Ten Lessons of Arabic, based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi [2 ed.]

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TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi

Revised by ‘Aamir Bashir

Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Dec 2011 Second Online Edition Jul 2012 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents

i

List of Tables

ii

Acknowledgments

iii

Foreword LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5 LESSON 6

v

ُ‫ – مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر‬Subject and Predicate ‫افُإِلي ُِه‬ ٌ ‫افُومض‬ ٌ ‫مض‬

ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ – ال ِفعلُالم‬Past Tense Verb ِ ‫ُف‬،‫ – فِعل‬Verb, Subject, Object ٌُ‫ُمفعول‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ٌ ُ‫ – اْلروفُاْل َّارة‬Prepositions ُ‫ضمائِر‬ َُّ ‫ – ال‬Pronouns

1 7 11 19 25 31

LESSON 7

ُ‫ – ال ِفعلُالمضارِع‬Present and Future Tense Verb

39

LESSON 8

ِ ‫ – ا‬Adjective ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬

49

LESSON 9

ُ‫ – اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬Imperative & Prohibitive

57

LESSON 10

ِ ‫ – الو‬Singular, Dual, Plural ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثُنِية‬،‫احد‬

67

i

LIST OF TABLES 3.1

Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬ ُِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬

12

3.1a

ُ‫اضيُُالمعروف‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

13

3.2

Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬ ُِ ‫)اُل ِفعلُالم‬

14

3.2a

ُ‫اضيُُالُمجهول‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

15

5.1

Prepositions (ُ‫ارة‬ َّ ‫)اْلروفُاْل‬

25

6.1

ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns Unattached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ص‬

31

6.2 7.1

ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns Attached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫َّص‬

32

Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضار‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫)معرو‬

39

7.1a

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالمعروف‬

40

7.2

Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضار‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)َمهول‬

41

7.2a

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضا ِرعُالُمجهول‬

42

9.1

ِ ‫)أم ُرُح‬ Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬ ٌ

58

9.2

ِ ‫)أمرُح‬ Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬ ٌ

9.2a

ِ ‫اْلمرُاْل‬ ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬

9.3

ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice Creating Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬

9.4

59

ٌ

ِ ‫ )ن هيُح‬in Active Voice Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫اضٌرُمعرو‬

9.4a

ِ ‫النَّهيُاْل‬ ُ‫اضرُالمعروف‬

10.1

Singular, Dual, and Plural

58

ٌ

60 60 61 68

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.

iii

‫الصلوةُوالسالمُعلىُرسولهُالكرمي‬ ُ ‫بسمُهللاُالرمحنُالرحيمُو‬

FOREWORD

This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors and students regarding improvement of the text. Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan 2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time. Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011– 2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’ attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words. If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less. This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my

v

best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at the email address given at the end. This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year. They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half. Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular M = Masculine

D = Dual F = Feminine

P = Plural

Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) (D/M) (P/M) (S/F) (D/F) (P/F)

= = = = = =

‘Singular masculine’ which means one male ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females

vi

I hope and pray that this revised edition will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all in their prayers. And He alone gives success.

ُ‫وصلَّىُهللاُُت عالُُعلُىُخ ِْيُخل ِق ِهُسيِ ِدَنُوموَلَنُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُلُِِه ُُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِي‬ ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 91th Shaʻban, 1433 (1th July, 2012) Email: [email protected]

vii

LESSON 1

ُ‫مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر‬

Subject and Predicate Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada (ٌ‫ )مُبُتُدُُأ‬and khabar (‫)خب ٌُر‬. The subject of the sentence is called mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and ‘knowledgeable’ُis khabar. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic.

3. Give two dammahs (‫ي‬ ُِ ‫ )ض َّمت‬to both words in the sentence.

Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.

ُِ ‫ُمموٌدُع‬ ٌ‫ال‬

2. Haamid is pious.

ُ‫ح ِام ٌدُصالِ ٌح‬

3. Khalid is a conqueror.

ُ‫خالِ ٌدُفاتِ ٌح‬

4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.

ٌُ‫ُم َّم ٌُدُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوسلَّم)ُرسول‬

5. Naasir is a friend.

ُ‫َن ِصٌرُص ِدي ٌق‬

In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated as ٌ‫ال‬ ُِ ‫ا َّلرجلُع‬. It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the tanween becomes a single fathah (ٌ‫)ف تح ُة‬, kasrah (ٌ‫ )كسرُة‬or dammah (ٌ‫ )ض َّم ُة‬as the case

1

ِ ‫)ن‬. In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah (ٌ‫ )مع ِرف ُة‬and a common noun is called nakirah (‫كرٌُة‬

1

Lesson 1

may be, eg. ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ رج‬becomes ُ‫ا َّلرجل‬. Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole category/class.’ For example, ُ‫لنسان‬ ُِ ‫ ا‬means ‘mankind’ and ُ‫ اْلمد‬means ‘all praise.’ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa (‫ )ة‬to the end of the word.

For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ‫ح‬ ٌُ ِ‫ا َّلرجلُصال‬. Now if you want to say ‘the

ِ ‫المرأةُص‬. Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be woman is pious,’ you will say ٌ‫اْل ُة‬ written as ٌ‫البِنتُعالِم ُة‬. Word List Arabic

English father mother son boy daughter, girl

Singular

Plural

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ُ‫أ‬ ُ‫أُم‬ ‫اِب ٌُن‬ ‫ول ٌُد‬ ٌُ ‫بِن‬ ‫ت‬

ُ‫أَُبء‬ ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬ ُ‫أُب ناء‬ ُ‫أوَل ٌد‬ ٌُ ‫ب ن‬ ‫ات‬

paternal uncle

ُ‫عم‬

paternal aunt

ٌ‫ع َّم ُة‬ ٌُ‫خال‬

ُ‫أُعم ٌام‬ ٌُ ‫ُع َّم‬،ٌ‫ع َّماُة‬ ‫ات‬ ٌُ‫أُخوال‬

ٌ‫خال ُة‬ ٌُ ُ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬

ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫خاَل‬ ٌُ‫ُُإِخوة‬،‫ُإِخوا ٌن‬

ٌ‫ج َّدُة‬ ‫ح ِفي ٌُد‬ ٌ‫ح ِفيدُُة‬

ُ‫َّات‬ ٌ ‫جد‬ ‫ُحفدٌُة‬،‫اد‬ ٌ ‫أُحف‬

maternal uncle maternal aunt brother

ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫أُخ‬ ُ‫جد‬

sister grandfather grandmother grandson granddaughter

ُ‫رج ٌل‬ ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬

man woman

2

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أُخو‬ ‫أُجد ٌُاد‬

ٌُ‫ِرجال‬ ُ ‫نِس‬ ٌ‫اء‬

ُ‫مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌر‬ Arabic

English

Singular

‫ِطف ٌُل‬ ٌ‫ِطفلُ ُة‬

male child, infant, toddler female male child, infant, toddler

ُ‫ق ِوي‬ ٌُ ‫ضعِي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ث ل ٌُج‬ ‫َب ِرٌُد‬

strong weak ice, snow cold

ُ‫م‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ٌُ ‫عذ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫صُغِي ٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫َِس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫صالِ ٌُح‬ ‫عابِ ٌُد‬ ُ‫ذكِي‬

water sweet small fat pious worshipper intelligent, smart

ُ‫عاقِ ٌل‬ ‫َمت ِه ٌُد‬ ِ ‫ْجي ٌُل‬ ‫شاكٌُِر‬ ٌُ ‫ص ِاد‬ ‫ق‬

hard-working beautiful thankful, grateful truthful

ُ‫رب‬ ُ ِ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬

Lord prophet, messenger

ٌُ‫رسول‬ ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬ ‫مسلِ ٌُم‬ ُ‫ا ُِلنسان‬

messenger path straight Muslim man, mankind

ُ‫عب ٌد‬ ‫قائِ ٌُد‬

slave leader, commander

3

Plural

ٌُ‫أُطفال‬ ُ‫أُق ِوَيء‬ ُ‫ضعفاء‬

ِ ٌ‫مي ُاه‬

ُ‫صلحاء‬ ُ‫اد‬ ٌ َّ‫عب‬ ُ‫أُذكِياء‬ ُ‫عقالء‬ ُ‫َمت ِهدون‬ ُ‫شاكِرُون‬ ُ‫ص ِادق ون‬ ُ‫أُنبِياء‬ ُ‫رس ٌل‬ ُ‫مسلِمون‬ ُ‫اد‬ ٌ ‫ِعب‬ ٌُ‫ُقادُة‬،‫ق َّو ٌاد‬

Lesson 1

Arabic

English brave generous

coming (F) respectful and merciful going (M) knowledgeable; scholar

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Translate into Arabic.

Haamid is a father. Mahmood is a son. Khalid is an uncle (paternal). Zayd is an uncle (maternal). Bakr is a brother. Sa‘eed is a grandfather. Hameed is a grandson. The man is strong. The child (M) is weak. The ice is cold. The water is sweet. The son is small. Hamzah is fat. The brother is pious.

Exercise 2:

Plural

ُ‫اع‬ ٌ ‫شج‬ ٌ‫ك ِر ُمي‬

ُ‫كِر ٌام‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫مؤَّد‬ ُ‫و‬ ‫رِحي ٌُم‬ ٌُ ‫ذ ِاه‬ ‫ب‬ ُِ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ال‬

ُ‫علُماء‬

ُ‫لساعة‬ َّ ‫ا‬ ٌ‫أُتِي ُة‬

the hour; day of resurrection

Exercise 1:

Singular

Translate into Arabic.

The woman is strong. The mother is beautiful. The daughter is a worshipper. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent. The aunt (paternal) is hard-working. The sister is beautiful. The grandmother is thankful.

4

‫مُبُتُدُأٌُوخب ٌرُ‬ ‫‪‘Aishah is intelligent.‬‬ ‫‪Fatimah is small.‬‬ ‫‪Maimoonah is a grand daughter.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (paternal) is pious.‬‬ ‫‪The girl is fat.‬‬ ‫‪The grandmother is pious.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English.‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪10.‬‬ ‫‪11.‬‬ ‫‪12.‬‬ ‫‪13.‬‬ ‫‪14.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬

‫اُْلخُك ِر ُميٌ ‪11.‬‬

‫اهللُربُ ‪1.‬‬

‫عمٌروَُمت ِه ٌُد ‪13.‬‬

‫ا َّلرسولُص ِ‬ ‫اد ٌقُ ‪3.‬‬

‫ُم َّم ٌدُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوسلَّمُ)ُنِبُ ‪2.‬‬

‫لساعة ُُاتِي ُةٌ ‪12.‬‬ ‫ا َّ‬

‫ا ِ‬ ‫لصراطُمست ِقي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬

‫ب ‪14.‬‬ ‫طا ِر ٌقُمؤَّد ٌُ‬

‫ُمموٌدُمسلِ ٌمُ ‪5.‬‬

‫البِنتُمؤَّدب ُةٌ ‪15.‬‬ ‫اُلع ُّمُذكِيُ ‪16.‬‬

‫ا ِلنسانُعب ٌُد ‪6.‬‬ ‫خالِ ٌدُقائِ ٌدُ ‪7.‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫بُواْلدُُّرِحي ٌُم ‪17.‬‬ ‫اْلفيدُمؤَّد ٌ‬ ‫اطمةُُذ ِ‬ ‫فِ‬ ‫اهب ُةٌ ‪18.‬‬

‫اع ‪8.‬‬ ‫القائِدُشج ٌُ‬

‫ِ ِ‬ ‫بُ ‪19.‬‬ ‫حُام ٌدُذاه ٌ‬

‫خ ‪9.‬‬ ‫سعِي ٌدُأ ٌُ‬

‫الٌ ‪20.‬‬ ‫ُمموٌدُع ُِ‬

‫ل ‪10.‬‬ ‫اْلالُعاقِ ٌُ‬

‫‪5‬‬

LESSON 2

ُ‫افُإِلي ِه‬ ٌ ‫افُومض‬ ٌ ‫مض‬ Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (‫اف‬ ٌُ ‫)مض‬ and mudaaf ilayhi (‫اف ُإِلي ُِه‬ ٌ ‫)مض‬.

One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other

(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi. For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood. Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession. 2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then there is no need to reverse the sequence. 3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents. 4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get ‫قلمُُممود‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. You get ‫ق لم ُُمموٍُد‬. Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes

ُ‫كِتاب ُخالِ ٍد‬. For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get

‫خامتُذهب‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. You get ‫ب‬ ٍُ ‫خامتُذه‬. The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah. ‫ب‬ ٍُ ‫ خامت ُذه‬will become ُ ‫خامت‬

ِ ‫الذه‬ َّ . It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween. ُ‫ب‬ For instance, in the above example, ُ‫ خامت‬will not accept alif-laam or tanween.

