124 47 1MB
Arabic-English Pages [84] Year 2012
TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi
Revised by ‘Aamir Bashir
Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Dec 2011 Second Online Edition Jul 2012 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
i
List of Tables
ii
Acknowledgments
iii
Foreword LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5 LESSON 6
v
ُ – مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌرSubject and Predicate افُإِلي ُِه ٌ افُومض ٌ مض
ُاضي ُِ – ال ِفعلُالمPast Tense Verb ِ ُف، – فِعلVerb, Subject, Object ٌُُمفعول،اع ٌل ٌ ُ – اْلروفُاْل َّارةPrepositions ُضمائِر َُّ – الPronouns
1 7 11 19 25 31
LESSON 7
ُ – ال ِفعلُالمضارِعPresent and Future Tense Verb
39
LESSON 8
ِ – اAdjective ُلصفةُوالموصوف
49
LESSON 9
ُ – اْلمرُوالنَّهيImperative & Prohibitive
57
LESSON 10
ِ – الوSingular, Dual, Plural ُُاْلمع،ُالتَّثُنِية،احد
67
i
LIST OF TABLES 3.1
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُاضيُُالمعروف ُِ )ال ِفعلُالم
12
3.1a
ُاضيُُالمعروف ُِ ال ِفعلُالم
13
3.2
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُاضيُُالُمجهول ُِ )اُل ِفعلُالم
14
3.2a
ُاضيُُالُمجهول ُِ ال ِفعلُالم
15
5.1
Prepositions (ُارة َّ )اْلروفُاْل
25
6.1
ِ )من فPronouns Unattached (ل ٌُ ص
31
6.2 7.1
ِ )متPronouns Attached (ل ٌُ َّص
32
Verb Forms of (ِع ٌُ )فِع ٌلُمضارin Active Voice (ف ٌُ )معرو
39
7.1a
ُال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالمعروف
40
7.2
Verb Forms of (ِع ٌُ )فِع ٌُلُمُضارin Passive Voice (ٌُ)َمهول
41
7.2a
ُال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالُمجهول
42
9.1
ِ )أم ُرُح Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ف ٌُ اضٌرُمعرو ٌ
58
9.2
ِ )أمرُح Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (ف ٌُ اضٌرُمعرو ٌ
9.2a
ِ اْلمرُاْل ُاضرُالمعروف
9.3
ِ )ن هيُحin Active Voice Creating Second Person Prohibitive (ف ٌُ اضٌرُمعرو
9.4
59
ٌ
ِ )ن هيُحin Active Voice Second Person Prohibitive (ف ٌُ اضٌرُمعرو
9.4a
ِ النَّهيُاْل ُاضرُالمعروف
10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
58
ٌ
60 60 61 68
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
iii
الصلوةُوالسالمُعلىُرسولهُالكرمي ُ بسمُهللاُالرمحنُالرحيمُو
FOREWORD
This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors and students regarding improvement of the text. Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan 2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time. Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011– 2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’ attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words. If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less. This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my
v
best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at the email address given at the end. This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year. They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half. Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular M = Masculine
D = Dual F = Feminine
P = Plural
Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) (D/M) (P/M) (S/F) (D/F) (P/F)
= = = = = =
‘Singular masculine’ which means one male ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females
vi
I hope and pray that this revised edition will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all in their prayers. And He alone gives success.
ُوصلَّىُهللاُُت عالُُعلُىُخ ِْيُخل ِق ِهُسيِ ِدَنُوموَلَنُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُلُِِه ُُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِي ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 91th Shaʻban, 1433 (1th July, 2012) Email: [email protected]
vii
LESSON 1
ُمُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر
Subject and Predicate Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada (ٌ )مُبُتُدُُأand khabar ()خب ٌُر. The subject of the sentence is called mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and ‘knowledgeable’ُis khabar. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic.
3. Give two dammahs (ي ُِ )ض َّمتto both words in the sentence.
Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.
ُِ ُمموٌدُع ٌال
2. Haamid is pious.
ُح ِام ٌدُصالِ ٌح
3. Khalid is a conqueror.
ُخالِ ٌدُفاتِ ٌح
4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.
ٌُُم َّم ٌُدُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوسلَّم)ُرسول
5. Naasir is a friend.
َُن ِصٌرُص ِدي ٌق
In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated as ٌال ُِ ا َّلرجلُع. It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the tanween becomes a single fathah (ٌ)ف تح ُة, kasrah (ٌ )كسرُةor dammah (ٌ )ض َّم ُةas the case
1
ِ )ن. In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah (ٌ )مع ِرف ُةand a common noun is called nakirah (كرٌُة
1
Lesson 1
may be, eg. ل ٌُ رجbecomes ُا َّلرجل. Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole category/class.’ For example, ُلنسان ُِ اmeans ‘mankind’ and ُ اْلمدmeans ‘all praise.’ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa ( )ةto the end of the word.
For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ح ٌُ ِا َّلرجلُصال. Now if you want to say ‘the
ِ المرأةُص. Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be woman is pious,’ you will say ٌاْل ُة written as ٌالبِنتُعالِم ُة. Word List Arabic
English father mother son boy daughter, girl
Singular
Plural
ُب ٌ ُأ ُأُم اِب ٌُن ول ٌُد ٌُ بِن ت
ُأَُبء ُات ٌ أُ َّمه ُأُب ناء ُأوَل ٌد ٌُ ب ن ات
paternal uncle
ُعم
paternal aunt
ٌع َّم ُة ٌُخال
ُأُعم ٌام ٌُ ُع َّم،ٌع َّماُة ات ٌُأُخوال
ٌخال ُة ٌُ ُأ خ
ُت ٌ خاَل ٌُُُإِخوة،ُإِخوا ٌن
ٌج َّدُة ح ِفي ٌُد ٌح ِفيدُُة
َُّات ٌ جد ُحفدٌُة،اد ٌ أُحف
maternal uncle maternal aunt brother
ُت ٌ أُخ ُجد
sister grandfather grandmother grandson granddaughter
ُرج ٌل ٌاِمرأُة
man woman
2
ُات ٌ أُخو أُجد ٌُاد
ٌُِرجال ُ نِس ٌاء
ُمُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر Arabic
English
Singular
ِطف ٌُل ٌِطفلُ ُة
male child, infant, toddler female male child, infant, toddler
ُق ِوي ٌُ ضعِي ف ث ل ٌُج َب ِرٌُد
strong weak ice, snow cold
ُم ٌاء ٌُ عذ ب صُغِي ٌُر ٌُ َِس ي صالِ ٌُح عابِ ٌُد ُذكِي
water sweet small fat pious worshipper intelligent, smart
ُعاقِ ٌل َمت ِه ٌُد ِ ْجي ٌُل شاكٌُِر ٌُ ص ِاد ق
hard-working beautiful thankful, grateful truthful
ُرب ُ ِن ب
Lord prophet, messenger
ٌُرسول ٌُ ِصرا ط مست ِقي ٌُم مسلِ ٌُم ُا ُِلنسان
messenger path straight Muslim man, mankind
ُعب ٌد قائِ ٌُد
slave leader, commander
3
Plural
ٌُأُطفال ُأُق ِوَيء ُضعفاء
ِ ٌمي ُاه
ُصلحاء ُاد ٌ َّعب ُأُذكِياء ُعقالء َُمت ِهدون ُشاكِرُون ُص ِادق ون ُأُنبِياء ُرس ٌل ُمسلِمون ُاد ٌ ِعب ٌُُقادُة،ق َّو ٌاد
Lesson 1
Arabic
English brave generous
coming (F) respectful and merciful going (M) knowledgeable; scholar
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Translate into Arabic.
Haamid is a father. Mahmood is a son. Khalid is an uncle (paternal). Zayd is an uncle (maternal). Bakr is a brother. Sa‘eed is a grandfather. Hameed is a grandson. The man is strong. The child (M) is weak. The ice is cold. The water is sweet. The son is small. Hamzah is fat. The brother is pious.
Exercise 2:
Plural
ُاع ٌ شج ٌك ِر ُمي
ُكِر ٌام
ُب ٌ مؤَّد ُو رِحي ٌُم ٌُ ذ ِاه ب ُِ ع ٌال
ُعلُماء
ُلساعة َّ ا ٌأُتِي ُة
the hour; day of resurrection
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into Arabic.
The woman is strong. The mother is beautiful. The daughter is a worshipper. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent. The aunt (paternal) is hard-working. The sister is beautiful. The grandmother is thankful.
4
مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌرُ ‘Aishah is intelligent. Fatimah is small. Maimoonah is a grand daughter. The aunt (paternal) is pious. The girl is fat. The grandmother is pious. The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper. Translate into English.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Exercise 3:
اُْلخُك ِر ُميٌ 11.
اهللُربُ 1.
عمٌروَُمت ِه ٌُد 13.
ا َّلرسولُص ِ اد ٌقُ 3.
ُم َّم ٌدُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُنِبُ 2.
لساعة ُُاتِي ُةٌ 12. ا َّ
ا ِ لصراطُمست ِقي ٌمُ 4.
ب 14. طا ِر ٌقُمؤَّد ٌُ
ُمموٌدُمسلِ ٌمُ 5.
البِنتُمؤَّدب ُةٌ 15. اُلع ُّمُذكِيُ 16.
ا ِلنسانُعب ٌُد 6. خالِ ٌدُقائِ ٌدُ 7.
ِ بُواْلدُُّرِحي ٌُم 17. اْلفيدُمؤَّد ٌ اطمةُُذ ِ فِ اهب ُةٌ 18.
اع 8. القائِدُشج ٌُ
ِ ِ بُ 19. حُام ٌدُذاه ٌ
خ 9. سعِي ٌدُأ ٌُ
الٌ 20. ُمموٌدُع ُِ
ل 10. اْلالُعاقِ ٌُ
5
LESSON 2
ُافُإِلي ِه ٌ افُومض ٌ مض Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (اف ٌُ )مض and mudaaf ilayhi (اف ُإِلي ُِه ٌ )مض.
One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other
(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi. For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood. Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession. 2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then there is no need to reverse the sequence. 3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents. 4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get قلمُُممود. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. You get ق لم ُُمموٍُد. Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes
ُكِتاب ُخالِ ٍد. For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get
خامتُذهب. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. You get ب ٍُ خامتُذه. The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah. ب ٍُ خامت ُذهwill become ُ خامت
ِ الذه َّ . It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween. ُب For instance, in the above example, ُ خامتwill not accept alif-laam or tanween.
