Team Workbook-Your Guide To Developing An Ergonomics Process [1 ed.] 9781574442120, 9781138424746, 9780429333002, 9781000673715, 9781000665857, 9781000657999

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Team Workbook Workbook

Your Guide to

Developing Developing An An Ergonomics Ergonomics Process Alison Heller, M.S., P.T., P.T., CIE

@

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton Raton London London New New York York Boca

CRC Press Press is is an imprint of the the Taylor Taylor & Francis Francis Group, an informa business business

First฀published฀1999฀by฀Lewis฀Publishers฀ Published฀2019฀by฀CRC฀Press฀ Taylor฀&฀Francis฀Group฀ 6000฀Broken฀Sound฀Parkway฀NW,฀Suite฀300฀ Boca฀Raton,฀FL฀33487-2742฀ ©฀ 1999฀by฀Alison฀R.฀Heller฀ CRC฀Press฀is฀an฀imprint฀of฀Taylor฀&฀Francis฀Group,฀an฀lnforma฀business฀

No฀claim฀to฀original฀U.S.฀Government฀wolks฀ ISBN฀ 13:฀978-1-57444-212-0฀(pbk)฀ ISBN฀13:฀978-1-138-42474-6฀(hbk)฀ This฀ book฀contains฀information฀obtained฀from฀ authentic฀and฀highly฀regarded฀sources.฀ Reasonable฀efforts฀have฀ been฀made฀ to฀ publish฀reliable฀ data฀and฀information,฀but฀the฀author฀and฀publisher฀cannot฀assume฀responsibility฀for฀the฀validity฀of฀all฀materials฀ or฀the฀ consequences฀ of฀their฀use.฀ The฀ authors฀ and฀ publishers฀ have฀ attempted฀ to฀ trace฀ the฀ copyright฀holders฀ of฀all฀ material฀ reproduced฀in฀this฀publication฀and฀apologize฀to฀copyright฀holders฀if฀permission฀to฀publish฀in฀this฀form฀has฀not฀been฀obtained.฀ If฀ any฀copyright฀material฀has฀not฀been฀acknowledged฀please฀write฀and฀let฀us฀know฀so฀we฀may฀rectify฀in฀any฀future฀reprint.฀ Except฀as฀permitted฀under฀U.S.฀Copyright฀Law,฀no฀part฀of฀this฀book฀may฀be฀reprinted,฀reproduced,฀transmitted,฀or฀utilized฀in฀any฀ form฀by฀any฀electronic,฀mechanical,฀or฀other฀means,฀now฀known฀or฀hereafter฀invented,฀including฀photocopying,฀microfilming,฀ and฀recording,฀or฀in฀any฀information฀storage฀or฀retrieval฀system,฀without฀written฀permission฀from฀the฀publishers.฀ Trademark Notice: Product฀or฀corporate฀names฀may฀be฀trademarks฀or฀registered฀trademarks,฀and฀are฀used฀only฀for฀identification฀ and฀explanation฀without฀intent฀to฀infringe.฀ Visit the Taylor &฀Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog฀record฀is฀ available฀from฀ the฀Library฀ of฀Congress฀

CONTENTS Section I Overhead Summaries • Participatory Ergonomics in the Workplace • Developing Your Ergonomics Task Force • General CTD Prevention Training

1

Section II Flow Charts • INSITE PT Ergonomics Process • INSITE PT Ergonomics Task Force Evaluation Process • ETF Notification Process

39

Section III Guidelines, Roles, and Responsibilities

49

Section IV Forms

75

Appendix A Handouts • Do's and Don'ts • Quick Fixes to Common Office Problems • Back Safety Tips

115

Appendix B References and Additional Reading List

127

I OVERHEAD SUMMARY

1

WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?

PARTICIPATORY ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE

1

The study of work...

i Matching human and machine

MACROERGONOMICS i Software design i Decision making i Decision facilitation i Organizational structure . Management style

Three Obligations • Moral • Financial • Regulatory

MORAL Needless pain and suffering of employees contributing to lost productivity, increased unemployment and economic hardships related to disability in America.

CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS

CTDs = BAD

AVERAGE CLAIMS COST BY BODY PART

FINANCIAL

Claim

Average Incurred Total Cost per Claim

Arm and wrist Hand/Fingers Neck Lower Back All claims

$11,218.00 $6,294.001 $15,544.00 $12,011.00 $10,992.00

National Council on Compensation Insurance, 1992-1993

PRIVATE SECTOR INCIDENT RATES FOR DISORDERS DUE TO REPEATED TRAUMA

LOST WORK DAYS 1 Disabling Condition

Median Lost Work Days

I

Carpal Tunnel

37

Repetitive Motion

18

Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1994

I Incidence Rate I (thousands)

Disorders due to Repeated ¡Trauma

332,000 |

bureau or Labor statistics, 1S94

REGULATORY • Workers' compensation reform • OSHA General Duty Clause • Federal and California OSHA Ergonomics Standards . ISO 9000 • ANSI Z-365, ANSI 100 • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

WHAT IS PARTICIPATORY ERGONOMICS?

|

Participatory ergonomics requires that the end-users, those that will benefit from ergonomics, be vitally involved in developing and implementing the technology.

Excluding workers from problem solving says... • "You're not capable of solving problems" » "Problem solving should be left to experts" » "You are not an expert"

WHY SHOULD WE INVOLVE PEOPLE IN ERGONOMICS?

Participatory Ergonomics • Legitimizes ideas and experiences of workers. « Gives ownership to ideas which enhances implementation « Encourages support and long-term commitment

If workers implement ergonomics, they will be able to modify it to solve future problems.

Worker involvement encourages

• • • • •

Enhanced work habits Better work safety Increased productivity Improved comfort and ease More control in work environment Increased Quality of Work Life

WORKER » VALUABLE RESOURCE

Participatory Ergonomics empowers people to... i Make decisions • Implement and evaluate those decisions • Be responsible and accountable for their choices

ESTABLISHING A PARTICIPATORY ERGONOMICS PROGRAM

BARRIERS TO SUCCESS

i Requires Management Commitment to: • Employee Involvement •Reducing employee pain and discomfort •Minimize ergonomie risk factors • Reduce financial toll of direct and indirect costs related to work injuries • Provide education and training to at-risk employees

i Lack of top management commitment i Lack of funding for changes i Implementation delays i Poor participation by middle management i Poor communication i Expanding too fast

MORE BARRIERS

SOLUTIONS FOR SUCCESS

i Viewing ergonomics as a productivity program i Turning over responsibility to consultants i Failure to develop internal ergonomics knowledge and knowing the process • Poor leadership • Limited employee participation • Inappropriate employee expectations

i Leadership commitment and flexibility i Clear purpose i Resource dedication • Tailored to the size of the organization • Joint management/employee ergonomics committee • Strong project leader

MORE SOLUTIONS » Effective worker and supervisor involvement » Rigorous problem solving process » Action consistent with stated goals • Injury management * Internal ergonomics knowledge * Start small, expand slowly

PROGRAM BUY-IN • * * * * *

Improved productivity Improved organizational flow Improved job satisfaction and morale Improved safety diligence and compliance Improved awareness of CTDs Self-Care, Self-Responsibility philosophy

PROGRAM BUY-IN « Decreased claims * Decreased pain and suffering * Decreased direct and indirect costs of workers' compensation claims * Decreased stress » Reduced civil and criminal liability

The Ergonomics program is an on-going process that emphasizes a self-directed approach. It is the commitment of each employee at all levels to impart better workplace safety and health through participation in the ergonomics process.