7

Lesson 2

Word List Arabic

English

Singular

‫ِجد ٌُار‬

wall

ُ‫د ٌار‬ ٌُ ‫ب ي‬ ‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫َب‬ ‫ب‬

home, house door

ُ‫اك‬ ٌ َّ‫شب‬ ٌ‫حجرُة‬

window room

ٌ‫غرف ُة‬ ‫سط ٌُح‬

roof

ُ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫سق‬ ‫س ِري ٌُر‬

ceiling bed

ُ‫قُل ٌم‬ ُ‫حر‬

pen heat

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َش‬ ‫ي وٌُم‬ ‫ِديُ ٌُن‬ ٌ‫ُإِقام ُة‬

sun day judgment; religion to establish, establishing

Plural

ُ‫ُجدرا ٌن‬،‫جدٌر‬ ‫ُدُوٌُر‬،‫ِدَيٌُر‬ ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫بيو‬ ٌُ ‫أُبُو‬ ‫اب‬ ُ‫شبابِيك‬

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫حجر‬ ٌُ ‫غر‬ ‫ف‬

ُ‫ُأُسط ٌح‬،‫ح‬ ٌُ ‫سطو‬ ٌُ ‫سقو‬ ‫ف‬ ُ‫سرٌر‬ ‫أُقال ٌُم‬

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َشو‬ ‫أ ََّي ٌُم‬

ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬ ُ ‫ُإِي ت‬ ٌ‫اء‬

ritual prayer (salah) to give, giving

ٌُ‫ُزكاة‬،ٌ‫زكوة‬ ٌ‫ب لدُة‬

poor due (zakah) city, town

ُ‫ب ل ٌد‬ ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬

country; city, town city, town people

ٌ‫ضوُء‬ ٌُ ‫ِسر‬ ‫اج‬

light lamp

ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬

darkness

8

ُ‫ُب لدا ٌن‬،‫ُبِال ٌد‬ ‫مد ٌُن‬ ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َن‬ ُ‫أُضواء‬

ُ‫سر ٌج‬ ٌُ ‫ظلم‬ ‫ات‬

ُ‫افُإلي ِه‬ ٌ ‫افُومض‬ ٌ ‫مض‬ Arabic

English

Singular

ُ‫لي ٌل‬ ‫ُإِصب ٌُع‬ ‫ِرج ٌُل‬ ‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬ ‫أ ِمي ٌُر‬ ِ‫ق‬ ‫صي ٌُر‬ ٌُ ِ‫َث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رفِي ٌُع‬ ُ ‫ِشت‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ٌُ ‫صي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ربِي ٌُع‬ ٌُ ‫خ ِري‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج ِدي ٌُد‬

night finger, toe foot; leg tall, long leader, governor short expensive high winter summer spring autumn, fall new

ِ ٌ‫قد ُمي‬ ٌُ ‫كِت‬ ‫اب‬

old book

ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬ ‫سفٌُر‬

note-book jouney, travel

Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Translate into Arabic.

Haamid’s son/son of Hameed Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah The house’s wall/wall of the house The room’s door/door of the room The room’s window/window of the room The house’s roof/roof of the house The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather The sun’s heat/heat of the sun

9

Plural

ُ‫أُصابِع‬ ُ‫أُرج ٌل‬

Lesson 2

Exercise 2:

Translate into English.

ِ ‫ي وم‬ 1. ‫ن‬ ُِ ‫ُالدي‬

6. ُ‫ظلمةُاللَّي ِل‬

َّ ‫إِي تاء‬ 3. ِ‫اة‬ ُ ‫ُالزك‬

ِ ‫ق لمُح‬ 8. ‫ام ٍُد‬

2. ‫ُالصالُِة‬ َّ ‫إِقامة‬

7. ُ‫أصابِعُ ِرج ٍل‬ 9. ‫ِسراجُخالِ ٍُد‬

4. ‫َنسُالب لدُِة‬

10. ‫أ ِمي رُالم ِدي ن ُِة‬

ِ ‫ضوء‬ 5. ٍُ‫ُسراج‬

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic. 1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive. 2. The house’s wall is long. 3. The house’s roof is high. 4. Haamid’s son is tall. 5. Fatimah’s sister is short. 6. Days of Summer are long. 7. Days of Winter are short. 8. Door of the house is high. 9. Ceiling of the room is expensive. Exercise 4: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Translate into English.

ِ ‫ُالرج ُِلُعاقِ ٌُل‬ َّ ‫ابن‬ ِ ‫بِنت‬ ٌ‫ُاَلمرأةُِط ِوي ل ُة‬ ِ ‫َببُالب ي‬ ‫تُج ِدي ٌُد‬ ِ ‫أ ُّمُُمموٍدُق‬ ٌُ‫صي رة‬ ِ ِ ِ ٌ‫كتابُعائشةُقد ُمي‬ ِ ‫كَّراسة‬ ٌ‫ُآمنةُج ِديدُة‬ ِ ٍ ِ ‫ب يت‬ ٌ‫ُمحيدُقد ُمي‬ ُ‫اِبنُخالِدةُذكِي‬

ِ ‫ُالسف ِرُق‬ 9. ‫صي رٌُة‬ َّ ‫صالة‬

10

LESSON 3

ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬ Past Tense Verb In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it should be noted that ُ‫ ف عل‬means “he (S/M) did,” ُ‫ ف عال‬means “they (D/M) did,” ‫ف علوا‬ means “they (P/M) did,” ُ‫ ف علت‬means “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in active voice (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫)فِع ٌلُمعرو‬.

ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below, In Arabic, each verb form is called ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬ we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,

ِ ‫و‬, ٌ‫تُثنِي ُة‬, and ‫ْج ُع‬, respectively; first the words for singular, dual and plural are ُ‫اح ٌد‬ ٌ ِ ِ person is called ‫متكُل ٌُم‬, second person is called ‫حاضٌُر‬, and third person is called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫;غائ‬ and masculine is called ‫مذ َّكٌُر‬, and feminine is called ‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫مؤن‬. Thus, singular masculine ِ ‫ و‬in Arabic. Dual masculine of the of the third person will be called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬ third person will be called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌ ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬, and plural masculine of the third person will be called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬, and so on. In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and

ِ ‫ و‬and ‫ْجعُمتكُلِ ُم‬, respectively. plural first person will be called ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬ ٌ ٌ

11

Lesson 3

We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

Table 3.1

ِ ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬ Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمعروف‬ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

First Person (‫)متكُلِ ٌُم‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

English

Arabic

Singular

He did.

ُ‫ف عل‬

Dual

They did.

ُ‫ف عال‬

Plural

They did.

‫ف علُوا‬

Singular

She did.

ُ‫ف علت‬

Dual

They did.

‫ف علتُا‬

Plural

They did.

ُ‫ف علن‬

Singular

You did.

ُ‫ف علت‬

Dual

You did.

‫ف علتُما‬

Plural

You did.

Singular

You did.

‫ف علتُ ُم‬ ُِ ‫ف عل‬ ‫ت‬

Dual

You did.

‫ف علتُما‬

Plural

You did.

ُ‫ت‬ َّ ‫ف عل‬

Singular

I did.

ُ‫ف علت‬

Dual/ Plural

We did.

‫ف علنُا‬

12

ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬ Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 3.1a

ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬ ُ‫اضىُالمعروف‬ ِ ُ‫اِسم‬ ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصي غة‬

ِ ِ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ِ‫و‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغُائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ‫اضٌُر‬ ُِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح‬ ِ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ٌ ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫َّثُحاضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ِ ُ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬ ِ ‫ثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ َّ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤُن‬ ِ‫و‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬

ُ‫ف عل‬ ُ‫ف عال‬ ‫ف علوا‬ ُ‫ف علت‬ ‫ف علتا‬ ُ‫ف علن‬ ُ‫ف علت‬ ‫ف علتما‬ ‫ف علت ُم‬ ُِ ‫ف عل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف علتما‬ ُ‫ت‬ َّ ‫ف عل‬ ُ‫ف علت‬ ‫ف علنا‬

Note: In the tables above, ُ‫ ف عل‬has been translated as “he did” and ُ‫ ف علت‬as “she did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine) did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

13

Lesson 3

Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter (‫ )ف‬of ُ‫ف عل‬, and a kasrah on its second letter (‫)ع‬. It will

become ُ‫فعِل‬. Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive voice (ٌُ‫ل َُمهول‬ ٌُ ‫)فِع‬. Similarly, ُ‫ ف عال‬will become ُ‫فعِال‬, ‫ ف علوا‬will become ‫فعِلوا‬,ُ ُ‫ ف علت‬will becomeُ ُ‫فعِلت‬, and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

Table 3.2

ِ ُ‫)ال ِفعلُالم‬ Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

First Person (‫)متكُلِ ٌُم‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Faminine

Plurality

English

Singular

He was done.

Dual

They were done.

Plural

They were done.

Singular

She was done.

Dual

They were done.

Plural

They were done.

Singular

You were done.

Dual

You were done.

Plural

You were done.

Singular

You were done.

Dual

You were done.

Plural

You were done.

‫فعِلتُما‬ َُّ ‫فعِل‬ ‫ت‬

Singular

I was done.

ُ‫فعِلت‬

Dual/ Plural

We were done.

‫فعِلنا‬

14

Arabic

ُ‫فعِل‬ ُ‫فعِال‬

‫فعِلوا‬ ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫فعِلتُا‬ ُ‫فعِلن‬

ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫فعِلتُما‬ ‫فعِلتُ ُم‬ ُِ ‫فعِل‬ ‫ت‬

ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬ Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be written in Arabic. Table 3.2a

ِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬ ُ‫اضىُالُمجهول‬ ِ ُ‫اِسم‬ ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصي غة‬

‫فعِ ُل‬ ُ‫فعِال‬

ِ ِ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ٌُ ِ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ِ‫و‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغُائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬ ٌُ ِ‫َّثُغائ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ‫اضٌُر‬ ُِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح‬ ِ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ٌ ِ ‫َّثُحاضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ُِ ‫و‬ ِ ُ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬ ِ‫و‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬

‫فعِلوا‬ ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫فعِلتا‬ ُ‫فعِلن‬

ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫فعِلتما‬ ‫فعِلت ُم‬ ُِ ‫فعِل‬ ‫ت‬

‫فعِلتما‬ َُّ ‫فعِل‬ ‫ت‬ ُ‫فعِلت‬ ‫فعِلنا‬

Note: In these two tables, ُ‫ فعِل‬has been translated as “he was done” and ُ‫ فُعِلت‬as “she was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

15

Lesson 3

ِ‫و‬ Creating Conjugation Tables from ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذك ٌرُغائ‬ Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of

ِ‫و‬ other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ُ‫اح ٌُد‬

ِ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ مذكٌر ُغائ‬of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is composed of three letters. The first is called ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, the second is called ٌ‫عيُُكلِم ُة‬, and the third is called ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Now all that remains to be done is to identify which letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given above. Consider, the verb ُ‫( نصر‬he helped). Comparing this to ُ‫ ف عل‬of Table 3.1 or

Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, ‫ ن‬is the ٌ‫فاءُكلِم ُة‬, ‫ ص‬is the ٌ‫عي ُكلِم ُة‬, and ‫ ر‬is the ٌ‫َلم كلِم ُة‬. Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the rest of table.

ِ ‫ )و‬of various verbs Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌُدُمذكٌرُغائ‬ and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them. Word List For Verbs English

Arabic

he wrote

ُ‫كتب‬

he read

ُ‫ق رأ‬

he found

ُ‫وجد‬

he cooked

ُ‫طبخ‬

he cut

ُ‫قطع‬

he filled

ُ‫مل‬

he sought, he demanded

ُ‫طلب‬

he asked

ُ‫سأل‬

he made

ُ‫صنع‬

he took

ُ‫أخذ‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

he ran, he fled

ُ‫هرب‬

he went

ُ‫ذهب‬

he opened

ُ‫ف تح‬

16

ُ‫اضي‬ ُِ ‫ال ِفعلُالم‬

Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

English

Arabic

he hit

ُ‫ضرب‬

he entered

ُ‫دخل‬

he put (something)

ُ‫وضع‬

he helped

ُ‫نصر‬

he joined, he arrived

ُ‫وصل‬

he returned

ُ‫رجع‬

he slaughtered

ُ‫ذبح‬

he oppressed

ُ‫ظلم‬

he imprisoned, he detained

ُ‫حبس‬

Translate into Arabic.

I wrote. They (P/F) read. You (S/M) found. You (P/F) cooked. They (P/F) cut. We filled. You (P/M) demanded. They (D/M) asked. They (D/F) made. You (S/F) took.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. It (S/M) was eaten. 2. They (P/M) were cut. 3. They (P/F) were made. 4. They (P/F) ran. 5. You (S/M) went. 6. You (P/M) were found. 7. It (S/F) was opened. 8. He was hit. 9. They (P/F) entered. 10. It (S/F) was placed.