7
Lesson 2
Word List Arabic
English
Singular
ِجد ٌُار
wall
ُد ٌار ٌُ ب ي ت ٌُ َب ب
home, house door
ُاك ٌ َّشب ٌحجرُة
window room
ٌغرف ُة سط ٌُح
roof
ُف ٌ سق س ِري ٌُر
ceiling bed
ُقُل ٌم ُحر
pen heat
ُس ٌ َش ي وٌُم ِديُ ٌُن ٌُإِقام ُة
sun day judgment; religion to establish, establishing
Plural
ُُجدرا ٌن،جدٌر ُدُوٌُر،ِدَيٌُر ُت ٌ بيو ٌُ أُبُو اب ُشبابِيك
ُات ٌ حجر ٌُ غر ف
ُُأُسط ٌح،ح ٌُ سطو ٌُ سقو ف ُسرٌر أُقال ٌُم
ُس ٌ َشو أ ََّي ٌُم
ٌُُصلُوة،ٌصالُة ُ ُإِي ت ٌاء
ritual prayer (salah) to give, giving
ٌُُزكاة،ٌزكوة ٌب لدُة
poor due (zakah) city, town
ُب ل ٌد ٌم ِدي ن ُة
country; city, town city, town people
ٌضوُء ٌُ ِسر اج
light lamp
ٌظلم ُة
darkness
8
ُُب لدا ٌن،ُبِال ٌد مد ٌُن ُس ٌ َن ُأُضواء
ُسر ٌج ٌُ ظلم ات
ُافُإلي ِه ٌ افُومض ٌ مض Arabic
English
Singular
ُلي ٌل ُإِصب ٌُع ِرج ٌُل ط ِوي ٌُل أ ِمي ٌُر ِق صي ٌُر ٌُ َِث ي رفِي ٌُع ُ ِشت ٌاء ٌُ صي ف ربِي ٌُع ٌُ خ ِري ف ج ِدي ٌُد
night finger, toe foot; leg tall, long leader, governor short expensive high winter summer spring autumn, fall new
ِ ٌقد ُمي ٌُ كِت اب
old book
ٌكَّراس ُة سفٌُر
note-book jouney, travel
Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Translate into Arabic.
Haamid’s son/son of Hameed Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah The house’s wall/wall of the house The room’s door/door of the room The room’s window/window of the room The house’s roof/roof of the house The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather The sun’s heat/heat of the sun
9
Plural
ُأُصابِع ُأُرج ٌل
Lesson 2
Exercise 2:
Translate into English.
ِ ي وم 1. ن ُِ ُالدي
6. ُظلمةُاللَّي ِل
َّ إِي تاء 3. ِاة ُ ُالزك
ِ ق لمُح 8. ام ٍُد
2. ُالصالُِة َّ إِقامة
7. ُأصابِعُ ِرج ٍل 9. ِسراجُخالِ ٍُد
4. َنسُالب لدُِة
10. أ ِمي رُالم ِدي ن ُِة
ِ ضوء 5. ٍُُسراج
Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic. 1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive. 2. The house’s wall is long. 3. The house’s roof is high. 4. Haamid’s son is tall. 5. Fatimah’s sister is short. 6. Days of Summer are long. 7. Days of Winter are short. 8. Door of the house is high. 9. Ceiling of the room is expensive. Exercise 4: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Translate into English.
ِ ُالرج ُِلُعاقِ ٌُل َّ ابن ِ بِنت ٌُاَلمرأةُِط ِوي ل ُة ِ َببُالب ي تُج ِدي ٌُد ِ أ ُّمُُمموٍدُق ٌُصي رة ِ ِ ِ ٌكتابُعائشةُقد ُمي ِ كَّراسة ٌُآمنةُج ِديدُة ِ ٍ ِ ب يت ٌُمحيدُقد ُمي ُاِبنُخالِدةُذكِي
ِ ُالسف ِرُق 9. صي رٌُة َّ صالة
10
LESSON 3
ُاضي ُِ ال ِفعلُالم Past Tense Verb In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it should be noted that ُ ف علmeans “he (S/M) did,” ُ ف عالmeans “they (D/M) did,” ف علوا means “they (P/M) did,” ُ ف علتmeans “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in active voice (ف ٌُ )فِع ٌلُمعرو.
ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below, In Arabic, each verb form is called ٌصي غ ُة we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,
ِ و, ٌتُثنِي ُة, and ْج ُع, respectively; first the words for singular, dual and plural are ُاح ٌد ٌ ِ ِ person is called متكُل ٌُم, second person is called حاضٌُر, and third person is called ب ٌُ ِ;غائ and masculine is called مذ َّكٌُر, and feminine is called َّث ٌُ مؤن. Thus, singular masculine ِ وin Arabic. Dual masculine of the of the third person will be called ب ٌُ ِاح ٌُد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ third person will be called ب ٌُ ِتُثنِي ُةٌ ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ, and plural masculine of the third person will be called ب ٌُ ِْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ, and so on. In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and
ِ وand ْجعُمتكُلِ ُم, respectively. plural first person will be called اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم ٌ ٌ
11
Lesson 3
We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.1
ِ )ال ِفعلُالم Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُاضىُالُمعروف Person
Gender Masculine
Third Person (ب ٌُ ِ)غائ
()مذ َّكٌُر
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
First Person ()متكُلِ ٌُم
()مذ َّكٌُر Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
He did.
ُف عل
Dual
They did.
ُف عال
Plural
They did.
ف علُوا
Singular
She did.
ُف علت
Dual
They did.
ف علتُا
Plural
They did.
ُف علن
Singular
You did.
ُف علت
Dual
You did.
ف علتُما
Plural
You did.
Singular
You did.
ف علتُ ُم ُِ ف عل ت
Dual
You did.
ف علتُما
Plural
You did.
ُت َّ ف عل
Singular
I did.
ُف علت
Dual/ Plural
We did.
ف علنُا
12
ُاضي ُِ ال ِفعلُالم Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 3.1a
ِ ال ِفعلُالم ُاضىُالمعروف ِ ُاِسم ُالصي غ ِة
ِ ا ُلصي غة
ِ ِ ُب ٌ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌُ ِتُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائ ب ٌُ ِْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ب ِو ٌُ َِّثُغائ ب ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َِّثُغُائ ب ٌُ تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َِّثُغائ ب ٌُ ْج ٌُعُمؤن ِو ِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ اضٌُر ُِ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ِ ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ ٌ ِو ِ َّثُحاضٌُر ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن ِ َُّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ِ ثُح اضٌُر ٌُ َّْج ٌُعُمؤُن ِو اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم
ُف عل ُف عال ف علوا ُف علت ف علتا ُف علن ُف علت ف علتما ف علت ُم ُِ ف عل ت ف علتما ُت َّ ف عل ُف علت ف علنا
Note: In the tables above, ُ ف علhas been translated as “he did” and ُ ف علتas “she did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine) did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
13
Lesson 3
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter ( )فof ُف عل, and a kasrah on its second letter ()ع. It will
become ُفعِل. Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive voice (ٌُل َُمهول ٌُ )فِع. Similarly, ُ ف عالwill become ُفعِال, ف علواwill become فعِلوا,ُ ُ ف علتwill becomeُ ُفعِلت, and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.2
ِ ُ)ال ِفعلُالم Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُاضىُالُمجهول Person
Gender Masculine
Third Person (ب ٌُ ِ)غائ
()مذ َّكٌُر
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
First Person ()متكُلِ ٌُم
()مذ َّكٌُر Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Faminine
Plurality
English
Singular
He was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
She was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
فعِلتُما َُّ فعِل ت
Singular
I was done.
ُفعِلت
Dual/ Plural
We were done.
فعِلنا
14
Arabic
ُفعِل ُفعِال
فعِلوا ُفعِلت فعِلتُا ُفعِلن
ُفعِلت فعِلتُما فعِلتُ ُم ُِ فعِل ت
ُاضي ُِ ال ِفعلُالم Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be written in Arabic. Table 3.2a
ِ ال ِفعلُالم ُاضىُالُمجهول ِ ُاِسم ُالصي غ ِة
ِ ا ُلصي غة
فعِ ُل ُفعِال
ِ ِ ُب ٌ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌُ ِتُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائ ب ٌُ ِْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائ ب ِو ٌُ َِّثُغائ ب ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َِّثُغُائ ب ٌُ تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َِّثُغائ ب ٌُ ْج ٌُعُمؤن ِو ِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ اضٌُر ُِ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ِ ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ ٌ ِ َّثُحاضٌُر ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن ُِ و ِ َُّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ِ َّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ ْج ٌُعُمؤن ِو اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم
فعِلوا ُفعِلت فعِلتا ُفعِلن
ُفعِلت فعِلتما فعِلت ُم ُِ فعِل ت
فعِلتما َُّ فعِل ت ُفعِلت فعِلنا
Note: In these two tables, ُ فعِلhas been translated as “he was done” and ُ فُعِلتas “she was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
15
Lesson 3
ِو Creating Conjugation Tables from ب ٌُ ِاح ٌدُمذك ٌرُغائ Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of
ِو other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ُاح ٌُد
ِ ُب ٌ مذكٌر ُغائof any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is composed of three letters. The first is called ٌفاءُكلِم ُة, the second is called ٌعيُُكلِم ُة, and the third is called ٌَلم كلِم ُة. Now all that remains to be done is to identify which letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given above. Consider, the verb ُ( نصرhe helped). Comparing this to ُ ف علof Table 3.1 or
Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, نis the ٌفاءُكلِم ُة, صis the ٌعي ُكلِم ُة, and رis the ٌَلم كلِم ُة. Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the rest of table.
ِ )وof various verbs Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (ب ٌُ ِاح ٌُدُمذكٌرُغائ and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them. Word List For Verbs English
Arabic
he wrote
ُكتب
he read
ُق رأ
he found
ُوجد
he cooked
ُطبخ
he cut
ُقطع
he filled
ُمل
he sought, he demanded
ُطلب
he asked
ُسأل
he made
ُصنع
he took
ُأخذ
he ate
ُأكل
he ran, he fled
ُهرب
he went
ُذهب
he opened
ُف تح
16
ُاضي ُِ ال ِفعلُالم
Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
English
Arabic
he hit
ُضرب
he entered
ُدخل
he put (something)
ُوضع
he helped
ُنصر
he joined, he arrived
ُوصل
he returned
ُرجع
he slaughtered
ُذبح
he oppressed
ُظلم
he imprisoned, he detained
ُحبس
Translate into Arabic.
I wrote. They (P/F) read. You (S/M) found. You (P/F) cooked. They (P/F) cut. We filled. You (P/M) demanded. They (D/M) asked. They (D/F) made. You (S/F) took.
Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. It (S/M) was eaten. 2. They (P/M) were cut. 3. They (P/F) were made. 4. They (P/F) ran. 5. You (S/M) went. 6. You (P/M) were found. 7. It (S/F) was opened. 8. He was hit. 9. They (P/F) entered. 10. It (S/F) was placed.
17
Lesson 3
Translate into English and identify the seeghah.
Exercise 2:
ذهب تما 9.
نصروا 1.
ق رأتُ 11.
ضرب تمُ 3.
طبخا 12.
دخلتُ 4.
أكلنُ 13.
وضعُ 5.
كت ب نا 10.
وصلتُ 14.
ف تحتُ 2.
صن ع ِ تُ 6.
هرب وا 15.
ذهب تا 7.
رجعتمُ 16.
ُّن 8. وجدت َُّ
Translate into English and identify the seeghah.
Exercise 3:
صنِعوا 7.
ض ِرب وا 1.
خلِقنا 9.
ذِِبتُ 3.
خلِقتمُ 8. حبِستما 10. وِجدتُ 11. تُ 12. سئِل َّ
18
نِ صرتُ 2. ظلِمتُ 4. ق ِط ُع 5.
ضعُتُ 6. ُو ُِ
LESSON 4
ٌُُمُفُعُ ُول،اع ٌُل ُِ ُُف،ُفِعُ ٌُل
Verb, Subject, Object In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (ل ٌُ )فِع, then ِ )ف, and finally the object (ٌُ)مفعول. subject (ل ٌُ اع
ُ( فِع ٌلverb) = the action being done. ِ ( فsubject) = the person doing the action. اع ٌُل ٌُ( مفعولobject) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being done.
ِ فgets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the ٌُمفعول Rule: The ل ٌُ اع gets a fathah (or two fathahs). Examples:
1. ‘Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ل ٌُ فِعis ‘helped,’ Haamid is
ِ فand Mahmood is the ٌُمفعول. When translating this sentence into the ل ٌُ اع Arabic, the Arabic word for helped (ُ )نصرwill come first followed by the
ِ )حwith two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood faa‘il, Hamid (ام ٌُد ِ نصرُح. ( )ُمموًداwith two fathahs. The final sentence will be ام ٌدُُمموًدا
ِ )خopened (ُ )ف تحa door ()َب َُب.’ The same order used for the last 2. ‘A servant (اد ٌُم ً
ِ فsecond and ٌُ مفعولlast) will apply here. Remember, example (ل ٌُ فِعfirst, اع ٌُل ِ فwill get two dammahs and the ٌُ مفعولwill get two fathahs. The full the ل ٌُ اع ِ ف تحُخ. sentence will be اد ٌمَُب ًَُب
Notes: If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will
ِ ف تح ُاْل. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah be written as ُادم ُالباب to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.
19
Lesson 4
ِ فor a ٌُمُفُعُ ُول. For Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ل ٌُ اع example: ِ ف تحُخ ُادمَُممودُُالُباب
Mahmood’s servant opened the door.
ِ ف تحُاْلُ ِادمَُُببُالب ي ُت The servant opened the door of the house.
ِ ف تحُخ ِ ادمَُممودَُببُالب ي ُت Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house. In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.
ِ فor ٌُ مفعولwill show on the mudaaf alone Moreover, the effect of being a ل ٌُ اع and not the mudaaf ilayhi. Word List for Verbs English
Arabic
he read
ُق رأ
he stopped (someone)
ُمنع
he wrote
ُكتب
he defeated
ُهزم
he cooked
ُطبخ
he ate
ُأكل
he hit; he beat
ُضرب
he worshipped
ُعبد
he broke (something physical)
ُكسر
he tore
ُخرق
he helped
ُنصر
he cheated, he deceived
he heard
ُخدع ُربِح َُِسع
he made (someone into someone or something into something)
ُجعل
he profited
20
ِ ُف،فِعل ُُمفعوٌل،اع ٌل ٌ English
Arabic
ُف ِهم
he understood
he looked (at/towards)
ذك ُر )ُنظرُُ(إِل
he broke (something nonphysical)
ُن قض
he gave an example
)ضربُ(مث ًال
he remembered
he separated
ُف رق
he created, he made; he originated
ُخلق
he was ungrateful; disbelieved
ُ كف ر
he killed
ُق تل
he sat (down)
ُجلس
he imposed; he made something obligatory
)كتبُ(عُلُى
Word List for Nouns & Particles English book letter army girl meat uncle (paternal) bread rice dog (drinking) glass garment, dress; cloth friend
Arabic Singular
ٌُ كِت اب ٌِرسال ُة
Plural
ُب ٌ كت ُرسائِل
ُجن ٌد ٌُ بِن ت
ُجن وٌد
ُْل ٌم ُعم
ُْلوٌم
ُخب ٌز ُأُرز
ُأخب ٌاز
ُب ٌ كل ٌُ كأ س
ُب ٌ ثو ص ِدي ٌُق
21
ِ ُب ٌ كال ٌُ كؤو س ٌُ ثِي اب ُأص ِدقاء
Lesson 4
English
Arabic Singular
Plural
mother
ُأم
messenger; prophet
ٌُُرسول ِدي ٌُن ُ َس ٌاء ُ بِن ٌاء ٌُ أر ض ٌُ فِر اش
ُات ٌ أ َّمه رس ٌُل
religion sky building; roof land, earth bed; spread; mattress Satan, the Devil
ُالشَّيطان
not
ما
trade ear heart transgressor oath; pledge; promise Muslim speech man example blessing sea chicken, hen servant door Exercise 1:
ٌِِتارُة أُذ ٌُن
ُب ٌ قل ِف اس ٌُق عه ٌُد مسلِ ٌُم كال ٌُم رج ٌُل ُمث ٌل ٌنِعم ُة
ُِبٌُر ٌدجاج ُة خ ِاد ٌُم ٌُ َب ب
Translate into Arabic
1. Hameed read a book. 2. Naseer stopped Mahmood. 3. Khalid wrote a letter.
22
ُأدَي ٌن )ات ٌُ َُساو،ات ٌُ َسو ٌ تُ(َسو ٌأبنِي ُة ِ ُاْلر،اض اضى ٍُ أر ٌأف ِرش ُة
ُأُذا ٌن ٌُ ق لو ب
ِف ُاق ٌ ُف َّس،ُاسقون عهوٌُد ُمسلِمون
ٌُأمثال نِع ٌُم ٌُ ِِب ار
ُدج ٌج ٌُ خد َّام ٌُ أُب و اب
ِ ُف،فِعل ُُمفعوٌل،اع ٌل ٌ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Tariq defeated the army. The girl cooked the meat. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread. I ate the rice. I hit the dog. You (P/M) worshipped Allah. You (S/F) tore the cloth. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son). The girl’s mother broke the glass.
Exercise 2: applicable.
ِ ف, and ٌُمفعول, where Translate into English and identify the ل ٌُ فِع, اع ٌُل
1. َل ًُجعلُهللاُُُم َّم ًداُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوُسلَّم)ُ َّرسو
ِ ُالسالم 2. ُدي نًا ُِ ُجعلُهللا
ِ 3. اشا َّ ُُجعُلُُهللا ً السمآءُبِناءً َُّواْلُرضُفر 4. ُُالنسان ُِ خدعُالشَّيطُان 5. ُماُرِِبتُالُتِجارة
ِ 6. َُسعتُُاُْلُذانُوعقلتُُاُلقلوب
ِ هللاُِو ِ ن قضُالف 7. ُِهللا ُ َُسعُالمسلِمُكالم ُ ُاسقُعهد 8. ُضربُرج ٌلُمث ًال 9. ذكرواُنِعمةُهللاُِوماُكفروا 10. ُف رق ناُالبحر
11. ُذُِبتمُالدَّجاجةُُوطبخُتمُُاللَّحم
23
LESSON 5
ُالُُرُوفُُالُاُرة Prepositions The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite frequently. Table 5.1
Prepositions (ُ)الُ ُرُوفُُالُاُرة
from; than
ُِف ُِمن
to; up to
on; upon
علُى
for; belongs to
ِ ُب ُإِل ُِل
as, like
ُك
up to, until
ُحت
about; from; regarding
ُعن
by (for oath)
ُو
in; regarding
with; at
The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter. Below, we give examples of each of these.
ُفُالدَّا ِر ُ ُِزي ٌُد ِ كت ب ت َُبلقل ُِم ِ ِمنُالب ي تُُإِلُُالمس ِج ُِد جلسُزي ٌدُعلُىُالكرُِس ُِي لسيَّارةُلِزي ٍُد َّ ا أمحدُكأس ٍُد ُِالصبح َُّ ِِنتُح ُّ ُت ِ سألتُع ِنُال ِكت ُاب ِهللا ُ و
=
Zayd is in the house.
=
I wrote with the pen.
=
from the house to the mosque
=
Zayd sat on the chair.
=
The car belongs to Zayd.
=
Ahmad is like a lion.
=
I slept until the morning.
=
She asked about the book.
=
By Allah!
Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention them as well. They are as follows: 1.
ُت: by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example: ِهللا ُ –ت By Allah!
25
Lesson 5
2 & 3. ُمنذُ وُ مذ: since. These are used to define a time period. Example: ُُماُذهبتُُإِل
ُ – المدرس ِةُمنذُي وِمُاْلمع ِةI have not gone to the school since Friday.
4.
5.
ُب َُّ رis always singular. Example: َّ ر: many a, so many. The noun used after ب ُبُرج ٍلُنصُرته َّ – رI helped so many men. ُخال: besides, except. Example: – علَّمُت ُاْلُطفال ُخال ُزي ٍُدI taught the children except Zayd.
6.
حاشا: besides, except. Example: – من عت ُال ِرجال ُحاشاُعم ٍروI stopped the men except ‘Amr.
7.
عدا: besides, except. Example: – جاء ُالقوم ُعداُخالِ ٍُدThe people came except Khalid.