PURPOSE: Developing an Ergonomics Task Force Guidelines, Procedures and Responsibilities

FORMATION: • The team will consist of both management and non-management personnel • A member can be selected from representative departments to facilitate communication between the committee and the department

TERM IN OFFICE: • Committee members will serve at least a one year term • Member terms will be staggered so that remaining members continue with the program already in place.

• To bring together different levels of the organization; workers and management for the goal of decreasing work injury and increasing productivity through ergonomie change • To utilize in-house expertise to assist in the prevention and management of work injuries.

SELECTION PROCESS: • Direct elections • Nomination by a supervisor or manager • Solicitation for volunteers

ETF RESPONSIBILITIES: • Evaluate the needs of each department in regards to Cumulative Trauma or Repetitive Motion Injury (RMI) prevention training and education • Establish criteria for who should receive training, worksite changes, furniture needs, etc.

ETF RESPONSIBILITIES : i Ensure implementation of medical management procedure with identified CTDs and RMIs. i Assist in the selection of training materials, tools, equipment and furniture products related to the program.

ETF RESPONSIBILITIES : • Demonstrate commitment and support of program by active participation in Ergonomie Task Force activities 1 Discuss program's importance and benefits with employees

ETF RESPONSIBILITIES :

ETF MISSION STATEMENT:

* Assist in training and reinforcing the importance of safe work practices, workstation comfort, understanding risk factors and identifying/reporting symptoms early « Document the benefits, concerns, costs and issues relevant to the Ergonomics process

> Assist in the implementation and management of thefourmain components of the Ergonomics Process: - Worksite Analysis - Hazard Prevention and Control Measures - Medical Management -Training and Education

ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE CORE TEAM: « Chairperson • Surveyor » Surveyor » Training Coordinator » Procurement Coordinate^! • Facilities/Maintenance \ • Secretary

ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE

Organization Chart of Ergonomics Process

Ergonomics Program Director: i Supports, promotes and defends the underlying concepts of the Ergonomics Process by overseeing all operations related to the goals and implementation of the program i Upper management position i Final approval of decisions by ETF

ETF Chairperson:

ETF Surveyors:

i Sets and moderates ETF meetings i Liaison between management and ETF i Assigns evaluations to committee members i Reviews and disseminates all ETF Surveyor reports i Coordinates committee activities i Works in conjunction with ergonomics consultants and specialists

i Responds to initial employee concerns regarding ergonomics or workstation issues related to cumulative trauma or repetitive strain risk. i Determines cause for concern through history and site analysis that includes identifying hazards, risk factors, unsafe practices or procedures and concerns related to ergonomics.

ETF Surveyor:

ETF Surveyor:

i Educates employee/supervisor on ergonomie risks and safe work practices i Makes immediate site changes with available equipment as able i Prepares necessary report documenting findings and controls and recommendations including safe work practices, ergonomie products, facility/maintenance changes and any other suitable solutions.

i Summarizes findings and provides it to the ETF Chairperson i Reviews case monthly at ETF meeting i Performs a 30 day follow-up (minimum) with employee after implementation of solutions

ETF Surveyor Tools:

ETF Training Coordinator:

Completes the Ergonomics Evaluation Form Obtains a brief job description Obtains employee self-assessment form Fills out Ergonomie Equipment Purchase Request and Maintenance Request as needed • Optional Polaroid Camera • Tape Measure

• Disseminates information to departments pertaining to Ergonomics process. • Training sign-up sheets • Safety bulletins • Ergonomics Evaluation Request Forms • Tracks and coordinates scheduling and sign-up of all affected employees for training programs and other events pertaining to ergonomics process.

ETF Procurement Coordinator

ETF Procurement Coordinator

• • • •

• Communicates with ETF Chairperson to coordinate the purchasing of recommended furniture, equipment, tools or accessories. • Disseminates purchases for installation to facilities/maintenance to complete ergonomie controls and recommendations.

ETF Facilities/Maintenance: • Installs, repairs and assists with the moving and maintenance of office/industrial equipment as it pertains to improving the workstation design and minimizing identified ergonomie hazards.

• Tracks costs associated with equipment purchases related to the ergonomics process • Selects ergonomie furniture, equipment, tools and accessories appropriate for program needs. • Reviews relevance of selected items with ETF.

ETF Secretary: • Prepares reports including: • Meeting reminders and agenda •Takes minutes of meetings • Documents activities of the ETF • Maintains documents in designated notebook • Assists in tracking all components or selected components of the Ergonomics Process.

Designated Healthcare Provider • Assists with managing employee concems with physical discomfort • Performs CTD/RMI early identification voluntary screens on or off site • Makes medical management recommendations for modified work • Follows case if it becomes a workers' compensation claim • Participates in ETF monthly meetings

MEASURING SUCCESS • Survey participants: Morale and Attitude • Survey ETF members • (Re)Assess workstation comfort with evaluation tools at selected time frames • Work with TPA/lnsurance to monitor workers' compensation claims/costs • Return on Investment planning and comparison • Document and announce success

PRIMARY BENEFITS • Reduce workers' compensation costs and claims • Increase ergonomics awareness of employees • ln-house expertise to deal with Ergonomie issues that may lead to CTD/RMIs • Facilitate employee work practice changes • Encourage early reporting of signs and symptoms for early intervention

ERGONOMICS CONSULTANT: • Facilitates and assures management commitment to program • Guides the development of the Ergonomics Process • Provides necessary training, education and technical assistance to all participants • Recognizes the need for other experts

OUTCOMES: • Measure over time these factors and others: • Claim Occurrences • Medical Costs •Temporary/Permanent Disability • Lost Work Time Days • Program implementation or investment costs • Program participation

SUMMARY: • Participatory Ergonomics can have a substantial impact on bottom line workers' compensation cost and claims

Developing an Ergonomics Task Force is an effective means of facilitating ergonomie change in the workplace over time.