17

‫‪Lesson 3‬‬

‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬

‫ذهب تما ‪9.‬‬

‫نصروا ‪1.‬‬

‫ق رأتُ ‪11.‬‬

‫ضرب تمُ ‪3.‬‬

‫طبخا ‪12.‬‬

‫دخلتُ ‪4.‬‬

‫أكلنُ ‪13.‬‬

‫وضعُ ‪5.‬‬

‫كت ب نا ‪10.‬‬

‫وصلتُ ‪14.‬‬

‫ف تحتُ ‪2.‬‬

‫صن ع ِ‬ ‫تُ ‪6.‬‬

‫هرب وا ‪15.‬‬

‫ذهب تا ‪7.‬‬

‫رجعتمُ ‪16.‬‬

‫ُّن ‪8.‬‬ ‫وجدت َُّ‬

‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬

‫صنِعوا ‪7.‬‬

‫ض ِرب وا ‪1.‬‬

‫خلِقنا ‪9.‬‬

‫ذِِبتُ ‪3.‬‬

‫خلِقتمُ ‪8.‬‬ ‫حبِستما ‪10.‬‬ ‫وِجدتُ ‪11.‬‬ ‫تُ ‪12.‬‬ ‫سئِل َّ‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫نِ‬ ‫صرتُ ‪2.‬‬ ‫ظلِمتُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ق ِط ُع ‪5.‬‬

‫ضعُتُ ‪6.‬‬ ‫ُو ُِ‬

LESSON 4

ٌُ‫ُمُفُعُ ُول‬،‫اع ٌُل‬ ُِ ُ‫ُف‬،‫ُفِعُ ٌُل‬

Verb, Subject, Object In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫)فِع‬, then ِ ‫)ف‬, and finally the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬. subject (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬

ُ‫( فِع ٌل‬verb) = the action being done. ِ ‫( ف‬subject) = the person doing the action. ‫اع ٌُل‬ ٌُ‫( مفعول‬object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being done.

ِ ‫ ف‬gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the ٌُ‫مفعول‬ Rule: The ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ gets a fathah (or two fathahs). Examples:

1. ‘Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ فِع‬is ‘helped,’ Haamid is

ِ ‫ ف‬and Mahmood is the ٌُ‫مفعول‬. When translating this sentence into the ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ Arabic, the Arabic word for helped (ُ‫ )نصر‬will come first followed by the

ِ ‫ )ح‬with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood faa‘il, Hamid (‫ام ٌُد‬ ِ ‫نصرُح‬. (‫ )ُمموًدا‬with two fathahs. The final sentence will be ‫ام ٌدُُمموًدا‬

ِ ‫ )خ‬opened (ُ‫ )ف تح‬a door (‫)َب َُب‬.’ The same order used for the last 2. ‘A servant (‫اد ٌُم‬ ً

ِ ‫ ف‬second and ٌُ‫ مفعول‬last) will apply here. Remember, example (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ فِع‬first, ‫اع ٌُل‬ ِ ‫ ف‬will get two dammahs and the ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will get two fathahs. The full the ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬. sentence will be ‫اد ٌمَُب ًَُب‬

Notes:  If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will

ِ ‫ف تح ُاْل‬. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah be written as ُ‫ادم ُالباب‬ to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.

19

Lesson 4



ِ ‫ ف‬or a ٌُ‫مُفُعُ ُول‬. For Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ example: ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬ ُ‫ادمَُممودُُالُباب‬

Mahmood’s servant opened the door.

ِ ‫ف تحُاْلُ ِادمَُُببُالب ي‬ ُ‫ت‬ The servant opened the door of the house.

ِ ‫ف تحُخ‬ ِ ‫ادمَُممودَُببُالب ي‬ ُ‫ت‬ Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house. In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.

ِ ‫ ف‬or ٌُ‫ مفعول‬will show on the mudaaf alone Moreover, the effect of being a ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ and not the mudaaf ilayhi. Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he read

ُ‫ق رأ‬

he stopped (someone)

ُ‫منع‬

he wrote

ُ‫كتب‬

he defeated

ُ‫هزم‬

he cooked

ُ‫طبخ‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

he hit; he beat

ُ‫ضرب‬

he worshipped

ُ‫عبد‬

he broke (something physical)

ُ‫كسر‬

he tore

ُ‫خرق‬

he helped

ُ‫نصر‬

he cheated, he deceived

he heard

ُ‫خدع‬ ُ‫ربِح‬ ُ‫َِسع‬

he made (someone into someone or something into something)

ُ‫جعل‬

he profited

20

ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬ ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ٌ English

Arabic

ُ‫ف ِهم‬

he understood

he looked (at/towards)

‫ذك ُر‬ )ُ‫نظرُُ(إِل‬

he broke (something nonphysical)

ُ‫ن قض‬

he gave an example

)‫ضربُ(مث ًال‬

he remembered

he separated

ُ‫ف رق‬

he created, he made; he originated

ُ‫خلق‬

he was ungrateful; disbelieved

ُ ‫كف ر‬

he killed

ُ‫ق تل‬

he sat (down)

ُ‫جلس‬

he imposed; he made something obligatory

)‫كتبُ(عُلُى‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles English book letter army girl meat uncle (paternal) bread rice dog (drinking) glass garment, dress; cloth friend

Arabic Singular

ٌُ ‫كِت‬ ‫اب‬ ٌ‫ِرسال ُة‬

Plural

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ُ‫رسائِل‬

ُ‫جن ٌد‬ ٌُ ‫بِن‬ ‫ت‬

ُ‫جن وٌد‬

ُ‫ْل ٌم‬ ُ‫عم‬

ُ‫ْلوٌم‬

ُ‫خب ٌز‬ ُ‫أُرز‬

ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كل‬ ٌُ ‫كأ‬ ‫س‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ثو‬ ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬

21

ِ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كال‬ ٌُ ‫كؤو‬ ‫س‬ ٌُ ‫ثِي‬ ‫اب‬ ُ‫أص ِدقاء‬

Lesson 4

English

Arabic Singular

Plural

mother

ُ‫أم‬

messenger; prophet

ٌُ‫ُرسول‬ ‫ِدي ٌُن‬ ُ ‫َس‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ُ ‫بِن‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ٌُ ‫أر‬ ‫ض‬ ٌُ ‫فِر‬ ‫اش‬

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬ ‫رس ٌُل‬

religion sky building; roof land, earth bed; spread; mattress Satan, the Devil

ُ‫الشَّيطان‬

not

‫ما‬

trade ear heart transgressor oath; pledge; promise Muslim speech man example blessing sea chicken, hen servant door Exercise 1:

ٌ‫ِِتارُة‬ ‫أُذ ٌُن‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قل‬ ِ‫ف‬ ‫اس ٌُق‬ ‫عه ٌُد‬ ‫مسلِ ٌُم‬ ‫كال ٌُم‬ ‫رج ٌُل‬ ُ‫مث ٌل‬ ٌ‫نِعم ُة‬

ُ‫ِبٌُر‬ ٌ‫دجاج ُة‬ ‫خ ِاد ٌُم‬ ٌُ ‫َب‬ ‫ب‬

Translate into Arabic

1. Hameed read a book. 2. Naseer stopped Mahmood. 3. Khalid wrote a letter.

22

ُ‫أدَي ٌن‬ )‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫َُساو‬،‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫َسو‬ ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬ ٌ‫أبنِي ُة‬ ِ ‫ُاْلر‬،‫اض‬ ‫اضى‬ ٍُ ‫أر‬ ٌ‫أف ِرش ُة‬

ُ‫أُذا ٌن‬ ٌُ ‫ق لو‬ ‫ب‬

ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫اق‬ ٌ ‫ُف َّس‬،ُ‫اسقون‬ ‫عهوٌُد‬ ُ‫مسلِمون‬

ٌُ‫أمثال‬ ‫نِع ٌُم‬ ٌُ ‫ِِب‬ ‫ار‬

ُ‫دج ٌج‬ ٌُ ‫خد‬ ‫َّام‬ ٌُ ‫أُب و‬ ‫اب‬

ِ ‫ُف‬،‫فِعل‬ ُ‫ُمفعوٌل‬،‫اع ٌل‬ ٌ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Tariq defeated the army. The girl cooked the meat. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread. I ate the rice. I hit the dog. You (P/M) worshipped Allah. You (S/F) tore the cloth. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son). The girl’s mother broke the glass.

Exercise 2: applicable.

ِ ‫ف‬, and ٌُ‫مفعول‬, where Translate into English and identify the ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫فِع‬, ‫اع ٌُل‬

1. ‫َل‬ ًُ‫جعلُهللاُُُم َّم ًداُ(صلَّىُهللاُُعلي ِهُوُسلَّم)ُ َّرسو‬

ِ ‫ُالسالم‬ 2. ‫ُدي نًا‬ ُِ ُ‫جعلُهللا‬

ِ 3. ‫اشا‬ َّ ُُ‫جعُلُُهللا‬ ً ‫السمآءُبِناءً َُّواْلُرضُفر‬ 4. ُ‫ُالنسان‬ ُِ ‫خدعُالشَّيطُان‬ 5. ُ‫ماُرِِبتُالُتِجارة‬

ِ 6. ُ‫َسعتُُاُْلُذانُوعقلتُُاُلقلوب‬

ِ ‫هللاُِو‬ ِ ‫ن قضُالف‬ 7. ِ‫ُهللا‬ ُ ‫َُسعُالمسلِمُكالم‬ ُ ُ‫اسقُعهد‬ 8. ُ‫ضربُرج ٌلُمث ًال‬ 9. ‫ذكرواُنِعمةُهللاُِوماُكفروا‬ 10. ُ‫ف رق ناُالبحر‬

11. ُ‫ذُِبتمُالدَّجاجةُُوطبخُتمُُاللَّحم‬

23

LESSON 5

ُ‫الُُرُوفُُالُاُرة‬ Prepositions The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite frequently. Table 5.1

Prepositions (ُ‫)الُ ُرُوفُُالُاُرة‬

from; than

ُ‫ِف‬ ُ‫ِمن‬

to; up to

on; upon

‫علُى‬

for; belongs to

ِ ُ‫ب‬ ُ‫إِل‬ ُ‫ِل‬

as, like

ُ‫ك‬

up to, until

ُ‫حت‬

about; from; regarding

ُ‫عن‬

by (for oath)

ُ‫و‬

in; regarding

with; at

The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter. Below, we give examples of each of these.

ُ‫فُالدَّا ِر‬ ُ ُِ‫زي ٌُد‬ ِ ‫كت ب ت‬ ‫َُبلقل ُِم‬ ِ ‫ِمنُالب ي‬ ‫تُُإِلُُالمس ِج ُِد‬ ‫جلسُزي ٌدُعلُىُالكرُِس ُِي‬ ‫لسيَّارةُلِزي ٍُد‬ َّ ‫ا‬ ‫أمحدُكأس ٍُد‬ ُِ‫الصبح‬ َُّ ‫ِِنتُح‬ ُّ ُ‫ت‬ ِ ‫سألتُع ِنُال ِكت‬ ُ‫اب‬ ِ‫هللا‬ ُ ‫و‬

=

Zayd is in the house.

=

I wrote with the pen.

=

from the house to the mosque

=

Zayd sat on the chair.

=

The car belongs to Zayd.

=

Ahmad is like a lion.

=

I slept until the morning.

=

She asked about the book.

=

By Allah!

Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention them as well. They are as follows: 1.

ُ‫ت‬: by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example: ِ‫هللا‬ ُ ‫–ت‬ By Allah!

25

Lesson 5

2 & 3. ُ‫منذُ وُ مذ‬: since. These are used to define a time period. Example: ُُ‫ماُذهبتُُإِل‬

ُ‫ – المدرس ِةُمنذُي وِمُاْلمع ِة‬I have not gone to the school since Friday.

4.

5.

ُ‫ب‬ َُّ ‫ ر‬is always singular. Example: َّ ‫ر‬: many a, so many. The noun used after ‫ب‬ ُ‫بُرج ٍلُنصُرته‬ َّ ‫ – ر‬I helped so many men. ُ‫خال‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – علَّمُت ُاْلُطفال ُخال ُزي ٍُد‬I taught the children except Zayd.

6.

‫حاشا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – من عت ُال ِرجال ُحاشاُعم ٍرو‬I stopped the men except ‘Amr.

7.

‫عدا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – جاء ُالقوم ُعداُخالِ ٍُد‬The people came except Khalid.

Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he went

ُ‫ذهب‬

he killed

ُ‫ق تل‬

he cut

ُ‫قطع‬

he milked

ُ‫حلب‬

he wrote

ُ‫كتب‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

he asked

ُ‫سأل‬

he made he looked (at)

‫جع ُل‬ )ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬

he opened

ُ‫ف تح‬

he sat

ُ‫جلس‬

he read

ُ‫ق رأ‬

it (M) fell

ُ‫وقع‬

it (M) was prescribed (upon)

)‫كتِبُُ(علُى‬

he broke

ُ‫كسر‬

26

‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬ Word List for Nouns English village city lion sword cloth; clothes scissors

Arabic Singular

Plural

ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬ ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬

‫قًُرى‬ ‫مُد ٌُن‬

ُ‫أُس ٌد‬ ٌُ ‫سي‬ ‫ف‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ثو‬ ٌُ ‫ِمقر‬ ‫اض‬ ٌ‫ب قرُة‬ ٌُ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬

cow milk large bowl card pencil biscuit butter cream teacher student lesson

ٌ‫قصع ُة‬ ٌ‫بِطاق ُة‬ ‫ِمرس ٌُم‬ ٌ‫كعكُ ُة‬ ٌ‫زبدُة‬ ٌ‫قِشط ُة‬

ٌ‫أُستا ُذ‬ ‫تِل ِمي ٌُذ‬ ٌُ ‫در‬ ‫س‬ ُ‫لي ٌل‬ ‫ن وٌُم‬ ٌُ ‫ن ه‬ ‫ار‬

night-time sleep; sleeping day-time buffalo white; whiter gold silver stone moon

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫جامو‬ ُ‫أُب يض‬ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ذه‬ َّ ِ‫ف‬ ٌ‫ض ُة‬ ُ‫حجٌر‬ ‫قمٌُر‬

27

ُ‫أُس ٌد‬ ٌُ ‫سي و‬ ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ُثِي‬ ‫اب‬ ُ‫مقا ِريض‬ ُ‫أُلبا ٌن‬ ٌُ ‫ُقصع‬،‫قِص ٌع‬ ‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫بِطاق‬ ‫ات‬ ُ‫مر ِاسم‬ ُ‫ك‬ ٌ ‫كع‬

ُ‫أُساتِذة‬

ٌُ‫ُتال ِمذة‬،ُ‫تال ِميذ‬ ٌُ ‫درو‬ ‫س‬

ُ‫أُن هٌر‬ ُ‫جو ِاميس‬

ٌُ‫ُ ِحجارة‬،‫ار‬ ٌُ ‫أحج‬ ٌُ ‫أُقم‬ ‫ار‬

Lesson 5

English star lock key garden grass praise right guidance

Arabic Singular

Plural

ُ‫َن ٌم‬ ‫ق ف ٌُل‬ ٌُ ‫ُِمفت‬ ‫اح‬ ‫بُستا ٌُن‬

ُ‫َنوٌم‬ ٌُ‫أُق فال‬ ُ‫مفاتِيح‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫عش‬ ‫مح ٌُد‬ ‫ه ًدى‬

people clouds (collective noun) something which is under control between; among, amidst sky land, earth Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Jew; Jewish Christian part, portion good deed

ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫سح‬

ُ‫بساتِي‬ ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أُعش‬

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َن‬

ُ‫مس َّخٌر‬ ُ‫ب ي‬ ُ ‫َس‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ٌُ ‫أر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي ومُاْلمُع ُِة‬ ُِ ‫ُالسب‬ ‫ت‬ َّ ‫ي وم‬

)‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫َسو‬ ٌ ‫َُسُاو‬،‫ات‬ ٌ ‫تُ(َسو‬ ِ ‫ُاْلُر‬،‫اض‬ ‫اضى‬ ٍُ ‫أر‬

ُ‫ي ومُاْلُح ِد‬ ِ ‫ي وم‬ ُِ ‫ُاَلث ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي ومُالُثَّالَث ُِء‬

ُ‫ي ومُاْلُرب ع ِاء‬ ُِ ‫ي ومُاْلُرُبِع‬ ‫اء‬

ِ ‫ي ومُاْل ِمي‬ ُ‫س‬ ُ‫ي هُوِدى‬

ُ‫الُي هود‬

ُ‫نصرِان‬

‫نصارى‬

ٌ‫جزُء‬ ٌ‫حسن ُة‬

ُ‫أُجزاء‬

‫دن يا‬ ٌ‫آ ِخرُة‬

world hereafter

28

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ح سن‬

‫اْلروفُاْل َّارُة‬

English fly food ritual prayer (salah) door room bed

Arabic Singular

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ذَب‬ ٌُ ‫طع‬ ‫ام‬

ٌُ‫ُصلُوة‬،ٌ‫صالُة‬ ٌُ ‫َب‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ‫حجرُة‬ ٌ‫غرف ُة‬ ‫س ِري ٌُر‬

today

ُ‫الي وم‬

tomorrow

‫غ ًدا‬ ُِ ‫أُم‬ ‫س‬

yesterday Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

2. 3.

ٌ‫أُ ِذبَُّة‬

ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أُب و‬ ٌُ ‫حجر‬ ‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫غر‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ‫أُ ِسَّرُة‬

Translate into Arabic

Zayd went from the village to the city. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword. I cut the cloth with the scissors. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream. By Allah (oath). The teacher asked the students about the lesson. Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid. I looked towards the moon and the stars. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.

Exercise 2: 1.

Plural

Translate into English

ِ‫ُِل‬ ُ ِ ‫اْلمد‬ ِ ‫ِِفُالقر‬ ُِ ‫آنُه ًدىُلِلن‬ ‫َّاس‬ ِ ‫ُالسم‬ ُِ ‫آءُواْلُر‬ ‫ض‬ َّ ‫لسحابُمس َّخٌرُب ي‬ َّ ‫ا‬ 29

‫‪Lesson 5‬‬

‫ُويُومُاْلُح ُِدُلِلنَّصارى ‪4.‬‬ ‫تُلِلي هوِد ُ‬ ‫السب ُِ‬ ‫ُُي ومُ َّ‬

‫قُرأُتُجزء ِ‬ ‫اُمنُالقر ِ‬ ‫آن ُِِفُي وِمُاْل ِمي ِ‬ ‫سُواْلمع ِةُ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫لِلمسلِِم ُِِفُالدُّن ياُحسنةٌ َُّوِِفُالُ ِخرِةُحسن ٌُة‬ ‫وقع ُّ‬ ‫ُالذَبب ُِِفُالطَّع ُِ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫كتِب ِ‬ ‫ُالصلوةُعلُىُالمسلُِِم‬ ‫ت َّ‬ ‫ف تحواَُببُاْلجرةُِي وم ِ‬ ‫ُاَلث ن ِ‬ ‫ُالس ِري ِرُي ومُالُثَّالَثُ ُِء‬ ‫يُوجلسُواُعلى َّ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪9.‬‬

LESSON 6

‫الضُمُ ُائِ ُر‬ Pronouns A pronoun is called ‫ ض ِمي ٌُر‬in Arabic. Its plural is ُ‫ضمائِر‬. There are a number of different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are

ِ ‫)من ف‬. These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as unattached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ص‬ separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized. Table 6.1

ِ ‫ )من ف‬Pronouns Unattached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ص‬ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

First Person (‫)متكُلِ ٌُم‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

Pronouns English Arabic

Singular

he

ُ‫هو‬

Dual

they

‫ُها‬

Plural

they

Singular

she

ُ‫هم‬ ُ‫ُِهي‬

Dual

they

‫ُها‬

Plural

they

Singular

you

ُ‫ه َّن‬ ُ‫أُنت‬

Dual

you

‫أُن تما‬

Plural

you

Singular

you

‫أُن ت ُم‬ ُِ ‫أُن‬ ‫ت‬

Dual

you

‫أُن تما‬

Plural

you

ُ‫ت‬ َّ ‫أُن‬

Singular

I

ُ‫أَُن‬

Dual/ Plural

we

ُ‫َنن‬

31

Lesson 6

ِ ‫ )مت‬dameers. They are also called possessive (‫اف‬ Below, we list the attached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫َّص‬ ُ ِ ‫)إِض‬ and objective (‫ل‬ ُ ِ‫ )مفعو‬dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which indicate possession (ٌ‫ ;)إِضافُ ُة‬and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬.

Table 6.2

ِ ‫ )مت‬Pronouns Attached (‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫ص‬ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

First Person (‫)متكُلِ ٌُم‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬ Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

Pronouns English Arabic

Singular

his, him

‫ه‬

Dual

their, them

‫ُها‬

Plural

their, them

ُ‫هم‬

Singular

hers, her

‫ها‬

Dual

their, them

‫ُها‬

Plural

their, them

Singular

your, you

ُ‫ه َّن‬ ُ‫ك‬

Dual

your, you

‫كما‬

Plural

your, you

Singular

your, you

ُ‫كم‬ ‫ُِك‬

Dual

your, you

‫كما‬

Plural

your, you

ُ‫ك َّن‬

Singular

my, me

ُ‫ُِن‬،ُُ‫ي‬

Dual/ Plural

ours, us

ُ‫َن‬

32

‫ضمائُِر‬ َُّ ‫ال‬ Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers

ُ‫هوُزي ٌد‬ ٌُ ِ‫أَُنُطال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أنتَُمت ِه ٌُد‬

–

He is Zayd.

–

I am a student.

–

You are hardworking.

Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples below. 1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession (ٌ‫)إِضاف ُة‬:

‫ – ق لم ُه‬his (S/M) pen ُ‫ – كِتابك‬your (S/M) book ُ ِ ‫ – كِت‬my book ‫اب‬ ‫ – كِتاب ها‬her (S/F) book.

2. After a verb, indicating the object (ٌُ‫)مفعول‬:

ُ‫ – نصرته‬I helped him ُ‫ – أُمرتك‬I commanded you ُ ِ ‫ – نصرت‬you (S/M) helped me. ‫ن‬ 3. After a particle:

ُ‫ – فِي ِه‬in it ُ‫ – له‬for him ُ‫ – ُِمنك‬from you (S/M) ‫ – ُإِلي نا‬to/towards us ُ‫ – إِنَّكم‬indeed you (P/M) ‫ – علي ُِه‬on him.

Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he rode

ُ‫ركِب‬

he broke

ُ‫كسر‬

he fell

ُ‫سقط‬

he stopped (someone)

ُ‫منع‬

33

Lesson 6

English

Arabic

he raised (someone or something)

ُ‫رفع‬ ُ‫ل ُعِب‬

he played he looked

)ُ‫نظرُ(إِل‬

he worshipped

ُ‫عبد‬

he remembered

ُ‫ُذكُر‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

he provided livelihood/sustenance

ُ‫ُرُزق‬

he sealed, he put a seal

ُ‫ختُم‬

he cheated, he deceived

ُ‫خدع‬

he left; he abandoned

ُ‫تُرك‬

he snatched

ُ‫خطُف‬

he created

ُ‫خلق‬

he presented

ُ‫عُرض‬

he took

ُ‫أُخُذ‬

he did (good deeds); he acted (righteously)

ِ ‫ع ِملُُ(ص‬ )‫اْلًا‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic

English father mother tongue

Singular

Plural

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ُ‫أ‬ ُ‫أُم‬ ‫لِسا ٌُن‬

ُ‫أَُبء‬

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫رأ‬ ٌُ ‫أُن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي ٌُد‬ ِ ‫ِسن‬ )‫ُ(سن‬ ٌ

head nose hand tooth

ُ‫صدٌر‬

chest

34

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أُ َّمه‬ ٌ‫أُل ِسن ُة‬

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫رؤو‬ ٌُ ‫أُن و‬ ‫ف‬ ُ‫ُاْلُي ُِدي‬،‫أُي ٍُد‬ ُ‫أُسنا ٌن‬ ‫صدوٌُر‬

‫ضمائُِر‬ َُّ ‫ال‬ Arabic

English

Singular

Plural

ٌ‫سيَّارُة‬ ٌ‫د َّراج ُة‬ ِ ٌ‫حذ ُاء‬ ُ‫ُقد ٌُم‬،ُ‫ِرج ٌل‬

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫سيَّار‬ ٌُ ‫د َّراج‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ‫أُح ِذي ُة‬

ٌ‫كرُة‬ ُ‫ُمنُجو‬،‫ان بج‬

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫كر‬

ٌ‫ت فَّاح ُة‬ ‫بستا ٌُن‬ ‫بِ ِطي ٌُخ‬ ُ ‫قِث‬ ٌ‫َّاء‬ ‫حق ٌُل‬

ُ‫َّاح‬ ٌ ‫تف‬

‫ِمن ِدي ٌُل‬

handkerchief car bicycle shoe foot ball mango apple garden melon, watermelon cucumber field; arable land

ُ‫من ِاديل‬

ٌُ‫حقول‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قل‬ ‫َس ٌُع‬

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ق لو‬

ُ‫بصٌر‬ ٌُ‫ِغشاوة‬

ُ‫أُبص ٌار‬

themselves

ُ‫أن فسهم‬

darkness

ٌ‫ظلم ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ب ر‬ ‫ق‬

)‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫ظلم‬ ٌ ُ‫اتُ(ظلُم‬

heart hearing; also used for ears eyesight; glance; also used for eyes veil, covering

lightning Lord

ُ‫رب‬

fuel

ُ‫وق وٌد‬

people

ُ‫حجٌر‬ ٌُ ‫زو‬ ‫ج‬

stone husband; wife; spouse

ٌ‫مط َّهرُة‬ ٌُ ‫مُل‬ ‫ك‬

clean, pure (F) angel

35

ُ‫س‬ ٌ ‫َن‬ ٌ‫ِحجارُة‬ ُ‫اج‬ ٌ ‫أُزو‬

ٌ‫مالئِك ُة‬

Lesson 6

Arabic

English

Singular

ٌُ ‫ِمي ث‬ ‫اق‬

covenant above

ُ‫ف وق‬

Mount Sinai

whoever

ُ‫طوٌر‬ ‫لو ٌُن‬ ‫فاقِ ٌُع‬ ُ‫من‬

then; so; therefore; sometimes, it is not translated

ُ‫ف‬

compensation, reward

ُ‫أُجٌر‬ ُ‫ِعند‬

color bright yellow

with

Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Plural

ُ‫مواثِيق‬

ُ‫أُلوا ٌن‬

ُ‫أُجوٌر‬

Translate into Arabic

My father His mother Her tongue Your (S/M) head Your (S/F) nose My hand Their (P/F) teeth His chest Our handkerchief I rode in your (S/M) car. She broke my bike. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot. I stopped them (P/F). They (P/M) raised me. You (P/M) played with the ball. They (D/M) looked at me. You (D/F) worshipped Him. My mother remembered me yesterday. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon and a cucumber in your field.