Word List for Verbs English
Arabic
he went
ُذهب
he killed
ُق تل
he cut
ُقطع
he milked
ُحلب
he wrote
ُكتب
he ate
ُأكل
he asked
ُسأل
he made he looked (at)
جع ُل )ُنظرُ(إِل
he opened
ُف تح
he sat
ُجلس
he read
ُق رأ
it (M) fell
ُوقع
it (M) was prescribed (upon)
)كتِبُُ(علُى
he broke
ُكسر
26
اْلروفُاْل َّارُة Word List for Nouns English village city lion sword cloth; clothes scissors
Arabic Singular
Plural
ٌق ري ُة ٌم ِدي ن ُة
قًُرى مُد ٌُن
ُأُس ٌد ٌُ سي ف
ُب ٌ ثو ٌُ ِمقر اض ٌب قرُة ٌُ ل ب
cow milk large bowl card pencil biscuit butter cream teacher student lesson
ٌقصع ُة ٌبِطاق ُة ِمرس ٌُم ٌكعكُ ُة ٌزبدُة ٌقِشط ُة
ٌأُستا ُذ تِل ِمي ٌُذ ٌُ در س ُلي ٌل ن وٌُم ٌُ ن ه ار
night-time sleep; sleeping day-time buffalo white; whiter gold silver stone moon
ُس ٌ جامو ُأُب يض ُب ٌ ذه َّ ِف ٌض ُة ُحجٌر قمٌُر
27
ُأُس ٌد ٌُ سي و ف ٌُ ُثِي اب ُمقا ِريض ُأُلبا ٌن ٌُ ُقصع،قِص ٌع ات ٌُ بِطاق ات ُمر ِاسم ُك ٌ كع
ُأُساتِذة
ٌُُتال ِمذة،ُتال ِميذ ٌُ درو س
ُأُن هٌر ُجو ِاميس
ٌُُ ِحجارة،ار ٌُ أحج ٌُ أُقم ار
Lesson 5
English star lock key garden grass praise right guidance
Arabic Singular
Plural
َُن ٌم ق ف ٌُل ٌُ ُِمفت اح بُستا ٌُن
َُنوٌم ٌُأُق فال ُمفاتِيح
ُب ٌ عش مح ٌُد ه ًدى
people clouds (collective noun) something which is under control between; among, amidst sky land, earth Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Jew; Jewish Christian part, portion good deed
ُاب ٌ سح
ُبساتِي ُاب ٌ أُعش
ُس ٌ َن
ُمس َّخٌر ُب ي ُ َس ٌاء ٌُ أر ض ي ومُاْلمُع ُِة ُِ ُالسب ت َّ ي وم
)ات ٌُ َسو ٌ َُسُاو،ات ٌ تُ(َسو ِ ُاْلُر،اض اضى ٍُ أر
ُي ومُاْلُح ِد ِ ي وم ُِ ُاَلث ن ي ي ومُالُثَّالَث ُِء
ُي ومُاْلُرب ع ِاء ُِ ي ومُاْلُرُبِع اء
ِ ي ومُاْل ِمي ُس ُي هُوِدى
ُالُي هود
ُنصرِان
نصارى
ٌجزُء ٌحسن ُة
ُأُجزاء
دن يا ٌآ ِخرُة
world hereafter
28
ُات ٌ ح سن
اْلروفُاْل َّارُة
English fly food ritual prayer (salah) door room bed
Arabic Singular
ُب ٌ ذَب ٌُ طع ام
ٌُُصلُوة،ٌصالُة ٌُ َب ب ٌحجرُة ٌغرف ُة س ِري ٌُر
today
ُالي وم
tomorrow
غ ًدا ُِ أُم س
yesterday Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
2. 3.
ٌأُ ِذبَُّة
ُاب ٌ أُب و ٌُ حجر ات ٌُ غر ف ٌأُ ِسَّرُة
Translate into Arabic
Zayd went from the village to the city. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword. I cut the cloth with the scissors. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream. By Allah (oath). The teacher asked the students about the lesson. Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid. I looked towards the moon and the stars. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.
Exercise 2: 1.
Plural
Translate into English
ُِِل ُ ِ اْلمد ِ ِِفُالقر ُِ آنُه ًدىُلِلن َّاس ِ ُالسم ُِ آءُواْلُر ض َّ لسحابُمس َّخٌرُب ي َّ ا 29
Lesson 5
ُويُومُاْلُح ُِدُلِلنَّصارى 4. تُلِلي هوِد ُ السب ُِ ُُي ومُ َّ
قُرأُتُجزء ِ اُمنُالقر ِ آن ُِِفُي وِمُاْل ِمي ِ سُواْلمع ِةُ ً لِلمسلِِم ُِِفُالدُّن ياُحسنةٌ َُّوِِفُالُ ِخرِةُحسن ٌُة وقع ُّ ُالذَبب ُِِفُالطَّع ُِ ام كتِب ِ ُالصلوةُعلُىُالمسلُِِم ت َّ ف تحواَُببُاْلجرةُِي وم ِ ُاَلث ن ِ ُالس ِري ِرُي ومُالُثَّالَثُ ُِء يُوجلسُواُعلى َّ
30
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
LESSON 6
الضُمُ ُائِ ُر Pronouns A pronoun is called ض ِمي ٌُرin Arabic. Its plural is ُضمائِر. There are a number of different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are
ِ )من ف. These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as unattached (ل ٌُ ص separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized. Table 6.1
ِ )من فPronouns Unattached (ل ٌُ ص Person
Gender Masculine
Third Person (ب ٌُ ِ)غائ
()مذ َّكٌُر
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
First Person ()متكُلِ ٌُم
()مذ َّكٌُر Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns English Arabic
Singular
he
ُهو
Dual
they
ُها
Plural
they
Singular
she
ُهم ُُِهي
Dual
they
ُها
Plural
they
Singular
you
ُه َّن ُأُنت
Dual
you
أُن تما
Plural
you
Singular
you
أُن ت ُم ُِ أُن ت
Dual
you
أُن تما
Plural
you
ُت َّ أُن
Singular
I
ُأَُن
Dual/ Plural
we
َُنن
31
Lesson 6
ِ )متdameers. They are also called possessive (اف Below, we list the attached (ل ٌُ َّص ُ ِ )إِض and objective (ل ُ ِ )مفعوdameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which indicate possession (ٌ ;)إِضافُ ُةand by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to the object (ٌُ)مفعول.
Table 6.2
ِ )متPronouns Attached (ل ٌُ ص Person
Gender Masculine
Third Person (ب ٌُ ِ)غائ
()مذ َّكٌُر Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
First Person ()متكُلِ ٌُم
()مذ َّكٌُر Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns English Arabic
Singular
his, him
ه
Dual
their, them
ُها
Plural
their, them
ُهم
Singular
hers, her
ها
Dual
their, them
ُها
Plural
their, them
Singular
your, you
ُه َّن ُك
Dual
your, you
كما
Plural
your, you
Singular
your, you
ُكم ُِك
Dual
your, you
كما
Plural
your, you
ُك َّن
Singular
my, me
ُُِن،ُُي
Dual/ Plural
ours, us
َُن
32
ضمائُِر َُّ ال Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers
ُهوُزي ٌد ٌُ ِأَُنُطال ب أنتَُمت ِه ٌُد
–
He is Zayd.
–
I am a student.
–
You are hardworking.
Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples below. 1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession (ٌ)إِضاف ُة:
– ق لم ُهhis (S/M) pen ُ – كِتابكyour (S/M) book ُ ِ – كِتmy book اب – كِتاب هاher (S/F) book.
2. After a verb, indicating the object (ٌُ)مفعول:
ُ – نصرتهI helped him ُ – أُمرتكI commanded you ُ ِ – نصرتyou (S/M) helped me. ن 3. After a particle:
ُ – فِي ِهin it ُ – لهfor him ُ – ُِمنكfrom you (S/M) – ُإِلي ناto/towards us ُ – إِنَّكمindeed you (P/M) – علي ُِهon him.
Word List for Verbs English
Arabic
he rode
ُركِب
he broke
ُكسر
he fell
ُسقط
he stopped (someone)
ُمنع
33
Lesson 6
English
Arabic
he raised (someone or something)
ُرفع ُل ُعِب
he played he looked
)ُنظرُ(إِل
he worshipped
ُعبد
he remembered
ُُذكُر
he ate
ُأكل
he provided livelihood/sustenance
ُُرُزق
he sealed, he put a seal
ُختُم
he cheated, he deceived
ُخدع
he left; he abandoned
ُتُرك
he snatched
ُخطُف
he created
ُخلق
he presented
ُعُرض
he took
ُأُخُذ
he did (good deeds); he acted (righteously)
ِ ع ِملُُ(ص )اْلًا
Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic
English father mother tongue
Singular
Plural
ُب ٌ ُأ ُأُم لِسا ٌُن
ُأَُبء
ُس ٌ رأ ٌُ أُن ف ي ٌُد ِ ِسن )ُ(سن ٌ
head nose hand tooth
ُصدٌر
chest
34
ُات ٌ أُ َّمه ٌأُل ِسن ُة
ُس ٌ رؤو ٌُ أُن و ف ُُاْلُي ُِدي،أُي ٍُد ُأُسنا ٌن صدوٌُر
ضمائُِر َُّ ال Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ٌسيَّارُة ٌد َّراج ُة ِ ٌحذ ُاء ُُقد ٌُم،ُِرج ٌل
ُات ٌ سيَّار ٌُ د َّراج ات ٌأُح ِذي ُة
ٌكرُة ُُمنُجو،ان بج
ُات ٌ كر
ٌت فَّاح ُة بستا ٌُن بِ ِطي ٌُخ ُ قِث ٌَّاء حق ٌُل
َُّاح ٌ تف
ِمن ِدي ٌُل
handkerchief car bicycle shoe foot ball mango apple garden melon, watermelon cucumber field; arable land
ُمن ِاديل
ٌُحقول
ُب ٌ قل َس ٌُع
ُب ٌ ق لو
ُبصٌر ٌُِغشاوة
ُأُبص ٌار
themselves
ُأن فسهم
darkness
ٌظلم ُة ٌُ ب ر ق
)ت ٌُ ظلم ٌ ُاتُ(ظلُم
heart hearing; also used for ears eyesight; glance; also used for eyes veil, covering
lightning Lord
ُرب
fuel
ُوق وٌد
people
ُحجٌر ٌُ زو ج
stone husband; wife; spouse
ٌمط َّهرُة ٌُ مُل ك
clean, pure (F) angel
35
ُس ٌ َن ٌِحجارُة ُاج ٌ أُزو
ٌمالئِك ُة
Lesson 6
Arabic
English
Singular
ٌُ ِمي ث اق
covenant above
ُف وق
Mount Sinai
whoever
ُطوٌر لو ٌُن فاقِ ٌُع ُمن
then; so; therefore; sometimes, it is not translated
ُف
compensation, reward
ُأُجٌر ُِعند
color bright yellow
with
Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Plural
ُمواثِيق
ُأُلوا ٌن
ُأُجوٌر
Translate into Arabic
My father His mother Her tongue Your (S/M) head Your (S/F) nose My hand Their (P/F) teeth His chest Our handkerchief I rode in your (S/M) car. She broke my bike. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot. I stopped them (P/F). They (P/M) raised me. You (P/M) played with the ball. They (D/M) looked at me. You (D/F) worshipped Him. My mother remembered me yesterday. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon and a cucumber in your field.
36
ضمائُِر ال َُّ Translate into English
Exercise 2: رزق ناهمُ 1.