An ongoing ergonomics process promotes total quality philosophies and continuous improvement in the workplace impacting employee morale, job satisfaction, productivity and ultimately bottom line profits.

GENERAL CTD PREVENTION TRAINING For Industry and Office

IS THERE A GOOD MATCH OR A BAD MATCH BETWEEN YOU AND YOUR WORK PLACE?

WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? ■

Ergonomics is the interaction or relationship between you and your environment at work and at home. That includes the tools and materials that you handle and the work tasks that you perform.

WHEN THERE IS A GOOD MATCH ... ■ You

are happier are healthy ■ You are more productive ■ You are safer

■ You

But if there is a bad match ... ■ You may experience fatigue ■ You may feel distracted and have limited concentration ■ Your muscles may ache and be sore ■ You may have more headaches

WHEN THE MATCH IS NOT QUITE RIGHT, PROBLEMS CAN OCCUR. A COMMON HEALTH HAZARD THAT CAN DEVELOP FROM POOR ERGONOMICS IS A CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDER.

CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS (CTDs) are the result of an imbalance between the body's ability to heal itself and excessive wear and tear over an extended period of time to joints, tendons, muscles and nerves.

TYPICAL CTDs ARE • Tendon Disorders -Tendonitis -Tenosynovitis -DeQuervain's Disease • Neurovascular Compressions -Carpal Tunnel Syndrome -Thorasic Outlet Syndrome

Back Disorders Hearing Loss Eye Disorders Leg and Foot Disorders

Other Factors Contributing to CTDs

WHAT CAUSES CTDs IN THE WORKPLACE? Repetition or continuous activities Awkward, sustained postures Forceful exertions Contact Pressures

• • • •

• • • •

Cold Exposure Vibration Personal Factors Other: -Organizational changes - Increased workloads i -Staffing changes

Repetitive or Continuous Activities in the Office WHAT ARE SOME ACTIVITIES THAT WE DO IN THE WORKPLACE THAT MAY BE REPETITIVE ?

• • • • •

Keying or data entry Sorting, filing and collating Stapling and staple removing Stuffing envelopes Stamping

Repetitive or Continuous Activities in Industry • Loading a machine • Bending to lift boxes • Reaching for inventory

WHAT ARE SOME ACTIVITIES THAT WE DO IN THE WORKPLACE THAT MAY BE AWKWARD OR CAUSE A SUSTAINED POSTURE?

• Operating manual controls • Shoveling • Performing assembly

AWKWARD POSTURES are postures that require movement away from neutral alignment • Working with wrists bent up or down • Over extended reaches for materials overhead • Working with neck bent downward or rotated to one direction

• Straining neck to look through bifocals • Bending and twisting the back • Keeping the hands held palm down to type

WHAT ARE SOME ACTIVITIES THAT WE DO IN THE WORKPLACE THAT MAY BE FORCEFUL OR EXERTIONAL?

SUSTAINED POSTURES are postures that don't require movement or are static ' Sitting or standing in one place for more than 1 hour • Maintaining fingers or thumb poised over the keyboard

• Keeping a tight grip on a tool • Holding the arms out away from the body to work

FORCEFUL OR EXERTIONAL OFFICE ACTIVITIES INCLUDE • • • • •

Holding a pen in a tight grasp Lifting heavy files or manuals Pounding or clacking the keyboard Pushing a stapler with the palm Squeezing the mouse too hard

Repetitive Motion and Force Exertion During Keyboarding Typing 60 words/minute Typical Total Pressure on (@5 characters per word) Keys(@ 8oz/stroke) 300 strokes /minute

150 lbs/minute

18,000 stroKes/nour

9,000 ibs/nour

540,000 strokes/weeK

20,250 lbs/day

27 million strokes/year

270,000 lbs/week

1.08 billion strokes/career

270,000 tons/career

WHAT ARE SOME ACTIVITIES THAT WE DO IN THE

WORKPLACE THAT MAY CAUSE CONTACT PRESSURE?

OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF CTDS • Vibration: -Whole body: truck driving, tractor or forklift -Hand/aim: power tool use, lawn mowing • Cold Exposure: < 45 degrees F. • Personal Factors: -95th percentile height or weight • Pre-existing conditions: -Diabetes -Pregnancy

FORCEFUL OR EXERTIONAL INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES INCLUDE • • • •

Lifting loads greater than 50 lbs. Pushing or pulling a load Rolling a heavy drum Grasping large items with or without handles

CONTACT PRESSURE MAY BE DUETO • Leaning the wrist or forearm on a hard edge of the desk or a counter • Resting the elbow on a hard surface • Sitting on a hard chair • Standing on a hard floor

OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF CTDS • Organizational Issues -Employee/Supervisor relationships -Downsizing and staffing changes -Production demands -Work production monitoring -Control over work pace

THERE ARE RISK FACTORS IN EVERYTHING WE DO. IT IS THE EXPOSURE TO THE FACTORS THAT MATTERS

When exposed to the risk factors over time, the blood supply to your muscles and nerves may be compromised and cause discomfort and fatigue.

These are warning signs that something is not quite right. It usually occurs in the wrists, hands, shoulders, neck, back or

eyes.

IMPORTANT FACTORS TO CONSIDER • DURATION -how long you are doing the activity. . FREQUENCY- how often you are doing the activity within a certain time period. • CYCLE OF WORK AND REST - amount of work and rest for a certain part of the body. -COMBINATION OF RISK FACTORS - increased risk ¡f you are exposed to more than oneriskfactor at the same Ume.

You might begin to experience the following signs and symptoms • SIGNS (see) -Swelling -Loss of motion -Loss of strength -Redness

• S Y M P T O M S (feel) -Dullness —Aching -Burning -Tingling or numbness

If signs or symptoms persists for more than 3 days report it to the ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE (ETF) AND YOUR SUPERVISOR.

Also, stop and think about what you are doing and how you've been doing it Is it repetitive? Is it forceful? Are you in an awkward > posture? Can You Change It?

