. Frankness and sincerity must characterize our foreign intercourse as well as the prompt and faithful execution of our national obligations. Before closing this Message, I desire to place on record my satisfaction of the conduct and management of the Government during my absence from the country, and in this public manner to express to the Secretary of State and the other members of the Cabinet, to whom this task was assigned, my sincerest thanks and deepest gratitude. May their lives be longed spared to be of continued usefulness and service to their race and country. I wish also to thank the people at large for their loyal support given to these gentlemen, which alone made possible the peaceful and uninterrupted operations of the Government during my absence. In conclusion, let us all, in the discharge of our duties, as officials and citizens, be mindful of our conduct, that we forfeit not the favor of the God of Nations. If we do so our national career will be onward, and our ultimate triumph certain. C.D.B. King, President of Liberia.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1922 Gentlemen of the Senate and House or Representatives of the Republic of Liberia: The Annual meeting of our Legislature is always an interesting event, as it is the period when the representatives of the People come fresh from their constituents to take counsel together for the common good, and the Chief Executive is expected to report his conduct and administration of the Government during the recess of the Legislature, as well as to propose such measures which in his judgment and opinion would best tend to promote the interest and welfare of the Republic. Our first duty therefore, is to express gratitude to God for the preservation of the State, and that a large measure of peace and contentment reigns throughout our borders. In reviewing the great world events, of the past couple of years, and contrasting the agitated and distracted state of other countries, growing out of their economic, political and financial problems, with our own, comparatively tranquil and happy condition, we may congratulate ourselves that we still retain the favour of the God of Nations. Let us see to it that we forfeit not that favour. Foreign Relations. I am happy to report that our relationship will all foreign Governments has, during the year, been maintained upon the most friendly terms. To avoid a complete break down in health, due to the overburden of official work for the past two years, the Secretary of State was granted the leave of absence for the purpose of taking his well deserved rest. He left for Europe in the month of June last and returned in November very much benefited by his trip. The Secretary traveled extensively in Europe, visiting most of the principal European Capitals; and though away for rest yet he devoted a large portion of his time to official duties on that side. He called at the Foreign Offices of those Countries in Europe having interest in Liberia and discussed, with satisfactory results, the various outstanding questions, political, commercial and economic between their respective Governments and ourselves. I am quite sure that much good to the Republic will

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result from the Secretary of State’s first visit to Europe, where he made a most favourable impression upon such of their leading Statesmen with whom he came into contact. During the absence of the Secretary of State, The Honourable Arthur Barclay, former President of the Republic, upon my personal solicitation, took over the direction of the Department of State for that period. I am pleased to say that his conduct of that Department was most satisfactory to me, and his wise counsels in the cabinet were most invaluable both to myself and the rest of his colleagues. I therefore take this public manner of recording my grateful thanks and appreciation, as well as those of the members of the cabinet, of the faithful services rendered the State by this most distinguished and venerable citizen. In so cordially responding to this appeal for service, after having occupied the chair of Chief Executive of this Nation, Mr. Barclay has set an example worthy of emulation by some of the elder Statesmen of the Country. Instead of standing of and criticizing, to join in and give the helping hand of assistance, if not by active service at least by wise counsel and advice. The Honourable Solomon Porter Hood having been appointed by the President of the United States of America to the post of Minister Resident and Consul-General to Liberia, this distinguished citizen of the United States was received by me on the 13th day of February last, when he presented his letter of Credence and his predecessor Dr. Johnson handed to me his letter of Recall. It is most gratifying to report that His Britannic Majesty’s Government have during the year raised the status of their representation at this capital from the grade of Consul-General to that of charge d’ Affaires. This act on the part of His Majesty’s Government is highly appreciated by the Liberian Government, and I take great pleasure in publicly congratulating Mr. Shepherd, the first occupant of this post, on his promotion. In consequence of the increase of commercial intercourse, between the Republic and Foreign Powers, consular appointments have been made during the current year in the following named countries: Great Britian, Germany, Italy, United States, France, Denmark, Lagos, Dakar, Conakky and Las Palmas. Owing to the wide prominence which has been given to Liberia within recent years, especially in the United States, the Department of State, as well as the office of the President have been flooded with letters asking for information about the country, its commercial, economic and financial resources. Also about our immigration, naturalization, mining, copyright and trading laws, number of our population, means, cost, and route of transportation from the United States and West Indies to Liberia. For the furnishing of the information thus sought, there has been established in the Department of State, a Bureau of Information dealing particularly with those questions concerning the activities of the country. As the Department is without sufficient funds to meet the cost of this additional Bureau, I would recommend a suitable appropriation to continue the carrying on of such a necessary work. To our Legation in Paris, formerly under the direction of our Minister in London, has been appointed Baron Rudolph Lehman, in the capacity of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Baron Lehman, who has been received and accepted by the French Government in his new capacity, has heretofore given efficient and valuable service to the Republic as Charge d’ Affaires of the Paris Legation. In connection with the work of the Boundary delimitation Survey, I am pleased to report that a new bass map of Liberia has been prepared by our chief Boundary Delimitation Commission, Mr. L. C. Daves. Copies have been printed in Washington, under the direction of the American Geodectic Department and are momentarily expected for distribution.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

The fixing of the Boundary position through a section of the Anglo-Liberian Frontier has cleared up all doubts that were existing as to whether or not a considerable number of small towns were actually in Liberia or in the Protectorate of Sierra Leone, to the great advantage of Liberia. Mr. Daves, who left the United States a few months ago on leave of absence is now expected to be on his way back from America, with an assistant Engineer, and his last year’s work checked by the United States Coast and Geodectic Survey Department. This Government has been approached through indirect diplomatic channels, during the year, with a view to the exchange of Diplomatic Representatives with the Vatican. The powerful moral position held in the world by the Roman Catholic Church, in my opinion, makes desirable that such representatives should be exchanged. Other Protestant nations are in diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The Treasury Department. I am pleased to report that the operations of this Department during the last year have been satisfactorily and successfully conducted by the Secretary of the Treasury. The report of the Secretary which will be submitted to you in due course presents much more satisfactory conditions of our finances than a year ago. The Internal Revenue of the last fiscal year show an increase of $51,395.97 to that of the previous year. It is also gratifying to note that in spite of the depression of trade the Customs revenues for the last fiscal year also show an increase of $49,038.65 making a total increase of $100,434.62 cents. The following is a summary statement of the Receipts and disbursements of the Internal and Customs Revenues for the year 1921–1922. Receipts Balance on hand Sept. 30, 1922 General Treasury Internal Revenue, ordinary Emergency Relief Fund Hut Taxes, net Net balance Receivership Customs Duties Headmoneys Miscellaneous Disbursements. Paid interest on 3% Bonds Acct. Budgetary Appropriations Net balance deposited against Advances B. B. W. A. Ltd. Disbursements by Receivership Balance on hand

$386.20 19,752.33 54,164.93 $89,053.25 37,336.81 282,511.87 21,010.88 3,739.55 $507,955.82

$163,656.71

344,599.11 $507.955.82

$6,752.57 148,899.89 7,704.25 324,187.81 20,411.80 $507.955.82

$163,356.71 344,599.11 $507,955.82

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Comparative Statement. Class of Revenues Internal Revenue Ordinary Hut Taxes E. R. F Custom Duties Headmoneys Miscellaneous Totals

Sept. 30th 1921 $129,775.69 39,763.36 $169.530.05 212,270.99 25,513.00 10,500.00 $418,823.04

Sept. 30th 1922 $108,805.58 54,164.93 $162,970.51 262,511.87 21,010.88 3,789.55 $470,232.81

Increase $14.401.57 $14,401.57 57,287.81

$71,688.88

Decrease $20,970.11 $20,970.11 5,502.12 6,760.45 $33,282.68

The report of the Secretary of the Treasury will show that during the year payments have been made towards the reduction of the Public Debt as follows: Arrears of Civil Administration Paid Arrears Interest on 1912 Refunding Loan paid up to July 1922 also paid to December 1922 Arrears of customs Services paid Arrears of Liberian Frontier Force paid Arrears of Public Schools paid Three per cent Bonds redeemed

$5,000.00 128,160.00 5,000.00 18,000.00 450.00 10,000.00 $166,00.00

Bills repealing the Retrenchment of 20 per cent on Jurors pay, and providing for the bonding of all arrears of Civil employees of Government at 3 per cent are now pending before Your Honourable Body which I hope will meet with your favourable action. Mr. Worley, the General Receiver of Customs and Financial Adviser to the Republic having at the earlier part of the year, left for the United States, on leave of absence, I appointed the Auditor General, Mr. De la Rue, Acting General Receiver and Financial Adviser and Mr. Dixon Brown, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Acting Auditor. I am pleased to say that Mr. De la Rue’s administration of the Customs, during the short period he has had control of its direction, has been most successful and satisfactory. During this period there has been an increase in remittance to the Fiscal Agents of the 1911 Refunding Loan: a decrease in the operating expenses of the Customs Service; a decrease in the General expense of the Customs Services excluding salaries; a decrease in expenditure of the Liberian Frontier Force as will be seen form the following Statement. Payments to Fiscal Agents 1920–1921 Payments to Fiscal Agents 1921–1922 Increase in remittance in 1922 of Total operating Customs expenses were as follows: Fiscal Year 1921–22 Fiscal Year 1920–21 Decrease in expenses in 1922 of

$38,418.24 $128,160.00 $89,741.76 $39,653.22 $41,972.55 $ 2,319.33

It will be noted that included in this decrease has been a payment of 25 per cent on account arrears. General expenses, Customs Service, excluding salaries: Fiscal Year 1920–22 Fiscal Year 1920–21 Decrease in General expenses in 1922

$5,365.68 $10,123.76 $4,758.08

It will be noted in this account is carried charges for Life Preservers now furnished to every Customs port.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

This account also includes cost of repairs and painting. The Liberian Frontier Force. The Total expenses of this Force during the Fiscal Year 1920–21 $133.385.71 Fiscal Year 1921–22 102.842.95 Decrease in expenditure 1922 30,542.76 It should be noted that in spite of this decrease the Road has been built by the Labour Company to Paynesville. New Officers Quarters has been completed at Camp Jonson. A Military Band is provided for the Force. Mr. De la Rue has arranged for complete Customs Inspections by Inspectors, to be regularly made at periods not exceeding three or four months at each port. During the year the following ports have been inspected: Monrovia, Cape Palmas, Grand Cess, All Cavalla River ports, Sinoe, Nana Kru, Cape Mount, Saywolu, Liberian Gene, Kabawana, Foya, Lengedue, Gelahun A Customs Patrol, by the Liberian Frontier Force has been established on the AngloLiberian Boundary from Cape Mount to Foya, and plans are now under way for the establishment of Customs ports along the Franco-Liberian Frontier from Lengedue to Webbo. Such achievements by an official, within so short a period, is indeed worthy of commendation and praise, especially when taking into consideration the fact that the reduction in the operating and general expenses of the customs and the increase in the remittances to the Fiscal Agents have all been made without the least detriment to the efficiency and morale of the Customs Service. While it is indeed gratifying to note the increase of the revenues, both Internal and customs, for the fiscal year just closed, yet there is still much room for their further increase and greater expansion. This can be done by: 1. The Institution of a regular and rigid inspectoral service, ensuing thereby a thorough supervision over all collections and revenues. 2. The construction of Motor roads leading up into the Interior from each of the Counties, for the purpose of bringing down to the principal sea port towns the enormous quantity of raw products which are now lying waste in our hinterland for the lack of modern transport facilities. 3. Stabilizing and giving encouragement to new industries essential to economic development. 4. Centralizing collections of Internal revenues in the hinterland. 5. Establishment of trade centers within the 40 miles limit for trade expansion. 6. Revision of the Tariff on certain articles. 7. Amendment of the Stamp Act. 8. Collection of Harbour and Port Dues. 9. Installation of Arieal Wireless communication along the Coast and in the hinterland for administrative purposes. The Honourable the Secretary of the Treasury in his report to Your Honourable Body will make specific recommendations and suggestions on the above points, which it is hoped will receive your endorsement. The following comparative statistics of our trade and shipping for the year of 1920, 1921, 1922 as prepared by the Statistical Bureau is submitted for your information.

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Exports by Ports Cape Mount Monrovia Marshall Grand Bassa River Cess Sinoe Nana Kru Sasstown Cape Palmas Totals

1920

1921

$Nil 578,244.23 778.08 338,960.62 51,762.77 68,250.72 Nil 682.20 85,103.22 1,123,781.84

15,723.20 396,897.69 11,193.30 223,429.70 38,298.55 30,186.39 6,883.58 5,943.52 90,988.85 819,597.84

1922 (9 months) $20,170.44 357,877.74 7,387.62 188,580.60 54,303.82 42,931.34 8,264.20 5,224.66 89,092.55 773,832.97

The above figures show that there was a decrease in exports in 1921 of $304,187.06 and comparing the totals of 1921 with the nine months of 1922, it is obvious the year 1922 will show a substantial increase in exports, although it is doubtful whether the year 1920 will be exceeded or even reached. Nevertheless 1922 will undoubtedly surpass 1921 which shows a healthy Progress. Referring to imports as may be expected we find that the year 1921 shows a decrease over the record of imports of 1920, and again we find that the nine months of 1922 show that the year 1922 will surpass 1921 and may come close to the 2 million mark reached in 1920. The figures by ports for the three years in comparison are given below: Imports by Ports Cape Mount Monrovia Marshall Grand Bassa River Cess Sinoe Nana Kru Sasstown Cape Palmas Totals

1920

1921

$ nil 1,841,056.50 Nil 441,849.98 Nil 6,873.96 Nil 3,570.50 228,941.56 1,922,292.50

$ 94.06 764,677.40 395.46 198,803.54 7,709.05 32,081.32 4,982.20 20,839.11 202,119.63 1,231,701.77

1922 (9 months) $ 8,953,50 368,505.86 191.52 202,592.37 12,163.59 60,643.39 3,528.50 17,783.33 166,930.67 1,141,292.73

Referring to exports again and comparing by Countries the figures are as follows: Exports by Countries England Germany France Spain Holland United States Other Countries Totals

1920

1921

$1,002,679.02 4,715.17 Nil 9,147.02 18,132.08 69.72 26,038.83 $1,123,781.84

$261,333.76 258,739.92 Nil 4,843.70 138,269.89 2,219.70 154,196.81 $819,594.78

1922 (9 months) $203,025.28 244,564.92 1,743.10 533.20 155,922.86 2,554.82 65,488.73 $773,832.97

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

These figures are particularly significant because they show a considerable change in the trade relations of Liberia with foreign countries. This shifting of trade is undoubtedly responsible to some extent for the conflicting statements of various merchants and shippers as to the prosperity of the country. For instance, if the exports to England, Germany, and Holland are examined, we find that from 1920 to 1921 exports to England decreased by $741,345 and that taking the nine months figures of 1922 it is not likely that the 1922 exports total will much exceed the figures for 1921. To Germany in 1921 the export figures show an increase over the previous year of $254,015.00 and for the nine months of 1922 the exports to Germany have already exceeded the year 1921 by $88,000.00 and will obviously increase this amount by the shipments to be made to the end of the calendar year. Comparing the shipment of goods exported to Holland we see that in 1921 exports to Holland exceeded those of the yea r1920 by $57,137.00 and that of the nine months of 1922 the exports to Holland have exceeded the year 1921 by some $18,000.00 which of course will be added to by the shipments to be made enduring the balance of the calendar year. Speaking broadly, therefore, Holland and Germany have largely absorbed the trade surplus which England received in 1920. Examining the imports we find that the imports from England in 1921 decreased $764,481.00 form those of 1920 and that the imports for the nine months of 1922 are $82,000 less than for the whole year of 1921, so that it is to be expected that there will be a slight increase over the 1921 figures; but nevertheless that a very substantial decrease of approximately 50 per cent from the figures is to be expected. Germany on the other hand increased in 1921 her imports to Liberia by $235.380.00 and of the nine months of 1922 has increased her imports values over the whole of 1921 values by $73,000.00 which of course will be added to by the balance of imports from Germany during the reminder of the calendar (1922) year. Holland shows a decrease in 1921 of $10,256.00 from the total value of imports sent to Liberian in 1920. But in 1922 Holland has approximately equaled the 1920 figures, and it is therefore to be expected that imports from Holland for the same calendar year will exceed the high value of 1920. The total of imports are as follows: Imports by Countries. England Germany France Spain Holland United States Other Countries Total

1920

1921

$1,349,214.78 15,494.21 3,453.39 13,819.31 103,655.14 287,523.28 149,132.38 $1,922,292.50

$584,733.48 250,875.17 6,351.27 2,405.53 93,398.21 145,584.37 148,353.74 $1,231,701.77

1922 (9 months) $502,786.63 323,296.70 24,817.57 6,947.30 101,221.12 94,537.91 87,685.50 $1,141,292.73

If it had been possible to have arranged to control the import values from Germany so that the world market values in pound sterling or dollar instead of German marks had been shown, a still greater increase in the German import values would appear, which it is believed would have shown that Germany very closely approximates in volume of trade the figures shown for England. The statistical figures relating to ships arriving at Liberian ports show that in 1921, notwithstanding the decrease in trade values, the number of ships calling at Liberian ports

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increased by 203 vessels, aggregating 210,019 tons over the ships arriving in 1920, and the figures, available for the nine months covered in 1922 show that in 1922, 6237 vessels called at Liberian ports up to September 30, 1922 of a gross tonnage of 1,370,43100 or in other words that the tonnage has exceeded the total tonnage in 1921. Comparing the number of vessels by nationalities we find as follows: Shipping British vessels American French Spanish Dutch German Other Totals

1920

1921

297 18 19 38 57 10 6 445

220 35 7 28 122 164 72 648

1922 (9 months) 218 5 13 5 138 190 68 637

Before closing the subject of statistics, attention is called to the fact that the Statistician has prepared figures showing the quantities and values of imports from the various countries, and also for each port in accordance with the classification specified in the Tariff, so that exact figures are now available demonstrating the various products imported not only by countries, but also by ports and it is thought that such statistics will be of great assistance to merchants and Legislators in the future. It is regretted that this has not been previously done, because comparative figures would then be available, but it is hoped that this system may be continued from year to year and the comparisons it will furnish will serve as a most valuable guide to those interested. The Department of Justice. The report of the Attorney General shows that the administrative work of this Department is rapidly increasing. The Honourable Supreme Court of this Republic adjourned its first semi-annual sessions for the present fiscal year on the 31st of January, after a lengthy session and satisfactory disposal of several important cases which had been brought up for hearing. The second session of the Court, for the year, met on the 3rd of April, but there was not a quorum for business until the 17th: owing to the absence of the Chief Justice. While the quantity of work dispatched at this session was less than that of the previous session, yet in one respect the business disposed of helped a great deal to ease, what was threatening to become, a somewhat acute diplomatic problem. On the 7th of March last, the British Representative at this capital, upon the instructions of Lord Curzon, His Britannic Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs lodged a protest in our State Department against the attitude of Liberians in respect to British interests in this republic. The specifications were three in number, viz: 1. The alleged attacks made on certain British subjects from Sierra Leone residing in the City of Monrovia in the month of December last. 2. The actions taken by Your Honorable Body in the month of December last against certain stenographers of British concerns. 3. The decisions of our Circuit Court in the following cases: Gibson vs. Woodin, Libel, Cape Palmas. Thomas vs. “A. C. D.” Damages, cape Palmas.

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These incidents were presented collectively in order to emphasize what the British Government considered a disposition on our part to depart from the friendly and cordial attitude which we have always exhibited towards British subjects residing within our territories. While the reply of our Secretary of State was sufficiently cogent as to temporarily allay the feelings of the British Representative, yet the correction, by the Supreme Court, of the palpable errors made by the lower Court, in the former of the two cases referred to, came a s a strong confirmation of Secretary Barclay’s assurance given the British Government that if the said cases reached the Supreme Court of the Republic Justice would assuredly be done. It will be remembered that in my first Annual Message to Your Honourable Body, December, 1920, referring to our Judiciary, I pointed out that the Courts of the Republic are to a great extent international in their relations and that therefore the foreigners in our midst as well as those abroad are just as much concerned in their operations as is the Liberian citizen. The Protest of the British Government, above referred to is in my opinion a very strong evidence of such a fact. In this connection, I repeat again what I have said on a similar former occasion, in discussing the rights of foreigners in our midst. There appears to be held, on the part of some of us Liberian two extreme views with regard to our duty to foreigners. One view is entertained by a class, who, for the purpose of ingratiating themselves into the esteem of the foreigners, and for personal financial gain, would do their utmost in aiding, protecting and shielding the foreigner in evading or violating the law and to escape unpunished. The other view is held by another class, who regarding perhaps only their own rights pay no attention to the rights of others. These would deny to foreigners even those natural and inalienable rights which the citizens or subjects of one nation possess within the domains of another. In my opinion neither of these views are correct or safe. Our way lies in a middle course-that of Justice, blind Justice. That our Courts, especially the Supreme Court of the Republic, can be confidently relied upon to always pursue the middle and safest course of these two extreme views is a source of gratification and pride to all Liberians. In connection with Supreme Court I beg to submit again for your favorable consideration the following recommendations from the Court; 1. The passage of a law authorizing the compilation and publication, in volume form, of the Court’s decisions covering a period of ten years from the last compilation, and thereafter every decade. A pro-forma Agreement for the compiling and publishing of these decisions of the Supreme Court has been forwarded to the Chief Justice by the Chipman Law Publishing Company of Brooklyn, Massachusetts, U. S. A., who have undertaken to do the work at a very reasonable rate and on easy terms of payment. 2. Provision for a Library for the use of the Court. 3. Passage of a law providing for a permanent Assistant Clerk with a fixed salary. 4. Adjustment of the salaries of the officers of the Court on the basis of similar officers serving in other Branches of the Government. This latter recommendation is but reasonable and just. Not only should the Judges of our Courts be well paid but also the officers of the Courts, if we are to get from them the maximum amount of efficiency and honesty. Complaints are made against the operations of our Courts, to the effect, that delay in bringing on suits for hearing have worked great injustice to litigants and witnesses; to the former because in many instances they have to leave their work and attend several sessions

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of the court before the cause to which they are interested or have to testify are reached at great expense and inconvenience to themselves; to the latter because the loss and inconveniences which witnesses experience often serve as a deterrent and prevent them from giving the information they possess. Moreover, Parties themselves suffer heavy financial loss by several postponement etc. To meet the situation the Attorney General in his report is making the following recommendations which have my hearty endorsement: 1. That a law be passed permitting a jury to be empanelled in civil suits by the Court in Chambers, at the expense of the parties, fifteen days after the pleadings shall have been disposed of by the Court. 2. That in order to expedite the business, arrangements be made to employ Stenographers for the Courts as fast as they can be secured. Such an arrangement would have the double effect of disposing of the business with greater dispatch, as well as of stimulating the study of Stenography as an art: 3. That reasonable notice, never less than three days, be given before a case is assigned, and once bulletined for trial no continuance be granted because of the absence of a witness unless. a. He shall have been subpoenaed to testify in said case, or b. Due diligence shall have been unsuccessfully exerted towards that end, and the failure to serve the summons cannot in any manner be charged to the fault of the party in whose behalf he is decided c. Even then unless the court decides that the evidence expected to be given is material, and the opposite side will not admit the facts to which such absentee is expected to testify. Your pointed attention is also being called by the Attorney General to the condition of our Prisons, with the view of obtaining from you reasonable appropriations for their repair and sanitary improvements. Complaints are constantly being made against the sanitary condition of our prisons and the manner in which we treat our prisoners. Apart from the moral obligations which the Government owes to persons thus unfortunately deprived of their liberty, felons though they may be, the subject is also pregnant with possibilities for international friction. On the 8th of June last, the condition of the Prison at Cape Palmas was incidentally one of the counts in a complaint filed by the British Representative at this Capital in the matter of one George J. Lockerbie a British subject. If our Prisons are kept in such insanitary condition as not to permit foreigners being placed in them, then we shall in fair Justice have to grant the same privilege-to Liberian citizens. I hope therefore you will see the urgency and importance of this matter and give it that prompt attention which it deserves. The Attorney General is also recommending, for your consideration and action thereon, the passage of a law governing Missionaries and Tourists coming into the Republic. These classes of persons as a rule come to Liberia, spend a few weeks or months in the country, enjoy the kind hospitality of the Government and people, and then leave with but little knowledge of the conditions of our people or our customs, return to their homes and write false scurrilous articles which tend to bring us into ridicule and contempt, and do the country a great deal of harm internationally. According to the general policy of our laws the Attorney General should supervise the conduct of causes in which the Republic is concerned, generally oversee the work of all officers of his Department, and watch critically the conduct of the Courts. Together with these duties he is, by the Acts of 1883, charged with the further duty of advising all General Government Officers and the law officers in several Counties. During the past year so much

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of the time of the present incumbent has been taken up in preparing opinions and answering legal queries propounded to him by the President and his colleagues in the Cabinet, and such an extents, that he has not been able to give that constant personal attention to the work of the Courts, which the necessity for promoting greater efficiency demands. As the volume of work in their Department is increasing, more and more, each succeeding year, the interest of the service demands the appointment of a Solicitor general who would be the Assistant to the Attorney General. Interior and War Departments. I am happy to report that as a result of our pacific native policy, peace and tranquility now prevail among the several native tribes along our sea coast and in our hinterland. Never, before, has there been manifested, on the part of our aboriginal brethren, that respect for the authority of the Government and submission to its laws that exist at present. They are now getting to realize and appreciate the blessings and benefits to be derived from civilized Government, a Government of law and order. It affords them protection from internecine tribal wars, and permits them to engage in peaceful pursuits leading to their prosperity and happiness. Under such conditions they are willing to loyally co-operate with us in the great work of nation building to which we are committed. As a further manifestation of loyalty, the Central Government at Monrovia, during the year, was visited by Chiefs from the Golah, Vey, Kwepsis, Mendi, Gissi, Bandi, Bondo, Mano, Mahn, Geh, Gio, Gbi, Kry and Bassa sections of the country. Their different missions being principally Administrative, Land and Domestic disputes, which were promptly and satisfactorily adjusted. They all returned home well pleased, leaving with intenser feelings of filial love and attachment to the Government. Through the influence of Chief Yapah Suah, son of the late notable Chief YacparroPaye of the Bokunio Pessy Section, his aged and influential uncle Zoe Yambar with seventy-six of his followers and Sub-Chiefs returned from French Guinea whither they fled with Yacparro-Paye when defeated by the Government of President Barclay’s administration. Paramount Chief Barbah of the Guma Mendi Section with his people have also returned home from the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone whither they also fled, upon the British occupation of Kanre-Lahun and the general up-setting of affairs on our North-Western boundary resulting therefrom. Our policy is to encourage by every legitimate means the return of the populations that have fled from the country. For political and economic reasons we should welcome their return and place no obstacles in their way from so doing. We must heal old sores and cease pondering over the regrettable past with all of its mistakes and failures. A Country without a population is like the human body without life. The larger our population becomes the greater will be our revenues and possibilities for economic development. Seeing the necessity of direct administrative supervision over the District Commissioners in the hinterland, I commissioned the Honourable John L. Morris, former Secretary of the Treasury and of the Interior, Acting Commissioner General. He left for the Interior in the month of June last and has entered upon the discharge of his duties with his usual tactfulness and ability. Reports coming to the Interior Department from the District Commissioners and Paramount Chiefs indicated the good work that is being accomplished by Mr. Morris. His appointment was a happy one in every respect. The Monrovia Paynesville Motor Road is in progress and has reached the Settlement above mentioned. The portion completed is excellent with its secured bridges. A telephone line is also being runned along this road from Monrovia. This Motor road is to be continued to meet the Careysburg Motor Road constructed in President Barclay’s administration, and thence it shall continue to the boundary meeting the excellent roads begun and completed

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by commissioners Sawyer, Jones, Twe and Harper. Much credit is due to Captain Nabors of the Liberian Frontier Force for the progress of the Monrovia–Paynesville road with practically no funds at his disposal for the work and at the same time the responsibility of his other duties as commanding Officer, Acting, of the Force pressing upon him daily. It becomes my most painful duty to report the demise during the year, of the following Paramount Native Chiefs: Kakulah Gidding of Sanoyea Section Barkulah of Yowah Section Yowah Manahn of Camwood Section Dorro Nahn of Saniquelli Section Binyahn Konah of Saniquelli Section Dorro Yindy of Saniquelli Section Garlie of Gissie Section Whey of Dey Section Barvoh Ricks of Bopora Section Each of these Chiefs were loyal supporters of the Government and exercised a great influence for good over their people. Their deaths will be keenly felt by the Government in the execution of its native administrative program. The Honourable the Secretary of Interior and War having just returned home, a week ago from his trip to the United States has not had the time to furnish his notes for my message. He will, however, in his Report to you submit certain plans in connection with the Departments under his supervision and direction, which, if accepted by you and he be permitted to put into operation, will most surely be of great benefit to the Republic. I therefore ask for him your cordial co-operation and support in those measures. The condition of the Militia of the Republic while far from perfection with respect to discipline, efficiency and equipment yet, under most adverse condition, progress has been made in matters above mentioned. During the year I have had two reviews of the First and Fifth Regiments and one of the Fourth Regiment. The First Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joseph S. Dennis, has shown marked progress in the line of strength, discipline, appearance and efficiency. The present strength of this Regiment is six hundred and fourteen men rank and file comprising two Battallions. The Fifth Regiment is under the Command of Colonel James B. McGill. Its present strength is three hundred men comprising two Battalions Rapid strides are also being made in this Regiment along the lines of discipline number and efficiency. The Second Regiment in Bassa County, under the Command of Colonel J. B. Horrace, has made appreciable progress. The Colonel imbued with patriotic zeal and the sprit of altruism has furnished his regiment at his own expense with a complete set of drums and fifes. Such a generous act is worthy of commendation and praise. The Third Regiment in Sinoe County, is under the command of Colonel Rauls. The condition of this Regiment, I regret to say, is most unsatisfactory. No progress whatsoever has been made. Complaints of rather grave nature have been filed against the Commanding Officers of this Regiment for mal-administration. The strength of this Regiment is one hundred and fifty men. The Fourth Regiment, under the Command of Colonel H. J. R. Cooper, is progressing along all lines, more especially in the matter of discipline and drills. I am pleased to say that

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on my visit to Cape Palmas, I was most favorably impressed with the showing given by this Regiment. Owing to the absence of appropriation to meet the necessary traveling expenses of the General Commanding the Second Brigade, this officer has been unable to meet the 2nd and 1st Regiment of his Brigade. This is much to be regretted and I would most respectfully urge that suitable provisions be made towards that end at the present session of your Honourable Body. The Frontier Force continues to be of great service to the State, although its discipline has not yet reached the mark desired. An improvement in their pay, subsistence and clothing will undoubtedly facilitate the realization of our desires in that respect. The pay for the Force, though not increased, has been improved by a more regular system of payments. Uniform and equipments for the Force have been ordered from America, as it has been found to be more economical to order them from abroad rather than buy the materials and have them made locally. A saving of $1.25 per garment is thus affected. The subsistence of the Force has also been improved more than 50% in the last six months on account of the system recently instituted of buying by bids rather than from special firms or merchants. It is necessary for efficiency that the arming of the Force be standardized. At present there are three different patterns of rifles used in the Force; the Cragg rifle of the Springfield pattern; the German Mauser rifled Carbine and the old Peabody. It is suggested that all of the troops of the Republic will in the near future be armed with Lee-Enfield rifles of the 30–30 Calibre. A set of Brass instrument has been ordered for the Frontier Force, and a Military Band is now being organized under the directorship of Band Master Baird of Crozierville. The Quartermaster Department of the Force has been recently organized and is functioning quite satisfactorily. The Force is now organized into a complete Regiment with three Battalions and Battalion Commanders First Battalion, Cavalla River District: Captain L. L. Smith, Commanding, Second Battalion, Franco-Liberian Boundary: 1st, Lieutenant Wm. J. Glenn, Commanding Third Battalion Anglo-Liberian Boundary; Captain W. S. Boyle Commanding. Regimental Headquarters, Monrovia. Present strength of the Force, 36 officers and 985 men. Major Anderson, the Commanding Officers of the Force left for the United States six months ago on leave of absence and Captain Nabors has been in charge of the Force since that time. Under his command there has been a marked improvements in the Force along all lines. All of the American Officers excepting himself having returned to their homes, he has had to tackle his duties single handedly. The success achieved by him is therefore most remarkable. He shows enthusiasm and interest in his work, respect for Liberian authority and a desire to be helpful to the Republic. Department of Public Instruction I am indeed pleased to report that the conduct and management of this Department under its newly appointed Chief, Doctor B. W. Payne has been most gratifying and satisfactory. In taking over the duties of this Department on the eve of your last adjournment, the Secretary found twenty-five Public Schools scheduled as having been in operation throughout the Republic for the previous year under his predecessor. He at once set to work preparing plans for a better improvement of our Public School system and the increase of the number of our Public Schools, having in regard the limited appropriation available for Public Schools under the Bank Agreement concluded by the last Administration.

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His policies generally outlined are as follows: (a) Re-organization of the Public School Teachers Institute, to be extended later to other schools operating in Montserrado County, and when practicable, to be organized in the several Counties and Territories of the Republic. (b) Continuation of the Standardization of Grades within the Republic which has begun by the Board of Education. (c) Non-overlapping of Schools, to be met by subsidizing Missionary Agencies such places, as far as practicable. (d) Adoption of Textbooks for use in all schools as passed upon by the Board of Education. (e) Establishment of Schools among the Natives. (f) Establishment of Book Depositaries throughout, the Republic, by any firm, Church individual or individuals who may decide to take up the project. (g) The maintenance of an afternoon school in the Department: On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 4:30 P. M. known as a “Commercial Class”. The course includes: Shorthand, Typewriting, Commercial Correspondence and Book Keeping. (h) The Class is intended to extend to the Leeward Counties, as conditions become the more favorable. (i) Building of School Houses by the inhabitants of the several precincts and Native Reserve etc, to be assisted, if possible, by the Government or any patriotic citizen and lovers of Education. Compulsory Collection of the Dollar Tax, for the upkeep of Public Schools. I am pleased to say that with the limited means at his disposal the Secretary has been able to carry out a good many of the policies above outlined, and has thus far been successful in operating Forty Three Schools through out the Republic, seven of which were however subsequently suspended after operating six months, due to the lack of funds. The Schools presently carried on in the Republic are as follows in the Territory of Grand Cape Mount: one County of Montserrado: Nineteen; Territory of Marshall Two; County of Grand Bassa; one subsidized (P. E. M.) and Six Public Schools; County of Sinoe; Two subsidized (F. E. M.) and (M. E. M.) and Two Public Schools; Maryland County: Three. The total enrolment for the year has been One thousand four hundred and sixty nine pupils (excluding the subsidized schools) with the employment of Thirty seven Teachers, against the enrolment last year of Six hundred and ninety four pupils and twenty five Schools. In addition to this the Secretary has opened a Commercial School in the City of Monrovia in order that our young men and women might be given an opportunity to equip themselves in Shorthand, Typewriting, commercial Correspondence and Book Keeping. The School was duly opened on the 13th of March last with an enrollment of sixty five students under the tutorship of Messrs W. P. Davison and A. J. Snell, of the Receivership and F. & A. Swanzy, Limited respectively. Books and Machines were Produced by the Department from abroad. There has been a very fair attendance during the year, and it is gratifying to report that rapid progress is being made by some of the students. The Secretary has also committed himself to establishing and maintaining of Schools among our aboriginal populations, regardless of the great financial strain to which the Department is subjected, and as such, nine Public Schools have been opened and maintained during the year in the following native localities; Jundo, Sain-Koh, Slenzon, Vonamah, Sanoquelli, Gorcon, Mount Coffee, Kunor, and Cavalla. With the exceptions of Kunor and Cavalla the remaining localities are for the very first time in the history of the Republic enjoying the benefits of a free education made possible by the Government. From the reports received by the Teachers at the very far distant interior points as Vonjama, Sanoquellie and Slenzon, the pupils are making very rapid progress with daily increases of enrollment. So pleasing are

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the results of the Interior Schools that the Paramount Chiefs of these districts are requesting the setting upon of more schools among them, and those of adjoining districts are sending down special delegations asking the Government why are they being overlooked. With your sanction and Legislative approval it is the intention of the Executive to allocate 5 per cent from the Hut Tax collections from each native district towards the maintenance of Schools in such districts. At the end of the next year we hope to have established schools at most if not all of the principal Government stations and important towns in the hinterland and along the boundary. This will afford employment to those of our young men and young women who are being turned out by our Colleges and intend taking up teaching as a profession. Appreciable salaries and allowances for Primary Scholastic work will be offered. The School house and Church should always follow our Flag. The direct and indirect contributions of our native populations to the revenues of the Republic fully justify the putting into operation a large education program by the Government for their benefit. The present pacification of our coast and hinterland districts affords an excellent opportunity for us to start preparing this large and uneducated mass of our population to become fit and suitable materials for the use of our national edifice, the foundation of which were laid by our Fathers with their blood a hundred years ago. The Secretary of Public Instruction has called once more into existence The Teachers’ Institute, first organized some years ago by the late Prof. J. C. Stevens, then Superintendent of Public Instruction. The opening exercises of the Institution were held in Monrovia on the first Monday in March last, with a fair enrollment of twenty five teachers. The Department is specially indebted to Mrs. Watson of the Lott Carey Mission at Careysburg to whose care the institute was entrusted during the Session. A public meeting was held in this Hall during the Session of the Institute which was largely attended by a representative delegation of Paramount and Sub-Chiefs from the hinterland and other leading citizens as well as members of the Board of Education. At this meeting a most instructive and illuminating address was delivered by the Honourable Arthur Barclay, on the subject: “The Place of the Teachers is the Community.” The achievements of the Department of Public Instruction during the year as outlined above has been from the mere pittance of $2000.00 available for Public Schools according to Legislative appropriation and $879.02 School Taxes collected from the counties of Montserrado, Bassa and Sinoe. This in my opinion is a very good showing and worthy of commendation. Liberia College. This our oldest and highest national institution has not within recent years been given that attention and support by the Government as it deserves. From this Institution has emanated most of our Statesman, Legislators, Jurists, Theologians, Educators, Soldiers and leaders in various other walks in our national life. The Country is therefore under a deep obligation to this Institution, and is morally bound to adequately provide for its maintenance and upkeep. We cannot expect like in the past to receive any appreciable financial support from friends in the United States for this Institution. They will no longer respond to appeals made to them for higher education among the Negroes in the States much less in Liberia. But for industrial education, yes. We must therefore make up our minds to shoulder this responsibility ourselves, if we hope to produce, here on the spot, the men and the women that will be capable of carrying on the Government and perpetuate our national institutions. Dr. Cassell, the President of the College, and one of the Alumni has against great financial odds been endeavoring to keep the institution alive, assisted by an able and capable faculty. There is an enrollment of 85 students, three Professors, and Two Tutors. The prin-

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cipal source of support to the institution during the year has been from the Government. The Trustees of Donation for Education in Liberia, in Boston Mass., U. S. A., have also contributed to the institution during the year. Six Students from the Leeward Counties have been provided support by the New York Colonization Society N. W., U. S. A., two from each County. Maryland and Bassa Counties have each availed themselves of this opportunity, but the Trustees of the College at Sinoe did not send up the two from said County. This is to be regretted, and I hope amends for this omission will be made at the beginning of the next School year. The great needs for the College at present are: proper location, and an administrative building as the present location has some years ago been declared unsuitable for building up a college and Campus, and the present building is totally out of repair. Above all is urgently needed increase financial support from the Government; for the reasons I have already stated, I hope the Legislature will find it practicable at its present Session to make some increase, however slight, to the present appropriation for Liberia College. Post Office Department. In this connection it becomes my most painful duty to officially report to you the demise of the Honourable T. G. Fuller, Postmaster General of the Republic. The sad event occurred in this City just about three weeks ago after a short illness of a few days. The death of Postmaster General Fuller was indeed a shock to this community, and to his colleagues in the Cabinet; besides it was a heavy personal stroke to your humbler servant, as the deceased was one of my closest personal friends, this friendship reaching far back to our childhood days. As a friend he was most devoted and loyal. Could always be relied upon. As a public official he was upright, honest and efficient. His administration of the Post Office Department was successful and his department to an appreciable degree of efficiency. In the death of Postmaster General Fuller, the Government of Liberia has lost a faithful and honest official and the country a very useful and highly patriotic citizen. H leaves a widow and a large number of relatives to mourn his loss, besides a wide circle of friends. Doctor Solomon C. Fuller, the famous Negro Physician and Medical Specialist of Boston Massachusetts, U. S. A> is the elder brother of the deceased. The following is a statement of the receipts and disbursements of the Post Office Department for the year as submitted by the Acting Postmaster General, the Honorable Abayomi Karnga: Receipts Balance from last fiscal year Stamps received from the British Government which were captured by said Govt. in the year 1915 Stamps from Postmasters and Stamp Agents Cash from Postmasters and Stamp Agents Cash for Stamps sold by Postmaster General Cash for Registration papers Cash for rent of Lock boxes Cash for conveyance of passengers ashore in mail boat

$81,983.44 39,900.00 644.32 5,856.59 635.66 10.00 96.82 4.92 129,131.75

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Disbursements Stamps to Postmasters and Stamps Agents Stamps to departments for postages Cash paid on account salaries Cash paid on account mail conveyance Cash paid account expenses Cash paid account commission to Postmasters and Stamps Agents Cash paid account Stationary and supplies Cash Paid account Rent Harper Post Office Cash paid account Indebtedness on Money Orders, USA.

7,624.63 143.51 7,807.35 1,973.08 832.07 876.77 20.16 221.00 979.38 $20,480.95 $108,650.00 129,131.75

Balance on hand in cash and Stamps

Comparative statistics of mails received and dispatched from the Republic during the year are as follows: Mails Received Article No. of Letters Weight of letters in lbs& ozs. Wight of papers in lbs & ozs. No of Post Cards No. of Registered Articles No. of Parcels Post

1921 164,323 7,367.14 63,689.7 6,227 10,770 7,837

1922 236,764 9,772.4 72,283.13 8,001 19,575 9,467

Increase 72,441 2,404.6 7,694.6 1,724 8,805 1,630

Mails Department Article No. of Letters Weight of letters in lbs& ozs. Wight of papers in lbs & ozs. No of Post Cards No. of Registered Articles No. of Parcels Post

1921 112,894 6,388.5 6,631.8 2,863 10,866 820

1922 142,756 11,892.13 8,777.4 3,374 12,884 957

Increase 29,862 5,574.8 2,145.12 512 2,013 137

From the above figures it will be readily seen that our Mail business with the foreign world is rapidly increasing. It is very gratifying to report that after a series of correspondence with the British Foreign Office through our Minister in London, we have received from the British government the Stamps seized by the British Naval authorities, during the War, from a German ship which were then being shipped to the Liberian Government by the firm of J. W. West of Hamburg, Germany. This firm had in 1914 previous to the outbreak of the great European war entered into an Agreement with the Liberian Government for the printing of a certain number of Postage Stamps. It was these stamps that were thus seized. I am pleased to report that the issues of Centennial stamps which the late Postmaster General Fuller, with my approval ordered printed have just arrived. On these stamps are engraved in beautiful and attractive colors a representation of the landing of the pioneer fathers on these shores. They are of one cent, two cents, five cents, ten cents, and one dollar values. Trade and Commerce

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In my Inaugural Address delivered before Your Honourable Body in 1920 speaking under this head, I made the following observations: “The importance of promoting a healthy commercial intercourse with foreign nations and its bearing upon the welfare of the nation are so evident that I do not deem it amiss to make a passing reference to this subject. The interchange of productions and commodities constitutes one of the greatest activities of the present age. It is to effect this that these wonderful sea monsters in the shape of ocean steamers, and the countless numbers of sailing vessels and crafts are seen with almost lightning speed making their way through the trackless ocean to every quarter of the globe. Many of these ships visit our shores bringing the production of other lands to exchange for our products required elsewhere. In view of the relations we sustain to the great family of nations. It is our duty to encourage the production of such quantities of our commodities as will ensure an ample supply for exportations. The vast resources of our interior trade are scarcely touched. Europe and America are demanding our Coffee, Cocoa, Ginger, Palm oil, Palm Kernels, Piassava, Ivory, Rubber and other commodities. There fore every inducement should be held out by the Government to stimulate these industries at home. This could be done by increasing facilities of trade, in the making of good roads leading up to the interior and along the coast and by affording protection and security to trade, for it is only when trade is secured that it thrives at a national and profitable rate.”

The foregoing observations are just as pertinent today as when they were uttered over two years ago. There is an enormous among of money needed for the development of our country, besides the fact that our own fellow citizens haven’t the resources neither foreign nor domestic capitalists will be induced to invest their means unless adequate protection is guaranteed their investments. This fact for a long time merely hinted at was very clearly and definitely expressed to the Executive Government in October last, when a Committee of the Liberian Chamber of commerce was granted an interview to discuss with the President and Cabinet the depressed economic situation which now confronts the country. When the question was put why the number of Liberian employed in foreign mercantile firms grows steadily less, and why it becomes increasing difficult for our people to obtain credit, they gave two principal reasons, as follows: a. The Statute on Embezzlement passed and approved January 20th 1914. b. The Act approved January permitting judgment debtors to liquidate their obligations at the rate of 30.00 per month. With regard to the latter reasons of the merchants, as stated above the views of the Executive were clearly set forth in our Inaugural and reiterated in our first Annual message in the following words: “In order to further stimulate and encourage trade and commerce, our law with respect to the payment of debts contracted by Liberians either locally or foreign should inspire greater confidence in the foreigner, and afford greater security to foreign investors. “The law allowing judgment debtors time to pay their just debts at the rate of thirty dollars per month is most pernicious. Under this law a person owing a debt of One thousand dollars, being sued in our Courts for this payment would be allowed a period of two years, nine months and ten days for its settlement; and this in spite of the fact that such debtor may at the time have property or other valuable assets enough, and in many cases far in excess of the amount of debt contracted and sued for.”

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As to the law on Embezzlement the case is most strongly and forcibly put by the Attorney General in his Report, under this head when he says: “To prevent any person natural or artificial, save only the Republic, intentionally defrauded, from bringing any other suit but debt is apparently to connive at theft; for person deliberately to appropriate to his own use money which is not his, but is only entrusted to him because of a fiduciary connection between the two is nothing else but theft; and it does not help to inspire that confidence which should exist between employer an employee, for the former knows that if his money is misappropriated by the latter he has no other remedy but a civil action of debt. But an action of debt is an action to enforce the payment of money which the debtor has contracted to pay to the creditor. In the misappropriations of funds there is lacking that meeting of minds which is necessary to establish a contract, without which there is no debt, and the action is therefore liable to fail leaving the loser without any remedy whatsoever.” In leaving this subject for your favorable consideration, I must here reiterate what I have said on former occasions that the passage of these two laws was one of the greatest mistakes ever made by us. It gave the commercial world a sad impression as to our honesty and ideals of public morality. No greater blow could have been given the Republic by its bitterest enemies, than the one it received through the passage of these two Acts: the illeffects of which are being keenly felt by the honest Liberians who are striving to compete in the great Commercial struggle of the world and seeking foreign assistance. To all such persons, in their appeal for assistance the answer comes: the laws of our country afford us no guarantee for the security of our money.” The Attorney General’s recommendations for the repeal of these two Acts at your present session therefore has my full endorsement. The Commonwealth District of Monrovia. In accordance with the Act passed at your last session and approved February 8th, 1922, creating the City of Monrovia a Commonwealth District, the Municipal Board consisting of Colonel J. Samuel Dennis, Commissioner D. D. Freeman, Esq., Superintendent of Police; Doctor T. Elwood Davis, Director of Sanitation took over the administration of the said Commonwealth on the 3rd of March of the present year. Mr. Aaron J. George of this City was appointed by me Police Magistrate of the District Court. The Board in accordance with section 12, of the above cited Act immediately after its appointment and organization proceeded to ascertain the indebtedness of the former City government. The total claims presented amounted to $6,500.00. No monies were turned over and no assets of the City were found except a few buildings which had been erected in the public streets by private persons on spots leased to them by the City Authorities. All other property and real estate had all been disposed of by the out going City administration. Even materials which had but then been recently purchased for the erection of a new Market had been disposed of. No books or accounts of the City were turned over to or found by the Board. Finding therefore all liabilities and no assets, the Board was faced with a peculiar situation for initiating any definite constructive program for some months, until revenues could be collected through the channel prescribed by section 7, of the Commonwealth District Act. In spite of the strong opposition manifested by some of the citizens of Monrovia against the revocation of the City’s Charter and the creation of the City into a Commonwealth District, I am happy to report that the experiment has within this short time been attended with a very fair measure of success. This statement is a fact, which I am sure very fair and honest minded person will admit. Plans for the improvement of the City of Monrovia and for a more business like administration of the affairs of the City have been inaugurated and are being put into effect. A

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budget has been prepared and approved. Provisions have been made for discharging the indebtedness of the City, amounting to $6,500.00 by certain regular annual payments. Water Street, in the city, which was until recently an irregular, swampy and almost impassable thorough fare has been converted into a broad macadamized street. The road leading to the Cemetry and South beach has been thrown up and repaired with proper cement culverts. That portion of Randall Street abutting Water Street is now being repaired and evenly graded, much to the comfort of pedestrians and vehicular traffic. Also improvements are being made elsewhere in the City on public streets. All revenues of the City collected are daily deposited with the Bank of British West Africa, through the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the accounts of the Commonwealth quarterly audited by the Government’s Auditor. Through its Sanitary Department, the Board has had removed from the market place all cook shops and kitchens which were more of a public sanitary danger to the public than an asset to its comfort. Cooked food is now supplied from private shops, and not in the open public market, exposed to flies and other insanitary conditions. The streets of the city are supplied with trash barrels, which if properly appreciated by the public will add to the general cleanliness of the City. Several buildings have been closed up and ordered pulled down because of their old and dilapidated condition and their insanitary surroundings which render them unfit for habitation. Owing to better sanitary supervision and control, the health of the City is now generally much improved. There is a slight improvement of the birth rate over that of last year. The rate of births is still however below what it should be for the population of the City of Monrovia. The vital statistics issued by the Commonwealth show, 17 male births and 27 female births in the City during the present year, as against 105 deaths for the same period. This is a Very vital and important question which is becoming alarming and should therefore claim our very serious attention. The policing of the City is now, I am pleased to say more effective than heretofore, as can be seen from the number of persons apprehended and convicted and serving their sentence in the prison gang. The Report of the Board with their recommendations will be duly transmitted to you by me in a special Message. My Visit to Cape Palmas On the of March of the present year, I embarked on the R. M. S. “Ekari” for Cape Palmas, in company with the Honourables Attorney General and Secretary of Interior and War, together with my Military aides, Colonels Eastman and Weaver. The object of this visit was principally to adjust and bring to a close the land disputes between the various Greboe tribes and Kru tribes in Maryland County, and to compose their little local grievances. I am pleased to say that our reception at Cape Palmas, by all classes, civilized, natives, and foreign was most hearty and cordial. Each class vied with the other in their efforts to make our visit pleasant and enjoyable. In fact, Maryland, as a solid whole rose to her traditional generous hospitality to strangers. The hospitality of Cape Palmas is proverbial. It is gratifying to report that after several councils held at Harper, and a personal visit made to the lands in dispute, we were able to effect such a settlement that was satisfactory to all the parties concerned. In coming to the decision arrived at by us we adhered to the bases outlines and marked out by our immediate predecessor, Ex-President Howard, which he had given in these controversies just on the eve of his retirement from office. On the incoming of a new administration these tribes, in spite of the admitted fairness and justice of Mr. Howard’s rulings, expected a reversal of the decisions made by him, and therefore attempted to re-open these questions of land disputes again. I however made them to under-

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stand that what was legally and rightfully done by one President could not be turned down or reversed by another. Seeing my determination on this point they readily gave in and accepted the wisdom of our decision. I must here record my grateful appreciation to Superintendent Yancy, and the following named gentlemen of Maryland County for their helpful assistance given in the deliberations of our Council in the way of advice and information, namely: Chief Justice Dossen, Senators H. J. R. Cooper, H Too Wesley, Hons. A. F. Tubman, W. U. Cummings, Geo. T. Brewer, S. J. Dossen, S. C. M. Watkins, the later ExAttorney General Monroe Cummings, Revs. C. A. Lincoln, J. W. Pearson, Mayor Howard and many of the leading local officials whose names time will not permit me to here mention, also Messas. J. H. Dent and A. H. Butler who acted as Secretaries to the Council. The manifest loyalty of the native tribes, (Greboes and Krus) in this County, as well as the most enthusiastic reception accorded us by them, made every favorable impression not only upon me but also upon those gentlemen who accompanied me on this visit. The enthusiastic reception given us by the Grand Cess people-a Kru tribe-stands as a telling contrast with their attitude some few years ago in the administration of President Barclay, when they tore up the Liberian Flag and drove the Collector of Customs from their towns I am inclined to say with grateful thankfulness, :truly what has God wrought.” The Five Million Dollars Loan I regret to inform you that since the return of the Liberian Plenary Commission from the United States, now a year ago, and its report to Your Honorable Body, the much discussed and looked for Loan credit of Five Million Dollars to Liberia by the United States has not yet materialized. This measure has had a very hard struggle in the Congress of the United States; its passage through the lower House having been secured by a small majority and its favorable report to the Senate by the Senate’s finance Committee by a still smaller majority. On the 13th of the present month the Secretary of State was advised by the American Minister at this Capital of the following cablegram received by him from his Government with respect to the Loan: “The Joint Resolution to authorize a loan of five millions to Liberia was recommitted to the Senate’s finance committee without instructions.” As this advice seems to indicate that the eventual successful passage of the loan is problematic, and in view of the protracted nature of these negotiations, which has reacted adversely upon both the internal and external interests of the Republic, I would suggest and recommend that legislative authorization of the following program be granted the Executive, in order that suitable provisions may be made against an unfavorable outcome in connection with the Loan: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Revision of the present Tariff. Establishment of Trade areas beyond maritime ports of Entry. Establishment of additional Customs Houses on the Frontiers. Authorization for the use of the unexpended balance of $140,000.00 from the Refunding loan of 1911 for purposes of road construction. A redrafting with the view of its enforcement the Port and Harbor Dues Act. Taxing of net profits on all commercial operations within the Republic, above a fixed minimum. Amendment of the Stamp Act. Tax on the export of coin from the Republic.

Bills covering the whole financial program are being prepared by the Treasury Department with the assistance of the Acting Financial Adviser to the Republic and will be submitted to

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you by the Secretary of the Treasury for your action thereon before the adjournment of your present session. Although it is fully realized that we are now approaching political campaign, and most of You Honorable Gentlemen would desire a short session in order the earlier to meet your constituents before the Elections, yet the vital interests of the Republic demands some constructive actions to be taken by you on the above outlined program before your adjournment. So necessary and essential is such a program, that should you adjourn before taking complete actions thereon, I shall be compelled to immediately recall you back in an Extra Session. The Centennial. A few days hence we will be celebrating in this historic City, the One Hundredth Anniversary of the landing of the Pioneer Fathers on the small island facing the north of this City known as “Providence Island.” A Committee of distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen of Monrovia initiated the idea of the celebration of this event, and I have voluntarily undertaken its management. The Executive Government has made a contribution of ǧ500.00 for which we shall ask Legislature sanction and approval. A most comprehensive and interesting program has been prepared for this auspicious occasion, and the unveiling of a Monument now in course of erection in the Government Square to commemorate the heroism and unselfish devotion of those sainted Fathers and other helpers in the founding of this Nation, will be one of the principal features of the Program, provided the Monument is completed at that time, if not then this part will be postponed to a later date. This Celebration is most befitting and is due from us as to the Nation’s expression of appreciation and thankfulness to the sainted Fathers and Mothers; First, for their determination to leave America in search for Liberty and Freedom; Second for their heroic bravery in facing the many and uncertain dangers and hardships which at that time attended the crossing of the Atlantic, and Third. For the personal deprivations which they were called upon to undergo after landing on these shores amongst a set of hostile and unfriendly natives, far superior to them in numbers, even to the extent of sacrificing their lives in bloody combat so that we their posterity may attain and enjoy that Freedom and Liberty which they came to these shores seeking after. Methink I see in this sacred Hall dedicated to Freedom, Liberty and Truth the shades of the illustrious Elija Johnson, Lott Carey, Nathaniel Brander, Matilda Newport looking down upon us in significant silence and contemplation. In silence amidst the political dissensions and bitterness now pervading the nation. In silence amidst intrigue, deception, misrepresentation and disloyalty. In silence in the midst of divisions when there should be Unity. In contemplation of the stupendous tasks that now confronts us as a Nation, and our apparent indifference or insensibility of the grave responsibility that rests upon us. I hear them ask in low and solemn tones, “is it all in vain? It is all in vain?” As the present leader of this Nation I give back the reply in no uncertain tone, No! No! No! we your Sons shall never forget your noble deeds and heroic sacrifices made for us, and are determined on entering upon the threshold of another Century of national life to courageously take up the work so nobly begun by you, and relying upon that God which you trusted shall carry it on to full fruition. Therefore Gentlemen and Fellow Citizens, in this sprit and with such a determination let us, one and all, approach the labors that now confront us, and “with hearts and hands united” we will then be able to meet the foe with valour unpretending” and sing with fervour and truth. “This Glorious Land of Liberty shall long be ours.” Finally in conclusion, Gentlemen I beg to assure you that in your labors for the welfare and prosperity of the Republic you shall have the fullest co-operation of the Executive. C. D. B. King President of Liberia.

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 13, 1923 To the Honourable the Senate and House of representatives of the Republic of Liberia in Legislature assembled. Gentlemen: Among the duties imposed upon the Chief Executive of this nation, as outlined in Article III of the Constitution of Liberia, is that of informing the Legislature from time to time, of the conditions of the Republic, and recommending any public measures for their adoption which he may think expedient. But before addressing myself to such a pleasant task, it is eminently befitting on this the first occasion of your assembling after a most warmly contested election and heated political fight, that I should first extend to you my hearty felicitation upon the happy results of the recent quadrennial elections, as indicated by the unprecedented majority of votes legally pulled in your behalf by our fellow citizens. This unusual expression of their confidence will, I am sure be reciprocated by you, to its fullest measure, in your loyalty and devotion to the Republic and to her highest and best interests. Foreign Relations: Unsettled conditions in the world, both political and economic, have not been without their influence upon the life of the Republic. Nevertheless it is gratifying to report that our foreign relations have in no degree been disturbed by any unfavourable circumstances. All the Powers, with which this Government is in relation, continue to maintain, a friendly attitude, and those Great Powers who are principally interested and concerned are genuinely solicitous of our welfare and prosperity as a State. The most important discussion our State Department has had this year related to a protest against the judgment given by the Supreme Court in the case W. F. Walker versus The Oost Africanche Compagnie-Damages. The protest was filled by the Consul of the Netherlands in February last. I am happy to report, however, that the grounds for the protest were easily shewn by the Secretary of State, in an elaborate and well prepared memorandum to be without foundation, as it was based upon a misconception of the municipal law of the country, and was also misconceived from the point of view of international law. The attention of our Department of State has been called, by certain of the representatives of the foreign Government represented at this Capital, to the actions of a class of our citizens who, by circular letters and advertisement in the foreign press, represent themselves as reliable trading concerns in Liberia and thus obtain large shipments of goods for which payments are rarely if at all made. Such fraudulent transactions react most unfavourably upon the good name and fair reputation of Liberian Traders in the foreign markets. Besides, it is an unwarrantable use of the mail service of he Republic to carry out their fraudulent designs. It is therefore strongly recommended that a law be passed at your present session forbidding the use of the mail service of the Republic for the perpetration of such frauds upon the foreign public, and giving the Treasury Department, through the Bureau of Trade and Commerce a more effective supervision over, and the rights to enquire into, the operations of all trading and other firms doing business in Liberia. It becomes my painful duty to report the demise of the Honourable J. P. Crommelin, our Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of Saint James, London, and for may years Charge d’Affaires in Paris. This lamentable event occurred in London on the 10th day of April last. For the past two years, Mr. Crommelin had been failing in health,

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but despite the advice of friends, he continued in the discharge of his duties with his usual zeal and enthusiasm until he fell most heroically at his post. Mr. Crommelin was a gentleman with a most charming personality and of great diplomatic skill. He won for himself the respect of his diplomatic colleagues and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the Governments to which he was accredited. Entering into the diplomatic service of the Republic in the Administration of President Barclay, he served the country unswervingly and devotedly up to his death. In Mr. Crommelin’s death the Republic has lost a faithful friend and a most devoted public servant. His place in our diplomatic service will be most difficult to fill. Mr. C. W. Dresselhuys, the Secretary to the Legation is now Charge d’Affaires and interim in London. Mr. C. E. Cooper and Mr. Momolu Massaqoui, our Consuls General to the British Isles and the German Empire, deserve special mention for the efficient and dignified manner in which they have represented Liberia’s commercial interests in their respective Consular Jurisdictions. Such results from our very first efforts to introduce Liberian citizens into our Consular Service in Europe, cannot but be most gratifying to every Liberian Citizen. Liberia has been the subject of much adverse criticism, during the year, in certain portions of the European Press. This was done both to the malicious activities of disappointed politicians at home, and of unfriendly or prejudiced foreigners whose knowledge of the country, its history and strivings are either rudimentary, superficial or non-existent. Among the many press attacks made upon Liberia, I may refer en passant to those appearing in the early part of the year, in the columns of one of the leading French Colonial Journals called “La Despeche Coloniale et Maritime” contributed by one M. Maurice De la Fosse, who resided in this City in the capacity of French Consular Agent some twenty years ago. In one of these articles the writer calls attention to the rapid growth of German Trade in Liberia since the war, which he attributes to partiality shown towards the Germans by the Liberian Government and its officials. That the German Trade in Liberia is fast regaining its pre-war position, is a fact which cannot be denied. But that this gain is due to any direct or indirect support of the Liberian Government, or any of its responsible officials, is the point where we must join issue with the writer. The assumptions upon which Mr. De la Fosse’s articles are founded, are without any basis in fact. It is well known that the Germans are now trading in Liberia under severe handicaps. Since the war there has been no commercial Treaty concluded between Germany and Liberia. So far as the Liberian Government’s attitude is concerned, the Germans themselves regard it as unfriendly. But we were not inclined to forestall Allied opinion, as expressed in the Versailles Treaty, and therefore maintained our attitude, though at the expense of being misunderstood by the Germans. This is strongly evidenced by our refusal to enter into any Treaty with Germany for trade or commerce which would involve the waiving on the part of Liberia, of the Sanctions prescribed in part VIII, Annex II, section 18 of the Treaty of Versailles. Now, what Liberians cannot understand is this: Why is all this fuss about German commercial supremacy in Liberia, when the Germans are now trading in Liberia under severe handicaps and restrictions. At present every German in Liberia is only here by permission and not under any Treaty right. They may for cause be expelled from the country at any time. Under the sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles, above referred to, their investments in Liberia are subjected to confiscation for the reparation claims which may be awarded Liberia against their Government. Most of their former business sites and buildings have been

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taken over by the Liberian Government and are now occupied by the English, French, and Dutch commercial firms, under lease from the Liberian Government or the original owners. And yet under all these disadvantages, the Germans, since their reentry into Liberia now just over two years ago, have regained nearly one half of the entire trade: the other half being shared between the English, Dutch and French in the order named. In the circumstances, therefore, can the Liberian Government be honestly charged with partiality towards the Germans? No, it is only a question of “the survival of the fittest” here in Liberia as in any other country. But what are the facts? The expulsion of Germans from Liberia during the great Europeans War afforded every opportunity for Allied commercial expansion and development in this portion of West Africa, but, sad to say, Allied enterprise seemed either unwilling or incapable of rising to the supreme occasion. The failure of both our English and French friends to take the advantages thus afforded them by the circumstances of war, for the expansion and development of their trade in Liberia, and their apparent annoyance at German commercial re-entry into Liberia would indicate what might be properly called “the dog in the manger policy.” But such a policy would be to the detriment of Liberia no matter how loyal she may care to be to her Allies. Liberia must first to herself be true. It is however reassuring to know, that in these adverse and unjust criticisms, neither do the English or French Governments associate themselves but are rather disposed to place the blame, if blame there be, at the proper doors. The Boundary Survey: Preliminary work along these lines is still in progress. Mr. L. C. Daves, Chief Engineer on the Liberian Boundary Survey, returned from his furlough in the United States on the 11th day of January of the present year, bringing with him, as his assistant, Mr. C. P. Bussel, an efficient and congenial official from the Geodetic Department of the United States of America. A base line is needed in connection with the arc of triangulation to be extended from Monrovia to the Franco Liberian Boundary. Reconnaissance for a site for such a base line was therefore begun in the vicinity of Monrovia by Mr. Daves, and his Assistant. After an unsatisfactory reconnaissance of the country between Monrovia and Mount Coffee, a site was selected for a base on Bushrod Island. To avoid clearings through farms or native towns, a preliminary line was run and the final positions of the ends selected so as to avoid villages and to reduce the damages to growing crops to a minimum. In spite of its many set backs, during the year, due to the temporary transfer of Mr. Bussel to the Customs Receivership as Acting General Receiver of Customs during the General Receiver’s absence on a special mission to Europe, and the detailing of the Chief Engineer for special construction work of Light Houses on the Coast, as well as for fixing the definite position of the Anglo Liberian Boundary at the mouth of the Mannoh River, much has been accomplished by our Boundary Surveyors. There has been a clearing of the base line reconnaissance for the triangulation up the Saint Paul’s River, erecting of signal stations and the construction of the observatory at Monrovia. This work is just as important as any surveys along the frontier itself, since these must depend upon the Saint Paul arc of triangulation for their reduction to sea level. The work from Monrovia to the boundary forms the connecting link between the coast and all surveys along the frontier. The equipment of the survey now includes a wireless, receiving outfit, with which it is hoped to receive scientific time signals sent out from Washington D. C. and Paris, daily. With this apparatus, longitude may be determined wherever the time signal can be heard, with precision that will assure the most careful accuracy of the work. It is intended to use this radio apparatus not only on the boundary, but also to determine the longitude of Monrovia and several intermediate points as well as other points along the coast.

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The Public Revenues. It is indeed gratifying to be able to report, under this head that the public revenues of the Republic for the fiscal year just closed, show an appreciable increase to that of the previous year, in spite of the world’s trade depression, which has also had its effects upon the commercial and economic life of Liberia. The moneys received by the Receivership for the year were, $368,395.47 as against the year 1921–1922 of $303,522.75 thus showing an excess of collection to that of last year by $64,872.72. The interest on our 1911 Gold Loan has been paid up to date and there is now deposited with fiscal Agents in London, moneys sufficient to meet the January 1924 coupons when they become due. It may be here pointed out that when the coupons were paid on July fifteenth, 1923, this was the first time since 1915 that the interest on the loan was paid when due. In addition to this there has been paid two thousand pounds sterling on account of the arrears of Sinking Fund. Besides the current Sinking Fund, charges have been met by regular monthly payments. The amount of money remitted to the Fiscal Agents, on accounts of the Gold Loan, for the last three fiscal years are as follows: 1920–1921 1921–1922 1922–1923

$38,418.24 128,160.00 158,400.00

Making a total transmission of $324,978.24. On yesterday the following cable was received by the Receivership from our Fiscal Agents, the National City Bank: “We Report 20,000 Sinking Funds Purchase Leaving 4,300 Dollars against July Coupons.-Citybank” This means that: (a) The city bank has retired Twenty Thousand Dollars of Bonds purchased from the Sinking Fund. (b) That sufficient money is already on deposit to meet the January Coupons on their due date. (c) That they have on hand a surplus of Four Thousand Three Hundred Dollars to be credited to us against payments of the Coupons due next July, 1924. The exports for the first nine months of 1923 show an increase of $169,000.00 over the same period of 1922. The imports are about the same as 1922. This is indeed an healthy condition as it indicated the balance of trade shifting in favour of Liberia. While all of the principal ports of the Republic show an increase in Customs Revenues, yet that of the port of Cape Mount shows the remarkable increase. This port in 1920–1921 showed customs receipts of $1,092.81. In 1921–1922 it produced $3,392.74 and in this year 1923 it has produced in customs revenues alone the sum of $15,044.37. An examination of the reason for this great increase shows us that the merchants at Cape Mount have been taking advantage of the Act permitting them to trade in the interior and gives us a picture of what can be reasonably expected as trade with the interior develops at the different ports. The following statement will show the steady increase of the customs receipts at the principal ports along the coast other than Cape Mount for the past three years:

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Monrovia Marshall Grd. Bassa River Cess Grand Cess Cape Palmas

1920–1921 $122,114.07 786.17 36,144.13 4,126.28 2,249.95 32,464.84

1921–1922 $146,549.76 1,434.75 55,997.14 6,068.66 2,681.22 42,637.65

1922–1923 $168,451.88 1,696.17 73,120.14 8,895.24 2,817.03 51,144.07

The Administration of the customs under the General Receiver, Mr. Sidney de la Rue, has been most satisfactory. The system of inspection by Liberian Inspectors, as inaugurated by him has considerably increased the efficiency of the customs administration. It is proposed to install a modified system of civil service in the customs which will insure promotion according to ability and efficiency, and which will assume to any one in the service who is honest, and strictly attentive to his work, a life-long position. Besides extensive repairs and improvements made to the customs house and premises in Monrovia, a new Customs House is being built at Sinoe of concrete and is already now fifteen feet high on all four sides. When this building is completed, it is proposed that another customs house will be built at another port, and so on until new custom houses shall have been provided for each port of the Republic. On the Franco Liberian Frontier a customs port has been opened at Vonjama, and while this port has been installed for but only two months of the fiscal year, nevertheless it has paid it expenses and it is anticipated, will improve as additional ports are installed along this frontier and the boundary becomes more under customs patrol. Last year the duty was abolished on the export of rubber, and although this Act was not effective until February of the present year, and planters and others had not anticipated the removal of the duty, nevertheless before the end of September, 6, 128 pounds of crude rubber has been exported from the country. From the interest shown by various enquiries it is clear that the Liberian rubber industry will shortly be revived in a flourishing condition. Internal Revenues: I am pleased to report that the revenues arising form this source for the fiscal year just closed are also encouraging in spite of the apparent falling off in the hut taxes, which is due to the fact that its collections were delayed owing to a misunderstanding on the part of the Commissioners in the interior of the re-assessment orders issued by the Interior Department. Collections have however been subsequently commenced and returns are now coming into the Treasury Department as rapidly as possible. As these amounts are properly chargeable to last year’s collections, the Secretary of the Treasury has ordered the accounts under his head to remain open until the thirty-first of January, 1924, when it is expected that all receipts will have reached the Treasury. The amount of Internal Revenues for the fiscal year thus far collected is $126,055.60 of which $29,923.79 represent hut tax collections. As the receipts for hut taxes alone for the fiscal year 1921–1922 were $151,317.70, it will be seen that when the balance of the hut taxes now due for the fiscal year just closed shall have been collected, the sum total of the Internal Revenues will exceed that of the previous fiscal year, 1921–1922 by quite an appreciable sum. The Redemption of Internal Public Debt: It will I am sure be pleasing to know $80,000.00 of our internal public indebtedness has been redeemed during the fiscal year in the following manner: $5,438.62 paid on arrears of salaries: $5,382.77 paid on redemption of 3 per cent bonds, and $69,178.61 by cancellation of Debt Certificates and 3 per cent bonds recoverable from German Liquidation.

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Port and Harbour Dues Act: The passage of this Act by the last Legislature was the subject of much unfavourable discussion by our political opponents, who attempted to make political capital of the same in the recent elections. They prophesied the immediate collapse of our foreign trade stating there would result from the enforcement of the Act a very large falling off, if not a complete stoppage, of calls of steamers at Liberian Ports, and that the revenues to be derived form this source would be exceedingly small, if any at all. The various steamship companies operating in Liberia were to a certain extent also unfavourable to the passage of this Act. I am however happy to be able to now report that the operations of this Act since the first of February of the present year have shown the most gratifying results. The following is a statement of the amount of Harbour Dues collected at the ports named from February 9th, 1923 to September 30th, 1923. Monrovia Grand Bassa Sinoe River Cess Cape Palmas Grand Cess Sass Town Nana Kru Cape Mount Total

$6,807.50 3,035.00 860.00 120.00 3,920.00 260.00 160.00 105.00 50.00 $15, 317.50

An examination of the shipping statistics of Liberia for the fiscal year shows the following number of ships that have called at Liberian ports for three years previous to the passage of this Act, and for nine months since its passage: In 1920, 445 ships with a tonnage of 1,131,000 tons. In 1921, 648 ships with a tonnage of 1,341,000 tons. In 1922, 864 ships with a tonnage of 1,871,500 tons. In the nine months of 1923, 636 ships with a tonnage of 1,457,000 tons. It will be thus seen that in nine months we have nearly equaled the total of ships of 1921 and when the balance of the year is reported, we shall in all probability equal the shipping of 1922. The funds derived from these port and harbour dues have been specially segregated and applied to the erection of light houses at Cape Palmas and Monrovia. These light houses are now almost completed and it is hoped that within the next two or three weeks they will be throwing their respective lights of thirty thousand candle power visible thirty miles at sea; thus demonstrating the benefits of this Act by showing to the ships passing off our coast the most powerful lights on the whole West African Coast. In April of next year a third light of similar power will be placed at Sinoe. As soon as the lights at Cape Palmas and Monrovia are installed and put into operation, due notice of the same will be given to all Maritime Governments operating ships along the Liberian Coast. This will cover all technical details such as characteristic and description of the lights, their visibility, geographic position and all other necessary information. The Bank of British West Africa In the early part of the present year the Executive Government, through the Secretary of the Treasury, took up with the Monrovia Agency of the Bank of British West Africa, Limited, the question of increasing the Government’s monthly credit advances from the Bank. This

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proposition was at once submitted to London by the local agency, which led to a protracted negotiation between the Government and the Bank. Mr. De la Rue, our Financial Adviser and General Receiver of customs, being present in London at the time of these negotiations, on a special mission to the British Foreign Bond Holders, was instructed to conduct the negotiations at that end in behalf of the Government, in conjunction with our charge’d Affaires in London, Mr. Dresselhuys. After a series of interviews and exchange of correspondence between these gentlemen and the principal authorities of the Bank in London, consent was given to our request for an increase of the Government’s monthly credit advances from the Bank upon the terms and conditions set forth in an agreement which will be duly laid before Your Honourable Body by the Secretary of the Treasury for your final action thereon. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his annual report to you, is making certain recommendations which, if adopted and put into operation, will stabilize our finance and increase the country’s revenue earnings. I therefore claim for these recommendations your most careful consideration. Department of Justice The Supreme Court together with the other Courts of the Republic of subordinate jurisdiction have been regularly functioning during the year. The Chief Justice was absent from the Republic for a period of six months, being compelled to proceed to Europe for treatment of his eyes. He returned in November, most improved in health, and with his usual zeal and faithfulness to duty, he immediately thereafter plunged into his official harness. In the absence of the Chief Justice all judicial assignments were made by the Senior Associate Justice, the Honourable F. E. R. Johnson. The November term of the Honourable the Supreme Court, 1922, adjourned on the twenty-ninth of January last after a very busy session. One of the most important items of business disposed of at that session of the court, was the case here previously referred to. The Oost Africanche Compaigne appellant versus Walter F. Walker, appellee, Damages for the violations of a written contract. In said case, as in most others heard at the term, the court gave a judgment but reserved its opinion. Subsequently on the sixth day of February, the counsel for the Netherlands, in this city, lodged with our Department of State, a protest against the enforcement of said judgement based principally upon two points. The second of which points attacked the right of the Supreme Court to give a Judgement without annexing an opinion thereto. The Attorney General to whom said protest was referred for an opinion advised the Secretary of State inter alia that: “The Constitution of some States expressly provides that the Supreme Court shall, upon the decision of every case, give a statement in writing of each question arising in the record of such case, and the decisions of the Court there on; but as a general rule the constitutional duty of the Supreme Court is discharged by the rendition of its decisions, and it is discretionary with it whether it will give an opinion on pronouncing judgement, and if give, whether it shall be oral or in writing, and it has accordingly been held that a State Legislature cannot require a Supreme Court to State the reason for its decision in writing. See 7 R. C. L. P; 101 section 42, and cases cited Houston versus William Parker versus Atlantic. Moreover it is not only convenient but entirely regular and lawful for the members of the court, or a majority of them to concur in a judgement during their sitting and then confide the expression of opinion to the President of the Court to be filed in vacation as the judgement of the court.”

The above opinion of the Attorney General, supported by such eminent legal authorities as therein cited, strongly sustains our Supreme Court in the procedure it had followed. But the

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Executive Government apprehends that other cases might arise in which, unlike the one then at issue, none of its legal advisers may have had any previous knowledge of facts, and being deprived of the reasons upon which a judgement was based, considerable embarrassment would be caused the Executive, whose duty it is to defend the position which may be Constitutionally and legally taken by the Supreme Court. It is therefore respectfully suggested to the Supreme Court that in the future, for the reason thus stated, at least in cases in which foreigners or foreign interests are concerned, that their judgements handed down be accompanied with their opinions thereon. I am pleased to report the return of the Attorney General from Europe, on leave of absence wither he had gone for medical treatment and rest. This visit of the Attorney General afforded him an opportunity for a close study of British and Continental juridical systems, their prisons and their detective services. I am pleased to say that he returns home with larger information along these lines, and he hopes to be able to introduce into our judicial administration some of these modern and more practicable methods that now obtain in more advanced countries. During the absence of the Attorney General, the duties of his office fell upon Mr. Coleman, the Solicitor General, who I am happy to say, managed the affairs of the Department with great ability and satisfaction to the Government. I would ask your careful consideration and favourable action, where possible, of the recommendations made by the Attorney General in his most interesting report, especially with regard to prisons, juvenile courts, protection to capital, criminal libel, Doctors and Herbalists which, I shall now proceeed to briefly touch on in order named. Prisons: In my last message to your Honourable Body I pointed out that compliants are constantly being made against the sanitary condition of our prisons and the manner in which the prisoners are treated. While there have been some improvements along sanitary lines and the feed of prisoners, particularly in the Monrovia Prison, yet there is much more to be done. Apart from the moral obligations which the Government owes to persons thus unfortunately deprived of their liberties, felons though they may be, the subject is also pregnant with possibilities for international friction should foreigners be concerned. The working of prisoners in chain gangs is a practice with I think should be abolished. It is obsolete out of date, and partakes of the barbarity of the middle ages. No where in the civilized centres of the world does this practice now obtain. Crimes certainly must not be permitted to go unpunished, yet, their punishment should be humane. For the better supervision and control, by the General Government as well as for economic reasons, our several prisons should be centralized in one National Prison, and for this purpose it is recommended that a plot of ground, of about one hundred and fifty acres, be selected at some place not too far removed from one of our County Seats, and on this plot a National Prison be erected. Within this acreage will be built, cells, kitchens, and other buildings for domestic purposes; workshop of various kinds, a hospital, chapel and school. Also a farm could be worked, the raising of breadstuffs and other vegetables which would be used to assist in feeding the prisoners. Experiments and training in scientific agriculture would also be carried on in such a National Prison, so that when a convict is released from prison he leaves better prepared to become a more useful member of the community in which he will reside. To this central prison will be sent all convicts throughout the country sentenced to serve time for more than one month. It might be pointed out that the idea of a national prison is not a new one. It first received sanction in Liberia by an Act of our Legislature approved January Seventeenth, 1895, section eight of which reads as follows: “It is further enacted that all prisoners sentenced to penal servitude by the several courts in each County having jurisdiction thereof, shall be immediately sent by the Superintendents

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to the said farm or farms and thereby undergo the sentence of the law. Hours of labour shall be from six to eleven a.m. and from one to four p.m. each day.”

So, therefore, what is needed at this time is your authorization for the funds to be made available to carry into effect the provisions of the above cited Legislature enactment. Juvenile Courts: These courts are the products of Christian civilization and advancement. Juvenile offenders should not be subjected to the severity of the ordinary criminal courts and brought into contact with old and hardened criminals. Their cases should be treated specially. Since the institution of these juvenile courts in America, many a child has been saved to its family, to its community and to the nation. Since my encumbency in office I have released from prison over a dozen boys who had been convicted of crime and were linked in the chain gang with criminals of a much riper age and more deeply steeped into crime. I hope therefore that the recommendation of the Attorney General under this head will claim your careful consideration. Protection of Capital. In this connection I must again point out that there is an enormous amount of money needed for the development of our country, and besides the fact that our own fellow citizens have not sufficient resources to take the initiate along these lines foreign capitalists will not be induced to invest their means in the country for its commercial and economic development unless adequate protection is guaranteed their investments. While the repeal of the objectionable statute on embezzlements at your last session was a long step taken in the right direction, yet there is much more to be accomplished by us on these lines in order to convince foreign capitalists of the sincerity of our intentions. Among the many steps that must be immediately taken by us are: (a) the repealing of the Act permitting judgement debtors to liquidate their obligations at such a rate as to extend payments over a very long period of years; (b) the modification of our homestead exemption Act, and (c) a more expeditious disposition of cases in our courts. Criminal Libel. The extent to which some of our disgruntled and, may I say, unpatriotic politicians gave vent to their pent up feelings of hate and revenge against the administration in their public writings during our recent political campaign, thereby holding up the country and its most prominent officials to the contempt of the whole world, renders necessary some amendment to be made to our criminal code. Section 60 of the criminal code prohibits anyone from making, exposing for sale or to public view any writing, printing, engraving, drawing, or effigy with intent unlawfully to degrade, revile or expose to public hatred and contempt any foreign Government or the Representative of and to disturb the peace and friendship between the Republic and the country to which such representative belongs. Unfortunately however, no provision is made in said Act for the protection to our own Government, the President or other principal officials, as a result of those evil disposed persons already referred to, have taken advantage of the defect in the law to direct their contumelious attacks upon the Government and its highest officials with impunity. A bill amending said Act is being prepared by the Attorney general to be submitted to you for your favourable action thereon. Doctors, Herablists and “Medicine Men”: The large number of persons coming into the country styling themselves doctors, herbalists, and “medicine” men renders it necessary that a statute be passed prescribing what shall be the qualifications of a person practicing medicine of any nature in Liberia, and his relation to the country and responsibilities to his patients should therein be clearly defined. The lives and health of our people are too precious to be trifled with in that manner that is the case now. We therefore ask that the recommen-

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dations of the Attorney General upon this subject should also claim your most serious attention. The Postal Service. This department of the Executive Government shows signs of marked improvement along all lines. A prompt and more efficient delivery and dispatch of mails is noticeable, especially in the Monrovia Post Office. The quantity of mail matter received and dispatched by the department this year shows a larger increase over that of last year. The new issue of stamps which were ordered printed during the encumbency of the late Post Master General T. G. Fuller, came out from Germany in August last. The same were deposited with the Treasury Department in keeping with law, with the exception of a certain quantity withheld to be sent to the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union at Berne, for distribution among the various Administrations of the Postal Union. A very interesting and informative Postal Guide was published by the department in October last in pamphlet form. It contains twenty-eight pages of useful information neatly prepared by the Postmaster General. This pamphlet will be of great assistance to the postal employees and of much service to the general public. Recent happenings of a rather unpleasant character in the Monrovia Post Office rendered necessary changes to be made in its personnel, which brought, into the service a number of our young women. I am pleased to say that they have thus far told good for their sex and are proving to be honest and efficient public servants. A free City delivery service has been established in the City of Monrovia by the Postmaster General. Though it is in its infancy, yet it promises to be quite a success. During a period of six months, over 943 pieces of registered and ordinary mail matter were delivered to their addresses within the City. The sale of postal stamps locally has fallen off to some extent. This is due to the operations of the Stamp Act passed at your last session which prohibits the further use of postal stamps on customs bills of entry, receipts, agreements, writs, invoices and all other legal and commercial documents. The sale of postal stamps is now properly confined to postal matters. The Postmaster General in his report to your Honourable Body is making certain recommendations with respect to appropriations for Post Office buildings and repairs, and the reopening of the money order Bureau, which I trust will claim your attention. War and Interior Deparments. These two departments although having been temporarily placed under one administrative head, yet continue to function separately; each with growing responsibilities. Their activities during the year have been considerably extended. Peace and order now prevails throughout our hinterland, from the Manoh River on the Anglo Liberian Boundary to the Cavalla River on the Franco Liberian Boundary, except in one instance only where it is reported that a small tribe in the hinterland of Sinoe County of the Gleo District number five known as the Putu Tribe is manifesting a disposition to give annoyance to some of their more peaceful neighboring tribes. A peaceful military demonstration of approximately five hundred men of the Liberian Frontier Force, under the command of Captain L. L. Smith, has been ordered near the scene. It is confidently expected that such a display of arms will be all required to quiet the situation and thus render unnecessary an actual conflict. The numerical strength of the five Regiments of Militia Infantry, composing two Brigades have somewhat increased. The First Brigade was called out once during the year,

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which was on the occasion of the Centennial Celebration held in this City in the month of January. Over fifteen hundred men excluding the Liberian Frontier Force were in service for two days. The occasion afforded a splendid opportunity to study the military possibilities of the country from its man power, discipline and efficiency. The results of the review of the Brigade by the Commander-in-Chief were most gratifying to him. The second Brigade has not had the same advantages as those of the first, and consequently similarly progress cannot be reported nor reasonably be expected. The distance separating the various Regiments comprising the Brigade and the lack of suitable transportation facilities renders impracticable a full parade for ordinary occasions. However, the regiments as separate units at their respective localities have performed their duties regularly during the year. The Frontier Force continues to be of great service to the State. The loyalty and patriotism of the officers and men of this branch remain unimpeachable. The present numerical strength of this organization of one regiment consisting of three battalions of infantry is estimated at 980 men of all ranks. The commanding officer of the Force, Major W. D. Nabors was granted a furlough of six months after a continuous period of unbroken and valuable services of over three years. He left for the United States in August last on the arrival of Captain Moody Staten, an American Officer who has served with distinction in the American Army. A liberal appropriation will be asked of you for the purchasing of arms and ammunition for this Force as well as for our Arsenals. Some attention has been given by the War Department during the closing months of the year, to Fort Norris on the promontory of Cape Messurado, one of the oldest historic spots in this city. It is planned to improve the present condition and general appearance of this Fort and to gradually transform it into a first class saluting station with a corps of specially trained men. We should always keep vividly in mind the German Submarine of April 1918. It is therefore expected that you will give some consideration towards this work in you action upon the budget so as to enable us to complete construction by the end of the ensuing year, and to man the Fort with suitable pieces of artillery for saluting purposes and other requirements that may be necessary. It gives me the greatest pleasures to announce the fact that during the present year an Infirmary in connection with the Liberian Frontier Force has been established and that it is operating with gratifying results. The buildings used for the purpose is the largest of the group of buildings on the site in this City formerly known as the German Cable Station. The Infirmary is equipped with a small field hospital outfit procured from the United States of America some three years ago. This institution although conducted at present on a small scale and used primarily for the Frontier Force because it is being presently maintained and absolutely supported by the funds of the Force supplies to a great extent a long felt want in this community. The following is a brief statement of the work done in the Infirmary since its establishment a few months ago under the efficient management of Captain Doctor T. Elwood Davis, of the Liberian Frontier Force:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 13, 1923 Number of soldiers treated (Daily treatments included) Number of Civilians treated (Daily treatments included) Number of paupers treated (6 in and 15 out) Total Total in patients treated (soldiers and civilians) Total in patients cured (soldiers and civilians) Total number of solders treated at Camp Johnson Total number of civilians and paupers Total Number only relieved Number discharged by own request Number deaths (paupers) Number cured by hospital

633 1306 25 21 1352 126 118 371 46 1352 3 2 2 1362

a view of such splendid results you will I am sure give these efforts your official endorsement by such a liberal appropriation as will enable this institution to perform a wider scope of service during the coming year. In the month of the March last, a conference of Chiefs was held at Suehn, in the TehGeveh District of the Interior of Montserrado County. At this conference I presided assisted by the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Public Instructions both of whom accompanied me on this trip. There were in attendance at this conference all of the principal Chiefs and Sub-Chiefs of the first three districts of the hinterland as well as those of the districts within the limits of Montserrado County. The conference was in daily sessions for a month and represented the largest gathering of its kind recorded in the history of the Republic. The Chiefs with their attendants numbered five to six hundred persons in daily attendance, excluding visitors and onlookers from the various surrounding towns and villages. At this conference the Chiefs were requested to make known what grievances or complaints they had against the District Commissioners, the Officers and Men of the Frontier Force, and any other official of the interior administration. This some of whom frankly did. After investigation into and ruling upon the several complaints brought up, general satisfaction with expression by all the Chiefs and they thereupon reaffirmed their loyalty to the Republic in the most solemn manner under their customary laws. They were then invited to collaborate with us in the formulation of laws and regulations for the governing and administration of native districts. This invitation met with a very warm and spontaneous acceptance on their part. Whereupon we jointly proceeded with our work of collaboration achieving the results that were most gratifying and satisfactory to all parties concerned. This is only the first of the series of conferences of Chiefs which I plan to hold yearly, to be presided over by myself and in my absence, by the Secretary of the Interior. By this method we will be able to ascertain the desires and suggestions of the Native Chiefs with a view to their closer cooperation with Government in its administration of the country. The conference was a great success. The tranquility and satisfactory state of affairs which now prevails in our hinterland is due, in a large measure, to the far reaching affects of the conference. Regulations embodying the suggestions of the Chiefs along the lines of native laws and customs for the government of native districts, have been printed and published in pamphlet form by the Interior Department and are now in force. For the purpose of effective administration and departmental control, the interior has been divided into administrative districts as follows:

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District Number One shall be known as the Zintah District and will comprise the territory occupied by the Buzzi, Buzzi-Pkellehs, Gbarlilng-Pkelleh, Belleh Gissi, Mendes, Tamaquelleh, Becumu-Pkelleh, Tarwarlarsu Pkelleh, Boporo, Komba and GorjeyGolay tribes. District Number Two shall be known as the Naarma District and will comprise the territory occupied by the Pkelleh tribes in Zotah, Wonar, Jorquelleh, Sanoyhea, Maiquelleh, Koneyea, Wallalar, Pkatolee and kakatar; and by the Pkelleh-Bass triebs in Gbee Bhor and Camwood. District Number Three shall by known as the Sanoquelleh District and will comprise the territory occupied by the Mano, Gah, Mahu, Gio. Kran West of the Bassa tribe and the Big Bush Bassa tribe. District Number Four shall be known as the Bharzon District and will compromise the territory occupied by the Khran East of the Noun River, Borwo, Gorpo, Tohien, Kanna and the Bush Kroo tribes. District Number Five shall be known as the Gleyo District and will comprise the territory occupied by the Konebo, Gleyo, Pahn and Bush Grebo tribes. County Jurisdiction Cape Mount-Talyor and Garwlar Districts. Montserrado County (proper)-Dey Senjeh, Tehrgeveh and Todee. Territory of Marshall-Blarkon. Grand Bassa County-Ghorkon, G’behzon, Timbo and River Cess. Sinoe County-Sanquin, Butor, Nanna Kroo, Sasstown, and Sno-Plann. Maryland County-The Kru Coast and Cavalla, together with two Districts yet unnamed. In spite of the lack of funds the administration has, during the year, endeavoured to prosecute its program of road construction, although its Executive has been rather slow owing to the want of sufficient and proper tools and implements for construction. The Monrovia-Sanoquelleh road, leading through Careysburg and Karkar Town District, steadily but slowly progresses owing to the draw-backs just mentioned. That portion of this road lying within civilized settlements has been cleared straight through and to some extent gone beyond Careysburg. There are however a few Bridges still needed to complete it for Motor Traffic. The progress of the roads within the Hinterland jurisdiction is steadier and more rapid. The Labour problem is not so acute in these regions as it is within the Counties jurisdiction. During my recent visit to the Territory of Grand Cape Mount, both the Secretary of Interior, the Postmaster General and myself had the opportunity of inspecting the public roads laid out and are now in course of construction in the Taiowh, Garwloh, Tombay and Dey Section of the Territory. We were all very much pleased with the results obtained. These well laid off and beautiful wide roads have been completed within a very short period. One is the Taiwoh district extending from Saweloh on the left bank of the Kafa River of the boundary of the Manoah River and terminating at Garwrahjah in the Kposo section; nearly a hundred miles distance inland; two, in the Garwloh section; one form Bendo to Gorhn interiorward and other connecting up the Monrovia to Cape Mount route through the Dey section of the country. These wide and beautiful roads are a credit to the Territory and only a small outlay of funds is needed to purchase materials for the construction of a few bridges to render them accessible for motor traffic. The natives in these districts deserve the highest praise for the splendid achievements on their roads, especially when taking into consideration the crude implements they had to work with.

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I think an annual grant of One hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars given to each Paramount Chief whose roads are kept in good order and condition would serve as an incentive towards road construction in the interior. Good roads have been found to be the precursor of trade in all new and undeveloped countries. I therefore cannot too urgently urge upon your Honourable Body to sanction the expenditure of such reasonable sums of money for the construction of roads and bridges leading to and from our hinterland as the present state of the Government’s finances may permit. Chief Boymah Quay, a most influential, powerful and intelligent Chiefs of the Kprorp Golah section of the Country being one of those Chief who took up arms against the Government in President Howard’s administration and was compelled to seek refuge in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone, sought the occasion on my recent visit to Cape Mount to ask the forgiveness of the Liberian Government and to be permitted to return to Liberia and rebuild his country, promising to be forever hereafter a peaceful and law abiding subject of that state if assurances were given him, by me, that he would not be hung for his treasonable act he would readily submit and comply with any other punishment which he may be called upon to undergo by the Liberian Government. Being assured that the death penalty would not be inflicted upon him, he came over and met me at Dambarra, the Capital Town of the Kporpa Chiefdom. After the usual ceremonies, in the presence of all the leading and principal Chiefs of the Territory, I bestowed upon him the pardon of the Government with an exemplary fine of three hundred pounds, which he gladly accepted and promised payment within six months. Permission was however granted him to commence the rebuilding of his former town Bendajah at once. The return of such a powerful and influential Chief with his great following of people cannot but react most favourably upon the economic development of the Territory of Grand Cape Mount, and as such be welcomed by both the civilized and uncivilized people of the Territory. This is one of the many instances where by reason of a better state of affairs in the interior and a better understanding between the Government and the natives, important Chiefs with their followers who have fled from our Territory over to the English and French Borders are returning to their homes which they had been compelled, by force of circumstances in the past to abandon; and they are now settling down in peace and general contentment. It serves as an answer to those of our foreign critics and ill wishers who are constantly giving out to the world the statement that our indigenous populations are not satisfied under Liberian rule. The Commonwealth District of Monrovia still continues to improve upon the condition of affairs which formerly obtained under the old municipal arrangements, and which led to the revocation of the old City Charter. The finances of the Commonwealth are in a healthy condition. Its revenues for the year amounting to fifteen thousand odd dollars have been honestly collected and judiciously expended. The good discipline, and better appearance of the Police Force has been most marked. There has been a strict enforcement of the Sanitary laws along all lines, especially with respect to the selling of wholesome food by Merchants, Traders and Street Venders. Sidewalks have been thrown up on streets in the City that have been neglected for a considerable length of time. In fact the general respect and appearance of the City of Monrovia under the Administration of the Commonwealth, show much better condition of affairs to those obtaining under the old municipal regime.

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Department of Public Instruction This department, I am pleased to report has endeavoured to carry out as far as practicable the educational policy as outlined in my last Annual Message to Your Honourable Body. In accordance with the provisions of section 12 of our Public School Act, the Board of Education for the Republic has been reorganized. To this I appointed, during the year, the following named distinguished persons as members of said Board. The Honourable Ex-President Arthur Barclay The Rt. Rev. Bishop T. Momolu Gardniner The Rt. Rev. Bishop Matthew W. Clair The Rt. Rev. Bishop Sampson Brooks The Rt. Rev. Apostolic Father Ogee The Rev. N. H. B. Cassell The Rev. J. D. Curran The Rev. W. H. Thomas Mrs. P. C. Parker The composition of the board is so arranged as to embrace, in its representations, the principal Missionary and religious organizations conducting education work in Liberia. The members of the board have entered upon the discharge of their duties with much enthusiasm and zeal. The board has now before it under discussion and consideration, a plan for the better regulation of our school system, first beginning with the schools operating within the City of Monrovia. The plan has for its object the doing away of the present duplicating and overlapping work of the various missionary and public schools. If adopted and enforced the proposed plan will give to the educational interest of Liberia a greater impetus as well as inspire confidence and a larger amount of financial support from the foreign educational boards in the United States who hold in trust considerable sums of money for education in Liberia. For the employment of a better and more efficient class of teachers in our public schools, as well as for a clearer and better understanding of the duties and requirements of a teacher, there was held throughout the Republic in the month of February last, under the direction of the Department of Public Instruction, Teachers’ Institutes. The returns from the examination showed a marked improvement as compared with the preceeding examinations. Number of Teachers who sat for the examination throughout the Republic Number of Teachers, 1st Grade Certificate Holders Number of Teachers, 2nd Grade Certificate Holders Number of Teachers, 3rd Grade Certificate Holders Number Employed

56 17 20 19 46

Comparative Statistics (Public Schools) Number of Teachers 28 33 46

No. of Schools. 1921. 25 1922. 33 1923. 46

Enrollment 694 1,496 2,704

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Schools. Total Number of Public Schools throughout the Republic Total Number of Schools among the Natives Total Number of Schools in the Hinterland Total Number of Missionary Schools within The Republic

46 17 5 128

Teachers. Total Number of Teachers employed in Public Schools Total Number of Teachers in Liberia College Total Number of Teachers in Missionary School throughout the Republic

46 6 317

Public School Inspectors Number of General School Inspectors Number of Local School Inspectors

2 2

Pupils. Total Number of Pupils in Public Schools

2,704

Textbooks In conformity with the provisions of sections 17-36 of the School Laws, standardization of Grades has been made and the course of studies prepared. Said course of study is divided into Primary and Intermediate each covering the space of four years. In order that there may be sameness, or uniformity in Government school buildings, plans and specifications of models desired were drawn. The Department has endeavoured to build as far as practicable school houses in the Native Districts, in accordance with said plans. Accompanied by the Secretary of Public Instruction in the months of September and October last, I visited the several schools within the Commonwealth District of Monrovia except one, the Monrovia Industrial and Training College, which had just recently opened and begun work. Observations made from these visits showed both to the Secretary and myself that all of the schools are suffering from want of suitable modern accommodations as well as sufficient school requisites for the proper carrying out of Educational work on more modern and efficient lines. The overlapping and duplicating of school work between these schools was also very noticeable. The Teachers and Principals, however, are to be highly commended for the work they are doing under such adverse circumstances. In discipline and decorum we found Liberia College in the lead. The Secretary of Public Instructions in his annual report is making certain useful suggestions and recommendations for the better improvement of our Public Schools, which I earnestly commend to Your favourable consideration. Necrology: Besides the death of our Minister in London already referred to in these pages under the caption of Foreign Relations it becomes my painful duty to also record the deaths of the following officials of this Government during the year viz. The Honourable R. L. Thomson, Comptroller of the Treasury; Messrs M. W. Early, Marshall for the County of Grand Bassa, L. G. Andrews, Government Cashier for the County of Maryland, and Allen J. Brisbane, Collector of customs at Kebawana on the Anglo-Liberia frontier. These officials all died at their posts of duty, having served the Republic honestly and faithfully for a long number of years. They have left to us a record of exemplary devotion to

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duty worthy of emulation. May their surviving relatives and friends take consolation in this fact. In conclusion Gentlemen, I commend to your wise care and most thoughtful attention the needs, the welfare, and the aspirations of this young but great nation. Great in its outlook, great in its possibilities and great in the divine purposes of the Almighty in his plans for our race’s development and uplift and Africa’s political and Spiritual redemption. To the achievement of such high and noble aims, let us therefore subordinate all narrow advantages of politics, religion or sectional feelings, and work unitedly for the prosperity and lasting security of the state. I can assure you that in your labours and efforts in these directions, you will have the fullest co-operation of the Executive. C. D. B. King Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 13th, 1923.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1924 The Honourable The Senate and House of Representatives Of The Republic of Liberia, In Legislature Assembled. Gentlemen, The regular revolution of time has brought us together, again, for the purpose of counsel upon the affairs of the State, and to make such provisions for its maintenance and stability as you, in your wise judgment and superior wisdom, may see fit to dictate. However, before entering upon such an all important task, let us first express our sincere thankfulness to the Great God of Nations for His continued watchful care over us as a People, and humbly acknowledge our absolute dependence upon Him for Divine guidance and direction in all affairs appertaining to this Nation. Foreign Relations I am happy to inform you that the unsettled and disquieting conditions in the world, both political and economical, resulting from the great world war, have, during the present year, assumed a more normal and hopeful aspect, due largely to the conclusions reached by the London Conference held by the Major Powers of the world, to consider the recommendations made in the Dawes Report on the Reparation questions. The results of this conference have led to the economic reconstruction of Germany, the withdrawal of French troops form the Rhine Valley and a relaxation of the tension in international relations, which threatened at any time to lead to a breach of international peace. The friendly and conciliatory spirit which characterized the London Conference seemed to have reflected itself in the Fifth Assembly of the League of Nations, which convened at Geneva, Switzerland, on the fourth of September last, where an atmosphere of friendly cooperation and international good-will was largely in evidence. The strong pronouncements made in the Assembly, by the Premiers of France and Great Britain in behalf of arbitration and international disarmament and the warm response given to those pronouncements by the entire Assembly have created a greater confidence in the League of

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Nations, as an effective instrument for international peace, more than any other act of that Great Body, since its organization. The greatest event at this Assembly of the League, was the adoption, by a unanimous vote of the forty-seven nations represented at the session, (in which number the Republic of Liberia is also included) of the protocol of Arbitration, Security and Reduction of Armaments. This protocol, for the pacific settlement of international disputes when ratified by the required number of States, will be the new Magna Charta of the world, protecting the rights of small nations. Before the adjournment of the Assembly, this protocol was signed by ten States, namely: France, Albania, Portugal, Estonia, Greece, Lettonia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Zecho-Slovakia. France has also signed the optional clauses of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice relative to the jurisdiction of the Court. She is the first of the big Powers to sign this optional Clause. The Great Republic of France by such an act, together with her withdrawal from the military occupation of the Rhine Valley, has unmistakably shown her peaceful aspirations as a world Power. Our Minister in Paris has been given instructions to sign the protocol, after which, it will be laid before the Senate of Liberia for ratification. It is indeed gratifying to report that our foreign relations have in no degree been disturbed by any unfavourable circumstances; and that our intercourse with foreign Powers having relations with the Republic, has been maintained upon the most friendly footing. On the Anglo-Liberian Boundary, I am more than pleased to state that there has been the most complete accord between the two administrations. There have been no frontier incidents. Liberian and British Officials have loyally co-operated together in the amicable adjustments of petty disputes arising between Liberian Native Citizens and British subjects on either side of the boundary. Never before have the relations between the two Administrations been more cordial than they are to-day. These friendly relations have stimulated commercial intercourse between the inhabitants of both sides of the boundary to such an extent, as to show an increase of Customs Revenues at that end of our frontiers to over $3,000.00 for the fiscal year ending September Thirtieth, 1924. I regret exceedingly that I cannot make a similar report as to conditions on our FrancoLiberian Boundary. On the twenty second day of July of the present year the French Charge d’ Affaires at this Capital called at the Department of State, and in the name of his Government handed the Secretary of State a Note Verbale, most threatening in its character. This Note grew out of an incident which occurred on the Franco-Liberian Fortier a year or two ago, at a town called Boni, in the neighbourhood of which three French subjects, were drowned. The French authorities claimed that the parties were murdered. Immediately information of the alleged incident was given to the Liberian Government an inquiry was instituted, the findings of which, in the opinion of the Liberian Government conclusively established the fact that no murder had been committed, but that the French Subjects in question (women) were drowned as the result of an accident. The French Government, on its part, profess to challenge the accuracy and impartiality of these findings, upon the ground that the investigations were not made under the surveillance of a French Official and therefore, in the Note above referred to, threatened, in the event incidents of a like nature should recur to occupy certain posts in Liberian Territory as a guarantee of security and tranquility on the frontier. They base their rights to take such a step upon two grounds: 2. The provisions of Article two of the arrangement between the two Governments dated September 18, 1907; and 3. The ineffectiveness of the Liberian Police on the Franco-Liberian border.

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In view of the cordial relations which in recent years have so happily characterized the intercourse of the Government of the Republic of Liberia with the Government of the French Republic, and the loyal manner in which the Liberian Government has endeavoured to meet the desires of the French Authorities in West Africa in all respects where this could be legitimately done, the Government of Liberia cannot refrain from expressing its surprise that the Government of the French Republic should have thought it necessary to address to it a Note, the tone of which does not seem to be influenced by the amicable sentiments which have heretofore been the distinguishing characteristics of correspondence between the two Governments. The Secretary of State in his observations upon the Note Verbale, left at the Department of State by the French Charge d’ Affaires on the twenty-second of July 1924 said interalia. “It is inconceivable to the Liberian Government, in view of the character of evidence upon which the conclusions of the French Officials were based, how the Government of the French Republic can seriously maintain the proposition set forth in the second paragraph of their Note, and at the same time declare themselves unsatisfied by the clear, pertinent, convincing and conclusive evidence recorded in the findings of the Liberian Tribunal findings which were based upon evidence derived not only from Liberian natives but also from French protégées and Subjects who had no reason to be partial to Liberia. The Secretary of State in his observations further said that he could not pass over without comment the inadmissible suggestion that the condition precedent of the French Government’s acceptance of the findings of a Liberian Tribunal should be that these findings must have been arrived at under the surveillance of an authorized French Agent. The Government of Liberia find themselves unable to accept the implications of such a proposition, carrying as they do a suggestion of attainture against the sovereign status of the Republic and the impartiality of its tribunals. The Government of Liberia find justification for this proposition neither in the principles of comity, nor in any Agreement either express or implied between the two Governments. This Government, nevertheless, always animated as they are by the desire to retain the good-will of the French Administration and to avoid unnecessary causes for misunderstandings have frequently suggested a modus by which a closer cooperation may be had on the frontiers between Administrators on both sides of the border. This suggestion, however, has remained without acceptance on the part of the French Government. This lack of acceptance of the Liberian suggestion renders difficult, if not almost impossible, the removal of unsatisfactory conditions which might exist on the frontier, and do not only have a troublesome repercussion upon conditions in the French territories, but must react most unfavorably upon the Liberian population, when complaints against unprovoked outrages, such as were committed by French Subjects in 1919 at the Liberian towns of Hangelahun and Salaga and at Glayo in 1920, can remain up to the present unheeded, the perpetrators who are well known go unpunished, and the losses of Liberian Citizens unsatisfied. The Government of Liberia, consequently, cannot convict themselves of any lack of effort on their part to remove all causes of complaint. They are rather compelled to hold the attitude of local French Administrators legally, if not morally, responsible for any unsatisfactory condition which might exist on the border. Moreover, it must be observed that the most effective system of police cannot prevent the commission of crimes and other wrongs. Nor is the fact that an isolated crime may have been committed sufficient to justify a sweeping charge against the efficiency and effectiveness of a police system. If this be not admitted then, what must be thought of the police sys-

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tem in French territory adjacent to Liberia when raids against the territory of a friendly state can be openly organized in French territory and carried out without prevention or detection? The liquidation of the situation does not therefore lie in the forcible and unwarrantable occupation of Liberian territory, but in facilitates being created and loyally employed to affect cooperation between the Administrators of both Governments in order that the unfavorable reactions pointed out in the French Note may be prevented in either territory. Furthermore, in the circumstances, as they at present exist when the Government of Liberia do maintain an effective police force on the frontier it is difficult to discover the grounds upon which the French Government base their rather disquieting intimation of an eventual occupation of Liberian territory under an unwarranted claim which, in the Liberian point of view, can find sanction neither in the facts of the case, nor in the Treaty of September 18, 1907. The Liberian Government respectfully suggest that article 2 of the said Treaty cannot bear such a construction, and that no such right as is now sought to be derived in favour of the French Government can legitimately be induced therefrom; nor was understood to be covered at the time that Agreement was concluded between the two Governments. It is the view of the Liberian Government that Article 2 of the Agreement of September 18, 1907, was designed to satisfy a temporary condition which at the time it was thought the Liberian Government had not the means at its disposal to meet. The points on the Liberian Frontier at which the Liberian posts were to be established under the Agreement and which, in the event the Government of Liberia did not occupy, the Government on the French Republic would have the right to garrison, were settled by the Richard-Nabors Mission and immediately occupied by the Liberian Government. The raison d’etre for that Article thus disappeared and having disappeared, the Article became a dead letter. The Liberian Government cannot therefore admit this claim of right, and whilst willing in every respect to meet the reasonable complaints of the French Government in a spirit of mutual accommodation, will nevertheless find themselves, in the eventuality threatened by the French Note compelled to protest and do now solemnly protest against any want on unwarranted, unprovoked, and forcible violation of the territory of the Republic or any illegal invasion of rights.” The dispatch of the foregoing reply to the Note of the French government was followed by more friendly conversations between ourselves and the French Charge d’ Affaires; and I am very hopeful that the further conversations now going on between our Legation in Paris and the French Foreign Office will result in the amicable adjustment of a dispute, which at one time seemed to seriously threaten the most cordial and friendly relations which are now so happily existing between Liberia and France as territorial neighbors. In view of the Act passed at your last session, prohibiting the recruitment and shipment of labourers from the County of Grand Bassa to Fernando Poo and other foreign colonies, the Secretary of State gave notice to the Government of Spain, through His Catholic Majesty’s Charge d’ Affaires at this Capital, of the withdrawal of the County of Grand Bassa from the list of conventional Ports where labourers might be shipped to Fernando Poo. On the second instant we were hounoured by the visit of His Excellency the Governor General of the Spanish possessions in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. He was charged with the special mission of bearing a message of felicitation and friendly greetings from His August Sovereign Alphonso XIII, King of Spain to the President of Liberia. Since the founding of the Republic the Sovereigns of Spain have on more than one occasion expressed their lively and friendly interest in the welfare and perpetuity of Liberia as a Free, Sovereign and independent State in West Africa, and it is indeed gratifying to know that the relations between the two countries have always been of the most cordial and friendly character.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

We regret the shortness of the Governor-General’s visit. Nevertheless, it was highly appreciated and we wish for His Excellency all happiness and success, as well as a full realization of the great plans he has for the development of the territories which he has been called upon to administer by His August Sovereign. The Governor left for Fernando Poo the same day. As the present laws relating to the registration of Trade Marks do not meet the requirements of modern conditions, the Secretary of State, under whose direction the control and registration of Trade Marks is confided, has prepared a new Act embodying provisions which the experience of the Department of State suggest as necessary. I hope the same will meet with your favourable action. The Boundry Survey; Owing to the transfer of Mr. C. T. Bussel, the Customs Receivership, during the absence from the Republic, on leave, of the General Receiver of Customs, Mr. Daves our Chief Boundary Engineer has been considerably handicapped in his work by being deprived of the services of his principal Assistant. In spite of this handicap however, much work has been accomplished with the help of his Liberian Assistants, Messrs Reeves, Cheeks and Curry. Mr. Cheeks passed a satisfactory examination in plane surveying and mapping and has been recommended by the Chief Engineer for a commission as Topographic Surveyor. Mr. Curry has rendered helpful assistance in exploratory traverse, clearing for stations and signal building. A considerable portion of the time of the Chief Engineer has been devoted during the year to light house construction and hydrographic work connected with Ports and Harbours. The Saint Paul Arc of triangulation, which will connect the boundary with the coast, in the vicinity of Monrovia, was begun in May 1924, but observations had to be stopped on account of the rainy season. Several magnetic stations were occupied during the past season, with the apparatus owned by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In one instance a complete diurnal variation program was carried out continuously for thirty six hours in order to determine the change in the magnetic elements during the day. A considerable amount of mapping has been done by the Chief Engineer during the year. He has prepared and submitted to the Government three atlas sheets with an accompanying index map showing the plan for a progressive Atlas of Liberia. Each sheet will cover a square degree approximately 12216 square kilometers, or 4718 square miles. The boundaries of the sheets are even degrees of latitude and longitude. Seventeen sheets will be required to show the whole Republic. Owing to the direction of the coast and the FrancoLiberian Boundary, only two atlas sheets will be wholly in Liberia; the other fifteen sheets will be rendered fractional by the coast or the boundary. It is proposed to publish these advanced atlas sheets by the photographic process which gives a black line on white back ground. The best bids for the printing of these sheets were received from A. West and Partners of 30 Broadway, Westminster, London S. W. I. The final Atlas of Liberia will comprise three copies of each atlas sheet showing the following: 6. The first, general map 7. The second, economic map 8. The third, geology map The Treasury Department The Secretary of the Treasury found it necessary in the middle of the present year, to apply for a short leave of absence, which was promptly granted him, to proceed to Europe in the interest of his health. He returned to his post of duty in the month of October very much

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improved, and has entered upon the discharge of his official duties with his usual zeal and earnestness. During the temporary absence of the Secretary the administration of the Treasury Department was entrusted with the Honourable Arthur Barclay, former President of the Republic. His management of the affairs of this important department of the State, gave the fullest satisfaction to the President and Cabinet, and won for him the highest encomiums of praise from every class of our population throughout the country. Affectionately known as “the Grand OLD MAN of Liberia” Mr. Barclay, by his unselfish devotion to the public interest, and willingness to serve the State at all times, and in any capacity to which he may be called offers an example worthy of emulation by us, the younger generation who find ourselves, at the present moment the responsible actors in the affairs of this nation. The report of the Secretary of the Treasury, when submitted to you, will disclose the most gratifying results in connection with the collection of the public revenues of the Republic for the fiscal year just closed. The consolidated receipts of the public revenues from all sources during the year have reached the unprecedented figures of $701,019.85, tabulated as follows: Receipts: Assigned Revenues: Custom duties Head monies Miscellaneous Receivership’s Balance

$350,241.19 22,486.00 7,351.20 11,250.29 $391,328.68

Internal & Unassigned Revenues: General Treasurer’s 1923 Balance Hut Taxes Internal Revenue ordinary Poll Taxes Real Estate Taxes Emergency Relief Fund Sale of Stamps School Taxes Port & Harbour dues Miscellaneous

$1,310.53 165,902.63 11,748.63 1,199.97 4,687.75 75,393.52 3,757.20 7,378.11 34,359.49 6,953.34 309,691.17 $701,019.85

Disbursements: Remitted Fiscal Agents Liberian 5 per cent gold Loan Residue Fund Receivership’s general expenses and exchange Salaries of Receivership Salaries of Customs Officials Quarantine service Liberian Frontier Force Liberia’s quote League of Nations Balance cash G. R. C. Total

120,000.00 32,554.28 28,068.40 20,392.90 49,884.65 1,192.75 119,559.71 4,894.66 10,675.00 $391,328.68

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

General Treasure Paid on budgetary appropriation Paid Old Loan account Construction & upkeep of light houses Bank balance, Port & Harbour dues School Taxes disbursed by Secretary of Education General Treasure’s balance

241,246.12 29,361.86 28,978.93 5,380.56 4,378.11 345.59 $309,691.17 $701,019.85

Total

From the above given figures there are all indications that, with greater activity on the part of our revenue officials, we shall soon reach the million dollar mark in our revenue collections. The following is a comparative statement of the assigned and internal revenues covering a period of four years: Comparative Statement of the Assigned and Internal Revenue 1920–1924 Receivership Class of Revenue Customs Duties Head Moneys Miscellaneous

1920–21 $270,810.03 26,513.00 10,500.80 $307,823.83

1921–22 $319,848.68 21,010.88 3,739.55 $344,599.11

1922–23 $369,357.77 19,449.00 3,701.86 $392,508.63

1923–24 $361,491.48 22,486.00 7,351.20 $391,328.68

$16,392.26 106,676.27 4,485.71 2.221.45 39,763.36

$15,417.39 151,317.70 3,246.76 1,034.18 55,167.00

$13,248.76 10,114.16 2,631.00 825.69 68,068.07 1,357.69

$11,748.63 165,902.63 1,199.97 4,687.75 75,391.59 6,953.34

Internal Revenue Class of Revenue Ordinary Hut Taxes Poll Taxes Real Estate Taxes Emergency R Fund Miscellaneous Postal & Revenue Stamps Hut Tax Intransit Port & Harbour Dues Educational Fund Grand Total

3,757.20 59,922.45 15,317.50 $169,539.05 $477,362.88

$226,183.03 $570,782.14

$1714,485.32 $663,993.95

34,359.49 4,378.11 $308,380.64 $699,709.32

The above statement affords an interesting study of the expansiveness of the revenue earning capacity of the government, especially in connection with its internal revenues. When taking into consideration the fact that in 1911 the government realized from its internal revenue the small amount of $12,00,00, and considering that this amount was so small and insignificant that it was thought at that time not worth while to include this item in the revenues assigned under the Liberian 5 per cent Gold Loan of 1911, and that within a period of thirteen years these revenues, under absolute Liberian management and control, have exceeded a quarter of million dollars, and has nearly reached the amount accruing from Assigned Revenues, all impartial observers must give some credit to Liberian financial initiative, ability and management. We realize, however, that we still have yet a great distance to cover along these lines, before reaching the goal of success. It is our intention to foster a friendly and loyal rivalry between the two services, the Customs and Internal Revenue. I am sure that our present congenial and indefatigable General Receiver of Customs will accept the challenge in the same friendly spirit in which it has been offered.

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The showing made in the collection of real estate taxes this year, to the amount of $4,687.75 as against $825.69 of last year is most gratifying; especially considering that the real estate taxes of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia, which amounted to $3,298.77 this year and those of the Commonwealth District of Harper, are not included in the Real Estate collections of $4,687.57. The remarkable showing, on the collections of the Real Estate Taxes is due principally to the Act passed at your last session and approved February 3, 1924. Prescribing how real estate taxes shall be collected and payment thereof enforced, and to the vigilance and strictness of the Tax Collectors, among whom are Mr. C. W. H. King and Mr. J. H. Ricks, both of Montserrado County. The operations of this Act having proved so satisfactory in its result, I would recommend its enlargement by bringing within its scope the collection of all Military Fines and School Taxes. I also recommend that all taxes imposed upon Real Estate, situated within the corporate limits of the several Cities and Commonwealth Districts of the Republic, be collected by the General Government under the terms and provisions of the Act of February 3, 1924 above cited; and with the exception of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia, one half of said taxes be paid over to the Corporations and the other half be paid over to the General Government. The reason for suggesting that the Commonwealth District of Monrovia be allowed to retain all of its taxes is because of the fact that Monrovia being the seat of Government of Liberia, and therefore the official residence of the Representatives of Foreign Governments to this Nation, is called upon to assume much larger civic responsibilities over and above those of the other Commonwealth Districts and Cities within the Republic. Port and Harbour Dues Act: Referring to the satisfactory operations of this Act in my last annual Message to your Honourable Body on the 13th of December 1923, I stated that the funds derived therefrom had been specially segregated and were being applied to the erection of light houses at Cape Palmas and Monrovia, both of which were at that time almost completed, and in April of the present year similar constructions would be started in Sinoe. I am now happy to officially report that on the second of February 1924 the light house at Cape Palmas was formally opened and has been since that time in continuous service. On the seventh of February the Monrovia Light House was formally opened by the Secretary of the Treasury and the General Receiver of Customs in the presence of a large number of spectators, and the light was turned on by Mrs. King, which also has since then been in continuous service. During the course of the year the Government contracted with Mr. Frey, a Swiss subject who had constructed the Cape Palmas light house, to construct the light house and light house Keeper’s dwelling at Sinoe, and the end of the fiscal year saw this light in service. The General Receiver of Customs in his report to the Secretary of the Treasury, commenting upon the operation of the Port and Harbour dues Act, says: “It is doubted whether an Act of Legislation has ever shown any quicker results than the Port and Harbour Dues Act.” He directs the attention of the Secretary of the Treasury to the fact that “the lights and the buildings have been constructed for use and long service. The general style of building construction adopted is reinforced concrete towers and monolithic concrete buildings. The lanterns and light apparatus for each of the three lights is the same in power and in approximate cost. The metal used is bronze, phosphor, bronze or brass, so that there will be no rust. The lights revolve on a float made of quick silver, so there are now wearing parts. The fuel used is kerosene gas under pressure, although with some slight changes, electricity or some other illuminant may be used. The visibility of these lights from the sea varies according to atmospheric conditions.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Their average visibility is however 24 miles; although ships have reported identifying both the Cape Palmas and Monrovia lights from a distance of over 30 miles.” The General Receiver also calls the attention of the Secretary to the further fact that the objections and statements which were registered against the Port and Harbour Dues Act when it was first placed in effect, have not only disappeared, but the various shipping lines are the first to admit the immense benefit and advantage to navigation that has resulted from the installation of the coast-wise lights of Liberia. I am pleased to report that there has been an increase of over 100 per cent on the Port and Harbour Dues Collections for the Fiscal Year ending September 30, 1924, to that covering the same period for last year, as will be seen from the following comparative statement; Liberian Customs Service. Comparative Statement of Port and Harbour Dues for the Fiscal Years 1922–1923, and 1923–1924. Debits:

Credits: 1922–19231923–1924 1922–1923 1923–1924 Balance on hang per September Quarter $ $13,143.45 Total Expenditure acct, $1,769.05$27,878.93 Report Fiscal Year Port and Harbour Monrovia 6,807.50 10,710.00 Dues do do do do Grand Bassa 3,035.00 3,440.00 Amount for which Certificates were Given during Fiscal Year 405.00 1,100.00 do do do do Sinoe 860.00 1,025.00 do do do do River Cess 120.00 230.00 do do do do Cape Palmas 3,920.00 700.00 do do do do Grand Cess 260.00 400.00 do do do do Sasstown 160.00 160.00 105.00 50.00 do do do do Nanakru do do do do Cape Mount 50.00 300.00 do do do do Marshall 60.00 do do do do Miscellaneous 81.04 Balance Cash and Tran- $13,143.45 $5,380.56 sit Total of Account $15,317.50$20,659.49 $15,317.50$34,359.49

The Custom Receivership: Under the administration of Mr. Sydney de la Rue, the present General Receiver of Customs, there has been the closest cooperation and harmonious relation between the Executive Government and the Receivership. In his capacity as Financial Adviser, he has given the Government the fullest benefit of his wise and matured financial experience, maintaining always the most correct official attitude towards his immediate official chief, the Secretary of the Treasury, as well as towards all other Departments of the Government with whom his official duties may bring him in contact. His Annual Report for the Fiscal Year, just closed, which will be transmitted to you in due course by the Secretary of the Treasury is most comprehensive in its scope and very interesting and deserves the greatest attention by Your Hnourable Body. The report contains many useful suggestions and recommendations for increasing the efficiency of the Custom Service, and the greater expansion of our Revenues. The gross receipts of the Receivership for the year 1923–1924 were $380,078.39 as against the preceding year $372,097.33. The latter part of the year 1924 having showed a very decided change for the better in world conditions the same was at once reflected in improved trade.

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The amounts paid the Fiscal Agents of the Liberian Gold Loan were in accordance with existing understandings and represent the sum necessary to cover the coupon interest payments when they became due, and to also provide for the Sinking Fund of the Liberian Gold Loan bonds. Interest coupons were promptly paid on January 1, and July 1 of the present year, and there are now sufficient funds, on deposit, to meet the coupons due January 1, 1925. Monies have been paid into the Sinking Fund regularly and as reported to the Secretary of the Treasury by our Fiscal Agents in New York, The National City Bank, Bonds have been retired as funds to the extent of $50,000.00 became available during the course of the year from this source. The first Bonds being bought at seventy-one, while later in the year they rose in price to seventy-nine. Offerings at this time were becoming too high to purchase, as many quotations were from eighty-five to ninety-five. Liberian Gold Loan 5 per cent bonds have been redeemed to the amount of $165,300.00, at the following periods and in the amounts stated: From 1912 to October 1920 October 1920 to Jan. 1923 January 1923–July 1, 1924

$100,000 42,044.92 23,255.08 $165,300.00

During the year the Receivership paid over to the Liberian Government, on account of residue of Assigned Revenues the sum of $32, 54.28, which represents an increase of $2,543.00 over that paid the previous year. The General Receiver reports a steady increase in the general business of the various ports, and with the view to make a comparison of the ten year period 1914 to 1924, as 1914 was the last year before the world war broke out, and which in 1915 utterly destroyed Liberian trade and revenues, has prepared and annexed to his report a table comparing 1914 with the present year, which shows that there has been, during this period, a net increase of $13,000.00 over the revenues received in 1914. In 1914 the total Head Monies were $11,490.00. In 1924 this revenues amounted to $22,486.00, an increase of $11,000.00. “It will appear from this” says the General Receiver, “that Liberian Labour both for ships and for plantations has been in steadily increasing demand.” The following statistics, carefully prepared by the Receivership of imports and exports by countries, for the calendar years 1920–23 and nine months of 1924, is very interesting from the point of view of Liberia's trade relations with foreign countries. Comparitive Statistics Of Imports by Countries For the Calendar Years 1920–23 and 9 months of 1924. Countries England Germany Holland Spain France United States Other Countries

1920 $1,349,214.78 15,494.21 103,2655.14 13,819.34 3,453.39 287,523.28 149,132.39 $1,922,292.50

1921 $ 584,733.48 250,875.17 93,398.21 2,405.53 6,351.27 145,584.37 148,353.74 $1,231,701.11

1922 $ 617,515.76 429,915.37 147,393.56 55.54 22,844.79 131,178.34 122,579.16 $1,501,515.52

1923 1924 (9 months) $ 480,496.95 $ 368,327.25 465,503.24 139,281.73 136,253.73 3,328.97 6,322.98 90,647.15 9,966.67 10,755.16 173,326.09 90,647.15 89,830.66 54,554.56 $1,361,700.32 $1,088,640.96

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Comparative Statistics of Exports by Countries For the calendar Years 1920–23 and 9 months of 1924. Countries England Germany Holland Spain France United States Other Countries Totals

1920 $1,002,679.02 4,715.17 81,132.08 9,147.02

1921 $261,333.76 258,730.92 138,269.89 4,843.70

69.72 26,038.83 $1,123,781.84

2,219.70 154,196.81 $819,594.78

1922 $ 274,404.27 499,892.51 195,997.02 999.52 2,037.32 72,052.14 $1,045,382.78

1923 1924 (9 months) $ 228,773.22 $ 207,777.80 524,297.32 624,218.40 200,195.52 159,453.93 107.26 480.56 184.97 9,081.51 3,847.82 203,907.36 81,257.92 $1,166,735.49 $1,076.848.10

It will be seen that during the periods covered in the above comparative tables, our imports from and exports to England have steadily decreased, while those from and to Germany and Holland have steadily increased. It will also be noted that the appreciable trade with the United States in 1920 amounting in imports to $287,523.28 has been absorbed to a great extent by Germany and Holland exactly as the English trade has been absorbed by the same countries, and until the United States starts buying direct from Liberia, Liberia will not be able to increase her purchases from the United States. These tables also indicate a tendency towards the balance of trade in favour of Liberia; and as the General Receiver so correctly puts it in his report, “this movement towards a favourable balance of trade is undoubtedly the most healthy and encouraging proof, that could be found, of the economic recovery of the country.” Shipping: During the past year there has been a falling off of shipping tonnage, owing to the struggle for freight in other parts of West Africa more inviting for competition, which resulted in a neglect and disregard of Liberian ports until a conference I had with the representatives of the various Steamship companies at the Executive Mansion in the middle of the year in the presence of the General Receiver of Customs. At this conference the representatives of the leading shipping Companies assured us that they would immediately call the attention of their principals to the urgent necessity of relieving Liberian ports from their conjested freight. Soon afterwards extra ships were put on for the Liberian ports. Tariff: I understand that there is a desire in certain circles to have the export duty on piassava removed at the present session of the Legislature. While I am in principle also opposed to export duty as such, yet the need of the Government at the present moment are for an increase of revenue rather than a decrease; and the Liberian tariff has been requested as revenue producing Act. When, however, the condition of the revenue permits substantial changes to be made in the tariff, I see no reason why the question of the removal of export duties, not only on piassava, but upon all other raw commercial products, should not be gone into and carefully studied in connection with our international financial engagements, not to take actions with regard to the tariff as may reduce the assigned revenues and thereby lessen the securities of the 5 per cent Gold Loan of 1911. There are a few minor changes in our existing import tariff recommended by the General Receiver which should claim your immediate attention. During the year the new Customs House at Sinoe has been completed. This is a twostory concrete building with an iron roof. A new Customs House at Grand Cess has also been completed during the present year and repairs have been made on Customs Houses at different points.

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In the absence of the General Receiver of Customs on furlough to the United States, Mr. C. T. Bussel, performed the duties of General Receiver of Customs and financial Adviser with marked efficiency and much satisfaction to the Government. The Liberian Inspectors of Customs, Messrs John F. Davis and E. G. W. King deserve special mention for the valuable assistance they have given the General Receiver of Customs in the absence of the other foreign Receivers of Customs provided for under the 1911 Loan Agreement, and for that esprit de corps which they are developing in that portion of the Customs administration under their respective directions. Department of Justice: The several courts of the Republic have been regularly functioning during the year with that impartial justice which has at all times characterized the judiciary of the Republic. The regular semiannual sessions of the Honorable the Supreme Court of Liberia convened promptly each time with a full bench. At its November term A. D. 1925, which adjourned sine die on the thirty-first day of January 1924, the opinions reserved from its November term 1922 were read and filed; and the businesses of the then term so completely disposed of that in April the court started practically with a clean slate which made it practicable for the business of the year to be wound up in four days. Of the many and grave questions settled by the Supreme Court during the period under review, I consider it necessary to mention here the case of H. Lafayette Harmon et al, appellants, versus the Republic, appellee, prosecuted for an offense against the election laws. The appellants were convicted in the lower court under Statute which provides, substantially, that all cases under said Act shall be tried in a summary manner, upon information of the County Attorney, and upon conviction the offender shall be fined in a sum not less than $200.00 nor more than $1,000.00. The principal point raised by appellants in this suit, and decided adversely to the Republic, was that “under the constitution of Liberia, Article 1, section 6, in all cases not arising under martial law or upon impeachment the parties shall have the right to a trial by jury”, and that the Statute providing for summary hearing of a cause of such magnitude was in conflict with the above cited section. It was also contended that dovetailing there into is that of section 7 of said article of the Constitution which provides, substantially, that omitting cases of impeachment and those arising in the Army and Navy, the said section exempts from being put upon trial any person charged with any other than a petty offense except previously inflicted by a Grand Jury. However, the Constitution does not define what is a petty offense; neither is such omission as I am aware, supplied by an statutory enactments. The decision given in this case by the Supreme Court renders void the advantage providing for the punishment of offenses against the election laws. In view of the near approaching Senatorial election, and to prevent the repetition of such lawless conduct as those for which the appellants were prosecuted and convicted, it is urgently recommended that you pass a law at your present session clearly defining what are petty offenses and enact that all offenses not expressly, or impliedly falling within said definition be prosecuted by indictment. In connection with the Supreme Court, it becomes my most painful duty to announce to Your Honoruable Body, the death in his fifty-eighth year, of His Honour the Honourable Chief Justice James Jenkins Dossen, which sad event occurred at Harper, Cape Palmas, on the seventeenth day of August, 1923. The deceased was born at Harper, Cape Palmas in Maryland County, where he grew up from youth to manhood and received all of his education and legal training. He developed such striking personal qualities at an early age that compelled the favourable attention of his fellow citizens.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

He filled with credit and distinction the following public offices: County Attorney for the County of Maryland, the duties of which he discharged with such outstanding ability, that he was at a comparatively early age appointed to the Bench of the Supreme Court of the Republic by the late President Coleman where he served with much marked distinction and satisfaction, until his election to the office of Vice President of Liberia in the second term of Mr. Barclay's Administration as President. The greater portion of the public life of the late Chief Justice was spent upon the bench of the Supreme Court, for upon his retirement from the Vice-Presidency, he was commissioned Chief Justice by President Howard, which very exalted position he was immensely proud of and filled with great dignity until the day of his death. As a mark of respect to this high official and distinguished citizen, immediately upon the receipt of the news of his death, I ordered, by Proclamation, that on Wednesday the twentieth day of August 1924, at the Capital, and on the day after the receipt of such orders by Superintendents and Chief Administrative officers of the several Counties and Districts of the Republic, the public offices be closed at twelve o'clock noon, and the flag of the Republic be placed at half mast and so remain for fifteen consecutive days; and at Monrovia on the date of the Proclamation a salute of seventeenth guns be fired at noon from fort Norris. The vacancy on the Bench of the Supreme Court, occasioned by the death of Chief Justice Dossen, was on the fifth day of November filled by the promotion of the Honourable Mr. Associate Justice Johnson to said post, and the appointment of the Honourable T. E. Beysolow, as an Associate Justice in his stead. Chief Justice Johnson is one of our outstanding National characters; a profound jurist and an eminent statesman. Mr. Justice Beysolow, who has just left your ranks, as a member of the House of Representatives from the County of Grand Cape Mount, carries with him to the bench of the Supreme Court a clear Legislative record of honesty, efficiency and loyalty. He is the first from the indigenous tribes of the country to occupy such an exalted and distinguished post. The Act reorganizing the Supreme Court and Approved February twentieth 1875 reads inter alia: “The Chief Justice and one of the Associate Justices shall form a quorum for business; and are empowered to proceed with, hear and determine all and any business of said court, and their doings, acts, and decisions shall be valid and final. On the day for opening of the Supreme Court the Chief Justice being absent – should any one or both of the Associate Justices be present, either or both shall convene and adjourn the court daily for at least twenty days, after which time if the Chief Justice does not appear the court shall adjourn its session continuing all business over to the next session.” According to the provision of the above cited Act, in the event of illness or absence, for any other cause, of the Chief Justice, even though the two Associate Justices were present, it is obvious that the business of the court shall be suspended during the whole term and the interest of litigants thereby caused to very materially suffer. The inability of the Chief Justice to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court has on more than one occasion impeded the operations of the Courts and placed the parties litigants, as well as the Government, to considerable unnecessary and avoidable expense. That there should be such a dead lock in the operations of the Supreme Court, a court which should set the pace for the administration of speedy justice, is incomprehensible. In neither of the two other co-ordinate branches of the Government does such a condition exist. The Executive functions. Likewise the business of the Senate would not be impeded by the absence of its President, the Vice-President of the Republic; neither would the

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House of Representatives be called upon to adjourn its sitting from day to day, on account of the absence of its Speaker. There are constitutional and statutory provisions to meet such eventualities. Whilst the Supreme Court is constitutional in its organization, and represents one of the three coordinate branches of the Government, yet in its purely administrative functions it is subject to Legislative direction. Therefore the Attorney General has with my approval prepared an Act to be submitted to Your Honorable Body, at your present session modifying the said Act of 1875, so that any two justices of the Supreme Court will constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any regular term of the Court; and that whenever any other duty devolves specifically upon the Chief Justice in the event of his absence from the Country, illness or any other inability temporarily to serve, said duty shall be performed by an Associate Justice according to seniority in appointment, except where the contingency should be expeditiously met by the Junior Associate at the time more accessible. Provisions should also be made to meet a situation where there may be a difference in opinion between any two Justices in a case upon which the Chief Justice, or any one Associate Justice refuses to sit on account of interests in the cause. In such an eventuality the senior Judge of the Circuit Court, by date of appointment, would be cited to associate with the trial Justices in order that a majority decision of the Court may be arrived at. Some of the Constitutional Lawyers may be disposed to question the constitutional correctness of this proposal, in view of an amendment to the constitution which declares, that the Supreme Court of Liberia shall consist of one Chief Justice and two Associate. As Lawyers will differ in their opinions it might not be amiss to refer this particular Constitutional Amendment to the Supreme Court for its Judicial interpretation. It is inconceivable that the People of Liberia, in giving their assent to the Amendment of the Constitution with respect to the composition of the Supreme Court, ever intended to create a state of affairs whereby a majority opinion of the Court to anyone particular case could not be obtained. There is a general complaint on the part of our citizens and particularly foreigners against the unnecessary delays attending the trial of cases in our Courts of record. A Speedy and unpartial trial is guaranteed to all litigants in our Courts, whether Liberians or Foreigners, under the Constitution of Liberia and therefore cannot be denied without grave international difficulties and complications. To illustrate the tardy disposal of cases in our Courts the Attorney General, in his present report is citing a few cases, among which I may here mentioned the following two viz: “One Joseph Edmunds was murdered by one Milton J. Marshall in Monsterrado County on the 14th day of March 1922. He was tried, convicted and sentenced to death at the First Judicial Circuit, five months from the date of the murder. Taking an appeal to the Supreme Court, said case was not finally determined until, January 31st of the present yearone year, ten months and seventeen days after the murder.” “On the other hand Sir Henry Wilson was murdered in London by one John O’Brien and James Conolly on the 22nd day of June, 1922, three months after Marshall killed Edmunds. They were tried and convicted at the Central Criminal Court in London July 15, 1922, less than a month from the date of the murder and executed on the 10th of August of the same year.” “On the 15th day of January, 1923, one Queenafor; Byogi et al of Montserrado County were accused of the murder of one Sam. They were tried and convicted at the November term of the First Judicial Circuit 1923, eleven months after the murder; while, on the other hand, one Jean Pierre Vanquier killed Alfred Poynter Jones by administering siryechine poison to him on March 29th, 1924. Vaquier was tired at the Gailford Assizes in May; he

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

appealed to the Criminal Court; his appeal was heard and determined July 28, and he was executed immediately thereafter.” From the above cited English cases it will be seen with what despatch cases are tried in Foreign Courts. There are now cases on the Civil Docket of the First Judicial Circuit filed several years ago which have not been determined. It is therefore obvious that further and more effective measures for accelerating trials in the Courts should be speedily adopted. The measures suggested are contained in the report of the Attorney General for 1922 made to your Honorable Body, which are summarised as follows: “ That a law be passed permitting a jury to be empanelled, in civil suits, by the Court in chambers at the expense of the parties at anytime within fifteen days after the pleadings shall have been disposed of by the Court.” “That in order to expedite the business of the Court arrangements be made to employ more Stenographers for the Courts as fast as they can be secured. Such an arrangement would have the double effect of disposing of the business of the Court with greater despatch as well as of stimulating the study of stenography as an art.” “That reasonable notice, never less than three days, be given before a case is assigned, and once bulletined for trial no continuance be granted because of the absence of a witness unless (a) He shall have been subpoenaed to testify in said case, or (b) Due diligence shall have been unsuccessfully exerted towards that end, and the failure to serve the summons cannot in any manner be charged to the fault of the party in whose behalf he is desired, or (c) Even then unless the Court decides that the evidence expected to be given is material, and the opposite side will not admit the facts to which such absentee is expected to testify.”

I hope these recommendations of the Attorney General will receive your favourable action. The Attorney General’s comments, in his report, upon the Act passed at your last Session, providing for the collection of Real Estate Taxes, call attention to the paltry sums collected in the County of Sinoe, due to the ridiculous low assessments there. The Tax on a large proportion of the property in that County ranges from twenty-five cents per annum down to ten cents per annum, and at least 39 persons are paying only three cents a year on their lots. This should not be the case and was never intended by our law-makers, for in the original law passed in 1858 providing for the assessments of Real Estate, it was distinctly providing in Section I thereof. “that every male inhabitant from 21–50 years shall pay a tax of $1.00 at least, even though the assessment of his property may not amount to $1.00 according the above rate of assessment.” It is therefore hoped that appropriate legislative measures will be adopted to disposess the citizens of Sinoe from the privileged position they now enjoy, with respect to their Real Estate Taxes, to that of citizens in other counties of the Republic. Divorces: under this head we might perhaps be regarded, by a certain class of our citizens, as treading upon forbidden grounds. Be it as it may, we, as leaders of the State, have placed upon us the inescapable responsibility of safe guarding and protecting not only the political interest of the Nation, but also its moral welfare and uplift. The prevalence of divorces throughout the country is becoming more and more alarming, especially when taking into consideration the size of our civilised population.

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It is a growing evil against which we must muster all of the moral forces of the Nation to combat, other wise, it will lead us to complete moral degradation and national ruin. The worse phase of the evil is its prevalence among the class that is supposed to set the example of morality and decent regard for society. The example set by this class is bound to have its influence on the less favoured classes. The Family is the first unit of the Nation, upon which must rest the foundations of the State. In the Family is deposited the highest and noblest traditions of the Nation, which serve as a chart, and guide to its moral and political uplift and progress. Destroy the family life, than you shall have struck a fatal deathblow to a nation. To successfully combat with the evil we must find out the causes leading thereto. Though the causes may be many, yet in my opinion the following five, are among the principal ones 1. Light heartedness in entering into the bonds of Holy Matrimony; going into same inadvisably. 2. Lack of patience and want of forbearance one with the other; when after marriage. 3. The easy facilities afforded by the present methods to obtain a divorce. 4. The non-imposition of suitable punishment upon the guilty party for adultery, and upon the co-respondent. 5. Failure on the part of the Church and of Society to express itself in the strongest terms against divorces; but rather receiving into their embraces the guilty parties thereto without even a frown or murmur or disapproval. Unless reverse actions are taken along the lines above indicated, we shall soon find ourselves faced with social conditions most deplorable. In order to stop collusions between parties seeking divorces in our Courts, on the grounds of adultery, as well as to act as a deterrent to those enemies of human society, who deliberately go about breaking up society and destroying families, I would suggest the enlargement of the existing divorce law as to include within its scope of the following provisions – 1. That in all cases of divorce the persons charged as co-respondent be made parties to the action and be duly summoned to appear, at the same time as the defendant, to answer the charges alleged against him or her. 2. That the guilty party in an action of divorce, together with the co-respondents, be liable to criminal prosecution for adultery, and upon conviction be subjected to a fine of not less than $200 nor more than $1000 and imprisonment nor less than one year nor more than five, besides the plaintiff’s right to his civil action for damages. 3. That any party found guilty, in two consecutive actions of divorce, by the Courts, shall not be permitted again to enter into the Bonds of matrimony within the Republic without first petitioning the Legislature for such privilege, and its approval given in the most public manner. Any marriage contracted by Liberians outside the territorial limits of the Republic in violation of the above provisions should be considered by the Courts of Liberia, null and void, and upon return of such party to the Republic, and at anytime thereafter, he shall be subjected to the full penalties of the above provision of the proposed Act, which penalty should be three years imprisonment with hard labour. The Liberian Bar. That the high standard of efficiency set for the Liberian Bar, by our worthy and sainted fathers, is now seemingly being lowered, is a thought which at the present time is claiming the serious consideration of the Leaders of the Legal Profession in Liberia as well as the Government.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

In the administration of Justice by the Courts, much depends upon the legal competency and moral integrity of the members of the Bar. They are administering servants at the Bar of Justice, assisting the judges to maintain the dignity of the law and to dispense even handed justice to the Prince as well as to the Peasant. A wrong advice given to the Court or to a client by a lawyer, due to his insufficient knowledge of the law, may lead the judge into the grave and most far-reaching legal errors, and his client into heavy unnecessary expenses and possibly to under go severe legal penalties. The standard of the courts of all civilised countries is judged by the character and competency of the members of the Bar. The higher the reputation the members of the Bar achieve for honesty and efficiency the greater is the respect for the courts and the laws of those countries; and so on the other hand, a decadence of intellectual attainment and moral rectitude bring about disrespect and contempt for the Court, as well as weakens the majesty of the Law. How careful, therefore, should our courts be in placing their imprimatur of approval upon the competency and moral integrity of those desiring to enter the ranks of the legal profession, especially when is considered the fact that from those ranks must be selected the judges of the nation. In fact the same moral and intellectual scrutiny is required in determining the fitness and qualification of a person to be admitted to the Bar as is required in determining the fitness and qualifications of a lawyer to be elevated to the Bench. It is thought that there is a growing laxity on the part of the several Circuit Courts of the Republic in their admission of candidates to the Bar. We should remember that there is at least a moral responsibility attached to the Government for every incompetent person palmed off upon the community, by the courts, as a lawyer. For this reason I would recommend that the courts of the Republic, as such should be relieved of the duty of passing upon the competency of candidates for the Bar. This duty should be imposed up on a committee to be known as the “Bar Committee” appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, with the Attorney General as Chairman. To such a committee would be entrusted the task of, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Prescribing the course of legal studies: The oral and written examination of candidates. Passing upon the moral character and legal competence of the candidate. Recommending admission of candidates to the Bar. Hearing and determining all complaints or charges brought against lawyers, whether practicing or not for unprofessional or immoral conduct, their decisions and rulings being subject to review only by the Supreme Court.

No person should be admitted to practice as a lawyer before any of the courts of the Republic without first obtaining a “Certificate of Proficiency” from the Bar Committee, which certificate may be cancelled by the Bar Committee at any time for sufficient cause shown and approved by the Chief Justice. The Committee should sit annually at the Capital. These measures or others along similar lines which may be suggested would, I am sure, serve to restore and strengthen that public confidence in the Liberian Bar for efficiency which it has hitherto enjoyed. The Postal Department. I am pleased to report that the Liberian Postal Administration continues in friendly relations with all the administrations of the Universal Postal Union. The Eighth Congress of the Union met at Stockholm, Sweden, in July last. The Liberian Postal administration was represented at the Congress by our Consul General in Sweden. The results of the deliberations of the Congress are embodied in a Convention signed

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by the accredited representatives of all the countries, members of the Universal Postal Union. The Convention will be submitted in due course to the Senate for its ratification. There is a steady improvement in the efficiency of the Postal Service of the Republic. The volume of its business is rapidly increasing. A comparative statement of the mails received and dispatched for the years 1923 and 1924, show an increase in letters and Post Cards of about 16.3% (per cent), or 9,188 pieces received and dispatched this year over and above those received and dispatched for the same period last year. Also an increase of 6 per cent, or 238.15 pounds weight of printed matter this year over and above that of last year for the same period. The parcel posts received and dispatched in the year 1923 amounted to 3,425 pieces; while the number for the year 1924 increased to over 50 per cent amounting to 7:001 pieces. The accounts of the General Post Office show also at increase in stamp sales, this year, over and above that of last year, to the amount of $332.02. Owing to the rapid increase in business, between Germany and Liberia, since Peace has been declared in Europe, the Postmaster General of Liberia has, with my approval, entered into a parcel post agreement with the Postal Administration of Germany for insuring the goods thus imported into the respective countries and guaranteeing to the exporters their safe handling, and delivery to the addresses. Owing to the increased cost of handling, the Liberian and British Postal Administrations have mutually agreed to amend the Parcel-Post agreement entered into between the two countries in the year 1901, by raising the rates of charges on the triple scale to one franc fifty centimes and one franc seventy-five centimes on behalf of Great Britain, and to two francs in behalf of Liberia, in respect of parcels sent from England to this country. The two administrations have also entered into an agreement, with respect to the return of parcel-post to then Office of origin. All these agreements, together with the correspondence therefrom, will be laid before you by the Postmaster General. The Department of the Interior I am happy to report that there now exists a state of tranquility throughout our interior. The inter-relations of the various native tribes in our interior are more friendly and peaceful. Their loyalty to the Government is becoming more intense, due to a better understanding on their part of the relations they sustain to the Government, and of the deep interest of the Government in their welfare and cultural development, as demonstrated in its interior policy. There has not been any sign of unrest or revolt against the Government, on the part of the native tribes during the past year, in any part of the Republic. The Gbandi Tabamas and the Gissies tribes had a row between themselves over a piece of big bush which forms the boundary between the two sections. Under our present policy of being responsible for peace and order in their sections, the Paramount Chiefs of the respective tribes were called down to Monrovia to account for the disorders. They were deported from their sections to Districts Numbers Four and Five respectively, and a fine of One thousand dollars imposed upon each of the tribes. The Webado and Po River tribes, on the Kroo Coast, also had an affray last year between themselves-which were investigated and adjusted by the Secretary of the Interior and myself this year. The Webado tribe were found to be the aggressors in this affray, which resulted in the killing of three of the Po River people. The Wedablo tribe has been required to produce the parties who killed the three Po River men, and to pay a small fine. Their Paramount Chief has been detained in Monrovia pending their compliance with the Governments decision in the premises.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Each of the above reported disturbances is purely of a local character, and doe s not represent a show of affront to the Government. The order and justice of civilized Government will do away with the feuds of the tribes and clans; but one cannot expect the evolution to come about all of a sudden. There has not been any further show of insubordination on the part of the Putu tribe, in the hinterland of Sinoe County, this year. The display of arms by the Frontier Force, through the section last year, served to quiet the tribe, and caused them to submit to ordered government. The division of the Hinterland into five administrative districts has facilitated control of the Hinterland administration. Heretofore there was a greater number of Districts without definite boundaries. Several tribes were brought under one administrative district without regard to their ethnological relations. The present new arrangements bring together, under one District, all the tribes that have been affiliating from time immemorial. These tribes have habits and customs in common, and they speak one another’s dialects. By this, administration among them is rendered comparatively easy for a District Commissioner; while supervision and control are also made easy for the Secretary of the Interior, as the administrative head of the Interior Department. The Secretary of the Interior, the Honorable Mr. J. L. Morris, was succeeded in his post of Commissioner General of the Hinterland by Mr. R. A. Sherman, former Superintendent of the Territory (now County) of Grand Cape Mount. Mr. Sherman is a man of business training and habits. It is expected that he will render satisfactory service in this important post. His reports are most compressive and illuminating, and they show considerable interest in his duties. Commissioners, Harper, Ketter, and Carter of Districts Numbers One, Two, and Three, respectively, deserve special mention for the efficient and creditable manner in which they are managing the affairs of their Districts. They have the confidence and respect of the populations of their respective districts. Not less than two thirds of our Hut Tax Collections emanate from these districts. Commissioner Ketter returned from his District a few days ago in a very bad state of health. He is now in the Muhlenburg hospital under medical treatment. We wish for the speedy recovery of such an efficient official. In spite of the funds to meet the varying agricultural needs of the country, and to put the Bureau of Agriculture in a position for more effective work, this Bureau, under Mr. P. O. Gray’s indefatigable management, has shown some signs of good work during the year. A tract of land, of two hundred and fifty acres, between the Rubber Plantation in Johnsonville and the township of Fendal, Louisiana, has been secured by the Secretary of the Interior and turned over to the Commissioner of Agriculture for the purpose of a model farm Work on the farm, on a small scale, has been started. Two Species of cotton seeds for experimental planting have been secured from the British Cotton Growing Association in Liverpool. Some of these seeds have been planted at the Government’s farm, and the rest distributed between the farmers along our coast belt and the principal Native Chiefs in the Hinterland, for purposes of planting and testing. As there are all indications of cotton becoming a profitable source of export from West Africa, in the near future owing to lively interest that is now being taken by the French and English Governments in the planting of the Cotton on very large scales in their vast and extensive colonial possessions along this coast, I see no reason why Liberia should not also take time by the forelock and prepare to play her role in the world’s cotton supply since we have the great advantage of labour on our side, as well as the more practical experience of cotton planting and its cultivation, obtained from the United States of America.

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During the year, the Farmer’s Alliance was reorganized under the auspices of the Bureau of Agriculture. Upon my personal solicitor, the Honourable Daniel E. Howard, former President of the Republic and my immediate illustrious predecessor, very kindly and patriotically consented to accept the presidency of the Alliance, to which post he was subsequently unanimously elected. Since his assumption of office, this institution which in its reorganization, assumed the name of the Farmers Association has taken on new life; and there seems now to be a growing interests, on the part of the public in the agricultural life of the country. To become a self-sustaining nation, we must give every encouragement to agricultural pursuits. Nothing lends more to the increase of individual wealth and independence than agriculture. Our people have made attempts along commercial lines, but with disastrous and, heart breaking results. In my opinion, Liberia was never intended to, and will never, attain to the status of a commercial or industrial nation, but rather that of an agricultural one. Agriculture is more profitable and reliable. For the purpose of stimulating Agriculture in the country I propose, with the sanction and formal approval of the Legislature, to have held an Agricultural Fair here in the city of Monrovia in the month of December next year, under the auspices of the Farmers Association. At this Fair is to be exhibited the best of our Agricultural products, was well as Cattle and other live stock, for which suitable prizes will be awarded. Liberian handicraft is also to be exhibited at this Fair which is to be held for one week. If the suggestion meets your approval, I will ask for suitable legislative appropriation to meet the necessary expenses and requirements of the Fair. Roads: Though handicapped by the lack of funds the Administration has nevertheless steadily pursued its road-construction program. This program is not being prosecuted haphazardly, but is in keeping with a well considered plan for the building of a system of roads throughout the country. These roads may later culminate into railroads or feeders thereto linking up the various districts of the Hinterland. Owing to the lack of major roads, there has been hitherto, no incentive to making produce within the Hinterland area. What little is produced in these areas mostly finds its way into neighboring territories, where they are provided with improved motor roads. Consequently, the bulk of the produce reaching our ports as produced within the Sixty miles limit from the coast, a condition which impedes the expansion of our export trade. Under the management and supervision of the Secretary of the Interior, we have this year completed the Monrovia White Plains Road. The While Plains-Carresyburg Road-on which the Government was called upon to expend £40,000 to the English Company, known as the Liberian Development Company, some sixteen years ago-has been repaired, and widened at places where the curves were somewhat dangerous. One may now enter a motor vehicle at Monrovia and safely drive to Careysburg, a distance of about Forty to Fifty miles from Monrovia, without stopping. On the 17th of October last, it was my privilege, in company with the Secretary of the Interior and the Post Master general, to make the first motor drive from Monrovia to Careysbury. Concurrent with these motor roads, there are in course of construction other roods, namely: Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Road, and the Brewerville-Boporah Road, in Montserrado County. The Monrovia Sanoquelleh Road branches off to the right from the Monrovia WhitePalmas Road at the Rubber Plantation in Johnsonville. In Cape Palmas, there is the Harper-Gbodobo Road which has now reached beyond Paiblo, a distance of over 20 miles from Harper.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Apart from these roads, which are being built near the sea coast in the Counties of Montserrado and Maryland, a strong effort is being put forth by the Secretary of the Interior, in the sections of the survey for the Monrovia-Sanquelleh Road to link up with the two places, Monrovia and Sanquelleah, a distance of 100 or more miles by the end of 1925 or the very early part of 1926. It is proposed to commence the construction of similar roads in the other counties next year. With this end in view, the Secretary of the Interior is submitting for your examination and approval, his sketch map exhibiting the road system which has been outlined ordained for the whole county with these constructed and open up . . . allow the necessary rules and regulations getting freight and passenger traffic on these roads as well as for motor and other vehicles using said roads. It will therefore be necessary to empower the Secretary of the Interior, subject to the approval of the President, to issue and enforce the necessary Rules and Regulations governing traffic and the use of the Roads; provided such rules and regulations are in consonance with the principles of the Constitution, and not contrary to any existing legislative statutory enactments. War Department. The report of the Secretary of War shows a hearty spirit of co-operation has characterized the work of this Department during the year. The condition of the militia, as to training and discipline, shows some improvement, especially in the First and fifth Regiments. In respect to organization, however, much is needed. Our entire Militia system is now obsolete, and requires re-organization on more modern lines, if it is to continue to serve as an effective Force to the State. Towards this end, it is my intention to appoint a special Military committee to investigate our present militia system, and to make suitable recommendations for its complete re-organization upon more modern and improved lines. This Committee shall sit for thirty days, conducting its investigations from the war Department under the Chairmanship of the Secretary of War. The Quarterly Parades of the five Regiments comprising the two Brigades of our militia have been regular during the year. As the immediate results of the activities of the Military Fine Collectors, there has been a noticeable increase in number of officers and men who reported for duty on regular drill days. Our urgent needs for additional arms and ammunition is strongly emphasized by the Secretary of War in his report, which I hope will claim your earnest attention. The Frontier Force: Harmony, order and obedience prevail throughout the entire organization and its loyalty is becoming more and more pronounced and certain. In the performance of their duty, from Commanding officer to private, there has been no complaint or murmur of kind importance. In order to meet the budgetary appropriations 1923–24 for the maintenance of the Force, its strength was reduced to 564 combat troops and 74 labour company men or in other words, 620 enlisted men and 41 officers in all. The amount appropriated for the maintenance of the Officers for the period January 1, 1924, to December 31, 1924 was $111,880.00, and that for the expenses of the War Department $8,119.20, a total of $120,000.00. This amount was payable by the Receivership from the Assigned Revenues, for disbursement by the Secretary of War and their disbursements are fully set out in his report to be submitted to you at your present session. It is with much regret I have to report the permanent retirement of Major W. D. Nabors, Commanding Officer of the Liberian Frontier Force because of ill health. His resignation under date of January 18, 1924, was tendered while he was on leave of absence in America and was formerly accepted by me on September 1, 1924.

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Major Nabors was an exemplary officer in every respect and his retirement from the Force, much against his personal wishes and desires, undoubtedly has deprived the Republic of the valuable services of an efficient and gallant officer. Captain Moody Staten, United States Army Reserve detailed for military service with the Liberian Frontier Force succeeded Major Nabors in the command of the Force of August 7, 1923. The officer entered upon his duties in the same spirit as that of his predecessor-with the desire to serve-and thus far has rendered satisfactory service. To Captain Staten was assigned the duty of reorganizing the Force in conformity with the provisions of the current budget which he successfully carried into effect. He was unfortunate, however in taking over, the command of the Force at the time when the funds provided for its upkeep has been necessarily curtailed. The reaction has served to deprive him of the opportunity of giving that training and discipline to his men which he so much has at heart. Notwithstanding these handicaps, Captain Staten has shewn special ability in keeping his men together, without any deterioration in discipline and loyalty. He is to be congratulated. The following recommendations made by Captain Staten for the further improvement of the force have the endorsement of the Secretary of War, as well as my approval: (1) The employment of another American Officer as Special Instructor, whose exclusive duties would be the training of Officers. (2) The increase of the Cadet Corps to 12 men from its present number of 3, and the fixing of their salaries at $1500 a month with rations and clothing. (3) The repair of Camp Johnson, and the erection of one good Officer’s Quarters and one good barracks building for the soldiers. The suggested increase of the Cadet Corps is urgently needed, as quite a number of the older officers, for one reason or the other, are becoming unfit for service and their places will have to filled by first class young men of education and character. Department of Public Instruction. I am also pleased to report that in this Department appreciable activity has been noted during the past Fiscal Year ending September 30, 1924. The Montserrado County Teachers’ Institute was convened in the City of Monrovia, in the month of January under the supervision of the Department. There were present about forty teachers, ten of whom sat to examination. Professors P. G. Wolo and J. A. Johnson, two of our prominent educators, gave valuable assistance in the exercises and examinations of the Institute. A School census of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia has been taken by the Department, the result of which is here underexpressed: – District No. I West of Mechlin Street Number of children attending schools Number of children not attending schools District No. 2 East of Mechlin to Warring Streets. Number of children attending schools Number of children not attending schools District No. 3. East of Warring Street, Number of children attending schools Number of children not attending schools Total Number of Children, Males and Females Attending Schools Do Do Do Not “

442 40 435 25 146 13 1023 78

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

A similar census will be taken in other parts of the Republic from time to time. Public Schools have been distributed as is possible in all the counties and territories as well as portions of the Hinterland. There are in the Hinterland: Northward, four schools: Kolahum, Foya, Zunta, Vonjama. Eastward, four schools: Sanoquella, Butolu, Barnya, Naama. In the County of Grand Cape Mount, three schools: Tallah, Gbesseh, Jundu. Territory of Marshall, two schools: Shiefflin Marshall. County of Grand Bassa nine schools;Edina, Fortsville, Lower Buchanan, Gorcon, New Series, Upper Buchanan, Whenzon, River Cess, New Cess. County of Sinoe, seven school;Greenville, Fishtown, Lexington, Louisana, Butau, Bassa Town, Bluntsville. In Maryland Count, six schools;Harper, Kunor, Cavalla, King Budu’s Town, Ashtonville, Gedebo. Total number of Public Schools in the Republic Total number of Public School Teachers Total number of Enrollment

53 53 1989

The elementary course of study for the Public Schools of the Republic takes in up to the Eight Grade. In conformity with an Act passed by the National Legislature in 1869, entitled an “Act to improve the Educational Condition of the Aborigines etc.”, the Secretary of Public Instruction has been putting forth every effort to put said Act into operation as far as it has been possible, and the funds at his disposal permitting. The sequel of this is the number of schools now established among the uncivilised natives in the several County limits and in the Hinterland jurisdiction. They are as follows:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 9, 1924

County of Grand Cape Mount County of Montserrado County of Grand Bassa County of Sinoe County of Maryland Hinterland Jurisdiction Northward Eastward Number of schools

661

2 schools 2 schools 3 schools .2 schools 5 schools 4 schools 4 schools 22 schools

Comparative Statistics Shewing Increase of Schools among the Uncivilised Natives and their Attendance from the Year 1920 to the Present Year, 1924. 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924

No. of Schools 2 2 5 7 22

No. of Pupils 45 64 100 225 754

Although this is a fair shewing of Governmental efforts in the right direction, yet it falls into insignificance, when the fact is considered that we have within our territories an uncivlised native population of at least one and a half million to whom the advantages of an education must be extended. We have therefore to redouble our efforts in order to make up for our remissness along these lines. While we welcome and appreciate the assistance given to the Republic by the various foreign missionary bodies that have been operating in the country for the last half of a century, yet we cannot afford to leave with these foreign agencies the entire work of educating the youths of our land. The Government must come in and assume the major responsibility of such a great and important work. The Department of Public Instruction has on record the following number of mission schools, now operating in the Republic with their respective teaching staffs and numbers of their enrollment: – Methodist Episcopal Mission: School 12 Teachers 28 Students 1271 Protestant Episcopal Mission: Schools 44 Teachers 45 Students 970 African Methodist Episcopal: Schools Teachers 10 Students Baptist Mission: Schools 5 Teachers 11 Students Luteran Mission: Schools 9

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Teachers Students Catholic Mission: Schools Teachers Students

39

.9 6 191

Total of Mission Schools: – Schools 67 Teachers 111 Students 3199 There are at present six schools for higher and industrial education within the Republic: Liberia College College of West Africa Monrovia College and Industrial Training Institute Cuttington Divinity College Hartzell’s Academy Danovan High School

Teachers 8 12 8 7 4 1

Enrollment 116 295 100 100 74 91

A commercial class had been set up by the Department of Education in the City of Monrovia, under the tutorship of Miss. S. L. Ross, an accomplished Liberian lady who pursued her studies in England. Owing to the growing demand locally, for efficient typists, stenographers, and accountants, the Government cannot too strongly urge upon the authorities of Liberia College and those of the College of West Africa, the necessity of adding to their curriculum a Business Course, which should be made compulsory from the Eight Grade up to the Fourth Year Normal. By coordinate arrangements made between the Department of Public Instructions and the resident Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Liberia, the Reverend Bishop Matthew Clair, a kindergarten division of the Primary and Elementary course of study was established with the College of West Africa, under the principalship of Mr. S. A. Johnson, and a small subsidy from the Department of Eighty-five dollars per annum. The enrollment of this school number Forty-three children at present. The following schools are subsided by the Government: (a) Trinity Parish Schools Monrovia (b) College of West Africa, Kindergarten Division (c) Reeves’s Institute, Grand Bassa (d) Protestant Episcopal Day School, Upper Buchanan

$100.00 5.00 125.00 80.00

Executive Commission Grand Bassa County The constant recurrence in the County of Grand Bassa, of acts of a criminal and disloyal character, led the Cabinet at a special meeting called for that purpose, in the month of August last, to carefully consider the then existing situation in that County and the grave national, as well as international consequences which must ultimately result to the Republic there from, if matters were not immediately taken in hand by the central Government and firmly administered until such time as the County shall have been restored to a state of normality. After due deliberation, it was the well considered opinion of the Cabinet, that among the many causes contributing to such unsatisfactory state of affairs in Grand Bassa County,

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was the failure of the Corporations of both Upper and Lower Buchanan to effectively exercise their police functions, in order to maintain law and order and insure the fullest protection to the lives and property of all inhabitants within their limits. The greatest and most important benefits guaranteed by the Constitution of Liberia, to all citizens of the Republic, and inhabitants thereof, is that of the enjoyment and protection of life and property. In fact, this is the main end and purpose of all governments; and whenever any government fails or willfully neglects to afford such protection that government, at that very moment, forfeits its rights to exist. This duty of protecting life and property our Legislature has at certain points in the country, delegated to municipal corporations to be exercised and enforced through their police powers. The delegation of this duty of protecting life and property, to the various municipal corporations, does not, however, relieve the Government of its responsibility, to which it is held, not only by the nation as a whole but all foreign governments, for the safety and security of the lives and properties of their respective nationals within the Republic. In view, therefore, of this national and international responsibility resting upon the Central Government, and the failure and neglect of the Corporations of both Upper and lower Buchanan to effectively exercise the police powers delegated to them by the Government, through the Legislature, for the maintenance of law and order and the protection of life and property within their respective corporate limits, the Cabinet arrived at the following decisions. 1. The suspension of the Charters of Upper and Lower Buchanan pending the meeting of the National Legislator. 2. The administration of these districts by a Special Commission, with the Superintendent of the County as the Chairman. 3. The Chief Executive authority within the County of Grand Bassa to be vested in and exercised by this Commission, whose decisions upon all questions of administration shall be decided by a majority vote. 4. The maintenance of a suitable military force in the County, to be placed at the disposal of the Commission for the prompt enforcement of its decisions when found necessary. In keeping with the above decisions of the Cabinet, I at once issued an Executive Order dated August 12th 1924, suspending the Charter of the said Municipal Corporations, together with their officers, and in their stead appointed an Executive Commission constituted as follows: The Honourable James S. Smith, Superintendent of Grand Bassa County, Chairman. The Honourable Thomas H. Tyler, Of Montserrado County. Captain T. Elwood Davis, Of Montserrado County. The unfortunate state of affairs then existing in Bassa County, cannot be truthfully attributed to or placed upon any one person in that County. It was only the natural culmination of a series of acts of lawlessness perpetrated from time to time by lawless groups of individuals, some of whom were not originally Bassainians, but from other counties in the Republic and elsewhere, who had taken up their permanent residence in Grand Bassa. The apparent indifference manifested on the part of some of the local officials and prominent citizens of the County, for selfish political motives and otherwise, has tended to encourage and embolden these criminals in the commission of crime, without the least dread of the law. In this way has the fair name of Grand Bassa been besmirched.

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That the steps taken by the Executive Government to enforce respect for law and order in Bassa County did not meet with general approval in that County is much to be regretted, instead of charging this man and that man with having reported affairs to Head Quarters, and characterizing the actions taken by the Central Government as an attempt, on the part of Monrovia, to rule Bassa, the citizens of Bassa should have taken a more serious and rational view of the situation, and welcomed the advent of the Executive Government into their county, for the purpose of apprehending and bringing to justice the criminal element thereof, no matter from what rank of the community they may be found. Although it undoubtedly wounded the pride of every true citizen of Bassa County, to see Commissioners and troops, sent from Monrovia, landed in Bassa, yet the wound would have been deeper and more far reaching in its results if the troops dispatched to Bassa were not all Liberians, but foreigners sent by some foreign Power to protect the lives and property of their subjects and to collect in their behalf a heavy indemnity from the Liberian government holding the port of Grand Bassa as security, pending payment. The Executive feels fully justified for its actions taken in the premises do not wait for the full development of an approaching crisis before taken actions, but rather, seeing the gathering clouds in the distance, take immediate preventive means to dispel them; and, failing which, make every necessary preparation to effectively meet these karkening clands when they finally come. This is the duty of every government; and failure, on the part of those primarily responsible for its safety and well being to recognize this fundamental duty must bring down upon their heads the just condemnation of their fellow citizens. It would therefore have been most highly reprehensible on the part of the Executive Government had we sat calmly still, watched the serious trend of affairs in Grand Bassa and took no steps to check them. I am pleased to say that the measures taken by us, as above outlined, have had the most salutary effect upon conditions in Bassa and that the good citizens of that County are now loyally co-operating with the Commission in its efforts to bring about a healthier state of affairs in the County. Your approval of our action is respectfully requested. Deportations The growing intensity of the vitriolic racial propaganda launched, in America, by an association composed principally of West Indians and a few American Negroes, and the apparent intention of that association to use Liberia as its base for the dissemination of its propaganda of racial hatred and ill will, compelled the Executive Government, during the recess of your honourable body, in the exercise of its police powers, to place a veto upon the proposed operations of the association in Liberia, by deporting from the country certain of its emissaries who had been sent out to start the founding of the first of their proposed colonies on the banks of the Cavalla River, facing our French neighbours, without having first obtained the permission and approval of the Liberia Government. The landing in Liberia of a special commission, sent thereafter by the association, was also prohibited by us. The loud and continued boasts of members of that association in America, to the effect, that they had obtained, a firm foot hold in Liberia, and that the Republic would be used as the point d’appui whence the grandiose schemes of their leader, finding their fruition, would be launched made it necessary for the Executive Government of Liberia to take such concrete and effective steps as would show to our friendly territorial neighbours, and the world at large, that Liberia was not in any way associated or in sympathy with any movement, no matter from what sources arising, which tends to intensify racial feelings of hatred and ill will. There can be no denying of the fact that considerable sympathy is felt in Liberia, and justly so, with efforts of our racial groups all over the world to ameliorate their social, polit-

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ical and economic conditions. This is long way, however, from saying that Liberians have any sympathy with political incendiarism whether proceeding from negro or from other sources. The history of Liberia is the history of a community developing along lines of peaceful endeavour and this community both by tradition and inclination is influenced rather by considerations which tend to secure and strengthen national existence, progress and stability than by racial utopias. Liberians recognize that the future of their country is dependent upon amicable cooperation with all the forces which are at work for the uplift of the African peoples. This is a fundamental idea underlying Liberian national thought. Primarily, however, the practical aspect of Negro development and emancipation are limited in Liberia to making Liberia; every other consideration is at the present subordinate. The Negro Race will achieve its place beside the other races by the inevitable processes of evolution. But this achievement will only be realized along the ways of progressful peaceful efforts. In the early days of his first Administration of the Republic as President, Mr. Barclay, laid down three propositions as being the conditions of national strength, safety and progress: (a) Cultural and political development of the Native tribes, with a view to their incorporation of the body politic. (b) Friendly co-operation with states having territory adjacent to the Republic, and (c) Less reliance upon the hope of immigration in any large measure to assist us in securing the future of the Republic. These propositions were accepted as fundamentals of national policy and followed by his eminent successor, Mr. Howard, during the whole course of the latter’s administration. The conservative elements of our civilized populations have, from year to year, given increasing adherence to these views. Liberians, standing alone and fighting their own national battles for the last hundred years, have developed an enlarged political outlook and a national point of view. They fully realize and are conscious of the fact that Liberia’s immediate objective is towards nationalism and not racialism; the making of a nation and not a race. The foreign Negro to be helpful in Liberia, must understand this view point. As the United States of America have been the melting pot from which has emanated a strong vigorous and united nation, composed of every nationality in Europe and of even the descendants of the various black tribes of Africa, so must Liberia be also the melting pot for the members of our racial group in America, the West Indies, Sierra Leone, Accra, Lagos and other parts of Africa, from which will also emanate a strong, vigorous and united African Nation, with malice and ill-will towards none but with love for all, contributing its quota towards the world’s civilization and the uplift of humanity. As I have previously stated, while it is a fact that considerable sympathy is felt in Liberia, with the effects of negro peoples all over the world to ameliorate their social, political and economic conditions and while Liberians look upon the lynching and persecution of their brethren in other parts of the world with abhorrence and painful regrets, yet they cannot afford for these sad and most regrettable occurrences to detract them from the great and arduous work to which they find themselves committed, that is, the work of nation building. They can only say to their unfortunate brethren “leave , come over and join.” But in coming over “leave behind your respective peculiar problems as we have sufficient of our own without new and additional ones being added to them. Break bridges behind you and think no more of the flesh pots of Egypt.” Come, seeking assimilation, and with a spirit to be

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helpful, to teach as well as to learn, and not in an attitude of carping criticism and contempt of our century of efforts at nation building. NO self-respecting nation will tolerate such an attitude towards them, by any set of peoples, be they black or white. If Negros, in America or else where, desire to come as settlers in Liberia to assist us in our great work, they will receive a hearty and cordial welcome, provided they come with the right spirit, take the oath of allegiance to the Republic, and sincerely repudiate all former allegiances. Liberia cannot recognize dual citizenship. Liberia desires immigration. The civilized population needs reinforcement but, as a state already recognized among the family of nations, we could not give countenance to any association whose avowed objects and widely advertised plans are launching of a race war against friendly states in Africa. To such, Liberia’s doors must be securely barred. But all Negroes coming to Liberia in full sympathy with Liberia’s National aspirations and with a desire to assist and co-operate in making Liberia a strong, prosperous and stable state, will be most cordially received with open arms. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. In the month of December last, I received a letter form Mr. Harvey F. Firestone, President of Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, U. S. A., a copy of which reads as follows: “Honourable C. D. B. King, President, the Republic of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia. Dear Sir, Knowing of the friendship and cordial relations which exist between the Republic of Liberia and the United States of America, I am taking the liberty of addressing this communication as an introduction of Mr. D. A. Ross, representing the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. Mr. Ross is an expert and long experienced rubber plantation Manager, and is visiting your country with a view to investigating the possibilities it offers for the growing of rubber. As you probably know, our Company pioneered the movement for Americans to establish sources of rubber supply. As consumers of seventy-five per cent of the world’s production, it behooves America to look to our supplies of the future. Liberia has been recommended to me as a country that is progressive and, liberal in its opportunities and I am in hopes that Mr. Ross’ investigations will confirm this information. It is obvious that the tropical countries offering only the best advantages and sufficient guarantees will be chosen for this big American business undertaking. For those chosen, it means a new era of prosperity as the consumption of rubber is growing rapidly and the industry has a great future. Any courtesies and kindness shown Mr. Ross will be greatly appreciated. Yours very truly, (Signed) Harvey F. Firestone.”