ختمُهللاُعلُىُق لوِبِِمُوعلُىَُسعِ ِه ُم 2.
علُىُأُبصا ِرِهم ِ ُغشاوٌُة 3. خدعواُأُن فسهمُ 4.
ت ركهم ُِِفُظلم ٍ تُ 5. خطفُالب رقُأُبصارهمُ 6. اِ َّنُربَّكمُخلقكمُ 7.
وق ودهاُالنَّاسُواْلِجارةُ 8.
ِ ُمط َّهرةٌُ 9. اج ُّ َلمُفيُهاُأُزو ٌ عرضهمُعلىُالملُئِك ُِة 10.
أُخذَن ِ ُمي ثاقكمُورف عناُف وقكمُالطُّورُ 11. لون هاُفاقِ ٌُع 12.
منُع ِملُص ِ اْلًاُف لهُأُجُرهُ 13.
37
LESSON 7
ُالُ ُِفعُلُُالُمُضُاُِرع Present and Future Tense Verb We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will
discuss ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرwhich is equivalent to present and future tense. اض ٍُ ُ( ُفِعُ ٌُلُمpast tense)
andُ ع ٌُ ( ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرpresent/future tense), as well as ُ( ضُمُ ُائِرpronouns) are the foundations of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of
ِ ُع ٌُ )معرو. ٌ ( ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرpresent and future tense verb) in active voice (ف Table 7.1
Verb Forms of (ع ٌُ )فِع ٌلُمضا ِرin Active Voice (ٌُ)معروف Person
Gender
Plurality Singular
Masculine Third Person (ب ٌُ ِ)غائ
()مذ َّكٌُر
Dual Plural Singular
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن
Dual Plural Singular
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
Masculine ()مذ َّكٌُر
Dual Plural
39
English
Arabic
He/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do She/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do
ُي فعل ُي فُعالُ ِن ُي فعلُون ُت فعل ُت فعالُ ِن ُي فعلُن ُت فعل ُت فعالُ ِن ُت فعلُون
Lesson 7
Table 7.1 Continued
ت فعُلِيُ ت فعالُ ِنُ ت فعلُنُ أُف علُ ن فعلُ
You are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do I am doing or will do We are doing or will do
Singular Feminine
Dual
َّث( )مؤن ٌُ
)ح ِ اضٌُر(
Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine
First Person
Plural Singular Dual/ Plural
Second Person
)متكُلِ ٌُم(
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 7.1a
ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالمعروفُ اِسمُ ِ الصي غ ِةُ
ا ِ لصي غةُ
ِ ِ بُ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغُائ ٌ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائِ ٌُ ب ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ ب وِ َّثُغائِ ٌُ ب اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َّثُغُائِ ٌُ ب تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َّثُغائِ ٌُ ب ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ وِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ اضٌُر ٌ اضٌُر تُثُنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ُِ ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح ِ اضٌُر ٌ ٌ وِ ِ َّثُحاضٌُر اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َّثُحُ ِ اضٌُر تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َّثُح ِ اضٌُر ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ وِ اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم
ي فع ُل ي فعال ُِن ي فعلونُ ت فع ُل ت فعال ُِن ي فعلنُ ت فع ُل ت فعال ُِن ت فعلونُ ت فعلِيُ
ت فعال ِنُ ت فعلنُ أُف علُ ن فعلُ
40
ُال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع
ِ Creating Passive Voice ٌُلُمضا ِرع ٌ فع
In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ف ٌُ اض ُمُعُُرُو ٍُ ُ( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمpast tense active
voice) to ٌُاض َُمُهُ ُول ٍُ ُ( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمpast tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of
converting ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرfrom active to passive voice. ُي فعل, which means “he does or will
do,” is in active voice (ف ٌُ )معرو. To convert this ف ٌُ عُمعرو ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرto ٌُعَُمُهُ ُول ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر, we give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. ُ ي فعلbecomes ُي فعل, ُتض ِرب becomes ُتضرب, ُ ي فتحbecomes ُي فتح, ُ أُنصرbecomes ُأُنصر, and so on. Table 7.2
Verb Forms of (ع ٌُ )فِع ٌُلُمُضا ِرin Passive Voice (ٌُ)َمهول Person
Gender
Plurality Singular
Masculine Third Person
)ب ٌُ ِ(غائ
)(مذ َّكٌر
Dual Plural Singular
Feminine
)َّث ٌ (مؤن
Dual Plural Singular
Masculine Second Person
ِ (ح )اضٌُر
)(مذ َّكٌر
Dual Plural Singular
Feminine
)َّث ٌ (مؤن
Dual Plural
41
English
Arabic
He/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done She/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done
ُي فعل ُي فعالُ ِن ُي فعلُون ُت فعل ُت فعالُ ِن ُي فعلُن ُت فعل ُت فعالُ ِن ُت فعلُون ُت فعُلِي ُت فعالُ ِن ُت فعلُن
Lesson 7
Table 7.2 continued
أُف علُ ن فعلُ
I am being done or will be done We are being done or will be done
Singular Dual/ Plural
Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine
First Person
(متكُلِ ٌم)
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 7.2a
ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالُمجهولُ اِسمُ ِ الصي غ ِةُ
ا ِ لصي غةُ
ِ ِ بُ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائِ ٌُ ب ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ ب وِ َّثُغائِ ٌُ ب اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َّثُغُائِ ٌُ ب تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َّثُغائِ ٌُ ب ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ وِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ اضٌُر ٌ اضٌُر تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ُِ ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح ِ اضٌُر ٌ ٌ وِ ِ َّثُحاضٌُر اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ َّثُحُ ِ اضٌُر تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ َّثُح ِ اضٌُر ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ وِ اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم
ي فع ُل ي فعال ُِن ي فعلونُ ت فع ُل ت فعال ُِن ي فعلنُ ت فع ُل ت فعال ُِن ت فعلونُ ت فعُلِيُ
ت فعال ِنُ ت فعلنُ أُف علُ ن فعلُ
42
ُال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع Note: When a passive verb is used, the ل ٌُ اع ُِ ( ُفsubject) is not mentioned. Rather, the
ٌُ( مُفُعُ ُولobject) takes the place of the اع ٌُل ُِ ُ( فsubject) and is called اع ٍُل ُِ ُ( َنُُئِبُ ُفsubject of the passive verb) or ل ٍُ اع ُِ ُ( قُ ُائٌُِم ُمُقُامُ ُفsubstitute subject). Since it takes the place of the اع ٌُل ُِ ُف, it also gets a dammah. Examples:
ٌُاضَُمُهُ ُول ٍُ ُُفِعُ ٌُلُم:
ُ – ض ِربُالولدThe boy was hit. ِ – منِعThe woman was stopped. ُتُالمرأة
ٌُعَُمُهُ ُول ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر:
ُ – ي فتحُالبThe door will be opened. اب ُ – يكسرُاْلِدارThe wall will be broken.
Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر, both ف ٌُ معروand
ٌَُمُهُ ُول, is called ِع ُِ( حرف ُالمضارplural: ِع ُِ)حُُرُوف ُالمضار. As can be seen in the table, these are ي, ت, أ, and ن. ِ Relationship between the Seeghahs of ُلُماض ٌُ فِع ٌلُمضا ِر ٌ فعand ع
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn kalimah of the
ِ ِ ُب ٍُ ُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمand ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرcan vary in a number of different ways. It ٌ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائof a اض can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in اض ٍُ ُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمand/or ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر. It is beyond the
scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is, nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn kalimah of any given
ٍ ُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمand its corresponding ع ُاض ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر. Word List for Verbs
Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
ُع ٌ مضا ِر
he wandered about
ُذهب ُع ِمه
he made (someone into someone or something into something)
ُجعل
َُيعل
علِ ُم
ُي علم
he went
he came to know
43
ُيذهب ُي عمه
Lesson 7
Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
he worshipped
ُعبد
he realized; he became aware
ُشعر َُِسع
he heard
ُلعِب ُلبِس
he played he wore
ُحُُِزن
he became sad, he grieved
ُذبح ُش ِرب
he slaughtered he drank
ُع ٌ مضا ِر ُي عبد
ُيشعر ُيسمع ُي لعب ُي لبس َُيزن ُيذبح ُيشرب
he cooked
َر رَقَر ُطبخ
ُيطبخ
he made (something)
ُصنع
ُيصنع
he stopped (someone)
ُمنع
َُينع
he opened
ُف تح
he washed
ُغسُل ُض ِحك
ُي فتح ُي غ ِسل
he read
he laughed
ُي قرأ
ُيضحك
he was angry (with someone)
)س ِخطُ(علُىُفالُ ٍن
)يسخطُ(علُىُفُال ٍن
he broke (something non-physical); he nullified
ُن قض
ُي ن قض
he commanded, he ordered
ُأمر
َُيمر
he concealed
ُكتم
ُيكتم
he wrote
ُكتب
ُيكتب
he cut
ُقطع
ُي قطع
he helped
ُنصر
ُي نصر
he deceived, he cheated
ُخدع
َُيدع
he colored, he dyed
ُصبغ
ُيصبغ
he raised
ُرفع
ُي رفع
he sent
ُب عث
ُي ب عث
44
ُال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع
Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
he ate
ُأكل
he remembered; he mentioned
ُذكر
ُع ٌ مضا ِر َُيكل ُيذكر
Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ُطع ٌام ٌج ِريدُة
جرائِ ُد
potato
بطاطا
tea
ُاي ٌ ش ٌِملعق ُة
مال ِع ُق
food newspaper
spoon lock key washerman cloth; clothes pond, pool laughter friend
ُق ف ٌل ٌُ ِمفت اح ٌُ ص ار َّ ق ٌُ ث و ب غ ِدي ٌُر ٌُ ُ ِضح،ك ك ٌُ ضح ص ِدي ٌُق ُت ٌ بي ٌُ إِم ام
house prayer leader; leader people what?; do…?; will…?; etc. (depending on the context)
ُُهل،ُُأ ُفِس ٌق كفٌُر
sinfulness disbelief, infidelity today
ُالي وم
tommorrow
غ ًدا
45
ِ ُاب ٌ ُثي غدٌُر
ٌأئِ َّم ُة ٌُ َن س
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
Singular
ب عدُغ ٍُد ق بلُسن ٍُة
day after tomorrow a year ago
ِ ق بلُاْلم ُس ٌِرسُال ُة
day before yesterday letter paternal uncle
ُعم
fear
ُف ٌ خو عه ٌُد
promise; pledge
piety, righteousness
ما ُبِر
that; to
ُأن
cow
ٌب قرُة كال ٌُم
that, which
speech
ُحب ٌل ِذكٌُر
rope remembrance
ُُنِب،ُرسوٌل ٌفاكِه ُة
prophet fruit library magazine
ِ ُخزانةُالُكت،ٌمكت بة ُب ٌَملَُّة ٌمقال ُة
article; essay Exercise 1: 1. ُأذهب
Translate into English 7. ُتسمعِي
2. ُي عمهون
8. ُتُلعبِي
3. َُيعل
9. ُي لبسن
4. ُأعلم
Plural
10. َتزَن ُِن
5. ُن عبد
11. ان ُِ يذِب
6. ُتشعرون
12. ُأشرب
46
ٌُِحبال
فُواكُِه
ُُمك ُاتِب،ات ٌُ مكت ب ٌُ َم َّال ت ُت ٌ مقاَل
ُال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع
Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
They (P/M) came to know. You (P/F) are reading. She is cooking. He is grieving. They (P/F) are cooking. I am making food. We will drink. You (S/F) will go. You (S/M) will stop. They (D/M) will go.