While the ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE Evaluates Your Workstation... • Perform your own self-assessment • Refer to your... -CTDs Do's and Don'ts List -Guide to Quick Office Ergonomie Solutions -Back Safety Tips

IN THE OFFICE, BE SURE TO LOOK AT YOUR MATCH TO... • • • • • • •

Your chair The computer monitor The keyboard and mouse* Overhead bins and shelves The work surface and common tools Lighting The overall environment

IF SIGNS AND/OR SYMPTOMS PERSIST, YOU CAN > If available, undergo a voluntary CTD screen by a health care provider to determine the extent of your physical concern » Sign up for an Ergonomie Worksite Analysis » Register for the next CTD training class

The ETF will assist you with helpful suggestions to: • Rearrange your office or industrial work area to better suit your needs • Use your chair more effectively • Understand how to adjust your equipment • Apply safe work practices

IN THE OFFICE, YOU MAY WANT TO... « Make adjustments to your chair • Raise or lower your monitor and keyboard • Relocate your mouse closer to you • Organize the common tools and materials within a near reach • Work on improving your work habits and methods

IK INDUSTRY, BE SURE TO LOOK AT • Height of tables and counters • Weight of loads lifted and lowered • Work postures • Shape and size of materials handled • Work repetitions and rest time

ERGONOMICS IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TOO. MAKE SURE YOU REFER TO YOUR TRAINING MATERIALS AND SCHEDULE TIME TO MEET WITH AN ERGONOMIC TASK FORCE MEMBER

YOU MAY WANT TO... • Adjust the surface heights • Reduce the load weight • Encourage neutral postures when sitting, lifting and reaching • Change size and shape of loads • Alter work/rest cycles; take more mini breaks • Rotate jobs or tasks • Stretch during breaks

It is the TEAM EFFORT between YOU, The ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE and Your Administrators that will keep you working safe and healthy for today and tomorrow.

Il FLOW CHARTS

39

THE ERGONOMICS PROCESS // // I

Inoutor // hputor 0^ Output // * I

Introductory / CTDTralnlno / CTDTraMng And AndEducation Education / /

/ / I

i/

^ —^

Employe Employe* Setf Self Corrects Workstation Workstation

X "\ X* "X w( Problem Resolved \) W ^ \ 7J

/

Process Employee Employee Concern! Concern: Efgonomfc EfQonomic Evaluation Request Form Submitted

I

© /'Yes/No X'Yes/No orX. Decision ? >

\
/ >/

ETF Workstation

xfe

L.

u\

-—^—^a|^- yeeHas\ /EmptoyeeH^V sionjficant SignWcant \ \ Symptoms >/ /

/ / ^. N.

/ / X. x.

V V

I

ETF Reassess

| +

T T // /S

CounselhgAnd Counsel** And Training

1

\ \v .

Medical Dbabily DbablRy

4 hrs, etc.)

Cell/tissue/slide preparation Cell /tissue/slide extraction Cell/ tissue/sample removal Pouring media & prepping petrii dishes Pipetting

aspirator

D test tube

micropipettor

Vortexing Keyboard i ng and data entry Other ENVIRONMENT: Total Score

TOOLS: Total Score

Air temperature 1 min)

pinching (>1 min)

bending forward at

trunk

neck

extended reach (>24")

. Repetitive motion patterns (4 x 1 min or >) . Forceful grip or pinch (>2 kg or 4.4 lb.) . Uncontrolled work pace . Lifting, pushing, or pulling

> 51 lbs.

. Leaning on hard edge or surface Awkward postures:

neck

Unsupported arms above waist or

wrist

shoulders

back

arms

hand

arms across midline ( R / L / Both )

Work Cycle time > 30 seconds (repetitive or sustained) Laboratory Grand Total Exposure Score: /52 52 reflects the total exposures. The employer is encouraged to reduce the score as low as possible. Once hazard prevention and control measures are implemented, re-survey the area to compare the relative value score. Attempts should be made to continually reduce the total risk score.

Optional: Workstation Diagram Used D

Photographs D

Video Analysis

D

Form H 2/2

SECTION V: Material Handling Worksite Evaluation To be completed by Ergonomie Surveyor Date: Employee Name: Soc. Sec. or ID# Job Location: Job Title: Shift observed: Day

D

Evening D

Nights

D

Material Handling Ergonomie Exposure Analysis: The factors below have been linked to CTD/RMI disorders. While viewing the employee performing their job, determine through interview and observation if any of these factors are seen or performed for a total of four or more hours per day. No scientific verification has been performed to indicate validity of employee concerns at this time. Check all that apply and total the score for relative risk per section and for a grand total. Higher scores may indicate higher risk. WORKSTATIONS: Total Score

ENVIRONMENT: Total Score

Unadjustable work surface height Unadjustable work surface angle Surface deeper than 24" to reach Standing on hard floor surfaces Inadequate clearance of limbs Unadjustable work stool or chair Controls difficult to reach Keyboard is fixed height Monitor is fixed height

Air temperature 5 ft. Heavy workload sustained >1 hr.

Load is handled below the knee Load is handled above the shoulder Stooping or bending at the waist Twisting of the torso during lift Hands are held from torso (>18 in.) Crouching > 1 minute Bending to one side to exert or lift Minimal changes in job posture . Repetitive lifting > 1x/minute One foot lower than other during lift

Material Handling Grand Total Exposure Score: /38 38 reflects the total exposures. The employer is encouraged to reduce the score as low as possible. Once hazard prevention and control measures are implemented, re-survey the area to compare the relative value score. Attempts should be made to continually reduce the total risk score. Optional: Workstation Diagram Used D

Form I 1/1

Photographs

D

Video Analysis

D

OFFICE ERGONOMICS EMPLOYEE WORKSTATION SELF-ASSESSMENT Name: _

Date:

Facility

Department:

Directions: You have the opportunity to provide valuable feedback to your employer regarding your workstation. Respond to the following questions by indicating Yes, the condition exists or No, the condition does not exist. Once you submit your results, both you and your employer should make attempts to adjust, fix, install or advise on the best way to improve your workstation and your work practices.

CHAIR: Yes

No

D

D

1. Can you adjust the height and position of your chair so that your feet rest firmly on the floor or a foot rest?

D

D

2. Do your arms rest comfortably and close to your body at a right angle with or without armrests when you work at your keyboard?

D D

D D

3. Does your chair provide adequate lower back support?

D D D

D D D

4. Do your thighs rest comfortably in a position horizontal or slightly downward to the floor when seated? 5. Does the seat pan allow for three fingers distance behind your knees? 6. Do you adjust the back angle or seat pan angle of your chair through the day? 7. Do you develop sore back or neck muscles after working more than four hours cumulative time at your workstation?

Additional Employee comments:

Supervisor comments:

FormJ 1/3

KEYBOARD and MOUSE Yes

No

D

D

1. Does your keyboard position allow for your wrists to be straight while keying or mousing?

D

D

2. Does your desk provide a non-sharp surface to intermittently rest your wrists on while maintaining neutral wrist positions?

D

D

3. Does your keyboard and mouse set-up allow you to remain in a neutral body position with the recommended support while operating your equipment?