36

‫ضمائُِر‬ ‫ال َُّ‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬ ‫رزق ناهمُ ‪1.‬‬

‫ختمُهللاُعلُىُق لوِبِِمُوعلُىَُسعِ ِه ُم ‪2.‬‬

‫علُىُأُبصا ِرِهم ِ‬ ‫ُغشاوٌُة ‪3.‬‬ ‫خدعواُأُن فسهمُ ‪4.‬‬

‫ت ركهم ُِِفُظلم ٍ‬ ‫تُ ‪5.‬‬ ‫خطفُالب رقُأُبصارهمُ ‪6.‬‬ ‫اِ َّنُربَّكمُخلقكمُ ‪7.‬‬

‫وق ودهاُالنَّاسُواْلِجارةُ ‪8.‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ُمط َّهرةٌُ ‪9.‬‬ ‫اج ُّ‬ ‫َلمُفيُهاُأُزو ٌ‬ ‫عرضهمُعلىُالملُئِك ُِة ‪10.‬‬

‫أُخذَن ِ‬ ‫ُمي ثاقكمُورف عناُف وقكمُالطُّورُ ‪11.‬‬ ‫لون هاُفاقِ ٌُع ‪12.‬‬

‫منُع ِملُص ِ‬ ‫اْلًاُف لهُأُجُرهُ ‪13.‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

LESSON 7

ُ‫الُ ُِفعُلُُالُمُضُاُِرع‬ Present and Future Tense Verb We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will

discuss ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬which is equivalent to present and future tense. ‫اض‬ ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬past tense)

andُ ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present/future tense), as well as ُ‫( ضُمُ ُائِر‬pronouns) are the foundations of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of

ِ ُ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫)معرو‬. ٌ ‫( ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬present and future tense verb) in active voice (‫ف‬ Table 7.1

Verb Forms of (‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬in Active Voice (ٌُ‫)معروف‬ Person

Gender

Plurality Singular

Masculine Third Person (‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫)غائ‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬

Dual Plural Singular

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

Masculine (‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Dual Plural

39

English

Arabic

He/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do She/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do

ُ‫ي فعل‬ ُ‫ي فُعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ي فعلُون‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ت فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ي فعلُن‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ت فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعلُون‬

‫‪Lesson 7‬‬

‫‪Table 7.1 Continued‬‬

‫ت فعُلِيُ‬ ‫ت فعالُ ِنُ‬ ‫ت فعلُنُ‬ ‫أُف علُ‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬

‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪I am doing or will‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪We are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪Dual‬‬

‫َّث(‬ ‫)مؤن ٌُ‬

‫)ح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر(‬

‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Second‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫)متكُلِ ٌُم(‬

‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in‬‬ ‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬ ‫‪Table 7.1a‬‬

‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالمعروفُ‬ ‫اِسمُ ِ‬ ‫الصي غ ِةُ‬

‫ا ِ‬ ‫لصي غةُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫بُ‬ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغُائ ٌ‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُغُائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثُنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ُِ‬ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ٌ ٌ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َّثُحاضٌُر‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُحُ ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬

‫ي فع ُل‬ ‫ي فعال ُِن‬ ‫ي فعلونُ‬ ‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫ي فعلنُ‬ ‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫ت فعلونُ‬ ‫ت فعلِيُ‬

‫ت فعال ِنُ‬ ‫ت فعلنُ‬ ‫أُف علُ‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬

‫‪40‬‬

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬

ِ Creating Passive Voice ٌُ‫لُمضا ِرع‬ ٌ ‫فع‬

In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫اض ُمُعُُرُو‬ ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense active

voice) to ٌُ‫اض َُمُهُ ُول‬ ٍُ ُ‫( ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of

converting ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬from active to passive voice. ُ‫ي فعل‬, which means “he does or will

do,” is in active voice (‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫)معرو‬. To convert this ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫عُمعرو‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬to ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, we give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. ُ‫ ي فعل‬becomes ُ‫ي فعل‬, ُ‫تض ِرب‬ becomes ُ‫تضرب‬, ُ‫ ي فتح‬becomes ُ‫ي فتح‬, ُ‫ أُنصر‬becomes ُ‫أُنصر‬, and so on. Table 7.2

Verb Forms of (‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ )فِع ٌُلُمُضا ِر‬in Passive Voice (ٌُ‫)َمهول‬ Person

Gender

Plurality Singular

Masculine Third Person

)‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫(غائ‬

)‫(مذ َّكٌر‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine

)‫َّث‬ ٌ ‫(مؤن‬

Dual Plural Singular

Masculine Second Person

ِ ‫(ح‬ )‫اضٌُر‬

)‫(مذ َّكٌر‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine

)‫َّث‬ ٌ ‫(مؤن‬

Dual Plural

41

English

Arabic

He/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done She/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done

ُ‫ي فعل‬ ُ‫ي فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ي فعلُون‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ت فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ي فعلُن‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ُ‫ت فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعلُون‬ ُ‫ت فعُلِي‬ ُ‫ت فعالُ ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعلُن‬

‫‪Lesson 7‬‬

‫‪Table 7.2 continued‬‬

‫أُف علُ‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬

‫‪I am being done or‬‬ ‫‪will be done‬‬ ‫‪We are being done‬‬ ‫‪or will be done‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫(متكُلِ ٌم)‬

‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in‬‬ ‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬ ‫‪Table 7.2a‬‬

‫ال ِفعلُالُمضارِعُُالُمجهولُ‬ ‫اِسمُ ِ‬ ‫الصي غ ِةُ‬

‫ا ِ‬ ‫لصي غةُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫بُ‬ ‫واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ ٌ‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُغ ُائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمُذ َّكٌرُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُغُائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُغائِ ٌُ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح ُِ‬ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ٌ ٌ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َّثُحاضٌُر‬ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُحُ ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫َّثُح ِ‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن ٌُ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اح ٌدُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬ ‫ْج ٌعُمتكُلِ ٌُم‬

‫ي فع ُل‬ ‫ي فعال ُِن‬ ‫ي فعلونُ‬ ‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫ي فعلنُ‬ ‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬ ‫ت فعلونُ‬ ‫ت فعُلِيُ‬

‫ت فعال ِنُ‬ ‫ت فعلنُ‬ ‫أُف علُ‬ ‫ن فعلُ‬

‫‪42‬‬

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬ Note: When a passive verb is used, the ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫اع‬ ُِ ‫( ُف‬subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the

ٌُ‫( مُفُعُ ُول‬object) takes the place of the ‫اع ٌُل‬ ُِ ُ‫( ف‬subject) and is called ‫اع ٍُل‬ ُِ ُ‫( َنُُئِبُ ُف‬subject of the passive verb) or ‫ل‬ ٍُ ‫اع‬ ُِ ُ‫( قُ ُائٌُِم ُمُقُامُ ُف‬substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the ‫اع ٌُل‬ ُِ ُ‫ف‬, it also gets a dammah. Examples:

ٌُ‫اضَُمُهُ ُول‬ ٍُ ُ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬:

ُ‫ – ض ِربُالولد‬The boy was hit. ِ ‫ – منِع‬The woman was stopped. ُ‫تُالمرأة‬

ٌُ‫عَُمُهُ ُول‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬:

ُ ‫ – ي فتحُالب‬The door will be opened. ‫اب‬ ُ‫ – يكسرُاْلِدار‬The wall will be broken.

Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬, both ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ معرو‬and

ٌُ‫َمُهُ ُول‬, is called ‫ِع‬ ُِ‫( حرف ُالمضار‬plural: ‫ِع‬ ُِ‫)حُُرُوف ُالمضار‬. As can be seen in the table, these are ‫ي‬, ‫ت‬, ‫أ‬, and ‫ن‬. ِ Relationship between the Seeghahs of ُ‫لُماض‬ ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضا ِر‬ ٌ ‫ فع‬and ‫ع‬

Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn kalimah of the

ِ ِ ُ‫ب‬ ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬can vary in a number of different ways. It ٌ ‫ واح ٌُدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬of a ‫اض‬ can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in ‫اض‬ ٍُ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُم‬and/or ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. It is beyond the

scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is, nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn kalimah of any given

ٍ ُ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُم‬and its corresponding ‫ع‬ ُ‫اض‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬. Word List for Verbs

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬

he wandered about

ُ‫ذهب‬ ُ‫ع ِمه‬

he made (someone into someone or something into something)

ُ‫جعل‬

ُ‫َيعل‬

‫علِ ُم‬

ُ‫ي علم‬

he went

he came to know

43

ُ‫يذهب‬ ُ‫ي عمه‬

Lesson 7

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

he worshipped

ُ‫عبد‬

he realized; he became aware

ُ‫شعر‬ ُ‫َِسع‬

he heard

ُ‫لعِب‬ ُ‫لبِس‬

he played he wore

ُ‫حُُِزن‬

he became sad, he grieved

ُ‫ذبح‬ ُ‫ش ِرب‬

he slaughtered he drank

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬ ُ‫ي عبد‬

ُ‫يشعر‬ ُ‫يسمع‬ ُ‫ي لعب‬ ُ‫ي لبس‬ ُ‫َيزن‬ ُ‫يذبح‬ ُ‫يشرب‬

he cooked

‫َر رَقَر‬ ُ‫طبخ‬

ُ‫يطبخ‬

he made (something)

ُ‫صنع‬

ُ‫يصنع‬

he stopped (someone)

ُ‫منع‬

ُ‫َينع‬

he opened

ُ‫ف تح‬

he washed

ُ‫غسُل‬ ُ‫ض ِحك‬

ُ‫ي فتح‬ ُ‫ي غ ِسل‬

he read

he laughed

ُ‫ي قرأ‬

ُ‫يضحك‬

he was angry (with someone)

)‫س ِخطُ(علُىُفالُ ٍن‬

)‫يسخطُ(علُىُفُال ٍن‬

he broke (something non-physical); he nullified

ُ‫ن قض‬

ُ‫ي ن قض‬

he commanded, he ordered

ُ‫أمر‬

ُ‫َيمر‬

he concealed

ُ‫كتم‬

ُ‫يكتم‬

he wrote

ُ‫كتب‬

ُ‫يكتب‬

he cut

ُ‫قطع‬

ُ‫ي قطع‬

he helped

ُ‫نصر‬

ُ‫ي نصر‬

he deceived, he cheated

ُ‫خدع‬

ُ‫َيدع‬

he colored, he dyed

ُ‫صبغ‬

ُ‫يصبغ‬

he raised

ُ‫رفع‬

ُ‫ي رفع‬

he sent

ُ‫ب عث‬

ُ‫ي ب عث‬

44

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

he remembered; he mentioned

ُ‫ذكر‬

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬ ُ‫َيكل‬ ُ‫يذكر‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic

English

Singular

Plural

ُ‫طع ٌام‬ ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬

‫جرائِ ُد‬

potato

‫بطاطا‬

tea

ُ‫اي‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫ِملعق ُة‬

‫مال ِع ُق‬

food newspaper

spoon lock key washerman cloth; clothes pond, pool laughter friend

ُ‫ق ف ٌل‬ ٌُ ‫ِمفت‬ ‫اح‬ ٌُ ‫ص‬ ‫ار‬ َّ ‫ق‬ ٌُ ‫ث و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫غ ِدي ٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ُ ِضح‬،‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ٌُ ‫ضح‬ ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬ ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫بي‬ ٌُ ‫إِم‬ ‫ام‬

house prayer leader; leader people what?; do…?; will…?; etc. (depending on the context)

ُ‫ُهل‬،ُُ‫أ‬ ُ‫فِس ٌق‬ ‫كفٌُر‬

sinfulness disbelief, infidelity today

ُ‫الي وم‬

tommorrow

‫غ ًدا‬

45

ِ ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫ُثي‬ ‫غدٌُر‬

ٌ‫أئِ َّم ُة‬ ٌُ ‫َن‬ ‫س‬

Lesson 7

Arabic

English

Singular

‫ب عدُغ ٍُد‬ ‫ق بلُسن ٍُة‬

day after tomorrow a year ago

ِ ‫ق بلُاْلم‬ ُ‫س‬ ٌ‫ِرسُال ُة‬

day before yesterday letter paternal uncle

ُ‫عم‬

fear

ُ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫خو‬ ‫عه ٌُد‬

promise; pledge

piety, righteousness

‫ما‬ ُ‫بِر‬

that; to

ُ‫أن‬

cow

ٌ‫ب قرُة‬ ‫كال ٌُم‬

that, which

speech

ُ‫حب ٌل‬ ‫ِذكٌُر‬

rope remembrance

ُ‫ُنِب‬،ُ‫رسوٌل‬ ٌ‫فاكِه ُة‬

prophet fruit library magazine

ِ ‫ُخزانةُالُكت‬،ٌ‫مكت بة‬ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ‫َملَُّة‬ ٌ‫مقال ُة‬

article; essay Exercise 1: 1. ُ‫أذهب‬

Translate into English 7. ُ‫تسمعِي‬

2. ُ‫ي عمهون‬

8. ُ‫تُلعبِي‬

3. ُ‫َيعل‬

9. ُ‫ي لبسن‬

4. ُ‫أعلم‬

Plural

10. ‫َتزَن ُِن‬

5. ُ‫ن عبد‬

11. ‫ان‬ ُِ ‫يذِب‬

6. ُ‫تشعرون‬

12. ُ‫أشرب‬

46

ٌُ‫ِحبال‬

‫فُواكُِه‬

ُ‫ُمك ُاتِب‬،‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫مكت ب‬ ٌُ ‫َم َّال‬ ‫ت‬ ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫مقاَل‬

ُ‫ال ِفعلُالمضاُِرع‬

Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

They (P/M) came to know. You (P/F) are reading. She is cooking. He is grieving. They (P/F) are cooking. I am making food. We will drink. You (S/F) will go. You (S/M) will stop. They (D/M) will go.