Exercise 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Translate into Arabic
Translate into Arabic
I will read your (S/M) newspaper. They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M). You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon. Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond. Haamid is laughing in his house. I am hearing his laughter in my house. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief? Today I read your (S/F) letter. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house. Are you (S/F) angry with him?
Exercise 4:
Translate into English
1. ُفُعلي ِهمُوَلُهمَُيزن ون ٌ َلُخو 2. ُِهللا ُ ي ن قضونُعهد
3. ُُإِِِنُأُعلُمُماَُلُت علمون
ِ أَُتمرونُالنَّاس 4. ب ُِ َُِبل
5. َُننَُلُنكتمُماُأُمرَنُهللا 6. اُهللَُُيمركمُأُنُتذِبواُب قرًُة 7. ُِهللا ُ يسمعونُكالم
47
Lesson 7
Exercise 5: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Translate into Arabic
Is being read (S/M, third person) Is being written (S/M, third person) Will be broken (S/M, third person) Will be cut (S/M, third person) She is being helped. You are being stopped (S/M) I am being stopped. We are being helped. You (S/F) will be stopped. You (S/M) are being cheated.
Exercise 6:
Translate into Arabic
1. The rope is being cut. 2. The cloth will be dyed. 3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being raised. 4. The prophets are being sent. 5. Fruits are being eaten. 6. Allah is being remembered. 7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library. 8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow. 9. The promise was broken a year ago.
48
LESSON 8
ِ ا ُلصفةُوُالموصوف Adjective Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’ ‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar
ِ (adjective) andُ ف pattern are called ٌصف ُة ٌ ( موصوthe described). In the phrase ‘small
ِ (adjective), and ‘book’ book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is ٌصف ُة isُف ٌ ( موصوthe described).
To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps: 1. Translate the individual words into Arabic. 2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the second word comes first. 3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation). Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ادق مُسُُلِم ُِ ص ُ . Next, we reverse the order to get ادق ُِ ُمُسُُلِمُص. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get ُمسلِ ٌم
ُص ِاد ٌق. Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first translate the individual words into Arabic – حُرجُل ُ ِصُ ُال. Next, we will reverse the order of the words – ُرجُلُصُ ُالِح. Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words – ح ٌُ ِرج ٌلُصال. States of Nouns: Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows: 1. رف ٌُع: This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a noun is called ع ٌُ مرف و. For example, ت ٌُ ب يor ُالب يت.
2. ب ٌُ نص: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a noun is called ب ٌُ منصو. For example, ب ي تًاor ُالب يت.
3. ُجر: This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. ُSuch a noun is called َمروٌُر. For example, ت ٍُ ب يor ت ُِ الب ي.
Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is جزٌُم. This is the
49
ُ
Lesson 8
condition in which a سكو ٌُنappears at the end of a word or its substitute ( نin the
ُ )فِع ٌل ُمضا ِرis dropped from the end. ٌع example, ُ( لُيض ِربhe did not hit). case of
Such a word is said to be وم ٌُ َمُُز. For
ِ and ٌُموصوف: Additional Rules for ٌصف ُة ِ and the ف 1. Both the ٌصف ُة ٌُ موصوhave to be in the same state, i.e., if one is ع ٌُ مرف و,
then the other should also be ع ٌُ مرف و. Similarly, if one is ب ٌُ منصو, the other should also be ب ٌُ منصو. For example, consider رج ٌل ُصالِ ٌُح. Since رج ٌُلhas two
dammahs at the end, it is ٌُ ;مرف وعtherefore, ح ٌُ ِ صالwill also be given two dammahs to make it ع ٌُ مرف و. Similarly, if for some reason ُرجُلwas ب ٌُ منصو, صُ ُالِح
ِ رج ًال ُص would also have to be ب ٌُ منصو. The phrase would then have been اْلًا ِ ( نصرتُرج ًالُصI helped a pious man). If ُرجُلhad been َمروُر, صُ ُالِح such as in اْلًا ٌ
would also have been َمروٌُر. The phrase would then have been ٍُ رج ٍلُصالِحsuch as in ٍُ( ذهبتُُإِلُُرج ٍلُصالِحI went to a pious man).
ِ and the ف 2. Both the ٌصف ُة ٌُ موصوshould either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if the ف ٌُ موصوhas an alif-laam, the ٌ ِصف ُةshould also have an alif-laam. For
example, if ُرجُلwere to be changed to اُ َُّلرجُل, صُ ُالِحwould also change to
لص ُالِح َُّ ُا.
ِ and the ف 3. The gender of the ٌصف ُة ٌُ موصوshould be the same. Thus, if the ُف ٌ موصوis feminine, the ٌ ِصف ُةshould also be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, just add a round taa ( )ةat the end of the word. For ِ أستاذُةٌ ُصand ‘the pious teacher (F)’ example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ٌاْل ُة ِ الص will be ُاْلة َّ ُُاُْلستاذة.
4. If the ف ٌُ موصوis a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper
nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam.
Since, the ف ٌُ موصوis a proper noun; therefore, the ٌ ِصف ُةwill require an aliflaam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam toُ خالِ ٌُدbecause it is already a
50
ِ ا ُلصفةُوالموصوف
ِ ( )فاتِ ُحbecause it proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ٌصف ُة ٌ is not a proper noun. The sentence will be ُخالِ ٌدُالفاتِح. The following examples illustrate this point:
‘The king Mahmood’ will be ُُمموٌدُاُلملِك.
‘The commander Taariq’ will be ُطا ِر ٌقُاُلقائِد.
ِ غالِبُاُلش. ‘The poet Ghalib’ will be َُّاعر ٌ
ِ خالِد, ُُمُمود َُِنلملِك, These sentences can also be read (not written) as َُُنلفاتِح
ِ غالِب َُِنلش. طا ِرق َُِنلقائِ ُدand َُّاعر Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he drank
ُش ِرب
he defeated
ُهُزم
he entered
ُدخل
he touched, he felt (by hand); he examined
ُس َّ ج
he provided
ُرزق
he conquered
ُف تح
he took
ُأخذ
Word List for Nouns Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
ُغفوٌر ُرب كبِي ٌُر
ُكِب ٌار
ُصالِ ٌح ٌُ أ ب اِب ٌُن
pious, righteous father son most-forgiving Lord big, large
51
ُ
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
Singular
ُب ٌ َب ِ ٌقد ُمي ِح صي ٌُر جيِ ٌُد
door old mat good; excellent
ٌمقال ُة ٌَملَُّة
article; essay magazine
ُع ٌ شا ِر صغِي ٌُر ٌس ِفي ن ُة ع ِمي ٌُق ِبٌُر ع ِظي ٌُم جب ٌُل ط ِوي ٌُل ٌُ قِط ار ِق ٌاطرُة ٌُمطَُّة ِف اجٌُر ِف اس ٌُق رج ٌُل
street small, little ship, boat deep sea great; powerful mountain long train train engine station immoral person man
Plural
ُحصٌر
ُشوا ِرع ٌُ ِصغ ار سف ٌُن ُِِب ٌار ُعظماء ٌُِجبال ُقطٌر ِق ٌُ اطُرا ت ٌُ َُّمُط ات ُف َّج ٌار ٌُ ف َّس اق
ُحس ٌن ٌِمروح ُة ٌُ م ِري ض ٌاِمرأُة
ُِحسا ٌن
bitter
ُمر
medicine
ٌدو ُاء ٌُ ِمل ك
ٌأُد ِوي ُة ملو ٌُك
beautiful, handsome; good fan sick, ill woman
king
52
مرضى
ِ ا ُلصفةُوالموصوف
Arabic
English army capital city
Singular
Plural
ُجن ٌد ِ ع ٌاصم ُة
ُجن وٌد ِ عو ُاصم
ِ ُم،ع ُاهٌر ٌُ َب ِر ٌُ ح َّال ق د َّكا ٌُن
ُدكاكِي
ُالي وم
today skillful; outstanding barber store, shop
ُشي ٌخ ش ِري ٌُر
old man; scholar mischievous
ُول ٌد د ِمي ٌُم ِ ُب )(من ٌُ ق ِري ٌُ ب ي ت ٌُ طبِي ب
boy ugly near, close house doctor
ٌوصفُ ُة ٌُ ِصرا ط مست ِقي ٌُم
medical prescription path straight
ُشي و ٌخ ُأُ ِشَّراء ُِدم ٌام
ُأُ ِطبَّاء
ُاب ٌ عذ أُلِي ٌُم
torment; punishment painful
ٌب عوض ُة ٌُ ِرز ق
mosquito livelihood
ٌبال ُء ٌلي لُ ُة ٌمظلِم ُة
trial, tribulation night dark
ُمث ٌل ٌكُلِم ُة
example word
ٌشجُرُة ٌطيِب ُة
tree good; pleasant (F)
53
ُاق ٌ أُرز )ال ُ ِ الُ(اللَّي ٍُ لي
ِ ُات ٌ كل م ٌُ شجر ات ٌُ طيِب ات
ُ
Lesson 8
Arabic
English root firm, established branch
commander, leader city fort, fortress, castle hand; possession conqueror
ٌُأُصول ُع ٌ ف رو
ُحصو ٌن
Translate into Arabic
Pious father The son Sa‘eed Most-forgiving Lord Big door The old mat Good article Good magazine Big street Small boat Deep sea Great mountain Long train Big engine Small station
Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ُأُص ٌل ٌُ َِثب ت ٌُ ف ر ع
ُا ُّلروم
Romans
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Plural
ُ َس ٌاء قائِ ٌُد ٌم ِدي ن ُة ِحص ٌُن ي ٌُد فاتِ ٌُح
sky
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into Arabic
I hit an immoral man. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan. The sick woman drank bitter medicine. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.