D

D

4. Are you able to keep your lower arms at right angles to your upper arms and close to your trunk while mousing and keyboarding?

D D D

D D D

5. Does your keyboard and mouse adjust in height and angle? 6. Is your mouse at the same height as your keyboard and within a close reach? 7. Do your shoulders, wrists or hands ever ache after more than four hours of cumulative time at the keyboard or mouse?

Additional Employee comments:

Supervisor comments:

MONITOR: Glare and Lighting Yes

No

D D D

D D D

D D D

D D D

4. Is your screen perpendicular to the floor to reduce glare?

D

D

7. Are you seated directly in front of your monitor when you use your keyboard to minimize flexing, extending or rotating your neck?

D

D

8. Do you experience any fatigue or soreness in your eyes or neck after more than 4 hours per day use of your monitor?

1. Is your workstation directly under a light source? 2. Is task lighting available and used appropriately? 3. Is your monitor positioned at 90 degrees to a window and not directly under overhead lights?

5. Are windows obscured with blinds or window treatments to minimize glare? 6. Are you easily able to adjust the height of your monitor to be equal to your seated eye height?

Additional Employee comments:

Supervisor comments:

Form J 2/3

GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW: Yes

No

•

D

1. Are your most commonly used items positioned within a near reach of at least 14" to 24" from you while seated at your desk?

•

D

2. Do you change your position every hour to avoid static postures?

D

D

3. Do you change your task or interrupt a task at least hourly to reduce muscle fatigue?

•

•

4. Do you have your work organized so that there is a direction for your work to flow?

•

D

5. Do you use organizing tools like stackable trays to keep clutter reduced on your work surface?

•

D

6. Do you perform stretching of key muscles while at your workstation to reduce fatigue?

Additional Employee comments:

Supervisor comments: Employee

Date

Supervisor

Date

Be sure to submit this self-assessment along with your Ergonomie Evaluation Request Form to the Ergonomics Task Force as soon as possible.

Form J 3/3

ERGONOMICS EVALUATION REQUEST FORM Directions: If you suspect a concern regarding your workstation, complete this form and submit it to your supervisor. This form should then be submitted to the Ergonomics Task Force Chairperson. Date of Request: Soc. Sec. or ID#

Submitted by: _ Submitted to: Reason for Ergonomie Survey: 1. Employee concern

D

2. New/Old Equipment

D

3. New/Revised Work Process

D

4. New Employee

D

5. Safety Concern

D

with physical discomfort

D

Explain/Comments:

If this request is in response to physical discomfort, would employee like to undergo a voluntary CTD medical screen by a healthcare provider? YES NO Department Location:. Employee's Signature:. Supervisor's Signature: Voluntary screen scheduled: Date

By:.

Site inspection scheduled:

By:.

Date .

MAKE ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS FORM FOR EMPLOYEE AND SUPERVISOR.

Form K 1/1

ERGONOMIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT PURCHASE REQUEST EMPLOYEE:

DISCOMFORT

SUPERVISOR:

SOC.SEC.#:

DEPARTMENT:

ETF SURVEYOR

Brand Name Catalog #

Item CHAIRS

KEYBOARD SUPPORTS (tray)

WRIST REST

MONITOR SUPPORTS WORK-SURFACE

FOOT REST TASK LIGHTING

ORGANIZING TOOLS

Form L 1/2

Page#

YES

D

NO

D

DATE:

Order Order Range/Height (In.) Cost Date Recv'd. Features Adjustable back height hi-lo D1 Adjustable back angle D Adjustable seat depth D Seat pan tilt D Adjustable arm height D Adjustable arm width D Additional lumbar cushion D Other: Size: Small D Medium D Large D Adjustable height D Adjustable angle D Install: Primary D Return D Corner D Center D Include mouse support D Standard D Alternative D Wrist Rest : Included with keyboard tray D Separate D Dimensions L ength Width Height Adjustable height D Adjustable depth D Fixed height block D Panel Mount D Return D Raise D Lower D Primary Desk D Raise D Lower D Free standing D Raise D Lower D Yes D No D Under Binder bin D Panel Support D Free standing D Work surface D Panel mount D

Brand Name Catalog #

Item DOCUMENT SUPPORTS

POINTING DEVICES

CPU STAND

TELEPHONE HEADSETS

GLARE 1 SCREEN

Page#

Features

Range/Height (In.) Cost

Order Order Date Recv'd.

Monitor mounted D Adjustable table top D Fixed table top D Posture board D Trackball D Mouse D Touch Pad D Stylus D Other: Floor D Under surface mount D Work surface D Left return D Right return D Under monitor D Headset D Double Aural D Single Aural D Ear Mold D Shoulder Rest D L D R D Size (measure screen diagonal)

OTHER:

COMME ^TS:

ORDERS SUBMITTED TO:

DATE:

ORDER COMPLETED:

DATE:

Form L 2/2

FACILITIES/ MAINTENANCE REQUEST Directions: To be completed by the ETF Surveyor and submitted to the ETF Chairperson or ETF Facilities/Maintenance for implementation. Indicate detailed installation instructions. This request is submitted in response to: A non-injury concern

D

An injury concern

D

Date Submitted by Submitted for Department

Work Requested:

Maintenance

Date Received.

Work completed:

Other pertinent information:

Submitted to ETF Maintenance

Form M 1/1

Date Date completed

ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE MEETING MINUTES (For use by ETF Secretary) Date Time Location Members in attendance:

Members excused or absent.

Corrections, if any, from last meeting minutes

Old Business. Review of matters carried over from previous meetings

Ergonomie Controls and Recommendations Tracking (use appropriate form): Employee Name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Form N 1/2

Case #

New Business. Action necessitated by ETF reports and activities:

Reports from Medical Management, Training Coordinator, Maintenance and Procurement (Purchasing):

Announcements. Note date, time, and location of the next meeting

Time of adjournment Distribution list:

Completed by Signature of ETF Chairperson

Form N 2/2

ERGONOMIC CONTROLS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TRACKING FORM For use by the Ergonomics Task Force following the evaluation of employee workstations. EMPLOYEE:

DATE:

SUPERVISOR:

CASE #:

DEPARTMENT:

ETF SURVEYOR

_

Directions: Indicate the ergonomie suggestions made at the time of the site visit including workpractice changes, administrative changes, engineering or facility changes and purchases. Track the implementation of the suggestions for each employee until all suggestions have been accomplished. Ergonomie Controls/ Recomendatíons

Form O 1/1

Employee/Supervisor Compliance: Yes/No

Recommendation Date

Date Action Checked

Date Action Date of Taken Completion

HOW DID WE DO? AN EMPLOYEE TRAINING SATISFACTION SURVEY Today you participated in the Training Program. We need your feedback in order to do our job better and make the program more enjoyable for other participants. Please take a few minutes to give us your objective feedback. Please leave your survey with the trainer. THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT!! Instructors: 1.