The above letter of introduction was handed me in person, by its bearer Mr. Ross. Permission was immediately accorded this gentleman with every facility, obtainable, in Liberia, to make his investigations as to the possibility and practicability of rubber growing in this country on the most extensive scales. The rubber plantation in Johnsonville, about fifteen miles from Monrovia, and formerly owned by the English Rubber company, was immediately placed at his disposal; for the purposes of his investigations. Mr. Ross, after completing his investigations, returned to the United States, with I understand, a favourable report.

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In the latter part of the month of May, of the present year. Mr. W. D. Hines, another personal representative of Mr. Firestone, arrived here from the United States, accompanied by Mr. D. A. Ross and Mr. M. A. Cheeks and on the fifth of June submitted to the Government of Liberia certain proposals on behalf of Mr. Firestone for the leasing of land and establishment of certain public improvements. After a period of negotiations between the Government and Mr. Firestone’s representative tentative agreements were arrived at subject to the final endorsement of Mr. Firestone, and Approval of the Liberian Legislature. These Agreements will be duly laid before you by the Secretary of State, who upon my direction conducted the negotiations on the part of the Government of Liberia. For the purpose of practical experimentation pending the final approval and going into effect of the said agreements, the said rubber plantation in Johnsonville, has been temporarily leased to the Firestone Rubber and Tire Company for the period of one year by the Government. A re-survey of the property, at their own expense, has been made by the Company. A large quantity of farm and road building implements, together with motor vehicles have been imported by the Company. New buildings are being erected upon the premises, the existing bungalow has undergone extensive repairs and renovation. A small nursery of seventy-thousand seeds have already been planted, and the company’s expenditure, in connection with this estate, now exceeds the sum of one thousand pounds sterling per month. Already the operations of the company are affording profitable employment to a considerable number of Liberians. If, eventually, Liberia be fortunate enough to be chosen as a field for the establishment of such big American business undertaking, as is contemplated by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, then such an event will mean a new era of prosperity for Liberia. For the development of our country, we must give liberal encouragement to foreign capital. We have now to look forward and not backward. Brush aside the old usual scare, now worn out by age of “selling the country”. Cease looking to foreign Governments for assistance in the shape of loans for the development of our country. Addressing your Honourable Body, on a former occasion, with respect to foreign loans, you will remember I said – “Past experience whispers to our ears a cautious tread along these lines, as foreign loans carry with them too many political entanglements and that the economic development of the country should be left to private foreign enterprise, under safe and reasonable terms of operations.” Speaking further, I also said – “The assistance of the foreigner, more than that of his Government, is needed in the development of our country. We need his money to assist us not only in expansion of our commerce and trade but also in the development of our enormous economic resources. His brain in our industrial and educational efforts, and the benefits of his larger and wider experiences in the work of nation building.” These views, then expressed, I now repeat today with increasing emphasis. In considering proposals from strong and reliable foreign capitalists, for the development of the economic resources of our country, we should not permit our views to be obscured or warped by narrow and selfish considerations of immediate and direct financial gains accruing to the Government, or to any one particular section of the Republic, but rather see in its true perspective the wider and larger economic benefits that will accrue to the state, as a whole, and to the people of Liberia generally. In the latter light, I am sure you will consider and take actions upon the Firestone and similar proposals which may claim your attention at this or any subsequent session of Your Honourable Body.

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It would be an unpardonable remissness of duty, on my part, were I to close this Message without any expressions of condolence and sympathy from the Executive, upon the death, during your recess, of two of our most eminent and distinguished colleagues, the Honourables Elijah L. Parker a member of the Senate from Montserrado County; and William H. Johnson a member of the House of representatives also from Montserrado County. These gentlemen were untiring in their devotion to their public duties. In their lives were prominently portrayed the noble virtues of honesty and reliability. In their deaths you have been deprived of two endearing, worthy and eminent colleagues, and the people of Liberia of two devoted and patriotic servants. May their ashes rest in peace. Finally, in conclusion, Gentlemen, may I be permitted to venture to hope that your present deliberations will be characterized by an unyielding devotion to the nation’s welfare and to the maintenance and perpetuity of the State. In wishing for you all harmonious and agreeable session, I also assure you of my heartiest cooperation in all measures that may be taken by you for the advancement of the Republic’s interest. May God, vouchsafe to you and us all, His Divine wisdom and guidance. C. D. B. King, Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 9th, 1924

Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1925 The Honourable the Senate And House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, In Legislature Assembled. Gentlemen: The close of another year brings us again together as Trustees of this Nation for the purpose of counsel upon the affairs of the State and to provide for its maintenance, development and prosperity both now and in the years to come. Before proceeding to this task it is our first duty to render thanks to the Divine Master who holds all States in the hollow of His hands, for His watchful care over us and His safe guidance, for which this nation makes reverent acknowledgment and offers prayer for the continuance of His favor Foreign Affairs. Since my last Annual Message, political conditions in Europe, the premier Continent of the civilized world, have continued for the most part in a very unstable state. The election of that great soldier and statesman, field Marshall Von Hindenberg as President of the German Empire and his induction into office created a further sensitive condition in European political circles; but the fears of the alarmists have not been realized, rather his election has added stability to the German State and increased international confidence. France has had to send an Army into Morocco in defense of her territorial interests which she felt were threatened by the movements of Abd Ei Krim, Chief of the Riffs, who

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had been very successful against the Spaniards, occupying one of the three zones into which that Ancient Empire of North Africa is at present divided. The two nations, France and Spain with the view of bringing about an early peace in these regions agreed to unite their activities against their common foe. Among other exciting political incidents, during the year of international interests, may be mentioned the Iraq Mosoul frontier dispute between Great Britain and Turkey, and a similar trouble between Greece and Bulgaria, the latter calling for prompt intervention of the League of Nations. In spite of these disturbing elements to the world's peace as well as to its financial and economic rehabilitation, it is however most gratifying to record that continuous and sincere efforts were put forth by the major Powers of Europe to bring about political and economic stability; which efforts found concrete expression in an international pact between France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, and other smaller European States, for the general purpose of preserving peace which pact is now known as the “Locarno Pact.” The Pact has met with general approbation as a step likely to insure European peace for many decades. It was signed in London on the First of the present month with much rejoicing and under circumstance of great pomp and dignity. The League of Nations of which Liberia is one of its founding members has continued amid general acceptance and approbation, its very humanitarian, economic and political work. In order that Liberia might maintain future closer relations with the League whose central office is located at Geneva, Switzerland our Minister at Paris, Baron Rudolph Lehman has been appointed our Permanent Delegate thereto. A rather disquieting incident to our relations with the League of Nations arose in connection with the International Conference for the control of the Traffic in Arms and Munition of war, held at Geneva sometime in the middle of this year. At this Conference Liberia had no representative, which fact made it easy for her to be placed in the prohibited zone in the category of Mandated countries. As soon as our attention was called to such steps taken against Liberia, our Minister in Paris was immediately instructed to file a respectful but firm Protest, and at the same time to place before the Council of the League documents showing the police arrangements for local control of the importation and traffic of Arms and Ammunitions in Liberia. Fortunately, however, since the Convention contained a clause whereby a State making satisfactory representations as to the control of the traffic in Arms and Ammunition within its territories would be excluded form the prohibited zone, a graceful way out of a most delicate situation which had thus been created by placing Liberia, one of the League members in the prohibited zone, was now found by the Council. Thus the matter was eventually arranged and the incident closed. We then acceded to the Convention, for the control of the traffic in Arms and Ammunition, subject to the ratifications of the Senate of the Republic. Other ratifications requested by the League of Nations are as follows: (a) A formal ratification by Liberia of the amendment to Article 393 of the Treaty of Varseilles. (b) A ratification of the Protocol for the pacific settlement of International disputes, to which our Government has adhered. Liberia's contribution to the upkeep of the League of Nations for the year Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-five has been fully paid.

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Our relations with Foreign Powers with whom we are in Treaty Stipulations have been on the whole satisfactory. Minor disputes arising during the year with the West African Colonies of Spain and Great Britain were arranged in a most friendly way and quite satisfactorily to this Government. The United States of America has continued to give to our Republic its countenance and support, especially in matters economic and international. She has invited the Government of the Republic of Liberia to take part in the Sesqui Centennial of the Declaration of her National Independence to be held at Philadelphia in May 1926, where also an Exhibition will take place. The Government accepted with pleasure the courteous invitation extended and informed the United States Government of Liberia's participation in these national festivities provided the necessary financial legislation be secured from our Legislature to meet the expenses necessarily to be incurred in the sending over of a representative of this Government. An arrangement has also now been arrived at with the American Government and is now in force abolishing fees for the visaing of Passports between the two Republics. A Treaty of Arbitration for the settlement of disputes which may arise between the United States and Liberia is now being negotiated, and when finally concluded, will be laid before the Senate of Liberia for its ratification. A similar Treaty has been suggested by us and our suggestion accepted by the French Government. When the pending negotiations upon this Treaty, are concluded by both Government the Treaty will be laid before the Senate of Liberia for its ratification. A Treaty of Arbitration has been negotiated and signed between the United States of Brazil and Liberia during the year. It will be laid before the senate at your present Session. Brazil is one of the greatest of the South American Powers, and it is a pleasure to enter into friendly relations with the powerful States rising to eminence upon the great South American Continent, especially Brazil which faces Liberia within ten days steam on the other side of the Atlantic. I am happy to inform you that Liberia, was upon invitation, officially represented at the Centenary of the Independence of Peru, another of South American Republics, when our diplomatic representative in the person of H. E. Baron De Groote was cordially and impressively received. The establishment of friendly relations between Liberia and the South American States would open up a new field for the introduction of Liberian products on the one hand and for the expansion of Latin American trade and economic enterprises on the other. Soon after your last adjournment the Executive having intimated his intention of visiting the Hinterland of the Republic by the way of Sierra Leone, the British Government most promptly and very kindly offered to facilitate his journey by placing one of His Majesty's war Ships-the “Dublin”-at his disposal, for the rip to Freetown. After our arrival in Freetown the Sierra Leone Government courteously assisted in every possible way our progress through the Colony and its Protectorate up to the Northern Frontier of Liberia. I was accompanied on this visit by Mrs. King, Mrs. Barclay, the wife of former President Barclay, Mrs. Grimes, the wife of Attorney General Grimes, the Honourable the Secretary of the Interior, the Honourable Secretary of Public Instructions, Major Staten of the Liberian Frontier Force, my Military Aide, Colonel Davis, and Mr. Seton, Acting Secretary to the President. The reception accorded us upon our arrival at Freetown by His Excellency the Governor, Sir Alexander Slater, C. M. G., K. B. E., and his principal military and civil officials was dignified, friendly and cordial, and all that could be desired.

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The populace manifested their pleasure of our visit to the Colony by their wild and enthusiastic applause given us on the day of our landing and everywhere we went during our stay in the Colony. For the purpose of contributing to the enjoyment of our visit as well as to afford me an opportunity of seeing something of the Colony, its peoples and leading institutions, a programme was carefully and thoughtfully prepared by the Governor and most tactfully executed by His Excellency to the extreme pleasure of your humble servant and to the apparent fullest satisfaction and approval of the people of Freetown. Illuminated Addresses were read and presented to me by the Municipality of Freetown and other Bodies in the Colony and those in the Protectorate when passing through the latter. During our stay in Freetown Mrs. King, Mrs. Grimes, and myself were the personal guests of Their Excellencies, Governor and Lady Slater, at Government House. We found in Their Excellencies all the qualities of most charming and amiable hosts. Nothing was left by them undone for our comfort and happiness. The attitude of the Governor and his Administration as well as that of the people of the Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone was not only courteous and respectful but sincerely friendly and sympathetic. This friendship and sympathy we should do well to cultivate and foster between the two Administrations and their peoples. I regret to report that again this year there has been a recurrence of trouble on the Eastern Franco-Liberian Frontiers. These incidents have given the Government serious concern. Representations were made by us on the subject of these recurring incidents to the French Government in Paris. Our Representatives were given a friendly hearing at the French Foreign Office, where we found that these recurring incidents along the frontiers are as much regretted in Paris as they are in Monrovia. This fact was proven by the ready acceptance on the part of the French Government of the proposals offered by us, which in our opinion would minimize if not totally prevent the recurrence of these frontier incidents. The two proposals were: 1. The immediate resumption towards final completion of the delimitation survey commenced some fifteen years ago. 2. A Modus Vivendi arrangement with the Governor General of French West Africa for the peaceful settlement of minor disputes arising between French and Liberian native subjects along the frontiers by French and Liberian local officials on the spot pending the tracing of the definite frontier. The French Government having, as already stated, given their assent to the above proposals, the Secretary of the Interior, the Honourable John L. Morris was despatched to Dakar in the month of September last to confer with His Excellency the Governor General of French West Africa with the view of arriving at the modus vivendi above outlined. The Secretary was most courteously received at Dakar and succeeded in concluding an arrangement satisfactory to all parties, subject, of course, to the ratification of the respective Governments. As to proposal Number one, the French Government has indicated its willingness as well as readiness for the joint resumption of the work of the Delimitation Survey at the beginning of the coming year. It affords me great pleasure to record in this public manner the thanks of the Liberian Government for the most friendly and cordial reception accorded its representatives in the person of the Honourable John L. Morris, Secretary of the Interior, by His Excellency the Governor General of French West Africa, as well as its sincere appreciation of the many courtesies and kind consideration shown this official of the Liberian Government by His

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Excellency and the various officials of Dakar, and those of the territories through which he had the good fortune to pass on this return from Dakar to Monrovia by the way of the French Sudan. Official visits of this kind, made to the capitals of the British and French Colonies to our North and their exchange from time to time, must lead to a better understanding and fuller appreciation of the views and policies of the respective administrations, and to a closer bond of friendship and goodwill between these Governments and their peoples. Liberia was invited during the year to send delegates to the following International Conferences: 1. The International Conference for the study of Colonial and Tropical Agronomy held at Paris in May 1925. 2. Conference held at the Hague of the “Union Internationale pour la protection de la Propriete Industrielle”, in October last. 3. Conference of the Proposed Permanent Exhibition held by the International Trade Exhibition at New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, in September 1925. 4. The International Police Conference held May 1925 in New York, U. S. A. 5. The Conference of the Association of Military Surgeons held in October 1925 in the United States of America. The Republic was only represented at the first two of the above named conferences. The Honourable Secretary of State left for U. S. of America in the month of July last and returned on the seventh of the present month, much rested and well pleased with his visit to that country. He had the honour of meeting the President of the United States at his Summer Residence at Swampscott, Massachusetts, as well as Secretary of State Kellog, and many other high officials of the American Government. The Secretary of State also met some of the foremost captains of American Industry, and had the pleasure of inspecting some of the largest industrial plants in America. Secretary Barclay's reception and treatment by the Government of the United States were all that could be desired, as they evidenced the sympathetic interest which that great and powerful Government takes in Liberia and of its desire to be helpful to us. When in the United States the Secretary had the opportunity of discussing certain political, economic and financial questions, each of far-reaching importance to the Republic, which the Administration has found itself confronted with since your adjournment. A report of these discussions, together with the actions tentatively taken thereon by the Secretary, will be laid before Your Honourable Body at an early date. The Treasury Department. I am happy to report that there has been an increase in our revenue collections during the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1925, greater than any period in the history of the Republic, which indicated progress and growing national prosperity. The consolidated receipts and disbursements as reported by the Secretary of the Treasury are as follows:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 16, 1925

Receipts General Treasury's balance 1924 International Revenue Collections Special Legislations Port and Harbour Dues Residue Receivership Educational Fund Townships and Commonwealth District Monrovia revenue Customs Receivership: Receivership balance 1924 CustomsDuties Headmoneys Miscellaneous Total Receipts Unassigned Revenues Receivership (Customs) Assigned Grand Total Disbursements Budgetary Appropriations 1924 Budgetary Appropriations 1925 Forward Forwards By Bank. B. W. Africa deficit 1924 By Bank B. W. Africa Old Loan 1923 By Com. And Int. Old Loan A/c By Extraordinary Budget By Port and Harbour Dues By Residue Receivership By Educational Fund By Commonwealth Dist. And Township revenue By Enexpended balance By Receivership Disbursement Receivership Balance Disbursements General Government Receivership Grand Total

673

$ 359.75 318,881.85 48,410.68 16,990.80 26,800.00 10,922.21 19,525.91 $441,891.20 $ 19,438.69 455,457.27 20,908.00 5,513.78 $501,317.74 $441,891.20 $501,317.74 $943,208.94 $ 80,525.12 134,043.36 $214,568.48 $214,568.48 68,905.87 29.361.86 6,405.39 46,860.50 13,888.82 26,800.00 10,922.21 18,981.01 5,197.06 $441,891.20 $470,137.37 31,180.37 $501,317.74 $441,891.20 $501,317.74 $943,208.94

This success has been achieved by the financial legislation recommended to you and passed by Your Honourable Body at your last Session, as well as by the rigid and exemplary measures taken by the Administration for honest and strict accountability, and punishment for financial defalcation and dishonesty wherever and whenever detected. That this increase of our revenues has been obtained without the aid of foreign loans must be a source of gratification and pleasure to all true Liberians as well as to our friends abroad. An increase of revenue however, does not always justify increase of expenditure, neither a ruthless outlay of Government funds.

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A strict adherence to the Budget must continue to be one of the cardinal points in our financial administration system. The statement of Consolidated Receipts and Expenditure made by the Secretary of the Treasury shows the balancing of the Budget as well as a small surplus of current receipts over expenditure. Although the amount of surplus is not very large, yet it is an indication of the fact that we are now getting on the right road to financial stability. It is the desire of the Administration that a Special Fund be created to be styled “The Public Debt Redemption Fund”, to which should be transferred all surplus revenues. The Special Six per cent Fund. This species of revenue has, I am pleased to report, produced more than was estimated, as will be seen from the Secretary of the Treasury's report; and, but for the delay occasioned by the lateness of the publication of the Act after its passage by the Legislature, this Fund would have realized a larger amount. In the application of this 6 per cent special some conflicting views have arisen between the Treasury and the Merchants upon the interpretation placed by the former upon the term “Dry Goods” mentioned in said Act. An interpreting Act by the Legislature upon the point would place the Treasury Department in a position and relieve the Merchants of an expensive appeal to the Courts for its interpretation. The collections realized from the Public Highway Fund are also more than was expected. But this fact is due to some other incidental revenues accruing to the Government which had not been ear-marked and which, being used in connection with Road Construction, were laced up to this fund. The purposes intended by creating a Public Highway Fund to be applied towards Road Construction have been fully realized. In view of the marked increase of Motor Vehicle traffic now to be observed in Monrovia, as shown from the following statement, there are all indications of the rapid increase of this Fund;1924 From

England 4 $2077.08

United States 24 $8203.70

Holland 1..$650.00

Total 29 $10,936.78

1..$619.98

40 $13,562.46 69 $24,499.24

1925 (9 mos.) 2 $1008.38

37 $11,934.10

The mismanagement of revenue accruing to Townships and Municipalities is one that should be immediately checked by legislation and the authorities held to strict accountability to the Central Government. As the strength of a chain is tested by its weakest link, so too shall the strength and stability of the Republic's financial system of Administration and control be tested by the honest financial conduct of our smallest political administrative units, which are the Townships. The present offices of the Treasury Department do not afford sufficient space for the several bureaux connected therewith to grapple with its increased duties. A separate building will either have to be built or an annex made to the present in which the officers are located to meet the purpose. Among the recommendations the Secretary of the Treasury is submitting in his report, I would specially call your attention to that of substituting the Graded License System for that of Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods License now in vogue.

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This substitute would be more equitable and just than the present system, which only requires a merchant doing business with a stock amounting to thousands of pounds to pay the same amount of License as that of a small merchant or trader for selling a stock of a few hundred dollars and sometimes less than a hundred dollars. The Receivership. The past Fiscal Year ended September 30,1925, shows an increase in Customs Revenues of One Hundred and Five Thousand Two Hundred and Sixteen Dollars and Eight Cents ($105,216.08) over the previous year. The fact that our Customs Revenues have shown a Thirty Per Cent, increase, notwithstanding the reduction of the Tariff under certain headings, shows that Liberian business has taken a great step forward and justified the policies determined upon by the Administration and steadfastly adhered to during the last several years. Head Moneys, however, show a reduction of about One Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($1,500.00) over the previous year. This reduction due partly to the stopping of recruiting for Fernando Poo for a portion of the year, and partly to the quarantine which was placed in force upon Monrovia, during the latter part of the Fiscal Year on account of the reported existence of Yellow Fever in Monrovia. An examination of the disbursements of the Assigned Revenues show a most excellent improvement upon all of our previous records in the payments of our foreign bonded indebtedness, a total sum of One Hundred and Seventy Two Thousand Eight Hundred Dollars ($172,800.00) having been transmitted to the Fiscal Agents for the service of the Liberian Gold Loan of 1911, this sum being Fifty Two Thousand Eight Hundred Dollars ($52,800.00) in excess of 1923 to 1924. As a result of these large payments, in January 1925 bonds of the Liberian Gold Loan were purchased for the Liberian Government to the extent of Twenty Seven Thousands Five Hundred Dollars ($27,500.00) face value, and six months later, that is in July 1925, bonds were again purchased for the Liberian Government to the extent of Ninety One Thousand Dollars (91,000.00) face value of said bonds. In other words during the Fiscal year bonds to the face value of One Hundred and Eighteen Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($118,500.00) were purchased for the account of the Liberian Government placed in the Sinking Fund of the Gold Loan. Attention is called to the fact that not only is this highly satisfactory from the ordinary point of view, but the improvement in the general condition of our finances has been noted in banking circles throughout the world, with the result that whereas Liberian bonds would be bought at seventy-eight in January 1925, they were several points higher in July 1925, and were quoted at about 90, an increase of twelve points in the value of our bonds. The result of the purchase of bonds mentioned, therefore, has been a saving of more than Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00) to us. Furthermore, a sum of money in excess of the requirements of the bonds has accumulated in the hands of the Fiscal Agents since last July for further purchases of bonds to be made for the Government account in January 1926. The latest cable advice from our Fiscal Agents in New York, Nov. 28, 1925, with respect to the funds now on hand for the purchases of bonds to be made in January Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-six, is as follows: “Available Sinking Fund Liberian 5 per cent Bonds. Forty Six Thousand Seven Hundred Dollars. Tenders requested 14th December. Deliveries First January, probably ninetyfive to one hundred.” This means our bonds are now selling at par, which is indeed gratifying. In addition to this, the General Receiver reports that all accounts on the books of the Receivership for

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arrears of Customs salaries have been closed and ex-employees of the Customs Service have been paid in full during the Fiscal Year. The Financial Report of the General Receiver of Customs shows that there was disbursed for new Customs buildings approximately Twelve Thousand Dollars ($12,000.00.) Among these is an Asbestos Steel and cement building with bonded ware-house arrangements, delivered at Bassa. A steel Customs shed had also been ordered and delivered at Monrovia. Both of these buildings will be erected in the course of the coming year. The Revenue Cutter “Messurado” which was built for the Liberian Government some years ago, when the Receivership was first organized and set up, has now been paid for and is being put in commission. This boat was built by Messrs Blandy Brothers of the Canary Islands but had not been delivered on account of the non-payment of the Receivership, of the balance due on the building contract. The reason why this amount was not paid was because it was subsequently discovered that a boat of its type would not meet the purposes for which it was intended. It was therefore thought wiser to have the builders sell the boat to cover their cost if a sale could be obtained. Repeated efforts on the part of the builders proved abortive, meanwhile the Republic was called upon yearly to meet the expenses for the boat's upkeep and repair together with the payment of the interests on the outstanding balance due on its payment. Since there were no immediate prospects for the sale of the boat and it appeared to be therefore useless of the Government to be continuously saddled with the expense of its upkeep and repairs, while lying idly in the harbour of Las Palmas, and at the same time paying the interest on the balance due, I advised the payment of this balance by the Receivership and its taking over the boat. Although the maintenance and running will incur an additional expense to our Budget, yet, in my opinion, it would be better for us to have it here doing some service, no matter how little, rather than having it lie idle in the harbour of a foreign port at the daily expense of the Liberian Government. It is proposed, with this boat, to install a monthly or bi-monthly fast mail service along the Liberian Coast; and, as this little vessel is a sixteen-knot boat, it will be considerably faster than any of the boats plying our coast. It will run strictly on Government service, carrying neither freight nor passengers. The Public will have the benefit of the reliability and speed with which their interCounty mails will be handled by the new Service, and the Central Government a ready and speedy means of communication along its coast. The Port and Harbour Dues imposed two years ago have proven a most valuable and successful plan not for the mere purpose of raising revenue but in affording protection to ships passing along the West Coast of Africa. The three Light Houses erected, by the government, from the proceeds of this Fund, at Monrovia, Sinoe and Cape Palmas, have given public satisfaction and are relied upon by every ship's captain who passes along the West Coast. No reports of the lights being out have reached the Government during the year from these three big lights; and the smaller light at Bassa has continued to give satisfaction, only some repairs are needed on the floors and other parts of the Light House. Shipping: The combine entered into by the several West Coast Shipping Companies for the apparent purpose of increasing rates and doing away with competition, has worked considerable hardship on the merchants and shippers of this country. In addition it has not improved the service supplied by the Lines, and has resulted in a decrease of calls at the several Liberian Posts which will appear on the records and tables prepared in the printed reports of the Government.

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During the Calendar year 1924, seven hundred and thirty-four ships called at Liberian Ports, and during nine months of 1925, six hundred and forty-seven ships' calls are reported. Trade Exports And Imports: It has been brought to my attention that merchants doing export business in the Republic and who largely base their estimates of business on import and export statistics nevertheless constantly destroy the value of these statistics by giving nominal figures of their export entries instead of real market values. Because of this fact it was found necessary in the month of June last for the Receivership to require from all shippers the “real” and not nominal values on their export entries. If this requirement is adhered to the statistics prepared at considerable expense and care, principally for the benefit of the merchants doing business in this country, will be of increased value. The Statistics of Exports prepared for this year must be considered in the light of the above explanations as to undervalues, and with this in mind it is confidently asserted that a favourable balance of trade exits. The most important changes in trade during the year appear in the large increase in business at Cape Mount, River Cess and Cape Palmas. Monrovia shows a substantial increase while Bassa shows a decrease of its exports. The total value of imports for the last three years shows the following values in merchandise to have been imported : In 1922 there was imported .. In 1923 there was imported .... In 1924 there was imported ... In nine months of 1925 .....

$1,500,515.52 $1,361,700.32 $1,433,184.62 $1,570,069.84

These figures show a substantial increase over 1923 and 1924 for the nine months only of the present year, and when the statistics are completed for the balance of the year it will be shown that this will be a record year of the Republic for imports of Foreign goods. In order to buy this very large quantity of foreign goods, the purchasing power of the people of this Republic is shown to have been greatly increased and this consistent improvement, coupled with the increase in exports is a convincing demonstration of the satisfactory and steady betterment of our economic condition. Department of Justice. The Attorney General in his report for the year calls attention to the fact that there exits no law upon our Statute Books creating or organizing a “Department of Justice” as such. The Constitution merely provided for an Attorney General, making said official third in order of rank of the four original members of the President's Cabinet mentioned in the Constitution. The principal duties of the Attorney General in the early days of the Republic were to supervise the prosecution of criminal cases in the subordinate courts, personally to represent the Republic in all such suits as reached the Supreme Court, as well as himself to shoulder the responsibility of conducting from their beginning all suits for the violation of the revenue laws of the Republic. But it would seem that by his presence in the Cabinet all questions of a legal nature were naturally referred to him, and his opinions thus sought gave such weight that in the year 1883 an act was passed which added to his former duties that of advising the President and Heads of Departments upon all questions of a legal nature. As the country grew and the problems both national and international became more complex his time was more and more largely drawn upon for advice, and this left less time at his disposal to serve as one of the Government's advocates.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Simultaneously with this gradual development in the responsibilities of said officer a larger number of officials was found necessary to perform the new duties which legally fell under his supervision as the extent and ramifications of effective administration of Justice increased, and thus within the last two decades, the Office of Attorney General gradually expanded into what by common consent, became known as “The Department of Justice”. Still theoretically the principal prosecuting officer of the Republic, yet there are other duties of an administrative nature devolving upon the Attorney General which must necessarily draw largely upon his time. Among the many administrative duties of the Attorney General he is called upon to advise the Executive upon petitions for pardon or other exercise of Executive Clemency; through him the several Courts may get their recommendations and necessities before the Legislature or Executive Branches of Government, and he is to report to these two Bodies upon the administration of justice in the several Courts of the Republic. To properly discharge the aforementioned duties it necessitates inquiry into the administrative operations of the several Courts, coupled oftentimes with an amount of criticism incompatible with the duties of a prosecuting officer pure and simple. The anomaly of such a position is very apparent. To rectify this the duties of the Solicitor General should be enlarged as to make him the Attorney General's principal assistant, in which case he would be made by Statute responsible for all prosecutions in the several Courts of the Republic, subject to the revision or option of the appearing of his chief in any case, and thereby leaving the Attorney General to function in effect as the Minister of Justice of the Republic. It is therefore hoped that you will give the recommendation of the Attorney General, for the reorganization of his Department your usual careful consideration. The Supreme Court of the Republic has held its regular Semi Annual Sessions without interruptions. Since the elevation of Justice Johnson to the Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court there has been a noticeable improvement on the administrative side of the Court, along the lines of procedure and practice. With the assistance of his most able colleagues it is confidently hoped that the expectations and desires of this Nation for such reforms in its Judicial system that would expedite the administration of Justice and thereby render justice less expensive and burdensome, will soon be realized. The Attorney General in his report further calls attention to the wording of an Act passed by Your Honourable Body on January 26,1900 entitled “ A Joint resolution providing for the support of Liberia College”, which leaves room for cavilling as to whether or not all escheats of real property by the Government vests said properties in Liberia College. I have been made to understand that the responsible officials of Liberia College construe the said Act to mean that the title to every piece of real property escheated vests automatically in the College instead of becoming again a part of the public domain. Their interpretation may be correct so far as the wording of the Act is concerned, but such an interpretation in our opinion, is not in keeping with the spirit and intention of the Law Makers, and may probably, soon vest in said Institution properly far in excess of the maximum value of that which by the terms of its charter it is entitled to hold. It is therefore suggested that a statute removing the ambiguities in this Act be passed, and expressly directing that all such property be sold, and upon receipt of the purchase price one half of same be paid over to the President of the College towards the support of the Institution. There are other recommendations in the report of the Attorney General for which I ask your favourable consideration.

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Post Office Department. I am happy to report that the relations of our Post Office Department with the other Postal Administrations of the International Postal Union continue to be cordial and friendly. The long outstanding claims of several Union countries against the Republic, due from the International Money Order Service and the International Transit Account have been regulated and considerably reduced during the year. The United States' claims, account Money Orders amounting to nearly Two Thousand Dollars, due since 1918, have been paid up in full. The total claims of Great Britain against the Republic up to September 30,1925, due from Money Order and Transit Accounts by previous Administrations amount to Ten Thousand Eight Hundred Dollars. Against this sum the amount of Eight Thousand One Hundred and Seventy Dollars and Fifty-Nine Cents has been paid during the year, leaving a balance of Two Thousand Six Hundred and Twenty-Nine Dollars and Forty One Cents still owing the British Post Office, for the payment of which definite arrangements have been made with the Bank of British West Africa to the satisfaction of the British Postal authorities. Some payments, though small, have also been made against the German and French Money order claims during the year. Due to lack of available funds, no payments have been made towards the Transit Accounts of Japan, Turkey and the Strait Settlements. It is hoped, however, that during next year a way will be found to meet all of our foreign Postal obligations. Owing to the steady development of our overseas trade and commerce a keen necessity is felt on the part of the Liberian public for postal facilities for the transmission of monies to Europe and America. The Postmaster General has therefore taken the necessary steps, through the proper official channels, to approach the American and British Governments on the question of reopening International Money Orders relations with their respective countries. According to the Stockholm Postal Convention, which came into force on the first day of October last, the rates for letters, postcards and other objects inserted in Article 34 of the Principal Convention, may be either decreased twenty per cent, or, increased sixty per cent by any Union country so desiring. Taking advantage of this privilege of reducing the rates fixed in Article 34 of the Convention, the Cabinet, with the view to our local conditions, suggested to the Postmaster General the adoption of five cents as the rate for the first unit of weight of letters, and three cents for every additional unit or one ounce; three cents for single post cards and one cent for every 50 grammes of printed matter, pending the ratification of the Convention by the Liberian Senate. For the past couple of years the postal business of the Republic has been on the increase to such an extent that the building which held the General Post Office and the Monrovia Local Post Office became too small for the volume of work to be properly and efficiently handled by the employees. It therefore became necessary to relieve the congestion by removing the General Post Office and turning over the apartments occupied by it to the Local Office. The General Post Office is now located on Front Street of this City in a building formerly the home of the last Postmaster General Fuller. This building was formally opened for public use on the Twenty-Sixth day of October last. The local sales of Postage Stamps have been much more satisfactory this year than that of last year. The sales for the preceding fiscal year totaled Twenty Seven Hundred Dollars ($2,700.00) while those for this last fiscal year amounted to Four Thousand One Hundred and Forty-Two Dollars ($4,142.00) which shows an increase of more than 50 per cent.

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The Postmaster General in his report also calls attention to the present unsatisfactory conditions of the Post Office buildings in the counties of Grand Bassa, Sinoe, Cape Palmas and Cape Mount, and asks for suitable appropriation to put these buildings in good repairs. The following comparative statement of mails received and despatched between the year 1924 and 1925 as furnished by the Postmaster general shows the growth of Liberia's foreign correspondence as well as the volume of work which our very limited staff of Postal employees is called upon to handle. Comparative Statement of Mails Received and Despateched between 1924 and 1925 Letters

weight Printed Matter lbs. ozs. lbs. 1925 174,660 7540: 6 67231: 1 1924 168,859 6021: 11 43245: 0 5,801 1518: 11 23,985: 1 1925: Parcels Post, valuation. Free Letters. Mails a de couvert Sample Post 1925 8738 $100,817.47 7626 1924 6761 $ 64,675.47 5424 1977 $ 36,142.00 2202

Post Cards Nos. 6897 1715 5,182

R. Lets Nos. 25,127 20,104 5,023

3102 609 2493

264 399 135

Closed Despatches No. 3 1925: 1924

147 653 506

Decrease

The War Department. In these days, when the entire world is suffering from the dreadful consequences of war in all its phases, and the nations of the world, both small and great, are earnestly seeking methods other than war for the arbitrament of international disputes and differences, it seems to me to be out of tune with these strivings and aspirations for Peace for any Government to give the Goddess of War such a prominent seat in its political structure by prefixing the word “War” to one of its great departments of Government. And for a peaceful and less powerful state as Liberia it is more bewildering. That a State should be prepared to defend its rights and discharge its national and international responsibilities, and with force should (the) necessity arise for doing so, goes without saying; but this could be achieved by any nation without placing such emphasis upon “War” in the manner in which I have indicated. Assuring the defense of a State is one thing and “war” as such is quite another thing. In my opinion our duty lies in preparing for the armed defense of our country and not for war in its general sense, as is indicated by the title--”Department of War”. The name of this Department of our State should be substituted by that of “Department of National Defense”, presided over by a Secretary of National Defense. Such a change in the designation of our War Department and in the title of the Secretary of War would constantly keep before the minds of all Liberians the patriotic duty of defending the Fatherland. The Secretary of War in his report states that the strength of the Army is still maintained at two Brigades of five regiments of Militia infantry averaging about Two Thousand men, each reporting for regular quarterly drills and one regiment of the Liberian Frontier Force consisting of Six Hundred men. With the onward and steady march of the country along lines of progress and improvements the country's defenses can no longer be neglected. Our National Security and international obligations demand an effective military organization. Not a large standing

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Army which would be contrary to the genius and spirit of our Constitution, but one in point of training and effectiveness, and size sufficient to meet our international responsibilities and to assure our national safety. The Secretary of War emphasing the necessity for a well trained and effective Army to meet our international responsibilities, in his report very correctly calls attention to the role played by Belgium in the World War, which, as he points out, furnishes a concrete example of the responsibilities devolving upon small states in their relation with the Great Powers, and the way and a manner those reprehensibilities should be borne in time or war. Although that state, which is much smaller in size than Liberia, enjoyed certain international guarantees against invasion in the event of a European War, it was compelled at the very beginning of the Great War, and at the time least expected to stand alone in the defense of her honour and obligations until such time as she could be aided by her more powerful guarantors; and thus justified her position in the family of nations. Our country is not without its own share of bitter experiences in connection with this great conflict; first, as a neutral state and last as an ally, when we though unarmed and unprepared not even for defense much less for war calmly submitted to the bombardment of our National Capital by the German Submarine rather than deliver up to the enemy the subjects of our Allies and their property. The Secretary warns us that the Great War has past but the lessons found on the pages of its history should not be forgotten. With the view to the reorganization of our Army the Secretary of War, under direction of the President, has circularized the officers commanding the various military unites requesting their views, plans and cooperations. Similar requests have been made of the experienced retired Militia Officers in the various Counties. When these views and plans shall have been received by the Department, a comprehensive plan for the reorganization of the Army to suit the needs and conditions of this country, and not other countries; will be prepared and submitted for the consideration of Your Honourable Body and its actions thereon. The sum appropriated for minor military expenses, Courts-Martial, etc, was One Thousand Seventy Nine Dollars and Twenty Cents. $1,079.20). This sum was altogether inadequate for the purpose; and in order to meet the most pressing demands. It was necessary to exceed the amount by One Thousand Two Hundred and Five Dollars and Sixty-One Cents ($1,205.61). The amount in excess was obtained by the suspension of certain other appropriations of lesser importance. The Secretary reports that the Militia shows great improvements along all lines on the conditions of the past, but that it appears now to have reached its zenith of perfection under the present organization and its attending facilities. The Frontier Force- The strength of this organization is estimated at 580 combat troops, 74 enlisted men of the Labor Company, 18 enlisted men of the Band Company, and 12 enlisted men of the Sanitary Corps. The full strength being 700 enlisted men, 37 Officers and 7 cadets and Non-commissioned Staff. The activities of the Force during the past year have been confined principally to garrison and police duties. The peaceful condition of the country has obviated the necessity for any clash of arms. During the early part of the year there were some disorders threatening in the GborGebee Sections of Montserrado County, but they were averted by the prompt despatch of a detachment of men from this Force. The threatened areas were occupied without fighting by 65 men under the command of Lieutenant Glenn and is at present under Military control. The Military control of certain Sections of the country in District No. 5 as the result of the Putu disorders has been superseded by the Civil Administration. Captain L, L, Smith of

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the L. F. F. who commanded the troops in occupation has been transferred to the command of District No. 1. The Regimental Infirmary. This Infirmary though primarily instituted for the benefit of the soldiers of the Liberian Frontier Force has served a much wider field during the past year. It has been called upon to attend upon men of the Labour Company's recruits, soldier boys, paupers, and prisoners incarcerated in the County Jail, and the poor of this community. The Infirmary since its establishment has served a great human good to hundreds of suffering persons not in any way connected with the Force. So great is the need of a Hospital. Since the Infirmary was intended as an experiment for an Hospital, which experiment has not proved a failure, I think the time has now arrived for its conversion into an Hospital fitted to meet modern requirements both in personnel and equipments. Such an Institution would, be a great boon to Liberians as well as to foreigners in our midst who for the lack of the proper medical facilities at home are compelled to seek medical treatment abroad at a very great expense to themselves. An initial outlay of Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00) will be necessary for the establishment of such an Hospital. The satisfactory management of this Infirmary for the past two years by Captain T. Elwood Davis of the L. F. F. is given testimony to, in the following statement of the Secretary of War in his report. “The Regiments Infirmary of the L. F. F. is still under the control and management of Captain T. Elwood Davis. In addition to the exacting duties of an institution of this kind, this Officer of this Force is also Director of Sanitation of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia and Aide-de- Camp to His Excellency the President. The duties of both of these latter positions are equally exacting, and Captain Davis has shown a remarkable display of skill and energy in producing satisfaction to an appreciable extent alike in all.” The appointment of an Adjutant General to be attached to the personnel of the War Department with a salary of One Thousand Two Hundred Dollars ($1,200.00) per annum is recommended by the Secretary of War. After a period of two years satisfactory service Major Sten, the American Officer in command of the Liberian Frontier Force, was granted six months leave of absence by this Government. He left for the United States in the month of September last having relinquished his command of the Force to Captain William S. Boyle, the Senior Liberian Officer of the Force. The Department of the Interior. For more effective administration purposes the interior of the Republic has been divided into County Districts and the Hinterland Districts; the jurisdiction of the former commencing from the sea board and extending forty miles interiorward, and that of the latter commencing from the forty miles limit and ending at the interior frontier limits of the Republic, a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles. The Secretary of the Interior complains that owing very often to the conflict of authority between the Interior Department and the Superintendents of the various Counties the administration of the County Districts is still more difficult than the administration of the Hinterland District. The reason being that the District Commissioners of County Districts are responsible alike to the Interior Department as to the Country Superintendents. When these Commissioners receive orders that seem to differ they usually chose the one they prefer to execute. The administration has under consideration proposals for submission to your Honourable Body, which, it is hoped, will bring to an end such an impossible situation in the administration of the County Districts.

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Barring the incident between our soldiers and those of the French along the FrancoLiberian Boundary within the Zinta regions during the middle part of the year, as well as the threatened disorders in the G'bor-Gebee Sections of the country, both of which incidents have already been referred to elsewhere within these pages, I am pleased to report that peace and quietude prevails throughout the Hinterland of the Republic. There are five administrative Districts within the Hinterland Jurisdiction each under the control of a District Commissioner. In the Zinta District or District No. 1, the Commissioner, Capt. A. R. Harper, has affairs properly regulated and everything well in hand. The inhabitants are happy and very loyal and are settling down to industrial pursuits. Capt. Harper is very much liked by the Chiefs and populations of his District. In fact he is the most capable man of our officials in the Hinterland. Capt. Harper was unfortunately taken seriously ill at his Station in the month of September last and had to proceed at once to Freetown, Sierra Leone for medical treatment. On his return to Monrovia, upon the advice of his Doctors, he took a sea trip along the coast as far as Fernando Poo and returned, very much benefited in health. At present he is detailed here in Monrovia for a few months on road Construction work. The Hut Tax registration of this District is Thirty-Six Thousand Three Hundred and Thirty-One Dollars. ($36,331.00). The Naarma District or District No. 2. The District sustained a great loss during the year by the death of its District Commissioner Mr. M. A. Ketter, which sad event occurred in Monrovia on the 2nd of March while he was under medical treatment at the French Dispensary. Commissioner Ketter was a faithful and conscientious official and his loss to the public service will be long felt. His Assistant Mr. R. J. Clark who served under him for a considerable time succeeds to the post. The inhabitants of this District are also peaceful and loyal and are continuing the construction of beautiful Motor Roads commenced by the late Commissioner Ketter. The Hut Tax registration of this District, is Thirty One Thousand Two Hundred and Eighty-Eight Dollars. ($31,288.00) The Sanoquelleh District or District No. 3. Mr. D. S. Carter is the district Commissioner of this District. The Administration of this District is conducted without the least friction between the Commissioner, Chiefs and People. Its populations are thoroughly loyal, and they like their Commissioner immensely. Commissioner Carter is to be congratulated for the excellent Motor Roads. He only takes the second place in rank to captain Harper of District No. 1 in point of experiences. Mr. Carter for his age and experience in proving himself a capable administrator. The Hut Tax registration of this District, is Twenty-Two Thousand Eight Hundred and Seven Dollars. ($22,807.00) District No. 4 and 5 are administrated by District Commissioners J. A. Dunham and Col. J. J Horace respectively. While the populations of these two Districts are undoubtedly peaceful and loyal, yet, owing to the many complaints coming to the President and the Secretary of the Interior, during the year, from the Chiefs, I am afraid there is not the same degree of satisfaction on the part of their respective populations as exits in Districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3. The Commissioner General has been specially ordered to these Districts for the purpose of enquiring into the several complaints upon the spot, and to regulate affairs. If the Report of the Commissioner General confirms these complaints drastic changes in the official personnel of these Districts will be made.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

We must impress upon our native brethren in our administrative relations with them that we are not amongst them to rule but to govern; for any despot can rule, but none has been found to govern. Realizing the importance of Agriculture to the State, the Administration is continuing its activities along these lines within the limit of the means at its disposal. The Department of the Interior, though the Commissioner of Agriculture, Professor P. O. Gray, has been steadily busy during the year in preparing the grounds of 250 acre tract of land lying between the Rubber Plantations in Johnsonville and the Township of Fendall, Louisiana, for experimenting on various farm products. It is the desire of the Administration to make this piece of land into a Model farm, where our farmers may go, not only to ascertain methods of cultivation, but also to see such methods actually demonstrated. A modern bungalow house 30 x 25 with a veranda 12 feet wide is in course of erection on this land and will be completed within a few weeks, Arrangements are under consideration to secure the services of Mr. D. Hne Scott of Clayashland as the expert Agriculturist for this farm under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. It is hoped to establish similar farms in each of the Counties, after this one shall have been put into operation and as soon as the State of our finances will justify such steps being taken. Coming events would seem to indicate the necessity for putting into operation the Act of 1912 creating a Labor Bureau. Towards this end therefore is legislative appropriation requested at your present Session. The Honourable the Secretary of the Interior is collating all of the Rules and Regulations governing the Interior Service of the Republic and also adding thereto in order that from his practical and wide experience of native affairs, all the objects necessary to an efficient administration might be comprehensively treated and covered. If other duties of the Department become no more pressing than usual, the Secretary hopes to complete these Rules and Regulations and submit them to you at your present Session for your formal action. It is my painful duty to report the death of Paramount Chief Langama of the Wam Gissi country. He was a venerable and loyal Chief, having always proven true to Liberia and her cause. His brother, Chief Kandakai, who served under him as his Speaker, now succeeds him as Paramount Chiefs. We have also to painfully report the death of another one our principal Paramount Chiefs in the person of Chief G'boto'G'boto. He, at the time of his demise was the Paramount Chief of the Gorgey-Golay Sections of the Country; having been appointed by me to this post two years ago soon after the Suehn Conference of Native Chiefs. Chief G'boto-G'boto has been widely known in official circles in Monrovia for a period of over twenty years. He was a great soldier and fought loyally on the side of this Government in many of the early punitive expedition against recalcitrant native tribes. We cannot but regretfully mourn the loss of both of these loyal and devoted Chiefs. The full account of my tour of the Northern Hinterland of the Republic made soon after your adjournment January last having been published in the August and September issues of the “Liberia Official gazette”, copies of which are hereto annexed as forming a part of this Message, I will not detain you upon this subject, other than to make this public acknowledgment of the most enthusiastic and loyal reception accorded your Executive together with those who accompanied him, by all of the Chiefs and the entire populations of the Districts through which we passed and visited, as well as the splendid work that is being done by the Government Officials in these Districts, in the construction of good Motor Roads, ideal Military barracks, beautiful civil compounds and the preservation of peace and

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order among the tribes. These existing conditions are a source of pride to every Liberian visiting the hinterland. The Roads in Districts Nos. 2 and 3, built by the natives with no implements other than sharp sticks and native made hoes, with which hills twenty to thirty feet in height were leveled down, demonstrated such engineering skill and ability that struck us all with wonder and astonishment. The work was so satisfactory that it compelled me to promise the Chiefs of these District a small dash of five hundred dollars for each District; which promise I earnestly hope you will enable me to make good by providing the necessary appropriation at your present session. Roads. In spite of the handicaps through lack of sufficient funds to procure suitable machines and other implements for Road Construction the Administration has nevertheless steadily pursued its Road building program. This program, as pointed out in my last Message is not being prosecuted haphazardly, but is in keeping with well considered plan for the building of a system of roads throughout the country. These roads may later on culminate into Rail Roads or feeders thereto from the various Districts in our hinterland. In Montserrado County we have made appreciable progress in our Road program. Some repairs and improvements have been made during the year, on the MonroviaWhite Plains Road, passing through the Settlements of Old Congo Town, Paynesville, Findall-Louisana, Johnsonville and Robertsville to White Plains. The distance of this Road is 24 miles. The Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Road beginning at the junction of the Monrovia-White Plains Road at the Rubber Farm in the Settlement of Johnsonville has been extended as far as Careysburg, and will be ready for Motor traffic two weeks from date. The distance of this Section of the Road is ____ miles. The Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Road which is to pass through the Settlement of Careysburg is also being worked at other points and distances named in the schedule below have been completed with temporary bridges quite safe for light Motor traffic. Monrovia-Sanoqueleh Road 300 Miles From Monrovia. Date Commenced May Sept. Apr. Sept. Oct.

1, 1924 8, 1924 4, 1923 4, 1923 6, 1922 7, 1923 1922 1922

Starting Place

Section

Dist.

No. Men

Kakata Weiyarla Zeansul Sua Kokota Naarma Garmu Gama Sanoquelleh

Kakata Yaforquelleh Jorquelleh Zoto “ “ Gbeing “

No. 2 “ “ “ “ “ No. 3 “

80 250 100 300 300 50 400 14800 men

No. Miles Completed 24 12 8 14 16 12 60 21 128 miles

The distance left to be covered so as to have a complete Motor Road for traffic from Monrovia to Sanoqulleh is approximately 300 miles.

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Brewerville-Relie Yalla Road 114 Miles from Monrovia. Date August 10, 1924 July 5, 1925

Starting Brewerville

Section Dey

District Dey Senjey

No. Men 375

No. Miles 23

Belle Yalla

Belle

No.

2 1457

15 38

The distance left to be crossed so as to have a complete Motor Road for traffic from Brewerville to Belle Yalla is seventy-six miles. The Administration feels perfectly certain with its present Road organization, that within two years these two main Roads of this County can be completed, provided an appreciable quantity of road implements and machinery can be had, together with an adequate appropriation The Harper-Webbo Road: This Road is to being constructed at the other end of the Republic, in Maryland County, under the personal direction and supervision of the indefatigable and progressive Superintendency to that County, the Honourable Allen Yancy. This Road, beginning from Harper, has now reached G'bolobo, a distance of about thirty miles interiorward from the Coast; and will soon be opened for Motor traffic after the completion of three small bridges now in process of construction. The Road is forty feet in width, passing through Corporate Township areas, and twenty feet passing through all other places. The bridges constructed on this Roads are also very good. The largest and most artistic bridge is the Philadelphia bridge, erected on triangular concrete pillars, floored with concrete, with concrete rails or balustrades, around the sides. Some of the other bridges are made of cement and the smaller ones of heavy and durable poles, timbers, and scantlings covered with hard clay. Superintendent Yancy deserves congratulations for his untiring energy, initiative and good work. The Bluebara-Putu Motor Roads. This Road in Sinoe County has just been started a few months ago during the present year by the Superintendent of that County the Honourable S. J. Grigsby. It has been opened up a distance of approximately five miles; also another road leading from the Po River in that County into the Playon Section. This has already gone a distance of over three miles. In Grand Cape Mount County, under Superintendent J.B. Watson, a splendid Moror Road has been constructed from Sahweloh on the Marpha Riveri n the Tehwoh Section to Gene Wondeh in the P'koppa Gola Section beyond the town of Karnga, a distance of Twenty-five miles. But for the want of suitable bridges upon these Roads they would be now ready for Motor traffic. The preliminary clearings for a Motor Road leading from Monrovia to Marshall, Junk in connection with the Monrovia-Bassa Telephone line were begun this year, and it is our desire to have this Road near completion, if not completed at the end of next year. As a compliment of the Monrovia-White Plains' Motor Road, arrangements have been made to place a Ferry Service across the St. Paul River between white Plains and Millsburg by a large chain ferry of sufficient size to carry a loaded motor truck. This will enable a motor truck or automobile to proceed from Monrovia to Arthington, Suehn and other points in the interior on the right bank of the St. Paul River and will furnish much needed assistance to the merchants of both sides of that River. Mr. Foday Massalay, a native young man of the Dey tribe and Mr. Momo Grey a young man of the Vie tribe, the former of whom has been charged with the construction and

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overseeing of that portion of the Brewerville-Belle Yalla Road, leading from Brewerville to Suehn, and the latter with that of the Monroiva-White Plains Road and also with that portion of the Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Road leading form the Rubber Farm in Johnsonville to Caryesburg all under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Interior, deserve special mention for the remarkable skill displayed by them in their work as well as for their faithfulness and devotion to their duties. By so doing they have been of great helpful assistance to the Administration in the successful prosecution of its Road scheme. The unsolicited gift of Two Thousand trench spades together with pick-axes and crow bars so kindly made to the Government by the Directors of the African International Corporation in London as a mark of their Company's appreciation of the Liberian Government's effort along Road Construction is much appreciated and also deserves special mention. Department of Public Instructions. This Department though ranking last in departmental order should not be considered the least since it is the only department which is officially charged to see that the intellectual and moral training of our boys and girls is given such shape and direction as will make them honest intelligent and useful citizens to the State and a bulwark of this Nation. Without such a class of citizenship to take up the work of nation building handed down to us by our Sainted Fathers the future of Liberia is doomed, no matter how high she may attain in her development and growth in other respects. This being the case, the Department of Instructions should not be any longer regarded as the fifth wheel to the coast of State, but rather one of the most important departments of the State. From the report of the Secretary of Public Instructions appreciable improvement is noticeable in our educational activities throughout the Republic. Better School conditions exist; enrollments of schools and students are increased. The Secretary, referring in his report to the Government's schools in our Hinterland jurisdiction, says: “The Department of Public Instruction, in the establishment of the schools in the interior, according to Administrative Districts, had in view also the distribution of said schools in accordance with the tribes and their cognate linguistic groups whose Lands are in close proximity one to the other. It matters not what may be the view points of some regarding the present steps of the Administration in extending its Educational Program so far into the Hinterland, it must be remembered that this Republic cannot remain too long an Independent State with ninetenth of its populations in illiteracy. In fact without Education we have no Security for the perpetuity of our Government and its free institutions.” These certainly are truths which the Leaders of the States would do well to take seriously to heart. In the instructions given in these schools in the Hinterland, emphasis is put on love of home and family ties, love of the State, allegiances to the Flag, respect for tribal authority. Truthfulness, cleanliness of thoughts and habit, encouragements of native industries, retention of native names, gardening and physical culture. It is necessary that emphasis be placed upon these points of patriotism and personal character in our first efforts to bring the youths of our unenlightened brethren in the interior into the folds of Christian civilization and enlightenment. A mistaken policy in this direction will prove disastrous. With the intellectual training of the youths of our lands must also go hand in hand the development of a strong moral character. The following are the names of the Schools now established in the Hinterland showing the grades taught and their enrollments.

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Names of School 1. Kolahun School 2. Foya School 3. Vonjama School 4. Zinta School 5. Naama School 6. G'Banga School 7. Sanoquelle School 8. Butulu School

Grades taught 1 to 5 1 to 4 1 to 7 1 to 5 1 to 6 1 to 5 1 to 4 1 to 4

enrollment 45 21 80 68 28 52 40 40

The Secretary of Public Instructions states in his report with regard to the teaching staff of these Schools “that the young men who are enrolled by the Department in the School work in the Interior, have done and are doing the work with great zeal and untiring devotion to their country's cause in this initial step, in the extension of Educational facilities to our Aborigines brethren. Besides these Government Schools established in the Hinterland by the Holy Cross Fathers a branch of the Protestant and Episcopal Church work in Liberia and the Lutheran Foreign Mission Board respectively. The Holy Cross at Masambolahum from 1 to 4th Grades with an enrollment of fifty. The Lutheran Foreign Mission at Zorzor form 1 to 4th Grades with enrollment of one hundred and ten. There is connected with the latter School a well arranged Infirmary. Excellent work is being done by the Director in charge, in the treatment of diseases, which to the premature mind are occasioned by witchcraft. During our recent trip to the Interior we had the pleasure of visiting both of these Mission schools and to see for ourselves the good works that is being done. At a meeting of the Board of Education held in the City of Monrovia on the 27th of August last under the presidency of the Secretary of Public Instructions the following recommendations were unanimously adopted;1. That all schools in Liberia be requested to comply with Sec. 10 of the School Act, which provides for uniform Text Books in the Primary, Intermediate and advanced division of the Schools. 2. That all Teachers sent out by Mission Boards to teach in Liberia, be requested to present their Diplomas to the Department of Public Instructions, before entering upon said work; and that Mission Boards operating in Liberia be informed of this regulation. 1. That in keeping with Section 44 of the School Act, the boys in each School in the Republic be organized into a Cadet Corp, for Military training. 2. That the pupil of the Schools in Liberia be invited to compete for the Prize offered for the best original ODE of ALLEGIANCE to the FLAG. The Ode must not exceed two stanzas of four lines each. 3. That a Teacher's Association be organized in the Republic. 4. the Secretary of Public Instruction prepare a practical Text Book on Physiology and Hygiene for use in the Elementary grades of all the schools throughout the Republic. 5. That each school be required to prepare Literary and Industrial Specimens for the Exhibit to be held in Monrovia in January 1926 and also for the forth coming Exhibition in Philadelphia. Coastwise Telephone For the purpose of facilitating trade and shipping along our Coast the Administration has decided upon the establishment of a system of coastwise telephone communications between Cape Mount and Monrovia and, between Monrovia and Cape Palmas linking up the intervening Counties.

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In pursuance of this decision the services of Mr. D. Twe, a competent and educated Liberian of the Kru Coast were secured to commence the construction of the first line from Monrovia to Grand Bassa. On the arrival from the United States of Mr. Farmer, the Assistant Boundary Engineer, this gentleman was detailed to direct the survey of the line while Mr. Twe followed digging the holes and erecting the poles. Poles have already been erected from Monrovia to Marshall, Junk a distance of miles and are proceeding rapidly towards Lower Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, which point is expected to be reached within a few weeks. The first shipment of material has arrived and the running of the wires form the Monrovia-Bassa line has now started from Monrovia. The survey of the route from Monrovia to Cape Mount by Mr. Farmer has also been started. When the system of telephonic communication shall have been completely installed along our Coasts, passing ships will be able to communicate by wireless with Monrovia and have their messages sent over the Government telephone lines to any part on the Liberian Coast, while at the same time the Government will accept messages at all of the Liberian Ports for transmission to Europe and America as well as for the various Counties in the Republic. I have committed the directing of the construction of this coastwise line to the General Receiver. A similar line following the Monrovia-White Plains Motor Road has also been started from Monrovia to extend as far as Carysburg a distance of miles. Mr. Collins who is in charge of the Monrovia City Telephone Station has been entrusted with the construction of this latter line under the direction of the Postmaster General. Both the Coastwise and Interior lines when completed will be operated under the Postmaster General of the Republic as Director of Ports and Communications. The Commonwealth District of Monrovia. The administration of this unit of our political administrative divisions, under a Commonwealth Board, continues most satisfactory. The marked improvements noticeable in Monrovia, the Capital of the Nation, is indeed most gratifying and pleasing. There are under negotiations between the Government and the Westing Electric Company of America extensive phases for the electric lighting of the entire City of Monrovia, including Krootown, which when concluded and installed, will give our Capital one of the best electric lighting systems of the West Coast of Africa. The revenues of the Commonwealth District actually collected for the Fiscal year ended September 30, 1925 amount to Fourteen Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Eight Dollars and Twenty-Seven Cents. ($14,928.27) On the 25th of August last the foundation Stone of a City Hall 60 feet long and 40 feet wide, to be erected on Center Street was laid by the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Masons of the Republic of Liberia. The walls for the first story are nearly completed. This building will supply a much felt need of the City, as well as centralize the administrative officers of the Commonwealth District. The strength of the Police Force numbers 40 men, rank and file. The conduct, discipline and appearance of the Force is very good, all things considered. The Monrovia Police Department was invited to participate in an International Police Conference held in the City of New York in the month of September of the present year, but on account of lack of funds to meet the expenses that would be entailed by the sending

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of a representative to attend the Conference it was not possible to take advantage of the kind invitation extended. Barring the controversially reported cases of Yellow Fever between the months of July and September of the present year the health condition of the Commonwealth District has been fair. Mr. Minor, the Director of Public Works continues to vigorously prosecute the work on the sidewalks of the City. A cement paved road has been made at the lower end of Randall Street leading from the Waterside to the City for vehicle traffic. The purposes for the appointing of an Executive Commission to administer the affairs of the Cities of Upper and Lower Buchanan, Grand Bassa County having in our opinion been met, the Commission, by special Executive Order issued on the 1st of October last was recalled, and the administration of these cities substituted by a Board of Local Commissioners as follows: The Honourable J. L. Dounoun, Chairman. The Honourable J. A. Dingwall, Sanitary Inspector. Lieut. W. D. Stubbelfield of the L. F. F. as Chief of Police. I shall ask for special legislation for the future administration of these cities at your present Session. Not having taken any actions at your last Session upon the following two recommendations made by me in my Annual Message, I am compelled to again respectfully direct your attention to their importance. First with regard to the Act reorganizing the Supreme Court of the Republic approved February 20th, 1875. According to the provisions of this Act in the event to the illness or absence for any other cause of the Chief Justice, even though two Associate Justices were present, the entire business of the Court would have to be suspended during the entire period of the absence of the Chief Justice to the disadvantage of parties litigant in the Court and to their material interest. That there should be such a deadlock in the operations of our Supreme Court, a Court which should set the pace of the administration of speedy justice, is most unfortunate; and our neglect to remedy such a situation is incomprehensible. Not only an impartial but also a speedy trial is guaranteed to all litigants in our Courts, whether Liberians or Foreigners, under the Constitution of Liberia which cannot be denied without heavy financial expenses to such litigant parties and serious international complications. Second, securing the efficient Standard of the Liberian Bar. When treating this subject in my last Message, I made the following observations: “That the high standard of efficiency set for the Liberian Bar is now seemingly being lowered, is a thought which at the present time is claiming the serious consideration of the Leaders of the Legal Profession in Liberia as well as the Government.” “In the administration of Justice by the Courts, much depends upon the Legal competency and moral integrity of the members of the Bar. They are administering servants at the Bar of Justice, assisting the judges to maintain the dignity of the law and to dispense even handed justice to the Prince as well as to the Peasant. A wrong advice given to the Court or to a Client by a lawyer, due to his insufficient knowledge of the Law, may lead the Judge into grave and most far-reaching legal errors, and this client into heavy unnecessary expenses and possible to undergo severe legal penalties.” “The standard of the Courts of all civilized countries is judged by the character and competency of the members of the Bar. The higher the reputation the members of the Bar attain for honesty and efficiency the great is the respect for the Courts and laws of those countries; and so on the other hand, decadence of intellectual attainment and moral rectitude bring about disrespect and contempt for the Court, as well as weakens the majesty of

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the Law. How careful, therefore, should our Courts be in placing their imprimaturs of approval upon the competency and moral integrity of those desiring to enter the ranks of the legal Profession, especially when is considered the fact that from those ranks must be selected the Judges of the Nation. In the same moral and intellectual scrutiny is required in determining the fitness and qualification of a lawyer to be elevated to the Bench.” “It is thought that there is growing laxity on the part of the several Circuit Courts of the Republic in their admission of candidates to the Bar. We should remember that there is at least a moral responsibility attached to the Government for every incompetent person palmed off upon the community, by the Courts, as a Lawyer. For this reason I would recommend that the Courts of the Republic, as such, should be relieved of the duties of passing upon the competency of candidates for the Bar. This duty should be imposed upon a committee to be known as “The Bar Committee”, appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, with the Attorney General as Chairman. To such a Committee would be entrusted the task of, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

prescribing the course of legal studies; the oral and written examination of candidates; passing upon the moral character and legal competency of the candidates. recommending admission of the candidates to the Bar; hearing and determining all complaints or charges brought against lawyers, whether practicing or not, for unprofessional or immoral conduct, their decisions and rulings being subject to review only by the Supreme Court.”

“No person should be admitted to practice as a lawyer before any of the Courts of the Republic without first obtaining a Certificate of Proficiency from the Bar Committee, which certificate may be canceled by the Bar Committee at any time for sufficient cause shown and approved by the Chief Justice. The Committee should sit annually at the Capital. These measures or other along similar lines which may be suggested would, I am sure to restore and strengthen that public confidence in the Liberian Bar for efficiency which it has hitherto enjoyed.” Before concluding this Message I cannot but point, with patriotic pride and pleasure, to the new thought now moving through the Nation towards Liberia's religious independence by complete severance from all foreign Ecclesiastical control. The incompatibility of political freedom with religious servitude the Liberians are now beginning to realize. The British Nation, realizing this incompatibility, threw off the Ecclesiastical yoke of Rome for Spiritual freedom and declared the Established Church of England. For the same reason the Protestant Episcopal Churches in the United States of America, after the Independence of that great Nation, refused to submit to the continued Ecclesiastical Government and control of their respective parent Bodies in England, and organized themselves into independent religious Bodies under their own appointed American Ecclesiastical Heads in keeping with the Republic spirit and genius of their country and their Government. The Churches in Liberia in their awakening to national and racial consciousness must and will proceed upon these very lines. The control of foreign religious Bodies must be withdrawn, as well as their financial support, from the Churches in Liberia. If the former, why not the latter? Since we are supporting and maintaining our own Government, we ought to be able to support and maintain our own churches. In fact, this is a duty and responsibility devolving upon us as a free, sovereign and independent People. No self-respecting, independent Nation would desire otherwise.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Every nation, like every individual, must know God for itself and not for another. As a people, we Liberians are most appreciative of the religious guidance and assistance we have received in the past from our foreign Spiritual directors and teacher, and recognise the measurable benefit which have accrued to us therefrom; but nevertheless, we hear the deep, loud and reverberating sounds of the great bell of time announcing the fact that the hour has arrived for Liberia's spiritual freedom and religious Independence. To this call of freedom every true and patriotic Liberian must respond irrespective of his religious faith or creed. In conclusion, Gentlemen, while assuring you of the fullest co-operation of the Executive in your present deliberations, I also commend to your wise care and most thoughtful attention the needs, the welfare and the aspirations of this young but great nation-great in its outlook, great in its possibilities, and great in the divine purposes of the Almighty in His plans for our Race's development and Africa's political and spiritual Redemption. To the achievement of such high and noble aim, let us, therefore, subordinate all narrow advantages of politics, religion and sectional feeling and work unitedly for the prosperity and lasting securing of the State. C. D .B. King Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 16th, 1925

Annual Message to the Legislature October 20, 1926 To: The Honourables The Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia in Legislature assembled. Gentlemen: In keeping with our Constitutional requirements as well as practice, I am before you today to report upon the operations of the Government since your last adjournment and to recommend such measures for the better enhancement of the varied interests of the State which, in your wiser and more matured judgment, you may deem expedient and prudent to adopt. Foreign Relations. It is indeed most gratifying to me to report that our relations with all foreign Governments, especially those of the Great Powers, still continue to be most cordial and friendly, and that nothing has occurred since your last session to mar those relations. In the early part of the year His Excellency General Nunez de Prado, the newly appointed Governor-General of the Spanish Possessions in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, when proceeding to take up the duties of his new post for the first time paid a visit to this Capital, which visit I availed myself of the honor and opportunity to return in the month of March of the currently year, accompanied by the Honourable Secretary of Public Instructions Dr. Payne, His Honour Judge E. J. Worrell of Grand Bassa, Mr. Edward Guyatt, Spanish Charge d’Affaires at this Capital, and one of my Aides-de-Camp, Colonel Davis. The reception accorded us on our arrival at Fernando Poo, by His Excellency the Governor-General, together with his principal Military and Civil Officials, was most friendly and flattering. The general populace also assured us of our welcome to the Colony by their pleasant smiles and greetings, accompanied with enthusiastic applauses wherever we went.

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As there is in Fernando Poo a very large number of Liberians engaged as labourers on the Cocoa Plantations in the Island, every facility was given me by His Excellency the Governor-General to visit these plantations so that I might have the opportunity of seeing the conditions under which these Liberian laboureres were working. Since my stay in the Colony was not of a long duration, I could not visit all of the plantations, but at those which I did visit I found conditions very good, and no complaints of a serious character from the Liberian labourers thereon. A Deputation from the Camera Agricola or the Chamber of Agriculturists for the Colony, which waited on me, pointed out that the actions taken by the Liberian Government in prohibiting the shipping of labourers from the Counties of Montserrado and Grand Bassa had seriously effected the cocoa industry of the Island, as the Liberian farm labour, though more costly than the local labour was a more intelligent and harder workingman. On my part I pointed out to the Deputation that while I fully appreciated their difficulties and the heavy financial loss both to the Colony as well as to the Agriculturists of the Island by reason of the curtailment of Liberian labourers for their plantations, yet I could assure them that the actions taken by the Liberian Government in prohibiting the shipping of labourers from the Counties of Montserrado and Grand Bassa were not for the purpose of willfully and unnecessarily destroying their cocoa plantations, but it was rather selfpreservation which alone dictated such actions on the part of the Liberian Government. As Liberians were also Agriculturists we needed labourers for their coffee farms, cocoa farms, for the production of our raw commercial products, for the construction of public roads from the littoral leading into our interior as well as for other agricultural developments in the Country in the near future which we have all reason to believe will be carried on more extensive scale than has ever been attempted in West Africa; and since the Liberian labour supply is not inexhaustible it was imperative upon us to take these necessary protective measures. I further pointed out that in spite, however, of these facts the Counties of Sinoe and Maryland are still open for recruitment of labourers for service abroad. The work of delimiting the boundaries of the Republic and the French Possessions in West Africa, has been resumed in accordance with the understandings reached with the French Foreign Office and the Liberian Secretary of State when he was in Paris last year. This work, it will be remembered, was begun by a mixed Commission known as the Naber-Richard Commission in the administration of President Barcaly; Mr. Naber, a Dutchman, representing Liberia and M. Richard representing France. For some reasons the work of this Commission was suspended for some time, and in President Howard’s administration another Commission was appointed known as the Lee-Vallette Commission. Mr. Lee, an American citizen, represented Liberia and M. Vallette represented France. The outbreak of the great World War in 1914 and the death of Commissioners Lee made it necessary for the Commission to be dissolved. Since the close of the great War the Liberian Government has not been uninsistent in its request for a resumption of this delimitation survey, as frontier incidents of an embarrassing nature were becoming more and more frequent, owing to the uncertain positions of towns along the frontier. It has not, however, until last year that the French Government found it convenient to comply with the request of the Liberian Government. Accordingly on the twentieth day of January, our State Department was notified of the readiness of the French Government to resume the delimitation survey of the Franco-Liberian Boundaries and of the personnel of the French Commission. In response to this notification the Liberian Government immediately communicated to the French Government the names of the personnel of the Liberian Commission, and expressed its willingness to proceed with the delimitation survey.

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The details of the progress of the work of the Commission will be set forth in the report of the Secretary of State to your Honourable Body at your present session. During the year the French Government has most courteously invited Liberia to attend the following named International Conferences: (a) (b) (c) (d)

Conference of Exotic, Colonial and Tropical Agromony. Conference on International Sanitation. Conference on International Aerial Navigation. International Conference to consider the revision of International circulation of Automobiles.

At the first three Conferences the Republic was represented by an official from our Legation in Paris. At the last one she was not represented. The surrender, since your last adjournment, of Adbel-Krim of Morocco to the French Forces after r along but unsuccessful clash with the combined French and Spanish Armies must be noted as a matter which promises in the near future to have some reaction on political conditions in North Africa. During the year there have been discussions between the British Foreign Office and our State Department through our Legation in London, with reference to the claims set up by the Liberian Development Company (an English Concern) to the Mount Barclay Plantations in Liberia, since their lease to the Firestone Rubber Corporation by the Liberian Government. These discussions are not yet concluded, but such correspondence on the subject as has passed between the British Foreign Office and our State Department will be duly laid before you by the Secretary of State. The proposed floatation of a loan in the United States of America by the Liberian Government upon the terms set forth in the proposed agreement for such a loan, ratified by you at your last session, called forth diplomatic representations from the British Government, made, we were advised, in the most friendly spirit. The British Note upon this subject, says, inter alia: “Since the proposals contain no concrete provisions for the redemption of the 1912 Loan, the security of which the Liberian Government apparently propose to alienate; they find it necessary in the interest of British Bondholders of Bonds of the 1912 Loan to make all reservations in this regard unless such proposals include arrangements for the redemption of the 1912 Loan on terms offering at least the same security as exists at present.” In reply our State Department gave to His Majesty’s Government the assurance that, “Should the Liberian Government at any time float a loan based upon securities which at present are chargeable with the obligations of the 1912 Loan, the interests of British and other Bond-holders will be amply safe guarded”. Specific mention of these representations by the British Government is here made in order to publicly correct the improper and indiscrete suggestion appearing not long ago in certain portions of our Local Press, to the effect, that the British Government in its representations to the Liberian Government were animated by the most unfriendly motives. The British Government, in asking for assurances in a matter in which the financial interest of British subjects is concerned, and in such a courteous and friendly manner, was not only within legitimate diplomatic fields, but was in the discharge of a duty which it owes to its subjects, and it was therefore quite proper for it to demand in a friendly manner of a friendly Government the assurances of protection of British financial interest in Liberia. Ebullitions of this nature from the Press upon international questions without first acquainting themselves

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of the background of such questions, do no good for the country, no matter how patriotic may be their motives, but rather tend to embarrass seriously the Government in its diplomatic relations with Foreign Powers. Of the greatest international moment and interest at the present time is the admission of the Republic of Germany to membership of the League of Nations and her unanimous election as a member of the Council of the League at the opening of the recent Assembly of the League, at Geneva on the 6th of September of the current year. The Governments of Brazil and Spain having been refused permanent seats on the Council of the League-which is really the Executive Board of the League of Nations-did not feel it compatible with the positions and dignity of their respective countries to continue to occupy non-permanent seats on the Council, and therefore gave formal notice of their withdrawal from the League to the several States members of the League through its Secretariat General. The admission of Germany into the League of Nations and her election to the Council of the League as one of the Great Powers of the World together with Spain’s defection from the League give a new direction to International affairs which must call for the most serious reflections at least on the part of the statesmanship of Europe. Germany is, undoubtedly, entitled to the high position to which she was thus elevated, not as a great military Power, but as the greatest economic factor in Europe in the present day. At the recent Assembly of the League of Nations our delegate Baron Lehman, Liberian Minister at Paris, was unanimously elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly. This is indeed a high and flattering compliment paid to Liberia by her sister members of the League, and it also indicated the democratic principles upon which the League is intended to operate. The Arbitration Convention concluded between this Government and that of the United States of America having been duly ratified by the Liberian Senate and the Senate of the United States, ratifications of the same were exchanged at this Capital of the 27th day of September 1926 and was made public and proclaimed into law by Proclamation two days thereafter. The Secretary General of the League of Nations addressed a Note to our Department of State dated at Geneva on the 27th of July of the current year transmitting: (1) A Note dated June 19th, 1926 with annexes from His Imperial and Royal Highness Taffari Makonnen, Regent and Heir to the Throne of Abyssinia, protesting against an agreement said to have been concluded between the British and Italian Governments with a view to obtaining a Concession for the British Government to undertake the conservancy of the waters of the Abyssinian Lake, Tsana, and for the Italian Government to construct a railway through the Abyssinian, Empire”. (2) The text of the replies of the British and Italian Governments to the Abyssinian Government’s protest. Both the British and Italian Governments in their replies stated that they had already previously explained to the Abyssinian Government the meaning and scope of the Notes exchanged between them, and had clearly pointed out that these Notes only constitute an agreement as to procedure concluded by the Italian and British Governments with a view to subordinating certain economic interests of the two countries, and furthermore that neither in the letter nor in the spirit of these Notes, can anything be found which would justify the apprehensions on the part of the Abyssinian Government that the Italian and British Governments intended to exert or precipitate any forcible measures on Abyssinia.

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It was thought that this dispute between the Abyssinian Government and the British and Italian Governments would be placed on the Agenda for an early session of the Council of the League of Nations, unless a friendly and satisfactory understanding be arrived at between these Governments. It is to be hoped that investigations into this dispute will really show that the apprehensions of the Abyssinian Government were not in any respects justifiable, otherwise it would be a serious and outrageous breach of Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations in which article the territorial integrity of each State member of the League is guaranteed. With this Article stricken out of the Covenant of the League there remains no place within the League for small States. Hence our deep interest and concern for the final settlement and disposition of the Abyssinian-British-Italian dispute. The Treasury Department. In my last Annual Message I reported that there had been an increase in our revenue collections during the Fiscal Year which ended September 30, 1925, greater than any other period in the Republic’s history, amounting to $943,208.94. as pleasing as these results were, yet it is the more gratifying to be able to report at this session that the combined revenues for the Fiscal Year just closed show an increase of $19,361.22 over the revenue of 1925; as will be seen from the following statement of consolidated revenues submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury. Assigned Customs Revenues Balance Assigned Customs Revenues brought forward from 1925 Total Unassigned Revenues Balance unassigned Revenues brot. forward Total a grand total of

$511,586.99 31,155.37 $542,742.36 $425,175.64 4,625.16 419,827.80 962,570.16

Thus it will be seen that we have reached the Million Dollar mark in our revenues less $37,429.84. Consolidated Statement of Receipts & disbursements of Unassigned Revenues for the year 1926. I. Balance in Bank October 1, 1925, B/F Hut Tax Collections Poll Tax Collections Real Estate Tax Collections Revenue Stamps sold Internal Revenue Collections Ordinary Sundry Licenses Paid Executive Fines Collected Judiciary Fines Miscellaneous Collections Emergency Relief Fund School Tax Collections Brought forward

$ 4,652.16 177,853.20 1,405.20 5,674.89 3,484.76 3,989.47 11,199.37 1,113.41 1,507.39 4,156.20 98,060.33 832.32 $313,124.43 313,124.43

Annual Message to the Legislature October 20, 1926

II. Special Legislation: Special 6% Fund Public Highway Fund Recruiting Agts. Lic. Port & Harbour Dues

$45,225,27 14,238.18 3,654.00 24,540.00 $87,657.45

III. Revenues in transit from the Coast to date of report Total (Grand)

$14,393.76 $14,393.74 $419,827.80

Disbursements. I. By General Administrative expenses C/Budget for 1926 By Amt. paid on Extra Budget as per Legislation

$287.201.93 45,028.14 $332,230.07

II. By Amt. paid a/c Road Construction By Amt. paid Bank charges & O/Dft

$9,926.54 62,447.21 72,373.75

III. By Amt. Warrants in transit By Amt. Bal. in Bank a/c Public Highway Fund Sept. 30, 1926 By unexpended Balance placed on deposit on Permanent Res. Fund by orders of the Pres. Total Amt. of Disbursements

$ 1,528.58 8,695.40 5,000.00 $15,223.98 $419,827.80

Consolidated Statement of Receipts & Disbursements of Assigned Revenues. Receipts. Balance brought forward from Oct. 1, 1925 Customs Revenues Customs Headmonies Miscellaneous Revenues & Reimbursements Total Receipts

$31,155.37 478,686.42 16,408.00 6,492.57 $542.742.36

Disbursements. I. a. Paid Fiscal Agents a/c Liberian Gold Loan 1912 b. Liberian Boundary Survey c. Liberian Govt. Bank account d. Bureau Audit Expense

$151,200.00 15,125.00 43,976.40 2,982.08

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e. Coast Telephone Const. f. Contract Expense g. Residue Miscellaneous

26,945.54 4,588.74 15,800.52 $260,548.08

II. Salaries R/ship, Bank charges including expenses

$27,486.24 $288.034.32

III. Port expenses from Cape Mount to Cape Palmas including interior Customs Stations

$35,923.82

IV. Miscellaneous expenditures alc wages Boat Crew, Tally Officers, Customs repairs, Supplies & Equipment, New Construction of Customs Buildings and other constructions

$68,404.94

V. Maritime Patrol Service

1,790.46

VI. Liberian Frontier Force & payment for Arms & Ammunition from U. S. Govt. as well as general expenses

125,996.95

VII. Cash in transit & balance

22,591.87 $542,742.36

The desires of the Executive, as made known to you at your last session, to have a Special Reserve Fund created to which should be automatically transferred all surplus revenues at the end of the Fiscal Year have been realized. A special account has been opened in the Bank of British West Africa called the Permanent Reserve Fund which account is to be operated upon by the Secretary of the Treasury only upon the written authority of the President. The unexpended balance of unassigned revenues at the end of the Fiscal Year just closed has been transferred to this Fund. I hope these steps thus taken by the Executive will be legalized by appropriate legislative actions on your part. I would also suggest that for this fund 2.5% be placed as a first charge upon all Unassigned Revenues ranking only second to the Governments obligations to the Bank of British West Africa. The principle of the saving must be firmly grafted into our financial system if we are to attain complete independence in our financial administration. There ahs been an increase of the Special 6% Fund over that of last year of $12,166.77; the Public Highway Fund an increase of $8.885.68; and the Port and Harbour Dues and increase of $7,549.20.

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Upon the special claims against the Government provided for in the Extraordinary Budget, amounting in the aggregate to $104,400.25, the Secretary of the Treasury has aid, during the year, $28,382.96 leaving a balance of $76,017.29 to be further budgeted for by you. Statement of amounts paid during the Fiscal Year 1926 towards Interest and Sinking Fund of Liberian Government Gold Loan of 1912. December Quarter March Quarter June Quarter September Quarter Total

$40,800.00 33,600.00 36,00.00 40,600.00 151,000.00

The present actual status of this Loan is as follows: Principal amount of Loan Balance of Bonds unsold Actual amts. Received by Govt. Amt. Redeemed by Sinking Fund Balance due to July 1926

$1,700,000.00 142,000.00 1,558,000.00 378,000.00 1,180,000.00

Of the sum of $151,000.00 paid to the Fiscal Agents during the Fiscal Year there was not only sufficient to meet the interest payments but it, together with some balance left over from the requirements of last year, was sufficient to enable the Fiscal Agents to retire bonds of the 1912 Gold Loan to the face value of $88,500.00. The quotations at which these bonds were bought vary from $92.00 per hundred to $97.50 per hundred. Considering the fact that this is a 5% loan subject to income tax in both Great Britain and the United States as well as some other countries, its present value is particularly satisfactory and one which is considerably better than the Government bonds of many other countries. The total Domestic Funded Debt added to the above balance due on the 5% Refunding Gold Loan of 1911 makes the present total Public Debt of the Republic $1,873,722.66, a sum less than two dollars per head of her population. The General Receiver of Customs in his Report to me points out in connection with our Import and Export Statistics that the first thought that will arise upon examinations of the imports and exports of the country will be that Liberia imports a greater value of goods than she exports, and that this has been particularly true in 1925 and in the first eight months of 1926. The total imports for 1925 amounted to $2,115,000.00. The total exports amounted to $1,715.000.000 a different of $400,000.oo in the value of imports over exports. This apparent difference is attributed by the General Receiver of Customs to the habit of merchants to undervalue their exports. In one commodity alone the understatement of value was to the extent of $160.00. The year 1926 shows the beginning of correct export statistics. An examination of the principal exports by quantities, instead of values, shows as follows: Coffee. The coffee exports of 1926 have so far run very close to the amount of exports for 1925. So far as statistics are presently available it does not appear that there will be a great increase or decrease. The very large figures of 1924 will not be reached for the reason that the year was an exceptional year for the world’s coffee market, and there were considerable quantities of coffee in storage by our farmers and merchants; which were all shipped because of the very high prices then offering. It is therefore considered that the 1925 and 1926 statistics will show more correct figures of the coffee production of the Republic. The actual production at the present time appears to be, therefore, 2,850.000 lbs. annually.

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Ivory. The statistics indicate a shipment of 6,600 Lbs. of this article for the first eight months of 1926. Palm-kernels. 1925 showed a very great increased in the shipment of Palm-Kernels. 20,100,000 Lbs. having been exported for that year. The first eight months of 1926, 12,924,000 lbs. were exported. From this it would appear that the export of palm-kernels for the calendar year 1926 will approximately reach the figures of those of 1925. Palm-oil. This shows the same condition as Palm-kernels. The amount of 1925 being the largest yet recorded, 672,000 gallons and the amount for 1926 showing that the monthly proportion is remaining the same. Piassava Fiber reached the very high figure of 13,558,000 lbs. in 1925. Eight months of 1926, however, show only 6,184,000 lbs shipped. This is a considerable reduction to shipments made in 1925. As Liberian piassava practically controls the piassava market of Europe, this decrease in shipment will not have a bad effect, but on the contrary will allow merchants to clear their surplus stocks in storage. When this is done we may expect an increased demand of this article of export. Rubber shows a constant increase. 1925 showed 441,000 Lbs of rubber exported from the Republic. Eight months of 1926 show 359,000 Lbs. When complete figures are available for the calendar year, 1926 will, undoubtedly, show an increase over 1925. Considering the very small acreage of rubber planted now in production and quantity of rubber now being exported it will at once demonstrate how favourably Liberian rubber production per acre compares with other producing countries throughout the world. The General Receiver further points out in his Report that there seems to have been a redistribution of business along the Coast. Both cape Palmas and Grand Bassa are very much behind in imports; the difference of Grand Bassa being greater, amounting to about $50,000.00 during the first eight months now under review and that of cape Palmas amo0untign to about $25,000.00. The exports at Cape Palmas, however, show an increase over the same period of 1925, while that of Grand Bassa a very considerable decrease. The port of Sinoe shows an increase in imports and exports. In this final analysis of the whole trade conditions of the Republic for the year 1926, the General Receiver arrives at the conclusion that the general prosperity of the country has been maintained and increased. Attention is called to the table of our Trade with Foreign Countries prepared by the Receivership. From this table of trade it will appear that while England and Germany still maintain their favoured positions as our principal suppliers, there has been a slight shift in favour of England and that country has taken the lead, having supplied Liberia with $728,000 worth of goods during the year 1925 and $525,000 worth of goods during eight months of 1926. As against these figures Germany supplied $705,000 worth of goods in 1925 and $495,000 worth of goods in eight months of 1926. Referring to exports the table shows that Germany still remains our best customer. In 1925 $855,000 worth of produce having been shipped from Liberia to Germany, and in the first eight months of 1926 $568,000 worth of produce has been shipped to Germany, from Liberia. During this same period, England remained in the second position, having received $394,000 worth of our products in 1925, an d$261,000 worth during the eight months of 1926. During the Fiscal Year under review, a very great deal of consideration have been given to construction work, repairs and general improvement to the several Customs Buildings.

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The New Customs Warehouse, a steel building has been purchased as reported in my last Annual Message and since erected. New steel Custom houses have also been purchased and delivered at Nana Kru and Sasstown respectively, and are expected to be erected within the next two or three months. At the port of Monrovia improvements have been made on the Customs Wharf deckings. Also a five ton crane has been purchased and erected. The Revenue Cutter “Messurado” built at Las Palmas according to the specifications and plans submitted by the Receivership some time ago for the Liberian Government has been fully paid for, together with a 20 feet motor tender, and is expected to arrive at the end of this month. The White Plains-Millsburg steel ferry boat, also mentioned in my last Annual Message has been purchased and was landed in Monrovia a few days ago. If this ferry proves successful it is hoped to have a similar one installed between Monrovia and the Southern end of Bushrod Island and other between the Northern end of the Island and Brewereville, thereby making possible direct motor traffic from Monrovia to Brewerville meeting there the Belle Yella Motor Road. The Department of Justice. The regular semi-annual sessions of The Supreme Court have been held, and the business on its calendar dispatched with that promptness as attending circumstances permitted. Owing to reports put into circulation at certain periods of the year by some malicious persons for personal and political reasons, the effect that there would be changes made on the Bench of the Supreme Court, I deem it necessary to refute, in this public manner, such false reports. Our Supreme Court, as presently constituted has the fullest confidence of the people of the country. Its Opinions, as handed down from time to time, show not only a careful study of the facts in each case before the Court and a correct application of the laws upon the same, but also a sincere desire on the part of the Judges on the Bench to administer impartial justice irrespective of nationality, rank, state, or condition of the parties litigant. While the decisions of the Court might not at times have been just what the Government desired or expected, yet it is just for this reason the Supreme Court has merited for itself the confidence and respect of the Government and People of Liberia. The Attorney General in his Report for the year calls attention again to the Opinions of the Supreme Court handed down semi-annually since the year 1915 which are still unprinted for want of legislative appropriation. As these Opinions are precedents by which all of the Courts of the Republic and practitioners at the Bar are guided, the importance of their early printing and publication cannot be over emphasized. It is to be regretted the bill amending the law of 1875 in respect to the quorum for the Supreme Court still remains on the table of the House of Representatives. One can hardly foresee what serious inconvenience and harm may be caused litigants if the defect in the law complained of continues unremedied. In my Annual Message delivered to your Honourable Body on December 9, 1924, in dealing with this subject, after citing the Act reorganizing the Supreme Court approved February twentieth, 1875, I then pointed out on that “according to the provisions of the above cited Act, in the event of the illness or absence for any other causes, of the Chief Justice, even though two Associate Justices were present, it is obvious that the business of the Court would be suspended during the whole term and the interests of litigants thereby caused to suffer materially. The inability of the Chief Justice to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court has on more than one occasion impeded the operation of the Court and placed the parties litigant, as well as the Government, to considerable unnecessary and

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avoidable expense. That there should be such dead lock in the operations of the Supreme Court, a Court which should set a pace for the administration of speedy justice is incomprehensible. “In neither of the two other co-ordinate branches of the Government does such a condition exist. The Executive functions are not suspended by the absence of the President or his inability, from any other cause, to discharge the duties of the Chief Executive.” “Likewise the business of the Senate would not be impeded by the absence of its President, the Vice-President of the Republic; neither would the House of Representatives be called upon to adjourn its sitting from day to day on account of the absence of its Speaker.” There exist Constitutional and Statutory provisions to meet such eventualities. With the large increase of our populations in the country and the increase of foreign investments the machinery of our Courts will have to be remodeled with the view to a more expeditious administration of Justice. Justice tardily administered is almost as bad as justice denied or miscarried. The several Circuit Courts of the Republic have held their regular sessions during the year. The number of cases tried by the Provisional Monthly and Probate Courts and by Justices of the Peace in the Territory of Marshall and Districts of Careysburg and Cavalla are as follows: Territory of Marshall District of Careysburg District of Cavalla

60 cases 27 cases 4 cases 91 cases

In pursuance to an Act passed and approved at your last session creating the Fifth Judicial Circuit for the County of Grand Cape Mount, His Honor Judge Martin N. Russell was commissioned by me as Resident Judge thereof 5th day of March last. Due to the liberal appropriations made by you in the last Budget the greater portion of Volume One of the Revised Statutes has already been sent to the Press and two installments totaling $762.00 paid on accounts. The Attorney General in his Report is asking for additional appropriations at your present session to meet the expenses for the printing of the Criminal Code of Procedures as well as for the printing of the Liberian Law Reports. These together with other recommendations made by the Attorney General in his report have my hearty support and approval. The War Department. The operations of this Department, during the year, have been conducted to the extent to which the finances of the Government would permit. Arms and Ammunitions have been purchased form the United States Government at a cost of Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars. Two modern Saluting Six inch cannons have been purchased form His Britannic Majesty’s government at only a nominal cost. And as a further act of friendship and goodwill for Liberia on the part of His Majesty’s Government, one of His Majesty’s West African Cruisers, the “Birmingham” was specially dispatched to this Capital, with these guns on board, to be handed over to the Liberian Government. The Liberian Government was greatly touched by this delicate act of courtesy on the part of His Majesty’s government, which it appreciates very highly. These guns were landed from H. M. S. “Birmingham” on the 12th day of May of the current year and are now mounted on Fort Norris under suitable shelter. On the 26th of July

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last, Liberia’s Natal Day, they were first tried, when the National Salute was fired within three minutes. This was a noticeable improvement on former salutes from Fort Norris. The building on Ashmun Street of this city, formerly occupied by the German Firm of A. Woerman, has been taken over by the War Department and is now being placed in suitable repairs to be used as Offices for the Department. The Secretary of War is pointing out in his report that our present Militia system is obsolete and must be changed, if we intend keeping abreast with the demands of the present age. Small as we are, yet there are responsibilities we owe to ourselves in the line of defense that cannot be lightly considered. It is essential that we have a well trained and effective armed force, however small, to meet not only our national but international responsibilities, both in times of peace and in times of war. Certain suggestions and recommendations are being laid before you by the Secretary of war for the remodeling of our present Militia system on more practicable lines, which, I trust, will claim your earnest consideration and approval. In order to insure a more prompt and expeditious collection of the Military Fines, I gave directions to the Secretary of War at the early part of the present Fiscal Year to take direct supervision of the collection of all Military Fines. Accordingly, in the month of July of the present year the Military Fine Collectors in Montserrado County proceeded with their collections under the direct supervision of the War Department. The results of this supervision have thus proved satisfactory, and it is believed, if extended to the Leeward Counties, much good will be accomplished. The fines collected in cash from the two Regiments in Montserrado County alone since July 22 to October 5 of the present year, amount to $1,139.92 which sum has been deposited in the Bank of British West Africa to the credit of the Secretary of war and reported to the Bureau of Internal Revenue of the Treasury Department to be included in the Secretary of the Treasury’s financial statement. The Liberian Frontier Force continues to serve the purpose for which it was intended. Major Staten, the American officer in command, is leaving no stone unturned to raise this Force to the highest degree of efficiency possibly under local conditions. In his Annual Report to me, the Major has made several pointed observations as well as suggestions upon the discipline, pay, clothing, subsistence and reorganization of the Force which, undoubtedly, deserves the most careful consideration and prompt attention. Interior Department The Honourable the Secretary of the Interior, having been appointed the Chief Liberian Representative on the Franco-Liberian Boundary Delimitation which necessitates his protracted absence form the Capital, Mr. John W. Cooper, Commissioner General of the Hinterland, the next ranking official, has been charged with the direction of the affairs of the Department pending the temporary absence of the Secretary. The administration of the County jurisdiction of the Interior has become less difficult than heretofore, as the result of certain rules of procedure being definitely given out and enforced by the Department. The practice of certain Native Africa Commissioners making the 40 miles limit a happy ground for financial “pickings” by fostering pretty lawsuits among the natives, through their Courts, has now been considerably reduced by the rule requiring precepts issued from the Courts of these Commissioners intended to be executed in places other than the immediate civilized areas named in their Commissions to be referred to the Interior Department for its endorsement. The appointment of Commissioners to the Coast Districts, designated at the Suehn Conference of 1923, with budgetary salaries in lieu of “fees” and the relative positions

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between the Commissioners, the County Superintendents and the Interior Department definitely defined have also had much to do with the coming to a close of a reckless and lawless administration of native affairs in the County jurisdiction and the establishment of a better and much healthier system of administrative control. In the Vai Tehwoh District of Grand cape Mount County, a society known as the “Korhn Society” was discovered to have been formed among certain classes of the inhabitants of that district, with the primary object of concentrating their pecuniary means for mutual financial assistance. The purposes of the society were however soon changed into other fields, by slaughtering the cattle belonging to persons who were not disposed to connect themselves with the society, and by the offering of human sacrifices. A lost child was discovered murdered and disgustingly mutilated, also traceable to the activities of the society. An investigation was held by the Interior Department which resulted in the arrest of a large number of the members of the society and the deportation of the Paramount Chief to District No. 3 in the Kpesseh Country the Hinterland Jurisdiction. By these prompt measures the society has now been completely stamped out. The administration of the far Hinterland Districts continues most satisfactory. The unquestioned loyalty of the principal Chiefs of these districts is a source of pride to the administration. The growing attachment of their populations to the Central Government is becoming more and more evident. Their willingness and promptness in paying their taxes, in furnishing their quota of labourers for road construction and other public works in their districts, their turning aside from their former pursuits of internecine wars to arts of peace and industry, testify most loudly to the correctness and wisdom of our native policy. Discussing in my first Inaugural Address delivered on the 5th of January 1920, I pointed out that “the native populations of the country are for the present the nation’s Wards, and as such their care, advancement and prosperity must at all times claim the earnest solicitation and concern of the State. In our dealings with the natives we should be just. Laws for their government must be based on justice. Impositions practiced upon them by Officials of the Government however highly placed, whether Liberians or foreigners, or by private individuals should meet with the sternest disapproval of the Government. Only by the impartial administration of justice, and protecting them against maltreatment will the Government inspire their confidence and insure their cooperation in the great work of Nation Building to which we have set ourselves.” The Administrator’s Road Program is still being vigorously prosecuted by the Interior Department and the Superintendents of the Counties. After the inspection of the Brewerville-Belle Yella and Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Roads made by your Honourable Body in the month of December last a respite period of three months was given to the labourers and other road workers. However, work was not resumed until the First of April. Starting from Careysburg on that date eighteen miles of motor road has been constructed up to September 30. On the Brewerville-Belle Yella Road starting from Suehn fifteen miles of motor road to Gbowh has been constructed. On this same road coming down from Bella Yella to Suehn twenty miles of motor road has been constructed. The section of the Monrovia-Sanoquelleh Road starting from Sanoquelleh to Karkartown is also rapidly progressing and will, it is hoped, reach Karkatown by the way of N’Yervorquelleh, Jorquelleh, Zota and the Geebee Sections by the end of December 1927. The Monrovia end of this road has been built to the distance of about forty-five miles and remains approximately fifteen miles to reach Karkatown, the first point in the Hinterland District.

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The construction of a Motor Road leading from Lower Buchanan to Geo, known as the Bassa-Geo Road was commenced in the month of April by Mr. S. M. Wheaton, one of our Native Road Constructors under the immediate direction and supervision of the Superintendent of the County. The road was proceeded the distance of about eighteen miles since it was started. It is being well constructed and is bidding fair competition to the other roads under construction in both the County and Hinterland Districts. The Harper-Gbolobo Road in Maryland County constructed by the energetic Superintendent of that County, the Honourable Allen Yancy, has been completed and was officially opened to traffic when I visited Cape Palmas for a few days on my return from Fernando Poo in the month of April last. District Commissioner Scott No. 5 District has started his road from Webbo coming down to Plibo linking up with the Harper-Gbolobo Road thereby creating a direct route from Harper to Webbo a distance of one hundred miles, which would be made an actual possibility at the end of 1927. As the Motor Roads through the country are progressing so also are the number of motor vehicles increasing. In order to protect pedestrians from accidents caused by wreckless drivers and to insure registration of vehicles “Identification Plates” have been ordered from the United states by the Government and procured by all owners of motor vehicles in the country. The following are the types of automobiles to be seen in this City at present:The Chandler, the Dodge Family Sedan; the Buick, The Essex Coach, the Stude Baker and the Ford, all America; the Morris Cowley, British; the Fiat, Italian, the Renault, French. During the year the Bureau of Labour, created by the Legislative Act approved February 5th, 1912, has been established under the supervision of the Interior Department, and Mr. B. D. Peal has been appointed Chief of this Bureau. For the smoother operation of the Bureau, certain recommendations are being made to you by the Interior Department that require legislative actions thereon. I am happy to report that the Government’s Experimental Farm under the management of Mr. D. Hne Scott, of clay-Ashland, is giving very good results. A considerable portion of the 350 acre tract of land has been cleared and intensive experimental farming begun. Cassavas, Yams, Eddoes, Sweet–potatoes, Cabbages, Collards, peas, Corns, Turnips, Beans and other vegetables have been planted with favourable results on the whole. Some of the cabbages and collards were put into the market of Monrovia and sold. Poultry raising is intended to be one of the phases of the farm. The crops will be sold to the Government Hospital and the Treasury Department for the Prison at cost prices and all surplus to the general public at reasonable prices. If our farmers would only grasp the idea intended by the Government in opening this Experimental Farm we would soon see springing up healthy farming throughout the country. The Bureau of Agriculture has just recently received a good but limited supply of garden seeds from the United States, other than what is required fro the Experimental Farm, they will be sold at gross price to those persons desiring seeds for planting and not for sale. The Bungalow mentioned in my last Message as then being in the course of erection upon this farm has now been completed. In connection with the Alien Resident Act the Interior Department is recommending, with my fullest approval, its amendment so as to require all aliens coming into the Republic to take up their permit of Residence within five days after their arrival in the country. Among the reasons for this is that tourists and story-writers come to the country, take advantage of the two weeks provisions made in the existing law, get whatever information they can obtain, go in and out of our communities with the Government not knowing who they are, whence they came, whither they are going; neither their social, official or financial

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status, nor the object of their visit and then depart from our shores just before the expiration of the two weeks required by the present law to obtain “Permit of Residence” returning to their homes with the most scandalous and defamatory tales of a country and its peoples whose kind hospitalities they have so cowardly accepted and enjoyed. Department of Public Instruction. Every thing considered there has been an appreciable progress along the lines of general public education in Liberia, both by the State and the various Mission Boards. The increased Legislative appropriation for this year as compared with those of pervious years has greatly assisted the Department of Public Instruction in the opening of new schools and the employment of additional teachers. In spite of the utter lack of suitable Public School Buildings as well as the need of modern school equipments the results of the year’s teaching work accomplished both in the State and Mission Schools are most gratifying. Although there have been such gratifying results as well as an appreciable awakening in the cause of education, as will be seen from the total enrollment of all schools within the Republic during the present year as compared with previous years, yet, all of this represents only the first clearings of our educational grounds, not even the beginning of spade work, when it is taken into consideration that there are, approximately, 250,000 children of school gage within the Republic, and of this number only 9,563 appear on the enrollment of all our schools, State, Missionary and Private. From this it will therefore, be seen that there are 240,437 of our children of schools age whose education has not been provided for; the responsibility of which rests not upon the Foreign Missionary Societies and Educational Boards, but primarily upon Liberians. We may be assisted in a small way by these foreign agencies but the work itself must, to the greatest extent, be undertaken and be accomplished by us. Our Educational system should be made to embrace not only literacy, but also vocational training. No country or Nation can prosper whose people though highly educated in the classics are yet inactive and non-productive in the arts and sciences of complete living by means of work. No Government can be considered rich and stable whose citizens or subjects are all consumers and not producers. It is, therefore, of a paramount importance that in our educational system both the vocational and the “book” education should go hand in had. It should be made possible for our youths to serve the State not only as Clerks in its public offices and departments, but also in the home, in the factory, on the farm, at the trades and in the laboratory. Present indications in the country are pointing out the great need of skillful artisans, mechanics, machinists, etc. It is, therefore, of vital importance that we now give this phase of education our sober consideration, otherwise, we will justly merit the censure of four youths who, finding themselves helpless and defenseless against the strong invading tide of economic forces rushing into the country, will cause us, for the lack of forethought, untold trouble. We should therefore endeavour to procure the necessary facilities here in Liberia for the importing of a vocational education and then make vocational training compulsory under certain conditions. The following is a comparative statement of the enrollment of all schools in the Republic for 1925 and 1926. 1925 enrollment 1926 enrollment

8186 9563

Thus showing an increase of 1,377 in 1926 over that of the year 1925. The premises with the buildings thereon, situated on the corners of Broad and Mechlin Streets in the City of Monrovia, having come into the hands of the Government by the

Annual Message to the Legislature October 20, 1926

707

operation of the law on Escheats has been put under permanent repairs suitable for Offices of the Secretary of Public Instruction. They will be occupied by the Department by the First of next month, if not earlier. Within these buildings suitable space has been provided for a Reading Room and Public Library. This has been a long felt need at the Capital of the Nation. A community cannot be considered as enlightened and progressive that is without a Library or Reading Room. As “reading maketh a full man” so also does a reading community maketh a full nation. There is some hope for a person, in his brain development, although he reads nothing but bad books or bad News Papers, but with a person who read no books or Newspapers whatsoever, there is absolutely no hopes for his intellectual development. In view of these facts the Administration has decided to establish in this City a Reading Room and Public Library for the benefit of your young men and young women. It is hoped to extend these facilities to the principal cities in the Leeward Counties. To meet the expenses for the upkeep of this Library and for the supply of Books, News Papers, etc., an appropriation of $2,000.00 is asked for your Honourable Body. It is now time for us to take up most seriously the question of Liberia College, our highest national institution of learning. The problem which is now facing the College and burdening the mind of the Executive Committee and the Board of Trustees of the College, is the inadequacy of the payment of the Professors and Teachers in the face of the existing salaries paid to the employees by the Government in its various departments. For the authorities of the College to obtain competent men and retain them under these circumstances is becoming exceedingly difficult. In fact the whole question of Liberia College must be gone into afresh. Its charter remodeled to meet present day conditions. Its curriculum raised. The complete responsibility for its support and control be assumed by the Government. Readjustments of this Institution should be made with a view to its final expansion into a University to be known as The Liberian West African University. From such a University would emanate Theologians, Physicians, Lawyers, Scientists, Economists, and Educators, not only for Liberia but also for other parts of West Africa. The number of Professors and Teachers in Liberia College is eight; the number of students and pupils is one hundred and twenty-eight. Contributions to its support: (a) From the Liberian Govt. (b) From the Trustees of Donation, Boston, Mass. (c) From the New York Colonization Society Total

$10,000.00 $ 2,000.00 800.00 $12,800.00

That there is being aroused in America a deep interest in Liberia is shown by the number of Educational and Scientific Missions sent to this country in the course of the year from the United States. Among these might be mentioned Mr. J. L. Sibley a leading American Educator, representing the American Colonization Society, the New York Colonization Society, the Trustees of Donations of Boston, Massachusetts, the Phelps Stokes Fund and the Foreign Boards of Mission of the M. E. Church, the P. E. Church, the Lutheran Church. This gentleman spent several months in Liberia studying and giving advice in Educational matters to the heads of the various Missionary Schools operating in Liberia and in Conferences with the Secretary of Public Instruction giving outlines of his plans and suggestions relative to general Education within the Republic. There came out also a Committee representing Columbia University and the International Institute of Education of Teacher’s College. The members of this Committee were Miss Mable Carney, Professor of Rural Education of Teacher’s College, Columbia Univer-

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sity, and Miss Margaret Wrong of Toronto and London Universities. These visitors spent nearly two week sin Liberia visiting educational Institutions in Monrovia, besides making trips to Cape Mount and its interior. In the month of July of the present year a Scientific Expedition consisting of eight American Scientists headed by Doctor Richard P. Strong of the Harvard University School of Medicine arrived at this Capital. The object of the expedition is the Study of tropical diseases which may be endemic in the interior of Africa. Their plan after leaving Liberia is to travel through British East Africa and then through the Belgian Congo and eventually across Africa to the mouth of the Congo. In view of the great benefits to be derived from the results of these scientific investigations the Executive Government has placed every facility within its reach at the disposal of Doctor Strong and his party to assist them in the prosecution of their great and good work. The Post Office Department The operations of this Department during the current year under review have been on the whole very satisfactory. Its relations with other Postal Administrations of the International Postal Union continue to be cordial and friendly. I am indeed pleased to say that a greater degree of public confidence, both at home and abroad, has accrued to the Liberian Postal Administration since the famous Post Office prosecutions last year, as well as on account of the honest straightforward and business way in which it is endeavoring to meet all of its financial obligations. Since your last adjournment, International Money Order relations have been reopened with the American Postal Administration. Beginning from March Quarter 1926 and ending September Quarter 1926, there were two hundred and four Money Orders drawn upon the American Postal Administration by the Liberian Postal Administration amounting in the aggregate to the sum of $3,955.33 and for the same period there were drawn upon the Liberian Postal Administration by the American Postal Administration Money Orders amounting in the aggregate to the sum of $1,849.09 leaving a balance due to the American Administration of $1,906.24, which amount is now in hand to be paid over to the American Legation at this Capital in keeping with arrangements made between the two Administrations. The Money Order business between the two countries, though at present relatively small is nevertheless most encouraging and will, undoubtedly, expand as the commercial relations between Liberia and the United States of America increase in volume. On the First of October 1925 we were owing the British Administration ǧ803.13.9. Our Parcel Fee Account with that Administration at that time also showed a debit balance against us of ǧ40.17.8 ½. Their charges for Parcel Post Receptacles amounted to ǧ103.15.5, making our total indebtedness ǧ938.7.10 1/2. Since October 1, 1925, the following payment and credits have been placed against this debit balance: Cash paid by the Secretary of the Treasury to the Bank of British West Africa from time to time, for and in behalf of the British Postal Administration Amount due the Liberian Postal Administration Account Parcel Post Making a total credit of

ǧ253.00.0 ǧ455.12.9 ǧ708.12.9

Annual Message to the Legislature October 20, 1926

709

When this is deducted form our total indebtedness of ǧ948.7.10 ½ there will be a balance owing by us of ǧ239.15.1 ½ which amount we hope to settle very shortly. Besides these payments the following amounts have been paid to the undernamed Administrations: Bern The Netherlands Germany Strait Settlements France Making a total of

$ 242.28 74.52 480.00 240.00 120.00 $1,156.80

The Postmaster General has just returned from a trip of inspection of the Post Offices in the leeward Counties. Most of the buildings he discovered were in need of immediate repairs to ensure that security and safety which is required for Postal Service. I hope these and other recommendations in the Report of the Post Master General will claim your careful consideration. In my last Annual Message referring to the then existing Regimental Infirmary in connection with Liberian Frontier Force, I pointed out that “the Infirmary since its establishment has served a great human good to hundreds of suffering persons in this community, and elsewhere not in anyway connected with the Force; so great is the need of a Hospital.” “Since the Infirmary was intended as an experiment for a Hospital, which experiment has not proved a failure, I think the time has now arrived for its conversion into a Hospital fitted to meet modern requirements both in personnel and equipment. Such an Institution would be a great boon to Liberians, who, for the lack of proper medical facilities at home are compelled to seek treatment abroad at a very great expense to themselves, while those who are not able to go abroad for such treatment must necessarily remain home to suffer and finally die. An initial outlay of Twenty thousand Dollars will be necessary for the establishment of such a Hospital.” Thanks to your generous appropriation of the sum asked for; I am now happy to report the establishment of this Hospital at this capital since your adjournment known as The Liberian Government Hospital under the management and direction of Doctor J. A. Dingwall one of our leading practicing Physicians of Grand Bassa County, assisted by Dr. Abayomi Cole, the famous West African Doctor and Herbalist of Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Doctor Borkai L. Anthony the latter of whom resigning his post on the 31st of October last, was replaced by Doctor B. W. Payne, a Liberian Physician well known throughout the Republic and very highly respected in the ranks of the medical profession here in Liberia, both by his black and white colleagues. Miss Magdalene L. Cooper, a Liberian graduate of Lincoln Hospital and Belleauvade Hospital of New York, has been employed as Supervising Nurse. Miss Cooper has organized her first training class of Nurses composed of six Liberian young Ladies. This class is making remarkable progress and its members are showing every promise of being a great benefit to the Hospital and this Community in the near future. The Staff and employees of the Hospital for the present are as follows: One Superintendent Two Assistant Superintendents One Supervising Nurse One Pharmacist Two Women Ward Helpers One Office Clerk

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Two Dressers Four Day and Night Attendants One Laundreyman One Asst. laundryman One Carpenter One Painter One Cook One Butler Mr. J. Mends-Cole one of our local Druggists with English credentials has been placed in charge of the Pharmacy. Bids have been asked for in England and Germany for supply of complete War Equipments for 35 beds as well as for general outfits and other supplies. The bids have recently come in, those from Germany offering the lowest prices. These orders will now be placed. When the supplies arrive and the Hospital is fitted up there will be a formal opening of the Institution. The following statistics show the work done at the Hospital from the First of June to the Thirtieth of September of this year, a period of three months: Admitted as In-Patients: Male Femal Total Out Patients or patients daily in attendance for treatment Number of In-patients treated by outside Physicians Patients discharged, convalescent or well: Male Female Total Died in Hospital: Male Female (One examined case found hopeless, ordered returned, died in 33 hours.) Readmitted and discharged as Fatal: Female Male Patients still in Hospital, September 30, Female Male Number of Out-patients cured and discharged Number of Out-patients still under treatment Total Cash received by the Hospital from the Treasury Department for incidental expenses Cash received by Hospital for Treatment and Medicines supplied from June 1, to September 30 Total

21 24 45 465 3 20 17 37 0 2

1 0 2 1 196 239 435 $166.98 594.67 $761.65

Annual Message to the Legislature October 20, 1926

Amount disbursed for total purchase of provisions, materials for repairs of Hospital buildings and premises for Offices’ supplies and furniture, whitewash and paints Actual cash balance on hand from receipts on Sept. 30, 1926 Outstanding debts due Hospital by patients on the 30th of Sept

711

$430.06 $331.59 $272.96

This amount of $272.96 together with the amount of $594.67 realized from treatment and medicines supplied patients make the total earnings of the Hospital for the three months of its operations $867.63 which, all things taken into consideration may not be considered a band beginning. While the Hospital is a Government Institution yet it is not intended to administer treatment and medicines gratis, except only to those persons whose indigent circumstances can well be established and vouched for. The schedule of charges and fees have been so fixed as to be quite within the reach of the masses. The construction of the 30 miles Monrovia-Marshall telephone line having been completed, was officially opened to public traffic on the __ day of this by the Honourable Postmaster General. The further extension of this line to Edina and Lower Buchanan, a distance of 35 miles, has been completed with switch boards installed ready for operation. Telephonic communicates can now be had from this City to the Territory of Marshall and the County of Grand Bassa, a distance of over 60 miles. We propose starting, next year D. V., from the City of Harper in Maryland County working up to Greenville City, Sinoe County and from Lower Buchanan Grand Bassa County, working down to Greenville thereby linking up the entire coast with Monrovia. The line from Monrovia to White plains on the St. Paul River has also been completed and will be opened to public traffic within a few days. This line is being extended to Careysburg passing through the Settlements of Crozierville and Bensonville. In connection with the prospective internal developments I am pleased to report that there are all indications of the long drawn out and protracted negotiations between the Government and the Firestone Rubber Corporation, being brought to quite an amicable and satisfactory close, since the arrival, in our midst, of Mr. Harvey S. Firestone Jr., a genial and charming gentleman and one of the Vice-Presidents of the Company. The final conclusions arrived at will be immediately laid before you at your present sessions by the Secretary of State. Pending these negotiations the Company has been permitted, upon certain understandings had with the Government, to carry on its activities in the Country. The extent of these activities can be measured from the following facts: I. II. III. IV. V.

Besides their operation at Mount Barclay Plantation in the Settlement of Johnsonville Montserrado County 20,000 acres of land has been opened upon the Du River in the same County and cleared for planting. The preparations for similar openings in Maryland County already started. The Investigations of soil and other conditions at Cape Mount, River Cess, Nana Kru and Baffull Bay in Sinoe County with a view to selecting land at these places. The carrying of approximately 5,000 labourers on the Payroll of the Company. The employment of 200 Liberian skilled artisans, carpenters, blacksmith, clerks etc., in addition to the 5,000 labourers above mentioned.

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At present the Company is spending upwards of $50,000.00 cash per month in Liberia. As further areas are opened in other parts of the Republic, this sum will be increased in proportion. In view of the above facts it must be very clear for every patriotic Liberian, but not necessarily to all foreigners that the admission into the Country of a Company of this character, with the necessary safe-guards, will afford the greatest opportunity that has ever been presented to us for the use of American Capital in the economic development of Liberia. This has always been one of the main objective of Liberia’s Foreign Policy, irrespective of the political stripes of the Administration then in power and control; and quite correctly so, because, as stated by an eminent American Statesman: “Foreign policies are not built upon abstractions. They are the result of practicable conceptions of national interest arising form some immediate exigency or standing out vividly in historical perspective. When long maintained, they express the hopes and fears, the aims of security or aggrandizement which have become dominant in the national consciousness and thus transcend party division and make negligible such opposition as may come from particular groups.” The participation of safe and responsible American Capital in the economic development of Liberia is indeed a phase of our Foreign Policy “not built upon abstractions. It is the result of a practicable conception of our national interest arising” out of the unshakable belief of all Liberian Administrations, that the Government and Peoples of the United states of American, sincerely desire to see Liberia’s independence maintained, and not impaired or in anyway interfered with; and that Liberia become a strong and vigorous nation, politically, financially, and economically and a worthy scion of a great Republic. The American Government, during the whole period of its intercourse with Liberia, has never sought any special economical privileges for the United States or her citizens, as she has always stood four square for the “open door policy,” of equal opportunity and treatment by Liberia to all foreign nations. With these reflections before us I am convinced that we, the Constitutional representatives of the Sovereign People of Liberia, will not hesitate to pursue the course along which lies the best and highest interest of the State, all suggestions to the contrary notwithstanding. Therefore be strong ye people be strong. Let us trust in God and do the right, then the fearful clouds we so much dread shall break in blessings o’er our heads. Necrology. During your recess the public services of the State have been called upon to sustain the loss, by death of the following named prominent officials: The Honourable Alexander F. Tubman, a member of the House of Representatives from Maryland County. The Honourable S. C. M. Watkins, Resident Judge of the Fourth Judicial Circuit of Maryland County. Mr. John F. Davis, Chief Inspector of Customs. Chief Jallah Marley, Paramount Chief of the Gbor and Geveh Sections of the Golah tribe in Montserrado County. Mr. Tubman was one of the most promising youngmen of Maryland County, and before he was overtaken by the sickness which unfortunately resulted in his death, there were all indications of his becoming one of the leading political and social forces in his County. Judge Watkins since his elevation to the Bench had so manifested those judicial characteristics of a good Jude that his untimely demise, for he too was a Youngman, has been regarded as a heavy loss sustained by the Judiciary of our Country.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

713

Inspector Davis’ death is unquestionably an irreparable loss to our Customs Service. The high degree of honesty, efficiency and loyalty which was exemplified in his public and private conduct easily won for him the highest esteem and regard of all persons with whom he came in contact. Chief Jallah Marley was one of the old surviving connecting links with the past in connection with the Government’s relations with the aboriginal elements of the country. His unflinching loyalty to the Government remained unshakened up to his death. His wonderful knowledge of the laws and customs of the various tribes inhabiting the northern territories of our hinterland as well as his connections, by blood, with many of those tribes, enabled him to render most signal services to the Government. President Barclay had the foresight of associating him with the Nabor-Richaud Boundary Commission when he rendered most valuable services to the Commission. He insisted upon the majority of his children being brought in civilization and under Christian training; with the results that he has furnished the Republic one of its most promising young officials, his son Mr. C. A. Johnson, who is now the Chief Departmental Clerk of the Interior Department. Let those of us who remain catch the inspiration, devotion and loyalty to the State so largely possessed by those departed public servants, so that when our time approaches we may, like them, warp the drapery of our couches around us “and lie down to pleasant dreams”. In conclusion, Gentlemen, while assuring you of the fullest co-operation of the Executive Government in all measures which may be advanced by you at your present session for the enhancement of the highest interest of the State, I pray that the God of Nations may continue His wise guidance and direction in our national Councils and vouchsafe to this Nation, peace, prosperity, and international goodwill. C. D. B. King. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, October 20, 1926

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927 The Honourable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, in Legislature Assembled. Gentlemen: In pursuance of my Constitutional duty, as Chief Executive, to inform the Legislature from time to time of the conditions of the Republic and to recommend any public measures for their adoption which he may think expedient, I am before you today to report upon the operations of the Government since your last adjournment, and to recommend such measures for the better enhancement of the varied interests of the State which, in your wiser and more matured judgment, you may deem expedient and prudent to adopt. However, before addressing myself to such a pleasant task, I hope I will be excused for seizing the opportunity which the present occasion affords to extent to the recently elected members of the House of Representatives my happy felicitations upon the expression of confidence in them on the part of their Fellow Citizens, as indicated in the results of the recent Quadrennial Elections. This expression of confidence will, I am sure, be reciprocated

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by you to its fullest measures, in your loyalty and devotion to the Republic and to her highest and best interest. Availing myself of the permission granted in the Joint Resolution passed by Your Honourable Body at your last Session entitled “An Act Granting Leave of Absence to His Excellency Charles Dunbar Burgess King, President of Liberia from the Republic.” I sailed to France on the 15th of May last by the French Steamer “Amerique” of the Charge Reunis Line, accompanied by Mrs. King, Colonel T. Elwood Davis, one of my Military Aides and other members of my family. Our passage over to France was most delightful and enjoyable. Captain Curie of the “Amerique” and his gallant Officers did every thing possible for our personal comfort and happiness during the voyage. After eleven days sailing we arrived in Bordeaux, on the morning of the 29th of May, where we were met at the landing staged by our Minister in Paris and the Liberian Consul in Bordeaux, accompanied by their respective wives. We were most cordially received by the Local Authorities and given a hearty welcome; after which we immediately ontrained for Paris, our place of destination in France, arriving about 4 o’clock p.m. At the railway station we were received and cordially greeted by a number of high French Officials, among whom was the personal representatives of the President of France, and the representatives of the Foreign Officer and the Ministry of War, amid the loud cheers and applause of a large crowd which had assembled in front of the railway station to witness our arrival. Our stay in Paris lasted three months, during which time we received the most flattering courtesies and attentions from the French Government and its officials of all grades; especially from the President of the Republic, Monsieur Doumergue, who not only personally concerned himself about our comfort and happiness, during our stay in Paris-the World’s most beautiful City-but on more than one occasion assured me of his personal admiration of Liberia and of the sentiments of sincere friendship which the French people as well as their Government entertain towards Liberia as an independent Sister Republic. Besides many other official and personal courtesies shown us by the President of the Republic, His Excellency also gave a special official luncheon in our honour at his Place at Rambouillet, one of the most historic castles in France. Everywhere we visited in France we were most cordially and friendly received by the Local Authorities amidst the outburst of cheers from the large crowds which had gathered to greet us. Besides visiting France I also visited England, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland and the Principality of Monaco. In each of these countries I was given a most cordially and friendly reception by the Government as well as an enthusiastic welcome by the general public. Although my visit to Europe was not strictly an official one, yet, I had the high honor and great privilege of being received by the Rulers and Crown Heads of all the countries I visited, including His Holiness Pope Pius XIV at the Papal See in Rome, with all the honors and dignity due the Chief of a Sovereign Independent State. Each of these Rulers and Crown Heads assured me of their sympathetic interest in Liberia and of the desire of their respective Governments to see Liberia develop into a prosperous and progressive State in Africa. His Holiness The Pope pronounced upon the Republic His Heavenly Benediction. In London I had the extreme pleasure of meeting His Majesty King Faud of Egypt, when the usual official courtesies were exchanged between us. His Majesty was indeed very much interested in hearing of the historical origin and political growth of Liberia and assured me of the friendship and goodwill which he and the people of Egypt entertain towards Liberia as a Sister African State.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

715

In reporting my visit to Europe I cannot but here record my appreciative acknowledgement of the valuable assistance given me by our official representatives in the several countries and various Cities I visited, prominently among who I may mention, our Minister in Paris, Baron Lahman; our Minister in London, Mr. Dresselhuys; our Consul General in Liverpool, Mr. C E. Cooper; and our Consul General in Hamburg, Mr. Momolu Massaquoi. These gentlemen placed themselves unreservedly at my disposal, working day and night arranging official programs and ceremonies as well as looking after our personal comfort and happiness during our sojourn in their respective jurisdictions. In my visit to Europe where ever I went I found a most friendly atmosphere towards Liberia and a full appreciation of the steady progress and advancement we are now making. The entire Press of Europe, with possible one or two papers and periodicals of minor importance and influence, were extremely sympathetic and friendly to us. They constantly carried articles commenting most favourable upon Liberia, her Government, her populations, her resources and her possibilities for vast economic development. Undoubtedly, Liberia has at the present time a large number of sincere friends and well-wishers, among influential circles, both in Europe and America, than at any other period in her history, perhaps barring the time of her establishment as a Colony under the American Colonization Society. Responsible financial interests in Europe and America are desirous of linking up consections with Liberia. It is therefore for Liberian Statesmanship, first exercising the necessary prudence, to arise to the occasion and catch that tide in the affairs of nations (like men) which, when taken leads on to national fortune and greatness. I must thank the Legislature for the leave of absence granted me. Although I did not have the rest which I had hoped to enjoy from my visit to Europe, yet, I found much pleasure in the wonderful and exceptional opportunity I had for service to my country during the visit. I wish here also to express my thanks to the members of my cabinet, with whom I left the administration of the Government, for the satisfactory handling of affairs during my absence, and to assure them of my sympathetic appreciation of the difficulties with which they found themselves confronted in the discharge of the duties laid upon them. Our Foreign Relations. I am happy to report that since your adjournment our foreign relations have in no degree been disturbed by any unfavourable circumstances, and that our intercourse with foreign powers having relations with the Republic has been maintained upon the most friendly footing. During the year negotiation with respect to the concluding of a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Germany and Liberia were resumed by both Governments. These negotiations have not yet been concluded owing to lack of agreement on two points. It is hoped that an early agreement will be arrived at as the difficulty appears to be more in arriving at a happy formula of expression on these points than to a difference on fundamentals. Our State Department has been notified by the French Government, through its Charge d’Affaires at this Capital, that some day during the second half of the present month they will surrender the franchise granted them by this Government for operating wireless in the Republic. In such an event the land and all improvement on the station situated on the South Beach of this City will revert to the Liberian Government without cost. On the first of July, of the present year, the Loan Agreement between the Government and the Financial Corporation of America became effective. As that agreement provides for certain actions to be taken by the Government of the United States of America in certain circumstances therein specified, our State Department addressed a Note to the Secretary of

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State of the United States advising him of the approval of this Agreement by the Legislature of Liberia and requested them to undertake the obligations therein specified. To this Note our Secretary of State received a reply from the American Charge d’Affaires ad interim, together with a Note Verbale setting forth the conditions under which the United States Government would accept those obligations. The Verbal Note seems to have implied improper procedure on the part of the Liberian Government as far a their obligation under the 1912 Loan Agreement was concerned. To correct this impression our Secretary of State, with my approval, transmitted the following reply: Department of State, Monrovia, Liberia, April 25, 1927. 379 – D “Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your dispatch of the 19th of April, 1927, with reference to the request of this Government made to the Government of the United States that they undertake certain obligations specified in the Loan Agreement between the Republic of Liberia and the Financial Corporation of America, and to say that I have taken careful note of the Verbal explanatory observations made by you while presenting the note above referred to.” “Whilst expressing my government’s appreciation of the prompt manner in which the Government of the United States has met its request, I beg leave to say with reference to the conditions attached to the United States Government’s acceptance of the obligations laid upon it by the said Loan Agreement with the Finance Corporation of America for a credit of Five Million Dollars, the Government of Liberia was fully conscious of its obligations under the 1912 loan agreement; and that in view of those obligations, provisions have been made for the retirement of the 1912 loan before the proceeds of the new loan can be applied to any other purpose, as will more fully appear by reference to the terms of the loan agreement of September 1, 1926.” “I desire to emphasize that the Government of Liberia will see to it that no action be taken under the agreement to which the bond-holders of the 1912 loan can reasonable object.” “I have the honour to be Sir, Your obedient servant, (Sgd.) Edwin Barclay Secretary of State. The American Charge d’Affairs a. i. American Legation, Monrovia, Liberia.

In a further Note addressed to the Liberian Secretary of State, dated July 30, 1927, the American Charge d’Affairs points out that with reference to his Legation’s Note of April 19, 1927, he has been instructed to inform the Liberian Government that the President and Secretary of State of the United States, having been advised that suitable provision has been made for the extinguishment of the 1912 loan, take pleasure in assuming the functions assigned to them under the terms of the Loan Agreement of September 1, 1927, and that in pursuance of Article VIII of that Agreement, the President of the United States has designated to the President of Liberia as Financial Adviser to the Republic, the name of Sydney de la Rue for the appointment. The American Charge d’Affairs was thereupon in formed by our State Department of the acceptance on the part of the Liberian Government of Mr. Sydney de la Rue as Financial Adviser to the Republic of Liberia.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

717

On the 16th of July of the present year Dr. Ernest Lyon, Liberian Consul General at Baltimore, Md. U. S. A., was specially designed my Financial Representative to make settlement of the indebtedness of this Republic to the Government of the United States of America, for funds advanced by that Government to the Republic of Liberia during the Peace Negotiations after the World War. The indebtedness was represented by three obligations totaling the sum of twenty-six thousand dollars principal and nine thousand six hundred and ten dollars forty-six cents accrued interest. The entire indebtedness amounted to thirty-five thousand six hundred ten dollars and forty-six cents. On presenting the cheque for this amount to the American Secretary of the Treasury, Dr. Lyon in his remarks on that occasion states, inter alia: “I come today under official instructions, to settle the obligation covered by the face of this draft, issued through one of the most powerful and reputable financial institutions in the world. I refer to the National City Bank of New York. By this act Liberia not only sets a good example to the nations of the earth, but she emphasizes the fact that the respect which one nation entertains for another nation is based upon the integrity and promptness in the settlement of obligations, monetary and otherwise.” “it is with great pleasure, therefore, that I present to you this draft cancelling Liberia’s war obligation, and in doing so I beg to convey to His Excellency the President of the United States, through your good offices, the distinguished considerations and high appreciation of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Liberia, and to express the hope that the relations of comity and good will, will not only continue, but will increase as the years of national life are prolonged.”

To these remarks of our special Financial Representative the United States Secretary of the Treasury made the following reply: The Secretary of the Treasury, Washington June 28, 1927. “My dear Consul General: In accepting from your hands as Special Financial Representative of his Excellency C. D. B. King payment in full of Liberia’s indebtedness to the United States, permit me to congratulate your Government on the local and prompt manner in which it has met its engagement.” “There is but one other nation among those whose obligations have been held by this Government that has made payment of its indebtedness without recourse to funding agreements.” “The blow dealt to the economic system of Liberia by the war was sever in the extreme. That Liberia has been able to re-establish and strengthen her economic system, to regain her financial position, and to meet her public and private obligations in full constitutes an achievement that bears glowing tribute to the ability of her statesmen and to the industry of her people as a whole.” “I trust that you will convey to His Excellency President King and to your Government an expression of the admiration felt here for a nation that has been able to accomplish such things, together with the hope of this Government that a future of peace and prosperity lies before Liberia in which the traditional friendship between the two nations may find frequent and cordial re-affirmation.” “I am dear Dr Lyon, Very sincerely yours, (Sgd.) A. W. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury.” Dr. Ernest Lyon,

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Consul General and Special Financial Representative of the Republic of Liberia in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland.

The Secretary of State in his Report to me on the conduct of affairs during my absence states that, prior to the establishment of the Liberian Government radio station here in Monrovia, the United States Government had made enquiries as to whether or not Liberia was a signatory to any of the International Radio Conventions, particularly that of London 1912, and if not, whether this Government would be represented at the Conference to be held at Washington October 4, 1927. In view of the fact that the London Convention had not been adhered to by the Liberian Government, the Secretary of State thought it unnecessary for this Government to participate in said Conference and replied to the American Government in that sense. Nevertheless, after the possibility of trans-oceanic radio communication between Liberia and the United States had been successfully demonstrated the United States Legation forwarded a dispatch to our State Department urging upon the Liberian Government the necessity and propriety of aligning itself with other States of the World and the advantage of taking part in the Washington Conference. In view of the new situation thus created the Executive Government reversed its former conclusion accepted the invitation of the Government of Washington and designation Dr. Lyon, by radio telegram, as the Liberian delegate. This telegram was subsequently confirmed by letter. In the middle of the year the United States Government notified the Liberian Government of the recall of their former Minister, the Honourable Dr. Porter Hood, and of the appointment of Mr. William F. Francis as American Minister Resident and Consul General near this Government. Mr. Francis arrived at Monrovia on the 20th of November and presented his Letter of credence on the 30th of November, together with the Letter of Recall of the former Minister, when he was formally received by me at the Executive Mansion with the usual official ceremonies attending such occasions. The Senate of Liberia having at its last Session approved the “Convention for the supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War” concluded at Geneva on June 17, 1927, our Minister in Paris, acting under instructions, signified Liberia’s adhesion to said Convention and signed the same on the 2nd day of April, 1927. This Government, during the year has been invited to participate in the following mentioned International Conferences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The Centennial of Belgian Independence in 1930. The Semi-Centennial of the Congo Free States in 1935. The International Diary Conference in July 1928. The International Geographical conference in July 1928. The Fourth Biennial Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce. The Centennial Celebration in commemoration of the French Chemist Marcem Brerthelot. The International Economic Conference. The International Relief Union. The meeting of the International Association of Military Surgeons. The African Olympic Games in 1929.

Of these invitations the Government found it practicable to accept only two, numbers 6 and 10.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

719

The Treasury Department. As already stated in my remarks under the heading of Foreign Relations, the Loan Agreement between the Republic of Liberia and the Finance Corporation of America became effective on the first day of July of the present calendar year. This fact necessarily brought about the dissolution of the Customs Receivership established in connection with the 5 per cent Gold Loan of 1911, as that Loan ceased to exist concurrently with its redemption and the institution of the New Loan of 1926. The first steps taken in connection with the institution of the new financial regime, growing out of the New Loan, was the selection and appointment of the following named officials: The Hon. Sydney de la Rue, Financial Adviser Mr. Conrad T. Bussell, Supervisor of Customs Mr. Cathey M. Berry, Supervision of Int. Rev. Mr. Ralph H. Birkmire, Auditor Mr. Charles G. Colgrove, Assistant Auditor Mr. James T. Phillip, Liberian Assistant Auditor (specially provided for under the terms of the Loan Agreement). The Officers, with the exception of Mr. Bussell, the Supervisor of Customs, who was, at that time, absent from the Republic on leave of absence, were, during my absence in Europe, duly commissioned and sworn into office by the Secretary of State upon my instructions. In view of the fact that the New Loan was not contracted solely for the purpose of redeeming the Old Loan nor merely for the payment of claims held against the Republic, but primarily for the construction of certain public works; the encouragement and development of agriculture; the development of the sanitary organization of the Republic, including the establishment and maintenance of hospitals; constructions of schools and the encouragement of education among the peoples of the Republic as well as the general economic development of the country, it was necessary to arrange for the employment of certain foreign technical officers in order to carry out the purpose of the Loan, as above outlined. Accordingly, the Cabinet, in my absence, but upon my instruction and full responsibility, after examining reports on the various candidates gave its assent to the employment of the following named Americans: Mr. Howard H. Kob, Construction Engineer Mr. Thomas S. McCableb, Chief Radio Engineer Mr. Archibald H. Hosier, Assistant Engineer All of these officials have taken up the duties of the their respective posts with commendable zeal and devotion and in the sprit of loyalty to the Republic and its interests. The organization contemplated under the New Loan has thus been instituted and is now functioning smoothly and to the satisfaction of all parties concerned. Under the New Financial Administrative system inaugurated, there have been only minor changes made, excepting that on the Pre-Audit system; as it has been thought prudent to first carefully discover the defects in the Old system and then allow new Changes to be worked in gradually. The new Pre-Audit system is proving to be very beneficial with respect to the economic management and disbursement of the Government’s funds. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his Report, which will be submitted to Your Honourable Body in due course, has given a detailed account of the application of the proceeds of such portions of the New Loan that have thus far been issued. I may, however, here point

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out in connection with the redemption of the Internal Debt, that it was discovered, the balance remaining of the proceeds from the portion of the New Loan issued, after discharging ______ agreement, would not be sufficient to warrant the redemption of the Internal Bonds and Indebtedness Certificates on as large a scale as had been contemplated by the Government. Therefore, the only alternate course that was left upon the Treasury was to postpone complete redemption until the Loan advances for 1928 became available. The balance on hand from the advances of 1927 would then augment the 1928 advances, which, taken together would be sufficient to retire the balance of the 3 per cent Bonds remaining unredeemed as well as the 5 per cent Certificates of Indebtedness. The redemption of the balance of unredeemed 3 per cent Bonds will commence in January 1928 and that of the 5 per cent Certificates on the first of March next. It might also be of interest to Your Honourable Body to know that the first semi-annual payment of $52,500 on the New Loan was made in the month of October, two months before its due date, January 1, 1928. The Financial Report of the Secretary of the Treasury shows that the consolidated Receipts and Disbursements which cover a period of nine months, prior to the going into effect of the New Loan as of July 1, and for three months of the New Regime are as follows: Receipts. Balance Sept. 30, 1926 Hut Tax Poll Tax Real Estate Tax Revenue Stamps Postal Stamps Int. Revenue Ordinary Sundry Licenses Judiciary Fines Executive Fines Emergency Relief Fund School Tax Miscellaneous Fees Carried forward

$13,695.40 $141,699.35 420.68 654.51 1,721.10 6,592.45 25,499.35 7,098.06 437.46 490.36 109,895.54 313,68 928.81 295,701.45

Brought forward Special Legislation Special 6 per cent Fund Public Highway Fund Recruiting License Port & Harbour Dues

295.701.45

Assigned Revenues Balance Sept. 30, 1926 Customs Head Moneys Miscellaneous Grand Total

$46,595.60 9,735,20 32.50 25,852.28

5,837.57

$22,592.86 $557,428.29 18,292.00 581,557.86

82,215.58

$604,150.72 995,763.15

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

721

Disbursement By Budgetary Appropriation General Government to June 30, 1927 (nine months) By Customs Receivership to June 30, 1927 (nine months) Combined (New Regime) July August & September 1927 Cash balance Sept. 30, 1927

$348,430.57 $448,794.48 $187.069.17 $11,468.93 $995,763.15

While the above tabulated Receipts and Disbursements show an increase of revenue above that of last year to the amount of $52,544.21 yet, this is not satisfactory as we had hoped and expected. Our hopes and expectations were to fully reach the million dollar mark this year. A close examination discloses this fact, that the present increase comes from Customs Receipts whilst Receipts from Internal Revenue show a decrease. That such a condition should have occurred is regrettable, because the Internal branch of our revenues has a wider elasticity than that of the Customs. The following is a comparative statement of the Internal Revenue Collections for the two years, 1926 and 1927: Comparative Statement of Internal Revenue Collections for two years, 1926–1927. Class of Revenue Hut Tax Poll Tax Real Estate Tax Revenue Stamps Postal Stamps Internal Revenue Ordinary Sundry Licenses Judiciary Fines Executive Fines Emergency Relief Fund School Tax Miscellaneous Fees Special Legislation Special 6 per cent Fund Public Highway Fund Recruiting Licenses Port & Harbour Dues Grand Total

Decrease…

1925–26 $177,853.15 2,405.20 5,674.89 3,847.94 3,383.76 3,989.47 11,199.37 1,507.39 1,113.41 98,060.33 832.32 4,156.20 $313,124.43

1926–27 $141,699.35 420.68 654.51 1,721.10 6,592.45 25,449.35 7,098.06 437.46 490.36 109,895.54 313.68 978.91 $295,701.45

$45,225.27 14,238.18 3,654.00 24,540.00 $400,781.88

46,595.60 9,735.20 32.50 25,852.28 377,917.03

$22,864.85

In the above statement it will be seen that the largest amounts of decrease in collections are in the following items: Poll Tax, real estate Tax, Licenses, Judiciary and Executive Fines, School Tax and Miscellaneous Fees. These facts would seem to indicate a great laxity on the part of our civilized population to pay their taxes as well as the absence of strict accountability on the part of some of our Judiciary and Executive officials for fines imposed and fees collected by them. The civilized populations should set the pace in meeting their financial obligations to the Government and in compliance with its laws. It is unfair and unjust to

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require our uncivilized populations in the Hinterland to pay their taxes when a very large proportion of the civilized population are not paying theirs. Furthermore, strict accountability of all accounting officers of the Government must be insisted upon. When fines are imposed and collected, as well as fees, they must be accounted; only by such means will we be able to develop a healthful and increasing revenue. With you approval and cooperation more effective measures will be taken by the administration in the coming year for the impartial collection of our Internal Revenues and to ensure a strict accountability and honest application of these revenues. On the return of the Supervisor of Customs, from his leave of absence, the Supervisor of Internal Revenue, whose entire time, since his appointment, has been devoted to Customs administration, will take over the administration of the Internal Revenue Bureau, assisted by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. A rigid and effective system of collecting and accounting will then be instituted. Rigid regulations for the strict enforcement of the Internal Revenue Laws, bearing the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, will be issued by the Bureau. These regulations will have my unquestionable support and backing. The collection of revenues allocated to all Townships, Cities and Commonwealth Districts in the Republic should be controlled by the General Budget. Centralization of financial control should be our objective. To facilitate the prompt collection of Internal Revenues _______ the ordinary Courts in which suits are brought by the Revenue officers against delinquents for the payment of taxes, I strongly recommend the passage of an Act at your present Session creating a special Revenue Court within the several Counties of the Republic, with summary jurisdiction, for the trial and disposal of all cases brought for the non-payment of Taxes and all internal revenues as well as for the violation of any of the regulations issued from time to time by the Bureau. For each of these Courts should be appointed a Judge and a Prosecuting Officer to be styled Prosecuting Officer of the Treasury. The Reports of the Financial Advisor, including the Customs Service for the Fiscal Year 1926–27 as made to the Secretary of the Treasury is a very interesting and illuminating document. It deals first, with the several important Acts passed by the Legislature of Liberia at their last Session which established an entirely new economic policy of the Government; second, with the policy thus laid down; and, third, with the effect of that policy upon the Country as it has began to shape economic conditions. I hope the Report, which will form an annex to the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will receive that careful attention it so well deserves. It is indeed gratifying to note, from the Report of the Financial Adviser, that general prosperity is clearly indicated at all of the Customs ports. The most unsatisfactory results have been along the Cavalla River, although even at several of these ports some increases are shown. Somewhat similar conditions are shown along the Interior Customs Stations. Last year witnessed the collection of the largest Customs revenue, in any one year, in the history of the Republic, amounting to $511,586.99: this year that sum has been exceeded by $78,000.00. The Table of Imports annexed to the Report of the Financial Adviser shows a steady increase of our Imports. The nine months of 1927 under review being greater than the whole of 1925 and within $90,000.00 of the total of 1926. The Table of Exports also annexed to the Report is particularly interesting because of the fact that it does not indicate any general decrease in our export of raw products as might have been expected from the employment of a large number of men in planting operations and roads construction.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

723

For the nine months ended September 30, 1927, 383 ships have called at our Ports landing cargo amounting to 17,980 tons. Department of Justice. The semi-annual sessions of the Supreme Court have been regularly held during the year, with the Chief Justice presiding, and the business thereof transacted as expeditiously as possible. In connection with the Supreme Court it become my painful duty to announce the death of Associate Justice Witherspoon, one of the Justices of the Court, which sad event occurred in the month of February last. Justice Witherspoon was elevated to the Bench of the Supreme Court by President Howard on the 30th of October, 1924, where he served with marked distinction and great credit to the Nation up to the date of his demise. He was not very long upon the Bench before it was discovered that he was a man with a strong and yet honest convictions. At the time he was elected to the Bench he was serving as a member of the Liberian Senate hailing from the County of Sinoe. In the death of Justice Witherspoon the Republic has lost one of its faithful and honest public servants. His wife who survived him has recently joined him in the Great Beyond on the 15th of last month. The vacancy thus created in the Supreme Court was filled by me by the promotion to the Bench of said Court of His Honour T. E. McCarthy who, for the fifteen years immediately previous, had served as a Circuit Judge, resident in the Third Judicial Circuit in which position he had served faithfully and to the satisfaction of the public generally. Among the proposed Constitutional amendments submitted to the People at the recent Quadrennial Election for their adoption was one providing for two additional Associate Justice, for the Supreme Court. This amendment, having been adopted by the People now augments the number of Justices on the Supreme Bench to five. In these circumstances the wisdom and necessity for the amending of the law of 1875 in respect to the quorum for the Supreme Court, which has been so often recommended by the Executive, would seem to be more convincing now than perhaps heretofore. The operations of the several subordinate Courts of the Republic have proceeded regularly but not expeditiously. This latter fact is borne out by the number of cases appearing on the Criminal and Civil dockets, of most of these Courts, filed several years ago and not yet determined: especially is this so in the Court of the First Judicial Circuit in Montserrado County. The Courts are not intended to serve as places of refuge from Justice. It is well known that some Counsels for parties litigant knowing the legal weakness of their clients cause, attempt to place every imaginable obstacle in the way against having these cases brought up for trial and final disposition. To my mind the Judges are to a great extent blamable for allowing such tactics to be adopted and pursued in their Courts either by Parties themselves or by their Counsels. In connection with the Judges of the Subordinate Courts I regret having also to report the sad demise, on the 8th June last, of His Honor Shadrach N. Williams, late Judge of the Provisional Monthly and Probate Court of the territorial district of Marshall, in his seventyfifth year, having been appointed by me to this post in the year 1920. This distinguished citizen had held with great distinction various responsible positions previous to his appointment as Judge, having served in the Cabinet of the late President H. R. W. Johnson, as Secretary filled by the appointment of His Honor I. H. Marshall, another Venerable and distinguished citizen of said territory, to the post. The Attorney General in his Report is again urging actions to be taken by you at your present Session upon the following recommendation made by him in his Reports:

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1. The passage of a law prescribing the qualification of medical practitioners and their responsibility to the public. 2. A change in the method of admitting lawyers to the Bar. 3. The nationalizing of the Municipal Police forces in the various Counties functioning under one central control for the purpose of discipline and effectiveness. These recommendations have my hearty endorsement and support. The Post Office Department. The Postmaster General in his Report points out that this Department has had to face many embarrassing problems during the year on account of the insufficiency of his last Budgetary Appropriation and the tabling of the recommendations made by him in his Report. Our Postal Administration still continues on most friendly relations with the other Administrations of the Postal Union, especially that of the British, which has manifested a spirit of friendly cooperation by placing its services to our disposal for the procuring of such supplies that are needed for our Postal Service. The British Administration has also consented to the re-opening of its Money Order Service with Liberia. This is perhaps due to the fact of our payment of our long outstanding indebtedness to the British Postal Administration and our prompt and regular Settlement of the quarterly balances with the American Postal Administration. At the beginning of the last Fiscal Year we were owing the British Administration a balance of ǧ239:15:1 ½ (the total indebtedness being ǧ948:7:10 ½ ) and I am happy to state that at the close of the same year we had not only made full settlement of said balance but had a credit balance in our favour of ǧ341:13:4; and it is expected that at the end of the present month this credit balance in our favour will approximate about ǧ400:0:0. In connection with our Money Order service with the American Postal Administration we have been able to maintain our credit, and paid our quarterly balances regularly up to date. The total number of Money Orders drawn by the Liberian Postal Administration on that of the American during the year, less $735.32 for December quarter 1926, amounted to $7,876.22 and the Orders drawn on us by the American administration amounted to $1,334.73. With the opening of our domestic Money Order Service, making it possible for those in the leeward and northern Counties to take advantage of the facilities afforded by the Money Order Service, it is confidently expected that the coming year will show a considerable increase of business in connection with this Service. While there has also been a considerable increase in the number of letters and parcels dispatched from this country to foreign parts during the past year, yet, the sales of stamps have not been commensurate with the quantities of letters and parcels despatched. This fact indicates that there is existing some source other than the Post Office from which stamps are procurable. To remedy this condition the Government has had printed and engraved in the United States of America a new and complete set of Postal and Revenue stamps by the American Bank Note Company, a most reliable and trustworthy company of lithographers. By the terms of the arrangements entered into between the Company and this Government suitable provisions have been made to secure these stamps from getting into the hands of the general Public or stamps dealers in America or Europe other than by and through the Liberian Government. The old stamps are being called in to be exchanged for the new issues; beginning from the 1st of January 1928 none of the old stamps will be accepted for postage on letters, parcels and papers at any of the County or Rural Post Offices of the Republic.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

725

The amount of cash realized from the sale of Postage stamps for the fiscal Year ending September 30, 1927 and deposited in the Bank of British West Africa was Five Thousand Eight Hundred Fifty Dollars and Forty-Seven Cents. The Postmaster General desires your attention to be called to present condition of your post office buildings which are urgently in need of repairs especially these at Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount and Greenville, Sinoe. With the necessary appropriation these repairs would be immediately undertaken. There are other suggestions and recommendations in the Report of the Postmaster General which I hope will claim your attention. The War Department. I am happy to state that the pacific conditions prevailing throughout the confines of the Republic for the past several years have rendered unnecessary the calling out of any portion of our Militia or the Frontier Force on punitive expeditions. The Secretary of War in his Report calls attention to our present Militia system which he regards as now being obsolete and requires some radical change if we intend to keep abreast with the military requirements of the present day. This I am fully in accord with. It is essential that we have a well trained and disciplined Military taken from the ranks of civilized citizenship of the country who would be prepared and could be relied upon to effectively defend their country against foes from whatever source arising when called upon to do so. Owing to the growth of the populations of Monrovia and the towns adjacent thereto the First Regiment has made wonderful improvement in point of numbers. The strength of this Regiment is now 2,000 men enrolled. This fact, together with the sad and most tragic catastrophe which occurred in connection with the Quarterly drill of this Regiments on the second Thursday of last month would seem to suggest the necessity of dividing this Regiment into two parts, the Battalions composed of companies in Monrovia, Paynesville, Krootown and Bushrod Island forming the First Regiment, and the other Battalions forming the 6th Regiment. The Liberian Frontier Force, has as usual, been distributed over the Republic so as to perform the duties for which it was intended. In the early part of the year the Commanding Officer of the Force, Major Moody Staten made an extensive tour of inspection through the Hinterland. This tour of the Commanding Officer of the Force was necessary in the interest of the service, and I am pleased to say had its good effect as it brought the officers and men stationed in the hinterland in direct touch with their Commanding officer, which is necessary to the better discipline of the Force. It also afforded an opportunity for the adjustment of grievances on the part of the native populations against individual men of the Force. Major Staten has since resigned his command of the Force and returned to the United States with a record of satisfactory service to the State. The Secretary of War is asking for an appropriation sufficient to purchase 2,000 stands for modern rifles, with ammunitions, for distribution among the Frontier Force and the several Militia Units throughout the Republic. For this and other recommendations of the Secretary, I crave your earnest consideration. The Interior Department. Thanks to all wise direction Providence, feelings of hostilities and periods of conflicts between the Government and the native populations in the Interior and along the coast are now considered things of the past, and let us hope the irrevocable past.

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The inter-relations of the various tribes in our interior are more friendly and peaceful than ever. Their loyalty to the Government is becoming more intense. From January of the present year to the month of May, the Secretary of the Interior was in the interior engaged on the Franco-Liberian Boundary Commission. The Secretary, in his Report on the present year, points out that in view of the unusually large number of foreigners or aliens now coming into the country it is necessary to more effectively control the ingress of those who are coming either to reside as aliens or to become naturalized citizens, as the sprit and intent of the Alien’s Act is being constantly evaded by certain classes of foreigners. For example, the $100 financial qualification which an alien must have before he may be admitted in Liberia is not being fulfilled in the strict meaning of the Act of 1916. Very often friends and relatives of aliens coming to Liberia, especially Syrians, send the required $100 on board of the steamer to be given the incoming alien who receives such money and presents it to the alien officer on board of this ship to satisfy the requirements of the law. Another example of evading the law is where immigrants are known, while yet on board on the steamer in harbour, to have declared their intention to naturalize as Liberian Citizens, and have been admitted into the Country on the strength of this declaration. These take up residence for an indefinite period without either becoming citizens or taking out Permits of Residence. An Act relating to immigrants and alien residence so as to defeat these evasions and supply many other important omission in the Alien Law is being prepared by the Secretary of the Interior for submission to your Honourable Body during your present session-which I trust will meet with your favourable considerable. The free and disorderly way in which boats and launches have been permitted to ply the rivers and coastal waters of the Republic should no longer be allowed. The steams boat disaster of November 10, 1927 which brought about the death of more than thirty young men pointedly directed this fact to the attention of the Government. Accordingly regulations were immediately issued by the Interior Department, with my approval under the authority of the Legislative Act of 1923–24 to supervise and control the operations of launches and boats plying our rivers, creeks and coastal waters. Mr. J. C. Glass was appointed as Boat and Launche Officer for Monrovia to supervise and enforce the carrying out of these regulations. The Department has continued its Road construction Program during the year with its usual vigour and zeal. The unusual rain fall this year has had a most damaging effect upon the roads, especially those leading from the coastal towns with heavy vehicle traffic. This has necessitated a large amount of repair work. The Department of Public Instructions. The activities of this department, during the year now under review, have been attended with the most gratifying results as is evidenced by the increased number of schools now operating in the Republic with their total enrollment of 11,000 pupils an increase of 1,437 enrollments to that of the previous year. The Department has been permanently removed to its new buildings on the corner of Broad and Mechlin Streets in this capital, where, besides office space suitable provisions have also been made for the Reading Room and Public Library which, I referred to in my last Annual Message as being a necessary need for the young people of this and the several communities of the Republic. The Reading Room is being equipped with suitable tables, desks, lights and other furnitures. Books for the Library to the value of over $200 are already here and over $1,200,00 worth, the gifts of friends and purchases made by the Secretary of Public Instructions are

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1927

727

being prepared for transportation from America to Liberia, and are expected to arrive here sometime in the month of January at which time it is hoped to have the Library formally opening for the use of the general public with a full complement of books, newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. The Library and Reading Room will also serve as a neucleus of a National Museum for the collection and preservation of important historical documents as well as geological, botanical, animal, and other specimens of rare scientific value discovered to be existing in the Country. Upon the kind invitation of certain leading Educational and Religious groups in the United States extended to us in the early part of the year, the Secretary of Public Instructions, with my permission sailed for America in the month of May last Via Germany, arriving in New York in the month of June. The Secretary, on his arrival was given a warm and most cordial reception by the various Bodies to whom he was accredited, after which conferences were arranged and entered into with the Advisory Committee on Education in Liberia, composed of representatives of the American Colonization Society, Phelpes Stokes Fund, the Trustees of Donations of Boston, the Foreign Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church. At these conferences the desire of the various Boards to assist the Liberian Government in building up a Public School system was most friendly and earnestly expressed as well as the wish to coordinate their work on the Liberian field so as to avoid duplication as well as to concentrate their educational work in training the youth of the country to meet the new economic conditions which now confront the Republic. The Advisory Committee on Education in Liberia, Pledged to place the services of their Educational Adviser Dr. J. L. Sibley and his assistant, both of whom are now in Liberia, at the disposal of the Government to help in carrying out our new Educational Program. Before leaving the United States the Secretary conferred with several Committees about the preparation and publication of text books for our Public Schools which would be more suitable and adoptable to local conditions and national ideals than those at present in use. With the valuable aid and assistance of Dr. Sibley these books have been prepared and arrangements made for their publication. The books are based upon conditions in Liberia, with pictures of Liberian children and problems about Liberian life as well as short narratives of Liberian native stories and folk-lores. These books are as follows: Primer, First, Second, Third and Fourth Readers; 1st Book in Arithmetic, Liberian Geography in two divisions (Home and General); Simple Physiology and Hygienic and the Teacher’s Manual. These books were prepared in consultation with experts connected with the teachers College of Columbia University, New York and a committee of teachers with a knowledge of educational conditions and requirements in Liberia and other parts of West Africa. Most favourable comments have been made upon these text books by the department of Rural Education and Public Schools methods at Columbia University, the Phelps Stokes Fund, and also the Director of the International Institute of African language and culture in London, who expressed the hope that these special Liberian Text Books would be adopted by the Educational Authorities in other parts of Africa. While in the United States the Secretary was successful in obtaining the use of a certain sum of money known in Liberia as “The Hall School Fund.” It will be remembered that some years ago, through a gift from one Dr. Jones Hall an American philanthropist a sum of money was set aside to be used for the benefit of the Public Schools in Maryland County. This fund was originally set aside for the support of a Local School in Cape Palmas under the supervision of a special Local Board of Trustees. This School having passed out of

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existence and the Board of Trustees becoming defunct the sums arising from these funds had necessarily to be applied in other directions or allowed to remain untouched. The American Colonization Society (the custodian of this fund) has, upon the representation of the Secretary of Public Instructions, consented to pay this money over to the Liberian Government for the benefit of the Public Schools in Maryland County. The Secretary also came to some understanding with Bishop Clair and Dr. Donohuge, the Secretary of the Methodist Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions upon the question of the buildings and premises of Hartzell Academy in Lower Buchanan, Grand Bassa County, being purchased by the Government and converted into a well equipped Government Secondary School under competent and well trained foreign teachers for the benefit of the boys and girls of that County. Realizing Liberia’s present lack of suitable Institutions for the Higher technical training necessary to prepare and equip our youngmen and youngwomen to meet the coming economic demands of the country, the Secretary, during his tour of the United States discussed and conferred with a number of College Authorities upon this subject and received assurances of their cooperation in establishing one or more scholarships for this purpose. The Department, at the present moment, has in its possession a communication from the Colored School of Mines offering annually one scholarship to the Republic of Liberia, upon proper recommendation by the educational authorities of Liberia. The communication states that “The Scholarship, exempts the holder from payment of all laboratory and tuition so long as he maintains a satisfactory standing and complies with the general rules and regulations of the school. These fees will average approximately $250 per year or $1,000.00 for the four years. After leaving the United States enroute for home via Europe the Secretary availed himself of the opportunity thus afforded, to participate in the “Fourth International New Education Fellowship Conference” which convened on August 3, as Locarno, Switzerland and to which the Government of Liberia had been invited. There were fifty-one nations represented at this Conference with 1,200 accredited delegates. As the time of the Secretary for returning home was drawing nigh, he was only able to remain two days in Locarno to participate in the deliberations of the Conference which he found in many respects very interesting as well as informative as to international thought and opinion on the problem of education in its wider aspect. In the Secretary’s report to me, upon his trip to the United States, he makes the following observations upon Liberia’s present Educational outlook: “There never was a time in Liberian history when greater interest is manifested by citizens as well as by people abroad in Liberian Education as it is today.” “The vital needs of the country, especially in Education, Road Construction, improved communication and economics are now being realized and viewed from a new perspective. The Church groups as well as Societies of America interested in Liberia and the Liberians, are forming new thoughts, taking new steps and making changes in their religious and educational progress within the Republic of Liberia. They are trying to correct mistakes of the past, and are now prepared to follow the State’s leadership.” “In order to assure confidence of their hearty support of the policies of the Government, and to bring about, in the first instance cooperative and coordinate efforts of the various Churches in Liberia, and, in the second instance the Church with the State under the direction and leadership of the Department of the Public Instruction, they have sent out Mr. James L. Sibley as their representative on the spot. This gentleman is indeed a true friend of Liberia and the Liberians, as his activities in America as well as in England are expressive of that fact.”

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The following appropriations, $50,000.00 for Public Education; $5,000.00 towards purchase of Hartzell Academy, Grand Bassa County; $5,000.00 payment to Ginn & Company, New York, for publication of new text books; and $2,500.00 for purchase of books, &c., and maintenance of Library including salary of Liberian, asked for by the Secretary of Public Instruction I fully endorse and crave your favourable actions thereon. The Liberian Government Hospital. This Institution, under the management of Dr. J. A. Dingwall, one of our leading Physicians, continues to supply a long felt need in our country. Its activities, though silent, have been very far reaching and beneficial in their results. It is our hope and purpose that this Institution shall become the centre of all medical activities with in the Republic. When in Germany a few months ago, I made arrangements for the procuring of a complete set of Hospital supplies amounting over ǧ2,000.00. I understand most of these have arrived. When all of the supplies ordered shall have arrived and the new equipments installed there will be a dedication of the Hospital. During the Fiscal Year just closed there have been reached by the Hospital 109 Inpatients and 1894 Out-patient totally 2,003 patients treated. Of the In-patients treated 100 were discharged convalescent or well; 3 as hopeless and 6 died. Number of prescriptions filled, 2750. The daily clinics of the Hospital have been regularly conducted with signal benefit to may of its patients. With the more modern equipments which are now being installed in the Hospital greater results will be achieved in the future. Drugs and medical supplies have been bought locally in small quantities pending the arrival of the large stock ordered. The primary diseases as observed incases coming to the Hospital for treatment are malaria, venereal disorders, and nervous affections. Secondary to these, and resultant in many cases, are tropical ulcers, indigestion, cardiac complications, &c. Radio Station. The Coastal Telephone Service not having given the satisfactory results as were anticipated, owing to the constant disservice of the lines, due to the unsubstantial quality of the poles upon which the lines were constructed and the large number as well as expensiveness of the linesmen who had to be employed, the question of the substitution of radio communication for that of telephone was seriously considered by the Executive Government at the beginning of the Fiscal Year just closed. Accordingly, instructions were sent to our Financial Adviser Mr. De la Rue, then in the United States concluding the detailed arrangements of the New Loan – to procure the services of an expert on Radio installations. The matter was promptly taken up by our Financial Adviser who procured the services of one Mr. Thomas Caleb, an expert Radio Engineer, who had had a very wide experience in radio operations, having been attached to a scientific exploring commission in South America, during which time he successfully established communications between Brazil and United States by means of the newer methods of radio communication known as the show wave transmission. On Mr. McCaleb’s arrival in Liberia he proceeded to study the possibilities of radio communications not only on the Liberian coast but also with the United States. As no short wave or long wave transmission had been known to have ever been used to convey messages to and from North America by any station in West Africa, many doubts existed as to the possibility of successfully establishing such a service. Mr. McCaleb, however, set himself to hard study and work; after two months he started a special apparatus designed by himself with which he hoped to achieved what was at the time considered the impossible. Having completed the construction of his special apparatus, on the evening of

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the 8th of August last he tried his experiment when, to the amazement and delight of those who were present a reply came back from the United States to the first call, asking who was calling. The first official message was sent by the Secretary of State conveying the greetings of Liberia to the Secretary of State and people of America in the following appropriate words: “Monrovia, August 25,1927. The Secretary of State, Washington D. C..” “Mr. Secretary of State, on this interesting occasion when for the first time in the History of the World direct communication by means of the newest development in Radiographic has been established between West Africa and the Western Hemisphere, I am happy to be able to send Your Excellency greetings from the Great Democratic Government in Africa to the Great Democracy of North America, and the assurance of the sincere appreciation of the Government and people of Liberia for the disinterested and helpful friendship of the Government People of the United States. I think it not unnecessary to add that event has been made possible by the genius of two of your fellow citizens.” (Sgd.) Edwin Barclay Secretary of State.

To this message the American Secretary of State replied as follows: “N. R. I. Washington D. C. August 26, 1927. To Secretary of State Monrovia Liberia.” “Your message of August twenty-fifth Inauguration direct Radio Service between the Republic of Liberia and the United States, affords new and gratifying evidence of the bonds of friendship and mutual interest existing between the two Nations as well as of the economic development taking place in Liberia Stop The Liberian Government is to be congratulated upon its technical and scientific achievement and it is naturally a source of pleasure to this Government that American Citizens have been associated with this accomplishment Stop.” (Sgd.) Frank B. Kellog Secretary of State.

As a further experiment the Liberian Customs Patrol Boat, the “Messurado” was equipped with a duplicate of this special radio apparatus and despatched along the Liberian Coast as far as Cape Palmas, with the Assistant Radio Engineer, Mr. Archibald Hosier, on board, for the purpose of determining the various technical points which had to be taken into considerations in the establishment of Government Radio Station along the Coast. The experiment was entirely successful. Messages were transmitted by Mr. Hosier from every port to Monrovia, and to which he received replies. These successful experiments lead the Executive Government definitely to decide to establish radio communications with the United States and along the Liberian coast. Suitable sites for the first local stations were selected in Cape Palmas and in Lower Buchanan, Grand Bassa County. Here in Monrovia a site at the foot of Lynch Street was at once elected for the erection of a Government owned and operated Electric Light and Power plant. Orders for the purchasing in the United States, of the necessary machines and equipment were immediately placed and executed. A steel building, covered with corrugated asbestos sheeting, was shipped out and erected. Within this building are installed the machines and equipments for

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the Electric Light and Power Plant. The machine, consist of two complete power unites of 37 ½ Kilo Volt Amperes each. Examinations made of the machineries at the formerly owned German Cable Station in this City and now owned by the Liberian Government found that by supplying a few minor missing parts the two cylinder 35 h.p. Deitzel Motor could also be used in our Power Station. The two generators purchased in America are driven by two 4 cylinders 60 h.p. HillDietzel Motors. It is believed that the new power station will offer a very satisfactory lighting and power system for Monrovia, and that by providing two small unites instead of one large unit, it will be possible to supply light at all times; because if one unit is closed down for repairs, the other unit could carry the present estimated load. Concrete poles, weighing about a ton each, have been constructed and are now in course of erection on Lynch, Ashmun and Broad Streets to carry the telephone, power lines, street light and transformers for house lighting. These poles reinforced with iron rods are to have a height above the ground, of thirty feet. The total coast of one of these poles is a little less than seven dollars. The street lights are to be carried on these poles by ornamental iron brackets with concealed wiring and are of the most modern type of lights, being gas filled lights of 500 watts each. At Cape Palmas a radio station has likewise been erected, of steel, and a steel mast with the other necessary apparatus and equipment for operation has been installed. Two young Liberian trained operations have been sent down to Cape Palmas. And the first official message from the Commissioners of the Commonwealth District of Harper to the President of Liberia was dispatched from this station and received here on the night of the 17th instant, at 10 o’clock. At the beginning of the coming year similar stations will be established and opened in the Counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe, and later in the year at Grand Cape Mount. The steel mast for Grand Bassa Station is already here. Satisfactory arrangements have been mutually arrived at between this Government and the Radio Corporation of America for the establishing of a regular commercial radio service between Liberia and the entire World via New York. It is planned to open this transcontinental radio service for commercial traffic during the early part of next year. The new street lights for the City of Monrovia, should everything work well, will be turned on, on the night of the day of the coming Presidential inauguration. It may, perhaps be of interest to here observe that since the installation of our radio service it has been possible, at Monrovia, to receive music, speeches, baseball scores and other news from New York most every evening. Once the pressure of the installation work is lightened the Government hopes to be in a position to arrange for the hearing of public concerts at regular intervals. In order to improve the sanitary condition and provide increased business facilities, the old alley-way running from the Customs houses to Woerman Wharf has been widened to a 30 foot street, along which, concrete gutters, side walks and proper drainage are being built; and in addition to this, Water Street has been continued along the bluff from Woerman Wharf making a long, gradually rising street coming into Lynch Street, which will open to trade and vehicular traffic a new area of the City hitherto abandoned to rocks and Vegetation. Time will not permit a further detailed Report, in this Message, of the many other steps taken by the Administration during the Fiscal Year now under review, towards internal

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development, which, if it be so desired, will form the subjects of Special Messages to Your Honourable Body during your present Session. It would be a grave remissness of duty on my part should I close this Annual Message without referring to a very great and sad misfortune which happened to this Nation a few weeks ago, as previously alluded to elsewhere in these impressions. On the night of the 10th of November last, a most sad and tragic happening occurred which brought grief to the entire nation. I refer to the sinking of the steam Lunch “J. J. Dossen”, which resulted in the drowning of about thirty of the Country’s most promising young men, in front of Providence Island opposite Monrovia, when returning form their Quarterly drill in Caldwell. This was indeed a great catastrophe to the nation and it brought about a nation wide grief. A young Nation like ours, with so many great and serious responsibilities, national and international immediately confronting us, cannot afford to loose such a number of its young men at any one time. Now more so than ever, every man and woman fits in his or her place in the national fabric we are here engaged in erecting. Therefore, catastrophes of this nature must seriously dislocate and set back to a great extent the work of progress to which the country now finds itself committed. The Executive received expressions of sympathy and condolence from all the Foreign representatives accredited to this Government for this national disaster, as well as from citizens and foreigners living in various parts of the Republic and also from several Religious Bodies. These expressions of sympathy were all most consoling and highly appreciated. Whatever may be our differences of opinions as to the cause of the disaster, let us try and discern in the great tragedy the message of “unity” as contained in the following lines of one of our National Hymns – the very last song sung by the Boys before they met their fate. “In union strong success is sure, we cannot fail. We will over all prevail.” Should we discern such a message in the death of these young men, when they shall not have died in Vain, but rather, in their death have rendered to their country the greatest service. In conclusion, Gentlemen, I commend to your wise care and most thoughtful attention the needs, the welfare and aspirations of this Nation, with the assurance that in your labors and efforts in these directions, you will have the fullest cooperation of the Executive. C. D. B. King, President of Liberia. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, December 22, 1927

Annual Message to the Legislature October 18 1928 The Honourable, the Senate and House of Representatives, of the Republic of Liberia, in Legislature assembled. Gentlemen: I am before your Honourable Body today, in the discharge of the constitutional duty imposed upon me, to report upon the operations of the Government since your last adjourn-

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ment, and to recommend such measures for the better enhancement of the varied interests of the State, which in your wise judgment you may deem prudent to adopt. However, before proceeding to this pleasant task, it appears to me befitting, as the Chief Executive of a Christian State, to record first our expressions of sincere thankfulness to the Great Ruler of Nations, and the God of our Fathers, for his continued watchful care over us as a people, and to humbly acknowledge our absolute dependence upon Him for divine guidance and direction in all matters appertaining to the State and the welfare of its people. Foreign Relations I am happy to report that since your adjournment our intercourse with all Governments with which the Republic is in relation has been of a uniformly friendly character. These friendly relations, however, have not prevented questions of a serious and farreaching nature arising between this Government and certain other friendly Nations. With each side maintaining strongly its position, it appeared at times, during the discussions of these questions, that matters would assume a very grave character; but when calmer consideration and goodwill were brought into play on both sides, the heavy clouds on the diplomatic horizon were dispelled, and now we have good reasons to believe that in the final settlements of the questions which have not yet been adjusted, reason and law will prevail. To those who may not be thoroughly conversant with international relations, I would like to point out that between most powerful and friendly states, very frequently, questions of a serious nature arise which threaten to disturb their friendly relations. No matter how anxious they may be to maintain the most cordial and friendly relations with a foreign state, all Governments are bound to defend the honour and interests of their country. They must insist that fair treatment be accorded their nationals in the country in which they are residing under treaty rights,-this, irrespective of the size or power of such foreign state. The duty is also imposed upon the weakest Government to safeguard the interests of its country, defend its honour and international rights, as well as to see that its nationals abroad receive the protection they may be entitled to receive under the laws of Nations, only submitting to force majeure in the vindication of those rights, and then, not without the strongest public protest. With this conception of international duties and responsibilities, it should not be difficult for Governments to bring to an amicable solution the most delicate diplomatic questions; and with the spirit of mutual forbearance and tolerance, arrive at such an understanding as would make for lasting friendship. With respect to the acts passed by your Honourable Body at your last session on the question of vehicular transportation within the Republic by foreigners, and that relating to the residence within certain trading areas in Liberia, of aliens with those countries the Republic has no relations by treaty, discussions arose with the American, British and French Governments. The first two of these Governments, the United States and Great Britain, protested against the execution of the transportation law as being in derogation of rights assured to their respective nationals under the most favoured nation clause of their treaties with Liberia. With one of these Governments, the discussions were lengthily drawn out by both sides. Our State Department made it clear that the Liberian Government did not find itself in accord with the views expressed by the American and British Legations, respectively, in respect of the interpretation which their Governments placed upon the “most favoured nation clause” in the existing treaties of amity, friendship and commerce between them and Liberia. I deemed it expedient, however, to suspend the enforcement of the law pending further reexamination of the question.