Exercise 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Translate into Arabic

Translate into Arabic

I will read your (S/M) newspaper. They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M). You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon. Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond. Haamid is laughing in his house. I am hearing his laughter in my house. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief? Today I read your (S/F) letter. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house. Are you (S/F) angry with him?

Exercise 4:

Translate into English

1. ُ‫فُعلي ِهمُوَلُهمَُيزن ون‬ ٌ ‫َلُخو‬ 2. ِ‫ُهللا‬ ُ ‫ي ن قضونُعهد‬

3. ُ‫ُإِِِنُأُعلُمُماَُلُت علمون‬

ِ ‫أَُتمرونُالنَّاس‬ 4. ‫ب‬ ُِ ِ‫َُبل‬

5. ُ‫َننَُلُنكتمُماُأُمرَنُهللا‬ 6. ‫اُهللَُُيمركمُأُنُتذِبواُب قرًُة‬ 7. ِ‫ُهللا‬ ُ ‫يسمعونُكالم‬

47

Lesson 7

Exercise 5: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Translate into Arabic

Is being read (S/M, third person) Is being written (S/M, third person) Will be broken (S/M, third person) Will be cut (S/M, third person) She is being helped. You are being stopped (S/M) I am being stopped. We are being helped. You (S/F) will be stopped. You (S/M) are being cheated.

Exercise 6:

Translate into Arabic

1. The rope is being cut. 2. The cloth will be dyed. 3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being raised. 4. The prophets are being sent. 5. Fruits are being eaten. 6. Allah is being remembered. 7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library. 8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow. 9. The promise was broken a year ago.

48

LESSON 8

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصفةُوُالموصوف‬ Adjective Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’ ‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar

ِ (adjective) andُ ‫ف‬ pattern are called ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described). In the phrase ‘small

ِ (adjective), and ‘book’ book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is ٌ‫صف ُة‬ isُ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫( موصو‬the described).

To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps: 1. Translate the individual words into Arabic. 2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the second word comes first. 3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation). Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ‫ادق مُسُُلِم‬ ُِ ‫ص‬ ُ . Next, we reverse the order to get ‫ادق‬ ُِ ُ‫مُسُُلِمُص‬. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get ُ‫مسلِ ٌم‬

ُ‫ص ِاد ٌق‬. Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first translate the individual words into Arabic – ‫حُرجُل‬ ُ ِ‫صُ ُال‬. Next, we will reverse the order of the words – ‫ُرجُلُصُ ُالِح‬. Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words – ‫ح‬ ٌُ ِ‫رج ٌلُصال‬. States of Nouns: Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows: 1. ‫رف ٌُع‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a noun is called ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. For example, ‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫ ب ي‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.

2. ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫نص‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a noun is called ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, ‫ ب ي تًا‬or ُ‫الب يت‬.

3. ُ‫جر‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. ُSuch a noun is called ‫َمروٌُر‬. For example, ‫ت‬ ٍُ ‫ ب ي‬or ‫ت‬ ُِ ‫الب ي‬.

Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is ‫جزٌُم‬. This is the

49

ُ

Lesson 8

condition in which a ‫ سكو ٌُن‬appears at the end of a word or its substitute (‫ ن‬in the

ُ‫ )فِع ٌل ُمضا ِر‬is dropped from the end. ٌ‫ع‬ example, ُ‫( لُيض ِرب‬he did not hit). case of

Such a word is said to be ‫وم‬ ٌُ ‫َمُُز‬. For

ِ and ٌُ‫موصوف‬: Additional Rules for ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ِ and the ‫ف‬ 1. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫مرف و‬,

then the other should also be ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if one is ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬, the other should also be ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬. For example, consider ‫رج ٌل ُصالِ ٌُح‬. Since ‫ رج ٌُل‬has two

dammahs at the end, it is ٌُ‫ ;مرف وع‬therefore, ‫ح‬ ٌُ ِ‫ صال‬will also be given two dammahs to make it ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫مرف و‬. Similarly, if for some reason ‫ ُرجُل‬was ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬

ِ ‫رج ًال ُص‬ would also have to be ‫ب‬ ٌُ ‫منصو‬. The phrase would then have been ‫اْلًا‬ ِ ‫( نصرتُرج ًالُص‬I helped a pious man). If ‫ ُرجُل‬had been ‫َمروُر‬, ‫صُ ُالِح‬ such as in ‫اْلًا‬ ٌ

would also have been ‫َمروٌُر‬. The phrase would then have been ٍُ‫ رج ٍلُصالِح‬such as in ٍُ‫( ذهبتُُإِلُُرج ٍلُصالِح‬I went to a pious man).

ِ and the ‫ف‬ 2. Both the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if the ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬has an alif-laam, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also have an alif-laam. For

example, if ‫ ُرجُل‬were to be changed to ‫اُ َُّلرجُل‬, ‫ صُ ُالِح‬would also change to

‫لص ُالِح‬ َُّ ُ‫ا‬.

ِ and the ‫ف‬ 3. The gender of the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬should be the same. Thus, if the ُ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ موصو‬is feminine, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬should also be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, just add a round taa (‫ )ة‬at the end of the word. For ِ ‫ أستاذُةٌ ُص‬and ‘the pious teacher (F)’ example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ٌ‫اْل ُة‬ ِ ‫الص‬ will be ُ‫اْلة‬ َّ ُُ‫اُْلستاذة‬.

4. If the ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper

nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam.

Since, the ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ موصو‬is a proper noun; therefore, the ٌ‫ ِصف ُة‬will require an aliflaam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam toُ ‫ خالِ ٌُد‬because it is already a

50

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬

ِ (‫ )فاتِ ُح‬because it proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ٌ‫صف ُة‬ ٌ is not a proper noun. The sentence will be ُ‫خالِ ٌدُالفاتِح‬. The following examples illustrate this point:

‘The king Mahmood’ will be ُ‫ُمموٌدُاُلملِك‬.

‘The commander Taariq’ will be ُ‫طا ِر ٌقُاُلقائِد‬.

ِ ‫غالِبُاُلش‬. ‘The poet Ghalib’ will be ُ‫َّاعر‬ ٌ

ِ ‫خالِد‬, ُ‫ُمُمود َُِنلملِك‬, These sentences can also be read (not written) as ُ‫َُنلفاتِح‬

ِ ‫غالِب َُِنلش‬. ‫ طا ِرق َُِنلقائِ ُد‬and ُ‫َّاعر‬ Word List for Verbs

English

Arabic

he drank

ُ‫ش ِرب‬

he defeated

ُ‫هُزم‬

he entered

ُ‫دخل‬

he touched, he felt (by hand); he examined

ُ‫س‬ َّ ‫ج‬

he provided

ُ‫رزق‬

he conquered

ُ‫ف تح‬

he took

ُ‫أخذ‬

Word List for Nouns Arabic

English

Singular

Plural

ُ‫غفوٌر‬ ُ‫رب‬ ‫كبِي ٌُر‬

ُ‫كِب ٌار‬

ُ‫صالِ ٌح‬ ٌُ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اِب ٌُن‬

pious, righteous father son most-forgiving Lord big, large

51

ُ

Lesson 8

Arabic

English

Singular

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫َب‬ ِ ٌ‫قد ُمي‬ ِ‫ح‬ ‫صي ٌُر‬ ‫جيِ ٌُد‬

door old mat good; excellent

ٌ‫مقال ُة‬ ٌ‫َملَُّة‬

article; essay magazine

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫شا ِر‬ ‫صغِي ٌُر‬ ٌ‫س ِفي ن ُة‬ ‫ع ِمي ٌُق‬ ‫ِبٌُر‬ ‫ع ِظي ٌُم‬ ‫جب ٌُل‬ ‫ط ِوي ٌُل‬ ٌُ ‫قِط‬ ‫ار‬ ِ‫ق‬ ٌ‫اطرُة‬ ٌ‫ُمطَُّة‬ ِ‫ف‬ ‫اجٌُر‬ ِ‫ف‬ ‫اس ٌُق‬ ‫رج ٌُل‬

street small, little ship, boat deep sea great; powerful mountain long train train engine station immoral person man

Plural

ُ‫حصٌر‬

ُ‫شوا ِرع‬ ٌُ ‫ِصغ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫سف ٌُن‬ ُ‫ِِب ٌار‬ ُ‫عظماء‬ ٌُ‫ِجبال‬ ُ‫قطٌر‬ ِ‫ق‬ ٌُ ‫اطُرا‬ ‫ت‬ ٌُ َّ‫ُمُط‬ ‫ات‬ ُ‫ف َّج ٌار‬ ٌُ ‫ف َّس‬ ‫اق‬

ُ‫حس ٌن‬ ٌ‫ِمروح ُة‬ ٌُ ‫م ِري‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ‫اِمرأُة‬

ُ‫ِحسا ٌن‬

bitter

ُ‫مر‬

medicine

ٌ‫دو ُاء‬ ٌُ ِ‫مل‬ ‫ك‬

ٌ‫أُد ِوي ُة‬ ‫ملو ٌُك‬

beautiful, handsome; good fan sick, ill woman

king

52

‫مرضى‬

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬

Arabic

English army capital city

Singular

Plural

ُ‫جن ٌد‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫اصم ُة‬

ُ‫جن وٌد‬ ِ ‫عو‬ ُ‫اصم‬

ِ ‫ُم‬،‫ع‬ ُ‫اهٌر‬ ٌُ ‫َب ِر‬ ٌُ ‫ح َّال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د َّكا ٌُن‬

ُ‫دكاكِي‬

ُ‫الي وم‬

today skillful; outstanding barber store, shop

ُ‫شي ٌخ‬ ‫ش ِري ٌُر‬

old man; scholar mischievous

ُ‫ول ٌد‬ ‫د ِمي ٌُم‬ ِ ُ‫ب‬ )‫(من‬ ٌُ ‫ق ِري‬ ٌُ ‫ب ي‬ ‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫طبِي‬ ‫ب‬

boy ugly near, close house doctor

ٌ‫وصفُ ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫مست ِقي ٌُم‬

medical prescription path straight

ُ‫شي و ٌخ‬ ُ‫أُ ِشَّراء‬ ُ‫ِدم ٌام‬

ُ‫أُ ِطبَّاء‬

ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫عذ‬ ‫أُلِي ٌُم‬

torment; punishment painful

ٌ‫ب عوض ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ِرز‬ ‫ق‬

mosquito livelihood

ٌ‫بال ُء‬ ٌ‫لي لُ ُة‬ ٌ‫مظلِم ُة‬

trial, tribulation night dark

ُ‫مث ٌل‬ ٌ‫كُلِم ُة‬

example word

ٌ‫شجُرُة‬ ٌ‫طيِب ُة‬

tree good; pleasant (F)

53

ُ‫اق‬ ٌ ‫أُرز‬ )‫ال‬ ُ ِ ‫الُ(اللَّي‬ ٍُ ‫لي‬

ِ ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫كل م‬ ٌُ ‫شجر‬ ‫ات‬ ٌُ ‫طيِب‬ ‫ات‬

ُ

Lesson 8

Arabic

English root firm, established branch

commander, leader city fort, fortress, castle hand; possession conqueror

ٌُ‫أُصول‬ ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ف رو‬

ُ‫حصو ٌن‬

Translate into Arabic

Pious father The son Sa‘eed Most-forgiving Lord Big door The old mat Good article Good magazine Big street Small boat Deep sea Great mountain Long train Big engine Small station

Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ُ‫أُص ٌل‬ ٌُ ِ‫َثب‬ ‫ت‬ ٌُ ‫ف ر‬ ‫ع‬

ُ‫ا ُّلروم‬

Romans

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Plural

ُ ‫َس‬ ٌ‫اء‬ ‫قائِ ٌُد‬ ٌ‫م ِدي ن ُة‬ ‫ِحص ٌُن‬ ‫ي ٌُد‬ ‫فاتِ ٌُح‬

sky

Exercise 1:

Singular

Translate into Arabic

I hit an immoral man. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan. The sick woman drank bitter medicine. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.