Date

How well did the training meet your needs? (Circle your answer) 0 1 2 3 4 Not very well

Satisfactory

Very Effective

5 Great

2.

Did the speaker(s) convey the information in a clear and understandable manner? If not, what part was unclear?

3.

How would you rate the handout materials? (Circle your answer) 0 1 2 3 4 Poor Good

5 Excellent

Comments: 4.

What did you like most about the training? The speakers

The content material

The handouts

The time off work

5.

What changes would make this training more effective?

6.

Was the program too long?

7.

Was the information provided in a useful format that you could apply to your work environment? Yes, I was able to take the concepts and apply the appropriate ones to my job. No, I need more assistance in applying the concepts

8.

Would you be interested in other training programs?

Yes

No

Stretching at the Worksite Back Safety with Lifting Nutrition on a Busy Schedule Other 9.

Exercising for Health

If a voluntary screen was offered to evaluate you for a Cumulative Trauma Disorder, would you participate? Yes

No

If yes, leave your name below.

Completed by (please print):

OFFICE SAFETY STARTS WITH YOU! THANK YOU FOR TURNING IN THIS SURVEY. YOUR OPINION COUNTS!

Form AA 1/1

ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE PARTICIPANT SURVEY Provide this survey about 6 months into the process. As a member of the Ergonomics Task Force (ETF), you have been selected to assist in controlling and reducing the risk of injuries and illnesses in your workplace. The protocols and procedures are new, at best. Your feedback is critical in improving the format for the ETF. Please assist management by answering the questions objectively and honestly. Offer as many suggestions as you can to assist in improving the process or attach an additional page. Thank you for your time. Please return the survey in the stamped, self-addressed envelope provided. Circle the most appropriate answer. Offer comments where indicated.

General Information: 1.

Did you receive an announcement introducing the Ergonomics Program?

2. Was the purpose of the Ergonomics Task Force made clear to you? 3. Were the designated positions of Chairperson, Surveyor, Training Coordinator, Procurement Coordinator, Facilities/Maintenance, and Secretary defined clearly at the outset? Comments:

4. Were the roles, responsibilities, and methods of the ETF clearly defined?

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

ETF Training: The questions below pertain to the ergonomics training provided to you regarding developing the ETF. The following procedures and forms were introduced. Rate your understanding of how to use these materials. 0 = not clear on use; 1 = somewhat clear but need more training; 2 = very clear understanding. a. Ergonomics Evaluation Request Form

0

1

2

Section I: General Information

0

1

2

Section II: Worker Information/Worker Survey

0

1

2

d. Section III: Preliminary Worksite Evaluation Form

0

1

2

e. Optional Forms and Checklists

0

1

2

f.

Ergonomics Evaluation Summary Sheet

0

1

2

g. Ergonomics Controls and Recommendations

0

1

2

(Employee request form) b. Ergonomics Evaluation Form:

Comments:

Form BB 1/2

On Your Own: 1. After the training, did you feel adequately prepared to evaluate a workstation and to make recommendations? Yes No Comments:

2. Do you feel the ETF works well as a team, meeting together, and discussing problems to come up with solutions? Yes No Comments:

3. How often do you think the ETF should meet? a. Once a month b. Twice a month c. As needed d. Other 4. Do you think an ergonomics consultant or specialist should be present at the regular ETF meeting to assist in problem solving and offer suggestions? a. Not at all b. When invited c. At least one meeting a month d. Quarterly e. Other 5. Do you feel your peers, employees, and other managers respect the work of the ETF? Yes No 6. Do you think employees, managers, and supervisors understand how the ETF can help them regarding worksite issues pertaining to injury prevention and ergonomics? Yes No Comments:

7. Are employees using the Ergonomics Evaluation Request Form appropriately? Yes No Comments:

8. Please comment on the "follow-through" with problem identified and solutions implemented by management. Comments:

9. How can the ETF process and your role be improved? Comments:

Form BB 2/2

A APPENDIX

115

DO'S AND DON'TS FOR OFFICE WORKERS TO AVOID CTDs/RMIs Instructions: Identify the Top 5 Do's and Don'ts you are willing to work o n to minimize your risk of injury or re-injury. You can select more or fewer depending o n your n e e d to improve your safe work habits.

DO... • • •

• • • ü • • • • • ü ü ü ü

Report any medical problem early Maintain neutral postures for different body parts as much as possible While performing desk work or computer work, be conscious of your sitting posture, your chair position, and how your arms are aligned with your work surface. Keep your wrists in neutral and avoid excessive deviations when typing or performing manual tasks. Adjust your chair as your tasks change through the day. Use forward tilt for desk work; recline while on the telephone conversing. Use a headset for telephone work. Keep your work area well organized Keep commonly used items within near reach (14M x 24") and arranged in a half circle around you. Monitor how hard you are gripping your hand tools or keying and lighten up. Change your position often (hourly). Alternate your work tasks throughout your workday. Make adjustments to your workstation to suit your position. Recognize early signs of muscle fatigue, and stretch or change your task. Rest your eye muscles. Maintain good flexibility and strength. Stretch while at work and walk around the department, Ice an area if it is aching during or after work for at least 20 minutes/day.

Don't... ü ü • • ü • • ü • •

Sit in the same position for more than one hour Wait until you feel pain or discomfort to stop an activity. Sit with slouched posture over your desk. Do a repetitive task all at once. Pinch or grip excessively or pound your keyboard. Cradle the phone between your neck and shoulder. Keep your body, arms or legs in an awkward position for any length of time, Lean your hands or forearms on a hard edge or surface Over reach with your fingers, arms or back. Complain if you haven't done all that you can to work in comfort. If you have questions about your comfort or your workstation...ask your supervisor or your safety officer immediately!

DO'S AND DON'TS FOR LABORATORY WORKERS TO AVOID CTDs/RMIs Instructions: Identify the Top 5 Do's and Don'ts you are willing to work on to minimize your risk of injury or re-injury. You can select more or less depending on your need to improve your safe work habits.