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The interpretation and application of the “most favoured nation clause” in international treaties are questions which have always been the subject of great and sometimes heated controversies between States. It is one of the many important questions which are now claiming the most careful consideration and study of the League of Nations Commission on International Law and of other International Jurists and Publicists. Hence, will be seen the wisdom of our decision in the premises which we hope you will sustain. The Governments of Great Britain and of the French Republic, respectively, protested against the Act amendatory to the Trading Area Act of 1923, on the ground, in the first case, (France) that the Syrians, whom it was alleged the Act particularly affected, being French protégés under mandate of the League of Nations, were being discriminated against in violation of the terms of the Mandate which accords to members of the League of Nations most favoured nation treatment in Syria and Lebanon. It was contended by the French Government that reciprocal treatment of Syrians in the territories of States, members of the League, was implied in the provisions of the Mandate. After a most careful examination of the French point of view, we were unable to discover in what way reciprocity of treatment was implied in the Mandate. We pointed out in the discussions that the terms of the Mandate which accord to members of the League most favoured nation treatment in Syria and Lebanon, were only intended to place all of the member Governments of the League on the same footing with France, the mandatory power, as far as political rights and privileges, and economic advantages are concerned. That is, those rights, privileges and advantages which may be given or exercised by France or her nationals in Syria and Lebanon, shall be equally enjoyed by the other member Governments of the League, as well as their nationals. The French Government intimated that if the Liberian Government did not acquiesce in its views, it would refer the question to the League of Nations. This suggestion we accepted and transmitted to our Minister in Paris, Baron Lehman, a memorandum embodying the views of the Liberian Government to be submitted to the League. The British protest was based upon the claim that the Syrians were indebted in large amounts to local British merchants and that their compulsory withdrawal from the trading areas would involve serious loss to British interests employing Syrians as agents. It was further submitted by the British Legation, that the period fixed by the Liberian Government for the withdrawal of the Syrians, was too short, and a demand was made that it be extended for six months or alternatively damages be paid by the Liberian Government for losses which British merchants might sustain therefrom. The Liberian Government was able to show that no British interest was directly affected by the withdrawal of Syrian merchants from the trading areas, and that therefore no occasion arose for the British protest. Documents bearing upon these subjects will be laid before your respective Committees on Foreign Relations by the Secretary of State during your present Session. The first trumpet blast announcing the triumphant advance of the great moral ideal in international relations, the substitution of Force and Might by Reason and Justice, was sounded in Paris on the 27th day of August last, when the multilateral treaty for the renunciation of war, commonly known as the Kellog-Briand Pact, was gained in that great and historic City. This treaty is the outcome of negotiations commenced on June 20, 1927, when Mr. Briand, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, submitted to Mr. Kellog, Secretary of State of the United States of America, a draft of a Pact for perpetual peace between France and the United States. In the course of the subsequent negotiations between these two most eminent Statesmen, the idea of the pact was extended so as to include, as original signatories of the anti-war treaty, not only France and the United States, but also Japan, the

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British Empire and all the Governments which participated in the Locarno Agreements, namely, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, and Poland. As will be seen, the ripples from this pebble of peace dropped by France in the ocean of nationality beginning in Europe, extended their waves not only to America, but also across the Pacific to Japan. The United States, however, being anxious that these waves of peace should embrace the entire civilized world, in the draft proposed by it accordingly made specific provisions for participation in the treaty by any and every power, irrespective of race, desiring to identify itself therewith. In the preamble of this treaty, as signed in Paris, the hope is expressed that every nation of the world will participate in the treaty. In reply, the Secretary of State undertook to state, subject to my approval, that the Liberian Government welcomed the opportunity given it to adhere to a treaty so pregnant with possibilities for the future peace of the world and for the reign of justice instead of force in the mutual relations of the nations of the world. He also observed that to small States like ours the consummation of the plan of Secretary Kellog was of extraordinary beneficial significance, since under the egis of so great a moral ideal they would be enabled to work out their destinies and to develop their economic, cultural and political life, freed from the ever-present fear of the material force of the greater powers. The Secretary further pointed out, that these Great Powers would in no degree lose the premier position they now occupy among the nations, but that the emphasis of their greatness would hereafter, be laid on their pre-eminence in culture, economic organization and area, instead of upon superiority in armaments. He finally added that the Liberian Government will be happy to announce on the day of signature its adherence to the treaty. Accordingly, I gave instructions to the Secretary of State to notify the American Minister of Liberia’s adhesion to the Pact on the 27th day of August 1928, subject to the constitutional actions of the Liberian Senate. The Minister on the same day telegraphically communicated to his Government Liberia’s adhesion to the Pact. I am led to believe that our adhesion was either the first or second of the non-signatory nations to reach Washington. Considering the obvious potential advantages to the Republic of participating in a treaty with other nations renouncing war an instrument of national policy in their future relations with one another, and to seek only by pacific means the settlement or solution of all disputes which may arise among them, I would strongly recommend the ratification of Liberia’s adhesion to the Pact by the Honourable the Senate at their present session. A treaty of Amity, Peace and Commerce has been concluded between the Republic and the Kingdom of Afghanistan, signed in behalf of Liberia by our Minister in Paris, subject to the ratification to the Liberian Senate. The Republic was also a party to an International Radio Convention concluded in Washington, in the month of November 1927. The operations of the Franco-Liberian Boundary Commission have been successfully carried on during the year. The sector extending from Tinsu in the river St. Paul to the river Nuon, has been marked out by our engineers in agreement with the French engineers. It is hoped that the boundary from the Nuon to the Cavalla including the trace of the boundary along the Cavalla will be concluded during the year, provided no unforeseen difficulties present themselves. An unusual amount of solicitude and concern about Liberia and her relations with the United States is being manifested on the part of certain individual groups in Europe and to some extent in the United States. Such friendly solicitude and concern in Liberia as is now being exhibited on the part of those who have hitherto viewed with satisfaction and pleasure the possible disappearance from the family of nations of the Republic of Liberia, would indeed have been a source of gratification to us but for the sinister objective which

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we have been able to discern, most cleverly veiled, in their protestations of friendly interest and concern for the independence of Liberia. We are also reminded by these protestations of friendship of the old adage “In times of adversity friends are few; in time of prosperity friends are many”. Liberia is being cautioned to watch with eagle eye the imperialistic tendencies of the foreign policy of the United States: Hayti, Santo Domingo and Nicaragua being pointed out as victims of that policy. It has also been suggested that the Liberian Government was coerced by the United States Department of State in the making of the Firestone Rubber Agreement and the obtaining of the 7 per cent Gold Loan of 1927. These statements were given very wide publicity in the American and European Press. The United States Government, very properly, immediately issued a statement through its Department of State denying these charges. The Associated Press of the United States cabled me on the 29th of August for an expression on these statements to be released to the American Press. Knowing these charges to be absolutely untrue, I felt it a duty we owed not only to the United States Government, but to ourselves, to make a public denial of them. Accordingly on August 31st, I sent the following message through the Radio Station in Monrovia, to the Associated Press of America denying these charges. This was received in New York on that same date and published in the morning papers of the following day throughout the United States: “I have noted with surprise the alleged statements made in an address delivered at the Williamstown Institute of Politics by Professor Raymond D. Buell, particularly the suggestion made therein that the Liberian Government was coerced by the United States Department of State in the matter of the Firestone Rubber Concession and the 7 per cent Loan of 1927. This suggestion is without any foundation in fact. The approach to the agreement was made by the private enterprise of Mr. Firestone and neither directly nor indirectly was any influence brought to bear upon the Government of Liberia by the Department of State or any other Department or official of the United States compelling the granting of the Firestone concessions. The fact that the negotiation between Mr. Firestone and the Liberian Government were protracted over a period of two and a half years, should conclusively show that there was no coercion, but rather that full consideration was given to the views of each party by the other. In respect of the loan of 1927, internal economic conditions growing out of the World War dictated to the Government of Liberia the propriety and necessity of funding its indebtedness and reorganizing its finances. It was this which led to the offer of the United States Government in 1921 to make available funds which in the Wilson administration had been allocated to Liberia during the War. This proposal did not meet with the approval of Congress and the tentative agreement which had been reached by the two Governments lapsed. Nevertheless, the need for reorganizing Liberian finances still existed and Liberia, like other States in similar circumstances took advantage of the opportunity offered by the American money market. In the negotiations between the Government of Liberia and the Finance Corporation of America there was no participation by the Department of State. The only reference in the Agreement to the Government of the United States is the provision for the designation by the President of the United States of a Financial Adviser. Up to the present the effect of this loan in addition to stabilizing our finances has been to give greater internal strength to the Government of Liberia and to avert alien intervention in our domestic affairs upon grounds which imperialists usually advance for this purpose. The country generally is satisfied with the policy which has been pursued by the administration. Besides, this, there would seem to be historical fitness in a financial project which links up Liberia with the United States.

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There have been crisis in our relations with the French Government, growing out of undetermined frontiers; but these have never been represented to us by the United States Department of State as a “menace” nor was the Firestone project represented to the Government of Liberia by that Department as the means by which the menace could be removed. On the contrary, when in certain quarters opposed to the Firestone scheme it was suggested that the United States Department of State was behind the Firestone proposal, the Secretary of State of the United States took occasion formally to notify the Government of Liberia that the administration was neither directly nor indirectly behind Firestone. The statement of Professor Buell that the scheme involved the control of Liberia by American Officials is untrue and mischievous. There is under the loan agreement, as has already been pointed out, but one official, the Financial Adviser, designated by the President of the United States upon the request of the Government of Liberia and even this designation is not final unless acceptable to the President of Liberia. Liberia, like every other country, has suffered from an unemployment problem. The Firestone operation was an opportunity seized with alacrity by the Liberian labouring classes. The Government has had no occasion whatever to coerce labor; and reports seem to indicate that, far from suffering from a dearth of laborers, the Firestone plantations are suffering from an embarrassment of riches in this respect. Nothing in the Firestone agreement obligated the Government of Liberia to impress labor for the Company, even should an occasion to do so present itself. On this point the Government of Liberia would welcome an investigation on the spot by an impartial commission. This apparent attempt to bring Liberian affairs, into an unfavourable light before the American people as a factor in the present political controversy, is much, to be regretted. Most interesting to me is the fact that professor Buell is able to predict Liberia’s future and impugn the soundness and integrity of its statesmen after a visit of only fifteen days during which he would have seen just but few of our high officials and leading citizens.

In connection with our relations with the United States, I think it necessary to point out the following facts: The presence of American assistance in the financial administration of Liberian affairs was not unsolicited, but rather is a realization of the desires of the people of Liberia, expressed to each and every one of their Presidents, from the founding of the Republic, for the closest political and economic ties with the United States’ friendly interest in Liberia, is not a new creation in American diplomacy especially designed for the furtherance of American rubber interest, as has been suggested in certain quarters, but rather runs beyond the period of Liberia’s declaration of independence back to the early days in her colonial life, as the following declarations of American policy towards Liberia made from time to time by responsible American Statesmen beginning with the colonial days of Liberia, will testify. 1. On January 5, 1843, Mr. Daniel Webster, the American Secretary of State, instructed the American Minister to Great Britain, Mr. Everett, to make “an informal representation” in conversation with Lord Aberdeen, the British Minister for Foreign Affairs, concerning certain complaints of officers of the American Colonization Society relative to difficulties which had arisen between traders and the Liberian authorities. With regard to the relations between Liberia and the United States, Mr. Webster took advantage of this occasion to make the first declaration of American policy in these words: “Founded principally with a view to the amelioration of the condition of an interesting portion of the great human family this colony has conciliated more and more the goodwill, and has from time to time received the aid and support of this Government. Without having passed by laws for their regulation, the American Government takes a

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deep interest in the welfare of the people of Liberia, and is disposed to extend to them a just degree of countenance and protection.” 2. In his note of August 9, 1843, Mr. Fox, the British Minister at Washington, inquired how far, if at all, the United States recognised the “colony of Liberia” as a “national establishment” and also how far, if at all, it held itself responsible towards foreign countries for the “acts” of the Liberian authorities. To these enquiries reply was may by Mr. Upsher the American Secretary of State, in a note dated September 25, 1843. After describing the origin of Liberia, Mr. Upshur said: “To the United States is an object of peculiar interest. It was established by our people, and has gone on under the countenance and good offices of our Government. It is identified with the success of a great object, which has enlisted the feelings and called into action the enlarged benevolence of a large proportion of our people. It is natural therefore, that we should regard it with greater sympathy and solicitude than would attach to it under other circumstances. “This Government does not, of course, undertake to settle and adjust differences which have arisen between British subjects and the authorities of Liberia. Those authorities are responsible for their own acts and they certainly would not expect the countenance and support of the Government in any act of injustice towards individual or nations. But as they are of themselves nearly powerless, they must rely, for the protection of their own rights, on the justice and sympathy of other powers. Although no apprehension is entertained that the British Government mediates any wrong to this interesting settlement, yet the occasion is deemed a fit one for making known, beyond a simply answer to your enquiries, in what light it is regarded by the Government and people of the United States. “It is due to Her Majesty’s Government that I should inform you that this Government regards it as occupying a peculiar position and as possessing peculiar claims to the friendly consideration of all Christian Powers; that this Government will be, at all times, prepared to interpose its good offices to prevent any encroachment by the Colony upon any just right of any nation; and that it would be unwilling to see it despoiled of its territory rightfully acquired, or improperly restrained in the exercise of its necessary rights and powers as an independent settlement.” 3. On October 21, 1862, a treaty between the United States and Liberia was concluded in London. On March 11, 1863, Mr. John J. Henry, of Delaware, was appointed by the President of the United States Commissioner and Consul General to the Republic of Liberia. In his instructions, it was stated that while the Republic of Liberia owed its origin to the American people, it had been “reserved for the present moment” to give definite and solemn proof of their sympathy by accrediting a political agent, “as a distinct and responsible recognition of the national independence and sovereignty of that Republic.” 4. Mr. Secretary Seward, in reply to a note addressed to him by the American Commissioner and Consul General to Liberia, Mr. Abraham Hanson, said: “Your dispatch No. 68 is received. In it you informed the Department that a dispute had grown up between Great Britain and the Republic of Liberia, and that the Government of Liberia had requested the interposition of the United States, and if necessary, its protection. You will inform the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in reply to his request, that the President regards the progress of the Republic of Liberia, which has been so much identified with the United States with deep solicitude, and would see with deep regret any collision between it and any foreign power. And if the good offices of the United States can

Annual Message to the Legislature October 18 1928

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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do anything towards the just settlement of the existing controversy, you are at liberty to tender them. In 1879, it was reported that the French Consul General at Monrovia had offered to place the Liberian Government under the protection of France. Mr. Noyes, the American Minister at Paris was immediately instructed by Mr. Hunter, Acting Secretary of State, “to make such judicious and confidential enquiries as shall, without communicating undue importance to the matter, put you in possession of the facts.” It was observed in the same dispatch that the United States, “must feel a peculiar interest in any apparent movement to divert the independent political life of Liberia, for the aggrandizement of a great continental power”. Commenting upon the large space devoted to Liberian affairs in the American volume of Foreign Relations of 1879, MR. Evarts, the Secretary of State, in his note addressed to Mr. Noyes, the American Minister in France, made the following observations: “The volume of Foreign Relations of 1879, devoted to the affairs of Liberia a much larger space than would seem to be warranted by the relative importance of that country. The reason for this is plain, and grows out of the peculiar relation which this country holds towards Liberia; and which are likely to become of increased importance. It is therefore quite suitable that the great powers should know that the United States publicly recognizes these relations, and is prepare to make every proper step to maintain them. In this view the publication of this correspondence seems not inopportune”. Mr. Evarts, Secretary of State, in a dispatch to Mr. Smith the American Minister to Liberia, dated February 2, 1888, made the following statement: “Liberia is regarded by us with peculiar interest. Already the home of many of those who were once of our nation, she is the predestined home of many who now enjoy citizenship in this Republic. This going out to a greater or less extent of our citizens of African descent is but a question of time, and if Liberia be in a proper condition to receive and care for such emigrants form the United States, her territory will be chosen by them in preference to that of any other country. A large and valuable commerce between Liberia and the United States may be developed if the two countries can be brought to see their true relations towards each other”. Mr. Secretary Evarts in enclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. Smith, the American Minister to Liberia, in his note to the American charge d’Affaires in London, also made the following statement as to the attitude of the United States towards Liberia: “The peculiar relations which this country holds to Liberia, and upon which the well being of its Republican Government in a great measure rests, are likely in the not distant future to be of increased politico-economic importance. Hence the attitude of the European powers which have established themselves in the vicinity of Liberia becomes of interest to the United States whenever it may assume a tendency to disparage the asserted rights to the native self control. The United States are not averse to having the great powers known that they publicly recognize the peculiar relations between them and Liberia, and that they are prepared to take every proper step to maintain them”. Mr. Secretary of State Hay in his instructions to Mr. Porter, American Ambassador to France, No. 640, June 28, 1899, referring to the apprehensions of of the Liberian Government of some action by France in the direction of an effective occupation of the Liberian Hinterland, stated: “Our position in reference to the citizens of Liberia is such that we could not be justified in regarding with indifference any attempt to oppress them or deprive them of their independence”.

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In this same connection, Secretary Hay in his note, to Mr. Jackson, the American Charge d’Affairs in Germany, dated November 18, 1898, was instructed to make the following statement to the Government to which he was accredited: “The United States would not view without grave concern any procedure from any quarter, which would threaten its (Liberia’s) liberty of action or the extinction of its independent existence”. 10. In 1884, while negotiations between Great Britain and Liberia were in progress for a settlement on the basis of the Manoh River, it was reported that Kents Island, in that river, had been occupied by the French. In bringing this report confidentially to the attention of the French Minister at Washington, Mr. Freelignhysen, who was then Secretary of State, adverted to the fact that “Liberia was founded by negro settlers from the United States” and that “although at no time a colony of this Government, it began its career among the family of independent states as an offshoot of this country; and as such was entitled to the sympathy and when practicable to the protection and encouragement of the United States.” This relationship of quasi parentage had, said Mr. Secretary Feelinghuysen, “been recognized on the occasion of recent diplomatic disputes between Great Britain and Liberia. It was not thought possible that France could seriously intend to assert a claim for territory so notoriously in dispute between those two powers especially when no French right of possession had before been recognized by either, but it was thought proper,” said Mr. Freelinghuysen, “to state provisionally, that the United States would consider a French claim to territory in the Manoh River as threatening the integrity and tranquility of Liberia, and also to intimate “the firm conviction and expectation” of the United States that in view of this “intimate relationship to Liberia” any assertion of claim to any part of Liberia as defined by conventional limits, and any enforcement of a settlement of alleged grievance which might take place without the United States being allowed an opportunity to interpose their good offices to arrange the matter could not but produce an unfavourable impression in the minds of the Government and People of the United States”. 11. President Cleveland in his Annual Message to the Congress of the United States on December 6, 1866, made the following declaration with respect to the attitude of the United States towards Liberia: “The weakness of Liberia and the difficulty of maintaining effective sovereignty over its outlying districts have exposed that Republic to encroachments. It cannot be forgotten that this distant community is an offshoot of our own system, owing its origin to the associated benevolence of American citizens, whose praiseworthy efforts to create a nucleus of civilization in the dark continent have commended respect and sympathy elsewhere, especially in this country. Although a formal protectorate over Liberia is contrary to our traditional policy, the moral right and duty of the United States to assist in all proper ways in the maintenance of its integrity is obvious, and has been consistently announced during nearly half a century. 12. President Harrison in his Annual message to the United States Congress on December 6, 1892, also found it necessary to make the following statement as to the United States’ relation with Liberia: “In consequence of the action of the French Government in proclaiming a protectorate over certain tribal districts of the West Coast of Africa, eastward of the San Pedro River, which has long been regarded as the southeastern boundary of Liberia, I have felt constrained to make protest against this encroachment upon the territory of a Republic which was founded by citizens of the United States, and toward which this country has for many years held the intimate relation of a friendly counselor. Feeling a sympathetic

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interest in the future of the little Commonwealth, the establishment and development of our countrymen and which constitutes the only independent sovereign state on the West coast of Africa, this Government has suggested to the French Government its earnest concern lest territorial impairment in Liberia should take place without her unconstrained consent”. Finally, due to the repeated encroachments on the territories of Liberia, and the justness of her cause, the United States and Great Britain in the early part of the year 1897, made joint declaration of policy with respect to the special interest taken by them in the independence of Liberia, in the form of pro memoria. These memoria read as follows: British pro Memoria British Embassy, Washington, March 8, 1897. “The undersigned is instructed by his Government with reference to repeated encroachments of the territory of the Liberian Republic to submit to the United States Government the following suggestion: It might prove of service to the Liberian Republic and encourage it to resist absorption by a foreign Power were the Governments of Great Britain and of the United States to make a joint declaration of the special interest taken by them in the independence of that Republic. Julian Paunceforte H. B. M. Ambassador. American Pro Memoria Department of State, Washington, March 13, 1897. Having references to the confidential pro memoria submitted by His Excellency the British Ambassador on the 8th of march last, and being desirous in view of the circumstances of that Republic being an offshoot of the community of the United States, and to show toward it the kind spirit and all proper sympathy, the United States for its part declares the special interested taken by it in the independence of the Republic of Liberia, and the concern it must feel should any prospect of its absorption by a foreign power develop in the future. The Government of the United States is gratified to perceive from the British pro memoria of March 8, last that her Majesty’ Government entertain a similar special interest in the independence of the Liberian Republic.” John Sherman.

I have taken up much of your valuable time in tracing succinctly the beginning and growth of America’s traditional friendship for Liberia and the reasons for her deep interest and concern in the maintenance of our status as a free, sovereign and independent African State, in order that our present and future political leaders will correctly understand the background of the close relations which have in the past and are now more intimately existing between the two countries. While these relations with America will not preclude the cultivation on our part of the most friendly relations with other countries and their Governments, yet in making new friends we should not forget the old and tried ones. “Foreign policies are not built upon abstractions. They are the results of practical conceptions of national interest”. The participation of safe and responsible American capital in the economic development of Liberia coupled with American financial guidance and assistance, is indeed a phase of our foreign policy “not built upon abstractions”. “It is the results of that practical concep-

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tion” of our “national interest” arising out of the unshakable belief of all Liberia administrations in the past and coming down to the present, that the Government and people of the United States sincerely desire to see Liberia’s independent maintained and not in any way interfered with; and, that she become a strong and vigorous nation, a worthy scion of a great Republic. The American Government during the whole period of its unbroken friendly intercourse with Liberia, has never sought any special political right or economic privilege for itself or its citizens; but rather, has always stood four-square for the “open door policy”, or equal opportunity and equal treatment by Liberia to all foreign nations. Therefore, as long as we maintain our reputation for orderly government and continue to show a decent regard and respect for our international engagements, I see no reasonable grounds for apprehension and fears as to Liberia’s future, safety and security. The Treasury Department. On the 31st day of July of the present year, the country, for the first time in its history, reached the million dollar mark in its revenue collections, and at the close of the fiscal year ended Septembers 30th had exceeded the one and a quarter million mark by $26,000, that is $1,276,000.00. This is indeed a most gratifying fact, and testifies to substantial financial progress Liberia is making. We re getting out of the “woods”,-the woods of financial chaos, and are beginning to see, through yet at a great distance, bright lights along the richly paved road which leads to national prosperity, happiness and greatness. By patience, perseverance and sacrifice, we shall reach the desired goal. This increase in our revenues should, however, not be taken as a signal for an extravagant expenditure of the public funds, by a wholesale and indiscriminate increase of salaries, by the creation of new and unnecessary offices and by granting annuities and pensions to old political friends. It behooves us now more so than ever, to see to it that the finances of the Republic be handled with the greatest care so that reproductive results will accrue therefrom. It is not the amount of money an individual is earning that effectively counts in his life, but the amount he saves out of such earnings. The same principle applies to Government. Should we adopt this principle in our financial administration, as we now see with a reasonable amount of pride this unprecedented increase of revenue, we shall each year, also see with greater pride and self satisfaction an enlarged net surplus of revenue accruing from judicious and wise savings which could be devoted wholly or in part to a national reserve fund to be permanently established and maintained. The following is a statement of the consolidated receipts and disbursements of the public revenues for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1927, and ending September thirtieth 1928. Receipts. Local balance at Bank October 1, 1927 New York balance at Bank October 1, 1928 Miscellaneous refund Internal Revenue Postal Revenue Radio Revenue Customs Revenue Emergency Relief Fund Drygoods Tax Highway Fund Port and Harbour Dues

$11,468.93 130,081.44 12,824.28 241,346.42 15,234.42 4,258.80 767,596.86 144,621.93 64, 782.65 8,639.78 29,956.66

Annual Message to the Legislature October 18 1928 Receipts from sales of bonds, New York Total

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450,000.00 $1,880,812.38

Disbursements. Budgetary appropriation Minister Crommelin Postal Claims Election Expense Bank of British West Africa Limited Redemption 3% Bond and Old Loan Redemption Indebtedness Certificates Redemption L. F. F. Claims Tools and Appliances, Public Works Interest on Loan, commission etc Miscellaneous Advances Payment prior years and arrears Extraordinary Budgetary expenditure Carried forward Brought forward New York Expenditure, unreported Chas G. Scott, New York Local deposit, Bank commission, Exchange and interest Commonwealth District of Monrovia Local Balance at Bank New York Balance at Bank

$ 973,572.34 7,400.00 6,112.53 5,844.83 22,386.24 110,947.65 106,964.44 127,559.09 551,606.67 109,768.89 1,273.14 54,214.87 88,618.23 $1,666,268.92 $1,666,268.92 17,237.43 5,726.05 17,221.91 7,527.93 55,272.6 88,618.23 $1,880,812.38

I am pleased to state that during the past fiscal year a very large proportion of our outstanding debts, both external and internal, have been paid. The present situation with regard to the three per cent. internal bonds, as par the Auditor’s report to the Secretary of the Treasury, is as follows: Insured as per original estimate Retired to date Outstanding as per original estimate

$216,090.00 191,764.00 $ 24,326.00

A careful check has been made by the Treasury upon the interest coupons as they have been presented for payment, and from this source it is found probable that there are now not more than $3,000.00 of such bonds outstanding. It is upon this last amount the Treasury has based its reserves. Most of the five per cent indebtedness certificates have also been retired by the Treasury as will be shewn by the following statement: Originally issue as per record Certificated issued by not found recorded Cancelled during Registration and Audit Destroyed by Legislature Retired during present year Outstanding

$173,601.38 852.96 $174,454.34 7,637.79 50,379.01 106,964.44 9,473.10 $174,454.34

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

At the beginning of the fiscal year the administration of the Treasury Department was somewhat handicapped through lack of knowledge of the indebtedness existing in the various Departments; consequently, though a budget was prepared last year it did not contemplate nor include many outstanding items of recognized indebtedness. Chief among these was the Liberian Frontier Force indebtedness. Of this, the only portion for which moneys were allocated, was its indebtedness to local merchants. However, in the expenditure of moneys reserved for unfunded debt it was found that considerable margin was available through cancellations and erroneous figures used in making the estimates for such reserves to meet the situation. By this arrangement, the entire merchant indebtedness of the War Department was retired and the Treasury enabled to pay $99,300.85 on arrears. The total expenditure for this purpose was: For merchants’ indebtedness On arrears L. F. F Total

$28,258.24 99,400.85 $127,554.09

The further amount due as arrears of the Frontier Force is about $75,000.00 which has just recently been reported by the War Department and has been included by the Secretary of the Treasury in his new estimates. During the year all legitimate bills presented to the Treasury have been paid, and in addition many old claims and accounts not contemplated and provided for in our original financial plans, have been met, including Coast salary payments from February to June 1927, and Coast Court bills, one dating back to November 1926, as well as bills for military expenses. Of the unfunded debt budgeted for payment during the year, there has been paid for the following: Bureau of Art & Literature Claim of Minister Crommelin Postal Outclaims Election Expenses Chas. G. Schott Bank of British West Africa Ltd. Total

$1,467.42 7,432.00 6,023.18 6,000.00 5,726.00 20,000.00 $46,648.65

It might be of interest to mention that although the arrangement with the Bank of British West Africa, Ltd., to pay them $1,666.66 a month was effected, only from February 1928, yet the Treasury was able to pay them an additional $6,666.66 bringing the total paid in eight months up to $20,000.00. The following comparative statement in detail of revenues of 1927 with the year 1928 is of much interest: Customs Revenues. Customs Headmoney Miscellaneous Totals

1927 $557,428.29 18,292.00 5,837.57 $581,557.86

1928

$767,596.86

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Internal Revenues. Hut Tax Poll Tax Real Estate Sale Revenue Stamp Sale Postage Stamps Internal Revenue Ordinary Licenses Judicial Fines Executive Fines Miscellaneous Fines Emergency Relief Fund School Tax Dry Goods Tax Public Highway Fund Port & Harbour Dues Recruiting Agents Total Customs Grand Total

1927 $141,699.35 420.68 654.51 1,721.10 6,592.45 25,449.35 7,098.06 437.46 490.36 928.91 109,895.54 313.68 46,595.60 9,735.20 25,852.28 32.50 $377,917.03 581,557.86 $959,474.89

1928 $ 178,118.47 2,092.66 12,327.15 3,840.54 15,234.63 25,823.71 15,302.66 3,546.98 1,229.34 146,073.14 1,390.76 65,088.43 8,915.04 29,956.66 $508,840.87 767,596.86 $1,276,437.73

It is most gratifying to observe from the foregoing statements the marked increase in the internal revenue collections over those of last year, except perhaps in one or two unimportant items. Especially is this fact noticeable with the real estate taxes which made a leap from $654.51 last year to the figure of $12,327.15 for the present year, an increase of nearly 1800%. This improvement is due principally to the activities of the Revenue Courts established under the Act passed by you at your last session. The wisdom of our recommendations in this respect and your legislation thereon, would seem to be fully justified. However, as pleasing as these results are, yet there is great room for improvements, as the figure of $12,000 only represents mere scratching of the surface. There are hundreds of town lots and thousands of acres of land owned by persons, some of whom are dead, or unknown, some by citizens residing in other countries and counties, from which the Government receives no taxes. Besides, there are lists of outstanding delinquencies in the hands of the several real estate Collectors yet uncollected amounting at least to the collections already reported. With increased vigilance on the part of revenue collectors and a more expeditious disposition of the cases brought before the Revenue Courts from day to day, the coming year will witness a phenomenal increase, not only in real estate but in all other taxes. In connection with our Customs Revenues, we also note with gratification an appreciable increase over that of the last year’s collection, which marks the highest peak ever yet reached. The Supervisor of Customs, in his report to the Secretary of the Treasury, points out the need of a more competent Customs personnel to meet the rapidly growing business of the Service. To attract such personnel, he says, it will be necessary to increase the salaries now obtaining as soon as the Government is able to do so. There have of late been discovered in the account of certain Collectors of Customs many irregularities and discrepancies. This in my opinion is due principally to the lack of frequent and closer supervision. To meet this situation, a special Customs launch named the “SINOE” has been purchased and will soon be put into commission for that purpose. The

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launch is 59 ft. long, 12 ft. beam with a draft of 2 ½ ft. making a speed 11 ½ knots an hour. The boat is strongly built and very well equipped for the purposes for which she is intended. In order that the Customs might be enabled to handle the large importations that are now coming into the port of Monrovia, as well as for the erection of suitable warehouses for the storing of the large quantities of fuels that are now being imported by the various agencies of oil companies, it has been suggested that sufficient lands be secured by the Government somewhere other than the waterfront of Monrovia, somewhere on the mainland opposite Providence Island. This suggestion has my approval, in view of the great risk attending the storage of gunpowder, fuels, and other inflammable substances in the Customs and in the warehouses of merchants located on the waterfront, the business section of the city. The Supervisor of Customs also points out in his report that under existing tariff law, transient travelers passing through Liberia are required to pay import duty on such dutiable goods as they may bring with them, although the same goods may be taken out of the country within a few days after they are imported. This, the Supervisor says, is obviously unjust, and recommends that only storage be charged on goods which are left in the Customs Houses by such transient travelers. This recommendation has also my endorsement. Owing to the adverse effect which the Free Storage Act passed at your last Session, increasing the free storage period from 7 to 15 days would have upon the Customs revenues, I deemed it advisable to postpone its enforcement until the meeting of your Honourable Body. I shall transmit to you, during your present session, a special message upon this subject. In the month of July last, our Financial Adviser, Mr. Sidney de la Rue, who was away, in the United States on sick leave, was compelled to tender me his resignation. I recorded my expressions of appreciation of the long and satisfactory services he has rendered the Republic, and expressed my regrets that the failure of his health would not permit his continuance in the service of the State. To fill the vacancy occasioned by Mr. de la Rue’s resignation, the President of the United States intimated his desire to designate for appointment to the post of Financial Adviser the Honourable John Loomis, should the same meet with my approval. Having expressed my approval, Mr. Loomis was duly designated for the post by the President of the United States. He sailed for Liberia on the 31s of August via England, arriving here on the 3rd of October. He was formally presented on the instant by His Excellency the American Minister and duly commissioned by me on that date. Mr. Loomis is an official of ripe experience and appears to be well balanced. He has made for himself a brilliant record in the foreign service of his country. His last post of service was in Persia. We hope he will find his new field of service at least as interesting as those in which he has formerly laboured. In the legitimate prosecution of his duties as Financial Adviser, he shall have the fullest support of the Liberian Government. During the year, the American Supervisor of the Internal Revenue, Mr. C. M. Berry, and the American Assistant Auditor, Mr. C. G. Colegrove, were also compelled to resign from their respective posts on account of illness. Mr. McCaskey and Mr. Travel, both American citizens have been commissioned by me as the successors of those gentlemen and they have energetically entered upon the discharge of the duties of their respective offices. The services rendered by the entire American personnel in our Public Services Fiscal and Technical, have been on the whole most satisfactory and helpful, for which we here record our expressions of appreciation. Owing to the somewhat protracted illness of the former Supervisor of Internal Revenue, Mr. Berry, which finally resulted in his resignation, the burden of this Bureau has rested

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entirely upon Mr. P. F. Simpson, the Liberian Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who has indeed been most untiring in his services and is in a large measure responsible for the brilliant showing made in our Internal Revenue collections for the year. We congratulate him and also record for him our expressions of appreciation. The Honourable the Secretary of the Treasury is making certain recommendations in his report to you which if adopted will materially enhance the financial administration of the country. I recommend them to your favourable consideration. Department of Justice. All of the Courts of the Republic have been regularly functioning during the year. The constitutional amendments adopted by the People of Liberia at the last quadrennial election, rendered necessary the increasing of the number o f Justices of the Supreme Court from three to five. In consequence thereof I had the honour of commissioning to the new positions thus created, the Honourables Abayomi W. Karnga of Montserrado County and Henry A. Page of Grand Bassa County, on the eighteenth day of January of the present year. These Gentlemen were formally introduced to the Supreme Court the next day when they took their respective seats upon the Bench of said Court. The judicial ability of those two distinguished citizens of the country is unassailable and their appointment to the Bench of the Supreme Court will, I am sure, prove to be of most valuable acquisition to that Honourable Body. The Attorney General in his report is again calling your attention to the tedious and vexatious delays attending the trial of cases in the subordinate Courts of the Republic, which are being made the constant subject of complaint by citizens and foreigners. In my Annual Message to Your Honourable Body four years ago, in adverting to this subject, I pointed out that “there is a general complaint on the part of our citizens, and particularly foreigners, against the unnecessary delays attending the trial of cases in the Courts of record.” “A speedy and impartial trial is guaranteed to all the litigants in our courts, whether Liberians or foreigners, under the constitution of Liberia; and therefore cannot be denied without grave injustice and the risk of creating for the state international difficulties and embarrassments. The Attorney General is recommending, with my approval, certain legislation which would lead to the remedying of the evil complained of. The rapid economic development of the country which necessarily brings with it a larger investment of foreign capital, and the presence in our midst of a corresponding large number of foreigners for the control and direction of these investments, will require the most careful consideration to be given to our judicial administrative system, beginning first, with the Liberian Bar. Four years ago, discussing this subject in my Annual Message, I made the following observations which I think are still pertinent: “That the high standard of efficiency set for the Liberian Bar by our worthy and sainted fathers is seemingly being lowered, and is a questionable thought which is at present claiming the serious attention and consideration of the leaders of the legal profession in Liberia, as well as that of the Government.” “In the administration of justice by the courts, much depends upon the legal competency and moral integrity of the members of its Bar. They are ministering servants at the Bar of Justice, assisting the Judge to maintain the dignity of the law and to dispense even-handed justice to the prince as well as to the peasant. A wrong advice given to the Court or a client by a lawyer, due to his insufficient knowledge of the law, or to his moral turpitude, may

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lead the Judge into grave and most far reaching legal errors, and his client into heavy and unnecessary expenses, and possibly to undergo severe legal penalties. “The standard of the courts of the civilized world is to a great extent judged by the character and competency of the members of the Bar. The higher their reputation for honesty and efficiency, the greater is the respect for the courts and the laws of the countries; and so on the other hand, a decadence of intellectual attainment and moral rectitude brings disrespect and contempt for the court, as well as weakens the majesty of the law. How careful, therefore, should our courts be in placing their imprimature of approval upon the competency and moral integrity of persons entering the ranks of the legal profession, especially when is considered this fact, that from these ranks must be selected the Judges of the People. For this very reason the same moral and intellectual scrutiny should be exercised in determining the fitness and qualifications of persons to be admitted to the Bar, as is exercised in determining the fitness and qualification of a lawyer to be elevated to the Bench.

The duty of passing upon the fitness and qualification of candidates for admission to the Bar, should no be vested, as it is at present, in the Judges of the Circuit Courts, but rather in a committee to be known as the “Bar Committee”, appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, and subject to the supervision and direction to the Supreme Court alone. To such a committee would be entrusted the task of (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Prescribing the course of legal studies. The oral and written examination of candidates. Passing upon the moral character and legal competence of candidates. Recommending of candidates to the Bar. Hearing and determining all complaints or charges brought against Lawyers, whether practicing or not, for unprofessional or immoral conduct; their decisions and findings and being subject to review only by the Supreme Court on appeal.

These measures or others along similar lines which may be suggested, would I am sure, serve to at least strengthen that public confidence in the Liberian Bar which it has hitherto enjoyed. Until some favourable action is taken by you upon this all important subject, I shall not cease bringing it to you attention. Carthago est delenda. The Attorney General in his report is making certain recommendations for the nationalization of the Police Forces as well as some suggestions in connections with our river and road regulations, which I trust and hope will receive your favourable actions. Post Office Department. I am pleased to report that nothing has transpired during the course of the year to interrupt the cordial relations which have hitherto existed between our Postal Administration and other Administrations, members of the Universal Postal Union. The operations, generally, of this Department, during the year, have been as satisfactory as perhaps present conditions will permit. From year to year there is noted a steady increase in the work of our Postal Department and in the volume and importance of its business. During the year it gave its adhesion to the International Radio Telegraphic Convention of London, 1912, being classified under Class 6. Exchanges were made through the International Bureau of the new issues of Liberian postage stamps, post cards, etc., as specimens, with the several postal administrations of the Union, amounting to $459.00. The Department has been advised of the approaching meeting of the Universal Postal Congress to be held in London in the month of May 1929, and the necessity of all of the Administrations of the Universal Postal Union making known, in due time, to the Interna-

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tional Bureau at Berne, of whatever changes they would like to made in the existing Rules and Regulations of the Union. The Department was invited to participate in the International Telegraphic Conference held in Brussels in September of this year and to send a delegate. With my approval, our Consul in Brussels, Mr. Wielmans, was appointed Liberia’s delegate to the Conference. In connection with the Money Orders Bureau, the Postmaster General reports that the whole amount of orders issued in Liberia and payable in the United States, and those issued in Liberia and payable in Great Britain, as well as those issued and paid in Liberia, aggregated to the amount of $18,949.81. Of this amount $10,473.40 were issued on the United States, and ǧ1,681:9:4 or $8,071.04 were issued on Great Britain. The domestic orders issued amount to $405.37. The Postmaster General reports the successful operation of the Domestic Money Order Service in the Counties of Grand Bassa and Maryland, and suggests extending the service to the Counties of Sinoe and Grand Cape Mount as soon as favourable conditions present themselves. Statistics of mail matter annexed to the Postmaster General’s report, Tables “A” and “B” show an enormous increase in the volume of business transacted between Liberia and the various administration of the Postal Union. There has also been a tremendous increase of Parcels Post during the year running up to 25,100 pieces. On the 28th of February last, the Postmaster, General, with my approval, issued Public Notice officially putting into circulation the new issues of Postal Stamps printed by the American Bank Note Company, a reputable and reliable American Company of Lithographers, in the following denominations: 1,2,3,5,10 and 15 cents, and $1.00, calling in all old issues. $27,829.88 of the old issues were received form the several Postmasters by the Postmaster General, and were by him duly turned over to the Treasury Department for safe keeping and deposit. The designs of the new stamps are most beautiful and artistic. The new series are in great demand. With nearly every steamer arriving here from the North, the General Post Office receives orders for quantities of these stamps from stamp collectors, the sales realized amounted to $11,762.47. On the 1st day of September last, Transatlantic commercial Radio Traffic was formally opened between Liberia and the United States through the Monrovia Radio Station and the Radio Corporation of America, New York. It is now possible to communicate with any part of the world by radio, either from Monrovia or Cape Palmas. Materials for the setting up of a Radio Station in Bassa have recently been shipped to that County, and before this work is completed, operations will be commenced on a similar station at Sinoe. These two stations we hope to have in full operation before the end of the year. The War Department. The report of the Secretary of War shows that a hearty spirit of cooperation has characterized the work of this Department during the year. The condition of the militia as to training and discipline shews some improvement, especially in the first Regiment. The two Brigades formerly consisting of five regiments have been increased to the strength of seven regiments, six fully organized, and one to be completed by the early part of the coming year. In keeping with the Act passed at your last Session authorizing the division of the First Regiment and providing for the organization of the sixth and seventh regimens, the sixth was duly organized and placed upon the combative strength of the Army of the Republic. This regiment consists of two battalions, each carrying four companies. The regiment has

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

been placed under the command of Colonel J. W. McClain, my Junior Aide, who is regarded as one of the most intelligent of our Army officers. As previously pointed out, our entire militia organization needs readjustment. The system is obsolete and requires reorganization on more modern lines. Efforts in these directions are being put forth. With respect to the Liberian Frontier Force, some improvements have been made during the year. A complete reorganization of the Force, as to its personnel, combative strength, distribution and pay, has been effected. Captains Lemuel L. Smith and Alexander Harper, were each promoted to the rank of Major. The former has been rendering continuous service in the Force for seventeen years on our various frontiers, and has now been placed in command of the Force. The latter who was in the year 1920 transferred from the Force for service in the Interior Department in the capacity of District commissioner, has been placed in command of the second Battalion of the Force. In the new budget that has been prepared, provisions have been made for the purchase of a certain quantity of arms and ammunition, both for the Militia and the Frontier Force. In pursuance to the Act passed at your Last Session creating the office of Adjutant General in the month of March of the present year, I duly commissioned Colonel J. S. Dennis, then Commanding Officer of the First Regiment, to the post and he has since entered upon the duties of his office, in the War Department, with that zeal and earnestness of duty which has always characterized our gallant and popular Colonel. Department of the Interior. I am happy to report that there exists a state of tranquility throughout our hinterland limits. The inter-relations of the various tribes are peaceful and friendly. Their loyalty to the Government and respect for its authority is becoming more and more pronounced. In return for this loyalty, these tribes expect from the Government just treatment, a patient hearing as well as sympathetic consideration of their representations and legitimate aspirations. This is an inescapable duty devolving upon the Government, the nonperformance of which cannot but lead to the most disastrous consequences to the State. Our District Commissioners in the hinterland would do well to recognize such an important fact. To insure its proper and efficient administration and to protect its populations against the exploitations of dishonest officials and unscrupulous private citizens, it is necessary for the hinterland to be visited at least once every year by one of the responsible officials of the Department of the Interior. To that end, therefore, I instructed the Secretary of the Interior at the early part of the year to proceed to the hinterland on an inspection tour. Accordingly, the Secretary left the Capital for the Interior on the 10th day of April last, visiting Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Districts, and returned on the 22nd of September in view of the approaching session of your Honourable Body in October. In each of the Districts visited, councils lasting for several days, and in some cases weeks, were held with the Chiefs of the country by the Secretary. After hearing their complaints, when there were any to be made, and giving his rulings upon the same, the Secretary took the greatest pains to explain to the Chiefs the true policy of the Government in its relations with the tribes and peoples of the hinterland; as to the responsibilities of the former and the rights and duties of the latter. The Secretary enjoyed immensely the various councils held with the Chiefs, and was very much impressed with the remarkable intelligence displayed by them in their discussions, both in and out of the councils, from time to time. The report of the Secretary on his inspection tour will, I am sure, be a most interesting and illuminating document.

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The retention of the populations of our hinterland must always be the keynote and objective of our native policy, the achievement of which will only be accomplished by a just treatment, on our part of these populations, and a sympathetic consideration of their interests. The Secretary of the Interior in his Annual Report to your Honourable Body is offering certain suggestions and recommendations based upon observations made during his trip to the hinterland which I am sure will be given your usual careful consideration. Department of Public Instruction. During the year, the Secretary of Public Instruction has been silently, but effectively putting into operation his programme of work as embodied in the following memorandum of educational policies, which has received my written approval and endorsement: 1. Appointment of an Educational Advisor to the Secretary of Public Instruction, to act in an advisory capacity. Salary to be the normal sum of $1.00 per annum as done in the United States. 2. Appointment of a Supervising Teacher by the Secretary of Public Instruction, to serve as his deputy in supervising the work of the County Inspectors of Schools and of the local schools. A budget of $1,500.00 to be set aside from the public school fund for this purpose, $1,200.00 of which will be for salary and $300.00 for travel if used. 3. Teachers’ Institute to be conducted in all the Coast Counties this year, under the auspices of the Department of Public Instruction and Missions. 4. The location of the Schools in the Interior reducing their number to five, with a budget of $3,500.00 for this purpose, of which $500.00 is to be used for equipment. 5. The development of the County High School at Grand Bassa, with a faculty of five, and a budget of $2,860.00. 6. Development of local public schools at certain centers along the Coast; the prevention of duplication by supplying the local Mission day schools with a public school teacher in certain instances. 7. Requesting the District commissioners to see that the “chop” etc., for the native boys is furnished by the chief for those pupils who attend the schools in the Interior as well as native districts on the coast. 8. A copy of the Hall School Act, to make the sum of money available for use in Maryland County. 9. Continuation and development of night and afternoon schools for working boys and girls. Government schools to be free; missions to charge nominal fees to their pupils. 10. Payment of appropriation for text books. The cost of the new series of text books to be published by Ginn & Company is to be paid as other contractual debts for the Republic. The sum of $2,500.00 is to be made available by July 1st. 1928 for this purpose and the balance of $2,500.00 by October 1st 1928. 11. Agricultural policies. Reservation of tract of land from present site for Liberia College of about fifty acres to serve for an agricultural experimental station. A plant for a series of simple demonstrations to be submitted with an estimated cost. 12. The Secretary of Public Instruction to pay $150.00 per annum towards the publication of the “Educational Outlook”, and to receive 150 copies of paper monthly for distribution among government officials and teachers. In keeping with the above programme, on the 8th day of March last, I commissioned Mr. J. L. Sibley, the Representative in Liberia of he American Advisory Committee on Education in Liberia, Educational Advisor to the Secretary of Public Instruction.

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The Rev. F. A. K. Russell, of Grand Bassa County, was also commissioned by me as Supervising Teacher of Schools for the Republic. The Secretary of Public Instruction reports that never before had the Department been able to carry out the programme of holding Teachers Institutes throughout the Republic as it has done this year, with the co-operation of the Educational Advisor and his genial staff. The Institutes were held in each of the following Counties in the months mentioned: February in Montserrado County, April in Grand Bassa County, May in Sinoe County, June in Maryland County. The sessions of the Institutes were very interesting and instructive; they were also helpful to the local teachers within the Republic, the Department has decided to make these Institutes serve as training centers for the Teachers of our Public Schools, thereby enabling them to perform with greater efficiency their duties in their respective places of work, to which they may be assigned. The interest taken in the Institutes was marked by the presence of most of the prominent local officials of the Government and a large number of citizens, at the daily sessions in the counties in which they were held, as well as by complimentary resolutions of appreciation. Owing to the close of many Missions, as well as few Interior Public Schools this year, in accordance with the centralization and cooperative plan agreed upon by the Department and the heads of the Foreign mission Boards operating in Liberia, and in order to avoid duplication of our work, and to encourage efficiency, the enrollment of all schools within the Republic, thus far reported, has been less than that of last year, especially in the County of Maryland. The following is a brief statistical report of Schools in the Republic. Number of Schools Elementary Government including Liberia College Other Colleges Secondary Protestant Episcopal Methodist Episcopal A. M. E. Catholic Pentecostal National Baptist & Lott Carey Private

Resume Number of students in High School grade Number of Teachers within in the Republic Students in College Courses Total enrollment for the year 1928

No. Teachers

Enrollment

79

3160

26

52

1895

9 3 11 5 3 2

36 13 19 16 9 2

1025 416 1296 343 374 61

126 59 3 5

109 262 18 8,912

Growing out of the efforts of the Secretary of Public Instruction during his visit to the United States last year, to secure scholarships in some of the American Colleges and Universities for worthy Liberian Students, the Colorado School of Mines offered a scholarship to the Republic of Liberia at the rate of $250 per annum for four years, upon proper recommendation by the educational authorities of Liberia. In the acceptance of the offer, the Government made choice of Mr. B. J. K. Anderson, Junior, a promising young man in the Junior Class of Liberia College, as the recipient of

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this benefit. Mr. Anderson was required to enter into a special agreement with the Government therefore after which, he embarked for the United States in the month of June last, in company with father. His allowance for upkeep by the Government is $600.00 per annum. The Liberian Text Books for our public Schools which I stated in my last Annual message, were in course of preparation for publication, are expected to be ready for shipment to Liberia by November of the present year. Advance specimen pages and illustrations from each book, have been sent out, and can be seen at the Department of Public Instruction. During the year there has been added 607 volumes to the Public Library in connection with the Department of Public Instruction, costing over 1,500.00 besides a large and assorted number of foreign Bulletins, Magazines and other periodicals. The following are some of the books now in transit for the Library and expected daily: Books on Africa General Information Educational and Technical subjects Miscellaneous subjects, Travel, etc Magazines et

$300.00 200.00 200.00 250.00 100.00 $1,050.00

The Bureau of Agriculture has been transferred from the Interior Department to the Department of Public Instruction. For lack of appropriation other than salary for the Commissioner of the Bureau and that of Superintendent of the Government Experimental Farm, nothing of note has been accomplished, and hence we are unable to make any report of progress along these lines. A soil analysis of the experimental farm has been made by Mr. Bare, an Agriculturist, one of Mr. Sibley’s Staff, and a most interesting report has been submitted thereon. Department of Public Work. The organic law creating this very important Department of State was enacted at your last Session. Its management and direction has been entrusted by me to the Honourable John L. Morris whom I had the honor to commission Secretary of Public Works in the month of February last with the advice and consent of the Senate of Liberia. Mr. Morris’ ability coupled with his many years of public service and experience, eminently fits him for this post, the importance of which in our programme for internal development and national progress cannot be over estimated. A good portion of the time of the Secretary has been drawn upon in properly organizing his department and placing orders for machineries, tools implements and other necessaries for its efficient operation. In spite of this, a good beginning has been made with the Government’s programme for public improvements covering a four year period. The principal public works in progress during the year were as follows: (a) Monrovia Customs House (b) Landing stage for River Boats on the water front, City of Monrovia (c) Extension of Center Street, Monrovia (d) Public works Head Station. Those to be undertaken next year are as follows;

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Roads Equipment Bridges Culverts Dashes for road labor Road tools for Leeward Counties Total for roads

$25,000.00 7,500.00 3,000.00 7,000.00 2,000.00 $44,500.00

Schools Bassa High School Sinoe High School Community Schools Total for schools Carried forward Brought forward Completion of Coffee Benficio Liberia College State Prison Public Square Public Market Public Landing City Hall Purchase of Mansion (20,000.00) Purchase of State Dept. (12,000,00) Purchase of corner lot Legislative Building & Treasury annex Completion Monrovia Customs House Competion Sinoe Wharf Installation slipway for “Messurado” Blacksmith & Machine Shop Equipment Total Total construction programme

2,500.00 2,500.00 5,000.00 $10,000.00 $54,500.50 $54,500.00 1,440.00 12,000.00 15,000.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 3,000.00 2,500.00 5,000.00 3,000.00 720.00 10,000.00 17,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 4,000.00 $92,160.00 $146,660.00

Owing to the exceptional rainfall during the year, the Monrovia-Kakata road has not been completed as was planned for this year. There remains a distance of approximately seven miles to cover before reaching Kakata. The distance present covered by this road from its Monrovia end is 53 miles. The Brewerville/Belle-Yella road has now reached the town of Morlah, and would have passed far beyond that point but for the unusual excessive rains during the year. The distance which this road covers from White Plains to Morlah is 30 miles, and from Suehn, on its Brewerville branch, to Morlah 34 Miles. On account of the business incident to organizing the Department as previously stated, the Secretary did not find it practicable to take under his personal direction the road construction in Counties other than Montserrado. I am pleased to report, however, that under the supervision of our most enterprising and energetic Superintendent of Grand Bassa County, the Honourable James E. Smith, the construction of the Buchanan Gio, and Buchanan Timbo roads have made excellent progress. Experienced road constructors have been supplied by the Public Works Department and they serve for the present under the immediate direction of the Superintendent.

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The Superintendent of Sinoe County within the short time of his appointment and taking over of office, a period of seven months, has also made praise worthy efforts in the extension of the Greenville interior road, through Butor, commenced by his predecessor. Though handicapped by the lack of sufficient tools and implements, the Superintendent is sticking to his guns and pushing on with his road. There have been no further extensions of the Harper Gbolobo road in Cape Palmas this year, but plans are on foot to commerce its extension towards Webbo the early part of next year. In Grand Cape Mount, a motor road has been commenced from the Konneh Section on the interior boundary of that County and District No. 1, of the hinterland, having the town of Bendu on Shepherd Lake as its objective. The Coffee Beneficio, the procuring of which I reported to you in my previous Message, is now near completion. It was considered that the most practical place for erecting this plant was near the bank of the St. Paul River in White Plains. Situated at that point, it was felt that the plant would be easily accessible to the coffee planters both in the Careysbury region on the one side of the river and in the regions of Arthington on the other side. The Coffee Beneficio was being constructed and erected by Mr. R. A. Farmer, one of the American Engineers of the Public Works Department who resigned the service before it was completed. The completion of the building as well as the installation of machinery was undertake by Mr. T. J. R. Faulkner who reports that the plant will be ready for public service in December ensuing. I personally inspected the work a few weeks ago and was very much impressed with the remarkable skill and ability displayed by Mr. Faulkner, as well as the rapidity in the erection of the plant, especially in the absence of detailed plans and specifications of the machineries, and the misplacement of many of the important parts in connection with the building. Mr. Faulkner is to be congratulated. The Liberian Government Hospital The most pleasing public duty I have had the honour to perform during the year now under review was that of assisting in the formal opening and dedication of this Public Institution on the 13th day of May last. A most interesting programme was rendered on that occasion. The Right Reverend Bishop T. Momolu Gardiner, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, conducted the dedicatory services. Most of the prominent government officials and leading citizens honoured the occasion with their presence. The Brass Band of the Liberian Frontier Force, together with the Choir of Trinity Church, of this City, in their vestment rendered the music. After the closing of the dedicatory services, the visitors were taken through the buildings, by the Superintendent, Dr. J. A. Dingwall, with the assistance of the lady nurses. Satisfaction was freely expressed with the general appearance of the hospital and its modern equipment. The marked cleanliness of the hospital and its sanitary condition were specially commented upon by all. The hospital, for its size, compares favourable, with similar institutions in other countries. It will, I am sure, supply a long felt want in the Republic. From the number of patients coming in, it would seem that the public is beginning to appreciate the advantages accruing from a well staffed and well equipped hospital. Since its formal opening, Doctors Fuszek and Wehrle, two of our eminent local European Physicians of ripe medical knowledge and experience, have been added to the Medical Staff. In these two Physicians, the hospital has certainly received most valuable acquisitions.

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The Nursing Staff was augmented at the beginning of the year by the admission of Miss Lucile Todd and Miss Jeanette Howard. These two Liberian young ladies passed the full prescribed course of nursing in Lincoln hospital, New York City, and after graduating therefrom, took post graduate courses in Bellevue Hospital, of the same City. Miss Todd and Miss Howard both specialize in anesthesia. Miss Cooper, the Supervising Nurse, who also graduated from the same Institution and returned home two years ago, specializes in obstetrics. These young ladies have all done credit not only to themselves but their country, and should be complimented for having made such good use of their unique opportunities and advantages. Both the Liberian and foreign doctors of the hospital are not stinted in their praises of the efficiency of these young ladies. There are a group of six other young ladies under training in the Hospital as Probationary Nurses. They are on the whole making fair progress. As X-ray plants are now essential in all “Class A” Hospitals, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, we hope to be able to procure such a plant in the near future. Owning to the rapid increase of work falling upon the shoulders of the present staff of nurses, due to larger number of “in patients” that are now being admitted into the hospital, it will be necessary in the course of the coming year to procure the services of two more foreign trained female nurses, one of which to have sufficient knowledge and experience of the operations of an X-ray plant as would warrant her being placed in charge of the one we contemplate purchasing. On account of the large quantity of soiled linen to be laundried at the hospital, averaging from 300 to 400 pieces weekly, a set of three washing machines and wringer have been ordered. This will greatly aid the output of clean material for the patients’ health and happiness. The Superintending Medical Officer of the hospital, Dr J. A. Dingwall, in his report, points out that: “Malaria stills heads the list of prevailing diseases. Its results are far-reaching in the reduction of the resisting force against attacks from other invading ills. Nervous, gastric, intestinal and cardiac diseases have frequently been in evidence and with malaria, have an unfavorable influence on the vitality of the population.”

He further reports that during the past year there has been no outbreak of an epidemic disease within the Republic, and that our general health condition still holds its high place among the States of West Africa. Statistics Number of In-patients admitted during the year October 1, 1927 to September 30, 1928 Discharged, convalescent or cured Discharged unimproved Died in Hospital Still in Hospital, September 30, 1928 Out-patients treated Total Patients treated Cash receipts from Patients Dues by patients unpaid Total

141 101 3 20 17 141 2,096 2,236 $2,58.86 592.67 $2,851.53

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Firestone Plantations Company. The important role this Company is playing in the economic development of Liberia, and therefore the Government’s peculiar interest therein, in my opinion deserves a special mention in this message. The rapidity with which the company is developing its estates in Liberia, under the most capable direction and management of Mr. D. A. Ross, its General Manager, is indeed most wonderful and gratifying. Within the short period of its operations in Liberia, large tracts of land have been cleared and put under rubber cultivation. Beautiful bungalows with the most modern improvements, for the housing of their foreign staff, have been erected. There are well laid out streets running through their living compounds; excellent motor roads have been constructed connecting their several planting divisions, eight in number, along the Du, in Montserrado County, each covering on an average an acreage of three thousand acres. Stretches of miles of healthy young rubber trees, symmetrically laid out and planted are to be seen, shops of European and Liberian traders catering for the business to be derived from the thousands of native labourers upon those plantations, are scattered throughout the various divisions. The large and powerful electric and ice machines, high and stately water towers, well equipped machine and carpenter shops, spacious and commodious central office buildings, all in full operation, together with a large fleet of trucks and automobiles swiftly wending their way through the several Divisions present every aspect of a growing industrial and commercial center. The hilarity displayed by the large gangs of native labourers while in the prosecution of this work is indeed a most thrilling scene to witness. Conditions of a similar nature, but though in a lesser degree owing to the extent of operations at that point, are also to be seen on the Company’s plantations in Maryland County. Through Mr. W. D. Hines, Mr. Firestone’s personal representative in Liberia, and a gentleman of the most charming personality, the most cordial relations have been maintained between the Government and the Company. The Company since the commencement of its operations in Liberia, I am pleased to state, has always maintained a most correct attitude towards the Government, and in every case to which its attention has been called to indiscretions on the part of some of its irresponsible white employees, immediate and effective disciplinary actions were taken by the Company against such employee, to the satisfaction of the Government. The relations between the American and Liberian employees upon the plantations are on the whole friendly and cooperative. Very few complaints of any importance against the Company or its employees have been made to the Government by the natives, and in those few cases the Company has willingly accepted the decision of the Government and loyally given its compliance therewith. The estimated total acreage of rubber planted is thus far approximately 30,000 acres. Estimated number of rubber trees planted and growing on this acreage Average number of Liberian workers on payroll for each month of past year Estimated sum paid out in wages to Liberian workers past year (skilled and unskilled) Skilled Liberian workers (mechanics, motor drivers, carpenters, clerks, bookkeepers, field overseers, etc) employed during the year Total wages received by Liberian skilled workers

6,000,000 10,000 $1,024,000 700 $250,000

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Alone, during the year amounted to more than Total foreign white staff in Liberia to day not more than

90

During the past eighteen months it is gratifying and pleasing to know that the Company has distributed free to Liberian farmers more than thirty thousand rubber tree stumps and one hundred thousand rubber tree seeds. The Company has recently imported from Sunmatra in the Far East, 10,000 of the finest budgeted specimens of rubber stumps and transplanted them in Liberian soil with thus far good results. This experiment has the possibility of establishing a reputation for Liberia as the finest and best rubber growing country in the world, by giving Liberia the most scientifically improved rubber tree stock available anywhere. Liberia’s favourable climate and excellent soil, combined with this high grade stock may soon make Liberia the home of the highest producing rubber trees in the world. The transportation of this stock was an unusual feat in itself as it is the first time such an attempt has been successfully accomplished over such a great distance of approximately 12000 miles. During the year, the Company brought to Liberia Dr. A. W. Sellards, a noted Harvard University Medical Scientist, who has made a very careful study of prevailing tropical diseases in Liberia, with every promise of excellent results. The Company has also, in conjunction with Yale University of America, recently brought to Liberia, a scientific forester of wide experience for the study and classification of the Liberian forests. His reports and specimens, listing and classifying the various woods of the country and their commercial possibilities will be made available to the Liberian Government, thereby providing us with expert knowledge of our timber resources. It becomes my painful duty before concluding this message, to mention the sad fact that during the year under review, the State has been called upon to sustain the loss by death, of quite a few of its prominent officials: The Honourable T. E. McCarthy, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; the Honourable W. A. Williams, Member of the House of Representatives for the County of Grand Cape Mount; the Clerk of the Court of the First Judicial Circuit, C. Martin A. Davis, Esquire; The Rev. Charles H. Railey, Chaplain of the House of Representatives; and on Sunday last, the Honourable B. J. Davies, Judge of the Monthly and Probate Court for Montserrado County. These officials were untiring in their devotion to their public duties and served the State faithfully. In their lives were prominently portrayed those noble virtues of honesty and devotion to duty. Through death they have now been called to enter upon a state of higher service as compensation for work well done on this side. May we who have been left behind be inspired by the lives of these faithful public servants to a life of greater devotion and consecrated service to the State. In conclusion, may I be permitted to express the hope that your present deliberations will be characterized by your usual unyielding devotion to the nation’s welfare and not to idle political speculations upon the yet unseen and most uncertain political future. Let us all work, for the night cometh, the night of political gloom and darkness, when no man can work. May God vouchsafe to us His Divine wisdom and guidance and take this State under His watchful keeping. (Sgd.) C. D. B. King. President of Liberia. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, October 18, 1928

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1929 The Honourable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, in Legislature Assembled. Gentlemen: By Divine guidance and assistance we have passed another mile stone of national life, and are now reassembled to take counsel for the future good and prosperity of the State. In our deliberations let us continue like our fathers to seek that Divine Wisdom which alone will give us the understanding necessary to pilot safely this Ship of State over the many shoals and rocks which lie amidst the wide and tempestuous ocean of national life scattered and unseen. My first duty on this occasion is to express the sympathies of the Executive Government with the Legislature in deaths of the following of its distinguished members, which occurred since its last adjournment: The Honourable S. A. Liberty, of Grand Bassa County, Speaker of the House; The Honourable J. G. A. Richards, of Clayashland, Senator for Montserrado County; and The Honourable J. W. S. Bowens, of Brewerville, Representative for Montserrado County. These citizens in their respective spheres of public and private activities rendered eminent services to their country and made for themselves an excellent record of faithful and devoted service to the State. Their eloquence in debate and wise counsel in judgment will be missed in your deliberations. Foreign Relations. The Foreign Relations of the Republic have been maintained on the most friendly footing with the various Governments with whom Liberia maintains intercourse. During the year, this Government was honoured by the friendly visits by the naval vessels of the United States of America, and the British Empire, namely, on January, 17, 1929, the U. S. S. “Raleigh,” Flagship of Vice Admiral Dayton, Commander of the United States Naval Forces in European Waters, and on September 20, 1929, His Majesty’s Ship of War “Daffodil” under the command of Commander V. B. Cardwell, O. B. E. The stay of the United States Ship “Raleigh” was extended over a period of three days, during which time the Government as well as the citizens generally and foreign residents did all that was possible to contribute to the pleasantness of the visit. Admiral Dayton with his gallant Officers and men left behind them most pleasant impressions and carried with them the goodwill of the people of Liberia. The visit of His Majesty’s Ship of War “Daffodil” was of a much shorter duration due to circumstances over which her gallant Commander had no control. Nevertheless, the visit though brief was highly appreciated by the Government and people of Liberia and the entire British Colony at the Capital. A few weeks after your last adjournment, the sad and painful news reached us by cable of the death of our Minister in Paris, Baron Rudolph Lehmann, which occurred in Paris on the 16th of December, 1928, after a brief illness. Minister Lehmann finally succumbed to the painful and annoying complaint against which he had so heroically fought for the past sixteen years. The last visit he made to this country accompanied by his amiable and most

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highly esteemed consort to witness and assist at the Inaugural Ceremonies of 1927 is still fresh in the memories of us all. Baron Lehmann was a most capable diplomat, possessing great diplomatic skill, experience and ability. He was an upright and faithful Official of this Government, and above all, a loyal, sympathetic and devoted friend to Liberia. Liberia’s interest was always his first, last and only thought. Every Liberian who visited Europe during Baron Lehmann’s incumbency as Liberian Minister can testify to his loyalty to this country and its Government, as well as to the kindly considerations and genial hospitality of both he and his most charming companion, the Baroness. The Baron first entered the diplomatic service of Liberia in 1913 as First Secretary of our Legation in Paris, under Minister I. P. Crommelin, our late Minister to the Court of St. James who was at the same time accredited to France as Charge d’Affaires. Subsequently, the combined mission was separated when the Baron was appointed by President Howard, Liberian Charge d’Affaires in Paris. While serving in this capacity, he rendered valuable assistance to the Liberian Commissioners to the Paris Peace Conference. In 1921 he was promoted to the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary. The social status and influence of both himself and the Baroness in Paris is reflected by the measure of popularity and respect which the Liberian Legation at that Capital now enjoys to the pleasure and satisfaction of all Liberians. The President of France was good enough to send me a telegraphic message of sympathy and condolence on the occasion of the demise of this distinguished Statesman and Diplomat. At the funeral of the deceased, the French Government and Diplomatic Corps in Paris rendered the necessary honors due his rank as Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary. In the death of Baron Lehmann, Liberia has indeed sustained a great loss. The sympathies of this Nation run out to his widow in her great and heavy bereavement. On the 16th day of July last, the City of Monrovia was shocked by the news of the death of the Honourable William T. Francis, Minister Resident and Consul General of the United States of America, accredited to this Government. The Minister who it is alleged died from Yellow Fever had a lingering illness of several weeks, and at various periods of his illness there were all reasonable hopes for his recovery, but much to the disappointment of the Government and his large circle of friends, he finally succumbed. This Government lost no time in conveying its deep regrets to the American Government in the loss which that great and friendly Government had sustained in the death of one of its most worthy representatives. Up to the time of his demise, Mr. Francis had served two years at his post with an unpretentious dignity and ability befitting the representative of that great American Democracy of the West. He had the most correct understanding of those peculiar relations and traditional ties of friendship existing between his Country and Liberia. The gentlemanly qualities of his wife won for both of these distinguished personages an easy entrance into Liberian social life, and also secured for them a large circle of warm and staunch friends. Minister Francis was among that class of diplomatic representatives who realized the fact that to understand the Government to whom they are accredited is to know and understand the people of the country of that Government. His remains, accompanied by his bereaved wife, were taken on board of an American vessel, on the 19th of July, with official ceremonies befitting his rank, to be conveyed to the United States. The Commercial Treaty between this Government and the Government of the German Reich has not yet been signed owing to what may be considered as fundamental differences

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of views between the two Governments with respect to certain rights accruing to Liberia, emanating out of Section 18, Annex 2, Part VIII, of the Treaty of Versailles. It is hoped that a happy formula may be found which will harmonize these conflicting views and lead to the placing of German commercial relations with Liberia on the same footing as with those of the most favoured nations. The present pre-eminent position of German trade with Liberia would seem to suggest no other course. I am happy to report that the Reparation Claims of Liberia growing out of the World War have been settled upon the basis set forth in a correspondence between this Government and the Reparation Claims Committee, which correspondence will be duly submitted to your Honourable Body by the Secretary of State during your present session. I beg to call the Senate’s special attention to the Slavery Convention concluded at Geneva on the 15th day of September, 1926, to which Liberia gave her adhesion as one of the Signatory Powers, and to urgently request ratification of same during its present session. In the month of July of the present year, representations were made to this Government by the Official Representative of the following Governments, namely: American, British and German, with respect to the sanitary conditions of the City of Monrovia. These representations, it appears, grew out of the repeated reports that are being circulated in recent years as to the existence of Yellow Fever in Liberia, and in particular to the deaths of certain prominent members of the foreign community in this city –about four in number, in rapid succession one after the other, in the month of July, alleged to have occurred from Yellow Fever. In connection with these deaths, it may be observed that the Government through the Quarantine Board, the members of which were: The Honourable J. L. Morris, Secretary of Public Works, the Honourable John Loomis, Financial Adviser, and the Colonel T. E. Davis, Aide de Camp to the President, took immediate and effective Steps towards placing the City of Monrovia in a more sanitary condition. In these efforts of the Government, most of the foreign residents and a large number of Liberian citizens freely volunteered to assist and did render most valuable services. The inhabitants of the City irrespective of class or station also loyally co-operated with the Government by cheerfully obeying and conforming to all regulations issued from time to time by the Quarantine Board. The foreign Governments mentioned above, in their representations to the Secretary of State, in substance stated that while they appreciate the prompt and energetic measures which had been taken by the Liberian Government to safeguard and control the sanitary situation in Monrovia, yet they were frank to express their fears that the regulations established would not be continuously enforced once the danger temporarily passed. They therefore would urge upon the Government of Liberia the necessity of taking suitable measures to establish a permanent sanitary control by the creation of a Sanitary Bureau under the direction and control of an experienced and trained Sanitary Officer. The American Government has offered to place at our disposal the services of an experienced and capable Sanitary Engineer from its War Department. All papers in connection with this subject will also be laid before you by the Secretary of State. In view of the conflicting local medical opinion as to the actual existence of Yellow Fever in Liberia the Government, in the month of August last, addressed a request to the Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission, established at Lagos, West Africa, to make a survey of the conditions favoring Yellow Fever in Liberia. In response to this request, Dr. Walcott, one of the Commission’s experts on Malaria and Yellow Fever, was immediately dispatched to make this survey. The Doctor on his arrival here immediately entered upon his duties. Colonel T. Elwood Davis, my Aide, and a member of the Quarantine Board was placed at his disposal for any assistance and information he may require to facilitate his

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investigations and to take him around the City. Dr. Walcott spent about two weeks in his investigations, after which he left for Lagos carrying with him some of the varied species of Mosquitoes which he found in Liberia, and also some blood specimens for laboratory analysis. The Doctor’s report has not yet been submitted. It will be forwarded from Lagos after he has carried through his laboratory analysis. Finance and Treasury Before proceeding with discussions under this head, it becomes my first duty to officially report the death of the Honourable Samuel G. Harmon, Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic, which sad and painful event occurred in this City on the 31st day of July of the present year after a protracted illness of six weeks. The death of Mr. Harmon was a terrible blow to the Administration, as by his death it was deprived of one of its most experienced, honest and trusted Officials. Mr. Harmon, previous to his appointment as Secretary of the Treasury, had ably served the Republic in the Senate for six years, whence he was called by the unanimous voice of his fellow citizens to occupy the high position of Vice President in the Administration of President Howard for eight consecutive years, after which he like his distinguished Chief, retired from public service with the highest appreciation of a grateful people. A few years subsequently he was selected by a group of his fellow citizens as their candidate for the Presidency in the Presidential Campaign of 1923. In 1928, the pleasurable opportunity was afforded me to offer him the portfolio of Secretary of the Treasury in my Cabinet, which position he accepted and served in up to the date of his death with dignity and credit and to the satisfaction of the Government. Before his active entrance into political life, he was easily the most outstanding and popular figure in the commercial activities of Liberia. The management of his business was of such that secured to him the highest respect both at home, in Liberia, and in Europe. In the death of Secretary Harmon, the Republic has lost a Patriot, and its Government a faithful and devoted Official. He leaves to mourn his loss a loyal and devoted wife, two sons, a daughter and grand children, to all of whom our hearts run out in deepest sympathy. The present vacancy in the post of Secretary of the Treasury occasioned by Mr. Harmon’s death, has not yet been filled. This will be done, however, during your present session. In the meantime, the Honourable Secretary of the Interior, James F. Cooper, has by my request and direction temporarily taken over the supervision and conduct of the Treasury Department until a permanent appointment to the post is made. The Report of the Acting Secretary of the Treasury shows an actual deposit of revenues from all sources collected up to the end of the Fiscal Year closing September 30th, 1929, amounting to $984,613.72 against similar deposit receipts of the previous year amounting to $1,276,437.43. In this connection it may be pointed out that several thousands of dollars actually collected during the year from Hut Tax and other sources were late reported, reaching the Treasury Department a few days after the close of the Fiscal Year. If these receipts had arrived in time our actual deposits would have reached the million mark. Besides, had the warning of strict economy given in my last Annual Message been more strictly heeded, the Government would have been in a position to meet nearly, if not all of its current claims for the year in spite of the decline in our revenue collections for refreshing of your memories, I will here again repeat the observations which I made in that Message. In that Message, after announcing the most gratifying fact that for the first time in history of the Republic the revenue collections had reached the million dollar mark, I pointed the finger of warning in these words:

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“This increase in our revenues should, however, not be taken as a signal for an extravagant expenditure of the public funds, by a wholesale and indiscriminate increase of salaries, by the creation of new and unnecessary offices and by granting annuities and pensions to old political friends. It behooves us, now more so than ever, to see to it that the finances of the Republic be handled with the greatest care so that reproductive results will accrue therefrom. It is not the amount of money an individual is earning that effectively counts in his life, but the amount he saves out of such earnings. The same principle applies to Governments. Should we adopt this principle in our financial administration, as we now see with a reasonable amount of pride this unprecedented increase of revenue, we shall each year also see with greater pride and self satisfaction an enlarged net surplus of revenue accruing from judicious and wise savings which would be devoted wholly or in part to a national reserve fund to be permanently established and maintained.”

The Financial Adviser in his Report, discussing the decline in revenue, makes the following observations: “That there was a decline in revenue collected in the Fiscal Year 1928–29, is obviously true. Correctly stated, the revenue collections for the Fiscal Year 1928–29, were not equal to those of the preceding Fiscal Year when business conditions were inflated, but they were equal to preceding years. A fair barometer of the movement of revenue over a period of four years will best be shown by the following table of Customs duties and headmoneys: 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29

$518,503.73 581,569.20 767,596,86 584,946.97

From the above table, it will be noted that although the Customs duties and headmoneys were 24% below the collections for the Fiscal Year, 1927–28, they were higher than those collected for the Fiscal Years 1925–26 and 1926–27.

Among the reasons which may be assigned for the falling off of the revenues, are the following: 1. The curtailment of the Firestone Plantations expenditures in Liberia during the year. 2. The cancellation of orders placed abroad by the large firms for delivery of goods. 3. The decline in prices, in foreign markets, of Liberian exportable raw products. The following table also prepared by the Financial Adviser, will serve to show the downward trend of produce prices: July 1928. Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

ǧ15.0.0 16.0.0 8.0.0 0.0.8

Or Or Or Or

$72.00 76.80 38.40 .16

Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lb.

ǧ13.0.0 15.0.0 7.0.0 0.0.5

Or Or Or Or

$62.00 72.80 33.60 .10

Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lb.

July 1929 Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

The Financial Adviser is of the opinion, of which I also share, that the basic economic conditions of Liberia are no worse now than in other periods, although they may seem so at present. In fact the Fiscal Year 1928–29 cannot be regarded as a sub-normal year; on the other hand the preceding Fiscal Year 1927–28 was a decidedly abnormal one, a boon year as is readily apparent by a comparison of imports and exports for the years 1923 to 1929 inclusive. 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Jan.–July31, 1929

Imports $1,361,700.32 1,433,184.69 2,115,021.08 2,251,597.83 2,896,081.16 4,484,546.83 1,562,863.23

Exports $1,166,735.49 1,416,896.41 1,911,053.10 1,757,521.86 1,614,671.02 1,465,766.24 994,494.56

Excess Imports $194,964.83 16,288.28 203,967.98 494,075.97 1,281,410.14 3,018,778.59 568,368.67

The following unfortunate combination of circumstances conspired to create the boon year of 1927–28; 1. The abnormal importation of good by merchants in 1928. 2. The liquidation from loan funds of the 3% Bonds and 5% Indebtedness Certificates. 3. The abnormal expenditures made by Government in the prosecution of new public works. 4. The increased number of ships taking deckhands from Liberian Ports during that year. 5. The enormous expansion and development of the Firestone Plantation Enterprise in Liberia. As soon, however, these sources of large expenditures were limited or exhausted, the boon collapsed, trade dropped, and the revenues-as shown for 1928–29 collections resumed a healthful normal state. The Acting Secretary of the Treasury has submitted to me a Memorandum on the financial operations of the Government at the end of the Fiscal Year, September 30th 1929. In this memorandum some interesting facts are given. In it is shown how the estimates for the 1928–29 Budget were arrived at: A cash balance unexpended at September 30th of the previous year, 1927–1928 Against this amount there bills payable to be deducted in the sum of Leaving a balance as the first item of the estimates of The second item was revenues from all sources which being estimated On the basis of the actual collections of the previous year, 1927–1928, (abnormal) amounted to The third item was estimated revenues from proposed new Legislation (optimistic) Totalling The amount of collection of Plus the amount brought forward from the previous year in the sum of Totalling Less the amount of cash balance on deposit unexpended at September 30th, of Leaves a Balance of

$95,272.26 43,2727.26 12,000.00 1,263,000.00 25,000.00 $1,301,000.00

$984,613.72 12,000.00 $996,613.72 $996,613.72 6,105.39

$1,301,000.00 990,508.33

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1929 The difference between this amount of $990,508.33 and $1,301,000, actual estimates as shown, is Deducting form this balance of $310,491.67 the amount of bills payable in the sum of The balance shown at represents the actual unexpended balance of appropriations of the budget at Sep 30, 1929, thus effected: By the President in suspending operations on certain items of appropriations in the sum of By the Departments of Government in the exercise of strict economy

765

310,491.67 150,000.00 160.491.67 $84,257.62 76,234.05 $160,491.67

“It may be well to mention that the cut-off in the appropriation authorized by the President upon the advice of the Financial Adviser in the month of February was $178,052.80; but this was found impossible owing to the fact that many of the items which should have been effected had been partially expended. Consequently a cut of only $154,477.62 was made, and of this amount $70,220.00 was on Loan Funds which had no bearing on the situation, leaving only $84,257.62 in the actual relief of the budget. In view of the foregoing statements, the situation may thus be summarized: The Government operated during the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1929, on an authorized budgetary appropriation of In the month of February 1929, the receipts of revenues showed substantial decrease, and the President acting upon the advice of the Financial Adviser, authorized a cut as affecting the current revenues in the sum of Leaving a balance of The collections of revenues from all sources during that period were Adding to this the unexpended balance brought over in the sum of A total of Is shown representing actual receipts for the year. Deducting form this amount of $996,613.72 the cash balance unexpended at September 30, in the sum of The amount of is shown as representing the actual expenditures of the Government for the year. Add to this amount of $990,508.33 actual cash expenditure, the amount of account Bills Payable, or the indebtedness of the Government incurred during the year. The total of shows the actual running expenses of The Government for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1929. The difference between this amount and the Authorized appropriation, as shown at Remains an unexpended balance of appropriation

$1,301,000.00 84,257.62 $1,216,742.38 $ 984,613.72 12,000.00 $ 996,613.72 $ 996,613.72 $ 6,105.39 $ 990,508.33 150,000.00 $1,140,508.33 76,234.06 $1,216,742.38

The following is a statement of Receipts and Expenditures’ by the Treasury Department from October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929: Receipts. Balances: National City Bank, Art. V. Monrovia B. B. W. A. Miscellaneous Petty Advances

$63,587.81 62,641.06 15,863.35

$ 142,062.22

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Revenues: Internal Revenue Postal Revenue Radio Revenue Miscellaneous Refund Bank Interest Customs & Headmoney Emergency Relief Fund Dry Goods Tax Highway Fund Port and Harbour Dues

$200,244.47 9,006.25 5,400.29 213.62 3,430.21 584,946.97 109,241.30 39,600.18 9,056.62 23,471.81

984,813.72 984,813.72 142,062.22

Commonwealth Districts Townships Provisional Deposits

26,117.30 3,054.58 14,337.38

1,028,122.98 $1,170,185.20

Disbursements Amount of Budt. Appropriations Less account of Bills payable Unfunded Debt: General Government Arrears B. B. W. A., Ltd. G. H. Van Dimmerson Inauguration Expense Election Expense Fiscal Agts. Local Depositary, Interest on Loan, etc. Bank Commission & Exchange Bank Interest Commonwealth Districts Townships Refund Provisional Deposits Transfer of Customs Revenue to Loan Funds Outstanding Advances Sept. 30, 1929, Balances: National City Bank B. B. W. A. Current Account Townships Provisional Deposits

$976,013.28 98,973.90

$ 877,039.38

$1,075.30 5,000.00 2,500.00 451.56 1,027.94

10,054.80

$148,750.00 9,060.07 1,825.62 24,196.44 2,855.98 15,835.85 6,000.00 2,533.50

$58,631.26 1,405.901 334.97 4,006.88

$ 211,057.46 $1,098,151.64

72,033.56 $1,170,185.20

Statement of the 7% Loan Fund The total amount of this Loan authorized Amount held in suspension until Customs and Headmoneys reach $800,000.00 for two successive years Bonds already issued and sold to Finance Corporation of AmericaBond No. 1 to No. 2. 2,250 inclusive all of $1,000.00 denomination Balance to be sold to Finance Corporation The Interest for

$5,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 2,500,000.00 157,500.00

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1929 1 year at 7% on the Bond issue of $2,250,000.00 Interest on remaining $250,000 be issue Total amount Interest to be allowed for in 1920–30 Budget Amortization also be allowed for in 1929–30 Budget ½ % Interest for 1929–30 as Fiscal Agents compensation One-eighth per cent Amortization, Fiscal Agents compensation Total amount to be provided for in 1929–30 Budget against Loan Charges

767

17,500.00 175,000.00 35,000.00 437.50 43.75 $ 210,481.25

The following table will show payments from loan money and purposes for which payments were made during the Fiscal Year 1928–29: October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929. Bonds and Certificates of Arrears. Debt. Construction. Indebtedness. 3% Intenral Bonds 5% Indebtedness Certificates Transfer Funds L. F. F. Arrears Salary Arrears Arms and Ammunition Leagues of Nations Bureau of Art and Literature B.B.W.A (overdraft) Road Construction Road & Bridge Construction Customs House Construction Road Equipment Radio Construction

$11,920.26 9,886.66 1,532.29 $54,226.69 17,410.00 $9,141.13 12,339.12 1,232.00 65,000.00

$23,339.21

$68,636.69

$90,309.05

$25,618.14 16,005.24 3,303.33 7,010.61 3,086.09 $55,023.40

There will be about $225,000.00 loan funds available for the Fiscal year 1929–30 which may be applied to road construction, payment of floating debt, public buildings and other public works. It must be pointed out that none of this money is available for operating or incidental expenses of the Government, and can only be used in harmony with the terms of the Loan Agreement under the following heads: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Construction of Public Works, Encouraging and Development of Agriculture Sanitary Improvements Construction of Public Schools, General economic development of the country.

As far as has been ascertained, there is no floating indebtedness against the Government except about $17,475.55 made up as follows: L. F. F. Arrears Miscellaneous Items Items before Claims Commission There is also to be liquidated 5% Indebtedness Certificates 3% Internal Bonds amounting to Total

$5,000.00 10,000.00 2,475.55 $2,000.00 9,060.00 $11,060.00

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

For these amounts, reservations must be made from loan money until final settlement is effected. Floating Debt: On September 1, 1926, the floating debt of Liberia amounted to $248,054.48. This amount did not include Certificates of Indebtedness or any part of the funded debt. It must be indeed most gratifying to know that at the present moment, excepting merchants current bills for supplies to the Government, the floating debt of the Republic is less than $18,000.00. From this showing, the Financial Adviser is of the opinion that the financial condition of the Government at the present time is not serious, but he nevertheless advises the strictest economy in administration and the liquidation of current accumulated bills up to date. Considerable improvement has been made in the administration of our finance during the past year, based upon suggestions and recommendations made to the Government by its Financial Adviser. In this connection, various Executive Orders, forming the basis of this improvement, may be mentioned. Executive Order No. 1-f establishing a Claims Commission and providing an orderly method for the submission of claims for registration and decision of the Government. Executive Order No. 2-f prohibiting advances from public moneys for any purposes other than those required for the public service. Executive Order No. 3-f providing for the requisitioning and ordering of supplies in a manner and form that would afford full information to the Secretary of the Treasury and the Bureau of Audit, thereby preventing the incurring of indebtedness for supplies for which no appropriation has been made. Executive Order No. 4-5 providing for the custody and delivery of stamps, both postage and revenue. Executive Order No. 5-f Respecting the making out of salary checks in favour of joint or alternate payees. Executive Order No. 6-f classifying the provisions of the previous Executive Order for transportation, leave and allowances for foreign fiscal officers in the service of the Liberian Government. Executive Order No. 7-f fixing the 11th Meridian West as the basis for Liberian official standard time. The respective provisions of these orders, if strictly observed and enforced by all concerned, will have the most beneficial results upon the financial administration of the Government. In addition to the above mentioned Executive Orders, a number of Departmental Administrative Regulations have been issued carrying the approval of the Chief Executive. Most of these Regulations have to do with the internal administration of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. During your present session, certain proposed financial legislation will be submitted to you through the Secretary of the Treasury which I hope will claim your careful consideration, especially those suggesting the appointment of a permanent Claims Commission: defining more specifically the duties of the Port Medical Officer and regulating his fee charges; amending of the Graded License Act; re-organizing the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Mr. Loomis, our new Financial Adviser, has submitted to me a most interesting and illuminating report upon the fiscal operations of the Government for the past year. His views

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and suggestions as to the measures that should be taken by the Government for the better control and regulating of the collection and expenditure of public revenues and which would assure their steady increase, are sane and practical, deserving our earnest consideration, and in some cases, prompt actions. I am indeed grateful to the Honourable the Secretary of the Interior for having consented to temporarily take over the supervision and management of the Treasury Department during the illness and after the death of Secretary Harmon, pending the permanent appointment of the head of that Department. The duties of the Secretary of the Treasury are in themselves exacting and onerous, and when added to these the duties of the office of Secretary of the Interior, the reasons for these expressions of gratefulness to Secretary Cooper are readily seen. Department of Justice. The vacancy upon the Bench of the Honourable the Supreme Court occasioned by the death of Justice T. E. McCarthy, has been filled by the appointment of the Honourable Samuel J. Grisby, former Superintendent of Sinoe County. The Sessions of the Court have been regularly held, presided over by His Honor the Chief Justice. The Attorney General in his report commenting upon the business of the Supreme Court, states, that for the first time in its history the issue was fairly raised in said Court that a Member of the Legislature, could with any degree of legal propriety appear against the Republic in prosecutions instituted by the latter for frauds upon its revenue, or, in the case of members of the Senate for any matter which might become the subject of diplomatic controversy. It was gratifying to learn that the negative position taken by the Government through its Attorney General was unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court. The printing of the Revised Statutes of the Republic having been completed, they were issued from the press during the year and are now for sale at the Treasury Department. These Statutes consisting of two volumes, will certainly supply a much needed want, not only among the ranks of the Legal Profession, but also in many other walks of life in the several communities of this Republic. The Attorney General with whom has been entrusted the compilation and preparations for the press of the Opinions and Decisions of the Supreme Court, commencing from the end of Volume One, published in the year 1888 up to 1908, embracing a good period of twenty years, reports appreciable progress on the work. The various Circuit Courts have regularly functioned during the year. In connection with the Circuit Courts, I regret having to say that the handling and disposition made at the two last terms of certain important revenue cases filed in the Fourth Judicial Circuit of Maryland County, Cape Palmas, each time they were called up for trial, has been very disappointing and a source of grave concern to the Central Government, in view of the international issues which may be involved. The Attorney General in his report is making certain recommendations with respect to the Revenue Courts which have the approval of the Chief Executive. Your favourable action thereon will represent a curtailment of expenditure of at least $12,400 annually. Postal Department In the middle of the year, leave of absence was granted to the Honourable the Postmaster General to proceed to Europe to recuperate his health. During his absence the affairs of the Department were supervised by the Honourable the Secretary of Public Instruction.

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

From the Postmaster General’s report, nothing has transpired during the year to interrupt the cordial relations existing between our Postal Administration and other Administrations, members of the Universal Postal Union. The operations, generally, of this Department during the year, have been as satisfactory as perhaps present financial conditions of the Government will permit. In the month of May last, a meeting of the Universal Postal Congress, of which Liberia is a member, was held in London. The Liberian Postal Administration was represented at the Congress by our Minister accredited to His Britannic Majesty’s Government. The total receipts of Money Orders for the Fiscal year ending September 30, 1929, amounted to $19,760.59 of this, sums amounting to $6929.44 were issued on the United States, $11,967.92 were drawn on Great Britain, and $901.23 domestic orders were issued and paid in Liberia. Postal Revenues from all sources, for the year under review, are reported by the Postmaster General as follows: Sale of Postage Stamps Telephone Services Radio Services-Monrovia Radio Services-Cape Palmas Lock Boxes Money Order Fees Total

$9,574.67 664.96 6,084.05 3,100.94 288.36 68.52 $19,781.50

The War Department. The operations of this Department have been running smoothly during the year. The Secretary of War, very early in the year was suddenly stricken with a sever illness which threatened to lead to serious results. After submitting to local medical treatment for some period, he was strongly urged by his physicians to proceed to Europe where the necessary facilities’ for the peculiar nature of his illness could be available to him. Leave of absence was accordingly granted him for six months. The Secretary after a stay in Europe of a few months, returned, I am pleased to say, looking very much improved and has resumed the duties of his office. During his absence, the affairs of the Department were supervised by the Honourable the Secretary of Public Works. The Secretary is making certain recommendations in his report which he thinks would tend to more efficiency and the better discipline of our Militia Force as well as the better working of his Department. I ask for these recommendations your usual careful consideration. Department of the Interior. For the purposes of administration, the territories of the Republic have been divided into two political jurisdictions; those lying along the littoral and extending forty miles interiorward are known as the County jurisdiction; those beyond this fixed limit and extending to our international borders are known as the Hinterland Jurisdiction and are divided into five separate administrative districts. The native populations of both jurisdictions are quiet, loyal and peaceful. Tribal and inter-tribal wars are now things of the past. The submission to the Government of all grievances and complaints and cheerfully abiding by its decisions and rulings, has now become an accepted procedure on the part of all the tribes. They are becoming more impressed with the principles of civilized methods of administration and are also realizing the advantages

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of education; a proof of this latter fact is shown by the number of their boys and girls they are placing in the Government and Mission Schools operating in their midst. Although there is a complete cessation of tribal wars and no further defiance of the authority of the Government, yet there are problems of administration confronting the Government which can only be solved by a wise and far-sighted statesmanship. Direct tribal rule should not be ruthlessly uprooted and displaced, but rather carefully pruned of its parasites and poisonous germs and then left free to develop and expand under the Government’s fatherly guidance and direction. In this way, we shall be clearing the grounds for the appearance to the world of a great non-Europeanized Negro States in West Africa. In the month of March of the present year, I had the honour and great privilege of holding an extended Conference with the principal Native Chiefs and Sub Chiefs of the County and Hinterland Jurisdictions assembled at Kakata, in Number Two District, upon my invitation, assisted by the Honourable the Secretary of the Interior. The council lasted two months and eight days. All of the District Commissioners from both the Hinterland and County Jurisdictions, with their Assistants, were present at this Conference. The Conference, the largest of its kind ever had in the Republic, was most interesting, and to me personally very instructive. At this Conference every tribe living within the confines of the Republic was represented by its Principal Chief and Sub Chiefs. After addressing them on the day of the opening of the Conference, each principal Chief, in behalf of his tribe, came forward and faster going through their usual customary ceremonies, re-affirmed and pledged the loyalty of his tribe to the Government. They were subsequently told that the object of the Conference was: First: To hear the grievances and complaints which one tribe may have against another, among themselves, against the District commissioners of their Assistants, against the soldiers of the Frontier Force, or against the Government itself. Second: To investigate these complaints, and for them and the President to “hang heads” together for the purpose of settling the complaints. Third: To ascertain how the Suehn Regulations of 1923 had operated among them and enforced by the District Commissioners. Fourth: To make such further rules and regulations which may be suggested from facts brought out at the Conference. With the object stated, the Chiefs were all pleased and proceeded by tribal districts (beginning with District Number One of the Hinterland Jurisdiction) to make their statements respectively. With much patience, the Secretary of the Interior and myself sat for over sixty days listening to these statements. As is usually the case, most of the complaints of the Chiefs were more imaginary than real, while in some cases they were more real than imaginary. When a Chief made his statement, the other disinterested Chiefs sat with me as Judges and gave their opinions which, in nearly every case, were sound and correct. In this manner, I secured their collaboration and arrived at decisions that were satisfactory to all parties concerned and cheerfully accepted. Among the rulings of the Conference which appeared to give entire satisfaction to the Chiefs with respect to administrative measures, was the removal of all Station Masters from the Hinterland, a group of minor irresponsible officials whose presence in the Interior was a source of ultimate annoyance and irritation to the Chiefs and their peoples; the centralizing of the administrative control of the Districts in the person of the District Commissioners alone at the District Headquarters, thereby preventing Assistant District Commissioners from functioning coordinately with District Commissioner in different sections of the same

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district; prohibiting Speakers from functioning as Paramount Chiefs, assisted by their Council; a more equitable distribution among the tribes for the supply of labour required for road construction; making illegal the pawning of persons to person outside and not members of the tribal unit, as the first step towards the eventual breaking up of the native custom of pawning; requiring that a separate house be built for each wife by a husband, failing which he will not be entitled to the recovery of any portion of the dowry given for her should she desert him. This also is intended as an indirect measures of the Government to discourage polygamy among the natives. As soon as it is realized by the native that for every additional wife he takes he will be required to build additional house and therefore pay an additional house tax, he will see the necessity of bringing his blissful wooing within reasonable restraints. Reports from the District Commissioner since the adjournment of the Conference indicate the successful operations of these Regulations in the Interior and their cheerful acceptance on the part of the native populations. Native African Commissioners This class of officers in the County Jurisdiction has within recent years become too numerous, and has outgrown its usefulness. The Interior Department and the Courts are besieged daily with complaints against this class of officials (with a few outstanding exceptions) emanating form the native inhabitants within the County Jurisdiction. This class of officials should either be abolished or limited by law in their appointment to not more than two in Montserrado County and one in each of the other Counties. Human Leopard Society Since the arrest of several prominent native Chiefs in the Gio District last year, no reports of the activities of this society – which some years ago was quite prevalent among native tribes – have reached the Interior Department, except one form the Kroo Coast, and in this case there is some uncertainty as to whether or not the persons who were lost were the victims of the society or of real leopards. A rigid and most searching investigation into the report has been ordered by the Secretary of the Interior. In the meantime, the Government continues to take every precaution to stamp out this society wherever found to exist. The Firestone Plantations Company. In the early part of this year, this Company deemed it necessary to slacken it space of operations in Liberia and therefore proceeded to cut down its operating expenses. This was done by making large reduction in the number of these employees, both skilled and unskilled worker, also in a fair proportion of its foreign white staff. The following statistical table shows the movement of labour in the Firestone Plantations operating in Liberia: Engaged November December January February March April May

1182 2057 268 516 1833 1550 1358

Disengaged 1135 1353 1186 1085 1267 1357 1392

Re-engaged 142 169 148 136 158 169 174

Averaged No. of labourers paid during month 4441 5414 4745 4342 5066 5428 5568

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1929 June July August September

865 4657 3343 2261 19,920

1319 2061 2353 2416 16,944

265 257 285 302 2,115

773

5279 8232 9517 9664 85,195

While we concede to the Company the right of protecting its interest, when in its own opinion the necessity demands it, yet in view of the Company’s position as the largest employing concern in the Republic, their employees running easily into the thousands, we are of the opinion that in its exercise of this undoubted right a little more consideration might have been given to other contingent interests which would necessarily be affected by any change to its development program. No intimation having been made to the Government of the probability of the Company contracting its operations in the new future, and in view of the large activities of the Company as were then being manifested, the Government had legitimate reasons to believe that these activities would have at least continued at the same rate during the year 1929, if indeed there was not a further extension and expansion. Hence in its financial plans for the year 1926, the Government based its calculations to a great extent upon the continuation of the Company’s 1928 development program. The important trading firms operating in Liberia, for the same reasons had also increased their stocks by large importations in the previous year which they hoped to get off during the present year through the Company’s expanding operations. Their hopes in this respect however were not realized, and they found themselves overstocked with goods for which there were no demands owing to such large number of persons going out of employment. Therefore when the Company, without notice suddenly curtailed its development program, the disastrous consequences were reflected upon the commercial and economic life of the country necessitating a radical alteration of the Government’s financial plans and its program for internal improvements for 1929. It is hoped that in the future there will be such collaboration between the Company and the Government with respect to changes to be made in their development programs, from time to time, as will prevent the repetition of the conditions above stated. The statement showing by comparison the expenditures of the Company in wages to Liberian workers during the year 1929 with the previous year 1928 is as follows: There were employed on the Du Group during The year 1928 a monthly average of 8,252 Unskilled workers, earning in wages for the year 520 Skilled workers earning On the Cavalla Group, there were employed 2,000 unskilled workers, monthly average, Who earned The aggregate amount expended by the Company being In the year 1929, there were employed on the Du Group 4,000 monthly average of unskilled workers, earning in Wages 400 skilled workers earning Carried Forward Brought Forward On the Cavalla Group, there were 2,000 unskilled workers, Earning in wages 100 skilled workers earning The aggregate amount expended for 1929 being

$619,650.00 254,400.00 150,950.00 1,024,050.00 $425,000.00 120,000.00 $545,000.00 $545,000.00 225,000.00

$1,024,050.00 $1,024,050.00

30,000.00 $800,000.00 $224,070.00

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The sum of $224,050.00 is shown as a falling off in the amount paid by the Company in wages as against the previous year’s expenditure. The saving in wages of this very appreciable amount was not due, it must be remembered to an inadequate supply of workers as may be generally supposed. There was such a wholesale cutting off of employees by the Company during the early part of the year that the Bureau of Labour became very much concerned as to the question of unemployment. The foregoing statement shows that the Firestone Plantations Company have had no reasons to complain of any inadequacy of their labour supply for the purposes of the development of their plantations, and if such a condition had ever existed, they have not brought the facts officially to the notice of the Interior Department. The total acreage of rubber now under cultivation by the Company is approximately 35,000 acres: 23,000 acres in Montserrado County, and 12,000 in Maryland County. Total number of trees planted approximate 7,000,000; 4,600,000 trees in Montserrado County, and 2,400,000 in Maryland County. The Company has recently started new clearings for another Division on the other side of the Du River in Montserrado County. These new operations have called for fresh labour recruitment, and its beneficial effect, upon the trade within those regions is beginning to be felt by the merchants and traders operating at those points. There is another source of large employment of Liberian labour which has not heretofore been given that consideration which it deserves. I refer to the steamship Companies. These Companies employ as deckhands for their ships a large number of Liberians annually. The following statement showing the number of Liberians employed as deckhands and the amount paid in wages by the steamship companies of various nationalities for the past year over the previous year, may be of interest: In the year 1928, there were engaged by the steamship companies 2,528 workers as deckhands, earning wages to the aggregate amount of $61,405.56. In the year 1929 they were engaged 4,498 workers as deckhands earning wages to the aggregate amount of $100,707.40

The difference by increase in the number of workers employed in 1929 to that of 1928 being 1,931, and that in wages earned $48,360.84. Thus it will be seen the growing importance of this source of labour employment and the appreciable contributions these steamship companies are making to the Government’s revenues, and in particular and more largely to the economic life of the country. It is therefore necessary that every legitimate inducement and encouragement be given these steamship companies, by the Government, to increase the calls of their ships at Liberian Ports. Some our Port Regulations and Laws are obsolete and out of date, while others are only a source of irritation and annoyance to the steamship companies without any appreciable financial benefits accruing therefrom to the Government. These Laws and Regulations should be revised and made to meet present day shipping requirements. From the constant reports and complaints reaching the Executive as to the conduct and management of the public affairs of most of the Townships, it would seem that some attention should be given by the Legislature to the question of Townships Administration. In some of these townships there is a disposition on the part of a few inexperienced and irresponsible youngmen, through political wire-pulling and false representations to get control of the affairs of the township, especially its finances, by overcrowding the township meetings with their followers for the purpose of displacing the more responsible and experienced citizens from the positions of authority in the Township. Failing to accomplish their

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evil purposes, in many cases the township meetings are broken up in confusion, with nothing accomplished. President Barclay in his Annual Message communicated to the Second Session of the 29th Legislature took occasion to pointedly refer to our existing township laws and suggested certain amendments to them which would have far reaching and beneficial results to the townships as a whole. I hope this matter will also claim your attention during your present Session. Department of Public Instruction. The solicitous interest now being manifested in Education by all classes of our citizenship, due to the new conditions in Liberia, has raised this Department of State to a position of greater importance than heretofore, and this is what it should be. If we are to perpetuate this State and hand down to posterity its institutions unimpaired, we must lay the foundations for an intelligent citizenship. An uneducated man is the greatest foe to any Government, or system of Government, especially a democracy. Education must therefore be encouraged by the Government in every practicable way. The Government must recognize and assume its responsibility in this respect. Hence the creation of a special Department of State known as the Department of Public Instruction. The activities of this Department during the year, in spite of financial handicaps have not slackened. Its scope of work has been enlarged embracing matters appertaining to economic sociology; the regulation of practice and dispensing of medicine within the Republic; the facilitating and encouragement of agricultural pursuits. Added to these is the assistance given to the Advisory Committee on Education in the publication of the “Educational Outlook”, a most interesting and well edited paper published by the Advisory Committee, devoted entirely to the publication of matters of educational interest and the discussion of the problems of Education in Liberia. Another phase of the activities of the Department of Public Instruction, in recent years is the organization of the institution known as the Teachers Institute. The Secretary of Public Instruction reports that, for the present year, the meetings of the Institute were far in advance over that of 1928 in their attendance, the punctuality of teachers attending as well as in achievements and interests. There were 432 Teachers and missionary workers in attendance as compared with 300 in 1928. There were several features injected in the Institute’s program this year which were not found in those for last year namely: 1. The Introduction of the new Liberian Text Books. 2. The Inauguration of Jeanes Work under the Advisory Committee of Education; 3. The exemplification of food possibilities in Liberia, in the preparation of a Menu made up chiefly of Liberian indigenous products. Test examinations were given to the teachers. Lectures also formed part of the program of the Institute. The Secretary further reports that never before in the history of the Republic has there been a better understanding and a more cordial cooperation between the Department of Public Instruction and the various Mission Schools operating in Liberia as has been evidenced during the year 1929. The agencies of the Mission Boards, operating within the Republic appear, now to realize, as never before, the advisability and necessity of working hand in hand with the Government in giving the proper necessary training to the children of the land, who are to be the future citizens of the State. They are also beginning to realize fully their duties and responsibilities to the State within whose confines they are operating.

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The Department has endeavoured to forcibly impress upon all teachers the necessity of the study of Child Psychology, realizing that the children of a country are its best economic assets and must therefore be handled with care, during the plastic period of their life. The number of Public Schools operating during the year 1929 is 63, showing an increase of four (4) over that of 1928. Number of Mission Schools 64, showing an increase of six (6) over 1928. Number of Private Schools, according to available reports, ten (10). Total number of Schools, public and private, 137. Total number of enrollment: 10,250, as compared with 8,913 in 1928 showing an increase in enrolment of 1,337, pupils. Liberia College. Since its foundation in the year, 1863, large hopes have always been centered upon this Institution by the Government of Liberia and by friends of Liberian Education in America, as being the source from which must come the future leaders of the country in various fields of activities: in the Church, in the State, in the Professions, in Literature, in Science, in Art and in Industry. Thus far, those hopes in certain aspects have in a measure, been realized, in spite of the checkered life of the Institution in the past, due to lack of continued and sufficient financial support from the State, growing out of personal bitterness and antagonism a raising between the Authorities of the College and the Authorities of the Government from time to time. I am happy to say, however, that such conditions with respect to Liberia College no longer obtain. The relations between the College and the Administration are most cordial and intimate. The fullest financial support, up to the measure of its means, has been given the College by the Government and will be continued. I say advisedly “will be continued”. The contribution is of such value and importance that will not permit a vacillating and uncertain financial support by the State. The time has now arrived for us as a Nation to resume full responsibility in the management and conduct of our educational and religious institutions. Our friends and well-wishers in the United States, have nobly done their part towards helping and assisting us in these directions for which we shall always be grateful and appreciative. Liberia College and Booker T. Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute, one for the highest training of the head, and the other for the most useful, training of the hands must therefore have the fullest moral support of the Government as well as its financial aid and assistance up to the extent the financial resources of the country will safely permit. The affairs of the College, under the direction and management of its distinguished President, the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel H. B. Cassell, assisted by the capable Faculty, are being satisfactorily conducted. The present enrollment of the College is as follows: College classes… College Preparatory Grammar Division… Total

14 40 28 82

Plans have been drawn and prepared for the erection of suitable modern buildings at a site outside of the City of Monrovia, to which the activities of the College are to be transferred. It is hoped that the Government will be able to secure sufficient funds from certain sources to place these plans into execution.

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The Booker T. Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute. In conformity with the Act passed at your last Extraordinary or Special Session, held in November, 1928, the Board of Trustees of the Institute has been created. The first meeting of the Board was held at the Executive Mansions on the 10th day of November, 1928, under the Chairmanship of the Secretary of Public Instruction. There were present: the late Honourable William T. Francis, American Minister Resident and Consul General to Liberia; the Rev. Donohugh, Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal church, in the United States; the late James L. Sibley, Educational Adviser to the Government of Liberia and Representative of the American Advisory Educational Committee of the United States, and your humble servant. A suitable site for the operations of the Institute has been selected on the left bank of the River Du near Kakata, embracing an area of 1,000 acres. The Kakata assembly of Native Chiefs in the month of March last, afforded an excellent and most favourable opportunity for the formal Ground Breaking Ceremonies of the Institute. Under the auspices of the Secretary of Public Instruction and in the presence of the large number of Native Chiefs with their retinue of followers then assembled at Kakata for the Conference, the Exercises took place on Sunday, the 17th of March of the present year. There were also present the President of the Republic, the Chief Justice, Members of the Legislature and of the Cabinet, the Official Representatives of the various educational institutions operating in Liberia, Agents of foreign commercial firms, and many distinguished citizens. The religious portion of the Exercises was performed by the Right Revered Bishop Campbell, of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The program of Exercises was so thoughtfully arranged as to have permitted the active participation of the most important and leading Chiefs present. The occasion was indeed a unique and interesting one. The deep interest manifested by the Chiefs in the Exercises and their expressed appreciation of the establishment of an Institution of this character, in the Hinterland District of the Republic, after its aims and purposes were explained to them, was a gratification and pleasure to all present and inspired great optimism for the eventual success of the Institute and the far reaching results which may be reasonably expected from its operations. The great success which attended these Ground Breaking Exercises must in a large measure be attributed to the zeal and handiwork of the late Mr. Sibley. With a view to the early commencement of operations Dr. R. R. Taylor, Vice President of Tuskegee Institute of American, was sent out to inspect the site selected for the Institute, draft plans for the lay out of the ground, the construction of present temporary and future permanent buildings, and confer with the local Board on policies of future operations. The Institution, if conducted on lines similar to those of Tuskegee, with of course modifications to suit conditions in Liberia, will be a most powerful factor for good in the industrial and economic life of this Nation. It should therefore have the support of every true Liberia. In concluding my reference to the Department of Public Instruction, and the activities of the country which it touches, it becomes my very painful duty to record the great loss sustained by that Department during the year, in the death of the late Professor James Longstreet Sibley, which sad event occurred at his home in this city on the morning of the 28th of June last, after only a few days illness. In keeping with the program for the co-ordination of educational efforts in Liberia, as drawn up and agreed upon by the various Foreign Missionary and Educational Boards in America, the late professor Sibley came out to Liberia about two years ago as the Representative of the American Advisory Committee on Education In Liberia. With remarkable tact and ability, Professor Sibley carefully studied and investigated the system and peculiar

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

problems, and with the consent of his principals in America, placed his services unreservedly and without compensation at the disposal of the Department of Public Instruction. Appreciating his kind and generous offer, I commissioned him Educational Adviser to the Secretary of Public Instruction on the 8th day of March, 1928, in which capacity he served up to the day of his death most faithfully and to the greatest satisfaction of the Government of Liberia. The Teachers Institute, the better understanding and closer cooperation between governmental and missionary educational interest in the country, the production of the Liberian Life Reader, and above all, Booker T. Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute, are concrete examples of the character and value of the work of the late Professor Sibley. He was in every sense of the word, an Educational Statesman. His method was constructive. He knew how to cooperate, and to distinguish between things non-essential and things essential in matters of administration. In things non-essential he was tolerant and in things essential reasonable. Professor Sibley down to his death was a warm lover of Liberia and a great friend to humanity. So deep was his attachment to Liberia that upon his dying bed, the only desire he expressed to those around him was that his body should not be carried to America, but be buried in Liberia on some spot of the site which he has personally selected of the erection of the Booker Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute, an Institution for the realization of which he so earnestly labored, and for which at his death he generously bequeathed the sum of five thousand dollars from his modest savings. May God continue and prosper the work begun in Liberia by this great man. Department of Public Works. Owing to the heavy drop in our revenue collections, which necessitated the curtailment of budgetary appropriations for public works, the Department was unable to fully put over its program for construction as contemplated. However, in spite of this handicap, some work was accomplished. During the year three concrete culverts, four concrete and six wood bridges were built by the Department on the Monrovia-Kakata road. Two of the culvert bridges are reinforced flat slab construction, and the third consists of a repeated arch of 3-foot span. These bridges are all designed to carry a weight of 10 tons. Of the concrete bridges, one is a 20-ton, 10-foot arch; another is a 20-ton, 17-foot, 1beam bridge with concrete floor, and the remaining two 10-ton, 10-foot reinforced flat slab construction. Two of these 20-ton 1-beam bridges and the 20-ton arch bridge are provided with concrete railings. These bridges are estimated to give thirty to forty years service; the wood bridges to give four years service. Monrovia-Kakata Road. For the final finishing of this road, it was divided into three sectors and a labour company assigned to each; the purpose being to commence each road gang under competent supervision at a definite point in the respective sectors, and the whole working forward simultaneously. Before this definite work by the labour companies could be properly begun it was necessary to have covered with rocks and laterite those parts of the road where there was clay, sand or mud so as to obviate he experience of last year when a good portion of the Monrovia-Kakata road could not be used by motor vehicles of any description. I am pleased to say that with the service of the three labour companies the Secretary of Public Works succeeded in putting this road in such good condition as to enable traffic to be carried on all through the year without interruption. In the Department’s construction program for the new Fiscal year, provisions will be made to bridge the River Bor near the cross road to Number Seven Division of the Fire-

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stone Plantations, and over the River Du near Kakata. The River Bor at the point which has been determined by the Technical Bureau of the Department, for constructing the first bridge is 75 feet in span, and that of the River Du is 120 feet. Monrovia-White Plains Road No considerable work has been done on this road during the year, for the reason that the labour which ought to have been provided from villages and townships in this region did not measure up to its full quota. The road, the Secretary regrets to report is not properly maintained by the people of the Settlements through which it passes. He therefore recommends that a labour company of the usual number of 50 men be recruited for service on that road and their wages be paid from the revenues of the Settlements and Cities through which the road passes. This practicable suggestion has my approval. The same conditions obtain along the Brewerville-Suehn road, and the MillsburgSuehn road as on the Monrovia-White Plains road. The same procedure as above suggested will have to be followed in respect to the upkeep of these roads. Considerable progress has been made during the year in the construction of the Buchanan-Gio and Buchanan-Timbo roads in Grand Bassa County; also the Harper-Webo road in Maryland county and Bendoo-Koneh road in grand Cape Mount County, under the direction of the respective counties. Some efforts were put forth by the Superintendent of Sinoe County – the late Honourable Isaac Roberts – to push forward the Greenville motor road started by his predecessor, and would have been far advanced by the end of the year, but for his sudden death. I plan having the Secretary of Public Works visit the other counties next year for the purpose of inspecting the motor roads under construction and preparing estimates of materials required for the building of the necessary bridges along these roads. He will also inspect the Court Houses, Prisons and other public buildings, and submit to me a report thereon with his recommendations. The Liberian Government Hospital. The Institution under the superintending care of Dr. J. A. Dingwall, assisted by his capable staff, still continues its good work, and has proved a great blessing to the people of this country. Many serious and critical cases have been successfully treated both in the wards and as out-patients during the year. From the large number of cases recorded for the year, there is evidently an increasing appreciation of the benefits to be derived from the hospital. The out patient division of the hospital has rendered exclusive service during the year. Many stubborn case of chronic ulcers of malaria and syphilitic origin were successfully treated. The Gynecological Branch is still increasing in number and importance. With latest modern equipments the results will be still more satisfactory. Due to the increase of motor vehicles in the City, injuries and accidents have been more numerous and serious. With but one exception, however, all were successfully treated. The more serious cases had the benefits of in-patients care, which meant much in their treatment. Under general observations, the Superintendent states in his report that there has been no violent epidemic of any kind brought to the notice of the hospital during the year. Reported cases of Varioloid were successfully handled by the Sanitary Inspector and his staff. Varicella, or Chicken Pox, came in evidence for about ten weeks. The cases supposed Yellow Fever, diagnosed by their clinical symptoms he says, were too few and far apart to be regarded as an epidemic.

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It is yet a mooted question between the local doctors as to whether all of the cases reported were indeed Yellow Fever cases. However, they are anxiously awaiting the findings of Dr. Walcott, the expert form the Rockefeller Health Foundation, who spent several days in and around Monrovia investigating. It is admitted that since Liberia falls within the Yellow Fever zone of the West Coast of Africa, it is not improbably that Yellow Fever may be discovered here in some form. With pernicious attacks of malaria, gastric and biliary disorders, symptomatically simulating Yellow Fever, the Superintendent says that positive diagnosis is very difficult in sporadic cases, without accurate his-to-logical tests. The following tabulated statement of patients treated in the hospital from October 1, 1928 to the end of the Fiscal Year, September 20, 29129, may be of interest: Attended as In-patients. Male Female Total

179 78 257

Discharged, Convalescent or Cured. Male 159 Female 69 228 Died in the Hospital Male Female Still in the Hospital Male Female Out-Patients Treated In-Patients Treated Number of Prescriptions For Out-Patients Average of Daily Attendance Of Out-Patients Average bottles of Drugs Dispensed Daily Number of Treatment given Out-Patients

16 6 22 4 3 7 2759 257 3016 2800 25 40 23,000

Statement of Receipts and Disbursements from October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929. Received from Treasury for Petty Expenses, October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929. Received from Treasury for Petty Expenses, October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929 Disbursed on above account during same period…

$3,651.44 3,626.94 $24.50

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1929

Total Income from Patients, October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1929 Uncollected amounts outstanding debts for the year

781

$3,579.78 1,725.06 $5,304.84

Charges of Slavery and ForceD Labour in Liberia The patriotic feelings of every true Liberian, irrespective of his political affiliations have been justly aroused over the malicious propaganda directed against the Republic both in the American and European Press, charging the existence of slavery and forced labor in Liberia; and also over the report as circulated locally that the American Government, would be sending a Commission to Liberia to investigate these charges. With reference to the latter report, we owe it to both the American Government and the League of Nations to solemnly refute in this public manner the truthfulness of the same. Neither the American Government nor the League of Nations have appointed such a Commission or ever contemplated taking such actions with respect to Liberia, which would be an illegal infringement upon her sovereignty as a Sovereign State, and an act which she could not willingly submit to. Neither did the American Government nor the League of Nations demand, request or suggest the appointment of such a Commission by the Liberian Government. The idea of a Commission to investigate the charges was spontaneously and voluntarily suggested by the Liberian Government itself. The following are the facts which lead the Government to suggest the appointment of an impartial International Commission to investigate the charges of slavery and forced labor directed against the Republic: In the month of June, the American Minister at this Capital, acting upon instructions of his Government, called at the Department of State and handed to the Secretary a note dated June 8, 1929, couched in no uncertain terms but yet friendly in tone, advising the Liberian Government that there have come to the attention of the Government of the United States, from several sources, reports bearing reliable evidence of authenticity which definitely indicate that existing conditions incident to the so-called “Export” of Labour from Liberia to Fernando Poo had resulted in development of a system which seems hardly distinguishable from organized Slave Trade. It was further asserted that the reports which had reached the American Department of State indicated that these conditions of forced labor were general throughout the Republic, particularly in the Interior where forced labor procured with the assistance of the Liberian Frontier Force and high Government Officials has become a common and usual practice. What may be considered as the Liberian Government’s considered reply to this note, was transmitted to the American Minister on the 11th of June, by the Secretary of State. In this reply, the Liberian Government made a categorical denial of the existence in the Republic of such labor conditions as would justify the characterization which has been applied to those conditions in the American Note, and declared its willingness to have the entire question investigated on the spot by a competent impartial and unprejudiced Commission. It was also pointed out in the Liberian Note that it was due to the honour of the Liberians Government that some observations on its part beyond a bare denial, be made upon the charges, which in recent years are becoming increasingly more frequent, but which were first launched nearly a century ago, that slavery exists in Liberia, and is encouraged by the Government and participated in by its citizens. With reference to the Labor Agreement with Spain and the Liberian Government’s consisted policy thereunder, it is necessary to note that the Convention was the outcome of

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the Government’s efforts to ameliorate the lot of Liberian laborers, who for a long period of years have resorted for economic reasons, to the colonies of European Powers to the South of the Republic, particularly the Spanish Island of Fernando Poo and the Portuguese Islands of Principe and St. Thome. This movement of labor from the territories now under the jurisdiction of Liberia antedates the Republic and, until recent years was unorganized, unsupervised and regulated by no Government ordinances. In consequence of these conditions, the laborers being unprotected and at the mercy of their employees, were gradually reduced to a state of peonage which may justly be described as hardly distinguishable from slavery. The terms of their engagements were ignored, and they were only permitted to return to their homes, if they returned at all, when broken in health or wasted by disease, and were no longer of value to their employers. The Liberian Government not unmindful of its duty in these circumstances took action to terminate so outrageous a condition of affairs and endeavoured by restrictive legislation to discourage its citizens from accepting employment in these colonies. The results of this policy reacted disastrously upon the agricultural industry of he colonies concerned, and moved the Government of Spain to open negotiations (in the latter part of the administration of President Barclay) for a Convention which would assure to their colony of Fernando Poo a continuous and adequate supply of agricultural labor under such guarantees as the Liberian Government would require. This Agreement, after protracted negotiations, was finally concluded in President Howard’s administration and carried the following protection of the interests of the Liberian labourer. 1. The appointment of a Liberian Consular Officer at Fernando Poo to supervise and protect the rights of the labourer. 2. The filing with the Liberian Government of a register of labourers recruited, and requiring that the death of any labourer be notified to the Government. 3. Fixing a maximum period for which a labourer may contract and prescribing that a labourer shall be returned him immediately upon the termination of his contract. 4. Establishing the Liberia Government’s right to object to labourers being contracted to objectionable persons. 5. Assuring that the contract be made under the supervision of the Liberian Consul. 6. Prescribing that no labour should be contracted to insolvent persons except upon the guaranty of a solvent person. 7. That one-half of the pay of the labourers be retained until the termination of his engagement and paid to him upon his arrival home in Liberia in order that he may not return home in an impecunious state. 8. That the transportation expense of a labourer be paid by him employer. In addition to these provisions, the Spanish Government was authorized to appoint Recruiting Agents and Agencies at permissible Ports of the Republic who would recruit such persons as voluntarily desired to take service in Fernando Poo. These Recruiting Agents are not the servants of the Liberian Government, and the terms of their contract with the Spanish Government are neither known to the Liberian Government nor enquired into. And surely they would have no authority nor have they been authorized or permitted by the Liberian Government to use the Liberian Force in their recruiting activities. It has never been understood nor admitted by the Liberian Government that any compulsion could or should be employed to induce labourers to emigrate. On the contrary, it has been publicly announced that in view of the increasing economic need of the country, there is a definite limit to the number of labourers who could with the consent of the Administration be per-

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mitted to contract for protracted over-sea service and whenever it has appeared that attempts have been made to mislead any person concerned as to the character of his engagement, the Government, when such facts have been brought to its knowledge, has promptly taken steps to make it known that no person could be compelled to contract, and so put an end to any abuse which may have crept up in this direction. This, in broad lines, is the attitude which the Government of Liberia has consistently taken up with respect to the shipment of labourers from its territories; an attitude of policy based upon a determination to protect the interest of the labourer both with respect to recruiting and period of service, and to assure, so far as Government action can assure it, his complete liberty to contract or to refrain from contracting. It is not easily apparent as to what is intended to be implied in a further statement in the American Note to the effect that conditions of forced labour are not confined to labour exported to Fernando Poo, but are general throughout the Republic of Liberia. As this allegation, perhaps, is made in connection with the policy pursued by the Liberia Government in the construction of its public roads, it would seem permissible to point out that the use of compulsory labour for public purposes is an act not peculiar to the present Liberian Administration. It has the sanction of the laws of the Republic, and is not repugnant to the provisions of the Slavery Convention of 1926 as found in Article 5, sub-section (1) of that Convention, which reads as follows: “It is agreed that subject to the transitional provisions laid down in paragraph (2) below, compulsory or forced labour may only be exacted for public purposes.”

A law as old as the Republic and in continuous operation since its foundation requires every male citizen to give a certain number of days free labour on the public roads annually, and in default of personal service to supply a substitute or be penalized. When it was decided to extent the road system beyond the littoral distinctions of the country, this law was of course made to apply to the Hinterland districts. In fact, the Chiefs of the various tribes, as anxious for the opening of these means of communication as is the Government itself willingly consent to apply and so supply all the labour necessary for the prosecution of this public enterprise. These labourers do only the pioneering work upon the roads (the actual road building being done by labour companies paid from moneys provided under budgetary votes), and the Government at certain periods makes a money donation to each Chiefdom, based upon the number of labourers furnished therefrom. These labourers are not recruited by the use of the Liberian Frontier Force; they are sent down by Chiefs under the leadership of their own headmen. Such are the actual labour conditions as they exist in Liberia. Such are the facts an impartial investigation will disclose, and in the opinion of the Government of Liberia they do not justify the evidently exaggerated and uninformed reports which have been filed with the American State Department, and by it brought to the attention of the Liberian Government. With respect to the foregoing observations, which in substance constituted the Liberian Government’s reply to the American Note of June 8th, the American Legation has advised our Department of State of its receipt of instructions from the American Department of State to inform the Liberian Government that the Secretary of State had examined with attentive and sympathetic care the contents of the Liberian Note of July 11th, 1929, and to state that the Government of the United States is gratified to learn that its friendly offices in bringing to the attention of the Liberian Government the repeated statements as to the existence of slavery and forced labour in Liberia, have been met by the offer, on the part of

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Liberia to have this question investigated on the spot by a competent, impartial and unprejudiced Commission. In a further dispatch dealing with the composition of the proposed Commission and its scope of investigation, the American Charge d’ Affaires informed the Secretary of State that he had received telegraphic instructions from the Department of State to express the high appreciation of the Government of the United States at the nature of the response which the Government of Liberia has made to the suggestions concerning alleged conditions of forced labour in Liberia, and which were the subjects of the Legation’s Notes of June 8th and 26th. Further, that the Government of the United States is frank to state, that, in its opinion, the appointment of a Commission of investigation, such as has been suggested by the Government of Liberia, will have an effect upon the opinion of the world that cannot but redound to the prestige of the Liberian Nation. The Government’s offer of a Commission of investigation having been accepted, I instructed the Secretary of State to draw up the Terms of Reference for the Commission and to arrange that the Commission which would be set up by the Liberian Government, should be constituted as to be independent in character and international in its composition. To that end, he was directed to request the Government of the United States and the Secretary of the League of Nations to nominate as their respective representatives on the Commission such persons as would in their opinion be impartial and unprejudiced in their investigations and findings, the third member of the Commission being appointed by the Liberian Government. On the 4th of September, the Secretary of State addressed a request of the United States Government to nominate a member of the Commission, and on the 6th of the same month, forwarded a similar request to the Secretariat of the League of Nations. No replies have been received up to this date. We have, however, been informed by our representative at Geneva that the League has voted the sum of 50,000 Swiss francs to defray the expenses of its member should one be appointed. In the propaganda concerning slavery and forced labour which has been directed against Liberia recently by her foreign enemies, which sad and most shameful to say, was initiated by one of her unpatriotic citizens, conditions are so depicted as to give the idea that the institution of slavery as such, as well as a system of forced labour which practically amounts to slavery are permitted and sanctioned by the Liberian Government. For years, Liberia has been the victim of a more or less subtle and adverse propaganda of this nature, with the avowed object of disqualifying her to retain her place in the ranks of the civilized and Christian States of the world. As early in the life of the country, between the year 1830 and 1845, when the Liberians, who had just emerged from under the baneful influence of the most grinding servitude in America, and could not then have been inspired by nothing but a passionate love for freedom were accused of sanctioning and engaging in the slave trade, Liberia was actively engaged in the suppression of the slave traffic within her territories with her limited resources in men and means. Her activities in this direction were so successful that in her Declaration of Independence made in the year 1847, she could with all truth and sincerity make the following statement: “Liberia is already the happy home of thousands who were once the doomed victims of oppression. The Native African bowing down with us before the altar of the living God, declare that from us feeble as we are, the light of Christianity has gone forth. While upon that curse of curses the slave trade, a deadly blight has fallen as far as our influence extends.”

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And to enshrine in their fundamental laws the following mandatory and unconditional provision: “There shall be no slavery within this Republic, nor shall any citizen of this Republic or any person resident therein deal in slavery, either within or without this Republic, directly or indirectly.”

These have been the guiding principles of the social life of the Republic throughout its whole existence. Since 1847, the Republic has from time to time taken over territories whose social economy was based upon a form of servitude which approximated villenage as it obtained in feudal England. The consolidation of these territories and the enforcement therein of the legal and constitutional provisions of the Republic was a gradual, arduous and slowly progressive process not even yet wholly completed. It would have been impolitic if it had been possible for the Government with its limited resources to have immediately refused to recognize this form of servitude which was found to exist. Such an attitude would have suddenly overturned the whole economic structure of society in those regions, and would have created a situation of unparalleled hardships to the populations concerned. The policy which the Government has pursued has been first, to declare illegal any future traffic in human beings, and then by the gradual substitution of a new basis for the economic life of the population, to eradicate without violent revolution a system equally repugnant to the civilized population of Liberia, and to the laws and Constitution of the Republic. Under this policy the traffic in human beings has disappeared, except in isolated cases which have been condemned by the Government and punished when brought to its notice. Inter-tribal raids on the part of the Native populations in Liberia, for the capture of slaves, is now a thing of the past and a new social order in gradually emerging. It is interesting to mention that the conditions in Liberia with respect to slavery above adverted to did not obtain only in Liberia. It was also existing in the territories of European powers adjacent to the Republic with far greater financial and military resources than Liberia. It was also only recently, in 1928, after protracted discussions in Parliament over the question of slavery in the British Colony of Sierra Leone, that this form of servitude has by ordinance been declared illegal by the Government of that Colony. In the report of a Committee which has been appointed to investigate the subject of slavery, published by the League of Nations Secretariat in the year 1925, only four years ago, it is stated that serfdom still prevails in the French Colonies of Tropical Africa as well as in the British Possessions of Burma and Assam. Yet that Committee declared its hesitation, for economic reasons, to recommend the compulsory liberation of all serfs, but proposed that serfdom should be declared to have no legal status and serfs permitted to free themselves without expense. With regard to forced labour, it must also be pointed out that the policy of compulsory labour for public works is not alone peculiar to the Liberian Government. Professor Raymond Leslie Buell, in his illuminating treatise on “The Native problem in Africa”, published in 1928 in two volumes, discussing the labour problems in Africa, makes the statement that “Forced labour for certain public purposes is at times necessary in every territory in Africa.” Throughout this book are references made to the use of forced labour for public purposes by the various colonial administrations in Africa. On page 508, volume one, he points out that under the provisions of the Mandate, Tanganyika is allowed to impose compulsory labour only for “Essential public works and services”. On page 657 of the same volume, he further points out that, under certain circums-

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tances, the administration of every colony in Africa obliges the natives to work for public purposes. Under the Roads and Rivers Ordinance in Nigeria, the Governor could direct that any road or river be kept clean by native authority. Moreover, while in practice the Government obliged the native authorities only to keep up minor roads, yet it had the power, under the ordinance to place the maintenance of the entire road system of Nigeria upon native authority by means of a system of compulsory and unpaid labour. On page 828, volume one, with respect to labour of the Gold Coast, the Author states that “the Gold Coast follows other British Colonies in exacting not more than six days of labour per quarter from all able bodied men for the purpose of maintaining any road, as ordered by the Governor”. We find elsewhere in this book that among the obligations imposed by the French Administration upon the Natives of Togo and the Cameroons, has been the “prestation,” a form of labour tax under which male natives are obliged to furnish the Government with four days of free labour a year in the case of Togo, and ten days in the case of the Cameroons; since however Togo’s territory is so small and its labour supply so far has been so abundant, the administration has not been obliged to resort to constraint for the execution of works of general interest such as the construction of railways, roads and bridges, but in the Cameroons where the population density is less than in Togo, and where the country is not yet opened up by communications, forced labour has been the rule. In the report of the Committee appointed by the League of Nations to investigate the subject of slavery, to which I have referred, the Committee also defends the employment of forced labour on public works and the coercion of the native labour to work as an “educative measure”. In view of the above facts with respect to the attitude of other administrations in Africa towards slavery and forced labour, it is difficult to understand the reasons for this outburst of general criticism against Liberia, except it is because of her weakness or to serve as an excuse on the part of the enemies of our race to blot out of existence a State in Africa which holds out to the millions of Negroes in Africa, the United States and the West Indies, the brightest hopes for the realization of their highest political and social aspirations. Relying however upon God and the justice of our cause, we are prepared to submit our case to that impartial Bar of International Justice, in the confidence of those feelings so beautifully expressed in our National Anthem: “With God above our Rights to prove we Will O’er All Prevail.” Gentlemen, in your present deliberations, may God grant to you that wisdom and understanding which surpasseth all knowledge, and to the State Divine security and prosperity. C. D. B. King. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia. October 30, 1929

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1930 The Honourables The Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, In Legislature Assembled. Gentlemen: – On your annual reassembling at the Nation’s Capital to deliberate upon the affairs of the State and to formulate plans for its continued welfare and prosperity I pray for Divine guidance and direction in your deliberations. Meeting, as you do at this time, in an atmosphere of political agitation and social unrest, your minds are undoubtedly fraught with many anxieties and serious reflections. I am nevertheless assured that your deliberations will be characterized by that calmness and fortitude which should adorn and dignify the elected Representatives of a Sovereign and free people. I have no doubt but that undeterred by unreasonable public clamour or the perverted activities of the unpatriotic, you will continue to uphold, as you have heretofore upheld, our priceless traditions of constitutional, orderly and stable Government. External Affairs. In viewing the operations of Government for the past year I am happy to be able to say that the relations of the Republic with Governments with whom we maintain intercourse have been most sympathetic, cordial and harmonious. No questions tending to mar that harmony in the slightest degree have arisen, but on the contrary, certain incidents arising from thoughtlessness of our own people have been the occasion of spontaneous expressions of good will and sympathy from the Governments of certain friendly States. In accordance with the Resolution passed at your last Session approving the setting up, by the Executive, of a Commission of Enquiry, international in composition, and authorizing the President to take such measures as may be necessary to investigate the charges of Slavery and Forced Labour alleged to be existing in the Republic, the Executive constituted the Commission on the 7th of April and appointed the following named Gentlemen as members, that is to say: Dr. Cuthbert Christy, nominated upon the request of the Govermnent of Liberia by the Council of the League of Nations; Dr. Charles S. Johnson, similarly nominated by the Government of the United States of America; and The Hon. Arthur Barclay, appointed on the part of the Liberian Government. Dr. Christy, the League’s representative, was appointed by me Chairman of the Commission. Mr. P. G. Wolo, one of our promising young men of the Kroo tribe, a graduate of Harvard University, U. S. A., I commissioned and appointed Secretary to the Commission. Immediately upon the constitution of the Commission a Proclamation was issued announcing the fact, and calling upon all persons duly summoned to appear before the Commission and give it such assistance as might facilitate the enquiry. In order that the Commission might proceed in an atmosphere of absolute impartiality it was suggested in the Proclamation that in any Public meeting’s which might be held during the course of the enquiry the matter coming within the purview of the Commission should not be discussed.

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Unfortunately this advice was not heeded. As soon as the Commission was organized and began its labours public meetings of a political nature were held in the City of Monrovia and at other points in Montserrado County. From these meetings the most extraordinary rumours, charges and inuendoes gained currency, which in the circumstance could not have been without their subtle influence upon the Commission however impartial they may have desired and endeavored to be. These rumours, having their origin not in fact but in insatiable political ambition and personal animosity, were potent influences in obscuring the real purpose of the Commission, which was to investigate the alleged existence in Liberia, of certain specified social and economic conditions and not an inquisition on general Governmental Policy and Administration. The Commission itself had occasion to remark in this connection: “In the evidence presented there is good deal which though related as part of the testimony sought under the terms of reference might yet be considered an unwarranted extension of the Commission’s limits of enquiry. In meeting this an attempt has been made to incorporate only that evidence which seems vitally related to the major issue under concern. Another not less important and somewhat unique factor has been the extraordinary force of rumours.”

And although the Commission, it appears, endeavoured to avoid “intangible entanglements”, due allowance must be made for these in assessing the real value of the Findings presented. The Commission had occasion to say further that they “found some difficulty in disentangling evidence of fundamental economic and social conditions from an extravagant emphasis upon politics in the Republic, an emphasis accentuated by the nearness of the Presidential election with numerous factions active.”

Great political significance was attached to the Report of the. Commission. It was hoped that certain individuals mentioned as probable presidential candidates would be so implicated in the charges of slavery and forced labour and so discredited as to remove them from the list of probabilities. The numerous attempts to translate this hope into reality gave birth to the worst features of local political fanaticism, and brought discredit not upon the men attacked, but upon the authors of these attempts and upon the Republic which would seem to be lacking in honest and self-sacrificing public servants. It is very easy to excite passion, but very difficult to allay it. In this connection I may point out that those responsible for exciting political passion and unrest in this most perilous period in Liberia’s history, no matter how eminent their political or social status, have assumed a great and heavy responsibility; a responsibility for no less a thing that the people of Liberia, whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its Government should unite them as Liberians one and all, bound in honour to think first of her and her interests, may be divided in camps of hostile opinion, hot, against each other, resulting in serious internal disorders possibly leading to foreign intervention and eventually dismembermemt of Liberia from the family of Nation’s. In times of national stress and danger it is the patriotic duty of the leaders of the Country in both Church and State to impress upon the masses the high importance of that priceless virtue: “In patience possess ye your souls”. There is one rumour which persisted with extraordinary pertinacity to which reference can not be omitted. That is the Mandate Rumour. A document alleged to be instructions

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issued to the member of the Commission of Enquiry nominated by the Government of the United States was surreptitiously circulated in Monrovia. This document suggested that certain other Powers had recommended to the League of Nations that a Mandate be given to one or the other of them over Liberia: Inherently the authenticity of the document was open to question, but certain elements of the public would not permit themselves to be convinced that the suggestion was improbable. Enquiries made by the Government from the Governments mentioned and from the Secretariat of the League of Nations elicited a unanimous denial that any such suggestion had been made the Governments indicated. It is significant to note that the Assembly of the League having since met and adjourned no mention or suggestion has been made about the Mandate over Liberia. The document upon which this rumour was founded was conclusively proven to be a forgery but became nevertheless one of the potent instruments of political propagandists who seized upon the setting up of the Commission of Enquiry as an opportunity for discrediting the present Administration. Such mischievous activities tending not only to create a state of unrest within the country but also to embroil our relations with neighbouring and friendly states, do the greatest possible disservice to the Republic and to its harmonious international relations. Any man or set of men who moved by the desire to gain temporary political advantage would so demean themselves as to prostitute in this manner the highest interests of the country, brand themselves forever as unworthy of the confidence of the people whom they thus seek to mislead. In this atmosphere of political agitation and unrest the Enquiry proceeded. The seat of the Commission was fixed at Monrovia, but it was understood that the members on any of them would be unhampered in prosecuting’ their enquiries at any place or places within the Republic, whence information could be secured which would assist them in a just and impartial finding. As it turned out the enquiry was pursued in Monrovia, at Kakata in District No. 2 and at Cape Palmas including District No. 5, and the Coast District of Maryland County. The longer period was spent at that end. The Commission on reassembling at Monrovia held only such occasional sessions as necessity called for. On the 8th of September the Report was filed with the Department of State, and by the Secretary of Stat duly laid before the President. This document opens with comments on world interest on the question of Slavery and Analogous conditions, and proceeds to the analysis of the definition of slavery as fixed in the Anti-Slavery Convention of 1926. The Commission declared themselves not so much concerned with the verbal definition of Slavery as with the implications of that defintion as applied to certain social and economic conditions. These implications they employed to test the conditions discovered by the testimony given before them as existing in Liberia and arrived at the conclusion stated in their final Findings. They then took up successively the question of Pawn system, the Shipment of Labourers to Fernando Poo, the forced employment of Labourers for private and public purposes. The relative Findings appear in the Commission’s Report which will be laid before you. Forced Labour. On the subject of forced or compulsory labour I think it necessary to remark that it was heretofore the conception of the Executive that it the man power of the country at any time be drawn upon for the prosecution of works of general public utility. It was thought that no objections having relation to reality could reasonably be made to this proposition, provided fair hours of work and an even distribution of the burden were secured and enforced.

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Moved by this idea we embarked upon a programme of road Construction the labour for which would be contributed by the population of sections of the country which the roads traversed. This was done with concurrence and cooperation of the Chiefs, and was moreover an application for native districts of the provision of law which imposes the duty of upkeeping the public roads upon the male population of the townships and villages through which they passed. This is what we regard as compulsory labour, namely work which a citizen is obligated to do as a social duty under sanction of law, as distinguished from forced labour which is, work that one is constrained to do by virtue alone of the will of a superior and without sanction of law, whether the work be for public or private purposes. This distinction is implied both in the municipal law of Liberia and in the native customary law. Any investigation into labour conditions must take it into account. The Commission, however, in their comments on the methods pursued in carrying out the road programme came to the conclusion that they were both unduly oppressive and wasteful, and, if the testimony taken before them is to be credited, have in some sections of the country been open to abuse. The complaints made before the Commission, however, had not except in very rare instances been brought to the attention of the Government. And in these instances they were immediately heard and rectified. In view of the latent dissatisfaction which the Enquiry uncovered the Executive has decided to change the procedure heretofore followed, and adopt the plan of giving out the construction to qualified engineers under guaranteed Contracts. This will, it is hoped, do away with all causes of dissatisfaction and complaint, and at the same time assure the continuance of a policy upon -which the economic betterment of the country is largely dependent. Whilst it is not intended to discuss here in a critical spirit the conclusions reached by the Commission, a just appreciation of these conclusions demands that some comment be made upon certain feature of the Report. In the first place the Commission was only charged to investigate certain social conditions and was not a judicial inquest. The testimony taken before it was therefore not subjected to the test of cross examination or rebuttal. It was ex parte and should not be used, as it is attempted to be used, as a final judgment upon either individuals or the state. The political propaganda which preceded and which continued during the progress of the Enquiry, and which went so far as to suggest that the Commission had come to suspend the established Government, led many persons who had real or fancied grievances to exaggerate them beyond the limits of normal credibility. Moreover, the Commission not having sufficient time at its disposal to critically study the historical administrative and factual background of some of the conditions observed by them were unable to judge these facts in their true perspective. These comments are presented not as an attempt in anywise to minimise the value and importance of the Report or to challenge the Findings. What it is desired should be understood is that the emphasis of its importance should be laid not upon its usefulness as an instrument of political reaction, but as a factor in the reorganization of our social and economic life. This is the importance which the Executive attaches to the Report, and it is in this point of view that we accept the Findings without protest. Desiring above all things to move in harmony with world opinion and to realize in practice the high moral principles upon which this Government is founded, we shall with loyalty and courage enforce throughout the limits of the Republic the ideals of personal freedom and social betterment. To this end the Executive on the first day of October issued a proclamation declaring absolutely free all persons held in domestic servitude by the several Tribes amongst whom this system obtains. The pawn system is also declared assimilated to slave trading, and for

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that reason illegal. In addition, to this Proclamation, on account of the evils which would seem to spring from the labour traffic, the shipment of labourers for service overseas has been prohibited and all licenses for this purpose cancelled. There are bound to be certain immediate and unfavourable social and economic reactions to these arrangements. The Government has long since recognized this, and has felt that it could not without serious disturbance of the economic life of these tribes and consequent social upheaval, suddenly abolish a social system which even the Commission recognized as not being the same thing as common or classic slavery. The Government’s policy on this matter was clearly expressed to the League of Nations in 1924 by the Secretary of State when in a report on slavery in Liberia. He said: “The territory of the Republic of Liberia is inhabited in part by aboriginal tribes, some of whom base their economic life on a form of domestic servitude which approximates what is described by the term slavery. “The fundamental law of the Republic prescribes in most emphatic terms that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any form within the territories of the republic. This prescription is expressive of an ideal and an aspiration which has been only partially realized in practice. This lack of complete realization has been due to the difficulties which, until within the last eighteen years, the Government of Liberia had experienced in making effective its control over the whole territory which fell to its jurisdiction. As this control has gradually’ extended in an effective manner, so also have the legal prescriptions against slavery, with more or less success, been enforced among those tribes which had from time immemorial indulged in some form of involuntary servitude. “As soon as legal prohibition encounters immemorial customs, a new series of social and economic facts present themselves for solution, and it is to this solution that successive Liberian Administrations have addressed themselves. The principal difficulty which had to be met is how best to suppress the system without economic dislocation and consequent social and political upheaval. The laws would seem to imply a mandatory prohibition and an incontinent suppression; but practical administration necessitates a more cautious policy, looking forward to the gradual creation of social and economic conditions which would render this system impossible of continuance”.

It would appear, however, that world sentiment on this question as indicated or portrayed in the Commission’s report is impatient of such a policy of gradual evolution. Your Executive, therefore, had no alternative after the submission of the Commission’s Report, but to immediately issue its Proclamation of October 1, 1930, declaring absolutely free all persons held in domestic servitude by several tribes within the Republic amongst whom this system obtains. I am fully aware of the very hostile criticisms and spiritual invectives launched against this Prolamatian by the foes of the Administration as well as by some of its friends. But they both seem not to realize the fact that Liberia cannot afford and will not be permitted to ignore and ride rough-shol over international public opinion, especially in matters involving world interest and concern. One misconception growing out of statements made before the Commission should not be permitted to gain further currency without correction. It has been alleged that labourers engaging for service at Fernando Poo in 1928, 1929 were recruited under an agreement between private parties. The Commission lacking perhaps full information on this point seemed to have been impressed that such was the case. The agreement to which such wide spread reference is made, never was operative. It never went into effect for two simple reason, easily ascertainable: (a) The Liberian Government objected to labourers being shipped under an Agreement between private parties, and (b) The Spanish Government objected to one group of farmers obtaining what would be in effect, a monopoly of

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available labourers. The Spanish Official Agent who came out to discuss with the Government of Liberia the situation which had been created by reason of this Government forbidding any further recruitments of labourers immediately without giving the conventional six months notice of the termination of the Labour Convention, an act which he contended was a violation of our obligation and their right under the Convention and subject Liberia to claims for damages for the breach of the Convention, proposed as an amicable settlement of the question that his Government be permitted to recruit 3,000 labourers over a period of two years. To this proposal the Government gave assent with the proviso that the labourers so recruited should serve under the terms of the 1914 Convention between the two Governments and that no further recruitment should thereafter be permitted. The Executive Government, subject to your approval, has accepted the Report and Recommendations of the Commission as the basis for ameliorative social action, and whilst in some aspects the suggestions would seem to be beyond the scope of the terms of reference, yet the spirit of them should he carried out by us as far as our means permit, in order that no just criticism may hereafter be possible against this Government and its administrative policies. To this effect I forwarded through the American Legation the following cable despatch on the 30th September1930: The Government of Liberia takes this occasion to express its sincere appreciation and thanks for the services rendered by the American Member or the International Commission appointed by the Government of the United States, in accordance with its traditional friendly interest toward Liberia. Although the Government of Liberia questions the accuracy as well as the motives behind the testimony of some witnesses before the Commission, it recognises that the recomnendations made by the Commission as a result of investigation by impartial minds, are motivated by a profound interest in the social and economic responsibilities of a sovereign state. Considering the relatively unknown problems with which Liberia is faced, the Government of Liberia is not so much concerned with a controversy over facts as it is desirous of demonstrating to sympathetic and friendly nations its solemn purpose and intention to improve conditions within its borders and to take all appropriate measures to vindicate its good name and standing in the community of civilised states. The Government of Liberia therefore wishes to assure the government of the United States and other nations that it accepts the recommendations and suggestions of the International Commission of Enquiry and agrees to adopt the said recommendations. Considering the friendship of the United States and its historic, traditional interest in the progress of Liberia, the Government of Liberia has determined to request the good offices of the United States to lend its friendly advice and assistance in re-establishing a sound economic system and bringing about reforms intended to preserve the good name of the Republic which otherwise might be prejudiced, were not the good faith of the Government of Liberia clearly demonstrated. With the object of facilitating the execution of reforms, the Government of Liberia suggests that the following includes the major reforms to be adopted. 1. Reassurances of the Liberian Government that, in collaboration with the Financial Adviser, it will put its finances upon a sound economic basis in harmony with the terms of the Loan Agreement of 1926, and will cooperate with and assist the Fiscal Administration in attaining this object by adopting all lawful measures necessary. 2. Establishment of a permanent sanitation program with sufficient authority and means for making this program effective.

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3. Measures for the more expeditious and impartial administration of just ice, as well as taking immediate steps to improve the standards of judicial procedure and qualifications of its judges and bar. 4. Reform of the interior administration and removal of unnecessary restrictions upon legitimate trade and communication, with the Hinterland . 5. Reorganization of the Frontier Force in accordance with plans to be drawn up and submitted by the American Military Adviser not contrary to law and approved by the President 6. Definite and comprehensive program of public works under experienced direction for the purpose of assisting the economic and social development in the interior. To this the following telegraphic reply was received: “The Secretary of State has received with gratification the communication of the Government of Liberia suggesting a program of the reforms which it proposes to put into effect in order to comply with the recommendations made by the International Commission which recently completed its investigation of labour conditions in Liberia and certain other reforms calculated to enhance the wellbeing and prestige of Liberia. This Government takes pleasure in assuring the Liberian Government that in accordance with its traditional friendly interest in that State it will be most happy to be of assistance to it in the execution of the reforms transmitted by the President of Liberia in whatever way it may be able to assist it to assure and effectuate their enforcement. As soon as the details of the plan to carry out the purposes suggested in the communication shall have been received this Government will study it with a view to rendering all possible assistance.”

Suitable steps have been taken by the Executive to express to the Secretariat of the League of Nations the high appreciation of the Government of Liberia of the valuable services rendered the Republic by its nominee to the International Commission of Enquiry. I take this opportunity of also expressing the thanks and appreciation of the Government to the Honourable Arthur Barclay, former President of the Republic of Liberia, for his services rendered the State as a member of the Commission, representing Liberia. Legislation covering the whole field of the Commission’s Report and Recommendations will be laid before you, for your consideration and approval. In my last Annual Message to your Honourable Body I reported that the Commercial Treaty between this Government and the Government of the German Reich had not yet been signed, owing to what may be considered as fundamental differences of views between the two Governments with respect to certain rights accuring to Liberia, emanating out of section 18, annex 2, part viii of the Treaty of Versailles; and that it was hoped that a happy formula would be found which would harmonize these conflicting views and lead to the placing of German Commercial relations with Liberia on the same footing as with those of the most favoured nations. It is now a most pleasing duty of mine to announce the successful conclusion of these negotiations and to inform you that this Treaty will in a few days be signed at the Department of State by the German Representative at this Capital on behalf of German Reich and by our Secretary of State on behalf of the Republic of Liberia. It is indeed most gratifying that this outstanding difference between the two Governments has been so amicably adjusted. This is as it should be, because the present preeminent position of German trade with Liberia together with Germany’s long commercial relations with Liberia reaching back to the very early days of our national independence would seem to suggest no other course. This Treaty will be submitted to the Senate for consideration. Its ratification as well as the ratification of the International Convention on Forced Labour concluded at Goneva on

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the 25th day of July 1930, to which Liberia was invited to participate are respectfully recommeded. I am sure it will be further gratifying to your honourable Body as well as to the citizens of Liberia generally to know that the German representative at the League of Nations acting upon the instructions of his Government requested our Charge d’Affaires at Geneva to inform the Liberian Government that the rumour then reported to be current in Liberia that Germany is desirous of having a Mandate for Liberia is untruthful and unfonded and that the Liberian Government can be assured that Germany does not desire and has not asked for such a Mandate, and the German Government hopes that the originators and circulators of this false rumour will be apprehended and punished by the Liberian Government. A similar protest and assurance was made to the Secretary of State by the German Representative at this Capital upon instructions from his Government with a like request for the punishment of the originators and circulators of these false rumours. Liberia like all other Countries has not escaped the evil effects of the world wide trade depression. These effects have been reflected in the trade and revenue returns of the year now under review and in the general economic life of the country. Since the end of the last fiscal period the responsible financial officers of the Government have been watching with increasing concern the unfavourable effect of this situation on the fiscal economy of the State. They have therefore insisted on economies which in their opinion will adjust the expenditures of the several Departments to a diminished revenue. In order to discover how far the present existing administrative establishments could be reduced within the financial resources of the Government, in sight, with the advice of the Cabinet, I had occasion to set up an Economic Commission the early part of the present year who were empowered to examine the several Departments and recommend such changes in organization, personnel and cost of administration as in their judgment would be requisite to a balanced budget. This Commission was composed of The Honourable Daniel E. ‘toward, former President of the Republic, Chairman; Mr. Charles I. McCaskey Acting Financial Adviser: and Colonel W. S. Boyle, late Commanding Officer of the Liberian Frontier Force. These gentlemen immediately after their appointment lost no time in proceeding with the difficut task assigned them. Their investigation and study of the financial situation of the Government was thorough and painstaking: and their findings will be useful to the Government in arriving at a practicable solution of the financial and economic problems with which it now finds itself confronted. The Commission after a sitting of about 60 days, completed their labor and submitted their report to me on the 18th of June. The Commission whilst agreeing on the need for economies in administration, differed widely in their suggestions as to how best these economies might be effected. This resulted in two reports being submitted, a majority Report by the Chairman and Colonel Boyle, and a minority Report by the Acting Financial Adviser. The latter report envisages substantial reduction in the personnel of most departments, a cutting down of salaries and the rearrangement of departments in such a manner as to relieve the budget of a substantial burden of cost. In both of these Reports, the Cabinet is of the opinion there are contained suggestions which could with propriety be adopted as the basis for such reduction in administrative costs as would seem to be indicated by the existing financial conditions of the Republic in spite of the divergence of views of the Commission.

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The Reports will he laid before you during your present Session. I am aware that the suggestions for administrative economies, as contained in the Reports are of such far reaching character that are bound to meet with a large measure of unpopularity. They not only imply an increase to the already large number of persons now unemployed in the country, but also effect very unfavourably the employees retained when one considers the relation of prospective salaries to the present high cost of living. We have nevertheless to face the realities of the situation with courage and take such necessary action as will avoid the catastrophe of financial chaos. All other Governments of the world finding themselves faced with these same conditions have decided upon the course or rigid curtailment of their expenses and strict economy. I avail myself of this opportunity to express in this public manner my personal thanks to the members of the Commission for so kindly consenting to serve on the Commission, and for the Reports submitted by them. They may be assured of the Government’s fullest appreciation of their valuable services gratuitously rendered to the State. In the month of June last the Executive was informed by the local Manager of the Bank of British West Africa of the decision of his Board of directors to close the Cape Palmas branch of their Bank, and the agencies at Grand Bassa, Sinoe, River Cess and Cape Mount on September 30, and to cease operation at Monrovia on October 31. This information was later confirmed by the following letter addressed to me by Mr. Paterson, the General Manager in London dated June 21, 1930: “Your Excellency, On the seventeenth instant I cabled requesting the Local Manager to inform you that my Directors had decided to close Cape Palmas branch and the agencies at Grand Bassa, Sinoe, River Cess and Cape Mount on 30th September, and to cease operation at Monrovia on 31st October. “I am instructed to say that this decision has been arrived at with great reluctance, after long consideration of all the circumstances. “The deaths from Yellow Fever of Mr. Goodlife, in 1925, and of Mr. Vine in 1927 impressed upon my Directors the very unsatisfactory sanitary condition of Monrovia, and Lord Selbourne discussed this matter with Your Excellency in London in 1927. In spite of assurances, and of efforts which have been made during the intervening period, reports from Monrovia continue to indicate that very little improvement is being effected, and that sanitary conditions still remain very much worse than at other places in West Africa where the Bank is established. “Increasing aversion to service in Monrovia has been shown by the European members of the Bank’s staff, and the Directors feel that they can no longer require their employees to work under such unpleasant and unhealthy conditions. In conclusion I am directed to convey to your Excelleney sincere regret that the long connection between Liberia and the Bank is about to terminate and to express the hope that a prosperous future lies before the Republic. I am specially enjoined to place on record appreciation of the courteous personal consideration which has been given by Your. Excellency to various matters respecting which it has been necessary to ask for your intervention from time to time I have the honour to be. Your obedient servant, Sgd. B. W. Paterson, General Manager.”

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This news of the decision of the Bank to close down its operation in Liberia was a bit disconcerting to us, as we felt that the financial operations of Government and indeed general business of the Country will be seriously affected by such a decision. This institution has undoubtedly been of great assistance not only to the Government but also to the business life of the country; and although it operated in a rather restricted field, it cannot be denied that the Bank was a strong factor in stabilizing the financial operations of the Government. The relations between the Bank and the Administration have been generally cordial and it is with deep regrets that we are being deprived of this valuable British Institution. Efforts were made, without success, to have the Directors reconsider their decision or even to postpone their closing down for a period. While we cannot but take at its face value the reasons assigned by the Bank for its decision to close operations in Liberia, and knowing as we do that sanitary conditions in Liberia today are to say the least no worse than they were twenty years ago, as well as the fact that this Government had only last year secured from the United States Government the services of an eminently qualified doctor to investigate and study the sanitary conditions of the country and recommend such measures as would tend to a more effective control and improvement of sanitary conditions, we find it difficult to reconcile the reasons given by the Bank for its decision with the facts just stated. However, there are negotiations now under way with other quarters in course of fruition which, I am confident will result in providing such banking facilities as are necessary for the present financial and economic condition of the country. For the, purpose of facilitating banking operations in Liberia and affording proper legal protection to the bank, as well as to its clientele and the public at large, it will he necessary to procure the advices of a qualified expert on banking laws to make a thorough study of our existing laws governing negotiable instruments, mortgages, and other securities used in commercial and banking transactions with a view of preparing a “Commercial Code” that will meet modern business requirements. In order to attract foreign capital and encourage its investment in Liberia our commercial and general business laws must be made to meet modern business requirements. Besides, such laws when made must be rigidly and expeditiously enforced with the minimum out lay of expense to the complaining parties. The business world has no time for protracted and long drawn out legal controversies. This may in a measure do very well in criminal and civil cases, but not in commercial or business transactions. A single dishonest business transaction won out in the Courts barely upon the finest legal technicalities of the law, while relieving the offender from his legal obligations does incalculable harm to scores of honest and reliable individuals. Besides it hampers credit and prevents the wide circulation of money in the country, which in turn is reflected in the revenues of the State. All legislation should be made for the benefit of the honest and not the dishonest classes. Trade and Finance. The close relation of production and trade to the financial position of a Government whose fiscal economy rests upon so narrow a basis as our own is emphasized by the present situation. Trade depression and the fall in the prices of commodities produced in the country affect disadvantageously the purchasing power of the population; this further stagnates exchange and leaves the producers without incentive or inclination to labor for w hat they perhaps regard as inadequate returns. They therefore ill-advisedly store these crops in the expectation of better prices thus affecting adversely the volume of commodities entering into the trade of the country. This is an unfortunate fact of great influence on Government revenue.

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The decline in trade and its reflection in the revenue may he illustrated in the following comparison between the figures for the last two fiscal years:

Imports Exports Custom Revenue

1929 $2,064,439.99 1,475,356.41 584,946.97

1930 $1,258,857.65 741,125.46 461,099.30

percentage of 39% decrease 49% about 21%

This is to say that a decrease of about 37% in trade proceeds a falling-off in Customs Revenue of about 21% for the year. The Financial Adviser in a very suggestive and interesting Report to the President observes in this connection that “There are no signs that the bottom in the decline in Customs collections has been reached and unless active measures are taken to improve the agriculture of Liberia, no substantial improvement can be expected. Liberia is not an industrial or manufacturing nation. For its purchases abroad it must sell products of the soil.”

These remarks illustrate a fact which can not too strongly be impressed upon the people of this country, that Agriculture is, and in the nature of things must continue to be the basic industry of this nation. Discussing the topic of agriculture in my first Inaugural Address delivered January 5, 1920, I pointed out that Agriculture, the great and mighty source from which wealth and independence arise and accrue to all countries, must not be neglected by us. To neglect it, would be to give up all future hope of our arriving at any prosperity and of erecting for ourselves a self-sustaining nationality. Look and behold the many necessaries or life we need from Foreign countries, and which the soil produces and can be made to bring forth in abundance; shall our acres then, be barren and uncultivated while capable or yielding us the requisites, and shall we continue to import? No, Fellow Citizens; to neglect this all important branch of on national industry, upon all which our future hope as well as our present development depends must be considered highly culpable in us. No, we cannot continue to pursue a policy so distressingly and so degradingly suicidal. Let us attend to the cultivation of our lands. Let us not neglect it, for it is evident to all who have in the least read history that all agricultural countries have prospered while their fields were cultivated, and declined as soon as there was neglect. Therefore, that country which neglects agriculture begins to decrease in wealth, dignity, honour and population and in many cases is conquered by neighbouring states, if not previously swept away by famine. The advantages of farming have I am sure evidenced themselves to us during the progress of the recent world war and particularly during the middle part of the year just closed, when starvation and famine, more so then ever in the history of our country stirred grimly in the face. The little attention now paid by us to agriculture make us entirely dependent upon the arrival in our ports of foreign vessels for our existence. We can maintain ourselves most comfortably by the products of our land. While !then live in Liberia and board in Europe and America. Such a course is only sapping the vitals of our national life and rendering our boasted national independence a mere sham and disgrace. Why may we not give in exchange for the products of other countries some of ours? are not the productions of our lands greatly demanded abroad – coffee, cocoa, cotton, ginger, pepper, sugar cane, bananas, oranges, groundnuts, cocoa-nuts, and many other products which are raised elsewhere in similar climates? These things must he done if we would become

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wealthy and wish to see our treasury filled to over-flowing. We must come to this. Not until then shall we enjoy anything like equilibrium in trade. We give to foreigners every advantage over ourselves, and they will continue to have it until our land produces something to answer their exchange. And until such an event be attained, in in vain may we look forward with any degree of certainty when we shall regarded as a strong nation. There is nothing so calculated to sink us so deep in natural or political existence as our neglect of the cultivation of the land and mind; and nothing possessing the tendency to consolidate, raise and exalt us in the estimation of the world as a proper attention to these two subjects. And only when our minds shall become more generally engaged with these two levers of our future existence will Liberia take her proper position among the great nations of the earth.

The revenue returns for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1930 show a total collection on account of Customs Headmoneys and Internal Revenue of $806,972.25, or a decrease of $177,647.47 as compared with last year’s income. Deposits, for the last twelve months were $235,527.75 less then the estimates. “This difference of about 22% under budget estimates” the Financial Adviser states, “has been brought about by the fall in unit prices of Liberian exports, and the curtailment of expenditures by foreign missions and various foreign business enterprises in the country, which has shrunk greatly the purchasing power of the Liberian people.” Movements in Internal Revenue collections were near normal during the year, except as affected by decline in those items of the internal revenue collected as a sur-tax on Customs duty. For the purpose of consolidating control of internal revenue collections within the Republic an Executive Order was issued placing the collection of Hut Taxes in the Hinterland under the supervision iof the Supervisor of Internal revenue. Under this new administrative arrangement Internal Revenue Offices have been opened in hinterland districts No. 1, 2 & 3, and will be opened in Districts Nos. 4 & 5 soon as appropriations, are available for the personnel of these offices. The result of this new arrangement it is hoped will be simplification of proceedure in collection and centralization of responsibility. The following table as furnished by the Finanical Adviser shews the Government’s financial operations for the twelve months ended September 30, 1930: September 30, 1929 – Cash Balance S. National City Bank of New York: Section 5. Account 1,764.17 -do6. Account — -do7. Account — Free balances 5698.62 Article IV Interest Account _______ $60;415.73 Bank of British West Africa, Limited: Section 5. Account -do6. Account -do7. Account Commonwealth Districts Account Townships Account Current Account 7,654.55 Provisional Deposits Account

$7,275.53 48,917.55 _______ 1,405.90 334.97 4,006.88 ________ $13,402.30

$56,193.08

130,011.11

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1930

September outstanding Balances Suspense

2,533.50 (741.32)

1,792.18

Deposits of Revenue October 1, 1929 – September 30, 1930. Customs Port and Harbour Dues Emergency Relief Fund Dry Goods Tax Highway Fund Internal Revenue Radio Revenue Postal Revenue Bank Interest Commonwealth Districts Townships Provisional Deposits Total to be accounted for

46,1099.30 20,699.29 87,421.85 31,001.76 5,039.03 191,522.36 3,478.74 5,711.59 870.13 31,506.23 2,122.69 7,879.31

840,472.97 848,352.28 $980,155.57

Expenditures: Legislature Chief Executive County Executive State Department Carried Forward Brought Forward Treasury Department Department of Justice Post Office Department War Department Interior Department Department Public Instruction Department of Public Works Applied Loan Funds, P. W. D. 3% Bonds Aid Booker T. Washington Judiciary Department Financial Adviser Loan Charges Local Depositary Special Sanitation Unfunded Debt Commonwealth District Townships Prior Years Provisional Deposits September Cash Balances National City Bank of New York:

43,872.23 29,657.11 8,529.71 26,512.83 108,571.98 $108,571.98 $307,180.63 31,561.16 32,171.64 88,090.43 24,068.67 32,926.94 33,354.79 20,617.42 862.04 1,778.00 33,564.92 18,846.67 189,000.00 7,733.40 8,975.15 1,561.98 24,956.20 3,396.87 8,090.26 8,245.06

$985,554.11

(16,403.17)

$969,150.94

799

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

Section 5 a/c Section 6 a/c Section 7 a/c Free Balance Account Article 5 Interest & Amortization

— — 892.74 4818.18 47,692.57

53,403.49

Bank of British West Africa Limited: Section 5 a/c Section 6 a/c Section 7 a/c Commonwealth Districsts Townships Current Account Provisional Deposits September outstanding Balance Bills payable (Requisitions) Bills payable (Vouchers) Suspense adjusted in October _______ Total ccounted for

7,800.00 10,475.55 357.79 871.46 53.23 $75,950.24 _______ 4,262.13 _______ 2,199.33 37,436.64 106,851.05 80.90 _______

95,508.27 $153,173.89

($142,169.26) $980,155.57

The outstanding Vouchered Bills, on September 30, 1930, amounted to $142,169.26. This does not include other outstanding bills and payrolls estimated to be about $143,000.00 which have not yet been audited or vouchered for payment. To meet outstanding bills there is $143,000.00 cash available, therefore, the net current indebtedness is approximately $212,000.00. I beg to direct your attention to the fact that the annual budget enacted by the Legislature is customarily for a fiscal year ending September 30, but at your last Session the budget was enacted to cover a period corresponding to the calendar year 1930, that is, from January 1, to December 31, 1930. Until certain laws are amended the budget year will be out of harmony with the time fixed for Department Reports, the issuance of revenue licences, etc. In view of the present adverse trade conditions, which, as has been remarked, seriously affected Government revenue, the estimates for the year 1931 have been drawn up on a very conservative basis. The income presently in sight is estimated at $772,500.00 or about 75% of the amount budgeted for the year 1930. Out of this sum provision will have to be made for the current indebtedness amounting to about $252,000.00 and for interest and amortization of the 7% Loan. Therefore, the necessity for radical reductions in personnel and economies in expenditures require no laboured emphasis. The inability of the Government to secure the conviction, in the courts of Maryland County, of certain official charges with misappropriation of Government revenues collected by them, due to strong local sympathy in their behalf, his been a source of considerable embarrassment to me, when approached about these cases by the foreign fiscal Officers in our employ; especially so, since these cases have been pending in the courts for over a year with, in our opinion, the most convicting evidences against the parties accused. In this connection it may be well for me to point out that attempts upon the revenues of the Republic are acts which do not only concern the Government and the people of Liberia but also the

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foreign bond-holders who are parties in interest in our public revenues. They must be assured that the revenues w e have pledged as security for the payment of the Loan procured from them are not squandered or misappropriated by those officials charged with its collection, and when squandered or misappropriated, prompt and exemplary punishment will be meted out to these officials by our courts of Justice. Proposed legislation for the forfeiture of the bonds of such defaulting revenue officials after a fair summary administrative investigation shall have been held will be submitted to you for your consideration. Closing Port of Nana Kru. Upon consultation with local Steamship Agents the Acting Supervisor of Customs was informed that steamers will not call at Nana Kru during the immediate future. The Chief Inspector of Customs and the Supervisor of Internal Revenue who lately visited the Customs at this Port state that in their opinion the Customs Service at Nana Kru is unnecessary at this time, and that its discontinuance will cause no inconvenience to the Government or the public. In view of the above circumstances, and the present financial stringency, the closing of Nana Km as a Port of Entry has been suggested by the Fiscal Officers. This suggestion has my approval and official recommendation. Immigration. Recent declarations emanating from certain responsible sources lead me to believe that the attitude of the Administration towards Immigration is not fully understood and appreciated. The impression seems to obtain in the United States of America that the Liberian Government does not favour coloured immigration from that country, and consequently has enacted laws restricting such immigration. This is altogether incorrect and misleading. At no time in the history of the Republic, from the Administration of President Roberts down to the present, has there been any feelings against immigration from the United States of America or elsewhere. In this connection I hope you will pardon my quoting again from my first Inaugural Address. Discussing the question of American Immigration to Liberia I made the following observations: There can be no doubts as to the desirability of adding to our Americo-Liberian population, settlers from America who want to come here, and who, if carefully selected and properly aided would help us to build up the country. If you could spend, as I did, nearly a year amidst the broad, invigorating, intellectual and spiritual atmosphere of foreign lands, and while there, you could study, as I did, men of African decent who are visiting and dwelling there, you would easily see that we might do well, if we could draw upon the coloured people of the United States, the West Indies and other parts of the world for help in the effort we are making here to build a Negro Nation which we hope may some day challenge the unqualified fellowship of the other nations of the world. That we have within our borders a strong element of Aboriginal peoples is an indisputable fact; but they need guidance, by those of us, who have a greater knowledge of the conditions of the present day civilization. The Americo-Liberians have had their strength severely tested by the pioneer spade work of a century, so therefore we need not hesitate to send out to our Race in foreign lands the Macedonian cry: “come over and help us.” If we study the history of all new countries we shall find that they built themselves up through immigration, new blood reinforcing old blood, which necessarily spend much of its energy in foundation work under pioneer conditions. Take America for example, its great

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

industries, its productive-farms, its multifarious operations on sea and land have resulted from the steady stream of immigrants which followed the Pilgrim Fathers of Virginia. If the early American Settlers had pursued a policy of opposition to immigration, the development of their country would have been retarded, and the Old World would have been without that inspiration and help which it has received and it is now receiving, from this leading Power. New peoples strengthen old populations, and the combined energy produce results which contribute mightily to the common weal. But while immigration is desirable it must he carefully safeguarded. It would injure the country if people were to come here in large numbers unless there is profitable, employment for them on the farms, in the trades, and in the general economic and industrial directions. Before we are ready for an influx of population we must open up roads, build railroads and make improvements in other directions like harbours and docks. Now in order to carry on work on these lines highly skilled workers are needed, and it is here that the Negroes of America and the West Indies will fit in, and if they are carefully selected, and have small homes built at the points where they are to be employed, they will Work contentedly, especially if preparation should be made for their medical needs, proper food, education of their children and for their social and spiritual wants. In building roads they will open farm lands, some of these workers would eventually take up these lands with the result that communities would arrive along the route of the roads and railways, and would create wants, which Will have to be supplied by different industries such as carpentering, These immigrants, being thus carefully introduced into the country, would attract skilled artisans, mechanics and labourers of their race from across the Atlantic and they in turn would attract the men of wealth, culture and education of our race, all of whom would then come in ever increasing numbers and would be absorbed in the body politic and become a productive class.