54
ِ ا ُلصفةُوالموصوف
6. 7. 8. 9.
This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for her.
Exercise 3:
Translate into English.
ِ ا 1. ُلصراطُالمست ِقيم 2. ُابُأُلِي ٌم ٌ عذ
3. ب عوضةٌُصغِي رٌُة
4. رزق همُهللاُ ِرزقًاُحسنًا 5. ُبالءٌُع ِظي ٌم
6. ٌلي لةٌُمظلِم ُة
7. مثلُكلِم ٍةُطيِب ٍةُكشجرةٍُطيِب ٍُة
ِ ت َُّوفُرعه 8. آء ُِ ُالسم َّ اُِف ٌ ِأُصلهاَُثب
ِ اُمنُي ِ ُحصن ه ِ ف تحُطا ِرقُ ِنُُالقائِدُم ِدي نةًُع ِظيمةًُوُأخذ ٍ ُِدُمل 9. كُع ِظي ٍُم ِ دخلُُم َّمدُ ِنُُالفاتِحُع 10. ُالروُِم ُّ اصمة
55
LESSON 9
ُالُمُرُُ ُوالنُهُي Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command to do something is called أُمٌُُر, for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which contains a command to not do something is called ي ُ ُنُه, as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not
ٌ
fear.’ Creating أم ٌُرfor the Second Person
ُ أُمٌُرof any verb is created from its respective ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر. In this lesson, we will study the method of making أُمٌُُرfor the second person. This is as follows. 1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر, whose أُمٌُُرyou wish to create. This
means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which
ِ for اض ُر ِ ٌ ْجع ُمؤنis an exception to this.2 Also, in the ends with a noon. The ٌصي غ ُة ٌ ٌ َّث ُح ِ case of كٌُرُحاضٌُر َُّ ْج ٌعُمُُذ, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
2. Now, remove the ع ُِحرف ُالمضا ِر, which in this case is ت. The seeghah should be unreadable. 3. Now, add a ل ُِ ُهزةُالوصat the beginning and give it a kasrah.3 This process is illustrated in the following table.
2
ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such In fact, this ٌصي غ ُة
words are called ن ُ ِ مب. 3 Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.
57
Lesson 9
Table 9.1
ِ )أمرُح Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُاض ٌرُمعروف ٌ [From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of Second Person
ِ ُِع ٌ فع ٌلُمضار ُت فعل ت فعال ُِن
Give jazm to the seeghahs
Drop the harf al-mudari‘
Add a hamzat alwasl at the beginning
ُت فعل
ُف عل
ُت فعال
ُف عال
ُاِف عل ُاِف عال
ت فعلوا ُت فعلِي
فُعلوا ُف علِي
ُت فعال
ُف عال
ُت فعلن
ُف علن
ُت فعلون ُت فعلِي
ُت فعال ِن ُت فعلن
اِف علوا ُاِف علِي ُاِف عال ُاِف علن
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person imperative in active voice. These must be memorized. Table 9.2
ِ )أمرُح Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُاض ٌرُمعروف ٌ Person
Gender Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
()مذ َّكٌُر
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن
Plurality
English
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
58
Arabic
ُاِف عل ُاِف عال
اِف علُوا ُاِفُعُلِي ُاِف عال ُاِف علُن
ُاْلمرُوالنَّهي
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.2a
ِ ُالُمُرُُال ُاضرُُالُمعروف ِ ا ُلصي غة
ُاِف عل ُاِف عال
اِف علوا ُاِف علِي ُاِف عال ُاِف علن
ِ ُاِسم ُالصي غ ِة
ِو ِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ُاضٌر ٌ ِ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ ِ ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر ِو ِ َّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن اضٌُر ُِ َّثُح ٌُ تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن ِ َّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ ْج ٌُعُمؤن
Examples:
1. From ُ( تُفتحyou are opening/will open), we get ُ( اِف تحopen!). 2. From ُ( ِتُلِسyou are sitting/will sit), we get ُ( اِجلِسsit!).
3. From ُ( تُسمعyou are hearing/will hear), we get ُ( اَِسعhear!). 4. From ُ( تُضُ ِربyou are hitting/will hit), we get ُ( ُاِضُ ِربhit!). 5. From ُ( تُذُهبyou are going/will go), we get ُ( ُاِذُهُبgo!). Creating ي ٌُ ن هfor the Second Person
Like أُمٌُُر, the ي ٌُ ُ نُهof any verb is also created from its respective ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر. In this
lesson, we will study the method of making ي ُ ُ نُهfor the second person. It is partially
ٌ
similar to the method given above for أُمٌُُر, but there are also differences. The process is as follows. 1. Like in the case of أُمٌُُر, give a jazm to the ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر. This means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,
ِ for اض ُر ِ ٌ ْجعُمؤنwill be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ُْجعُمُُذ َُّك ُر the ٌصي غُ ُة ٌ ٌ َّثُح ٌ ٌ ِ حاضٌُر, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
59
Lesson 9
2. Now, instead of removing the ِع ُِحرف ُالمضار, just place a ُ َلbefore it. This ُ َلis a
ُحرفُالنَّه ِي, and is called ُاهيُة ُِ ََّلُُالُن.
This process is illustrated in the following table. Table 9.3
ِ )ن ه ُيُح Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُاض ٌرُمعروف ٌ [From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of
Give jazm to the seeghahs
Add a laa al-nahiyah at the beginning
ت فع ُل ت فعال ُِن
ُت فعل
َُلُُت فعل
ُت فعال
َُلُُت فعال
ُت فعلون ُت فعلِي
ت فعلوا ُت فعلِي
َلُُت فعلوا َُلُُت فعلِي
ُت فُعال
َُلُُت فعال
ُت فعلن
َُلُُت فعلن
Second Person ع ٌُ فِع ٌلُمضُا ِر
ُت فعال ِن ُت فعلن
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.4
ِ )ن هيُح Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُاض ٌرُمعروف ٌ Person
Gender Masculine
Second Person
ِ )ح (اضٌُر
()مذ َّكٌُر
Feminine (َّث ٌُ )مؤن
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
(You) Don’t do!
َُلُت فعُل
Dual
(You) Don’t do!
َُلُت فعُال
Plural
(You) Don’t do!
Singular
(You) Don’t do!
َلُت فعُلوا َُلُت فعُُلِي
Dual
(You) Don’t do!
َُلُت فعُال
Plural
(You) Don’t do!
َُلُت فعُلن
60
ُاْلمرُوالنَّهي
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.4a
ِ ُاُلنُهيُُال ُاضرُُالُمعروف ِ ا ُلصي غة
َُلُت فعل َُلُت فعال َلُت فعلوا َُلُت فعُلِي َُلُت فعال َُلُت فعلن
ِ ُاِسم ُالصي غ ِة
ِو ِ اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ُاضٌر ٌ اضٌُر ُِ تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ِ ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح اضٌُر ٌ ٌ ِو ِ َّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ اح ٌُدُمؤن اضٌُر ُِ َّثُح ٌُ تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن ِ َّثُح اضٌُر ٌُ ْج ٌُعُمؤن
Examples: 1. From ُ( تُفتحyou are opening/will open), we get ُ( َلُُتُفتحdo not open!). 2. From ُ( ِتُلِسyou are sitting/will sit), we get ُ( َلُُِتُلِسdo not sit!).
3. From ُ( تُسمعyou are hearing/will hear), we get ُ( َلُُتُسمعdo not hear!). 4. From ُ( تُضُ ِربyou are hitting/will hit), we get ُ( َلُُتُضُ ِربdo not hit!). 5. From ُ( تُذُهبyou are going/will go), we get ُ( َلُُتُذُهُبdo not go!). The vowels (harakah) of أُم ٌُرand ي ٌُ ن ه
Many times we find أُمٌُُرto be on the pattern of ُ اِف علas in ُاَِسع. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes, it follows the ُ اف علpattern as in ُانصر, and sometimes the
اِف ُعِ ُلpattern as in ُاِض ِرب. The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel ِ وseeghah of pattern of أُمٌُُرand ي ٌُ ُ نُهis dependent on the ( )عletter of the ب ٌُ ِاح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ ِ ع ُو ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر. ُThe ( )عletter of this ب ع ٌُ ِاح ٌدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرgoverns the أُمٌُُرin two ways, and ي ٌُ ُ نُهin one way. The one way where it governs both أُمٌُُرand ي ٌُ ُ نُهis the harakah of the ( )عletter of أُمٌُُرand ي ٌُ ُنُه. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the ()ع ِ ع ُو letter of ب ٌُ ِاح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغُائ ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِرhas a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the ( )عletter
61
Lesson 9
of أُمٌُُرand ي ُ ُ نُهwill have the same vowel. For example, in ُ يُسُمُعthe ( )عletter is ( )مand
ٌ
has a fathah. Therefore, in its أُمٌُُرand ي ٌُ ُ نُهforms, the ( )مwill also get a fathah. Its أُمٌُُر ِ will be ُ اَسعand its ي ُ ُ نُهwill be َُلُتسمع. In ُ يض ِربthere is a kasrah under ( ;)رtherefore,
ٌ
its أُمٌُُرand ي ُ ُ نُهforms will be ُ اِض ِربand ُ َل ُتض ِربrespectively. In ُي نصر, there is a
ٌ
dammah on ( ;)صtherefore, its أُمٌُُرand ي ُ ُ نُهforms will be ُ انصرand ُ َلُت نصرrespectively.
ٌ
The other way in which ( )عletter of ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِرgoverns أُمٌُُرis with respect to the hamzat al-wasl of أُمٌُُر. This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It cannot have a fathah. If the ( )عletter of ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرhas a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl of أُمٌُُرwill also have a dammah. For example, the أُمٌُُرof ُ ي نصرwill be ُ انصرbecause ()ص
is the ( )عletter of ِع ٌُ فِع ٌل ُمضارand it has a dammah. And if the ( )عletter of ع ٌُ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of أُمٌُُرwill get a kasrah. For example, the أُمٌُُرof ُ يسمعis ُاَِسع, and the أُمٌُُرof ُ يض ِربis ُاِض ِرب.