DO... o Report any medical problem early o Maintain neutral postures for different body parts as much as possible ü While performing lab work or computer work, be conscious of your sitting posture, your chair position, and how your arms are aligned with your work surface, ü Keep your wrists in neutral and avoid excessive deviations when typing or performing manual lab tasks, ü Adjust your chair as your tasks change through the day. Use forward tilt for desk or lab work; recline while on the telephone conversing, ü Use a headset for telephone work, ü Keep your work area well organized ü Keep commonly used items within near reach (14" x 24") and arranged in a half circle around you. • Monitor how hard you are gripping your hand tools or keying and lighten up. ü Change your position often (hourly). ü Alternate your work tasks throughout your workday. ü Make adjustments to your workstation to suit your position. ü Recognize early signs of muscle fatigue, and stretch or change your task. ü Rest your eye muscles. ü Maintain good flexibility and strength. Stretch while at work and walk around the department, ü Ice an area if it is aching during or after work for at least 20 minutes/day.

Don't... • ü ü ü ü • • • • ü

Sit in the same position for more than one hour Wait until you feel pain or discomfort to stop an activity. Sit with slouched posture over your desk. Do a repetitive task all at once. Pinch or grip excessively or pound your keyboard. Cradle the phone between your neck and shoulder. Keep your body, arms or legs in an awkward position for any length of time. Lean your hands or forearms on a hard edge or surface Over reach with your fingers. Complain if you haven't done all that you can to work in comfort. If you have questions about your comfort or your workstation...ask your supervisor or your safety officer immediately!

QUICK FIXES TO COMMON OFFICE PROBLEMS

1. CHAIR PROBLEM I A. Seat pan too long. Common symptoms: • lower leg pain or discomfort, numbness. • lower back discomfort. I B. Insufficient lower back support. Common symptoms: • low back pain. • upper back/neck discomfort IC. Chair too low. Common symptoms: • lower back pain. I D. Armrests too low Common symptoms: • shoulder fatigue • neck fatigue

PERMANENT FIX QUICK FIX Lumbar pillow or support. Place a pillow (medium square or rectangle) between you and the chair back. Ergonomie chair A rolled towel or blanket can also help. (with sliding seat pan option). Roll or fold up a hand towel into a cylinder Lumbar pillow or support. thick enough to fit into the contour of your lower back. Use duct tape to secure the roll Ergonomie chair (with adjustable height and to the seat back. lumbar support). Sit on a firm pillow or fold a blanket into Ergonomie chair (with a square to give yourself a few more inches. pneumatic lift) or A square foam is also helpful. ergonomie task stool Using a small washcloth (or 2), fold it to Ergonomie chair (with the shape of your armrest and duct tape it adjustable height and to the armrest. Place cardboard inside for width armrests). extra support and height.

ESTIMATED COST I $20.00-$ 150.00 $250.00-$!,000.00

$20.00-$ 150.00 $250.00-$!, 000.00

$250.00-$1,000.00

$250.00-$!, 000.00

2. KEYBOARD AND MOUSE QUICK FIX Likely the work surface is too high for keyboarding and mousing, but works well for writing. Use the center pull-out drawer to lower the keyboard about 1 -2 inches. Use the side drawer for the mouse. Make it an even, flat surface by placing a pad or book inside the drawer. Watch out for any hard edges, avoid leaning on them. Remember this brings you away from the primary area so watch your reach zones. I B. Mouse at different height You may be over reaching for your mouse if there is no room on the tray for it. Slide than keyboard. Common symptoms: a clipboard or flat surface between the platform and the desk creating a mousing • neck discomfort or pain surface. Be sure it is fixed on good to hold • shoulder pain from over the weight. reaching • arm aching • wrist discomfort

PROBLEM I A. Keyboard and mouse too high. Common symptoms: • wrist and hand discomfort • forearm tightness.

PERMANENT FIX ESTIMATED COST I Install an adjustable height $150.00-$375.00 and angle keyboard and mouse tray that can be installed under your work surface. Be sure to measure your desk to assure a good fit.

Slide-out mouse platform support or atttachable mouse platform.

$75.00-$! 50.00

3. MONITOR PROBLEM 1 A. Monitor too low. Common symptoms: • neck pain • upper back tightness

QUICK FIX Raise your screen to be equal to your seated eye height (with feet flat on floor or footrest if desk is too high). Use some phone books, a sturdy box, a ream of paper or your CPU. Usually 3-4 inches is sufficient.

1 B. Monitor too high. Common symptoms: • neck pain • upper back tightness

If your monitor is placed on the CPU, Relocate CPU to the floor, remove it to desk height. See Solution 3A corner, or mount it under to raise your monitor to eye height. your work surface. You may need extra cable. If you wear bifocals, you likely will prefer your monitor lower than higher. Pull your desk away from the wall and push Width or depth adjustable your monitor back. Be sure it is balanced. VTD valet. If it is too close, push it closer to the center of the desk. You may need to modify your keyboard placement too.

1C. Monitor too far away or too close. Common symptoms: • eye irritation • trouble focusing

PERMANENT FIX Monitor blocks (1 "-2" each)

| ESTIMATED COST $12.00-$15.00

Height adjustable monitor valet

$125.00-$500.00

Floor stand or undersurface mount: $25.00-$200.00

I

Cable: $15.00 $100.00-$500.00

4. SCREEN GLARE PROBLEM A. Too much screen glare or reflections. Common symptoms: • eye fatigue • eyes burn

PERMANENT FIX QUICK FIX Usually glare has to do with the orientation Glare screen or hood of the monitor to a light source. Position the monitor at a right angle to the window Task lamp or directly under ceiling light. Position the monitor straight up and down on your desk instead of pointing the screen up to you or a light source. If you have a task light, turn off overhead lights and use the task light on your work. Avoid setting your monitor in front of or behind a window. If glare is still a problem, you can fashion a screen shade or hood from cardboard and tape. Remember to adjust vertical blinds throughout the work day also.

ESTIMATED COST I $30.00 and up $15.00-$250.00

5. WRIST REST PROBLEM 1 QUICK FIX 1 A. Leaning on a hard edge 1In general, you should avoid leaning or resting on anything while you type whether or surface while typing. it is hard or soft. Wrist rests are for Common symptoms: intermittent, brief typing pauses. • sore wrist or hand Roll or fold a terry cloth hand towel to the • sore thumb same height as the space bar on your • soreness to the area of keyboard, or the highest part of your pressure mouse. Use this to rest your wrists on when pausing. Avoid poising your wrists on the rest and moving the hand without lifting the wrists to type.

PERMANENT FIX Wrist Rest

ESTIMATED COST $15.00 and up

Forearm support $125.00 and up (measure depth of surface edge).

For mousing or other cad work, turn the towel vertical or long ways for support to reduce forearm pressure.

6. SLANT BOARD/DOCUMENT HOLDER/POSTURE BOARD PROBLEM 1 A. Awkward neck postures to view documents. Common symptoms: • neck stiffness • upper back tightness • upper arm discomfort • headaches

QUICK FIX Looking down and off to the right or left of the monitor onto your desk to view documents can lead to muscle fatigue. Try propping your paper between the keyboard and monitor to view it in line. For more support, use a clipboard at an angle to view the documents more upright. A binder can act as a slant board or document holder. You can hold the paper in place with a piece of foam or by creating a paper edge. The binder can also act as an elevated writing surface.