These views the Administration still adheres to, is willing to give every legitimate encouragement along these lines. I am afraid the definite position taken by the Government a few years ago, against the Garvey movements in the United States as far as they had any relations to Liberia, has been misconstrued and interpreted as opposition to immigration from the United States. While we fully appreciate the motives which may have inspired the Garvey movements, yet, as a Sovereign State with international obligations to observe Liberia, in self-interest, could not permit herself to he thus brought into entanglements with friendly and more powerful neighbouring Administrations in Africa. We are not concerned in “driving the white man as such out Africa.” We believe that he is being used by God as an instrument to carry out His Divine purposes for a continent which afforded shelter and protection to our Lord, when on this earth, against the decrees of Herod and which gave one of its sons to bear the Cross up Cavalry’s hill. “His purposes will ripen fast Unfolding every hour. The bud may have a bitter taste But sweet will be the flower.”

You will, I hope, pardon this bit of sermonizing in an Official document of this nature. It is an unconscious out burst of the deep religious instinct of our race. The law requiring immigrants to formally take the Oath of Allegiance to the Government of Liberia and to take out their naturalization papers is another act which has been misconstrued and interpreted as opposition to immigration from the United States of

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America. This is also misleading and incorrect. Citizenship based on nationality and not on racial identity. Previous to the civil war in America, Negroes and persons of colour immigrating to Liberia from that country became ipso facto citizens of Liberia and were permitted to enjoy and exercise all of the rights of citizenship; because they were not regarded as American citizens under the the existing laws of the United States. However, after the civil war and the adoption of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States the Negro in America was accorded the status of an American citizen and granted the franchise. This new relationship of the American Negro towards his adopted country necessarily altered his status in Liberia. Being now a citizen of the United States he could not at the same time claim citizenship of Liberia. This would be a claim to dual citizenship which no Government could recognize, and which is contrary to international law and usage. No person can swear allegiance to two independent sovereigns at the same time. This would lead to serious international complications and misunderstandings. American Negroes being now citizens of the United States cannot in anywise be accented the rights and privileges of Liberian citizenship until they shall have in a formal and public manner abjured their allegiance to that Government and affirm their allegiance to the Government of Liberia; and until this is done they will be regarded by the United States Government as American citizens and as such entitled to its protection. From the above observations it is hoped that the attitude of the Administration towards immigration will be better understood and appreciated. Department of Justice. The two semi-annual sessions of the Supreme C curt have been held according to law during the year with a full Bench present each time. The preparation for the press, by the Attorney General, of the Opinions and Decisions of the Supreme Court, covering the period of 1916 to 1927 is in process of compilaton and will soon be ready for the press, if nothing intervenes to prevent the regular prosecution of the work. The Attorney General in his Report observes that the Act passed at your last Session legalizing, the Revised Statutes of Liberia as compiled and issued a year ago is somewhat uncertain and ambiguous as to whether these Statutes as revised shall as a whole be considered as the law of the land or only certain portions. I hope this question will claim the attention of your Committee on Judiciary. War Department. In the month of March last I had the honour of Commissioning Colonel Joseph Samuel Dennis, Adjutant General, to the position of Secretary of War, made vacant by the death of Honourable James W. Cooper, in the month of January of this year He has entered upon the discharge of the duties of his office with his usual zeal and courage. The Secretary in his Report is making certain recommendations especially with respect to the reorganization of the Militia, which, I hope will claim your consideration. The Post Office Department. There has also been a vacancy created in the Administrative head of this Department, caused by the death of the former Postmaster General Honourable S. A. Ross since your last adjournment. This vacancy has been filled by the appointment of the Honourable Momolu Massaquoi to that post. Mr. Massaquoi has entered upon the duties of his office with

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Charles Dunbar Burgess King — XVII President of Liberia: 1920–1930

remarkable enthusiasm and has some constructive plans which, if put into operation, will greatly enhance the service of our Postal Administration The several recommendations embodied in his Report will, I hope, be given your careful consideration. Department of Public Instruction. In spite of the revealing financial strain it is somewhat gratifying to know that educational activities within the Republic have not ceased. The Republic has not been unmindful of the duties which she owes to her citizens, nor has she failed to realize the importance of public education although the undertaking has not yet entered throughout the length and breadth of the country. Her efforts doubtless cannot be compared with the educational activities of the Colonies of other States, yet with our feeble background as far as finance is concerned and the lack of sufficient number of qualified and efficient teachers we have much to be grateful for. The number of Government Schools operating during the year, excluding Mission Schools, Hartzell’s Academy in Grand Bassa County and Liberia College – the Secretary of Public Instructions reports as being fifty-one. Hartzell’s Academy has en enrollment of 170 pupils and 5 teachers. This school under the principalship of Professor J. T. Dayrell,’ M.A., a very competent and efficient instructor, is doing good work. In connection with the Mission Schools, the Secretary in his Report, refers appreciatively to the hearty spirit of cooperation between the Department and the various Foreign Mission Boards operating within the Republic. The Protestant Churches in America, whose agencies are in Liberia, have been a great force in the educational life of the country. In recent years, however, Roman Catholicism has entered the field and from statistics to hand, is in the lead as far as number of individual enrolled pupils is concerned, thus contributing its quota to the educational activities of the Republic. The following statistics of Mission Schools operating in the country, according to Reports sent in to the Department of Public Instruction might he of interest: Names of Schools: Methodist Episcopal Protestant African Methodist Roman Catholic Lutheran Mission United Baptist Mission Lott Carey Baptist Seventh Day Adventist

No. 6 20 3 16 .. 1 .. 2

No. Teachers 35 30 14 24 .. 2 .. 2

Enroll 806 1149 317 1679 ... 50 ... 58

The Report of the President of Liberia College shows that this National Institution of Learning is making progress. Its curriculum has been changed to meet the educational conditions and requirements of the present day, President Cassell and his Faculty deserve every encouragement in their work. I am happy to report that the Booker T. Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute will soon be a reality. Through the efforts of Dr. Choderton, the erection of the Administrative building of the Institute has begun and now well on in course of construction. Experiments in systematic farming and gardening begun on small scales have proven quite successful. The literary phase of the work has been going on simultaneously with that

Annual Message to the Legislature October 30, 1930

805

of the other work. Enrollment of pupils about 100 coming from the various elements of our population. In concluding this Message it becomes my painful duty to here record the sad fact that during the year under review the State has been deprived, through death, of quite a few of its officials, prominently among whom were: The Honourable Samuel A. Ross Postmaster General R. L. The Honourable James W. Cooper Secretary of War, R. L. The Honourable William T. Blake, Member of the House from Grand Cape Mount County The Honourable Robert L. Griggs, Member of the House from Grand Bassa County The Honourable John W. Cooper, Commissioner General, R. L. His Honor Henry B. Williams, Judge of the Monthly & Probate Court, Grand Bassa County. These officials were untiring in their devotion to their public duties and in their loyalty to the State. In view of the limited number of men that are at present available for service both in Church and State, the deaths of these distinguished officials is a loss to the country, which can not but be keenly felt.

Edwin James Barclay XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931 The Honourable, The Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, in Legislature assembled: Gentlemen of the Legislature: Before proceeding with a review of the state of the Nation and the administrative measures taken by the Executive since your last adjournment, I deem it requisite to acknowledge that beneficent Providence which has influenced the affairs of the Republic during the past year, and to record our appreciation of the loyalty of that large majority of our fellow citizens, who, in a most momentous crisis in our history, stood firm by the ideals of those who founded the Republic and supported the Executive in its determination that no act of ours, no coerced admission of failure and incompetency, no inspired misrepresentation of administrative conditions, no treasonable political propaganda either at home or abroad shall lead us voluntarily to submit to the fact that this nation, founded by black men and maintained by black men should perish from the face of the earth. The activities of the International Commission which the Government voluntarily set up in 1930 to investigate certain social aspects of our national life, in order that an objective picture of those conditions should be presented, created in some sections of our population a peculiar psychology. Either from political motives or from honest misunderstanding of the situation, some of our citizens appear to be convinced that, by this action, the Government had abandoned its independence, had abdicated its powers and had arrived at that point where the will of the people of this country, as expressed by a free and constitutional election could not be carried out without the prior approval of a foreign state. This is a misreading of the true facts. Every State, whatever its powers, extent or wealth, possesses certain unconditioned prerogatives which no other State may infringe without violating the fundamental canons of international society. Among these are the right to choose its own form of Government and the right to select its administrative personnel. These are the basic criteria of an independent national existence. When, therefore, those who hold that they are striving for the maintenance of the continued independence of the State, nevertheless subscribe to the pernicious proposition that its administrative personnel must be approved by an outside authority, they destroy the foundation of their claim, and must perforce admit that their view, if generally accepted by the country, can lead only to the surrender of political independence. It is necessary to call attention to the probable effect of this insidious poison with which it is being attempted to inoculate our body politic. Its result must inevitably be to paralyze the nation’s will to exist. No free people exist as a state but by their own will and by the exercise and progressive development of their inherent moral and physical forces. And though it is recognized that

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

807

their effective life is profoundly influenced by intercourse, which postulate friendly relations with other States, still these relations, whilst highly desirable, are not requisite nor essential to the independent and untrammeled exercise of national powers and functions. Being, as it is, a member of the community of nations, the Republic of Liberia has encouraged and will continue to encourage and gratefully to acknowledge the closest possible relations and co-operation with every friendly member of that community. Its Government cannot, however, be expected to permit its national life to be stultified because any nation, however powerful and wealthy, exercises its prerogative of non-intercourse. Nor should our people permit themselves to be misled as to the legitimacy of any constitutional act of theirs because it should chance to be unacceptable to those whose friendship we do now, and have always, considered as valuable and whose assistance and co-operation we have always sought and appreciated. Gentlemen, the difficult if not perilous times through which the Republic has recently been passing, will I am sure justify my hope that during this Session of the Legislature, which will be written down in the history as one of the most momentous in the annals of the State, your deliberations and decisions will be characterized by broadness of vision and farseeing statesmanship. That the emphasis which we are at times too radically prone to place upon local and transitory political issues shall be shifted to those wider national problems which now confront us, and upon the wise solution of which the independent future of this national depends. Internal Affairs. When on the 3rd of December last by constitutional action of the Legislature, I was invested with the duties of the Presidency, many causes had contributed to the unsettlement of the population, among these are: – (a) The agitation incident to the Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the questions of Slavery and Forced Labour, and local political reaction to those findings and recommendations. (b) Unrest among the tribes of the Kru Group consequent upon their being assured that the Republic had lost its authority and that they would be placed under a Foreign Sovereignty. (c) The intense and bitter political canvassing Campaign preceding the general election of 1931. (d) The resentment of the tribes whose social economy had been suddenly disturbed by the passage and rigid enforcement of the Act with regard to Inter-tribal Slavery. (e) The continuous seditious activities of those who were disappointed in their endeavor to capitalize the slavery enquiry for their political profit. (f) The economic distress resulting from the world wide trade depression. The Executive considered it as of paramount importance in the circumstances that internal tranquility should be secured at once. The leaders of the several tribes that had become restive were successively invited to Monrovia where inquiries into the causes of their unrest would be opened. These tribal notables promptly responded. The Enquiries were opening and it was soon apparent that in most instances trouble had been promoted in the first place by the tribesmen themselves and by a combination of circumstances uninfluenced by Government action. The principal causes were: – (a) Disputes over tribal boundaries. (b) Factional fights for political supremacy within the tribe. (c) Reaction arising from misrepresentation of the purpose of the Slavery enquiry.

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The latter of these factors brought the tribes is conflict with the Government. It had been represented to them that the Liberian Government had lost authority over the country, and that in consequence its officials should neither be respected nor obeyed. Nor should the taxes then due be paid. That the garrisons throughout the country would be withdrawn and that officials representing certain Foreign Governments would take over the administration and whoever had maintained loyalty to the Republic would be proscribed. The fact that the Government in pursuance of its economy plan, did, soon after these reports were circulated, dismantle some military posts and withdraw the garrisons, gave color to these misrepresentations. The withdrawal of the troops was the signal for the beginning of passive resistance to Government authority. Some of the Chiefs to their lasting credit proved unresponsive to these suggestions and endeavoured to dissuade their people against acting upon these patently unfounded representations. As is well known, the tribes settled on the littoral have long constituted themselves guardians of the routes from the hinterland to the seacoast. Until Government authority was established in these regions, they imposed an arbitrary restriction on the movements of the interior tribes coastwards. They were middlemen who exacted a heavy toll on the trade passing through their lands. In order to secure free passage, the interior tribes were compelled to make alliances with the coast tribes immediately in front of them, and were permitted to build towns on their allies’ territory, and in times of war were expected to give them military support. In many instances the immigrant tribes have grown strong enough to challenge successfully the authority and pretensions of the original occupiers of the area and to seize the territory or divide possessions with them. Or again, an interior tribe moving coastwise enmasse would violate the traditional boundaries between them and a neighboring seacoast tribe. These conditions have been perennial and fruitful sources of inter-tribal conflicts. The Government has at times been drawn into these conflicts on one side or the other to enforce the decision of local authority or to maintain peace. These and many related matters affecting tribal economy and the relation of the Government to the tribes were investigated during the several enquiries, and decisions were arrived at which appeared acceptable to the tribes and laid the foundation for the removal of grievances. These enquiries concerned the tribes living on the Kru coast from Sanquin to Grand Cess, excluding Sasstown to which reference will be made later. In the Eastern Province, comprising what was formerly known as Districts Nos. 4 and 5, similar conditions of unrest obtained. As it was inconvenient and too expensive to have the Chiefs of these Districts to come to Monrovia and as there were authorative reports of warlike preparation against Government in these districts, I dispatched a special Commissioner with one company of troops to make a patrol of that area, during which he was instructed to investigate and settle grievances, reestablish Government authority, and to take such measures, short of fighting, as would secure tranquility. As the purpose of this patrol and instructions given the Commissioner have been grossly misrepresented, I append them here for the information of Honourable members: – 910/293/31 Executive Mansion 18th May 1931. Sir, You are hereby detailed for special service as special Commissioner to investigate and settle the reported unrest in the hinterland of Maryland County, in Districts Numbers Four and Five and on the Kru coast. In the discharge of this duty you will be assisted by a company of the Liberian Frontier Force and will carry out the following instructions: –

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

809

Upon your arrival in Harper you will inform the Superintendent of the general purpose of your mission, and without any delay proceed to the headquarters of Number Five District via Plebo and in association with the District Commission proceed to investigate and settle the causes of such unrest as may be discovered to exist. Leaving Webbo, you will patrol these sections of the District which your investigation might indicate as being necessary for pacifying the district. You will observe that this is a patrol in force and not a punitive expedition and in view of this fact no aggressive action is to be initiated by you or the officers under your command or direction. Should the patrol be attacked, every restraint should be exercised to avoid a general conflict, and only in case of absolute necessity shall aggressive action be taken. The necessity for such aggressive action shall be determined in your discretion which will be controlled always by due consideration of the pacifying purpose of the expedition. Leaving District Number Five the patrol shall proceed to District Number Four where after making contact with the District Commissioner the same course of action shall be followed, if necessary. After settling the affairs of District Number Four you will proceed to the Kru Coast and establish a permanent camp at a suitable strategic point between Sasstown and Nana Kru and there await further instruction of an administrative nature. On the military side you will make contact with the Officer Commanding Camp King at Barrobo and in cooperation with him and the officer in command of the newly established camp, coordinate action for the effective police of the territories controlled by the two camps. You are strictly ordered to discourage and put down in the most summary and effective manner every act of indiscipline including brutality, looting, or raiding on the part of soldiers or officers. For every breach of this order you will be held personally responsible. You will report to the President direct. Your reports shall include: – (a) The general condition of the Sections of country through which the patrol marches. (b) If unrest exist, the causes actual and contributory. (c) If the causes were seditious propaganda, the names of responsible parties and the part each played in this propaganda. If documents can be secured proving this, the originals must be forwarded to the President. It is reported that the missionaries of the Pentecostal Mission are concerned in this propaganda. If proofs of this are found, they shall be notified that because of this the Government will likely close down their operation. (d) The effect of the patrol on the peace at the territory and on the disposition of the tribes to submit to authority. (e) The pacifying measures adopted by you and the District Commissioner. (f) Any suggestion that in your opinion, based upon your observation, will tend to secure permanent peace and the welfare of the communities concerned. Finally every endeavour should be made by you to assure the tribes of the benevolent purposes of the Government and of its desire, with their cooperation, to secure and advance their welfare.. I have the honour to be, Sir, Yours faithfully, (Sgd.) Edwin Barclay. Colonel T. Elwood Davis, Special Commissioner to the Kru Coast, Monrovia.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

These instructions were literally executed by the Special Commissioner, and tranquility restored without firing a single shot except in one section of District No. 4 Tiempo, in the rear of Sinoe, whose chief, after refusing to attend the conference of chiefs held by the Special Commissioner at district headquarters, disputed in arms the passage of the patrol through his territory. This passage was successfully accomplished with the loss of one man killed and two wounded during eight days fighting. The column of troops having arrived on the Sea-Coast, the Special Commissioner proceeded to carry out his instructions in relation to this area. On reaching the border of Sasstown, he was held up by a combination of the Wissipo, Bollor, Dio and Sasstown tribes acting in concert, under the leadership of Paramount Chief Juah Nimley of Sasstown. Following the general and special instruction of the President, the Special Commissioner refrained from aggressive action and sought to negotiate with Chief Nimley for the peaceful passage through this territory. These negotiations extended over a period of ten weeks. The Chief was recalcitrant. Every advance of the Special Commissioner by means of messengers or by letters was rejected. His letters were returned unread, his messengers were seized and maltreated, and he was told that he would not be permitted to enter the territory without the firing of guns. In order to avoid such an undesirable situation, the President dispatched a special delegation of notables of the Kru Tribe to Sasstown with a view to liquidating whatever trouble there were without undesirable bloodshed. The Government has no information as to the reasons for the Sasstown attitude. There was no trouble between them and the Government, except that Chief Nimley objected to the Customs Guards of five men being stationed there. (He subsequently forcibly compelled both the Guards and Collectors of Customs to leave the port). The eyes of every tribe in that section were centered upon the outcome of the situation at Sasstown. The continued authority of Government hung upon the issue. Suddenly and unexpectedly, but it would seem by the influence of the delegation, Chief Nimley apparently modified his attitude and a free passage to the Special Commissioner and his escort was granted without condition. The troops entered Sasstown and were quartered outside the limits of Old Town. The Special Commissioner reported that he had been well received. The Collector of Customs was reinstated at his post, and the condition of affairs seemed to have become normal. Colonel Davis in conformity with his instructions arranged for an enquiry into conditions and was explaining the object of his mission to the assembled Chiefs, when it was discovered that the tent in which the conference was being held had been completely surrounded by armed tribesmen. This was a violation of the conditions under which he had arranged the conference should be held. It had been settled that only Chief Nimley and his Sub-Chiefs and their Speakers should be present at the conference and no armed forces were to be allowed in the neighbourhood. The conference of course automatically adjourned. The Special Commissioner with difficulty escaped to his camp. This treacherous action on the part of Chief Nimley indicated his intentions, which were fully disclosed next morning when he attacked the Camp of the Government forces. The attack in which the troops were largely outnumbered and completely surrounded was beaten off after seven hours of stiff fighting in the course of which Chief Nimley’s principal town was captured and destroyed and his forces driven to the interior. The troops were ordered thereafter to remain on the defensive. In Grand Bassa County the same influences had been at work. And whilst there was no armed uprising as on the Kru Coast, there was passive resistance and a challenge to Government authority. Superintendent Bryant dealt successfully with the situation and brought the tribes to terms without recourse to force.

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

811

In the Western Province there was also some unsettlement. This was owing largely to the enforcement of the Anti-Slavery Act and to the illusory promise made to some of the tribes by certain politicians of the People’s Party that in the even that Party was successful in the late election, the tribes would be forever free from taxation, and in any event no taxes should be paid to the Government. This situation has been taken in hand. Meanwhile the Executive proceeded with its plans for reorganizing the Native administration and on the 1st of July tentatively put in force New Regulations, designed to meet criticism advanced against the preceeding regime, and to remove grievances which enquiry had established as justified. These regulations in some respect require legislative approval and will be laid before you by the Secretary of Interior for requisite action. From every section of the country have come expressions of approval of the new regulations except from some petti-fogging lawyers who pretend to see in them violation of the Constitution and attempts at usurping the rights of the natives in their tribal lands. Both of these views in the opinion of the Executive are without merit in either their administrative or legal aspects. The alleged violation of the Constitution will in proper cases be settled by the courts. It is not possible at this time to enter upon a full discussion of the implications inherent in the claim that by these regulations Government was endeavoring to usurp tribal right in the lands they occupy. I however think it proper to make the following observations: The contention is founded upon inapposite analogies drawn from the native land question in the British possessions of the Gold Coast and Nigeria. When the Liberian Government was established, the political and social conditions in this territory were emphatically different to what existed in the foreign regions already mentioned. There, sovereignty was acquired by treaty. Here, particularly in the coastal belt, proprietary rights as distinct from sovereignty were in the majority of instances secured by purchase. There, organized States more or less stable existed. Here, was an ever changing kaleidoscope of tribal migration and displacements, which has even in recent years not wholly ceased. The one establishing factor has been the Government of Liberia. Nevertheless the Government has not heretofore followed a consistent land policy. And although its attitude has been benevolent towards the tribes situated upon lands proprietary title to which was in the Republic, yet it has not hesitated to displace the occupiers, and to grant the lands to concessionaries and immigrants when it thought fit to do so. This the present Executive regards as both inequitable and unjust. The provisions of the Regulation formed the first step in the formation of a new land policy which would remove the inequalities inherent in the present situation. The stages by which the administration proposes to proceed are: – 1. The definite demarcation of tribal boundaries. The object of this measure is definitely to put an end to an ever fruitful cause of intertribal conflict. 2. Confirm by public deed the Command title of the tribe to the land so defined. The objects of this are (a) to protect the tribes from arbitrary dispossession (b) to make a definite distinction between Public domain and the tribal lands. 3. To fix the family allotments within the tribal domain. This is merely confirmatory of the system which already exists among the more advanced tribes. To notables of every tribe with whom these provisions were discussed gave their unqualified approval. Nevertheless some of our self-constituted “Protectors of Native Rights,” have maliciously sought to distort the intent and purpose of these Regulations, and to use their miss-

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

tatements of Government policy, into the reasons for which they have made no enquiry, as the basis for seditious propaganda at home and vicious misrepresentation abroad. The Department of Interior will, if required, present the Executive Government’s views on every section of the Regulations at any hearing which the Legislature or any of its component houses may decide to have on the subject. As will be observed from the New Regulations it is proposed that the central administrative unit in future shall be the Province instead of as formerly the County or District. The limits of these Provinces, which are three, follow certain well-defined physio-geographic features which almost wholly coincide with ethnic lines of demarcation. The Provincial area will include counties and Districts, the latter of which will in course of time, when social progress and political development warrant it, achieve the status of counties. The principal Administrative official in each area shall be what the Executive has tentatively styled the Provincial Commissioner, but who may be designated by any other title which the Legislature may prescribe. To this official both County Superintendent and District Commissioners will be responsible and he in turn amenable to the Secretary of Interior. These new arrangements are expected to secure: (1) Constancy, uniformity and continuity of administration and social development in a given regime. (2) Central direction (3) Constant and effective supervision. In order that the new system of tribal government as arranged in the regulations should be promptly initiated, instructions were given in July for making a register of the various claims of each tribe, and ascertaining the natural chieftains. As the registration in each tribe has been completed, the council of chiefs has been organized and entrusted with the duty of electing a Paramount Chief, or where the hereditary principle is involved, to designate the person legitimately entitled to the position. Whilst the administrative officers are instructed not to attempt in any degree to influence the election, the Executive for obvious reasons, must reserve to itself the right of veto when a clearly improper, incompetent or disloyal man is elected. This veto will be exercised sparingly and only in cases where tribal welfare and public interest require it. The work of reorganization is proceeding as rapidly as is possible, and the results in detail will be communicated to the Legislature by the Secretary of Interior. The Campaign which, with suspicious vehemence, was launched against Liberia in some sections of the foreign press, because of the reported existence in the Republic of certain social conditions alleged to be analogous to slavery, was without any real point. For immediately the Government was put in possession of the findings on the subject, prompt measures were taken and continuously enforced to rectify those conditions. These measures have been so effectively carried out that I am gratified to be able to report the complete eradication from our social life of the pawn system and every other condition which by any stretch of interpretation or imagination may be considered as analogous to slavery or involuntary servitude. In this connection it is of interest and importance to place on record the report of a competent foreign observer. This observer, Mr. W. A. Travell, one of the American Loan Officials, now serving as Supervisor or Internal Revenue, the length of whose stay in, and the extent of whose travels through, Liberia entitles his statements to full credit, makes this report:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

813

Treasury Department, Monrovia, November 28, 1931 Report to the Financial Adviser, R. L., Copy to His Excellency the President, R. L. Subject: Conditions in the Liberian Hinterland since the effective date of the New Interior Regulations which were Approved May 1st 1931. Sir, In accordance with the instruction of the Honourable the Financial Adviser, I disembarked at Freetown on September 29, 1931, and proceeded immediately by train to Pendembu and thence to the Liberian boundary at Foya, and traveled through Numbers 1 and 2 hinterland districts to Monrovia, where I arrived on October 26, 1931. On this trip as well as on my subsequent trip to the Dey-Sengeh and Tehr Geveh district (November 3rd. to November 11th, 1931), I observed several important changes in the attitude of the native tribes as well as the condition under which they are living when compared to the situation in July and August 1930, when I made an extended trip through the hinterland. First of all I wish to emphasize the point that the freedom of the pawns is an actual fact throughout the interior with the possible exception of a few isolated cases where the original owners of the pawns cannot be traced, or where the original owners can not trace what has happened to the pawns. The first reaction to this sudden freeing of the pawns and the prohibition of further pawning seem to have resulted in a certain dissatisfaction on the part of many of the natives. In sections of the country where it had been a custom for generations for the natives to pawn their children away to neighbouring tribes, the chiefs declared that their main source of income had been removed, and they do not see how they are going to get the silver to pay their hut taxes if they cannot pawn their children to the tribes near the coast (which tribes, in turn, have evidently been, getting the silver from the export of coffee, palm kernels, etc.) This is particularly true in the Kpessie country where the natives are too far from the coast to export palm kernels or piassava and where no coffee has been grown. On the other hand, in the districts nearer the coast whence exportable products have come, the natives who were the holders of pawns now freed claim that they have been deprived of the labour by which these products were gathered and shipped and that therefore they are no longer in a position to continue paying their hut taxes. It is to be hoped that the freed pawns, at least, are satisfied with the situation, anyhow, and after the natives have gotten adjusted to the new conditions and learned that everybody has got to work for his living and to pay his own taxes, export will increase and prosperity come to the native tribes. In accordance with the new regulations, all Government Officers, and employees must pay for their carriers instead of employing them by force and without pay as in former times. The first result of this change seems to be that there is far less traveling being done through the interior than formerly and that those who do travel use a considerably smaller average number of carriers than before. No doubt much unnecessary traveling has been thus eliminated and wastefulness in the number of carriers has been curtailed. On the other hand the meager travel expense allowance at present provided in the budget for Revenue Agents, District Commissioners and other Government officials who do have necessary cause to travel in the interior, are insufficient to permit them to properly carry on their work. The most striking aspect of the carrier situation is the fact that the natives do not seem to appreciate the value for money, and even at the official rate of one shilling a piece per day (which contains many hours wasted in delay) it is often impossible to persuade more than a handful of natives to work as carriers. Moreover, in the very section where it is most diffi-

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

cult to secure carriers the natives are the most loud in their protest that they cannot find the money to pay their modest annual tax of one dollar per hut. I quote from Commissioner Garnett’s letter of October 23, 1931 to Commissioner Johns on the subject:“With reference to your query as to the carrier question, traveling from this point to Monrovia, I may say that since the whole of my interior service experience I have never experienced such trouble in the getting up of carriers. On my way up I had to spend in some places 7 days – and in others 4 days and so forth, before I could move from one town to another, and in many instances, loads are dropped in the bush and a great many of them are still behind. You cannot even get them in some places for 10 a day each man, and unless you are not in too great a hurry to reach Monrovia if you are that I would suggest the Freetown route, as the quickest and cheapest route, otherwise it will take you almost a month if not more to get down to Monrovia.” Fear is the emotion to which the tribes most readily respond, and the aspect of a cash reward for their labour does not appear to bring much response to do work which can be avoided by simply foregoing the reward. Now that the natives are not any longer compelled by force to carry loads without pay, or to work on Government roads, or to pay tribute in rice, palm oil, etc. to the Government, one would naturally think that they would work hard for their own account knowing that after paying their tax, the balance of the fruit of their labour would be a surplus for themselves which cannot be taken away from them. Such is not the case, however. Now that the hut tax is no longer being extracted from the natives by force, the natives seem to feel that the Government has lost its power and apparently many of the natives have no intention of paying any more taxes unless and until they see some penalty inflicted upon those whose delinquent taxes are now long overdue.” The continued attack upon Liberia because of the existence of slavery is thus shown to be gratuitous, and whilst it claims to be founded upon moral and humanitarian considerations it is reasonable to believe that it springs from a far less altruistic motivation. Further comment on this phase of administrative action is, I think, unnecessary. Public Health and Sanitation. In pursuance of the provisions of the Act approved December 19, 1930 entitled an Act creating a Public Health and Sanitation Service, the Executive on the 30th January 1931, appointed Dr. R. G. Fuszek to make a sanitary survey of the city of Monrovia and submit plans for Sanitary control. This survey was completed during the month of February and the plan of control, formulated in accordance with the suggestions of Dr. W. M. Howells, who had been lent to the Government by the League of Nations, was finally settled and agreed upon by the middle of April. Under this plan the preexisting Sanitary Organization was reconstructed and Dr. Fuszek appointed Director of Sanitation. The Sanitary organization of Monrovia at present consists of 1 Director, 1 port Health Officers, 1 Overseeing Inspector, 1 Time Keeper, 8 Inspectors and employs a monthly average of 101 labourers. Garbage is collected daily from the 20 collecting sites situated at various points throughout the city and carried to the various dumping grounds in trucks. Approximately 5000 truck loads of garbage have been removed since the service was reorganized. The cost has involved the expenditure of $1,500.00 monthly. Besides this, the city is regularly cleared of weeds and bushes. The wells and water tanks have been made mosquito proof or stocked with fishes. Those places which could not be so stocked are regularly sprayed with oil. No case of Yellow Fever occurred in Liberia during the year, the Director reports. All of these above mentioned operations were carried out during the rainy season. The Director suggests that at the beginning of the dry season, however, more extensive opera-

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

815

tions will be initiated. This will necessitate additional expenditure, which will bring the monthly cost of the service up to $2,500. In addition to the Sanitary work, Maritime Quarantine work has been carried out under Dr. Solomon T. R. Edwards, as Port Health Officer. For the present owing to lack of sufficient appropriation only ships entering from infected ports and on which are large numbers of deck labourers or passengers, who might introduce communicable diseases, are inspected. No cases of introduced communicable diseases have been reported. The Director informs me that the buildings at Quarantine Station on Bushrod Island are inadequate and need reconditioning. This he estimates can be done at a cost of $1,250.00. Appropriation to meet these necessary changes is recommended. It is intended during the next year to extend the control to the other centers of population along the coast and interiorward; the cost of such extension will have to be borne in part from the revenues of the towns and cities concerned and from a special fund, a project of law to provide for which will be submitted to the Legislature for enactment. Liberian Government Hospital. The slump in revenue necessitated reduction in the amounts appropriated for the support of the Government Hospital. This in a great measure operated against the full time working of the institution. Nevertheless the Hospital contributed, though not in so large a degree as in previous years, towards the amelioration of human suffering and illness. On account of lack of means of subsistence the inpatients Department could not run at full capacity. The following statistics of cases treated have been furnished:Outpatients Inpatients Soldiers Prisoners Paupers Police Children Maternity Cases Total

298 57 142 92 59 84 39 47 818

The Hospital is supported by a lump sum appropriation provided in the Budget annually, and also receives an additional sum derived from fees paid by patients. These fees were formerly $1.50 per diem. This year I reduced the daily fee by 33 1/3% in order to enable hospital authorities to treat that large class of persons who are financially unable to pay $1.50. In the present economic circumstances $1.00 per day would seem to be excessive for the larger mass of our population and it is my intention to further reduce the daily fee in order that the masses might take more advantage of the facilities offered by the hospital. The income from hospital fees has apparently been regarded as revenues payable into the general funds of the Government. I think hereafter, these fees should be put into a special fund and expended only for hospital purposes. The difference between the amount of this fund and the sum estimated for running the institution would be furnished from the general revenues where the fund did not total the estimated prospective cost. These arrangements, it is hoped, will partly relieve the Treasury of a portion of the cost of the Hospital and will enable the Director to carry on the work of the Institution continuously and avoid frequent closing for lack of means and subsistence.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Trade and Finance. The forecast made by the Treasury authorities last fiscal year that it was likely the general business depression had reached bottom in Liberia, proved to be rather optimistic. Liberian trade descended to lower levels during 1931 owing to the falling off in commodity prices and in consequence Government income which is to the extent of 50% so intimately dependent on the volume of trade, was seriously affected. In addition to the fall in commodity prices the Treasury attributes the short fall in revenue to the following causes:(1) The sudden change in the Government near the end of 1930 owing to the resignation of the President. (2) A prolonged election campaign during which voters took a holiday from their usual occupation. (3) The reduction by Foreign Missions of Expenditure for their work in Liberia which was rendered necessary by the severe financial and business depression of America. (4) The diminished expenditures of the Firestone Plantation Company owing to the plantation being in the waiting stage between planting and production, and so requiring only a limited number of labourers until the trees have reached the productive stage. As illustrating the continuous decline in unit prices for the principal Liberia products over a period of years, the following table has been furnished:Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

July 1928 $72.00 76.00 38.40 0.16

Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

$62.00 72.00 36.00 0.10

Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

$33.60 50.40 38.40 0.04

Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Coffee

$24.00 27.00 29.00 0.04

Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lb. July 1929 Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lb. July 1930 Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lb. July 1931 Per ton Per ton Per ton Per lib.

With such prices ruling farmers and other producers seem to have lost all incentive to increase or continue production, and were disinclined to expend efforts for what they regarded as inadequate and even unprofitable returns. This attitude has a continuous adverse effect on production and has reduced the volume of our exports, and the purchasing power of our people. There is one aspect of this question however, to which it would seem desirable to call attention. Prices are controlled by demand; but demand is emphatically influenced by quality, preparation and availability of supply. The fact that the quality and preparation of our products, it is claimed, do not compare favourable with similar products of neighbouring

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countries and that the volume of supply is uncertain must have a determining influence on the unit prices offered for our commodities. A project of law providing for the inspection, grading and standardizing of Liberian products will be laid before the Legislature. The quantitative increase in the production of commodities is expected to be beneficially affected by the better social conditions now emerging, and by the extension of the existing motor road. The low unit prices now ruling for produce will be influenced in like manner by qualitative improvements on our products. We have no reason to be unduly sanguine about any sudden or immediate ameliorations in general trade conditions. It is expected nevertheless, that these measures will materially enable our people to take advantage of improvements in trade conditions as and when they occur. The factors mentioned above have reflected themselves in the trade returns as will be seen from the following table: Year Imports 1923 $1,361,700.00 1924 1,435,185.00 1925 2,115,021.00 1926 2,251,598.00 1927 2,896,081.00 1928 4,484,547.00 1929 2,084,440.00 1930 1,228,102.00 Jan. 1 to June 30, 1931 498,590.00 * Not including $149,760.00 Specie exported.

Exports $1,166,735.00 1,416,896.00 1,911,053.00 1,757,522.00 1,614,671.00 1,464,768.00 1,475,356.00 838,739.00

Excess Imports $194,965.00 16,288.00 203,968.00 494,076.00 1,281,410.00 2,018,779.00 589,084.00 389,364.00

*260.081.00

238,509.00

An examination of the above table disclosed a slight variation form year to year in the value of products exported. The average exportation is less than $1,460,010 and such variation as there is, is largely due to difference in unit prices. It is thus seen that since 1929 when the depression first made itself felt in our trade, there has been a continuous decline in the volume and value of our products. The following table represents a comparative statement of consolidated revenues and expenditures of the last three years showing how revenues have been affected by the decline in trade. Expenditures Receipts

1928 $1,319,768.27 1,276,437.73

1929 1,200,251.98 1,013,571.98

1930 $927,111.29 840,472.97

1931 $676,711.45 551,305.86

The receipts and expenditures do not include loan funds. Return of the Revenue as of October 31, 1931, shown by the following table:Budget items. Customs & Headmoney Port & Harbour Dues E. R. Fund 6% Dry Goods Tax Highway Fund Internal Revenues Postal Revenues

Estimates $400,000.00 20,000.00 80,000.00 20,000.00 5,000.00 242,500.0 5,000.00 $772,500.00

Receipts $225,435.29 12,747.00 42,193.16 14,619.11 3,221.36 101,545.86 3,002.27 $402,764.04

Deficits $174,564.71 7,253.00 37,806.84 5,380.89 1,778.65 140,954.14 1,997.73 $369,735.96

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Every effort is being made by the Bureau of Internal Revenue to increase collection of Internal Revenue during the months of November and December, particularly in regard to the large arrears of real estate and hut taxes; and while we are hopeful for increased receipts it is not expected that revenues collected during these two months will be sufficient to make up the budget estimates. Revenue Estimates for 1932. The Treasury estimates for receipts for the year 1932 are approximately $650,000. These estimates are conservative and based on collections of the current year, and hut tax assessment lists. The ordinary expenditure of the Government based upon the current personnel and the standard $873,948, if the present personnel and the standard of pay be maintained. It is evident without any elaborate demonstration that with the revenue so far below present demand, to maintain a balanced budget would require either drastic cuts in personnel or a further downward revision of pay if the Departments and different services are to retain their present personnel. We are obligated to provide annually for the outstanding floating indebtedness that may be carried over from any previous year. As the income this year did not equal the authorized expenditure there is a deficit carry-over of not less than $150,000.00 which has to be provided for out of the estimated revenue in sight. Absolute economy in appropriation seems to be indicated. It is hoped that the Legislature will be able to approve the suggestion of the Treasury Department which will call for what might be regarded as revolutionary changes. The Secretary of the Treasury will furnish details. It has been suggested by the Financial Adviser that certain new sources of revenue might be tapped. These suggestions include:1. Increasing the Customs Tariff on certain goods, wares and merchandise, as are not actual necessaries. 2. The advalorem rate of duty of 15% might be increased to 25% on certain articles, details of which will be furnished later. 3. The specific rate of duty on certain other articles be increased. 4. By reductions in the Free Goods List. 5. By readjustment of the taxation on real estate and by the provision of a new form of tax, namely an annual tax of $1.00 a month on all professions, trades, occupations and form of employment not specified in section 15 of the law approved October 22, 1914. These various schedules will be submitted to you and your favourable action thereon is respectfully requested. It is gratifying to be able to record the Financial Adviser’s estimate of the character of service rendered by the Liberian personnel under his direction. He says, “The Liberian personnel of the Bureaus and Offices coming directly under the administration of the Foreign Fiscal Officers, have performed their work and remained at their posts, faithfully although it was absolutely necessary to reduce salaries to a minimum. There have been some instances of malfeasance in office by a very limited number of employees, but in times of depression, as is now being experienced, this is not altogether unexpected. There has been no defalcation of large amounts of money reported this year and in general, the service has been held up to the average, or a little better than the average of former years.” Department of Justice. The report of the Attorney General will give detailed data covering the operation of the Law, Judicial and Police services during the year.

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The head of the Department of Justice has over a period of years called attention to the embarrassment in the discharge of its functions which his Department encounters by reason of the inadequacy of appropriation, and the unjust criticism which has been launched against them owing to delays at the Treasury in securing funds promptly as and when required. Heretofore there seem to have been prevalent at the Treasury the view that the administration of justice must be conditioned by the commercial idea of profit and loss. And so it comes about that if the aggregate financial returns from this Department do not show a surplus over cost the Treasury is apt to regard its administration as inefficient and costly. Unfortunately for the Treasury point of view, the cost of neither preventive nor punitive justice can be controlled by the commercial idea with the emphasis on financial profit. The true value of the community of the several services which are grouped under this Department consists in whether or not expenditure on these services result in continued or increased effectiveness since assuring public safety and the protection of life and property. This value is beyond calculation in dollars and cents. Ever and anon the charges made particularly by foreigners that the administration of justice in Liberia is inefficient and farcical; and yet whenever the charge has been brought to test by public examination, even by outside authorities, the acts and procedure of the Liberia courts have been invariably upheld. It cannot be denied that aliens have here complete security of life and that protection of property which is reasonable consistent with the ordinary hazards of social and commercial affairs. Nevertheless it must be recognized that congested dockets and the delays incident to cases being brought to trial, are a source of irritation and unfavourable comment, even at home. This condition in my opinion is rather the result of a defect in organization and financial provision, than of probity and legal ability in the courts. To meet this criticism then, it is essential that ample yet reasonable provision be made for the maintenance of the Judicial and Law services. This criticism as to delay may be met by a law authorizing the empanelling of a special jury in civil cases, and the hearing of such causes at any time within a term, thus repealing the present statutory limitation to the three weeks trial term. A project of law covering this question will be laid before you for your favourable affirmative action. The Attorney general will submit further recommendations designed to rectify defects in organization and repair deficiencies which are apparent in procedure. War Department. The report of the Secretary of War contains suggestions which are recommended to your consideration. Particularly does the Executive call attention to the need for reorganizing the Militia, whose effectiveness under present conditions as a defensive force is open to grave doubt. The plan submitting by Major Lewis, the American Officer attached to the Liberian Frontier Force for the reorganization of the Militia will be laid before you. At the beginning of the year owing to budgetary requirements the Liberian Frontier Force was reduced to two companies. Certain posts were dismantled and the garrisons at others reduced. The unsettled conditions already outlined compelled reenlistment of two additional companies as an extraordinary measure. Experience during the year has demonstrated that 200 men are not sufficient for policing the frontiers, which is a treaty obligation, and the internal and police duties which this force has to discharge over an area exceeding 40,000 square miles. It is hoped to devise some plan by which the cost of the force may be kept within the limits of budgetary possibility and at the same time preserve and improve its efficiency as a constabulary. The new regulations drawn up by Major Lewis are recommended for your approval.

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Post Office Department. The report of the Postmaster General shews a considerable falling off in receipts in the different services under his direction. This he attributes to the prevailing economic difficulties and the financial stringency. These conditions have particularly affected the telephone service which has had to be definitely suspended. The convenience of this service to the general and business public is such that its suspension is in the nature of a public calamity. Financial considerations make it doubtful whether or not Government can profitably and efficiently operate this system. It is therefore recommended that Government be authorized to let out the right to operate such a service to a private contractor. The Postmaster General emphasizes the need for an extended inland postal service and for the reconditioning of the radio equipment. Provision will also have to be made for meeting the somewhat large indebtedness which has unfortunately been allowed to accumulate particularly in circumstances when unlike the present there were no financial reasons why the claims should not have been regularly met. Department of Public Instruction. With a reduced budget it was impossible for the Department of Public Instruction to function as effectively during the past year as it would have under better financial conditions. The appropriation for the present year was 37% less than the amount appropriated last year and consequently there is a drop of about 14% in the number of schools supported by the Government and a consequent reduction of 25% in enrollment. These percentages show graphically the influences of the financial situation on the effectiveness of educational activities. The Secretary has suggested a plan for the reorganization of the public school system which will be submitted with his report. It has been suggested in certain quarters, presumed to be well instructed that the Government should abandon any attempt at maintaining the public school system so long as its revenues are too limited adequately to provide for this essential public need. It is thought the Missionary Schools might for the present assume all the teaching functions. With this view the Executive is not in accord. Rather we believe than an appreciable percentage of the whole revenues of the State should be devoted to public education in all its phases. It is to this ideal that we shall work, when better economic conditions prevail. Foreign Relations I am happy to be able to report hat our relations with Foreign Governments, with two exceptions, have been maintained upon the most friendly and cordial footing. It is however a great source of regret to the Executive that the Governments of the United States and of Great Britain, whose long standing friendship has been a matter of historical pride to our people, have not yet found it possible to resume formal relations with Monrovia. This attitude would appear to have been largely influenced by the action taken by the Liberian Legislature on the report of the late International Commission of Enquiry into Slavery and Forced Labour. This action was in effect a repudiation of certain Executive Commitments made by my predecessor in relation to the recommendations of the Commission, which commitments, it would seem, the Legislature views as improper extensions of the Presidential power, and as implying an admission of general and moral delinquency and administrative inadequacy in the governing class of the Country, which in their opinion was not true to fact. After the resignation of President King and upon my being invested with the duties of the Presidency, it was intimated to me that international public opinion demanded some official declaration by the President on the question of these recommendations. The fact

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821

that the Legislature did not support President King gave an impression in certain quarters that the Liberian Government and people were disinclined either to reform the conditions alleged to have been found to exist throughout the Country, or to accept assistance to that end. In view of the decision of the Legislature on the subject, I found it impossible to confirm President King’s commitments. The Government nevertheless recognized the justness of the demand that some public expression be made of the policy it intended to follow with respect to matters covered by the recommendations of the Commission. The Executive therefore on the 6th day of January made public the following declaration, and communicated it to the Governments concerned in promoting the Slavery Enquiry: The Government of the Republic of Liberia accepts in principle the recommendations suggested in the Report of the International Commission of Enquiry on Slavery and Forced Labour in Liberia, and adopts these recommendations as a basis upon which ameliorations in the social polity of the Republic will, within the limits of its means, be regulated.

A declaration so framed, in the opinion of the Executive, met both the demand of international public opinion and the views of the Legislature. It assured the outside world that we were not indifferent to the conditions complained about, and at the same time satisfied the home demand that whatever action we would eventually take would not reflect upon national honour and self-respect, nor involve the surrender of any political rights. My predecessor by Executive action had already laid the foundation for corrective measures against Forced Labour and all forms of voluntary and involuntary servitude. These measures and others suggested in the recommendations of the Commission received legislative sanction. The Laws passed in pursuance of this sanction were duly communicated to the Foreign Powers represented at Monrovia, as indicative of the policy which the Executive was authorized to pursue, and, in one case, such foreign assistance as the Legislature thought necessary and within the limits of our means was requested. Neither the receipt of copies of the laws nor the request for administrative assistance have ever been acknowledged. The only Government which up to this time had intimated its intention to sever relations with the Government of Liberia was the United States Government which in a note dated November 17, 1930, but which appears to have been delivered to President King at mid-day on the 3rd of December, declared:“Unless they (the twin scourges of Slavery and Forced Labour) are abolished and unless there is instituted by the Liberian Government a comprehensive system of reforms loyally and sincerely put into effect it will result in the final alienation of the friendly feelings which the American Government have entertained for Liberia since its establishment nearly a century ago.”

The measure already epitomized above appeared to us to have met the conditions which would have avoided what the Government did not desire, namely, a breach of relations with the United States Government. The reaction of the powers however to these measures was most surprising. On the 21st of January 1931, joint representations were made to the President of Liberia by the diplomatic and consular representatives of Great Britain, the United States and Germany in the following terms. The American Charge d’Affaires stated that he did not consider it was necessary at that time to recall to His Excellency the views of his Government concerning conditions found to exist by the International Commission of Enquiry, as these had already been communicated to the Liberian Government on earlier occasions and in notes then delivered. Since that time as far as his Government was aware no satisfactory evidence of Liberia’s expressed desire for

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reform had been forthcoming and that its program, which is not in strict compliance with the suggestions of the International Commission, can only therefore be considered as partial and unsatisfactory. He then explained that while it would not accord with the traditional policy of the United States to assume responsibility for measures looking towards the effective termination in Liberia of these conditions, the American Government was prepared to associate itself with other Governments in measures intended to assist Liberia in a solution of its problems. Thus should the Liberian Government apply to the League of Nations for aid, assistance and possible international control, his Government would present no objections.

His Britannic Majesty’s Charge d’Afaires said:In accordance with instructions which he had received form His Britannic Majesty’s Government, he had the honor to inform the President that they were greatly concerned at the conditions existing in Liberia, as revealed by the report of the International Commission of Enquiry into Slavery and Forced Labour. It was unnecessary to recapitulate the Findings of the Commission, which are well known to the President. This report which was then published to the world, constitutes a shocking indictment or the administrative methods of the Liberian Government. His Majesty’s Government understands that the Liberian Government has agreed to accept, “in principle,” the findings and recommendations of the Commission of Enquiry, and that certain legislation purporting to carry into effect some of the recommendations of the Commission have been enacted. His Majesty’s Government is unable to regard this programme of reforms as either adequate or satisfactory. They are convinced that, without assistance from outside Liberia, no Liberian Government would be able to carry into effect the full programme of reforms recommended by the commission. His Majesty’s Government give their fullest support to the suggestion which has been made that the Government of Liberia should be committed for a time to an International Commission. Actuated by the long standing friendship for Liberia and by their interest in the future welfare of the country, His Britannic Majesty’s Government earnestly urges the Liberian Government with the greatest emphasis, immediately to lay before the Council of the League of Nations, which was then in session, a request for the appointment by them of an International Governing Commission, to which the Government of Liberia would be committed, and on which Liberia would be represented. His Majesty’s Government were fully persuaded that only by following this course would the Liberian Government be able to secure the future welfare of Liberia and restore the prestige of the Republic in the opinion of the world. Failure on the part of the Liberian Government to make such a request to the Council of the League of Nations would be viewed by His Majesty’s Government with grave concern and could not but have the most serious reaction on the friendly relations existing between the two Countries.

The German Consul declared that:Whereas the Liberian Government through Professor Sotille, has declared to the League of Nations that, it accepts, in principle, the suggestions made by the International Commission of Enquiry, and that the Liberian Government would take said suggestions as a basis for its social reforms, the Government of the German Reich deems it advisable to the best of Liberia’s interests that the Liberian Government applies to the League of Nations for the sending out of an International Commission which may control the carrying into effect of the social and sanitary measures of the Liberian Government.

To these representations the President made the following reply:-

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“The President of Liberia having considered with serious attention the advice offered the Government of the Republic of Liberia, in the several Notes verbaux presented to him on the 21st of January 1931, by the representatives of the United Stats, of Great Britain and of Germany, desires to record in the name of his Government his sincere appreciation of the interest which these Governments manifest in the welfare of the Republic and in the maintenance of its International prestige. In respect to the suggestion that the Government of Liberia should be committed for a time to an International Governing Commission, the President of Liberia is compelled to observe that acceptance thereof would not only be a violation of the Constitution of the Republic, but would also be tantamount to a surrender of its sovereignty and autonomy. This course of action the President and the Government of the republic are without authority to undertake and it is not believed that the traditional friends of Liberia, the powers to whom this note is addressed, would intentionally insist upon it. Possibly as has been suggested, the measures which have been taken by the Government of Liberia may not be fully adequate or satisfactory in order to bring about the desired reforms, but it is nevertheless true that the Government of Liberia have not been advised in a concrete manner as to the respect in which these measures are either inadequate or unsatisfactory. The Liberian Government being sincerely desirous however of attuning their actions to international ideals, and with a view to giving evidence of their sincere will to institute the reforms indicated in the Report of the International Commission of Enquiry have decided to apply to the Council of the League of Nations now in session for experts who will serve as advisers to the Government of Liberia in the following spheres of administration:(a) (b) (c) (d)

Economics and Finance. Judicial organization and procedure. Sanitation. Native Administration.

The Government of Liberia are of the opinion that with the constructive results expected to be achieved by them on the advice of such experts, the administrative and social conditions complained of will be improved without infringing upon the autonomy and sovereignty of the Republic, and to the carrying out of this idea, the friendly aid and support at the Council of the League of Nations is earnestly solicited of the Governments to whom this note is addressed.”

In the pursuance of the assurance given in said Note, the Government of Liberia dispatched to the League of Nations through our Minister in Geneva the indicated request. Upon this request being referred to the Council of the League of Nations a committee was appointed to examine the problem raised by the Liberian request. This Committee consisted of representatives of the following named powers: Great Britain, France, Italy, Poland, Germany, Venezuela, Spain, America and Liberia. After sessions lasting until the 3rd of March the said Committee decided to send Experts to Liberia to further study in close touch with the Liberian Government the question involved, in order that a concrete plan for giving assistance to the Liberian Government might be drawn up. The persons appointed as such Experts were M. Brunot (French) in general administration, M. Ligthart (Dutch) in matters of Finance, and Dr. Mackenzie (British) in health matters. These were summoned to meet at Geneva on the 18th day of May. After two days sitting and an exchange of views with official representatives of Liberia present, the Experts received their instructions from the Secretariat and set out for Liberia.

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The Committee of Experts arrived in Liberia on the 10th and 13th of June and presented their credentials to the President. They immediately proceeded with their investigation, but not, I regret to state, in that close collaboration with the Government which from the tenor of their instructions we had been held to expect. The same political influences which were at work with such unfortunate results during the Slavery Commission Enquiry were again active. An artificial atmosphere of unrest and extreme social distress was created. There were secret contacts made with the Experts for the purpose of getting before them every variety of complaint, utopian plan, suggestion and misrepresentation. These undoubtedly had their influences on any estimate of the situation in Liberia which the Experts could make. As a matter of fact during the whole of their stay in Liberia, their contact with the situation was confined to Monrovia and its environs. After 6 weeks stay the Experts returned to Europe. Being desirous that the Attorney General who had been sent to assist our Permanent Delegate before the Council should be present to represent the Liberian point of view in such discussions as might arise, I directed him to remain in Europe until the adjournment of the League in September as it was expected that the Report of the Committee of Experts by that time would been submitted. When however, on the 30th September he left Geneva for Bordeaux enroute for Monrovia, the Report of the said Experts was not available for presentation to the representatives of our Government nor to the Committee of the Council charged with the study thereof. This report was later submitted to the Secretariat of the League of Nations and will be laid before you for your consideration and advice. It is hoped that an early, earnest and careful examination be given to its contents in order that the Executive may be in position promptly to place the views of the Government before the Council of the League. All relevant documents will be submitted at the same time. In the interval between attending the several meetings of the Committee of the Council and awaiting the meeting of the Assembly, the Attorney General sought to improve and strengthen our Foreign relations and to that end visited His Holiness the Pope and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of sundry nations with whom we are in treaty relations, principally those of Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, and Germany all of whom received him cordially. These contracts I am of opinion proved of great value to the Republic. The following appointments in the diplomatic and consular corps have been made during the year: Dr. Antoine Sottile, promoted from Minister Resident to Minister Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extraordinary and Permanent Delegate to the League for Nations. Baron Othon de Bogaede, promoted from Charge d’Affaires to Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the Government of the French Republic. Mr. C. Bosman Van Oudskarpel, Charge d’Affaires at Brussels, appointed Minister to the Vatican. Mr. James S. Wiles, Consul General at Hamburg. Mr. Henry F. Cooper, Consul General British Isles and Northern Ireland. Mr. Luigi Ropolle, as Consul General for Italy. I am pleased to report that Mr. Cambonie, French Charge d’Affaires presented his credentials at the State Department on the 10th December and was received by the President on the 14th instant. The Government was invited to participate in the following International Conferences during the year:-

Annual Message to the Legislature December 22, 1931

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(a) European Conference on Road Traffic at Geneva, March 16, 1931. (b) International Congress of Professors of Living languages, Paris, ending March 1931. (c) Conference to study a draft convention for controlling the manufacture of narcotic drugs at Geneva, May 27, 1931. (d) Fourth General Conference of Communications and Transit, Geneva, October 12, 1931. (e) The General disarmament Conference to be held at Geneva on February 2, 1932. To this latter Conference to be held on February 2, 1932, the Government of Liberia will be represented. Upon their request your Executive accorded recognition to the New Republic Government of Spain. The Acting Secretary of State will lay before you further details relating to Foreign Affairs. Obituary With great regret we have received information of the death of Monsignor Oge, Papal Charge d’Affaires at Monrovia and Prefect Apostolic of the Catholic Church in Liberia. In the demise of this distinguished prelate, the Republic has lost a sincere friend, whose interests in the social welfare of the community served by his Church is evidenced by the numerous schools they have established in all parts of the Republic and the medical clinics they conduct among some of the native tribes. His long service and his urbanity made for him many strong attachments both among his co-religionists and the people of other faiths. Serving as an instructor of Liberia youth, he, unlike many other Foreign Missionaries, insisted upon inculcating into the people under his charge the ideals of patriotism and of loyalty to the Government under which they lived. It is a pleasure to me to be able to give this testimony of high character, benevolence and public spirit of the deceased. We have also to note with great regret the demise of the Honourable H. Too Wesley, a distinguished Liberian of the Grebo Tribe, whose loyalty to the Republic transcended tribal limitations and ambitions. He had served in various official capacities and eventually attained the position of Vice President of the Republic, in which post he served for four years. At the time of his death he was Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fourth Judicial Circuit. The life and career of Mr. Wesley was a complete refutation of the charge that people of aboriginal extraction neither participate in the Government nor are given opportunities for service when they are qualified. Judge Wesley was not an isolated example of the fact that there exist among the leaders of Liberia no conscious discrimination against the aborigines whatever their qualifications. Numerous persons of aboriginal stock have been called into service by the much reviled Americo-Liberian and have so intermingled with them socially and officially that it would be difficult to find one who on a cursory view could distinguish between them. Nor can the contributions made by members of each element of the community to the progress of the country be separated. Both elements have jointly worked for the upbuilding of the State and whatever advancements have been made must be credited to them jointly. Mr. Wesley was a Liberian. In his make up there was no question of tribal inhibitions or prejudices. He possessed no such inferiority complex as caused him unconsciously to react in an antagonistic manner to all advances for cooperation. He had emerged from the shackles of tribal tradition and stood upon the broad foundation of a realized nationalism. In this he is a shining example to others of his class, of how they might liberate themselves from false ideals and so cease to nurse imaginary grievances. He has been succeeded as Judge of the Circuit Court by the Honourable E. H. S Shannon, another member of the

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same tribe who seems to be following in his wake and is destined to become the inheritor of this mantle of patriotism and political decency. Miscellaneous. In view of the confusion that exists with respect to the location of the boundaries between the property of land holders, and the general uncertainty of land titles which is the result of an unscientific system of registration, the Executive recommends that the Legislature provide for the complete remodeling of the present system of registering land titles and for a cadastral survey. Conclusion: Gentlemen, it will be seen from the foregoing record that the special preoccupation of Government during the year has been first to secure in an international sense the preservation of the political independence of this State. It would never have been threatened but for the unpatriotic and malicious activities of certain groups in our population who have placed their personal political ambitions above the security of the State, and have been indifferent to the claims which their country has upon their loyalty. Secondly, the reorganization of our internal administration in such a manner as would provide for the removal of grievances and inequalities that would appear to exist. In doing so we have achieved so far a complete renovation of the Interior administrative system. Domestic servitude among the tribes has been absolutely eradicated. Forced labour on roads and for other purposes is no longer permitted under legal or Government sanction. The shipment of labourers to Fernando Poo is ended. Tribal administration has been reorganized upon a basis which respects the will of the tribes and their customary usages subject, however, to such modifications as humanity and a decent regard for civilized opinion would render necessary. The movement of the population from place to place is not restricted by any arbitrary regulation, nor are any extra-legal contributions permitted to be demanded of the tribes. Every attempt has been made to lay the foundations of social justice and we are sanguine that with the loyal cooperation of the tribes who have almost universally expressed their satisfaction with the new conditions, these plans will make for a brighter future of social well being. Gradually a different type of administrators is being brought into the service and it is hoped that in time the new administrative personnel will show results that may stand any test of efficiency and high morale. The measures that have been taken by Government as epitomized above have not been effected in a spectacular manner, nor have they been realized in fact. This any observer, who is not adversely inspired or prejudiced, will attest. Reforms cannot be completely carried out within a day and the peculiar suggestion which seems to be current that for reforms to be effective in any group, they must be supervised by forces alien to that group, is not only false to truth but has hidden in it certain imperialistic implications against which we have to guard. What the Government has been attempting to do is to meet the challenge which has been so authoritatively uttered that no Government composed wholly of Liberians can effect reforms. Reforms that do not spring from within yourself, that are not the outgrowth of a conscious reaching after the ideal, and that are only the result of imposition from outside can have no permanent influence on national character or policy. I do not believe that Liberians of all classes have lost the capacity for leadership. I also do not believe that we cannot be beneficially influenced by assistance from outside Liberia. This we will invite and ac-

Annual Message to the Legislature October 24, 1932

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cept on terms consistent with national self-respect. We should not, however, submit to any attempt to impose upon us a sense of racial inferiority or administrative incompetency. It is nevertheless incumbent upon us not only to claim political capacity but also to demonstrate that capacity by correct political action and by a sincere appreciation and practice of the finer moral qualities. I desire to put on record our appreciation of the conscientious and efficient manner in which the Foreign Officials in the service of this Government have discharged their duties during the year. In the difficult financial and economic times through which we, in common with other Governments, have recently been passing, they have sincerely cooperated with Government and given valuable assistance within the limits of their powers. In no less degree are we indebted to the general mass of our public servants of all grades whose record of devotion to duty and whose patriotic and unselfish service in present economic and financial circumstances cannot be paralleled anywhere, and must merit the sincerest appreciation of the nation. In conclusion, Gentlemen, it is my hope that your sessions will be harmonious and that the results of your deliberations will be of permanent value to the progress and perpetuity of the State. There can be no doubt that your efforts in this direction will be seconded by the Executive. Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia. Executive Mansion, December 22, 1931

Annual Message to the Legislature October 24, 1932 The Honourable The Senate and House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia, in Legislature assembled. Gentlemen of the Legislature, I am happy to be able to report that the abnormal political conditions which existed within the Country when last I had the honour of addressing you have to a large extent disappeared. This has been brought about by the persevering application to the populations concerned of the measures which I then indicated were in progress of being introduced; and to the realization by the tribes who had been misled by vicious propaganda, that the false hopes with which they had been inspired were neither realizable nor founded upon considerations which consulted their best interests. The campaign on the Kru Coast about which the wildest possible reports were circulated both at home and abroad, has been brought to a close. It has thus been found possible to withdraw a large part of the force employed, leaving only a garrison of men to patrol the area and maintain order. I desire here to state emphatically what certain publicists abroad seem unable, or in the face of facts, unwilling to realize or concede, that the Government of Liberia has never in its history ordered, authorized or supported wanton raids against any of the tribes under its jurisdiction for taxes or for any other purpose; that it has always insisted upon the maintenance of public order by peaceful efforts and only in the event when efforts of this kind have

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proven unavailing has it at any time attempted, to impose peace by force. This is not only a right which is inherent in Government, but is also a duty as is admitted by all Governments concerned about the social tranquility and welfare of their peoples. To Liberia alone it would appear that this right is denied. Most extraordinary methods have been adopted to make the Government of Liberia realize that while the Governments responsible for the administration of neighbouring territories expect us to maintain order within our borders, they will nevertheless interfere to prevent our securing this desirable objective if in any degree they find it consistent with their aim so to do. Thus, on March 7, when all aggressive military activity on the Kru Coast had ceased, the President was presented in an informal way with the following Aides Memories: 1. From the British Government “I am directed by His Majesty’s Government in Great Britain to make you the following communication in person: [1] His Majesty’s Government in Great Britain are satisfied that the proceedings of the Liberian Frontier Force under Colonel Davis in the Kru Country last Autumn were tyrannical and high handed in an inexcusable degree. [2] According the information which His Majesty’s Government cannot disregard, although they equally cannot as yet regard it as confirmed, these proceedings are being repeated at the present time, and are exposing the Kru population to personal violence and outrage and destruction of property. [3] The Liberian Representative denied before the Council of the League on February 6th that these events in any way represented reprisals upon people who had given evidence before the League of Commissions. His Majesty’s Government, however, irrespective of the motives underlying the measures which have been taken against the Krus ask for explicit assurance that such proceedings will be discontinued pending the conclusion of an arrangement between the League, the United States and Liberia for the future administration of the Country. I have therefore to request that I may be favoured at the earliest possible opportunity with a reply to this message for communication to His Majesty’s Government.” 2. From the French Government “I have received orders from my Government to communicate the following to you:“The Government of the French Republic regarding as sufficiently proven the arbitrary and tyrannical activities of the Frontier Force under the command of Colonel Davis since Autumn of last year in the Kru Country; According to information which the French Government cannot ignore, although it does not consider them as confirmed, those acts are being repeated and exposing the Kru people to abuses, individual violence and the destruction of their property. The Liberian Government having denied before the Council of the League that these acts are acts of retaliation against persons who have testified before the Commission of the League, the French Government, without considering the motives which have caused these measures, demand a formal assurance of an immediate end to these acts while awaiting the conclusion of arrangements between the League, the United States and Liberia for the future administration of the Country. I beg to request, consequently, that you be so kind as to forward me to answer to this message as soon as possible, in order that I may communicate same to my Government.” 3. From the American Government “The American Government is satisfied that the proceedings of the Liberian Frontier Force under the auspices of Colonel Davis in the Kru Country last Autumn were tyrannical and high handed in an inexcusable degree.

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According to information which the American Government cannot disregard, although it equally cannot as yet regard it as confirmed, these proceedings have very recently been repeated and are exposing the Kru population to personal violence and outrage and destruction of property. The Liberian Representative denied before the Council of the League of Nations on February 6th that these events in any way represented reprisals upon people who had given evidence before the recent official investigators under international auspices. The American government must however irrespective of the motives underlying the measures which have been taken against the Krus ask your Government for an explicit assurance that such proceedings will be discontinued immediately.” 4. That from the German Counsul General was in the form of a despatch addressed to the Secretary of State and was as follows:“Excellency, I have the honour to advise you that over and over again rumours reach the Consulate of atrocities committed against the Kru population down the Coast by the Liberian troops under command of Colonel Davis. As quite a number of such cases have been positively confirmed by reliable persons I am obliged in accordance with the instructions which I have received from my Government to make representations to the Liberian Government and to remind emphatically of the adverse influence which proceedings of that kind must exercise upon the position of Liberia in view of the discussions in the coming session of the Council of the League of Nations. With the sentiments of my most distinguished consideration. I have the honour to be, Excellency, Your most Obedient Servant, (Sgd.) Hermans, Consul General of Germany.

That the German Government should have been associated with this demarche was a matter of surprise to me since it was precisely demands made for protection of traders of that nationality, together with requests for protection of interests in which American citizens were concerned which led to the despatch of troops and a Special Commissioner to that region. Although the manner in which these representations and preemptory demands were presented was unparalleled in its ignoring of the usages ordinarily observed between Sovereign States, the President raised no question but made the following reply which was sent in identic terms to each of the protesting parties:“In the Aide Memoire which Mr. Graham claims to have been directed by His Majesty’s Government in Great Britain to hand to Mr. Barclay, certain allegations with respect to the activities of the Liberian Frontier Force under Colonel Davis last Autumn in the Kru Country are set out as satisfying that Government that these activities were tyrannical and high handed in an inexcusable degree. His Majesty’s Government would appear to have received further unconfirmed information that these alleged proceedings are being repeated at the present time and are exposing the Kru population to personal violence and outrages and destruction of property. His Majesty’s Government in Great Britain, therefore, irrespective of the motives underlying the measures which have been taken against the Krus, demand explicit assurances that such activities will cease pending the conclusion of certain arrangements between the United States, the League and Liberia for the future administration of the Country. As no action justifying the unconfirmed information which is claimed to have satisfied His Majesty’s Government in Great Britain has in the past or is now being taken

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against the Krus by the Liberian Frontier Force under Colonel Davis, the question of an explicit assurance that such action should cease does not arise.” “Explicit assurance is however hereby given that no action will be taken against the Kru tribes concerned so long as they refrain from attacking neighbouring peaceful tribes and threatening foreign interests established under the protection of the Liberian Government.

This note with the necessary adjustments was addressed to Mr. Graham, Mr. Mitchell, and the French Charge d’Affaires. The Secretary of State’s reply to the German Consul was as follows:“Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your Bb 280/“32 of yesterday’s date stating that over and over again rumours have reached your Consulate of atrocities committed against the Kru population on the coast of Liberian troops under Colonel T. Elwood Davis; and that a number of these cases have been positively confirmed by reliable persons.” “Although my Government has categorically denied the correctness of these rumours, which denial in view of the information to hand we have still to adhere to, yet in order to satisfy itself of the correctness of is position as much as to obviate any adverse influence which the said rumours might have upon the Liberian position in the impending discussions at Geneva, we have appointed a Commission of gentlemen in whose integrity, spirit of justice and impartiality the Government has great confidence, to proceed to the affected areas, and there conduct an investigation and report to the Government at the earliest possible moment what facts they may actually find. It is hardly necessary to add that should the result of their investigations tend to show that my Government has been misled, the responsible persons will be dealt with in a manner which my Government has no doubt will strengthen the confidence which it has every reason to hope that your Government, in common with others, still reposes in the spirit of justice and fairplay of the present administration. “With sentiments of my distinguished consideration, “I have the honour to be, Sir, “Your Obedient Servant, (Sgd.) L. A. Grimes, “Secretary of State of Liberia.”

The President’s reply was discussed in the British Parliament and pronounced as neither “satisfactory nor conciliatory.” It appeared to the President, however, as being the only possible reply in view of the facts as he knew them, and in view of the unexampled suggestion that arrangements would be made by the United States Government, the League and Liberia for the administration of the Country. The Liberian Permanent Delegate at the League was directed to call the attention of the organization to this suggestion which was by the Liberian Government considered as implying an intended breach of the League’s Covenant. Dr. Sottile’s protest was in the following terms:“I would direct the attention of the members of the Committee more particularly to the following point: “The first memorandum of the British Government states: “……..His Majesty’s Government must, irrespective of the motives underlying the measures which have been taken against the Krus, ask for an explicit assurance that such proceedings will be discontinued immediately pending the conclusion of an arrangement between the League, the United States of America, and Liberia for the future administration of the Country.” “As this statement appears to be a negation of the fundamental principles of the League of Nations and the Covenant, in which my Government, like the Governments of the other small countries which constitute the large majority of the members of the League of Nations

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have placed their trust, I protest to the Committee, in the name of my Government, while reserving my Government’s right to refer the matter to the Council or Assembly of the League of Nations. “In view of what article of the Covenant is the League competent to conclude arrangements with a third State, particularly with a non-member of the League, concerning the future administration of the territory and population of one of its members, that is, concerning the exercise of the sovereign powers of one of its members? “The Covenant which, by a joint undertaking entered into by all members of the League, guarantees the territorial integrity and political independence of each member, has never authorized the League to conclude arrangements with a third State concerning the administration of the country of one of its members. “Since the Republic of Liberia is not a colony or a country to be placed under the tutelage or protectorate, but a member of the League, enjoying sovereignty and independence on the same footing as each of the fifty-five members of the League, there can be no question of any arrangements being made with any Government concerning the future administration of Liberia. “In my statement of January 22nd, I told the Council that my Government would examine gratefully and sympathetically any proposal for assistance from the League which should safeguard its independence, its freedom and its powers, and also the exercise of those powers. The Council generously offered my Government the League’s assistance on the conditions I have mentioned above, within the framework and limits of the Covenant, and not the assistance of one specified Government or an arrangement with a Government regarding the administration of the Country. “It is clear from the minutes of the proceedings that any assistance granted by the League to my Government is conditional on its independence, freedom and sovereign powers being respected. But if the promised assistance consists simply including an arrangement with a third State concerning the administration of the country, that is not assistance, but an alienation of the independence of one of its members, which would be a flagrant breach of the undertakings entered into and the mission entrusted to the League by the Covenant, for no State becomes a member of the League with the idea of losing its independence, freedom, or powers, but with the idea of strengthening them. “Under the terms of the Covenant, the League could hardly be said to be assisting one of the members, whose territorial integrity and political independence it has guaranteed, by concluding arrangements concerning the administration of the territory and population of that member with a third State.” “Is there a single member of the League that would agree that, on the pretext of assistance, the administration of its country should form the subject of an arrangement between the League and a third State? Such an admission would be a negation of the fundamental principles on which the League is based, and on account of which the small countries which form the great majority of the members of the League, have come to Geneva.” “As I had the honour to inform the Council of the League and the Committee of the Council, the Liberian Government will examine sympathetically and gratefully any plan of assistance that may be proposed to it. It will accept it if it is in conformity with the assurances given by the Council and the committee, viz: that the assistance will be restricted within the limits of the Covenant and will respect the independence and sovereign powers of my Government. Like other Governments, the Liberian Government will of course be my Government, like any other Government, that will administer its own authority, employing the services of those advisers, who will be its officials. “The Liberian Government, however, like any other member of the League, cannot accept any assistance that exceeds the limits of the Covenant, any assistance other than that of the

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League, and still less any assistance that consists simply in an arrangement with a third State regarding the administration of the Country.” “The only possible arrangement – if my Government accepts its – will be an arrangement with the Finance Corporation or Firestone Company, a private Company, concerning changes in the terms of the Loan Agreement.” In January 1931, in view of the feelings of sympathy and friendship which link the Liberian Republic with the United States, my Government offered no objection to the League’s Council inviting the United States Government to appoint a representative on the Committee of the Council. The Committee does not consist only of a representative of the United States, but of eight members all on a footing of legal equality. True, some members are more interested than others, but the assistance of the League does not concern on specific member only, it concerns the eight members of the Committee, seeing that it is League assistance within the framework and limits of the Covenant. “Under the terms of the Covenant, assistance to a member of the League does not mean concluding an arrangement with a specific Government concerning the administration of that Member. No member of the League of Nations can ever accept assistance consisting in any arrangement with a third State concerning the administration of the country.” “Lest a wrong construction be put upon this, I would repeat here that the long established feelings of sympathy and friendship which bind the Liberian Republic to certain countries in particular, and especially to that great Republic, the United States of America, remain unchanged. But as every member of the League must know, the smaller a country is, and the weaker it is, the more susceptible are its feelings and the more jealous it is of its independence, its freedom and its powers.”

Meanwhile, although those Governments seemed to have been convinced that these “unconfirmed rumours” represented the facts as they actually were, they nevertheless without reference to the Liberian Government, sent an investigator to the Kru Coast for the purpose of ascertaining the facts, or, perhaps, to substantiate the unconfirmed rumours upon which they have proceeded to take so extraordinary a measure as that already indicated. The Executive on its part, in order to check up the denials of the Commissioner on the spot, despatched a Special Commission composed of Mr. W.A. Travell, Dr. F. A. K. Russell, and Dr. J. F. B. Coleman, the first named an American and the two others Liberians, with the following instructions: – “Gentlemen, Apropos of my appointment of you as a Special Commission to investigate at Sasstown certain allegations which have been made, particularly in respect of the conduct of the Liberian Frontier Force on the Kru Coast under the direction of Colonel T. Elwood Davis, I have the honour to furnish you with the following instructions: 1. You will proceed immediately by the first available opportunity to Sasstown, where you will investigate on the spot, the causes which led to the conflict which took place on December 11, 1931, between the Sasstown tribesmen and the patrol sent out with Colonel Davis. 2. You will also investigate the charges which have been made in the Foreign Press and in the form of Memoranda filed by the British and American Governments to the effect that between 400 and 600 unarmed men, women and children were without warrant massacred by the Frontier Force under orders of Colonel Davis. 3. You will ascertain whether Colonel Davis’ activities whilst in the discharge of his duties on the Coast were characterized by brutality, inhumanity or were in the circumstances at all high handled in an inexcusable degree. 4. You will further ascertain whether or not the actions of the Frontier Force in the Kru Coast were the result of a raid for the collection of taxes.

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5. You will enquire into the attitude of the Sasstown tribes towards the Government since the year 1930, in order to discover whether or not there was any justification for Colonel Davis’ actions. 6. You will also enquire into the burning of Sobo and Niffu, with a view of discovering who was responsible for the burning of these towns and what were the actual incidents connected with said burning. 7. You are further instructed to enquire whether Colonel Davis’ actions were unwarrantably aggressive or whether in the circumstances by which he was surrounded he acted with legitimate discretion and restraint. 8. You will further enquire whether the allegation is justified that the action of the Frontier Force at Sasstown was in the nature of reprisals against the tribe for having testified before the International Commission. 9. You will enquire into the disposition of the surrounding tribes towards the Government and ascertain whether this disposition has in any wise been affected by the actions of the civil officials or military forces. 10. Mr. Travell will be the Chairman of the Commission. It is expected that the period of your enquiry shall not exceed a month, and that you will report to the President as soon as possible within that period. Yours faithfully, (Sigd.) Edwin Barclay.”

A summary of the Commission’s findings is appended hereunder:“1. The Commission found that the following causes led to the conflict on November 10, 1931:- Misrepresentation and the spread of false and seditious propaganda by John Steward and Mr. D. Twe; the false conception gained from the Tiempo tribe as to the purpose and intent of the expedition under the command of Colonel Davis; questionable good faith of the voluntary Kru delegation which the President authorized, and the presence of armed warriors around the conference shed and in several houses in the town, and the tribes’ alleged fear for soldiers growing out of the incident of 1916. 2. The charges in the foreign press are greatly exaggerated. The Casualties among the dissident tribes total 159 killed (81 men, 49 women and 29 children). The number of those wounded is not available. A few women and children may have been shot by accident, but evidence showed that the majority were burned to death in huts, it being found dangerous for the soldiers to search these huts to ascertain that they were empty before setting them on fire. 3. Colonel Davis’ activities were characterized by great caution, humanity and desire to avoid conflict. Both men and women prisoners were well treated and made no complaints. 4. No demand for taxes was made by Colonel Davis or any Officer or soldier in his command, and the Commission did not find that the activities of the troops were the result of a raid for the collection of taxes. 5. The attitude of the Sasstown tribes has been dealt with in No. 1 above. Colonel Davis did his best in the circumstances to avoid a conflict. 6. Niffu was attacded and burned on 12/11/’31 by the Wissepo, Dio and Borroh tribes. 21 Niffu people (men, women and children) were killed. The Niffu tribe brought the catastrophe on themselves by attacking a delegate from Borroh who was being sent back to his home by Colonel Davis. This man was illtreated by the Niffus who later killed two of the delegates sent by the Chief of Borroh to enquire after the man. Wissepo in alliance with the Dios and Borrohs on 9th December attacked and burned Sobo, killing 20 people. 7. Colonel Davis’ actions were not aggressive except in connection with the burning of towns after commencement of hostilities on 10th November. Otherwise he exercised the greatest constraint.

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8. There was no evidence to show that the actions of the Frontier Force were in the nature of reprisals against the natives for testifying before the International Commission. Had the conference on 9th November not been disrupted Colonel Davis would no doubt have convinced the tribes of the peaceful nature of his mission. 9. Sasstown and allied tribes mistrust the Government and fear the soldiers, although numerous patrols of the Liberian Frontier Force have visited Sasstown since 1916 with no untoward incident or damage to the population. Niffu and Sobo are friendly because of the protection they feel the Government would afford them against the rebellious tribes. The Chiefs of other tribes avow loyalty but this is doubtless the result of the presence of the soldiers. The loyalty of the Bwau and Frenlip tribes seems insecure and only Chief Jurie and Chief Boye seem to be unshaken in their loyalty.”

It is evident from these findings that the reports to which such wide publicity had been given were greatly exaggerated and that the charges made that the Liberian Government had authorized and encouraged the wanton destruction of life, particularly of women and children, were not only unconfirmed but were, as has always been maintained by the Executive, unfounded in fact. The report of the British Vice Consul who was sent – apparently by his Government – to make enquiry on the spot was submitted to the League of Nations and in a large measure confirmed the findings of the Liberian Commission except in so far as it ignored the effect of certain foreign influences on the situation which was brought out in the majority report of the Liberian Commission. The reports of the outrage so sedulously circulated by interests unfavourable to the Republic were through the medium of the Governments of the United States and of Great Britain brought to the attention of the Committee of the League of Nations dealing with the Liberian request for assistance and urged as reasons for imposing upon the Liberian Republic certain sanctions which ignored its juridical position and its inherent rights. The Council, however, decided to send out a representative to assist the Government in pacifying the district and inducing the tribesmen to return to their homes. Dr. M. D. Mackenzie was selected as such representative and arrived at Monrovia on the 26th of June 1932. After a few days of preliminary discussion for the purpose of defining the scope of his activities, Dr. Mackenzie in association with the Honourable Mr. Russell, who was appointed as Liberian Representative on this mission, left for the Kru Coast. The understanding stated in the following Notes formed the basis of the Commission’s work:1. To Dr. M. D. Mackenzie dated 1st July, 1932:“I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of yesterday’s date, and, in reply thereto, have to say that the Government of Liberia gives its assurances: 1. That there will be no punishment of any kind in the case of the tribes people or their Chiefs, Paramount or Clan. In order to maintain the authority of the Government, however, Chief Nimley and his gborbee (Parle Weah) will be required to resign their positions as Paramount Chief and gborbee respectively and to reside in a specified district for a specified time. The district selected and the time will be notified to the League Commissioner before he leaves Monrovia for the Kru Coast. 2. During the process of pacification and the visit of the League Commissioner to the Kru Coast, there will be no movements whatever of the Frontier Force, except upon orders of the Liberian Representative in agreement with the League Commissioner. All troops will be absolutely confined to barracks or cantonments, and no outside leave will be given for any reason. If it is necessary for the troops to leave barracks or cantonments for any reason such as guard duty, exercise, &c., this will only be done after agreement with the League Commissioner and within the limits agreed upon. It is understood that the centres occupied by the troops and the number to be stationed in these centres will be determined in agreement

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with the League Commissioner. Guards will be mounted on all the stations of the Frontier Force to prevent the access of civilians to the camps or cantonments, especially women. The sentry concerned will be held responsible for any breach of this regulation and, after enquiry, will be punished. Dr. F. A. K. Russell will be associated with you on the Kru Coast as the representative of the Liberian Government on the Commission, and, for the purpose of achieving the desired objective, has been furnished with full powers to undertake promises on behalf of the Government. There is one question to which I should think the Commission should address its attention, and that is the settlement of the land disputes between the Sobo and Niffu tribes on the one hand, and the Borroh and Dio tribes on the other hand. These latter tribes have recently migrated from the bush and have encroached upon the lands of the other two tribes, which has brought about a considerable amount of friction and conflict. Dr. Russell will be furnished with copies of the decisions recently made by the Government on these matters, and it is desired that the Commission effect a settlement of these disputes along the lines laid down in these decisions.”

To Dr. F. A. K. Russell, dated 1st July 1932:“This is to advise you of your nomination and appointment as a Special Representative on the part of the Government of Liberia to proceed to the Kru Coast where, in co-operation with Dr. M. D. Mackenzie, Special Representative appointed by the Council of the League of Nations, you will undertake jointly with him the pacification of the Sasstown and other tribes lately in conflict with the Government. In the carrying out of the duties with which the Commission will be charged you will be governed by the assurances set out in a letter dated July 1, addressed to Dr. Mackenzie, copy of which is hereto annexed. You will on the part of the Government have plenary authority to make any commitments on behalf of the Government within the limits of the conditions set forth in said letter. Any actions to be taken by the Frontier Force shall be jointly settled between yourself and Dr. Mackenzie and you shall give the necessary instructions to the Commanding Officer on the spot who has already been authorized to act upon your orders. There are some land questions outstanding between the Niffu people on the one hand and the Borroh and Dio on the other hand, and between the Wissepo and Sobo people. The Commission will be authorized to settle these matters and to see that the judgments given heretofore in the premises are carried out and observed by the parties thereto. In the event request is made of you for the Sailors from the Gunboat to have shore leave it is within your discretion to give such permission with the necessary safeguards. I hope that you will understand that the effectiveness of your mission will be enhanced by harmony and co-operation between you and the Representative appointed by the League of Nations, and I recommend to you that you use every endeavor on your part to secure such harmony and co-opertion.

The record of the results of their activity are contained in the documents which will be laid before the Legislature if required. Dr. Mackenzie’s report to the Council of the League is here appended for your information:“To the Secretary-General of the League of Nations:“I have the honour to report that, in accordance with my instructions as representative of the Council of the League of Nations, I arrived at Monrovia, Liberia, on June 26th, and presented my credentials to the President.

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The Government at once gave me the necessary facilities for the mission, as set out in Appendix 1. At the same time I was asked officially to deal with certain outstanding land disputes amongst the tribe. The Honourable F. A. K. Russell was nominated by the President as the special representative of the Liberian Government and was furnished with full powers to undertake promises on behalf of the Government. Conditions on Arrival. During last year a number of Kru tribes took up arms against the Government. Later, intertribal quarrels occurred with the burning of towns and inter-tribal fighting, in which some eighteen tribes were involved. The inter-tribal quarrels included land disputes, rebellions against unpopular Chiefs, personal ambitions of individual Chiefs, &c. In the course of the hostilities with the Government and among the tribes, some forty-four towns had been burned and a considerable but unknown number of casualties had occurred. At the time of my arrival, the whole of the tribes of the Kru Coast were fully armed with guns and spears, and almost all were engaged in hostilities with one or more of the other tribes or with the Government. Four tribes (Old Sasstown, Borroh, Dio and Wisepo), comprising some twelve thousand men, women and children, had been driven into the bush and were in a state of advanced starvation. The continuation of the fighting was resulting in the destruction of such crops as these tribes had planted and was driving them deeper and deeper into the bush. These people had undoubtedly suffered very great hardship during the eight months they had been living out in the bush without houses or anything like adequate nourishment. The position was further complicated by the fact that two of the Kru tribes (Niffu and Sobo) had remained loyal to the Government. An extreme bitterness existed between these tribes and the Krus in the bush which was accentuated by the fact that these two tribes had rebuilt and occupied the destroyed towns of the tribes in the bush and were living in these towns, their own towns having been burned. It was clear that a large number of Krus in the bush would die within the next few months, as I am convinced that, from a time they have been in the bush and the suffering they have already undergone these men were not of a type to surrender easily. Meanwhile, owing to the existence of the hostile warriors in the bush, the tribes on the coast were unable to reach their farms and were afraid to allow their women folks to work in the bush. The men were constantly under arms and little or no farming was being done. The destruction of the canoes during the fighting was interfering with fishing, and the general condition amongst all the tribes was one of fear, suspicion and constant armed watchfulness. Finally, the position was taken advantage of by an ambitious Chief to try to establish himself as Paramount Chief of all the Krus. Fighting was going on in this connection when I arrived, two tribes having combined together successfully to overthrow him. Briefly, it may be said that the whole Kru Cost from Nana Kru to Grand Cess, some sixty miles of sea coast, and the corresponding parts of the interior, were fully armed and were engaged in hostilities either with the Government or amongst themselves. At the time of my arrival, with the exception of two tribes (Old Sasstown and Borroh), the immediate cause of the fighting was inter-tribal. It should be mentioned that the movement had been instigated by, and was receiving sympathetic support from, political leaders in Monrovia amongst the civilized Krus, but these agitators, after stirring up the trouble, did not remain with the tribes during the fighting, but retired to the safety of Monrovia. Finally, the whole position was being very closely watched by the Kru Colonists in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, who either made efforts themselves to come to join in the fighting or to smuggle in arms and ammunition to the dissident tribes. I constantly received evi-

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dence of the close communications proceeding between the dissident Krus in Liberia and those in the adjacent Colonies, these communications being kept up by means of runners through the bush or canoes. After a few days in Monrovia, receiving the necessary powers from the Government, I proceeded to the Kru Coast, landing on July 2nd at Sasstown, the principal centre of the hostilities. I remained on the Kru Coast for two months, and during this time the following practical results were obtained: (1) All fighting was stopped. (2) Of the four tribes driven into the bush, comprising some twelve thousand men, women and children, two tribes have returned to their own land under conditions suggested by your representative and finally laid down by the Government, and the reconstruction of houses and farms is going on over the whole area. For a number of reasons it was decided wise for the other two tribes to remain in the bush for a period of one year under conditions laid down by the Government approved by your representative and agreed to the tribes concerned. Town and farm reconstruction is actively taking place over all the areas occupied by these tribes in the bush. The conditions of the truce in both cases are given in appendices 5 and 6. It is now certain that the twelve thousand tribesmen and women will not suffer from starvation during the period of the truce, provided this is maintained by both sides. The rice lands of both tribes in the bush were visited and sufficient rice would seem to be growing to supply their needs. (3) The complete disarming of all the tribes on the Kru Coast, friendly and hostile, was carried out, some 500 rifles and guns being collected, registered and removed to Monrovia. This disarming was made with the approval of the tribes generally, who were in constant fear of each other. In a number of cases, disarming was carried out at the request of the Paramount Chief himself, as it was impossible for him to maintain order in the face of heavily armed tribesmen. It was clear that there never could be peace whilst the country was virtually an armed camp. The deprivation of arms is in itself a great incentive to peace – the sight of a gun temps to war, spears and knives being much less used, and then only at close quarters and calling for greater individual courage. With a gun it is easy to ambush on a trail and get away afterwards, and, moreover, in tribal warfare, a night attack on the village is only likely to be carried out with guns, as a few arms serve to terrify the population in a way that is impossible with close fighting with spears and knives. A sample of the method adopted of registering the guns is given in Appendix 3. (4) Every hostile tribe on the Kru Coast was visited personally and the special problems of the tribes dealt with. These are given in detail in Appendix 4. (5) Outstanding land questions of the tribes on the Kru Coast were dealt with in detail, involving some miles of boundary – cutting through high bush and swamps and the mapping of districts and rivers. In all cases a map and description of the boundary was made and given to each Chief concerned and to the Government. These being the first surveys every carried out in the districts. In most cases the lands were only provisionally allocated, pending the Lands Commission which it is understood the Government intends to send down during next year. At present, apart from those mentioned above, no maps of any kind of the district exist. All movements have to be done on foot, by canoe or by surf boat. Most of the canoes have been destroyed during the war, or removed, rendering it necessary to ford rivers on foot or on rough rafts; there are generally no native houses to sleep in near the tribal boundaries, and all food has to be carried up from the coast, which may be several days away. Moreover, the rough seas limit the use of transport by surf boat along the coast, it being frequently exceedingly difficult and often impossible to cross the surf. A proper survey will therefore take

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some time and considerable effort, but it is fundamentally essential for a permanent settlement. (6) Peace ceremonies according to the native custom have been carried out in all cases on the Kru Coast, involving some twenty tribes. (7) The authority of the Paramount Chiefs have been restored. The only possible means of governing these tribes, if few Government Commissioners are available, is by supporting a strong Paramount Chief over several tribes, and holding him responsible for the maintenance of order, at the same time giving him such Government assistance as he may require, making it clear to dissident tribes that the Government forces are ready to support the Paramount Chief. (A) large number of photographs were taken illustrating the different stages of the work and available in the political section of the League of Nations. On the completion of the work on the Kru Coast, I received a request from the Government to visit the Grebo Country, where trouble was feared, and particularly to settle an outstanding boundary question which had caused a series of wars between the Nimeah and Fishtown tribes dating from 1872. The time at my disposal, unfortunately, did not allow of a settlement of a number of the problems raised by the seventy Grebo Paramount Chiefs who met me. The most pressing question – that of the Nimeah-Fishtown boundary – was disposed of but there are still difficulties remaining in the Grebo country and in Numbers 4 and 5 districts for urgent investigation. Throughout the mission the Liberian Government representative (Hon. F. A. K. Russell) acted in the closest harmony with your representative, and it was only with his close collaboration that the work was completed. The Liberian Government not only provided all the facilities promised, but at every stage of the work gave every assistance to your representative. I should therefore like to take this opportunity of thanking His Excellency the President, as well as the Liberian Government representative. At the time of my departure from Monrovia for Geneva on September 6th, official and nonofficial reports showed that peace had been everywhere re-established and that throughout the Kru Coast conditions were normal. It will be noted, however, that the arrangements made are provisional for one year only, pending a Government Land Commission and the establishment of permanent peace.” “(Sgd.) M. D. Mackenzie, Special Commissioner of the League of Nations of the Kru Coast.”

The dissident tribes have been disarmed, a year’s truce has been proclaimed and the Government’s right to decide the final terms of peace retained intact. Although the action of the Council of the League was at first regarded by the Government as another attempt to invade the rights of the Republic, nevertheless it must be acknowledged that considerable benefit has accrued from our frank acceptance of this assistance. Although the Government was perfectly able to impose a peace by force and did not really need the intervention of outside influence to this end, still in view of the difficulty of having the real facts to emerge through the smoke screen of falsehood and misrepresentation, the Executive judged it both politically prudent and consistent with the higher interests of the Republic to accept the proffered assistance in the international spirit of co-operation in which it was offered and for which the League of Nations stands. That Dr. Mackenzie conducted himself strictly in accord with that spirit I give public testimony and have instructed the Secretary of State to convey to the Council our high appreciation of his services. I cannot leave unrecorded the Government’s profound obligation to the Honourable Mr. Russell for the tact, energy and courage with which he carried out his part of the missions,

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as was frankly admitted by his associate. I hereby tender him publicly the thanks of the Government. Although the Commission was specifically charged with the settlement of matters arising out of the situation on the Kru Coast, the President took advantage of their existence to settle a long standing land dispute between the Fishtown and Nimeah tribes in Maryland County. The boundary was fixed by the Commission, the ceremonial ratification of which was entrusted to Chief Yadato of Cavalla, who, I understand, was assisted by Counsellor N. H. S. Brownell in bringing this irritating dispute to a close. In other districts of the Republic the territorial and administrative reorganization initiated last year has been completed. The Provinces have been organized and the Administrative Districts demarcated. And, although some few sections of the population have not yet fully realized the full significance of the changes which have been brought about, and the responsibility which has been directly imposed upon the Tribal Councils, yet the indications are that, under the intelligent guidance of sympathetic and well-instructed District Commissioners, these institutions will become more and more an effective force in the political education of the tribes. Along with the political reorganization efforts have been made to influence the economic life of the population. This has taken the form of increasing the number of products having potential profitable value in the trade and food of the country. Our announced policy of establishing in each district a model farm under competent direction which would be a centre of instruction, demonstration and seed and plant distribution was inaugurated this year by the opening up of two of these farms, one in No. 1 District of the Central Province and the other in District No. 3 of the same Province. Cotton, Maize and Peanuts have been experimented with very encouraging results with the exception of the Maize, the variety of Maize seed imported being apparently unsuited to that area, or possibly not giving the expected results because of deterioration in transit. Seeds have been distributed to the Chiefs and every encouragement and guidance is being given them as to efficient methods of culture. The reports indicate that the population is enthusiastic and a commendable rivalry between the Commissioners has been inspired in this direction. Mr. J. H. Bowers, a trained agriculturalist, is in general charge of this work but financial considerations have limited the scope of his activities during the year. The Interior Department is giving every possible encouragement to this undertaking in order that the population might be in position to take advantage of expected ameliorations in present trade conditions as and when they arise. Trade and Finance Complete figures with reference to trade and finance are not now available for report as the financial and budgetary year does not end until December 31. The summaries herein included cover only the period from January 1, 1932 to September 30, 1932. The factors – restricted demand and low unit prices – which were last year pointed out as adversely affecting the trade of Liberia was still potent in the trade situation of 1932. I am therefore unable to report any marked improvement in trade conditions during the year. Imports and exports have shown a steady decrease, and the purchasing power of the country has become more and more diminished. Although there has been betterment in unit prices for some of the principal articles of exports, the total trade turnover is lower by six and two-thirds per cent than shown in the returns of the last fiscal year. During the last ten years the value of imports into Liberia reached its highest point in 1928, for which year the value recorded was $4,029,506.83, whilst the highest value of exportation for one year during the same period is shown for 1925 as $1,911,053.00. In this ten year period, the value of importation has exceeded the value of exportation each year

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except the first eight months of the present year 1928 to 1931, and for the first eight months of 1932, will illustrate the decline in foreign trade. Year Imports Exports Excess Imports 1928 $4,029,506.83 $1,465,768.24 $2,563,738.59 1929 2,064,439.99 1,476,356.41 588,083.58 1930 1,615,454.16 912,061.80 703,392.36 1931 858,741.66 679,885.00 178,856.66 Jan. to Aug. 1932 466,180.87 491,487.83 *). *) showing for the first eight months of the year an excess of exports over imports of 25,306.96

The average monthly value of trade passing through the Ports of Entry during the year 1931 was $138,216.88. The average monthly value of trade passing through the Ports of Entry during the first eight months of 1932 was $119,708.88 or a decline of a little over six and two-thirds per cent. The factors contributing to this decline in trade movements are as reported last year. Low market prices and limited demands. These being the effect of the depression which shows no reliable sign of amelioration at present. To these causes must be added the disinclination of producers to trade at the ruling produce prices except for barest necessities. The following table will show the prices offered for the principal articles of exports for the past three years as of July in each year:Palm Kernels Palm oil Piassava Coffee Cacao Kola Nuts

1930 $33.60 50.40 38.40 80.00 89.60 44.80

1931 $24.00 27.00 20.00 80.0 50.40 56.00

1932 $31.20 26.40 30.00 140.00 45.00 40.00

per ton “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “

The disinclination of the farmers and other producers to sell their products at these prices is unfortunate in that it reflects itself in the finances of the Government and has a lowering effect on the standard of living. Revenue collections for the first eight months of this year are lower than for the corresponding months of 1931. The total revenues for 1932 are likely to fall below the total of all collections for 1931. The Financial Adviser attributes this to various reasons such as reduced imports and exports, unfavourable economic conditions generally and a consequent reduced ability of the citizens to pay taxes. The consolidated receipts and expenditures for the last three years are shown comparatively in the following table:-

Receipts Expenditures

1930

1931

$840,472.97 927,111.29

$551,305.86 676,711.45

1932 Jan. to Sept. 30 $352,904.66 365,746.36

The amount stated for the first eight months of 1932 covers only the actual cash expenditures made and does not include audited vouchers for debts incurred by Government during the current year. Should the total of these vouchers be considered as expenditures, then the total expenditures for 1932 would up to the present be $516,505.05 or $163,595.89 over and above the income. That is to say, that the floating debt has to be increased by the sum mentioned.

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The Revenue Returns as of September 30, 1932 are as follows:Budget Item Customs & Headmoney Port & Harbour Dues E. R. Fund Dry Goods Tax Highway Fund Internal Revenues Postal Revenues Hut & Real Estate Tax Radio Reserves Sanitation Tax Property Sales

Estimates

Receipts

Short-Fall

$275,000.00 15,000.00 55,000.00 13,500.00 4,000.00 115,871.00 4,000.00 158,000.00 3,400.00 – –

$166,173.77 7,774.00 31,907.39 9,727.65 1,615.98 45,379.89 1,712.74 84,953.25 1,226.82 2,178.07 253.10

$108,826.23 7,226.00 23,092.61 3,772.35 2,384.02 70,491.11 2,287.26 73,044.75 2,173.18 – –

$643,771.00

$352,904.66

$293,297.51

It is gratifying to be able to note the considerable increase in the Hut Tax collections over the returns from this source for 1931. Apart from what may be attributed to the vigilance of the Revenue Officials, this result must be ascribed to the condition of tranquility which has replaced the unsettled state of affairs of the past two years. The Supervisor of Internal Revenue complains of the lack of co-operation between the Interior Department Officials and the Officials of this Bureau in the Hinterland. This complaint, in my opinion, is not wholly well-founded, for it was the insistence of the Fiscal Officers that they alone should control and supervise the collection of taxes, that Executive Order Number 3–F of 1930 was issued and enforced against the District Commissioners who had formerly supervised the collections in the Hinterland Districts. Experience, however, demonstrated to the Fiscal Officers that without the co-operation of the Administrative Head of the Districts, Revenue Agents were greatly handicapped. Instructions were, therefore, subsequently issued which secured such co-operation with results already mentioned. The Supervisor of Internal Revenue in his report, would seem to suggest that special power should be granted the Bureau to compel the payment of delinquent taxes by direct action. No concrete proposal as to the method has been made. The Financial Adviser has recommended the employment of a special Attorney, under the supervision and direction of the Supervisor of Internal Revenue and in cooperation with the Department of Justice, for the prosecution of Revenue cases before the Courts of the Republic. His compensation, it is suggested, should be arranged on a commission basis. With this suggestion the Executive is in accord, and it is hereby recommended for your consideration and action. In consequence of the diminution of the Customs Revenue in-take, and its insufficiency to meet the charges incident to the Loan administration, the Government, in compliance with the obligation undertaken in Article VII of the Loan Agreement, assigned to the service of the Loan Agreement, assigned to the service of the Loan all sums arising from the Hut Tax collections and from the Real Estate Tax. This effort to meet our foreign obligations has entailed an extraordinary amount of sacrifice on the part of public servants not connected with the Loan administration. Meanwhile the arrears of interest due to be paid on January 1, 1932 has been made and payment on interest due July 1, 1932 has likewise been made in an amount of $20,000.00, leaving still owing and payable as of July 1, 1932 an amount of $56,720,00 on interest account. The amounts paid on the Loan since December 1931 are as follows, according to figures submitted by the Auditors:-

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Dec. 29, 1931 June 6, 1932 June 17, 1932 June 30, 1932 Sept. 7, 1932

Local Rate $20,696.99 46,320.00 16,800.00 19,087.44 28,070.28

Exchange Rate $14,574.15 35,270.75 12,635.00 14,116.84 20,000.00

Loss to Government $ 6,122.86 11,049.25 4,165.00 4,970.60 8,070.28

$130,994.51

$96,596.72

$34,307.89

Both principal and interest on the bonds are payable in the City of New York at American Gold rate. The accounts of the Government are kept in Liberian currency and the official rate is sterling in which currency all revenues, other than Customs, certain surtaxes, rents and royalties, are collected, is fixed at $4.80 to the Pound Sterling. The difference in the rate at which we receive Sterling for Government taxes and other income and the rate which the Government is credited when it has to pay its foreign claims represents a loss of a little over 26 per cent. The $34,000.000 lost by exchange would have to a large extent covered the deficit due on interest payment as of July 1, 1932, had the suggestions the Executive made at your last Extraordinary Session been adopted. In order that the Government should not default in any of its Loan obligations, an attempt was made to secure a moratorium on the amortization payments, arrears of which now total $53,084.00. We were unfortunately unsuccessful in this endeavor, the Finance Corporation claiming that they could do nothing with respect to any settlement in this regard until the Liberian question has been finally adjusted by the League of Nations. Moreover, a subsequent demand was addressed to the Government of Liberia to the effect that as the additional revenue assigned to the service of the Loan to make up the deficiency in the Customs Revenue was not wholly adequate to this purpose, other revenues should be assigned. This demand was tantamount to saying that the whole income of Government should be assigned and that the Government of Liberia should stultify by its operation in order to meet the claims of the Finance Corporation. In view of the sacrifices that the public servants have been already called upon to make in the reduction of pay and the irregularity in payments of such sums, the Executive could not see its way clear to accede to this demand. Further proposals for a moratorium of the Sinking Fund have been made, replies to which are awaited daily. The Public Debt as of September 15, stood as follows:Funded Debt / 7% Gold Loan Floating Debt Total

– – –

$2,192,000.00 567,575.76 $2,759,575.76

1933 Budget The Revenue for the year 1933 has been conservatively estimated at $485,000.00 and, in order for the Government to be able to operate on a balanced budget and so regularize its financial operations, we have to face the necessity for adjusting our expenditures within this limit. The Budget proposals which will be submitted in due course by the Secretary of the Treasury, and which will likely have the approval of the Financial Adviser, will represent what the Executive considers as being demanded by the present financial situation. It is only by the adoption of these proposals that the Government will be able to guarantee the payment of all obligations to be incurred by it in the next year. Before the Budget is, however, submitted, certain adjustments will have to be made which are conditioned upon the assent of the Finance Corporation. Among these are, reduction of the interest on the Loan, a

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postponement for five years of amortization payments, reduction of the pay of the Fiscal Officers, and suspending of the provision relating to floating debts. This latter it is proposed to cover by twenty years 3% Bonds, the interest on which will be provided in the Budget. The floating indebtedness, including interest and sinking fund arrears, amounts to $367,5578.76 which is much more than the whole estimated revenue for the coming year. So that, should the Budget carry provision for the retirement of the floating debt, there will be no money to meet any other charges. This is clearly impossible. The Government has, therefore, decided to fund the floating debt. The Loan Agreement prescribes that no floating debit should be created and that any debit balances carried over from one year should be met in the Budget of the succeeding year. Our compulsory violation of this provision would amount to a unilateral modification of the Agreement. The consent of the Finance Corporation therefore seems to be indicated before any definite action can be taken in the premises. As soon as the Finance Corporation shall have informed us of their views on the subject, the Budget will be submitted. Department of Justice. The report of the Attorney General will give statistics of the operations of this Department during the period since December 31, 1931. The Courts have functioned regularly, notwithstanding the transport difficulties in the Fifth Judicial Circuit have prevented the Judge assigned to this Circuit from holding the sessions in November 1931, May and August 1932. Moreover, the travelling expenses of the Judges are withheld by the Treasury and only paid after they have submitted the claims for reimbursement. It is my view that the Judges should be allowed a fixed per diem amount to be paid them regularly as and when they proceed on circuit, and, as the term is limited by law, this could be easily estimated and provided for in the Budget. By this means Judges would have no grounds for complaint at being kept indefinitely out of pocket for sums advanced by them in the course of their duties. The Attorney General has called attention to the state of the prisons and made suggestions for their repair and reorganization. He also recommends the nationalization of the several municipal police forces under centralized direction, which I submit for your favourable action. War Department. The Chief of this Department again emphasized the necessity for reorganizing the Militia of the Republic with a view to making an efficient defensive force in times of need. The system which now obtains under laws passed a century ago responds neither to the need of the country nor to the objective sought. A competent enquiry into the defects of the present system should be held with a view to evolving one more consistent with modern conditions. In this connection, I have put forward, with approval, a suggestion coming from the Department of Public Instruction with reference to the exemption of male school-masters from the Militia drills during the school term and whilst engaged in their calling. The extraordinary conditions reported last year required the augmentation of the Liberian Frontier Force by two Companies. Order having been restored, the force was reduced by one Company and is now maintained at 400 men, including Officers, which the Executive judge the minimum number requisite to police the territory. This much maligned force has discharged its duty with efficiency and enthusiasm. Although in the opinion of some observers it has not reached an ideal standard of efficiency it has nevertheless carried out such duties as have been assigned it with satisfaction and honour to the Government.

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Post Office Department. The operations of this Department seem to have been influenced by the same conditions which obtained during last year owing to causes then reported. The Postmaster General calls attention to the abuse of the franking privilege which is of long standing and has contributed in some degree to a diminution of the Postal Revenues. This is particularly noted in the domestic mail of Maryland County, where the Postmaster General reports that franked letters amount to about sixty per cent of the total domestic mail matter handled. He suggests, with my agreement, the repeal of the franking regulations and the providing of adequate penalties for using official envelopes as cover for private correspondence. A thorough overhauling of this Department is in progress with a view to reducing to vanishing point the complaints of irregularities which have in the past year been so recurrent and has in a large measure caused a lack of confidence in the Postal Administration. The Financial Adviser has suggested that the operations of the Radio Service be leased to private individuals or that it be discontinued. Proposals have been made by the Firestone Plantations Company for purchasing the Government Radio equipment at a valuation and for granting them a monopoly of Radio Communications. The Executive for reasons of economy in present financial circumstances would be agreeable to carrying out this suggestion provided a monopoly be not created and that the lease be granted to a domestic concern rather than to a foreign Corporation already too closely bound up with the Government. As a matter of principle, however, the Executive is of opinion that this means of communication, even if not continued under Government auspices, should be retained in Liberian hands. The Postmaster General is of opinion that there is no need closing down the operations of the service since with reconditioning of the equipment at small expense, the service can be made to pay its way. Department of Public Instruction. Although there is a marked improvement this year in the conduct of the Department of Public Instruction and in the attendance at Government supported schools, financial considerations have prevented the attainment of maximum results. The Government Schools have been supplemented by Schools conducted by missionary bodies and philanthropic societies, who deserve public appreciation for the magnificent contribution being made by them to the educational needs of the country. In the rural districts school attendance has been very irregular. This is due to the fact that parents keep their children at home to assist them in their farms and in other domestic work. Such a condition so detrimental to the interest of the children could easily have been prevented had the local school committee carried out their duties effectively. Owing to lack of appropriation, school inspection, which is the only means of keeping the teachers up to a high standard of efficiency, has been limited to the schools in Montserrado County. Detailed statistics will be found in the report of the Secretary of Public Instruction. It is pleasing to note that increased use is being made of the facilities offered by the Library of the Department. Apart from an increase in the number of persons who visit the Library daily, large use is being made of the lending Department which the Secretary instituted this year. This Department has increased the scope and usefulness of the Library. Public Health and Sanitation. The operation of the Sanitary Office, notwithstanding the financial difficulties, has been maintained during the year. No cases of Yellow Fever occurred. In the coast districts an outbreak of chicken pox was noted in Monrovia and at Louisiana on the St. Paul River one

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case of small pox. The whole district was vaccinated. This prompt measure was successful in preventing an epidemic. Maritime quarantine work has been carried out in the same manner as last year and no cases of introduced communicable diseases have been reported. In the Western Province there was an outbreak of small pox introduced from over the border. The Sanitation Office furnished vaccine and Dr. Junge, the Superintending Doctor in charge of St. Joseph’s Hospital of the Holy Cross Mission at Mosambolahun carried out the vaccination and thus checked the spread of the disease. In view of the great public service which this hospital is rendering, not only for the people of the district in which it is established, but also to the population across the frontiers, it is of interest to note the extent of its operations. The following statistics from the Mission were filed with the Director of Sanitation:Number of Treatments given from Jan. 1 to June 1, 1932 Number of new patients treated (of which 1,149 or 301/2% were Liberians, 1,778 or 47 1/10% were French, and 845 or 22 4/10% were British Subjects) In the Lying-in Department there were Patients (85 Liberians, 70 French and 51 British) of the number of Patients treated, 8 died.

– –

38,438 3,772

– –

215

Owing to the small appropriation provided for the support of the Government Hospital in Monrovia, the In-Patients Department was run on a very reduced scale. Many who would have availed themselves of the hospital advantages could not be taken in. In view of the demonstrated value of this institution to the public, it would appear to me that its income from Government sources might be supplemented by voluntary contribution by private individuals and thus its means for wider activity would be increased. The following statistics have been furnished, showing an increased activity over that reported last year. The number of patients treated in the Out-Patients Department was 1,201. The number of deaths 7, the number of treatments given 11,460. The number of prescriptions filled 1,360. It has been suggested that the Hospital and Sanitary services should be amalgamated the plans are being made to this end. In order to provide a regular source of Government income with which to defray as far as possible the expenses of the Public Health and Sanitation Service, a law was enacted by the Legislature and approved March 15, 1932, providing for a special Sanitation Tax. The provisions of the law were immediately put into effect upon its publication, and were immediately made effective at the port of Monrovia and at other ports as rapidly as communication permitted. Since the provision of the new law became effective, and up to July 31, 1932, the collection of the new tax has amounted to $1,937.35. The funds accruing from this tax are to be expended exclusively for the purposes of the Health and Sanitation at the Ports of Entry at which the collections are made. It is the view of the Director of Public Health and Sanitation that the funds collected at ports other than Monrovia should accumulate until a substantial sum is on hand before commencing operation. In previous years, the cost of the Public Health and Sanitation Service was defrayed from Loan Funds. In this year, however, the Secretary of the Treasury has made payments from time to time from the Unassigned revenues of the Government. In future years, with the increase of importation, the special Public Health and Sanitation Tax should cover the

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larger proportion of expenses incurred. From October 1, 1931 to October 15, 1932, the sum of $10,703.00 was advanced from the Treasury to meet the expenses of the Sanitary Service. The expenditure incurred is $13,167.53, leaving a debit balance outstanding as $2,464.53 exclusive of the salary of the Director. Foreign Affairs The intercourse of this Government with foreign nations with whom we are maintaining relations has been cordial and amicable during the year. The decision of the League of Nations on the Liberian request for assistance has been postponed to November in consequence of a request to that effect from the American Representative on the Committee. The modifications suggested by the Liberian Government on the Plan of Assistance proposed by the League have been given consideration and, while not wholly accepted, have in a large measure influenced the final form of said Plan. Nothing definite, however can be reported on this subject until the conclusion of the discussions in November next. It will then be made the subject of a Special Message. The Government participated in the following International Conferences:(a) International Labour Conference, Sixteenth Session, at Geneva on April 11, 1932. (b) International Conference on Grasshoppers at Paris on July 15, 1932. (c) International Telegraphic Radiotelegraphic Conference at Madrid on September 3, 1932. Liberian Citizens resident in the Union of South Africa addressed a petition to the Government against the effects upon them of discriminatory legislation. The Liberian Government has protested against this. The related documents will be submitted by the Secretary of State. Miscellaneous There was held at Ottawa during the year, a British Imperial Conference dealing particularly with the subject of Imperial Trade preference. The results of this Conference as reported in the Press is of interest to the Republic in that it must have some influence upon our trade with Great Britain, at present our most important market. The relation of these decisions to our commercial treaty relations with Great Britain, which are based upon the most favoured nation treatment, has to be carefully studied by us in order that some arrangements can be made for the protection of Liberian interests. Liberia is situated in the same economic zone as certain sections of British Empire. Our products are the same, and if they are to be taxed in Britain at a higher rate, than the products of British territories, they will be unable to compete in British Market with the products of British African Dominions. As soon as normal relations with the British Government are resumed a discussion on the question will be opened up with that Government. Upon the putting into effect of the Consular Tariff authorized by our last session, the Agents of Steamship Companies doing business in Liberia petitioned the Government regarding the increased Consular Fees for visa on Manifests, and Passenger Lists, stating that enforcement of the sad fees is a hardship upon the said Companies, especially in cases when a ship takes from a given port neither cargo nor passengers. They requested that the new fees be revised, and suggested that they either revert to the original, or, in the event of neither cargo nor passengers being taken, the visaing of the document be dispended with. The Executive after a consideration of the petition, ordered that the Act approved March 15, 1932, amending the tariff of Official Fees provided in Section 196 of the Consular Regulations of 1922, be suspended in so far as it relates to “Nil” Manifests and “Nil”

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Passenger Lists, and that the fee for visaing such documents shall be reduced to fifty cents in each case, subject to the approval of the Legislature. Your approval of this Executive action is hereby requested. Considerable difficulty has been experienced by Career Consular Officers in respect of their salaries and allowances. Under the old law, a Consul was entitled to receive as compensation half of the Fees collected through his office, and the other half being payable into the Treasury. A subsequent law authorized the Secretary of State, with the approval of the President, to appropriate to the use of the Consul the whole of the fees collected in his district where the expenses of the Consulate required this. In the year 1923 the President by Executive Regulation, modified this law, and fixed definitely the pay of Consuls-General abroad in the sum of $3,000.00 per annum with certain additional sums for allowances, which were to be deducted form the total fees collected, the balance of which fees being payable to the Treasury. This arrangement never received Legislative approval and has caused a considerable dispute between the Consuls and the Audit Bureau, who insist upon the application of the law and ignore the Presidential Regulation. The results have been that the Consuls-General are charged for sums of money which, under a strict interpretation of the law, are payable into the Treasury, but which they had expended upon Presidential authority. In order that these Officials who have been given very good services to the Country should not be further embarrassed with this situation, it is recommended that the expenditures heretofore made by them, and for the refund of which they are being held, by the Treasury, should be regularized by legislation and they discharged from further responsibility. (2) That the scale of salaries for Consular Officers be definitely fixed by legislation, and the method of accounting be settled in agreement with the Audit Bureau. That provisions should be made for the salaries in the Budget, and that all funds coming in their hands should be passed into the Treasury without deductions except such as may be authorized by the regulation. (3) That all Consuls appointed in a District where a Consulate General is established shall make reports and deposit the fees with the Consul General, who shall place same in a depository to be selected by the Treasury Department. A definite credit covering the salary of the Consul General and his expenses should be established against which he should be authorized to draw and the balance to be held by the Bank subject to the order of the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with law. The Treasury Department has experienced great difficulty in collecting excise on potable spirits. It is charged that the law officers are not vigilant in the prosecution of delinquents. Meanwhile, the distillers complain that they who do pay their taxes are prejudiced in business by the amount of liquor put on the markets by illicit dealers. Moreover, they feel that their enterprise is burdened by the heavy sales-tax they have to pay in addition to manufacturing tax. It has been suggested that the manufacturing tax remain as it is, but that the sales-tax be reduced and made payable upon sales actually effected. How such sales will be controlled creates a difficulty in the situation; but it would appear to us that if a monthly sales license were substituted for the annual sales license now charged, the small distillers could meet the situation without any need to attempt evasion of payments. This sales license might be fixed at $5.00 per month. The Government’s anxiety to meet the needs of the small distillers grows out of the fact that this enterprise has grown to be of considerable economic importance, and it appears requisite that some protection and relief be granted those who are potentially capable of contributing something to the relief of the economic stress from which the population is at present suffering. This is of course apart from any consideration of the moral and health aspects of the Liquor Traffic. In accordance with the Act approved March 10, 1932, I set up the Commission to examine the claims of the discharged soldiers of the Liberian Frontier Force. The majority

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report of the Commission was filed on the 27th day of May 1932. The minority report has not yet been filed. This report and the observations of the Attorney General thereon will be laid before you by that Official. The findings of the Commission demonstrated very unsavoury conditions surrounding the payment of these men in 1928. And while all of the soldiers who were demanding settlement had no legitimate claim against the Government, still a considerable body of them would appear to have justified the charges they made against the Treasury Officials entrusted with the payment. Recovery of the amount which would appear to have been irregularly detained from these men has been entrusted to the Department of Justice. It would appear to be desirable that the supplies used by the different Departments of the Government should be standardized and the purchase should be centralized. This would make for economy in expenditure and would avoid the constant charge of violation of regulation by the different Departments. An Act dealing with this matter will be laid before you for which the Executive solicits your approval. The attention of the Executive has been called by the Medical Board to what they consider to be a defect in the Act approved February 16, 1928, requiring the licensing and certification of Physicians and Pharmacists. This defect is that Dentists are not included within the purview of the Act. It is suggested by the Medical Board that before Dentists be permitted to practice they should satisfy the Board of their qualification in the same manner as is required of Physicians and Pharmacists. An amendment of the Act above cited in this sense is hereby recommended. I have to note in our midst the presence of Mr. Henry L. West, the President of the American Colonization Society, whose historical connection with the founding of Liberia is so well know. Mr. West comes with very inspiring greetings from the Colonization Society, who desire to impress the Liberian people of their continued good will and interest in the progress, prosperity and political independence of Liberia. Naturally the propaganda which had been rampant against Liberia in recent years had moved the Society so intimately interested in the country to attempt to discover at first hand the truth. Mr. West is here for that purpose, as well as to inspect the various educational organizations conducted under the auspices of foreign Missionary Boards and philanthropic societies. We give him a sincere welcome and are convinced that the results of his investigation will show that Liberians are still inspired by the high ideals of the founders of the country and that the Government’s methods of administration and its social polity are deserving of appreciation and sympathy. I desire to record my appreciation for the efficient assistance which the whole corps of Public Officials, including the foreigners serving under the Government, have rendered the Executive during the present year. Matters not covered in detail in this Message will be submitted to you in individual Departmental Reports. It is my hope that your session will be marked by harmony and the sincerest consideration of the welfare of the State. As this can only be achieved, under divine guidance, by the closest co-operation of all the factors that go to make up the Government of Liberia, we should strive to be as one in essentials, leaving ourselves free to indulge in individual opinions of matters non-essential. Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, October 24, 1932

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 25, 1933 The Honourable The Senate & House of Representatives Of the Republic of Liberia In Legislature Assembled, Monrovia. Gentlemen of the Legislature, When you last met the shadow of the economic and financial depression lay heavily over the affairs of this Republic. I cannot now say that that shadow has been wholly lifted, but it is worthy of note that in many aspects the despondency and acute distress of the past few years have given place to a spirit of hopefulness for the future. This new spirit is largely the result of the measures taken at your last session (a) to suppress agitation which had neither social value nor beneficial national objective, and (b) to relieve in some degree the acute financial distress which not only entailed great suffering on the mass of the population, but threatened orderly administration and even the maintenance of Government. That we have been able in some measure to achieve the result sought after is full justification, if justification were needed, of your courageous attitude. As was to be expected these measures had very important reactions. The Sedition Act both at home and abroad has been criticized as being oppressive and tyrannical. That it hinders the free expression of public opinion and places in the hand of the Executive a powerful weapon of coercion and revenge against its opponents. These criticisms in my opinion form no valid indictment against the Sedition Act. For, however stringent the provisions of law might be, it cannot be called oppressive except it be oppressively executed. In Liberia, if our endeavours at normal political developments are to be successful, there can be, and there must be, in our social organization, no place for the destructive political radical. That would be a negation of Government which would supinely permit itself and its work to be obstructed and nullified by an anarchistic group in the pay, or under the suspicious influence, of antagonistic foreign interests. How could Government justify itself as the conservator of the national interests and life were it to tolerate the promotion of political dissension among its naturally jovial people, or give colour to the pretense that dissidents and rebels would be immune from punishment by reason of their being protected by foreign Governments? Such an attitude would demonstrate its gross ineptitude, and, what is more, would lead to national disintegration. It is necessary then, whenever the professional agitator lifts his head, that he be suppressed by the employment of every appropriate legal weapon in the Government’s armoury. For more than twenty years now, Administration after Administration has been faced with this problem in more or less accentuated form. Led by a man who, having been given opportunity to justify his claim to superior political sagacity, has nevertheless signally failed, a ground of radicals have moved unchallenged from one degree of political imbecility to another. They have thus come to consider themselves as enjoying a special immunity, even though they attempt to imperil the very existence of the state. I should consider myself as wanting in a correct appreciation of the implications of my Oath as Chief Magistrate of this Republic did I permit such a condition to continue longer. I have, therefore, undertaken to apply, and will continue to apply, the sanctions of the Constitution on this question of the free expression of opinion, in order that it might judicially be

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determined whether or not under colour of the Constitutional right freely to express opinions, any man or group of Men may justify their attempts to create a perpetual state of anarchy and to destroy the State. The action of the Executive in this regard has had beneficial results in that no longer is the voice of the agitator heard in our streets. He has either left the country, which he has honoured by his absence, or contents himself with forging purported official documents and selling them to those who have an interest in creating a market for such goods. The reaction against the Moratorium Act was equally emphatic (a) The Fiscal Officials appointed under the Loan Agreement refused to perform their duties under the terms of the Act and endeavoured to seduce the officers serving under them into ignoring the orders of Government given in pursuance thereof. Their argument was constitutionally “unlawful” and of no binding force upon them. A considerable amount of recrimination between the Treasury Department and the Loan Officials has resulted from the situation thus created. In my opinion, this was uncalled for and unnecessary. The Fiscal Officials have heretofore been regarded and have acted as employees of the Liberian Government. They also have certain duties in respect of the holders of the Loan Bonds. But in our opinion their first duty is to the Government, and should that duty compel them to acts which they cannot approve, they must either resign or act under protest, leaving the questions at issue to be settled by the principals. They are not, and cannot be permitted to be subjected at once to two conflicting loyalties. This has, of course, created a dilemma for those officials. They have sought to resolve this by creating and erecting themselves into an extra-legal group selfstyled “The Financial Adviser’s Administration.” Such an organization was not contemplated in the original Loan Agreement, nor can it be justified or approved under the Constitution of Liberia. Every official or employee serving under the Liberian Government must be either attached to, or subordinate to, one or other of the Departments constitutionally and legally created. That this was understood when the Loan was made is borne out by the phraseology employed in the original signed Loan Agreement where the language used is: “The officers above mentioned shall perform such duties and employ such persons as may be defined by law or prescribed by the Government, with or upon the advice of the Financial Adviser as provided in Article XII. Said officers in the performance of their duties as above shall be responsible through the Financial Adviser.” Responsible through the Financial Adviser to whom? Naturally on the constitutional Head of the Fiscal Services. No conflict of opinion arose on this point when the Agreement went into effect in 1927. The Financial Adviser’s reports were addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury. But when the last Financial Adviser was appointed the question of the status of the Loan Officials in relation to the Secretary of the Treasury was constantly raised and their independence of the Secretary of the Treasury was insisted upon. The ground for such insistence was that in copies of the Agreement which the Financial Adviser had had printed the phraseology employed is that these Officials should be responsible to the Financial Adviser. This was a unilateral and unauthorized change in the original text made, it would appear, to support the claim of independence. Proceeding from this invalid basis the attitude of the Foreign Officials would appear to be technically logical in form. On the other hand the attitude of the Liberian Government, based upon the signed text of the Loan Contract, is correct both technically and in fact. The climax of this situation was reached on January 20, 1933, when for reasons which will be set forth at length in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, I felt myself compelled to dismiss Mr. W. A. Travell, Supervisor of Internal Revenue, from the service of the Liberian Government. The Acting Financial Adviser has thought it proper to declare that Mr. Travell not only has not been dismissed but could not be dismissed by the President.

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Mr. Travell, he claims, is due to return to duty November 2, 1933. This is a surprising, if not an amusing, attitude. Article IX of the Loan Agreement unequivocally vests this power in the President. Its language is as follows:“These officers shall hold their appointment during good behaviour but shall be subject to removal by the President of Liberia, for cause, or upon the withdrawal by the Financial Adviser for sufficient cause stated, of his recommendations of such officer or officers.” It would appear then that not even the most independent of Financial Advisers can dismiss any one of the Loan Officials. There is no limitation of the power of the President so to act for cause which might appear to him appropriate. It remains to be seen how this dismissed official will be reinstated. This position of the Financial Adviser illustrates the attitude of passive resistance which, under his inspiration, the Loan Officials whilst remaining nominally in the Liberian Government’s service, take up in respect of all orders, instructions and duties which result from the situation created by the Moratorium Act. Regardless of the fact that their principals, the Finance Corporation of America, filed an all-embracing protest against the effect on their rights of the Moratorium Act, they continue literally to bombard the President and the Secretary of the Treasury with subsidiary protests and observations, which from the Government’s point of view, are irrelevant to the situation. The one insistent theme running through these protests being the allegation implied or directly stated that, having been deprived of the right they incorrectly allege, to discharge their duties under the Agreement, the Fiscal service has deteriorated both in efficiency and honesty. As a matter of fact the Government has neither inhibited or prevented these Officials from discharging their duties. Up to the present date the opportunity for them to do so remains open. Under colour of the unlawfulness of the Moratorium Act they have refused to accept the salaries fixed therein, and more or less neglected to discharge their functions which under the Act remain intact except in so far as relates to the application of funds to liquidation of interest and amortization of the Loan. If, as they would seem to allege, any deterioration has occurred, it is because the seeds of such deterioration were already planted in the body of the service before Government, upon their refusal to function, took over the direct administration of the Fiscal Service. If, further, any dishonesty and irregularities have been made to appear, it is because the regime of favoritism within the service which clearly existed prior to January 1933 has been broken up, and no person guilty of dishonesty or irregularity has had his acts covered up because he was a useful tool of the heads of the service. The same staff is employed, except in cases where men have been dismissed or suspended for proven or apparent irregularities. There is now more frequent inspection of the accounts of every Official accountable for Government funds. In appropriate cases suits for the recovery of funds unaccounted for, and prosecutions for the offenses having a criminal character, have been successfully instituted. This is a great advance on what previously obtained. It has heretofore been cleared by the Fiscal Officials that Government was disinclined to prosecute accusatory defaulters. That, although frequent requests for such prosecution had been made and insisted upon, nothing was ever done. The fact is that a prosecution can be carried on without money and the Fiscal Officials have heretofore never been willing or able to furnish the sums necessary for this purpose. Of that fact the Authority General has frequently complained. Under the previous regime the money has been found with the result already noted. The Financial Adviser has annually borne public testimony to the courtesy and cooperation to which they are entitled so long as they carry out their duties in the interest of Liberia and in conformity with the laws dully enacted by the Legislature.

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(b) The “Finance Corporation of America” nominal holders of the 1926 Loan Bonds, protested that the Moratorium Act was in effect a repudiation of the debt, and an impairment of the Government’s obligations under the Loan Contract within the terms of the Liberian Constitution. While it is admired that a plausible technical argument might be advanced upon this basis, the Government opposite to this theoretical view of the case the practical fact that no one can be expected to commit suicide because of the untested legal rights of another. And that when a Government is by force of overruling necessity compelled, for the purpose of manipulating its functioning and existence, to take extraordinary measure, much action, whoever disadvantageously it may temporarily affect the rights of others, is fully within its legal competence and justifiable by the supreme law of self preservation. No people are more keenly sensible than Liberians of the disastrous effects of debt repudiation on the credit of their Government. Apart from their abhorrence of the business immorality of such action, they are always apprehensive of possible international complications arising therefrom. In consequence, the Liberian Government, through out its whole history, has never repudiated a debt. Rather than repudiate a claim they have often submitted to imposition and patent Fraud. If such has heretofore been its consistent conduct in matters of this kind, is it to be supposed in times such as the present, when every State endeavour to maintain and exploit its credit to the fullest extent possible, that the Government, without some overruling necessity compelling it thereto, would have taken the action crystallized in the Moratorium Act? Neither individuals nor peoples change their inherent character overnight. Any sudden aberration from their form of conduct will upon examination be found to be attributed to abnormal causes. It might perhaps be of interest to recapitulate here the financial situation created by the depression and the several approaches made by the Executive since 1931 to the Finance Corporation for working out some formula mutually satisfactory by which these extraordinary conditions might be met. In 1929 when the influence of world wide economic disturbance began to be felt in Liberia, the President authorized a budgetary reduction in the Budget of $154,477.62, but the benefit actually realized was only $84,257.62. The estimated revenue for that year was $1,301,000.00. The sum actually collected totaled $996,613.72 or about 76% of the Estimates. The budgetary cut represented less than 28% of the apparent deficit. Nevertheless the Financial Adviser advised the President that the “Financial condition of the Government at the present time is not serious.” The deficit of $120,129.00 necessarily had to be carried over to the next year and added to the claims payable in the year 1930. Evidently the Financial Adviser considered this situation normal since he approved the Budget for the year 1930. In 1930 the estimates approved by the Financial Adviser totaled $1,076,00.00. The realized income for that year was $840,472.97, or about 78 per cent of the estimates. The disbursements for Central Government Account totaled $948,955.98 on expenditure of $108,478.01 over income which must also be added to the debt of $220,129.00, making a total of $328,607.01 which had been allowed to accumulate over two years, notwithstanding expert control of the finances. In 1931 the estimates approved by the Financial Adviser totaled $772,500.00. The realized income for that year was $551,305.86, a little over 71 per cent of the estimates. The expenditure during that year totaled $676,711.43 or $125,405.59 over income. The Financial Adviser did not approve that budget since in its final form, as passed by the Legislature, it did not conform in detail with the Budget originally submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury, and carried a deficit of $103,571.30. This it was proposed to cover by a Bank credit although the full force of the depression had become keenly felt by reasons of the fall in commodity prices and business restriction.. The Financial Adviser nevertheless agreed to

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accept the Budget only for the purpose of checking expenditures. It is thus seen that the aggregate deficit which had been allowed to accumulate form 1929 to 1931 inclusive approximated $500,000.00. In August 1931 Mr. Secretary Brown of the Treasury reported to the President the alarming fall in revenue and the consequent increase in the floating public debt. After consultation with the Financial Adviser, I addressed the following letter to the Finance Corporation of America on September 15, 1931:“Gentlemen, The abnormal conditions now existing as a result of the economic depression affecting the entire world, together with the decline in Liberian government revenue receipts have not only rendered impracticable the payment of salaries of public servants and the execution of any public improvements, but have put the Treasury in a position that it cannot meet the payment of interest and amortization due on the 1st day of November proximo, as provided for in Loan Agreement. Only a limited number of Government employees payable from unassigned revenues have been paid salaries for more than one month during the current year; nevertheless their devotion to duty has compared favorably with the more fortunate who, under the Loan Agreement, enjoy priority payment from assigned revenues. Public buildings including the Executive Mansion and the Prisons, urgently in need of repairs, have not had attention, while the upkeep and maintenance of public roads had not been possible. The fiscal Officers in charge of the collection of public revenues have been given the fullest support of the Government, but the operations of the Treasury – constructively – have been hampered by the lack of funds to employ adequate clerical assistance in the central offices; economies, however, have been effected and still greater economies are now being proposed for legislative action – a memorandum of some of them is enclosed. On the whole, a genuine effort has been made to carry out both the letter and spirit of the Loan Agreement as far as existing conditions permit. In addition to the economics already made, and by savings due to economies now being proposed the Government intends immediately to allocate from its other revenues such sums as may be possible for the service of the Loan, as provided in the fourth paragraph of Article VIII of the Loan Agreement. While it will be impossible to meet the interest and amortization charges due November 1, 1931, it is the hope of the Government, that by the recovery of the Hut, Real Estate and other taxes, and the allocation of these revenues to the service of the Loan, it will be in a position to make substantial payments on the above mentioned charges prior to January 1, 1932. Present circumstances are not due to factors wholly subject to human control; therefore, the Liberian Government desires and requests that the Finance Corporation-her creditorwill defer the payment date of interest and the amortization until payments can be met. The total assigned revenues collected to the end of August amounting to $193,277.12 is below the sums chargeable against that account; while at this writing there is only $6,275.03 of assigned revenues in the Bank, which can barely meet the priority payments provided for in paragraph 1, Article XVIII. Some provisions should be made for floating indebtedness which is at present about $300,000.00, and is still accumulating. The sympathetic assistance, advice, and co-operation of the Finance Corporation and the Bond Holders are respectfully solicited, and the Liberian Government desires recommendations as to the best means that can be adopted for the adjustment of the financial difficulties directly affecting the Loan.” Meanwhile the Financial Adviser made seventeen recommendations which, in his opinion, should result in needed economies. I adopted and put into immediate effect five of these suggestions. The remainder requiring either Legislative action or an amendment to the

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Constitution, I had no powers to adopt except by appropriate legal procedure. This, of course, has been interpreted by the Financial Adviser as a disinclination to accept and act upon advice. The action adopted, however, was of almost negligible influence on the situation. The Finance Corporation’s reply dated December 30, 1931 was as follows: – 1. “A receipt is hereby acknowledged of your letter of the 15th September and we feel sure that you will understand that our delay in replying was due to our desire to give the study and consideration which a communication of such importance warranted. 2. Through unofficial though reliable sources information has reached the Finance Corporation of American during the past year that Liberia was seeking financial assistance from elsewhere. We are also unofficially informed that several months ago a study of Liberian Government’s finances, economic condition, sanitation and administration was conducted by a commission of Experts appointed by the League of Nations for the purpose of recommending financial and other assistance which had been requested by the Liberian Government. We had hoped that the Liberian Government would be in a position by this time to advise us of the results of this enquiry. 3. During the past year or more the bond holders of the Liberian Loan have noted with a great deal of disappointment and considerable apprehension the steadily decreasing Government revenues and coincidentally the public reports of continued unsettled political and social conditions existing in the country. The bond holders have also expressed concern over the conditions existing in the Republic as made public a year ago by the Report of the International Commission of Enquiry and the subsequent withholding of official recognition of the present Liberian Government by the Government of the United States of America. 4. As stated in your letter the present economic depression affects the whole world. In view of this condition and the other factors outlined above we know the Liberian Government will recognize that obtaining assistance as requested by your Government presents an unusually difficult problem for the Finance Corporation of America. 5. The effect of the economic depression as mentioned in your letter is fully appreciated by the Finance Corporation of America and we note with pleasure the Government’s proposal to effect certain economies in operating expenses, but we must point out that the present economic conditions have existed for the past two years and express our regrets that the Government did not see its way clear to take these steps, if not more drastic action, at an earlier period as we are informed the Financial Adviser urged it to do. 6. We are also glad to be assured by your letter that the Liberian Government intends to allocate other revenues to the service of the Loan as is provided under such circumstances by the Loan Agreement and the bondholders will await with interest the results accruing there from. 7. The statement in your communication to the effect that the floating indebtedness has reached $30,000.00 to date and continues to accumulate, is one that must be viewed as indicating a situation of the most serious character and the need for very definite and drastic action on the part of the Liberian Government. In this connection our study of the Government’s Budgets since the inauguration of the present Loan reveals that deficits have occurred and increased continuously since the fiscal year 1926–1927 during most of which period loan funds in addition to rapidly increasing current revenues were available to the Government. The condition of the financial affairs in itself should have counseled greater moderation in Government’s expenditures during the past four years. 8. Resting assured that the Government’s sincerity in requesting the sympathetic advice of the Finance Corporation of America and with full knowledge of the seriousness of economic conditions in Liberia and throughout the world, we believe that frankness and

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10.

11.

12.

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courage is recognized by both parties as the primary basis for any effort to find a solution of our mutual problems. Upon this premise which we assume from the communication before us is acceptable to the Liberian Government we desire to point out that our study of Liberia’s situation in all its phases convinces us that resorting to temporary or expedient measures such as agreement to defer current obligations will only react in the near future to the detriment of both parties. In reference to the specific request for deferment of the payment date of interest and amortization, the Finance Corporation of America deems it necessary to state at this time that any failure on the part of the Liberian Government to meet its obligations as required by the Loan Agreement of 1926 is without the consent of the Finance Corporation of America and cannot be regarded as a recognition by the said Finance Corporation of the inability of the Liberian Government to meet its payment in accordance with the said Loan Agreement. What seems to us to be urgently needed is a definite and sound program of complete reorganization of the country’s economic and governmental structure. In our opinion this is the only means by which Liberia will be enabled to assure its ultimate recovery and provide a basis for obtaining further credits. It is realized that such a policy will require sacrifices and readjustments of extraordinary character, but as stated in your letter, circumstances beyond human control in Liberia and also throughout the world are demanding such action if our problems are to be solved satisfactorily. Considering all factors in the situation and particularly the fact that the League of Nations now has under advisement Liberia’s request for assistance, we believe that your Government will agree that any recommendations of a detailed nature from us at this time might appear unbecoming or subject to misunderstanding, and therefore we should await the action of the League. We trust that you will appreciate the reasons which have caused us to arrive at this decision, and we sincerely hope that upon receiving advice from the League of Nations, both parties will be in a better position to enter into discussions for the purpose of evolving a program that will prove mutually satisfactory. We wish to reiterate our past assurances of a desire on the part of the Finance Corporation and the Bond holders to co-operate with, and render sympathetic assistance to the Liberian Government whenever possible. With appreciation of the Liberian Government’s action in submitting its financial problems for our consideration.

We have the honour to be, Sir, Yours sincerely, Finance Corporation of America. (Sgd.) Wm. P. Beiden, President, Citibank” From this reply, couched in that form of frankness, which an unsympathetic creditor usually employs to a debtor in difficulties which frankness I appreciated, but nevertheless considered as impertinent when adopted by a private corporation to a responsible government, it was clear that no sympathy with the government’s situation could be expected or would be accorded. By reducing personnel, cutting salaries and deferring payments on these supply accounts, we were able to meet fully the interest charges on the Loan due January 1, 1932 and partly the coupons due July 1, 1932, as reported last year.

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The effect of this situation was that, whilst we met the bond as far as we could, administrative efficiency was largely sacrificed, the floating debt increased by a large amount and the local credit of the Government was ruined. In addition to this, the country had to face a business stagnation because of the diminished or lost purchasing power in the mass of the population. It was the view of the Treasury that if the steady drain which the money resources of the country suffered in its effort to meet foreign debt settlement could in some way be checked and a portion of the funds collected diverted into local business channels, a beneficial stimulus would be given to local trade with a favourable reaction on the financial and economic condition. Upon suggestion from an authoritative source, after consultation with the Financial Adviser, Acting, the Secretary of the Treasury addressed the following letter to the Firestone Plantations Company: – “Monrovia, Liberia, May 13, 1932. Messrs. Firestone Plantations Company, Monrovia, Liberia. Gentlemen, The Government of Liberia ask that your Banking Department here underwrite its Budgets for the year 1932 by granting to it an overdraft at said Bank in the sum of $25,000.00 (Twenty-five thousand dollars) as from the first day of June A. D. 1932 under the following terms and conditions. (a) That the sum of twenty five thousand dollars be paid over to the Secretary of the Treasury on the first day of June 1931, renewable every two months: that is, that the said sum of $25,000.00 be advanced again on the first day of August 1931, the first day of October 1932 and the first day of December respectively, during the present year to stabilize its current expenses; (b) That all revenues accruing to the Government and paid into the Banking Department of the United States Trading Company, not already assigned to the Finance Corporation of the United States of America, now depositary of the Liberian Government under the existing Loan Agreement with the said Finance Corporation be retained by the said Bank, and be used in settlement of the overdraft now being asked for. (c) That in case the revenues thus allocated and designated herein to be used by the said Bank shall during any intervening two months fall short and under the amount of the said overdrafts of $25,000.00 each succeeding amount that shall be due as herein stated shall be adjusted on the basis of such deficit or provided for by subsequent deposits. (d) That in order that there will not be any increase in the accumulated local indebtedness of the Government it covenants to use every measure to reduce its budgetary expenses within reasonable economic basis of reduction.” To this the following radiogram was received in reply:“Request of the Liberian Government for overdraft from United States Trading Company Ranking Department given careful consideration by our Board and regret we are unable to comply with it at present time. While request viewed with sympathetic attitude by our Directors they decided that in view of financial conditions here and general conditions in Liberia they were not justified in advancing funds requested. Additional factors affecting their decision were extraordinary lack of balance in Liberia’s budget and lack of detailed information as to program economies to be effected in Government expenditures. Indication of continued world wide depressed economic conditions demand strictest conservation

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of resources. However, reconsideration of Liberia’s request upon development of more favourable factors in Liberia’s economic and political situation may be possible. (Signed) Firestone.” The Finance Corporation, or more correctly, the Firestone interests, the real holders of bonds, having refused either to make practical recommendations or to met any request of the Government which was anxious not to default on the Loan, the Secretary of the Treasury in collaboration with the Financial Adviser, and with my approval, made proposals in detail which were considered as forming a practical basis for ameliorating the situation and giving Government an opportunity to readjust itself to the conditions by which it was confronted. Again in collaboration with Mr. McCaskey, when Acting Financial Adviser, who showed unexpected sympathy with the Government’s point of view, the Secretary of the Treasury formulated his proposals and transmitted them in a letter dated September 23, 1932 in the following terms: – “The Finance Corporation of America, The National City Bank of New York: Gentlemen, Reports of this Government to the Fiscal Agent during the past two years indicate a large continuing falling off in the revenues of the Republic. This has necessitated a heavy decrease in operating expenses and particularly so in the Budget proposed for the Fiscal Year 1933. In this proposed Budget only absolutely necessary operating expenses are included, and drastic reductions have been made in salaries and number of employees, nevertheless, without assistance, it is impossible to enact a balanced Budget and for this reason the Government appeals to the Finance Corporation of America and the Fiscal Agent for necessary assistance in financing and stabilizing the Government of the Republic. The consent of the Finance Corporation of America and the National City Bank of New York, who, together with the Government of the Republic of Liberia, comprise the parties to the Loan Agreement of 1926, is earnestly solicited for the following modifications of certain of the terms of the Loan Agreement: – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The rate of Interest to be reduced from 7% to 4%. A moratorium on Sinking Fund, or amortization, be granted for a period of five years. The elimination of two American Officers for the Liberian Frontier Force. The elimination of the American Assistant Auditor. Equalizing the salary of the Supervisor of Customs with that of the Auditor and the Supervisor of Internal Revenue. A reduction of 25% on the salaries of the Fiscal Officers. A reduction of 25% on the salary of the Financial Adviser. The elimination from the Budget of provision for payment of outstanding bills and commitments, and agreement to the plan of the Government for the issue of approximately $500,000.00 Internal 3 per cent Bonds payable within twenty (20) years from date of issue of them, this in order to fund the current floating indebtedness of the Government. Should the modifications of certain of the terms of the Loan Agreement, mentioned above, be accepted by the other parties in the Loan Agreement the Government will be able by rigid economy to balance the proposed Budget for 1933, meet its current obligations, and relieve the extreme distress caused by declining receipts. A copy of the pro-forma Budget which will be presented to the National Legislature at the ensuing session for enactment is attached hereto, and an examination thereof will show clearly the strict economy in expenditure to which the Government of Liberia proposes to adhere.

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Both the Finance Corporation of America and the National City Bank of New York are familiar with the heavy financial burden with which the Liberian Government is faced, and it is earnestly hoped, as parties to the Loan Agreement of 1926, they will render this assistance which the Government of Liberia so sincerely seeks. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Yours very truly, (Sgd.) J. F. Dunbar, Acting Secretary of the Treasury.”

These proposals were entrusted with Mr. McCaskey then proceeding home on leave. He had volunteered his assistance and as we had confidence in his integrity and sympathy we did not hesitate to entrust him with a delicate mission which would otherwise have been confided to one not so closely connected with the Corporation’s interest. The Government’s proposals were delivered to the Fiscal Agents on the 18th of October 1932. These proposals, as will be seen from the text, had reference merely to the budget for the fiscal year 1933. It was hoped that if the arrangements proposed were adopted and other economies effected, a stop could be placed to the over expenditures resulting in yearly deficits constantly increasing. The Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Dennis, who was in America at the time, was instructed to discuss these matters with the people concerned. Firestone would discuss nothing apart from Geneva. Unexpectedly, therefore, the whole matter assumed a new phase. The League of Nations Committee who had under consideration the request for political assistance which this Government had addressed to the League, appeared to be of opinion that the plan they contemplated could not be made effective in a financial sense except the Firestone interests consented to a modification of some of their rights in Liberia acquired both under the loan Contract and the Planting Agreement. The Corporation were therefore requested to send a representative to Geneva for the purpose of negotiating the modifications. This was in September. The Firestone Representative never appeared. On November 15, the American Delegate on the Committee declared in relation to this question that: – “Before undertaking such negotiations the Finance Corporation of America deem it necessary to send a representative to Liberia to obtain adequate information of conditions on the ground in order that it may be fully and adequately advised before entering into these negotiations. It is its purpose to send such a representative to Liberia at an early date to complete the investigation as expeditiously as possible and thereupon to designate its representative for the purpose of these negotiations. It is further stated that Mr. Lyle, Vice President of the Company, is proceeding to Liberia within a few days and will arrive there on December 11, 1931. This first hand intelligent and comprehensive knowledge of the current situation in Liberia is considered an indispensable requisite by the Corporation to a satisfactory discussion of the financial aspects of any program of assistance to Liberia.”

Reports had become current abroad, both in Geneva and America, and by its request of September 23, the Liberian Government had withdrawn from consideration by the League the financial aspects of the Plan of Assistance and were negotiating directly with the Finance Corporation. Mr. Secretary Grimes cabled me to this effect and I explained that these proposals had relation only to the budget for 1932, and in no way was intended as having any permanent relation to the question under discussion at Geneva. For, supposing the League were to deny our request for assistance, the supplies for carrying on Government would still have to be voted by the Legislature and our relations with the Firestone

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Corporation would still have to be adjusted upon some mutually satisfactory basis. If on the other hand the League Plan went into effect such arrangements as may have been arrived at between the Government and the Corporation would necessarily be modified to conform to such Plan. In any case whatever the issue of the Geneva discussion, the Government had to provide for its maintenance. The Representative of the Firestone interests called upon me about this time desiring to be informed as to what attitude the Government would finally assume with regard to the League Plan of Assistance. He was advised that, having made its request to the League, the Government would not incontinently turn down its proposals. We had already accepted the Plan with certain modification and I was then awaiting the results of the financial negotiations in relation thereto in which it appeared his Corporation’s interest was being solicited. I was told by Mr. Hines that Firestone did not intend to send a representative to Geneva, as they felt that neither the League of Nations nor the American Government had any call to interfere with their private rights. They feared that the appointment of a Chief Adviser of other than American nationality might be detrimental to their interests. Unless an American Chief Adviser were nominated they preferred dealing directly with the Liberian Government. A few days after this conversation the following telegram dated November 15, 1932 was received from the Finance Corporation of America:“Replying to your communication which was delivered by Hon. Charles I McCaskey. Acting Financial Adviser, R. L., to the National City Bank of New York on October 19, 132, we have the honour to advise you that Mr. L. T. Lyle, Vice President of the Finance Corporation of America, will within a few days proceed to Liberia where he expects to arrive on December 11, 1932. Mr. Lyle is making this visit to Liberia in order to obtain at first hand intelligent and comprehensive knowledge of the current situation in Liberia, which we feel is essential to a satisfactory consideration of your financial problems.”

When the contents of this message was compared with the declaration already quoted made by the American Delegate at Geneva, and taken in consideration with the report as to the Liberian Government’s having made approaches to the Finance Corporation with a view to withdrawing its request from Geneva, I felt that the situation was being very cleverly maneuvered into a most unenviable international position. I therefore directed the following reply to be sent to the Finance Corporation of America: – “Advise sailing Mr. Lyle received. Regret urgency of Liberian request through McCaskey with special reference 1933 Budget not appreciated by Corporation. Government desires it clearly understood that while Mr. Lyle will be given facilities for studying situation it will make no commitments on financial arrangements apart from League of Nations upon whose decision on Liberian question Finance Corporation has heretofore conditioned any ameliorative action.”

The substance of this reply was made known to our delegate who, in order to dispel any doubts as regards our bona fides at Geneva was instructed to make, and did make, the following declaration. – “Moreover, I am in a position to reiterate authoritatively, as I have already stated in conversation at the Secretariat, that my Government has not, and never has had, the intention of departing from its policy of settling the financial provisions of the Plan of Assistance save under the aegis of the League of Nations, and with the assistance of Mr. Ligthart and of the

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Financial section of the League as accepted by our Delegation on October 12th, P.V. 24 (1) p. 72”

That the Firestone Representative’s interpretation of his principal’s intentions was correct is evidenced by the fact that, although our delegate remained in Geneva until the end of November, no representative of the Company appeared who was authorized to enter upon the contemplated negotiations. Before leaving Geneva, Mr. Secretary Grimes made a further declaration to the effect that; – “The Liberian Delegation had read the report of the Polish representative and they desired to emphasize that the delay in the negotiations was not in the least due to any fault of the Liberian Government or its representatives. On September 27, the plan with which the League considered that it would render assistance to the Government of Liberia was adopted by the Committee of the Council; and, although it appeared to no violence to the amour propre of the Republic in some of its aspects, it was nevertheless accepted by the Liberian Government, in common with all the other Governments represented on the Committee, including that of the United States of America. The American representative then said in answer to the inquiry or the Chairman of the Committee that he hoped the negotiations might be begun in a few days time.” “When on October 12, the report of the Committee to be presented to the Council was adopted, regret was expressed that no representative of the Finance Corporation of America, or of the Firestone Plantations Company had come to Geneva to enter into negotiations, and the representative of the United States Government then stated that he looked forward to having such representatives present in the month of November. It was for that reason that the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury of Liberia both remained in Europe, though the expenditures thereby occasioned was such as their Government could scarcely afford. But they could remain no longer in view of the cost and uncertainty as to the date on which the representatives of the two American companies interested would arrive. In the meantime, financial conditions in Liberia were very deplorable. Owing to the world economic depression, the revenues of the country had fallen off greatly, and although the salaries of the Liberian civil service had been three times reduced – on one occasion by as much as 50% – the salaries of the fiscal officials functioning under the present Loan Agreement had remained at par. Payment of the interest and amortization (which had been regularly continued) represented, in conjunction of these unreduced salaries, the following percentages of the total revenue: In the year 1928, 20% in 1929, 26%; in 1930, 32%, in 1931, 54.9%, while the percentage absorbed by the overhead charges and interest and sinking fund of the said Loan for 1932 was considerably higher than it had been the previous year. This constituted a constant drain of money that would otherwise be in circulation, with the result that the salaries of the civil service had not been paid for months, and a great deal of had been thereby occasioned among the people of Liberia. The Government of Liberia had appealed in vain to the Finance Corporation and the Firestone Plantation Company over and over again for modification of the contract with a view to amelioration of the existing conditions. Such a situation could not continue indefinitely. Other counties in the same interval had declared a moratorium or defaulted on the payment of their obligations. This the Liberian Government had not yet done, but it was rapidly getting to the point where, willingly or unwillingly it might have to yield to force majeure and follow a similar course during the period of the delay envisaged by the Rapporteur’s report.”

Mr. Lyle, Vice President of the “Finance Corporation” arrived as notified. On the 15th of December 1932, he called on the President and in the course of a very serious conversation, was asked whether or not he had any proposals to make in respect of the Liberian Govern-

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ment’s request of September 23rd. He declared that his mission had for its sole object an examination of the situation on the spot in order that his Company could have full data upon which to come to a decision on the Government’s request. I then pointed out to him in substance the urgency of the case and the alternatives which presented themselves to Government – either to come to some mutual arrangement appropriate to the present financial actualities, or to default on the Loan. We had not considered it as of beneficial effect on the Government’s credit to adopt the latter alternative and so had postponed taking action in that sense, much to the distress of the public servants and to the economic and financial disadvantage of the country. But that, unless some understanding was quickly arrived at, we would be compelled to default. It had been confidently hoped that with the Vice President of the Finance Corporation on the spot, some acceptable arrangement, based upon the Government’s request of September 23rd, or otherwise agreed upon, would have been concluded. The limits of the powers with which Mr. Lyle professed himself to be clothed held out no well founded hope in that direction. The situation was not without the possibilities of grave embarrassment, if not of actual danger. The public servants had been paid for one month only in the year owing to the application of nearly the whole income to loan payments; the floating debt was increasing at an alarming rate; the public credit was reduced to vanishing point; business activity had ceased; money no longer circulated and the population was justly restive under these conditions. The Government was faced with adopting the smaller of two evils: either (a) impotently to preside over its own disintegration and obsequies whilst waiting for the decision of the Finance Corporation at some indefinite date, or (b) to suspend payment on the Loan which was absorbing and draining from the country the larger portion of such income as was still in sight. After many serious deliberations the later proposal was adopted which you, Gentlemen, sanctioned by the Moratorium Act. This Act was approved by the President December 23, 1932 and on the 26th the following advice in relation thereto was sent to the National City Bank of New York, Fiscal Agents of the Loan, and to the Finance Corporation of America, nominal bondholders: – “The Government of Liberia having without success made several applications to you for assistance in ameliorating existing unfavourable conditions in the country growing out of the world wide financial depression, is now compelled to take individual action in adjusting its financial affairs in such a manner as will relieve the Liberian people of the economic and financial distress from which they now suffer, and as will secure the effective functioning of the Government. With this object in view the Legislature has authorized the President of Liberia to suspend payment as and from June 30, 1932 of interest and Sinking Fund on the 7% Gold Loan of 1926 until for two consecutive years the revenues of the Government shall have amounted to $650,000.00 annually, unless in the interim the Plan of Assistance approved by the League of Nations shall have gone in operation, and the unfavourable ceconmic situation referred to above, be relieved, as will more fully appear by reference to a copy of the Joint resolution enclosed for your information. I have, therefore, to give notice, in compliance with said instructions of the Legislature, that the Government of Liberia finding itself unable for the present to make further payments in said Loan of 1926, has suspended, and as from June 30, 1932, dues suspend said payments until such time as the revenues of the Government shall, have reached the sum of $650,000.00 annually for two consecutive years. The Government of Liberia desires it to be understood that it does not, by this action, seek to repudiate its obligations under the Loan Agreement, but merely to suspend same until

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payments can be resumed without the risk of endangering the proper functioning of Government. This suspension applies only to Interest and Sinking Fund. The existing Fiscal Organization is modified as and from January 1, 1933 to comprise only the Financial Adviser, one Supervisor of Revenues, one Auditor at reduced pay. Any surplus revenues over and above the cost of Administration as fixed in the Budget which the Legislature will approve, will be deposited in a special fund, the accumulated sum of which will be applied to Loan charges when payment shall be resumed.”

The Finance Corporation by its Vice President promptly, as already intimated, challenged the legality of the Act in the following letter dated January 2, 1933: – “This Joint Resolution passed by the Legislature of Liberia on or about December 17, 1932, and published as approved on December 23, 1932, entitled “Joint Resolution authorizing the President of the Republic of Liberia to suspend payment of Interest and Amortization on the 7% Gold Loan of 1926, and for other purposes” has come to our attention. This action of the Liberian Government is beyond our comprehension occurring as it does scarcely sixty days after the receipt by us on October 18, 1932 of a letter from the Liberian Government requesting the consent of the National City Bank of New York, Fiscal Agent, and ourselves, as parties to the Loan Agreement of 1926, to the modification of certain of the terms of the Loan Agreement, outlined in paragraphs number one to eight of the above mentioned letter. In response to that request, we advised you on November 12, 1932 that Mr. Lyle, Vice President of the Finance Corporation of America, would proceed promptly to Liberia and arrive there on December 11, 1932, to obtain such first hand knowledge of current conditions in Liberia as would enable us to give satisfactory consideration and discussion to your problem. Your letter obviously called for consideration and discussion with you of the modification of the Loan Agreement under which it requested our consent. It is indeed beyond our understanding that under such circumstances your Government would take the action set forth in the Joint Resolution of the Legislature, and approved by yourself simultaneously with Mr. Lyle’s formal call upon you in Monrovia and at which meeting you offered the cooperation of yourself and other officials of your Government in a solution. If it was the intention or purpose of the Liberian Government to disallow its own suggestion for the modification of the terms of the Loan Agreement by unilateral action, as events would seem to indicate, we are at a loss to understand the purpose of your letter, submitted to us on October 18, 1932. The Finance Corporation of America considers the aforementioned Joint Resolution of the Liberian Legislature as constituting a contravention of the provisions of the Loan Agreement, dated September 1, 1926, between the Government of the Republic of Liberia, the Finance Corporation of America, and the National City Bank of New York, and of Section ten, Article one, of the Constitution of the Republic of Liberia, and a repudiation of a valid contract of your Government by unilateral action contrary to recognized provisions of law. Consequently the Finance Corporation of America in preservation of its rights under the Loan Agreement of 1926, respectfully protests to the Liberian Government against the adoption and execution in any manner the Liberian Government of the said Joint Resolution as well as other pending or current legislation and acts of the Liberian Legislature in derogation of the terms of the Loan Agreement, and to advise that we have referred the matter to the Government of the United States of America for appropriate action in the protection of our interests, in conclusion, we wish to advise that we stand ready to be of constructive help to the Republic of Liberia, but without the repeal of the aforementioned Joint Resolution and any other legislation and also the revocation of any Governmental orders attacking the integrity of the said Loan Agreement, we will be unable to consider any modification of the

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Loan Agreement, designed to assist you towards the solution of your present financial problems.”

To this the President replied as follows on the 9th of January 1933: – “With reference to your letter of the 2nd instant, giving your views of the recent Joint Resolution passed by the Legislature of the Republic of Liberia suspending payment of Interest and Amortization on the 7 per cent Gold Loan of 1926 and for other purposes, I should like for your attention to be called to the following: 1.

By this enactment of the National Legislature, the Government of Liberia does not repudiate its obligations under the Loan Agreement, but suspends same until payments can be reassured without the risk of endangering the proper functioning of Government. 2. On December 15, 1931 a letter No. 1624 267 31 was addressed to the Finance Corporation of America through the National City Bank of New York by the President calling attention to the abnormal conditions now existing as a result of the economic depression affecting the entire world, together with the decline in Liberian Government revenue receipts which rendered impracticable the payments of salaries of public servants and the execution of any public improvements and which placed the Treasury in a position that it could not meet the payment of 1931, but which was paid afterwards. At that time only a limited number of Government employees payable from unassigned revenues were paid one month’s salary for the year, while the employees working under the Fiscal Officers and the Fiscal Officers themselves, received promptly at the end of every month their full pay. Public buildings and institutions in urgent need of repairs, the upkeep and maintenance of public roads, had to be left without attention. Advice, assistance and co-operation of the Finance Corporation was solicited. To this appeal the Government of Liberia received an answer dated December 28, 1931, the twelfth and thirteenth paragraphs of which are as follows: – 12. Considering all factors in the situation and particularly the fact that the League of Nations now had under advisements Liberia’s request for assistance, we believe that your Government will agree that any recommendations of a detailed nature from us at this time might appear unbecoming, or subject to misunderstanding, and, therefore, we should await the action of the League. 13. We trust that you will appreciate the reasons which have caused us to arrive at this decision, and we sincerely hope that upon receiving advice form the League of Nations, both parties will be in a better position to enter into discussion for the purpose of evolving a program that will prove mutually satisfactory. 3. On May 13, 1932 the Acting Secretary of the Treasury Honourable J. F. Dunbar, addressed a letter to Messrs. Firestone Plantations Company, after having had a conference with Mr. W. D. Hines, who, it appears, impressed the Secretary of the Treasury that his letter would receive favourable action, with the request that the United States Trading Company, Banking Department, underwrite the Government’s Budget for the year 1932 by granting it an overdraft of $25,000.00 (Twenty-five thousand dollars) as from June 1, 1932 and that this amount be renewable every two months during the year 1932 to stabilize its current expenses, thereby assigning all unassigned revenues of the Government to meet his overdraft with the understanding of the Government reducing its Budget to be able to meet in full this obligation before the close of the year. Mr. W. D. Hines transmitted a radiogram on June 6, 1932 in reply to the request of the Secretary, which reads: –

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“Hines, Please transmit to the Honourable the Secretary of Treasury, Republic of Liberia the following reply to his letter dated May thirteenth nineteen thirty two radioed by you to the Firestone Plantations Company, Akron, Ohio, U. S. A. stop quote: Request of the Liberian Government for overdraft from the United States Trading Company, Banking Department given careful consideration by our Board and regret we are unable to comply with it at present time. While request viewed with sympathetic attitude by our Directors they decided that in view of financial conditions here and general conditions in Liberia they were not justified in advancing funds requested. Additional factors affecting their decision were extraordinary lack of balance in Liberia’s budget and lack of detailed information as to program of economies to be effected in Government expenditures. Indications of continued world wide depressed economic conditions demand strictest conservation of resources. However reconsideration of Liberia’s request upon development of more favorable factors in Liberia’s economic and political situation may be possible.” Signed: Firestone. 4.

In the months of May, June, July and August, the Secretary of the Treasury, Honourable G. L. Dennis, who was in the United States, gave information to Mr. Harvey S. Firestone Jr. of the financial position of the Government and its urgent request for sympathy, advice, assistance and co-operation. 5. On September 23rd, 1932, the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, Honourable J. F. Dunbar, addressed letters to the Finance Corporation of America, and the National City Bank of New York calling attention to the increased falling off in the revenues of the Republic and proposed that for the budget for the Fiscal year 1933 consent be given for the following modifications; – 1. The rate of interest be reduced form 7 per cent to 4 per cent. 2. A Moratorium on the Sinking Fund, or amortization, be granted for a period of five years. 3. The elimination of two American Officers for the Liberian Frontier Force. 4. The elimination of the American Assistant Auditor. 5. Equalizing the salary of the Supervisor of Customs with that of the Auditor and the Supervisor of Internal Revenue. 6. A reduction of 25 per cent on the salaries of the Fiscal Officers. 7. A reduction of 25 per cent on the salary of the Financial Adviser. 8. The elimination from the Budget of provisions for payment of outstanding bills and commitments and agreement to the plan of the Government for the issue of approximately $500,000.00 Internal 3 per cent Bonds, payable within twenty (20) years from date of issue of them; this in order to fund the current floating indebtedness of the Government. Assurance was given of a rigid economy to balance the Budget of 1933, and a copy of the proposed Budget as drafted by the Acting Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser Mr. Chas. I. McCaskey, was forwarded with the letters. 6.

When Mr. McCaskey, the Acting Financial Adviser was going on leave in September 1932, he informed the President that he would be able to assist in adjusting the desired matters affecting the Budget for the Fiscal Year 1933, if, as he suggested, he would be given authority to take matters up in New York with the Finance Corporation. The Government saw no objection to acceding to his suggestion as:

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(a) The Loan Agreement states that the Budget has to be settled within a given time after the meeting of the regular session of the Legislature which met in October 1932, and that it must have the approval of the Financial Adviser. (b) The Financial Adviser was given the necessary instructions and he proceeded to America via Europe where it was reported that he had an opportunity of seeing Mr. Harvey S. Firestone Jr. before he left for New York City. The reply of the National City Bank of New York to the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury (Acting) dated September 23rd, is as follows: – “The Finance Corporation of America has forwarded to us a letter dated November 12th 1932 and have requested us to send it to you. The letter reads as follows:Replying to your communication which was delivered by Hon. Charles I. McCaskey, Acting Financial Adviser, R. L. to the National City Bank of New York on October 18th 1933, we have the honour to advice you that Mr. L. T. Lyle, Vice President of the Finance Corporation of America, will within a few days proceed to Liberia where he expects to arrive on December 11th, 1932. Mr. Lyle is making this visit to Liberia in order to obtain at first hand intelligent and comprehensive knowledge of the current situation in Liberia, which we feel is essential to a satisfactory consideration of your financial problem.” 7. To this the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, Honourable J. F. Dunbar, transmitted the following radiographic reply. “Citybank, New York. Please communicate the following to Fiancée Corporation: Advise sailing Mr. Lyle received. Regret urgency of Liberian request through McCaskey special reference 1933 Budget not appreciated by Corporation. Government desires it clearly understood that while Mr. Lyle will be given facilities for studying situation it will make no commitments on financial arrangements apart form League of Nations’ upon whose decision on Liberian question Finance Corporation ahs heretofore conditioned any ameliorative action.” 8. On November 18th, 1932, the Delegation of the United States of America presented a note to the Secretary, International Committee on Liberia, League of Nations at Geneva, Switzerland, the relevant portion of which is as follows: – “Before undertaking such negotiations, the Finance Corporation of America deems it necessary to send a representative to Liberia to obtain adequate information of conditions on the ground in order that it may be fully and adequately advised before entering upon these negotiations. It is its purpose to send such a representative to Liberia at an early date and to complete the investigation as expeditiously as possible and thereupon to designate its representative the purpose of these negotiations. It is further stated that Mr. Lyle, Vice President of the Company is proceeding to Liberia within a few days and will arrive there on December 11, 1932. This first hand intelligent and comprehensive knowledge of the current situation in Liberia is considered an indispensable requisite by the Corporation to a satisfactory discussion of the financial aspects of any program of assistance to Liberia.” 9. The Liberian Delegation presented a note, the relevant portion of which is as follows: – “Moreover I am in a position to reiterate authoritatively as I have already stated in conversation at the Secretariat, that my Government has not, and never has had, the intention of departing form its policy of settling the financial provisions of the Plan of Assistance save under the aegis of the League of Nations, and with the assistance of Mr. Ligthart and of the financial section of the League as accepted by our Delegation on October 12th, P. V. 24(1),0.7.”

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10. In the only conversation which I have had the honour to have with you on the situation there was nothing said or intimated which indicated that the object of your visit to Liberia was other, or wider, than what was stated in the telegram of your Corporation dated November 12. I did, however, say to you that notwithstanding the progressive decline in Government income we had endeavoured to meet payments on Loan obligations; and that, to accomplish this, the public servants, except those listed under the Fiscal regime, had been called upon to make, and had loyally made the sacrifices required of them. They had been doing this for the past three years. That this situation had grown progressively worse and that the Government could no longer expect them to continue quiescent. I then added very frankly that, since your Corporation seemed discinclined seriously to consider the several requests of the Liberian Government to them for assistance in ameliorating the budgetary situation, we had reached the conclusion that the only thing to be done was to suspend payment on the Loan. The implication suggested in the third paragraph of your letter now under reply that this Government had acted in bad faith in approving the legislation against which you protest, would seem to be without justification. You in that conversation neither made, nor intimated that you would make, any proposals, nor that any proposals you made would be integrated with the League Plan of Assistance to Liberia. 11. The foregoing to a great extent explains the reason why the Government cannot accede to your request of repealing, or suspending, the Joint Resolution, unless and until the objects thereby sought shall have been attained; nor, in view of what your Corporation stated both tto he Government of Liberia and to the League of Nations was the object of your visit does the Government consider your suggestion of bad faith as having any foundation.”