54

ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصفةُوالموصوف‬

6. 7. 8. 9.

This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for her.

Exercise 3:

Translate into English.

ِ ‫ا‬ 1. ُ‫لصراطُالمست ِقيم‬ 2. ُ‫ابُأُلِي ٌم‬ ٌ ‫عذ‬

3. ‫ب عوضةٌُصغِي رٌُة‬

4. ‫رزق همُهللاُ ِرزقًاُحسنًا‬ 5. ُ‫بالءٌُع ِظي ٌم‬

6. ٌ‫لي لةٌُمظلِم ُة‬

7. ‫مثلُكلِم ٍةُطيِب ٍةُكشجرةٍُطيِب ٍُة‬

ِ ‫ت َُّوفُرعه‬ 8. ‫آء‬ ُِ ‫ُالسم‬ َّ ‫اُِف‬ ٌ ِ‫أُصلهاَُثب‬

ِ ‫اُمنُي‬ ِ ‫ُحصن ه‬ ِ ‫ف تحُطا ِرقُ ِنُُالقائِدُم ِدي نةًُع ِظيمةًُوُأخذ‬ ٍ ِ‫ُدُمل‬ 9. ‫كُع ِظي ٍُم‬ ِ ‫دخلُُم َّمدُ ِنُُالفاتِحُع‬ 10. ‫ُالروُِم‬ ُّ ‫اصمة‬

55

LESSON 9

ُ‫الُمُرُُ ُوالنُهُي‬ Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command to do something is called ‫أُمٌُُر‬, for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which contains a command to not do something is called ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫نُه‬, as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not

ٌ

fear.’ Creating ‫ أم ٌُر‬for the Second Person

ُ‫ أُمٌُر‬of any verb is created from its respective ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ أُمٌُُر‬for the second person. This is as follows. 1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬, whose ‫ أُمٌُُر‬you wish to create. This

means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which

ِ for ‫اض ُر‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ْجع ُمؤن‬is an exception to this.2 Also, in the ends with a noon. The ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َّث ُح‬ ِ case of ‫كٌُرُحاضٌُر‬ َُّ ‫ْج ٌعُمُُذ‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.

2. Now, remove the ‫ع‬ ُِ‫حرف ُالمضا ِر‬, which in this case is ‫ت‬. The seeghah should be unreadable. 3. Now, add a ‫ل‬ ُِ ‫ ُهزةُالوص‬at the beginning and give it a kasrah.3 This process is illustrated in the following table.

2

ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such In fact, this ٌ‫صي غ ُة‬

words are called ‫ن‬ ُ ِ ‫مب‬. 3 Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.

57

Lesson 9

Table 9.1

ِ ‫)أمرُح‬ Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of Second Person

ِ ُ‫ِع‬ ٌ ‫فع ٌلُمضار‬ ُ‫ت فعل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬

Give jazm to the seeghahs

Drop the harf al-mudari‘

Add a hamzat alwasl at the beginning

ُ‫ت فعل‬

ُ‫ف عل‬

ُ‫ت فعال‬

ُ‫ف عال‬

ُ‫اِف عل‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬

‫ت فعلوا‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬

‫فُعلوا‬ ُ‫ف علِي‬

ُ‫ت فعال‬

ُ‫ف عال‬

ُ‫ت فعلن‬

ُ‫ف علن‬

ُ‫ت فعلون‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬

ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعلن‬

‫اِف علوا‬ ُ‫اِف علِي‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬ ُ‫اِف علن‬

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person imperative in active voice. These must be memorized. Table 9.2

ِ ‫)أمرُح‬ Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ Person

Gender Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬

Plurality

English

Singular

(You) Do!

Dual

(You) Do!

Plural

(You) Do!

Singular

(You) Do!

Dual

(You) Do!

Plural

(You) Do!

58

Arabic

ُ‫اِف عل‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬

‫اِف علُوا‬ ُ‫اِفُعُلِي‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬ ُ‫اِف علُن‬

ُ‫اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.2a

ِ ُ‫الُمُرُُال‬ ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصي غة‬

ُ‫اِف عل‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬

‫اِف علوا‬ ُ‫اِف علِي‬ ُ‫اِف عال‬ ُ‫اِف علن‬

ِ ُ‫اِسم‬ ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬

ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ ُ‫اضٌر‬ ٌ ِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ِ ‫ْج ٌُعُمذ َّكٌرُحاضٌُر‬ ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ُِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬

Examples:

1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( اِف تح‬open!). 2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( اِجلِس‬sit!).

3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( اَِسع‬hear!). 4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( ُاِضُ ِرب‬hit!). 5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( ُاِذُهُب‬go!). Creating ‫ي‬ ٌُ ‫ ن ه‬for the Second Person

Like ‫أُمٌُُر‬, the ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬of any verb is also created from its respective ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. In this

lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬for the second person. It is partially

ٌ

similar to the method given above for ‫أُمٌُُر‬, but there are also differences. The process is as follows. 1. Like in the case of ‫أُمٌُُر‬, give a jazm to the ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬. This means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,

ِ for ‫اض ُر‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ْجعُمؤن‬will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ُ‫ْجعُمُُذ َُّك ُر‬ the ٌ‫صي غُ ُة‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌ ٌ ِ ‫حاضٌُر‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.

59

Lesson 9

2. Now, instead of removing the ‫ِع‬ ُِ‫حرف ُالمضار‬, just place a ُ‫ َل‬before it. This ُ‫ َل‬is a

ُ‫حرفُالنَّه ِي‬, and is called ُ‫اهيُة‬ ُِ َّ‫َلُُالُن‬.

This process is illustrated in the following table. Table 9.3

ِ ‫)ن ه ُيُح‬ Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of

Give jazm to the seeghahs

Add a laa al-nahiyah at the beginning

‫ت فع ُل‬ ‫ت فعال ُِن‬

ُ‫ت فعل‬

ُ‫َلُُت فعل‬

ُ‫ت فعال‬

ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬

ُ‫ت فعلون‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬

‫ت فعلوا‬ ُ‫ت فعلِي‬

‫َلُُت فعلوا‬ ُ‫َلُُت فعلِي‬

ُ‫ت فُعال‬

ُ‫َلُُت فعال‬

ُ‫ت فعلن‬

ُ‫َلُُت فعلن‬

Second Person ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫فِع ٌلُمضُا ِر‬

ُ‫ت فعال ِن‬ ُ‫ت فعلن‬

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.

Table 9.4

ِ ‫)ن هيُح‬ Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (ٌُ‫اض ٌرُمعروف‬ ٌ Person

Gender Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ح‬ (‫اضٌُر‬

(‫)مذ َّكٌُر‬

Feminine (‫َّث‬ ٌُ ‫)مؤن‬

Plurality

English

Arabic

Singular

(You) Don’t do!

ُ‫َلُت فعُل‬

Dual

(You) Don’t do!

ُ‫َلُت فعُال‬

Plural

(You) Don’t do!

Singular

(You) Don’t do!

‫َلُت فعُلوا‬ ُ‫َلُت فعُُلِي‬

Dual

(You) Don’t do!

ُ‫َلُت فعُال‬

Plural

(You) Don’t do!

ُ‫َلُت فعُلن‬

60

ُ‫اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬

Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.4a

ِ ُ‫اُلنُهيُُال‬ ُ‫اضرُُالُمعروف‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ُ‫لصي غة‬

ُ‫َلُت فعل‬ ُ‫َلُت فعال‬ ‫َلُت فعلوا‬ ُ‫َلُت فعُلِي‬ ُ‫َلُت فعال‬ ُ‫َلُت فعلن‬

ِ ُ‫اِسم‬ ُ‫الصي غ ِة‬

ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫اح ٌُدُمذ َّكرُح‬ ُ‫اضٌر‬ ٌ ‫اضٌُر‬ ُِ ‫تُثنِي ُةٌُمذ َّكٌرُح‬ ِ ‫ْج ُعُمذ َّكرُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌ ٌ ِ‫و‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫اح ٌُدُمؤن‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ُِ ‫َّثُح‬ ٌُ ‫تُثنِيُ ُةٌُمؤن‬ ِ ‫َّثُح‬ ‫اضٌُر‬ ٌُ ‫ْج ٌُعُمؤن‬

Examples: 1. From ُ‫( تُفتح‬you are opening/will open), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُفتح‬do not open!). 2. From ُ‫( ِتُلِس‬you are sitting/will sit), we get ُ‫( َلُُِتُلِس‬do not sit!).

3. From ُ‫( تُسمع‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُسمع‬do not hear!). 4. From ُ‫( تُضُ ِرب‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُضُ ِرب‬do not hit!). 5. From ُ‫( تُذُهب‬you are going/will go), we get ُ‫( َلُُتُذُهُب‬do not go!). The vowels (harakah) of ‫ أُم ٌُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ‫ن ه‬

Many times we find ‫ أُمٌُُر‬to be on the pattern of ُ‫ اِف عل‬as in ُ‫اَِسع‬. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes, it follows the ُ‫ اف عل‬pattern as in ُ‫انصر‬, and sometimes the

‫ اِف ُعِ ُل‬pattern as in ُ‫اِض ِرب‬. The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel ِ ‫ و‬seeghah of pattern of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of the ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغائ‬ ِ ‫ع ُو‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬. ُThe (‫ )ع‬letter of this ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌدُمذ َّكٌرُغائ‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬governs the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬in two ways, and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬in one way. The one way where it governs both ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬is the harakah of the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫نُه‬. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the (‫)ع‬ ِ ‫ع ُو‬ letter of ‫ب‬ ٌُ ِ‫اح ٌد ُمذ َّكٌر ُغُائ‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the (‫ )ع‬letter

61

Lesson 9

of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will have the same vowel. For example, in ُ‫ يُسُمُع‬the (‫ )ع‬letter is (‫ )م‬and

ٌ

has a fathah. Therefore, in its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms, the (‫ )م‬will also get a fathah. Its ‫أُمٌُُر‬ ِ will be ُ‫ اَسع‬and its ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬will be ُ‫َلُتسمع‬. In ُ‫ يض ِرب‬there is a kasrah under (‫ ;)ر‬therefore,

ٌ

its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ اِض ِرب‬and ُ‫ َل ُتض ِرب‬respectively. In ُ‫ي نصر‬, there is a

ٌ

dammah on (‫ ;)ص‬therefore, its ‫ أُمٌُُر‬and ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ نُه‬forms will be ُ‫ انصر‬and ُ‫ َلُت نصر‬respectively.

ٌ

The other way in which (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬governs ‫ أُمٌُُر‬is with respect to the hamzat al-wasl of ‫أُمٌُُر‬. This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It cannot have a fathah. If the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفِعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will also have a dammah. For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ ي نصر‬will be ُ‫ انصر‬because (‫)ص‬

is the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ِع‬ ٌُ ‫ فِع ٌل ُمضار‬and it has a dammah. And if the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ُفِعُ ٌُل ُمُضُاُِر‬ has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أُمٌُُر‬will get a kasrah. For example, the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يسمع‬is ُ‫اَِسع‬, and the ‫ أُمٌُُر‬of ُ‫ يض ِرب‬is ُ‫اِض ِرب‬.