PERMANENT FIX Posture or slant board.

ESTIMATED COST I $125.00-$175.00

Monitor mounted document holder.

$4.00-$ 10.00

Table top document holder.

$25.00

Adjustable height document holder.

$25.00-$50.00

7. FOOTREST PROBLEM 1 A. Legs dangle and feet do not touch the ground. Common symptoms: • legs fall asleep • low back discomfort • leg discomfort and swelling

QUICK FIX PERMANENT FIX Place any of the following where your feet I Adjustable height and go: Phonebook, stack of copy paper, box angle footrest top or step stool (3-4"). For counter work, a footrest of 8" to 10" is usually sufficient.

ESTIMATED COST $35.00-$100.00

8. WORK SURFACE PROBLEM A. Too high Common symptoms: • shoulder discomfort • upper extremity pain. • leg and foot swelling • neck discomfort

QUICK FIX If the surface is too high causing shoulder elevation and elbow spaying, then your desk needs lowering. Measure with your feet flat on the floor while seated from floor to elbow height. Add 1 to 2 inches approximately. This is how high you should perform desk reading and writing.

PERMANENT FIX ESTIMATED COST Adjustable height work $50o.oo-$3,ooo.oo surface. (Electric or crank.] Panel design: mechanical height adjustable surface.

$1,500.00

Cut the legs of the desk if possible or raise your chair and use a footrest. Use wood blocks or lumber (2 x 4 or 4 x 4) Deskalators $20.00 B. Too low to elevate the work surface. Measure floor Common symptoms: to elbow height and add 1-2 for writing Adjustable height work $500.00-$2,000.00 • neck discomfort • upper extremity discomfort surface height. Make sure the desk legs will surface (electric or crank). not slide off. • upper back fatigue • lower back discomfort

MOST BACK DISORDERS ARE THE RESULT OF ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Poor posture Faulty body mechanics Stressful living and work habits Loss of flexibility General decline in physical fitness BALANCE IS THE KEY TO A HEALTHY BACK

Unbalanced movements and positions increase stress on your back while balanced positions reduce the stress on your back.

REMEMBER ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maintain the normal curvature of the back. Plan your movements ahead of time. Ask for assistance when needed. Do not remain in one position for extended periods of time. Maintain a wide, stable base while standing, lifting, pushing, or pulling. Pivot your feet, don't twist your back. Keep your stomach muscles firm while lifting and performing physical activities. Keep items close to the body when lifting and carrying. Lift with your legs, not your back. Keep yourself in good physical condition. It will take time to incorporate these principles and techniques into your daily life. The more you practice, the more natural they will become.

B APPENDIX

127

REFERENCES Arndt, Robert, Ph.D., "Facilities Programs: Ergonomics and Office Design", National Office Products Association Office and Contract Furnishings Division, 1991. Brough, W., "Evaluating Your Workplace: The Office Computer" Kit, Washington Ergonomics, 1992. Bureau of National Affairs California — Safety and Health Report, Conference report, March 14, 1994, Vol.2, No. 10, pp. 159. CTDNEWS, "The Ergodyne Report", Center for Information on Workplace Health, Summer, 1994, Vol.1, No. 3. "Ergonomics: An interactive approach to developing ergonomie solutions", Aetna Life and Casualty, 1991. ErgoWeb Toolbox 2.0, ErgoWeb, Inc. and the University of Utah Research Foundation, 1996 Freund, Louis E, Ph.D. "The Return on Investment In The Corporate Ergonomics Program", Proceedings of the Silicon Valley Ergonomics Conference & Exposition, ErgoCon '97. Gibbons, B. and Doyle, J., "Developing and Implementing an Ergonomics Program: Partnership in Action", Work Injury Management Conference Proceeds, 1994. Grant, Christin, Ph.D., "Current and Future Development in Office Ergonomics Principles of Workplace and Job Evaluation in the Office Environment", Update on Office Ergonomics, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Berkeley, August 4-5, 1994. Imada, A. and Noro, K., Participatory Ergonomics, Taylor & Francis, 1991. Kaiser Permanente, "Office Ergonomics Companion Guide to Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Ergonomie Resource Manual", 1995. Kroehnert, Gary, "Basic Training for Trainers, A Handbook for New Trainers", McGray Hill Book Company, 1995. Lacerte, Michel and Shrey,Don, Principles and Practices of Disability Management in Industry, St. Lucie Press, 1995. Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board, Notice of Public Hearing, Proposed State Standard: Prevention of Cumulative Trauma Disorders (Ergonomics), 1/13/94, p. 1-26. Selan, Joseph Ph.D., CPE, Editor. Advanced Ergonomics Manual, Advanced Ergonomics, Inc., Dallas, TX 1994. U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, "Ergonomics Program Management Guidelines for Meatpacking Plants", OSHA 3123, 1991.

ADDITIONAL READING LIST Advanced Ergonomics Manual — Joseph L. Selan, Ph.D., CPE, Editor. Advanced Ergonomics, Inc., Dallas, TX 1994. American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Work Stations— The Human Factors Society, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 1998. ANSIT/HFS 100-1988. Beyond Biomechanics: Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Office Work — Edited by: S.D. Moon and S.L. Sauter. Tayor & Francis LTD, Bristol, PA 1996. The Comprehensive Guide to Work Injury Management — Susan J. Isernhagen, Aspen Publishing, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 1995. Ergonomie Program Management Guidelines for Meat Packing Plants— U.S. Department of Labor OSHA 3123, 1991 (reprinted). The Ergonomie Office— Bryce G. Rutter, Ph.D., Marvin J. Dainoff, Ph.D. (contributor), Metaphase Publishing, St. Louis, Missouri 1995. Manual Material Handling — A. Mital, A.S. Nicholson and M.M. Ayoub. Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA 1993. Participatory Ergonomics — Edited by Kageyu Noro and Andrew Imada. Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA 1991. Participatory Ergonomie Intervention in Meatpacking Plants — Edited by Christopher C. Gjessing, Theodore F. Schoenborn, Alexander Cohen. U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication NO. 94124. Publication Dissemination, DSDTT, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH Principles and Practices of Disability Management In Industry — Edited by Donald E. Shrey, Ph.D., CRC, Michel Lacerte, M.D. GR Press, Inc., Winter Park, FL 1995. Work Injury: Management and Prevention — Susan Isernhagen., Aspen Publishers, Inc., Duluth, MN 1988.