In support of the Finance Corporation’s protest the Department of State of the United States, through Mr. Mitchell, filed the following note with me on December 24, 1932. “Referring to my call on December 21st last, I should like to assure you that the American Government would view with very deep concern any action by Liberia leading to repudiation or unilateral modification of Liberia’s contractual arrangement with any American Company. My Government is informed that action on the part of the Liberian Laws assure to that end was promoted on almost the same day on which, in response to a request by Liberia for financial assistance, a representative of the Finance Corporations reached Monrovia with a view to discussing this assistance as well as its relationship to the program of the International Committee of the League of nations. If this should become effective it would be construed by the American Government not only as an effort by Liberia to repudiate a legitimate contract legitimately acquired but also to nullify the engagements made by Liberia in Geneva. In these circumstances the American Government would feel that Liberia was blocking further American participation in international efforts to assist your country. Moreover the American Government would be prepared to make representations against the extending of financial aid to Liberia from whatever source unless and until the prior rights of American citizens had either been met in full or the existing contract had been modified on a basis of mutual consent.”

To which I cabled the following reply: – “The Government of Liberia has given the most careful consideration to the representations of the Government of United States with respect to the Joint Resolution of the Legislature of Liberia authorizing the suspension of payments on the Gold Loan of 1926.

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The Liberian Government desires to make clear to the Government of the United States that it was not until they had without success explored every other legitimate avenue which could lead to a liquidation of the situation in agreement with the other parties of the Loan Contract, that they were compelled to have recourse to the policy of suspension of payments on which the Joint Resolution is an expression. The Liberia Government wishes to emphasize as strongly as possible their continued acceptance of obligations under the Loan Contract, and their desire and determination, when they can do so without adversely affecting the normal functioning of Government, to meet the charges arising there under as and when they fall due. In the face, however, of adverse trade conditions, continuously falling revenues, and of the inadequacy of any revenues in sight to meet simultaneously payments of Loan charges and the administrative expenses of Government; the widespread economic distress consequent upon these facts and the consistent refusals of the Finance Corporation to give assistance or advice, it is impossible, if Government is to be maintained (which is, of course, a primary consideration, even as security for the Loan) to meet these charges at present. The Liberian Government notes with surprise the suggestion made by the United States Government that the representative of the Finance Corporation sent out to Monrovia in December last was empowered to suggest a solution of the problem and to integrate this solution with the League Plan of Assistance to Liberia. This object was intimated to the Liberian Government neither by any advices from the Finance Corporation nor by their representative himself when he made contact with the President of Liberia. Nor is this suggestion borne out by the declaration made at Geneva by the representative of the United States on the Liberian Committee when intimating the reason why the Finance Corporation would not enter up on negotiations scheduled to take place on November 15, 1932. The coincidence of Mr. Lyle’s interview with the President and the passage of the Joint Resolution was wholly fortuitous. The policy pursued by the Liberian Government on this question is emphatically dictated by the budget situation. In the view of the Liberian Government the budget cannot be balanced without the enforcement of the provisions of the law which is protested. The Government of Liberia is still open to receive any proposals relevant to this situation. But considering the delays which have already been caused by the attitude of the Finance Corporation, the urgent necessity of providing for the operating expenses of Government and relieving the general economic distress and the unsatisfactory position of the public employees who as regards salary payments have been discriminated against to the advantage of the Finance Corporation and the Fiscal regime, this Government would find itself unable to suspend the execution of the law unless and until some solution appropriate to the social facts and not based merely upon theoretic right to be forthcoming from the other parties interested in the question. The Liberian Government is submitting this reply through its diplomatic representative in Paris as there is no United States Minister accredited in Liberia and the attitude of Mitchell appears to Liberian Government needlessly discourteous.”

However inclined the Government were to meet the wishes of the American State Department it was impossible in the interest of the country as we interpreted them, to retrace the road we had entered upon without some practical proposals appropriate to the situation being offered by the Finance Corporation. Even after the Moratorium Act was published, no steps were taken to enforce its provisions until the 25th day of January when, it becoming apparent that the Agents of Firestone, both in the Fiscal Service and at the Government Depositary, were determined to ignore the provisions of the Moratorium Act and Treasury instructions thereon, seize the public revenues, and refuse to make an accounting thereof, that the Government was compelled, against its settled policy, to take over the control of

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the revenues and appoint another Depositary. During this period Mr. Lyle, who maintained his attitude of protest, made no suggestion for accommodation and had suspended his contacts with the Government. He, however, endeavoured to impress those Liberians who seemed more concerned about Mr. Firestone’s interests than the interests of Liberia, that he had made proposals which had been rejected by the President. That this was an inaccurate statement, to say the least, may be gathered from what has already been detailed above. These measures taken by Government as will be seen later, had the following results: Local credit has been re-established; foreign claims for supplies for the current years have been fully met; the cost of the Public Health and Sanitary Bureau of the present year, together with the last year’s arrears on this account, have been liquidated; the Civil Servants, Pensioners, and Annuitants have been paid their full budgeted salaries and allowances. Liberia’s arrears of annual contribution to the League of Nations has been met as well as a partial payment on the cost of the Mackenzie Mission to the Kru Coast. The expense of the delegates to the League of Nations has been met; prior year cheques listed for payment before January 1, 1933, but not encashed by the Bank, have been settled out of 1933 revenues. Arrears of the Liberian Frontier Force for the last two months in 1932 were paid. The reconditioning of roads and bridges has been initiated. The situation of business, whilst not wholly satisfactory, is more hopeful than it was last year. Whilst on tour of inspection in the Western Province during the months of March and April, I was advised that Major General Winship had been sent out as the personal representative of the President of the United States to discuss the situation growing out of the Moratorium Act and to endeavour in collaboration with the President to iron out the difficulties which had arisen. Being anxious to have the situation satisfactorily adjusted, I curtailed my business and returned to Monrovia as promptly as I could. Our discussions extended over a period of five weeks from April 7, 1933, when I had a preliminary interview with General Winship. It was evident from our first interview that the impression in Washington was that the Finance Corporation had made proposals to the Government which had been deliberately ignored. I corrected this impression and explained the true position which was that the Liberian Government had made proposals and were still awaiting either an acceptance by the Finance Corporation or counter proposals upon which an acceptable settlement might be based. General Winship thought that the Moratorium Act had complicated the situation and should be suspended before any discussions were entered upon. I regretted my lack of authority to act in accordance with his views unless he had some satisfactory reply to the Government’s proposals of September 23, 1832. He did not contest this position, but desired to know whether I was still open to consider any views Mr. Lyle would offer. Being affirmatively assured on the point, he promised to advise the Vice President of the Finance Corporation to submit his proposals, provided no action was taken by Government in the meantime which would cause irritation. He assured me that he had not come to force any special views upon the Liberian Government, but, as a sympathetic arbiter, to give both parties to the dispute the benefit of his advice. Mr. Lyle thereafter called upon me. I suggested that he place his views before me in writing. To this he objected and thought it preferable to discuss the situation verbally and thereafter reduce to writing what we might agree upon. Then followed one of the most unique situations I have ever encountered. Mr. Lyle, however, changed from day to day the basis of the understandings which I thought had been previously settled upon; he denied one day what he had accorded the day previous. After many discussions at the time my understanding was that we were fully agreed upon the following: –

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1. That the Government in any circumstance would retain the minimum of $375,000.00 for administrative expenses exclusive of the salaries of Loan Officials. All sums above this figure to be applied:(a) To payment of Loan Officials (b) To payment of interest. 2. The moratorium on Sinking Fund would be recognized as effective until revenues exceeded $650,000.00 per annum for two years. 3. That in any year when this surplus over and above the minimum cost of Administration as fixed above was insufficient to meet wholly the salaries of Loan Officials and Interest, the deficiency would be met by short term Government 5% Bonds which might be redeemed by Government at any time. 4. That the present pay of the Loan Officials be revised as from May 1933 to the following:The Financial Adviser……………….$9,000.00 Supervisor of Customs………………..6,000.00 Supervisor of Internal Revenues……...5,000.00 Auditor………………………………..5,000.00 5. That until the revenues reached $650,000.00 the number of the Loan Officials be reduced by the elimination of the American Assistant Auditor whose salary would in that event be $4,500.00. 6. The one American Military Officers should be engaged at a salary of $4,500.00, but that he should not be placed in command of the Liberian Frontier Force as the Finance Corporation insisted he should be. 7. That the United States Trading Company Banking Department should continue to be recognized as the Government Depositary provided they give Government adequate and satisfactory guarantee of their financial status and stability. 8. That the internal floating debt be funded by the insurance of 3% Internal Bonds. Mr. Lyle did not definitely concur with this. His position was that his Corporation preferred that the Government would not take this course, but that they would raise no objection if it were understood that their claims had priority to the claims arising on these Bonds and that in any year when no interest was paid on the external bonds none would be paid on the internal bonds. 9. That these understandings before made effective should be approved by the Legislature. Mr. Lyle’s attitude created such uncertainty and bewilderment as to what he had really proposed and accepted or intended to propose and accept, that, to arrive at some definite point, I had to solicit the intervention of General Winship. The effect of his good offices was that on May 2, Mr. Lyle submitted the following proposals in writing: – “I have the honor to address you with further reference to the Loan Agreement matters which we have recently had under discussion. I am advised by major General Winship that you would like a memorandum of the Loan Agreement changes which I proposed to you on last Monday, the first instant. An informal memorandum covering these proposals is enclosed herewith. I shall appreciate very much the opportunity of discussing these with you further some time this afternoon.”

Memorandum. Liquidate past due interest as of January 1, 1933 which totals $133,076.32 by issuing to Finance Corporation of America additional 5% Bonds in this amount.

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Reduce basic interest rate from 7% to 5% upon the following conditions: (a) For calendar year 1933 interest is to be paid at 4% in cash or $87,680.00 and1 per cent in additional 1926 Gold Bonds or $24,920.00 and no amortization. (b) In any subsequent year when revenues are below $375,000.00 and $500,000.00 the interest at 5% in additional 1925 Gold Bonds and no amortization. (c) In any subsequent year when revenues are between $375,000.00 and $500,000.00 the interest is to be 4% in cash and 1 per cent in additional 1925 Gold Bonds and no amortization. (d) In any subsequent year when revenues are between $500,000.00 and $550,000.00 the interest is to be paid 5 per cent in cash and no amortization. (e) In any subsequent year when revenues are between $550,000.00 and $600,000.00 the interest is to be paid 5 per cent in cash and a minimum 1 per cent of the total outstanding bonds is to be paid in cash for Sinking fund. (f) In any subsequent year when revenues are between $600,000.00 and $700,000.00 the interest is to be paid 5 per cent in cash and a minimum 2 per cent of the total outstanding bonds is to be paid in cash for sinking fund. “It should be noted that 3 per cent is approximate the normal amortization provided by the Loan Agreement. There should be four Fiscal Officers as follows:Financial Adviser $9,000.00 Supervisor of Customs 6,000.00 Supervisor of Internal Revenues 5,000.00 Auditor 5,000.00 An Assistant Auditor at a salary not to exceed $4,500.00 shall be added whenever the Government revenues have in any year exceeded $640,000.00. There shall be a military Officer who shall be the Commanding Officer of the Liberian Frontier Force, at a salary of $5,000.00 per annum. The foregoing is conditioned on the making of other changes in Loan Agreement as follows: – In the fourth paragraph of Article VII after the words the Government shall first allocate from its other revenues insert the words ‘designated by the Financial Adviser.’” “In Article VII, after the words ‘as an additional guarantee of the prompt payment of the Loan and to ensure the efficient organization and function of the Liberian Fiscal Service add the worlds and of the administration thereof.’” “After paragraph 6, in Article IX insert the following sentence to be designated paragraph 7: ‘The number, personnel and duties of the employees of the Financial Adviser and Fiscal Officers shall be such as the Financial Adviser may deem necessary and proper and shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Financial Adviser as shall also the property and supplies acquired for the use of such officers and employees.’” “The Second sentence of paragraph number 8 of Article shall read ‘Said officers in the performance of their duties as above shall be responsible to the Financial Adviser.’” “In paragraph number 5 of Article XII strike out the words ‘the Comptroller of the Treasury, together with.’” “In paragraph number 8 of Article XII after the sentence designated (d) add the following: ‘(e) Fraud, and or expenditures which the Auditor deems to be for other than a public purpose.’” “In paragraph number 8 of Article XII after the words ‘for the ensuing Fiscal Year only’ insert the following sentence: ‘For any year when no budget shall have become operative un-

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der the provisions of this Article a provisional budget shall b prepared by the Financial Adviser and be delivered to the President of the Republic of Liberia and shall thereupon become operative and remain in effect for such a year or until a budget for such year, or the balance thereof, shall have been proposed and approved in accordance with the provisions of the Loan Agreement.’” “In Article XII, paragraph 8 after the words “or when and if the budget submitted by the Secretary of add the following: ‘as prepared by the Supervisor of Customs and the Supervisor of Internal Revenues under the supervision of the Financial Adviser.’” “Paragraph number 8 of Article XII, insert before the last sentence thereof the following sentence: ‘No special appropriations shall be passed by the legislature for the payment of any charge or expense unless such payment shall have been first approved by the Financial Adviser.’” “Paragraph number 1 of Article VIII should be revised to read as follows: ‘to the payment, as they arise, of all costs and expenses of collection, application, audit and administration of the revenues and receipts, including the salaries of: (1) The Financial Adviser and his Staff. (2) The officers appointed hereunder and the salaries of the employees of the revenues service, both Customs and Internal. (3) The salaries of the Auditor’s Staff. (4) The cost of maintaining such Frontier Force as the Financial Adviser may deem necessary for the purposes thereof. (5) Any and all other legitimate expenses or obligations incurred under this agreement as may be approved by the Financial Adviser and all amounts incident to the service of the Loan excerpt as to payments on account of principal and interest for which provision is hereafter made.’” “At the end of paragraph number 6 of Article XIII add the following three sentences, “In the event the appropriate officers of the Government fail or refuse to executive and or issue transfer orders and or checks for any payments and or payments from assigned revenues, as provided for in the Loan Agreement, and or in this Supplementary Agreement within ten days after the end of the month when such payment or payments shall have become due, then such transfer orders and or checks may be executed and issued by the Financial Adviser and the Auditor, and checks so issued shall be recognized and paid by the official Government depositary. Provided, however, that as to any such payments which may become due during the last month of the fiscal year, the ten days waiting period shall not apply and transfer orders and or checks covering such payments shall be issued by the Financial Adviser and Audition of the Republic of Liberia of the budget against which such payments are made shall constitute sufficient warrant for the insurance of (can’t read) orders and or checks in the manner herein provided.’ “In paragraph designated (b) of Article XVIII strike out the first three words: “unexpended credit to and insert any credit remaining unexpended at the end of any fiscal year in” and in the same paragraph strike out the word “Comptroller” and insert in lieu thereof “Auditor.” Strike out the last sentence of said paragraph (b). “In paragraph (d) of Article XVIII after the words: “Against which said voucher is to be paid” insert the words “and provided the expense is, in the opinion of the Auditor a necessary and lawful one.” “In addition to the foregoing changes in the Loan Agreement the Executive Orders heretofore suggested by Mr. McCaskey and by him designated Executive Orders 17-f and 48-f should be signed and made effective.

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The several paragraphs of Loan Agreement which are not now observed should be immediately made effective, for example paragraph number 7 of Article XII and paragraph 8 of Article XIII. The Government depositary should be immediately returned to the United States Trading Company-Banking Department. The Executive Orders issued under the terms of the so called “Moratorium Act” adopted by the Liberian Legislature in December 17, 1932, should be immediately withdrawn and the Financial Adviser and Fiscal Officers restored to their full duties under the Loan Agreement. The foregoing plan should be embodied in a contract to be executed by the Government of Liberia and the Finance Corporation of America subject to approval by the Legislature to be convened not later than October 1933, which Legislature should repeal any and all acts adopted by it in the 1932 session, relative to the Loan Agreement, at the same time it ratifies the proposed Supplementary Agreement. In the even the 1933 Legislature fails or refuses to approve said Supplementary Agreement, it shall thereupon become null and void and the Loan Agreement of 1926 shall be restored to full force and effect. The foregoing proposal is not separable and is subject to withdrawal at any time before acceptance.”

This appeared to be an ultimatum the terms of which varied greatly both in sprit and content from what had previously transpired during the discussions. I was, therefore, constrained to address the following communication to General Winship: – “It is a source of pleasure to me to be able to recall that when you made your first visit you informed me that you had been appointed as Special Representative of the President of the United States of America to come to Liberia in order to make a complete examination with me of the existing situation, and arrange for a mutually satisfactory solution. I need not state how highly gratified I was at the friendly gesture made by the President of the United States, and this inspired a sincere desire on my part to reach as speedily as possible a liquidation of the situation that will be mutually satisfactory. Moreover I felt that that would demonstrate, once more, the anxiety of my Government to maintain the most friendly relation with the Government of the United States. Hence I embraced the opportunity to renew my invitation to Mr. Lyle to make such proposals that, while enabling the Government of Liberia to meet its obligations to his company, would not impair its ability to provide the necessary funds for the regular payment of the officials and employees of the Republic and of the purchasing of such equipment and supplies as might be necessary for the maintenance and efficient management of an orderly Government. I have every reason to believe that it was because of your good offices that Mr. Lyle accepted the invitation thus tendered him, of which, before your arrival, he had not found it possible to avail himself. Accordingly on the 13th day of April he called at the Executive Mansion and made proposals on the basis of the Liberian Government’s letter of September 23rd, received by the Finance Corporation of America on October 18, 1932. I then expressed regret that he had not reduced them to writing, fearing then that, unless that was done, misapprehensions might in future arise. He replied that he would first like to talk things over and that as soon as an accord had been reached, a written agreement could be drawn up. His proposals and the counter proposals made by my Government, after carefully considering his suggestions as gathered from the notes which were taken during the interviews, have no doubt been duly communicated to you. Although from time to time Mr. Lyle has appeared to vary his proposals in matters we had regarded as fundamental, and with respect to which we seemed to have reached an agreement, yet the negotiations appeared to have been gradually coming to a point where an accord was in sight, until the 25th of April when I discovered suggestions of a vital character

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in his proposals submitted on that day. The principal feature of this was a demand that the Liberian Government should, in settlement of interest payments, issue new five per cent Bonds of the 1926 issue, which would run for the life of the Loan thereby materially increasing its present capital indebtedness to the Finance Corporation of America. From that time I began to feel more and more convinced that our discussions were not proceeding upon any solid foundation and that therefore, time and energy were being expended in one day considering proposals that were the next day either substantially modified or enlarged. I therefore took advantage of the occasion offered by your visit on the 2nd of May to respectfully urge that you insist upon Mr. Lyle’s giving me his proposals in writing in order that I might have something tangible before me to place before my advisers. I then had every reason to believe, as I had the honour of informing you, that most of the difficulties had been ironed out and that an agreement was in sight. On May 3rd, I received a letter from Mr. Lyle covering proposals that caused me great surprise. They have, however, been very carefully examined and would appear to the Government to be objectionable from several points of view: – 1. 2. 3. 4.

They go beyond the request of the Liberian Government to the Finance Corporation of America contained in its letter of September 23rd, 1932. They tend to increase the Government’s capital indebtedness to the Finance Corporation. They demand the abdication by Government, in favour of the Foreign Fiscal Officers, of political rights and governmental powers, which, in our view, the Government cannot grant, and which are moreover, in contravention of the Constitution of Liberia. They make no concessions that will ensure, during the period of depression, that funds will be available whereby the Government can in any circumstances be maintained out of its revenues which is the fundamental cause of the present situation.

I have been considerably embarrassed by Mr. Lyle’s presenting these proposals to be accepted or rejected en bloc, which is quite contrary to the spirit of the accommodation in which we entered upon these negotiations. I shall be very much obliged if you will be good enough to examine said proposals, a copy of which I have the honour to enclose, and, should our point of view appeal to you as having any force, to use your good offices with Mr. Lyle in order that he may cause his proposals to be re-submitted in such form as will meet the objections above set forth.”

The upshot was that Mr. Lyle called on me on that afternoon on May 10. I drew his attention to my understanding that the principal obstacle to a full agreement between us was a settlement of the conditions upon which revenues would be re-deposited with the United States Trading Company banking Department. I added that the Government had very carefully considered the question and had decided to resume depositing of Government funds in this Bank after June 30, provided the Bank would assure the Government as to its capitalization, who its Directors were, its financial and Banking affiliation, and file with the Treasury a fidelity bond underwritten by a reliable American Fidelity Company. This in order to satisfy the Government as to its reliability. Further I had to insist that the minimum sum on which the Government could be run efficiently by the exercise of stringent economy was $375,000.00, and that this sum should not include the salaries and allowance of the Loan Officials. Nor could I agree to the suggestion that when the Customs intake was insufficient to cover Loan charges, the Financial Adviser should designate what class of revenues should be allocated to make up the deficiency. I could see no reason for his insistence upon this point. For, as a matter of fact, on the only occasion when the necessity for such allocation arose, the Government had voluntarily and without request applied its most important

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and valuable source of income to make up the deficiency. There was no background to this suggestion. Lyle, then insisted that the number, personnel and duties of the employees of the Fiscal Service and the Fiscal Officials should be such as the Financial Adviser might deem necessary and proper, and that they should be under the supervision and direction of that Official alone. I refused to sanction the grant of any such unlimited power and authority to the Financial Adviser, but agreed that should the proposal be modified to provide that the number, personnel and duties of the employees of the Fiscal Service be such as may be fixed by agreement between the President and the Financial Adviser, and they shall be under the jurisdiction of the Financial Adviser, I should raise on objection. Mr. Lyle pointed out very frankly that what he was endeavouring to secure was an absolutely independent organization under the sole and exclusive direction of the Financial Adviser with whose functioning nobody whatever had any right to interfere. That the Financial Adviser would have the right to “hire” and “fire” any man in his service, he being responsible for any abuse of this right. I could not share his views nor could I understand this insistent demand that the President, whose constitutional duty it is to supervise every Government service, should agree to exclude from his purview the service administered by the Financial Adviser. That the principle I had adopted and would continue to act upon was that every Head of a Department or independent Bureau was responsible to the President for the conduct of that Department or Bureau, and the under officials were in general responsible to the Head of the Department or Bureau. That the President did not, and would not, interfere with the discipline of the Departments in an improper manner, except in case of appeal from acts of injustice or other irregularity. To say that the President should be eliminated from determining the number, personnel and duties of the Officials and employees was preposterous in my point of view. After discussing all the points that had been raise in a tone which seemed to convey the idea that we were in agreement, Mr. Lyle caused me infinite surprise by remarking that his company through the proposals he had made had acted very generously towards the Government even to the point of jeopardizing their own interests. That they had granted the Government a reduction of the interest rate which would cost them over $50,000.00 per annum over a period of thirty years amounting to the considerable sum of One and a half million dollars. This they were “giving away” in exchange for a few minor concessions which they had asked the Government to make. That we had not shown any disposition to meet them on these points which they considered fundamental to a clear definition of the functions of the Fiscal Group. He therefore saw no need for further discussion of the matter. I expressed my surprise at his attitude as I was under the impression that we had approached closer to an agreement in these discussions than at any time during the five weeks of negotiation. I admitted that the offer to reduce the interest rate to 5 per cent was an act of generosity, but I was afraid that what he demanded in return, since it involved such violation of the fundamental principles of the Constitution, was too big a price to pay for the benefits we were supposed to secure. His view, it appeared, was that the Fiscal Group, although admittedly officials of the Liberian Government, should not be responsible to any Government Department or Official. That would be an anomalous position and could not be acceded to by the Government. Every Official serving under the Government was made responsible to the President by the Constitution. To surrender that principle, either for myself or any other President, was beyond my legal powers. As I understood the situation the only point still unsettled was that relating to the Bank. We had modified our attitude on that question and I saw nothing in the way of complete agreement. If, however, he insisted upon the point of view to which he had just given expression, my only consolation was that the negotiations had been conducted in a most amiable spirit. There had been no real irritation. Mr. Lyle

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remarked that he appreciated the friendly spirit which has characterized the negotiations. He felt that the failure could not be attributed to him. He suspected, however, that the Liberian Government would feel that it was. I assured him that we would only feel that it was not attributed to the Government of Liberia. Knowing that General Winship had been instructed to see that an agreement was arrived at, I did not think it desirable to have him return without some settlement having been reached. I therefore invited him to a conference on May 11, and laid the whole situation before him. He expressed himself as being of opinion that the points of difference between Mr. Lyle and myself, so far as he had been able to assess them, were not so many nor so fundamental as to be incapable of adjustment. He was willing to go over those points with me in order that we might see if we would not come to an arrangement which would put both parties in a better position when we went to Geneva with as few points as possible to be decided there. This last observation showed that there was a wide difference between General Winship’s views of the objectives of the discussion and those of Mr. Lyle. The latter, when I told him that any understanding we arrived at would have to be integrated with the Plan of Assistance, had declared that he was discussing those matters without having Geneva in the picture. He saw no reason, if we came to an understanding that we should go to Geneva. He was reminded of Mr. Reber’s declaration on November 15, which clearly implied that his Corporation would send a representative to Geneva for the purpose of negotiating on matters relating to this issue. His characteristic reply was that “If Sam Reber made any such declaration at Geneva, it was wholly unauthorized so far as his Corporation was concerned.” This, of course, confirmed Mr. Hines’ intimation that Firestone did not intend sending a representative to Geneva. This by the way, General Winship and I then went over the outstanding questions upon which there appeared no agreement had been reached. As to the modification proposed to Article IV, paragraph 3 of the Loan Contract with reference to the number, personnel and duties of the employees of the Fiscal Service, General Winship felt that in the internal administration of the service the Financial Adviser should have a certain amount of independence in so far as related to assigning the men under his control to such duties as he thought proper. He was of opinion that unless the Financial Adviser was untrammeled in this regard, a considerable amount of friction would arise which would not be conducive to a harmonious operation of the Agreement. As regards personnel, he thought the Financial Adviser should have the right to be permitted to employ the men he wanted with out being bothered by considerations of politics, as would be the case, he felt, if the Financial Adviser were to be bound to control this matter in agreement with the President. Moreover the President would be relieved from the importunities of politicians and would have his time free for other more important purposes than the allocation of petty clerkships, etc. But, of course, if the President had any special person whom he wanted looked after, the Financial Adviser would try and accommodate him. I pointed out that the political aspect did not enter into the question from our point of view. Our objections were concerned with a matter of principle. What we insisted upon was (1) The Financial Adviser should not have power to select any unlimited number of people to serve under him beyond the reasonable capacity of Government to pay, and that the question of number should be controlled by some authority other than himself. General Winship expressed himself as agreeing with this view. (2) As regards personnel, I pointed out that this did not involve the question of placing any particular friends of mine or of anybody else. But the fundamental objection which the Liberian Government had in view in agreeing to the establishment of this service, apart from the duty of supervising the accounting for public money and collecting sums due the Finance Corporation was to give training to

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such Liberian citizens as would be under his supervision, so that when the Loan was eventually paid off and the Foreign Officials departed qualified men would be at hand to carry on the service. We had cause to feel that the Loan Officials were not duly appreciative of this view. That with the unlimited powers with which it was sought to clothe the Financial Adviser to select the personnel he left requisite he might use that power to the detriment of Liberians who we strongly feel ought to have preference in the service. This did not mean that no foreigners should be employed but that the majority of those employed should be Liberian citizens. The General agreed to rephrase the Article to meet my views. As to the proposed modification to Article VII, paragraph 8, General Winship agreed that it was clearly unconstitutional and illegal, and he would advise Mr. Lyle to withdraw it. In this manner the whole Finance Corporation’s Memorandum was gone over point by point, and finally General Winship, having drawn up a memorandum of the status of the negotiations at that date, we jointly initialed it. As he, in accordance with the instructions of his Government, was to proceed immediately to Geneva for the purpose of arriving at a decision on the Liberian question, he thought it imperative that the Government should have a responsible representative on the spot who would be authorized to come to some acceptable agreement. I instructed Secretary Grimes to proceed to Geneva. Meanwhile, we both agreed upon the necessity to satisfy public opinion both at Monrovia and abroad as to what had been arrived at. General Winship had a statement drawn up which he transmitted for my approval. I withheld my sanction for reasons set out in the following dispatch dated May 12: – “I have carefully examined the Statement which it is proposed we should make, jointly, with reference to the results of our conference. The draft of this Statement as proposed by you would seem accurately to express these results as I understand them, except in the following particulars:(a) Paragraph 2 omit to state that the number of Fiscal Officers had also been revised. I feel that the concluding phrase of the first sentence should read: “and revision of the number and salaries of the American Fiscal Officers.” This is my understanding on this point. (b) Paragraph 4 should be revised to read “The Government of Liberia has accepted the financial proposals offered by the Finance Corporation of America subject to further discussion at Geneva concerning matters upon which the Government desires the assistance of the financial section of the League of Nations in accordance with the statement of the Liberian Representative before the Council of the League last November. The Government is already in agreement with the Finance Corporation &c.” (c) Paragraph 5 ignores the requirement of the Liberian Government that the Bank should guarantee the Government by means of a Fidelity Bond as security for its deposits. This I understand to be the precedent conviction upon a compliance with which, by the bank, the Government would re-establish the United States Trading Company-Banking Department as its depositary. (d) Paragraph 6 should be revised as follows: “Should an agreement be reached the American Fiscal Officers provided for thereunder will resume their duties with full authority. Note: It is confidently expected that these Fiscal Officers will not, upon resuming their functions, take any reprisals against Officials or employees who have obeyed the Government’s instructions. (e) The final paragraph would appear to commit the Government to a line of policy inconsistent with its interests in present adverse financial circumstances. I cannot commit myself to this extent. For should no agreement be reached, the Government whilst re-

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cognizing the obligations of the 1926 Contract, would be compelled to maintain the present status until it was in position to resume payments under the said Contract. Or, alternatively, it might be said that should no agreement be reached, the Committee of the Council of the League will be requested, after considering all the facts, to suggest a solution equitable to all parties. Should the Joint Statement be redrawn to meet the views expressed herein, I shall have pleasure in being able to approve and sign it.”

Not wishing to put any controversial matters in the Statement it was modified and published in the following form on May 11, 1933: – “As a result of conferences held during the past five weeks between His Excellency the President of Liberia and Major General Winship, Representative of President Roosevelt on special mission to Liberia, substantial progress has been made toward settling on a basis of mutual accommodation the differences between the Government of Liberia and the Finance Corporation of America. Mr. Lyle, Vice President of the Finance Corporation has made certain offers on behalf of his Company which include anticipated reduction in the interest charges on the 1926 Loan, provision for regularizing the status of past due interest, amortization, and revision of salaries of the American Fiscal Officers. Should these proposals become effective a saving to the Government of Liberia of approximately fifty thousand gold dollars per annum for the duration of the Loan is contemplated, as well as the special provision for meeting revised interest charges during the period of business depression and curtailed Government revenues. The concessions offered to the Government by the Finance Corporation in the above respects are conditioned upon the prior agreement of the Government of Liberia to the reestablishment of the Depositary Agreement with the United States Trading CompanyBanking Department, the re-establishment in full authority of the American Fiscal Officers, and the acceptance by the Government of various modifications in the Loan Agreement of 1926 designed to clarify the status of the Fiscal Officers, facilitate the efficient functioning of the Financial Advisership, and settle a number of questions of interpretation which have caused friction in the past. Final agreement on the points still outstanding will be sought in Geneva, where a meeting of the International Committee on Liberia of the Council of the League of Nations will be held as soon as the Liberian Representative and General Winship have reached Switzerland. The Honourable the Secretary of State, Mr. Louis A. Grimes, and General Winship and Suite will sail from Monrovia on the S. S. Canada for Marseilles on May 13, 1933. Mr. Lyle will sail at the same time.”

I hope, Gentlemen, you will not consider that I have gone into this matter in too great detail. The public interest in the question, your right to be fully informed, and the misrepresentations from supposedly interested quarters, have rendered this extended statement imperative. From this point the financial negotiations become a part of the League of Nations’ proposed Plan of Assistance to which reference will be made later. Trade and Finance. The trade of the country, although not diminished in volume still continues to be adversely affected by the low commodity prices ruling. The average monthly value of trade passing through our ports of entry from October 1, 1923 to August 31, 1933 was $107,728.26. This when compared with trade value for the same period between 1931 and 1932 shows a decline of 6 3/5%. Two factors enter into this situation: (a) Low prices paid for local products, and (b) increasing volume of trade coming form countries having low production costs,

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such as Japan, Italy and Spain. Japanese textile, in cause of their low prices, seem destined to supplant the Manchester piece goods formerly prevalent in our Markets. Whilst the consumer gets the benefit of these low prices, Government income is adversely affected because the duty imposed is ad valorem. This should be corrected by imposing a specific duty on these goods. This duty should not be so heavy as to discourage importation of these goods, but should be high enough to act as a corrective to the fall in the revenues derived from this source. Perhaps, however, it would be wiser to encourage importation of these goods. By doing this the duty derived from the increased volume of importation might balance the revenue loss now experienced from an ad valorem duty on a small volume of import. It must not be forgotten that it is incumbent upon us to find new markets for our products. From the markets formerly open to us we are now virtually excluded by preferential tariffs. We cannot, therefore, compete on equal terms with the products of neighbouring colonial possessions even if the quality of our commodities be unimpeachable. This matter of imperial preference must be also recognized as an element in the local commodity lowprice factor. For, the European buyer not being a philanthropist, cannot be expected to make us a present of the surtax he will have to pay in his home market on importation from Liberia. One hundred pounds of Coffee from Sierra Lenone say, could be sold cheaper in the English Markets than an equal quantity of Liberian Coffee. Granting that the quality of both consignments is the same, the Liberian Coffee would suffer the disadvantage of a 10% import duty which is not imposed on that from Sierra Leone. The buyer, therefore, if he has an eye to profit, cannot pay in Liberia the same unit price which obtains in Sierra Leone. They therefore must perforce deduct in their interest this duty from the standard market price to find what unit price they might profitably offer for the Liberian product. The remedy is clearly indicated. The following table shows the trade value position from October 1, to September 30, of the fiscal years mentioned: 1929–1930 1930–1931 1931–1932 Imports $1,258,857.65 $ 858,741.66 $ 698,638.60 Exports $ 838,739.00 $ 679,885.00 $ 685,034.07 Totals $2,097,596.65 $1,538,626.66 $1,383,672.67 * Approximate. Based on monthly average of trade.

1932–1933* $ 646,248.80 $ 637,503.01 $1,283,751.81

It is thus seen that trade declined 26 7/10% between 1930 and 1931; 10 1/10% between 1931 and 1932: and a little over 7% between 1932 and 1933. The decline in trade value, whilst not satisfactory from the standpoint of Government income, is nevertheless not wholly discouraging. The trade decline for the last two years is, as has been shown, much less than that between 1930 and 1931. This would seem to indicate that our trade is moving along the bottom of the depression, and that any favourable change in the international markets and political situation will likely have a beneficial reaction in the trade of the country. Farmers and other exporters of natural products should therefore prepare themselves to take advantage of any favourable signs of improvement. Commodity prices showed wide fluctuations during the year. These prices were on the average lower than those of the last year but much higher than what could have been obtained in 1931. This can be seen from the following:-

Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava

1930

1931

1932

1933

$32.60 50.40 38.40

$24.00 27.00 200.00

$31.26 26.40 30.00

$25.20–$45.36 86.40–97.40 24.00–33.00

Average 1933 ton 35.28 91.50 28.80

Annual Message to the Legislature October 25, 1933 Coffee Cacao Kola Nuts

80.00 89.60 44.80

80.00 50.40 56.00

140.00 45.00 40.00

100.00–116.00 48.00-60.00 40.00

879

108.00 54.00 40.00

Revenue collections for the present budgetary years have so far been higher than in the last year on each item of income except Port and Harbour Dues and Hut Taxes as will be seen in the following table which shows the financial position on September 30, 1933:Customs Revenues Port & Harbour Dues Emergency Relf. Fund Dry Goods Tax Highway Fund Internal Revenue Postal Revenue Commonwealth Dists. Townships Revenue Hut & Real Est. Taxes Public Health & Sanitation Tax

1932 $166,173.77 7,774.00 31,907.39 9,727.65 1,615.98 30,896.01 1,712.74 13,643.35 840.53 84,955.25 2,178.07 $351,424.74

1933 $167,575.61 6,155.50 32,856.94 12,475.95 2,094.25 65,966.55 1,921.32 14,491.06 2,297.18 2,944.07 2,433.54 $311,211.97

Increase $ 1,401.84

Decrease 1,618.00

949.55 2,748.39 478.27 35,070.54 208.58 847.71 1,456.65 82,011.18 255.47 $43,416.91

$83,629.68

The fall in Port and Harbour Dues was occasioned by a reduction of this tax by Executive Order for reasons which will be explained in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. Your approval of this reduction is solicited. The apparent decrease in Hut Tax collection is attributed (a) to the fact that the accounts of the last year were credited with sums accruing after the close of that year whilst the accounts of this year were promptly closed on the 30th of September, and any sums accruing thereafter will be credited to the fiscal year just beginning. (b) To delays in collections owing to changes incident to the execution of the Moratorium Act. The consolidated receipts and expenditures for the last three years are shown for comparison:Receipts Expenditures

1931 $551,305.86 $676,711.43

1932 $353,387.81 $517,396.97

1933 $321,299.06 $232,785.59

Between 1931 and 1932 there was a fall in revenue of 35.9%. The revenue for 1933 at September 30, was only 9.1% lower than the income for the same period of last year. In 1931 expenditures exceeded income by 22.7%. In 1932 expenditures were 46.7% above revenue. At the close of business on the 30th of September 1933 expenditures were about 28% below income – 55% less than expenditures of the preceeding year. The figures for 1933 do not include sums forcibly detained by the United States Trading CompanyBanking Department, except as to $2,944.00 which Mr. Travell, when Supervisor of Internal Revenue, seized and deposited with this Company in defiance of Treasury instructions to the contrary. For this action he was dismissed. The favorable financial position shown for this year could not have been achieved, of course, had payment of interest and amortization on the 1926 Loan not been suspended. The Secretary of the Treasury will submit the proposed Budget for the year 1934. There are some considerations I desire the Legislature to take into account when examining the proposed votes. (a) The imperative necessity of limiting Government expenditure to the lowest possible sums consistent with effective administration. We must not forget that we are still in the grip of a financial crisis and cannot embark upon any but essential undertak-

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ings (b) That the Budget Act must contain a provision which will enable the Executive to coordinate the Budget with the proposed Plan of Assistance should the plan eventually be approved by you and ratified by the Senate. (c) That as large provision as shall be made for extending the interior communications and for building a central prison. (d) The total budgetary votes must not exceed, and, if possible, must be less than $400,000.00. The need for additional income has to be emphasized. In order to meet this need, I suggested in my 1931 Message for your consideration: 1. Increasing the Customs tariff on certain goods, wares and merchandise, as are not actual necessaries; 2. The ad valorum rate of duty of 15% might be increased to 25% on certain articles, details of which will be furnished later; 3. The specific rate of duty on certain other articles be increased; 4. Reductions in the free Goods list; and, 5. Readjustment of the taxation on real estate and by the provision of any form of taxation, namely an annual tax of $5.00 a month on all profession, trades, occupations and forms of employment not specified in Section 15 of the law approved October 22, 1914; and 6. Reduction of 60% duty on imported spirits. I again submit this plan for your favourable action. Department of Justice. The report of the Acting Attorney General will give details with regard to the operation of this Department. The report contains many thoughtful recommendations designed to improve and strengthen the law administration. These I recommend to your careful consideration. A recent celebrated case inherently of no intrinsic national or social importance, but which loomed large in the public eye because of political elements which were sought to be introduced into it, has again brought the administration of Justice in Liberia under the fire of criticism. During the last retrial of the case a distinguished foreign Counsellor assisted in the interest of one of the parties. He made a very interesting communication to me as to the competence and procedure of the Courts as he observed it. His criticism was directed to two principal points:(a) The disinclination of a Judge to direct a verdict when the facts justifying such a course are plainly indicated; and, (b) The Jury’s lack of affirmative response to the instructions of the Court. His observations on this latter point are: “Such an outcome, in the teeth of the evidence, and arrived at as far as the eleven concurring members of the jury are concerned, in utter disregard of the instructions of the court as to the law of the case, is extremely difficult to understand. Either the majority of the jury failed totally to understand or were incapable of understanding the plain and explicit instructions of the presiding judge as to the law of the case, which it was their duty to follow, or they understood those instructions but deliberately disregarded them. Whichever alternative is accepted the practical result is that defendant, clearly entitled to a verdict upon the evidence and the instructions, has suffered a grave injustice. The result of this trial and of the two other abortive trials of this case which have preceded it must be profoundly discouraging to all impartial persons who believe in the importance of fostering in the minds of all those who have rights to vindicate or protect in the courts the

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belief that they can safely submit them for adjudication by the tribunals vested by law with the duty of administering justice.”

With this judgment, I am afraid, very few of us will disagree. It requires a high sense of social responsibility and personal integrity adequately to discharge the functions of a juror. I am afraid that many who are summoned to serve in that capacity do not carefully consider the implications of the oath which they take. Personal prejudices, fraternal relations, political affiliations, and other considerations – apart from liability to corruption which in recent years is being more frequently charged – would appear to have much more influence in arriving at a verdict than the evidence adduced at the trial. My personal judgment, after some years of experience in the Courts, is that the jury system as at present constituted is the one weak element in our judicial administration and is unsuited either to our present state of social development or to our racial psychology. A prompt and radical reform of the present jury system, if not its abolition, is imperative. The Executive will lay before you a draft of a law on the subject which it is hoped will be enacted by you. I have to report the resignation from the Bench of the Supreme Court of Mr. Chief Justice Johnson and Mr. Justice Page. I have also suspended from his functions Mr. Justice Karnga subject to your approval. A special report on the subject will be laid before you. Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior reports a state of absolute political tranquility throughout the Republic, even in the district which was in a disturbed condition two years ago. In this particular section the truce arranged between the Government and these tribesmen influenced by former Paramount chief Nimly, expired July 1, when it was agreed that this Chief would proceed to Monrovia and make submission to Government. He has neglected to do so and meanwhile he has instituted a reign of terror over the tribesmen who were so ill advised as to adhere to him, and evidence is not wanting as to the atrocities which he has committed upon those of his followers who desire to hand in their submission to Government. It is my purpose to declare an amnesty in favour of these people, except, of course, Juah Nimly, Parler Weah, Kaytah Sean and Sarati who will be arrested and dealt with judicially. I had the occasion to make a tour of inspection in the Western Province during March and April of this year and was profoundly struck by the loyal reception accorded me by Chiefs and people in every Chiefdom visited. The districts covered were those most strongly hit by the pawning prohibition laws. They are rebuilding the basis of their economic life upon free personal labour and many of the thoughtful notables expressed with apparent sincerity their appreciation of the fact that the new social order is far more beneficial to them than what had obtained previously. Full details as regards the progress of the internal administration will be found in the report of the Department. Department of Public Instruction. The Secretary of Public Instruction in his report calls attention to the fact that the principal Protestant Missionary Bodies heretofore carrying on educational work in Liberia have either restricted their work to a considerable extent or closed down permanently. The Roman Catholic Schools have carried on their progressive work and expanded. Government Schools have been maintained to last year’s standard, but the Department is requesting, in view of the closing down of the Mission Schools, and the demand for Chiefdom Schools, an appropriation of about $30,000.00. It is to be hoped that this request will, as far as possible be met.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Post Office Department. The reorganization of the Postal Service as will be gathered from the report of the Postmaster General and which was reported last year as being in progress, is nearing completion and the complaints of irregularities heretofore the rule rather than the exception have been considerably reduced. The head of this service makes sundry suggestions for improvement which are recommended to your consideration. Public Health and Sanitation. The work of the Sanitary Bureau has been very effective during the year. No communicable diseases were reported in the larger part of the country. There were, however, outbreaks of Smallpox in the Gissi Chiefdom. Vaccine was supplied by Government to the Missionary Hospital established in these Chiefdoms and the spread of the outbreak immediately checked. During the year five cases of Yellow Fever were reported from the Gold Coast and three cases from the Ivory Coast. In Liberia no case of Yellow Fever or other epidemic occurred. Arrangements have been completed for opening the division of vital statistics under this bureau. In accordance with the provisions of the Act approved March 7, 1932. The cost of the Sanitary Service during 1933 was $11,587.32. This was fully met and the arrears of $2,464.00 reported were wiped out. The Government Hospital was conducted under the same conditions which obtained last year on account of reduced appropriation. It is proposed to open a free clinic for the poor during the next year in order to give the indigent the benefit of treatment, who because of their condition cannot pay the present fees. War Department. The Acting Secretary of War reiterates the Department’s recommendations for the reorganization of the Militia which were submitted for your consideration last year. Your attention is again respectfully called to these recommendations, and the urgent character of the measures to be taken emphasized. The Department points out the lack of a reserve of Officers for the Liberian Frontier Force and recommends the reopening of the Cadet Training School into which Officers of the Militia may pass for training. These and other recommendations essential to maintaining and improving the standard of efficiency, morale and effectiveness for this force are submitted for such action as you might deem appropriate. It is with regret that I have to inform you of the demise of Colonel J. Samuel Dennis, Secretary of War. He was a zealous and efficient Officer and an honest and capable administrator. In him the Republic has lost an Official who cannot easily be replaced. Foreign Affairs I regret to have to report that the hope expressed last year that the basis of the assistance which had been requested of the League of Nations would have been settled in November last did not materialize. The American interests concerned, as has been detailed above, did not appear at Geneva and the Council adjourned without a decision being reached. After the Moratorium Act had become effective, however, I received the following telegraphic message, dates January 26, 1933, from Lord Cecil, Chairman of the Liberian Committee of the Council of the League: – “American member of Liberian Council Committee has informed the Committee that Liberian Legislature on December 17th passed Joint Resolution effect of which is to modify Loan Contract without previous agreement of American Financial Corporation and that Fi-

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883

nancial Corporation consequently feels unable to collaborate in the League Plan of Assistance until this action has been repealed. In view of these grave events I am convening Council Committee at Geneva next week to consider the situation and appropriate action. I understand Liberian Legislature rises the end of January and consider in the interest of Liberia this should not be allowed to prevent settlement. To avoid risk of further regrettable delay suggest therefore that you obtain powers to take any measure that may seem desirable as a result of proposals which Committee may eventually make.”

To this I replied as follows:“Beg to acknowledge receipt of your telegram of 26th instant. The present controversy between Government of Liberia and the Finance Corporation does not arise out of the proposed League Plan but has grown out of the Budget situation. Hence the Government of Liberia is of opinion that the dispute is a matter not within the jurisdiction of the Committee since the contract provided machinery for the settlement of such disputes. The Liberian Government appreciating interest manifested by the League Committee on the question will be prepared to give sympathetic considerations to any proposals appropriate to the present economic and financial situation of Liberia which might be suggested through the Committee. The Liberian Government feels that any consideration of question before they shall have had opportunity to present their point of view and documents bearing thereon should be ex parte. They therefore urge postponement of meeting until arrival of mail due in Europe February 18th.”

The meeting was nevertheless called on the date specified notwithstanding the request of the Liberian Government for a postponement. The conclusions of the Committee were communicated to me by the Secretary General in a telegram dated 31st January to the following effect:“At the request of Lord Cecil, President Council Committee, have honour to transmit following: “In response to your telegram January 28th I should like to convey to you summary results of Committee’s discussion on January 31st, 1933. 1. 2.

3.

4.

Committee has considered in light of recent developments situation which has arisen regarding realization of its scheme assistance. It desires to point out that plan suggested by Committee and accepted by Liberian Government was based on a solution of financial questions involved by agreement between Liberian Government and American groups concerned. It consequently considers that such action as taken by Liberian Government is inconsistent with vital provisions of scheme assistance to be given by League of Nations to Liberia and that as long as measures taken by Liberian Government are in force scheme cannot be effective. As regards attitude of Finance Corporation Committee notes following statement made on behalf of Corporation by American Representative: ‘Finance Corporation not unappreciative of present fiscal difficulties of Liberia irrespective of their origin would be prepared (in event that legislation of December 18th 1932 and subsequent orders and actions relating thereto have been withdrawn) to recognize the de facto existence of moratorium for such time not to exceed two months from date of anticipated Liberian withdrawal as might be required for inauguration of their direct negotiation with Liberia at Geneva.” Committee therefore urges Liberian Government so far to abandon its present attitude as to make possible for financial negotiations to be forthwith begun Geneva. I venture and on my own behalf very strongly hope that in circumstances Liberian Government will see their way to withdraw recent legislation orders and action relating thereto.”

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

It is to be noted that the most serious representations by the Liberian Delegates in November did not impress the American interests concerned with the urgent necessity for a decision to be undertaken at Geneva with a view to liquidating the situation which had arisen by reason of the Liberian fiscal position. In spite of a definite understanding on the part of the United States Delegate that the Firestone interests would be present to negotiate they did not appear. The situation created by this abstention was such as caused Lord Cecil to remark that “if they (the delays) were still further prolonged, the Liberian Government would be entitled to claim that the efforts of the League had failed and to attempt to find another solution, concerning which he preferred not to express his opinion.” Not only was he quite right in this opinion, but the Liberian Government was impressed, as has already been remarked, that the Firestone interests desired to find a solution apart from the League and free from its scrutiny. I had no confidence in such a solution and I appreciated the difficulty which confronted the League in view of the Firestone attitude. This contretemps did not in any way ease the situation for Liberia. We had unnecessarily been pushed along this road with the aid of Firestone, and had, without any favourable outcome, loyally observed the undertaking we had subscribed. The internal economic and financial position had to fbe aced. These delays, for which the Liberian Government could in no way be reasonably blamed, intensified the crisis and called for radical action as was pointed out by our Delegates at Geneva. Mr. Lyle’s mission to Liberia, as we were compelled to interpret it, was a mere gesture. It was designed, it would appear, to impress the League that Firestone was seeking data upon which to impress the League to base his proposals when he should eventually go to Geneva, and at the same time to convince the Liberian Government that there was no hope of a solution at Geneva. The result sought, it would seem, was a justification of the much advertised “chaos” which was reported to exist in Liberian affairs and to entangle the Liberian Government more deeply in the meshes of the Firestone financial net. This seemed very clear to the Executive and led irresistibly to the solution eventually adopted – a temporary suspension of payments on the Loan for such a period as would enable the Government to re-adjust its finances and economy to the realities of the situation by which we were confronted. As soon, however, as the Liberian Government had taken into its own hands the solution of the financial problem, the Americans found it convenient immediately to appeal to Geneva. As a condition precedent to initiating direct negotiations with Liberia at Geneva, they proposed a repeal of the Moratorium Act and a withdrawal of the Administrative orders based thereon. They were, however, prepared to recognize for two months what they styled the “de facto Moratorium” whilst such negotiations were in progress. We gave careful consideration to this proposal and to the views of the Committee as expressed in the telegram above quote. We did not find in this any substantial promise of relief appropriate to our difficulties, nor, if enventually the negotiations broke down, any legal foundation for a continuance of the Moratorium, which would of course, have been repealed. It was not possible for the Government, therefore to accept these proposals. The question remained in this state until the arrival of Major General Winship in March of this year. After the negotiations at Monrovia had been concluded, I instructed the Secretary of State to proceed to Geneva for the anticipated continuation of negotiations on points not agreed upon. The committee met at London – not at Geneva – and its discussions eventuated in a draft Protocol between the Council of the League and Liberia. To this Protocol was attached a draft supplementary Agreement proposed by the Firestone interests which was to be implemented with the Protocol. This supplementary Agreement, as well as the Protocol varied, the latter upon what had been accepted by your authority in September last, and the former from the agreements which had been arrived at in May of this year between

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the President and General Winship. The Secretary of State, therefore refused to accept the Protocol-Supplementary Agreement unless they were modified in accordance with reservations which he submitted. The attitude of the Secretary of State did not impress the Committee that he would recommend to Government the acceptance of the ProtocolSupplementary Agreement. To counteract his possible unfavourable influence on the Government’s decision they thought it desirable to send out there own representative to Liberia for the purpose of insisting upon an acceptance by the Liberian Government of the Committee’s Plan as formulated before that Plan had been adopted by the Council with which the Government of Liberia was in negotiation. On the 3rd of August I received the following cable communication form the President of the League Committee: – “As Your Excellency is aware Council Committee drew up last month definite and complete Plan of Assistance and is expecting communication of your Government’s decision on it September next. Committee understood from your Representative that Liberian Government would have to consult Legislature beforehand. It anticipated you would summon Legislature to meet about August 25th. Committee therefore decided in agreement your Representative to send Dr. Mackenzie Monrovia to explain plan. Mackenzie arriving Monrovia about August 21st on Chargeurs Renis steamer. Will stay fortnight. Grateful earliest information exact date meeting Legislature. Cecil, President, Council Committee.”

To this I replied on August 4, as follows:“Have received your telegram of 2nd August. In reply I have to say I regret that I am unable to indicate what decision the Liberian Government will arrive at as to Plan of Assistance until the Secretary of State shall have returned to Monrovia and reported to Government. Thereafter should it be necessary to call a special meeting of the Legislature your Lordship will be advised of the date.”

General Winship wrote me as follows from London on July 5:“My dear Mr. President: I did not anticipate when I said good-bye to you last May that I should have an opportunity to see you again so soon, but my Government has asked me to return to Monrovia in August in order to be present at the time when the Legislature is expected to pass upon the proposed amendment to the Loan Agreement, as well as the League Plan of Assistance. In this connection, I should not be fair to you were I not to say frankly that Secretary Grimes’ memorandum of “reservations,” in which he endeavours to raise certain issues which do not appear relevant to the present situation, and even summarily to reject the recommendations of the financial expert of your Government’s own choice, has proved most disappointing. Although I do not feel that this is the time for extended comment upon Secretary Grimes’ views, I am confident that you will appreciate the necessity for a very careful exploration of the position before deciding upon the course which you will adopt in submitting these documents to the Liberian Legislature. It will be my purpose in Monrovia to be as helpful as possible during your Government’s forthcoming consideration of these important matters, on which I sincerely believe so much of the future welfare of Liberia will depend. We are sailing tomorrow for the United States in order to have a few days of consultation in Washington prior to our return to Liberia. Mr. Briggs will again accompany me. Looking forward to the pleasure of seeing you next month, I am, My dear Mr. President, Sincerely yours, (Sgd.) Blanton Winship.”

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Dr. Mackenzie and General Winship arrived on the 20th of August and I received them immediately thereafter, Dr. Mackenzie handed me the following communication from Lord Cecil: “As Your Excellency is aware, the Council Committee entrusted with the study of the Problem raised by the request for assistance made by the Liberian Government, drew up at its meeting in London in June 1933 a definite plan upon which the Committee was prepared to recommend the Council to give assistance to Liberia. The Committee has now had the matter under consideration for over two years. The present plan has only been reached after careful study and with the assistance of competent expert opinion. Moreover the plan, has with the exception of the Liberian Representative been unanimously approved by all its members including the United States Representative. The Committee felt strongly that it is essential to reach a conclusion of its work and for this purpose to ask the Liberian Government for a definite answer is to whether or not the Government was prepared to accept the Committee’s proposals. The Committee was of opinion that the decision of the Liberian Government should be laid before the Council at its meeting in September. The Committee learned from your Secretary of State that you would probably wish to consult your Legislature with regard to your decision and this could be called for August 25. The Committee therefore considered, in agreement with your Representative, that it might be of assistance to Liberia if Dr. Mackenzie were sent to Liberia in order to explain the Plan. You will recollect that Dr. Mackenzie has been closely associated with the work of the Committee since its inception and is thoroughly conversant with the views of the Committee. The Committee decided upon this course in view of its desires to assist Liberia in every possible way to reach a decision, having full knowledge of the facts, as the Committee feels that the future well being of Liberia may depend on the conclusions now reached. Dr. Mackenzie has therefore at the request of the Committee been instructed by the Secretary General to proceed to Liberia and present this letter to Your Excellency on his arrival. I have no doubt that Your Excellency will give your earnest consideration to the Committee’s proposals and the explanations furnished by Dr. Mackenzie. I am convinced that the Plan of Assistance as offered by the Committee will materially assist your Government in carrying out the reforms which you have always had in mind.”

In our interview Dr. Mackenzie endeavoured to impress me that the League was tired of the Liberian question and was not prepared to admit of any further procrastination on the part of Liberia. The Protocol represented the maximum concession to the views of Liberia which the League was prepared to grant, and there was no need for further appeal to the Council. The Council as a rule always endorsed the conclusions of its Committees and Experts and would endorse, of course, the London Protocol. In fact, Liberia would no longer be heard on the question. We had either to accept or notify our non-acceptance. In the latter case he would not withhold from me that the Liberian Government would find itself faced with many embarrassments, the end of which could not be favourable to her. He called at the Foreign Office in London and had been told that the British Government would take no action in Liberia. They would not only advise the United States Government to intervene but would emphasize upon that government that it was their duty to intervene. He therefore insisted that the Legislature be immediately called in order that their decision could be communicated to the Council at its September session. I told Dr. Mackenzie that the Liberian Government resented the imputation that they had unduly delayed a settlement of this question. This government had in September accepted the Plan with certain reservations. Why had the League not put it into effect? They considered the assistance of the American financial interests as a conditio sine qua non to that end. The Americans had

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avoided giving that assistance. Could that be attributed to Liberia? Moreover the Liberian Government was not prepared either to give its decision on the Plan prior to its approval by the Council nor to accept its Protocol wholly in its present form. They had therefore decided to place their views before the Council of the League. If the Council declined to hear the views of a Member State upon matters which vitally affected its future, that was for the Council to say and would be decisive on the question as to how they interpreted the spirit of the Covenant. Furthermore, there was no need for me to summon the Legislature. From the constitutional point of view they took no part in negotiations. They or the Senate only ratify or refuse to ratify diplomatic agreements which resulted from negotiations which the Executive had initiated, concluded and submitted to them. These negotiations between the Executive and the Council were not concluded and so there was nothing to place before the Senate. The Doctor then suggested that such objections as we had to the terms of the Protocol should be discussed with him in order that an adjustment might be arrived at. Upon being asked whether he was furnished with powers to negotiate or to make commitments binding upon the Council he had to admit that he was not so furnished. But he thought his influence in the Committee was such as would lead them to accept whatever he suggested as alterable in the way of amendments. A discussion ensued which led, as was expected, to no result since Dr. Mackenzie had no authority to make any commitments. General Winship was not concerned with the general details of the League Plan. He felt that Liberia should accept it as the only way out of a very difficult situation. His Government was frequently embarrassed by questions relating to Liberia referred to them, and desired to assure such conditions in Liberia as would put a stop to this situation. He pointed out that the two main advantages that Liberia would secure from acceptance of the League’s Plan with an American Chief Adviser were (a) That with a white man in an administrative position to deny unfounded rumour and reports against Liberia, the international difficulties we experience from this source would be removed and (b) that an American Chief Adviser would be able to tap sources of capital which would send a stream of money pouring into Liberia, and which would enable her to possess all the material developments of more advanced countries. When asked upon what condition, his reply was that of course the condition would have to be agreed upon. This in substance was what he had come to assist me in impressing upon the Legislature. Whilst this exchange of views was in progress the following Joint Note was handed me by General Winship on behalf of the United States Government and by Mr. Routh on the part of His Britannic Majesty’s Government: – “His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Government of the United States of America are convinced that the present Plan of Assistance provides an opportunity which they are informed Is not likely to recur for Liberia to obtain the assistance which she has requested from the League of Nations. They consider that the present proposals will provide a solution of the problems confronting Liberia. Upon the acceptance by Liberia of these proposals and the extension when the Plan becomes operative of an amnesty to all political prisoners detained, His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Government of the United States of America will be prepared to recognize and to enter into full diplomatic relations with the existing Liberian Administration.”

To this I replied as follows: – “The Government of the Republic of Liberia hereby acknowledges receipt of the Joint Note filled on the 25th of August 1933 in the name of the governments of His Britannic Majesty, and of the United States of America, recommending the acceptance by Liberia of the present Plan of Assistance.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

The Plan recently proposed by the Liberian Committee of the Council of the League of Nations has been and now is, having the careful study of the Liberian Government who will give due consideration to the recommendations contained in the Joint Note. The Liberian Government is now confident that said study will have been completed in time for whatever conclusions shall have been reached by it to be laid before the ensuing session of the Council.”

The Government having settled upon what it considered the objectionable features of the Protocol instructed the Secretary of State to proceed to the meeting of the Council and notify them of our willingness to accept the Protocol for ratification provided the following modifications are accepted:1. The bases of the scheme shall, by the League of Nations, be declared to be the political integrity and economic independence of the Republic of Liberia. 2. The Chief Adviser shall not be appointed from any State to whose Nationals the Liberian government has financial obligations, or is under economic commitments, nor from any State having territory contiguous to Liberia. 3. That to avoid any infringement of the sovereignty of Liberia, and the full responsibility of its Government, the powers and rights of the Chief Adviser be carefully defined so as to restrict him to precise objects to which they apply – namely: To give the Central Government the benefit of his advice, and to supervise the execution of the Plan of Assistance. 4. That the Deputy Provincial Commissioners shall be Liberians. 5. That no power be granted to any Adviser appointed under the Plan which will be in derogation of the powers and authority of the President ,Legislature, or Courts constitutionally established. 6. That no question affecting the interest of the State shall be subject to the decision of any outside, or alien authority unless the Liberian Government shall voluntarily decide so to submit such question. 7. That no body of troops or gendarmerie shall be placed under the command of foreigners; nor shall any force of police or messengers be armed for any purpose except upon the authority of the President of Liberia. 8. That no official shall be engaged in the service of Liberia even if supervised or administered by the Foreign Experts except upon the prior approval of and appointment by, the President of Liberia, and where required by the Constitution, confirmation by the Senate of Liberia. 9. That the Foreign Experts shall be attached to the Departments concerned and work in association with the Head of said Department, who shall follow the advice of said Experts under such sanctions as the Legislature may approve. 10. That the cost of the execution of said Plan shall involve neither temporally nor permanent increase in the capital indebtedness of the Republic either to the Finance Corporation of America or otherwise, and the cost of said Plan shall be within the actual financial capacity of the Government of Liberia. 11. That a moratorium on interest and sinking fund of the 1926, 7% Gold Loan shall be maintained until such period when, in the opinion of the Chief Adviser in collaboration with the government of Liberia, the Interest Sinking Fund, or both, may be met out of current revenues without increasing the capital indebtedness of Liberia, and without recourse to the issuance of bonds. 12. The Government will not concede any limitation upon its power to grant concession to foreigners; although the Government will undertake to submit to the chief Adviser and

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Financial Adviser any proposals for concessions that may be made and give due consideration to any advice they may offer thereon. General Winship and Dr. Mackenzie followed Mr. Secretary Grimes to Geneva. The Liberian objections were heard by the Council and considered. The results have not yet been communicated to the President in detail. I have recently received from the Secretary General of the League the following telegraphic communication: – “I am instructed by council to transmit you for decision Council Committee’s final report including proposed Plan of Assistance. Council trusts reply will be received in time for January session. Documents will be sent first mail.”

When the documents arrive they will, if acceptable, be laid before the Legislature for its consideration. The intercourse of this Government with States with whom we are maintaining relations has been cordial and amicable during the year. Upon the retirement of Mr. Cambonie, the French Legation was entrusted to Mr. Emanuelli, who presented his credentials to the Secretary of State on the 23rd of March. The Convention of the telegraphic and radiographic Congress at Madrid will be submitted for the ratification of the Senate. This Government has been invited to assist in the following International Conferences: – 1. International Congress of Administrative Sciences at Vienna. 2. International Labour conference at Geneva on June 8. 3. Universal Postal Congress at Cairo, February 1934. It is necessary that financial provisions be made for expenses of such delegates as may be appointed. Matter not fully covered in this message will be found in Departmental Reports. I desire to record my appreciation of the co-operation I have received form the public Officials who have rendered honest and efficient service during the year, and of the support which the measures of the Executive have heretofore received from the Legislature. It is only by this co-operative spirit, by striving after identical national objectives in the atmosphere of unanimity that we can maintain the heritage which has come to us. Let the interest and greatness of Liberia be first in our thoughts and works, and we shall need not fear the future. Knowing, Gentlemen, that you share with me these ideals, I am sure that your deliberations and conferences will be marked by this sprit and be harmonious and conducive to the interest, welfare and perpetuity of the State. Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia, October 25, 1933

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 26, 1934 The Honorable The Senate and House of Representatives Of the Republic of Liberia In Legislature Assembled: Gentlemen of the Legislature, A review of the state of the Nation for the current year will reveal that although actual conditions during the Fiscal Year have not been wholly satisfactory in an economic and financial point of view for reasons growing out of the continued unsettlement in the markets of the world, yet, considerable ameliorations are evidenced in these aspects of our National Life. Trade and Finance The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury will show that notwithstanding the Producers’ Strike in the County of Grand Bassa, one of the Country’s principal producing areas, which caused a fall in the value and volume of our exports during the year, yet on the whole trade figures show a 38% increase over those of last year. Imports increased by 87% and exports, including money transferred in the form of drafts and specie, increased by 59% over the previous year. The following comparative table will show the exact position: Fiscal Year Ending September 30, Imports Exports

1933 $ 659,161.39 638,232.56 $ 1,297,393.95

1934 1,233,158.06 555,656.94 $ 1,788,815.00

The 1934 figures show an adverse balance on the exchange of products in the sum of $677,501.12. This was partly met by cash transfers in the sum of $460,684.18, leaving a net adverse balance of trade in the sum of $216,816.94. If this sum of $460,684.12 be added to the value of Liberian products exported, as I think it should be in any just account of the trade movements, the total exports for the year would amount to $1,016,341.12. It would appear to be an unfortunate fact that such a comparatively large amount of local capital which could without doubt be profitably employed in the country should have been exported, particularly when a considerable portion of it was spent for the purchase of articles easily produced at home. This phase of the question will be taken up more fully in a Special Message covering the Administration’s Three-Year Economic Program. The fact that nearly half a million of money could thus be spent by the people who a year ago had almost nothing to spend, is a complete refutation of the jeremiads of these political malcontents who pretend to see no improvement in economic conditions. Apart from the influence of the Producers’ Strike, the short-fall in the value of products exported must also be partly attributed to the low prices ruling in the local market for our raw products. These prices suffer wide fluctuation at short intervals, but the mean prices have in no appreciable degree improved since 1929.

The following table shows comparison between prices for the last and the present year:

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Average Prices Per Ton Coffee Cocoa Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Kola Nuts Ivory

1933 $108.00 54.00 35.28 91.50 28.80 40.00 .72/lb

1934 $123.20 43.20 21.00 10.00 .84/lb

For years, the producers have protested these prices as being inadequate. They were under the impression that merchants arbitrarily were withholding a just return for their products. They did not and have not yet fully understood that the prices offered locally are conditioned by prices in the foreign market. These protests reached their culminating point during the middle of the year when the producers in Grand Bassa organized a boycott of the Merchants – sold no produce and bought no goods. The Government took the matter in hand and brought about an agreement without any disturbance. The four months suspension of trade, however, as has been shown, reflected itself adversely in the volume of products exported and in the government revenue derived from this source of income. The consolidated income from all sources including balances brought forward from the previous fiscal year is $618,855.80. The total disbursement for the same period is $565,909.50. A balance of $53,986.59 has been brought forward to the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1934. Deducting from this balance the total amount of outstanding requisitions and audited bills which amount to $31,997.91, there remains still in the Treasury an unencumbered balance of $20,928.42. 1931 Receipts $551,305.86 Expenditures 676,711.43 Balances: -$115,305.57 - Debit balances

1932 $353,387.81 517,396.97 $164,009.16

1933 $321,299.06 232,785.59 $ 88,513.47

1934 $618,836.89 565,909.50 $ 52,926.39

An interesting feature which might be taken into consideration is that although the cash balance for the last fiscal year appears higher than that of the present year, a quantity of unpaid bills for 1933 amounting to $32,256.75, was brought over for payment during the current year. All of this amount, save $907.78, was liquidated during this year and funds are available to clear the difference off the books. Nevertheless, although the figures herein presented exhibit a more favorable financial position than those for the past year, I have emphatically to demand that the total amount voted for the various public services this year shall not exceed $450,000.00. Although the Treasury has been very conservative in the estimates of receipts, it must not be forgotten that the financial and trade crisis is not yet passed. Every effort is being made to stimulate production and to facilitate the profitable marketing of our raw products. Should there be a loyal popular response to the Plans of Government, I am quite sanguine of an appreciable improvement in the economic position during the coming year. The Secretary of the Treasury will go into the matter in more detail when he submits the Budget for 1935. The Mission to America authorized by you in the Act approved January 12,1934, Chapter IV, Section 3, was not undertaken owing to the disinclination of the Finance Corporation to enter into any discussion on the subject. A request to the United States Department of State for its good offices in the matter resulted in the following correspondence:

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Mr. Simpson to Mr. Macveagh Monrovia, April 16, 1934 “Dear Mr. MacVeagh, With your reference to the interview which you accorded me on the 14th instant, when I verbally requested you to be good enough as to communicate with the American State Department to use their good offices in approaching the Finance Corporation of America for the purpose of getting the said Corporation to receive a Commission from Liberia or alternatively, nominate or send a responsible representative to Liberia to discuss the financial aspects of the Loan Contract when modified, with the Plan of Assistance after the unconstitutional features in the aforesaid Plan shall have been eliminated, I now have pleasure to confirm said request for the benefit of your files. I am, dear Mr. MacVeagh Yours sincerely (Sgd.) C.L. Simpson” Mr. John H. MacVeagh American Legation Monrovia Mr. MacVeagh to Mr. Simpson Legation of the United States of America Monrovia, Liberia April 18,1934 “My dear Mr. Simpson, I have to refer to our conversation of April 14, and to your letter of April 16, requesting the good offices of the Department of State at Washington in order to open negotiation with the Finance Corporation of America with a view to modifying the Loan Contract. My Government considers that the contract between Liberian and the Finance Corporation of American is a private matter and that any negotiation concerning changes therein can be made only at the desire of the parties concerned. The American Government has repeatedly stated that it believes the League Plans, which embodies certain changes in the Loan Contract, is the best solution of Liberia’s difficulties and it would be inconsistent at the present time to interest itself on Liberia’s behalf in such negotiations. I remain dear Mr. Simpson, Sincerely yours, (Sgd.) John H. MacVeagh The Honorable C.L. Simpson Department of State Monrovia

It was therefore thought unnecessary to take up these discussions until a more appropriate time. Department of Justice The Report of the Attorney General will furnish details in respect of the operations of this Branch of the Executive Government. I am gratified to be able to report that the law in relation to Special Juries (Chapter X) of the Acts of 1933–1934, has had a beneficial influence upon the conditions referred to in my last Message. Congested dockets have been cleared and the business of the Courts speeded up. One complaint, however, has been made against the operation of the Act. This is on the ground of expense. The cost of actions has been considerably increased and in so far as this

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complaint can be found to be justified, it is recommended that some amelioration be effected by legislation. With the increased facilities for traveling which are being provided, the Executive is of the opinion that the time has arrived when the territorial limits of the various judicial circuits should be enlarged to include the native districts. This is foreseen in the Administrative Regulations of 1931, and is becoming more and more necessary as a result of social development in the native districts and for the purpose of furnishing less costly means of appeal from the judgment of the District Commissioners’ Court. Under the present arrangement a dissatisfied litigant must take his appeal to Monrovia where living expenses are high, distance to be traveled long, and the time consumed involves considerable economic loss to the person concerned. Let us therefore take the Courts to the people. How this can best be effected is recommended to the consideration of the Legislature. Department of Public Instruction The report of the Secretary of Public Instruction will disclose considerable activity during the past year. His proposals are in the main approved by the President and are recommended to your favorable consideration. During my recent tour through the Central and Eastern Provinces, I was everywhere met with an instant demand for more schools. The provisions heretofore made have been inadequate. For instance, in the Mah Territory, with a population of nearly 200,000, there were but four schools, only one of which was supported by Government. The other three were Mission Schools. In some sections of the territory covered, there were absolutely no provision for instructing the children, if we exclude the socalled schools of the Pentecostal Missions which are only forcing grounds for proselytes. It is the duty of Government, therefore, to provide the facilities for adequately meeting this demand. School attendance shows a 25% advance following a 100% increase in the appropriation for the year 1934. It would seem obvious, then, that if the progressive program is to be realized, more money must be devoted to this purpose. In looking over the Educational Field, I have sensed two important needs: (a) Trained Teachers, and (b) A Balanced Instruction. The first, it is hoped to be met in a Teachers Training School which I have entrusted to the Secretary of Public Instruction to institute and organize under Specialists. It is with this object that the buildings of Monrovia College have been secured upon terms to be communicated in the Secretary’s Report. The second, by vocational colleges or schools. The plans for one such College have, upon my request, been drawn up by an American Specialist who has had local experience. It is eminently practical and is designed to provide facilities for the development of that phase of our educational life which has so far been neglected. They will be submitted for your consideration and authorization. Post Office Department The Report of the Postmaster General shows considerable development in the reform of this Department. The income from this Branch of the public service shows an average increase of 29½ % over last year’s revenue. This is an indication of increasing confidence in the Post Office Administration and a credit to the Director of this service which for a number of years has been subjected to much deserved public criticism. Interior Department Upon the resignation of Mr. Secretary Dunbar, which I accepted on 27th December, 1933, the conduct of this Department was entrusted to the next ranking official therein. This offi-

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cial, Mr. Henry R. Cooper, has demonstrated much zeal and initiative. He has made tours of several sections of the Interior with commendable results. Internal conditions have been peaceful throughout the territory of the Republic since my last Report. In pursuance of the policy of personal inspection of administrative and social conditions in the Country, I undertook, during the early months of the year, a tour of the central and Eastern Provinces. This tour was through territory which had not heretofore been visited by a Chief Magistrate officially. I was agreeably surprised and gratified by the loyal reception accorded me along the whole route and the spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm and appreciation of the visit, not only by the Chiefs and Elders, but by the general population. Formal conferences were held with the chiefs and people at each District Headquarters. Matters affecting administrative, social and economic welfare were discussed and settled in agreement with the Paramount chiefs and Elders. My first care was to discover how the Regulations of 1931 worked out in practice. I found that the fears expressed both in Legislative Circles and by those persons who were wedded to the old ideas that these Regulations were idealistic and impracticable, were without foundation. There was universal approval of the present Administrative Regulations, and the frank statement was made to me that should Government decide to abrogate these Regulations and the organization effectuated thereunder, it would be difficult for the Chiefs and Elders to submit to a change. A new dignity is now added to the Paramount Chiefs’ office and this in some of the Districts has resulted in a whole-hearted cooperation with the District Commissioners. In one of the Districts this was evidenced in the public modern buildings which are being erected at the tribal government’s expense and suggestion. The bricks for these buildings were made on the spot by the people under the direction and supervision of the District Commissioner himself. At Saniquelle, where the District Headquarters are situated, there was formerly no adequate water supply. The District Commissioner has constructed an artificial lake covering about ten acres which in height of the dry season, furnishes an abundant supply of water adequate to the needs of the population. Well built roads radiate from Headquarters to every section of the District, and this has been accomplished without any serious complaint from the population. In fact these people who, twenty years ago, were cannibals and very primitive, have under sympathetic guidance, developed a group consciousness and an aptitude for progress which, considering all the factors, is astonishing. Similar activity was evident in all interior Districts visited except Gio, whose District Commissioner, notwithstanding his foreign education and experience, seemed incapable of gaining the confidence of the population. The Paramount Chief pointed out his lack of initiative and energy, and the District Commissioner had nothing to show in the way of social improvement of which the chiefs seem very desirous. The District Commissioner was retired from the Service as being unsuited to the work he was supposed to carry out. The Eastern Province, except in the area bordering the Cavalla River, is less advanced than Seniquellie. The population is more primitive and thus more suspicious of innovations and apparently lack the gregarious instinct. Nevertheless, the District Commissioner at Tchien has been able to induce them to build villages; has introduced and distributed cattle, goats, and sheep, and is now, in accordance with direction, undertaking the building of a road from Tchien to Juarzon so that the products of the District might reach the sea-coast markets and thus stimulate trade and exchange. The outlet of the Saniquellie District is along the road now being constructed from Saniquellie to Kakata. In the Gio Distrct, a road is being constructed from Tappi Town through the Gbi Country to River Cess, so that the ports on the coast will be reached by the

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products of the Districts lying immediately behind them. The objective being that when these roads are completed the whole volume of the country’s trade will be increased by virtue of improved accessibility to the source of production. In the Cavalla Basin, the river furnishes the cheapest means of transport. Nevertheless, inconvenience is sometimes experienced because of the customs Regulations of the French Colonial Authorities who control the River by virtue of the treaties of 1892 and 1908. In order to furnish a means of communication wholly under the control of this Government, a road is projected from Webbo throughout Plebo to the port of Harper. Construction has not yet, however, been commenced on this road. One of the most interesting and important questions investigated was the possibility of increasing the variety and quality of products of commercial value. In the Central Province, the principal article presently marketed are Kola Nuts and Rice. In the Kpelli Country there is grown some cotton, a bit of coffee, kola nuts and rice. The Mah and Geh people produce large quantities of Kola Nuts. Chiefs own extensive plantations which, however, might be improved by more scientific methods of culture. There are large areas of oil palm and their rice production is so abundant that they have large yearly surpluses to place upon the market. Between Tappi Town and the Krahn Country are extensive forests of hardwoods. In the Gbi Country behind River Cess, as well as in the Krahn Country, we traversed wide areas of piassava palm which cannot reach the market at present because of the lack of transportation facilities. The Gbi people are apparently an indolent lot who make no effort towards exploiting the natural wealth they possess in piassava in a continuous way, although they are only two days from River Cess. They carry only sufficient fiber there from time to time to meet their immediate need of tobacco and salt. In the Cavalla District, the population grows rice which is their principal product, coffee and a considerable quality of cocoa. The production of this last named product would be immeasurably increased if they were directed how to lay out their plantations in a form which will increase their production. It would thus be seen that the economy of the tribes at present rest on a very narrow foundation, but that there is possibility of increasing the variety of products. To this end, for the last two years we have had an expert Agriculturist employed, whose duty it is to travel around the different tribes, lay out model plantations and introduce new products such as corn, groundnuts, tobacco and cotton, and to give instruction to the population in the best methods of farming. Leaving the Interior, I came to the Sea Coast to Cape Palmas where I took contact with the Grebo Tribes. These people are primarily sea-faring. They, however, do some farming. They have coffee and cocoa farms, some of which are in very good condition. One Clan of this tribe, the Nimeah, had suffered recently the loss of all of its educated members who had been foully murdered by members of the Fish Town Tribe, growing out of the disinclination of the latter Tribe to submit to the boundary settlement arranged by Dr. Mackenzie when he was on a Mission here from the League of Nations. It will be remembered that the Fish Town Tribe encroached upon the land of the Nimeah people and practically deprived them of all their arable areas. This question had been hanging for a number of years with consequent irritation between the two peoples. Former local administrations had taken no steps to make a settlement of this question, but on the contrary had used it as a means of financially exploiting both parties to the boundary controversy, Upon my request, Dr. Russell and Dr. Mackenzie, who were sent on a Mission to the Kru Coast, were requested to go to Fish Town and Nimeah and settle the boundary question upon an equitable basis. This was supposed to be accomplished by a survey and an estab-

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lishment of the Russell-Mackenzie Line which each party to the controversy was prohibited from violating. This decision was accepted by the two tribes – frankly by the Nimeah people, but with considerable mental reservations by the Fish Town people, as the sequel showed. Several unavailing efforts were made by the Fish Town tribe to induce the President to modify the Russell-Mackenzie settlement. The educated element of the Fish Town tribe therefore decided to take matters in their own hands. The Nimeah people applied to the Superintendent for authority to take possession of the lands assigned to them by the Russell-Mackenzie settlement. They were authorized to occupy the area allocated to them by the settlement. They thereupon sent twenty-seven of their young men, who were educated, to make survey and assignment of family allotments. When they arrived on the spot, unarmed, they were surrounded by the Fish Town people, captured and incarcerated in the house of one Dr. Wilson. A message was sent to the Fish Town Paramount Chief advising him of what had been done, and asking for further instruction. It is disputed what his answer was, but, at any rate, the Nimeah men were taken from the house one by one and brutally murdered. Upon my arrival at Fish Town, I went up to the Fish Town River to the area in dispute, found the boundary line that was marked by monuments easily recognizable and established the fact that the point where the murders had been committed was well within the area assigned to the Nimeah people by the Russell-Mackenzie settlement. The Council for the District was held at Grand Cess and the questions as to whether or not the Nimeahs had gone into that area with any hostile intent against the Fish Town people, or whether they had committed any warlike act against the Fish Town people were submitted to a Board of Assessors composed of Paramount Chiefs drawn from both the Coast and the Interior tribes. After five days careful inquiry, the Assessors unanimously decided that the action of the Fish Town people was deliberately planned; that the Nimeah people went to the area absolutely unarmed and with no hostile intent; and that they had been deliberately murdered by the Fish Town people; that the Fish Town Paramount Chiefs whilst not actually present and participating in the atrocity, nevertheless made no effort to prevent it, although they did not find that he gave any positive directions for the act. The principal ring leaders were arrested and sent forward to the Courts to be prosecuted and the Paramount Chief, who admitted in the Council that he had no control over his people, was suspended from his function and deported to Monrovia for five years. The whole of the Chiefs- – over 300 – that were assembled at this Council, approved of this decision and expressed the view that the action taken by the President would be a deterrent to another tribe acting in a manner so contrary to all their traditions. I must at this point express my admiration for the energy and initiative known by the progressive members of the Grand Cess Tribe who have built a beautiful modern town of concrete buildings which bid fair to outstrip the older civilized towns on that Coast. I think that every encouragement should be given to these people who show such a progressive spirit and whose attitude towards the Government is one of unquestionable loyalty. The Chiefs of Grand Cess informed me that they, having been advised of my projected visit to the Kru Coast, with a view to having no question unsettled on the coast at the time of my visit, had sent to Mr. Juah Nimley, the former Paramount Chief of Sasstown, inviting him to come to Grand Cess and meet the President in order that any outstanding question between himself and the Government might be finally adjusted. They regretted to have to report to me that their mission was a failure. Mr. Juah Nimley had told them that he had been instructed by Dr. Mackenzie not to submit to the Government of Liberia until he or some other white man had come back to the Coast. That therefore until he had seen Dr.

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Mackenzie or some other white man sent by him, he would not make submission. They therefore recommended that the Government should take steps to wipe out those handful of rebels who were a menace to the peace of the Coast. The President made no reply to this suggestion, but proceeded to Sasstown via Picanini Cess. I was very much surprised to note the reception which was accorded me at Sasstown. Thousands of people, women, men, boy scouts, school children, every grade of society, met me at a considerable distance from the township and escorted me to the compound of the present Paramount Chief Meh Boi, who entertained me in unimpeachable style. The next day I convened the tribal council, heard their grievances arising out of the situation, and proclaimed an amnesty for all the followers of Juah Nimley, except in respect of himself and his immediate advisers to the number of five, who, I said, would not be included until they submitted to the Government and complied with the condition laid down in the truce arranged by Dr. Mackenzie and Dr. Russell. After adjusting matters of less importance and having already exceeded the period which I had assigned for this tour, I did not continue my journey over land to other districts as I had planned, but returned immediately to Monrovia from Sasstown. The result of this tour was a strengthening of the bonds between the Government and the people, and, to my mind, it shows (a) the absolute loyalty of the Native Tribes to the Government of Liberia; (b) their desire in a large degree for social progress, and their appreciation of the efforts being made by Government to that end; (c) that the future prosperity and progress of Liberia depend on those native tribes and upon the appreciation by Government and by officials whom we send to govern them of their moral obligations to accord them fair treatment, impartial justice; and (d) so long as the Central Administration and the officers sent out continue to realize this moral obligation laid upon them to promote the progressive development of these people, we need never fear that the foreign propagandist will be able to seduce them from their allegiance to a Government which has brought them police protection and, by enabling them to devote themselves to the arts of peace, has stimulated their communal and individual wellbeing. Public Health and Sanitation The Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation, as at present organized, has been effectively conducted. Except in the Sanoyea and adjacent Chiefdoms of Jorquellie Bocamu and Suehn, no communicable diseases were reported. In the Chiefdoms mentioned, however, there was an epidemic of smallpox involving 274 cases with 89 deaths. The outbreak, on being notified, was promptly controlled and the population vaccinated. 13,518 persons were vaccinated by the Doctors whose assistance was requested and promptly accorded, among whom were Dr. Harley of Ganta, Dr. Wehrie of Monrovia, Dr. Gluc and Dr. Anna Lester of the Muhlenberg Mission. Unfortunately, exaggerated reports of the outbreak became current from missionary sources. One wrote from Sanoyea that from the rumors she had heard there were several thousand cases and probably 1000 deaths. These wild statements were cabled to the International Bureau of Hygiene at Paris to the effect that a severe epidemic of smallpox was raging in Liberia. The facts have already been stated. The vaccination campaign has been only partially successful as a portion of the population refused to be vaccinated. The Doctors feel that the population will only submit to inoculation by forcible means. The Bureau of Vital Statistics has been organized and is now operating in Monrovia and its environs. Forms have been issued to District Commissioners and County Superintendents, upon which reports are to be made and filed monthly with the Bureau which will thus have the whole country under control. A free Clinic has been opened at Cape Palmas under the supervision of Dr. Allen Berlic to take care of indigent cases.

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The Bureau has drafted an Act in respect of venereal diseases. Your favorable consideration of this Act is solicited. The Medical Specialist recently engaged has made a complete examination of the Service and has submitted certain proposals for reorganization which will be laid before you. He has also made a comprehensive survey of the schools from the point of view of personal hygiene, containing informative and important data. The Government Hospital has been conducted under the same conditions as obtained last year. A reorganization program is being elaborated which it is hoped will widen its influence and improve its facilities. War Department For the past year, the supervision of the War Department has been entrusted to the official administering the Department of the Interior. This arrangement, it is proposed to continue for the present fiscal year. The activities of this Department will be reported upon by the Secretary of the Interior. Conditions on the frontier require that the Liberian Frontier Force be maintained at the maximum of 500 men. I have to repeat my suggestion of last year with reference to a reserve of officers and the officers training school, and request that action be taken thereon. Foreign Affairs Our relations with foreign governments maintaining intercourse with this Government have been normal and cordial. The Department of State has for years endeavored to impress upon the trading class and producers that it would be advantageous for our commercial interest if direct access for our commercial products could be obtained in the markets of northern and central Europe. The conservative character of our people has inhibited their taking any initiative in realizing this suggestion which, in my opinion, in fundamentally sound. They have insisted on limiting their business to those markets with which they first came in contact. This course of action has gradually, over a period of years, led to the almost complete disappearance of the Liberian merchant. Unfair tariff discrimination; unfair business methods under which the Liberian trader has to sell his products at a price dictated by a ring of brokers, and purchase manufactured goods at prices dictated by the commission merchant, pay full freight rates without receiving any rebate – although this is accorded foreign shippers trading in Liberia. These reduced to vanishing point any margin of profit he had hoped to receive. The result was commercial bankruptcy. With a view to testing whether or not our trade could be expanded on the theory advanced by the Department of State, and whether the trading class could in some degree not retrieve their position, a trade agreement between Liberia and Poland was signed by the Secretary of State and Representatives of the Maritime Commercial League of Poland. This, it is hoped, will have a beneficial result on our trade and on the position of traders of Liberian nationality. In the endeavor to meet to the limit any and all demand that this new arrangement might call forth, the Government is pursuing a policy of rapid production of marketable commodities throughout the hinterland districts, and the instruction of the citizens in the arts of scientific cultivation of such products. Under the competent management of the Agricultural Expert, this object is now not far from attainment. A copy of the Report submitted by this official giving his activities during the year under review will be furnished you by the Secretary of the Interior. In pursuance of your Resolutions of January 12, 1934, accepting the League’s Plan of Assistance subject to certain reservations therein enumerated, the Executive gave notice to the Council of the League of Nations of the acceptance thus authorized. The Council found

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the reservations unacceptable and withdrew the Plan upon the refusal of the Liberian Government to abandon its reservations. This question is thus brought to a close. This result seemed to have given great offence to the British representative on the Council who, in a very caustic speech, castigated the Government of Liberia and reiterated the oft repeated but unfounded allegation with reference to the existence of slavery; of maladministration of the “natives.” He then announced the intention of His Government to take such steps to remedy this alleged condition of affairs as they thought adequate to the situation. Thereafter, the British Foreign Secretary addressed a letter to the American Secretary of State through H.B.M.’s Ambassador at Washington in which, after setting out a not very accurate statement of conditions in Liberia, requested the cooperation of the United States Government in bringing to an end the alleged unsatisfactory conditions existing in Liberia. What attitude the American Government will take is not known to us. It is unnecessary to comment upon the unusual procedure of the British Government. The feeling is, however, that this attitude is not founded upon the disinterested motives, nor is it as altruistic as it would be made to appear. After the decision of the Council was announced, the Liberian Representative, upon my instructions, made the following declaration: “The Liberian Government regrets that the decision to which the Council has come in refusing reexamination of the proposed plan of assistance in the light of reservations made by Liberia renders its execution impracticable. So definitive, however, is the Liberian Government’s determination to secure the advice of Specialists in its administration that it has decided to obtain them otherwise than under the plan of assistance, in the belief that this will meet the objectives sought in the plan, but will do so in consonance with this fundamental law of the country. Although the Liberian Government has been unable to accept the plan of assistance, I desire to thank the League, the Members of the Council and the Members of the Liberian Committee for the efforts they have made during the past two years to assist my government. The latter will find in the plan valuable elements, guidance for the future, which it should be able to appreciate and should remember, and for which it will be grateful to the League.”

In pursuance of this declaration which the Government regards as an international engagement, the Executive has proceeded to select and engage the required Specialists. Two are already in service, viz: a Specialist in Economics who, as a result of his surveys, has made certain recommendations which will be laid before you for your approval. The other, a Specialist in Sanitation and Hygiene, to whose preliminary work I have already referred. Miscellaneous (a) Public Works Work on the projected National Highway leading from Monrovia to theCavalla River has been effectively prosecuted during the year. The Du River has been bridged and was opened for traffic in May. Sixteen smaller bridges have been constructed, and the road-bed to within a few miles of Salala, which is about half way to Gbarnga, Headquarters of Number One District, Central Provinces, has been built. It is expected to connect this road with the road from Saniquellie to the St. John River during the early part of next year. This will give us a continuous road of about 160 miles from Monrovia to Saniquellie within a few months. The portion of the National Highway which starts from Millsburg through Suehn to Bopora has only been built in sections. It is proposed to link up these sections during the present year.

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An Administration Building has been constructed at Robertsport, Grand Cape County. This building will house all the public offices, which will make for better management and economy. Also the jail and court House have been reconstructed and renovated. A customs building has been erected and completed at Webbo, Eastern Province. A new and modern lamp has been installed in the Grand Bassa Lighthouse. This has placed Bassa on par, in that respect, with Monrovia, Greenville and Harper where modern lighthouses have already been installed. The mineralogical survey, carried out under authority of Government, has given results which indicate that mining operations can with profit be prosecuted in Liberia. The Government is taking steps to arrange for the exploitation of these mineral resources, and it is hoped that operations will begin within a few months. In connection with this matter, I suggest an amendment of the Charter of the Bank of Liberia which will enable it to take up lands outside county limits. The Bank will, of course, present its application direct. (b) Agriculture The report of the Agricultural Expert who has been engaged for the past two years in establishing model farms and instructing the population in farm economy, shows that he has covered all of the hinterland districts with encouraging and satisfactory results. (c) Civil Service In order to increase the efficiency of Government administration and secure for Government Servants a reasonable tenure of office and opportunity for advancement according to merit and seniority, an Act establishing the Civil Service of Liberia has been drafted and will be submitted to you for your sanction. I regret to report the death of Circuit Judge, A.J. George; of Paramount Chief Ziah of the Konobo Chiefdom. I visited this Chief in the course of my recent tour of the interior and found him to be an enlightened and loyal chief, deeply interested in everything which related to the Government and anxious for the progress of his people. I have also to announce the death of Paramount Chief Tom Bestman of the Butaw Tribe, Sinoe County. Also Paramount Chief Jim Gray of the Marbahn Tribe. He was a very old man and an invalid, and his demise was not unexpected. Details of all matters covered herein will be forwarded in Departmental Reports. I have to record my appreciation of the cooperation I have had from those public officials who have honestly and efficiently discharged their trust during the year. In submitting this review of the work of the Executive Department, it is hoped that therein it will be found that we have discharged our duties with a profound sense of our responsibilities. It has been our earnest purpose and endeavor to maintain the rights and interest of the Republic and its people. We have been undertaking to lay the foundations for their happiness and welfare. Their loyal cooperation is essential to achieve these objectives. I am confident that you, their representatives, will second our efforts, and on your return to your constituents spread the gospel of work and civic decency. I am sure that in the present as in the past, Divine Providence will watch over our joint deliberations and direct us along the road which leads to the welfare and prosperity of the people whom we have been called upon to lead. (Sgd.) Edwin Barclay President of Liberia Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia October 26, 1934

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1935

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Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1935 The Honourable The Senate and House of Representatives, Republic of Liberia In Session, Monrovia. Gentlemen of the Legislature, Before entering upon a review of the state of the Republic during the current year, I take pleasure in congratulating newly elected Members of both Houses upon the favourable consideration shewn them by their constituents. The confidence which has been imposed in you presupposes a consecration to the service of the State, and an attachment to those ideals of good government and public decency which alone can justify your election and furnish proof of your devotion to the real and essential interests of the people whom you have been called upon to lead, and, in leading, to serve. I think it incumbent upon me at the threshold of a new era in the history of Liberia to direct your attention to and to emphasize the fact that in the period of your national life now opening, old habits of political, social and economic thought and action must be discarded, a new political ideology adopted and a higher moral conception of public and social duty and obligation accepted. This by no means implies that the fundamental principles of liberty and democracy which form the basis of our national organization, should be abandoned, but that they should be given a new interpretation consistent with the urgent need to build up a strong, progressive State, each part and function of which shall be dominated by a definite national conception and motivated by a single will. Affairs can no longer be permitted to shape themselves. Every step of the national progress and development must be planned in advance, and every social and governmental function must be concentrated on the realization of the objective sought. No discordant voice should be permitted to break the rhythm of the nation’s harmony and a disciplined cooperation in all phases of the nation’s life should be one of the principal and irrevocable aims of government. If, Gentlemen, you are sincerely attached to the ideals of a Government serving the best interests of its people, of a people energetic, creative and productive, and of a state not only fully capable of discharging its internal functions, but also of exercising a beneficial influence on world progress, you must welcome the opportunity now accorded you to contribute the best that is in you to the realization of this conception. It is your duty to bring to the consideration of all public issues and national problems, clear thinking and the severest analysis, realizing that your contribution will be greater, more valuable and permanent if it is neither inspire by a desire for individual profit or personal acclaim, nor by the demand for mere parochial advantages. Trade and Finance. The Report of the Treasury discloses a slight improvement in trade conditions since I last had the honour of addressing you. Except in the case of coffee, the price for which was lower than during the last year, commodity prices have, on the average, shewn a slight rise. In consequence of this, although the volume of export trade this year was lower than the last fiscal year by 1.728 ½ tons, yet the value of that trade was higher by a little over 16 ½%.

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The total Tonnage passing through the Ports with the value thereof is shewn comparatively for the last two years, as follows:Import Tonnage Export Tonnage Total Tonnage Total Values

1934 8,939 ¾ 11,663 ½ 20,603 ¼ $1,788,815

1935 8,316 ½ 9,935 18,251 ½ $1,834,613

Decrease 623 ¼ 1,728 ½ 2,351 ¾

Increase

$45,798.71

Percentage of Increase 2 ½ % The monthly value of trade passing through the Ports of Entry this year was $197,488.76 (including money exported in the form of cable transfers bills of exchange and drafts. These, amounted to $539,516.06. As compared with the same period last year, average monthly imports were lower by about 3%, whilst average monthly exports increased by somewhat more than 16%. The exact position is shown as follows:Fiscal Year Ending September 30. Imports Exports Total

1934

1935

$1,233,258.06 1,016,134.06 $2,249,499.12

$1,189,094.41 1,185,035.36 $2,347,129.77

This year’s trade shews an adverse balance from the exchange of products in the sum of $543,575.11. This was partly met by cash transfers in the sum of $539,516.06. The nett adverse balance of trade in 1935 is thus $4,059.05 as compared with $21,816.94 in 1934. Although the figures may be taken as indicating an improvement in the credits position of the Country, there can nevertheless be no doubt that they also disclose a very unsatisfactory internal economic condition. In the first place, these adverse balances should have been paid in produce of the country and not in cash. This more than half a million of cash transferred should have been retained and reinvested in productive improvements, in financing such local industries as are now languishing for lack of capital, in relieving a nonemployment situation which is becoming increasingly acute and in purchasing the products of the country instead of buying the same kind of goods produced abroad. That these payments were not met in the manner indicated, clearly proves that our people are not producing to the limit of their capacity; that they are not building up a reserve of capital by thrift; that they are neither developing nor supporting local enterprises and, in fact, that they are merely eking out a hand to mouth existence from year to year. This condition has been in evidence for a considerable number of years. No effort has heretofore been made to introduce correctives. The expectation was, it would seem, that improvements would develop spontaneously. Statistics over a period of years shew a continuing decline in the quantity of products exported and an ever widening gap between the two elements of the trade equation, the advantage always being on the side of imports. Many Economists maintain that the optimum position in the trade of a country is that in which a balance occurs in favour of the exporting Country. This balance represents an increase of wealth and makes available for internal development more local capital, thus avoiding the creation of foreign liens on the economy and life of the Country in the form of loans. I conceive that the only policy which could effectively be applied to relieve this situation was that of organizing the agricultural industry on a basis of cooperation. The question was submitted to the Economic Specialist. In the course of his study he was instructed to visit neighbouring countries where he would investigate the whole agricultural organization and administration. He made a very informative report and proposed certain legislation in re-

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spect to the organization of cooperative agricultural associations with wide powers. These suggestions are being closely studied and will be laid before you in the form of a proposed law during the course of the Session. If the study of Mr. Brudzinski’s suggestions prove to be of practical application in Liberia, it is hoped that through them the basis of the agricultural industry will be broadened, productions stimulated and a much more favourable internal economic condition developed. The consolidated returns of revenues and expenditures from all sources for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1934, including balances brought forward from the fiscal year, and compared with the previous three years, are as follows:Receipt

1932 $353,387.81

1933 $821,299.06

1934 $618,885.89

1935 $563,397.11

Expenditures Balances

517,396.97 $164,009.16

232,785.59 $ 88,513.47

565,909.50 $ 52,926.89

517,475.89 $ 45,921.22

8.9% 8.4%

Against this balance are chargeable outstanding vouchers and requisitions totaling $17,474.81. The nett credit balance to be carried forward is therefore $28,336.41. Revenue collections for the fiscal year under review, exclusive of balances brought forward, were, in the aggregate, higher than in the pervious year, although there is a considerable decline in some of the principal items in the schedule. This will appear from the following table: Fiscal Year Ending September 30. Hut Tax Real Estate Tax School Tax Poll Tax Street and Light tax 6% Dry Goods Tax Special P. H. & S. Tax Consular Fees License Fees H’land License Fee Rents & Royalties Sales of Rev. Stamps Judicial fines Military Fines Interior Dept. Fines Misc. Receipts Misc. Refunds Emergency Relief Fund Fund Highway Fund Import Duties Export Duties Headmoney Receipts Misc. Receipts Port & Harbour Dues Ordinary Revenues Radio Reserve A/c

1934

1935

$103,702.19 2,746.98 1,766.34 1,496.81 1,391.00 19,914.05 3,944.92 2,677.23 18,565.73 5,568.87 12,271.24 6,976.89 380.63 187.05 68.75 6,422.65 155.80

$82,027.50 4,114.46 1,957.18 1,303.90 1,328.00 9,433.57 1,867.17 1,388.67 17,536.81 4,001.98 12,331.21 6,021.22 365.65 114.48 5.40 5,648.48 1,122.91

45,237.43 3,357.44 184,068.76 31,236.28 4,383.24 1,808.94 8,812.00 3,605.76 2,491.78

142,430.94 1,334.62 196,018.05 11,247.62 6,276.00 1,719.67 9,655.50 3,647.99 1,782.41

Increase

Decrease $21,674.69

1,367.48 190.84 192.91 63.00 10,470.48 2,077.75 1,288.56 1,028.92 1,566.89 109.97 955.67 14.98 72.57 63.35 774.17 967.61 97,193.51 1,922.82 11,949.29 19,988.66 1,892.76 89.27 843.50 42.23 709.37

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Recapitulation Internal Revenue Customs Revenue Postal Revenue

$236,915.48 230,309.22 6,097.54 $473,322.24 Net Increase $51,993.14

294,968.14 224,916.84 5,430.40 525,315.38

58,052.66

58,052.66

5,392.38 669.14 6,059.52

The greatest fall in collections was in hut tax and dry goods tax receipts. This totaled $32,000. The fall in the dry goods tax is directly traceable to the elimination of that tax from the new Tariff. It is not so easy to account for the short collection of hut tax. It cannot be due to the depression merely, because during the last year, when conditions from monetary standpoint were infinitely harder, the collection from this source of revenue was 20% higher than for this year; and during 1935, circulation of money has increased by 38.6%. Evidently, revenue agents have not been as assiduous in the discharge of their duties as they were in 1934. In consequence of the Regulation issued last year in respect of the control of gold exportation, this commodity appears for the first time in the export statistics. 856.88 troy ounces of gold, valued at $22,772.64, were shipped during the Fiscal Year under review. The Public Debt as of September 30, 1935 stands as follows: Funded 7% Gold Loan Funded 5% Special issue of Bonds Floating Debt Total Public Debt

$1,542,000 335.000 477.184 $2,854,184

The 1936 Budget Revenue for the year 1936 has been conservatively estimated at $516,000.00. Under the present arrangements, the expenditure side of the budget for General government purposes must not exceed $450,000 unless there be a balance more than sufficient to meet interest and amortization charges on the loan. Interest and sinking fund this year will total $70,387.50. The difference between the estimated revenue and the fixed expenditure is less than $70,000. Appropriation for the year 1936, therefore, must not exceed $450,000. Upon the going into force of the arrangements effected with the Finance Corporation of America, the personnel of the new Fiscal set-up provided for in said arrangements has been appointed. Mr. John Loomis, the Financial Adviser, retired owing to ill-health. Mr. Charles I. McCaskey, who had formerly served as Supervisor of Customs, was nominated to the vacant post and appointed by the President on the 7th August, 1935. Mr. John A. Dunaway was at the same time appointed Supervisor of Revenues and Mr. C. T. Pilot, as Auditor. These gentlemen have all entered upon the discharge of their duties under, I hope, happier auspices than have heretofore obtained. Interior Department. During the earlier months of this year, accompanied by the Secretary of the Treasury, I made an inspectorial tour of the Western Province, covering, in my itinerary, the Bopolu, Bocomu, Belli, Gbandi, Gissie, Lorma, Palama, Vavala, Barline, Zotah and Sanoyea Chiefdoms. I did not travel along beaten tracts nor did I give advance indications of my probable route. It was thus possible to assess at first hand conditions as they actually affected the population and not as they had been specially prepared for the President’s inspection. The chiefs of the various Districts were met and consulted and many matters of local interest brought to my attention were investigated and adjusted with a view to the better working of

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1935

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the Administrative Machinery. Some tribes complained of excessive number of clan chiefs whose proceedings were more or less a nuisance and whose exactions were burdensome on the population. Upon the suggestion of the Council of Chiefs of both the Gissi and Gbandi Chiefdoms, a number of small clans were amalgamated and a few clan chiefs retired. This gave general satisfaction except to the clan chiefs concerned. Resenting their suppression, some of these, with their immediate followers, crossed the frontier into Sierra Leone, loudly advertising the “injustice” and “oppression” to which they had been subjected. This is no unusual phenomenon, and is the inevitable and not unexpected reaction when a small class which considers itself entitled to privilege, is dispossessed in the general interest. Nevertheless, the adjustments effected have made for more efficient control with less machinery. Many of the people who crossed the boundary have returned, and the result of this small migration, which has been the subject of comment disproportionate to its importance and real social effect will thus be seen to be negligible. In addition to this tour of personal inspection, the Administration of other Districts have been inspected by special officers assigned to this duty. This has had the effect of checking any tendency towards abuse and disregard of administrative regulations. The outstanding condition which appeared to me to call for immediate rectification is that growing out of regulations which imposes upon the population the burden of furnishing subsistence in kind to the Civil Compound. This is an additional impost on the population which, in the nature of things, cannot be equitably distributed. It adversely affects the prestige of the officials, and is open to abuse. It is recommended that this system be immediately abolished and ample budgetary provision be made for the pay and subsistence allowances of District Commissioners and their Assistants. This, of course, shall not apply to the traditional tribute which sub-chiefs pay to the Paramount Chiefs. The arbitrary character of this tribute will be controlled by regulation. The sanitary and clean appearance of the towns and villages visited is a tribute to the energetic manner in which the District Commissioners have carried out the regulations issued on this subject. There was some objection to complying with the regulations by people who thought them an injustifiable invasion of their “inherent and inalienable liberty” to live under unsanitary conditions. From the Eastern Province, Webbo District, complaints were received by me purporting to emanate form the Chiefs of the District, setting out in circumstantial fashion a long tale of outrage committed upon the population by revenue officers. I immediately ordered the District Commissioner of that District, who was in Monrovia in hospital, to cut short his treatment, proceed at once to his post and investigate. Whilst his investigation was in progress, I received further complaints purporting to be forwarded by Chiefs, which charged that the District Commissioner was not conducting the investigation with impartiality. I superseded the Commissioner and appointed the Honourable Mr. Wiles to take over the investigation. His report confirmed the findings of the Commissioner who prior to Mr. Wiles’s arrival in the District, had completed his task. The investigation proved conclusively that no outrage had been committed, no chiefs had made complaints, and that the telegrams and letters sent the President over the signature of the Chiefs had been concocted and forged by the District Clerk out of resentment, because he had not been charged with the administration during the Commissioner’s leave. He was, of course arrested and imprisoned. Such is the origin of many rumors current from time to time. Peace and quietude prevail throughout the territory of the Republic. There is still distress growing out of the economic situation but that there is gradual improvement is evident from trade figures quoted above. Steps are being taken to bring to a satisfactory conclusion

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the situation existing in the rear of Sasstown in consequence of the attitude of Juah Nimely and his associates. The Report of the Interior Department will cover in more detail matters coming within the purview of this Department. Department of Public Instruction The Report of the Department of Public Instruction calls urgent attention to the educational needs of the country. The facilities at the Department’s disposal enables it to meet but an infinitesimal number of the children of school age. The pay of teachers is below a standard proportional to their social importance and status: the supply of adequately trained teachers is meager and the provision of a training centre for prospective teachers had had to be postponed for lack of the requisite financial appropriation. Nevertheless considerable activities have been in evidence and the school enrolments have been larger than during last year. The Head of this Department makes many recommendations intended to furnish the basis for improvements in the school administration, the immediate consideration of which I urge upon honourable Members. I am not accustomed to reiterating platitudes, but I must emphasize the necessity for reducing the high percentage of illiteracy in Liberia and of developing a high standard of education in the masses. Department of Justice. The Report of the Attorney General reveals the steady progress which is being made in the efficient and effective administration of the laws. The courts are becoming more and more responsive to the social needs they are designed to secure. There is now less complaint as to delays in determining cases. In the larger Circuits, however, there is still some congestion growing out of the wide range of matters which must come under the supervision of Judges. This is particularly noticeable in the First Judicial Circuit where, in addition to the larger number of civil and criminal causes which must be heard and dealt with promptly by the Resident Judge, there are also proceedings in Admiralty, Equity, Probate and on appeal from the courts of justices of the peace and other subordinate magistrates which must claim the attention of the Judge. In the nature of things, with only one judge to discharge this mass of work, it is not surprising that some matters must be carried over from term to term with consequent delay in settlement. In present financial circumstances there can be no question of reestablishing separate probate courts. Some arrangement should be made by which some of these matters may be submitted to a Referee whose report would be passed upon finally by the Judge. He would thus be relieved of the burden of many matters of detail and at the same time no delay would be experienced. Attention must also be called to the fact that the system of appointing justices of the peace is outworn and ineffective. I propose, with your approval, to appoint what might be styled Regional Magistrates, with jurisdiction of petit civil and criminal matters arising within a given territory comprising a group of Townships. Their powers and pay will be the same as they are now provided by law for justices of the peace, and they must have had training in law before appointment. This, it is hoped, will improve the system in rural districts. In chartered municipalities, the present system will continue. One of the problems of urgent social importance is the rising tide of divorce. There seems to be no stability in the marriage relation and the provisions of the divorce act are more observed in the breach than in their enforcement. Judges seem disinclined to exercise the wide powers granted them for preventing the disruption of family life for frivolous causes, and are thus lending their aid to the destruction of the foundations of society. The effects of the whole situation falls with crushing weight on the women. When they shall have linked their life with that of man, they very naturally feel they have achieved life-long

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social, economic and personal security. It is, however, an open secret that most women find themselves the victim of an illusion from this point of view, when they enter the marriage relation. In a very large percent of cases heard before the courts, not only is there no wrong proven against the woman, but in many instances, she has not even given instruction for a case to be brought against her husband where she is the alleged plaintiff. Very often, though husband and wife live within the same judicial circuit, a case is brought against her in another circuit and decrees absolutely rendered against her without her having received a summons. Again, many women are forced to agree to suits being brought by them, contrary to the provisions of the divorce law against collusion. In these cases, often the husband promises to pay all her costs and law expenses, but after the decree is granted, he evades his responsibility under cover of the provision of the divorce law which assesses cost against the winning party. The woman is then placed in the hands of the Sheriff and suffers consequent humiliation much to the detriment of her self-respect. In fact, all the circumstances surrounding the administration of the divorce law shews that it is used by the men as a cloak to avoid the responsibilities inherent in the marriage state. The most pathetic fact is the situation of children of these marriages. Women are generally in a less favourable economic state than men, but the burden of supporting children of such a marriage when it is dissolved, is left by the husband upon the wife with consequences easily imagined. And, strange to relate, there does not seem to be any law to compel the husband upon the wife with consequences easily imagined. And, strange to relate, there does not seem to be any law to compel the husband to contribute to the support of the children. I am submitting to the Legislature a draft act covering all matrimonial causes, and designed to correct the abuses to which only slight reference has here been made. I emphatically ask a favourable consideration of this matter of divorce, the reform of which has been long overdue. The Attorney General makes certain recommendations in respect to nationality laws, the careful consideration of which is respectfully requested. A Project of Law in relation to Chattel Mortgage will be submitted to you for your consideration. This is intended to supply a deficiency in the business law of the Republic. Post Office Department. The exhaustive report of the Postmaster General gives a complete picture of the steps already taken for the rehabilitation of this Department and increasing its efficiency during the past year. He calls attention to the continual breach of the postal regulation in respect to the illicit carrying of mail matters by unauthorized private persons much to the detriment of the finances of the department. Debts owing by the department to foreign administrations have, during the year, been reduced by over 52%. The quantity of foreign and domestic mail matter handled during the year, increased by 12%. The total indebtedness of the Service is $5,932.12, provision for the payment of which will have to be made. The income from the service is 8.7% higher than it was last year. These matters are covered by the Postmaster General in detail in his Annual Report. War Department. The present condition and the need of re-organizing the armed forces of the Republic will specially be reported on by the Officer now supervising this Department. The necessity for some immediate action on the recommendations made in the past three years appears to be more urgent than ever before. The attention of Honourable Gentlemen is emphatically called to this matter and to the recommendations already adverted to.

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Public Health and Sanitation. The Bureau of Public Health has been conducted along lines already advised; and, within the limits of the money at its disposal, is making slow but steady progress in extending sanitary control and inspection over the several districts of the country. In the Western Province, Dr. Kreuger, of the Holy Cross Mission, was appointed Medical Officer of Health and Supervisor of the Sanitary Work initiated by the District Commissioners of that Province. In the County of Grand Cape Mount, Dr. Junge was appointed in a similar capacity and according to the report of the Director of this Bureau, has given satisfactory and valuable service, particularly during the outbreak of smallpox in that area. Unfortunately, he got very little response from the population in his efforts to conduct a maternity clinic along lines of that conducted in Monrovia by the Bureau. The people are very conservative and respond to innovations, even of a beneficial character, with great reluctance. In the Central Province at Gbarnga, a Dressing Station has been established. The officer in charge also supervises sanitary work over a wide area. As men complete their training from this work, it is intended to place them at strategic points throughout the Territory and thus gradually extend the control. There were two outbreak of smallpox during the year under review. One in Grand Cape Mount County and the other in the Central Province. These involve 186 cases and were promptly arrested. 26,427 persons were vaccinated in these areas during the year. This work of prevention is still in progress. There were no cases of yellow fever observed or reported in Liberia, although, in the neighbouring colonies, case of this disease occurred. Nor was there any other communicable disease reported. There are three leper stations in the country: One at Bolahun, one near Ganta, and one at Nanakru. The Station at Bolahun was established by the Holy Cross Mission and those at Ganta and Nanakru, by the Methodist Mission. The Bureau will assist in this work for the present by supply chaulmoogra oil, a leprosy specific, which is being imported from Siam. The clinic conducted by the Bureau for the poor and destitute has been well attended. Mothers do not seem to have generally responded to the opportunity offered by the Child Welfare Clinic which is free. Nevertheless, since the opening of the clinic in Monrovia, care has been taken of 20 maternity cases. It is my intention to coordinate the work of the Government Hospital and the Bureau. There is much unnecessary duplication of work and expense which could easily be rectified. The number of cases treated at the Hospital this year was 603 mostly indigent. The work done by the Hospital covers the same class of cases as those treated by the clinic of the Bureau. It would seem preposterous to me to have the hospital run as a separate bureau not coordinated with the general health work under the control of the Bureau of Health and Sanitation. Such coordination could in no degree affect the power of the Superintendent of the Hospital, but would have the effect of doing away with childish professional rivalries and make more efficient the work of the Heath Authorities. The Government was invited to be represented at the Health Congress in Bournemouth, England. I appointed the Director of the Health Service as such representative who, in addition to his work at the Congress, studied sanitary problems and secured materials for propaganda work. Upon the retirement of Colonel W. J. Babecki as Specialist in Health, the Government secured the services of Dr. Anigstein, an Expert in Tropical Medicines, who has seen considerable service in Malaysia and was a university Professor in Warsaw and an Assistant

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1935

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Professor of the Hygiene Institute, to advice the Government on matters of sanitation and public hygiene. Dr. Anigstein was appointed in October 1935 and immediately proceeded to institute a medical survey of the Country. His first report dealing with the Western Division of the Central Province has already been submitted. It is an interesting and informative document and is now being printed for public information. This survey is being continued in the County of Grand Cape Mount and will gradually cover the whole territory of the Republic until completed. The results of this work will furnish the basis for the scientific prosecution of the health work of the country. The Regulation issued by the Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation for the compilation of vital statistics of the country seems not to have been fully observed by officials charged with that duty. Reports have been delayed and in many instances not submitted at all. A penal Act is requested to care for such delinquency. Foreign Affairs. The Government’s intercourse with States with whom we maintain friendly relations has been cordial during the year. Special reference must be made to the resumption of normal relations with the Government of the United States of America on June 11 of the present year. His Excellency, Lester A. Walton, was appointed by the president of the United States in the quality of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary near the Government of Liberia. The new Envoy was received by me on October 2 last, when he presented his credential. The appointment of Mr. Walton reestablishes and reaffirms the traditional relations of the two governments and emphasizes the deep interest which America has always manifested in the welfare of this Republic. It was indeed a source of gratification to me, and I am sure of pleasure to the people of this country, that all causes of disagreement between the two governments have been removed and that relations have been reestablished. The chief event of international importance which has focused world attention is the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict. The significance of the facts leading to the conflict should not be lost upon Liberia. Both Italy and Ethiopia being members of the League of Nations and Signatories to the Briand-Kellog Pact, a rupture between them challenge the efficacy and effectiveness of international agreement designed to check aggressions and to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy. The League of Nations took cognizance of the dispute insofar as to consider whether or not a breach of the covenant had been committed by either State. It was practically unanimously decided that Italy was the aggressor in the dispute. Efforts at conciliation were made without avail with the result that policy of sanctions against Italy was invoked, which received the adherence of nearly every member State of the League. As a member of the League of Nations having obligations under the Covenant, this Government associated itself with its policy. On the surface, it would appear that the matters in dispute between Ethiopia and Italy could have only academic interests of Liberia. But a more profound consideration of the implications inherent in the facts surrounding the dispute would convince the most unthinking mind that the situation is of the highest significance to a State situated as is Liberia. Should the League of Nations be unable to assert its moral influence in the maintenance of international decency, decorum and security, then the smaller States in the World will become, as in fact they have always been, the prey of imperialistic Adventures. In consequence of these considerations your Executive thought it imperative that it should take up the attitude indicated herein, and request from you full powers to deal with any situation which might arise in consequence of the development of League Policy. Further details will be found in the Report of the Secretary of State.

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Miscellaneous. The construction of the National Highway from Monrovia to the Cavalla River was continued during the year. The road has reached near Sallala in the central Province and the Konoh River has been bridged. Owing to unprecedented rainfalls and floods the work could not proceed as rapidly as had been expected. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made with the object of connecting the road from Saniquelli to the Saint John’s River and the road from Monrovia to the same River. It is expected next year this connection will be made. About $30,000 was spent on Public Works, which includes (a) the completion of the Customs House at Monrovia and the installation of a clock in the Tower thereof; (b) the erection of a new Prison Compound; (c) the placing of Buoys at the ports of Grand Bassa and Harper; (d) the purchase of a motor launch for Treasury purposes and (e) the reconditioning and repair of many public buildings. The Report of the Agricultural Expert who had been engaged for the past few years in establishing model farms in the interior, does not show the result expected owning to floods and heavy rainfall. Mr. Bowers, the Expert, has resigned for reason of health. New arrangements will be made for the supervision of the work particularly under the scheme already referred to in the former part of this Message. An application for a Diamond Concession has been filed with the Government by the Consolidated African Selection Trust. It will be, in due course, laid before you for your consideration. It is with regret that I have to announce to you the death of Honourable Daniel E. Howard, a former President of this Republic, which took place on the 9th July of this year. Mr. Howard was at the Head of the Government at a very critical period of the Country’s history, and conducted affairs in such a manner as to safeguard the essential interests of the Republic. This he was able to accomplish on account of his wide experience in public affairs having devoted most of his life to the public service. I have to express my condolences to the House of Representatives for the loss, in tragic circumstances, whilst returning to their homes from The Extraordinary session of the Legislature in May last, of two of its Members: The Honourable C.D Majors of Sinoe County and The Honourable David Junior, of Grand Bassa County. Mr. Majors had had some experience in public affairs, and as I understand was a highly respected Member of your House. Mr. Junior had just entered public life and was one of the leading farmers of Grand Bassa County. I wish to express my appreciation of the assistance rendered me by all Members of the public service who have discharged their duties with due regard to the public interest. In concluding this Report, I would again emphasize the fact that we are now entering upon a new Era. Methods that have been out-worn must be discarded and it is hoped that this fact will be so clearly realized by members of the Legislature that their cooperation in bringing about a complete revision and reorganization of our political, social and economic life and thought will be assured. The future is open to us. Only with a clear realization of facts as they occur from day to day will we be able to make that future secure for the people of the Country. I am quite sure that I can rely upon Members of the Legislature to give effect to every proposal that looks towards the realization of a New Liberia. Edwin Barclay. Monrovia, Liberia. December 19, 1935

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1936

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1936 Gentlemen of the Legislature, The results of the operations of the Government for the past year evidences a gratifying amelioration in conditions. Improved financial returns have reflected themselves in betterments in every department of the administration. Whilst this improved financial position has not produced revenue adequate to provide for all the social and administrative needs nevertheless, by continuing to work out a planned economy, we have been enabled gradually to make improvements over a limited area. Trade and Finance. The report of the Supervisor of Revenues, covering the first eight months of the calendar year 1936, shews considerable improvement in the movement of trade over the same period of last year, viz:Eight Month eriod Ending August 31st. Imports Exports Total

1935

1936

$737,238.00 450,477.00 $1,187,715.00

$1,057,215.00 772,503.00 $1,829,718.00

It is thus shewn that our imports increased by 43% ,the export by 60% and the total trade by 54%. Hardly any improvement in commodity prices has occurred this year, but the increased value of exports is due to the larger volume of commodities shipped. It is interesting to note in this connection an increase in the production and export value of gold. For the first eight months of 1935, gold was exported to the value of $9,573.00. For the first eight months of 1936, the export value of this commodity was $41,794.00, an increase of over 436 1/2%. The number of ships entered and cleared in the ports of Liberia and the tonnage landed and shipped this year, as compared with the same period of last year, is:Number of Ships Tonnage Tonnage Shipped Tonnage Landed

1935 432 1,031,052 9,050.91 7,361.62

1936 328 830.124 10,208.19 11,628.70

Shewing an increase of about 12.7% in the amount of tonnage shipped, and 58.6% in the amount of tonnage landed. The net adverse balance on the exchange of products for the period covered in 1936 is $285,712.00. This was, however, offset by credit transfers in the form of bills of exchange and drafts in the sum of about $466,641.04, leaving a balance in favour of Liberia in the sum of $180,929.04. The consolidated returns of revenues and expenditures from all sources for the first nine months of the calendar year, beginning January 1st, including balances brought forward from the last fiscal year and compared with the receipts and expenditures for the same period of last year, shew the following position:-

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Nine Month period Ending Sept. 30th. Receipts Expenditures Surplus

1935

1936

$129,226.83 383,086.79 $44,140.04

$649,230.10 567,364.65 $81,865.45

With a view to consolidating and co-ordinating the laws relating to the internal revenues, the Financial Adviser has drawn up a project which I recommend for your favourable consideration. The object in view in this connection is to provide an adequate law covering all phases of the internal revenues of the country. There have been some increases suggested in the real estate tax and in the street and light tax; certain new taxes have been recommended and the provisions covering revenue stamps and licenses have been enlarged and in some instances, fees have been increased. It is likely that the application of the license provisions of the proposed act will not meet with the general approval of the trading community, but that is not to be expected. The increase in license fees, wherever they occur in the project, does not seem to me to be exorbitant nor more than the business of the licensee should pay as its contribution toward the government income. It is anticipated that this law will produce an appreciable addition to the revenue collected under the existing laws. In my last Message, I mentioned my intention to abrogate the regulations which authorize the supply by various chiefdoms of free subsistence and unpaid labour to the civil employees. This I regard as an unfair imposition upon the population and as a legitimate cause for discontent. With a view to carrying out this intention and also to provide additional revenues necessary for meeting the extra expense involved by increases in the pay and allowances of the civilian staff of the districts and to finance the requisite social services, it is proposed in one section of the suggested act that the hut tax be increased to $2.16, subject to certain conditions. There has been much public criticism of the tariff act which went into effect last year. The objective sought by that Act, apart form increasing the revenue, was to give encouragement and stimulation to the production of such commodities as may be and are being developed locally. The Financial Adviser, after a year’s experience with the new Tariff, observes: “In view of the fact that the present tariff has resulted in a very satisfactory revenue and that under it foreign trade was shewn increase, it is recommended that no revision of the tariff be undertaken at the present time. It is true that the new tariff act has been difficult to administer due to the method of classification employed; but much progress has been made towards a better understanding on the part of the customs officials and the merchants, and much of the difficulty growing out of lack of uniformity in assessment of duties has been removed. It is also probable that rates applying to certain articles might be revised to the economic advantage of the country. Foreign trade has, however, adjusted itself to the present tariff provisions and it does not seem advisable to interrupt the flow of commerce which any tariff revision would do.” The public debt as of September, 1936 stands as follows:External Funded Gold Loan Internal Floating Debt Special Accounts Total Public Debt

$1,846,000.00 453,739.68 11,438.75 $2,322,178.43

The following amounts were transmitted to the Fiscal Agents for application against the external funded debt:-

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1936 1935 interest on Bonds 1936 interest of Bonds (six months) Amortization of Bonds Commission to Fiscal Agent Total

913

$ 91,747.46 45,335.19 31,252.14 918.37 $169,263.16

The 1937 Budget. I am advised by the Treasury that budget estimates for the calendar year warrant government’s making substantial payments against the funded and floating debts; providing for increased expenditures in the various departments, the work of which has been retarded for the limited appropriations of the past years; and affording reasonable additional amounts for the construction of roads and bridges and other elements of our improvement programme. The estimated ordinary income of government for the year 1937 is The estimated expenditures, including the operating expenses of the general Government, municipal governments, and interest payments on funded debt, totals Leaving an estimated surplus of To this surplus will be added the surplus brought forward from 1936 in the sum of Thus providing

$676,600.00 567,489.58 $109,110.42 168,000.00 $277,110.42

Thus providing for appropriation under the provisions of Section 2, paragraph (c) of the Agreement Supplementary to the Loan Agreement of 1926. This sum of $277,110.42, will be distributed as follows: (a) For amortization of bonds outstanding under the terms of the Loan Agreement of 1926 (b) To liquidation of floating debt (c) For additional appropriation for General Government operation Total

$ 92,370.14 $ 92,370.14 $ 92,370.14 $277,110.42

When we add to this item amounts available for reappropriation under paragraph 7, Section XXII of the Loan Agreement of 1926, the sum available for appropriation is $848,100.00, and the expenditures provided for is $848,100.00. As the income for 1937 has been conservatively estimated and the votes providing for the different services of government have been generously calculated within the limits of the money in sight, it is hoped that the Legislature will find it possible to approve them without changes, in order that there may be no disturbance in the balance between expenditure and income. Interior Department. In accordance with the administrative plan approved by the Legislature and put into effect about the middle of last year, the Government secured the services of Mr. Maxwell B. Saben as Specialist in Administration. Mr. Saben entered upon his duties on the 8th day of May, 1936, and immediately thereafter proceeded to investigate the hinterland administration and started on his first tour of investigation in the Western Province. The results of his enquiry suggested certain modification in the administrative system. These recommendations have been accepted by the Executive and will be put into effect by means of amendments to existing regulations. These amendments are being formulated and will be presented to you for your approval. It is intended to apply the new scheme experimentally first

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to the Western Province where its practicability may be tested, and then gradually extend it to the other provinces as soon as a personnel trained in the proposed new methods, and the financial means are availed. It is proposed by the Specialist in Administration that an additional foreign employee be secured to act as an inspector and supervisor of training. This suggestion is recommended for your favourable consideration. The Secretary of the Interior’s report will cover details of the administration for the past year and need not, therefore, be elaborated here. I am pleased, however, to be able to say that the unsettled conditions that excited at the rear of Sasstown have been terminated. Juah Nimley and his associates have submitted unconditionally to Government and he and his handlers have been removed from that area and given residence in different section of the country where they will remain during the pleasure of the government. In handling in his submission to Government, Juah Nimely made certain interesting disclosures, which completely explains the source and inspiration of this rebellion. His statement definitely negatives the widely advertised allegation that the rebellion grew out of acts of the Liberian Government. It completely proves, what I had the honour of stating in 1931, that whether or not the incidents which occurred in November of that year, (when Colonel Davis was sent down to investigate conditions there) had taken place, the Sasstown tribe would have broken out. It is clear that Juah Nimley himself attempted to dissuade his people from the course upon which they had determined, but had been overborne by his advisers and particularly by the so-called “civilized” element of his tribe. This element, led by Mr. D. Twe, had convinced the tribe that they had assurances for foreign support for any action that they might take, and this, coupled with certain assurances given by Mr. McKenzie, (the League Commissioner sent out ostensibly to pacify the tribe), stiffened their resistance against all approaches of Government, for a settlement. The members of the tribe who were in rebellion are being resettled upon their tribal lands, and will be encouraged to return to peaceful pursuits and assisted in re-building their villages. Public Health and Sanitation. The report of the Director of Public Health and Sanitation for this year describes the steady progress made by this Service. There have been no cases of Yellow Fever during the year, but a small epidemic of smallpox in parts of the Central and Western Provinces broke out. These outbreaks were speedily controlled with very small proportion of deaths. Preventive vaccinations were continued in those provinces this year and the Bureau reports the number of persons vaccinated to have been 30,232, making a total 70,177 persons vaccinated in these districts during the past two years. A few cases of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) were reported in the eastern and Western Provinces. This report was confirmed by Dr. Anigstein’s Third Medical Survey. Dr. Anigstein did not think that sleeping sickness was endemic in Liberia, but was introduced from over the border. Steps are however being taken by the Bureau to make a thorough investigation so that appropriate means may be taken to prevent the spread of disease or to extirpate it. No other communicable diseases have been reported or observed. The fight against leprosy is being intensified. In addition to the Leper Stations already established as reported in my last Message, the Government has established an additional station at Masating Island in Lake Piso at Cape Mount. The land for this station was generously donated by Mrs. Matilda A. Richards, one of the public-spirited citizens of Monrovia. The Director of Health and Sanitation does not think it practicable or desirable to forcibly isolate lepers. He believes, however, that if the station is organized in conformity with the plans which he has developed, these unfortunate people, practically outcasts in their own communities, will voluntarily resort to the station where they can live under conditions more attractive and

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salutary. Supplies of Chaulmoogra oil have been imported and distributed to the different leper stations. Dr. Anigstein, the Health Specialist, having completed his survey, is submitting a general plan of health control and supervision. This will be put into effect by the Bureau. His work, having been completed, the Doctor felt that there was no further need for his services and, as he was not in good health, he tendered his resignation, which I accepted. The welfare work undertaken by the Health Service is slowly but surely gaining public acceptance. An increasing number of cases is being treated at the free clinic and many more expectant mothers are taking advantage of the Child Welfare and Maternity Clinic. In consequence of the delay in reports from different sections of the country, no comment can at present be made on the vital statistics. The Bureau expects to be able to make a full report on this subject at the end of the year. One of the most interesting suggestions made by the Director of Public Health and Sanitation, is the “Hospitalization Insurance Plan.” Under this plan it is proposed that any person who may desire to do so, may insure himself or his family, paying a premium of 50 or 60 cents per month per capita annually. This will entitle the insured to free hospital treatment for a specified period. The details of this plan will be published and it is hoped it will appeal to those citizens who cannot afford to pay high fees for medical attention. A project of law regulating the practice of medicine and mid-wifery will be laid before you by the Bureau Health and Sanitation. This I recommend to your favourable consideration. Being dissatisfied with the conditions existing at the Government Hospital, I made an inspection. The result of this inspection convinced me that it would be more desirable to place this institution under the jurisdiction of the Health Service than to conduct it as an independent unit. Orders to this effect, in accordance with my intimation of last year, have been given and the Director of Health has already undertaken its complete rehabilitation and reorganization. When this is carried out, the duplication of work resulting from the clinics of the Bureau operating in the same field as the Hospital will be avoided and the business carried on with greater efficiency and more economy under the general direction of the Head of the Health and Sanitary Service. Department of Public Instruction. In a comprehensive report, the Secretary of Public Instruction gives interesting details and statistics in respect of the work of his department for the current year. The most striking and gratifying features is the shewing made of the progress achieved during the past year. The 11% increase in appropriation provided in the last budget for schools wholly supported or subsidised by the government has resulted in an increase of 39% in the number of schools and 52% in enrollment. We expect to be able to augment the appropriation for education in the 1937 budget. I authorised the Specialist in Education, whilst on leave, to make certain investigations and contacts with a view to modernizing our system of education and relating it to the practical facts of our environment and necessities. The Specialist, on his return to Liberia, has made a very interesting report to the Secretary of Public Instruction on his activities, and has outlined a programme to which the Executive has given its approval. The details of these proposals may be had from the Secretary of Public Instruction. War Department. With a view to carrying out my recommendations of the last year, I secured the services of Major W. D. Nabors of the American Army as Military Adviser.

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Major Nabors, who had seen previous service under the Liberian Government, has entered zealously upon the discharge of his duties, as the report of the Secretary of War shows. Immediately upon his arrival, the Military Adviser established a training center in Monrovia where he undertook to reorganize and discipline the militia, beginning with the 1st, 5th and 6th regiments. After this training is completed, it is hoped that officers from these regiments will be assigned to duty with other regiments for instruction and disciplinary purposes. As of the 1st November, 1936, a reorganization of the Frontier Force will be undertaken. To increase its effectiveness and efficiency, an ambulance corp, a signal corp, an engineering corp and a sanitary corp will be attached to the Force. Certain modifications of the law relating to the militia and the government of the armed forces will be laid before you in due course. Post Office Department The effectiveness of the methods taken to rehabilitate the Postal Administration is reflected, according to the Postmaster General’s report in greater efficiency and the elimination of complaints. The revenue of the department has increased by nearly 80%. Debts owing by the Department to foreign Administrations have been reduced by about 20%. The business of the department has increased to a considerable extent over the same period last year. The Department has undertaken a new issue of postage stamps which are now being prepared by the printers. An issue of Air Mail Stamps has also been put on the market. They are to be used in connection with postal matter transmitted by air mail, by means of aeroplanes used on the route between Dakar and the Congo, which, by an agreement entered into between the Government of Liberia and the French Government, will stop at Monrovia. The work of the Radio Station has been carried on successfully during the year. In order to increase the efficiency and enlarge the scope of operation of this service, new equipment was purchased. The Radio Service has been made more useful because of an agreement with the Service at Freetown which places us in contact with different parts of the world. Due to this, the revenues of the service have increased this year by more than 90%. Department of Justice. In the report of the Attorney General will be found details of the law administration during the year. He asks for certain enlargements of the powers of the department in respect of the detection and prevention of crime which he considers just as important as the prosecution of a criminal after his arrest. The Attorney General also recommends that Defence Counsels, provided for under the law of 1936, should be given a definite salary rather than be paid on a per case basis. It would appear that the law relating to the administration of intestate estates by a public Curator, and the law abolishing imprisonment for debt, have had salutary effect. Under the latter of these laws, private credit has been strengthened, and the expeditious manner in which debt cases are settled has given satisfaction to the mercantile and trading communities. One of the Judges, commenting upon the operation of these laws, made the following observation:“I am happy to report that the appointment of a Curator of Interstate Estates has in no little degree enhanced the expeditious management of intestate estates. He has been extremely serviceable in carrying out to their finality, writs of execution issued against insolvent debtors, thereby reducing the irksomeness such matters, petty and yet important in their sphere, cause the judges of courts. The time which has heretofore been frittered away on detailed

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work on these minor points has been economically applied to major duties. The advent of such an officer coupled with the frequency with which we hold court in this jurisdiction has reflected very commendably on our dockets. If this regularity is encouraged and maintained, the cry of tardiness in the trial of causes will soon be a thing of the past and will confer no little credit to this administration. Of course with the passage of a new law comes new questions which must be settled and made to groove in with the new system. I am happy to say that in the integration of the new law into our system of judicial administration, there has been no conflict, but rather, the new has glided smoothly into the old and the machinery of court has run evenly in this direction. The passage of the long overdue act abolishing imprisonment for debt or damages has does no little in reducing our prison rolls. The debtors hall was within one week cleared, and judgment which could not be settled because the debtor preferred to sut in prison dolce far niente, while he had property that could be sold and converted to money, were dealt with under the new law, and I am gratified with the result achieved as well as the outlook.”

The Attorney General recommends an enlargement of the jurisdiction of the lower courts in order that speedier trial may be had of criminal cases below the grade of felony. The principal buildings of the first of the modern prisons we plan to erect throughout the country have been completed in Monrovia. This will bring about great improvements in the unsatisfactory prison conditions which have heretofore existed. This central prison will be completed with the erection there of more buildings; one block of cells, a prison infirmary and a building for work-shops. Thereafter, other county prisons will be taken in hand. In this connection, it is necessary to call attention to the fact that our law contains no prison code. Such a code is being prepared and will be laid before you in due course. Foreign Affairs. Relations of this government with States maintaining intercourse with it have been of a friendly and harmonious character. At your last session the Secretary of State submitted a comprehensive report regarding the rupture which had taken place between Italy and Ethiopia, two member states of the League of Nations, and of the steps which have been taken against Italy under Article 16 of the Covenant. Sanctions that were imposed upon Italy were not adequate to secure the objective sought. There were three fundamental reasons why it could not be achieved. One, the League of Nations is far from being as universal as was originally conceived by its founders. Again, at the outset of the Italo-Ethiopian war, there was a tacit agreement to avoid military sanctions. Furthermore, those who participated in sanctions did not appear to carry them out with sincerity; – the main objective of European states being to secure peace in Europe even if they had to sacrifice the interest of an extra-European member of the League. The disappointing results of this League policy has raised many questions as to the effectiveness of the League to assure peace and the territorial integrity of its member states. They called for enquiry into the reason why this policy had failed and raised the question as to whether or not the Covenant should be amended in such manner as to strengthen, in the future, the authority of the League as an instrument of collective security. In view of the turn taken by events in the dispute between Ethiopia and Italy, and on the proposal of the Argentine government, the Assembly resumed its sixteenth ordinary session on June 30th last, in order to consider the result of the military conquest of Ethiopia by Italy, and to decide whether or not the economic and financial sanctions imposed upon Italy by the League of Nations should be continued. After a general discussion, the Assembly adopted two resolutions. In the first, it observed that various circumstances had prevented the full application of the Covenant, and declared that it remain firmly attached to the principles consecrated in that instrument, which excluded the settlement of territorial questions by force.

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The said Assembly being desirous of strengthening the authority of the League and the effectiveness of the guaranties of security, further recommended that the Council should invite the members of the League to send to the Secretary General proposals for the revision of the Covenant with a view to improving its applicability in future disputes. In the second recommendation, the Assembly referred to its previous decisions, and recommended that the Co-ordination Committee which was organized by reason of the Italo-Ethiopian war, should make proposals to the governments for bringing to an end the measures taken by them under Article 16 of the Covenant. This Government as a member of the League, associated itself with the said collective action, by instructing its representative accredited to the League of Nations, in manner following: – “The position of Liberia would seem to require the government to adhere to that group of states, who support the maintenance of the principles embodied in Article 16 of the Covenant, and therefore, to adopt a policy of maintaining sanctions against Italy. Nevertheless, if you should find indications that a group of important powers of wide influence are adverse to the continuance of sanctions, you are authorized to associate the Liberian Government with them.”

The Assembly decided, almost unanimously, that sanction should be terminated. In consequence of which this government, by Proclamation, abrogated the measures previously taken in support of the League’s policy. The Government of Liberia, in common with other member states of the League, having been invited to submit its views on the reform of the Covenant of the League in the light of the result of the Italo-Ethiopian dispute, submitted the following views to the Secretariat: – “The Government of the Republic of Liberia notes that at its sixteenth ordinary session the Assembly of the League of Nations, taking into account the unpleasant experience of the past few months and looking toward the future for the stabilization of World Peace decided that member states should be invited to send in their views in relation to the reform of the Covenant of the League of Nations. It should be stated in the outset that the fundamental aims of the League as originally conceived by the framers of the Covenant are the prevention of war, the organization of world peace and security of each state against external aggression. These ideals of international solidarity and universal peace of which this association of nations is an exponent, is of the very essence of the charter of the organization, or the Covenant of the League to which member states have subscribed in a collective sense, and have solemnly undertaken to maintain. In the light of the foregoing, and after giving careful study to the subject proposed for consideration, it is the considered view of the Government of the Republic of Liberia that the Covenant of the League of Nations as presently exist is adequately equipped and in very definite terms indicates the manner in which its members, without exception should give practical effect to its provisions. It would therefore appear that the structure of the Covenant needs no fundamental modification but rather, it should be literally enforced in every case of aggression against a member state, either by a Covenant breaking state or a state which may not be a member of the League. The Government of Liberia, recognizing that, the League of Nations was organized for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike, has upon all occasion associated itself with the principles consecrated in the Covenant of the League, and is prepared to adhere to this course in the future.

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In particular does it recommend that Articles, 10, 11 and 16 of the Covenant which constitute the security articles should undergo no drastic revision, and in all cases of war, or threats of war against a member state of the League, should be enforced without regard to the geographical situation of the particular conflict, or threats of war, thereby fulfilling our obligations in a collective manner under provision of the Covenant. It is further recommended that in the event of war or threat of war against a member state, the Council of the League of Nations shall be summoned within three days after notification thereof to the Secretary General. That after the Council shall have convened as above mentioned, its decision with regard to the application of Article 16 of the Covenant, against the covenant breaking state shall in such circumstances be conclusive and final upon obtaining a vote of three fourths of the members present. It is also the view of the Government of the Republic of Liberia that the Covenant should be so reconstructed as to enable the League of Nations to have at its disposal adequate weapons of material force with a view to enabling it to effectuate its decisions within the limits of the Covenant. There is another point to which attention should be invited. Discussions have been had in certain quarters to the effect that if collective security is not immediately possible regional pacts should be entered into by individual groups of states for the purpose of defending particular regions. Having regard to this suggestion, the Government of the Republic of Liberia would observe, that while admitting that certain benefits may be derived from such pacts, it is also obvious that the adoption of such a course by the League of Nations would be tantamount to a negation of the collective idea inherent in the Covenant, and for which the League was originally founded. As has been appropriately observed, under this system every power would, perhaps pledge itself to use force in defense of the League only over certain limited area co-incident with its own national interests. In all other areas it would merely pledge itself to render to the League moral and economic support.” If indeed the League is to undergo reconstruction, each member should live for all and all for each. Thus alone can this International Organization survive, and collective security recreated.”

A commercial agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Government of the Japanese Empire was entered into on March 9th, and an agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Government of the French Republic relating to civil aviation, was signed in Paris on May 29th. These agreements will be submitted to the Senate for ratification. Miscellaneous. (a) Agriculture. With a view to putting into effect the provisions of the Agricultural Societies Act, and the Agricultural Co-operatives Act passed during your last session, I have placed the organization of the machinery required in the hands of the Economic Specialist. He has made certain proposals including provisions for the special training of a group of young men who, in time, will take charge of the work. This training will be carried out at the Agricultural Trading Centre at Accra in the Gold Coast, the government of which colony has been good enough to accord this government requisite facilities. It is hoped that after these young men are trained, a greater stimulus and scientific direction will be given to this fundamental industry of the country. (b) Civil Service The Civil Service Bureau which was established this year, in accordance with recent legislation, has been conducted in a satisfactory manner. There have been held two examinations which have added an appreciable number of persons to the eligible list of the Bureau. There

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was at first some difficult encountered in the application of the law. This has been met by explanatory rules which have been drawn up and will be presented to you for approval. A necessary corollary to the Civil Service law would be the fixing of the retirement age for government officials and employees, and providing for a provident fund to which each employee and official will be required to contribute and from which each, upon retirement, will receive his accumulated savings plus a fixed gratuity from government. The details of this scheme are being worked out and will be presented to you upon completion. (c) The Land Office The manner in which the registration of lands has been carried on for the past 90 years has proven very unsatisfactory. The control of the sale of public lands to reorganize the method of administering the public domain, registering of titles and the mapping of such lands as may be or have heretofore been granted out of the public domain. This will reduce the number of cases involving conflicts of title and boundaries which so frequently come before the courts and are even then unsatisfactorily settled owing to the lack of proper cadastral records. A law relating to the Land Commissioner’s office will be laid before you as a first installment on the reform of our public land administration. (d) Public Improvement Construction work on the main highway to Saniequelli has been continued during the year. This road now extends for a distance of about 90 miles. When the Weah bridge is completed motor transportation will be available for a distance of about 60 miles from Cinta. Two secondary roads have been commenced one leading from Tapptia to Grand Bassa County, and one leading from Kakata, which is intended to connect the MornoviaSaniquelli road with the Bopolu-Bella Yella road. The expenditure on account of public improvement, including roads and bridges, during the last nine months, totals $23,412.16. These figures do not include sums spent by Municipalities and townships which were required by the Executive to apply not less than 25% of their revenues to public improvement. I am pleased to be able to say that with the small revenue of the past year, the government has been able to make such improvements as have won favourable comment by persons capable of forming an impartial judgment. (e) Deaths I regret to announce the death of Honourable C. H. Marshall, Superintendent of Grand Cape Mount County, which took place on the 16th may, 1936 at his home in Robertsport. Superintendent Marshall once served in the Senate where he made for himself a record of service and devotion to duty. By his death, the County is bereft of a strong and reliable citizen. Conclusion I desire to place on record my appreciation of the assistance accorded me by officials in all branches of the public Service, not least among whom are the foreign officials, who have discharged their duties in a spirit of loyal cooperation. I wish for you, Gentlemen, a profitable and harmonious Session. Edwin Barclay. Executive Mansion, Monrovia, Liberia. October 27, 1936

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Annual Message to the Legislature October 29, 1937 Gentlemen of the Legislature, It is with a great degree of satisfaction that I present you the administrative balance sheet covering transactions of the Government since your adjournment. Trade and Finance The report of the Supervisor of Revenues discloses continued improvement in our trade position, notwithstanding basic commodity prices have not increased in any great degree. The following figures covering the first eight months of the calendar year, compared with the same period last year, show that the total trade of 1937 was greater by 59% than the trade of the previous year. Imports increased by 47.2% and exports increased by 77.7%. The ratio of exports to imports in 1936 was 68.3%. In 1937 it was 82.5%. Eight month period ending August 31st. Imports Exports TOTAL

1936 $1,057,215.00 722,503.00 $1,779,718.00

1937 $1,556,389.47 1,284,389.27 $2,840,778.74

The number of ships entering and clearing from the ports of Liberia, and tonnage landed and shipped during the year as compared with the corresponding period of last year is:Number of Ships Tonnage Tonnage Shipped Tonnage Landed

1936 328 830,124 10,208.19 11,628.70

1937 407 1,012,061.79 12,709.39 18,135.54

These figures represent an increase over last year of 40.9% in the total volume of trade, and the export volume attained the highest point reached in any year since 1927. This favourable situation must be attributed principally to the increased means offered for access to areas of production and an enlargement of facilities for motor vehicular transportation. Another factor is the increased purchasing power of the people which is due to larger Government expenditures together with greater output of money by commercial, shipping and agricultural concerns in the form of wages and purchases of raw products. Nevertheless the apparent net adverse balance of exchange of products covering the spread between imports and exports is $272,000.20, which although a little over 4% lower than last year, represents something more than 17.5% of the total imports. This $272,000.20 adverse balance was met by moneys transmitted in the form of drafts and telegraphic transfers in the sum of $534,877.93 the difference between which will leave a gross favourable balance of $262,877.73. If from this sum is deducted the value of coin imported into the country during the first eight months of this year, that is to say $112,806.00, the total net favourable balance of exchange of products will be $150,071.73. This favourable trade situation reflected itself in the revenue of the Government which shows an increase of 39.1% over the previous year and an advance of 139% over the revenue for the first eight months of 1934 when we were just emerging from the depths of the depression. I hope I shall not be considered unduly repetitious should attention again be called to what must be regarded as an unfavourable economic effect of the shipment out of the country of such a comparatively large amount of cash as is indicated in the figure just mentioned. Particularly is this to be regretted when one considers that this money might have been

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reinvested in the country for the production of consumers’ goods and thus assist in relieving unemployment and in increasing the purchasing power of those not now employed. The manufactured goods that we import should, as far as possible, be paid for in the raw material which we produce; and the money received from the surplus of such exportation, if any, should be reinvested in the country for further production and thus build up a reservoir of wealth which, being reinvested, would beneficially affect the national economy. If the detailed import statistics be examined, it will be seen that a considerable portion of this cash transmitted abroad was spent in payment for manufactured goods which could have been produced in Liberia. In order to check this drain of capital the Government increased the tariff, particularly on such commodities as can easily be produced in Liberia, and at the same time, all tariff charges on Liberian export commodities except ivory and mining products were removed. It was thought that the increased tax on imported goods that could easily be produced in Liberia would encourage our producers and craftsmen to take advantage of the opportunity to supply the market thus created for them. Unaccountably, they do not appear to have in the fullest degree reacted to this situation which is so potentially favourable to them. On the contrary the very groups it was intended to benefit, have not only not attempted to take full advantage of their opportunities but have rather placed themselves in the seats of criticism and would appear to be resentful of Government policy in this regard. From October 31st, 1936 up to August 31st, 1937 the total amount of money transferred from Liberia to foreign countries was $688,491.85; and yet these groups complain they cannot profitably engage in their business because the people have less money than heretofore. This is, in my opinion, an unwarranted statement. In the last ten years, Government expenditures, barring the depression period and the artificial boom in expenditures made under the loan agreement between 1927 and 1929, showed hardly any increases year by year. In the period just mentioned the Government was the largest employer of labour with the mercantile element coming far behind as second. The maximum sums then spent by Government barely exceeded half a million dollars. Merchants spent in wages and the purchase of raw material about $1,514,768.00. The volume of money then in circulation annually was hardly more than $2,014,768.00. The annual average expenditure of Government in the last two years has been about $800,000.00 per year. In addition to this the merchants spend in wages and the purchase of local products about $1,359,389.00 annually. The Firestone Plantations Company also pays out in wages about $631,000.00 annually. All of this represents the volume of money in circulation each year and totals annually $2,790,389.00 more or less. No account is here taken of money which comes into the country as invisible imports in the form of wages of Liberians working overseas or as dividends from Liberian investments abroad. It is evident, then, that between 1925 and 1937, the volume of money in circulation, excluding money spent out of the loan, has increased by over 38.4%. The argument then, that there is less money in circulation is demonstrably without foundation. In my opinion, the time has arrived when you, Gentlemen, if you find yourself in agreement with the thesis here advanced, should consider what practical measures must be taken, and how the regulations made in pursuance of those measures shall be implemented by such sanctions as will compel the population to react in the sense indicated above. The foregoing observations are not intended to convey the impression that our economic position is bad because we have an excess of imports over exports. In all new countries, this is the normal position; for in the process of development, they must purchase larger quantities of goods than they can fully pay for in any one year or even in a period of years. They are thus perforce debtor nations. Liberia is in this group, and so the difference between her imports and her exports must show a balance in favour of imports.

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What I have been trying to emphasize is that to the best of our powers we should endeavour to become a creditor nation by gradually increasing our production. Only in this manner can our trade position be reversed. The figures I have given are encouraging in that they show that we are paying our debts in some degree. But what I complain about is that we are not paying them at the rate at which I think we might pay them, rather, we are paying them in a form which adversely affects the national economy. That is, in cash rather than in products. Receipts Expenditures Surplus

1936 $797,818.90 713,870.34 $ 83,948.56

1937 $1,110,027.521/2 842.124.20 $ 267,903.32

This summarized statement shows that revenue for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1936 increased by 39.1% over the same period of the last fiscal year. It was natural to expect that revenue for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1935 would have surpassed that of the previous year owing to the increased rates of the new tariff. The increase in 1937 over the previous year, cannot be accounted for on that ground. It can only be attributed to improved economic conditions in the Republic which have caused increased importations and exportations as has already been explained. Income from every item of the revenue schedule except Real Estate Taxes and School Taxes has shown gratifying increases, and the estimated revenue for the budgetary year 1937 had been realized by the 31st of August, leaving the revenue deriving from the next four months practically free of any ordinary budgetary charge. This gratifying result, however, falls far below sums necessary to intensify and accelerate the accomplishment of the programme of development planned by the administration. Larger sums must be provided and devoted to Education, Road and Bridge Construction, Public Health and Internal Radio Communication if the requisite social, economic and cultural development of the country and its people are to be adequately provided for. I am quite sure that all thinking citizens desire these developments, and I indulge the hope that they will not hesitate to make the necessary sacrifices. On the question of the Public Debt of the Republic, the Financial Adviser makes the following comment:“The Republic of Liberia has reason to be justly proud of its record in connection with the splendid showing made and maintained in meeting its financial obligations, both foreign and domestic. At the close of the year 1936, the external bonded debt stood at $1,846,000.00 which amount during the past eight months has been reduced to $1,756,000.00. Interest payments on the foreign loan, payable in 1937, have been made in full and the Republic of Liberia is not in arrears in regard to such obligations. On January 1, 1937, the floating debt of the Republic stood at $491,791.21 on the books of the Bureau of Audits. This figure included amounts payable on account of arrears as at December 31, 1934, deferred charges and amounts payable on account of vouchers and requisitions for 1936 and 1937 for which appropriation had been made. During the past eight months, according to the Auditor’s report, the amount stated above has been reduced to $384,916.43. The debt on account of arrears has been reduced by $51,835.02 and provision has been made for further reduction during this year in an amount of $54,607.13.”

This result will be shown by the following table:Funded Debt Unfunded Debt Total

1936 $1,846,000.00 491,791.21 $2,337,791.21

1937 $1,756,000.00 385,349.06 $2,141.349.06

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So that a total of $106,442.15 has been paid during this year in reduction of debt. 1938 Budget This rehabilitation of our finances could not have been achieved except with the cooperation of the Finance Corporation of America who in 1935 acceded to our request for certain adjustments in the Loan Agreement in 1926. These readjustments were contained in a supplementary agreement whose life was three years as from January 1, 1935. That Agreement expires on the 31st of December of the current year. The Budget for the next budgetary year cannot be presented until negotiations have been concluded with the Finance Corporation for an extension of the life of the Supplementary Agreement or some other similar favourable arrangement can be made between the Government and the Corporation. The Secretary of the Treasury, therefore, will not present the budget prior to the date when these negotiations shall have been concluded. Internal Affairs The report of the Secretary of the Interior details the progress made in the hinterland administration under the amended regulations promulgated last year. The result of experiments under these regulations, have in a large measure proven beneficial. There are one or two features, however, to which objections have been taken by the chieftains and which some of the District Commissioners think are impolitic and unworkable. The Chiefs in most tribal areas seem opposed to the elective principle adopted by the administration as a basis of appointment to leadership of the tribe. They feel that by insisting upon this feature of the Government’s policy, the traditional governing power of the tribe is being disintegrated. Under this system, they claim, many persons who do not belong to the traditional ruling houses are brought forward, and sometime elected to the chieftaincy, for reasons which do not make for the better government of the tribe. The result is that its internal discipline is destroyed and every individual comes to feel that he has no obligation to obey authority, or undertakes to interpret the decisions and orders of the Government as suits his own purpose. This, in some sections, is demonstrably true and would be seen in the inability of chiefs to secure labour to work on the public roads or for other purposes where payment is made. In two instances this was graphically brought to my notice. In the Todee Chiefdom, no roads could be built nor could the government taxes be fully collected over a period of years. Paramount Chief after Paramount Chief had been deposed and others elected with no change in conditions. I made a visit to this chiefdom with a view to investigating the cause. The results of this investigation clearly demonstrated that these conditions grew out of the fact that the population felt themselves subject to a particular house to which they had paid allegiance for centuries. One witness said frankly that unless the paramount chieftaincy was restored to that house the government would find that there would be only perfunctory obedience to its orders, since the majority of the tribe would continue to take up an attitude of passive resistance to the orders of any chief who did not belong to the ruling house. This fact also emerged from investigations I had in the Rivercess District where a similar condition of passive resistance to Government orders obtained. The people there explained that these unsatisfactory conditions were based fundamentally upon the improper and unsatisfactory organization of the tribal government. The late Superintendent Bryant to whom I entrusted in 1931 the organization of the tribal authority there, either did not thoroughly understand the plan of reorganization set forth in the Regulations, or deliberately perverted the regulations to purposes of private profit and gain. That the latter was the fact, was amply proven and was evidenced by the extraordinary number of unnecessary and irregular clan chiefs authorized to function by him, who, in most instances, received their appointment in consideration of monetary payments. In almost every little hamlet were to

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be found men who claimed to be clan chiefs and who functioned as such, unsupervised and without regard to regulations, whose appointments were either recommended or approved by the said Superintendent. So it happened that in that territory there were over fifty persons functioning as clan chiefs, a larger number of whom had no more than one village under their jurisdiction. It became necessary, therefore, to investigate the historical origin and the primitive, social and political organization of the tribe inhabiting that territory, in order to discover what was the original basis upon which authority was founded in the tribe. It has always been the purpose of government to preserve the ancient tribal organization and system insofar as it does not conflict with modern ideas of good government, humanity and the Constitution of the Republic in cases where it is applicable. For this reason I initiated the council by an historical enquiry into the origin of the Bior People now occupying the territory. The discussions arising out of this enquiry were both interesting and informative, for they gave an insight into the primitive tribal government which will enable the central government to administer this tribe in accordance with their traditions and thus avoid violent disturbance of their inherited ideas. In these two cases I reorganized the tribal administration in accordance with the factual results of the investigations. In the Todee Chiefdom, immediately, after the people had shown me who was their traditional chief, and I had assented to his assuming the functions anciently appertaining to his house, a complete change came over the administration of the chiefdom. Within a month after his election and confirmation by the President, the Paramount Chief brought in the taxes that were in arrears, the main road traversing his chiefdom, connecting it with other sections of the Careysburg District, was laid out and the construction commenced. Meanwhile, a similar result was achieved in the Rivercess District, so that now we have greater cooperation between the government representatives and the tribal authority, in the prosecution of beneficial public undertakings. In some tribes, notably on the Kroo Coast, the hereditary principle does not obtain. The chief is elected for life and so long as he gives satisfaction to his people, he is not removed. From these circumstances it can be seen that two distinct methods of dealing with the chieftaincy of a tribe, must be followed. That is to say, no arbitrary rule can be laid down on this question applicable, without distinction, to all tribes, without the risk of unfortunate repercussions on the general administration of the country. The theory underlying the regulations is that all Paramount Chiefs of all tribes must be elected. The idea being to educate the tribe in the method of selecting public officials in accordance with the principles of the Constitution. In my conversation with some of the chiefs they professed themselves to be perplexed on this question of elections. Many of them think it is an unmitigated evil making for the destruction of the moral fibre of the tribe and bringing forward men for public office whose only qualification is either their wealth or their demagogic capacity for misleading and inciting the masses. Article 51, therefore of the Administrative Regulations should be revised in such a manner as to give, for the present, recognition to the hereditary principle in selecting chiefs where such a principle is the tradition of the tribe. Another objection that the chiefs make is to the regulation governing and restricting the exchange of so-called ceremonial gifts. They consider it a breach of their traditional code of courtesy. The Government’s view is that it is sometimes the cloak for graft and bribery, and had best be controlled as provided in the regulation than relaxed as is demanded by the chiefs. In past times, the chief received from his subjects certain voluntary customary contributions toward his support in order to enable him to uphold the dignity of his position. Gradually the voluntary character of these contributions was changed, and extraordinary

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impositions were laid upon the population by the chief as a matter of inherent right and without restraint. The Government had endeavoured without avail by precept, to induce the chiefs to moderate their demands. Subsequently a definite ruling had to be made on the subject which is embodied in Article 64 of the Regulations. The Chiefs resent this regulation as an infringement of their hereditary rights and as detracting from the dignity of the position they old. The excessive impositions they made called loudly for reforms and they have been told that no modification of Regulation in that respect need be expected. Some of the District Commissioners have sent in very interesting reports of the practical effect of the new Regulations on the tribes under their jurisdiction. These are being studied with a view to amendments which in due course will be submitted to you for your approval. In the course of a tour I made through several sections of the country, I had occasion to observe the effect of these regulations and to express my concurrence with some of the views presented by the District Commissioners. The first year’s enforcement of these regulations was admittedly experimental. An accurate assessment of their general beneficial character can only be arrived at when we shall have considered reports on each phase of them as they are submitted by the administrative officials charged with their execution. The principle object of my recent tour was to make a final settlement of the difficulty which had been brought to an end in the Sasstown-Tiempo Area. I held a council with all elements of the tribes concerned in the uprising. After hearing their statements of the causes which led to their attitude, I was gratified to learn that there was nothing the Government had done which justified their alleged grievance. At a very impressive ceremony each tribe made its submission to the Government in traditional form. This submission was accepted, and an amnesty declared in favour of all persons concerned in the uprising except the paramount chiefs of the various tribes, who were deposed and four of them deported from the area, and thirteen other men who were charged the deliberate murder of Government messengers sent to them, and of members of the tribes who had counseled submission to the Government. These thirteen men were handed over to the courts for prosecution. The territory was placed under Military Jurisdiction for a period not to exceed four years, at the end of which term civil administration will be reintroduced. The only penalty inflicted on the tribes was the construction of a motor road from Sasstown to Tiempo across most fertile rive and cocoa country, and a motor road connecting the Tiempo-Juarzon main road with Sasstown. The labour for this road was to be furnished free by the tribes concerned. The population expressed themselves as being satisfied with the clement attitude of the government and gave promise for the preservation of peace in the future, and of cooperation with government for the development of the territory. The economic potentialities of the country strike one as he travels through its different sections. The only lack is adequate road facilities. It is gratifying, however, to note that the example shown by the effects of the road construction being carried out in the Central Province, is not lost upon those people from other sections of the country who come through the Central Province to Monrovia. They experience the advantages which road and vehicular facilities give both in respect of ease of travel, and the saving of time in the transaction of their affairs. The trunk road whose general direction is from Monrovia to the Cavalla River is now being linked to the coast by secondary roads leading from the ports of entry interiorward. The road from Sasstown to Tiempo will traverse large rice and cocoa districts. The road from Greenville will extend through the Juarzon District to Tchien on the FrancoLiberian Boundary. The road from Rivercess will open up the country between this port and Tapita, and will join the trunk road near Ganta and then to Monrovia. The road from Gbarnga will run coastwards to Buchanan. All of these roads are in the process of construc-

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tion. Such portions of them as have been built are not yet up to required standards but under professional technical direction, which it is planned to secure next year, will eventually be improved. Meanwhile they are furnishing means for quicker transport from points of production to the markets. The principal productions in the region extending from Sasstown to Juarzon, interiorward is rice, cocoa, piassava, ivory and palm kernels; with rice leading all. On my journey through the country, I passed through miles and miles of rice farms, which were in most flourishing conditions. Nevertheless, later reports show that the season’s promise will not be realized because of drought conditions in that section of the country. Large areas under rice were scorched by the sun and the crop did not reach maturity. What remained was destroyed by swarms of locusts. This is a scourge whose visits are becoming more frequent annually, inflicting untold injury to crops and leaving the population to face starvation unless relief comes from more favourable sections of the country. Fortunately, in other districts, reports of good crops are at hand, so that the situation of the people in the area traversed is not general over the whole country. Steps will have to be taken to subsist the afflicted population pending the new harvest, which can only be assured if seed is furnished them from the more favourable sections of the country. Provision will have to be made to study the locust plague and means will have to be devised to protect the population against this periodical destruction of its principal food crop. To this end it is recommended that a commission to study the locust problem be set up and the President should be given a free hand as respect the composition of this commission. For the purpose of more direct control over road construction, and for concentrating, unifying, planning and executing the work, I, by Executive Order dated the third day of March, nineteen thirty-seven, set up an Administrative Board styled “Emergency Road Construction Administration.” The Board undertook the complete reorganization of personnel and accounting, and although for a period, the pace of work was slowed down in consequence of this reorganization, yet gratifying results, in my opinion, have been achieved. Preliminary work on the road from Kakata to Moaquelli has been carried out. The section of the road from Konola to Nyorforquelli has been opened and the concrete bridge across the Weah is nearing completion. It was planned that the bridge across the Nyorfor River would have also been built this year, but flood, which were extraordinarily high during the year, inundated and damaged the highways and carried away many wooden bridges. This necessitated the reconditioning of the road and the reerection of bridges in order that traffic might not be unduly hindered. The Road Construction Re-organization under the general direction of the Administrative Specialist has effected economies in expenditures and such coordinations of the work as make for efficiency. The question of maintenance was eventually to be taken up as a separate proposition from construction. That means that we will have to provide funds to keep the highways in such conditions as will not unduly hinder the normal flow of trade and traffic with consequent great economic loss. The time has now arrived, I think, when we should consider the propriety and necessity of reforming the system of Township government. The present system that is to say, government by a board of Commissioners which originated in colonial times, seems to have outlived its effectiveness. It is my recommendation that while the Township meeting might still be authorized to elect their local officials, yet the principal administrative official of the Township should be appointed by the Central Government, with a tenure longer than one

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year. This, I think, will lead to greater efficiency in the administration of the Township and would leave the principal Township administrator free from local political pressure. With a view to working out the agricultural policy long since outlined by the administration, the Bureau of Agriculture has been reestablished in the Interior Department. The recently appointed Chief of this Bureau has entered with great zeal upon the discharge of his functions. He made a visit to the Gold Coast for the purpose of studying agricultural methods there and has outlined a programme which has received my approval. He is now studying the conditions of Cocoa plantations in Southeastern Liberian with a view to correcting the unscientific method of planting, harvesting and processing for market which has been heretofore followed by the farmers and has had such unfavourable effect on the market price for this product. The suggestions made by him in the form of draft acts will be laid before you for your favourable action. It is hoped that under the alert administration of the Bureau a greater stimulus will be given to this the basic industry of the country. On a whole affairs under the administration of the Interior Department show steady progress. Peace obtains throughout the whole territory and I am quite sure that with the extension of the roads social improvements and economic betterment will be more evident. Public Health and Sanitation Health conditions during the year have remained normal except for a mild epidemic of Influenza in the Montserrado area, and a total of 263 cases of smallpox in various sections of the hinterland. 39,783 persons have been vaccinated this year against smallpox infection. This makes a total of 109,950 persons vaccinated within the last eighteen months. The Medical Officer of Health in the Central Province discovered ten cases of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) in the areas under his control. Unfortunately, he himself contracted the disease and had to suspend his activities in order to take treatment abroad. Seventy-six cases of leprosy were discovered and brought under control during the year. About fifty percent of these cases are now under treatment at the Leper station at Massataing Island. Eleven of these cases were discovered in the vicinity of Harper, Maryland County. Twenty-three cases in the Central Province, and five in the Western Province. The Number of persons undergoing treatment at Massataing Island is thirty-five. A large number of deaths occurred at Barclayville in the Kroo Coast District of the Eastern Province last June, and fears were entertained that these deaths were due to Yellow Fever. A doctor was sent to the area promptly whose investigations disclosed that the cause of these deaths was water pollution which developed gastro-intestinal symptoms, the focal point of the outbreak being the rice farming area situated above Barclayville on the Grand Cess River. Thousands of labourers were at work in this farming area whose unsanitary habits polluted the waters of the river, which, being drunk by the people of Barclayville, affected them. The necessary sanitary precautions were taken and the infection disappeared. The Clinic for the Poor conducted by the Bureau of Health and Sanitation, as well as the Maternity Clinic continued their useful work. The statistics covering the operations of these clinics will be found in the report of the Director. Plans for remodeling the Government Hospital buildings have been submitted by the architect and approved. As soon as the necessary funds are appropriated the construction will proceed and the hospital will be eventually reopened under the plan of reorganization referred to in my last report. Department of Public Instruction The report of the Secretary of Public Instruction gives details of the steps taken by the Department to reorganize the Public School System. The plan of reorganization is embodied in a draft act amendatory to the General Education Act of 1912. These amendments are based

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upon the recommendations of Mr. Revington L. Embree, the Specialist in Education attached to the Department. This act is strongly recommended to your favourable consideration. To one feature of this Act I desire to call special attention. It is contained in Section 48, which is intended to provide for the creation of a permanent fund from which Liberian students desiring to take advanced courses abroad in technical subjects may be assisted or wholly supported as the case may be. It is the intention of the Executive to build up this fund in order that not only students who show marked ability should be given facilities for further advancement which they lack at home, but also to provide students the opportunity and means of acquiring the necessary technical skill which will enable them to assist in the development of the natural resources of the Republic, and for administering the technical services of the Government. It is earnestly desired that this provision should, above all, receive your approval. Statistics covering operations of the Department for the year will be found in the Department’s report. War Department The reorganization and training of the men of the Militia and the Frontier Force under the Military Adviser have proceeded with gratifying results. During the year his activities have been confined to the Frontier Force and the First, Fifth and Sixth Regiments of the Militia. Provision has been made for improving the marksmanship of these forces and equipment for a rifle range has been procured and is in process of being installed. One of the principal needs of the Frontier Force, particularly, is a reserve of officers efficiently trained to discharge the duties which this force is intended to carry out. The War Department points out that the pay provided officers, furnishes no inducement to qualified men to take up the military profession as a career. Although young men are being trained in the various colleges and by special lectures in classes conducted by the Military Adviser, upon a completion of the course, they are disinclined to enter the service for reasons of pay inadequate to the professional and social obligations which they would incur. The question of subsistence for the Force is one which has created difficulties for the War Department. The basic rate of subsistence heretofore considered as adequate, that is to say, seven cents per diem per man, has proved by experience to be totally insufficient. The War Department feels that that per diem rate should be increased to twelve cents per diem per man which is the average of the cost of maintenance in various sections of the country. The War Department is demanding that the original basic rate of seven cents be increased to this last figure. I agree with the Department and ask that appropriation upon this basis be made for the subsistence of the Frontier Force whose total strength is six hundred men. Other important recommendations of the War Department not necessary to be mentioned in this report, will be the subject of a special message. Post Office Department The report of the Postmaster-General gives evidence that the work of rehabilitating the postal service has been accomplished. Debts incurred by the Department prior to the present administration coming into power, have been reduced to almost vanishing point and will be finally settled during the present fiscal year. During the past year, the revenues increased in the Postal Division by slightly more than 29.7% over the corresponding period of the previous year. In the Telegraphic Division revenues increased by 169% which indicates the increasing use being made of the radio facilities provided by Government, the efficiency of the service and the volume of business done.