It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫نُه‬. It is only

ٌ ِ dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌُ ‫ ُفعُ ٌُلُمُضُاُِر‬for the harakah on its own (‫ )ع‬letter. Word List For Verbs Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

he went

ُ‫ذهب‬

he stopped (someone)

ُ‫منع‬

ُ‫َينع‬

he started

ُ‫بدأ‬

ُ‫ي بدأ‬

he opened

ُ‫ف تح‬

ُ‫ي فتح‬

he searched

ُ‫ِبُث‬ ُ‫َِسع‬

ُ‫ي بحث‬

he heard

ُ‫ض ِحك‬ ُ‫ع ِمل‬ ُ‫علِم‬

he laughed he did, he acted, he worked he came to know

ُ‫لعِب‬ ُ‫قُبِل‬

he played he accepted

62

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬ ُ‫يذهب‬

ُ‫يسمع‬ ُ‫يضحك‬ ُ‫ي عمل‬ ُ‫ي علم‬ ُ‫ي لعب‬ ُ‫ي قبل‬

ُ‫اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬

he was cautious

ُ‫طبخ‬ ُ‫ح ِذر‬

he went near, he came near

ُ‫ق رب‬

ُ‫ي قرب‬

he became sad

ُ‫حزن‬

ُ‫َيُُزن‬

he mocked

ُ‫هُزأ‬

ُ‫ي هزأ‬

he did

ُ‫ف عل‬

ُ‫ي فعل‬

he read

ُ‫قُرأ‬

ُ‫ي قرأ‬

he entered

ُ‫دخل‬ ُ‫ش ِرب‬

ُ‫يدخل‬

he cooked

he drank

ُ‫يطبخ‬ ُ‫َيذر‬

ُ‫يشرب‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic

English

Singular

ُ‫إِل‬

to

Plural

ُ‫سو ٌق‬ ‫مس ِج ٌُد‬

market mosque but, rather, however

ُ‫بل‬

box

ُ‫صندو ٌق‬ ‫ُِل‬

for

ُ‫ن فسك‬ ‫كثِي ًرا‬ ِ‫ن‬ ٌ‫صيح ُة‬

yourself a lot advice mother

ُ‫أم‬

with

ُ‫مع‬

doll

ٌ‫دمي ُة‬ ٌ‫كرُة‬

ball

ُ‫كال ٌم‬

speech

63

ُ‫أنُفسكم‬

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أ َّمه‬

Lesson 9

Arabic

English

comb meat snake scorpion cat

path

ُ‫ات‬ ٌ َّ‫حي‬ ُ‫عُقا ِرب‬ ٌُ ‫قِط‬ ‫ط‬

that

ُ‫مست ِقي ٌم‬ ‫خي ٌُر‬ ‫أ َُّن‬

all, each

ُ‫كل‬

thing

ُ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫يء‬ ‫ق ِدي ٌُر‬

straight good

powerful

ٌ‫شفاع ُة‬ ٌ‫ق ري ُة‬ ‫ص ِدي ٌُق‬ ٌُ ‫ف ند‬ ‫ق‬

intercession village friend hotel

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ‫ل‬ ٌُ ‫َب‬ ‫ب‬

milk door

ُ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫بي‬ ‫مُ ِدي ٌُر‬ ٌ‫ج ِريدُة‬

house manager; editor newspaper

2. ُ‫َلُتذهب‬

ُ‫ْل ٌم‬ ٌ‫حيَُّة‬ ٌُ ‫عقر‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ‫قِطَُّة‬ ‫عل ى‬ ٌُ ‫ِصرا‬ ‫ط‬

upon, on

1. ُ‫اِذهب‬

Plural

ٌ‫ِمرأُة‬ ٌُ ‫ِمش‬ ‫ط‬

mirror

Exercise 1:

Singular

Translate into English 7. ‫َلُتسمعوا‬ 8. ‫اِضحكوا‬

64

‫ق ًرى‬ ُ‫ف ن ِادق‬

ُ‫اْلمرُوالنَّهي‬ 3. ‫َلَُتن عوا‬

9. ‫اِعملوا‬

5. ُ‫اِف ت ِحي‬

11. ‫اِعلما‬

10. ‫اَِسُعا‬

4. ‫ي‬ ُ ِ‫َلُت بدئ‬ 6. ُ‫َلُت بحثن‬ Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

12. ‫َلُت لعبا‬ Translate into Arabic

Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. Open (S/M) the box. Work (D/M) for yourselves. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.

Exercise 3:

Translate into English.

1. ‫َلَُتزنُعلي ِه ُم‬ 2. ‫َلُت هزءواُوَلُتضحكوا‬ 3. ُ‫اِف علواُاْلي ر‬

4. ُ‫اِق رُِءيُُوَلُت لعبي‬

5. ‫ُاِعلمواُأُ َّنُهللاُعلُىُك ِلُشُيُ ٍءُق ِدي ٌُر‬ 6. ُ‫اِق ب لواُالشَّفاعة‬

7. ُ‫ادخلواُه ِذهُِالقرية‬

8. ُ‫اِذهب واُمعُص ِدي ِقكمُُإِلُالفند ِقُواشرب واُاللَّبُمعه‬

ِ ‫اِف تحواَُببُالب ي‬ 9. ِ‫تُواذهب واُُإِلُُمُ ِدي ُِرُاْل ِريدُة‬

65

LESSON 10

ُ‫ُالُمُع‬،ُ‫ُالتُثُُنِيُة‬،ُ‫احد‬ ُِ ‫الُ ُو‬ Singular, Dual, Plural We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single, sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual and plural. For example, ‫ن‬ ٌُ ‫ مُ ُؤُِم‬means ‘one believer,’ ‫ان‬ ُِ ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن‬means ‘two believers,’ and

ُ‫ مُ ُؤُِمن ون‬means ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals of nouns.

ِ ‫ (و‬one of the ٌ‫ – ت ثنِي ُة‬Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬ following: 

ِ An ُ‫ف‬ ُِ ‫[ﹷ‬ ٌ ‫ أُُل‬preceded by a fathah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ان‬ for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬. e.g.



ُ‫رجال ِن‬

two men

A ٌ‫ َيُ ُء‬preceded by a fathah and a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a kasrah i.e. ]‫ن‬ ُِ ُ‫ [ﹷي‬for the states of

ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬. e.g. ُِ ‫رجل‬ ‫ي‬

two men

ِ ‫ (و‬one of the ُ‫ – َج ٌع‬Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )‫اح ٌُد‬ following:5 

A ‫او‬ ٌُ ‫ ُو‬preceded by a dammah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. ]ُ‫[ﹹون‬ for the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬. e.g.



ُ‫ ُمسلِمون‬Muslims

A ٌ‫ َيُ ُء‬preceded by a kasrah and followed by a ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬with a fathah i.e. [ُ‫ ]ﹻين‬for the states of ‫ب‬ ٌُ ُ‫ نُص‬and ُ‫جُر‬. e.g.

ُ‫ مسلِ ِمي‬Muslims

4

It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more. 5 There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.

67

Lesson 10

For the ease of the students, a chart showing ‫ مسلِ ٌُم‬and its dual and plural forms in each of the different states is given below. Table 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural Singular (ُ‫احد‬ ُِ ‫)الُُو‬ In the state of ‫ُرفُ ٌُع‬

In the state of ‫ب‬ ٌُ ُ‫نُص‬ In the state of ُ‫جُر‬

ُ‫مسلِ ٌم‬ ‫مسلِ ًما‬ ‫مسلٍُِم‬

Dual (ُ‫)التَُّثُُنِيُة‬

ِ ‫مسلِم‬ ُ‫ان‬ ُِ ‫مسلِم‬ ‫ي‬ ُِ ‫مسلِم‬ ‫ي‬

Plural (ُ‫)اُْلُمُع‬

ُ‫مسلِمون‬ ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬ ُ‫مسلِ ِمي‬

Examples: 1. Two men went to the market.

ُ‫ُالسو ِق‬ ُُّ ‫ذهبُرجال ِنُُإِل‬

2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.

ُ‫خطبُالعالِمون ُِِفُالمس ِج ِد‬

3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.

ِ ‫نصرُخُاُلِ ٌُدُمظلوم‬ ُ‫ي‬

4. Naseer hit the oppressors.

ِ ‫ضربُن‬ ُ‫صي ٌرُاُلظَّالِ ِمي‬

5. I wrote with two pens.

ِ ‫كت بتُبِقلم‬ ُ‫ي‬

6. A man from amongst the believers came.

ُ‫جآءُرج ٌل ُِمنُالمُ ُؤُِمُنِي‬

Note: The ‫ُو ٌُن‬ ُ ‫ ن‬of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf. For example, 1. ‫ق لماُزي ٍُد‬

(Zayd’s two pens)

2. ‫ل‬ ٍُ ‫ف رساُرج‬

(a man’s two horses)

ِ ‫ ق لم‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ‫ان ُزي ٍُد‬ end of mudaaf. ِ ‫ ف رس‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ‫ل‬ ٍُ ‫ان ُرج‬ end of mudaaf.

68

ِ ‫الو‬ ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،ُ‫احد‬

ِ ‫مسلِمو‬ 3. ُ‫ُمصر‬

(Muslims of Egypt)

ِ ‫ مسلِمون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ُ‫ُمصر‬ end of mudaaf.

ِ ‫طالِب و‬ 4. ‫ُعل ٍُم‬

(seekers of knowledge)

ِ ‫ طالِب ون‬but the ‫ نُ ُو ٌُن‬was dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ‫ُعل ٍُم‬ end of mudaaf.

Word List for Verbs Arabic

English (for past tense)

ُ‫ماض‬

he ordered

ُ‫أمر‬

he wrote

ُ‫كتب‬

ُ‫يكتب‬

he ate

ُ‫أكل‬

ُ‫َيكل‬

he cut

ُ‫قطع‬

he hit

ُ‫ضرب‬

ُ‫ي قطع‬ ُ‫يض ِرب‬

he took

ُ‫أخذ‬

ُ‫َيخذ‬

he studied

ُ‫درس‬

ُ‫يدرس‬

he cooked

ُ‫طبخ‬

ُ‫يطبخ‬

he read

ُ‫ق رأ‬

ُ‫ي قرأ‬

he filled

ُ‫مل‬

he imprisoned

ُ‫حبس‬

he forgave

ُ‫غفر‬

ُ‫َيل‬ ُ‫َيبِس‬ ُ‫ي غ ِفر‬

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫مضا ِر‬ ُ‫َيمر‬

Word List for Nouns English

Arabic Singular

ِ‫و‬ ُ‫ظ‬ ٌ ‫اع‬ ٌُ ‫كِت‬ ‫اب‬ ‫مُؤِم ٌُن‬ ‫خب ٌُز‬

preacher book believer bread

69

Plural

ِ‫و‬ ُ‫اعظون‬ ُ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ُ‫مؤِمن ون‬ ُ‫أخب ٌاز‬

Lesson 10

English

Arabic Singular

ٌ‫شجرُة‬ ‫ول ٌُد‬ ٌ‫ِمظلَُّة‬

tree boy umbrella year worshipper a fish

ُ‫ُع ٌام‬،ٌ‫سنة‬ ‫عابِ ٌُد‬ ٌ‫َسك ُة‬

house female servant, maid

uncle (maternal) thief jail, prison guidance pious, God-fearing successful; prosperous corrupt

ُ‫ُأُعو ٌام‬،‫ِسن ون‬ ٌُ َّ‫عُُب‬ ‫اد‬

ٌ‫كَّراس ُة‬ ٌُ ‫ب ي‬ ‫ت‬ ٌ‫خ ِادم ُة‬

notebook

jar

Plural

ٌ‫جَّرُة‬ ٌُ‫خال‬ ٌُ ‫سا ِر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ِسج ٌُن‬ ‫ه ًدى‬ )‫مت ٍَّقُ(المت َِّقي‬ ‫مفلِ ٌُح‬ ‫مف ِس ٌُد‬ ‫َن ُن‬ ‫مصلِ ٌُح‬ ُِ ‫ظ‬ ٌ‫ال‬

we peacemaker oppressor

ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫عذ‬ ‫ألِي ٌُم‬ ‫كافٌُِر‬ ٌُ ‫م ِه‬ ‫ي‬

punishment painful disbeliever, infidel humiliating, disgraceful

‫م ُع‬ ‫صابٌُِر‬ ُ‫اْلمد‬

with patient all praise

70

ُ‫سا ِرق ون‬

)‫متَّقونُ(المتَُّقون‬ ُ‫مفلِحون‬ ُ‫مف ِسدُون‬

ُ‫مصلِحون‬ ُ‫ظالِمون‬

ُ‫كافِرون‬

ُ‫صابِرون‬

ِ ‫الو‬ ُ‫ُاْلمع‬،‫ُالتَّثنِية‬،ُ‫احد‬

English

Arabic Singular

Lord

ُ‫رب‬

world

ُ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ال‬

blessing, grace (of Allah Most High)

ٌُ‫صلُوة‬

peace

ُ‫سال ٌم‬ ‫عل ى‬ ‫سيِ ٌُد‬

upon, on master; chief

ُ‫مرس ٌل‬ ُ‫خ‬ ٌ‫امت‬ ُ ِ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬

messenger seal; ring prophet family companion all Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

‫أ ٌُل‬ ِ‫ص‬ ٌُ ‫اح‬ ‫ب‬ ُ‫أُْجع‬

Translate into Arabic

I ordered the preachers. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers. They (P/F) ate the bread. You (P/M) cut the tree. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas. You (P/F) will study for two years. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.

Exercise 2:

Translate into English

ِ ‫القرآنُُهدىُلِلمت‬ 1. ُ‫َّقي‬ ً 2. ُ‫المؤِمن ونُُمفلِحون‬

3. ُ‫َُننُمصلِحون‬:ُ‫قالُُالمف ِسدون‬

71

Plural

ُ‫عالمون‬

ُ‫مرسلون‬ ُِ ‫خُُو‬ ‫امت‬ ُ‫نبِيُُّون‬

ُ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أُصح‬ ُ‫أُْجعون‬

‫‪Lesson 10‬‬

‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ابُأُلِي ٌمُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ُللظُل ُميُعذ ٌ‬

‫يُ ‪5.‬‬ ‫لِلكُافِ ِرينُعذ ٌُ‬ ‫ابُ ُّم ِه ٌ‬ ‫صابِ ِرينُ ‪6.‬‬ ‫اُهللُُمعُُال َُّ‬

‫اُهللُُي غ ِفرُلِلمؤِمنِيُ ‪7.‬‬

‫ُِلُِر ِ‬ ‫بُالعل ِميُ ‪8.‬‬ ‫اْلمد ِ ُ‬

‫ُوأُصحابِِهُأُْجعِيُ ‪9.‬‬ ‫امتُالنَّبُِيِيُُُم َّم ٍد َُّوعلُىُأُُلِِه ُ‬ ‫السالمُعلىُسيِ ِدُالمرسلِيُخ ُِ‬ ‫اُ َّ‬ ‫لصالُةُو َّ‬

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