It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in ي ُ ُنُه. It is only
ٌ ِ dependent on the ( )عletter of ع ٌُ ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِرfor the harakah on its own ( )عletter. Word List For Verbs Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
he went
ُذهب
he stopped (someone)
ُمنع
َُينع
he started
ُبدأ
ُي بدأ
he opened
ُف تح
ُي فتح
he searched
ُِبُث َُِسع
ُي بحث
he heard
ُض ِحك ُع ِمل ُعلِم
he laughed he did, he acted, he worked he came to know
ُلعِب ُقُبِل
he played he accepted
62
ُع ٌ مضا ِر ُيذهب
ُيسمع ُيضحك ُي عمل ُي علم ُي لعب ُي قبل
ُاْلمرُوالنَّهي
Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
ُع ٌ مضا ِر
he was cautious
ُطبخ ُح ِذر
he went near, he came near
ُق رب
ُي قرب
he became sad
ُحزن
َُيُُزن
he mocked
ُهُزأ
ُي هزأ
he did
ُف عل
ُي فعل
he read
ُقُرأ
ُي قرأ
he entered
ُدخل ُش ِرب
ُيدخل
he cooked
he drank
ُيطبخ َُيذر
ُيشرب
Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic
English
Singular
ُإِل
to
Plural
ُسو ٌق مس ِج ٌُد
market mosque but, rather, however
ُبل
box
ُصندو ٌق ُِل
for
ُن فسك كثِي ًرا ِن ٌصيح ُة
yourself a lot advice mother
ُأم
with
ُمع
doll
ٌدمي ُة ٌكرُة
ball
ُكال ٌم
speech
63
ُأنُفسكم
ُات ٌ أ َّمه
Lesson 9
Arabic
English
comb meat snake scorpion cat
path
ُات ٌ َّحي ُعُقا ِرب ٌُ قِط ط
that
ُمست ِقي ٌم خي ٌُر أ َُّن
all, each
ُكل
thing
ُ ش ٌيء ق ِدي ٌُر
straight good
powerful
ٌشفاع ُة ٌق ري ُة ص ِدي ٌُق ٌُ ف ند ق
intercession village friend hotel
ُب ٌل ٌُ َب ب
milk door
ُت ٌ بي مُ ِدي ٌُر ٌج ِريدُة
house manager; editor newspaper
2. َُلُتذهب
ُْل ٌم ٌحيَُّة ٌُ عقر ب ٌقِطَُّة عل ى ٌُ ِصرا ط
upon, on
1. ُاِذهب
Plural
ٌِمرأُة ٌُ ِمش ط
mirror
Exercise 1:
Singular
Translate into English 7. َلُتسمعوا 8. اِضحكوا
64
ق ًرى ُف ن ِادق
ُاْلمرُوالنَّهي 3. َلَُتن عوا
9. اِعملوا
5. ُاِف ت ِحي
11. اِعلما
10. اَِسُعا
4. ي ُ َِلُت بدئ 6. َُلُت بحثن Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
12. َلُت لعبا Translate into Arabic
Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. Open (S/M) the box. Work (D/M) for yourselves. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.
Exercise 3:
Translate into English.
1. َلَُتزنُعلي ِه ُم 2. َلُت هزءواُوَلُتضحكوا 3. ُاِف علواُاْلي ر
4. ُاِق رُِءيُُوَلُت لعبي
5. ُاِعلمواُأُ َّنُهللاُعلُىُك ِلُشُيُ ٍءُق ِدي ٌُر 6. ُاِق ب لواُالشَّفاعة
7. ُادخلواُه ِذهُِالقرية
8. ُاِذهب واُمعُص ِدي ِقكمُُإِلُالفند ِقُواشرب واُاللَّبُمعه
ِ اِف تحواَُببُالب ي 9. ِتُواذهب واُُإِلُُمُ ِدي ُِرُاْل ِريدُة
65
LESSON 10
ُُالُمُع،ُُالتُثُُنِيُة،ُاحد ُِ الُ ُو Singular, Dual, Plural We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single, sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual and plural. For example, ن ٌُ مُ ُؤُِمmeans ‘one believer,’ ان ُِ مُ ُؤُِمنmeans ‘two believers,’ and
ُ مُ ُؤُِمن ونmeans ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals of nouns.
ِ (وone of the ٌ – ت ثنِي ُةDual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )اح ٌُد following:
ِ An ُف ُِ [ﹷ ٌ أُُلpreceded by a fathah and followed by a نُ ُو ٌُنwith a kasrah i.e. ]ان for the state of ُرفُ ٌُع. e.g.
ُرجال ِن
two men
A ٌ َيُ ُءpreceded by a fathah and a نُ ُو ٌُنwith a kasrah i.e. ]ن ُِ ُ [ﹷيfor the states of
ُب ٌ ُ نُصand ُجُر. e.g. ُِ رجل ي
two men
ِ (وone of the ُ – َج ٌعPlural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )اح ٌُد following:5
A او ٌُ ُوpreceded by a dammah and followed by a نُ ُو ٌُنwith a fathah i.e. ]ُ[ﹹون for the state of ُرفُ ٌُع. e.g.
ُ ُمسلِمونMuslims
A ٌ َيُ ُءpreceded by a kasrah and followed by a نُ ُو ٌُنwith a fathah i.e. [ُ ]ﹻينfor the states of ب ٌُ ُ نُصand ُجُر. e.g.
ُ مسلِ ِميMuslims
4
It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more. 5 There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.
67
Lesson 10
For the ease of the students, a chart showing مسلِ ٌُمand its dual and plural forms in each of the different states is given below. Table 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural Singular (ُاحد ُِ )الُُو In the state of ُرفُ ٌُع
In the state of ب ٌُ ُنُص In the state of ُجُر
ُمسلِ ٌم مسلِ ًما مسلٍُِم
Dual (ُ)التَُّثُُنِيُة
ِ مسلِم ُان ُِ مسلِم ي ُِ مسلِم ي
Plural (ُ)اُْلُمُع
ُمسلِمون ُمسلِ ِمي ُمسلِ ِمي
Examples: 1. Two men went to the market.
ُُالسو ِق ُُّ ذهبُرجال ِنُُإِل
2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.
ُخطبُالعالِمون ُِِفُالمس ِج ِد
3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.
ِ نصرُخُاُلِ ٌُدُمظلوم ُي
4. Naseer hit the oppressors.
ِ ضربُن ُصي ٌرُاُلظَّالِ ِمي
5. I wrote with two pens.
ِ كت بتُبِقلم ُي
6. A man from amongst the believers came.
ُجآءُرج ٌل ُِمنُالمُ ُؤُِمُنِي
Note: The ُو ٌُن ُ نof dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf. For example, 1. ق لماُزي ٍُد
(Zayd’s two pens)
2. ل ٍُ ف رساُرج
(a man’s two horses)
ِ ق لمbut the نُ ُو ٌُنwas dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ان ُزي ٍُد end of mudaaf. ِ ف رسbut the نُ ُو ٌُنwas dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ل ٍُ ان ُرج end of mudaaf.
68
ِ الو ُُاْلمع،ُالتَّثنِية،ُاحد
ِ مسلِمو 3. ُُمصر
(Muslims of Egypt)
ِ مسلِمونbut the نُ ُو ٌُنwas dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ُُمصر end of mudaaf.
ِ طالِب و 4. ُعل ٍُم
(seekers of knowledge)
ِ طالِب ونbut the نُ ُو ٌُنwas dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ُعل ٍُم end of mudaaf.
Word List for Verbs Arabic
English (for past tense)
ُماض
he ordered
ُأمر
he wrote
ُكتب
ُيكتب
he ate
ُأكل
َُيكل
he cut
ُقطع
he hit
ُضرب
ُي قطع ُيض ِرب
he took
ُأخذ
َُيخذ
he studied
ُدرس
ُيدرس
he cooked
ُطبخ
ُيطبخ
he read
ُق رأ
ُي قرأ
he filled
ُمل
he imprisoned
ُحبس
he forgave
ُغفر
َُيل َُيبِس ُي غ ِفر
ُع ٌ مضا ِر َُيمر
Word List for Nouns English
Arabic Singular
ِو ُظ ٌ اع ٌُ كِت اب مُؤِم ٌُن خب ٌُز
preacher book believer bread
69
Plural
ِو ُاعظون ُب ٌ كت ُمؤِمن ون ُأخب ٌاز
Lesson 10
English
Arabic Singular
ٌشجرُة ول ٌُد ٌِمظلَُّة
tree boy umbrella year worshipper a fish
ُُع ٌام،ٌسنة عابِ ٌُد ٌَسك ُة
house female servant, maid
uncle (maternal) thief jail, prison guidance pious, God-fearing successful; prosperous corrupt
ُُأُعو ٌام،ِسن ون ٌُ َّعُُب اد
ٌكَّراس ُة ٌُ ب ي ت ٌخ ِادم ُة
notebook
jar
Plural
ٌجَّرُة ٌُخال ٌُ سا ِر ق ِسج ٌُن ه ًدى )مت ٍَّقُ(المت َِّقي مفلِ ٌُح مف ِس ٌُد َن ُن مصلِ ٌُح ُِ ظ ٌال
we peacemaker oppressor
ُاب ٌ عذ ألِي ٌُم كافٌُِر ٌُ م ِه ي
punishment painful disbeliever, infidel humiliating, disgraceful
م ُع صابٌُِر ُاْلمد
with patient all praise
70
ُسا ِرق ون
)متَّقونُ(المتَُّقون ُمفلِحون ُمف ِسدُون
ُمصلِحون ُظالِمون
ُكافِرون
ُصابِرون
ِ الو ُُاْلمع،ُالتَّثنِية،ُاحد
English
Arabic Singular
Lord
ُرب
world
ُع ٌال
blessing, grace (of Allah Most High)
ٌُصلُوة
peace
ُسال ٌم عل ى سيِ ٌُد
upon, on master; chief
ُمرس ٌل ُخ ٌامت ُ ِن ب
messenger seal; ring prophet family companion all Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
أ ٌُل ِص ٌُ اح ب ُأُْجع
Translate into Arabic
I ordered the preachers. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers. They (P/F) ate the bread. You (P/M) cut the tree. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas. You (P/F) will study for two years. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.
Exercise 2:
Translate into English
ِ القرآنُُهدىُلِلمت 1. َُّقي ً 2. ُالمؤِمن ونُُمفلِحون
3. َُُننُمصلِحون:ُقالُُالمف ِسدون
71
Plural
ُعالمون
ُمرسلون ُِ خُُو امت ُنبِيُُّون
ُاب ٌ أُصح ُأُْجعون
Lesson 10
ِ ِِ ابُأُلِي ٌمُ 4. ُللظُل ُميُعذ ٌ
يُ 5. لِلكُافِ ِرينُعذ ٌُ ابُ ُّم ِه ٌ صابِ ِرينُ 6. اُهللُُمعُُال َُّ
اُهللُُي غ ِفرُلِلمؤِمنِيُ 7.
ُِلُِر ِ بُالعل ِميُ 8. اْلمد ِ ُ
ُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِيُ 9. امتُالنَّبُِيِيُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُُلِِه ُ السالمُعلىُسيِ ِدُالمرسلِيُخ ُِ اُ َّ لصالُةُو َّ
72