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Experiments in shortwave broadcasting were successfully carried out during the early part of the year 1937, and a programme of radio development has been devised by the engineers. In pursuance of this programme, it is planned within a few weeks to initiate the broadcasting of regular programmes from the Government stations, comprising news and information of commercial, educational, political and cultural character. Each district of the country will be linked with the Capital by means of transmitting and receiving sets, and each important town will get the benefit of the programme through loud speakers installed therein. This programme, when completely carried out, will be of important commercial, educational, cultural and political benefit. The Liberian Radio Engineers are to be commended for the outstanding results of their researches and experiments. Transmission of mail by aeroplane has given the public a facility of which they have taken full advantage. The first air mail transmitted comprised 312 letters. Since March of this year, letters transmitted by air mail totaled 15,462, or an increase of 476%. Full details and statistics in respect of the operation of this Department are presented in the report of the Postmaster-General. Department of Justice The report of the Attorney-General contains details of the law administration during the year. He reiterates recommendations made in his last report, particularly with reference to the creation and organization of a central detective agency for the detection of crime. I solicit your favourable consideration on this important matter. A curious fact emerged in the last few months as a result of the arrest of certain individuals of foreign nationality who were accused of counterfeiting. It was discovered that there was no law on the statute books of the Republic penalizing this offence. The result was that the prosecutions failed. The culprits were deported from the Republic by Presidential action taken under section 10 of the Alien Residence Act. The draft of an Act defining and fixing the penalty for counterfeiting will be laid before you for requisite action. Foreign Affairs Our intercourse with foreign powers has been maintained on the most friendly footing during the year. Relations with the British Government, after a breach of five years, were reestablished on December 16th, 1936, when His Britannic Majesty’s Charge d’Affaires presented his credentials to the Secretary of State. The resumption of normal contacts with His Britannic Majesty’s Government gave great satisfaction to the Government and people of this Republic. The friendly interest of Great Britain in Liberia dates from the year of the Declaration of Independence. It has always been a policy of this Government to maintain the most amicable relations with this great empire, a part of whose frontiers march with our own, and whose commercial interests here have been and are still of great value in the economy of this country. That a breach should have occurred between peoples who have maintained cordial intercourse for over a century, for causes which we feel were without any just foundation, was ground for great regret. Now that contacts have been restored upon an amicable basis, I am quite sure that nothing in the conduct of the Liberian Government in the future, will give justification for any future interruption of the friendship which has heretofore characterized the relations of the two countries and governments. A Trade Agreement between this Government and the Royal Norwegian Government was concluded on August 27, 1937. The provisions of this Agreement are expected to bene-

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fit the Liberian Coffee Producers. Said Agreement will be laid before the Senate for ratification. Trade Understandings arrived at with the Imperial Japanese Government and with the Republic of Czechoslovakia will be reported upon by the Secretary of State. Notwithstanding this satisfactory posture of our affairs, we cannot but be gravely concerned about regrettable events in other parts of the world. These events can have unforeseen and unexpected repercussions on our own future. The influence of this Government may in a material sense, for the present, be unimportant on world affairs, but we can yet contribute to that aroused moral world sentiment which sincerely and without hypocrisy insists that each people should be permitted to work out their destiny in their own way, under the aegis of universal peace. The Secretary of State of the United States circulated in July of this year a declaration made by him as to the attitude of his country on the question of international peace. The Government of Liberia took note of this statement and expressed to the United States Department of State its reaction to the statement in the following terms: “The Government of Liberia has noted with satisfaction the statement made on July 16th by the Secretary of State of the United States of America with respect to disturbed conditions in various parts of the world and the attitude of the Government of the United States with regard to the international problems arising thereout. “The Liberian Government has consistently been devoted to the ideal of World Peace as the basis of international security and the condition of stability in international relations. The statement of the Secretary of State merits cordial acceptance in all parts of the world as the foundation of that international cooperation without which the present uncertainties, inequalities and injustices cannot be made to disappear. This Government, whilst associating itself with the principles enunciated by Mr. Secretary Hull indulges the hope that the declaration thus made by the Government of the United States of America will tend to stimulate the international will to peace.

I here reaffirm these sentiments. Miscellaneous The operations of the Civil Service Bureau will be reported upon by the Commissioner. In relation to the Civil Service classification, it is recommended that Lawyers and Physicians employed by the Government professionally shall be excluded from the provisions of the Civil Service Act. The Government of Liberia has been invited to participate in the New York World’s Fair of 1939. The Executive has accepted this invitation. You are requested to make provision for a fitting and suitable exhibit. I regret to announce the death of the following public officials: The Honourable W. J. Clarke, Senator, Colonel J. B. Horace, member of the House of Representatives, His Honour R. Emmons Dixon, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Paramount Chief Mei Boi of Sasstown, Paramount Chief Memeh Walker of Nake Chiefdom, Paramount Chief Gubeh Tenge of Guma, Paramount Chief Baqui of Doru and former Paramount Chief Momo Fahnbulleh of Tawor. Senator Clarke was a distinguished and a most serviceable citizen of Sinoe County. His keen interest in public affairs and his liberality promoted the social and political advancement of his County. His death was sudden and the loss of his advice and restraining influence will be keenly felt.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Colonel Horace enjoyed an enviable military career in the Republic. His qualities as a military leader were demonstrated more than once in actual engagement, and his loss to the State and the County of Bassa is profound. Associate Justice Dixon was a brilliant lawyer who rose to prominence and repute at the Montserrado Bar. He served in the Government first as Judge, after which he was called by me to fill the post of Attorney General in my cabinet. This position he held with distinction until he was promoted to the Bench of the Supreme Court. His loss is felt both by his colleagues and by the Executive Branch of Government. The Paramount Chiefs, of whom mention is here made, deserve particular mention because of their outstanding loyalty to constituted authority;–some during very trying periods of the nation’s history. I had just arrived at Sasstown when the Honourable Mei Boi died. Full military and civil honours were accorded this distinguished chieftain. The late Paramount Chief Memeh Walker, a man of progressive ideas, had, by his untiring effort, amalgamated twelve of the surrounding clans into a progressive chiefdom under his control. Despite opposition which is not unexpected when new ways of life are entered upon, Mr. Walker began a programme of public improvement and social betterment which, if continued, will put his tribe in the forefront of progressive peoples of this Republic. Particular mention should be made of Paramount Chief Gubeh Tenge of Guma. By his statesmanship and wise political leadership, he organized the people of his tribe into a strong chiefdom under his management. Continued ill-health, however, prevented for some time his direct supervision of affairs in the chiefdom which went into the hands of ambitious subordinates who almost wrecked this splendid organization by means of political feuds. Honourable Tenge was spared, however, to see his life work revived and well on the road of progress. Conclusion My appreciative thanks are due to the Public Officials of all grades who have assisted me in the discharge of the duties of the Executive Department. I wish for you, Gentlemen, a successful Session, and that your deliberations will give added impetus to the progressive advancement of our national affairs. Signed: Edwin Barclay Executive Mansion October 29th, 1937

Annual Message to the Legislature November 1, 1938 Gentlemen of the Legislature: Although unsettled conditions in the world have had some adverse effect upon the commercial business of the country, still I am happy to be able to say continuing administrative progress has been maintained since my last report to you. Trade and Finance Trade figures for the first eight months of 1938 do not bear the same favorable relation to the figures for the corresponding period of 1937 which the latter bore to the previous year, as will appear from the following table:

Annual Message to the Legislature November 1, 1938

Eight month period Ending August 31st Imports Exports Total

1936 $1,057,215.00 $722,503.00 $1,779,718.00

1937 $1,556,389.00 $1,284,389.00 $2,840,778.00

933

1938 $1,680,666.00 $1,278,885.00 $2,959,551.00

Imports in 1938 were 7.92% above 1937; whilst the 1937 figures shewed an increase of 47.2% over 1936. Exports in 1938 were practically the same as the value of exports for 1937, the difference being only $5,504.00 against 1983. The ratio in 1937 was 82.5%. Basic prices for commodities exported in 1938 remained practically at the 1937 level. Whilst these figures shewed an increase of somewhat more than 4% in the total trade for the first eight months of 1938 over the total for the corresponding period of 1937, yet the adverse balance of commodity exchanged in 1938 is $401,781.00 as compared with $272,011.00 in 1937. (An increase of about 47.7%). The principal cause of this unfavorable export situation was the acute political tension in Europe. This commodity adverse balance would seem to have been covered partly by cash transfers. The movement of money in the form of bank drafts and telegraphic transfers between Monrovia and New York, and Monrovia and London for the period under review is represented by the following table: From Monrovia to: New York London Total

$ 617,064.00 $ 551,779.00 $1,168,843.00

To Monrovia from: New York London

$ 580,378.00 $ 528,561.00 $1,106,939.00

In addition to this is a considerable but unascertainable sum transferred through the mails in the form of personal cheques and currency notes. The balance of bank transfers is in favor of Monrovia in the sum of $61,904.00 but is probably applicable to the partial liquidation of the adverse commodity exchange balance which would thereby be reduced to $339,877.00. The number of ships entering and clearing from Liberian ports and the tonnage landed and shipped for the eight month period ending August 31st, 1938 is: Number of Ships 478 Tonnage 1,183,288 Tonnage Landed 18,567 Tonnage Shipped 11,494 These returns shew that although the tonnage of ships using the ports increased by 171,972 tons, the total volume of products carried for Liberia declined by a little more than 2.5%. This is wholly accountable for by the fall in the volume of commodities exported. Comparison of the preliminary returns of revenues and expenditures for the fiscal year October 1, 1937 to September 30, 1938 with the previous fiscal year shews the following: 1936–1937 1937–1938 Receipts $1,111,384.38 ½ $1,247,626.05 Expenditures 888,124.20 983,857.40 Carry Over $ 269,260.18 ½ $ 263,768.65 While these figures indicate that revenue for 1937–1938 is higher than in 1936–1937, analysis of the returns by sources of revenues will shew that during the period under review, customs and Emergency Relief Fund intake declined sharply when compared with collections under these items of the revenue schedule for the corresponding period of 1936–1937.

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Edwin James Barclay — XVIII President of Liberia: 1930–1944

Collections of the Internal Revenue under the Act passed at your last Session have, however, shewn gratifying increases. Those increases have been in such amounts as to offset the decline in Customs and Emergency Relief Fund returns. Thus the considerable deficit which would have resulted had opposition to the New Revenue Code been successful, has been avoided. The Financial Advisor in his report to the President has made important comments in respect of the inadequate and defective registration of taxable property and persons. This has resulted in large sums remaining uncollected annually. It is requisite that provision be made immediately for a complete census of the population and for bringing registration lists of property taxable under the Revenue Schedules up to date. The accounting system of the Treasury has shewn grave fundamental defects. It is proposed that an Expert be employed to thoroughly overhaul the present system and recommend such changes therein as will increase the efficiency of this branch of the Treasury service. The requisite votes to cover the cost of this work should be provided immediately. The Public Debt In respect of the Public Debt of the Republic, the Financial Advisor makes the following observations: “The Republic of Liberia, notwithstanding its great and urgent need of funds for the advancement of progress and public improvements in the Republic; the need of constructions of roads and bridges over which to transport its national products to market; requirement for administrative purposes, and additional safeguards of the public health and sanitation, has constantly maintained its credit both at home and abroad. For the payment of its foreign and domestic obligation, the Republic of Liberia contributes approximately twenty-five per cent of its annual budget of appropriations not in excess of that portion of the National income allocated to its own purposes. No extravagant measures which would involve additional foreign and domestic debts have been attempted, and both foreign and domestic debts have been reduced in amounts which, considering the income of the Government, have been large. The position of the Government of Liberia today, in regard to its National Credit is worthy of the highest admiration.”

The Public Debt position as of August 31, 1938 is as follows: Funded Debt Unfunded Debt Total

January 1, 1938 $1,737,000.00 322,176.73 $2,059,176.73

August 31, 1938 $1,632,000.00 311,793.96 $1,943,793.96

The funded debt (1926 loan) has been reduced in the first Eight month of 1938 by… The unfunded debt by… Total reduction of debt…

$105,000.00 10,382.77 $115,382.77

The 1939 Budget In drawing up the budget for 1939 regard was had to the unfavorable influence which the uncertain international situation might have on local business and economy. The financial reports commented on above, would seem already to reflect this influence, specifically in the export figures and in revenue returns. Whilst there would seem to be no justification for undue pessimism, there is also no reason for departure from the conservative course we have followed up to the present. For this reason, it will be observed, proposed votes for many of the services have been reduced below the appropriation for last year, and sug-

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gested appropriation for other purposes which while essential are not urgent, have been postponed. It was also considered that the unfavorable conditions referred to might ameliorate and reflect themselves in the business of the country in which event it is proposed that authority be accorded the President to allocate potential excess revenues available for appropriation, to such services, the cost of which have been too conservatively estimated or provision for which has been postponed. The estimated ordinary revenue for the calendar Year 1939 is

900,000.00

To this must be added estimated surplus from 1938 carried forward And unexpended credits carried forward Total available for appropriation

68,000.00 $ 25,000.00 $933,000.00

The estimated expenditure including Debt Service is

$933,000.00

In my address to the Legislature in 1932 upon taking up the Presidential office, I said: “I feel that the time has now come when we should insist upon a scientifically ordered national economy and finance. This will entail sacrifice; but if we face the facts with courage, there can be no doubt that our position on both counts will be infinitely strengthened. On this subject Government will insist that expenditure on matters of essential importance to the Welfare of the State shall be fixed at the minimum consistent with the efficient operation of the public services. We shall endeavor to build up as all good business should build up, a reserve adequate to protect our financial operations.”

During the course of the administration, successful endeavors have been made to attain this ideal. Expenditures have been kept within the limits of income, and annually increasing surpluses have been realized. These surpluses have, however, been expended, and no reserves have been set aside. The present time seems opportune to establish a reserve fund as a protection to our financial operations. I am therefore submitting for your consideration, a draft Act empowering the President to create this reserve Fund. Your favorable action thereon is requested. Internal Affairs The report of the Secretary of the Interior will furnish you with a detail statement of internal conditions, which have been tranquil and orderly. With a view to increasing the efficiency of the agency which supervises the tribal administrations and to coordinate the various elements of the policy relating thereto, the Bureau of Tribal Affairs was set up in the Department of the Interior by Executive Order. The Bureau of Agriculture has established its first experimental station. Experiments so far made have related to the introduction of new food plants, to the improvement of local varieties by cross-fertilization and to new methods of cultivation. Endeavors are also being made to improve the equality of those products which enter into our trade and to make addition to those already existing by the introduction and acclimation of commercial plants not native to Liberia. Machinery has been bought with which to demonstrate better methods of preparing farm and forest products for market. Some foreign cattle has been introduced with which experiments will be made with a view to improving our local stock. Whilst awaiting the results of these experiments, the plan for next year contemplates a vigorous extension and stimulation of the agricultural industry particularly in the tribal areas.

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Work on the main trunk road which when complete will traverse the country from its Northwest extremity to the Cavalla River to the Southeast, has been retarded by floods, and insufficiency of manual labor. Nevertheless, much was accomplished in realigning some stretches of the road, improving the roadbeds and replacing most of the wooden bridges and culverts which spanned the streams from Monrovia to Myonforquolli with concrete structures, thus avoiding the hold-up of traffic which heretofore frequently happened when the wooden bridges were annually washed away. Progress on this highway will be accelerated during next year when the road building machinery already ordered is put to work. For economies in maintenance and upkeep of Government vehicles and other mechanical equipment, and also for the purpose of centralizing the purchasing and distribution of fuel for these vehicles, a Government Central Garage and Service Station have been built and are in operation under the supervision of the Emergency Road Construction Administration. This organization has effected considerable economies under these heads of expenditure. Construction of secondary roads has been carried on uninterruptedly during the year, except in Sinoe County where construction has lagged. The District Commissioner of the No. One District of the Eastern Province has nearly completed the road leading from Webbo to the boundary of Sodeke in Maryland County. This road will be extended by the County Administration through the Sodeke District to the existing Harper-Plecebo road which is being reconditioned. The opening of the road has already had stimulating effect on the trade of the region traversed. The Commissioner of the Kru Coast District has surveyed and connected construction on the routes linking up the various chiefdoms of that District and conecting this area with the Sodeke and Webbo Districts. Roads have also been surveyed and are under construction linking up Sasstown and Tiempo, Ballor and Jode, Greenville and Juarzohn, Veajah and Plabo, Tappita and Rivercess, Tappita and Saniquelli, and Tappite and Tehien. The road from Sanquelli to the Saint John River has reached within eight miles of that river awaiting the fixing of the point of crossing where it will link up with the Kakata-Monrovia road. The route from Kakata to Dobli Island in the Forma Chiefdom has been established and construction commenced. This will be linked up with the Belli Yala-Bopolu road at the town Moaquelli and so give through connection between Kakata and Belli Yala. In Grand Cape Mount County the Sawelor-Kposso road under the direction of the Superintendent, is being built, in sections by the various clans whose territory it traverses and will give through communication from the Mafa River to the Gola Forest. At June 15, when the last reports were received a total of 304 miles of secondary roads had been constructed throughout the Country. Public Health and Sanitation Health conditions throughout the country have been normal except for slight outbreaks of smallpox in Saniquelli and in the hinterland of Maryland County. These were promptly controlled by the Medical Officers supervising the areas. In the Saniquelli District 53,920 persons were vaccinated. In the Maryland area 4,967. These preventative measures had the desired effect. Reconstruction of the Government Hospital Buildings is progressing in a satisfactory manner and it is hoped that by January next the Central Building will have been completed, equipped and reopened for service. Clinics for the poor and maternity clinics under the direction of the Health Bureau have been established at Buchanan and Harper. It is hoped that expectant mothers will avail themselves of the free service thus put at their disposal. The number of persons now undergoing treatment at the leper station on Wassataing Island in Lake Piso is 72. They have been encouraged to help themselves and have built

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nine houses, nearly two miles of road, one bridge and dug one well. They have gardens in which are grown rice, cassava, castor oil beans, pineapples, bananas, oranges and other fruit trees. For their work done they receive compensation at the rate of $0.06 and $0.12 cents per diem. They also engage in the production of piassava, palm kernel, beadwork and native cloth which are sold for their private profit. This movement toward self-help is being encouraged as it supplements what is provided by Government for their maintenance. The Bureau undertook an epidemiological survey of the Central Province in consequence of the reported prevalence of sleeping sickness at Gantaland and its environs. The result of this survey so far has been negative. Nevertheless, since the glossina fly, the carrier of sleeping sickness, has been found to exist in that area, the Bureau plans to continue the survey. Under the Health Regulation the keeping of vital statistics have been entrusted to the Town Clerks of the several Townships and Cities. This duty is not being performed with regularity and efficiency. No penalty has been fixed for neglect or failure to keep the registers and to forward report to the Central Health Office. Hence the condition. It is suggested that this defect be remedied and that it be provided that the Township or City which neglects promptly to meet the requirements of the General Instructions of 1936, will lose the grant-in-aid which it received from Government. Department of Public Instruction The Secretary of Public Instruction reports the gratifying progress which has been made since the work of that Department has been reorganized under the Act passed last year. There have been large increases in school attendance, improvement in supervision and a general stimulation of interest in education. The insistence of the Department that communities must contribute to the education of its children before they can receive any aid from the funds at its disposal is meeting with diminishing resistance. This salutary emphasis on self-help must have beneficial effect upon the moral fiber both of the community and the pupils. Four scholarships were granted this year to young men taking special courses abroad. This feature of the educational plan will be enlarged as funds for the purposes become available. Details will be found in the report of the Secretary of Public Instruction and of the Specialist attached to the Department. War Department The report of the Secretary of War covers important proposals which I recommend to the careful attention of the Legislature. I endorse his request for an increase in the strength of the Liberian Frontier Force in consequence of the enlargement of their duties under the New Administrative Regulations, and recommend that the whole question of the reorganization and training of the Militia be thoroughly examined. Existing laws are antiquated and inadequate to the development of an efficient modern defense force. Post Office Department The developments which have recently taken place in the Post Office Department are fully set forth in the report of the Postmaster General. Receipts are in the aggregate 16.2% higher than in the last fiscal year and the volume of matter handled by about 10%. In pursuance of the communications program a radio station has been opened at Grand Bassa, and the station at Harper will be reopened as soon as the necessary buildings now

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under construction have been completed, and one hinterland station established by the end of the year. I recommend that provision be made for the expense of a Delegate to the Eleventh Congress of the Universal Postal Union to be held at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in April 1939, at which representative of this Government has been invited. Department of Justice The voluminous report submitted by the Attorney General covers all phases of the law administration. He suggests the passage of two laws (a) with reference to the establishment of a National Police Force which would replace the inadequate Municipal Forces which are not now coordinated nor centrally directed. (b) Providing rules for the government of prisons. With the general purposes of these proposals I am in complete agreement, but the details as worked out in the draft act need to be carefully scrutinized and modified. Attention must be called to the lax manner in which some Judges are administering the divorce law, specifically in cases where the ground of complaint is incompatibility of temper. Those Judges, without regard to the social consequences involved, do not insist that the prescription of the law be strictly observed. It would appear now that all a complainant has to do is to allege that the other spouse is incompatible, and he gets judgment. No construction of the Divorce Law, however loose can justify this attitude of the Judges. The Divorce law now in force whilst liberalizing and rationalizing the old law under which divorces could be granted only on the ground of adultery, was not intended to provide and should not be interpreted as providing facile means for the dissolution of a family on inadequate and frivolous grounds. It has been suggested that this section of the Divorce Law be repealed. This does not appeal to me as the logical remedy. Judges are supposed and expected to be men who possess a high sense of social responsibility. When they fail, whilst discharging the great trust committed to them, to give evidence of this possession, they should be retired. That, in my opinion is the remedy. I have to recommend that the law relating to Special Juries approved January 19, 1934, be amended so as to fix the payment for Juries in the sum of $0.75 per diem and provide that the payment of the Jury fee shall be made immediately upon the rendition of Judgment, and as a condition precedent to an appeal. Chapter VII of the Laws of 1936, amending Section 430 of the Revised Statutes should also be amended so as to include among the causes for dismissal of an appeal in a civil suit non-payment of costs of the court in which the action originated. The object sought to be met by the enactment of the law authorizing special juries was to facilitate the settlement of civil suits, the reduction of the high cost of litigation and to relieve congested dockets. Because of the high cost of proceedings under the law, litigants are disinclined to avail themselves of its provisions. And for this reason the amelioration sought in the conditions which previously obtained, proved nugatory. Moreover, people were disinclined to serve on Special Juries because the fees payable for such service, are not received by them until two years after, in cases where appeals are taken. It is recommended that a law defining the duties, fixing the powers and responsibilities of and prescribing rules of procedure for Curators of Interstate Estates be urgently enacted. Foreign Affairs Notwithstanding recent events which have created grave tension in the relation of the principal European States and caused profound disquiet throughout the world, the Republic has maintained cordial relations with all foreign powers represented near this Government.

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The following international agreements were concluded and signed between the Governments of the Republic and of the United States of America. (1) A Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation signed August 8th, 1938. (2) An Extradition Treaty signed August 30th, 1938. (3) A Consular Convention, signed October 7th, 1938. These will be submitted to the Senate for requisite action. Instruments of ratification of the Treaty of Amity concluded between the Government of Liberia and the Government of Afghanistan were exchanged in Paris on the 10th of November last. His Britannic Majesty’s Government has intimated to the Government of Liberia their view that the benefits which have been accorded the Government of Norway under the Trade Agreement between Liberia and Norway should be unconditionally accorded to British trade in virtue of the provision of Article 4 of the Anglo-Liberian Treaty of 1848 by which it is provided that “goods coming form the British Dominions or imported in British vessels from any country shall not be – subjected to higher duties than levied on the same kind of merchandise or goods coming from any other country or imported in any vessels.” The Secretary of State on the part of this Government has submitted that the question raised by the British Government is not controlled by Article 4 of the Treaty, but by Article 7 which whilst providing for mutual guarantees of most favored nation treatment in matters of commerce and navigation, stipulates further that “that any favor, privilege or immunity which at the date of the Treaty has actually been granted to citizens of other States or which after that date may be granted to citizens or subjects of other States shall be extended to British Subjects or Citizens gratuitously, or for a compensation as nearly as possible of proportionate value and effect to be adjusted by mutual agreement if the concession shall have been conditional.” The arrangement arrived at between Norway and Liberia was not gratuitous. It was conditional and based upon a consideration to be mutually paid. To admit the British interpretation of the Treaty would not, as is contemplated by the Treaty, grant British commerce equality of treatment with the commerce of other States with whom also we have agreements conditioned by most favored nation treatment, but would place British Commerce in a preferred and privileged position, detrimental both to the interest of Liberia and of other States having commerce with the Republic. This discussion is not yet concluded. Civil Service In the administration of the Civil Service Law experience has disclosed certain defects to cure which the Commissioner proposes amendments to existing Civil Service Rules. Those will be the subject of a special communication from the President. Under authority of Section 5 (2) of the Civil Service Act the President authorized amendments to Rules XI and XIII. Rule XI is intended to prevent Government employees being exploited by traders who advance them groceries and other commodities from month to month at a 10% advance on retail prices. Under a system of Limited Powers of Attorney the trader received the monthly pay cheque of the employee who was thus kept permanently in debt with resultant detriment to his interests and efficiency. Moreover the pay office of the Treasury had become a debt collecting agency on a commission basis for those traders which was both irregular and illegal. A stop was put to this. Traders complained that the Order to this effect made it difficult for them to collect their debts. The amendment to rule XI was designed as a deterrent to any dishonesty of the kind and provides:

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“All members of the Civil Service are required to meet their financial obligations promptly. Any civil servant who willfully neglects his obligations in this regard to the extent of becoming involved in court proceeding thereafter, will be summarily suspended from office or, in the discretion of the President, dismissed from employment under the Government.”

The amendment to rule XIII was designed (a) in the interest of married female employees who are under its provision, granted special leave with full pay should they become expectant mothers, and (b) to fix the pay for substitutes who shall discharge the duties of employees absent on special leave. Legislative approval of these regulations is requested. Other Executive Orders issued during the year, and requiring Legislative approval will be submitted in due course. Miscellaneous The following projects of law will be laid before you for consideration and enactment. 1. An Act amending section 1414 of the Revised Statutes. This relates to the reorganization of Township Governments suggested in my report last year. 2. An Act amending the Act regulating the Importation, Exportation, Sale and Dispensing of Narcotic and dangerous drugs. This is intended to implement the provisions of the International Convention on the subject. 3. An Act of Indemnity for certain extra-budgetary emergency expenditures. 4. An Act providing for the establishment of a Reserve Fund. 5. An Act amendatory to the Tariff Act of 1934. 6. An Act relating to the Bonding of Public Servants. I regret to have to announce the death of the following public officials: Paramount Chief Honorable Tide Gbene of the Nyemowe Chiefdom. Paramount Chief Honorable Wolo Tokpo of the Grand Cess. Paramount Chief Honorable Fofi Koneh of the Gandi Chiefdom. Former Paramount Chief Degra of the Belle Chiefdom. Paramount Chief Honorable Sandi Barni of the Nyarbo Chiefdom. Paramount Chief Honorable Boima Quai of the Gola-Loffa Chiefdom. All of these Chieftains were loyal and rendered distinguished and acceptable service to the Government and to their own people. I regret to have to record the demise in his 84th year of Honorable Arthur Barclay, President of Liberia from 1904 to 1912. Having served through various offices in the Executive and Judicial Departments, Mr. Barclay not only achieved the Presidency but built up a unique personal influence which survived his active participation in public affairs; and was nation-wide in its scope. Liberal, patriotic, broadminded, unselfish and loyal, his sympathies were not parochial nor was his generosity bounded by limitations of party. Few men were equally devoted to the public welfare. Few men will be so sincerely and universally mourned. I have also to record the passing of Dr. Ernest Lyon, Liberian Counsul-General in the United States of America. Dr. Lyon was an outstanding Negro of that Country and a staunch advocate of social emancipation of peoples of color. His first contact with this Country was in the quality of American Minister. He executed many missions for Liberia with credit and dignity. Matters not covered by this report will be the subject of Special Messages. My thanks and appreciation are due to all public officials who have loyally assisted me in the Executive Department during the year.

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I wish you, Gentlemen, a harmonious Session, fruitful in results which may promote the progressive advancement of the Republic. Edwin Barclay President of Liberia Executive Mansion November 1st, 1938

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1939 Gentlemen of the Legislature, At this opening Session of the 39th Legislature I desire to extent my felicitations to newly elected Members of the House of Representatives, and to express my confidence that the Executive will secure from them the fullest cooperation possible consistent with their frank and considered views of what is appropriate to the general public welfare. Today, in the centers of western civilisation, the clash of arms resounds. Its reverberations are felt not only by those engaged in conflict, but have also serious repercussions on the interests of peoples, remote from the theatre of strife, whose welfare, progress and prosperity require and are conditioned by the maintenance of universal peace and international good-will. Most tragic in these circumstances is the situation of those nations who, because of the narrowness of their territorial limits, the smallness of their population and the undeveloped state of their industries, have neither sufficient material potency nor moral prestige effective to influence the course of events. For them the probabilities of the conflict and its ultimate influence upon their future are imponderable. If the history of the last world war has demonstrated anything at all it has conclusively shown that initial declarations of war aims bear no relation to the eventual war settlement. Declarations of objectives by powerful rival empires at the beginning of conflict, are invariably posed on a high level of idealism. The settlement, when it arrives is grossly materialistic, becomes global in scope and, more often than never, adversely effects the life and rights of others who had no direct concern in the remits of the dispute. An enlightened caution therefore requires them, in their corporate character, to stand strictly aloof so long as their vital interests and rights do not appear likely to be involved. Moved by this consideration and with a view to avoiding misunderstanding and misinterpretations of our position and attitude, which had in fact begun to plague us, I proclaimed the neutrality of the Government in respect of the present European conflict, and enjoined upon the people of this country a strict adherence to an attitude of impartiality and indifference in their relations with nationals of the warring states. It is most unlikely that any action of ours can have important effect upon current events. There can, however, be no doubt that these events are likely profoundly to influence our future. We cannot restrain our sympathies, but we can be circumspect in deed and fully appreciative of realties. Proposals for legislation relating to the present situation as it affects our internal economy and external interests will be laid before you. I invite your concurrence in these proposals.

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Trade and Finance. The effect of disturbed international conditions on trade and, consequently, on the financial position of the country during the year is detailed in the Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser. The figures used by these officials, however, do not give a full picture of the position, as they deal only with a nine months period, that is from January 1 to September 30, 1939, and not the full fiscal period from October 1, 1938 to September 30, 1939. Their figures also reflect the influence of the European war which sharply affected trade and revenue in the last month of the fiscal year ending September 30, 1939. In my view, except for the influence of events in last September, we had no cause to be unduly pessimistic in respect of this fiscal position. For the statistics show a steady though gradual improvement in the trade position particularly on the exports side. This is graphically illustrated in the following comparative figures covering a three year fiscal period from October 1, 1937 to September 30, 1939. Imports Exports Totals

(1936–1937) $2,204,532.00 1,719,486.00 $3,924,086.00

(1937–1938) $2,220,911.00 1,945,641.00 $4,166,552.00

(1938–1939) $2,334,491.00 2,628,961.00 $4,963,452.00

Analysis of these figures shows (1) that import have been practically stationary in value during the whole three year period. Imports for 1938 were 7/10% higher than in 1937. In 1939 the figures show an increase of only 5% over 1938. Export figures made a more encouraging showing. Export values being over 13% higher in 1938 than in 1937 and 37 8/10% higher in 1939 than in 1938. Exports in 1937 were $485,000.00 lower than imports of that year. In 1938 they overtopped imports by $294,000.00. This improvement is largely to be attributed to the increased production of rubber by Firestone Plantations Company and the smaller Liberian rubber growers. The total quality of this commodity exported being 10,500,0000 lbs. (2) The considerable gap between exports and imports in 1937 with the balance in favour of imports has been closed with a favourable showing for exports in 1939. Total trade between 1937 with the balance in favour of imports has been closed with a favourable showing of exports in 1939. Total trade between 1937 and 1939 increased by $1,039,434.00 or over 26% for the period, and in 1939 was somewhat more than 19% greater than in 1938. The unsatisfactory condition of the import side of the trade account may be attributable to three factors (1) psychological, (2) the price level of commodities, and (3) high exchange rates. Business was profoundly influenced by the political uncertainties generally prevailing as a result of the so-called Munich settlement. Merchants therefore contracted their commitments and paid less for local export commodities. In addition to this that body of people not in trade, but whose purchases abroad and appreciably to the volume of imports, had to curtail their purchases in view of the fall in value of the pound sterling in relation to the locally fixed ratio of that money to the Liberian dollar. Liberians hold their savings largely in English pounds. When purchases are to be made elsewhere than in England – say in America – they have to pay a premium of 20-25%. This is considered prohibitive and had averse effect not only on private individuals but also on government, the bulk of whose international payments has to be made in America. The movement of money in the form of bank drafts and telegraphic transfers between Monrovia and London and Monrovia and New York for the period covered by this report are as follows:

Annual Message to the Legislature December 19, 1939 From Monrovia to: New York London Totals

To Monrovia from: New York London

$ 426,626.00 756,091.20 $1,182,717.20

Specie

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$108,115.00 141,379.00 $249,494.00 96,000.00 $345,494.00

This does not include sums transferred in the form of private cheques and currency notes which are difficult to ascertain. The balance of such transfers is thus shown to be in favour of Monrovia in the sum of $847,000. This sum added to the $294,000.00 Exports value over imports gives a net rate and cash favourable balance of $1,141,000.00 The optimist need not however indulge the view that the favourable shown in these transactions represent as a whole savings in favour of Liberia. It must be remembered that over several years we have been experiencing a succession of “adverse balances” which largely represent accumulations of debts. The figures show merely that we are paying off these accumulations, of debts, and possibly making some investments. The number of ships, excluding naval vessels, entering and clearing from Liberian ports during the year under review and compared with the previous year is: No. of Ships Total tonnage Goods Landed (tons) Good shipped (tons) Totals

1938 725 1,822,567 28,406.21 20,659.15 49,065.36

1939 640 1,686,065 23,804.14 19,931.05 43,735.20

Decrease 12% 23% 16% 3% 10 8/10%

There was in 1939 as compared with 1938 a considerable falling off amounting to 11% in the number of bottoms frequenting our ports as well as diminution of the volume and value of the goods carried. This effect became particularly evident after the outbreak of war, when there was an almost complete cessation of ships calling. Revenues and Expenditures The comparative position of the revenues, including balances carried forward from previous years as follows: At September 30, 1937 Revenue Disbursements Difference

$1,081,276.09 1,035,223.51 $46,052.58

$1,227,486.10 984,322.01 ½ $243,164.08 ½

$1,069,701.51 ½ 1,081,142.36 $-11,440.84 ½

The facts leading to a diminished income in 1939, the Financial Adviser observes, have “their sources in the general dislocation of world commerce, the direct result of trade exchange and restriction, quotas, preferential tariffs, war preparations and the long line of artificial barriers to free commerce with which the nations have been plagued for so many years.” These facts made themselves felt particularly in customs intake which since 1937 has shown a continuously diminishing return. The fall in customs revenue between the fiscal years 1937 and 1938 was 19%. And in 1939 the fall was 13% below the previous year. This revenue situation whilst giving the Financial Department some concern was not considered alarming. At the outbreak of war, however, the situation became critical. Shipping both for imports, on which directly customs revenue largely depends, and for exports,

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one of the principal source of money income, was abruptly and seriously curtailed. It is possible that had what proved to be a forlorn hope that war would be averted not influenced assessment of the trend which events would take, adequate measures could have been taken in time to reduce expenditures in such a manner as to avoid disturbing the balance between income and expenditure. In May and again in September of this year the Financial Department proposed plans for adjustment of the situation. Details of these plans and the approximate ameliorative effect are set out in the reports of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser. They, however, tend only to emphasize a disconcerting financial outlook for 1940. Radical measures of adjusting the resulting budgetary situation will have to be urgently taken. All plans to this end must involve the interest of the Bondholders of the loan of 1926. This matter is now under discussion with a representative of the Finance Corporation. Budgetary proposals for the session than is usual. All indications now point to the inevitable fact that drastic cuts will have to made in expenditures in every department and in every budget item, except in votes for the defence and police services, and for contractual obligation which cannot be reduced. In normal year the foreseen deficiency in customs revenue could be met by taxation. Such a proposal cannot be recommended at present since one of the markets which took 50% of our products is not now accessible, and we have not yet had time for exploring new markets to replace this loss. Moreover, the national income has been reduced, in present circumstances, to an extent which cannot justify additional financial burdens on the population. The public debt position as December 1938 was as follows: Funded Debt $1,632,000.00 Unfunded Debt 300,049.47 Total $1,932,049.47 As of October 1, 1939 the public debt stands as follows: Funded Debt $1,512,000.00 Unfunded Debt 281,936.36 Total $1,793,936.36 During the year the funded debt was reduced by 120,000.00 The unfunded debt was reduced by 18,113.11 Total Debt reduction $138,113.11 Treasury Recommendations With a view of removing certain abnormalities in the tariff and inequalities in the application of the revenue code the Financial Adviser recommends: (1) Revisions of the Tariff Act along the following lines: (a) Substitution of ad valorem rates for specific Customs duties which now apply to articles which have wide variations in quality and values such as cloth, shoes, etc. (b) Placing on the dutiable list many luxury articles, now on the free list, such as radios, musical instruments, passenger automobiles, etc. (c) Revising the classification to secure more accurate definitions and to ensure a more nearly uniform assessment of duty at the various ports. (d) Eliminating the separate collections and accounting of the present Emergency Relief Fund and incorporating this in the general import duties.

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(2) Revising Internal Revenue Code along the following lines: (a) Eliminating many of the licenses fees on the minor occupations. (He does not however define minor occupations). (b) Eliminating the graded mercantile licenses and substituting an ad valorem tax of 1 1/2% on all mercantile stocks with a minimum fee of $6.00. (c) Eliminating all stamp taxes on licenses and other transactions for which fees are also paid in cash. (d) Postponing the effective enforcement of the distillery and liquor duty fixed in the Act of 1938 until 1941. The proposals are recommended to your consideration. I have to report in this connection that the hut tax has been increased by one dollar per hut. This is, however, within the limit of the maximum hut tax authorised by the Revenue Code. Internal Affairs The Secretary of the Interior reports steady progress in the political and cultural development of the tribes placed under supervision of he Department of the Interior. He has recently returned from an inspectorial tour of the central and eastern provinces where he made certain adjustments necessary to the more effective administration of those territories, and worked out a programme designed beneficially to influence the economic life of the population. The tranquility of the country has not been disturbed during the year, except in the Doru Chiefdom where some of the chiefs resented the new Clan reorganization which was intended to simplify the work of administration. This matter was quickly settled to the satisfaction of the parties concerned. The Department’s report covers details of the agricultural administration which has stimulated development along this line in the tribal areas. The Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture has submitted a report on the various experiments carried out at the Experiment Station. This report will shortly be issued in printed form for the information of planters. Road construction throughout the country has been proceeding without any diminution in pace. Nearly all areas of the country are being linked up by a net-work of roads which when completed will facilitate travel and transportation from and between sections of the country remote from each other. Progress on the main Monrovia-Saniquelli road owing to excessive rains was slowed down. Nevertheless, during the year, the forty-one wooden structures spanning streams and creeks on this road have been replaced by twenty-seven concrete culverts and three large reinforced concrete bridges including the bridge over the Du Rober near Kakata which is now nearing completion. By Executive Order No. 4–1939 dated May 10th, 1939, the road construction administration was replaced by the Bureau of Public Works which is attached to the Department of the Interior. This Bureau has control over all public work projects which are thus placed under a unified direction and efficiency of execution. Details of these matters are contained in the several reports, which are submitted with the general report of the Secretary of the Interior. Public Health and Sanitation Public Health has been normal during the year. There has been no case of yellow fever nor has any case of this nature occurred in Liberia for the past ten years. Notwithstanding this fact, and that the recorded and published results of a medical survey made by Dr. Anigestein in 1936 definitely show that yellow fever is not endemic in Liberia, Lord Hailey, in a recent survey of Africa, described Liberia as a permanent reservoir from which the disease

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can be carried to adjoining territories. The Medical Department promptly challenged Lord Hailey’s assertion and requested the correction of a demonstrably misleading and groundless statement, which had been attributed to Officers of the Rockefeller Foundations. As no Officers of the Rockefeller Foundation have made any epidemiological survey of Liberia the statement is without factual or documentary justification. Lord Hailey generously admitted this and promised when opportune to modify the categorical form of his statement. With the exception of a case of diphtheria at Cape Mount and a few cases of smallpox occurring in two small border towns between Liberia and French Guinea and which the Medical officer of health was of opinion, were imported, no cases of other communicable diseases were observed or reported. In the central province where outbreaks of smallpox have frequently occurred in recent years mass inoculation has been continued. During the past two years, 305,120 persons have been vaccinated in this area. Work among the lepers has been continued on Massataing Island along the lines heretofore reported and an additional leper colony was established at Gedebatbo, Maryland County. The medical officer of health of Sinoe County has discovered ninety-six cases of leprosy. To these he gives treatment regularly. It is imperative that a colony for these unfortunate people in that County be organized along the lines adopted at Massataing. Clinics for the poor and maternity clinics in each of the counties are increasingly demonstrating their usefulness to the population and classes concerned. Reports on vital statistics not having been received from all over the country in time for this report cannot be commented upon. The reconstruction of the Government Hospital has been completed within the limits of the appropriation provided for this purpose. The completed section of the Hospital will be opening in January next. Additional buildings are, however, required to increase the efficiency of the Hospital. These will be added as and when funds are available. Department of Public Instruction The Secretary of Public Instruction reports gratifying increases in school attendance and marked improvement in methods employed in the schoolroom. This last fact is the result of courses pursued enthusiastically by the teachers in the Teacher’s Institute, and of the efficient work of the supervising teachers. The number of improved school houses being erected in various communities with subsidies up to 50% of the cost from the Department attest the interest which the people of these characterized communities are beginning to show not only in the matter of education, but also in the problem of equipment and decent facilities for the schools. The Department could very profitably employ an appropriation three times the size of the amount now available. There is still lacking accommodation for all the children of school age, and a full supply of qualified teachers. Scholarships were granted, tenable for four years, to four students now taking advanced courses abroad in technical subjects. Two of these will complete their studies in 1940 when they will return home for service with the Government. Reports of the progress and standing of the students are satisfactory and gratifying. Detailed Statistics supporting this assessment are contained in the Department’s annual report. War Department With a view of affecting plans for reorganizing the militia I called a council of General Officers and regimental commanders who with the advice and assistance of the Military Adviser have formulated and submitted proposals for amending the present laws governing the militia. These proposals in the form of a draft Act will be submitted for your approval in a special message explanatory of its objectives.

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In consideration of present world condition and of any internal contingency which might arise thereout, and because of a need for additional frontier and revenue guards I ordered an increase in the strength of the Liberian Frontier Force. Approval of this Executive action is now requested. The tranquil conditions of the country which have characterized this year have called for no employment of the armed forces in any major operation. Some police action was carried out in the Doru Chiefdom in support of the District Administration. Post Office Department The Postmaster-General reports considerable improvement in the Postal Service of the Republic. Overland mail facilities have been extended, so that Monrovia is now linked up with coastwise ports from Robertsport to River Cess and interior ward with Kakata. There is daily exchange of a mile between Monrovia and Kakata, and a semi-weekly dispatch and receipt of mail to and from the other ports named. Extension of this service both interiorward and coastwise will be facilitated if the Department can be provided with a larger appropriation for the purpose. The Postmaster-General reports no less encouraging results for the use of the Air mail service which now extends to the United States. Stamps sale from the air mail service in the first eight months of 1939, showed a 100% increase over sales for the corresponding period of the year 1938, although the months of September and October 1939 showed a decline in sales of 50% as compared with sales for the corresponding months of 1938. The cause of this decline the Postmaster-General has not been able to ascertain. General postal revenues for the year 1939 show a slight decline from the revenue of 1938. This, however, is so small as to be almost negligible and is attributable to the falling off in receipts from the Radiotelegraphic service owing to the competition of the air mail service. The Postmaster-General reports marked improvements in the radio communication and the meteorological observations which are of great service to aircraft flying over Liberia. An additional radio station was put into service during the year and equipment for two other stations to be opened at interior points is already on hand. These interior stations will be opened for service as soon as the buildings to house them, now under construction, have been completed. The Government having been invited to take part in the eleventh congress of the Universal Postal Union at Bueno Aires, Argentine, the Postmaster-General was designated as Liberian delegate and discharged that service satisfactorily. His report on this mission will be laid before you by him with such recommendations as may be pertinent. The PostmasterGeneral recommends amendments to the law prescribing penalties for the violation of the domestic postal regulations. He will lay before you a draft bill on the subject. Department of Justice Upon the retirement of Mr. Monroe Phelps from the office of Attorney-General, I appointed to that post on the first of May, Judge Nete Sie Brownell, who had had previous experience in the department of Justice as Solicitor General, and who at the time of his appointment was in charge of the first Judicial Circuit. The report of the Attorney-General attests the regular functioning of the courts, and covers certain suggestions designed to speed up the operations of this branch of Government. These include : (1) Proposals to extend the jurisdiction in criminal matters of the courts of first Instance; (2) Providing machinery to secure effective supervision of the ad-

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ministrative work of court official; (3) Proposals to improve methods of court reporting and (4) Making provision effectively to deal with congested dockets particularly in the First Judicial Circuit. These proposals were recommended to your favourable consideration in so far as they require no additional expenditure and can be carried out by the use of existing machinery. In view of the fact that the warning sounded in my last report with respect to the increase of divorces on the ground of “incompatibility of temper” having been ignored and the increasing scandalous perversion and prostitution with apparent connivance of Circuit Court Judges of a provision of the law which was designed to meet a specific social need under appropriate restraint, I am recommending that those sections of the matrimonial causes Act of 1936, authorizing divorce on the ground of incompatibility of temper, be repealed. Foreign Affairs It is gratifying to be able to report that our relations with other states continue on a friendly footing notwithstanding the state of belligerency which now supervanes, in the international world. Comment has already been made on this situation and of the steps taken by the Executive to define its position and attitude. The following international agreements have been entered into during the year. A treaty of Amity between the Republic of Liberian and Chinese Republic. An aviation agreement between Liberia and the United States of America concluded January 13, 1939. A convention regulating radiotelegraphic communication between Liberia and French West Africa. Instruments of Ratification overnight following treaty and conventions concluded between Liberia and the United States of America were exchanged November 21, 1939. A treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. An Extradition Treaty A Consular Convention. The Liberian Government has also been invited to assist at eight international Congresses. Considering its present financial circumstances this government will not be able to participate. Civil Service The Commissioner of Civil Service calls attention to certain difficulties met with in enforcing the Civil Service Act. These were to be removed by amendments suggested and laid before the Legislature last year. At your last Session no action was taken thereon. It is to be hoped that the amendments will be approved. The special powers conferred upon the President by the law of December 13, 1934 approving the Three Year Plan, expire on the 31st of December 1939. In rendering an account of this stewardship it is necessary for me to review briefly what has been initiated and accomplished in the execution of the plan. 1. Foreign Specialists: Certain foreign specialists have been employed by Government in the following spheres: (a) native administration, (b) education, (e) health and (d) economy. All of these specialists, with the exception of the administrative, having serviced the period for which they were contracted, have retired. Except for fundamental reasons, the advice of these specialists have invariably been adhered to by Government.

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2. External and Internal Debts: Government has been able to make arrangements for the gradual extinguishment of all arrearages on interest and amortization on its foreign loan and, payments of current interest and amortization are being made in some instances as much as six months in advance of their due date. As a result foreign credit has been strengthened. Moreover, the seven per cent interest rate on the foreign loan originally contracted has for a period of years been reduced to five per cent, thereby resulting in a substantial financial saving to Government. Our internal indebtedness in the form of arrearage of salaries and supplies obtained for the various Departments when the depression was acute, is being methodically wiped off. A plan to make payments annually against the debt by categories was drawn up, and up to the present has been effective. Conditions remaining normal, it is hoped that settlement of the outstanding sum on this account will be made not later than 1945. 3. Public Improvements. (a) Communication: Monrovia, Grand Bassa and Harper have each a first class allwave radio station with international connections. Equipments for two other stations have already arrived and will be installed at two of the hinterland districtsKolahun and Tchien, Buildings to house the equipments are in process of construction. (b) Aeromaritime: Arrangements have been concluded between the Aeromaritime and Government for the dispatch of mails. The outward plane arrives at Monrovia on Saturday and the homeward plane on Thursday of each week. (c) Transportation: Approximately 180 miles of highway on the main trade route from Monrovia to the Interior have been built, tapping the productive areas of the country. Several branch roads are also under construction; when connected a system will be organized whereby products and other commodities may easily be brought to market. Progress on the roads having been gratifying, it is proposed to begin a Buss service. To further road construction work, an Emergency Road Construction Administration was setup in March 1937. This Administration efficiently conducted the task assigned it and in June of this year it was replaced by a Bureau of Public Works under the Department of Interior. Many potential road building machineries have been purchased, including mechanized shovels, air compressors, steam rollers, scrapers, graders, wagons and stone crushers. (d) Agriculture: Agriculture being the principal productive enterprise of the country, attention as been devoted towards scientific development of the country’s products. Rules governing the operation of Agricultural cooperative Societies have been provided by law. Free Customs entry has been accorded agricultural and horticultural implements. Laws to protect farmers from undue foreign competition have been enacted. Lands along the new highways have been divided into 25 acre blocks and allotted to enterprising people who are expected to develop them in accordance with Government direction. This ensures regional production of crops and affords the use of necessary machinery on a communal basis. The same system will be adopted when other highways are built. A Bureau of Agriculture has been set up, and a group of young men sent to the Gold coast to study scientific agricultural stations in the hinterland. Reports which have been received form the Agricultural Bureau are most encouraging.

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(e) Industry: Liberia has not yet passed her agricultural state hence very little can at the moment be referred to in respect of industrial development. Such industries as are evident, are however given active encouragement by Government. Gold. Whilst it has not been established that gold exists in commercially profitable quantities, an appreciable amount sufficient to encourage individual or small groups of Prospectors, is discovered annually, by alluvial mining. The quantity shipped out of the country during the last five years is valued as follows: In 1935, $32,345.00; 1936, $54,845.00. 1937, $65,063.00; 1938, $49,944.00. In 1939, up to September 30, $109,000.00. Diamonds exported in 1937 valued $365.00. Iron Ore. By scientific investigation it has been discovered that large deposits of iron ore are present in Liberia. In one locality alone the deposit is estimated at 80 million tons. Negotiations are being conducted whereby these deposits may be exhibited with advantage to Government and people. Soap. There is a soap industry which supplies a large percentage of domestic needs. Alcohol. Alcohol for consumption is produced on a wide scale and local production has replaced the imported product. Rice. For the purpose of encouraging the local rice industry, an Act was passed prohibiting the importation of foreign rice, except in extreme cases of necessity where a shortage of locally grown rice exists, or other emergency in which event the President shall by special permit, through the Treasury Department, authorize the importation of foreign rice. It is gratifying to remark that the passage of the law alluded to above, has had beneficial effect, for the reason that with the exception of permits occasionally granted to the Firestone Plantations Company to import rice of its labourers, the importation of this commodity has almost reached vanishing point. Total Importations Foreign Rice 1939 Total Importations Foreign Rice 1938 Decrease in favour of Liberian Rice

3,120,500 lbs. 7,267,972 lbs. 4,147,472 lbs.

Art. Considerable attention is being paid to the question of developing native handicrafts, and it is intended to incorporate this study in the Vocational College mentioned elsewhere in this statement. Furniture: There is a furniture industry whose productions compare favourably with importer articles, and in certain respect furniture made from out of our woods has been preferred. (f) The Public Service: Civil Service. To more forever the spoils systems and its evils, the President introduced and the Legislature enacted a bill which embodies the first Civil Service law of the country. This has placed all public servants, with but a few exceptions, on a merit basis. The service is working well, and employees are undoubtedly more secure. Provident Fund: To develop the habit of thrift and to secure that public servants upon retiring, shall not be absolutely indigent, a law establishing a Provident Fund has been put into effect to which all public servants must contribute. (g) Buildings: A New Customs buildings has been constructed which house the Monrovia Customs and its central office and the Post Office of Monrovia. Another Customs building has been constructed at Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount Count. A new Power Plant, equipped with Diesel engines, has been installed to provide power to the city of Monrovia and power for communications purpose.

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A new Market Building at Monrovia is being constructed with stalls for purpose.

A modern State Prison has been erected at Monrovia, composing cells, work-shops, administrative offices, insane cells and workshops where prisoners are taught some trade whilst serving sentence. There is a mortuary and separate cells for females. Criminals and murderers are housed in separate cells. Apart from government construction, there are numerous other private and business buildings which have been constructed as a result of revived trade and business. (h) Revenues: The Government has experienced a balanced budget each year since 1933, with surpluses each year. These surpluses have usually been reinvested in public works, education and health services. (4) Social Service. (a) Health and Sanitation: A Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation has been established with branch offices throughout the country. The hospital Service has been blended with this Bureau. By the efforts of this Bureau, health conditions have improved considerably. There is one Government Hospital at Monrovia and plans are being developed for the extension of hospital service throughout the Republic. There has been no case of yellow fever or of plague for some years now, except a minor outbreak of smallpox in a certain area which was immediately controlled. Cities and towns are kept clean by vigilant inspectors and rigid regulations. City garbage is removed daily by motor vans. There is a free clinic for the poor and a free maternity clinic. Budgetary vote will be sought this year to widen the scope of this service. The Health Bureau has also a plan for the establishment of a Hospitalisation Insurance Scheme under which, for the payment of an annual premium, a man and his family may receive free hospital treatment for a specific period. Leprosy: For the purpose of controlling the spread of leprosy, Leper Stations are established and maintained by the Government at Massatin Island, County of Grand Cape Mount, and at Gedetarbo, Maryland County. Clinics of the Health Bureau have also undertaken treatment of leper cases in the Counties of Grand Bassa and Sinoe, and plans are on foot to establish permanent Leper Stations in these counties in the near future. In addition to the Stations mentioned in paragraph one thereof, the Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation has been rendering considerable assistance by supplying Chaulmoogra oil, a leprosy specific to three other stations established in the country; one at Kolahun, one near Ganta, and one at Nana Kru. The one at Kolahun was established by the Holy Cross Mission while these at Ganta and Nana Kru were opened by the M. E. Mission. In 1935–1936, Doctor Amigstein, then health specialist to the Republic under the reform program, upon instructions of the President made three medical surveys of Liberia, which included a General plan of health control and supervision. The said surveys had for their object, the examination of the health condition of a vast area of the Republic, and meanwhile for the purpose of comparing health conditions in Liberia with those of the two adjacent colonies of Sierra Leone and French Guinea. His reports which were interesting and informative were published, and have had general acceptance at home and abroad.

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(b) Education: Under the Plan, the public school law has been redrafted. Text books throughout the country have for the first time been standardised. A unified school system of teaching has been established though the Teachers Training Institutes. Legislation has been secured to establish a Vocational College and funds are being sought to put the same into effect. The number of schools particularly among the aboriginal population, has been greatly increased and wages and quality of teachers have been considerably improved. (c) Legislation; In respect of criminal law administration, an accused person who may not be in a position to employ a lawyer is defended at public expense by a public lawyer whose title is “Defense Counsel”. The Divorce Law has also undergone revision, which whilst increasing the number of causes upon which a divorce may be sued for, affords ample protection against sapping the foundations of the family, and avoids collusive divorces. A law to control the practice of medicine has been put into effect, also law to prevent the spread of venereal diseases. (5) Trade and Commerce: There has been a marked improvement in the movement of trade, imports and exports have correspondingly increased by over hundred percent above the level of 1930. National income does not in any degree directly depend upon revenues from the exportation of rubber or lease of lands for the production thereof. The sum derived form this source annually is about two and four-fifth percent of the total income of the country. I am pleased to observe that the general improvement in trade conditions just mentioned, and the exercise of economy during the years under review have enabled Government to operate successfully and without the necessity to incur further loans, hence no additional financial burden has been placed upon the country; but every effort has been made to gradually extinguish our indebtedness. The economic effect of the establishment of large plantations as those of the Firestone Plantations company which approximate to date 50,000 acres has been more indirect than direct. This Company employs about 15,000 labourers and wages paid them increase their purchasing power and go into circulation. The Firestone Plantations Company has also inspired rubber growing among Liberians and several farms of moderate acreage have been planted. The full programme envisaged under that plan has not yet been completed, but such progress has been made as, I am convinced, will ensure its eventual accomplishment under normal conditions. I am not asking for a renewal of those powers. I cannot in this connection refrain from expressing my deep sense of the confidence which was imposed in me by Representatives of the people, and I shall feel that I have merited that confidence only if your impartial judgment can justly attest that the public trust has not been abused nor made the cloak for oppression. That a public magistrate in times of crises should be entrusted with extraordinary powers may be necessary, and is just as proper, to continue those powers in no one man or any one body of men beyond the crises is not only dangerous but might be subversive of the democratic constitution. Frequent reports have come in of attempts that are being made by foreign business houses and concerns in the country to freeze wages at a low standard fixed by themselves. Labourers in the country are in the main working barely at a subsistence level and are not earning sufficient to provide against unforeseen necessities, to promote for

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the improvement of their social status recreation and the education and security of their families. To correct this condition legislation will be requested to fix minimum wages consistent with living requirements. I have to report with regret the demise of the undermentioned public officials. The Honourable J. K. P. Bassil, representative from Sinoe County, died at his home in Louisianna on January 30th of the present year. Honorable Bassil at the time of his death was the oldest member of the House of Representatives, having been elected for four consecutive terms. In May 1937 when I had the pleasure of visiting this gentleman at this home in Louisianna, he was fast declining in health and as a result was unable, for the first time in his long period of service, to occupy his seat at the Fourth Session of the 36th Legislature, last year. His death is a decided loss to his community. On June 20, 1939 came the news of the demise of the Honourable M. F. W. Yancy, Superintendent of Maryland County. Mr. Yancy was a promising official of the younger group, energetic and competent. The whole nation joins in mourning his death at such an early age. Honourable Moses C. Smith, Superintendent of Marshall Territory whose death occurred on the 28th October last. Since your present sitting, report has been received of the death of Honourable R. W. Gordon, Senator from Grand Cape Mount County. Senator Gordon’s death was somewhat unexpected. We extend to his colleagues in the Senate Sincere condolences. In addition to these Government lost by death the services of the following loyal and progress chiefs: Paramount Chief Tom Brown of the Gole-Konneh Chiefdom, who was one of the advanced and enlightened chieftains. Clan Chief Yekkeh of the Gbandi Chiefdom, an outstanding character of his Chiefdom who once held the post of Paramount Chief and retired, but was called again to service. Clan Chief Gbogazeh of the Bain Clan, Saniquelli District. Clan Chief Kuhnto Chea of the Forpo Clan, Webbo Disctrict. Clan Chief Teepenny of the Norbli Mieblee Clan, No. 2 Chiefdom, Bassa. Clan Chief Bogbah of the No. 3 Chiefdom. Matters not covered by this report will be the subject of special messages. Gentlemen, this year which opened with excusable optimism would seem on the whole not to have justified our hopes. Causes world-wide in influence and beyond our control have had devastating effect upon the national economy. There is no need for pessimism, however. We shall have to face the situation with courage and take the course urgently indicated if the chaotic conditions of ten years ago are not again to impede the progress of the country. It is to be hoped, gentlemen, that this Session will be characterized by harmony and calm deliberation. Our first consideration should be the highest interests of the Republic. Let us not be discouraged in the face of the difficulties which have arisen as are result of unsettled world conditions, but move forward, strong in that faith which has animated the whole national fabric for the past decade. Edwin Barclay Executive Mansion 18th December, 1939

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Annual Message to the Legislature November 5, 1940 Gentlemen of the Legislature, Since I last had the honour to address you events of the profoundest world significance have transformed the political face of Western Europe, have shaken and in some instances swept away the foundation of states whose material power, economic strength and social stability seemed unbreakably entrenched against the cataclysmic forces which eventually overwhelmed them. The sweep of these forces has been so rapid and so widespread that it now seems problematic whether or not the world-order which we have heretofore known and in which we have participated can any longer endure; and whether the concepts of human rights and liberty, of the citizen’s relation to the state and even of the States itself can have, for the future any continuing validity. Men are bewildered amidst these tragic events; they stand aghast at their catastrophic completeness, and can discern on the horizon of the future no beam of hope or assurance, no guiding light through the chaos of the present. Liberia cannot be indifferent to the realities which confront the world; for even now the war has spread to Africa, and the indications are that sooner or later it is not improbable we shall find ourselves within the theatre of conflict with probable consequences to our national interests, our political future and even our very existence as a sovereign State which are not pleasant to contemplate. To avoid our country being involved in this conflict either as participant or victim will require the calling up of every resource of wisdom, courage and political dexterity we may possess, and united national and individual action motivated by but one consideration,-the security of our country, and dominated by but one aim,-the maintenance and perpetuity of our State. We profess adherence to certain political ideals, and we have adopted and followed a way of social cooperation which enabled the individual freely to pursue his quest for happiness, and to enjoy liberty of conduct and opinion without limit so long as his acts do not adversely affect the security of the State. I am confident that all Liberians are passionately devoted to these ideals, and that but few of them when the facts of a situation are made clear to then, will knowingly compromise this great heritage of ours for any consideration however attractive. Gentlemen, in view of the grave potentialities of the situation, which I have but faintly suggested, I indulge the hope that neither you nor the constituents behind you will lose sight of the fact that the greatest of circumspection in political action and in personal relation is the primary condition of national safety and security. Trade and Commerce Notwithstanding the closing to our products of all continental European markets to which we had access prior to the outbreak and extension of hostilities, the total value of Liberian trade for the year ending August 21, 1940 as compared with the same period of the preceding year shows in the aggregate a gross increase of something over six per cent. Imports remained practically at the same value in the two periods, whilst exports rose by 13% as will be seen in the following table:

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Table I August 31 Imports Exports Total Trade

1938–1939 $2,199,393.00 2,657,720.00 $4,857,113.00

1939–1940 $2,149,758.00 3,011,671.00 $5,161,429.00

This rise in export values, however, had but slight favourable reaction on the internal economic situation since 80% thereof was represented by the value of rubber sold abroad. Only 2 2/3% of this value accrued directly to Liberian producers, the balance being the product of foreign owned plantations. The export of gold increased by 48 ½% and comprised almost one-half of the value of all exports excluding rubber. This situation can be more graphically illustrated by a comparison of export values of the principal commodities which enter into the country’s trade: Table II Calabar Beans Cocoa Coffee Gold Ivory Palm Kernels Palm Oil Piassava Rubber

1939 9,729.00 15,203.00 65,660.00 140,608.00 3,542.00 142,025.00 10,889.00 99,392.00 1,482,376.00

1940 2,824.00 24,707.00 52,437.00 198,632.00 1,881.00 78,006.00 6,855.00 35,266.00 1,756,267.00

There was thus a decline in every other product on which the trade of the country depends and consequently a reduction in national income and purchasing power. Important as is the mutual blockade of belligerent markets as a cause for our progressively diminishing trade, there is another and equally as strong reason why our producers have not been able fully to exploit trade possibilities in other regions, notably the United States, where there is a demand for at least some of our commodities. The quality of our products does not approach standards acceptable to the American market, and Liberian producers would appear to be not inclined voluntarily to take such care in processing and preparing the products for market as would make them not only acceptably to the trade but also able to compete on equal terms with similar commodities from other countries of West Africa. This attitude shows how blind our producers are to their own interests and indicates the necessity, in the national trade interest, for the compulsory application of standards which would rectify the situation. In this connection, under the general powers conferred upon the President by an Act approved February 8, 1940, an economic Agency styled the Import-Export corporation was set up in March of this year the object of which were: (a) To encourage increased production and export of Liberian products; to introduce new crops. (b) To improve and standardize the quality of produce. (c) To secure better prices for producers. (d) To encourage Liberian citizens to enter the import-export trade. (e) To secure adequate shipping, new markets, and create marketing organisations.

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The organisation or the Corporation has been completed and efforts are being made to carry out the objectives enumerated above. Meanwhile, it is suggested that the Legislature make obligatory the applications, to products intended for international exchange, or such standardization rules as the Corporation shall promulgate. In addition to our exclusion from the European markets and the qualitative inadequacy for our products, three other factors have largely influenced the decline in exports. These are: (i) disruption of shipping. (ii) increased cost of ocean freight and insurance. (iii) depreciation of the pound sterling. The effect of the war on shipping is clearly shown comparatively in the following: Table III August 31, Number of Ships Total tonnage Tonnage landed Tonnage shipped

1939 640 1,686,065 23,804.14 19,931.06

1940 190 530,981 13995 11416

Decrease 70% 69% 58% 57%

One-third of the number of ships was American, and they carried more than half our export tonnage, -largely rubber. There was thus hardly any movement of the other products which enter into our trade. This American line of ships ordinarily serves the Ports of Monrovia, Marshall and Harper. The smaller Ports are therefore compelled to ship their products to one or other of the larger ports which, including freight rates and insurance, adds to the expense, and thus adversely affects exports and increases the cost of imported goods. Furthermore, the depreciation of the pound sterling to which our money is linked, has increased the financial burdens both of the people and the government. It has increased the cost of imported goods, without any corresponding favourable influence on the prices of exported commodities, and has cost the government on an average a 35% increase in payments on the bonded debt. It follows therefore that notwithstanding the apparent increase in trade, the economic situation of the country whilst not desperate is not as satisfactory as we would desire it to be. It can nevertheless be improved if the people will cooperate and loyally follow the line suggested above. The war has had an overwhelming influence on this situation, but the carelessness of our producers is also a contributing factor. Revenue and Expenditures The revenue and expenditure of government for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1940, were: Table IV Revenue Expenditure

1939 $829,296.77 986,429.22

1940 $869,447.46 774,179.43

Revenues at September 30, 1940, exclusive of balances brought forward from the previous year were about 5% higher than at the same period in 1939. This improvement is largely due to (a) increased intake (44%) at the new tax rate from hut taxes, and (b) increases from royalties (268%).

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These increments would have had but slight influence on the budget situation had not the cuts in expenditure in appropriate cases recommended last year, been authorized by the action of the Legislature. The fall in the exchange value of the Liberian dollar made it evident early in the year that appropriations would not be sufficient to cover certain contractual obligations and expenditures of an emergency nature amounting to a considerable sum. This situation could not be met without the sympathetic cooperation of the Finance Corporation. With their consent, modifications were effected in the application of certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, detailed in the report of the Financial Adviser and the Treasury. The agreements covering three changes will be submitted for your approval. These cuts and arrangements concluded between the Treasury and the Finance Corporation enabled the Treasury to retrench expenditures by 21 ½% below administrative costs in 1939 and thus keep the Budget in balance. This restricted expenditure, however, severely restricted government’s ability to meet its need for new and additional equipment or to carry out our road, health and educational programs at the pace and to the extent planned. The 1941 Budget Considering the financial and economic position disclosed above and the uncertainties inherent in existing world conditions, it is evident that the conservative principles which controlled budgetary estimates for 1940 must continue to govern estimates for 1941. Details of the estimates and proposed expenditures are submitted in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. The Public Debt The following table shows the public debt position at October 1, 1940 as compared with October 1, 1939: Table V Funded Debt Unfunded Debt Total

1939 $1,512,000.00 281,933.36 $1,793,933.36

1949 $1,453,000.00 230,953.65 $1,683,953.65

Bond/claim Retired $59,000.00 50,979.71 $109,979.71

Interest payments at May 1, 1940 total Liberian Dollars $95,272.46 or United States dollars $74,900.00. Amortization payments in Liberian dollars $76,652.14 or United States dollars $56,479.94. Total Liberian dollars $171,925.60 or United States dollars $131,379.94. The service of the debt due to difference in exchange cost the Republic in Liberian dollars $40,546.66 more than when the two currencies were at parity. Treasury Recommendations Certain inequalities having been disclosed in the enforcement of the Revenue Code, and uncertainties having arisen in the definitions, classifications and rates of the current tariff, the Financial Adviser has recommended to these laws amendments with a view to correcting their defects. With these recommendations I am in full agreement except in so far as the proposed change in the liquor license provision adversely affects the income of local government (township) authorities. These recommendations will be laid before the Legislature in the form of a draft Act. Your favourable action thereon is solicited. Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior reports that the administration of all the districts of the three provinces have functioned smoothly during the period under review. Continuing emphasis

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is being laid upon the extension of roads, and the linking up of these sections already completed is being carried out as fast as facilities under present conditions permit. Increased production of food and marketable products is being insisted upon and encouraged. The considerable traffic in Kola nuts heretofore carried on between Liberia and French Guinea has suffered serious curtailment if not cessation as result of the present war. This situation, if allowed to persist, must result in the serious restriction of the purchasing power of the population. To avoid such a result, the Government, through the ImportExport Corporation, Is making vigorous search for new markets for this product, and trial shipments have been sent abroad. The favourable outcome of this venture will, it is hoped, be beneficial. The population have been tranquil, and in no area has public order been disturbed. During the tour of a great part of the Central Province in March last, I was gratified to note how far developments initiated when I first visited the area in 1934, had progressed both in the No. 1 and No. 2 Districts. A considerable mileage of the main highway has been completed and the opening of branch roads in that area is proceeding uninterruptedly. These roads compare favourable with roads anywhere in the Republic and give facilities for driving at a rate of speed attainable on the coast where traffic is more congested. The permanent administrative building at Saniquellie has been completed. It houses the District Court and provides offices for all branches of the public service. This policy of putting up permanent public buildings is being progressively carried out in all Districts. Bureau of Public Works No extension work was done on the main trunk road from Monrovia to the Central and eastern Provinces. Much work was done, however, on the branch road from Kakta leading towards the Western Province. On this branch, two forces have been at work; one moving towards the St. Paul River and the other from the St. Paul River at Doubli Island moving downwards. All roads, however, have been effectively maintained and traffic thereon was practically uninterrupted during the year. This maintenance work included the replacement of the large wooden bridge over the Du River, which had become a danger to traffic because of its age, by a permanent bridge of reinforced concrete. This bridge was opened to traffic on February 20, 1940 and spans 112 feet of water. The experiment in macademising the streets of Monrovia was tried out this year when three blocks on Ashmun Street were paved. The project was not as simple as it appeared at the start. Much time had to be given to the laying of the materials and the application thereof. Experience so far gathered has proved the possibility of continuing this work throughout the City and at much reduced cost. It is contemplated to resume this work when funds are available. Construction work on the Aviation Slipway in Monrovia commenced sometime ago, was completed this year. No use however is expected to be made of this Slipway for the present owing to the cessation of the air service with this country. For 1941, it is proposed to build three permanent bridges on the Monrovia-Saniquellie Road; to replace the remaining wooden structures; to complete that section of the main road between Memeta and Salala; to recondition the Kakta-Borlala Road and bring it up to the standard of other improved roads in that vicinity; and, besides placing substantial wooden bridges thereon, to construct a permanent bridge over the Bor River which cuts the road. When this work is completed and the road extended, another 30 miles, through communication between Monrovia and Fortsville in Grand Bassa County will have been established. The heavy rainfall this year will necessitate much repair work on sections of road which were flooded and washed out.

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Bureau of Agriculture On account of the reduced appropriation for the Bureau extension work was very limited. Nevertheless, demonstration stations were laid out in the several provinces and the foundations for future progress established. Public Health and Sanitation The Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation reports that no outbreak for epidemic diseases occurred this year. Nevertheless, in February the Government of Sierra Leone informed this Government that a survey of the Kailahun, Kano and Pudjehun Districts of the Sierra Leone Protectorate which is contiguous to Liberia and the French Guinea, disclosed a very heavy incidence of sleeping sickness amongst the population, and from the delineation of the distribution of the disease in French Guinea it was thought that that part of Liberia which lies close to the British frontier in question might also be infected to some extent. It was pointed out that Sierra Leone Government was attempting to eradicate the the disease from the area and to ensure the success of the campaign since its success must depend upon removal completely of all possibility of reinfection–a vigorous campaign in Liberia against the disease was recommended. Information was requested as to what cooperative steps could be taken by this Government. Immediately upon receipt of this note, the Health Office was notified and it reported, preliminarily, that no report of sleeping sickness had come from the medical officer of that region. However, with a view to full cooperation with the Sierra Leone authorities in combating the disease, a survey in that region was authorized. A preliminary report received by the Medical Office revealed one case of sleeping sickness which was taken to the Bolahun Hospital for treatment. Later, three other cases were found in Monrovia, these the Director of Health thinks were imported. The Hospital at Monrovia, scheduled for reopening in January last, is still unopened because the supplies and equipment purchased in Europe could not be shipped during present war conditions. The several clinics on the coast and the hinterland have however operated uninterruptedly. Advantage is being taken in ever increasing degree of the maternity clinics as well as the clinics of the poor. Efforts are still being made to educate the population in tribal areas to the importance of registering births and deaths when these occur. The Director reports encouraging improvements along this line. Work on the Leper Station at Massataing Island continues. Another phase of the work has been undertaken by the Bureau of Health; that of caring for the offsprings of leper patients. It seems to be a medical fact that children born of leper parents do not inherit the disease and will not become victims unless by contact with infected persons. For this reason the Bureau has adopted the policy of separating such children from their mothers immediately after birth and entrusting them to the care of wet nurses. To meet the expense incident upon such an enlargement of the Station’s activities, the Director is asking a slight increase in appropriation for the Station. This I endorse. One case of diphtheria was reported from Cape Palmas. The specific serum was rushed to the scene and no further case has been reported. Department of Public Instruction The reduction which it was found necessary to make last year in estimates of revenue was reflected in appropriations for the Department of Public Instruction. Remedy was sought by (a) reduction in personnel and closing unimportant schools and (b) salary cuts. Notwithstanding, the Secretary reports that no abatement of interest was shown by the Teachers and that their devotion to duty was commendable. The supervising Teachers conducted inspec-

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tion of all county schools, and schools in the Eastern and Central Provinces were also inspected by the Supervising teacher for Maryland County. The Secretary is seeking appropriation for the employment of a fourth Supervisor if appropriation for the Department permits. The Department reports that one of the students to whom the Government accorded scholarships for study abroad, has completed the Mining Engineering course in the Butte School of Mines, State of Montana, United States of America and is now on his way home. Another student has competed the course in printing and bookbinding and with the approval of the Government is taking up further studies along the same lines in a northern college. Reports concerning other students to whom scholarships were granted, are favourable. Detailed observations by the Secretary of Schools and their administration will be found in the Report of that Official. War Department My view on recommendations made in the Report of the War Department will be the subject of a Special Message. Post Office Department The Postmaster General reports satisfactory results in postal administration during the year. Relations with foreign offices and unions remain cordial and the opinion of the Department has been sought concerning proposed regulations made necessary by the present European conflict. These proposed regulations embrace such questions as rates, language to be used in the exchange of messages as sundry administrations and spheres of influence become affected by the existing conflict; also transit rates, money order, aerial postal services, free postage in favour of prisoners of war and of military and civil internees. The Postmaster General calls attention again in his report to housing facility for the several Post Offices. Particular emphasis was placed upon the necessity of providing a new building for the Harper Office and of reconditioning the façade of the General Post Office building. Attention will be given to these points within the limits of available funds. During the year under review, extensive repairs were made to the Monrovia office; and the Buchanan office has been transferred to space provided it in the newly erected Customs House. The reduction in calls of ships at Liberian Ports is a result of the war and caused a sharp drop in revenue derived from the sale of postage stamps. Collections for 1940 were about 36% below the 1939 figures. This adverse situation is more than compensated by the increase in radio receipts for the year which, according to figures submitted, show a rise of 46% over the corresponding period of last year. Overland mail between Monrovia and points on the coast has been maintained since the beginning of the year with regularity. Unprecedented heavy rains compelled an alteration in the service by the elimination of one messenger per week. This service has proven exceedingly useful especially since the reduction in the number of ships calling at ports of the Republic. The Postmaster General proposes extending the overland mail service from Cape Mount to Sulima or Manch Salijah so as to facilitate the movement of mails destined for Europe and America. Negotiations with the Sierra Leone authorities for this purpose have been initiated. I recommend an increase in appropriation for overland mail service to accommodate this plan. The Postmaster General reports a new issue of postage stamps to commemorate the centenary of the founding of the Commonwealth of Liberia in 1939. Over 500 sets were posted on the first day of issue. It is the plan of the postal authorities to put a further commemorative issue out early next year. The radio service has responded fully to the increased volume of work imposed upon it by fast changing world conditions. The service has been complimented from various points

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for punctuality, precision and reliability. The Monrovia Station has been made the normal route for all communications between the United States of American and French West Africa. In the month of May last the first hinterland station was installed at Kolahun in the Western Province. Five months of use has confirmed our views of the need and administrative usefulness of these installations. It is expected that the radio station at Tchien will be opened for service in the next few months. Department of Justice The Attorney General reports that as the result of legislation passed at the last Sitting of Your Honourable Body, the judicial administration of the country has been enhanced and the operations of courts of Justice rendered smoother. With the aid of the law which authorizes the assignment of a Judge to a circuit as often in succession as the exigency of the case may demand, it was possible for the several circuit courts to have held sessions regularly with the exception of the Fifth Judicial circuit, the resident Judge of which was granted leave of absence for three months on account of illness. The Attorney General reports favourably on the result achieved from the reestablishment of the monthly and Probate Court of Montserrado County and the blending with it of the Provisional Courts of Careysburg and Marshall. The reduction of the per diem allowance for jurors has effected needed economies in this item of juridical expense. The Attorney General invites attention again in his report to recommendation made by him concerning enlarging the jurisdiction of justices of the peace and magistrates. Under the law empowering the President to create magisterial areas, the Executive, by Order, established two such areas since your last sitting: One in the area occupied by the Firestone Plantations Company in the Central Province, and the other at Gedetabo in Maryland County. It became necessary in view of Special circumstances to grant powers to the magistrates to try and determine matrimonial cause in accordance with tribal customs. These courts have justified their creation and are a distinct advantage to the population. The Attorney General requests funds for carrying out repairs on and reconditioning county prisons. Foreign Affairs Relations with all governments represented at this capital remain cordial. The conflict in Europe which it was my painful duty to report upon in my last message to you, still rages with increasing intensity. In April the conflict extended to Scandinavia and the next month, to the Low Countries including the principality of Luxemburg. After the Low Countries had been subjugated and battle for France began, this great country fell on June 25th. Coincident with the collapse of French resistance came the report of the entry into the war of a new ally on the side of the German Reich. This new ally, Italy, has until recently taken up the offensive chiefly on this continent, invading that part of Somaliland under British control and is now engaged in an attack on the British positions in Egypt and the Sudan. Still more recently has come the news of the invasion of Greece. The conflict in Asia between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China persists. Anxiety, which is still felt, over the possibility or an extension of hostilities in that region is a result of the Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan. Visits have been made during the year by two warships of powers friendly to this Government. The first was the Sloop Dainty of His Britannic Majesty’s Navy, which called at Monrovia on 21st February. The second was the Flag Ship Omaha of the United States European Squadron on October 9th. These acts of courtesy are appreciated by the Government and are regarded as indicative of a continuance of that friendly interest which for so long a period has been evinced by them for Liberia.

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Ratifications were exchanged at this City on November 21, 1939 of the Extradition Treaty, Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation and the consular Convention between the Government of the United States of America, and the Republic of Liberia. Exchange of Ratifications also took place of the Convention regulating the service or Radiotelegraphic communication between the Republic of Liberia and the Government of French West Africa. During the year under review His Britannic Majesty’s Government gave notice of the tightening of the control over shipment of goods declared to be contrabands. Notice was also given that Bank of England notes would not be honoured in England after a given date. This information was immediately circulated through the Government’s official organ. A representative of the Spanish Government arrived in Monrovia in July last and, calling at the Department of State, represented a commission from the Government in Spain as Consular Agent at Monrovia. Among the many purposes of his appointment was that of establishing commercial relations between Liberia and Spain. The representative was notified that although his proposals may seem to deserve favourable consideration, a discussion of them because of their far-reaching character could not be undertaken so long as he was not clothed with adequate and appropriate powers. Discussions were suspended and he has returned to Spain for purpose of getting his status regularised. The International Labour Office at Geneva notified this Government that lack of communication and transportation threatened to isolate the Geneva Office from non-European member states as a result of the war and that in consequence thereof the office was being removed to Canada. Certain Acts passed at the XIth Congress of the Universal Postal Union held at Buenos Aires last year will be laid before the Senate by the Secretary of State for Ratification. Civil Service The Bureau of Civil Service has functioned normally and Department heads are continuing to take advantage of the facility it affords as a source from which may be drawn qualified personnel. A few civil servants were placed on the Inactive List on account of budget limitation. These servants will be given preference in future when vacancies occur. The usual examinations were held through the country and additions were made to the Eligible List as a result. The 10% cut which was made in salaries of Government employees this year was in a measure compensated when by Executive Order, compulsory contributions to the Provident Fund were temporarily suspended. The contribution will be resumed when the salary cuts are restored. Miscellaneous I have again to call attention to the unsatisfactory conditions of the laws relating to the Public Domain. Laws passed over a hundred years ago when the Commonwealth of Liberia included only seven Settlements are no longer wholly applicable to present day circumstances. Since 1839, when the first law regulating public lands were enacted, the Republic has been established and has extended its jurisdiction over areas and territories not contemplated when that law went into effect. Moreover, the inclusion in the republic of more or less organized tribal communities who had the individual traditional land laws make the problem more complex. It is impolitic to impose upon these communities by fault a system of land laws based upon the English Common Law which the Republic has adopted, but which vary fundamentally from native concepts. I took the occasion to call attention to this problem in my report of 1931, wherein I laid down the principles which were felt appropriate to the situation. By Executive action in the distribution of public lands the President has

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followed those principles as a matter of administrative expediency. But as the rules have not been given the form of a law, questions as to the lawfulness of their application have arisen, which can only be settled by a comprehensive law on the subject. What is urgently desirable is: (a) A clear definition of what comprises the public domain, and authority to delimit this domain. (b) Definitive rules with regard to the administration of this Public Domain (c) Rules relative to the control and administration of tribal communial lands, and regulating the conditions under which these lands may or may not be alienated. (d) The setting up of a general Land Office which would replace the existent ineffective and absolescent county Land Commissioners. May I emphasise the urgent necessity for this legislation? Legislation is requisite also on the law of Wills, inheritance and the administration of Interstate Estates. There is much confusion as to The laws governing these questions. I regret to have to report the demise of: Paramount Chief Bonar of the Bellie Chiefdom Paramount Chief Burma Bulloh of Lofa-Gola Chiefdom Paramount Chief Jurri of Gbata Chiefdom. These Chieftains were all loyal and zealous public servants. Other matters not covered by this Report will form the subject of Special Messages. My appreciation of the Assistance rendered the Executive Department by officials of all grades who have loyally cooperated with me during the year, is hereby recorded. I wish you Gentlemen a harmonious and fruitful Session. Edwin Barclay President of Liberia Monrovia November 5, 1940

Annual Message to the Legislature November 4, 1941 Gentlemen of the Legislature Trade and Finance Treasury returns covering the international trade of the country for the first eight months of the present year show a disturbing deterioration in the volume and variety of commodities which Liberia has heretofore exchanged with foreign manufactured goods.

Taking the year 1938 as the norm, we find, for instance, that the quantity of piassava shipped has dropped 83%; palm kernels 75.5%; coffee 100%; palm oil 100% cocoa 30% and kola nuts 90%. Moreover, of ten principal commodities which furnish the basis of exchange and a considerable income to a large number of our people, six, at least, no longer appear on the list, and the others are shipped in such inconsiderable quantities as to be almost negligible in any assessment of their influence on the economic well being of the people and the state.

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This general decline is characteristics of every single commodity entering our foreign trade, except gold and plantation rubber, and must reflect itself in the economy of the country more or less disastrously. The effect has been to narrow the bases of the country’s internal economy, to reduce or completely wipe out the income of those citizens engaged in the production of these commodities and to pose for the Government the problem of how best to help these people (who, in view of the facts above stated, are reduced to economic extremities), to exist above mere subsistence level, even if they can maintain themselves at that point. The causes for this situation are not far to seek. Principal among them is the war, and all the restrictions, prohibitions, regulations, unjustifiable suspicions and undisguised hostility to Liberia, to which it has generally and naturally given rise or for which it has been used as a cover, on the part of some who would seem to resent the very existence of this state. Then, there is the reduction of shipping space, which is scarcely available even after all obstacles have been overcome by the shipper. There is, again, the unjustifiable assumption, that no Liberian imports or exports or can import or export except as cover for firms of one or the other belligerent nationality. Before a Liberian is permitted to ship, he must prove, even if he bought his goods at tenth-hand, that the commodity at no point in the chain of exchange passed though the hands of one or other of the belligerents. This procedure is strictly enforced against Liberian traders, notwithstanding the more or less open secret that firms of belligerent nationality trade as between themselves without their transactions being subjected to this stultifying criterion. Considerable stocks or produce are stored in the country. These cannot be shipped, even if shipping space were available, because should Liberians take over these stocks by bona fide purchase, the goods would be arbitrarily tagged as ‘enemy property’ although all enemy interest will have been liquidated. The situation is, of course, tragic for the Liberian shipped who trades in good faith. We believe it all unnecessary, because the $5,000,000 annual trade of Liberia can have no appreciative effect on victory for one side or the other in a situation where their monthly war expenditures total hundreds of millions of dollars. It is presumed , of course, that we in present circumstances can do nothing about this situation. I think that presumption unfounded. Import and Export returns for the first eight months of the present year show the trade position as compared with the same period of last year to be as follows: Table I Imports Exports Total

1940 $1,784,625.09 2,516,667,41 $4,301,292.50

1941 $1,816,726.28 3,688,331,17 $5,505,057.45

There is practically no difference in the comparative value of imports for the periods, while exports show an appreciation of 32%. Rubber and gold together amounted to 98% of the total exports. The quantity of rubber exported approximated 15,000,000 lbs. or seven and one-half thousand tons. The volume of this commodity has increased 5500% since 1934 when it amounted to only 226,000 lbs. The first statistical record of exported gold occurred in 1935 when 866 troy ounces valued at $22,772.00 were shipped. The value of gold exported in the first eight months of this year is nearly $320,000.00. Whilst the position of these commodities is very gratifying and seem satisfactory for the time being,-particularly in the case of gold which does not reproduce itself-in any long

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term view of the general economy of the country we cannot overlook, in this connection, certain disquieting symptoms and tendencies. First among these is a gradually accelerating movement towards a one export commodity economy, viz: rubber. In the economic history of this country we have had experience of the peril and risks involved in this course, in the case of coffee. The widespread distress which followed the fall of coffee is still remembered. We should not carelessly court any repetition of such disaster. The economy of the country, to give any sense of continuing security for the future, should be as broadly based as the industry and foresight of the individual citizen under the intelligent inspiration and guidance of the government can make it. People in this country are often misled by the prospect of immediate profit, and are apt to be sure that the future will take care of itself. They have to be protected from any such improvident philosophy, even against their will. This would indicate a growing necessity for Government to control and direct economic development. In the past ten years I have frequently directed the attention of the Legislature to these questions, and made, without avail, suggestion for their solution. It would be needlessly repetitious were they reiterated here. I content myself now with requesting the Legislature to reexamine those proposals and to take such action on them as their judgment, knowledge and experience would suggest, and with a full appreciation of the serious trade position which this country would have to face if our last remaining foreign market is cut off by reason of this over-expanding war. Revenue and Expeditures The revenue and expenditure of Government for the Fiscal year ending September 30, 1941 were: Table II Revenue Expenditure Balance

1940 $869,447.46 774,179.43 $ 95,298.03

1941 $965,718.14 850,365.98 $115,332.16

The position of the Treasury is thus shown to have continued sound. The budget has remained balanced, expenditures have remained within the limits of income and all current claims have been promptly paid. This has, of course, been achieved at the cost of some sacrifice on the part of the public servants and by reducing proposed expenditure’s on public works, utilities, and social services. These, however, have been maintained and prosecuted within the limits of available funds, but the pace of development and progress has inevitably slowed. The 1942 Budget In view of the clear indications that international conditions will not ameliorate in any immediately predictable future, the same cautions and conservative criteria employed in the past three years to the Budget must be applied with even greater rigidity, if possible, to the budget for the ensuing calendar year. It is much more probable, as I have already hinted, that circumstances over which we have and can have no influence, might arise, which would undermine the very conservative bases upon which the Budget for 1942 has been built. It is to be hoped that Honourable members will fully appreciate the factors now governing our national economy and finance, and approve the budgetary proposals of the Treasury without fundamentals modification. The following table shows the public debt position as of October 1, 1941 compared with the same period of last year:

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Table III Funded Debt Unfunded Debt Total

1940 $1,453,000.00 215,443.16 $1,668,443.16

1941 $1,387,000.00 177,013.77 $1,564,013.77

Bonds/claims retired $66,000.00 38,429.39 $104,429.39

Interest payments have been met on their due dates, and amortization of the bonds has proceeded regularly in accordance with the provisions of the Supplementary Agreement. Gold Mining The gold industry is becoming of increasing economic importance to some sections of the people, and of growing financial value to the Government. This is indicated in the receipts already referred to. Certain reports made to me suggest the need for better organisation of this industry and a more rigidly centralized and controlled supervision. A considerable amount of smuggling involving the loss of the duty and royalty to Government, is indulged in even by some heretofore reputable persons and firms. The control under present laws is not effective nor do investors who are not themselves miners have any protection against the agents they employ. A thorough legislative enquiry into this question is recommended. The result might indicate how to remedy the existing unsatisfactory conditions. The views of the Executive on this subject have been so often rejected by the Legislature that it is useless to repeat them here. In this connection, however, I have to report that a scientific survey of the mineralogy of the country has been commenced under a fully qualified engineer, whose preliminary report, covering certain sections of the Eastern province, has already been submitted to the Treasury, and may be laid before the Legislature if desired. As a supplement to this report, Mr. Sherman also submitted, suggestions in respect of the modification and administration of the mining laws. These, no doubt, will be referred to in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, and may be of value in any enquiry which the Legislature may decide to make. Interior Department Internal conditions in the country remained normal notwithstanding there has been some distress in certain areas owing to the closing of markets for our products. Nevertheless the internal economy of the country has not greatly suffered because it has been kept up by the large amount of commodities produced for internal consumption, particularly rice for the sale of which has brought considerable income to producers and traders. The effect of this traffic has reflected itself in the capacity of the tribes to meet their tax payments with ease and thus Government has been able to collect from internal revenue sources amounts much larger than those derived from customs which heretofore collected the bulk of government income. There is, however, a phenomena of an unfavourable nature: notwithstanding the increase of foodstuff in the country there is an annual deficiency between August and October of products, particularly rice. It would appear desirable that some arrangement be made whereby this situation may be corrected. There is no lack of fertile soil for the production of food. All that is needed is intelligent planning and the willingness of the people to follow official directions. Legislative measures to deal with this situation is requested. The Secretary of the Interior made a tour through a part of the hinterland, his observations on which you will find in his report. I cannot however refrain from commenting upon the suggestion of the Secretary that the Bureau of Agriculture be closed. There seems to be a mistaken idea, even in the highest administrative circles, about the functions of a Bureau of Agriculture. Its objective is not to make farms or set out plantations for Government purposes, but to make experiments in new types of plants, to teach farmers better methods

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of conducting their farming operations and to supervise the execution of those methods. Because the Bureau has not laid out large plantations the unthinking view is it has done nothing and, as is usual in this country when it is though an administrative setup is not serving the end desired, or when the man at the top does not appear to conduct his duties properly, the inclination is to close down the office concerned. With this view I cannot agree. The Bureau must be continued even if a change has to be made in its directional personnel. On account of the ineffectiveness off the administration of the city of Clayashland, Montserrado County, and the non-responsiveness of the officials concerned to public needs, I had occasion to suspend the charter of that city, and to place the Government under a temporary township regime. I ask for your repeal of the charter of Clayashland which, as matter of act, has not worked out to the public interest. Public Works On account of financial limitation and the difficulty in procuring construction material, the undertakings of the public works bureau have not proceeded at as rapid a pace as we may have wishes. Nevertheless maintenance and extension work in a limited sense have been prosecuted. Some new bridges have been built; others have been reconditioned. A much more extensive program is contemplated for next year including the continuance of work on the streets of Monrovia and the repair of public buildings. The road programs that have been prosecuted in the different Counties and districts were continued; but the same conditions with respect to material for bridges have prevented them from being open to traffic and have postponed the time when the different parts of the country may be linked up. War Department The interesting report of the War Department, including the operations of the Liberian Frontier Force, will be laid before you. Post Office Department The Postmaster general reports increased activity in his department during the year and normal relations with foreign administrations with which his department is associated except for those states which on account of either absorption or conquest have lost connection with the Universal Postal Union. Despite the almost general fall in intake in other revenue earning departments, the Postmaster General was able to report a 34% rise in the revenues of his department for 1941 as compared with 1940. This is due to increased patronage received by the radio stations and sales of postage stamps abroad. Schedules of the radio service have been extended and number of working hours increased, although the staff has not been enlarged. Notwithstanding this, the service has maintained the usual level of efficiency. The radio service was called upon during the year to furnish meteorological reports. Additional equipment to make this branch or the service effective has been ordered, and it is hoped the work will be carried on to the satisfaction of all concerned. In view of considerable public misunderstanding and misinterpretation, I think I should refer specifically to negotiations that went on between the Post Office Department and representative of Pan American Airways Company for the establishment of land fields in Liberia. This corporation made application early in the year for the establishment of landing fields for its service to Africa. Their suggested proposals were not wholly satisfactory to Government, but after modifications an agreement between the Executive and Pan American Airways was signed on 14 July last. So far as Government is aware, and so far as ap-

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pears in the agreement, the whole proposal is purely a commercial proposition and Government proposes to keep the agreement on that basis. The suggestion which has been made generally in Liberia and which appears also in the foreign press that these are naval stations of the United States is without any foundation in fact, as will be seen from the agreement which will be submitted to the Legislature for approval. Our neutral status might likely be affected if, in view of present world conditions, naval bases and naval landing air fields of anyone of the interested warring parties were permitted by Liberia. But unless the Liberian Government itself decides whether or not it shall change the legal status it has taken up in regard to this war, there is no question of any such privilege being given to any foreign belligerent power. As we have not yet decided to change our declared neutral attitude, we have not entered upon any question of granting privileges of this nature to either of the belligerents Detail proposals for improving the efficiency of the service will be found in the report of the Postmaster General. Department of Justice The report of the Attorney General contains many suggestions which will require careful consideration and consultation with the Supreme Court Judges before instituting the ameliorations and modifications in procedure which the Attorney General suggest as desirable. The modifications of the functions of the Monrovia magistrate court recommended by him, meet my approval. Appeals from that court in my opinion ought to be heard do novo by the court of appeals, and not upon records sent up from the court of first instance which under the general law, is not a court of record. Department of Public Instruction Honourable Gentlemen will find in the report of the Secretary of Public Instruction interesting information and data on the operation of the Educational system. The Secretary refers to demands that are being made by the population of the hinterland for additional schools and his inability to meet fully the requirements on account of limited appropriation. You will therefore find the estimate for schools suggested for next year higher than appropriation made for this year. It is an obligation on part of Government to meet as far as possible the wishes of the people. Students sent abroad under the scholarship scheme are beginning to return. Three graduates in mining engineering, printing and radio engineering have arrived and have in the main been put to work. It is hoped we will be able to reinforce this group of trained technicians by sending other students abroad annually. Public Health and Sanitation On July 1, Dr. Leo Sajous was appointed by the Executive as Director or Public Health and sanitation to fill the vacancy created by the demise of the late director, Dr. R. G. Fuszek. Dr. Sajous took office and after a study of the needs of the Bureau has submitted plans which include the immediate opening of the Hospital at Monrovia, a water system for the City of Monrovia and proper drainage. The Director also proposes next year to reorganize the sleeping sickness campaign commenced by the late Director. Dr. Sajous stresses once more the necessity of parents reporting to the Bureau births whenever they occur. Apart form the fact that accurate record or vital statistics is an indesponsible part of the statistics of any civilized country, failure on part of parents to register has a tendency to magnify unjustifiable the opinion already prevalent of an alarming discrepancy between the birth rate and the death in the country where the impression is given

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that the latter is higher than the former. This situation may be corrected by appropriate social education. The Leper Station at Massateen has been without medical direction since April last when the Medical Officer of Health for Grand Cape Mount County resigned his post. The Director proposes to send a doctor form Monrovia to make a general examination as soon as the weather improves. Meanwhile, efforts are on foot for securing the services of qualified physicians to take charge of the work in that and other Counties. More and more persons are taking advantage of the poor clinic which is operated in every County except Maryland where no qualified doctor has yet been found. State Department The Secretary of State reports normal relations with all Governments represented at this capital. Marked improvement and efficiency is also reported in the several Bureaus of the Department. The staff of the Printing Bureau was rejoined by one of its members sent abroad for study. Since the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, the activities and influence of the League of Nations have experienced constant and consistent diminution until today but a nucleus remains at its seat at Geneva. Several of its offices have been transferred to America including the International Labour Office which convened a conference on 27 October last at which, on account of war conditions, this Government was not represented. In a message to the organisation, however, the Government expressed its regrets and reaffirmed its sympathy with the general policy of the Office. During the year the Government received notification from the German Government that all Liberian Consulates in territories now under their occupation were closed. The Government took note of the notification. The Secretary’s report will give more detailed information with respect to the International situation. Miscellaneous In view of situations which has developed much to the great distress of citizens particularly those in the low income bracket, the Government will lay before you comprehensive proposal with regard to the legal control of prices, particularly food prices. The operations of the Economy Committee have not been effective because they have not been clothed with power to impose the sanctions which they provide for violation of their regulations. It will be proposed (a) that the Economy Committee be clothed with quisi-judicial powers to enquire into cases of violation of their regulations; (b) that any person violating the provisions of the Committee’s regulations be liable to having their license suspended or permanently cancelled and his business closed. (c) In view of the dangerous situation now evident, nationals of states not in treaty relations with Liberia must trade only within specified limits fixed by decree. The attention of the Executive has been directed to certain inequalities in the Civil Service law. Under the existing law there is no provision for a fair and progressive application of the graduated scale of pay for an employee in a specified class. An employee appointed to position in a class ought to receive the lowest salary fixed for the class and his salary ought to be augmented by annual or biennial increments until the maximum salary for the class is reached. Thus an employee who has served for a period of years within a class will not be faced with the clear injustice of finding himself on the same level in respect to pay with another who may have recently been promoted to that class. It is respectfully requested that legislation to remedy the situation be considered by you Honourable Gentlemen.

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The following public servants died during the year: Associate Justice S. J. Grigsby, Major-General T. N. Moore and R. G. Fuszek, Director of Public Health and Sanitation, all of whom rendered valuable service to the country in their respective departments, and their passing is a distinct loss to the public service. It has been my intention not to refer in this report to the tragic conflict now sweeping over the world, menacing the validity of all spiritual and political values which mankind has cherished since the emergency of modern democratic concepts. We had thought that by assuming a neutrality status Liberia would have insulated herself from the conflict and from its direct consequences. The facts have not admitted of any such facile implication. The waves of war are even now beating along our frontiers, and it is impossible for us not to be directly affected. Recent events must compel us to reexamine our position and to consider seriously where we shall stand in a new social and political order now in the throes of birth. The signs are not auspicious. In fact, all omens are disturbing. There is no place for complacency or for confidence in our attitude and thinking. And what makes any prospect of the future most disturbing, is the fact that in the declarations of those who have assumed to shape the course of the world reorganization, or to initiate what they style the “New Order” we hear not the faintest assuring whisper that the “freedom” and securities” which they proclaim as the desired goal of this “new order” for Europe, shall have equal and unlimited application to peoples of non-European blood. On the contrary, if we are to judge intentions from the contents of more or less inspired pronouncements on the subject, the conclusion is almost inescapable that people of non-European blood will, in the “new order”, continue, without their consent, to be subject to alien political domination and to foreign capitalistic exploitation. This fact must vitally affect Liberia, and, indeed, all Africa, and must necessarily lead us to consider most seriously what lies before us as a race and a state. The political concept upon which this state is based and which we have endeavoured to materialize is the right of men to economic opportunity and security, to social happiness and political freedom, and, in matters of faith, to follow the guidance of their own conscience. We must therefore, of necessity be sympathetic with any group which aims at making these rights assured and perpetual for all mankind. And this not from sentiment but from irrevocable conviction. But will this conviction avail us anything if by the fiat of superior material force we are to be relegated beyond the pale of humankind; to be considered lesser breeds and therefore “without the law?” Whether or not this be the unavowed or avowed intentions of these architects of the new world, we must not surrender our faith in the only system which has brought us some measure of freedom, nor retreat from the only grounds upon which progress, in the sense in which we understand it, has been possible. I do not imply by this that politically, for the present, our neutral attitude in this terrific conflict will be changed; but that our attention must turn to the earnest consideration of what our status will be when the final adjustment of world conditions comes to be made. It is evident, from what has happened in the past, that the demand which non-European people now make that any new world order which will emerge as the result of victory must provide in its framework for equality of rights and obligations for all human kind, will not spontaneously be accorded. The result sought will have to be achieved. It is to be the method by which that achievement shall be brought about, that I direct the attention and thought of the leaders and people of this Country.

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It is a matter for deepest concern and consideration. We have no ground for assuming that we will become, as a matter of course, beneficiaries of any of the advantages which flow from a new ‘world order’ based upon democratic principles. We shall have to work for them-maybe, fight for them. I wish to express my thanks to all public officials who have honestly and loyally assisted in the work of administration during the year. Matters not covered in this report will be the subject of special messages. Edwin Barclay Executive Mansion November 4, 1941

Annual Message to the Legislature December 28, 1943 Gentlemen of the Legislature, This report will be limited to a review of the operations of the Government during the current year and will contain neither recommendations nor suggestions, which I am of opinion cannot properly come form me who in a few days will be handing over the direction of the business of the Republic into the hands of another. Nor will I impose on your indulgent benevolence a review of the Administration’s activities during the full period of its life. I shall content myself merely with recalling that in 1932 I laid down the basis of the policy which would be pursued in my conduct of Government. It was there said that, in the circumstances then confronting the nation, the policy would be a policy of limited objectives. These objectives were five, viz: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The reestablishment of law and order within the Republic; The rehabilitation of the country’s international reputation; The laying down of the basis for economic independence; The securing of some measure of financial freedom for Government; and The initiation of works of social welfare

It is against this background that the result of the Administration must be assessed, and not by factors irrelevant to our declared aims. These objectives, it will be seen, though limited in number, by their general character cover every possible phase of the Administration. With the limited financial resources at our disposal during most of the life of the Administration, there was neither sufficient time nor means to carry out to full fruition all of the objectives to be achieved. Nevertheless, we feel that we may flatter ourselves that some measure of progress has been achieved. Trade and Finance Despite war conditions and the consequent scarcity of shipping for the normal movement of goods and merchandise, our trade situation does not reveal as unfavourable a picture as might have been expected. For the year October 1, 1942, to September 30, 1943, our exports were $8,154,851, while imports amounted to $3,591,967, the total value of trade being $11,746,818, which compared with the same period of the last year when the value was $9,668,313, shows an increase of approximately 33%. While it is admitted that the bulk of our exports is in the form of rubber shipped by the Firestone Plantations Company which creates no foreign credit for Liberia, yet after deducting the figures given for imports and for exports from Marshall through which that company’s trade moves, the result still shows

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a favourable balance in favour of exports. This, however does not indicate that our domestic production of goods is in sufficient volume to offset the value of imported commodities. The comparative low figures show the effect of restrictions imposed by lack of shipping and priority difficulties in exporting countries. The need to increase the volume and variety of exports from this country, so frequently emphasized in my Messages, is as urgent as ever. For notwithstanding how favourable the income figures over short period may appear, it is unsafe to use such figures as valid for an overall and long-term view of the financial picture. This is emphatically true in the uncertainties which now and for a long time will influence national economy. Following is the consolidated returns of receipts and expenditures for the period October 1, 1942 to September 30, 1943 as compared with the preceding twelve months: Revenue Expenditure

At September 30, 1942 $1,021,862.64 888,055.07

At September 30, 1943 $1,233,054.45 1,102,852.11

The figures for expenditure, although lower than those for receipts, nevertheless follow so closely upon the latter that the usual note of caution in making financial commitments, is again being sounded. Only such expenditures as are actually requisite ought to be given consideration and approval. The Supplemental Loan Agreement between Government and Finance Corporation which expired on the 31st December 1943, has been extended for a further period of 18 months in order to afford a period of adjustment next year before the incoming Administration be faced with the necessary of reviewing the conditions affecting the Government’s commitments to that Corporation. Public Debt The Public Debt as of September 30, 1943 as compared with the corresponding twelve month period is as follows: Funded Debt Unfunded Debt

1942 $1,303,000.00 204,174.98 $1,507,174.98

1943 $1,270,322.07 170,473.46 $1,440,795.55

The Public Debt, funded and unfunded, which at the beginning of the Administration totaled $2,759,575 is thus shewn to have been reduced by one-half during the last eight years. The Supervisor of Revenues suggests an enlargement of the Act of January 18, 1921 concerning liability of importers to produce consular invoices upon retirement of goods. His draft amendments will be laid before you for consideration.

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Bureau of Mines The organization of this Bureau has been enlarged and control of prospectors more rigidly effected by several measures taken during the year. One was the establishment of Mining Agencies at several strategic points of the country where mining operations are being conducted. Seven such agencies were established and beneficial results have been reported from their activities. Another problem undertaken and completed was the question of demarcation of claims allowed by the Bureau. Heretofore no fixed system of survey was extent, prospectors engaging their own surveyors at their expense and proceeding to mark out their discovery without Government supervision. No regulation as to the width of a claim on both sides of the stream was set and so claims of a few acres actually took in a considerable mileage of a stream’s length. All these irregularities have been corrected by the publication of regulations which it is believed will remedy permanently the situation. With a view to building up a gold reserve, the Administration made certain reservation of gold bearing lands for exploitation by Government. The intention is that the gold won should be held in the Treasury in the form of bullion and as a basis of support of the Government’s financial operations. The quantity of gold so held, as a result of a year’s operations, is 3500 troy ounces. It is urged by some of our advisors that the gold thus won should be sold and the proceeds passed over to the revenue account. I have not been able to agree with this point of view. It will however be within the competence of the Legislature to say which point of view should govern. The quantity of raw gold exported this year was 32,211 ounces value at $14,818.65 as compared with 16,206 ounces valued at $405,150 exported last year. Currency The withdrawal of British currency from circulation in the country as legal tender and a medium of exchange made necessary by arrangement effected last year, of which report was made to you, is proceeding. By Executive Order it was decreed that British coins and notes would be regarded as legal tender for the payment of public and private obligations, and that these currencies would be equal in par value one to the other. Economy Committee The Economy Committee has functioned during the year, its preoccupation being to control commodity prices and prevent profiteering. This has been a difficult undertaking owing to an understandable disinclination of merchants frankly to cooperate. It has been reported that by many devious methods, merchants, in some cases, have been able to put u prices on invoices so as to demand a higher ceiling for the selling price of their goods. Investigation of the matter is under way. The Treasury is urging a reduction of the percentage which controls the price ceiling for the selling price of their goods. Investigation of the matter is under way. The Treasury is urging a reduction of the percentage which controls the price ceiling for the reason that ships are comparatively more regular and the contention of merchants at the time the rates were set that their capital remained inactive for a considerable portion of the year in foreign countries, is not now true in fact. As this suggestion of the Treasury seems to reflect the views of the public who now are loudly complaining of the high cost of living, Government will have to review the factors which entered into the original regulations.

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Control Board This Board, after establishing a fairly efficient system of rationing, is now engaged in negotiations with the Board of Economic Warfare in Washington to establish definite quotas for Liberia. Representatives of the Economic Warfare Board have been to Liberia and a definite quota list for 1944 has been drawn up and forwarded for approval. This quota, it is expected, will go into effect early next year. Orders under the quota system will be granted priority in the United States only if they are accompanied by licenses issued by the Control Board. This will enable Government to assure that importations of such quantities as are allowed are equitably distributed among importers. Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior reports that social and political conditions of the several districts of the country continued tranquil and peace and order prevail through the length and breadth of the country. I have unfortunately had to retire three commissioners against whom charges of maladministration were proved. On account of numerous complaints made by the population regarding the disposition on part of traders to corner rice with the idea of profiting from an artificially produced scarcity, the Government, through the Interior Department, entrusted the control, sale and distribution of this staple food product in Montserrado County to the Import Export Corporation. The scheme, going into effect as it did during the period of the year when is scarcest, called forth considerable criticism from those who were unable readily to procure the commodity, as well as from those interests had been adversely affected by the order, and whose desire was to see a return to the good old days of uncontrolled marketing and profiteering. The Government’s persistence in carrying the plant through is shewing beneficial results and criticism is now only sporadic. It is the plan of the Corporation during the coming riceharvesting period to purchase the considerable quantity of rice which ordinarily would flood the market and to store it against the period of scarcity which usually occurs, during the middle of the year, from August to October annually. The several Bureaux under this Department and the various political subdivisions of the county jurisdiction functioned satisfactorily during this year. Details of their activities will be found in the report of the Secretary. Particular attention is requested to the following recommendations of the Secretary: (a) That adequate appropriation for the enlarged agricultural program commenced this year, be provided. (b) That two Inspectors be provided for; and (c) That a more adequate appropriation be made for the Labour Courts. Revised Administration Regulations embodying provisions which experience has suggested as necessary have recently been issued. These are subject to your approval and it is hoped will introduce needed improvements in the Administration of the tribal areas. Department of Justice According to the report of the Attorney General, the functioning of the several courts proceeded regularly. The congested docket of the First Judicial Circuit shows no sign of being cleared. The Attorney General urges the setting up of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, provision for which was made by you at your last sitting. He also strongly recommends, for reason set out at large in his report, that the Act of December 16, 1938 providing for Stipendiary Magistrates be brought into more general operation so as to produce uniform administration of justice in courts of first instance. Cer-

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tain enlargements of the scope and functions of Stipendiary Magistrates are also recommended by the Attorney General. Owing to the resignation of His Honour W. V. S. Tubman, one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Liberia, his Honour E. Himie Shannon, Judge of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, was appointed to the post of the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Justice Shannon has served for eleven uninterrupted years as a Circuit Judge, and his promotion on 8th February 1943, brought to the Bench of the Supreme Court a judicial administrator of mature legal experience. The details of the operations of the Department of Justice will be found in the report of the Head of that Department. Post Office Department The Postmaster General reports continued harmonious relations between this Postal Administration and the foreign administrations with which the Government is in relation. I am pleased to state that all financial obligations which for a number of years were outstanding against this Administration have been fully met. Although sea-borne mail is practically non-existent, overland service for internal purposes and airplane service for postage outside the country have been consistently maintained. Aeromaritime, whose agreement with Liberia was suspended temporarily on account of war conditions, resumed its operations; and, with a view to securing added facilities for the dispatch of mails to the neighbouring colonies, the Postmaster General visited the French Ivory Coast in September last. His visit, though brief, produced the desired results. Sale of postage stamps during the year shewed an increase of 36% over the 1942 figure. This percentage does not include amounts realized by the stamp agencies at London and at New York, whose reports are still outstanding. The Radio Service has operated with customary efficiency, despite the difficulty of securing spare parts, and delay in shipping new equipment ordered over a year now. Land upon which would be built adequate radio and broadcasting facilities was purchased during the year and the main building erected, completed and turned over to the Post Office Department by the Public Works Bureau in September last. Owing to lack of shipping facilities and delays due to other causes, the initiation of the internal broadcasting service which I had hoped would have been effected this year, will have to be postponed to a later date. The following radio station buildings were completed during the year, but their operations have been suspended because of the reasons given in case of the Broadcasting Station: stations at Saniquellie, Robertsport, Greenville, and Paynesville. When equipment for these stations are received and installed, nine out of fifteen stations projected by the Administration will be in operations. In his reports the Postmaster General will recommend the opening of two further post offices, at Harbel and at Tallah, which recommendation in my opinion suggests the need for additional appropriation. Public Instruction Although the Treasury and Legislature have annually cut the appropriation requested by the Department of Public Instruction, that Department has carried on in an aggressive manner with results which, whilst not wholly satisfactory, are nevertheless comparatively outstanding. Details of operations of this Department will be found in the Secretary’s report.

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Civil Service The operations of this Bureau continued uninterrupted during the year and regular quarterly entrance examinations were held according to the schedule. There were 66 entrants with 17 promotions to class 3, 13 to class 3, and 2 to class 4. There were no promotions to the upper classes from 5 through 8. Seven employees of the classified service were dismissed during the year while 28 were suspended for minor causes. Eight inter-departmental transfers were effected and 12 civil service eligibles who had been dropped owing to reduction of force, were reinstated. The following amendments to civil service rules, which grew out of legislation enacted during the 1941-42 and 1942-43 sessions of the Legislature were made effective: 1. Addendum to Section 24 providing for the salaries of Civil Servants to be augmented by annual or biannual increments until the attainment of the maximum of the class. 2. Amendment of Section 23 providing for the certification of the commissioner of Civil Service to Appointing Officers of one name (instead of three) – that of the person whose name appears at the head for the Eligible List on the date of certification. 3. Amendment of Section 21 providing for the retention for the names for eligibles on the list until they are selected for appointment subject to disqualification penalties prescribed under Section 15 of the Act. Details of these amendments will be found in the report of the Commissioner. The Commissioner asks for the restoration of cut made in the personnel of the Bureau. Public Works The following public works were undertaken during the year: (a) A multiple reinforced concrete bridge over Salala Creek which spans an opening of 30 feet and was completed in four months. (b) The commencement of a concrete bridge across the Saki Boma Creek on the Dobli Island Road about the same size as the Salala Bridge. (c) The Radio Station at Paynesville. (d) The Extension of the Governmetn Hospital at Monrovia and Foundation for Nurses Training School, maternity wards and laboratories. (e) An Agricultural Laboratory, while plans have been prepared for a terminal building at the Aeroplane slipway at Monrovia. (f) Considerable work was done on the streets of Monrovia when many of the streets heretofore scarcely traversable by pedestrians, may well today be employed by all classes of vehicles. Handicapped by delay in receiving supplies as a result of the war, the Bureau has nevertheless proceeded with its functions and the results of its operations are satisfactory. Road work was undertaken not only on the littoral, but also in the several districts by Commissioners. Particular reference is being made to the Gbarnga District where the Commissioner was able this year to open up for motor traffic some 34 miles of road. It is estimated by the engineers that when 45 miles of motor road now under construction in that district be completed, through transportation from Monrovia to Sanniquellie would become available at an early date and head porterage abolished in that area. With a view to pushing forward this road by means of modern machinery, 19 youngmen were given facilities at the United States Army Camp at Robertsfield to be trained in the handling of modern road construction machines.

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The paving of the streets of Monrovia is progressing as rapidly as material for the work is available. It is expected one-half of Broad Street will be completed this year. Continuation of the work will likely be carried on later. Foreign Affairs The world conflict continues with unabating fury. There are indications to those who are capable of judging, that the turning point in favour of the United Nations has been reached. Since your last sitting Italy, one of the principal Axis Powers, capitulated as the Armed Forces on the United Nations flung open the doors of the Italian home territory and entered its portals by invading Sicily and by subsequently landing on the Italian mainland. Premier Benito Mussolini resigned and the German Army challenged the right of the Badoglio’s Government to seek an armistice; and, having already a firm hold upon the country has since then made it impracticable for the Badoglio Government to implement its declaration of surrender or for the United Nations immediately to benefit militarily from such capitulation. Italy, as a consequence, has become a battlefield in which opposing armies are striving for supremacy. This pressure which resulted in the surrender of Italy did not become possible until after the total defeat of the Axis nations fighting in Africa. With the theatre of war in the Mediterranean shifting from Africa to the mainland military vigilance on this continent was to a measure relaxed. Several important inter-allied conferences were held during the year in the United States, at Casablanca, Quebec, Moscow, Cairo and Iran, which were attended either by the heads of states concerned or by their foreign ministers. At the conclusion of the Casablanca Conference held in January last, the President of the United States, His Excellency Franklin D. Roosevelt, visited Robertsfield in Liberia where I had the pleasure of meeting him. Upon invitation extended by the President, both during our meeting at Robertsfield and after his return to America, I visited the United States in May where I had the pleasure both of returning Mr. Roosevelt’s visit and of discussing matters of vital interest to both countries. I was received and entertained in my representative character with a courtesy which emphasizes the cordial relations of the two Republics. This Government was invited to participate in a United Nations Food Conference held at Hot Springs, Virginia, United States of America, from May 18 to June 3, 1943. Preoccupation at the conference was an endeavour to discover ways and means by which “Freedom from Want,” one of the four freedoms pronounced by the Heads of the Principal Allied States in the Atlantic Charter, might be implemented. Several resolutions were approved by the Conference among which was one for the creation of an international agricultural authority. A further resolution was passed setting up an Interim Commission to whom the task of planning was formed in Washington in July last, and the details of its activities will be found in the report of the Secretary of State. The sum total of recommendations made by the Commission is that agriculture should be stimulated all over the world and that foods be produced at their maximum point not merely for purposes of satisfying domestic needs but also that surpluses might be available for exportation to areas where they may be needed. This Government was represented at the Food Conference by the Honourable Gabriel L. Dennis, Dr. Leo Sajous, and Mr. George A. Dunbar; and at the Interim Commission by Honourable Gabriel L. Dennis. On 10 June last, the Government of the United States transmitted to the Liberian Government for consideration a draft agreement for the establishment of a United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration which aimed at providing for war-stricken areas and their populations. The agreement will be submitted for your approval. This Government is,

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however, subject to your approval, committed to participation in the scheme to the extent indicated in the report of the Secretary of State. The Government accepted an invitation to attend a Tsetse Fly Control Conference held at Accra, Gold Coast, on 27th July last, and was represented thereat by Dr. G G. Campbell, of the Firestone Hospital. This Government received through the auspices of the British Legation situated at this Capital, the following Joint Declaration of the United Nations: “The Governments of the Union of South Africa, United States, Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Czecheslovak Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece; India, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Yugoslavia and the French National Committee: Hereby issue a formal warning to all concerned and in particular to persons in Neutral Countries that they intend to do their utmost to defeat the methods of dispossession practised by the Governments with which they are at war against the countries and peoples who have been so wantonly assaulted and despoiled. Accordingly the Government making this Declaration and the French National Committee reserve all their rights to declare invalid any transfers of, or dealings with property rights and interests of any description whatsoever which are or have been situated in Territories which have come under the occupation which they are at war, or which belong or have belonged to persons (including judicial persons) resident in such Territories. This warning applies whether such transfers or dealings have taken the form of open looting or plunder, or of transactions apparently legal in form, even when they purport to be voluntarily effected. The Governments making this Declaration and the French National Committee solemnly record their solidarity in this matter.”

On 31st July last, this Government received from the French Committee of National Liberation, through our Legation at London, a Declaration in which the Committee announced its constitution at Algiers on June 3rd, 1943 and in which hope was expressed that the Liberian Government would recognize it as the organism qualified to assume the direction of the French war effort as well as the administration and defense of all French interests. The Government accorded recognition to the French Committee of National Liberation but within certain limitations. Following this recognition, Mr. J. L. McAguttes has at the request of the French Committee of National Liberation been recognised by this Government as its representative in Liberia. Mr. John Phillip Trant, presented credentials and was recognized as His Britannic Majesty’s Charge d’Affaires, a.i. and Acting Consul General. Other matters respecting foreign affairs will be found in the report of the Secretary of State. In my last message I advised Honourable Members that Plans for the reorganization of the defense forces of the country were being initiated. I am pleased now to state that the Plans have been formulated and are being put into effect. As a preliminary to general reorganization, an Officers’ Training School was organized under the direction of United States Army Officers loaned for the purpose, and after three months of intensive training fiftythree students were certificated and commissioned Second Lieutenants. They will be posted to the enlarged Frontier Force. A second class is scheduled to commence between the 15th and 20th January, 1944. Health and Sanitation The Director reports that during the year there has been no outbreak of communicable diseases and that all measures possible have been taken to promote the health and wellbeing of

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the population. He stresses certain sanitary needs in the City of Monrovia; the extension of dispensary services through the country. He also recommends the establishment of a Health Insurance scheme for the benefit of participants. The Director in of the opinion that street cleaning has not proceeded satisfactorily under the management of the Municipal authority and recommends stricter enforcement of the law respecting the cleaning of vacant lots. Territory of Marshall The boundary of this Territory has been the subject of much dispute ever since the territory was first set up as an administrative area. The law establishing the territory fixes its boundary with such laxity and vagueness as to make it impossible to say what are the definitive limits thereof. The law defines the boundaries of the District of Marshall simply as: “All the territory lying east of Paynesville and Careysburg as far as the mouth of the Junk River: and the Act setting up the territory merely confirms the previous District boundaries as being those for the territory. The Executive therefore recommends that steps be taken at your present sitting to settle finally this vexing question. During my visit to America certain understandings having relation to the economy of the Republic were arrived at in principle. These have been embodied in a draft agreement between the Governments of Liberia and of the United States. This draft agreement is now being discussed by the two Governments and as soon as it has taken definitive shape, will be laid before you for such action as your judgment might approve. Execution of the Workmen’s Compensation Act passed at your last Session has shewn that certain of its provisions and definitions need clarification and possibly enlargement. As the views of the present Administration might not wholly coincide with those of the Administration soon to take office, I am submitting criticisms of the Act to you without any specific recommendations but with the emphatic suggestion that they deserve careful consideration. Necrology During the year covered by this report, the State suffered the loss of the following public men: Honourable S. J. Dossen, former Associate Justice, Supreme Court of Liberia. After serving his country in various capacities for 42 years, this Honourable Gentleman retired from service last year and died at his home in Harper City on 25th July, 1943. Paramount Chief Pay-you-way of No 3 Chiefdom Paramount Chief Kraie of Tappita Paramount Chief Varfee Sirleaf of Mecca Chiefdom Paramount Chief Parsia of the Gissie Chiefdom Paramount Chief Yedoto of Cavalla I wish to express to the country through you their representatives, my profound sense of obligation to the ordinary citizens for the confidence they unstintingly imposed in my leadership throughout this most critical period in our national history. Without that confidence and support, or if their morale had been undermined by the prophets of doom and disaster, there can be no doubt but that we should not today be in effective possession of that heritage which our fathers left us. I crave for my successor that same, and if possible, a greater measure of confidence and support. Thus only will he be able to lay further stones in the national edifice and add his quota towards the realization of the destiny which Providence has designed for this country and its people.

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I wish also to thank public servants of all grades for the uniformly faithful services rendered by them in the several divisions of Government, without which the accomplishments of my Administration, however limited they were, could not have been realized. Unparalleled was their faithfulness and devotion to duty in the face of grave difficulties, especially at the beginning of the Administration when the economy of the world was in a state of deepest depression and prompt and full discharge of Government obligation to them was impossible. To you Gentlemen of the Legislature, I express the hope that your deliberations will be harmonious and fruitful and of long-range benefit to the people of the Country. Edwin Barclay President of Liberia December 28, 1943

William V.S. Tubman XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971

Annual Message to the Legislature November 1, 1944 Gentlemen: It is a source of pleasure for me to extend to you felicitations, on the occasion of your assembling at the Seat of Government to enter upon the important duties to which you have been called by your countrymen, in this my first Annual Report to you, under the Provisions of our Constitution. Many important subjects will claim your attention during the present Session, of which I shall endeavour to give, in aid of your deliberations, a just idea in some detail and at length beyond the ordinary in this Message. I therefore undertake this duty with zeal and diffidence from the vast extent of the interests involved, and of their great importance to every portion of the Republic. And I have a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the establishment of this Republic when, regarding the condition of the civilized world and its bearing on us, there was greater necessity for devout seriousness and unselfishness in the public servants to their respective duties, or for virtue, patriotism and union in our constituents. I am to give you a precise knowledge of our relations with Foreign Powers as respects our negotiations and transactions with each; that is to say, those with whom we are in treaty relation and who have representatives near this Capital. Equally is it necessary that you be informed of the condition of our resources, revenue, and progress in every way connected with the national life. Taking office on January 3rd, it became my duty to organize a government and on the 11th of the same month, I called into service with the advice and consent of the Senate: The Honourable Gabriel L. Dennis, as Secretary of State; The Honourable William E. Dennis; as Secretary of the Treasury; The Honourable C. Abayomi Cassell, as Attorney General; The Honourable Jas. T. Phillips as Postmaster General;; The Honourable Wilkins H. Tyler, as Secretary of War; The Honourable S. David Coleman, as Secretary of the Interior; and The Honourable J. W. Pearson, as Secretary of Public Instruction. I now proceed to report to you on the several Departments of the Executive Government in their constitutional order, Foreign Relations and the Department of State: It is very gratifying that I am able to report to you that relations between this Government and Foreign Governments represented near this Capital, have been of a most friendly and harmonious character. On August 21st, His Excellency Lester A. Walton, American Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to this Government, made known through the Department of State,

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that he would be leaving in the near future f or the United States of America for Consultation at Washington; and requested provisional recognition of Felix Cole, Esquire, as First Secretary of the Legation and Consul General at Monrovia which was granted. Mr. Cole was accordingly received at the Department of State on September 8th, and is now American Charge d’Affairs. Minister Walton was zealous to effect the closest possible relationship between our two countries and was, I think, forthright in his endeavours in this respect. In reply to a Note addressed to him on the eve of his departure, I expressed my appreciation of what I considered his honest endeavour to bring about the closest possible relationship and understanding between his Government and ours, He replied as follows: "' I need not tell you how highly I regard reference contained in penultimate paragraph of Your Excellency's letter of September 9th, 1944, relative to my endeavours to promote friendly relations between our two Governments. It is cheering to know that these relationships are more cordial and cooperative than at any other time.” The War: In my Inaugural Address delivered before you on January 3rd, enunciating the Foreign Policy of this Administration, I said among other things: " ....It is the function of the President, acting generally through the Secretary of State, to conduct the Foreign Policy of the Republic The powers of the President in the field of Foreign Relations are broad and vast, but it shall not be our choice by any means to exercise entire freedom in all matters of Foreign Policy. …. The points of view of the Nation as a whole shall be the course of conduct in this respect, which we propose pursuing, and we shall endeavour to interpret and implement such points of view when and where we think necessary, and the circumstances and conditions require it; we shall not be backward in asking for legislation to make possible the pursuit of new policies, perhaps, radically varying from former ones." In pursuance thereof, I appeared before you in Joint Convention on January 26th and delivered a Special Message on the provocative attitude of the Axis Powers, emphasizing the several violations of the neutrality of the Republic by the Government of Nazi Germany and the outlawry of Japan, and recommended that you declare a state of war to be existing between Liberia on the one hand and Germany and Japan on the other. On the following day, you passed a Joint Resolution so declaring it; which Joint Resolution was immediately approved by me, and on the same date, being the 27th of January, 1944, I issued a Proclamation proclaiming the same. I submit below a tabulation of vessels, owned by nationals of Governments with which this Governmentwas in friendly relations, that were sunk by German submarines and raiders within our territorial waters in utter violation of the laws of warfare, which discloses the acts of Germany in flagrant disregard of our then existing neutrality: March 13,1942 – S.S."Daluchistan" – sunk off our Coast March 18,1942 – S.S."Scottish Prince” – sunk off Cape Palmas March 2l, 1942 – S.S."Ille de Batz" – sunk off our Coast March 21, 1942 – S.S. “Baron Newland" – sunk off our Coast April 11, 1942 – S.S."Alphacca" – sunk off Cape Palmas May 31, 1942 – S.S."Wangi-Wangi" – sunk off Cape Palmas Protests were filed by our Government, but these attacks continued unabated.

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The German Government, through its representative at this Capital, on June 17th, 1942, desiring to create a Causus Belli, filed a Note Verbale with our State Derpartment, which reads as follows: "The German Government has obtained cognition (information) that the Liberian Government has consented to the taking over of air-bases in Liberia by American armed forces and further has submitted to the presence of American troop unit(s) in Liberia. The German Government is disappointed that the Liberian Government acquiesces in this American pretentiousness and permits a violation of Liberian Neutrality, The German Government protests against such violation of neutrality with the reservation to hold responsible the Liberian Government for each and every disadvantage and damage which possibly result from such breach of neutrality with regard to German nationals, their property, their rights and their interest." To the above, the Secretary of State made the following reply on the same date: "The Government of the Republic of Liberia has taken note of the protest made on the 17th instant by the German Consul General in behalf of his Government against an alleged violation by Liberia of its neutrality in the present conflict. The Liberian Government regrets that it has no alternative but to reject the said protest for reason that the German Government has ignored the neutrality of Liberia by permitting its submarines to enter Liberian territorial waters where- they have sunk Ships of powers in amicable relations with Liberia in the course of which a number of Liberian citizens lost their lives.: Upon our Declaration of War, the Swiss Government, through the United States of America, was requested by our State Department to assume control of Liberian interests in both Germany and Japan, and in the meantime, to transmit to those Governments notification of the existence of a state of war between their Governments and ours. On the 9th of February, our Government was informed by the United States, through its Legation here, of the acceptance by the Swiss Government of the representation of Liberian interests in Germany and occupied territories. Immediately following the Declaration of War, I proceeded to set up an Enemy Property-Liquidation Commission on the 17th day of February last, in accordance with the Act authorizing it, composed of the following gentlemen: Honourable John A. Dunaway, Financial Adviser Chairman Honourable James F. Cooper Mr. Louis A. Marvey, Manager, Bank of Monrovia, Inc. Mr. C. F. Sayle, Agent, C.R.C. (replaced by): Mr. W. S. Murdoch, and Mr. Alhaj Maasaquoi. Thereafter terms of reference were handed that following their legal constitution, and they immediately entered upon the discharge of the Commission’s defined duties. Further to the declaration of war against Germany and Japan, the following despatch was addressed to the Secretary of State of the United States of America by our Secretary of State: "Your Excellency; The Government of Liberia declared by proclamation on the 27th day of January, 1944, a state of war existing between Liberia on the one hand, and Germany and Japan on the other. Motivated by the principles of human freedom and the right of self-determination, the Government subscribes and endorses the purposes and principles as enunciated by, and embodied in, the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, dated August

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14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter, and adheres by this communication to the Declaration by the United Nations, dated January 1, 1942. The Honourable Walter F. Walker, Consul General of Liberia at New York City, has been authorized to sign the above mentioned Declaration. Be pleased to accept, Your Excellency, the renewed assurance of my highest consideration and esteem. Gabriel L. Dennis, Secretary of State." To this despatch our State Department received the following reply: "His Excellency Gabriel L. Dennis, Secretary of State, Monrovia, Liberia. I have received your communication of February 26, 1944, stating that the Government of Liberia declared by proclamation on January 27, 1944 a state of war existing between Liberia on the one hand and Germany and Japan on the other; that motivated by the principles of human freedom and the right of self-determination, the Government subscribes to and endorses the purposes and principles of the Atlantic Charter; that the Government of Liberia adheres to the Declaration by United Nations and has authorized Walter F. Walker, Consul General at New York, to sign the Declaration. The Government of the United State, as depository for the Declaration, is gratified to welcome Liberia into the ranks of the United Nations. This action of Liberia brings to thirty-five the number of United Nations, all of which have pledged themselves to employ their full resources in the struggle for victory over Hitler. Arrangements are being made for Consul General Walker to sign the Declaration. Please accept the renewed assurance of my high esteem. Cordell Hull, Secretary of State." Simultaneously, the Governments of Great Britain and of the other United Nations were similarly notified of our Declaration of War against Germany and Japan and the same was acknowledged by them. Since your last adjournment and sequential to our Declaration of War, the armies of the United Nations have been steadily marching forward, pushing back and, in some instances, routing the armies of Nazi Germany and its satellite states, in Eastern, Southern and Western Europe; also those of Japan. On June 6th last, from bases in the British Isles the forces of the United Nations invaded the Continent of Europe through Normandy in Northern France, and within three months France, Belgium, Luxemburg, and parts of Northern Italy and Holland have been liberated in the West; and the war has been pressed on into the fatherland of the German Reich, the birthplace of Nazism. In the Balkans, Northern and Eastern Europe, Finland, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Estonia and Lithuania have been knocked out; and a large portion of Greek Territory including its Capital “Athens”, liberated; and in the case of Rumania and Bulgaria they have declared war on Germany and are now side by side with the Red Armies as Allies. In the war against Japan, her far-flung lines have been forced to recede until the Japanese main land, is now in easy access of the air forces of the United Nations. The Tojo Government resigned and a new Government has been formed. I am pleased to report to you that, with the armies of the United States in Europe there are Liberians fighting the Germans; one of whom visited the Capital en route Brewerville to see his mother, the widow of the late Dr, Thomas. He is Will Thomas. I received him in audience and had a fifteen-minute talk with him about his experience in Italy and what life in the Army in modern warfare is like. I also directed the Secretary of

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War to arrange for him to meet and address the officers and men of the Militia and the Liberian Frontier Force. There have been two allied ships sunk off our coast since our declaration of war, one off Sinoe, the other off Grand Bassa. Citizens from all parts of Montserrado County called upon me, made demonstrations and offered Resolutions of approval and support of our Declaration of War. Resolutions were also received from other parts of the country expressing similar sentiments and making pledges. The American military and British aerial collaboration forces stationed within our domain, have been decent and most collaborative in their attitude and behavior. General P. L. Sadler, Commanding USAFIL was very helpful in every way when we entered the war, and gave useful advice and assistance. He has been transferred earlier during the year to another theater of war, and was succeeded by Colonel W.R. Curries, who has shown himself effective, congenial and cooperative. Geological Survey: Dr. Walter H. Newhouse, Dr, Thomas P. Thayer and Dr. Arthur Butler, Jr., American Geologists, arrived in the country in December of last year for the purpose of testing and investigating IRON ORE deposits in the Bomi and Kpandemai Hills upon arrangement between the United States and Liberian Governments, On January 10th they, in company with Mr. Arthur Sherman, Mining Engineer, left Monrovia for the Bomi and Kpandemai Hills. Their investigation lasted from that time until May 1st, a period of approximately four months, No official report has yet been received of the results of their investigations; but it is thought that the deposits are in fairly large quantities and of the Swedish grade. Wild Rubber Agreement: Rubber is an indispensable requirement in modern warfare; and there having been some disappointment in the operation of Wild Rubber Agreement of July 6, 1943, a new agreement was negotiated withGovernment by the Rubber Development Corporation of Washington, D.C. , United States of America. It was signed in the United States by Dr. Allen, President, Rubber Development Corporation, on behalf of the Corporation, and by the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, Honourable James B. Dennis, for the Government of Liberia. This Agreement covers a period of two years; and gives the Rubber Development Corporation the right of purchasing wild rubber at Kakata, Gedetarbo or at such other points in Liberia as Development and Government may mutually decide from time to time. A "fixed price" of twenty cents per pound for dry rubber is to be paid to the collector of wild rubber. The Agency of Development is to publish the prices to be paid throughout the producing areas for unprocessed wet rubber; and also the prices for tools and other materials necessary for wild rubber production. Development is to send one or more (3) Exports to explain collection methods and assist in stimulating the project. Upon request of Development Agency, Reserved Officers trained at Barclay Training Center under the United States Army for the Liberian Frontier Force, have been selected as civilian assistants in locating productive areas, to explain collection methods and to stimulate the gathering of wild rubber. Port and Port Works: In pursuance of the agreement concluded between the Government of the United States and Liberia on December 31, 1943.,our State Department on January 13th, transmitted a radiogram to that Government indicating our acceptance and willingness to sign an agreement

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with Raymond Concrete Pile Company of New York, U.S.A., for the construction of the Port provided for in the agreement referred to; and requested that Raymond Concrete Pile be informed of this decision so that it may expedite the despatch of equipment and men for the early completion of boring and determination of Port Site. The provisions of the Basic Agreement necessitate a tripartite agreement to be concluded by and between the contracting parties, a draft of which has been submitted for our study and final action. The parties to the Tripartite Agreement are to be: the United States Government, represented by Captain G. A. Hunt of the United States Navy Department, Contract NOY 9673, acting under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy; the Government of Liberia, represented by Mr. Henry B. Duncan, Civil Engineer, and the Raymond Concrete Pile Company, represented by Mr. W.L. Sheeler. It was under paragraph (c) of the agreement that on August 8th last, I designated and commissioned Mr. Henry B. Duncan, a qualified. Civil Engineer, as representative of the Liberian Government, with the powers and authority provided in the relative provision of the agreement; which was acceptable to the Government of the United States of America. The engineers for the necessary survey and borings, or at least some of them, have arrived and have commenced the work. Tax Exemptions Three important questions arose during the year, growing out of agreements already concluded with American Airways System and, conversely, as a necessary incident to the Tripartite Agreement referred to above, as well as the agreement within the framework of which it was conceived and proposed. They are: (a.) Tax exemption on materials imported into Liberia by Pan-American Airways System; (b) Clarification of boundaries of localities designated as Defense Areas and occupied by the United States Armed Force in Liberia; and (c) The availability of a camp site for American (Harbour) Construction personnel. After consideration of the issues raised and in the light of Article 4, of the Defense Areas Agreement of March 31 1942, Government granted import duty and other tax exemption on all materials directly connected with the construction of the harbor, except "Expendable supplies for personal use of employees and officials, such as foodstuffs, clothing, toilet articles, bed and table linen, and such other articles and supplies as each person ordinarily provides for himself.” Regarding the matter of clarification of the boundaries as raised by the Commanding General of the USAFIL, Government confirmed and agreed to previous definition of boundaries of the various Defense Areas, with the proviso that "such areas do not include privately owned land of Liberian citizens.” With reference to the camp site, this matter was brought to Government’s attention by the American Minister on the 19th of July last, when he transmitted a blueprint plot already made and forwarded to him by the Officer-in-Charge of construction, in person of Captain G. A. Hunt, covering a part of the area known as Barclay Training Center. The grant of this area having been considered inexpedient, the American Minister was advised on July 20th that Government did not find it convenient for the area occupied by the Liberian Frontier Force Army School grounds to be used; but that it would be willing to place at the disposal of American Construction personnel the area which embraces Camp Johnson and the matter was left to the option of Captain Hunt, in so far as the timely construction of the camp would commence was concerned This is now in the process of construction.

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Public Health & Sanitation: Having felt it essential for Government to introduce a vigorous Health and Sanitation Programme, in view of the extensive development of the Republic envisaged by the Harbor Construction project, I directed the Secretary of State to negotiate with the State Department of the United States of America, for the loan of Major West now in the service of the United States Health Department, for the purpose of formulating and executing a comprehensive Health and Sanitation plan to supplement and implement our own. Reports say that he is now in Washington preparing such a programme, and it is expected that the plans will be presented soon. Subsequent official notification gives information that he was expected to leave United States for Liberia on October 30th. Agricultural Expert: In demonstration of the Agricultural Policy enunciated in my Inaugural Address, and looking forward to the employment of improved agricultural methods, better land utilization and the introduction of new subsistence crops I instructed the Secretary of State to approach the United. States State Department for a loan of an Agricultural Expert. In response to this request Mr. Charles Edward Trout, of the United States. Department of Agriculture was detailed by the United States Government as Agricultural Specialist to this Government. He arrived here on the 11th of September last, and was received in audience by me on the 4th. His duties will be to assist and advise the Government in the promulgation of a programme of improved Agricultural methods, better land utilization and the introduction of new subsistence crops for local consumption. Mr. Trout's assignment is for a period of not exceeding one year including travel time from Washington D. C., to Monrovia, and his detail is authorized by the Act of the United States Congress of May 3rd, 1939; and subject to the regulations set forth in Executive Order No. 9190 of July 2nd, 1942, of the President of the United Sates. He is here in the service and at the expense of the Liberian Government. Mr. Trout has already begun his investigations and is expected to travel through a large part of the country. United States Warning Concerning Gold Purchases From Axis Countries In February last, this Government was notified in a Note from the United States Legation of the issuance of a warning by the United State and certain others of the United Nations to all concerned and in particular, to persons in neutral countries, of their intentions to defeat the methods of dispossession practiced by the Governments with which they are at war, against the countries and peoples who have been so wantonly assaulted and despoiled; the exact text of which will be laid before you by the Secretary of State in his First Annual Report. The Secretary of the Treasury, upon my direction, made a Declaration, giving notice to the public of the warning and of this Government's adherence thereto.

988

William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971

International Conferences: With victory emblazoned on the horizon for the United Nations, several important conferences far reaching in character, bearing on postwar conditions and reconstruction, have been convoked since your last adjournment, and to most of them, we have been invited to send representatives and to participate. Besides the magnitude of importance involved in the subjects of these conferences, because of their relation to the peace period after this war and the will of the United Nations as avowed in their several Declarations, to free the world from FEAR and WANT and to prevent a recurrence of this or any similar holocaust; the prestige of this Nation and the involvement of its vital interests in the issues under consideration by these conferences, which cannot be estimated in terms of dollars and cents, have dictated the expedience of our being represented and I have directed representatives to be sent to the following of them; International Labour Conference We were invited to this Conference which commenced on April 20th, 1944, in Mitten Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The invitation was accepted and the Liberian Consul General at New York City, Honourable Walter P. Walker, designated as representative of this Government, The text of the future policy, programme and status of the International Labour Organization reported upon, will be laid before you by the Secretary of State in his Annual Report. The International Monetary Commissions: The United States Government through its Legation at Monrovia, extended an invitation to this Government on May 27th last, to attend a Monetary Conference of the United Nations and nations associated with them, which is scheduled to be held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States of America. In his Note the American Minister stated that the object of the conference would be to "formulate definite proposals for an international Monetary Fund and possibly a bank for reconstruction and development.” He added that “It was desirable that the delegation hold plenipotentiary powers; and that the proposals formulated by the conference would be referred to the respective Governments and authorities for acceptance or rejection." This invitation was accepted, and the United States Government was notified accordingly. Because of the financial aspects of the conference, I accredited the following persons as representatives of the Liberian Government: The Honourable William E. Dennis, Secretary of the Treasury, Chairman, The Honourable James F. Cooper; Former Secretary of the Treasury, The Honourable Walter F. Walker, Liberian Consul General and former Secretary of the Treasury, and Mr. K. J. Adorkor, Inspector of Audits, Secretary. The delegation left by plane on the 16th of June last for the United States. Mr. Adorkor was also authorized to perform certain other services for Government while in the United States. You will be informed, in the usual manner of the decisions taken at this conference. Second Session of the Conference of Unrra: At the Second Session of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration recently convened at Montreal, Canada, the Honourable Walter F. Walker, Liberian Consul

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General at New York, was instructed to represent Liberia. The highlights of this Session were: (1) Reports on new developments in their respective countries by Member Governments; and (2) raising questions of Policy to claim the Council's attention, International Civil Aviation Conference: Our State Department on September 12th, 1944 received an invitation to be represented at an International Conference of Civil Aviation to begin on this date at Chicago, Illinois. Aviation in the near future will be possibly the most convenient and prevalent means of transportation and communications. Consequently, the establishment of additional air-bases within our borders should be a source of interest to Government and people; particularly so because of our strategic geographical situation, and the benefits to be derived by both Government and citizens in communicating and traveling from time to time. Then too, there is the possibility of transmission from foreign parts of communicable and infectious diseases, which can be more easily transmitted into our territory by aircraft than ships, because of the rapidity with which the aeroplane flies. All of these factors taken together have given the impression that this conference is one of the most important of the International Conferences yet convoked; and since the invitation extended indicated that it is to partake of a technical nature, I have designated: Honourable Walter F. Walker Liberian Consul General at New York, U.S. A. and Mr. John Lewis Cooper, Superintendent of Communications, as our representatives thereat. Statistics furnished by Pan-American Airways at Bensonfield and Fisherman's Lake show the following: 37 Clippers landed and took off at Fisherman's Lake during the past 9 months of the current year; 987 Passengers were carried in Liberia by Grumman Amphibian; and 292 Passengers were brought to Liberia from foreign lands at the beginning of the current year up to and including October 1st, 1944. There are presently three airfields in the country. The figures above quoted indicate the possibility of enormous expansion when the war is ended, and strenuous aviation requirements of the war are removed and civil aviation takes its rightful place as a principal medium not only of travel, but in transportation of general cargo as well. Laws and regulations to control and govern these new activities will be needed, and I recommend the passage of them at your present Session. Already, we are receiving from Foreign Mission Boards requests to build private airfields in the country, and fly their private planes to different points where their missions are established. This should serve as an incentive to us, and we too, should form companies and corporations to engage in the utilization of aerial routes in and through our own country at least. Educational and Agricultural Mission of the United States of America and Great Britain. The American Minister gave information through our State Department that the Foreign Missions Conference of North America and the Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, were desirous of undertaking "a joint survey of educational and agricultural problems in various territories in Africa; and that the survey will be supported by the General Educational Board of the Rockefeller Foundation." We were also notified that Dr. Jackson Davies and Mr. Thomas Campbell, members of this Commission, intend to

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come direct to Liberia and confer with the Secretary of Public Instruction, and that they would be followed by other members of the Mission. I directed the Secretary of State to express that this Government would welcome the visit of such eminent educators. These gentlemen arrived on the 23rd of October, and are presently with us. The United States Foreign Economic Administration Mission to Liberia: Following the object of its creation, the United States Minister on September 8th last, informed us through their State Department., that the Foreign Economic Administration of the United States Government was desirous of sending out a group of experts to Liberia to survey the economic resources of the country, and to be of such assistance as it can to Liberia in preparing and implementing a programme of development; such a programme being regarded as highly desirable if the operation of the Port for the benefit of Liberia is to be a success. The Department of State at my direction, replied in the affirmative, and the group of Experts are expected to arrive in Liberia in the near future. The Foreign Economic Administration is a new organization of the American Government, based on experience of the past and consists of a merger of the Office of Economic Warfare, Office of Lend-Lease, Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, Foreign Economic Co-ordination, and Office of Commodity Credit Corporation. It constitutes all United States agencies dealing with operating problems in the foreign economic field, and it is subject to that respect for its guidance and direction to the American State Department. Recently, similar Missions of Experts have been sent to Ethiopia, Haiti, and many Central and South American Republics. Great Britain: As stated in a previous part of this Message, our intercourse with nations with whom we are at peace has been most cordial. The United Kingdom of Great Britain is included in this category of nations. At the Inaugural Ceremonies of last January; the Governor of the Colony of Sierra Leone, was one of our distinguished visitors; and on March 7th I instructed the Secretary of State to return the visit of His Excellency the Governor, which he did. During this visit, the Secretary of State conferred with the Civil, Military and Naval Authorities on the subject of "cooperation of the Royal Air Force and Admiralty with the Liberian Military, regarding the assistance which it was considered they could render in the defense of our coastal areas during the present world conflict, He was also instructed to discuss the question of delays in the transhipment of cargo, mails and parcels which were landed and had been lying at Freetown for a considerable length of time. An arrangement was effected for the prompt despatch of all such consignments, and for a more speedy transhipment in the future. The Secretary of State reported that he was accorded a warm welcome from the Governor and Officials, and was lodged at the Governors House – Fort Thornton. Good neighbour relationship seems to have improved since the Secretary of State’s return, and the Government of Sierra Leone has on several occasions exercised an attitude of cooperation and collaboration. We are informed that the British have a form of registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 55 years, with a nominal charge of 01.50 per capita, but that such registration is free to Liberians.

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Liberian citizens have enlisted in the merchant marine and Royal Navy in this war and they are also serving in the Operating Groups. On the lst May last, His Britannic Majesty's Charge d’ Affaires, ad interim, gave notice that as of that date British Visa Fee for Liberian citizens would henceforth be fixed at the rate of $4.00 instead of $6.00 as heretofore. The British Charge d’Affaires, on August 22nd, communicated in a despatch to this Government, through the Department of State, the views of his Government with reference to the Act passed and approved March 5th, 1944, "Amending the Act of the Legislature approved December 11, 1937, providing for an Internal Revenue Code", in so far as the Amendatory Act related to permits of Residence Fees, as affecting a large number of British subjects and British protected persons in Liberia particularly, Fanti Fishermen from the Gold Coast. He claimed that the Act was discriminatory and stated that his Government invokes Article VII, of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Republic of Liberia, ratified February 27th 1849, which reads as follows: "It being the intention of the Two Contracting Parties to bind themselves by the present Treaty to treat each on the footing of the most favoured Nation, it is hereby agreed between them, that any favour, privilege or immunity whatever, in matters of commerce and Navigation, which either contracting Party has actually granted, or may hereafter grant, to the Subjects or Citizens of any other State, shall be extended to the Subjects or Citizens of the other contracting Party, gratuitously, or in return for a compensation as nearly as possible of proportionate value and effect, to be adjusted by mutual agreement, if the concession shall have been conditional." He further urged the privilege and benefits of Article II, of that Treaty which reads as follows; "There shall be reciprocal freedom of commerce between the British Dominions and the Republic of Liberia. The Subjects of her Britannic Majesty may reside and trade in any part of the Territories of the Republic to which any other Foreigners are or shall be admitted. They shall enjoy full protection for their persons and properties, they shall be allowed to buy from and sell to whom they like, without being restrained or prejudiced by any monopoly, contract or exclusive privilege of sale or purchase whatever; and they shall moreover enjoy all other rights and privileges whi.ch are or may be granted to any other foreigners, subjects, citizens of the most Favoured Nation. The citizens of the Republic of Liberia shall in return, enjoy similar protection and Privileges in the Dominions of Her Britannic Majesty." In virtue of the immunities and exemptions granted to American citizens by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation concluded on the 8th day of August 1938 by and between the Governments of the United States and Liberia, the British Government, through its representative here, requested total exemption from the force and effect of the above mentioned Act, so as it affects British subjects and British protected persons within our territory. The relevant portion of that Treaty reads word for word as follows: "The nationals of either High Contracting Party within the territories of the other shall not be subjected to the payment of any internal charges of taxes other or higher than those that are exacted of and paid by nationals of the State of residence.” In the circumstances, and because of what has appealed to the Executive as the legal soundness of the contention raised by His Britannic Majesty's Government inrespect of the Act, I suspended the enforcement thereof until the substance of the matter could be laid

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William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971

before you for your action and hereby recommend its repeal, in consideration of the Treaties above referred to. Baron R.A. de Lynden, formerly Minister Resident London, was on March 9th, accredited Liberian Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary, London. Honourable R. S. S. Bright was commissioned Liberian Consul General, Liverpool, on March 28th, and left for his post of duty in the British Isles on September 11th of the present year. It was a pleasure to have received Air Vice Marshal R. Graham who visited this City on the 23rd day of September and was presented to the Secretary of State by the British Charge d'Affaires, and to me by the Secretary of State. During the course of our interview, I expressed to the Air Vice Marshal the appreciation of the Liberian Government for the assistance rendered by the Royal and South African Air Forces in the protection of our coast against probably attacks of enemy submarines and raiders. He, in reply, said that the bases allowed for use to the United Nations by the Liberian Government had greatly facilitated the operation of their air forces against the operation of enemy submarines, not only along the Liberian Coast, but also the West African Coast in the South Atlantic. France: The hearts of all lovers of liberty were stirred with jubilation when the news of the liberation of Paris flashed through the air. Our State Department immediately radioed a message of congratulations to the French Authorities on that eventful and momentous occasion, which radiogram was acknowledged by them with appreciation. His Excellency the Governor General of French West Africa, Monsieur Peter Cournarie, with the desire of the Provisional Government of France, then in Algiers, extended me an invitation to visit Dakar at any time convenient, during this year. The Secretary of State was instructed to acknowledge receipt of the invitation, and to inform him that acceptance would be made known after the invitation had been before Your Honourable Body and appropriate action taken. Recognition of the Provisional Government of .France was formally notified to the French Consulate at Monrovia on the 18th day of August. Mr. Peter Chesnais has succeeded Mr. McAguttes as French Charge d'Affaires. The Bureau of Archives, Patents and Trademarks: The Secretary of State represented to me that our cadastral records were in bad shape and poorly kept, and requested additional assistance to improve their condition and preserve them. This was granted and the re-transcribing of documents of up to hundred years old are taking place; other systematic arrangements and collection of the Files, Executive Proclamations, Executive Orders, Original Treaties, Cataloging of Books in the Library, collection and filing of Official Gazettes and Liberian Newspapers, etc., are being effected also. I cannot too strongly emphasize the importance of preserving records and public documents by organizations or institutions, especially Government's; hence, as is being done in the State Department, we intend to have executed in all other Departments. Bureau of Information Following my declaration of Freedom of the Press and of Speech, the Bureau of Information was reopened this year and has functioned regularly, arranging Press Conferences with the different Branches and Departments of Government.

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The local Press has been responsive and has shown marked interest; it has exercised much freedom in this respect, especially the "Weekly Mirror", the news organ of the Democratic Party, with reference to things generally and particularly in what it calls a "Diagnosis Of Whigism". Upon completing the Diagnosis, we shall look forward to having its Prognosis of the case-Whigism. I do not doubt that Honourable Gentlemen of your August Body will join the Executive in the prosecution of its policy of the freedom of the Press and of Speech, about which the Constitution is very plain and unequivocal; and I quote Section 1 of Article 1, thereof: "The liberty of the Press is essential to the security of freedom in a state it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this Republic. The printing press shall be free to every person, who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the Legislature, or any branch of Government, and no law shall ever be made to restrain the rights thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable right of man and every citizen may freely speak, write and print on any subject being responsible for the abuse of that liberty." The Peace With almost the same strained anxiety which obsessed the very being of the peoples of the world at the outbreak of war, so also are they deeply concerned about the peace – What will it be like? How will it affect the different races of people who inhabit the earth? Will the reconstruction mean any real radical improvement to the social, economic, political and spiritual welfare of mankind universally? Will equality, justice and human liberty be the dynamic force that shall motivate, permeate and characterize action of man toward man? Will the Peace be a lasting one? Will the nations realize that this is but One World, and that no one hemisphere, zone, nation or race or language is separate but that each is interdependent and a component part of one aggregate whole? The indications seem that there might be three or four great spheres of influences geographically created, and all States not actually radiating influence to either of these spheres, may fall within or possibly under either of them with autonomous states. We, during the state of our neutrality, were ever friendly to, and sympathetic with, the United Nations and the cause for which they were fighting, subsequently we joined them in war against the common enemy and have contributed to the fullest extent of our ability and power to the war. We will continue ever increasingly to do so until the “Old Symbolic Dragon" is smashed and falls to pieces like the “Potters Vessel”. From this war will evolve a new point of view and a new outlook, and as a nation we must exercise foresight and have vision. It is the duty of the statesmanship of the country, with the support and cooperation of the citizens, to prepare and execute postwar reconstruction plans and peace aims, and give practical effect to them. Consequently, on July 24th last, I set up a Commission and submitted the general outlines of what I considered to be the fundamentals for such a program. I pointed out that it would appear essential that we bring in a new point of view, give the people a new outlook. From my viewpoint, there were three basic questions involved: First, the practical principles of the Atlantic Charter which we are a signatory, within our territories and contribution to the international manifestation of those principles especially the two last of them, which seem to me to be new ideas – Freedom from Fear and from Want. A plan has been prepared, the full text of which be communicated to you. This plan envisages new educational methods and Improvement in economic conditions as the solution to the problem, a synopsis of which is: a) The introduction of a diversified educational system to embrace economic as well as scientific and vocational training.

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b) Education of the masses of the people in Health and Sanitation c) Protection of the economic efforts of the people by Government and the introduction of measures for the enhancement of that interest. d) Protection for labor and capital. e) Full investigation of Local Industries and encouragement for those found to be useful and profitable. f) A total road scheme for the Republic. g) Linking up the country by radio and telephonic communications. h) Encouragement and introduction of marine, overland and aerial transportation. i) A complete survey of all public and private lands in order to ascertain the total public domain and private land holdings. j) A mineralogic survey of the country with a view to ascertaining the total mineral content and the possibility of its exploitation. k) Continuation of the agricultural survey already projected. 1) Other And further geologic surveys of the country. m) Encouragement of immigration. The second proposition advanced was: How best can a better and fuller understanding of, and arrangement for the attraction and participation of the indigenous population towards,a nd in Government, be effected? A comprehensive plan has been developed and will also bebefore you an outline of which is: a) b) c) d) e)

A policy of compulsory education, A special grade of men for appointment as Provincial and District Commissioners, Freedom of travel for citizens throughout the Hinterland.. The establishment of native administrative schools. Tribesmen of the Provinces to be represented in the House of Representatives of the National Legislature as full-fledged members. f) Allocation of a portion of taxes for the improvement of the areas where collected. g) Placing of road program under Road Specialists for scientific construction. h) Establishment of a central agricultural mental station. i) A closer study of African Institutions and assessing their values and j) Strict control of Frontier Force Soldiers in the Hinterland. These national policies cannot remain mere national intents; but must be given effectual demonstration. This necessarily will involve skill labor and finance. It will obviously require time to put them into practical operation; but we must begin at once with the means and resources at our disposal. The third submission was: The revision of our Electoral laws. This plan is not yet completed; but is hoped that we will be in position to communicate it during your present session.

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What Liberia Expects of the Nations of the World. What Liberia would ask and expect of the nations and of the world in general is simply this: Credit for honest intentions and endeavors; accuracy in reporting us; international fairness of treatment and consideration in common with other nations in matters political, social and industrial. We are pursuing a liberal Foreign Policy with our Allies, which we expect to be mutually beneficial; and it is our intention to continue the same. It is to be understood, however, that in our relations with other Sovereign Powers, we are acting as state with state, and therefore opposed to “imperium in imperio”. Internal Affairs: the Treasury Department Despite the disturbing features of war and the fact that in this year the Continent of Europe was invaded by the Allied armies, it having been almost entirely occupied by the Axis Powers – the concomitant shipping restrictions imposed for the Success of the invasion, Customs Revenue collections for the nine months of the current year show an Increase of $88,005.88 ½ in comparison with the corresponding period of 1943, according to revenue reports of the Bureau of Revenues. This figure includes $58,060.419, representing the 15% Sur Tax imposed on imports by you at your last Session, for application toward the Centenary. Deducting this amount of Sur Tax, we have an increase in Revenue for nine months this year of $29,9454.79 1/2 over the collections of the same period last year, made up comparatively as follows:

Internal Revenue Public Utility and Postal Customs Revenue Sur Tax

1944 Jan. 1–Sept. 30 $361,7644.08

1943 Jan, 1–Sept. 30 $332,2994.94

Increase or Decrease $29,464.14

30,533481

29,409.972

1,1234.93 1/2

493,078.10 $58,060.10 $943,436.18

493,720.438 _ $855,430.19 ½

642.38 _ $88,005.981/2

Next is a statement of revenue collections for the first nine months of 1944 compared with revenue estimates for the current year, consolidated from revenue reports:

Customs Revenue Internal Revenue Postal & Utility Revenues

Estimated Revenue

Collections let 9 months

Balance to be collected

Excess

1944 $550,000.00

1944 $493,078.10

$45,921.90

`

420,000.0000

$361,764.08

$48,235.92

30,000400 $1,000.00

30,533.81 $885,375.00

$533.92 $115,157.82

$533.92

Total balance of revenue to be collected in 1944 is $114,624.01.. According to the Financial Adviser, Internal Revenue returns for the nine months period showed little relative change. The increase in Hut Tax Collection is somewhat greater, but is more than compensated for by the decrease in royalty on gold, which is $28,071.00 for the nine months period as compared with $11,766.00 for eight months. This emphasizes some concern over the gold mining situation and indicates a marked falling off in the output from the mines. Internal Revenues as a whole are greater by $29,464.14 in 1944 than in the previous year.

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The same unsatisfactory returns are shown from the Government Radio Systems which is $3,580.00 less than in 1943. While the grand total of Customs Revenues show an increase of $57,418.00 over 1943, regular Customs revenue decreased by $642.00. The Financial Adviser thinks the revenue indications to be very satisfactory; but he insists that there are still many unknown factors in the situation, especially as to trend of Customs revenue for the remainder of the year. Domestic exports this year have been confined to three commodities: raw gold, piassava and rubber; and each shows a decided upward trend, with the most marked increase in the case of rubber. Exports for the year ending August 31st, 1944, were as hereunder given: Comodity: Gold, raw Tr. Ozs. Pissava short tons Rubber, short tons Other products Total

1943 Quantity Value US Dollars 33,901 896,485.00 1,266 78,335.00 16,614 9,171,537.00 579.00 $10,138,96.00

1944 Quantity Value US Dollars 23,569 710,135.00 996 69,334.00 14,727 6,525,220.00 14,783 7,319,772.00

Imports There has been a considerable increase in the total value of imports, with the United States remaining the principal source of supply. Aside from the occasional shortage of various articles which has necessitated rationing, especially of foodstuff, the Capital City and adjacent territories have fared much better than some of the other coastal regions. Ships have called at four ports only: Monrovia, Marshall, Robertsport and Harper; and with coastal transport confined to surf boats for the most part the problem supplies for the other ports has been very difficult. The following is a Table of Imports by Country for the year ending August 31st, 1944: Country 1944 Belgium 10,625.00 British West Africa (including S. Africa) 76,533.00 Canada 47.00 France including colonies 2,756.00 Japan -Netherlands (Incl. N.W. Indies) 8,408.00 South America 17,352.00 United Kingdom 297,822.00 United States of America 3,371,976.00 Other Countries 30,090.00 Total $3,815,609.00

1943 -17,294.00 2,404.00 1,520.00 -1,612.00 394,838.00 2,648,953.00 2,644.00 3,069,265.00

During the period under review, exports were valued at 40,138,936 as compared with imports of 6,323,327. As rubber comprises about 90% of the value of exports, the favorable balance of trade is expected continue until the rubber plantations reach their maximum output. Having already reported on the result of the 15% sur tax there is nothing else to be added. Another financial legislation passed at your last Session was the Gold Monopoly Act. Negotiating a contract with the Bank of Monrovia, Inc., to act, as Agent for Government in

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this respect, together with the time required to secure returns from the sale of exported gold, no revenues have yet been reported up to the 30th of September last. These will be forthcoming. The revenues arising from these two Acts will be available for the Centenary, roads and other emergencies. But it is not intended that they be used for the normal operations of Government under the regular budget. Statistics show that only about one-tenth of Real Estate Taxes are collected and should receive special attention of Government. Economic Conditions The failure of Liberian products to find a market has still caused disturbing repercussions on the economic life of the country. An American Company holding a contract for the exportation to the United States of America of Liberian oil products and timber has up to the present exported nothing. Plantation rubber exportation, as previously shown, has continued at on accelerated pace but as most of these came from foreign owned plantations, they have not directly affected the domestic economy of the country, The principal sources of money income of the country are presently: gold mining and rubber plantations payrolls. This is too narrow a base on which to build a sound national economy. Aside from reestablishing the export trade in raw products, such as coffee, palm oil products and cocoa, the economy of the country would profit by greater production of fruits, vegetables, meats and rice. Steps have been already taken for an agricultural survey; and it is hoped that, as a result of this survey, an impetus will be given to agricultural production. There are other plans under consideration for the improvement of industry and agriculture, but it is too early yet to forecast their results. The National Debt Bonded Debt: All payments on the Bonded Debt due in the period were made at maturity; the following is the data thereof: Total as of January 1, 1944.4 41,193,000.00 Reduction 54,000.00 Total as of September 1, 1944 1,139,000.00 Floating Debt: Total as of January Reduction Total as of September 1, 1944

74,666.70 20,016.67 54,650.03.

The Loan Agreement The last Supplemental Agreement is due to expire on December 31st ensuing; and there being such a numerous lot of Supplemental Agreements which were transitory in respect of the Basic Loan Agreement of 1926, it became increasingly difficult to determine, with any degree of certainty, what the agreement was or would be at the date of the expiry of the latest Supplement. The Secretary of the Treasury was therefore charged by me, when on his Mission to the Monetary Conference in the United States of America, to approach, discuss and negotiate with the Finance Corporation of New York, U.S.A. a permanent revision of the Agreement. As a result of those negotiations, agreement has been reached for the Permanent revision thereof, the major changes being:

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1. Reduction of the rate of interest from 7% to 4% for a period of five years and thereafter for residue of the life of the Loan to 5%. 2. Availability of 85% of the total revenues annually for appropriation in the Basic Budget where the total revenue collections are $850,000 or more and not One Million Dollars. 3. Where the annual revenues in any year or years are $1,000,000.00 or more, 90% shall be available for appropriation in the Basic Budget. 4. The permanent amendment of Article IX of the Loan Agreement of 1926 by permanently reducing the number of Fiscal Officers from 5 to 3. There are other minor revisions agreed upon between the Finance Corporation and the Executive Government; the text of which will be communicated to you later for appropriate action. It appears to me as just and reasonable that persons engaged in gainful enterprises should pay in return something for the privileges and benefits which they enjoy. I am therefore recommending the levying of a mercantile Profits Tax on all merchants – Liberians and Foreigners. There is no statute authorizing or creating the Bureau of Mines; as this is an important Bureau, I recommend the passage of an Act legalizing it and defining the duties of its Chief Department of Justice The Attorney General in his annua1 report suggests that our Constitution needs revision as the present one in many respects does not state or represent our national aims and ideals; nor can it be the principal guide for our immediate present and future. Whilst not agreeing entirely with the Honourable the Attorney General, I do agree that certain revisions are necessary, and would recommend that you authorize the setting up of a Constitution Revision Board to carefully study the Constitution and. recommend what amendments are necessary. In virtue of an Opinion handed down by the Honourable Supreme Court in the case A.J.E. Sawyer, Appellant, versus Republic, Appellee; Crime: Embezzlement, where the majority of the court held that the Statute relating to change of venue in criminal cases was mandatory, the Attorney General is recommending the Act should be so amended as to allow a change of venue in criminal cases as a matter of right, only where the penalty for the crime charged is death or life imprisonment. I have to point out to you the necessity for some action to make our criminal law more effective, and the Attorney General calls attention to this in his report also. I ask that you give favourable attention to what he observes in this regard. Centuries ago, it was especially needful to throw every safeguard around the accused. The danger then was less he should be wronged by the State. The danger now seems to be just the reverse. Our laws and customs tell immensely in favour of the criminal against the interest of the public which he has wronged. The Antiquated and outworn rules which once safeguarded the threatened right of the citizens, now normally work to harm the general body politic. The delays of the criminal law, no less than that of the civil, now amounts to a great evil. In a previous part of this Message, I called attention to the failure in the collection of Real Estate Taxes, the Financial Adviser in his report refers to this tax also, and the Attorney General thinks that the failure in collection is due to the rather intricate and involved provision of the law as to methods of assessment and collection. I suggest that you give consideration to this and arrange a simpler manner of enforcing collection.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 1, 1944

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Our Ejectment Statute for the possession and protection of real property is adequate for all the purposes of its objectives; for under this statute, a landlord may not evict a defaulting tenant without recourse to a long-drawn-out action of law by ejectment. It is therefore recommended that you make provisions by law for the more easy and speedy eviction of tenants at will, at sufferance or otherwise. The Attorney General gives an exhaustive exposition on the necessity, power and objectives of the Police in his Report and submits certain recommendations for the revision of the same, which I ask for your favourable consideration. The Executive Government has undertaken a programme of reforming by tackling the chief obstacle; that is, by making available two scholarships for training in Detective and Modern Police System. Post Office Department This Department has engaged itself interestingly. Hundreds of Dead Letters fifteen to twenty years old, lying in the Department have been distributed; a long standing claim of $1,760,99 due the Money Order Account of the United States has been fully paid off and the mail service by ship and air continues. When our postal laws were enacted the airplane was not flying or known; hence at that time no provisions were made in the law to govern air traffic; it now becomes necessary to provide for the control of air traffic by appropriate legislation. The postmaster General reports that thousands of pieces of stamps are in the Bank of Monrovia, Inc. and with the Philatelic Agency, New York; yet annually, new issues of stamps in large quantities are being printed. This will be discontinued. The Radio Station at Sinoe was outfitted with radio apparatus and sent its first message through the air on February 28th of this year and was opened to the public for service. Due to war restrictions: many radio orders for equipment have been curtailed; thereby rendering it difficult to maintain the standard of efficiency in the Service that was hoped for. At certain period during the year, conditions became so bad that it was feared traffic would be impossible but with the ingenuity of the Superintendent and the Assistant Superintendent, parts were improvised, and in some instances, actually made, for the various types of machines in operation throughout the country The Postmaster General will submit an interesting and ambitious communication programme, and I solicit your favourable consideration of it within the bounds of our resources. Department of War The Secretary of War reports that the condition of the Militia has greatly improved in the nine months just past. The strength thereof, he continues, is still maintained at two Brigades of Militia Infantry and one battalion of the Liberian Frontier Force. The Second class of the Officers Training School was opened on January 15th last and closed on April15th of the same year. Thirty-four graduates were commissioned as 2nd Lieutenants. Theirs were three month of intensive training under the tutelage of Lt. Colonel H.H. Pell, U.S. Army and his Staff of other commissioned and noncommissioned officers, to whom we are thankful. The Liberian Frontier Force was this year increased to over 1,000 men and training of enlisted men has begun. First Lieutenant Ferentchak of the United States Army has been assigned to duty at the Training Center in a consultative and advisory capacity. Captain Alford C. Russ of the Liberian Frontier Force is in charge of the training. The Secretary of War will lay before you certain recommendations, some of which I would be pleased were you to give favourable consideration.

1000 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The control of the Frontier Force in Hinterland areas is one of the problems that has confronted every administration that has followed the organization of this Force, and a special Departmental Order, intended to afford better control and discipline of these men, was issued and circularized throughout the interior so that Commissioners and Chiefs and people residing there would know the limits of the authority of the officers and men of the Liberian Frontier Force. Further, the Order is an appeal to the sense of honour of the officers of the Force, who have been specially trained by United States Army Officers, to exercise better control over their men If the selection of a more intelligent class of persons as officers and training would effect better results as is generally thought we may look forward with hope for improvement in the Liberian Frontier Force, Interior Department Under the title “The Place”, I have more or less notified you of the programme which we intend to pursue with reference to Home Affairs, which includes the Interior Administration. Upon taking over the affairs of State as its Chief Executive, I advanced to you the Policy which we proposed pursuing at home. In pursuance of that policy, I proceeded to select what I considered to be the men in my judgment suited to execute the programme. I insisted upon giving them a living wage so that without compunction and with every degree of propriety, rigid disciplinary action might be taken against them in case of malfeasance, misfeasance or non-feasance. With the Provincial Commissioners available, there is less opportunity for protracted mal-treatment and exploitation; for these Interior Officials are kept continuously on inspectorial tours through the different Provinces, investigating-the administrative conduct of the Commissioners; and in cases where complaints are received from any area, not at the time under inspection, one of these officials is immediately dispatched to investigate the same. The imposition of fines and forfeitures by Commissioners for their personal aggrandizement was a complaint very prevalent heretofore. Endeavoring to cope with this situation, a Departmental Circular was issued by the Secretary of the Interior with my approval, forbidding any Interior Official imposing a fine to collect and receive payment thereof but that all fines imposed shall be notified to the nearest Revenue Office and payment made thereat by the payee in exchange for an official receipt issued by that Revenue Official. There is a new technique in vogue and by some of the Chiefs themselves. If a fine is imposed of say $10.00 on a Paramount Chief, he assessed each Clan Chief to pay a sum sufficiently large to raise $20.00 to $25.00. The Clan Chief imposes a sum sufficiently large on each town to yield him a 100% assessment made by the Paramount Chief; and when total collection is made to liquidate the $10.00 fine imposed, the tribesmen have paid about $80.00 to $100.00. $10.00 is paid into the Revenues. The Paramount Chief receives $10.00 to $15.00; the Clan Chief about the same sum and the Town chiefs their emolument; thus some of the Chiefs seek an occasion to be fined as a means of exploiting their tribesmen for their personal gain. A matter of this nature was reported to me, and desiring to ascertain if there could be any magnitude in such allegations, I instituted an investigation, heard the case personally and found it to be true. Appropriate punishment was inflicted and the Chief deposed. Interior Officials were notified to indulge in the imposition of fines only in rare cases, and when imposed, to investigate the apportionment of assessments made by the Chiefs with a view to preventing this kind of speculation; and in case of certain kinds of offenses, not to allow any assessment to be made by the Chiefs on their tribesmen, for payment of fines imposed on them.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 1, 1944 1001

The Provincial Commissioners not having concluded the inspections and investigations on their present inspectorial assignments, I am unable to report exactly on existing conditions, and, in any case, it is too early to be able to decide whether or not there is any real improvement in the Hinterland administration. But I wish to assure that there will and must be marked improvement in the not too distant future. I regret that because of pressures of official business, that of forming a new government, war conditions and the rapidity with which events and despatches have been coming in, I have been unable, in these first nine months of the administration, to make a personal tour of the hinterland or any appreciable portion of it. This will be undertaken during the course of next year; after which I hope to be able to make a just and fair appraisal of our efforts to improve the hinterland administration The Secretary of the Interior is making certain recommendations with reference to the Bureaus of Agriculture and Labour, which I recommend for your favourable consideration. I also recommend and ask your favourable consideration of an amendment to the Constitution to provide for a representative from each of the Provinces of the Hinterland, to membership in the House of Representatives of the National Legislature, to be submitted to Referendum after its passage in both Houses by two-thirds vote. Department of Public Instruction Education of the masses of our people cannot be too strongly emphasized and while you have increased the appropriation for education this year to facilitate operation of the new educational programme introduced, the granting of scholarships to students for specialist training abroad, the importation of text books for our schools and the granting of subsidies to Missions and other Schools to assist them in their appropriations, it has not reflected any general improvement in the inadequate remuneration allowed to teachers, nor occasioned any appreciable expansion. The Department of Public Instruction, after making a qualitative selection of approved textbooks for elementary and high school work, placed an order in the United States for these books estimated at a cost of approximately $13,000.00. Heads of Missions and other benevolent institutions operating in Liberia were granted permission to send their own indent for books, if desired so long as such text books conformed to those authorized by the Department of Public Instruction. This, however, does not debar foreign educational workers here from purchasing books ordered by Government where it is possible to supply them. It is believed that their supply of books as ordered will satisfy the needs of public and other schools as far as possible. Proceeds realized from the sale are intended to form a nucleus of funds for the annual importation of books and so forth; also as a supplement to the annual appropriation that will be made by Government for this purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that an increase in appropriation for education should be provided this year. Mission Schools The Secretary of Public Instruction, in his first Annul Report, expresses the conviction that a survey of work which is being done by these-schools shows real helpful service to the educational work, which is primarily Governments responsibility; and records his esteem for the fine spirit shown by most of them, evidenced by their willingness to fully cooperate with Government in the task of Christian civilization, and the education of the people of countries not their own. This opinion of the Secretary of Public Instruction I fully endorse; even though possibly, one out of a hundred missionaries takes a notion once in a decade to write a book like "Top Hats and Tom Toms".

1002 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Private Schools Here the Secretary of Public Instruction observes that he finds a very few of this type of schools operating in Liberia and, to be generous, he reserves the cause of the sparseness of group and individual interest, in investing a part of their accumulative wealth toward assisting in carrying the burden of general education, even after the weight is made lighter by foreign benevolent assistance. The Secretary, in concluding his report, appeals in the interest of Liberians educational work, to Liberians who have more than they need, and I would add, to all Liberians whether they have more or less than they need, to make a safe investment in the work of education by creating and supporting private schools in the hinterland, and to assist Government in prosecuting its educational plan. As a supplemental educational programme is contemplated in the Peace Aims hereinbefore mentioned and since the report of the Secretary of Public Instruction, which is comprehensive in its character, will be transmitted to you by him, I can only ask for your favourable consideration of the progressive recommendations therein contained. Foreign Scholarships Foreign Scholarships have been awarded four young men who showed aptitude for higher studies in technical training abroad, answering Government’s need. Liberia College This Institution is supported by public funds and is .the only college in the educational system of the Republic. The old system of official management is lodged with a Board of Trustees largely constituted in the old days of politicians expressly provided for by the statute of incorporation. Because of the progressive features contemplated, it would seem more advantageous and desirable in the interest and welfare of the college that the Act of Incorporation be revised. Dr. T. Ebenezer Ward, President of Liberia College, is presently in the United States seeking first hand information of approved modern methods of college management, under Government commission. The Judiciary The Honourable Supreme Court, notwithstanding the inconveniences and uncertainty of travel, has regularly held its respective Sessions during the year. The Chief and Associate Justices have been in full attendance at each of these Sessions, and the volume of business transacted by them has been creditable and marked for juridical erudition. This Court enjoys the full confidence and esteem of the Government and people. In his address delivered at the opening of the April Term of the Supreme Court His Honour the Chief Justice, speaking for himself and his colleagues of the Third Branch of Government, pronounced their approval of, and agreement with, the Legislative and Executive Branches of Government in the Declaration of War against Germany and Japan. The Circuit Courts have not been so fortunate, due to the protracted interruption of aeroplane service and the absence of any marine transport system. Two terms each of the Circuit Courts for the 2nd and 4th Judicial Circuits and one for the 5th Judicial Circuit, could not be held because the Judge assigned to those respective circuits could not reach the Counties. The newly established Circuit Court of the 6th Judicial Circuit which was authorized by legislation passed during your last session, convened in its first regular session on the 2nd Monday in June of the current year; but no business was transacted, due largely to what

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would seem to be a misconception on the part of the newly appointed Judge of the object and purpose of this Court. From reports coming in, it would appear that the whole Session resolved itself into an unseeming wrangle between the Judge and the members of the Bar on the question: What was the extent and what was the limitation of his jurisdiction? The question was ultimately settled in the Supreme Court by the Justice presiding in Chambers but before the matter could be carried up thither, the new Judge had adjourned the term before the legal effluxion of time and without having done any business whatever. Bureau of Public Health & Sanitation The Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation was increased this year in personnel and in its operation. Appropriations were made for a number of medical officers throughout the country. Dr. S. E. McCarey was assigned to Monrovia with special duties in the City of Monrovia. The Sanitary Inspectors in Monrovia were placed directly under his direction and supervision. Dr. J. A. Dingwall was assigned to the County of Grand Bassa, Dr. Allen Berne to Maryland County, and Dr. Luke Anthony to the Liberian Frontier Force. The Director of Public Health and Sanitation called attention to the deplorable and unsanitary condition of the streets of the City of Monrovia, which was communicated to the Commonwealth District. The Commissioner of the Commonwealth District alleged inadequate appropriation to be the chief handicap. A conference was called at the Executive Mansion, and the responsibility for cleaning the streets and vacant lots was transferred to the Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation. Considerable improvement in this connection has been effected since then. The Director of Public Health and Sanitation suggests the need for a general topographical survey of the Capital City in order to install an adequate drainage system, and the Sanitary Engineer has been asked to cooperate with the Bureau of Public Works in ameliorating the unhealthy conditions existing on Water Street, He has also been asked to make a study and prepare a plan for the drainage of the swamp leading to the Convent Grounds, South Beach. Water Supply: Two schemes have been under consideration to supply Monrovia with water. Due to war conditions the more elaborate one had to be postponed, and the other is under study. It is hoped that, if not by the end of this year then during next year, some public fountains will be installed and made available for public use in this City. Registration of Births & Deaths: The report of the Director of Public Health and Sanitation reveals an excess in the death rate over the birth rate, The total number of deaths for the first 9 months of this year is 221; 73 male and 71 female adults;. 43 male children and 34 female children. This unhappy situation is receiving the careful study of the Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation. No reports have been received this year from the Counties, Districts and Territory outside of Monrovia. A Medical Officer of Health with a supply of medicines was sent to Sinoe County to open a clinic for the poor. This County is without a medical practitioner. Vaccinations: From various sections of the country there have been reports of the outbreak of smallpox epidemic. In each case efforts were made to examine the victims, who were invariably found to be suffering from chicken-pox rather than small-pox, and the Bureau has in each case taken the precaution of vaccinating these areas against small-pox infections. In the Gissi Chiefdom of the Western Province near the British boundary, a few cases of small-

1004 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 pox have been diagnosed. Through the courtesy of the Medical Authorities at Freetown, Sierra Leone, vaccine was supplied to Doctor Veatch, the Medical Officer of Health in this area, who carried out a small-pox vaccination campaign, Grand Cape Mount County and the Massateen Station: Up to the present the Sanitary Bureau has been unable to secure a qualified physician to be appointed Medical Officer of Health for this County. Recently a qualified physician arrived in the County for Saint Timothy’s Hospital of the Episcopal Mission. He has been requested by the Director of Public Health and Sanitation to accept the assignment of Medical Officer of Health for Grand Cape Mount County as of October 10 1944. Interior Stations: A Sanitary Inspector has been assigned to Sanniquellie District; a dressing station has been opened and is functioning in the Tappita District; a Sanitary Inspector has been assigned to Kolahun District and one to the Gbarnga District, Liberian Governnent Hospital: In order to relieve the Director of Public Health and Sanitation from the detailed management of Hospital, Dr. F. Conte has been appointed Superintendent of the Hospital. Dr. Titus is in charge of the Clinic for the Poor. For the period under review, 418 patients have been hospitalized; 30 of whom died. The prevalent diseased indicated according to the Physician’s report, show the rates in the following percentages: Malaria Bronchitis Wounds Pneumonia Hydrocele Helminthiasis

13% 8% 8% 3% 3% 3%

Clinic for the Poor: The report of the Physician in charge of the Clinic for the Poor gives the following statistics: New patients Dressings Old patients

1,006 8,567 5,464

Maternity Clinic: The statistics submitted reported 128 expectant mothers having attended the Clinic. The number of births is 44 males and 38 females. Six Premature births are recorded, and there are still in attendance at the Clinic 40 mothers who have not yet delivered. Bureau of Public Works: The Superintendent of Public Works, Mr. Joseph F, Walker, left the country on leave for the United States in May of this year and Mr. Thos. E. Buchanan succeeded him as Acting Superintendent. The operation of this Bureau has proceeded regularly, and some improvement is to be observed. I directed the Superintendent to undertake the building of a road from Owensgrove to Grand Bassa County, and to re-condition the road from Millsburg to Suehn. Both of these projects are reported to be proceeding at a spectacular pace.

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The Salala-Sanniquellie road which is to be built by the U.S. Army Engineers was commenced earlier in the year and proceeded with surprising speed, but on account of the heavy rains work had to be suspended; it is to be resumed shortly. The bridge to span the St, John River is reported to have already arrived in the country, Bureau of Civil Service: The Bureau has functioned efficiently during the year. Its Chief stands stringently by the law governing this Bureau. In his report submitted, he makes certain recommendations which to the mind of the Executive will afford greater efficiency in the Civil Service System of the country. I therefore ask for your favourable consideration of them. The Centenary: In consonance with the Act approved January29, 1944, 1 have set up a Centennial Commission composed of the following gentlemen; Dr. G. W. Gibson Mr. Emmett Harmon

Chairman Secretary

Executive Committee Hon. C.A. Cassell Hon; Dixon B. Brown Hon. Abayomi Karnga Hon; Nete-Sie Brownell Hon; Chas E. Cooper Hon. T.E. Cess-Pelham Dr. D.R. Horton Mr. I.A. Marvey Mr. W.S. Murdoch Mr. M.B. Salami Mr. J.A. Benson (deceased) Advisory Committee Hon. P.F. Simpson Hon. R.A. Sherman Hon. C.B. Reeves Hon. D. Twe Hon. E.A. Monger Hon H.J.R. Cooper Hon. A.S. Nebo Hon. H.R. Cooper Hon. M.R. Vampelt Prof. Cyril Henry Dr. T.E. Ward Mr. Roland Dempster Mr. Oscar Norman Mr. B.T. Moore Mr. Ross E. Wilson Mr. Hentri Arrivets Mr. D. Van Ee Mr. A.N. Yunis Much enthusiasm has characterized their activities.

1006 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Plan for the celebration of the Centenary has been projected and will be communicated to you for approval. The Plan is a very elaborate one and will require large expenditures and a long period of time to fully execute and operate the scheme. The financial involvements appear to be less impracticable than the time element; however, it is our duty to go after it with might and main and complete as much as possible against the Centenary, and what remains of it we shall pursue to completion thereafter. The Executive Committee designated the last Independence Day as Centennial Week throughout the country, and the people responded very well. More than $5,000.00 has been reported, and reports from some sections of the country have not yet been received but are expected within a short period hereafter. I suggest the levying of a Centennial Tax of One Dollar per Capita on all inhabitants of the country annually for the years 1945, 1946 and 1949; and that you will by legislation authorize the extending of invitations to all Governments with whom we are in friendly relations to participate in the celebration. Necology: That which is appointed unto all men has within the past nine months of this year come Unto the following public servants: The Honourable H. R. Wellington-Diggs, Member, House of Representatives of the National Legislature, Grand Bassa County; one of the leading parliamentarians of the Nation, a man of rare legislative talent, eloquence and forensic force; The Honourable T. Elwood Davis, Superintendent, Grand Cape Mount County & Senior Aide-de-Camp to former President Barclay; a man of restless energies, soldierly bearing and of unique administrative ability; The Honourable Joseph O Minor, Stipendiary Magistrate, Sinoe County, and former Member of the House of Representatives, Sinoe County; a man of poise and quiet determination; Mr. L.L. Montgomery, District Commissioner, Juarzohn District, Eastern Province, who went away in the flower of his youth with prospects for greater usefulness looming before him. Doctor R. M. Sisusa, Medical Officer of Health, Gbarnga, who died 17 days after he had arrived at his post of duty; Paramount Chief Gbadee Jtdu, Juarzohn-Sikon Chiefdom, District No. 3, Eastern Province; Paramount Chief Korkoli, of Bokomu Chiefdom, District No. 1, Western Province; Paramount Chief Jarba, of Suehn Chiefdom, County Jursdiction, Maryland County; Paramount Chief Toppou of Gbywen Chiefdom, Kru Coast District, County Jurisdiction, Maryland County; Paramount Chief Bywreah, of Big Fishtown, County Jurisdiction, Maryland County; men of admirable, intuitive genius and patriotic zeal. The enemy of our commonality has not left untouched by the scythe in his destructive hand the Chief Executive, for on July 14th, when all seemed well, he struck with sudden and relentless might against his family circle, and took away his mainstay and comforter, created a vacant chair and left him all alone. It was as it were, two grinders grinding in the field – the one was taken away and the other left. “Departed one, thou art crucified upon my heart; and the nails that pierced thy hands pierced the walls of my heart. And tomorrow when a stranger passes by this Golgotha; he will not know that two bled here.

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We will deem it the blood of one person.” Finally on this eve of our National Thanksgiving, let us give thanks and praise to our Adorable Creator for mercies vouchsafed unto us and for His protection and for the successes that are attending the Armies, Air Forces and Navies of the United Nations – our Allies -for whom we have prayed fervently and incessantly; for its bounteous goodness in food, raiment and deliverance from the destructions of war. Let us unite in our resolve to give ourselves, our lives, our intellect and all for the maintenance, perpetuity and development of our common heritage. Under the solemnity of these convictions and resolutions, the blessings of Almighty God are earnestly invoked to attend upon your deliberations and upon all the counsels and acts of Government, to the end that we may approach all matters of State objectively; and with common zeal and common effort we may in humble submission to the Divine Will, cooperate for the supreme good of the Republic of Liberia. William V. S. Tubman President of Liberia Executive Mansion Monrovia November 1, 1944

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 Gentlemen: Your assemblage as representatives of the people in both Houses of the Legislature at this time occurs under circumstances calling for the accelerated homage of our grateful acknowledgment to the Great Arbiter of human events and of the destiny and fate of men and of nations. In the survey of our Country we have generally to observe improved conditions of health and increased production. In our civil and political relations we now have peace without and tranquility within our borders. Foreign Relations Our intercourse with Sovereign States with whom we are in treaty relationship has been cordial and harmonious; while those States that had interrupted the peace of the world and had fallen. In the words of the late British Prime Minister, Mr. Chamberlain, “was a wild beast that had sprung from his lair,” those nations with Whom we had broken diplomatic relationship and upon whom, by your Joint Resolution, we had declared war -- the Third German Reich and the Empire of Japan -- have been absolutely subdued in the field, in the air, on the sea and under it. They have collapsed and fallen, and very great and disgraceful have been their collapse and fall. The present year brought in with it definite indications of triumph for the United Nations over the Axis Powers and over Totalitarianism; in consequence of which, the Yalta Conference was convoked for the purpose of arranging plans strategic and tactical between the United States, Great Britain and Russia to be employed on the military, political and economic fronts of the war. Before this time, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference between the three major Allies had met and formulated Dumbarton Oaks Proposals. At the Yalta Conference it was decided that a General Assemblage of the United Nations would convene in San Francisco, California, on the 25th of April to consider the organization of a structure for peace and security after the war had been won. A peace that Hitler would not be present

1008 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 to dictate its terms; a peace that would come when Germany was self-conquered by exhaustion or compelled to yield unconditionally to superior force; a peace that would be dictated to Germany. This great and historic Conference convened as scheduled. Its purport and work are treated elsewhere herein; but there were two very significant incidents that attended the meeting and session of that Conference which I think are worthy of mention here. The first was a tragedy antecedent to its meeting, when on the 12th of April, thirteen days prior to its opening, illustrious and dynamic President Roosevelt of the United States, who had played such a leading role in planning the successful prosecution of the war, the peace and the conference itself, was suddenly taken away from this mortal sphere. The second was a triumph, when, while the conference was sitting, and representatives of all of the United Nations were assembled together engaged in working out a plan for the future peace and security of the world, the armies of the Western Allies met with those of their Eastern Ally deep inside Germany. The mighty defense zones built up by the Germans around then, together with their gigantic military machine and impregnable defenses and armies had all been miserably shivered and shattered; their disillusioned national partisans were at this time brought face to face with the stern and grim reality of fallacy of the unsavory doctrine of Germanic superiority of world conquest which their leaders had inculcated in them. The dye had been cast and all had been lost to them. The dissolution of the Nazi Party was at hand; most of the top ranking men of the regime committed suicide or disappeared mysteriously. The German submarine Act of World War 1, Admiral Doenitz, assumed power and offered to surrender to the American and British Forces; but they, faithful to their commitments to their Russian Ally, refused the offer. With no alternative, their armies, air forces and resources destroyed and exhausted, Admiral Doenitz finally proposed surrender to the combined Allied Command. His plenipotentiaries met the Supreme Allied Command in the West and on the 7th day of May at Reims, General Eisenhower's Headquarters, they were accepted and signed terms of unconditional surrender. Thus became preterit the meteoric and crowded career of an orgulous and inordinately ambitious national Ideology and frame of Partisan Government, created by force, coercion and domination; built upon those principles; upon them it lived, moved, exerted and exercised its authority and by them met also its fate, felt its ruin and is paying the Price. But with the war in Europe ended it did not mean that the spirit of aggression that had manifested itself on different parts of this globe had been overcome, for was still remaining another known factor that had allied itself against the fundamental principles, of Freedom, allied itself with the aggressors and thus becoming a part of them and was waging unprecedented and lawless warfare against democratic states. Japan, that had vilely followed in the wake of her European Partners and flung her battle lines all along the Pacific and the archipelago, at such a rate and with such speed, when resistance against it seemed impossible, was also, with the incoming year beginning to lose momentum and was being forced to recede until Iwo Jima and Okinawa were captured by the forces of the United States, also other Islands nearer and nearer the Japanese mainland. At the same time the British were advancing deeper and deeper into Burma driving back the Japanese Cities and towns in China were also being liberated. The Potsdam Conference convened. After its adjournment, Russia declared war on Japan and marched into Manchuria. Then was revealed the discovery and development of a new, destructive and deadly weapon, the Atomic Bomb. Following the use of this new device for the first time on Hiroshima, a Japanese city on the Inland Sea, President Truman of the United States warned the Japanese people to surrender; and announced to the world

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1009

the destructive power of this new weapon of warfare in which had been marshalled atomic energy harnessed into a bomb. Scientists describe the Atomic Bomb as being capable of wiping off the face of the earth all living animals and vegetation. President Truman further revealed that a Jewish Scientist, who had been living in and who had been deported from Germany together with other scientists of different nationalities, had been carrying on research work in the scientific field for breaking up the atom. The investigations were then being carried on in England, but because of the nearness of England to bombing range of the Luftwaffe and the tremendous sums of money involved procuring laboratory and scientific equipment, as well for procuring uranium, one of the principal elements needed for making the bomb, both the late President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill had agreed for the study and laboratory work to be set up and carried on in the United States of America. Photographs reporting the devastating effects of the Atomic Bomb wrought on Hiroshima, estimated, that about 60% of the City of some hundred thousand inhabitants and an area of about 4l square miles were destroyed and laid waste; that not a single building within this radius remained standing and that no sign of vegetation was left. In these appalling and fateful circumstances, the Japanese Premier called an extraordinary session of the Diet convoked by the Emperor and finally despatched, through the Swiss Government for submission to the Allies, an offer to surrender in keeping with the Potsdam surrender terms, making certain reservations with reference to the Emperor and his safety. The surrender offer of the Japanese was accepted and on the 1st day of September,1945, formal surrender terms were signed by Plenipotentiaries of Japan for the Japanese Empire, and by General MacArthur on behalf of the Allies. This took place in Tokyo Bay aboard the U.S.S. "Missouri", flagship of Admiral Halsey of the United States Navy, and occupation forces marched into oriental Japan, including its capital, Tokyo. And so the "Rising Sun" of the Far East with the “Man God” as its Mikado sitting upon his throne, went into eclipse, a total eclipse overshadowing the land; an eclipse brought on by national avarice and lust for power, and that doess not admit of re-integration until the national mind and conscience of the Japanese people, like that of Germans, have undergone a complete change. Your patriotism, farsighted statesmanship, courage and cooperation with the Executive Government on that decisive and eventful 26th of January, 1944, twenty three days after we took office, when we appeared before you in Joint Session and read to you our Special Message on the provocative attitude of Germany toward our County and its neutrality, evidenced by the sinking of ships within our territorial waters; the sinking of ships by German Submarines without warning and in deliberate contravention of International Law, whereby large numbers of Liberian Citizens lost their lives, these constituting overt acts committed by the German Reich against the Republic of Liberia in particular; besides the most subtle, notorious and unprecedented manner in which both Germany and Japan were waging war on peaceful nations in Europe, Asia, America and Africa without conforming to any of the formalities precedent to a Declaration of War, and had placed themselves on record as standing for and upholding force and military might as against right; how they had ignored and repudiated with impunity the obligations of solemn international engagements; that they were denying neutrals the rights to navigate the high seas; that they were devastating and reducing to ruin all nations, great and small, over which their military power was capable of giving predominance and consistently disregarding all accepted rules of warfare; and the Executive Government in view of these terrible conditions created in the

1010 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 world by Nazi Germany and Japan, have felt it obligatory, in the interests of our own national existence and life to request you to authorize a Formal Declaration of War to be made between this Government on the one hand and the Governments of Germany and Japan on the other. You, in the interest of international right and justice and recognizing the duty which this State owes to civilization and the maintenance of public right and morality notwithstanding your general knowledge as well as our own, that there were enemy submarines lurking and operating along our coast line and even within our coastal waters; and that our coastal cities and towns were practically undefended, honorably and heroically to the demand of the time which I still think was psychological and noble, and, then passed your declaration the following day, it being the 27th day of January, memorable joint resolution authorizing such a war, while the issues involved in the desperate conflict then raging and recently ending in the overthrow of the enemy was uncertain and still swinging in the balances; thereby staking all in Freedom’s cause and for humanity’s sake, have placed this nation in a position not to be considered last minute friends of those nations that took up the challenge of the Dictator nations and who stood up, fought for and conquered in the interest of universal freedom and justice. The Enemy Property Liquidation Commission The Enemy Property Liquidation Commission that was set up after our declaration of war, as reported to you at your last session, has functioned regularly during the year. They have given notice that they hope soon to make and file their final report. With the termination of the war, we have set up a Claims and Reparation Commission composed of the following gentlemen: Honourable C. T. O., King, Chairman Honourable D. Twe Honourable R. S. S. Bright. Their terms of reference have been handed to them by, and a copy will be laid before you. The United States of America Upon the adjournment of the Crimea Conference His Excellency Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Secretary of State of the United States, on his way to a conference of the inter American States in Mexico City, and who had accompanied President Roosevelt to the Crimea Conference, notified our Department of State through the American Legation that he intended landing in Liberia enroute Mexico City. Acknowledgment of this information was made to the American Charge d’Affaires, a.i. and he was Informed that the Government of Liberia would warmly welcome this visit and would be pleased to accord this distinguished personage its official courtesy and further extended him an invitation to visit Monrovia. On the 16th of February of the present year this eminent citizen and official of the Government of the United States arrived at Robertsfield with the members of his party, Mr. H. Freeman Matthews Mr. Alger Hiss, Mr. Wilder Foote, Majors Terence L. Tyson and William Richmond, Aides to the secretary, and Major John E. Vance, United States General Staff. The Secretary and Assistant Secretary of State received Mr. Stettinius when he alighted on Robertsfield from B-29 passenger plane; and after interchange of due courtesy proceeded to Monrovia and was received by us in the parlours of the Executive Mansion and introduced to the Vice President, members of the Cabinet, members of the Legislature at the time in the city, the Chief Justice and other high civil and military officials and distinguished Liberian citizens who had been invited by us to meet this great visitor.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1011

At this reception Secretary Stettinius made a release on the results of the Crimea Conference, and stated that it was the first release that had been made of the work undertaken at the Conference. He also brought greetings and good wishes from the President of the United States of America. Secretary Stettinius and party and the Invited guests were entertained at dinner at the Mansion after which Excellency and party, accompanied by our Secretary and Assistant Secretary of State, took leave to Robertsfield and left Liberia for Mexico City. This visit of the Secretary of State of the United States the Government and people of Liberia welcome and appreciate as another signal gesture of the traditional and genuine friendship that has characterized our two countries for almost a century, and as a further expression of the growing interest of that Great Nation in this nation’s progress and wellbeing. His Excellency Lester A. Walton, Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary of the United States of America, accredited to this Government for the period of almost eleven years, who was at your last session home in the United States of America for consultation, returned to his post of duty in this country on February 22nd, 1945. During his absence, as reported to you in our first Annual Message, Mr. Felix Cole, who had been granted provisional recognition as First Secretary of the Legation and Consul General at this Capital by the request of his government, after about six months residence left for the United States. It was indeed a pleasure to have Minister Walton back and to note no change in his usual enthusiasm in maintaining the closest possible friendly relationship and understanding between his and our Governments. Mr. Charles H. Timberlake, a Foreign Service Officer directly from the State Department at Washington, with his desk in the Section for the Bureau concerned with Liberian affairs arrived in Monrovia during the early part of this year, and returned after about two months stay here. Mr. Kenneth H. Meeker of the Foreign Economic Administration of the United States, was another American official to visit this Capital since your last adjournment. Port and Port Works The Basic Agreement of December 31st, 1943, approved by you at your last session provided that a Tripartite Agreement between the Republic of Liberia, the U.S. Navy and a construction Company should be made; in consequence thereof, after some discussions, an American Construction Company, The Raymond concrete Pile Company, was selected and a contract for construction of a Port and Port Works was agreed upon and signed on behalf of the Liberian Government by the Acting Secretary of State on the 2nd day of May, 1945 The Port is now under construction and is to be built at Bushrod Island. This Contract will be laid before you at your present session. In the commencement of construction work it was made known to us that it was necessary to remove the Borough of Krutown that was situated at the Northwestern end of the City of Monrovia. Notice was accordingly given to all of the inhabitants of the Borough of this decision and a new site was selected, laid off and plotted, at Government's expense so as to provide better improved health, and sanitation, and general civic conditions. A commission to evaluate all property located in this area was set up and owners have been paid as far as reports have come in. It is interesting to note that certain newspapers in the city expressed doubts that the Kru people located in the Borough would be compensated for their property. Now that payments are being made no word has come from such Editors stating that they were wrong

1012 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 United States Armed Forces Colonel W.R. Currie, commanding Officer, USAFIL, and Military Adviser to this Government, left Liberia for the United States in June of the present year and was replaced by Colonel W.E. Graham. The road work under the special agreement with the United States Government has progressed satisfactorily. Liberian Consulate General, New York Upon the resignation of the Honorable Walter F. Walker, Consul General, New York, Miss Carolyn V. Johnson, the Vice Consul, who had served in that capacity for a number of years was designated Acting Consul General. On May 15th, Dr. Frederick Adolphus Price was commissioned Consul General, Liberian Consulate General, New York. Dr. Price left Liberia a few days later for his new post of assignment. Miss Carolyn V. Johnson then resigned her post as Vice Consul. A successor has not yet been appointed. Great Britain Mr. John P. Trent, Who had served in the British Legation at Monrovia for more than a year as His Majesty's Charge d’Affaires- ad interim and Acting Consul General notified the Department of State that he was soon leaving his post here and that he would be succeeded by Mr. Edgar Vaughn, O.B.E., and asked, upon instructions of 115-; Government, that provision recognition be accorded Mr. Vaughn as His Britannic General in Liberia Charge d’Affaires and Consul General in Liberia pending receipt of his Credentials and Commission, which was granted. Mr. Vaughn arrived in Monrovia on the 18th of February last, and was received by the Secretary of State, and upon receipt of his Credentials and Commission he was granted an Exequatur. In a despatch to the Department of State, dated June 24 Mr. Vaughn raised a question of the rights of British protected persons in Liberia “Most Favored Nations Treaty Clause”. In his Note he pointed out his Government’s concern at the fact that, unde4r the Liberian Internal Revenue Code of 1937, aliens are assessed twice as much for their professional and trading licenses as are Liberian citizens, and stated further to state that under Article I of the Treaty of 1939 between the United States and Liberia, “United States nationals in Liberia may not be subjected to any internal charges other or higher than those paid by Liberian Nationals”; in virtue of which he claimed the same treatment for nationals of his Government residing in Liberia. He therefore requested on behalf of His Majesty’s Government that “this taxation may be reduced in respect of all British subjects and British protected persons in Liberia to the same level as that collected from Liberian citizens”. The Department of State, by our instructions, replied to the Note of the British Charge D’Affaires, stating that his Government’s contention seemed to be correct in the light of the Treaties in question and the Revenue Code, and that we would recommend to you Honorable Gentlemen an amendment of the Revenue Code so as to have these legal objectionable phrases in reference to the relative Treaties and the Revenue Code removed. The Secretary of State was further instructed to state that the Liberian Government desired to point out, however, that the United States Government who was the other Party to the Treaty with the Liberian Government under which His Britannic Majesty’s Government was seeking to invoke the “most favored Nations Clause”, has not raised any objection to the Revenue Code nor had she sought to take advantage of the benefits under the Treaty of 1939; Consequently British subjects and British protected persons had not been required to pay a higher taxation than American nationals in Liberia, as his Note seemed to suggest.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1013

The British Charge d’Affaires on this point replied that he could not fail to point out that, the fact that United States citizens do not avail themselves of the exemption granted them by the Treaty between the United States and Liberia of 1939, does not detract from the right of His Majesty’s government in the United Kingdom to claim similar exemption; that His Majesty’s Government has always maintained the principle that the “most favored nations Clause” in the Treaties is brought into operation by the grant of any privilege (to which the “most favored Nations Clause” applies) to a third state and does not have to avail the actual exercise of the privilege by the nationals of a third country. He seemed to have overlooked the fact that the Liberian Government’s statement in this respect was intended as a special observation and not as going against the merits of the subject matters. In the circumstances, it is hereby recommended that the Revenue Code of 1937 by amended as to equalize professional and trading licenses as between Liberian citizens and foreign nationals. During the early part of last year the Liberian Government requested the British Government through its legation here to lend to it one of its officials experienced in native administrative affaires to be employed in the service of the Liberian Government, for the purposes of training Liberians to be used in the Interior Administrative Service, coordinating the service as well for a reorganization of out Interior Administration. No reply was received to this request from His Britannic Majesty’s Government up to your last meeting and adjournment. Earlier this year the Department of State was advised of the selection of one Mr. Frank E. Sayers, a Barrister-at-Law, who had served in the Colony of Sierra Leone Interior Service for about twenty years and retired. The Department of State finally informed the British Government that the engagement of Mr. Sayer's service would be laid before the Legislature and request made for approval of his employment. Mr. Sayers visited Liberia subsequently in his private capacity and he appears to be an interesting person. He returned to Freetown. For the purposes above mentioned, I ask for such approval so as to enable the Executive Government’s arrangement for the employment of Mr. Sayers to be effectuated. In April last the British Charge d’Affaires advised the State Department that the Tsetse Fly Trypanosomiasis Committee, which had recently been constituted by His Majesty’s Government to advise the Secretary of State for their Colonies on the coordination of measures against human and animal trypanosomiasis, was effecting arrangements for the visit of two recognized authorities in these matters to the British Colonial Territories in Africa to study conditions and advise the authorities on the spot; and that Professor T.H. Davey, O.B.E., M.D. of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, would undertake the investigation in West Africa. Professor Davey arrived in Liberia on July 31, and the Acting Director of Public Health and Sanitation arranged an itinerary for the Professor’s stay in Liberia and for him to meet and discuss with all of the leading members of the Medical Profession in and around Monrovia. The Professor left Liberia on August 6th. With the end of the war in Europe this Government was notified by the British Charge d’Affaires of the then impending departure of the royal Air Force from Liberia. The Acting Secretary of State was directed to convey to His Britannic Majesty’s Government through its Liberian Government for the splendid and meritorious services of assistance rendered by the Royal Air Force in patrolling our coast during hostilities in Europe and in winning the battle of the Atlantic. In reply the British Charge d’Affaires, upon instructions of His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, requested the Department of State to “convey to the

1014 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Liberian Government the warm appreciations of His Majesty’s Government for the facilities accorded to the Royal Air Force Detachments during their stay in Liberia.” Liberian Consulate General, Liverpool The Honorable R.S.S.Bright, former Liberian Consul General to Liverpool England, having returned home, was replaced by the Honorable Wilmot A. David. Mr. David took up duties in England like his predecessor, Mr. Bright, during the latter days of the war when the Germans were using their V-1 and V-2 secret weapons. France I regret that because of the pressure of official business at home it has not been practicable for one to have responded to the generous invitation of the Governor General at Dakar to visit that important French possession. The Assistant Secretary of State, the Honorable Charles T. 0. King, will be proceeding there in my stead, it is expected, before the adjournment of your present sessions. In December of last year reports came through from the District Commissioner at Tchien, that Charles B. Sancea, a Liberian citizen from Maryland County, had been killed by the French Commandant at Toulepleh, French Guinea. The matter was immediately brought to the attention of the French Government through the Liberian Legation in Paris; and recently the State Department here has received official reports that the Liberian Government’s protest had been presented to the French Foreign Office and that the official thereat had expressed profound regrets for the incident; that the parties involved had been arrested, tried and were receiving punishment; that although the Commandant had been found not to have directly committed the act which had resulted in the death of Mr. Sancea, yet the French Government considered the Commandant “hierarchically” responsible and that he had been relieved of his command. Our Minister in Paris stated that the Director in Charge of the Division of African Affairs in the Foreign Office had intimated that the French Government would consider the question of indemnity being made to the relatives of decedent. The question is still in its negotiation phase. The French Charge d’Affaires at Monrovia notified the Chief Executive that the President of the French Provisional Government, General de Gaulle, desired to confer on him the Order of the “Legion of Honor”; he having indicated his willingness to accept it, the Diploma and Insignia were presented in ceremonial form on the 8th of October, at the French Legation. Mr. Chesnais informed the Government through the Department of State of his transfer and that his successor as Charge d’Affaires at Monrovia, Mr. de Schompre, would soon arrive. Mr. de Schompre arrived and was received by the Secretary of State. Mr. Chesnais left this country on the 29th day of October. Liberian Legation In Paris Upon the liberation of France the Liberian Minister, Baron Bogaerde, was accredited to General de Gaulle, President of France and was accorded full recognition in said capacity. He was also accredited to the Government of Spain as Charge d”Affaires: and appointed Consul General at Lisbon. He has been recalled from these several posts for cause, and Liberian interests are being handled presently by the United States Embassy and Legation there.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1015

The Holy See The Right Reverend J. Collins, Charge d’Affaires of the Holy See, on account of illness, left Liberia during the course of last year. Father J. Kennedy was left in charge of the Legation as Charge d’Affaires ad interim. Re-Opening of Liberia Consulates in Europe Upon cessation of hostilities in Europe, the Department of State received official notification of the reopening of our Legations and Consulates in the following places, respectfully: Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Holland. Russia, Chile and Lebanon Negotiations for exchange of diplomatic representation between these three Governments and this Country are being undertaken. In his dispatch to this Government on the subject of diplomatic relationship with his Government, the Lebanese Ambassador in Washington states that there were a large number of nationals of his Government in Liberia whose interests have not been adequately looked after. We have been pursuing a liberal policy with reference to the Lebanese and Syrians residing here for obvious reasons which to all Liberians should appear to be reasonable; but a number of them have engaged in and been found guilty of illicit practices, very reprehensible and dishonorable, such as the smuggling of gold and other merchandise to and fro across the borders; the violation of Special Emergency Regulations; Black marketing and other such unprincipled acts. Except there is a complete change by this class of people in their attitude toward the laws and regulations of this country there will be a decided change in Government policy with reference to them. International Conferences The Conference on International Civil Aviation met in the City of Chicago Illinois on the 1st of November, 1944. The Liberian Government was represented at this Conference by the Honorable Walter F. Walker and the Honorable John L. Cooper. The following Agreements were adopted thereat: (1) Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation (2) International Air Services Transit Agreement (Two Freedoms) (3) International Transport Agreement (Five Freedoms) There was adopted at this Conference a Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed by the Representatives of the respective Member-Governments. The Department of State has advised the United States Government, as Depositary, of this Government’s approval of these Agreements. The Convention will be laid before the Senate for Ratification. Conference for a General International Organization Liberia was invited by the four sponsoring nations – The United States, Great Britain, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and China – to be represented at a Conference of the United Nations, “to prepare a charter for a general international organization for the maintenance of International Peace and Security”. The Secretary of State was instructed to notify the sponsoring Government’s of the Liberian Government’s acceptance of the invitation and the following gentlemen were accredited as Delegates thereto:

1016 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Honorable Clarence L. Simpson, Vice President of Liberia, Chairman Honorable Gabriel L. Dennis, Secretary of State of Liberia Associate Chairman Honorable J. Lemuel Gibson, Senator Sinoe County Honorable Richard A. Henries, Chairman, House’s Committee on Foreign Affairs Colonel Moses N. Grant, Commanding Officer, Liberian Frontier Force Messrs. George Padmore and Nathan Barnes, Secretaries This Delegation left Monrovia on march 30th and arrived in the United States of America in time to meet the opening of the Conference. After nine weeks of complex labor and deliberation, the Delegates reached agreement on a Charter that portends the insurance of future peace and security. This Document has already been presented to the Honorable the Senate and received its ratification. All lovers of peace await anxiously the practical demonstration and operation of the provisions of that instrument and hope that it will be a means by which wars amongst nations will be obviated. In working out this formula for world peace and security, the attesting nations are but endeavouring to hasten the age which every true hero from the beginning of time would have exulted in heralding; but no instrument of mere writing can or will effect the desired result. There should be insisted upon the fact that war is not inevitable; there should be the process of education to the end that the heroic ideal and appeal should be transferred from the blood stained fields of battle to those fields of bloodless conflict where every victory is to the abiding again and joy of all nations and men. Nations should think straight and avoid the odium of a double standard – one from display and the other for use. Nations should discredit those policies that excite racial antipathies. They should bar the way toward provocative armament and antagonism; and international trade relations should be regulated with this in mind; they should not preach peace and then participate in gathering materials for conflagration and war; nor should they demand or consent that any one government be allowed the place of Dictator at the World’s Council Tables. National prestige should not be insisted upon as primary in dictating the course of conduct or national action in international relations; the use of atomic power should be outlawed for any and all purposes; and the horrors, awfulness and devastation of World War II should be burned into consciousness of this age. International Conference Of Jurists Receiving notification of the convoking of an International Conference of Jurists in Washington D.C. on the 9th of April last, and an invitation to be represented at it, the Honorables Clarence L. Simpson and Richard A. Henries, who were at the time enroute the United States to attend the Conference of the United Nations, were accredited as Liberian Delegates. This meeting resulted in the preparation of a Statute for the International Court of Justice, which has been forwarded to the Senate and received ratification by that body. International Labor Conference The twenty-seventh Session of the International Labor Conference convened in Paris on October 15th and Honorable Wilmot A. David, Consul General in Liverpool, was designated as the Liberian Delegate.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1017

International Cotton Advisory Committee An invitation was extended to this Government to designate a representative on the above named Advisory Committee that would meet in Canada. Hon. Frederick A. Price, Liberian Consul General, New York, U.S.A. was accredited. Educational and Cultural Conference To this Conference the Liberian Government accepted an invitation to be represented and the Honourable John W. Pearson, Secretary of Public Instruction has been accredited. It is being held in London, England. Dr. Pearson left Liberia for the seat of the Conference on the 29th ultimo. He has also been accredited to the Preparatory Conference of the United Nations as Liberian Delegate. The Foreign Press In certain foreign quarters, the press continues to be actively write up on Liberia. In most instances, it has hurled calumniations and opprobrium on the country and its people In the first instance, it continues to hold up the old splenetic ex parte report of the International Commission of Inquiry of 1930, which this Government accepted in principle in the peculiar circumstances attending the case, as a mirror through which to view Liberia and Liberians, and to assess the values of the country and its people. It attempts to measure Liberia by their yardstick; it is captious and sophistical of the country in every aspect. What is more is that certain Negro Journalists and writers are prominent among this critical, captious and sophistical group. It seems remarkable that these Foreign Critics do not also persevere with holding up to international views and make capital of the black chapters in their own national history, past and present, with which they should be more intimately familiar and concerned than with those of a Foreign State, peculiarly places, and that has, during all the years of its national existence, been fighting and struggling against fearful odds corresponding almost to the imponderable. Are there not beams in their own eyes? Then why magnify what seems to them to be a mote in their neighbor’s eye? Has there yet developed the Ideal Republic dreamed of by Plato? If yes, then show me. Are we not with all of our powers, means and ability striving to improve and develop this country? Should not our methods, policies, administrations and progress be studied and judged in the concrete rather than in the abstract only? Are not these Negro Critics and ourselves congenital? Why act divisive? Do they not have their own sore and vexing problems everywhere? Are we critical of them? Do they not realize that this nation from its incipiency has been greater by far from what it predicts than what it has been or even now is? A careful survey and study of the issue will show that great and vital advancement and progress have been made by this Nation and its people, which none but the prejudiced can ignore. Yet evils have also arisen ever and anon in our train, which we have not and do not regard lightly and have always sought and are seeking to eliminate. Given the time element necessary to demonstrate these propositions and wear down the sentimental and emotional feelings against it, this Nation cannot fall short of its goal; nor will it be ranked by historians as anything less than one of the greatest social, political and moral achievements of mankind. In our relationship with other States we do not approve of the “Dog in the Manger” policy nor will we subscribe to the policy of the “Elephant and the Arab”.

1018 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Internal affairs Treasury Department Thee was a certain amount of skepticism and anxiety felt this year as to whether the revenue estimates would be covered by collections because the total of all our engagement and efforts of the world at this time to undo Nazism and Facism, but the results of collections for nine months of the year have dispelled our skepticism and anxiety. Treasury estimates for 1945 were forecast as follows: Customs $ 593,000.00 Internal 475,000.00 Postal and Utility 32,000.00 $1,100,000.00 In these figures are included the special legislations for centennial purposes which really do not constitute an actual revenue item, as these will disappear at a fixed time in accordance with the Acts authorizing them. It is, however, gratifying to note how that the Treasury was short in its forecast, as at the close of business on September 30 last, actual collections from all sources totaled $1,226,656.98. This gives at that date an excess collection over estimates of $326,656.98. The estimates have now been revised to show a total collection to December 31, 1945 of $1,526,000.00. These figures also include the special legislations for centenary purposes. From the figures given up to September 30, 1945, if we deduct the special legislations for centenary purposes which amount to $226,911.66 (being collections from January to September) there were sufficient revenues collected at that date to balance the Basic Budget for 1945, with an excess collection of $9,745.32. If, on the other hand, we take into account these special legislations, which the Acts do not prohibit from being used for other purposes of Government, then at September 30 last, sufficient revenues were collected to balance the Basic Budget for 1945, with an excess of $236,656.98 Below if given a comparison of the trend of revenues for the last two fiscal years as submitted by the Bureau of Revenues: Internal Revenue Hut Tax Real Estate Tax School Tax Poll Tax Street & Light Tax General License Fees Rents Sale of Revenue Stamps Fines and Penalties Rev. Tax on Ex.Leased Lands Hinterland License Fees Consular Fees Sale on Raw Gold Royalty on Raw Gold Lend Lease Miscellanous Receipts Sub Total

Oct. 1 To Sept.30 1944 261,143.32 6,793.48 1,166.49 364.26 392.66 62,851.46 6,609.10 6,752.95 8,255.55 ½ 88,013.75 21,241.79 37,719.04 77,984.35 68,650.15 150,000.00 34,471.75 ½ $835,410.11

Oct. 1 To Sept.30 1945 235,190.90 10,653.63 2,016.15 661.63 984.51 79,612.31 15,589.31 7,915.77 20,789.77 103,351.51 26,938.02 24,532.49 21,027.69 (1,266.16) – 37,054.40 $585,051.37

Increase Or Decrease 25,952.42 ( 3,860.15) ( 849.66) ( 297.37) ( 591.85) (16,760.85) ( 5,980.21) ( 1,162.82) (12,533.65 ½) (15,337.76) ( 5,696.23) 13,186.55 56,186.66 69,916.31 150,000.00 ( 2,582.64 ½) 250,358.74

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Centennial Tax Profit on Sale of Raw Told Total Internal Profit Postal & Utility Revenue Government Power Plan Postal Receipts Radio Receipts Total Excluding Customs Customs Revenue Import Duty Export Duty Headmonies Storage Rent Port and Harbor Dues Auction Sales Miscellanous Revnues Subtotal Sur Tax Total Customs Revenue Total Revenues

--$835,410.11

67,164.33 75,900.74 $728,116.44

(67,164.22) (75,900.74) $107,293.67

8,180.48 21,376.61 21,346.64 50,903.75

13,844.97 15,241.74 26,707.40 65,794.11

( 5,664.49) 6,134.87 (5,360.78) ( 4,890.38)

661,469.90 59,818.93 48.00 1,049.32 692.43 534.86 15.15 723,558.59 58,060.19 781,618.78 1,667,932.62

876,542.01 86,608.37 20.00 912.12 960.00 375.60 329.49 965,747.58 131,963.61 1,097,711.19 1,881,621.74

(215,072.11) ( 26,789.43) 28.00 137.57 ( 337.57) ( 159.26 ( 314.43) (242,188.99) ( 73,903.42) (316,092.41) (213,689.12)

The items of revenue that show decrease up to September 30th of this year are Hut Tax, Consular Fees, Sale of Raw Gold, Royalty on Raw Gold, Postal Receipts and a few other minor items. The Financial Adviser has stated that the decrease in Hut Tax for the nine month period of this year is due to some of his men in the Revenue Service at key points being ill and on leave just about this time. The Secretary of the Treasury adds to the cause assigned by the Financial Adviser another reason: that the Centennial Tax is also being collected at about the same time as the Hut Tax; and I would suggest a third reason which is because a reassessment of huts is being made this year, the completion was late and this I think is a third factor that has contributed to the decrease in this particular tax which is only temporary, but will possibly be made up against the end of the present year. Although the specially mentioned items in revenues show decrease, these decreases are over-balanced by increases in other items shown in the comparative statement just read. The unsatisfactory returns reported in the First Annual Message from the Government Radio Station, Power Plan, Real Estate, School, Poll, Street and Light Taxes, show considerable improvement; but these are not yet by any means up to anything like the mark. Pressure will continue to be applied in the collection of these taxes. Revenue reports show also outstanding increase in Fines and Penalties, in that there is a year an increase in this class of revenues of $10,000.00 for nine months over that of last year, with a total collection to date of $14,000.00 According to the Acting Financial Adviser, this is the highest total of Fines and Penalties ever collected, the highest previous total for a full year being $9,300.00 in 1944. Treasury records and statistics show that Liberia has operated on a balanced budget for eleven consecutive years. This record covering such a crucial period as 1936–1945 inclusive would call for big headlines in many countries as it is a unique record. Thee are many factors that enter into this balance which might be considered worthwhile to elaborate on. Liberia has been carrying a heavy debt burden. It has, however, met its obligations since 1936 up to and including the year 1945. Revenues in 1935 were

1020 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 $505,000.00 and have risen in 1944 to $1,598,000.00 with of course ups and downs during the intervening period. The total issue of bonds representing the funded debt of 1926 was $2,558,000.00. At the end of 1945 the total amount of bonds outstanding will have been reduced to $708,000.00 The Floating Debt which was about $500,000.00 against which payments have been continuously made, at the end of 1945, will have been reduced to something less than $15,000.00, and will be fully paid off in 1946. It is worthy to note that since 1934 up to and including 1945, the country has not incurred one cent of additional indebtedness, and Government has been run strictly with its own resources. A Five-year Development Plan has been worked out, as it is considered that no satisfactory development of the country can be expected from borrowing of money from abroad or by the use of the country’s surplus reserves alone. What appears to be needed is a farreaching program of economic development adjusted to Liberia’s needs. To insure the success of such a program will necessitate a department by department, independent bureau and county by county budgetary study for the purpose of reduction. It will require sacrifices and self-denials and I recommend a special Development Tax on all persons with income above say $1,000.00 or in such other figures as you Honourable Gentlemen may suggest, imposed and collectible on a percentage basis. Such a taxation would not work a hardship on the poorer class of workers, as only those with income of some respectable size would be affected; and this would not exclude the Chief Executive. If this Nation is to be developed more rapidly, we have to do it. We must do what Daniel Webster called “Smite the rock of the National resources so that abundant streams of revenue may gush forth.” Our obligations and commitments to ourselves and to international relations demand it. The responsibility is great and it is ours to meet and perform. Finance and skill are the prime factors involved and they create a problem which we must solve. With the present Development Plan envisaged where serious consideration is to be given to education, health and sanitation, roads and agriculture, the percentage rate of expenditures has to be considerably changed and the preponderance placed on the side of development rather than on the operational side. On this development program we are intent, and it calls for cooperation and concerted action; not that old selfish and malicious propaganda which I have heard since I was a child and on up to manhood, that each time a program of some consequence is offered for national benefit “the President is selling the country or has old it”. No President of Liberia has ever sold or attempted to sell the country; if he did, he would have no country of which to be President, and according to Milton, “To rule is wroth ambition even in hell”; says he, “better to rule in hell than serve in Heaven”. It is hereby also recommended that the scale of Pensions and Annuities passed at your last session be amended. Trade and Commerce The Acting Financial Adviser has prepared and submitted figures and graphs on imports and exports. These figures and graphs show that imports have greatly increased in the past ten years and so have exports; but ht increase in exports has been principally in rubber while there has been an appalling and alarming decrease in other exports. This reveals that the country has been dependent during the war almost entirely on foreign enterprise. Fortunately, this enterprise was rubber, which was a prime war necessity. Without this commodity to export, shipping would have been practically non-existent, and

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1021

the country would have been without a source of imports as well as exports. Commercial enterprise on which most of the country’s revenues depend would have stagnated. But all this did not happen and will not happen as long as we have rubber to depend on. But it is this sort of picture that shows unequivocally the precariousness and danger of a national economy whose everything depends upon a single commodity. Apart from exports, sufficient primary foodstuffs should be produced in the country so that regardless of circumstances, the country can feed itself at least on its basic essentials. This would result economically in reduced imports, giving margin for a favorable trade balance. Produce exports should be concentrated on in which Liberian capital should be predominant. The Secretary of the Treasury records that there is a need for a commercial section with an equipped staff in the Treasury to look after the commercial activities of the country. I ask for favourable consideration in this behalf. The National Debt At the close of the last reports of the Treasury, the amount of bonds outstanding was estimated at $1,113,000.00 with arrears in amortization of $22,177.99. These arrears have been fully paid and an amount of $350,000.00 also paid against the retirement of the Loan. When the full sum of amortization is made this year, the total amount of bonds reduced will be $400,000.00, which will leave a balance of $708.000.00 still outstanding. Internal Debt This has been reported in a previous part of this message and, as there stated, the Government’s internal indebtedness has been reduced from $43,192.05 in last year to $15,000.00 The generous permanent amendments made in the Loan Agreement of 1926 between the Finance Corporation and the Government of Liberia recently have contributed in a large measure to our ability to have paid almost a half million dollars against amortization this year. The Fiscal Year With the Annual Sessions of your Honourable Body fixed for the second Monday in October, and the fiscal year ending December 31st, reports to your Annual Session cover only nine months of the current year. There is the difficulty of getting in reports and returns from the most remote parts of the country in time to make full report on the nine months of the year, and all this occasions delays in reports. It is therefore recommended that the fiscal year be January from January 1st to December 31st and made to begin on September 1st and end of August 31st. Statement of Justice The Attorney General, following immediately the preface of his report, begins to insist upon the institution of a Commission to study the National Constitution and to recommend such amendments as may be necessary. This idea of his was brought out by him in his first annual report. Referring to our last Annual Message, we mad the following comment: “Whilst not agreeing entirely with the Honorable the Attorney general, I do agree that certain revisions are necessary, and would recommend that you authorize the setting up of a Constitution Revision Board to study carefully the Constitution and recommend what amendments are necessary.” I therefore request that some consideration be given the matter by you at your present session. In his last report to you, the Attorney General pointed out the necessity for certain changes in the Change of Venue Statute in Criminal Cases; of the necessity for certain

1022 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 amendments in the Ejectment Statutes; of a more simplified mode of procedure in proceedings for the collection of Real Estate, Poll and similar Taxes. Concerning these recommendations of the Attorney General, I have pointed out what in the opinion of the Executive seemed to have been the urgency and necessity for those changes in the respective statutes; but no final action was taken on them at your last session. I wish to emphasize the necessity for the changes to be made, and request that you give favorable consideration to them at your present session. Gambling, the Attorney General points out, is growing widespread and is of opinion that it has several demoralizing effects on the people of the country; that it has a tendency to make people shiftless, lazy and eventually criminal minded; and finally that it has a maleffect upon the social economy of the State. I therefore suggest that you enact a penal law against gambling. The Prison House and Prison Administration are referred to by this Minister, and he points out the following: 1. 2. 3. 4.

“The locality of the Central Prison is bad. The other prison houses are in disrepair and unsuited to their requirements. Officers in charge know nothing about prison management. Prisoners-first offenders, hardened criminal and all others are mized together, thus affording no improvement in first offenders. 5. Lack of systematic work, industrial employment, etc.” It appears that his situation is of great importance and should receive your consideration. I wish to call attention to the Statutes on Sedition and Conspiracy, and to point out that these Statutes appear not to respond exactly to modern Republican ideas and ideals, and therefore strongly recommend their revision and amendment. Our Election Laws are also out-worn and outmoded. I recommend again, as I did in my last annual Message, their repeal, and that new election laws be enacted at your present session. To promote the health of the people and to insure the safety of society, we recommend that the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1935 be amended to provide that no marriage license shall be issued to any persons to be joined in wedlock except a health certificate from a qualified medical doctor, certifying to the health of the spouses, is first presented to the Registrar of Marriages who issues a marriage license without such a certificate. Other matters covered by the Attorney General’s report and not specially referred to herein will come before you when that report is forwarded to you. Post Office Department The Postmaster General, with the Superintendent of Communications, made an extensive tour of the hinterland during the course of the year and at that time made survey of the possibilities of expansion of postal facilities, radio and telephone communications. He emphasizes in his report that the rapid development of things in the country demands that Government should endeavor to expand radio and telephone communications. While on tour, this Minister directed the opening of Post Offices at several points in the interior and they have afforded better facility in communication by mail to the people inhabiting those parts of the country. He also effected the opening and installation of a Post Office at Harbel. The Firestone Plantations Company was cooperative with the General Post Office in this new project. In his report the Postmaster General couches a comparative tabulation of returns from the Government Radio Stations in 1944 and 1945, which is as follows:

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1023

Total around collected and deposited Central Office Total amount Government Traffic handled By Central Office, Monrovia Franked Radiograms Amount due for collection from customers Total Gross Radio Revenue

1944

1945

$12,713.50

$21,015.42

1,797.16 2,767.00 215.34 $17,493.00

6,433.50 5,100.00 1,118.02 $33,666.94

The subject of Franked Radiograms has assumed such proportions that more stringent regulations will have to be made to restrict them. Dealing with the subject of Air Transport Service, he makes it clear that with the place that the air plan has taken in transportation, and looking forward to greater development of civil aviation in the country, he recommends that the following scholarships be granted in 1946: One Aeronautical Mechanic One Airport Control Expert One Air plan Pilot. Considering the potential value and needs for this class of technicians at the present time, I recommend that provision be made in the 1946 budget for the grant of scholarships for the two first named skills. A city delivery service was inaugurated in Monrovia the early part of the year and four postmen engaged to make delivery of ordinary first and second class mails throughout the city daily. Relations with Bern and other Foreign Postal Administrations have been maintained. The Postmaster General represents that the General Post Office has received communications from the Poster Generals of both Washington and London signifying their agreement for the re-establishment of the Money Order System between this Postal Administration and theirs. Bern has advised the resumption of international postal relations with the following countries: Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Bulgaria and Norway. As a tribute and regard and esteem which this country and its people held for the magnanimous character of the late President Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the United States of America, we gave approval to the recommendation of the Postmaster General for the issuance of a “Roosevelt Memorial Stamp” in commemoration of his visit here during the administration of former President Barclay. The following appointments have been made by the Postmaster General with our approval: Franklin R. Burns, Jr. Philatelic Advisor, R.L., New York Deaver F. Young Philatelic Agent, R.L., New York War Department This Department has, since its reopening, engaged itself with reorganizing the militia and the Liberian Frontier Force whose strength had to be increased because of the war and the demand for the strict policing of our coast and frontiers.

1024 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The officers and men of the Liberian Frontier Force have performed their duties magnificently during the war period, and while they were not called into actual combat service, they served on the home front, and did all that the situation at home demanded of them. This increase in the Liberian Frontier Force drew heavily on the resources of the country, for statistics show that in 1945 the War Department and the Liberian Frontier Force budgets were 21.41% of the total expenditure for the period. The Liberian Frontier Force will be reduced to peace time strength next year. Recent regulations issued in reference to the Force, and their stringent enforcement, have greatly reduced the number of complaints coming in against it from the hinterland in particular. The Secretary in his report, commends the militia units of the country for their efficiency. During the year we have personally reviewed and inspected the First and Third Regiments on parade. Marked improvements were observed in all of them, for which the several commandants and other officers are to be commended; especially is this so in the case of the Third Regiment of Sinoe County under Colonel Dickerson’s command. Writing in his report on the subject of the militia in relation to the Centenary, the Secretary asks for appropriation for equipment and other accoutrements for the several regiments; and I request favorable consideration thereof. The Interior Department In his report, the Secretary of the Interior in a comprehensive and extensive manner reviews the hinterland administration, its territories, divisions, constitution and personnel together with the County Governments, and makes several recommendations which appeal to me to be progressive; and I ask for your favorable consideration. That report will be forwarded to you in the usual way. In April of the present year, I made an official visit to the County of Sinoe. The Superintendent and County Officials, the Chiefs and citizens of the Republic residing in that county were most generous and elaborate in the reception and courtesies extended us. His Honor the Chief Justice, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Senator Morgan of Grand Bassa County, former Justice Page of Grand Bassa County, Honorable Milton of Maryland County, Brigadier General McBurrough of the Second Brigade, the Superintendents of Grand Cape Mount, Grand Bassa and Maryland Counties, the Commissioner of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia, Mr. Emmett Harmon, Social Secretary to the President, Colonel W.D. Stubblefield, Junior Aide to the President and Mr. Rudolph Grimes, Steno-Typist, constituted the Party. As a matter of policy, when making official visits to the Counties, I request the Superintendents to join me for the purpose of understanding more thoroughly Government’s policy in reference to County Government and administration. Issues of importance and of far-reaching nature relating to policy and administration were brought in for adjudication and decision. Decisions made have been published and copies will be furnished you Honorable Gentlemen. In fulfillment of a promise made to the Chiefs of the hinterland when we took office and in pursuance of a policy in this respect, I made an official tour of the Central and Western Provinces in May and returned to the Capital in July. Along with me were the Honorables the Secretaries of Interior and War, Senator Smallwood of Montserrado County, Counsellor H.L. Harmon, Mr. Meeker of the United States Foreign Economic Administration, Lieutenant Commander Trimble, Messrs. J.B. McCritty and N.R. Richardson, Mr. Reginald Townsend, Typist, and my Senior Aide-de-Camp, Colonel Cole.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1025

Our trail was from Monrovia to Gbarnga by motor, thence to Sanniquellie where we met the Officials, chiefs and inhabitants of the Central Province. They were most enthusiastic in their reception and cordial in their approaches. The Council there lasted a little over a fortnight and upon its adjournment, we proceeded to Zorzor in the Western Province, and were received there with equal enthusiasm and jubilation. After holding Council for about the same duration as at Sanniquellie, we returned to Monrovia. Lastly we convoked a Council with the Administrative Officials, Chiefs and inhabitants of the Kakata-Salala District which we had anticipated closing down after four days, but this Council was protracted to almost the same length of time as those of the Provinces. The meetings with the Chiefs and tribesmen were found to be very interesting, informative and illuminating. The Chiefs expressed great satisfaction with the conduct of the councils and pledged renewed loyalty to the State. They demonstrated a considerable amount of civic and national pride. Conditions in the hinterland were agreeably disappointing; the number of complaints against District Commissioners and even the Liberian Frontier Force were far less than I had anticipated, and letters coming through to those parts, give information that there is general improvement in administration. I was at pains to listen to petty complaints that were neither due to be listened to by me nor of sufficient administrative or other import; but I was motivated in hearing such complaints by a desire to learn exactly how those fellow citizens think in every possible way, and what were their problems. Decisions entered at these conferences have also been published and copies made available to you Honorable Gentlemen. The appointment of Provincial Commissioners has proved to be vital in the interest of an efficient Interior Administration. They hear complaints against District Commissioners and Chiefs, and dispose of them on the spot as soon as they are made. It would be otherwise if there were not such officials; in which case, complaints coming in would remain unattended, and allowed to accumulate. As a result, the official complained against, because of the delay in hearing such complaints would become emboldened and the complainant aggrieved and disappointed. These officials have been found useful even for inspectorial purposes in the County jurisdictions. Quite a contrast to the old customs of the tribesmen in the old times to refuse medical aid, there were requests made at each of the Councils by the Chiefs for medical and health facilities; and this is a matter that must have foremost consideration in any development plan that may be projected by Government. Another question raised by the Chiefs was that when the hut tax was a dollar per hut at one time before, they received 10% thereof as a commission and now that it has been increased to two dollars per hut, they are receiving only 5%. There seems to be some force in their argument, and I recommend that the same be increased to 7 or 8%. The Chiefs also call attention to the fact that elephants and wild cows were destroying their crops and they were not allowed to shoot them due to the law which provides that a license of $250.00 shall be obtained before such animals can be hunted. I was in sympathy with their contention and suspended that law in so far as it related to inhabitants of areas frequented by those animals, and hereby recommend that this law be amended to permit the tribesmen of the hinterland to hunt Big Game without licenses where it becomes necessary to save their crops from destruction. It is out intention to tour the Eastern Province and the Counties of Grand Bassa and Grand Cape Mount next year.

1026 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Recommendation was made to you at your last session for the enactment of a Statute to provide punishment for mal-, mis-, and non-feasance in office by officials. The Act was not passed into law. I cannot too strongly emphasize the necessity of such a law and again request that you give favourable consideration to this recommendation at your present session. Your joint Resolution that projected a Constitutional amendment to allow representation of the provinces in the House of Representatives and extending suffrage to male hut tax payers of 21 years, passed at your last session, was submitted to the people by Executive Proclamation declaring a special election on the first Tuesday in May of this year for adoption or non-adoption, and has resulted in its adoption by an overwhelming majority of the electorate of the country. This progressive and forward looking measure has been heralded and accepted at home and abroad with commendations to the nation. Woman‘s Suffrage In my outline of policies during the campaign of 1943, I enunciated the extending to women the right of suffrage as one of the plank upon which I hoped to have been elected. In my Inaugural Address I stressed this proposition again. In this Message I am now asking for Legislation proposing an amendment to the Constitution to extend to women who have attained the age of twenty-one and who own real estate, the right and privilege of suffrage. I stated that it appears as discriminatory to deprive a citizen of the right of franchise solely because of sex, and that since all females owning real estate are not exempt from the payment of real estate taxes, to withhold the right of suffrage would be equivalent to taxation without participation and representation. And now they are required to pay the Centennial Tax. Since then we have subscribed to and our Senate has ratified the International Charter for World Peace and Security; chapter 9, Article 55, Section “c” of which I quote as follows: “With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote: universal respect for, and observant of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.” It is therefore essentially necessary that you project, at your present session a Constitutional amendment to extend to all female citizens, having the same qualifications required of male citizens, the rights of suffrage. The Department of Public Instruction The Secretary of Public Instruction, as intimated previously, left the country on official business, with your approval, for London, and Mrs. Ellen Mills Scarbrough was left in change of the Department as Acting Secretary. In his annual report submitted before his departure, the Secretary refers to several major problems that confronted the Department in the operation of the school system. The first was the procurement of textbooks for the schools. This problem, he reports, has been solved by a liberal appropriation made by you , which has enabled the Department to procure books, a large portion of which is already on sale in the Department, on missions and in Government’s agencies in the respective Counties. He also indicated that amounts accruing from the sale of books will be used as a nucleus for a special book fund. The second major problem, he states, lies in reorganizing and re-directing, progressively, the training of teachers for our schools. He suggests that as a reserve lean for their service in the future, the colleges and high Schools be required to stress in the last year of

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1027

academic instruction a Teachers Training Course. Persons planning to make the teaching profession a career could qualify by this provision, but what is now needed, he continues, is the establishment of schools or classes where refreshment courses for the up-building of assistance can be given teachers who are now in service. He is asking that a centralized training school be at once provided and equipped by such number of professional teachers and with other educational utilities within the resources within the resources of Government to supply. He compliments Miss Susan Mitchell and Mrs. Ruthe E. Smith for assistance rendered Mr. Boakai Freeman, Director of the Training Class. It is requested that provision be made to meet the recommendation of the Department of Public Instruction in this respect. The third problem is the lack of school buildings and equipment. These should be also provided within the limits of our resources in the next year’s appropriations. Statistics will accompany the report of this Department for your information and study. Our plan for mass education in the country is being worked out and it is expected that it will soon be completed. Under this plan we hope to provide, expand and speed up educational work in the country. Mission Schools These schools have always performed useful service in the educational system of the country, and in recent years a new interest seems to be awakening in this the eldest missionary field of American foreign missionary history, which we appreciate. We note also with pleasure and gratification the presence upon our soil of Bishop and Mrs. Willis J. King of the Methodist Church and Bishop and Mrs. Bravid W. Harris of the Episcopal Church, both of whom are resident Bishops in Liberia of their respective denominations. While democratic states do not give preference to any religious sect, we realize that the Church is one of the strong and mighty bulwarks of the State; and I assure them of our full cooperation and support within Constitutional limits, and look forward through their leadership for a new spiritual and educational “Forward March”. Foreign Scholarships The four scholarships granted last year are still being maintained and we hope to increase them next year. The students, we understand, are doing well. Liberia College The Charter incorporating this institution needs revision as pointed out in our last annual message, and I again recommend that it be amended at your present session. Dr. T.E. Ward, President of the College, spent some time in the United States of America last year and made a careful study of college management. Great hopes are centered in the President for the improvement of the College, its work and management. There are now plans for new college buildings and campus sites that are being worked out in connection with the Centennial Program. These will be laid before you later. Vocational Schools A creditable movement has been put on foot by certain leaders of the St. Paul River settlements that will graduate up to a Technical High School. Presently Government has granted a subsidy of $800.00 in aid of this school. Booker Washington Institute I recommend that a subsidy of $5000.00 be granted this institution, in view of the splendid work in which it is expected to engage itself.

1028 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Division of Health and Physical Education This division of our educational set up, the Head of the Department of Public Instruction represents, is stepping forward to an appreciable public acceptance. He styles the Director, Mr. D.A.A. Elliott, as rendering energetic, faithful and all-round service and commends Lieutenant Alma Jackson of the United States Public Health Mission in Liberia for assistance rendered. He says further than on a whole, this division is of both instructional and recreative value to school children, students of Colleges and the general public. The importance of health and physical education cannot be over-emphasized and I recommend that you pass an Act at your present session whereby all school children, collegiates, civil servants, as well as clerical and technical employees in private business houses and other concerns, will be required at stated period each year to submit to physical examinations and, if found to be in ill health condition of any kind, to take treatment until a certificate of good health can be issued to such person or persons by a qualified medical practitioner. The Department of Public Works and Utilities With the development and road extension programs started last year, the Port Construction Authority and Foreign agencies entering the country, the War and the enormous increase in the volume of responsibilities which required the direct attention of the Chief Executive – all of which created a situation that was over-burdening – we, by Proclamation, dated the First of February, 1945, set up the Department of Public Works and Utilities. As will be seen from the Proclamation, a copy of which will be sent to you, the functions of this Department are: 1. The correlation and coordination of the operations of the several Foreign Missions in Liberia; and to serve as a liaison Agency of the Liberian Government; 2. To control all labor for public works, agricultural and industrial development; 3. Construction and maintenance of Roads, Public Buildings, Bridges, Wharves, Harbors and Harbor Works, Saw Mills and Surveys; 4. To control and direct Electrical Power Stations, Water Supply, Transportation, City Planning and Drafting of building ordinances in Cities, Alignments and Levels, Forestry and Sanitary Engineering 5. Supervision of public works in Municipal Districts, Cities and Townships; and any other construction work and utilities which by Executive Orders may be prescribed from time to time. As head of this Department, during your adjournment, I appointed and commissioned the Honorable Walter F. Walker, then Liberian Consul General in New York, under the title and style of Secretary of Public Works and Utilities. Mr. Walker was Secretary of the Treasury during World War I and he found a solution for the embarrassing financial crisis with which Government was bracketed during those crucial days, in the administration of the late President Howard. He was secretary of Public Instruction in the administration of Former President King and Consul General to New York in the administration of former President Barclay, taking over the Consulate General at a time when it was virtually a nonentity, and he brought it up to an organization that is not only maintaining itself financially, but also serves as a source of revenue to Government. I have full faith, trust and confidence in the integrity and ability of Mr. Walker to discharge the duties of Secretary of Public Works and Utilities. It is noteworthy that several newspaper articles have written of a scathing nature attempting to impugn Mr. Walker’s bona fide. One declares that the appointment is unpopu-

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1029

lar. What about that? It is the privilege and within the powers of the President to appoint and commission all ambassadors and other public ministers and consults, Secretaries of state, Treasury, War, etc., all other officers of the State, civil and military, with the advice and consent of the Senate; and in the case of Cabinet Ministers and Superintendents of Counties, the President, in this country, is allowed the most extended liberty which I shall expect and enjoy. Talking of the popularity of appointments, this does not enter at all into the questions, for the people by their election of a President delegate to him the right to make appointments. But suppose it did enter into the question, and the appointment of the writer of the article (who is a school teacher of Crozierville) had been submitted to popular vote, could he have obtained an election. What is more striking is that they insist that in electoral positions the President, who is not deprived of the right of suffrage, should yield implicit obedience to the will of the people and allow them to elect their representatives, without expressing his personal preference, or even cast his ballot, and they rely on the constitution for support; but now in the exercise of his specially and specifically delegated prerogatives and rights to make appointments under the Constitution they still insist that he should put his ear to the ground and consult the oracle of the press. While not being spiteful, revengeful, rash or bellicose by nature or practice, I wish here to be vocal enough to have it understood that these belesprit, newspaper correspondents, writers and contributors cannot and shall not influence me to yield one iota of the Presidential authority to them nor to any other public or private functionary. I shall exercise those prerogatives while clothed with the Presidential toga. Shortly after Secretary Walker took office, it became necessary for him to return to the United States to conclude his business there before taking up permanent resident in Liberia. Leave was granted him and during his absence from the country, Honorable H.B. Duncan, Assistant Secretary of Public Works and Utilities, conducted the office as Acting Head of the Department. Returning in July, Mr. Walker resumed the direction of the Department and will submit to you a full and interesting report on the conduct of the Department since its institution by Executive Proclamation, and I ask that you give it careful and sympathetic consideration; also that you sustain the action of the Chief Executive in creating this Department by Legislative enactment. United States Foreign Agencies and Mission As intimated in my first Annual Message, that a United States Foreign Economic Mission was being sent to Liberia, upon the request of the United States Government, with the consent of the Liberian Government, I am pleased to inform you that the Mission arrived in Liberia late last year and began active work on November 22, with Mr. Earl Parker Hanson as Special Representative. This mission has collaborated closely with the Liberian Government’s Import-Export Control Board in the preparation of a complete new list of Liberia’s import requirements which, in its nature, show a real growing interest throughout the country, of agricultural possibilities, and local industries, and efforts are being put forward for the procuring of markets in the United States for Liberian products. Projects have been submitted to Washington with the approval of the now Liberian Government for the addition to the Foreign Economic Administration Field Staff in Liberia of the following technicians;

1030 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 1. A road engineer to make detailed studies and appropriate recommendations, of Liberia’s needs in the construction of new roads and bridges; 2. A mechanical engineer to make similar studies and recommendations with respect to Liberia’s needs in garage and other mechanical repair facilities; and 3. A clay products engineer to survey the entire field of Liberia’s great possibilities in clay products of various kinds, and make technical recommendations towards the firm establishment of a widespread Liberian clay products industry. Financial statement submitted by them show the following expenditures: Wages and salaries to locally-hired employees Those parts of the salaries and living allowances of American employees that were paid and Largely spent in Liberia Travel Expenses within Liberia, Liberian and American personnel Transportation hired from local sources Cables and postage Rents, utilities, services, etc. Printing and binding Supplies, materials, contractual services And equipment; Local venders Firestone & U.S. Trading Co.

$7,620.00 27,011.72 1,439.43 212.81 1,713.58 51.14 25.00 5,009.92 1,445.10 $44,509.00

The presence and attitude of this mission in the country offer, I think, a great opportunity to the Liberian people to form cooperatives and enter into enterprises of industrial, commercial and agricultural character that will benefit themselves. There has been opened in the Hospitals by this Mission a Dental Clinic and Dental Surgeon Louis R. Middleton is in charge of it. A Nurses Training School was formally opened in the Hospital on April 30th current. Twenty students were enrolled and eight additional nurses were admitted to the class from the Baptist Hospital. It is a part of the plan of the Mission to extend its operations all along the littoral, according to the Memorandum submitted by the Director and accepted by this Government. The report of Colonel West is a month to month notation of what he claims to have seen and experienced together with the activities of the Mission. I think that he and his Missionaries engaged in a good work of health and sanitation, but upon the authority of the opinions and personal knowledge of three qualified medical doctors and practitioners of foreign nationalities, who have practiced medicine in this country for many years longer than he, I challenge the statement made by him with reference to the high rate of social and kindred diseases which he reports to be prevalent in the country, and the several other inaccurate statements written by him in his report. But let me quote a part of what he has reported, the truth of which, I have challenged: “Venereal diseases are rampant in Liberia. Gonorrhea plays a very important role in morbidity. It is the experience of the Director and of Surgeon Charles I. West, as well as of other medical practitioners in this country that the gonorrhea here is sulfa-resistant. The use of penicillin is undoubtedly indicated, if adequate amounts of the drug can be procured for this mission.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 9, 1945 1031

Syphilis is extremely high in incidence. Unfortunately serological reactions cannot be used for survey purposes due to the concomitant high incidence of yaws.” I quote also a paragraph of a nine-pages letter of comment voluntarily written by one of the three medical doctors of foreign nationality who have practiced in Liberia for more than six years, dated October 24th, on Colonel West’s report: “It was by chance that I was privileged to read the report submitted by Colonel West to Your Excellency of the activities of the United States Health Mission in Liberia. I was struck with utter surprise and disgust by the over active and fertile imagination displayed by Colonel West in this report with a definite tendency to exaggerate and falsify conditions, with the precise object of circulating false propaganda designed to cultivate unwholesome criticism against Liberian Administration to efficiently control its own affairs.”

The full text of this letter will be forwarded to you. Besides the refutation made by the three medical doctors and practitioners who are, to say the least, as qualified as he, how could Colonel John B. West assert as true what he has written when neither any of the medical men of his complement nor himself has examined or treated one-tenth of the people of Montserrado County, or for that, even one-tenth of the people of Monrovia, nor even met that number personally? He went to Bassa County once upon my request to look after some school children who had met an accident and received injuries and he was not there more than three days; he was never in the interior of Grand Bassa County. He nor any of the members of his Mission was ever in the County of Sinoe or its interior. Not having visited more than one-fifth of Liberia, how and where does he get his knowledge? I am suspicious of the motive that actuated such a mis-statement of facts, and the Colonel shall be given an opportunity of proving his case. A copy of that report will be laid before you for your very careful scrutiny and study. The Director of the Mission has submitted the following financial report: “The U.S. Public health Service Mission to Liberia was granted a budget of $195,000.00 for health and educational operations in Liberia from November 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945. On July 1, 1945, this budget was increased to $335,000.00 for the period July 1, 1945 to July 1, 1946. From November 22, 1944 to August 31, 1945, $87,758.80 was disbursed directly in Liberia. $46,664.88 of this amount was for salaries of local unskilled, skilled and professional personnel. $41,093.92 was used for purchasing supplies locally. The Government Hospital payroll was augmented by $3,287.13 from U.S. Public Health Service funds. During this period salaries of members of the Mission, paid in the United States, amounted to over $50,000.00. During this period supplied either transferred from the United States Army or forwarded from our headquarters totaled over $60,000.00. The total of completed permanent constructions amounted to $30,000.00 exclusive of labor cost. Permanent construction for the 1946 budget year is estimated at $50,000.00 As of August 31, 1945,the Mission has a payroll covering six hundred and forty-six local persons. It is contemplated that this figure will increase by fifty (50) percent before the end of our fiscal year.”

The Liberian Government contributed twenty-thousand dollars ($20,000.00) to the service of the United States Public Health Mission this year. Agricultural Specialist Mr. Charles Trout, Agricultural Specialist, on loan to this Government from the Government of the United States of America, has worked out and is operating an elaborate plan for the improvement and extension of agricultural methods, etc.

1032 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Before formulating the plan, he made a preliminary survey so as to determine the best methods of approach to the working out of the program. AT about this time the FEA staff began to arrive in Liberia and, for the purpose of avoiding duplication of service in the field of agriculture a coordinated plan was agreed upon whereby identical approaches would be made to the solution of all such problems. The United States Government granted $8,000.00 in aid of this program. Mr. Moore, the Liberian Chemist, has cooperated with and has been of valuable assistance to Mr. Trout. The results of Mr. Trout’s endeavors are having practical demonstration in the plentifulness of vegetables and other crops that are now available to the public. His contract expired and application was made to the United States Government for the extension thereof which has been granted for a period of six months. Mr. Trout’s report will be laid before you by the Secretary of Public Works and Utilities. Mining Concession A contract between the Government of Liberia and Colonel Landsdell K. Christie of the United States of America for exploration and exploitation of iron ore deposits of the Bomi Hills was concluded and signed by the Secretary of the Treasury on behalf of the Government and by Colonel Christie on his own behalf in an agreement dated the 27th day of August, 1945. Negotiations for this contract were begun earlier in the year when Judge Schoenrich was sent out by Colonel Christie to discuss with Government the conditions upon which a contract could be made. A dead-lock was reached and negotiations were broken off. Subsequently they were resumed and agreement was reached on all terms and conditions. This contract will be forwarded to you, and I ask approval of it, after study has been given to it by you, with as little delay as possible so as to facilitate an early commencement of operations. The Supreme Court The Supreme Court convened in its two semi-annual sessions this year. His Honor the Chief Justice being ill was granted six months leave of absence. He traveled to Lisbon and subsequently to the United State of America. We regret the incidence of the Chief Justice’s illness, and it is with a great amount of pleasure and gratification that reports coming through give information that he has, in a large measure, regained his health, and is expected to be back soon at his post of duty on the Bench. For the duration of the Chief Justice’s leave, His Honor M.N. Russell was by our designation and authorization appointed to carry on the administrative and other duties of the Chief Justice on his behalf. At both of the semi-annual sessions of this year, the Justices, we understand, were able to clear the Docket of the court for which we extend them congratulations. Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation Dr. Leo Sajous, Director of Public Health and Sanitation applied for a leave of absence for six months, which was granted and, upon his recommendation, Dr.J.B. Titus, M.D. assumed the duties of Acting Director. The Acting Director reports that appropriations for his Bureau this year were inadequate, and that the need of facilities such as trucks, etc. to cope with the demands of the Bureau, made it difficult for him to have carried on as he had anticipated. He complaints that the number of Sanitary Inspectors are also inadequate and requests that, in the appropriations for the ensuing year, consideration be given to these urgent necessities.

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The recommendations of the Acting Director are of grave importance to the health of the people and I ask for the favorable consideration of your Honorable Body. Information of the outbreak of smallpox in the Voinjama-Kilshun District was received and a medical doctor was rushed to the affected area by the Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation with directions to carry on a rigid vaccination campaign. The Acting Director reports that the following number of persons were vaccinated: In the Gbandi Chiefdom In the Gissi Chiefdom In the Buzi Chiefdom

2,204 7,891 181 10,276

Cases of sleeping sickness are reported to be on the increase in the interior and now that the war is over, Government may be able to procure the employment of doctors to make a survey and inaugurate a campaign against this dreadful disease. His report will be sent to you in the usual manner, and, for the execution of a vigorous Health and Sanitation Program, we ask for very liberal appropriation within the limits of our resources, to meet the needs and demands of the peoples of the country and their cities and towns. The Acting Director of the Bureau has exercised much activity in trying to improve conditions within the limits of the funds that were made available to him, and besides performing the duties of Acting Director of the Bureau he has also superintended the Clinic of the Poor in connection with the Government Hospital. Bureau of Civil Service The Commissioner of Civil Service has shown marked efficiency in the execution of the duties appertaining to this Bureau. Examinations were held through the country this year. To stimulate greater interest of Civil Servants in their work, a system of Civil Service Rallies has been inaugurated. At the first one of these Rallies, Honorable C.T. Pilot, Supervisor of Revenues and Acting Financial Adviser, was the principal speaker. It is intended to have these Rallies periodically. The Centenary The services of Mr. Hilyard Robinson have been engaged as Technical Director. Mr. Robinson arrived in Liberia from the United States early this year and made a survey of Centennial Sites, submitted plans with estimates for the Centennial Exposition and other buildings and returned to the United States where he has prepared Blue Prints and started other preliminary work for the execution of the Centennial program. These will be laid before you for your information. Mr. Robinson is expected to arrive in Liberia later in the year. The Centennial Commission, under the Chairmanship of the Honorable Dr. G.W. Gibson, has been active during the year collecting materials and data for the Centenary. His report will be forwarded to you for your information. A political history of the Republic, prepared by Dr. Huberich, has been completed and is expected to be out in print early next year. I regret to inform you that, upon completion of his work, Dr. Huberich went to Cambridge to effect arrangements for the printing of his book, and, after completing these arrangements, he passed away suddenly. Invitations to Foreign Governments have not yet been extended in keeping with the Act passed by you at your last session for the reason that it is desirable to have the invitations accompanied by a brochure giving the features of the Centennial observance. This brochure is expected to come through soon according to information received from the Technical Director.

1034 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Immigration Liberia was founded by Negroes from the United States of America and was intended to be the home for all Negroes the world over, but for those from the United States in particular. Our Declaration of Independence, Preamble to the Constitution and even the Constitution itself indicate this; and we hold open to our brethren in the United States and elsewhere the door of the greatest opportunity that can be offered them for self-determination and selfdevelopment. This, however, with certain limitations. It is desirable preferably that Negroes with the pioneering spirit who have a burning desire to contribute to the building of an ideal state that they can call their own in deed and in truth, and who are capable of making contributions to the development and building of such a State, should come. The Local Press In my outline of policies, my Inaugural Address and my First Annual Message to you, I insisted upon adhering to the Constitutional principle of the “Freedom of the Press”. I quoted the Constitution last year and I am still standing for and upholding that Constitutional provision. It seems to be, however, that it has now become necessary for me to emphasize not so much the freedom of the press as the abuse of the privilege. Liberty is not license and license is abuse, for which the offender is responsible. The last false, slanderous, malicious and defamatory publication that will be tolerated by this Government is that entitled: “A Bird’s Eye View of Liberian Democracy”, in which the writer appears to be a man on the same order of Charles J. Guiteau, a half-crazed, disappointed office seeker, who shot James A. Garfield, President of the United States; but luckily this Liberian “Guiteau” does not have the nerve of the American Guiteau to shoot, but undertook, without any provocation whatever, to revile and besmirch two former Presidents of this country in general, and the present encumbent in particular. Any man holding the office of President, who is incapable of protecting and defending himself with the authority and powers at his hands and who does not do it at any cost if the circumstances demand it, is not fit to be President and is a coward. The recurrence of such an incident as occurred by the publication of “A Bird’s Eye View of Liberian Democracy”, will prove whether this President is capable of, and show whether he will defend and protect himself or not. I am therefore now warning the press in this public manner against abuse of this liberty granted to it by the Constitution. Necrology The transient nature of our natural being has been evidenced again since your last adjournment by the passing of: Honorable P.M. Cooke, Member of the House of Representatives; the link between the past and present; Quiet, unobtrusive, reliable; Brigadier General Charles H. Banks, Veteran of many a battle; Scien Bleh, Paramount Chief, Totoe Chiefdom, Bloni, Sinoe County; Boymah Quae, Paramount Chief, Kporkpah Chiefdom, Grand Cape Mount County; Garneo, Paramount Chief, Marbahn, Montserrado County, Dabe-a-nyeme Wadeh, Paramount Chief, Nemiah Chiefdom, Kru Coast District, Maryland Country. All of these were faithful public servants and loyal to their tribes.

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The Honorable Allen N. Yancy, Former Vice President of Liberia, having died in 1941 at Lagos, Nigeria, where he had gone in search of health, his immediate relatives, including the speaker, decided upon having his remains brought back to his native home, Cape Palmas; and in January they arrived at Marshall and were, by special arrangements made with the Manager of Firestone Plantations Company, allowed to remain in their Chapel until arrangements could be made for their transportation to Cape Palmas. By the courtesy of the British, a transport plane took the remains home, and a week later, I went down to Cape Palmas accompanied by the Vice President, Former President King, the Speaker of the House of Representatives and a number of other high officials and friends, to attend the funeral. After a week in Harper we returned to the Capital. And now, may that Power, which superintends all well ordered Governments, infuse into your deliberations at this important transitorial period of our national history, a spirit of patriotism, cooperation and unselfishness; for in that spirit was our country founded and in that spirit shall it be preserved. (Sgd.) Wm. V.S. Tubman President of Liberia November 9, 1945

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 Gentlemen: Several causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting and historic. Your sagacious legislation, passed at your 1944 session amending the constitution so as to admit into the Honourable the House of Representatives a representative from each of the Provinces as full fledge members of that Honorable Body which was adopted by the people on the first Tuesday in May, 1945, and declared by you at your last Annual Session, has given rise to an opportunity for the benefit which you enjoy in the accession of three tribal citizens elected by their constituents to represent them in the law making body of this Nation. This legislation called for the severe criticism and skepticism from certain local quarters that seem to still cling, like Naaman’s leprosy, to some outmoded, non-progressive, narrow and super conservative ideas, claming that the time is not ripe for such representation; while, on the other hand, the vast majority of the people of the country have stood solidly behind your progressive, just, far seeing, and liberal measure; besides, the commendable reaction which it has had in international circles to the extent that His Excellency President Truman of one of the greatest democracies in a message of felicitation to us on our 99th Anniversary of Independence Day, referred to it as, “Broadening the basis of Liberian Democracy.” I, for my part, have always felt that taxation without representation was oppressive and tyrannical. It is therefore with the maximum degree of pleasure and gratification that I extend to these Honorable gentlemen, congratulations and express the belief that their presence in the Council of State is the dawn of a new unification and agglutination of the different elements that make up the body politic. In the identical constitutional amendment you extended to the tax paying tribal citizens of the provinces the right and benefit of the suffrage which they have accepted and enjoyed with enthusiasm, and have expressed the same formally by letters and resolutions. History

1036 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 will record your names as erudite statesmen, and, because your course is right and just, I do not hesitate to assert that it has the approval and blessings of the God of our Fathers. Other causes exist resulting from certain progressive legislations passed by you at your last session such as remodeling of our election laws, the extending of the privilege of suffrage to the women of Liberia, all of which are revolutionary in character and are highly interesting to the civilized world, and to no portion of it more so than to the Republic of Liberia. That you have been spared to assemble at the Seat of Government for the fourth time since your call by your constituency to the responsible positions you now hold to legislate for the public good of the Nation and its People I trust that your present session will be characteristic of the same spirit of selflessness and of cooperation in all matters appertaining to the common good as has been your attitude at your previous sessions. In communicating to you a just view of public affairs at the commencement of your present labors, I do it with great satisfaction because, taking all circumstances into consideration, I see much cause to rejoice in the growing felicity of our situation. In making this remark, I do not wish to be understood to imply that an unvaried prosperity and development is to be seen in every interest of our national life. This would be more than we would have a right to expect under the conditions and circumstances that pervade at present, the whole world and its peoples; but allowing these their greatest extent, they detract but little from the force of the remarks just made. It is impossible to behold so gratifying and encouraging a spectacle without being penetrated with the most profound and grateful acknowledgements to the Supreme Author of all Good for such manifold and inestimable blessings. Foreign Relations Our diplomatic relations with foreign powers represented near this Capital have continued to be most cordial and friendly. Our international commitments and obligations have been faithfully kept and performed and I am pleased to be able to report that we are at peace with all democratic nations. The international situation since the termination of the last great World conflict has been attended by what would seem at times to be insurmountable difficulties, strained relations and incomprehensible differences; but by perseverance, patience and sagacity, these obstacles seem to be slowly disappearing, and the member nations of the United Nations seem to be now realizing that there should be no strife between them for they be brethren. They have been brothers in arms, why not in peace! Another problem that has busied and given great concern to international leaders and statesmen is the economic aspect and the rehabilitation of the peoples of Europe and other distressed areas that have been stricken by the ravages of that horrible war. A White Paper was issued by His Britannic Majesty’s Government, which stated the following: “Long before the end of the war it had been foreseen that the shortages of fats, meat, dairy products and sugar, which had developed during the war would remain acute for a considerable time after it was over. Towards the end of 1945, however, it became apparent that supplies of grain would also be seriously inadequate and that it would no longer be possible to make up for deficiency in other food by increased consumption of cereals. The food problem was no longer one of austerity but of absolute shortage. The cause of this critical situation was an exceptional succession of draughts in many of the world’s main producing areas during the current harvest year, coming on the top of the already serious dislocation of the world’s agricultural economy and trade due to six years of war.”

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Through the State Department, His Britannic Majesty’s Government addressed a dispatch to this Government on April 12th last, concerning the gravity of the world food situation and stated that he had been instructed to bring this matter to the attention of the Liberian Government. In reply to this dispatch, the State Department informed His Britannic Majesty’s Government that the world food situation was having the serious consideration of the Liberian Government and that the Liberian Government had made to the Director General of UNRRA, additional contributions to its regular annual contribution. The United States of America His Excellency Lester A. Walton after a period of eleven years service here as representative of the United States Government in the capacity of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary tendered his resignation to his Government and on the 14th of January last informed the Liberian Government though the State Department that His Excellency Harry S. Truman, President of the United States, had accepted the same and that Mr. Raphael O’Hara Lanier had been designated as his successor. Mr. Walton was well known and thought of in Liberia and his career here will be remembered for his forthrightness and endeavors to cement the bonds of friendship between his and this country. His Excellency Mr. Lanier, successor to Mr. Walton, from his curriculum vitae submitted by the United States Government, was at the time of his preferment serving as Special Assistant to the Assistant Chief, Bureau of Areas of UNRRA. Previously he had served in many important positions among which was that of Acting President and dean of Faculty, Hampton Institute. His special interests are: International Peace Relations, Economic and Social Problems, Guidance and Personal Administration. College Administration, Curriculum and Teacher Education. Minister Lanier arrived in Liberia on or about March 31st and on April 2nd, notified the Department of State that he was in possession of a Letter of Credence accrediting him to this Government and requested an early opportunity to present them to us. He was informed by the Secretary of State that we were absent from the Capital on tour of the Eastern Province and that upon our return to the Capital, an audience would be requested for the purpose of granting them the privilege of presenting his Letter of Credence. Having returned here on Saturday, the 29th of June, on Monday, July 1st, His Excellency Mr. Lanier, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, was formally received by us in audience in the parlors of the Executive Mansion in usual ceremonial form when he in form presented his Letter of Credence which was by us in form accepted. In the presentation remarks, Minister Lanier said Inter alia: “I come today as an emissary of will-good, which stretches across the boundary of miles. I report for duty as the Envoy of one friendly nation to another, to more thoroughly cement ties already existing and to open up new boundaries of social and economic intercourse for future relationships of concord and esteem between the two sovereign nations.”

Already these stirring words of the Minister are seeing fruition by what I consider to be his honest, assiduous and relentless efforts in the directions expressed by him therein. Following immediately upon the reception of the Minister, on the 2nd of July, the U.S.S. “Portsmouth” (Light Cruiser NO. 160) under the Division Command of Rear Admiral Curts and the immediate Captaincy of Captain Fullinwinder, arrived in the port of Monrovia, on a good-will cruise and remained here until the morning of July 5th.

1038 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 During the stay of the “Portsmouth” in this port, several official courtesies were extended to the Admiral, Captain, Officers and Men, and Admiral Curts is thought of as one of the most amiable persons one could desire to meet. After the departure of the vessel, the under quoted message was transmitted to the Government from Admiral Curts through the American Legation: “Please express to President of Liberia and Officials, Legation Staff, Liberian Army, Raymond Concrete Pile Company, Firestone Plantations Company, Liberian Boy Scouts, an dour many gracious individual Hosts our appreciation for the kindness and courtesies which made our visit so very enjoyable.”

Philippine Independence A note was received by our State Department in May, through the United States Legation, from the United States and Philippine Government extending an invitation to be represented at the ceremonies attending the Proclamation of the Independence of the Philippines and Inauguration of Manuel A. Roxas as President and Elpido Quirino as Vice President, in the city of Manila, Philippine Islands, on July 4th, 1946. In his note the Minister said: “This is another indication of America’s interest in the freedom of small nations. This is the consummation of our pledged word to the Philippines and another stroke for the freedom of dependent areas.”

Replying to this the Secretary of State wrote: “It is gratifying to note that the Government of the United States of America, in consummation of its pledged word to the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines is now about to grant to them full independence which indeed is, as mentioned in your dispatch, another indication of America’s interest in the freedom of smaller nations.”

Indeed I think this act of the United States Government does again evidence its national greatness of spirit and body. It speaks more articulate than words for the sincerity of that nation in its profession of freedom and justice for the races of mankind; it creates universal faith in the genuineness of its determination to keep and perform engagements and inspires confidence in its foreign relations with other states and peoples, small and great, without regard to race or color. To this eventful ceremony, Senator J. A. H. Jones of the County of Grand Cape Mount, President Pro Tempore of the Senate, was accredited as our special representative in the quality of Envoy Extraordinary. Reports percolate through that the Senator made a record on this mission, was creditable not only to himself, but to the Government which he represented. A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America, proclaiming and recognizing the Independence of the Philippines as a separate and self-governing nation, acknowledging its authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people thereof under the Philippine Constitution now in force, covered by a note desiring to know whether the Liberian government would extend recognition to the Government of the Philippines, was received through diplomatic channels on August 19th of the present year. This note was replied to by the State Department informing the United States Government that the Liberian Government would be only too happy to welcome into the community of the Sovereign and Independent States the new Republic of the Philippines. On August 19th, the United States Minister in dispatch No. 45 advised that the Philippine representative was, and further desired this protection to include the issuance of Phi-

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1039

lippine Passports and Visas to allow travel to the Philippines and the certification of invoices and other allied services; and requested this Government’s assent to such representation by the American Legation at this Capital. The request of the United States Government in the respect above mentioned was acquiesced in by the Liberian Government. Great Britain Notification was received by our Department of State on February 11th last of the transfer of Mr. J. Edgar Vaughn, O. B. E., His Britannic Majesty’s Charge d’Affaires and Consul General; and that Vice Consul James Graham would be in charge of the British Legation until the arrival of his successor. In a subsequent note this Government was advised through its State Department of the selection by the Foreign Office of Mr. John Bowering for appointment as His Majesty’s Minister and Consul General at Monrovia; and requested the agreement of the Liberian Government to his appointment. According to his biography filed with the Department of State, he is in his early fifties, and served in the European war of 1914–18. His record further shows that he has a wide and varied experience in the British Consular Service, and, at the time of his appointment to this post, had been engaged in the British Foreign Office from November, 1940. The British Foreign Office as notified of our agreement to the appointment of Mr. Bowering. On March 12th, he having arrived a few days earlier, Mr. Bowering was presented informally to the Secretary of State by Mr. Graham, who was at the time in charge of the British Legation. His credentials not having arrived, he assumed duties as His Britannic Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary as of March 15th on an ad interim basis, pending the formal presentation of his credentials. In his note of the 2nd of April, Mr. Bowering advised the Department of State that he had received his Letter of Credence, which His Majesty King George VI had advised to us, accrediting him in the character of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Monrovia, the Capital and requested that the be informed when he might formally deliver this letter. As in the case of the United States Minister, he was informed that due to our absence from the Capital on tour of the Eastern Province, no date could be then set, but that upon our return he would be informed. Two days after our return to Monrovia, which was on Monday, July 1st of the present year, His Excellency Mr. John Bowering was formally received by us in the parlors of the Executive Mansion, the first of the two, with attending ceremony due his rank, when he formally handed us his Letter of Credence which was formally accepted. The raising of the Status of His Majesty’s Diplomatic representation in Liberia, we welcome as indicative of the growing importance of Anglo-Liberian relationship, as well as a nucleus for closer friendly intercourse between our two countries of contiguous territories. Mr. Bowering, since his advent to the country, has, I think, evinced keen interest in promoting good neighborly relations between his Government and ours.

1040 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Revision of Our Treaty with Great Britain There being no provision in any of our Treaties with Great Britain, providing for the administration by Liberian Consular Officials in the United Kingdom or in any of her possessions of the property of Liberian citizens dying therein intestate, with the view of having these treaties or at least one of them revised so as to carry such a provision, the question was taken up by the Secretary of State with the British Authorities in the Colony of Sierra Leone, during his visit there in 1944, and subsequently with the British Legation at Monrovia. The Legation here indicated in its reply on the subject that similar negotiations were being conducted between the United States and its Foreign Office and that upon conclusion of these negotiations, the Foreign Office would be ready to discuss the matter with us. The League of Nations A resolution, proposed by the British Government for consideration of the Assembly of the League of Nations for a proper and sufficient method of effecting the dissolution of the League, was communicated by His Britannic Majesty’s Government to this Government through the Department of State. The text of the “Draft Resolution” makes suggestion for: (a) The dissolution of the League, (b) The dissolution of the present Court of International Justice, and (c) The assumption by the United Nations Organization of certain functions and activities hitherto exercised by the League. In his note covering the Resolutions, the Minister invited any comment which this government might desire to make. Replying, the Secretary of State stated that the Liberian government was in general agreement with the text of the Resolution; but that it would not be sending a delegate to the Assembly of the League which was to convene on April 8th. Further, that this Government reserved to itself the right to determine to what extent, if any, contributions of arrears would be made by it for the period during which the League did not actually function. The President of the United Nations Organization was also informed. To implement Article forty-one of the United Nations Charter, His Britannic Majesty’s Minister advised the Liberian Government that he had received a telegraphic message from his Government informing him that a Bill to give His Majesty’s’ Government the powers necessary to implement their obligations under the above mentioned Article of the Charter before referred to, was given its second reading in the House of Commons on the 5th April, and that the Foreign Secretary, Mr. Ernest Bevin, would have to answer a question on April 26th, asking what other Governments, members of the United Nations, had the necessary powers under their domestic legislation to fulfill their obligation under the Charter and in particular under Article forty-one. He inquired whether (a) the Liberian Government, possessed the necessary powers under existing statutes; and if so, (b) whether that was the automatic result of the ratification of the Charter or the result of specific legislation, and if not, (c) when the Liberian Government proposed to introduce such legislation. The relative Article, referred to y the Minister is as follows: “The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to this decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the Untied Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.”

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1041

It is hereby recommended that special Legislation be projected at your present session authorizing and empowering the Executive to fulfill this Government’s obligations under the United Nations Charter in general and Article forty-one of the United Nations Charter in particular in the sense contemplated by the said Article. His Britannic Majesty’s government has again called attention to taxations levied on British subjects and protected persons, which was presented to you in our Second Annual Message, but did not receive complete legislative action. Since the contention of His Majesty’s Government seems justified, I am again recommending that action be taken to relieve the situation. A group of Liberian citizens at Fernando Po, addressed a letter to the Department of State through the British Legation here representing that their interests on this Spanish Island were unprotected. The Secretary of State expressed the thanks of this Government to the British Government and requested that the consent of His Britannic Majesty’s Government be obtained to allow the British Consul at Fernando Po to represent and take care of Liberian interests in Fernando Po, pending the appointment of a Liberian representative there. The British Government’s consent was notified to our Government on August 28th on conditions mentioned in the report of the Secretary of State which will be laid before you. Franco-British Informal Medical Conference at Accra, Gold Coast A formal invitation was extended to this Government to send two observers to an Informal Medical Conference which British and French Medical experts have decided to hold in Accra between the 12th and 16th of November of the current year to discuss medical matters affecting the West Equatorial Africa areas. The invitation, the Minister explained, is being extended by His Majesty’s Government as being the Host at the Conference. It was accepted, His Majesty’s Government accordingly informed, and Dr. J. B. Titus, Acting Director of Public Health and Sanitation has been designated to attend it as an observer of the Liberian Government. France Monsieur P. Chesnais, Charge d’Affaires of the Provincial Government of the Republic of France, was succeeded by Monsieur G. Q. de Schompre and was received at the State Department on October 13th, 1945. After eight months service in this country in the capacity as Charge d’Affaires, Monsieur de Schempre advised this Government that the status of the French Republic’s diplomatic representation at Monrovia had been raised to that of Minister Resident and that he had been accredited as that Official, and asked to be informed of the date on which he would be permitted to present his Letter of Credence. He was formally received on July 1st at the Executive Mansion. Mr. de Schompre has shown much interest in effecting a coordination of interests in the health and sanitation programs of the two countries in their adjoining territories. Not being able to avail myself of the pleasure of responding in person to the invitation extended by the Governor General of French West Africa to visit Dakar because of pressure of official business, Honourable C. T. O. King, Assistant Secretary of State, was designated as my personal representative, and proceeded to Dakar, where he was accorded befitting courtesies and discussed several matters concerning Franco-Liberian Administration. These will be laid before you in the regular way.

1042 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Revision of Treaties between the Republic of France and the Republic of Liberia With a view of modernizing in the light of present day international relationships certain of the Treaties existing between the Government of the Republic of France and our Republic, the French Government was advised through its Legation at Monrovia that we considered it opportune to suggest a re-examination and revision of these Treaties existing between our respective governments. They having, in reply, expressed agreement to give study to such proposals when submitted, on July 23rd of the current year, a memorandum embracing the Liberian Government’s suggested amendments and revisions was transmitted to that Government by ours through their Legation here. The full text thereof will be laid before you by the Secretary of State. Visit of Dr. Muraz, French Medical Inspector General In response to an invitation of the Liberian Government to the French Government for consultation in respect of the organization in Liberia for control of Trypanosomiasis and Yaws, General Muraz, Inspector General of French Public Health service, visited Liberia and had conversations with the Liberian Public Health Service and reached tentative agreement on a program looking forward to the effectuating of the object of this visit. The General evidenced much enthusiasm in the proposition. The Holy See The very Reverend Father Kennedy continues as diplomatic representative of this dynamic international entity, the Holy See, near this Capital. The Netherlands and Belgium Mr. D. Van Ee is in charge of the Netherlands’ Consulate here, and Honourable James B. Dennis, who had been serving as Gerant of the Belgium Consulate, has during the course of this year been appointed Consul for the Belgian. Both of these countries were victims of the subtle and dastardly aggression of the Nazis, and we express to their governments our sympathy and admiration of their courage and dexterity in enduring and surviving the ravages of World War II. International Conferences Invitations were extended to this Government to be represented at the undermentioned International Conferences and were accepted and representatives sent. a) Interim Council of PICAO, New York, U.S.A., October 2, 1945—Represented by Consul General Frederick A. Price. b) United Nations Educational & Cultural Organization at London, November 1, 1945— Represented by the Secretary of Public Instruction, Chairman; our Minister at London; and Consul General Wilmot A. David, Adviser; and Mr. H. Boikai Freeman, Secretary. c) United Nations Preparatory Commission, London, November, 1945—Represeneted by our Minister at London. d) United Nations Organization, London, January 10 1946—Represented by the Secretary of State as Chairman, our Minister at London, and Consul General Wilmot A. David as Members. e) International Technical Committee of Aerial Juridical Experts, Paris, France, January 22, 1946—Represented by Consul General Wilmot A. David. f) UNRRA, New Jersey, U.S.A., March 18, 1946—Represented by Consul General F. A. Price of New York, U.S.A.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1043

g) PICAO, Montreal, Canada, April, 1946—Represented by J.L. Cooper, Esquire, Superintendent of communications, R. L. h) Interim Assembly, PICAO, Montreal, Canada, May 21, 1946—Represented by J.L. Cooper, Esquire. Superintendent of Communications, R. L. i) Twenty-eight Session, International Labor Organization, Seattle, Washington U.S.A., 6th June, 1946—Represented by Moody Staten, Honorary Vice Consul (Liberia) at Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. j) United Nations International Health Organization Hunter college, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.—Represented by Joseph N. Togba, M.D.; Colonel, John B. West, Adviser. k) Interim Commission, World Health Organization, Hunter college, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.—Represented by Joseph N. Togba, M.D. l) General Assembly, UNO, Hunter College, New York ,U.S.A., October 23, 1946— Representd by the Honorable C. Abayomi Cassell, chairman; Frederick A. Price, H. Lafayette Harmon, members; Honorable James F. Cooper and Mrs. Ellen Mills Scarbrough, Advisers. m) FAO, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2, 1946—Represented by Consul General Herald Nissen. n) International Assembly of Women, South Kortwight, New York, October 12, -22— Represnted by Mrs. Ellen Mills Scarbrough, Chairman; Mrs. Thelma T. Dennis, Member; and Mrs. Mary McCritty-Fiske, Secretary. Representation Abroad Representations are still maintained in foreign countries with whom we are in treaty relationship. In New York, because of the housing problem, and the consequent difficulty some times experienced by Liberians visiting that place; also for the dignity of a decent place of resident and offices for the Diplomatic Representatives of our country thereat, arrangements have been made to purchase certain premises in that city at cost of thirty-four thousand ($34,000.00) dollars. One half the amount has been ordered paid. Because of our inability to obtain possession of the premises bought for the Washington Legation in 1945 until August of the present year, the prospective Legation in Washington has not yet been opened nor a Minister sent there. We recalled the Letter of Credence of the Liberian Minister in Paris. He demanded a statement of Cause for his recall, which has not been forthcoming, because under the Constitution of the Government under which he held the position of Minister, he did so during the pleasure of the President. The vacancy has not yet been filled. Since the war has ended, Consulates in Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark and Italy have been re-opened and are in communication with our State Department. The Treasury Department Because of the date of your coming and that set by law for the end of the Fiscal year, there is some difficulty in presenting to you at your Annual Sessions a complete picture of the fiscal situation of Government, as general under existing circumstances only since your session convene on the second Monday in October and the Fiscal year ends on December 31st. In our last Annual Message, we recommended changing the Fiscal year from December 31st to August 31st, but no definitive action was taken by you in that respect. We are again urging favorable consideration for this recommendation.

1044 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Comparative figures submitted by the Treasury Department for the year of October 1, 1945 to September 30, 1946, as compared with the period October 1, 1944 to September 30, 1945, show the following totals,

Hut Tax Real Estate Tax School Tax Poll Tax Street & Light Tax General License Fees Hinterland License Fees Rents Royalty on raw Gold Sale of Revenue Stamps Fines and Penalties Revenue Tax on Export Leased Lands Consular Fees Profit on Sale of Raw Gold Mercantile Profit Tax Municipal Revenue Sale of Government Property Court Costs

Fiscal Year 1944–1945

Fiscal Year 1945–1946

$235,190.90 10,651.63 2,016.15 661.63 984.51 79,612.31 26,938.02 15,589.31 (1,266.16) 7,915.77 20,789.21

372,626.14 14,957.00 3,933.08 1,533.26 2,887.09 85,523.40 30,639.47 12,997.56

103,351.51 24,532.49 75,900.74

109,951.00 54,285.59 74,178.95 52,508.41 1,087.80 5,052.69 2,571.40

12,776.99 32,118.73

Fiscal Year 1944–1945 Court Summons Hospital Receipts Centennial tax Sale of Raw Gold Miscellaneous Receipts Government Tax Fees Patents and Trade Marks Miscellaneous Receipts Revenues Stamps Taxes of Radio Messages Suspense Accounts Exploration Tax Total: Internal Revenue

1,197.93 823.92 187,413.66 17,249.15 245.20 124.00 336.04 208.62 1,057.33 600.00 1,079,884.41

Decrease

Internal Revenue: 137,435.24 4,305.37 1,916.93 871.63 1,902.58 5,911.09 3,701.45 2,591.75 (1,266.16) 4,861.22 11,329.52 6,559.49 29,753.10 1,721.79 53,508.41 1,087.80 5,052.69 2,571.40

Fiscal Year 1945–1946

67,158.33 21,027.67 37,060.40

$728,144.44

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Internal Revenue: 1,197.93 823.92 120,255.33 21,027.67 19,811.25 245.20 124.00 336.04 208.62 1,057.33 600.00 395,656.29

Fiscal Year 1944–1945

Fiscal Year 1945–1946

Increase

Public Utility & Postal Government Power Plant 13,884.97 Postal Receipts 15,241.74 Radio Receipts 26,606.40 Total Public Utility and Postal Customs Revenue

17,206.32 27,891.79 35,540.07

3,361.36 12,650.05 8,832.67

43,886.32

Decrease

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1045 Import Duty Export Duty Head money Storage Rents Port & Harbour Dues Auction Sales Miscellaneous Revenue Sur Tax Total: Customs Revenue

876,542.01 86,608.36 20.00 912.12 960.00 375.60 329.49 131,963.61 $1,097.711.19 Fiscal Year 1944–1945

Non Revenue Credits to Appropriation Customs Provisional Deposits Total: Non Revenue

821,699.32 66,985.31 398.00 1,391.85 1,995.00 1,595.26 899.02 123,583.92 1,018.547.68

Fiscal Year 1945–1946

58,842.69 19,625.05 378.00 479.73 1,035.00 1,219.66 569.53 3,681.92 Increase

9,356.15 6,893.57 $16,249.72

11,033.52 7,775.40 18,808.92

1,677.37 881.83 2,559.20

$728,114.44 55,794.11 1,097,771.19 16,249.72 $1,897,879.46 Net Increase: $300,009.73 over 1944 to 1945

1,079,833.41 80,636.18 1,018,547.68 18,808.92 2,197,879.19

395,656.29 24,884.07 3,681.92 2,559.20 426,741.48

Internal Revenue Public Utility & Postal Customs Revenue Non Revenue

8,379.69 82,845.43 Decrease

Summary 43,886.32 82,845.42 126,731.75

The Secretary of the Treasury comments that: “From the above figures, although certain revenues show decreases, there is a marked increase in Internal Revenue collections of about $360,000.00. In Public Utilities and Postal Revenues, we have an increase over the previous Fiscal Year of twenty-four thousand odd dollars. The Customs Revenues do not give this same picture. This Fiscal Year shows a decrease of little under $80,000.00. This is due principally to the maritime strike in the United States which prevented the sailing of vessels not only to our ports, but to other ports of the world as well.” “On the whole, we can report that the Revenues continue to increase as will be seen from the general total of $2,197,879.19. If we subtract from this amount the non revenue items of $18,000.00, we would still have the revenue collection for the Fiscal Year 1945 and ’46 over two million dollars, which is the first time in the history of the country that the revenues have reached that figure. While this is true, it should be no ground for over-optimism, for with represent world conditions still unsettled even partially since World War II, it is hard for anyone to forecast what will happen in the next hour. A policy of conservatism and strict economy should be the foundation stone in our finances.”

The following table given by the Treasury show amounts estimated for the year 1946 and amounts collected from January 1st up to and including September 30, 1946:

Internal Revenue: Hut Tax General Licenses Tax Exports from Leased Lands Rents Real Estate Tax

Estimates: Revenue 1946

Collections: 1st 9 Months 1946

230,000.00 80,000.00 90,000.00 10,000.00 8,000.00

171,584.04 109,700.59 57,234.17 10,275.90 8,719.49

1046 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Fines and Penalties Consular Fees Revenue Stamps Mercantile Profits Tax Miscellaneous Profit Sale of Raw Gold Centennial tax Utilities: Government Power Plant Postal Receipts Radio Receipts (less tools) Total: Excluding Customs: Customs: Import Duty Export Duty Miscellaneous Sur Tax Grand Total Revenues

6,000.00 15,000.00 5,000.00 17,000.00 15,000.00 75,000.00 135,000.00 686,000.00

27,622.78 26,833.65 10,698.75 8,031.91 22,645.74 74,178.95 89,353.57 616,809.44

8,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 23,000.00 $709,000.00

9,766.86 19,777.32 25,222.73 54,766.91 $671,576.35

580,000.00 50,000.00 1,500.00 87,000.00 718,500.00 $1,427,500.00

632,974.31 66,972.76 5,256.62 95,241.04 800,444.83 $1,472,021.18

It was in 1927 that the revenues of the country first reached the million dollar mark, and we were determined to endeavor to have them to reach at least two million dollars within the present administration, and so with the addition of the financial legislations passed by you to wit: the 15% Surtax: the Gold Monopoly; the Centennial Tax; and the Mercantile Profits Tax; together with the response of the people and above all, the blessings of God accorded to our efforts, to whom we committed ourselves and the Nation when we first took office, our aim in this direction has been realized. But two million dollars is a negligible sum total upon which to operate a Government and develop its resources on the verge of its One Hundredth Year of National life; a Government in need of Hospitals, Industries, Sanitation, Schools, Colleges, Proper and Adequate Food Production. Trade and Commerce, water and power. In some countries a single university is run on an Annual Budget of a million dollars. As a Nation, we cannot afford to be content with just what comes our way. We must find a way to improve ourselves and our country in every respect or make a way. Gold is in the earth, but we must dig for it. Again, I repeat the quotation made from Daniel Webster in my second Annual Message: “Smite the rock of the National resources so that abundant streams of Revenue may gush forth.”

While our financial situation seems encouraging, we cannot utilize this situation as a means for increasing salaries, especially of top officials; but these revenue increases should be applied to great national objectives such as liquidation of the National Debt, Education, Roads, Agriculture, Transportation, Health and Sanitation. The National Debt Obligations incurred by Government under the Loan Agreement of 1926 as permanently amended in 1944 have been fully met this year.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1047

On January 3, 1944, when we took over the responsibility of the administration of Government in the capacity we now hold, the total amount of bonds outstanding against Government and in favor of the Finance corporation of America under the Loan Agreement was $1,193,000.00. Within three years this outstanding against us has been paid down to $690,000.00. The Floating Debt On January 1, 1944, the Floating Debt against Government was $74,666.70. Within the period of three years, it has been paid down to $27,469.70. Foreign Trade Statistics submitted of Foreign Trade by Ports and by countries for the year ending on August 31, 1946, with comparative data for the year ending on the same date, 1945, reveal that exports increased from $10,420,511.00. in 1945 to $12,958,244.00 in 1946; an absolute increase in exports of $2,537,733.00 or 24.3%. Imports, on the other hand, decreased markedly in the same period from $6,250,884.00 in 1945 to $3,956,899.00 in 1946; a decrease of $2,293,985.00 or 36.7%. The Financial Adviser makes the following comments with reference to this decrease in imports: “It seems likely that this decrease is due to a decline in imports for the harbor construction. Since these are free duty, there was no corresponding decrease in revenues from import duty in 1946.”

Balance of Trade This is most interesting in evaluating the country’s economic and financial position. You will observe from the Financial Adviser’s report table showing balance of international payments, which offers an interesting study. The Five Year Plan In executing the Five Year Plan reported in our Second Annual message, I am pleased to report that we have this year started the construction of hospital buildings in Grand Bassa and Sinoe Counties, and employed and assigned two Medical Doctors to Grand Bassa County and one to Sinoe County. One hospital is being constructed in Tchien of the Eastern Province; cement for the construction of a hospital is Saniqeullie of the Central Province and Voinjama of the Western Province respectively is being transported to these areas and a Medical Doctor has been engaged and dispatched to Voinjama, Western Province; a complete two hundred bed hospital, including three x-rays, has been purchased form the U.S. Army stationed in the Gold Coast at a cost of $85,000.00; an Administrative building and a High School Building are in process of construction in Maryland County, a Prison House in the County of Sinoe; five thousand odd dollars have been advanced for the complete renovation and reconditioning of Hartzell Academy in Grand Bassa County; five thousand dollars have been paid to the Trustees of the St. Paul River Industrial School, Montserrado County, for the construction of a school building on the St. Paul River; one thousand dollars have been contributed to the Ganta Medical Center; a contribution of five thousand dollars has been made to Booker Washington Institute; blue prints for an administrative building have just been completed for the County of Grand Cape Mount; and $240,000.00 have been paid in advance to Mr. Hilyard Robinson under his contract with Government as Technical Consultant against Centennial Exposition Buildings. Two surveys have been made – one for a hydro in the St. Paul River which involves, according to reports sent in about $3,000,000.00, and the other by the U.S. Public Health Mission for water supply for Monrovia estimated at about $1,300,000.00.

1048 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The possibility of financing either or both of these projects is what the Executive is exploring. In our negotiations to have the Bank of Monrovia or other foreign corporations make long term loans to Liberians against real estate security, question has arisen involving the constitutional inhibition against any person holding real estate in Liberia except Liberians. After protracted negotiations a tentative formula has been worked out and will be laid before you for your study and considerations. My personal opinion is that the formula safeguards the constitution and offers an opportunity for Liberians to assist themselves in agricultural and other enterprises and pursuits. Recommendations I am still persevering with recommending a change in the present complicated method of enforcing payment of Real Estate, Poll, School, and Light Taxes against delinquents to a more simplified form, and I also recommend a change in the present law with reference to these taxes including the Centennial and excluding the Real Estate, so that they will be levied against foreigners as well except such of them as are otherwise legally exempted; and that the Hut Tax be levied and collected from all aliens or foreigners living in huts as the tribesmen of Liberia do. A special study of the Revenue Code is being made with the view of suggesting certain amendments, such as increasing the duty of certain luxuries as ardent or portable spirits, tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, etc. The Department of Justice The Attorney General, Honourable C. Abayomi Cassell, requested leave of absence to travel in foreign parts in the interest of his health, which was granted. He left the country early in August with his consort and one of his children. While on leave, he was accredited as Chairman of the Liberian Delegation to the United Nations Assembly now in session in New York, U.S.A. We have heard from and of his activities over the radio and the newspapers with pride. Honourable D.B. Cooper, Solicitor General, who was left in charge of the Department, on account of ill health, applied for sick leave soon after taking over the administration of the Department, which was granted; and the Honourable Nete Sie Brownell, former Attorney General, was asked to take charge of the same in the capacity of Acting Attorney General for the duration of the absence of Attorney General Cassell. He expressed that he thought it a pleasure and a patriotic privilege to serve, and took over from Mr. Cooper. In his report the Acting Attorney general suggest that, in response to an observation of His Honor the Chief Justice made at the opinion of the March Term of the Supreme Court, it is time to begin preparation of the Third Volume of the Liberian Law Reports. I ask a favorable consideration of this suggestion. It might be interesting to inform you also that the Second volume of the Liberian Law Reports is now in process of printing. Another great need the Acting Attorney General points out and with which I am in agreement, is the condition and ineffectiveness of our prisons in general and of the central prison in particular; hence I ask that consideration be given to his proposal in this regard. He further recommends the appointment of an Officer to be known as Proctor. Should the revenues allow it, I would be glad if you gave favorable consideration. The Acting Attorney General, like the Attorney General did last year, calls attention to the urgent need for Court House buildings and the setting up of a commission to study and recommend a revision of the Constitution.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1049

Very ably the Acting Attorney General, points out that the laws of Liberia, in respect of the law of inheritance, are contrary to the accepted modern trend of the law as to descent of property. Under our existing law, upon the death of a freeholder without issue, instead of his property ascending to parents and then in turn descending to collaterals, our law runs in the opposite direction, granting estate of this nature to collaterals in preference to the parents of the freeholder, the Court well as the body of citizens going from place to place I have deemed it necessary to suspend that portion of statue, and have allowed vessels owned by a foreigner to be registered and to operate within our waters under the Liberian Flag and ask for our approval of this action and repeal of the portion of the statute hereinabove recited. I strongly ask for a change in the present statute. Another pertinent defect in our law of inheritance, which the Attorney General points out, is the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the case George Cyrus versus Thomas G. Fuller in an Action of Ejectment, decided January 10, 1884, where it was held that a child born out of wedlock not having any inheritable blood cannot be heir to anyone unless by some expressed statutory provision. This seems to be different even from the common law as the Attorney General further points out; for, as is known to persons of average intelligence, while the father of a child born out of wedlock is not generally known, the mother is always known. Hence the child, unless legitimized, cannot inherit from the father, but as the mother is always known and the child has her blood unmistakingly, such a child should inherit from the mother without the process of legitmation. The Acting Attorney General recommends that to clear the congested docket of the Sixth Judicial Circuit Court, a Seventh Judicial Circuit Court be created with territorial jurisdiction embracing the District of Careysburg and the Territory of Marshall. With the enormous development program now being prosecuted by Government, I do not think the revenues will admit of the creation of another Circuit Court; but it would seem feasible that the Sixth Judicial Circuit Court might be closed and reopened in the areas suggested by the Acting Attorney General. The Curators It seems to me that to have Curators control intestate estates with compensation accruing from the estate is but a very little improvement, if any on the old administrator’s system. It seems also that, when a person has labored through his natural life to accumulate whatever comforts he has for himself and family and dies and cannot any longer speak nor defend his family nor his own rights, then, more than ever, should the law protect, safeguard and secure his dependents and his interest against any and every imposition, fraud or advantage. I therefore recommend that Curators of intestate estates be placed on salary and receive no per centum nor commission as compensation from intestate estates; but that five per centum of the value of each such estate be paid into the treasury as revenue. Under onr law “no vessel shall be entitled to register, or if registered, to the benefits thereof, if owned in whole or in part by any foreigner, or by any citizen usually residing in any foreign country, unless he be a Consul or Agent for this Government.” The results of a statute so contract in intent, letter and purpose impede the progress and development of a country in transportation, trade and commerce. It might have suited the time in which it was passed into law, but certainly not the present day. Because of the emergency that has arisen through difficulty in means of transportation, even for official of Government traveling to the seat of Government to attend sessions of the Legislature and of the Court as well as the body of citizens going from place to place, I have deemed it necessary to suspend that portion of statute, and have allowed vessels owned by a foreigner to be

1050 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 registered and to operate within our waters under the Liberian Flag and ask for our approval of this action and repeal of the portion of the statute hereinabove recited. The Department of Posts and Telegraphs It became necessary to have retired from the Public Service the Postmaster General on the 30th of September; in consequence whereof, the Acting Attorney General was requested to assume direction of that Department as Acting Postmaster General. There arose in foreign philatelic presses scathing publications concerning Liberian stamps and their overprinting. Care and much time were employed to inquire into the cause and to ascertain whether there was any justification for these philippics. A Lawyer was retained in the United States through our Consul General there and, as a result, it was discovered that the overprinting had been conducted in an unscientific manner and that speculation and graft seemed to have attended the scale and disposal of these overprints. Already reports are coming through of the re-establishment of confidence in Liberian stamps from philatelic quarters abroad. For quite some time, complaints had been coming through concerning the Monrovia Post Office and its administration, accusing it of inefficiency and in some cases of dishonesty. It was difficult to trace any particular act of fraud or dishonesty to any particular person but something wrong ever and anon would occur in this Post Office. In the interest of good and efficient postal administration, I thought it best to change the entire personnel of the Post Office either by dismissal or transfer. An agreement has been proposed between the Government and “Air France,” a French Air Service, but has not yet been concluded. The property held under lease by Government upon which was operated the Radio Station has been purchased by Government and a new concrete building constructed thereon. The Central Office building has been renovated and a new engine installed. The franking of letters and radiograms is being abused and action is being taken to check these abuses. The Department of War The Secretary of War reports that peace prevails within our borders and that no arm of the fighting services has had need to be called into actual service since your last adjournment. According to him, the several Infantry Regiments are in good working shape. Their morale, efficiency and discipline are good. I have now had the privilege of visiting, reviewing and inspecting all of the regiments in the country except the Second and Seventh. Last year I observed that the Third Regiment scored above all the other regiments in evolutions and discipline that I had had the privilege of reviewing and inspecting. On my tour through the Eastern and Southeastern parts of the country this year I had the pleasure, in Maryland County, of reviewing and inspecting as Commander-in-Chief, the Fourth Regiment, which I had once commanded as its Colonel, and I say it with every degree of modesty, that of all the regiments within the Republic the Fourth Regiment is the only one that practices or executes Extended Order of Skirmish Drill. The rest of the regiments concern themselves exclusively with ceremonies. While ceremonial evolutions are very attractive such as forming the regiment, review, inspection, escorts, passing in review, etc. these are not the primary objects of military training. Every soldier knows or should know that the ultimate aim of all military training is success in battle and not in ceremonies. Success in battle which extended order or the skirmish drill offers is of major importance. This should claim the consideration of our military authorities.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1051

Colonel Milton and his regiment, therefore, seem to take the palm for a correct concept of why they are as regiment and military unit, and deserve congratulations. The Kakata Detachment under the command of Major B.N.Y. Nyekan of the Fifth Regiment, the Secretary of War reports, has a total strength of two thousand men and that the Grand Cess Battalion of the Fourth Regiment under the command of Major S.N. Elliott, a strength of one thousand two hundred, while the Webbo Battalion of the Fourth Regiment under Major Joseph Itoka has a strength of one thousand six hundred me. The Secretary of War recommends that, because of the strength of these respective battalions, they be made into regiments. I ask for your favorable considerations. The Interior Department Our promise made to the Chiefs of the Central and Western Provinces to visit them when they were in the Capital to witness the Inauguration, and that we would then hear complaints and grievances on the spot having been fulfilled last year, we seized the opportunity of touring the Eastern Province this year. Leaving Monrovia on the 26th of March, we arrived Tchien, after passing through the Gbarnga and Tappita Districts, on the 2nd day of April. We were the recipients of the most flattering and enthusiastic courtesies from the Chiefs and Tribesmen of the territories through which we traveled. Council with the Chiefs and Tribesmen commenced on the 3rd day of April in Tchien and after nineteen days there we adjourned the Council and proceeded to Nyakke-Webbo. Reaching Webbo on the 27th of April, we opened the Council there on the 29th and continued for six days. The decisions of the Councils at Tchien and Webbo have been published and furnished, Honorable Gentlemen. Afterwards we proceeded to Harper, Cape Palmas where we were received and entertained in real old Maryland fashion by the Superintendent, his Official Council, Chiefs and citizens of Maryland County. We conducted Councils there and at Barclayville of the Kru Coast District. Matter arising in and disposed of in these Councils have not yet been published because of pressure of other official duties. It is hoped, however, that before the adjournment of your present session they will be placed on your desks. While we toured the Eastern Province, the Secretary of the Interior passed through the Western and Central Provinces, hearing and disposing of matters of import to the tribes and Government. One of the matters disposed of by him with much satisfaction was the Gbandi-Gissi land dispute of more than twenty years standing. Copies of his decision will be furnished you in the usual way. Quietude and peace obtain throughout the Interior. Loyalty to, respect for, and love of country and Government seem to characterize both Chiefs and Tribesmen. There seem to be, however, transcendentalists, scattered here and there who appear not yet competent of understanding, in a practical, way, the object, nature and office of the Government of Liberia, nor the opportunities which it affords them, nor the path that must lead it successfully to its destiny; and hence they endeavor to promote the idea of Tribe, Clan, and Element feeling. They cherish the hope and express in camera that the time will come when authority and conduct of Government will evolve to one element or clan or the other to the exclusion of others. Any such idea is preposterous and unpatriotic, for the office and purpose of the founding of this Republic was to offer a home for all of the sons of Africa-those who were originally here, those who came and those who shall come hereafter.

1052 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 It is therefore our bounden duty and service to effectuate the aims and purposes for which this Nation was instituted, regarding every one as a Liberia without regard to Clan, Tribe or Ancestry. But there appear to be also certain foreign influences which endeavor to propagate this spirit of Clan and Element discrimination with a view to divide and rule. If we or either of us permit ourselves to become so stupid as to be caught in their meshes, what will this class of anarchists give us or either of us but segregation, discrimination and relegation to a place of inferiority and nonentity. I observed on the program for the closing exercises of a certain institution on the St. Paul River, being operated under the auspices of a Missionary Group that the members of the Graduating Class are catalogued thus: “Miss ‘A’ Via”; “Miss ‘B’ Grebo”; “Miss ‘C’ Liberian”. This would seem to indicate that this is the kind of tutoring that is being done in this institution, which is basically adverse to Government’s policy of Unification; and the school room is the most dangerous place for such nationally destructive ideas and principles to be taught. A warning is therefore being given and sounded hereby to this and every other institution of any kind here, requiring a full stop and an immediate halt to be put and called to this, or we shall employ measures to enforce a halt even to the extent of inhibiting all such institutions, or at least demanding a change in personnel. Let us then every one of us keep an internal vigil and guard against any and all subterfuges that will tend to disunite and thereby destroy us. Land Laws Our Land Laws strike me as being out of date and as there would appear to be uncertainty if not confusion of title in both private and public land holdings, I suggest authority be given the Executive to set up a Commission to study the Land Laws and recommend such revisions as will clear all uncertainties and confusions of title and have the laws brought up to modern standards. The Salala-Baila Road Work on this road ceased when the contingent of United States Troops stationed in this country was withdrawn. Differences of opinions were entertained concerning the Agreement for the construction of this road. When Mr. Timberlake visited the country early this year, discussions were resumed on this score and it was agreed that the Liberian Government’s position was correct; in consequence whereof the United States Government has contracted with Firestone Plantations Company through its State Department to complete the Salala-Baila Road that has presently been constructed a little beyond Gbarnga, and to put in a bridge across the St. John River, thereby connecting the Salala-Baila Road with the Saniquellie Road. To prosecute this project, Firestone Plantations Company has organized a Construction Company styled: “The Liberian Construction Company”, and asked permission to import tools and other equipment for the construction of this stretch of road free of duty and further, that Government take responsibility for claims for damages that may be presented by private land owners for destruction that may occur to crops or other things by means of the construction of the road through private properity. Permission was granted to import tools, other accessories and equipment for the road construction duty free, and an undertaking given of Government’s responsibility for claims for damages that may come in growing out of the construction of this road. I ask for your approval. The General Manager of Firestone Plantations Company informed us that its Construction Company would be willing to accept private and Government building contracts, if there were no objections from Government. I expressed that I saw no reasons for objections.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1053

Elections The Revised Election Statute will be effective as a law upon the publication of our last session’s Acts, which, unfortunately, have not yet been released from the press however, they sho0uld be out ere you adjourn the present session. The projection of this legislation was intended as a reform measure, and we must show our sincerity by making it so; therefore, I ask Honorable Gentlemen and through you the people of Liberia to join us in seeing the provisions of this statute are stringently enforced and religiously adhered to. On my part, I, being responsible to see the Constitution upheld, and the laws of the country enforced, shall employ all of the nation’s and my powers to see this law executed with the uttermost stringency according to its letter, spirit and intent. All political parties by this act stand on the same footing, enjoy the same privileges and will reap just what they sow. No Political Party will ever surrender its predominance to accommodate an opposition. The Conservative Party lost the elections in 1945 in Great Britain, but they did not voluntarily surrender it, the Labor Party took it, and will only retain it as long as they can keep the Conservatives or other political Parties out of it. The same thing occurred in the United States recently when the Republicans carried the majority seats in the Congress and the State Governorships but the Democratic Party did not voluntarily surrender what they lost. Next year is our Quadrennial Elections for seats in the House of Representatives and one half of the Senate. It will be the first election under the new statute. If any other Political Party contests the Whig Party at the polls, we shall welcome the opposition and the challenge and the elections shall be conducted fairly and implicitly within the regulations of the statute; but you cannot be indifferent or expect the Whig or any other Political party that may be in power to donate their powers to you. You will have to fight for and take it. All parties will, however, be privileged to meet on even grounds. Should the Declaratory Act be passed at your present session and if you direct that it be published in hand bills, our women will, for the first time in the history of the country, be able to handle the ballot. I extent to them congratulations and trust that we shall be brothers and sisters in all political warfares, fighting on the same side. Thomas J. R. Faulkner One of the most outstanding Liberian Industrialists and proponents of reforms was Thomas Jefferson Richelieu Faulkner, who passed on February 2, 1943, at 6:30 o’ clock p.m. It was he who first introduced and installed electricity, the telephone and the ice factory in the country. In virtue of the benefits brought to the nation by him in the fields of industry and science, I recommend that the date of his death be symbolized by the passage of an Act authorizing all electricity in the country to be extinguished annually on the date and at the hour of his death for one minute as a memorial to him. Petition of the Citizens of the Republic Residing in oldest Congo Town and Paynesville A Delegation from the people of Oldest Congo Town and Paynesville led by the Honorable A. W. Karnga and Commissioner D.C. Caranda, presented a petition asking that the territories now comprising the Townships of Oldest Congo Town and Paynesville be merged and be incorporated as a City or Municipality. Full text of the petition will be laid before you and I crave for it your favorable consideration. The Secretary of Interior has been for the past few weeks very ill and is still ill. He took his attack while preparing his Annual report. When the Report reached me on the 19th of

1054 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 October and I looked at his signature, I knew that the Secretary was not himself; but he did his duty, finished his report and went to bed. He remains still ill. We pray that God will restore him to health for further usefulness and service to his country and family. Department of Public Instruction The Secretary of Public Instruction begins his Report thus, and I quote: “The year 1946 brought to this Department larger vision of the objective of mass education and needs of both personnel and means to implement Liberia’s Education Program. “Both requirements of needs have been weighed in the balance and found extremely wanting. We need more professional teachers, than we do ‘jobers’. We need a much larger National Appropriation for Education in Liberia, than we have had in the years gone by. The reason for this need, is that the demands of Liberia call for a prepared citizenship, particularly as the right of suffrage is extended to a much bigger mass, than ever had this civic privilege, in the way our country has been moving towards the centenary of her national life. “The present Administration has not been unmindful of this important need above all other claims. Appropriation for Education has been climbing form the point of $30,506.88 where present Government met it in 1944. Three raises in Budgetary Appropriation–1944; $95,486.06; 1945, $84,503.12; 1946, $154,212.30 have brought financial strength to this Department, whereby it has been able to make the struggling advance to the point of appreciable attainment, indicated by relevant data given in this Report.” The plea made for qualified teachers by the Secretary is of imminent urgency, for whatever a nation is to be or desires to be should be put into its schools. Teaching is a profession as much so as medicine or law, and education is of too immense importance to be placed in the hands of untrained and non-professional lay folk. We must therefore have professional teachers, and the only means by which we can obtain them is to have some training center. In conference with the leaders of certain missionary groups, it was intimated that they contemplated instituting such a training center for teachers’ and I assured them that, should their plans mature in the early future, Government would participate annually in a sum of at least two and a half thousand dollars, but, should their project not be forthcoming in the immediate future, then we will get at it at once ourselves. The Secretary in his Report gives a summary of pupils and students showing Liberian Descendants of Founders and Immigrants and of Aboriginal Liberians in the schools of Liberia, which I quote: County or Province

Descendants of Founders and Immigrants Montserrado County 1,778 Grand Cape Mount County 79 Grand Bassa & and Marshall 200 Sinoe County 126 Maryland County 310 Western Province 26 Central Province 106 Eastern Province 4 Totals 2,626 Note: All reports have not been received.

Aboriginal Liberians

Total

2,831 317 534 1,532 2,665 203 1,127 499 9,709

4,609 396 734 1,658 2,9875 226 1,233 503 12,334

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1055

Firestone Participation in Liberian Educational Program Special mention is made by Dr. Pearson, the Secretary, in his Report of the contribution being made by the Firestone Plantations company to the educational operations of the country: writes he; “It is worthy of mention that the Firestone Plantations Company is well on the way of carrying out the original idea of the late Harvey S. Firestone with reference to the full assistance intended to be given Liberia in operating the Concession which was so generously granted his Company by Liberia. We need schools and yet more schools, teachers and yet more teachers. We need to organize, rush and speed up mass education; but all this involves capital and, as quickly as the revenues permit it, we shall expand our educational operations. Liberia College College buildings and campus are necessary and we are now setting ourselves to the task of constructing a modern college. The plans have been completed, the land surveyed and about thirty thousand dollars allocated from the present year’s appropriation against the building project. This institution is supported by appropriations from the Public Treasury, and hence the Legislature in 1934 amended the Charter of the college, and placed it under the supervision of the Department of Public Instruction, intending thereby to limit the absolute governing power that had theretofore vested in its Board of Trustees. We shall expect that the change in the charter be adhered to. The stakes of the College need to be lengthened and strengthened, and, in consideration of the need to strengthen it, Miss Fatima Massaquoi has been engaged as one of the Professors and the Bureau of Cultural Relations in the State Department of the United States has offered a Professor of Mathematics to the College in the person of Mr. Swann Fred, who is expected to arrive in this city soon. Scholarships There are forty students presently receiving technical training in the United States. According to the Department of Public Instruction, 5 are pursing the course of Medicine 2 are pursuing the course of Civil Engineering 2 are pursuing the course of Architecture 2 are pursuing the course of Dietetics 3 are pursuing the course of Agriculture 2 are pursuing the course of Business Administration 1 is pursuing the course of Forestry 1 is pursuing the course of Finance & Economics 1 is pursuing the course of Telephoning 1 is pursuing the course of Radio Engineering 1 is pursuing the course of Mining Engineering 1 is pursuing the course of Dentistry 1 is pursuing the course of Kindergarten Management 1 is pursuing the course of Nursing 1 is pursuing the course of Photography 1 is pursuing the course of Secretarial Management And 11 are unclassified.

1056 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 This group of students if further divided shows that seven students are now on Government Scholarship and thirty-three are either on foreign Scholarships or are self-supporting. For the years 1944-46, an expenditure by Government for Scholarships amounts to $29,842.01. There are creditable gestures of America’s and France’s desire to offer Foreign Scholarships to Liberian students for higher training in America and France. Two of the students in the United Stats on Government Scholarships have married, contrary to Government policy. Hereafter all contracts for Scholarships shall provide that the student shall not wed until he shall have completed his course. Mission Schools Foreign Missions still contribute considerably to the educational life of the country, for which we are appreciative. The question has been raised and insisted upon by some of our educators that the annual curricula approved by your Honorable Body could be strengthened in certain respects. Until a re-examination of the curricula can be had, I suggest that you amend the act approving it so as to constitute the curricula the minimum standard. To bring our education system and it operation up to modern standards, I recommend that the services of a Foreign Educational Specialist as Adviser, be engaged in connection with the Department of Public Instruction. The Department of Public Works & Utilities I have never believed in the old adage that a King can do no wrong. During the year, it became necessary to have retired Honorable Walter F. Walker from the Public Service as Secretary of Public Works and Utilities. Secretary of State Gabriel L. Dennis was requested to take over the Department from Mr. Walker until his successor could be settled upon. This he consented to do and entered upon the discharge of the duties in his new dual position with his usual zest and dispatch. Having subsequently decided upon Honorable H. B. Duncan, Assistant Secretary of Public Works and Utilities and Liaison Officer between Government and the Port construction authorities, he was commissioned as Secretary of the Department on the 24 day of October, 1946, and Mr. George A. Dunbar has been commissioned as Assistant Secretary and Liaison Officer. The Port and Port Works The Port Construction by the Raymond Concrete Pile Company, under the supervision of the United States Navy, has progressed satisfactorily. Data submitted show that the construction is well ahead of schedule. Commander Trimble, the naval representative, and Mr. Lutz, the construction representative, have evinced a spirit of fairness and justice that appear to show their employees a tendency to act reasonable to their complaints. There occurred two strikes since the project started but these were amicably disposed of within a short time and without much loss of time or property. The Liberian Government Hospital The Hospital has been re-organized since your last adjournment and the results appear to be an improvement in conditions and general administration. Dr. Togba, a Liberian who graduated from Meharry Medical college has returned home and has been placed on the Board of Doctors of the Hospital; also Dr. Chauliac, a Medical Doctor from the French Army with the rank of Major. Dr. Conte continues to be Superintendent of the Hospital.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1057

For the purpose of better efficiency in administration, Mr. Frank E. Tolbert was appointed Administrative Assistant at the Hospital. By our direction all of the Nursing Schools were co-ordinated and correlated. Mrs. Jeanette L. Cooper has been Acting Superintendent of Nurses at the Government Hospital since the vacation of Miss Lucille Todd and in that capacity she has manifested genuine interest in the hospital in general and in the nurses in particular. United States Foreign Agencies in Liberia Mr. Earl P. Hansons, Chief of the U.S. Foreign Economic Administration, left Liberia for his home last March. Mr. Pinder is carrying on and has shown a spirit of willingness and helpfulness. The United States Health Mission has been cooperative and with the exception of a few brakes, due to fiscal difficulties at home, has made successful strides against mosquitoes, and in favor of the general sanitary condition in the Capital. We have not had the report of Colonel West, the Chief of this Mission up to the present, but he has promised that it will be forthcoming at an early date. The Liberian government contributed twenty thousand dollars to assist the work of the mission in Liberia this year. Colonel West with the consent of his Government was appointed by us as Adviser to the Liberian Delegation to the Health Conference; and Dr. Togba reports that the Colonel rendered him valuable assistance. The Bureau of Agriculture Mr. Charles E. Trout, Agricultural Specialist, had advised the Bureau of Agriculture and in so doing has rendered magnificent services. Mr. Pinder, Mr. Moore and other members of the Bureau as well as Mr. Trout have carried on demonstration work in several of the Hinterland Districts whereby much interest seems to have been aroused. The Budget was late being made available with appropriations, consequently appropriations were late being released; the seeds were late arriving and the agricultural agents were late reaching their stations; hence while the accomplishments of the Bureau this year are encouraging, they were not what the Specialist appears to have expected. It should be remembered, however, that agricultural progress and extension work are general long ranged: The Bureau of Public Health & Sanitation The Director of Public Health and Sanitation gives a comprehensive pictures of the operations of the Bureau for the nine months covered by the report which will be submitted to you. There is still need of doctors for sections of the country not yet having any. As they are available and the revenues permit, we shall engage and supply them. Mr. Firestone’s Gift to the Centenary of the Republic Mr. Harvey S. Firestone, Jr., informed us during the latter half of the present year that, “To perpetuate the ideals of my father and as a contribution to the program which the Liberian people are planning in commemoration of their one hundred years of freedom, it has been our wish to establish in Liberia an institute for research in tropical medicine. To accomplish this, we are making a gift of $250,000.00 for the construction and equipment of the necessary buildings on lands provided by the Liberian Government. We have proposed that the American Foundation for Tropical Medicine assume the responsibility for the operation of this international study center and our proposal has been favorably received.”

1058 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 To this radiogram we replied inter alia: “We shall be pleased to accept your beneficent offer as a memorial to your late father and as your contribution to the program which we are endeavoring to execute in the celebration of our hundredth year of national existence and shall be ready to sympathetically consider the plans when submitted by the American Foundation of Tropical Medicine Incorporated. It is my firm belief that this generous offer on your part will bind more closely with the ties of friendship and sympathetic understanding which have for twenty years characterized the relationship of the Firestone Plantations Company with the Government and people of Liberia.”

In September last, Dr. Mackie of the American Foundation of Tropical Medicine arrived in Liberia and discussed with us the terms and conditions upon which the Institute would be operated. Reaching agreements on most points, he returned to the United States and recently Mr. Byron H. Larabee presented a Power of Attorney executed in his favor and a draft agreement authorizing and empowering him to conclude the agreement. We expect to conclude it within the next few days and send it forward to you for legislative action. The value of this generous gift from Mr. Firestone cannot be overestimated and its benefits will not be his nor ours alone, but the world’s. Concessions The exploration of the Bomi Hills Concession granted by Government to Mr. Landsell K. Christie last year is still in its initiatory stage. Mr. Christie made a visit to the country and to the Bomi Hills where his engineers are presently making further investigations. He has met his obligations thus far under the contract. The Supreme Court The Supreme Court has held one of its semi-annual sessions this year and is now in its second. Like your Honorable Body, on the day and date for convening, there was not present at the Seat of the Court a quorum due mostly to lack of transportation. This is a condition that has obtained in the country for more than a generation, at least as far back as I can recollect, and, as one who has had to travel forward to and from the Legislature and the Court, I know what humiliation one often encountered; besides the reflection it has on the Nation not to be in a position to transport or have transported to the Seat of Government members of the Legislature and Justices of the Supreme Court in time for the convening of their respective sessions. This must not occur again in the present administration. At the convening of the last November Term of the Supreme Court, His Honor the Chief Justice was away in the United Stats on sick leave. We are pleased that, through the mercies of God and the skill of his physicians, he was able to resume his seat on the Bench at the opening of the present term of the Court and sincerely wish that he will soon have totally regained his health so as to render his usually accustomed patriotic services to the Supreme Court and the Country. Justices Russel and Barclay have been also unwell since their last session. It is our earnest desire that they will soon be completely restored to health. The Centenary There has been some progress made for the Centenary in the literary field. Government has gone its limit in making contracts, making cash advances and running a regular Centennial Budget carrying a staff that should make the celebration a success.

Third Annual Message to the Legislature November 15, 1946 1059

It is obvious, however, that because of unsettled world conditions and extreme difficulty in procuring materials, it will not be possible to have the Victory Exposition in 1947. Foreseeing this, in our announcements of two years ago, we scheduled the Centenary for 1947 through 1949. For the observance of a hundred years of a Nation’s existence, much more than three years, which was the time at our disposal to arrange a program for financing the celebration and making all other arrangements essential to a successful carrying through, is required even under normal conditions. Invitations have been extended to all friendly Government to participate in the Centennial and Victory Exposition in keeping with authorization given to you at your last session. Most of them have accepted the invitations and notified Government that they will participate, but point out that because of the scarcity of building materials in particular, they will not be in position to participate in the Exposition if it is to occur in 1947. Mr. Hilyard Robinson, Technical Director, has experienced much difficulty, he reports, in procuring materials for buildings and other works in connection with the Centenary. Answering a telegram sent him requiring him to proceed to Liberia and begin work under his contract, he replied that he though it would be useless for him to proceed to Liberia with his staff before he had been able to procure materials necessary for the work, as it would mean expenses being incurred by his team of workers and technicians, sitting down in Monrovia for xi or eight months doing virtually nothing. He explains further that once materials are procured the task of construction will be rapid. Dispatches coming through from Attorney General Cassell and Honorable H. L. Harmon confirm Mr. Robinson’s explanation with reference to the difficulty of procurement. As mentioned previously herein, funds for the procurement of materials were advanced Mr. Robinson early this year. The Centennial Victory Exposition Brochures have been received. In the circumstances, a Program for next year’s observance of the Centenary will be presented to you by the Chairman of the Centenary Commission. Necrology From the center of their circles, which fatal circumference they could not pass: His Honor Isaac A. David: Statesman, Jurist, Churchman, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia; The Honorable James E. Clarke: Clergyman, Legislator, Farmer, Member of the House of Representatives, Grand Bassa County; The Honorable David A. B. Worrell; Politician, Solider, Statesman, Senator, Grand Bassa County; The Honorable Toe: Paramount Chief, Genoyah Sage and Patriot Lower Kru Coast District, Maryland County;

1060 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Since your last adjournment, have gone thither from these earthly coasts to those invisible shores; may their sojourn there be blissful and restful; may they reap the reward for all the good performed and obtain forgiveness for their wrongs because of their human frailties. Finally, Gentlemen of the Legislature, we invoke, in behalf of your deliberation that spirit of conciliation and disinterestedness which is the gift of patriotism. Under an overruling and merciful Providence, the agency of this spirit has thus far been signalized in the survival and advancement of our beloved country. May its influence be eternally with us! William V.S. Tubman President of Liberia November 15, 1946

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 Mr. Speaker, Mr. President Pro Tempore and Gentlemen: The flight of time and the operation of law have again brought you together in your assembly for an annual check of the affairs of the nation. In this respect, I am happy to state that throughout the littoral and in the provinces, peace, loyalty and a reasonable measure of prosperity prevail. Foreign Relations With all states with which this Government is in treaty relations we have maintained and improved friendly relationship; and with member states of the United Nations we have developed normal friendly feelings. The contacts made by Liberian delegates to International Conferences and the General Assembly of the United Nations, have greatly improved the national hegemony and given wide and favourable publicity to the nation. Great Britain The Chief of His Britannic Majesty’s Government’s Diplomatic Mission near this capital continues to be His Excellency John Bowering, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The principal matters transacted with this Legation during the year deserving of mention are the following: (a) Information given by the Legation on the 2nd of August last that a Proclamation by His Majesty the King was published in the London Gazette of the 22nd of June, announcing the omission of the words “Emperor of India” from His Majesty’s style and title. The Department of State acknowledged the receipt of this notice and made due note of it. (b) Seeking provisional landing rights for the Liberian International Airways pending the conclusion of proposed Air Rights Treaty as set forth in the Department of State’s draft of June 1, 1948, a dispatch was addressed to His Majesty’s Legation near Monrovia asking that it approach its Government on behalf of the Liberian Government for the grant of these provisional air rights to the Liberian International Airways. These negotiations are not yet included.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1061

(c) With a view to obtaining the grant of certain customs immunities for the First Secretary of the Liberian Legation in London, a note was dispatched to His Majesty’s Government through their Legation near here, requesting that these immunities be accorded him. The Minister replying, stated that his Government would be willing to extend the benefits of the “reciprocity scale” of personal customs franchise to the members of the Liberian Legation down to and including the rank of attache, provided the Liberian Government gave assurances of their readiness to give comparable treatment to the members of their Legation in Monrovia in equivalent grades, should the need arise. The Secretary of State assured the Minister of the Liberian Government’s willingness to reciprocate the treatment; and the reciprocal arrangement now obtains. The British firm, the United Africa Company, applied to Government for the grant of lands to plant and develop cocoa and oil palm plantations; and Government has indicated its willingness to make such a grant. So as to coordinate the cocoa and oil palm industry under the Statement of Understanding and Government’s development program, a plan is being worked out with the Liberia Company, the United Africa Company and the Liberian Government whereby this British concession may be granted those privileges. I wish to make special mention of the contribution which the Cavalla River Company, a subsidiary of the United Africa Company, is making towards the economic life of the country at the present time. The United States of America The Honourable Raphael O’Hara Lanier, who had been Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission to Liberia for almost two years in the character of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and who, during his residence here, appeared to have devoted the best in him towards stimulating and improving greater and closer relationship between his Government and the Government of Liberia, and whom the people of Liberia had learned to admire beyond the ordinary, tendered his resignation to the President of the United States, which was accepted. Information thereof was communicated to the Government of Liberia in the usual way. Minister Lanier left the country on June 8th of the present year, after notifying Government of the designation of Mr. Rupert A. Llyod, Jr., as Chargé d’Affiares ad interim. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Lloyd was relieved by Mr. Thomas A. Hickok as Charge D’Affaires. On July 3rd of the present year, the State Department of the United States addressed a note to the Liberian Department of State enquiring whether the appointment of Mr. Edward R. Dudley as Minister of the United States to Liberia would be acceptable to the Liberian Government, and at the same time submitted his curriculum vitae. In reply to this enquiry, our State Department informed the United States Department of State that the Liberian Government perceived no objections to the accrediting of Mr. Dudley in the character designated. On October 11th last, the United States Chargé d’Affaires notified the Department of State that Mr. Dudley was due to arrive at Monrovia shortly. Arriving on October 13th, Mr. Dudley gave formal notification of the same and requested audience with us for the purpose of presenting his Letter of Credence and other Credentials. Audience was granted for October 18th, four-thirty o’clock p. m. at which time he was received with befitting attending ceremonies. There is definitely a growing material relationship between the United States Government and ours, which is mutually beneficial. This is evidenced by the increasing agencies

1062 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 of the United States Government and private projects of its citizens which are being carried on in the country, and others that are still envisioned. These are conditions that our fathers strove and prayed for; hence, I am happy that by the blessing of God, it has fallen to our lot – you, Gentlemen of the Legislature, the body of the people of the country, and me – that we should be the instruments by and through whom these conditions have been made to obtain. The Free Port of Monrovia After approximately two and a half years of construction, the Deep Sea Port of Monrovia was completed under the tripartite contract between the Liberian Government, the United States Navy Department of Yards and Docks and the Raymond Concrete Pile Company, approved by you in 1945. Acting on the authority vested in us by your act empowering the Chief Executive to conclude all necessary arrangements, agreements and make regulations for the opening and operation of the Port, all of which would have full force of law until the next ensuing session of Your Honourable Body, we entered into agreement with a Port Management Company for the operation of the Port and issued an Executive Order as Customs Regulations for the governance of the Port. Upon the strength of these the Port, with imposing ceremonies, was formally opened on July 26th last past – the One Hundred and First Anniversary of the Independence of the Republic. These agreements and regulations have already been submitted to you by special message for your consideration and action. The late President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, having been the originator of the idea of building in Liberia this Port together with his proved interest in the welfare and development of this country and people, I recommend that one of the arms of the breakwater be denominated “The Roosevelt Memorial Breakwater” and that you authorize the construction of a statue on the foremost part in his memory. I request that you make appropriation at your present session for this construction. It might be of interest to you if I quoted, for your information and benefit, excerpts of a letter dated October 3rd, which I received from Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, written from Paris. Says she: “It was a great regret to me that I was unable to attend the ceremonies initiating the establishment of the airlines. I was so interested in all that Mr. Stettinius told me of the plans for the future of Liberia and I shall follow them as they develop. My husband was so deeply interested in the development of your country, I know how interested he would have been in all that is happening.”

The United States Economic Mission This Mission continues to play a most useful and beneficial role in the study of diversified agricultural possibilities, soil and forest tests and conservation, et cetera. Two field trip reports recently submitted to Government through the Department of State by the United States Legation from Mr. Frank E. Pinder, Head Agricultural Production Specialist and Mr. Lamar E. Forte, Agricultural Production Specialist for the Counties of Grand Bassa, Sinoe and Maryland respectively, reviewed and approved by Mr. Oscar W. Meier, Chief of this Mission, are informative and interesting. The main objectives of these field trips as pointed out by Mr. Forte are: 1) to check on the progress that the farmers were making toward planting, harvesting, fermenting and drying cocoa:

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2) to give additional instructions in connection with building artificial drying units for cocoa: 3) to encourage increased activity in the planting, cultivation, preparation and marketing of coffee, cocoa, coconuts, oil nuts, vegetables and other food and export crops; 4) to select improved varieties of Liberian cocoa and palm nuts for seed distribution in the Central Province; 5) to seek information on the most immediate needs of the farmers; and 6) to note the general conditions of farm life in the Eastern Province. Copies of these reports have already been forwarded to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce which we believe will be of vital interest to the Agricultural program of that Department. The Mission has further undertaken a survey of swamp lands in the Sanniquellie District. Upon the receipt of their report, if the possibilities are thought feasible, it is planning to experiment in swamp rice growing that will greatly relieve the rice situation and conserve the vast quantities of forests that are destroyed annually for the planting of rice on dry and high lands. The United States Health Mission This is a Mission that made its advent into the country upon request of the Liberian Government, under the provisions of an Act of the Congress of the United States. It has rendered invaluable services not only in the field of Sanitation, but also in Health and Nursing Education, as well as in training Liberians in Laboratory Technics, Sanitation Engineering and other related fields. Some of these Liberians have been sent out to expand the Sanitation Program, and reports coming in reveal that they are showing marked ability. During the year notice was given that the Mission would be withdrawn on June 30th, 1949. In the meantime, the personnel of the Mission and its general constitution have been reduced to a virtual skeleton. Should the Mission be liquidated, Government must take over and carry on in its stead. In the circumstances, I therefore ask that appropriation be made in next year’s budget for assuming the operation of the United States Health Mission on July 1, 1949, by the Liberian Bureau of Health and Sanitation, in case of liquidation. Twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00) was granted the Mission this year as a subsidy from Government. It is our intention, should the Mission liquidate, to enter into contract with Colonel John B. West to return to Liberia as Health and Sanitation Adviser. The Christie Iron Ore Concession Progress during the year has been made by this concessionaire. A motor road begun by his concern destined to reach the Bomi Hills where the iron ores are expected to be exploited has nearly reached that point. A bridge across the St. Paul River projecting from Bushrod Island is being constructed by the Raymond Concrete Pile Company under the Port Contract as access and is expected to be completed within about eighteen months. Transportation being an important factor in iron ore mining, rails are expected to be laid from the Port to the Bomi Hills for the operation of a railroad. The Liberia Company Details for the implementation of the development program under the five-year plan, approved by you in 1945 and the Statement of Understanding between Government and the Liberia Company, approved by you at your last Annual have, in a large measure, been worked out and full scale operations are expected to begin shortly.

1064 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Already operations in the cocoa and cold storage projects have begun. Samples of timbers have been shipped and the Liberian International Airways have been activated. This first Liberian Airline was formally inaugurated and the first craft took to air on August 14th, 1948, from Robertsfield. Several high Liberian, British, French, American and Lebanese officials, including the Secretary of State, joined her in this first flight. Stops were made at Sierra Leone, Conakry and Dakar. The Secretary of State and other members of the party report that enthusiastic receptions and due courtesies were accorded the first flight party, and at Dakar the most flattering courtesies were showered upon them. The question of cabotage and/or six freedom rights under the Chicago Aerial Convention has caused much concern. All efforts to procure these rights for the air line have not yet succeeded. It is hoped that some arrangements can be effected whereby these rights and privileges can be obtained. Next year our plan is to begin the construction of air strips along coastal cities and at important points in the hinterland. A letter received from Dr. Embree, President of the Liberian Foundation, dated October 26, 1948, is very encouraging and I quote relevant excerpts therefrom: “. . . . I wish to consult you about the membership of the Liberian Foundation. We now have the beginnings of a fine Board including leaders in Education, Business, and international interests. [The list of present members is on the enclosed sheet]. Of course, we want Liberian members as well as Americans since you and we have always conceived the Foundation as an international partnership in developing the human resources of Liberia, just as the Liberia Company is an international partnership for the development of natural resources. Let me report the thinking we have done about Liberian members which, of course, is all subject to your approval or revision. “We have thought that one representative might well be the Minister, Mr. C. D. B. King. His personal and official distinction and his availability for meetings and consultations in America make him a natural choice. If you approve, we will proceed at once to elect him to membership. If for any reason this choice does not have your full approval, we will postpone action. “We feel that there should be one or two additional members from Liberia. I suggest we defer those additional selections until I can confer personally when I am visiting in Liberia which I hope will be not later than next January. Just so that you may be thinking it over, let me report that I have thought it might be an excellent idea to have as one of the members of the Foundation one of the chiefs of a native tribe. The Foundation hopes to cooperate in schools and health services in the interior as well as in Monrovia. It would be fitting and proper that a higher representative of the tribal people be an active partner in the planning of services that may mean much to the development of the native people of Africa. “We can discuss this and other questions when I am in Liberia. My only specific question now is as to whether you approve of electing Minister King to the Board without waiting for the selection of the other members. “May I add just a word about the fundamental policy of the Liberian Foundation. We will never try to impose ideas or institutions. I hope our experience may have value in the development of education and public health in Liberia, and I hope our funds may help to implement these developments. But our efforts will always be in cooperation with the Liberian Government and the Liberian people. In every step of our work, I covet just as much of your consultation as you can give, consistent with your other pressing duties. I am sure you

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know my determination that everything the Foundation does will represent partnership and cooperation. . .”

In reply to Dr. Embree, I wrote on November 19th, the following: “The list of members for the Liberian Foundation which you attached to your note has had due consideration and I perceive no objections to the members mentioned thereon. “Your recommendation of Minister C. D. B. King as one of the representatives on the Foundation meets my ready approbation, and I share with you the high estimate which you place on this gentleman. “The suggestion that one of the Chiefs of Liberia be selected as one of the members of the Foundation is acquiesced in, but may I recommend two chiefs instead: one from the tribes of the provinces and the other from those of the littoral. I thank you for your thoughtfulness in this regard. “The names of the other members will await your arrival here. . . . . . “It is my faith and confidence in the high caliber of you gentlemen that led the Liberian Government and people and me to seek your association in this great undertaking.”

Faithful to our police of no reprisals, no pay back and of toleration for all, we appeared indifferent to the whispering campaign led by a flagitious bigot who seems to believe in the dictum “after me the deluge.” Being mortified, chagrined and disappointed that there is no deluge, but progress and development, and smarting under disappointment, whispered in louder little tones to individual ones of you, members of the Legislature, from darker corners of little obscure cafes at night, upon your arrival in the capital to attend the present session of the Legislature, inter alia: “By the Statement of Understanding between the Government of Liberia and the Stettinius Group, the present administration had given away to foreigners all that administrations from Roberts to Barclay have retained. That the Statement of Understanding was a surrender of sovereignty.”

As for me, I have always and will, I hope, always be willing to give full credit to and revere and admire the contributions made by each administration from Roberts to Barclay; but I would be unfair to myself and the present administration if I, as its leader, permitted myself and the administration to be assailed in a most dastardly manner by spineless poltroons, and not make at least a comparative expose of concessions granted by these Davids who pretend to be building a temple which, because their hands are stained with blood, they cannot build. You are conversant with the complete text of the Statement of Understanding and you were documented with a dossier of all correspondence exchanged during the negotiation stage that culminated in the Statement of Understanding. When introducing the plan to you last year, I stated that to reject it would be national suicide, and this I repeat today. Also, I stated that the proposition was one of the most reasonable and liberal ever negotiated and concluded by this Government with a foreign concern. This statement too I repeat today. Now, just one instance, for the benefit of comparison, let me quote the text of an amendment made to the Firestone Plantations Company Planting Agreement of 1926, made by my immediate predecessor’s administration in the year 1935: “Article II. The Government, in consideration (1) of the establishment of the Lessee’s enterprise in the Republic of Liberia, (2) the payment of the revenue tax for which provision is made in paragraph d of Article III, hereof, (3) the payment by the Lessee of the sum of $400,000 in bonds, at par of Liberian Government issued under the Loan Agreement of

1066 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 1926, or any amendments thereof, as rent in full upon the 100,000 acres, approximately, of land now held by it under the Plantation Agreement and the Lease dated March 1, 1935, for the ninety year period beginning October 2, 1935 and ending October 2, 2025, and (4) the further payment of the sum of $250,000 in such bonds, at par, agrees that during the life of this Agreement Lessee shall have and enjoy the following additional rights and exemptions: (a) The Lessee shall be entitled to make such improvements as it shall deem necessary for the operation and development of its plantations and to export without restraint the products thereof and freely to transport such exports and imports by land and water within the Republic; the Lessee, expect with respect to the documentary stamp taxes of general application not exceeding existing rates as applied to exports and imports, shall be wholly free and exempt from any and all taxes, inspection fees, duties, dues, imposts, excises, license fees, wharfage dues, harbour dues, highways tolls and all other charges of whatsoever sort, description or designation now or hereafter authorized levied or imposed by the Republic of Liberia or by any entity now or hereafter acting or existing by its authority in the exercise of the inherent or delegated power (1) to tax persons, tangible or intangible property, transactions or occupations; (2) to lay duties upon exports and imports or either; or (3) to subject the exercise of any lawful activity to the payment of license fees, inspection fees, wharfage or harbour dues, highway tolls or any other imposition whatsoever, whether of the general character of those herein expressly mentioned or otherwise; provided, nevertheless, that the exemption from import and export duties hereby granted shall be and are restricted to the importations of things and substances for use, directly or indirectly by the Lessee upon its leased lands in the operation and development thereof and not for sale or barter and to the exportation of the products of the Lessees leased lands; and provided further that motor vehicles in excess of 150 owned and operated at any one time by the Lessee shall be subject to the same license fees and taxes as are similar vehicles owned and or operated by others. (b) The Lessee’s foreign employees, under contract or otherwise shall be permitted to reside and work in the Republic and to enter and depart therefrom and they shall not be subject to the payment of any direct or personal taxes of whatsoever character, provided nevertheless, that nothing herein contained shall be construed as creating an exemption in favour of such employees with respect to general property taxes and customs duties. (c) The Lessee shall have the exclusive right to engage in any operations upon the lands held under this Agreement in addition to the agricultural activities herein authorized, including the exclusive right to take by mining or any similar operation the mineral contents of subsoil of the leased lands; precious metals or stones ten per cent royalty to the Government of value.”

In neither the Statement of Understanding between Government and the Stettinius Group, nor the Christie concession have we granted any such sweeping and complete exemptions. Christie was granted the right to explore and exploit iron ore, but not gold or other precious metals or stones. Under the amendment of 1935, Firestone has been granted the right to plant rubber, mine gold and other precious metals and stones. All their vehicles up to 150 number, in any one year, are free of license fees or other charges for ninety years. They have approximately 110,000 acres of leased lands, rental for which has been paid for ninety years in advance. Their foreign employees, with the exception of general property taxes and customs duties, are free of all taxations, and other charges of whatever sort, description or designation levied or imposed by the Republic of Liberia or any entity, now or hereafter acting or existing by its authority in the exercise of the inherent or designated power. This seems to me to have been absolute surrender of sovereignty. Again, by the terms of the amended contract of 1935, the Legislature cannot impose nor levy any taxation except documentary taxes of general applicability on the Firestone

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Plantations Company, nor can the rates of documentary taxes be increased over and above what they were in 1935 when the contract was made. All succeeding generations and administrations are helpless in doing anything to better this situation for ninety years by this contract; and the Firestone Plantations Company is a foreign corporation, not a Liberian one. I wonder why such an amended concession was granted them and not denied. Why were they not told that the rubber industry must be reserved for Liberians, since there must be no partnership, nor assistance, nor cooperation in our development program and reserve the growing of rubber, the right to mine for gold and other precious metals and stones for Liberians. Another of their philippics hurled against the administration for concluding the arrangements with the Stettinius Organization is that development of the country should be left for Liberians. The history of Liberia reveals that her founding was not only done by Liberians or Negroes; that the founders were not repatriated here by themselves; that negotiations for these territories were not conducted by only themselves; that our national difficulties have not been solved by us alone; that the rubber industry which so many Liberians are engaged in and our commercial activities, have all been activated and promoted by cooperation and assistance from others. Let us be practical and realistic. Since I was a child and before then, statesmen, orators and public speakers have addressed enthusiastic audiences in glowing terms of the vast wealth of Liberia in natural resources of iron, of platinum, of silver, of gold and of other precious metals and stones, and of the days when these would be explored and exploited, and Liberia would be a rich, prosperous and thriving nation. I am now pretty nearly an old man and they are still unexploited. Are these natural resources spiritual forces to remain in the bowels of the earth and be carried eternally in the minds of Liberians as a mirage of the desert and worshipped as an African oracle and shrine, or are they material and physical properties to be brought out and made to serve and benefit the nation, its people and the world as is being done by other progressive nations? Of these blatant critics I ask: What practical plan have you ever offered or do you have to offer now that would ensure the progress, development and prosperity of the nation as a substitute for the Liberia Company arrangement? For the past one hundred years we have not been able to do it. We have had feasible excuses to some extent; but it is my opinion that excuses can no longer obtain or retrieve us. Results must be had. After one hundred years, there can be no excuses. In several public statements, I have endeavoured to point out that we are up against two main barriers, or more correctly, we lack two principal prerequisites for the progress and development of our natural and human resources: the know-how and the capital. I have also pointed out that until a nation or an individual realizes and recognizes his or its deficiencies and weaknesses, there is no hope of reform. Progressive governments like the United States, Great Britain and France learn from each other, study each other’s methods and assist each other. What kind of a half-crazy, impractical theorist nationalism are these fanatical critics advancing? It seems more absurd than even national socialism, and I will neither be seduced nor influenced by it. The whole arrangement between the Stettinius Associates and Government may be epitomized as follows: When I decided on a five-year plan, I submitted the question to all of the leaders of the country regardless of political affiliation. It was approved unanimously, and everyone thought of effecting a loan of twenty or thirty million dollars; but that was never my think-

1068 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 ing. I was exploring the possibility of effecting the execution of the program by an arrangement that would be self-liquidating. After almost two years of exploration and prayer, the answer was found and negotiations were initiated with Mr. Stettinius; and from these negotiations we have the statement of understanding. It requires Government to provide facilities for the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of Liberia; the Liberia Company to provide the know-how and capital. They are to pay all normal taxes and other charges of general application; to provide an Educational Foundation; to form subsidiaries in which Liberians are to participate. Liberians are to have preference of engagement. All public type enterprises can be taken over by Government when our ability to do so justifies it. Government is to receive 25% of the net profits, besides the payment by the Company of all general taxes. As a safeguard to Government and the Company, all projects of the nature of those engaged in by the Liberia Company through its subsidiaries must be channelled through the Liberia Company except for rights already existing; the reason for this being that the Liberia Company may not be subjected to unfair competition, because of the large financial outlay it is expected to make and the long-range nature of some of the projects. Protection of their rights in fairness to them was felt to be due. And the Government, to prevent the interruption of the program by applications for similar projects by others, which, if granted, might drive the Liberia Company out of business, and then the new concessionaires abandon their franchise, as has been our experience in the past.

To develop Liberia ourselves would, from every angle, be preferable and more desirable; and if the opponents of the present plan can substitute a practical, realistic one whereby it can be assured that this can be done now or in the foreseeable future, I do not doubt, and I would request that the Stettinius Group quit the task; and we would be happy to see it performed by Liberians alone, and I would also be willing to resign the Office of President and let them have another chance at it. The Visit of Honourable Edward R. Stettinus, Jr. Upon my invitation, the Honourable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., visited this country. Along with him were some of the top officials and technical advisers of the Liberia Company, Government’s partners in the development program under the five-year plan. It was a great pleasure to have had a visit again of this great statesman and friend of Liberia. As guest of the Government, he was extended the courtesies due him as a former Secretary of State of the United States Government, and as one interested in the progress and welfare of Liberia. I regret that our business relationship together was so crowded that it did not permit us to extend him greater social courtesies; but the redeeming hope is that we have invited him to return next year when we anticipate extending him what in our judgment is due. On this next visit we expect Mrs. Stettinius to accompany him, and the expenditures then shall be at least double what they were for his entertainment when he was here last. In this I am sure the Legislature and people of the Republic are solidly in acquiescence. During his visit we discussed the necessity and possibility of creating here a Trust Company that is intended to make Liberia one of the financial centers of the world, and thereby assist in the financing of some of the development projects envisaged under the Statement of Understanding. We have succeeded in reaching agreements on the Charter of the Company and the same has been submitted to you by special message for your consideration and action.

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Need for a Maritime Code and a Corporation Code to bring our maritime and corporation laws up to modern recognized standards, and at the same time have them codified, was felt to be an urgent necessity. These have also been formulated and submitted to you by special message for your consideration and action. I recommend all three of these legislations as vitally essential to progress and development, and ask for your favourable consideration of them. Should you approve these legislations, I recommend that the proceeds accruing from them as revenues be allocated first for a water and sewage system for Monrovia and thereafter for the other Counties and Provinces. The Visit of Another Great America, Mr. John D. Rockefeller III This gentlemen, one of the third generation of men who have made enormous contributions to health and education all over the world, visited Liberia this year. I considered it a great pleasure to have had so distinguished a visitor. He was also one of the distinguished guests at our wedding. Besides the great pleasure it afforded me, in a general way, to have Mr. Rockefeller visit Liberia, I considered it a special opportunity to have had, in just a fragmentary manner, to return some of the courtesies extended the Liberian Presidential Party when we visited the United States in 1943. I shall seize every opportunity to extend more and more courtesies to all such persons, whom any government and people would regard a pleasure to have as visitors. Gentlemen, I consider the preferment of us by the people as Legislators and Executives to be an opportunity to serve their best interests. They have given us the conduct of the affairs of the State as a talent. We cannot afford to wrap this precious talent up in any kind of fine garment or other container, bury it, or sit on it, so as to merely preserve it and hand it back at the expiration of our terms of trusteeship in the condition it was given. Our responsibility is to see that it be multiplied and made to yield many more talents, so that when the time comes for us to return to them their talent, we may hand it back improved and multiplied many times and have no regrets in our retirements that we have allowed great beneficial opportunities to the State to pass unutilized. Abraham Lincoln was the great hero of the Civil War but not of World War I. Woodrow Wilson was the great leader of World War I, who raised the fighting spirit of the democratic world by the slogan: “Make the world safe for Democracy”. But he was not the great farsighted democratic leader in the world crises of World War II, who made his country an arsenal of democracy and propagated the doctrine of the Four Freedoms that inspired the hearts of the peoples of the world, and attracted them to the cause of the United Nations. This great leader was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. So like all great men, we all have our day and play our roles. Even our little systems have their day. They have their day and cease to be. The Firestone Plantations Company Firestone Plantations Company contributes largely to the economic and industrial life of the country, and has been very friendly in their transactions with the present administration. We were successful in negotiating with them a revision of the Loan Agreement, much to the advantage of Government, which revisions and amendments have enabled us to pay the Loan down to one half of what it was when we took office. They have paid fifteen thousand dollars annually as Centennial Taxes for their employees without charge to them. They have, by their Construction Company, maintained the Monrovia-Saniquellie Motor

1070 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Road, and constructed, under contract with Government, a road from Ganta to Tappita at very reasonable cost. Over this road we hope to take you on inspection during your present session. They have assisted the general public this year to relieve the rice shortage, by selling to it one thousand bags of rice at or below cost. They have agreed to sell to Government the Bank of Monrovia, Incorporated, on eminently reasonable terms; and I am hopeful that at the proper time, we shall be able to negotiate with them a revision of the 1935 amendments to the Planting Agreement. Official reports received say that construction operation on the Institute for Tropical Medicine and Research, a gift of Harvey S. Firestone, Jr., as a memorial of his father, will soon begin. France The Honourable Guy Quoniam de Schompre remains Chief of the French Diplomatic Mission to this capital in the quality of Minister Resident. I am pleased to report that Franco-Liberian relationship has improved and to Mr. de Schompre is due much of the credit for this happy condition. During the year, he went away on the furlough leaving Mr. F. Auckenthaler as Charge d’Affaires ad interim of the French Republic. With the opening of the Port, French interests have been attracted and considerable products from their territories are being brought through ours for shipment through the Port. Arrangements have been made that all transit goods shall pass through the Free Port duty free. Provisional permission has been granted a French Trucking Company to do this transportation. Final agreements are expected to become effected soon. It has to be regretted that the new Franco-Liberian Treaty that has been in negotiation for the past two and a half years has not been concluded. Negotiations are continuing and it is hoped that agreement will eventually be reached. There is under construction of the Executive Government a Statement of Proposals from the Lemaignon Group, a French Corporation, transmitted to this Government by the French Legation through the State Department. These proposals are having the study of Government and results thereof will be communicated to you in the usual way. Besides the grant of two scholarships to Liberians to study in Paris, fourteen Liberian students have been granted the privilege, by special arrangement with the French Government through their Legation here, to study the survey and treatment of sleeping sickness at the French town of Bobo-Dioulasso. We have received the following dispatch form Dr. Peletier, General Director of Public Health, French West Africa, to the State Department through the French Legation: “The Medical Colonel, Director of the General Service of Mobile Hygiene and Prophylaxis, confirms to me by letter No. 4.681-SP of which copy is attached that eleven dressers Liberian students arrived at Bobo-Dioulasso on the 19th October. Three other students are expected very shortly. I have the honour to request that you be good enough to inform the Liberian authorities of the arrival of these young men in terms of their trip and voyage. I am confirming to you that the Government of French West Africa A. O. F. is taking upon itself the responsibility as agreed the whole of the expenses for the upkeep of these dressers for the duration of their sojourn or stay in Bobo-Dioulasso. These expenses estimated at 7,500 francs per month and per student, monthly indemnity destined to cover their pocket money being included thereon, form the object of a delega-

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1071

tion of 265,000 francs to the Director of the General Service of Mobile Hygiene and Prophylaxia.”

It is intended to utilize these young men, when they have completed their course, in furtherance of Government’s program of combating sleeping sickness when and wherever found. There have been offered by the French Government six other scholarships for Liberian students to take a course in medicine and qualify as African Doctors at Dakar. The course, it is understood, will cover four years and at the expiration of the four years, those students showing a special aptitude may be granted further scholarships to study in Paris and qualify as diplomed Medical Doctors. We are appreciative of these friendly gestures of our French neighbours, and if things work out as planned, both of our territories and peoples will be greatly benefited. The motor vessel “President Tubman” taken over by Government by Mr. Sami Wahab against a loan of seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000.00) guaranteed at the Bank of Monrovia, Inc. by Government for him in 1946 to stimulate transportation which was then greatly in demand as reported to you in a special message during that year’s session, and which vessel rendered service during the Centenary bringing chiefs and other guests to and carrying them from the celebrations, has been sent to Dakar for repairs. The French authorities have been very helpful in this respect. Government is contemplating the sale of the vessel and has asked for prospective buyers. The Holy See His Holiness Pope Pius XII has sent both oral and radio messages of appreciation to the Government for the cooperation accorded the Catholic Mission in its educational endeavors in the country; and it appears to me that they are executing an elaborate and effective educational program. As is well known, the Pope is concerned not only with the spiritual well-being of people, but also of their temporal welfare. The Most Reverend Bishop John Collins of several decades of faithful service in this country, continues to be the Papal representative here. The Republic of Lebanon The Government of Lebanon requested, during the course of the present year, the interchange of commercial representation between our two Governments and, accordingly, Mr. S. el-Khalil was accredited as Lebanese Consul General at Monrovia, upon the indication by us of the Liberian Government’s agreement. On Mr. el-Khalil’s arrival here he presented to the Secretary of State his credentials and a special authorization from His Excellency the President of the Lebanese Republic empowering him, in the name of the President of the Republic of Lebanon to negotiate a Treaty of Friendship and Amity with the Republic of Liberia. These negotiations were undertaken between the Secretary of State and the Lebanese special representative and a Treaty concluded on the 9th day of July, 1948, at the City of Monrovia, between the two High Contracting Parties. The same will be placed before the Honourable the Senate, and ratification by that Honourable Body is hereby requested. The President of the Republic of Lebanon extended me an invitation to visit his country. Not being privileged to avail myself of the invitation and since the Secretary of State had obtained my consent to attend a World Council of Churches in Holland, I directed that he proceed to Lebanon from Holland in response to the invitation of His Excellency the President of the Lebanese Republic, and there represent me.

1072 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 During his visit to Lebanon, the Government and people of Lebanon showered on him the highest and wildest courtesies ever extended a foreign visitor, information received from Lebanon says. The Government of Israel Official notification was given to the Liberian Government of the declaration of the Independence of the Government of Israel and request for recognition of the Government was formally made. I have withheld recognition until now, because it appears that the formation and institution of the Government of Israel was the outgrowth of hostilities between Jews and Arabs in Palestine and its environs, which have not yet terminated and the territories of the new State undetermined. Liberian Representations Abroad Diplomatic representations in Washington, London and Paris have maintained. The Minister in Washington during the year was designated as Permanent Delegate to the United Nations. Our foreign representatives have performed their duties well and have given good accounts of their stewardship. Because of the Legation building in Washington being incommodious for the residence of the Minister and his family and for offices, a building said to be situated near the Legation site was purchased in view of the urgency of the matter at a cost of thirty-seven thousand dollars ($37,000.00). I ask for your approval. International Conferences The following International Conferences to which we were invited were responded to, and representatives of our Government were in attendance: 1) The Rice Conference of F. A. O. Representatives: The Honourable Nete-Sie Brownell, and The Honourable Benjamin G. Freeman 2) Trade and Employment Conference Representative: The Honourable John A. Dunaway; 3) The International Wheat Conference Representative: The Honourable R. S. S. Bright; 4) The International Assembly of W. H. O. Representatives: Dr. Joseph N. Togba, and Dr. Arthur S. Schnitzer. Invitations were received for Government to be represented at several other International and Regional Conferences in the United States and elsewhere; but it was found impracticable to accept. The Republic of Cuba To the inauguration of the President of the Republic of Cuba, the Government of Liberia was invited to be represented. The Honourable Roland H. Cooper as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary was designated and represented the Government at this ceremony. The United Nations General Assembly To the present session of the United Nations General Assembly which convenes in Paris, Government has accredited the following representatives:

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1073

The Honourable Henry F. Cooper, Minister Resident to France, Chairman The Honourable Edwin A. Morgan The Honourable Carney Johnson The Honourable Wilmot A. David, and The Honourable Philip C. Parker, Sr. It appears that this session of the United Nations is confronted with the most delicate and involved problems of our time, requiring decisions in cases which may be of far-reaching consequences and implications. Let us hope and pray that the world’s Statesmen dealing with these most intricate situations will exercise patience and sanity enough to avert another World War. Enemy Property Liquidation Commission The Honourable John A. Dunaway, Chairman of this Commission, has submitted the following report: “The Commission has almost completed its work and is in the process of winding up its affairs. It has on hand some assorted articles of personal property for which it has been unable to secure offers and which, therefore, may be regarded as junk. It has settled all valid claims of record against enemy firms or persons which its legal adviser deems collectible in the courts. The Commission is assembling its records for filing in the Government archives and will shortly render a full and complete report and accounting.” “As of July 7, 1948, the Commission had collected a total of $132,060.64, and after paying awards to Liberian nationals on account of war losses and all expenses of the Commission and of the Reparations and Claims Commission had on hand a balance of $84,857.36.”

The Treasury Department Thrice successively, I have recommended a change in either your time of convening or in the fiscal year, with no affirmative response. As an ex-legislator myself, I know enough of you to realize that when you give a recommendation that kind of treatment, you mean that you are unalterably opposed to it; and the safest course is to let it rest in peace. Revenue reports for 1948 as compared with those for 1947 submitted by the Treasury show the following:

Total Internal Revenue Total Postal & Utilities Total Exclud’g Customs Grand Total all Revenues

Aug. 1, 1946 to July 31, 1947

Aug. 1, 1947 to July 31, 1948

x

Increase or Decrease

$1,188,517.11

991,308.12

x

197,208.99

103,031.58

111,628.92

$1,291,548.69

1,102,937.04

x

186,611.65

$3,215,726.18

3,062,145.39

x

153,580.79

8,597.34

1074 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Customs, postal service and utilities show small increases, while internal revenues show a decrease of $188,611.65, The major decreases in the August 1, 1947 to July 31, 1948 period are: Hut taxes Centennial taxes

$131,503.83 $122,137.50

This is a total decrease of $253,631.33 in two of our major sources of internal revenues. This gives the impression that an extremely serious situation exists in hut and centennial tax collections. But a study of the situation as it actually exists at present indicates that collections of the hut and centennial taxes for the fiscal year 1948 were late starting and are likely to make up this decrease. Revenue reports for July 31, 1948, show the collections of revenues for the first seven months as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year to be:

Hut Tax Centennial Tax Total

Aug. 1, 1946 to July 31, 1947 $113,903.73 35,800.46 $149,704.19

Aug. 1, 1947 to July 31, 1948 40,946.46 12,008.98 52,955.44

Increase or Decrease 72,957.27 23,791.48 46,748.75

The decrease for the seven months is due to the fact that collections in July, 1947, were abnormally high. In 1948, in many districts, collections began later, and fairly heavy collections have been coming in since the July reports were prepared. There is every reason to believe that hut and centennial taxes, as already stated, will at least be equivalent to those of 1947, when the fiscal year ends. Collections will be closely watched to the end of the year and pressure placed where needed to ensure collections. Disbursement During your 1947 session, the Treasury was authorized to expend under our warrant in 1948, the total of Two million, one hundred sixty thousand dollars ($2,160,000.00) which amount is broken down in the Annual Budget for the year 1948, referred to as the Basic budget. The Loan Agreement as amended by Section 3, paragraph “D” of the Supplemental Loan Agreement of 1944, provides that certain revenues in excess of the amount required to cover the basic budget shall be available for appropriation in the next subsequent year. In keeping with this requirement of the Loan Agreement and your authorization, One million, six hundred sixteen thousand, seven hundred seventy-six thousand dollars and fifty cents ($1,616,776.50) excess revenues from 1947 was appropriated as follows: Supplemental Budget No. 1 Supplemental Budget No. 2

$ 849,520.79 767,255.71 $ 1,616,776.50

The Basic and Supplemental Budgets combined give a total of Three Million, seven hundred seventy-six thousand, seven hundred seventy-six dollars and fifty cents ($3,776,776.50) to be expended from January 1, 1948 to December 31, 1948. At the close of business September 30, 1948, the books of the Bureau of Accounts show a total expenditure of Three million, nine thousand, six hundred twenty-seven dollars and eighty-five cents ($3,009,627.85) against these Budgets leaving an unexpended balance of Seven hundred sixty-seven thousand, one hundred forty-eight dollars and sixty-five cents ($767,148.65).

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In order to meet certain unforeseen expenditures, I gave authorization and approval for the expenditure of Ninety-two thousand, four hundred ninety-nine dollars and ninety-four cents ($92,499.94) under the heading “non-appropriation expenses” and Nine hundred ninety-nine dollars and ninety-nine cents ($999.99) under the heading of “prepaid expenses”. These amounts are to be included in the Budget for 1949. Our cash position at September 30, 1948, shows a credit balance of Six hundred sixtythree thousand, nine hundred twelve dollars and sixty-nine cents ($663,912.69) with the Depositary. Although there appear to be decreases in revenue collections for the current fiscal year, the Secretary of the Treasury comments that: “An examination of the figures to hand of revenue collections is not at all discouraging. It was thought that with the withdrawal of a large amount of capital being invested in the country by the U.S. Government for building of the Free Port, and as a result of its completion, would cause a great falling of the revenues; but so far, this has not been the case and we are happy to report that there has been no sign to cause any alarm. The customs revenues have been mounting as will be seen from the figures submitted for your consideration. While these conditions exist, this should be no cause for over-optimism and wishful thinking. The present state of world affairs being so unsettled since the cessation of hostilities of World War II, warns us that every precaution should be taken to guard well the life-blood of the nation; so that in case world conditions should further deteriorate, we would be in the position to safely stem the tide in any sudden drop in the revenues.”

The following comparative figures will give an idea of the progress made within four years, in appropriations for Education and for Public Works since 1943. In 1943 appropriations for Education were Thirty-nine thousand, seven hundred thirty-seven dollars and thirty-four cents ($39,737.34), broken down as follows: Public School Teachers Subsidy -Liberia College Salaries -Technical Scholarships -

$19,200.00 6,000.00 14,537.34 $39,737.34

In 1948 appropriations for Education is Two hundred seven thousand, eleven dollars and fifty-two cents ($207,011.52), broken down as follows: Public School Teachers Subsidy – Liberia College Foreign Scholarships Other Institutions Salaries, etc

$62,500.00 25,200.00 32,844.50 14,700.00 71,767.02 $207,011.52

Appropriation for Public Works in 1943 were Fifty-five thousand, eight hundred thirtythree dollars, thirty-four cents ($55,833.34). In 1948, appropriations for this purpose aggregate Four hundred sixty-nine thousand, four hundred seventy-one dollars and twenty-eight cents ($469,471.28). The National Debt The External Loan of 1926 Interest payments and amortization on this Loan have been met when due. The value of bonds outstanding to date are Six hundred nineteen thousand dollars ($619,000.00)

1076 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The Internal, or Floating debt according to figures of the Treasury Department has now been reduced to Nineteen thousand, seven hundred twenty-three dollars and sixty-nine cents ($19,723.69). Trade and Commerce The total value of exports of domestic products was Thirteen million, nine hundred fortyone thousand, five thousand twenty-eight dollars ($13,941,528.00) for the year ending August 31st, 1948, as compared with Twelve million, nine hundred seventy-five thousand, six hundred fifty-seven dollars ($12,975,657.00) for the year 1947; an increase of nine hundred sixty-five thousand, eight hundred seventy-one dollars ($965,871.00) or 7.4%. The two most important changes in the period under review being the considerable increase in the value of palm kernel exports and the decrease in rubber exports. In the case of palm kernels, exports were approximately six-fold the quantity and fifteen times the value of the preceding year. This very unusual increase is due in the main to a very great increase in the price of this product. The decrease in rubber exports does not reflect any great change in prices or production but it is due to irregularity in shipments. In the Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser’s reports details by countries are given and will be made available to you. According to the Secretary of the Treasury and the Financial Adviser, the total value of imports in 1948 were Nine million, one hundred four thousand, eight hundred seventy-eight dollars ($9,104,878.00) in comparison with Eight million, three hundred seventeen thousand, seventy-eight dollars ($8,317,078.00) in 1947. Statistics present that there were important increases in the value of imports from Belgium, British West Africa, Canada, Holland, and the United States of America with decreases in the case of France, the United Kingdom and Italy. The United States remained the principal source of imports in the period under review, supplying approximately 78% of the total value. Balance of Trade and International Payments Under the title Balance of Trade and International Payments, the Financial Adviser postulates that: “It will be noted from the tables on foreign trade that there was a considerable excess of exports over imports. This so-called favourable balance in the merchandise account does not necessarily mean that the people of Liberia had at the end of the period a net credit balance due them. Several other factors entering into the international financial position must be taken into account, such, for instance, as payments to foreign companies for services in transportation and insurance on imports, for carrying passengers as well as for contributions for educational and religious institutions, investments and payments on account of public debt, etc. All such transactions result in cash claims by people in Liberia against people of foreign countries or vice versa.”

The Ticket Tax This tax was enforced under the provisions of the Act passed at your last session. The Liberian International Airways, that was activated after the passage of the Act, represented that the imposition of the 10% ticket tax on passengers travelling by their airships placed them at a disadvantage for competition since other competitive lines were not subjected to this taxation outside of Liberia. Examining the question, I was convinced of the correctness of their contention and suspended the enforcement of the provision of the tax with reference to passengers travelling by air.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1077

Liberian students travelling to foreign parts in search of higher education also applied for exemption from the force and effect of this tax. Anxious that Government should give every possible assistance to students who procure individual scholarship as well as to those who have been granted scholarships by Government, I directed the exemption of this class of travelers from the force of the tax. Recommendation is hereby made that the Ticket Tax Act be so amended as to exclude travelers by air and students travelling to foreign parts in search of higher education from the effect of the Act. The Mercantile Profits Tax The Government Economist has recommended that the Act imposing this tax be amended so as to provide for the payment of a 11/2% tax on the gross turn-over of all mercantile business within the Republic. Considering the complex nature of reckoning and collecting this tax, under the existing statute, I recommend that the change suggested by him be made. The Centennial and Sur Taxes These taxes were imposed to meet the expense of the Centenary; and this has been done. We now have our development program. Roads must be built; our cities must have good sanitation facilities and water supplies. We must have hospitals, school buildings and other improvements involved in the development program. I therefore recommend that the Centennial Tax be abolished, and in its stead a One dollar ($1.00) per capita Development Tax be imposed; but that the 15% Sur Tax be continued. During the year, two known forgeries were committed on the Treasury: one was a cheque for Eight thousand dollars ($8000.00) which was stopped by the Bank’s Teller and not encashed; and another of Ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00) which was encashed. This matter was handed over to the Department of Justice who referred it to the Police Department. The cheque was sent to the United States of America and it has been discovered what make of typewriting machine was employed to make out the cheque; but because of the number of hands through which the forged cheque had passed, it was not possible to identify the finger prints. However, investigation into the matter continues. In the meantime, discussions between the Bank and Government were initiated with reference to responsibility for the loss incurred by the payment of the forged cheque. Eventually, the Bank has agreed to take responsibility and to credit the Government’s account with the Ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00) In the year 1939, before the present administration came into being, Government cheques for royalty on gold of the total value of Nine thousand, three hundred forty dollars and thirteen cents ($9,340.13) were misappropriated and until now not one cent of this sum was recovered, nor was any person convicted. This amount remains a total loss to Government while, as before stated, the amount of the forgery on the Treasury this year has already been recovered and Government did not sustain a loss. The Receiving and Disposal commission This Commission was set up after the Centenary to receive and dispose of surplus supplies for the Centenary. Report form Mr. Al-Haj Massaquoi, Chairman of the Commission, shows the amount of Twenty-four thousand, one hundred thirty-four dollars and nine cents ($24,134.09) realized and deposited to the credit of Government to date.

1078 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The National Bank of Liberia Since our assumption of the functions of office, we have been obsessed with the impression that a National Bank would be essentially necessary in any system or program of national development that might be undertaken. Talks between the Firestone Tyre and rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, United States of America, represented by Mr. Byron H. Larabee and the Government of Liberia; were begun; and in an atmosphere of cordiality and friendliness, agreement was reached for the purchase by Government of the Bank of Monrovia, Incorporated. An enabling statute is requested to be enacted to authorize the purchase. Plans are, that the National Bank might become activated on January 1, 1949, or as shortly thereafter as possible. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund Having decided to establish the National Bank of Liberia, it was felt it was also wise that we become members of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Applications were made through our Legation in Washington and favourably considered; and invitation extended to the Liberian Government to become a member of the Bank and Fund. Your approval and authorization to accept the invitation and become a member of these organizations, under the rules and regulations precedent to membership, is requested. The Department of Justice The Attorney General in an apologetic manner comments on two subjects which, while not exactly falling within the range of his Department, are, I think, of great administrative significance; hence I will quote him: “The Office of the President As you are more fully au courant of the great volume of business which is cleared through your office by this Department, I would consider it tedious even to attempt to go into these, except to mention a few, which, in my opinion, are worthy of being high-lighted. I would however like very much to stress a point which in my opinion is far more important than even those I will refer to later. It has occurred to me over and again that the duties of the office of the President are far too onerous for him to carry alone. After policy is cleared it would seem to me that the execution of the details should be left to an Executive Assistant, thus relieving the President, and mainly doing so, as to leave him free to attend to the larger issues that are at stake, and to be able to initiate new measures for the advancement of the common weal. I trust that this presumption on my part will be taken in the light of its objective, as it comes from one who has sat on the side for nearly five years, had a fair opportunity to observe things and correctly assess them.” The Stettinius Associates and the Liberia Company The resolution of the problems of the economic, social and physical statuses of the people of the Liberia is by me considered the greatest among our national problems; and these have stayed with our statesmen and leaders and been the most crucial and burdensome tasks they have had on their hands. Much criticism arose at the time of the introduction of private American capital into this country, but the wisdom of those who brought this about is no longer questioned; rather, we see to-day, in many parts of the Republic, a partial solution of the problems which have chiefly concerned us for nearly three quarters of a century. The introduction, in the manner already approved, of additional capital from this same source is again a matter of criticism from certain isolated sources, no cause for worry, wonder, puzzle or annoyance, as it is said, it is all in the books, and no matter the motives, many

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1079

of our people are bound to benefit from the technological skill and financial investments, which, like the first effort, ought to assist in expanding and developing our economy, a further raising of the standard of living in the country.”

A question that is of much concern to the Executive Government is the practice of some Circuit Judges, to fail to keep their assignment, or to send instructions to the Sheriff that would save the Government the financial obligation of paying a full panel of Grand and Petty Juries. There have been instances where Circuit Judges have been assigned by the Chief Justice or the Justice acting for him and not filling their assignments have allowed the Court to adjourn from day to day for the full term and sent in bills of cost for the expense of the Court, Jurors and Bailiffs, etc., when absolutely no business was transacted. Unless some remedy is applied the Executive will have no alternative but to refuse to pay these Court bills or cost and take such other action as may in its opinion seem legal. In his report, the Attorney General recommends changes in the law relating to Petty offenses, and the enlargement of the jurisdiction of the magistrates and Justices of the Peace’s Courts, which, in his opinion, will relieve the congestion of the dockets of the Circuit Courts. I am in agreement with the views of the Attorney General in these respects, and recommend for them your favourable consideration. For the purpose of reorganizing and training the Police Force of the country, the services of Mr. Leon Jordan of the Kansas City Police Force were engaged. He arrived in Liberia on December 11, 1947 and entered immediately on duty. The tenure of his contract is two years certain, and he was given the style and title, Police Specialist. Writing of the services of Mr. Jordan, the Attorney General says: “I am happy to report that our selection and securing of the services of Mr. Jordan has impressed me to be wise and timely, and I feel obliged to state that I doubt that we could have improved upon our choice. I must thank Your Excellency for the full measure of approval and support you gave in the premises whereby we were able to secure his services, as well as for subsequent full support of the program initiated by him.”

The Attorney General recommends removal of the present prison compound to a more suitable place and the present prison compound would be an ideal place for Police Headquarters and Barracks, wherein would be located: 1) Bureau of Police (proper) 2) Bureau of Immigration 3) Bureau of Traffic 4) The Barracks 5) Detention cells for prisoners awaiting trial and for those who have been sentenced and awaiting transfer to the Central Prison; and 6) Fire Brigade With these recommendations I am in full accord, and ask for an enabling Act to be projected to make them effective. In my Second Annual Message, I recommended a revision of the Sedition and all kindred offense-statutes. Providentially, perhaps, no action was taken; now that sedition and seditious libel, from written evidence in the hands of Government, have become a boomerang, I recommend not only a revision of the latest of these statutes but their repeal.

1080 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 At your last session, I recommended the amendment of the law relating to jurors asking that women be qualified to serve as jurors. The House of Representatives, I understand, passed the Bill but it was tabled in the Senate. I am again in the interest of progress, asking the Honourable Gentlemen of the Senate to give favourable consideration to this measure. The Post Office Department The Postmaster General in his report states that the activities of the Department have accelerated during the fiscal year and that statistics show more business was transacted this year than in the previous year. Upon his recommendation, air mail rates were reduced from 70 cts. to 25 cts. per half ounce to foreign parts. The Postmaster General reports that this reduction has brought a greater volume of business to the Department this year. Recommendation is being made by him for the installation of a Telephone System in the City of Monrovia. This recommendation has my full support, and I recommend the necessary appropriations therefor. Early in the year the Ceylonese Government extended an invitation to Government to be represented at its Independence Celebration. The Postmaster General was designated as that representative with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to this celebration. He proceeded to Ceylon and upon his return, submitted a very interesting report on the celebration. He submitted other recommendations from observations made while on this mission which are having our study. He was also called upon to serve on other missions in foreign parts while away, which he filled creditably. Other matters presented by the Postmaster General in his report and not specifically mentioned here will be laid before you in regular form. The War Department The Honourable Wilkins H. Tyler having tendered his resignation as Secretary of War on January 31st of the present year, I commissioned Honourable Isaac Whisnant as Secretary of War, during the interim of the adjournment of the Senate. Several recommendations are being presented to you by the Secretary of War in his Annual Report; many of which are essential to national security. I therefore ask for these your due consideration. The right kind of military training is indispensably necessary to the effectiveness and efficiency of every military organization. It would, I am sure, surprise you to know that the Liberian Frontier Force soldiers, when ordered a few weeks ago to stage a demonstration in Extended Order Drill, were unable to do so because they did not know the drill. This gives me the impression that the force is a military organization of ceremonial troops. I ask, therefore, for authorization to engage the services of a United States Regular Army Officer to serve as Military Adviser. Of necessity, the Liberian Frontier Force has to be increased to cope with the development and expansion movements now taking place in the country, and the business of this Department having increased immensely, I suggest that an Assistant Secretary of War be attached to the War Department. The Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior commences his report with observations on the poor structural condition of the building of the Department of Interior and the failure of the Department of Public Works & Utilities to apply the remedy.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1081

I sympathize with the Secretary and hope that some repairs will be made on the building next year. We plan, however, to launch a building program of public buildings and offices next year. The Secretary reports that peace and tranquility prevail in the hinterland. This is a situation that any administration can be justly proud of. Several Chiefs from the Central Province, who came down to Monrovia, spoke in glowing terms of the change in the attitude and conduct of the Liberian Frontier Force officers and men when travelling through the interior. There is now a rivalry between certain Chiefs of the Central Province to own motor cars, pickups and trucks, since the main motor road has reached their chiefdoms. The most disturbing incident that occurred in the hinterland this year was a political intrigue trumped up against Paramount Chief Barmo Jallah of the Gbandi Section by certain of his under chiefs and a number of his tribesmen, charging him with being a member of the “human leopard society.” A final investigation of the matter proved that the chargers were untrue. Availing ourselves of your very generous permission, we took a sea voyage in the vessel “Amstelkerk” of the Holland West African Line. The Company invited us to be their special guests on the voyage, and the Master and crew were most cordial and respectful. The trip was restful and served the purpose for which it was intended; but we still have more than half of the leave period due and we hope to be able to avail ourselves of it when convenient, if you will make additional appropriation. In May of this year, we made an official visit to the County of Grand Cape Mount, the youngest County of the Republic; therefore, virile and strong – the home of the proud and dignified Veys. The reception accorded us was grand, sincere and enthusiastic. The program for our stay there and for our itinerary was crowded, and the functions everywhere, elaborate. I can appreciate the poet Donaldson when, in his poem on Cape Mount, he sang; “I’ve drunk my fill Nor can I drink me more; For lo! today I am in paradise.”

Our tour of the interior was interesting. The very buildings and towns seem to me, speaking modestly, to be as good, at least, as those of most other tribes of the country. Their generosity and hospitality are superb. The Gondajah section of the country has been, for convenience and ethnological reasons, annexed to the County of Grand Cape Mount. Hut tax assessments show that with this annexation, the County is entitled to an additional representative, and I recommend it as a right due them under the Constitution. To afford an opportunity for the younger people and women of the respective municipalities, who have recently been extended the right of suffrage, to learn in a practical way politics and government, I recommend a change of the present system of Municipal Government to that of Mayoralty, Common Council and Alderman type of City Government. In my First Annual Message in 1944 delivered to Your Honourable Body, I had the painful and distressing duty of announcing the tremendous loss sustained by death of my late consort, Mrs. Martha Aletha Rhoda Tubman. Today, after four lonely years of widowerhood, I have pleasure in informing you that I have filled the breach made by death, by marriage, on the 17th day of September, to Miss Antoinette Padmore. Announcing officially to the Cabinet this decision in August of the present year, they took over the arrangements of the ceremony and rites and, on the date set, executed a state-

1082 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 ly and dignified program, which was responded to by the people of the entire nation and foreign Governments, for which we are grateful. Special expressions of appreciation are due, and I take great pleasure in recording in this way, to His Majesty King George VI of Great Britain and His Excellency President Vincent Auriol of France for designating Special Representatives to the ceremony, and to Chiefs of other States, businessmen, private persons and individual citizens for radio messages, letters, and presents, etc., sent to Mrs. Tubman and me on that happy occasion. While deeply regretting the accident that occurred to the High Commission of French West Africa and entourage on their flight to attend the marriage ceremonies, we are thankful to the Great Absolver that no harm befell any of them and that even the air-craft that made a force landing, because of bad weather, has been able to be rescued and has taken to the air again without serious damage. Addressing you at your last session on the question of starting the campaign of 1951 so early, I pointed out that it was undesirable and unfair and advised against it. Since your adjournment, the people of every Province and County poured in with elegant demonstrations, bringing in resolutions of appreciations expressive of approval for the conduct of the affairs of the State by the present administration and the successful celebration of the Centenary; and requesting an amendment of the Constitution with reference to the Presidential tenure; also petitioning the present incumbent to accept a second term. In spite of my remarks on the subject last November, the people rolled in like an avalanche with these resolutions. There was nothing that I could do about it any more than I could have done if they had been bringing in resolutions disapproving the policies of Government. I accepted their resolutions, tendered them my deep appreciation and gratefulness for their gratitude; assured them that their gesture would serve as an incentive for greater future service and devotion to the State, and promised to take their request of me for a second term into prayerful consideration and to reply them in due course. Following up these resolutions, they instructed you before coming to your present session to introduce and support a Constitutional Amendment, which you have done. Because of these voluntary acts of the people, a little group of unscrupulous malcontents have made their truculent attacks. How can you curse whom God has not cursed, or bless whom He has cursed! The statement of Understanding had been passed since last year, but not until after the people had expressed themselves in this very unusual, unprecedented and singular way did these attacks begin. To encourage individual political independence in the people, the present administration has done what it could and is still doing that. We have given the secret ballot. We have been tolerant; We are bringing into the country enterprises that will make the people economically independent, and thereby politically so. We are not pursuing a policy of domination or control by a central mind or will. We will welcome any opposition Party in our politics that will come in the open and engage in a political fight; but we cannot go out, institute and form an opposition Party or hand over to it. Immigration From certain parts of the West Indies, there have been organized movements for migration to Liberia on their own initiative. Already a number of immigrants have arrived in the country and Government has set up an immigration agency to look after these new arrivals. All immigrants are allowed six months lodging free and the benefits of the statute relating to grants of free lands to immigrants. Most of them are artisans and professional men and women who seem to be fitting in well.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1083

C. Frederick Taylor – A Naturalized Liberian Citizen This man was naturalized as a Liberian citizen some years ago. He was a fugitive from a British Colony; which fact, I presume, was not known to Government at the time of his naturalization. Since his naturalization, he has been convicted by the Legislature of seditious libel and contempt and imprisoned for same. He has been convicted of blackmail, and his paper had to be banned. He published libelous matter against the Honourable James F. Cooper who entered legal suit against him and he thereafter made a retraxit, and published it in three successive issues of his paper. It has now come to the knowledge of Government that he has been engaged in subversive activities against Government and has, in the opinion of the Executive, renounced his allegiance to this Government; which will be supported by carbon copy of a letter recently discovered written by him to a foreign Legation here and I quote it word for word: “The African Nationalist Gurley & Ashmun Strs. 16th February 1942 “His Britannic Majesty’s Consul General & Charge d’Affaires, British Legation. Sir: “About a fortnight ago I wrote you on the question of giving me some assistance financially in order that we could maintain a steady and consistent system of British propaganda thru our paper, but for some reason or the other I have been unable to get a reply. This letter not only reasserts, with the profoundest respect, the question raised in my previous letter, but is intended to go much farther. I came out to this country with the view of assisting in the work of reform in what small measure the effort of a journalist could accomplish. I must confess that I came out here following the illusion of ‘race’. I now discover that not only is this ‘race’ question an illusion, but the question of reform is not one which is expected to occupy the serious attention of those responsible. The facts and circumstances of my present imprisonment are irrefutable evidence. I am now convinced that, as a British born subject, I could be of better service to the British Commonwealth of Nations, were I to assist in the work of printing and publishing such propaganda as would tend to keep up the morale of the democratic world. Under the circumstances, I might not be able to do such work as effectively in this country, seeing that it is neutral, but would be of very good service to the sauce of democracy, were I to establish myself in either Sierra Leone, Gold Coast or Nigeria. I am therefore asking that you be good enough as to take the question under consideration, and if you believe I could be of service to the Commonwealth as a journalist and proprietor of a printer, make the necessary recommendations either to the Department of Information in London, or the said department in any of the Colonies mentioned above. At the same time I propose laying the same scheme before the Department of Information in Britain for their consideration if it should happen that your Legation has not the means of taking care of such matters. I have the honour to be, Respectfully yours, (Sgd.) C. Frederick Taylor.”

A letter of this tenor, the Executive considers, to all intents and purposes, a renunciation of allegiance to the Liberian Government in favour of another State.

1084 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Further to this, in a letter written by him to the United States to subvert and ridicule the Government of Liberia and its people, and to induce people from other parts to come over, along carefully planned lines, and assume control and power; the original will be transmitted to you. I quote the complete text of the said letter as follows: “7th December 1945 “My dear Mr. Ahmed, “I regret very much my having to delay reply to your letter, but believe me, this has been due to pressure of work and not to lack of interest. In point of fact I am very keenly interested in your proposition, and regard it of utmost importance to communicate with you with the view of giving you the necessary light and leading on to our proposals, leaving same for your careful consideration. In the first place I should suggest that you begin your venture with the fishest and Liberian coastal service, but before you do anything, I would suggest that you make it possible to come over here and study things first hand. While this is a country for members of the African race there are more pitfalls here against men of color from other parts of the world than you would ever imagine, and I certainly would not like you to fail, especially since you seemed to have staked so much in the enterprise. Do not be mislead by sunny hopes held out to you by even the best authorities from this country coming to the United States or writing from here. I cannot be expected to say very much in a letter, because no matter what I should say could never be as beneficial to you as you yourself coming here or sending one of your trustworthy agents here to study conditions. The political tide in this country is hard against our numbers. There are all sorts of hopes created in our breast before we get here, but once we are here we are subjected to all the intrigue which a crafty mind could conceive. The idea is to get us to spend our money and then have us so broke that we lose all energy to offer a proper combat in the competitive game known as life. You may become politically powerful should you or me succeed and perhaps gain enough popular support as would bring us up in line for the Presidency of the Republic. Now you understand what we are up against, and you should not be deceived by fine words coming from persons who hail from this country, no matter what his status.” You should have to come over and negotiate for a place along the coast or some river at which to make your dock, for as yet there is no facility for docking and repairing ships of any reasonable size. You shall have to purchase the land in fee or enter into a long term lease, if it is not possible for you to purchase outright. But the better course should be to purchase, but do not give out the purpose for which you require the site, altho from the tone of your letter you seemed to have given out too much already. If you wish my direction I shall give it to you, providing you did not sell me out. I have been here on the spot for the past nine years and in spite of my untiring effort to assist the country, I am always made to feel that I am a stranger who is here to be used, and after abused. Well no man would consider such a policy conducive to his respect and success. What we want is half a million of colored Americans mixed with a liberal sprinkling of West Indians and Africans from other parts of the world. That will change the tide because it would give us political power, by which we could shape the course of affairs here to the requirements of modern civilization. Write early, and let me know if you find it possible to get lined up with organizations in the States, who are sponsoring a Back to Africa program. Get me in touch and together we could work to bring about a steady stream of immigration month by month until we have a sufficient number to swing political power in our favour. Then any investment made here by any member of the African race would be free from political intrigue. Should you care to risk bring over your enterprise before first coming to study conditions, you would be undertaking a risk for which I could not be blamed. I feel it my duty as an immigrant myself, to give you the benefits of my experience here for your guidance.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1085

Writing now in general terms, the set-up should be a fishery with a refrigerating plant to keep your fish in cold storage as well as a corning and curing plant. Next institute a coastal service with two small crafts, maximum tonnage 200. You know this needs a dry or floating dock for repairs. The question of the registry of your crafts is one which we should have to consider after we have exchanged more letters or better still you come here on the spot and remain for two months with your eyes and ears open. I have sent you some papers read the editorials carefully and you would get your bearings. Best wishes, Yours for the Cause of Immigration along quietly planned lines, (Sigd.) C. Frederick Taylor.”

In these grave circumstances, I most strongly recommend in the interest of the safety of the State which is the highest law, that since you have not, by law, conferred on the Courts of power to denaturalize, you will by Joint Resolution declare C. Frederick Taylor as having renounced his allegiance to the Liberian Government and as a dangerous and unsafe person to reside in the country, and authorize the Executive to have him deported herefrom. Other matters pertaining to the Interior administration will be submitted to you by the Secretary in his report. The Department of Public Instruction Under the title “Opportunities”, the Secretary makes the following thrilling statement, which I think is worthy of quoting here: “First of all, the opportunity is present to test the foundation of our educational system, preparatory to enlarging the structure to meet requirement of efficiency in Liberians for selfgovernment on principles of democratic character upheld by the light of christianized civilization. It cannot escape attention of those who appraise the soundness in our system, to fairly assess the results which have given strength to Liberia in using what opportunity there was in her way to keep the position taken as a State of political independence for one hundred and one years. This achievement has been described as one of the greatest wonders of the world. But it is, nevertheless, a fact of wonderful realism. Whatever it may be called, it has given an awakening sense in our Leaders to accept whatever criticism is offered, predicated on the principle of ‘elimination by substitution – correcting what is wrong by substituting what is right in an approved system of education, set as a world-standard. As an indication of this sense of following the set world-standard of education, An Educational Consultant has been attached to the Department of Public Instruction. The Consultant is a foreign trainee who is expected to bring to this Department professional service, in addition to that of another foreign trainee, Mrs. Ellen Mills-Scarbrough, whose professional service began in educational work in America, from whence she was called by former President Barclay to give needed service in the home of her nativity.

All matters effecting the administration of this Department and the educational system are covered by the very exhaustive report which will be submitted to you by the Secretary. Desiring to commend Dr. Argelander and his staff of teachers of the Teachers Training College and for the more efficient execution of our plans for this college, I recommend appropriation of an additional Four thousand dollars ($4,000.00) in next year’s budget for the work of the college. Praise is due those teachers who have persevered and taken the two years course. It is our plan to have the course extended to four years.

1086 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Those teachers who have finished the two years course are to receive the compensation provided for them in the schedule of the Revised Educational Act and those taking the four years course that which is provided for their grade. Another method introduced in our educational system is the Literacy Campaign commenced by Dr. Frank Laubach on his visit to Liberia this year. The program was submitted to the Executive through the Secretary of Public Instruction and was approved by us. Miss Norma Bloomquist was released by the Lutheran Mission to start this work, and from the reports sent in, fine progress is being made. As a matter of policy, I have directed that each lesson that is taught in a dialect be also taught in English so that, not only will the tribesmen learn to write and read in their own dialects, but they will simultaneously learn these lessons in English, which is the language of the Government. The New Cuttington College Cuttington College, that was situated in Maryland County and made great contributions to higher education in Liberia in Arts and Theology, is being rebuilt in the Central Province near Gbarnga at a place called Suakoko. Much concern was felt over the removal of this institution from the Southern end of the Republic to the Northern, because of the history attached to Cuttington in Maryland County; also because it takes the appearance of centralizing higher education in one place. In these feelings, I fully share; but since the proprietors insist on its removal because of what they call heavy rainfalls and soil erosion and then insufficiency of land for their elaborate agricultural program on the littoral near Cape Palmas, and as they are spending the money and supplying the technical help, Government, as a matter of policy, will support the effort. I request that Three thousand dollars ($3,000.00) next year be contributed toward the building of Cuttington besides the annual subsidy of Two thousand, five hundred dollars ($2,500.00). The Catholic Mission The Catholic Mission has plans for the construction of a High School in Monrovia. Already they are carrying on effective educational work throughout the country. I ask for Three thousand dollars ($3,000.00) to be appropriated next year to assist them in their High School Construction. To further assist the College of West Africa, I request that One thousand, three hundred dollars ($1,300.00) be granted them as an additional subsidy next year. The High Schools in the counties are very unsatisfactory. I recommend that appropriations be increased by 50% so as to engage the services of competent teachers; that appropriations for rural and interior schools be also increased by at least fifty per cent. Attached to the Secretary’s reports are statistics which will be found to be informative and interesting. Two of the students who were granted scholarships in 1945 and one in 1946, completed their courses and have returned home. They are: Mr. Charles Dunbar-Sherman Mr. Stephen Tolbert, and Miss Pelmetta Dickerson. Mr. Sherman has been attached to the Treasury Department as Government Economist; Mr. Tolbert, to the Department of Agriculture in the Bureau of Forestry and Miss Dickerson, to the Government Hospital as Dietician.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1087

Mr. Sherman brought back diplomas and testimonials that are a credit to himself and the country. So also are the cases with Mr. Tolbert and Miss Dickerson. On Treasury and economic questions including banking, Mr. Sherman has shewn marked ability and has been very serviceable in negotiations conducted between the Government and foreign concessionaires. Department of Public Works and Utilities In his Annual Report, the Secretary makes a detailed survey of the operations of the Department for the current year. These will come to you through his report. Ever and anon disputes were arising over landholdings in Sinkor. In June of this year, we set up a Survey Commission. The Commission reports that at first they made a plane survey of the first mile for the area locating all permanent buildings, property markers, etc., showing all existing properties according to deed descriptions. The results revealed that land had been surveyed on at least five different compass bearings thus creating a tangle of overlapping properties which would always be a source of dispute. Upon instruction the commission then made a subdivision plot of this area arranging the properties into city blocks and lots, and providing for formal streets and alleyways and a public park. The main highway through this section was also relocated in part for better alignment. This project has been verbally approved by me and is on file with the Department for inspection of owners of property in this first mile section. The work of subdivision planning is to continue over the rest of the six mile section which comprises Sinkor and Oldest Congo Town. The Secretary will lay the new plan before you and if approved will settle, it is hoped, the disputes heretofore existing over property in this vicinity. Matters not covered by me in this Message will be submitted to you by Special Messages. The Department of Agriculture and Commerce Authorization for the creation of this Department was given by you at your last year’s session. By the Act creating the Department, its functions are broad, and organization has not yet been completed; but the Department has functioned as well as reasonably possible. One of the problems that is of great concern to this Department and to Government is the rice situation. Besides the shortage of this principal article of food, there is the question of forest denudation involved in planting of rice on high and dry-land. The United States Economic Mission is being very helpful and have been, with the consent of Government, making a survey of swamp lands for rice-growing and studying with the Department of Agriculture the practical feasibility of swamp rice production. Their report is expected to be received during your present session. A Plant and Animal Quarantine Act will be submitted to you by the Secretary; and I ask for it your favourable consideration. Request is being made by the Secretary for an Assistant. Considering the varied nature of the affairs of this Department favourable consideration of the request is due, and I so recommend it. The Supreme Court The regular Semi-annual Sessions for the Honourable the Supreme Court have been held. His Honour the Chief Justice, because of continued illness, has not been able to resume the duties of his office, although somewhat improved in health. We are trusting that he will soon be himself again and be able to render his usual accustomed service to the Court and State. His Honour Mr. Justice Barclay, because of ill-health, applied for six months leave to travel in foreign parts, which was granted.

1088 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Mr. Justice Russell is still conducting the administrative business of the Court. The Bureau of Civil Service The Commissioner of Civil Service thinks that the transition from the old political method of appointments to offices to the modern method provided by the Constitutional Amendment providing a Service system, is slow. For the benefit of the politicians, I quote him: “This new and strange policy of drafting the services of the several employees of government, subject to a standard test and a system of classification without regard for political affiliation or family connections, has not met the enthusiasm and cooperation, which naturally, could not be expected from the old hard-boiled politician so used to the spoils system. This slow transition should not however be discouraging, and is not peculiar alone to Liberia. It is and has been a natural sequence of all new and revolutionary ideologies.”

Regular Entrance Examinations have been held, he reports. By Special Order issued by us, the Commissioner of Civil Service was made a member of the Budget Committee. An Act amending the Act establishing the Civil Service of the Republic will be submitted to you, and I recommend your favourable consideration of it. The Bureau of Public Health & Sanitation This Bureau has functioned during the year. Dr. Togba, the Chief of the Bureau, was sent by Government to the United States to take a Special Post-graduate Course in Public Health and Sanitation. The course is supposed to be completed within two years. Dr. J. B. Titus took over the Bureau as its Acting Chief. In his report, the Acting Director shows that the operations of the Bureau are expanding. He makes comparison of appropriations in 1943 and 1948, showing how these have increased, to wit: 1943 1948 Place Monrovia Bassa Health Center Voinjama Health Center Cape Palmas Health Center Tchien Health Center Tappita Health Center Webbo Health Center Sinoe Health Center Cape Mount Health Center Salala Health Center Crozierville Health Center Gbarnga Health Center River Cess Health Center Marshall Health Center Bopolu Health Center

$ 37,623.68 $ 248,077.00 No. of Patients 19,000 4,500 4,100 3,000 1,275 1,200 1,025 5,800 870 812 800 715 650 600 300 44,647

A Sanitation Survey Party has been set up to make a survey of the other counties and provinces. Mr. Lawrence A. Sawyer heads this Party. They are now in Maryland County. On the health Program, the Acting Director makes this comment:

Annual Message to the Legislature November 26, 1948 1089

“Nineteen thousand persons including the school children in Monrovia have been seen at the Clinic and we have observed that incidence of malaria is reduced from 20% to 10%, due partly to DDT and partly to the spreading of Quinine and Atabrine. The number of G. C. has fallen from 15% according to Dr. Togba’s report, and is now 5% due to Penicillin and Sulfathiazole given to persons coming to the Bureau. As another result of our Health Program, the number of pregnant women has considerably increased, and this is even the talk of the town. During the course of the year, according to maternity record of the Bureau, 3,200 patients have been examined; which make an average of 260 monthly. The Samuel Grimes Memorial Hospital, supervised by Miss Moore at Kakata, reports 300 normal deliveries for the year. May I, in passing, make a small notation which is indeed a digression. It was formerly believed that the gratuity of treatment would have kept people away because they would believe that no good medicines are given. In reply to this, I wish to challenge any one with such a belief and invite you to pass around the Clinic at any day in the week and observe the number of patients, the poor and rich assembled together, averaging 70-75 patients daily.”

The Port having opened, a Special Report has been submitted for Government’s consideration by the Medical Board, recommending the setting up of Isolation Stations. With increased transportation and communication between neighbouring territories and ours, the necessity for Quarantine Stations along the lines at strategic points as well as at Robertsfield is obvious; and appropriations to take care of these are recommended. Necrology Here are substantial proofs of the transitory and uncertain condition of our existence. We look and call for the following public servants who lived and moved about in these walls of time together with us; but where are they: The Honourable William R. Tolbert, Superintendent, District of Careysburg and National Chairman, True Whig Party, Churchman, Politician, Farmer, Councillor, gone; His Honour Garretson Randolph Gibson, Resident Judge, Circuit Court of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, Maryland County, Jurist, Churchman, Soldier, gone; His Honour Edward Joseph Summerville, Judge. Circuit Court, Sixth Judicial Circuit, Montserrado County, Eminent Jurist, Lawyer, Churchman, Musician, Genius, gone; Dr. S. E. M. Carey, M. D. Port Health Officer, Monrovia, Patriot and Surgeon, gone; Dr. Herman Schneidenberger, M. D., Medical Officer, District No. 1, Eastern Province, Diagnostician, able Practitioner and Friend, gone;

1090 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The Honourable Gidican, Paramount Chief of Gleo-Tuarbo Chiefdom, District No. 2, Eastern Province; The Honourable Toby Paramount Chief of Po River Chiefdom; Kroo Coast District, Maryland County; The Honourable Garplu Paramount Chief of Barclayville Chiefdom, Kroo Coast District, Maryland County; The Honourable Juah Nimley Former Paramount Chief, Sasstown, Sinoe County; The Honourable New York Karpeh Former Governor, Kroo Town, Monrovia The Honourable Wede Nmah Puduke, Maryland County; Dr. J. A. Mends-Cole Bureau of Public Health & Sanitation; Churchman, Industrialist, Commoner, gone; General D. F. Snorton Reitred Soldier, Administrator; gone; Mr. James Boymah McCritty Chief of the Bureau of Information, Department of State, Politician, Churchman, Socialist, gone; All of whom were administrators and adepts in Tribal Customary Laws and Rites, and Patriots, gone. May eternal bliss and perpetual happiness enshrine them in those Elysian fields, the paradise of God. Conclusion And now unto Him without whom we can do nothing, but with Whom we can do valiantly, I commend you Gentlemen, the Nation and its Peoples. May peace, improvement and happiness that come of honest industry and simple justice permeate the lives and consciences of us all; and may your present assembly be fruitful of great good for the State. William V. S. Tubman. The Executive Mansion, November 26, 1948

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1091

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Gentlemen of the Legislature: Again you have convened in annual session in response to the provisions of the Constitution and laws of the Republic; and again I appear before you to report on the operations and functions of government since my Fifth Annual Report to you. It is exceedingly gratifying to be able to inform you that not only for the period covered by this report but also for the past six years, our internal affairs have been and are very significantly peaceful and tranquil, reasonably prosperous and pleasingly progressive. So also are our external affairs. Our relationship and intercourse with other nations for the past six years have been friendly and without diplomatic incidence – for such unprecedented conditions – everyone of us should be unreservedly vocal in giving thanks to the God of our fathers Who is also our God; and sing to Him in adoration and thanksgiving: "Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; "Praise Him, all creatures here below; "Praise Him above, ye Heavenly host: "Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." Foreign Relations Comity between Governments represented at this Capital, our Government, and those with whom we are in treaty relationship, is cordial. International relations, however, are not yet what are most desirable, nor even what they should be. There seems to be a desperate need for a new confidence to be made possible among the nations. There has now been for several years, even since the cessation of hostilities of World War II, a feeling gradually growing that another rift between the nations is inevitable because of different ideologies and purposes; and a sense of what the consequences, because of this state of affairs, might be. Admittedly, there might be justifiable reasons for such fears; but I would say that there is a great opportunity presented through the United Nations that could make it the instrument the world would have it to be in procuring and ensuring a just and lasting peace. However, – it requires faith, work, patience, sympathy, prayer and the confidence of all peoples and nations. Recently, it has been alleged that the atom has been split and its energy harnessed, and that the bomb has also been developed by others of the powerful members of the United Nations. Let us hope, that if the reports are true, it will serve as a greater urge for peace and a deterrent of war; but if not, fear, trembling and retreat would serve no helpful purpose. In such a case, what would seem to be needed would be a greater determination, devotion and service for peace and for the principles for which the founders and promoters of democracy have lived and died; a more reverent regard for the eternal principle of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man; and a surging forward in a unified solidity, trusting in the righteousness of the cause for which we stand. The United States Relations with this great democracy and ours are close and were heightened when in April last by the mutual consent of both governments, diplomatic representations in Washington and Monrovia were raised form the status of Legations to that of Embassies. Subsequent to this elevation in the grade of diplomatic representation on May 6th of current year, His Excellency Ambassador Edward R. Dudley, having given notification through the Department of State of his appointment as Ambassador Extraordinary and Ple-

1092 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 nipotentiary, was received officially, at which time he presented his Letter of Credence from His Excellency President Harry S. Truman of the United States of America. Mr. Dudley has been convincing, by his attitude, in his determination to preserve and promote the most friendly intercourse between the two governments. U. S. Service Missions in Liberia The Public Health, the Information and Economic Services of the United States operating in Liberia by the consent of the Liberian Government have continued to prosecute their respective functions with efficiency. Colonel John B. West of the Public Health Mission who instituted this Service here, resigned during the course of the year and was succeeded by Colonel Hildrus A. Poindexter. Colonel Poindexter seems to have entered upon the duties of his assignment with enthusiasm, remarkable know-how and conscientiousness. Because of the reduction in appropriation for this Mission during the course of the year by the United States Government, and because of the importance which we attach to that presence and functioning of this Mission in Liberia, the subsidy of Twenty thousand dollars granted to it by you for the present year, due to this emergency, was increased by our directive by an additional Twenty thousand dollars to help keep the Mission going. I ask for your approval of our action. Mr. Wallace Van Jackson of the Information Service, was succeeded by Mrs. Loyce M. Woodford. In this connection; the United States Embassy having informed us through the State Department of the intentions of its Government to expand the equipment, and supplies of the library which rendered the present library building inadequate for these purposes, a directive was addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury to effect a lease hold with Honourable Walter F. Walker, for the lease of a portion of his new Centennial Theatre for the housing of the library. This was done at an annual rental for the present year in the amount of $2,500.00 and an additional $1,030.00 for fixtures, etc I ask also for your approval. Early in the year Mr. Oscar W Meier, Chief of the Economic Mission, returned to the United States on leave and left Mr. Frank E. Pinder as Acting Chief of the Mission. This Mission has prepared and submitted to Government in keeping with mutual understanding a report entitled: "Liberian Annual Economic Report and Summary of Current Economic Information," together with accompanying maps of the country showing population density, principal forest areas and transportation facilities. It is being studied by Government with a view to determining Government’s attitude concerning the reproduction of the same for unrestricted distribution. The Monrovia Port Management Company with Mr. Donald H. Inskip as manager and Mr. Isaac A. David as assistant to him, has operated efficiently, it is reported, and the volume in tonnage of cargo handled by its operational personnel is encouraging. Statistics show a profit for the first half of the present year. For the purpose of connecting the Western Province with the Port access roads, a bridge of 955 feet in length, 20 feet clear vehicular roadway, two side-walks each 4 feet clear, foundations 40 to below average low water mark, with 17 feet central clearance low water mark and a railroad track, has been under construct last year and is now nearing completion. It is thought that access roads and all other related works completed against June 30th, 1950. U. S. Mining, Agricultural and other Entering Concessions Operating in Liberia by Concession Granted

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1093

The Firestone Plantations Company, engaged principally in production and processing of rubber, is still one of the large contributing factors to the economy of the country in more than one way. Mr. Landsdell Christie's Liberia Mining Company which was granted a concession primarily to exploit iron ore at the Bomi Mines has continued to pursue its purposes in gradual proportions. These operations have taken on increased activities, and it is expected that within the next eighteen to twenty-four months ore from the deposits in Bomi Hills will be in transportation to the port by railway. The Liberia Company has encountered some setbacks and has not progressed as rapidly and fully as had been contemplated; founding of the Trust Company, the Liberian Trading Comp, Cold Storage Company, the Liberian International Airways establishing of the Maritime Code under which ships may under the Liberian Flag, together with the Corporation Code, world-wide publicity given the Republic, beside the prospects implementation of these projects by others, in the near future, under the Statement of Understanding approved by you in 1947 then in 1948, would seem to justify the pronouncement made, when presenting the project to you, "that it would be suicide reject it." Already through the registration of foreign vessels to our flag the Trust Company as agents for the Liberian Government have paid into the revenues of Government about a hundred dollars in the past six months. The Liberian International Airways although having failed its effort to operate outside Liberian territory, has kept regular between Monrovia and Cape Palmas, and upon special charters to Bensonfield in Grand Cape Mount County, because these are the only two points in the country presently with airstrips large for the landing of these DC-3 planes. Airstrips of 5,000 ft. runways are now under construction in Buchanan, River Cess and Greenville is planned that one of these L. I. A. planes will make its first trip to Buchanan to open the airstrip there on November 7, 1949. An invitation was extended this Government on June 1, 1949, by the National Sesquícentennial Commission to participate in the celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the establishment of the Capital City of the. United States Government in the City of Washington, in the year 1800. The celebration is scheduled to be held in Washington from April to November, 1950. Great Britain In 1946 His Excellency John Bowering was accredited to this Government and accepted as the first Chief of Mission of His Britannic Majesty's Government in the character of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. In that capacity he served admirably, maintaining good relationship between the two governments having contiguous territories, and therefore neighbours. Correspondence exchanged and transactions conducted between the. British Legation and the State Department during the year which are proper to be reported to you have been the following: 1 - A note from the British Legation on March 25th, 1949, informing the Liberian Government that His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom would no longer be responsible for Newfoundland which, after March 31st, 1949, would become a province of Canada. 2 - On May 23,1949, the Minister gave formal notice that, according to the instructions of His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Legation has ceased to have charge of Iraq interests in Liberia.

1094 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 3 - A lease Agreement was negotiated and concluded between this Government and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain for certain parcels of land in Harbel of Montserrado County, and Cavalla of Maryland County, wherein British dead of World War II are buried. 4 - A cooperative study of the control of Sleeping Sickness between our Medical authorities and the Medical authorities of the neighbouring Colony of Sierra Leone was suggested by the Governor of the Colony and acquiesced in by this Government. 5 - Contacts were made possible through the Legation for obtaining admission into a recognized school in the United Kingdom for the three students (two to study to become chartered accountants and one to study Banking and Finance) who, under the present, educational policy of Government, had been granted scholarships. After three years of consular and diplomatic services in this country, Minister Bowering, in a despatch dated May 7, 1949, notified the Department of. State that he had received instructions from His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to proceed on leave to the United Kingdom prior to his being transferred to another post; and to request agreement of the Liberian Government for his successor, Mr. John Gilroy Baillie. This request having been granted, His Excellency Minister Baillie was officially received on Monday, September 12, 1949, and he presented his Letter of Credence from His Majesty King George VI in due ceremonial form. France The Chief of the Diplomatic Mission of the French Republic represented here continues to be the Honourable Guy Quoniam de SCHOMPRE, who is relentless in his efforts and especially cooperative in promoting good neighbourly relations between his Government and ours. In pursuance of Government's Health Program, the fourteen Liberian students who, as I informed you during your last session, had been sent to French territory with the consent of the French Government to study the control and treatment of Sleeping Sickness, having completed their course, returned to Liberia ready to take up their assignment. It is regrettable to mention, however, that two of them passed to the realm of greater and unbounded service. Plans for the setting up of Stations in each of the Provinces for the control and treatment of Sleeping Sickness, are being prepared. Indicative of the growing commercial and economic relationship between the French Government and ours, the following Agreements have been concluded: a) The Franco-Liberian Trucking Company b) The Monrovia Industrial & Maritime Corporation, and c) The Franco-Liberian Transport Company. The Holy See Cordiality and religious peacefulness have marked our intercourse with the Vatican State which is still represented near this Capital by the Most Reverend Bishop John Collins as Charge d'Affaires. Bishop Collins, in a letter dated August 23, 1949, advised the Department of State that on August 29th he would be proceeding to the United States on furlough; and that during his absence the Reverend Father Francis Carroll would be in charge of the Legation as Charge d'Affaires, ad interim. Exchange of Ratification of the Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Lebanon and the Republic of Liberia

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1095

The Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce concluded between the two Governments above referred to on the 9th day of July, A. D. 1948, and which was ratified by the Senate at their last session, had final action taken in regard to it by the exchange of Certificates of Ratification, at the Department of State, Monrovia, on the tenth day of August, A. D. 1949. The Certificates were signed by the Secretary of State, His Excellency Gabriel L. Dennis, on part of the Republic of Liberia, and the Honourable Saleh el-Khalil, on part of the Republic of Lebanon. During the year, His Excellency the President of Lebanon despatched an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Monrovia on a good-will mission and to confer on the President of Liberia, the highest decoration of the Lebanese Government. He was received with befitting ceremonies. Spain The Spanish Government authorized the Count of Castillo Fiel during the month of May of this year to visit Monrovia and discuss with appropriate government authorities the possibility of renewing diplomatic relations with the Liberian Government. To this proposal, consent was given and Senior Cleofe Liquiano Elgorriaga was designated and arrived at Monrovia in the character of Spanish Charge d' Affaires. Liberian Diplomatic Representation Abroad As mentioned in a previous part of this report, the grade of our diplomatic representation in Washington was elevated from Legation to Embassy. His Excellency Charles D. B. King, who had the distinguished honour of setting up the first Legation in Washington as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary was commissioned, during the recess of the Senate, as the first Liberian Ambassador accredited to Washington. Ambassador King, one of our greatest practical statesmen and diplomats, has ably and effectively represented the Liberian Government in Washington. He has been granted leave to return home. In Paris the Honourable Henry Ford Cooper continues to be Liberian Minister Resident. In the performance of his duties, he has satisfactorily evinced the quality of vigilance and efficiency that has attracted the admiration of both the French and his own governments. Minister Baron de Lynden remains the Liberian diplomatic representative .in London. He has had a long and devoted tenure of service in this capacity. International Conventions And Agreements The following Conventions have been concluded and signed by authorized representatives of the Liberian Government and will be transmitted to the Honourable the Senate for due consideration, and I recommend ratification: a) Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, December 8, 1948; b) International Wheat Agreement, March 23, 1948; c) International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, March 25, 1949; d) International Load Lines Convention; e) International Telecommunications Convention, Atlantic City, 1947; f) Convention on the privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies as it relates to UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, ITU, and Universal Postal Union; and g) International Declaration of Human Rights. Because of the adjourned session of the United Nations General Assembly last year, the extra session which met in April of this year and its regular session convened in September 1949, together with a number of other foreign conferences that were convoked during the course of this year, the appropriation made by you for foreign conferences in the Annual

1096 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Budget for the year, proved greatly inadequate. Authority was therefore given to the Secretary of the Treasury by the Chief Executive, during the period of your adjournment, to supplement the appropriation to meet this exigency; and this was done, under the title, of "Non-appropriation." A statement showing the exact figures will be submitted to you in the report of the Acting Secretary of the Treasury. Your approval of these expenditures is requested. . The Revamping Commission authorized by you to be set up, for the purpose of studying and presenting plans for the reorganization and improvement of the several branches and departments of Government, was formerly and duly constituted in keeping with the provisions of that Act, and the Commission is now functioning. A progress report has already been submitted. The Treasury Department For almost five months the Secretary of the Treasury has been in the United States discussing terms of an agreement for the establishment of the National Bank of Liberia and the taking over of the Bank of Monrovia, as authorized by you at your last session. Unfortunately, until now, while agreement has been reached on most points, there are still several others which Government considers as involving questions of vital principles having direct relationship with the National Bank proposition on which the Finance Corporation and Government have not been able to agree; hence, no final report can be made to you at this time. Should the Secretary of the Treasury return to the Country while you are still sitting, a full report on his Mission will be communicated to you by Special Message. The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury has been conducting the operations of the Department during the absence of the Secretary. You authorized expenditures of Two million, one hundred and ninety-one thousand, five hundred ($2,191,500.00) dollars under the Basic Budget of 1949, or in keeping with the Loan Agreement, 90% of the estimated revenues of Two million, four hundred thirty-five thousand ($2,435,000.00) dollars for 1949. Upon the authorization of the Act approving the 1949 Budget, the following Supplemental Budgets were prepared and operated since the enactment of the Basic Budget for this year, according to Treasury records: No. 1 $1,194,285.76 No. 2 274,864.00 Totals $1,469,149.76 Comparison of totals of revenue receipts for the period September 1, 1947 to August 31, 1948 and September 1, 1948 to August 31, 1949, reveals the following according to Treasury and Revenue reports:

Total Internal Revenues Total Postal & Utility Revenues Total Excluding Customs Total Customs Revenues Grant Total Revenues

September 1, 1947, To August 31, 1948 $ 942,803.26 110,392.01 1,053,195.27 2,003,503.36

September, 1 1948 to August 31, 1949 $1,306,753.444 119,356.30 1,426,109.74 2,309,244.17

$363,950.18 8,964.29 372,914.47 305,740.81

$3,056,698.63

$3,735,353.91

$678,655.28

Revenue Estimates and Collections For the Year Ending December 31, 1949

Increase

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1097

The following are the totals of revenue estimates for the year beginning January 1, 1949 and ending December 31, 1949, and the total of collections as against those from January 1, 1949 to August 31, 1949:

Total Internal Revenues Total Public Utility & Postal Postal Total Excluding Customs Total Customs Revenues Grand Total

Estimates of Revenues 1940 $910,000.00 $90,000.00

Amount Collected $562,996.08 84,456.32

Below or (Excess) or Estimates $347,003.92 5,543.68

1,000,000.00

647,452.40

352,547.60

1,435,000.00 $2,435,000.00

1,555,820.48 2,203,272.88

(120,820.48) 231,727.12

Amortization and Interest on the Loan have been discharged regularly in compliance with the Loan Agreement. According to last year's Treasury reports, there were unredeemed bonds outstanding in the sum of $619,000.00. Treasury reports show at the present time a balance of unredeemed bonds of $584,000.00. This Loan has served a useful purpose to both the Government and people of the Republic economically, socially and even politically. As evidence of Government's appreciation of the relief brought to it and its people at the time the Loan was made and since that time, I recommend that you pass an Act authorizing payments to be made from time to time of such sums as may be possible within the limits of the annual resources of Government, in addition to the regular interest and amortization payments in liquidation of the loan. The Internal Debt The internal debt, according to Treasury figures, is $5,050.93 which is covered by existing appropriation under the current budget. Legitimate claimants are free, says the Secretary of the Treasury, to apply for settlement of their claims. This does not have reference to claims pending before the Permanent Claims Commission.

The total national debt is analyzed as follows: Loan of 1926 Internal debt Total

$584,000.00 5,050.93 $589,050.93

I recommend the passage by your Honourable Body of an Act authorizing the forfeiture by laps of time if claimants fail to apply to the Treasury for payment of their claims now outstanding within eighteen months after the passage of the legislation; and that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorized to publish quarterly, circulars as to the effected provisions of the Act, and circulate them throughout the country within the eighteen month period to be provided by the Act, so as to give due and timely public notice to parties to be effected. Trade and Commerce Statements of the Bureau of Revenues on imports and exports for the year ending August 31, 1949, compared with those of the previous year ending August 31, 1948, indicate the following increases and decreases:

1098 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Imports by Ports and by Countries Year Ending Aug. 31, 1948 28,228.00 51,013.00 4,849,728.00 3,220,704.00 73,453.00

By Ports Foya Robertsport Monrovia Marshall Buchanan River Cess Greenville Harper Inland

377,970.00 503,782.00 $9,104,878.00

By Countries Denmark Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia France Great Britain Brit. West Africa French Germany Holland Italy Norway Spain Sweden U.S.A. Other countries

33,590.00 134,345.00 28,103.00 19,995.00 48,035.00 688,602.00 131,726.00

833,824.00 4,995.00 17,060.00 12,310.00 3,127.00 7,147,068.00 2,129.00 $9,104,878,99

Year Ending Aug. 31, 1949 22,077.21 23,126.77 5,872,069.96 1,370,215.88 47,808.61 48,644.04 64,198.85 598,044.35 116,275.59 $8,162,451.26

Increase

Decrease 6,150.79 27,886.23

1,022,331.00 1,850,488.12 25,644.39 48,644.04 313,771.15 94,262.35 116,275.50 $1,281,513,94

$2,223,940.68

16,678.59 84,134.37 1,641.35

16,885.41 50,210.63 26,461.65 19,995.00

79,811.94 1,440,645.77 236,848.18 43,814.48 33,317.08 508,753.84 2,332.60 9,299.27 661.17 1,654.87 5,616,264.70 86,687.05 $8,162,451.26

31,776.94 752,043.77 105,122.18 43,814.48 33,317.08 325,070.13 2,671.40 7,760.73 11,648.86 1,472.13 1,530,783.30 84,458.05 $1,050,532.50

$1,992,959.24

Shippings by Ports and by Nationalities For the Years Ending August 31, 1948 and 1949 By Ports Robertsport Monrovia Marshall Buchanan River Cess Greenville Harper Totals

Number of Ships 1948 4 175 57 21 4 13 39 313

Number of Ships 1949 6 187 48 9 5 14 42 311

Tonnage 1948

Landed 1949

Tonnage 1943

Shipped 1949

21 21,486 15,559 608 36 346 2,764 40,820

32,988 7,491 273 243 561 3,969 45,525

900 4,681 26,634 4,035 1,009 1,374 4,102 42,735

711 13,830 24,702 5,334 878 1,125 4,636 51,216

Total 1948 921 26,167 42,193 4,643 1,045 1,729 6,866 83,555

Tonnage 1949 711 46,818 32,193 5,607 1,121 1,686 8,605 96,741

Increase (Decrease) (210) 20,651 (10,000) 964 76 (34) 1,739 13,186

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1099 By Nationalities British Dutch French Norwegian Swedish Danish Others Totals

89 77 5 15

29 313

73 67 6 31 1 5 40 311

15,816 2,878 198 3,995

20,538 3,456 422 2,453

10,709 11,067

4 1,467 40,820

296 4,030 45,525

132 2,527 42,735

5,275

8,077 11,026 3,351 4,702 20 876 7,400 51,216

26,525 12,945 198 9,270

28,615 14,482 3,773 7,155 20 1,172 11,430 96,741

136 3,994 83,555

2,090 537 3,575 (2,155) 20 1,036 7,436 13,186

Exports by Commodities For the Years ending August 31, 1948 and 1949 Commodities Calabar Beans Tons Cocoa Tons Coffee Tons Gold (Raw) ozs Ground Nuts Tons Ivory lbs Kola Nuts Tons Live Animals Palm Kernels Tons Palm Oil Tons Piassava Skins Timbers Dom. Products n.e.e. Rubber: Latex and Crepe Tons Re-exported Foreign Merchandise Personal Effects Totals

Year ending August 31, 1948 Quantity Value 9 811.00 132 23,874.00 59 8,139.00 16,967 474,514.00 6 919.00 812 549.00 263 28,408.00 1,700.00 13,157 1,923,200.00 2,880 589,140.00 1,661 116,177.00 2,169.00 2,170.00 10,773.00 3,185,104.00 23,316 10,756,424.00 13,941,528.00 254,392.00 254,392.00 14,195,920.00

Year ending August 31, 1949 Quantity Value 12 1,704.00 515 173,931.76 30 5,947.37 14,654 410,356.24 15 1,580.00 3,480 5,100.00 505 6,865,35 1,042.00 15,593 1,991,049.48 2,142 483,953.11 1,959 137,496.23 2,684.78

25,977

11,529.35 3,263,240.47 10,037,561.87 13,300,802.34 63,432.20 163,432.20 13,527,185.85

Exports by Countries Countries Belgium Denmark Czechoslovakia France Great Britain British West Africa French West Africa Germany Holland Italy Switzerland Norway South Africa U.S.A. Other Countries Totals

Year Ending August 31, 1948 10,006.00 5,184.00 64,203.00 62,203.00 123,522.00

2,061,550.00

11,869,181.00 $14,195,920.00

Year Ending August 31, 1949 866.00 190,098.85 7,274.19 8,853.00 77,003.57 47,388.85 689,519.94 1,723,812.12

Increase

Decrease 9,140.00

190,098.95 5,184.00 56,999.81 53,350.00 46,508.43 47,388.85 689,519.94 337,737.88

4,977.20

4,977.20

55,099.27 10,708.657.56 13,675.20 $13,526,185.85

55,099.27 1,160,523.44 13,675.20 $1,000,709.41

$1,669,443.56

1100 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The foregoing statement of imports by ports and by countries, the Acting Secretary explains: "indicate essentially that total value of imports for the year ending August 31, 1949 ($8,162,451.26) in relation to total value of imports for the year ending August 31, 1948 (59,104;878.00) is $842,426.74 less. This diminution in imports, according to the statement, is due to reduced imports into the ports of entry of: Foya, Robertsport, Marshall, Buchanan, Greenville and the inland ports. Outstandingly and abnormally are the ports of Marshall and Greenville which show marked decreases in imports. The decrease opposite the port of Marshall is due, perhaps, to the opening of the Free Port of Monrovia." "Countries which show increased Imports in order of valuation are: Great Britain, British West Africa, France, French West Africa and Germany. It is apparent from the relative statement that imports from the United States of America into Liberia for the year ending August 31, 1949, show a decrease in valuation by $1,530,783.30." "This," he continues, "may be explained by the increasingly normalization of British West African export trade and revived inducement of British goods to Liberia." "Following is statement of shipping by ports and by nationalities for the year ending August 31, 1948 and 1949. This statement shows that there were 311 ships calling for the year under review as compared with 313 for 1948; 45,525 tons landed for the year ending August 31, 1949, as compared with 40,820 for the year ending August 31, 1948; 51,216 tons shipped for the same period as compared with 42,735 in 1948." The following explanations are made concerning these statistics by the Acting Secretary of the Treasury: "Total exports for the year ending August 31, 1949 compared with the previous year show a decrease by $668,734.15 which perhaps is due predominantly to a substantial drop in the market price of rubber. Raw gold also shows a shrinkage by $64,157.76. On the other hand for the same period, that is, the year ending August 31, 1949, as against the previous year cocoa exports showed a tremendous increase to the value of $50,057.76; palm kernels likewise by $67,849.48. Negotiations are in process with a friendly government whereby some system, and understanding can be established to fix and insure reasonable and suitable price margins for Liberian rubber to sustain the general economy of the country." "The Government Economist, Mr. Charles D. Sherman, observes that whereas rubber is in a free market, the deterioration in price would necessarily have a pronounced effect on the Liberian market's ability to make purchases over any prolonged period and materially affect the operation of any internal program for development. It may not be possible to set a guaranteed price." "Efforts are also being made to improve the dollar purchasing potentials of European countries that absorb most of the palm kernels and other produce trade of the country. Exports to the value of $10,708,657.56, the largest value of exports for the period under review, went into the United States of America. Exports to the value of $1,723,812.12, the next largest went to Holland and exports in the amount of $689,519.94 entered Germany."

Office of the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs In pursuance of the provisions of the Maritime Code passed by you in 1948, the office of Commissioner of Maritime affairs was instituted with Dr. William N. Ross as Commissioner and Mr. George McShane of the International Trust Company of Liberia as Deputy Commissioner. The latter with assignment at the Port of New York, United States of America. This new government agency has given good account of itself in both efficient operation and healthy financial returns. There are several modifications and amendments to the Maritime Code, the Charter of the Trust Company and the Corporation Code that have been agreed upon by all concerned,

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1101

as a result of specialist consultation between a Firm of specialist lawyers of the Federal Reserve of the United States, whose services were procured by the request of our Government through the good offices of the United States Department of State. These will be submitted to you for appropriate action and I ask for favourable consideration. Appropriations for all of the Departments and Branches of Government were greatly inadequate and since monthly reports of Government's intake clearly indicated much larger revenue returns than the estimates set up by Treasury and Fiscal authorities, to meet emergencies arising during your adjournment and to ensure the Maximum speed of our development and general administrative programs, additional expenditures for all of the Branches and Departments of Government, as a matter of necessity, had to be authorized within the limits of the current resources of Government, without increasing the National debt by a dollar or the asking for an overdraft from any Bank or other financial concern, as provided in the Loan Agreement. The Acting Secretary of the Treasury has been requested to make mention to you in his Annual Report of these additional expenditures and if you agree with the Executive that they were essential for the purposes for which they were made, I ask for your approval. In his, Annual Report, the Acting secretary recommends: 1 – Isolation from each annual budget of 10% of the total amount guaranteed by Government for mortgages under the Alien Mortgage Guaranty Act of 1947. 2 – A Sinking Fund Appropriation be made in each annual budget to provide for budgetary deficiencies that may be occasioned by deterioration of revenues. I consider these recommendations most appropriate and ask for them your favourable consideration. For the benefit of maintenance, improvement and for remodelling of the present type of roads, and also for other general purposes, I recommend that an annual taxation be levied on: Trucks and pickups based on tonnage capacity; Automobiles based on passenger capacity; Garages, artisans, hotels and on all industries; and also that a special toll be levied on all vehicles crossing the bridge across the Saint Paul River when completed and opened to traffic. It is further recommended that an Act authorizing the President to set up a Commission to be composed of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Government Economist and the Supervisor of Revenues to work out a system of Income Tax, be passed during your present session. The Pension and Annuity Bills passed by you and approved by me at your last session have carried these items of appropriation and expenditures to such an extent that they will not admit of any additional special pensions and annuities at the present time. I request your cooperation in rejecting or postponing action on any such proposed legislations. In the general raise in salaries and compensation of officials of Government that was made last year, the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of Circuit Courts were not included. I recommend increase of Associate Justices compensation to $4,000.00 per annum, and Circuit Judges to $2,500.00 per annum. Grasping the opportunity afforded by the employment by Government of Mr. Eugene F. McMullen, an American citizen, and a specialized Chartered Public Accountant, as Accountant-General in the Bureau of Revenues, arrangements have been concluded with this official to conduct a Government School in Book-keeping and Accountancy from 4 to 6 o'clock p.m., on all days except Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays: The School is scheduled for opening on November 6, 1949, on the middle flat of the Public Library on Broad Street.

1102 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 For the present, certain Book-keepers and Accountants of the various Executive Departments and Bureaux will be required to attend this class. Provisions will be made as from January 2, 1950, for transportation and maintenance allowance for two students from each of the Counties and Hinterland Districts, subject to the recommendation of County Superintendents and District Commissioners, to attend this school. Students thus recommended shall be required to show satisfactory aptitude within a reasonable period, and failing which, they will be dropped and new ones taken on. I ask for your favourable consideration and approval of this project. The Department of Justice This Department has functioned regularly and efficiently during the year. Two criminal cases involving large sums of revenues and other properties of Government mis-applied by officers and officials were successfully prosecuted and conviction obtained. The Attorney General has submitted a very exhausted and comprehensive report and therein submitted twenty-four recommendations, of these I recommend the following fifteen for your favourable consideration: 1 - Increment in payment of jurors, and I add, of tally officers also. 2 -Creation of a Territorial Court for the Territory of Marshall. 3 - The appointment of an Assistant Magistrate for Bondiway & Robertsfield. 4 - Extension of terms time in the Circuit Court of the First Judicial Circuit, Montserrado County, and I add, the Sixth Judicial Circuit Court also. 5 - Increase of the penalties in the crimes of Assaulting a Peace Officer and obstructing legal process, and manslaughter. 6 - Proposal for amendment of the law on lawyer's License. 7 - For the Nationalization of the Police Forces. 8 - On the subject of "Restitution" as provided in the Criminal Code. 9 - Reference the probation system. 10 -Reference publication of the Acts of the Legislature. 11 - For the creation of a Land Office. 12 - To expedite disposition of traffic cases. 13 - Reference stow-aways. 14 - Amendment of the law on Homicide; and 15 - Publishing of Annual Reports. There appears to me to be need for an amendment of the Matrimonial Causes Act. In that statute Physical Cruelty is made a cause for divorce. If Physical Cruelty would justify a divorce, how much more should, not Mental Cruelty? I therefore recommend amendment of the Act to include Mental Cruelty and Incompatibility of Temper. Another deficiency in the Matrimonial Causes Statute that would also seem to need providing for is, that by the provision of the Act, Magistrates and Judges may perform the rite of matrimony; but no ritual or formula was made for the use of these officials when called upon to celebrate the rite. If you share my views on this score, I suggest that the Executive be authorized to have a formula for such marriages made up. What I consider a long needed utility for the City of Monrovia, a fire fighting equipment, has been purchased by Government and brought into the country, and should be in operation within the next fortnight. Mr. Leon Jordan, Police Specialist, has in training a number of persons for this service. This too, being considered an emergency, I directed the Treasury to make the expenditure and now report the same to you and ask for your approval.

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1103

C. Frederick Taylor In our attempt to execute the command of your Honourable Body in the deportation or internment of this man, an Injunction was issued out of the Circuit Court for the Sixth Judicial Circuit, Montserrado County, enjoining all officials of the Executive Government from executing the provisions of your Act which also carried the full and complete approval of the Chief Executive. Notwithstanding this action of the Legislature and the Executive involving a matter of high-level national policy and the emergency powers given the Chief Executive, as well as the preposterous and far-fetched idea of the proceedings, I suspended execution of the definitive provisions of the Act to allow the courts to whom the miscreant had appealed, since they seem to desire to have a hearing of the matter to pass on the action taken by you and the Executive in a matter of such a grave national concern. The case was ably defended by the Attorney General and also the Solicitor-General. The Judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit Court disposed of the matter and dissolved the Injunction. Taylor has prayed for a Writ of Certiorari to issue out of the honourable the Supreme Court. It might interest you to know, however, that besides the scandalous publications made by him right here in the Capital City in which he accused the Liberian Government of intending to have him killed and therein appealed to foreign Governments and organizations, Taylor has appealed to the African Nationalist Press Freedom Committee of the United States of America, asking for intervention; an inquiry of the United Nations into what he terms "unenlightened imperialism in Africa," and he charges that the New York City Bank, Republic Steel, Firestone and Wall Street are snatching the human and material resources of the defenseless people of Liberia. And that the United Nations should have his liberty, property, press and citizenship rights restored. This, of course, the United Nations nor any other foreign government or organization can do for him. His entire and complete attitude has been and still is defiant and anarchical; but when he has finished attempting to trouble and spoil, he shall be spoiled. The General Post Office Department In January 1949, it was considered expedient to make a change in the position of Postmaster General. Accordingly, the resignation of the Honourable Nete-Sie Brownell, then Postmaster General, was requested and the Honourable McKinley DeShield, appointed as his successor. Mr. DeShield took up the duties of Postmaster General on the 25th day of January, 1949, and shortly thereafter, Government having accepted invitation of the Swiss Government and the authorities of the Universal Postal Union, Mr. DeShield was designated and accredited as representative of his Government at the Diamond Jubilee Celebration of this Union which began on May 27, 1949, in the City of Berne, Switzerland. The Postmaster General has made a very interesting report on the celebrations and tells of the high place which Liberian stamps took in the Exposition and in philately. During the absence of the Postmaster General, the Assistant Postmaster General conducted the affairs of the Department. The detailed Annual Report of this official which wí11 be submitted to you by him will give a full account of the administration of the Department during the year. I wish especially to emphasize the volume of work referred to by him that is required of the Monrovia Post Office as a vital office of exchange for the entire Republic, as well as his observations on rates charged for air mail by Government as compared with the cost of air mail transit by air lines, and ask for favourable consideration of these recommendations. I ask for favourable action also on his observations under the following titles:

1104 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Valuable Articles Lock Boxes Parcel Post Division Retired Parcels Unclaimed Parcels Overland Mail Service Hinterland Mail "Service City Delivery Service Other Post Offices Central Office Building Harper Post Office Harbor Post Office Robertsfield Postal Agency Money Order Bureau Postal Savings System Dead Letter Section Special tribute is paid to the management of the Radio Service by the Postmaster General in his report, which is deserving of commendation. Request for appropriation for a telephone service is made by the Postmaster General; and I trust favourable consideration will be given this also. Under the title: "Civil Aviation Communication Board," he recommends the passage of an Act authorizing the setting up of such a Board. This too I think is vitally essential. The Department of War The Honourable Isaac Whisnant who had seen and rendered valuable services to his country and had the preferment by being appointed Secretary of War, in which position he faithfully served. was retired in January, 1949, and the Honourable E. C. B. Jones was, on the 3lst of January, 1949, appointed. Secretary of War. Mr. Jones entered upon the discharge of the duties of his new position with his usual thoroughness and vim. Reporting to you for the first time as Secretary of War, he comments on the condition of the Department as he met it and of actions taken for adjustments. The full text of the report will be laid before you. Turning to the Armed Forces, the Secretary succinctly presents the condition of the respective units of this Service as being greatly improved in numerical strength; but wanting in proper equipment and training. This condition has been claiming the consideration of Government for the past two years; but finances have been the principal barrier. To uniform and equip two thousand men according to modern day standards would require more funds than the total annual income of Government presently is. You can therefore see the necessity for greatly increased sources of revenue, and I quote again the statement of that great American statesman, Daniel Webster; We must "smite the rock of the national resources so that abundant streams of revenues may gush forth." As Commander-in-Chief, I reviewed and inspected the First, Fifth and Sixth militia regiments, a Battalion of the Liberian Frontier Fore and a contingent of the Police Force of the Commonwealth District of Monrovia. All three of these services showed marked improvement, but special credit is due to the Police Force for their efficiency, discipline and soldierly bearing. They were the best. Of the twenty-two recommendations made by the Secretary of War, I urge favourable consideration for the present of the following ten:

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1105

1 – The appropriation of an adequate amount for the purchase of a twenty-five piece set of Band instruments for each Regiment of the Armed Forces. If not in one year, to be at least spread over a period, but making it possible to have one set in each County in the year 1950. 2 – It is highly necessary that the several units of the Army of the Republic be brought into mutual understanding and to enjoy privileges in common as well as their interest be presented to Government in a more authentic way. In connection with which I recommend that the Secretary of War be given facilities to tour the entire country in the coming year, stopping at every Infantry Headquarters and the Liberian Frontier Force Cantonments and to be able to do which, that an amount of $2,000.00 be appropriated for the year 1950. 3 – That the quarterly parade days of the 8th and 9th Regiments be set forth by statute. 4 – That appropriation be made to implement the recommendation of Major Watson, L. F. F., as commented upon by me to the extent of empowering the President to authorize the setting up of such an organization to be known as a National Army Training Camp, sometime during the course of the year. 5 – That in order to be able to supply adequately trained officers to serve as instructors to the increasing number of the several army units, provision be made to set up a central training class of officers to be conducted at least once a year and for a limited number of men which may be selected from each of the Regiments to attend and be qualified. 6 – That provision be made to provide a building outside of Barclay Training Centre for the Offices of the Department of War including the Liberian Frontier Force Command office. 7 – That facility for codifying the military laws of the Republic be made available. 8 – That an amount of not less than $40,000.00 be appropriated and set up as a revolving credit fund whereby arms and uniforms can be procured by the several units of the Army. And that is, with this fund as guarantee, these articles could be imported and placed at the disposal of the men for purchase, whereby this amount or a greater portion can be refunded. 9 – That the Adjutant-General's military rank in the War Department be raised to that of a Brigadier General, as well as the rank of the Aides-de-Camp to the President and Commander-in-Chief. 10– That special appropriation be made to afford the building of one permanent house in each of the several military cantonments as a nucleus of a permanent and somewhat modern barracks compound. The Interior Department The Secretary of the Interior was designated to attend the General Assembly of the United Nations which convened in September last in the City of New York, U. S. A., and as that Assembly is still in session, this official is presently away from the Republic. For the period of his absence, the Assistant Secretary of the Interior has been, carrying on the duties as Acting Secretary of the Interior. In his Annual Report, the Acting Secretary represents that, respective divisions of the service, both on the littoral and in the hinterland, have performed their duties well. Under the title "Recommendations" he submits several, and Ì ask for your favourable consideration of the following: 1 – Authorization to the Secretary of the Interior for the compilation, codification and editing of the various Decision, of the President made on important administrative ques-

1106 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 tions decided at the several Executive Councils; the submission of said work when completed for Legislative sanction and appropriation for the preparation and printing of same for circulation and general use among officials of the service. 2 – The establishment of permanent Provincial and District Headquarters. 3 – An Act to require the bonding of all Commissioners and Interior Administrative Officials according to grades and spheres of administration. 4 – That the present rate of commission to Chiefs for the collection of Hut Tax be increased to 10%. In March and April of this year, I made an extensive tour of the Western Province, convoked Executive Councils and decided a large range of administrative and tribal matters. These decisions will be published, I expect, before your adjournment. A question of much concern that arose in the Kolahun Council was the shortage of the dollar currency. Arrangements will have to be made to relieve this situation. There is an Act, passed by the Legislature in 1923, Chapter II, Section 9 of which requires all foreign traders doing business in the hinterland to employ as agent, sub-agent, or clerk, at least not less than three Liberians. I suggest an amendment of the Act to the following extent: That any person trading or doing commercial business in the Republic of Liberia, if a Liberian firm, it shall be required to employ as agent, sub-agent or clerk, at least one other Liberian in each place of business where such firm is operating; or, if a foreign firm, it shall be required to employ at least one Liberian as agent, sub-agent or clerk, in each place where such firm is operating. In June last, I convoked Executive Councils in the Central Province. The Chieftains, and people of this Province are taking full advantage of the motor roads that have been built through the Province and are buying sedan cars, pick-ups and trucks. They are further showing an admirable spirit of enthusiasm to have each of their principal towns linked up with the main motor road by access roads and are making application to Government for tools which Government supplies upon their request. Because of the very powerful influence which certain tribal institutions bear on the tribes and tribesmen, it became necessary for the appointment of Relations Officers, which I did in the Western and Central Provinces. I ask for your approval. In my travels through the Hinterland in the current year, I adopted the practice of taking along Paramount Chiefs from other parts of the country for the benefit of contact and in furtherance of Government's Policy of unification. It has been made known that there may be an appeal to you Gentlemen of the Legislature to slice off a portion of the County of Montserrado and create another County. I am totally opposed to such a proposition for the following reasons: first, Montserrado is the first and most historic County in the Republic, except possibly, Maryland County. Secondly, such an action would destroy the basic policy of Government envisioned by the Act of the Legislature which divided the Republic into County and Hinterland jurisdictions, so that as the respective districts of the hinterland administration develop in civilization, education, culture and religion, these hinterland districts would become Counties; and when fully developed, the Counties and Provinces from sea coast to the hinterland boundaries of the Republic would then be divided into States. Besides this, I see no justifiable reason for reducing the territorial size of Montserrado County which is not our largest County in terms of territory and which, just in 1924, gave over the then Territory of Grand Cape Mount to become a County. I appeal to you in all earnestness to refuse affirmative action of this proposition should it be presented.

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1107

The Department of Public Instruction This Department's Report for the year was started by the Secretary of Public Instruction, but he could not complete it because he was directed to proceed to the United States in the interest of certain educational problems involving matters of policy. The Assistant Secretary of the Department who took over and is acting for him, thereafter completed it. The Report gives the following statistics: Total number of School 253 Total number of Teachers 678 Total number of Students : Elementary 20,709 High School 680 College 96 Technical 214 Grand total number of students 21,699 Total number of Full Scholarships . 29 Total number of Grants-in-aid 53 Total amount, appropriated for Education in 1949 as per Report was $262,620.00. The Acting Secretary presents the following recommendations with which I am in accord: 1 – Agricultural Education: Since areas differ in culture, soil texture, geography, etc., Education should be based on existing conditions and environment; therefore, being non-practical in having uniformity in the curriculum, it is vitally important to the country to place Agricultural Education in Rural and Hinterland Schools. This Program should be fostered and carried out jointly or in collaboration with the Department of Public Instruction and the Department of Agriculture. 2 – Foreign Teachers: This is a new day in a One World and all countries are striving towards improvement. In our schools, we resolve to have better trained teachers. Now if a teacher is not qualified to teach in his own country, is he better qualified to teach in a country that he does not know? So why should we demand better trained, local teachers and then ignore the training of foreign workers in some of our institutions here? Teachers of foreign countries should be required to be trained for their profession and graduated from accredited schools before coming, into the field. Such teachers without diplomas from accredited schools who have been in the country for ten years or a longer period should upon their return to their respective homes periodically, be required to attend refresher courses in Education. 3 – Physical Education Travellìng Instructors Provision should be made for two or more members in the Physical Education Division. These traveling instructors should visit schools out of the city for the purpose of helping the teachers to instruct the children in Physical Education and Health. Physical Education is most essential in the development of strong and healthy citizens. The school is the best place to begin. 4 – Liberian History and Readers: No teaching is more complete without teaching the history of the land. We have no adequate school text on Liberian History and it is of grave importance, particularly at

1108 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 this tine, to link up the past events with the present; to learn about national characters and their contributions; and to be proud of a country that gives pride to its people. Who is sympathetically better able to write the biography of a country? Surely not the Outsider! The Outsider may have the training and experience for collaboration. I recommend that a Committee of not less than three be appointed to study, interview and make research to write Liberian History texts for the Elementary grades now. This recommendation goes for Liberian Readers. Again, I make recommendation of a Committee of not less than three to collect and write Liberian stories in texts for our schools. Seeing the urgent necessity for affording the young women of the country an opportunity to improve themselves in domestic arts, I directed the organization of a Domestic Arts School, with Mrs. Thelma Dennis as Director. Mrs. Dennis is a graduate of the Traphagen School of Designing, New York, U. S. A. In this school, female students from each County and from each of the Provinces were admitted and a monthly allowance is made to those from localities outside of the City of Monrovia. Commenting on the school, the Acting Secretary states that the women of this city showed great interest and enthusiasm in it; and that fifty applications had to be placed on the deferred list, as facilities for starting with more than twenty-five students were not available. Your approval of this action is solicited. From time immemorial this Government has shown much interest in, and has received many benefits from, foreign missionary activities in both education and religion. That fact, that free land grants are made by Government to these institutions, imports into the country for missionary and educational purposes are allowed free of Customs duty, together with certain other tax exemptions and contributions running into hundreds of thousands of dollars, is sufficient to indicate, I think, that the time has now come when Government should exercise greater control over and concern with the nature, kind and extent of work that all Missions are conducting in the country; to make assignment of the different missionary groups, according to their financial, moral and other standards, to places, for operation as that there might be no over-lapping; to regulate, collect and publish at stated periods, reports as to the number of members of each group and sect, whether religious or educational; to set the educational standard and qualification to be required of missionaries who would be permitted to enter or remain in the country, as the case may be, for the specific work, and such other requirements as may be considered necessary. I recommend, therefore, your authorization for the appointment of three Inspectors of Foreign Missions to be attached to the Department of Public Instruction; and that the Executive be authorized to formulate Regulations defining the functions and duties of these Inspectors and that a report be made to you at next session, for approval, amendment or disapproval. The above suggested procedure would not only enable Government to know the extent and effect of the work being performed by each missionary group, but would also be enlightening to the home body or source of the respective missionary groups here. We desire your authorization for the construction of at least two school buildings annually of the Rosendwall type until ultimately this type of school building shall be spread throughout the country, particularly in the Provinces. Liberia College As is known to you, the building on which Government held a leasehold for the housing of Liberia College caught fire and burned completely down: This building was the property of the Board of Foreign Missions of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1109

After this tragic incident, a Commission was authorized to investigate into the causes. Their report after investigation was that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the electrical wiring. Bishop Gibbs who is the Prelate in charge of this Mission's work in Liberia asked for a conference with me on the question of the destruction of said property by fire, which conference I unhesitatingly granted. At this conference, I inquired of the Bishop whether his Mission had a specific educational program for Liberia, if so, what was the extent of that program. HE replied that he did have such a program, but that he could not with certainty say the exact extent at the present time as he would have to return to the United States for conference with the Council of Bishops on the matter; but he thought it might be a Fifty thousand-dollar program. I then suggested that, in consideration of the destruction of their building, upon the initiation of the educational program in Liberia, Government would make an initial payment of Ten Thousand dollars ($10,000.00) and Three Thousand dollars ($$3,000.00) annually thereafter until Twenty-five thousand dollars ($$25,000.00) shall have been paid, should his program be not less than Fifty thousand dollars ($50,000.00). If less, Government would pay one-half of whatever it may be. I ask for your approval and appropriation of the funds. Occasioned by the destruction of the leased building of Liberia College which occurred in January last, a problem arose as to where the College would be housed in March when it was due to open in its first semester of this year. It was decided to push work on the new college building that had been under construction for the past two years, so as to have a sufficient number of class rooms ready to take care of the situation. This was accomplished and Liberia College was once more able to have its opening ceremonies in a building, although not completed but in a state sufficiently near completion, that it could call its own. Mr. Thomas E. Buchanan was the dynamic force which contributed most in making this possible. Work on the college building has continued at increased speed and it is hoped that against the end of the year or the early part of next year, it will be completed and ready for college work proper. We contemplate at that time handing over to the College authority its property presently occupied by the United States Foreign Economic Mission, so that the entire area can be utilized for college purposes and arrange other residence for the members of this Mission. Copy of a Memorandum from the Faculty of the College to the Board of Trustees was handed me and since all Senators are members of that Board and the Vice President is its Chairman, I wish to take this public occasion to plead for favourable consideration of most of what they have requested. Booker T. Washington Institute This Institution, the most outstanding of its kind in the country is deserving of more and increasingly more support from Government. As a matter of fact, my long range plan is that it be eventually taken over as an industrial and vocational part of the University of Liberia. I ask for 50% increase in Government's subsidy to the Institute for next year, 1950.

1110 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The Teachers Training College Three years ago, the Teachers Training School was organized. The Bishop of the Methodist Church and the authority of the College of West Africa undertook, upon request of Government, to superintend and administer the work. They also permitted the use of their school building, for the purpose. With the assistance of Bishop King, we have succeeded in procuring the services of Mr. Draper as Dean of the Teachers Training College and are hopeful of intensifying the work of this school. Mr. Draper, I understand, arrived in the country recently. Thanks is due to be expressed to Dr. Frank Argelander for his assistance rendered Government in the work of the College. The Baptist Mission, under whose aegis the Carrie V. Dyer Memorial Hospital of this city is being operated and who are the owners, have given notice that they intend to expand and remodel the hospital buildings. I request a subsidy of Five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) for this laudable work when it is begun. The Lutheran Board of Foreign Missions is arranging for the construction of a hospital in the interior and has the plans for the buildings under way. I ask for a subsidy of Five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) for them when they start their construction. The Literacy Campaign inaugurated by Dr. Laubach during his visit to this country is being effectively directed by Miss Norma Bloomquist. She expects to intensify the campaign next year and special posters are being prepared to give a new incentive to the purpose. Government appropriated Thirteen thousand dollars ($13,000.00) this year for the campaign, besides other incidental contribution to the project. Miss Bloomquist is a missionary of the Lutheran Convention, but has been assigned to this particular work. The Department of Public Works & Utilities From the Report of the Secretary it will be noted that there has been a change in the personnel. The Assistant Head of this Department, Honourable George Dunbar, terminated his services with the Department July 1st, and executed a contract with Government for the maintenance of the Monrovia-Sanniquellie and Ganta-Tappita Motor Roads. Mr. Dunbar was succeeded in the Department by Mr. Thomas E. Buchanan as Acting Assistant Secretary of Public Works & Utilities. For purposes of greater efficiency in the operational service of the Public Works Department throughout the country, there were appointed four officials known as Local Agents of the Public Works Department – one in each County. The Secretary of Public Works states in his Report that "this experiment has become a practical working organization which should he given ready consideration." The technical branch of the Department was enlarged and because of the increased general construction in its development program, there is still great need for more capable engineers. On account of this shortage in the engineering staff of the Department, the leave of the Chief Engineer, Mr. Joseph F. Walker, could not be granted this year. The Secretary has made an elaborate survey of the operations of the Department in its every phase and aspect; the full text of which will be forwarded to you by him. The following five points of recommendations made by him, I recommend for your favourable consideration and action: 1 – Bulk purchases of supplies and materials to meet the Department's construction needs. 2 – The employment of qualified engineers to carry out the technical designing, planning and control of the work of the Department.

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1111

3 – The setting up of a bureau to control land surveys. 4 – More efficient rolling stock for the services of the Department. 5 – That a Bureau of Public Works & Utilities personnel led by competent engineers and technicians be established in each of the Counties for the more efficient control and progressive operation of the Department's projects. An Engineering class was opened in the Department this year with Mr. Alexander Krash as Instructor. Reports coming through say that the progress being made by the students is encouraging. The Public Works Department covers a wider range of services than any other of the Departments and therefore requires adequate, efficient and specialized personnel. Such personnel must be found. With all of the difficulties and handicaps encountered by the Department due to insufficient appropriation and want of trained personnel, construction work has progressed amazingly well. In the exercise of authority granted by you to the Chief Executive to execute a five-year program, a part of which is the construction of Government buildings, plans and specifications for the construction of the Capitol and Law Courts Buildings were prepared and approved by the Public Works Department. These were also submitted to the Vice President, the Speaker and Members of the Legislature of both Houses who were available in the City of Monrovia, and to Members of the Supreme Court for suggestions concerning them. After joint discussion between the representatives of the three Branches of Government, the plans were approved, and the Ground Breaking Exercises for these two buildings were performed on August 24th last past; the ceremony being conducted by Bishop Willis J. King and Bishop Bravid W. Harris. Estimates for these buildings are not yet completed but it is thought by the Department that cost will range between $150,000.00 and $200,000.00 each. As it is our aim to have these buildings completed by the end of 1951, there is need for you to appropriate at least $75,000.00 toward the construction of each of these buildings in the coming year’s budget. The Department of Agriculture & Commerce The Department of Agriculture and Commerce is the youngest of all the Departments, being now only two years old. The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce was appointed as Chairman of the Liberian Delegation to the Third Session of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade held in Annecy, France, with the Honourable John A. Dunaway, Financial Adviser, as Member in consequence thereof, the Secretary left Liberia on April 5th and returned on October 14th. Upon the adjournment of the GATT Conference, the Secretary was directed to proceed to the United States of America and arrange for the procurement by purchase of certain special and brands of cattle, chickens and hogs. He did so, and was successful in bringing out with him a number of these stocks which, according to him in his Report, he considers the nucleus for a long range Animal Industry Program. Mr. Frank Pinder of the United States Foreign Economic Mission is due thanks for assistance given in this project. In what appears to be of primary importance to our Agricultural Program, the report of this Department emphasizes the necessity for means to organize and operate a Bureau of Agricultural and Indus. trial Chemistry. It states that lack of funds has been the principal cause for the Department to be operating a second-rate laboratory section and it mentions estimates submitted by a Chemical Engineer of the University of Detroit and a Chemist of the same Institute of $16,100.00.

1112 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 As this is essential not only to the Agricultural Department, but also to the country in general, I would be glad if appropriation were made for the organization and operation of a modern Analytic Laboratory. The question of produce inspection which has been undertaken by the Department, cannot be overemphasized, so as to standardize the quality of Liberian produce and yield the best returns. Success has been made by the Department in this undertaking and it is our policy to pursue to the utmost limits of our ability, this question of standardization and grading of Liberian products. Another submission of the Secretary which will require legislation is Entomology and Plant Quarantine Regulations. I ask for your favourable consideration of this measure. Some statistics are given for the year and cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil and piassava which you will have the opportunity of perusing when the Secretary's Report is submitted. In connection with the Department of Trade and Commerce, I think it is necessary to create Chamber of Commerce with qualified personnel to grapple with certainty the problems that would seem to hinder and adversely affect our progress along these lines. Other matters concerning the Department not specially mentioned, will be made available to you by the Report of the Secretary. The Supreme Court While this only Constitutional Court of the Republic was sitting in its last November Term, the concentration and deliberations of the Justices, the arguments and forensic debates of Members of the Bar and the busy activities of the Clerical and Ministerial stalls of the Supreme Court were interrupted by a solemn and fatal announcement that His Honour Chief Justice Louis Arthur Grimes, Ninth Chief Justice of the Honourable Supreme Court- of Liberia, had passed from the ranks of mortals. The Court was draped in mourning; the nation bowed down in grief as a token of revere and respect for one of the greatest jurists the country has produced. After some months of national sorrowing, the ranks that had been broken by death had to be closed, so that on the 31st of January, 1949, His Honour Martin Nimle Russell was elevated and commissioned as the Tenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic; and Counsellor O. Natty B. Davis of the Maryland County Bar was commissioned on the same day as Associate Justice to fill the vacancy created by the elevation of His Honour Justice Russell to that of Chief Justice. Regular sessions of the Court have been held, and the Justices of this Honourable Court enjoy the confidence and respect of the people. The Bureau of Public Health and Sanitation The Director of Public Health and Sanitation having been sent to the United States of America for specialized training in Public Health Administration and Sanitation, Dr. John Baptiste Titus was appointed Acting Director. The Report of this official shows that hospitals and or clinics have been established at the following places in the country: a Hospital, a Health Clinic and Special Sanitary Works, Monrovia; Cape Mount Clinic; Grand Bassa Clinic; Sínoe Clinic; Cape Palmas' Clinic; and Clinics at Webbo, Tchien, Tappita, Sanniquellie, Gbarnga, Salala, River Cess, Timbo, Marshall, Voinjamna, Bopolu and Clay-Ashland. The Acting Director reviews Malaria Control and Topographical Surveys that are being undertaken by the Bureau outside of the City of Monrovia, for the purpose of engaging in the drainage of swamps and of facilitating the putting into effect of a general program for combating malaria in those areas.

Annual Message to the Legislature October 28, 1949 1113

A statistical report of the Liberian Government Hospital at Monrovia gives the following: Number of Patients admitted Number of Patients treated and discharged Number of Patients operated on Number of births Number of deaths Number of abortions Number of Pre-Natals Number of Still Births Number of Breech Number of Tooling Number of Post-Natal Number of Out-Patients treated Number of Vertex presentation Cash deposits

960 867 65 83 74 19 19 6 1 1 1 373 79 $2,330.25

Much energy has been expended in efforts to produce a reasonably adequate number of medical doctors for our hospitals, clinics and public health and sanitation besides the eight doctors that were already in Government's employ, but with little success. We have, however, recently been successful in engaging the services of one German doctor who arrived here in September and who has been assigned to Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County. If all goes well, eight other German doctors have consented to take contracts with Government, two of whom have already signed their contracts and may be out in December ensuing. The Acting Director makes several recommendations which will be laid before you and I ask for your favourable consideration. The Civil Service Commission The Commissioner of Civil Service reports that examinations have been regularly held in keeping with law. He points out that the amendment to Section 14 of the Civil Service Act of 1934 which was submitted to you for Legislative action has not to the present have favourable consideration. As this is an important amendment, I earnestly appeal to you for favourable consideration of the measure. Necrology Since our meeting last year on an occasion as this, the national urns of grief have been opened and have been filling fast with the tears of colleagues, friends, loved ones and acquaintances of those who once were here but now are not, for those, some of whom sat in this Hall at the delivery of the Fifth Annual Message a year ago, have now gone. Those patriots and faithful public servants who laboured with us in this great and irksome task of nation building, and whom we call to remembrance at this time, were characterized by noble faith, high courage, full devotion and unbounded love of country. They have answered the call of the Absolver of human life and action and destiny as will each of us some day. Let us pause to dedicate ourselves anew to the sublime task of making their patriotism and devotion to duty real. Let the memories that we cherish of them today give strength and power as we endeavour to lift high the torch they passed to us as they went away. We are aware that they held, in abundant measure, a national pride and a Christian philosophy of

1114 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 life and its eternal meaning, whereby they gained strength and courage and fortitude to meet, conquer and overcome all sorts of experiences in this life which have glorified their memories. Maurice Maeterlinck's "Fantasy of Childhood" (The Blue Bird), presents a touching scene where a little boy and his sister find themselves at the close of day in a village cemetery. As they stand there facing the rows of tombstones in the twilight, the little girl becomes frightened, and so does her brother. And then he turns the magic cap which he wears, in which is fastened a magic stone, and a miracle happens. Instead of rows of tombstones there stretched before them, they see beautiful blooming tulips. The little girl, a little bewildered but completely freed from fear, looks up into the face of her brother and ask: "Where are the dead?" To which he confidently replies "There are no dead." Then, where are Louis Arthur Grimes, Ninth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, Patriot, Statesman, Historian, Jurist, Former Associate and James Francis Cooper, Soldier, Patriot, Statesman, Politician, Agriculturist and Walter P. L. Brunnskine, Cleric, Statesman, Senator of Grand Bassa County, and John Benjamin Stryker, Cleric, Statesman, Senator of Grand Cape Mount County and Thomas E. Beysolow, Patriot, Statesman, Historian, Jurist, Former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia and Alexander B. Mars and John S. Dunham, Politicians, Statesmen, Former Senator and Former Representatives, respectively, of Montserrado and Maryland Counties Where are John Harold D. Fredericks and Clarence O. Tunning, Former Superintendents of Maryland and Sinoe Counties, respectively, Diplomats and Administrators; and James Stanley Wiles, Diplomat and Realist; and John Henry Wisseh McClain Military Genius, Politician, Former Secretary and Junior Aide-de-Camp to the President of Liberia and Assistant to the Port Director, Free Port of Monrovia and Granville A. Howard, Soldier, Patriot, Former Mayor, City of Harper; and D. F. Wright, Cleric, Politician, Former Mayor, City of Marshall; and James Olíe Davis, Churchman and Soldier

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1115

Where are Joseph Goblee, Boymah N'Joh, Kandakai, N'Jorla, Keeble, Nyeplu, Dau-boh Gray, Paramount and Former Paramount Chiefs of Pleebo Districts, Maryland County; Vai Town, Monrovia; Kolahun District; Bopolu District; Gbake, Pleebo District; Gedetarbo, Pleebo District and Number Three Chiefdom, respectively, Patriots, Experts in Tribal Administrative Affairs; and Elsie Paul, Oldest female citizen of Grand Cape Mount County, First girl child born in the City of Robertsport after its founding; and Isaac Himíe Wesley, Supervising Teacher, Eastern Province, Educator, and Soldier Dr. Joseph F. Lawrence, Churchman and Humanitarian and Where are they? Dead? No! Tennyson gives the answer in his lines: "With silence only as their benediction, God's Angels come; “Where in the shadow of a Great Affliction, The Soul sits dumb; "Yet would we say what every heart approveth: Our Father's Will, "Calling to Him the dear ones that He loveth, “Is mercy still. "God calls our loved ones, but we lose not wholly What He hath given; "They live in heart and deed as truly “As in His heaven. "Not upon us or ours the Solemn Angel “Hath evil wrought. "The funeral Anthem is a glad evangel: “The Good Die Not." Conclusion Finally, Gentlemen, may we gird ourselves with resoluteness, diligence and fervor for the duties that it has pleased God, through our fellow countrymen, to assign to us by our preferment. May we execute those duties with singleness of purpose for the perpetuity and development of our common country; and may peace, concord and mutual understanding characterize your deliberations. God prosper you all; God keep the State! William V. S. Tubman. The Executive Mansion Monrovia, Liberia October 28, 1949

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President And Gentlemen of the Legislature: The ebbing tide of time has brought you together in another Annual Session for a check on the administration of the affairs of State.

1116 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 It is with a great amount of thanksgiving to Him Who is the source of all creation and blessings that I am able to report to you at this time that peace prevails within our borders; and that there is a reasonable portion of prosperity and progress in evidence within our territories. Foreign Relations In these days of extreme international tension, uncertainty and anxiety, it is gratifying that we have been able to maintain cordial relationship with the governments represented at this Capital in particular, and with Member-States of the United Nations in general. The Liberian Government does not encourage, support nor fan, directly or indirectly, insurrection nor revolt in foreign territories whether Home or Colonial; neither does she entertain sympathy, vocally or mentally, for internal disturbances and uprisings in foreign territories, whether in the Homeland or in the Colonies. To the contrary, she deprecates and discountenances all conditions and situations of discord and dissension, she herself having been the victim of these terrible vicissitudes in the past and knows the miserable pinch of that shoe. It is with much regret that I have to report to you, as you possibly know, that the general aspect of international relations and trends are far from what the genuine peace loving nations and peoples of the world would desire them to be; and that in further aggravation of the already tense and strained international situation, on Sunday, June 25th, 1950, North Korean Communist forces attacked the Republic of Korea. The Republic of Korea was established in August of 1948 as a Free, Sovereign and Independent State with that part of Korea South of the Thirty-Eighth Parallel as its territories. Twenty-four hours after the invasion, a Special Session of the Security Council of the United Nations was convoked. The Security Council adopted Resolutions declaring the acts of North Korea to be armed aggression and called upon the aggressors to cease fire and withdraw to the Thirty-Eighth Parallel. The invaders ignored the action of the Security Council and persevered with their deliberate invasion of the Republic of South Korea. Whereupon, another meeting of the Security Council was convoked and, as a result, it was resolved that all Members of the United Nations assist the Republic of Korea repel the attack and restore peace and security in that area. In response to the Resolutions above referred to, most Member-States of the United Nations fulfilled their obligations. I directed the Secretary of State to inform the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations that the Government of the Republic of Liberia would adhere to the text of the Resolutions of the Security Council and would do all in her power to assist the Republic of South Korea against the invaders. To give practical effect in a degree to the commitment of this Government to the Secretary-General, it was decided, after consultation with the Cabinet, that the Liberian Government contribute Ten Thousand ($10,000.00) Dollars in natural rubber to the cause. The Secretary of the Treasury was directed to provide the funds and the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce was directed to purchase the rubber and have it shipped. I request your approval of the actions taken thus far by the Executive Government in the Korean crisis, and ask for further authority to take other and further action as the circumstances may require, in fulfilling the obligation of the Charter of the United Nations in the Korean situation and in any other similar cause that may arise during your recess or adjournment which may require prompt and immediate action, because of the emergency of the particular case. The attack on South Korea, it is reported, was made with great force and on a large scale and for some time the aggressors seemed to have been carrying the fortunes of battle

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1117

their way; but with the response given by the majority of the Member-States, the tide of battle seems to have turned and the invaders pushed back across the Thirty-Eighth Parallel. Communism in action and practice, I am convinced, is the embodiment and quintessence of chicanery, intrigue, coup d'etat and finally absorption. We cannot and shall not be led nor enticed by it in any of its forms no matter how obscurely and cleverly machinated. Our territories are barren soil for Communism, therefore its seeds, for the want and absence of necessary light, heat and presence of air, cannot germinate. Diplomatic representation of friendly States near this Capital remains the same except the French which has undergone change in personnel of the Chief of its Mission, by the transfer of Minister de Schompre. Mr. de Schompre, while representing his Government here in the character of Minister Resident, created closer ties of friendship and better understanding between the two governments than are recollected to have heretofore existed. For his friendliness we are gratified, for his absence he is missed. Representation of the Government of Spain to the Liberian Government and the Liberian Government's representation to the Spanish Government have been elevated from Charge d'Affaires to Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; and appointments of His Excellency Cleofe Liquiniano Elgorriaga, Spanish Minister to Liberia, and His Excellency Henry Ford Cooper, Liberian Minister to Spain have been duly effected. A Class of Liberian Trainees was sent to the United States by and at the cost and expense of the Liberian Government. The United States Department of State afforded every reasonable opportunity for these young Liberians to visit and study certain of the operations of the State Department in Washington. Their Instructor was the Honourable Mr. Leland Morris. The Trainees were: Mr. J. Dudley Lawrence Mr. George A. Padmore Mr. Christie Doe Mr. George B. Stevenson Mr. Lloyd Whisnant Mr. David Thomas Mr. S. Edward Peal and. Mrs. Sarah King. This lady and these gentlemen, completed their courses with distinction, reflected much credit on themselves and have been giving valuable service in the Department of State at Monrovia and in the Foreign Service of the Country. It has been more than five years since hostilities between the United Nations, their affiliated powers and the German Reich ceased. It was upon my recommendation and the facts presented to you of the willful violation of the neutrality of Liberia by the German Government and other overt acts of the Axis Powers, that you authorized the issuance of a Proclamation declaring a State of War to be existing between the Liberian Government on the one hand and the German Government on the other hand. Now that those forces of evil that were unleashed against the nations and races of mankind have been defeated and subdued, I recommend that you, by legislation, declare this State of War ended, and authorize the Chief Executive to declare the same by Proclamation. The Treasury Department In his Annual Report, the Secretary of the Treasury observes the following:

1118 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 "Based on estimates submitted by the Bureau of Revenues and Accounts which were approved by the Financial Adviser in keeping with the Loan Agreement of 1926, the 1950 Budget was prepared for submission showing a total of $2,700,000.00 which amount was authorized for expenditure in 1950. Section 11 of the Act approving the Budget, which is in keeping with the Loan Agreement of 1926, as amended, authorized the Treasury to apply revenues of 1949 in excess of said budget for general purposes of Government; and in accordance therewith, the following Supplemental Budgets were prepared and approved in keeping with law: Supplemental Budget No. 1 Supplemental Budget No. 2. Supplemental Budget No. 3.

$953,077.84 $113,179.92 $671,593.98

These four Basic and three Supplemental Budgets, show a total of $4,437,851.74 to be expended from January 1, 1950 to December 31, 1950. In. accordance with the report submitted by the Bureau of Accounts at the close of business August 31, 1950, budgetary expenditures totaled $3,223,409.39 with an unexpended balance of the budgets of $1,214, 442.35. Budgetary provision fell short during 1950 of amounts, necessary for the smooth operation of Government and in keeping with Executive Approval the Treasury expended $811,776.51 in excess of the Budgets which amounts are to be included in the Budget for 1951. On August 31, 1950, cash on hand with the Depositaries shows the total of $198.426.99. In 1948, when Mr. H. D. Negelspach assumed the duties as Auditor, he reported that from his investigation the Government had over-budgeted to the amount of $462,961.46. This matter was brought to the attention of the Revenue Officials who furnished the figures from which the budget was made. As the Supervisor of Revenues was then on leave, it was suspended pending his return. On his return, the matter was again taken up and this assignment was given to Mr. .E. F. McMullen, the Accountant General, who after much survey reported a smaller figure than had been reported by the Auditor. This was due to certain revenues which had been twice credited to Government account and had naturally increased the receipts for several years. This amount is now reduced to approximately $125,877.71 according to figures furnished by the Bureau of Audits."

Comparative Statement of Revenue Collections According to reports submitted by the Bureaux of Revenues and Audits, revenue collections amounted to Three Million Eight Hundred Eighteen Thousand Seven Hundred Forty One Dollars and Ten Cents ($3,818,741.10). The preceding year showed for the same period a collection of Three Million Seven Thirty Five Thousand Three Hundred Fifty Three Dollars Ninety One Cents ($3,735,353.91). This gives a net increase of $83,387.19 constituted as follows:

Total, Internal Revenues Total Postal & Utilities Total Customs Revenues Total Revenues

Sept. 1, 1949 to Aug. 1, 1950 $1,626,659.43. 171,988.11 2,020,093.56 $3,818,741.10

Sept. 1, 1948 to Aug. 31, 1949 $1,306,753.44 119,356.30 2,309,244.17 3,735,353.91

(Increase) or Decrease ($319,905.99) (52,631.81) 289,150.61 $ 83,387.19

The Bureaux of Revenues, Audits and Accounts have been operated for the past seven years by virtually the same Book-keeping and Accounting Personnel as were engaged when revenues totaled One and a half Million Dollars as now with revenues totaling Four and a

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1119

Half Million Dollars, with additional taxes levied which are involved and complicated in their nature and character. The result seems to be that figures furnished by these Bureaux, for the most part, have been inaccurate and unreliable. On this account, Government was operating on a supposed cash credit in the Bank which, according to the Auditor, was actually $462,961.45 less. This deficiency, the Auditor states, begins of necessity with the year 1948 at which time, account records were established in the Bureau of Audits to reflect accurate account balances and to show, from information available to the Auditor, the financial position of Government. In a previous Message to Honourable Gentlemen, I pointed out the inefficiency and inadequacy of the personnel constituting these three Bureaux. Since then, Government engaged first the : services of Mrs. Negelspach for the Bureau of Audits and then the services of Mr. E. F. McMullen for the Bureau of Revenues; Mrs. Negelspach's assignment to the Bureau of Audits has lent much aid in bringing the accounts of that Bureau up to date. Mr. McMullen's assignments have covered well nearly every Department and Bureau of Government and he has fully justified his engagement terms and conditions, as was expected. More than a year having elapsed after the Auditor had reported $462,961.45 less cash in the Bank than had been reported by the Bureaux of Accounts and Revenues, and although I had directed the question investigated and the facts ascertained, no report being forthcoming, I therefore directed Mr. McMullen to stop every other activity and look into the matter and find the cause whatever it might be. He did so within a relatively short period of time. Mr. McMullen's report will be submitted to you for your fuller information. With the Sales, Income, Luxury and other recent tax legislations enacted by you, it has become increasingly more essential that at least three additional Certified Public Chartered Accountants be engaged to bring the paper work of the respective Departments and Bureaux of Government. up-to-date and to ensure competence, efficiency and accuracy in accounting and reporting. The Revenue Situation Government's annual: income from both internal and external sources has been steadily mounting since the inauguration of the Five Year Plan and the partial execution of the Plan. I am happy to state that this trend continues on an ever upward scale. This very favourable situation is due primarily to the splendid cooperation and speedy consideration accorded the various executive measures involving the imposition of new taxations, inducements to foreign capital and unrestricted trade throughout the confines of the Republic, by your Honourable Bodies. The following tabulation expressed in terms of total annual revenue receipts from the year 1944–1950 provides a more vivid picture of this favourable situation: 1944–1945. Total Revenue Receipts 1945–1946 Total Revenue Receipts 1946–1947 Total Revenue Receipts 1947–1948 Total Revenue Receipts 1948–1949 Total Revenue Receipts 1949–1950 Total Revenue Receipts

$1,881,621.74 $2,197,879.19 $3,215,726.18 $3,056,693.63 $3,735,353.91 $3,818,741.10

Predicated upon this continued upward trend, the Treasury Department is very optimistic in its expectation of total revenue receipts for the year 1951 being in the neighbourhood of 55,000,000.00

1120 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Trade and Commerce Due to the inadequacy of Staff, as previously pointed out, the Bureau of Revenues was unable to complete the Import and Export Statistical Report for the year under review in time to be inserted in this Message. This will be made the subject of a special Message and communicated later to you during your present sitting. It became necessary to engage the service of Mr. Leo M. Bryant of Washington, D. C., for a limited period to assist in the formulation of forms and regulations to expedite the enforcement of the new taxes imposed. For the present, however, his engagement here is temporary. There are certain amendments which are felt necessary to be made to the Income Tax Law and the Corporation Code. These will be transmitted to you in the usual way. National Debt The National Debt at September 1st of the present year stands as follows: Founded Debt – Floating Debt Balances, Sept. 1, 1948 Payments made 9/1/48 to 8/31/49 Balances, Sept. 1, 1949 Payments made 9/1/49 to 8/31/50 Balances, Sept. 1, 1950

Founded Debt $619,000.00 35,000.00 584,000.00 35,000.00 $549,000.00

Floating Debt $19,723.60 14,943.32 5,780.28 4,780.28

Arrangements for Paying off Balances on the 1926 Loan Because of Government's desire to expand its Five Year Development Plan which requires applications for loans, and because of the provisions of the 1926 Loan Agreement which prohibit other loans except under certain conditions, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to authorize the Firestone Plantations Company to pay or cause to be paid to the Finance Corporation of New York, U. S. A., all balances due on the 1926 Loan in three equal annual installments from Income Tax to be paid Government by the Firestone Plantations Company for the years 1951, 1952 and 1953, and thus pay off the 1926 Loan. Tolls on Vehciles Crossing the William V. S. Tubman Bridge The provisions of the Act passed at your last session imposing a Toll on vehicles crossing the Bridge between Bushrod Island and Brewerville were not put into effect because it was not possible to set up the mechanics therefore. We hope to make the provisions operative during the course of the ensuing year. I recommend, however, that the Act be amended so as to authorize the Toll payable to be determined by Executive Circular. National Achievements under the Five Year Plan of 1946 In 1945, we submitted to you for consideration a Five Year Plan for the over-all development of the country which you approved. Immediately thereafter, a copy of the Plan was presented to the United States Government with a request for financial and technical aid and loans. That Government informed this Government that it would study the Plan through its Economic Mission in Liberia. In the meantime, the Liberian Government proceeded to put into execution her Five Year Plan within the limits of her resources and technical know-how with the following results within four years, 1946–1950.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1121

Arrangements for Financing: It became necessary to find funds wherewith to finance the project and enterprises comprising the Five Year Plan which had to be done from current revenues. The Centenary which was one of the major project items of the Plan was the first to receive consideration and you enacted the Centennial Tax and 15% Sur Tax Acts. With these, we were successful in executing the Centennial Program with credit to the Nation, satisfaction to ourselves and glory to our departed sires. The Centennial and Executive Pavilions as well as the Centennial Monument were constructed in the Capital, and the Executive Mansion has been completely remodeled and renovated; a Centennial Monument was also constructed in each of the counties; and the cemeteries of the Capital and principal cities of the Republic were and have been cleaned, beautified and maintained. The former Krutown site of the City of Monrovia and private property on Bushrod Island have been acquired by purchase for port and port works. Private property on Camp Johnson Road has also been acquired under this Plan by purchase for the construction of Capitol, Law Courts and other Public buildings. Since the Centenary, under the Department of Public Works & Utilities, the construction phases of the Five Year Plan has been pushed forward by the following activities: a) Paving of principal streets in the City of Monrovia; b) Construction of Public School Buildings in the Counties of Sinoe and Grand Cape Mount; c) Construction of Liberia College Buildings; d) Construction of a hospital in the County of Grand Bassa which is expected to be completed against December 31st, 1950; construction of hospitals in the Counties of Sinoe and Maryland which are expected to be completed in 1951; construction of a hospital in Tchien of the Eastern Province which is expected to be completed by the end of the present year; construction of a hospital in Sanniquellie and one in Voinjama in the Western Province to be completed in 1951; and the hospital in Monrovia remodelled, finished and equipped; e) Construction of Administration Building in Maryland County completed and in use but not completely furnished; f) Construction of a Chief's Compound in Monrovia; g) Purchase of Honourable E. L. Dunn's property, Grand Bassa County, for Administration Building and Municipal Court House; h) Construction of a Stadium in the City of Monrovia named for Mrs. Antionette Tubman; i) Procurement by lease of a new and more suitable building for the Department of State; j) Construction of the J. J. Cheeseman Airstrip in Lower Buchanan, R. E. Murray Airstrip in Greenville, Sinoe County; W. D. Coleman Airstrip in Tchien, Eastern Province; the Airstrip in Harper, Maryland County extended in length; and the Airstrip under construction in River Cess. These Airstrips service air crafts up to the DC-3 type. Motor Roads Construction a) Road from Zorzor in the Western Province to the Saint Paul River approximately fortyfive (45) miles (completed). b) Road from Gbarnga to the Saint Paul River (under construction) about forty-five (45) miles. c) Road from Zorzor to Voinjama (under construction) about fifty-four (54) miles. d) Road from Kolahun to Voinjama (under construction) about twenty-seven (27) miles.

1122 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 These when completed will link the Capital with the Western Province. e) Road from Ganta to Tappita about sixty-three (63) miles (completed). f) Roads from Saclapea to Gbarn about fifteen (15) miles and from Sanniduellie to Karnplay in the Central Province about eighteen (18) miles (completed). g) Road from Tapitta to Tchien (under construction) about ninety (90) miles. h) Road from Webbo to Tchien (under construction) about ninety (90) miles. i) In Grand Bassa County, the Owensgrove-Edina Road (under construction) about forty (40) miles and the Buchanan-Gio Road (under construction) about ninety-five (95) miles. j) The Greenville-Juarzon Road (nearing completion) Fifty (50) miles. k) The Sasstown-Buah Road (under construction) about forty-five (45) miles. 1) The Pleebo-Webbo Road, Maryland County (completed but better drainage, grading and bridges necessary) Seventy-five (75) miles. m) Motor Road from Sarwelor to Gene Wonde, Grand Cape Mount County (completed). Postal, Utilities, Communications And Transportation Creation of Post Offices and Postal Agencies: 1. October 1946: Harbel Post Office 2. January 1947: Robertsfield Postal Agency 3. January 1948: Gedetarbo Postal Agency, Maryland County 4. January 1950: Grand Cess Postal Agency 5. March 1950: Webbo Postal Agency City Delivery Service The inauguration of this Service which comprehends uniformed City Delivery Messengers with bicycles became effective in the year 1949. The door-to-door delivery of mails since the establishment of this system has added further credit to our Postal Service. Further satisfactory services in the establishment of the City Delivery System will be fully realized upon the completion of house numbering by the Commonwealth District, when it will be our plan to have the City of Monrovia partitioned into zones to facilitate the despatch of mail. Telephone System A complete chart and plan of the City of Monrovia has been mapped out for the initial subscription of six hundred patrons in the establishment of a telephone system. This include lines, poles and air conditioned central office building. Assistant Commissioner of Communications, Mr. Henry W. Grimes, who was sent to the United States of America to contact and negotiate for the purchasing of telephone equipment, etc., returned with a comprehensive report on the full and satisfactory accomplishment of his mission. The total cost for the erection of an Exchange Office together with the purchasing of equipment is estimated at $112,000.00, being a conservative figure. Mr. Taylor Majors is undergoing further technical training in telephoning. I quote hereunder text of radiogram received from the Export Manager of the International Auto Electric Corporation: "Your technician Taylor Majors is now following our training course and is making satisfactory progress we feel he is capable and will be able to adequately maintain the automatic Exchange in Monrovia which we have been advised has been awarded to us and for which the formal order will be forthcoming shortly from our Department stop, We believe it would be very useful if Majors could spend a period of approximately six months following the termination of the training school with one of our operating Companions to learn how to operate and maintain an exchange stop Would appreciate your agreement and advice to Ma-

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1123

jors through appropriate sources would point out that this would involve limited amount of traveling and suggest you make him additional grant to cover such expense stop"

to which the Postmaster General made the following reply: "Radiogram relating to Taylor Majors further training of approximately six months received with thanks and appreciation stop Please advise what will be the limited amount of traveling and additional grant to cover such expense stop Kindest regards."

As soon as the required appropriation is made available, which I have given assurances will be, the order will be placed with the International Automatic Telephone Company. This system is anticipated to be put into operation during the ensuing year. Radio Service The Commissioner of Communications in his memorandum states that during the period under review, we have completely renovated the Costal Stations, Cape Palmas, Bassa, Sinoe and Tchien. New power plants, transmitters and receivers were installed at those stations. The following improvements have been made at the Monrovia Central Office: 1. New site purchased on the South Beach with useable radio apparatus. 2. Re-establishment of ship circuits and establishments of remote control by telephone lines from the Central Office to the new site. 3. High speed circuit established with New York and Free Town by purchase and installation of perforators and automatic transmission. 4. Purchase and installation of distillery for acqua pura. 5. Purchase and installation of Auxiliary Power Plant for Central Office. 6. Purchase of property now occupied by the Monrovia Radio Station Purchase of complete equipment for and establishment of a Radio Station at Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County, with experimental broadcasting and Radio Telephone. A complete Portable Radio Station for the President while on tour or otherwise has been purchased and this Station is in operation. Experimental Radio Telephone Communication at Since, Cape Mount and the President’s portable station has been established. Experimental broadcast programs at Robertsport are now in operation. The Liberian National Airways The Liberian Government entered into partnership with the Liberia Company in a Liberian International Airways venture and bought Seventy-five Thousand Dollars interest therein. This project was operated by representatives of the Company. It failed and Government lost its total investment. Negotiations were started with Mr. Juan Trippe of the Pan American International Airways for the purchase of one of their DC-3 Planes by the Liberian Government. Tentative agreement was reached whereby the Government would purchase the Plane. It was handed over and substantial payments have been made against the purchase price. The Liberian Airways was thereby organized and has been operating regular inter-coastal and recently interior flights, facilitating transportation of passengers, mail and cargo for Liberians in a Liberian owned Aircraft. Too much praise cannot be given to the two American Pilots, Captains Syphert and Wagner, who fly and operate the Plane, for their efficiency, untiring devotion and interest.

1124 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Education Liberia College seems to be taking on a new awakening at this time, and under the Five Year Plan the service of Dr. J. Max Bond has been engaged as its President; the United States Government paying about one-third of his salary for the first year, and the Liberian Government the remaining two-thirds and other expense incident to his residence here. The new commodious college buildings nearing completion are expected to not only form the nucleus of the University of Liberia, but to become in the almost immediate future that University. The Teacher Training College This branch of our educational program in the Five Year Plan is more important than most and as important as any of its other phases. To execute a competent and creditable educational system, there must in the first place, be qualified, well-trained and efficient professional teachers, from the kindergarten to the College and University. This College has been instituted to respond to a great void in our educational system and is under the leadership of Professor Edgar D. Draper, the Dean. Mr. Draper has evinced the real qualities of an educator and good results are expected of him and his College. Domestic Arts School The Domestic Arts School is another of the educational project under the Five Year Plan. In the first ten months of the school year Mrs. Thelma T. Reeves, Directress of the School, made an impressive demonstration and everyone felt the expenditure for this enterprise has been justified. Some returns from sales of garments and other articles were paid into the Treasury and the quality of their handicraft was excellent. Commercial School This is another aspect of the educational activities under the Liberian Government's Five Year Plan. This school was opened early last year and has been regularly conducted. Mr. E. F. McMullen is the Instructor and Director, and results appear to be most promising. Engineering Class An Engineering Class was opened early last year with students from each of the counties and provinces on Government scholarship. Students of this class are assigned periodically to service in the field. Mr. Krash was in charge of this Class. Government Scholarships and Grants-in-Aid to Education in Liberia This phase of the Five Year Plan has progressed unabatingly. At the present time there are, according to the Department of Public Instruction, thirty-eight students studying abroad for specialized courses on Government scholarship, seventy-three with the aid of Government,. making a total of one hundred and eleven. The amount expended in 1950 account scholarships and grants-in-aid as of September 31st was $140,186.50,according to reports of the Department of Public Instruction. The following are subsidies granted institutions of learning and schools in Liberia by Government under the Five Year Plan in 1949 and 1950: Liberia College Booker Washington Institute College of West Africa Catholic Mission Cuttington College

$25,200.00 7,500.00 4,300.00 5,000.00 2,500.00

$40,200.00 11,250.00 4,300.00 2,000.00 5,500.00

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1125

Ricks Institute Teachers Training College Government Accountancy School Domestic Arts School Literacy Campaign Other Schools Private & Mission Total

180.00 12,000.00 9,612.00 3,840.00 15,300.00 7,500.00 $83,320.00

600.00 32,915.58 9,000.00 800.00 7,500.00 $123,677.58

Annual subsidies to Foreign Missions have been made throughout the life of the Five Year Plan. For the four years of the five years envisaged by the Plan, the total number of Government or Public Schools, students and Teachers, have progressively increased, by 100%, 150% and 300%, respectively. Agriculture, Trade and Commerce Upon coordinated recommendations submitted by the Department of Agriculture, with the advice of the Specialist, a program featuring the following general aspects was projected by Government under the Five Year Plan: a) Immediate stimulus to increase food production b) The execution of a long-range technical training program and experimental field work to develop a stabilized agricultural economy. Out of these broad objectives the following outlined detailed plan was initiated: 1. Fullest encouragement of the widest possible use of land, labour and capital available to promote the country's increased production program. 2. To correlate the activities of local farmers in as many districts as the then existing staff could cover, from the standpoint of initiating a practical agricultural program to be mutually agreed upon by local officials and farmers. 3 To study local crops and methods of production with a view to possible means of improvement. 4. To introduce, where practical, new food and subsistence crops. 5. To develop soil conservation practices for better utilization of plant food element in the soil, and prevention of soil erosion. 6. To encourage and improve the production of livestock and poultry. The methods thus adopted and approved by which the above outline plan could materialize are briefly summed up as follows: a) The establishment of an agricultural extension program. b) The establishment and development of a central agricultural experimental station in Liberia. c) Development of a special program of projects to study methods of financial and cultural practices best suited to local needs. d) The establishment of seed and farm supplies agency. e) The importation of heavy and light machinery for both production and educational purposes. f) The thorough study and recommendation of better marketing service for the benefit of producers and consumers alike. In 1948 the Government pursued further its agricultural policy by raising the Bureau of Agriculture to the status of a Department of the Executive Government, and the creation

1126 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 of .the Department of Agriculture and Commerce was effected by your enactment. In February of the same year, Honourable John W. Cooper was appointed` as the first Executive Head of the newly created and infant department In his special report on the appropriation and expenditure of funds by Government and Progress made so far on projects of the Five Year Development Plan of 1946, the three important general phases of activities are covered: 1. Animal Industry a) Cattle b) Swine c) Poultry 2. Produce Inspection, Entomology and Plant Quarantine 3. Agricultural Education, Central Agricultural Station, Suakoko a) Tree Crops b) Vegetable Culture. Animal Industry In realizing the absolute need of the Liberian people for adequate meat, eggs and milk supply to meet their food requirements, much emphasis has been placed by the Department on the organization and establishment of the much needed Bureau of Animal Industry. Unfortunately, our concentrated activities in Animal Industry only began in 1949. In the years 1946, 1947 and1948 no appropriation was received or extended for this purpose. Our policy in this respect is to encourage as much as possible animal raising among local farmers and citizens and to make available demonstration areas of successful animal farming for information and education of the people in general. Towards this end in July 1949 Secretary John W. Cooper made a special trip to the United States for the purpose of purchasing cattle, swine and poultry for propagation in Liberia, with the intention to cross these breeds with Liberian livestock in the hope of producing a strain that would be resistant to local diseases and conditions and at the same time have the desired characteristics of improved breeds. These we intend as a nucleus for developing high-grade beef, swine and poultry base-stock in this country. In presenting a break-down of the appropriation and expenditure of funds for animal industry within the last five years, the following will show corresponding progress and accomplishments made: 1946 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Animal Industry Expenditures for Animal Industry Accomplishments: Bureau of Animal Industry not organized

$40,000.00 Nil Nil

1947 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Animal Industry Expenditures for Animal Industry Accomplishments: Bureau of Animal Industry not organized

$50,000.00 Nil Nil

1948 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Animal Industry Expenditures for Animal Industry

$73,771.45 589.80 589.80 589.80

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1127

Accomplishments: This entire amount was used by the Department for the purpose of purchasing medicines – Anti-Hog Cholera and Virus – which was in turn used for vaccination of hogs of local breeds owned by Liberian farmers throughout Montserrado County and adjacent hinterland districts, the Bureau of Animal Industry having not as yet been formally organized. 1949 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Animal Industry. . Expenditures for Animal Industry. .

$99,488.00 9,180.84 9,180.84

Accomplishments: Bureau of Animal industry formally, organized with purchase of: 2 Brahma Bulls 1 Brown Swiss Bull 1 Brahma Heifer 1 Duroc Jersey Boar. 1 Duroc Jersey Sow 2 Hampshire Boars 2 Hampshire Sows 30 Bard Plymouth Rock Hens 10 Bard Plymouth Rock Cocks 50 White Leghorn Hens 10 White Leghorn Cocks 10 Local Heifers Feed, equipment and medicines Field supervision 1950 General appropriation for agriculture: Appropriation for Animal Industry Expenditures for Animal Industry: Feed Chemicals and equipment Field supervision Total

$7,112.76 800.00 893.08 375.00 $169,739.96 9,091.05 $5,371.08 1,819.97 1,900.00 $9,091.05

In summarizing briefly our accomplishments during the last four years in the field of Animal Industry, it must be pointed out that prior to the creation of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in 1948 nothing was done in this field; and active operations were only able to begin with the purchase of the livestock enumerated above. These foreign breeds have been crossed with all the local cattle purchased in Sinoe County and in a few months cross-bred cattle are expected to be available. Assistance to Livestock Farmers Since the institution of the Animal Industry Program at the Station, the Secretary observes, the following farmers have been assisted from the standpoint of giving technical advice, equipment and initial stock which enable the beginning of small livestock projects. In some cases we have accepted livestock from small farmers and have bred same to pure-bred stock at the Station:

1128 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Honourable William E. Dennis Honourable Gabriel L. Dennis Vice President C. L. Simpson Senator Henry . R. Cooper The late Paramount Chief Mongru Dr. J. F. B. Coleman George Dunbar Tilman Dunbar George Cooper Mr. Clemens Booker Washington Institute Cuttington College, Suakoko Mrs. Louise Trimble , Robert E. Bright Mrs. Chelnissa Holder Rev. Gray of the Methodist Mission, Gbarnga. Produce Inspection, Entomology and Plant Quarantine: With a continued improvement of shipping facilities the interest of importers, exporters and local producers in the improvement of the quality of Liberian exportable produce has become more pronounced. We are convinced that the exportation of Liberian produce is now a principal factor in the stabilization of our national economy and should be given every consideration from the standpoint of increasing the volume of exportable produce as well as the quality of such produce. The following tabulation indicates our expenditures for the maintenance of this program for the five years now under review: 1946 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for produce Inspection Expenditures for Produce Inspection Accomplishments: Inspection Service not yet instituted. 1947 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Produce Inspection Expenditures for Produce Inspection Cocoa seals and sealing equipment Control agency

$40,000.00 Nil Nil

$50,000.00 1,746.75 246.75 1,500.00

Accomplishments: Instituted inspection regulations and exportation controls on cocoa; purchase seals and equipment. 1948 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Produce Inspection Expenditures for Produce Inspection Travel of Produce Inspectors Seals and sealing equipments Supervision

$73,771.45 2,891.84 594.80 897.04 1,400.00

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1129

1949 Because of the expansion of the program to include palm kernels, palm oil and piassava, it was necessary to appoint new inspectors, an assistant inspector for every port as well as extension workers at points in the interior: General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Produce Inspection Expenditures for Produce Inspection Travel Seals, stamps, inks, etc. Chemicals and equipment Personnel

$99,488.09 15,091.92 1,443.80 2,059.32 1,374.12 10,184.68

It was necessary to purchase large quantities of seals, sealing equipment, stamps and inks because of the expansion of the program to in dude three more products. 1950 General appropriation for agriculture Appropriation for Produce Inspection Expenditures for Produce Inspection Travel Personnel

$169,739.96 12,905.46 1,054.78 11,850.68

Agricultural Education Within the last five years the Department of Agriculture and Commerce has established and maintained agricultural stations throughout the country with extension workers, and at Monrovia a service training program for local technicians. Its Central Experimental Station is located at Suakoko on a tract of land covering five hundred acres. The purpose for establishing this Station as well as other stations throughout the country was to produce a practical demonstration of the best methods of growing Liberian agricultural crops and experimenting with livestock propagation for the benefit of farmers in general. The livestock program under this Department as carried on at Suakoko includes experimental plantings of pineapple, citrus, cocoa, coffee, oil palm and sundry Liberian, fruits' and vegetables. Speaking of Agricultural Education, the Secretary, in his special Report, makes the following statement: “In order to facilitate the type of experimental programs envisaged within our planned activities for the development of the Central Station it has been and still is necessary to make available certain facilities indispensable to: Experimental work. Special reference in this connection is being made to machinery, equipment and housing facilities.” "It is gratifying to report, however, that because of the very enthusiastic support given us by His Excellency the President we have been able to import and are now installing most of the agricultural machinery and equipment necessary at this initial stage of our program. Because of the limited time factor involved we have not constructed sufficient buildings to meet our housing requirements, especially so from the standpoint of adequate living quarters for personnel and additional housing space for machinery. With the same cooperation we have received in the past, we can safely assure that this handicap will be removed considerably next year."

Tree Crops Strenuous efforts have been made not only to reclaim and extend our field and tree crops program but to make it possible for farmers to receive greater returns from these crops. To facilitate this inspection and extension agents have been located at every seaport and at

1130 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 several important points within the interior. The following points are now served directly through the Department, according to the Secretary's report: Harper Pleebo Grand Cess River Cess Sinoe Grand Bassa Marshall Cape Mount Suakoko Sanniquellie Zorzor Lockita Weahlah. Wroputah, and Monrovia. The Officers at each of these Stations in most cases serve in dual capacity, during harvest and export seasons they serve as Inspectors, and as Extension Agents during the other portion of the year. At Pleebo, Zorzor, Lockita, SanniquellÌe, Weahlah and Wroputah are government experimental farms built on miniature patterns of the Central Station at Suakoko. Because of the tremendous task involved in the development of the Central Station it has not been possible to make comparable developments at these smaller stations it is our plan, however, to concentrate most of our efforts towards the placing of the Central Station at Suakoko on a fairly sound and advanced basis before directing more concentrated effort upon our smaller and less important stations. In most of these agricultural and economic achievements, members of the United States Economic Mission have rendered valuable assistance. Special mention is due to be made of the assistance given by Messrs. Pinder, Rives and Fort. Police Constabulary There must be security and safety for development and investment, hence it became necessary to implement the Five Year Plan by reorganizing and coordinating the Police services of the Republic. Consequently, you passed an act to Nationalize the Police Forces of the Republic and the institution of a Fire Brigade. The initial cost of which was as follows: a) Salaries b) Fire Brigade: Salaries Operational expenses c) Travelling Expense d) Supplies e) Equipment f) Uniforms g) Operation and repairs (motor equipment)

$ 128,702.50 $4,500.00 1,150.00 2,063.80 2,004.49 6,981.62 13,013.50 4,461.60 $162,877.51

5,650.00

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1131

Of the above amount about $156,000.00 would be an annual recurring expense-the difference being for equipment which will not require annual replacement. Trainees in Police Administration sent to the U.S.A. To implement the Nationalization Scheme for the Police Forces of the Republic, it was decided to send some of our most efficient young police Officers to the United States to take basic Police training, as well training in police, immigration and traffic administrations and crime detection. Men from all over the country were invited to take part in competitive examination which was prepared by the Police Specialist. As a result of the examination the following persons were decided upon to take training, namely: Charles L. Cooper, Commissioner of Police, R. L., Monrovia J. G. B. Davies, Captain of Police and Administrative Assistant, Monrovia George B. Terry, Chief Detective, R. L., Monrovia Edward Cooper, Inspector of Police, Monrovia Wilmot R. Mason, Superintendent of Police, Lower Buchanan Allen N. Yancy, Inspector of Police, Harper, Cape Palmas It was my intention that at least one person from each of thecounties should have been selected if he showed aptitude and proficiency in the examinations. Unfortunately, Sinoe and Grand Cape Mount did not participate and therefore no one from these two counties was sent. Arrangements having already been concluded with the Police authorities of the City of New York to train these men in the Police academy, they proceeded to the United States and commenced special studies and observation on the 25th of April 1950. This course was implemented in July. On the 7th of August they entered the Recruits school for Basic training, which was completed on the 27th of September 1950. It was felt that although the men had finished their six months course of study they were not finished products. This point of view was shared by the New York Police Authorities. As a result, instructions were given that they remain for another six months in order that the nation might get the best results possible from their training. Public Health & Sanitation In effectuating the Five Year Plan with reference to Public Health and Sanitation, an Act was passed by your Honourable Body in 1946 requiring: 1. Annual examination of all school children; 2. Premarital serology and medical examination with free treatment for those found positive; 3. Free Treatment to all students and indigents in Government clinics and hospitals. This legislation was put into effect in 1947 when Dr. Togba was the Acting Director. As a result of the students examination, many were treated free for intestinal parasites, malaria, yaws and even operated upon for hernias. At present the incidence of the above conditions nt students has fallen. Premarital examination resulted in a number of postponement of dates of marriage. The public has now found it agreeable and satisfactory because everyone has observed a marked increase of births among the married individuals, thereby increasing the population of the country. This is exemplified by noting that the total births for 1945, 1946 were 345 as compared with 1949–1950 figures of 686 in Monrovia. All persons found with positive serolo-

1132 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 gy or any other infectious disease have been treated free of charge. Such continual and mounting free treatment to the public has resulted in growing expenditure of Government. Public Clinics have been established at the following localities, it the Hinterland Jurisdiction and coastal towns during the years indicated, and are in full operation: 1946 Tchien, Voinjama, Kolahun, Lower Buchanan, Greenville, Robertsport and Harper; 1947 Marshall, Salala, Webbo, Rivercess and Bopolu; 1948 Sasstown and Pleebo 1949 Johnsonville, Suehn, Careysburg, Clay Ashland, Arthington, and Grand Cess; 1950 Tewor and Barclayville. The Bureau of Public Health and Sanitition The responsibilities of the Bureau have increased twentyfold since initiation of the Five Year Plan with reference to health. The interest of good health and scientific help have been aroused beyond the limits of Monrovia to all parts of Liberia. There is a hospital under construction or completed in every county and province and we hope in the near future to have physicians and hospitals at every district headquarters. The sanitary conditions of the country have improved tremendously in the past four years. Over two hundred new toilets have been erected in Monrovia alone. Public toilets and wells have been made possible in every district. Clinic attendance has grown from 87, 000 to 200,000 in Monrovia. The budget of the Bureau has steadily mounted from $52,630.00 in 1946 to $325,292.00 in 1950. The corps of Medical Doctors employed by Government under contract in the Health and Sanitation service of the Republic has been increased by more than 500%; and the services of certain Specialists engaged. The following graphic picture gives the number and nationality of all such professions. Liberian Haitian German

Rumanian French British Lebanese Hungarian American

2 Medical Doctors 2 Medical Doctors (1 on leave) 4 Medical Doctors 1 Eye Specialist 1 Ear, Nose & Throat Specialist 1 Accident Surgery Specialist 1 Laboratory Technician 2 Medical Doctors 2 Medical Doctors 1 Medical Doctor 1 Medical Doctor 2 Medical Doctors 2 Dentists

It is regrettable to state that within a few months of their arrival and assignment to duty here and at Robertsport, two of the German Doctors, Specialist Heinz Schulze and Doctor Kurt Lux, died at their post of duty.

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1133

World Health Organization In Liberia I am sure it will be a source of pleasure for you to be informed that the World Health Organization has in Liberia at the present time, two Experts on Environmental Sanitation. They are: Dr. Cornelius Kruise and Dr. R. Huss. It is a further pleasure for me to inform you that Mr. Richard de Roussy de Sales arrived in Liberia from the United Nations. He is the Director of the United Nations Information Centre for Africa, and will be stationed here. Plans and Recommendations for 1951 1. Nationwide smallpox vaccination program. This was done in 1947 and must be repeated in order to avoid an epidemic of smallpox. 2. Establishment of Quarantine Officer at each port of Entry in Liberia including Robertsfield. 3. Erection of a Tuberculosis Sanitarium and place for mentally unbalanced patients near Monrovia. 4. Establishment of Sleeping Sickness Center in Voinjama. 5. Compiling of Public Health Law for Liberia. 6. Health tax of $1.00 per capita per annum. This should be applicable to all persons in Liberia whether citizens or not as well as those visiting the country for any period of time. This would enable the Government to meet its growing demands for medical aid to the public and relieve the embarrassment of those unable to pay for medical care. This tax should include all because the Government takes care of all emergencies without charge and furthermore practically all health centres and hospitals in the country are subsidized by Government. 7. Removal of Monrovia Cemetery to a new site. Monrovia has grown and is increasing in size daily as a result the present cemetery is overcrowded. There is hardly a burial without encroaching upon others previously buried in the same spot and thus disturbing the tranquil slumber of their bones and ashes. 8. Construction of two more clinics in Monrovia. 9. Legislation against selling narcotics and dangerous drugs or their products, including the free sale of Lysol, also against sale of tobacco or its products at the Free Port of Monrovia. Defense Realizing the importance of national security and safety in any program of development, consideration was given to the strengthening of our Police and Military Defenses. The Police Force has been dealt with previously. The numerical strength of the Liberian Frontier Force has been increased under the Five Year Plan, by 75%; Pay of officers and enlisted men of the Force has been increased by 100%; Subsistence allowance was increased by 50%; Enlisted men of the Headquarters Company have been shod and a new and better quality of uniform provided; A new set of instruments for the Military Band was provided in 1947. Training in extended order drill and combat principles have been insisted upon and taught; For the Militia, new units have been established and the number of regiments increased from seven to twelve;

1134 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 Field music has been provided for each regiment and the three additional detachments. Arms and equipment are wanting. Living Standards Raised Salaries and allowances of officials and employees of Government have been increased by 75%, 100% and 150%, respectively, and the per diem allowance of jurors by about 33%. The Common Labourer's Wage Scale has been raised, his working hours restricted and medical care and compensation in case of sickness and accidents have been insisted upon. Better living quarters and food for labourers are required to. be provided. Civic and Political Improvement Better standard of homes are being built throughout the country with modern toilet, bath, kitchen, water and lighting facilities. The secret ballot and modern laws to control elections have been enacted by you and put into execution by the Elections Commission. The suffrage has been granted to citizens inhabiting the rural and hinterland provinces and to women; and direct representation of Rural Liberians in the House of Representatives have been granted by Constitutional Amendments, The open-door policy that is being pursued by Government has contributed considerably to the success of the Five Year Plan. It has induced Concessions to enter the Country, and invest. We welcome Concessions and assure safety and protection of their investment; but it is well and deserving to state now that while big business is welcomed here, it will not be permitted to engender nor play the role of imperium in imperio, neither will any POOH-BAH be countenanced. Social Welfare services are being operated by the Young Men and Young Women Christian Associations, the Women Progressive and Political Association and other similar organizations. There seems to be a tremendous urge for spiritual, social, educational and political progress and advancement everywhere among our people. To the God of our Fathers Who is also our own God, we give praise, honor, adoration and thanks for these wonderful blessings and achievements for without Him we could have achieved nothing. U.S. Indicates Agreement to Receive Liberian Mission Having done what we could with what we had in prosecution of the Five Year Plan, the Great Government of the United States, our friend trusted, tested and tried, through more than a hundred years, made another most friendly gesture by indicating that they would be willing to consider aid for the expansion of our Five Year Development Program. In consequence thereof, joint conferences between committees of the Liberian Government and the United States Economic and Health Missions representing the United States Department of State were instituted, and as a result a program for the expansion and speeding up of our Five Year Plan was formulated and presented to the United States Department of State with a request of them to receive a Liberian Mission in Washington to discuss the Plan submitted. After a short period of time, this Government was informed that that Government had agreed to receive the Liberian Mission. The Mission was instituted consisting of: His Excellency Gabriel L. Dennis Secretary of State The Honourable C. Abayomi Cassell

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1135

Attorney General The Honourable Charles B. Sherman Government Economist with Mrs. Mai. Padmore as Secretary. This Mission left Liberia for Washington by air on the 5th day of October of the present year and arrived safely. The. Honourable Henry B. Duncan, Secretary of Public Works & Utilities, has been recently attached to this Mission and is now in the United States. Recent information received from the Mission states that talks on the Plan have commenced. A brief outline of the Plan under general headings is the following: 1 General Observations 1. 2. 3. 4.

General Observations How the Plan would be Administered Financing the Plan Description of Individual Projects a) b) c) d) e) f)

Project No. GA-1 - Improving and Extension of Government Services Project No. A-1 - Agricultural Credit Corporation Project No. A-2 - Agricultural Research and Demonstration Project No. A-3 - Extension Education in Agriculture and Home Economics Project No. A-4 - Forest Conservation Project No. PH-1 - Prevention and control of malaria, intestinal parasites and diarrhea g) Project No. PH-2 - Health Education h) Project No. PH-3 - Hospitals i) Project No. ED-1 - County & Provincial Education j) Project No. ED-2 - Monrovia Elementary Schools k) Project No. ED-3- Booker Washington Institute Monrovia High School Health & Physical Education Adult Education 1) Project No. ED - Liberia College m) Project No. ED - Scholarships 5. Engineering Projects: a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Project E-1-Administrative Control Project E-2- Transportation Project E -3- Water Control and Conservation Project -4- Maps and Surveys Project E -5- Public Buildings Project E -6- Municipal Works Project E -7- Office of Specifications and Contracts.

Most of the above mentioned projects are to be financed by the Liberian Government from current revenues by annual appropriation of 20% of her revenues for the purpose; and the United States Government is to make grants for technicians to execute most of the plan for one year certain. Conversations concerning the Plan are being conducted at the present time, hence it cannot be said with any degree of certainty, at this stage, what the final result will be. The

1136 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 outline made above is the memorandum of the Liberian Government to the United States government; the full text of which will be transmitted to you Honourable Gentlemen later. There are other essential projects which are without the ability of current revenues of this Government to finance and therefore while being fundamentally opposed to loans, it appears that recourse to loans would be the only course if it is desired to have development sped up. On the other hand, if it is more desirable to proceed with the policy which Government have pursued, that is, development within the limits of current resources, then development will be progressive but at a less rapid pace. Commenting on the subject, the Financial Adviser makes the following observations: One of the important factors in economic improvements in any country is a supply of capital for direct investment and for lending purposes. The absence of such capital reservoirs is characteristic of countries, such as Liberia, with relatively low National incomes. Such a country needs roads, schools, hospitals and other public improvements in order to increase the National income and improve the public welfare but by reason of low national income and the absence of accumulated wealth, it finds itself in a closed economic circle which is difficult to break. If a country so situated elects to finance all public improvements from current revenue it can do so but only at the price of slowing the tempo of economic and social progress and thus postponing the time when the gap between it and countries of more advanced economics can be closed. The state may, on the other hand, consider the use of public credit with which to hasten the construction of its schools, roads, hospitals, light and power projects, etc. "This brings up the question of the advisability of borrowing money for development purposes, particularly since the government policy has for many years been directed toward repayment of its outstanding obligations and financing current operations as well as permanent improvements from current revenues. This policy is on the whole sound and commendable. Under this policy Liberia has for the past fifteen years paid the interest and amortization on its bonded debt as due and in fact has paid on amortization of $350,000 in advance of schedule. In the same period a floating debt of some $600,000 has been liquidated. At the same time remarkable progress has been made in education, public health and public improvements, all from current revenue. "There are advantages, however, in the use of public credit for certain purposes and under certain conditions which should be considered. The true function of public credit is to supplement current revenue and to take care of financial expenditures too great for the immediate capacity of the revenues, particularly if the expenditures are of a nature to warrant equalization of the load over a period of time. It is considered equitable that future generations which share the benefits from permanent improvements should also share the financial obligations. Economists and authorities on public finance are in general agreement upon the inadvisability of borrowing money to meet the ordinary current operations of a Government and they recommend instead that all such expenditures should be met from current revenue. "In considering the advisability of the use of public credit there are two important criteria. This first is the purpose for which the particular loan is to be devoted and the contribution it is expected to make to the national income in comparison with the annual cost of servicing the debt. Some projects will be found to be self-liquidating and others will make more immediate contribution to the national income than those which while not immediately profitable may prove equally beneficial in the long run to public welfare and to the national economy. Projects of the former type are generally given priority in the use of loan funds, but the latter classes of projects are not necessarily excluded. "The second important criterion by which to determine the advisability of the use of public credit is the relationship between the total annual cost of the loan and the total annual inco-

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1137

me available to meet it. In calculating this income the earnings of the projects financed by loans are naturally added to government revenue from taxation. While no hard and fast rule on the proper ratio between the annual cost of the debt and the available income can be laid down, history is replete with instances of the untoward effects of loan burdens too heavy to be borne without serious impairment of essential government functions. "Not only is the use of public credit theoretically sound when surrounded by proper safeguards but historically it is the method by which most of the industrially advanced nations have in large measure financed their railroads, factories, roads, irrigation systems, water works, telephone and telegraph systems and other self-liquidating projects as well as their churches, schools, hospitals and private dwellings. These have been constructed through a combination of the savings of the people in direct investment and by loans some of which came from domestic and some from foreign sources. "The above observations are of course not meant to advocate extensive use of public credit for indiscriminate purposes or of piling up a total debt too heavy to be borne, but they are merely intended to indicate the value of public credit in certain circumstances, such as Liberia now faces, if the loan is surrounded by adequate safeguards."

The exposition of the Financial Adviser on the subject appears to be economically sound and convincing. With this the Government Economist is in agreement. Since the projects for which loans are desired are projects which I consider equitable, future generations, which will share the benefits from the permanent improvements sought to be made from the loans, should also share the financial obligations. Besides these aspects of the proposition, the improvements desired to be made are permanent, of emergent pressing need at the present time and will equally and more so be emergent in the future. I therefore recommend approval of the applications already made by the Executive Government if and when agreement can be reached. The projects referred to are: Hydro-electric Plant and Transmission System Water and Sewerage Disposals System Highway Improvement and Construction (nine projects)

$4,000,000.00 $1,550,000.00 $5,807,000.00 $11,357,000.00

Another favourable angle from which to view the question of Loans for these projects is that most of them will bring in some revenue and others are self-liquidating; and what is more is the dire need for water supply and cheaper light rates. Copies of these applications will be laid before you for your approval or disapproval. It is to be understood, however, that should agreement be reached on the Program, your approval will have to be interposed before the negotiations become effective in any form. The Department of Justice The Attorney General asked for leave to travel abroad in the interest of his health, which we granted. It was after his arrival in the United States that he was appointed a Member of the Mission referred to in a previous part of this message, and also as one of the delegates to the present Session of the U. N. General Assembly. The Honourable the Solicitor General, S. Raymond Horace, took over the Department as Acting Attorney General and will direct the affairs thereof for the duration of the absence of the Attorney General. In his Annual Report, he refers to two cases decided by the Honourable the Supreme Court at its March Term A. D. 1950, which he thinks are of national importance

1138 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 The first is the case: Joseph and Richard Fazzah of Fazzah Brothers, versus His Honor, Benj. T. Collins, a Justice of the Peace for Montserrado County, R. L. & Central Industries, Limited Growing out of the case: Central Industries, Limited, Mortgagor ) Foreclosure of ) Joseph and Richard Fazzah ) of Fazzah Brothers, Mortgagor ) Mortgage

Petitioners

Respondents

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In its Opinion and Judgment, after reviewing the records and hearing arguments, the Supreme Court decided Section 17 of the Chattel Mortgage Act of 1936 and its sub-sections unconstitutional. This section and its sub-sections were the portions of the Act which protected Mortgagees against default by Mortgagors. There are many Chattel Mortgages now and that were existing prior to and at the time the Court declared those parts of the Act unconstitutional. Chattel Mortgages between foreign concerns and Liberians and between Liberians and Liberians, and Chattel Mortgages involving substantial sums of money made and entered into under provisions of the parts of the then existing Chattel Mortgage Act which have been declared unconstitutional. The question arises; How will the mortgagors recover in case of default? Government is insisting on security for investment and enterprise in the country; and a speedy course of procedural remedy for recovery in cases of defaults or litigation of any kind, thereby assuring the sincerity of good faith and credit for the Liberian public. We therefore need the cooperation of every branch of Government and the people for their own benefit. I recommend that the relative Act be amended to respond to the Decision of the Supreme Court, retaining in the meantime the spirit and intent of the Legislature for speedy and expeditious hearings; and in a manner and form as to retain the effective status quo of Mortgages entered into under the unaffected parts of the Chattel Mortgage Act of 1936. The other case is that of C. Frederick Taylor which was declared by Legislative enactment, after having given Taylor a hearing before you, that he had renounced his Allegiance to the Liberian Government and had thereby lost his citizenship. Further, that because of a certain letter written by Taylor which was presented to you and quoted ad extension in the Act denaturalizing him, he was a dangerous alien to reside within these territories, and therefore authorized and empowered the President to cause him to be deported from the country or, if that were impracticable, to have him interned. The initial action taken by the Chief Executive in executing your commands in this respect was to address a letter to Taylor with a copy of the Act requesting him to depart the country. Taylor immediately prayed for Injunction against all of the officers of State to enjoin them from obeying the orders of the President who would be acting upon your authority. This application of Taylor the court granted and ordered the Writ issued which was permitted to be served as a supersedeas to the Execution of the provisions of the Act. The cause came up for hearing and the Injunction was dissolved. Taylor prayed an appeal to the Supreme Court which was heard at its March Term A. D. 1950, an opinion and judgment of

Annual Message to the Legislature November 7, 1950 1139

the Supreme Court upheld your Act which the Chief Executive was about to enforce when he was interrupted by the Injunction. Having exercised extreme and strained patience for these judicial trials and hearings to be concluded, C. Frederick Taylor was arrested and interned at the Barclay Training Centre on the 2nd of August, 1950. For the benefit of all concerned or interested one way or the other, it might be well to note what Cooley in his Treatise on Constitutional Law with reference to Constitutional Limitations says, and I quote: "The rule of law upon this subject appears to be, that, except where the Constitution has imposed limits upon the legislative power, it must be considered as, practically absolute, whether it operate according to natural justice or not in any particular case. The Courts are not guardians of the rights of the people of the State, except as those rights are secured by some constitutional provision which comes within the judicial cognizance. The protection against unwise or oppressive legislation, within constitutional bounds, is by an appeal to the justice and patriotism of the representative of the people. If this fails, the people in their sovereign capacity can correct the evil; but courts cannot assume their rights. The Judiciary can only arrest the execution of a statute when it conflicts with the Constitution. It cannot run a race of opinions upon points of right, reason, and expediency with the lawmaking power; (nor can it consider the motive which inspired the passage of a statute in determining the question of its validity). Any Legislative act which does not encroach upon the powers apportioned to the other departments of the Government being prima facie valid, must be enforced unless restrictions upon the legislative authority can be pointed out in the Constitution, and the case shown to come within them,"

And in Corpus Juris Secundum Page 856, Section 147, it is laid down that: "Proceedings to cancel a certificate of citizenship on specified grounds is authorized by a valid federal statute which is applicable to certificates issued prior, as well as certificates issued subsequent, to its enactment. A federal statute authorizing institution of proceedings to set aside and cancel a certificate of citizenship on specified grounds is constitutional and applicable to certificates issued prior, as well as certificates issued subsequent, to its enactment. It was enacted to correct certain mischievous, practices and it should be construed with reference to, and so as to advance rather than narrow, the object intended to be accomplished by it." I recommend the projection of an Act to regulate how certificates of Citizenship may be annulled or cancelled. In these days and at this age in the history of the world and the human race, a fierce and dreadful struggle is raging against the free people and nations of the earth who believe in the rights and privileges of the individual and in individual liberty. Democracy and Communism are locked in deadly embrace in what is called a "Cold War." We know that the common foe is subtle, crafty and malevolent; but its dome is inevitable because it is atheistic and founded upon deceit, subjugation and force. However, no matter how great the power or the nations with whom we are associated in the United Nations, how powerful they may be, our hopes of ultimate victory must rest principally in God and in our belief and practice of the true spiritual and moral values; I feel about this situation as I believe Paul felt when he wrote his Sixth Letter to the Ephesians Church: "Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power, of His might. Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day,

1140 William V.S. Tubman — XIX President of Liberia: 1944–1971 and having done all, to stand. Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate or righteousness; And your feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of peace; Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the spirit, which is the word of God: Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the spirit, and