Tax Documents from Theadelphia. Papyri of the Second Century A. D. 9780231891639

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C O L U M B I A GREEK

P A P Y R I SERIES

V TAX DOCUMENTS FROM THEADELPHIA PAPYRI OF THE SECOND

CENTURY

A. D.

TAX DOCUMENTS FROM THEADELPHIA PAPYRI OF THE SECOND CENTURY A. D.

Edited with Introduction and Notes by JOHN DAY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR O F G R E E K BARNARD COLUMBIA

AND

LATIN

COLLEGE UNIVERSITY

and CLINTON WALKER KEYES LATE PROFESSOR O F G R E E K COLUMBIA

COLUMBIA

UNIVERSITY

AND

LATIN

UNIVERSITY

PRESS,

NEW

YORK,, 1956

THE STANWOOD COCKEY LODGE FOUNDATION HAS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED FUNDS TO ASSIST IN THE PUBLICATION OF THIS WORK

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD N U M B E R :

55"5597

P U B L I S H E D IN GREAT BRITAIN, CANADA, INDIA, AND BY GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE: OXFORD UNIVERSITY LONDON, TORONTO, BOMBAY, AND

KARACHI

PAKISTAN PRESS,

PREFACE

IN THE FALL of 1950, when Professor Westermann invited me to take over the editing of the verso documents in this volume which had been begun by Professor Keyes but left unfinished at the time of his death in 1943, I accepted the invitation with very great satisfaction at the opportunity to become associated with the work of the Columbia school of papyrology. At the same time, I was, and have continued to be, sensible of the high standards of that school which it is my obligation to try to maintain. Professor Keyes's preliminary work on these documents has placed me under deep obligation to him, and I have tried to present his contributions in such a way as to serve, in some small way, as a memorial to his careful scholarship. His decipherment of the very difficult cursive scripts—especially of the many proper names—has made the way much easier for his successor, and his investigation of the various problems treated in the Appendices have thrown light on a number of problems the second editor has had to deal with. But since the book has not had the benefit of Professor Keyes's hand in its more advanced stages, it is desirable to make clear those areas in which responsibility for the final form lies with him, and where with myself. The Appendices were left by Professor Keyes in nearly final form, and in them I have been scrupulous to limit my revisions to such minor editorial changes as were necessary to present Professor Keyes's views as he seemed to intend to present them. Elsewhere responsibility for the final form of the book rests with me. The Greek texts published here follow substantially Professor Keyes's readings, but I have made a number of revisions and new interpretations, with the result that final responsibility for this section of the work should rest with me. In the introductions and commentaries to the documents Professor Keyes had made only tentative beginnings. Hence in this area responsibility rests with me. I have also compiled the Indices. It is a very great pleasure to acknowledge indebtedness of a different sort. I would express my thanks to Barnard College for a grant which covered the cost of typing a part of the manuscript and for the provision of a Greek typewriter which facilitated the typing of the Greek text. To Columbia University I am indebted not only for permission to publish the documents which appear

VI

PREFACE

in this volume, but also for the financial support without which the volume could not have been published. In this connection I express my gratitude specifically for a generous grant from the Stan wood Cockey Lodge Foundation, of Columbia University, and for the generous support of Columbia University Press. To Mr. Henry H. Wiggins, Manager of the Publication Department, and Mr. Raymond J . Dixon, Editor, both of Columbia University Press, I am especially indebted for expert counsel and invaluable assistance in many matters throughout the entire process of publication. I would bring this Preface to a close with two more personal notes of appreciation. What might otherwise have proved to be serious discouragements have been surmounted through the interest of the work and the constancy of the friendship and support of Professor Westermann. My first book was dedicated to him, and now I want to record, once again, my gratitude for his interest and invaluable aid in every considerable scholarly undertaking I have entered upon in more than twenty-five years. (I leave these words as they were written at the time of the completion of the manuscript [November 25, I 953]. some months before the death of Professor Westermann on October 4, 954-) And, finally, highly valued confidence in my efforts, and indispensable support of them, have come, over the years, from two individuals to whom I make acknowledgment in this dedication (which both will take delight in sharing in a tribute to Professor Westermann) I

TO CORA L. DAY

E R N E S T I N E B. DAY AND

TO THE MEMORY OF WILLIAM LINN WESTERMANN

Barnard College Columbia University November 15, 1954

J . D.

CONTENTS Abbreviations and Short Titles Used in Citing Publications and Documents Note on Method of Editing Introduction

ix xiii xv

PAPYRI P. Columbia i Verso ib-ia: Records of Taxes Owed and Payments of Taxes P. Columbia 1 Verso ib: List of Taxes Owed by Metropolites (ca. 160 A.D.) P. Columbia 1 Verso ia: Balances of Tax Collections in Money (160 A.D.) P. Columbia 1 Verso 2: Seed Loans of Wheat and Barley (ca. 160 A.D.) P. Columbia 1 Verso 3: Accounts of Tax Payments and a List of Arrears (155 A.D.) P. Columbia 1 Verso 4: Pittakion Register with Tax Payments in Kind (under Marcus Aurelius) P. Columbia 1 Verso 5: Abstracts of Leases of Government Properties (175/6 A.D. ?) P. Columbia 1 Verso 6: Record of Money Taxes and a Sitologos Account (ca. 160-61 A.D.)

3 4 21 67 106 142 207 222

APPENDICES Appendix I: Notes on Garden and Vineyard Taxes, with Special Reference to BGU, IX, 1896 261 Appendix II: Payments of Geometria 272 Appendix I I I : The Calculation of Prosdiagraphomena by Simple Fractions and Percentages 276 Appendix IV: Payments of Poll Tax and Merismoi in Theadelphia under Hadrian 308

Vili

CONTENTS

INDICES I. Emperors

317

II. Officials

317

III. Months and Days

317

IV. Personal Names

317

V. Place Names

335

VI. Alexandrian Deme

336

VII. Measures and Coins

336

VIII. Titles, Conditions, Trades, and Official Terminology IX. Taxes and Other Charges

336 337

X. Noteworthy Abbreviations

338

X I . General Index of Greek Words XII. Select Index of Subjects Discussed XIII. Emendations of Passages in the Rectos

338 341 341

PLATES P. Columbia 1 Verso 4, col. 5

174

P. Columbia 1 Verso 5, col. 1

215

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES USED IN CITING PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS Aegyptus = Aegyptus: Rivista italiana di egittologia e di papirologia. A JP = American Journal of Philology. Archiv = Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete. Bell, Egypt = H. I. Bell, Egypt from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest (Oxford, 1948). Berichtigungsliste = F. Preisigke and F. Bilabel, Berichtigungsliste der griechischen Papyrusurkunden aus Ägypten (Vol. I, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922; Vol. II, Heidelberg, 1929). B G U = Aegyptische Urkunden aus den staatlichen Museen zu Berlin: Griechische Urkunden (Berlin, 1895- h C P = Classical Philology. C P R = C. Wessely, Corpus Papyrorum Raineri Archiducis Austriae: Griechische Texte, Vol. I (Vienna, 1895). CW = Classical Weekly. de Kock, Kosmeet = E . L. de Kock, Die Kosmeet in Egipte (Leyden, 1948). E P = Études de papyrologie (Cairo, 1932- ). F W B - F. Preisigke, Fachwörter des öffentlichen Verwaltungsdienstes Ägyptens in den griechischen Papyrusurkunden der ptolemäisch-römischen Zeit (Göttingen, 1915). I G R R = Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, edited by R. Cagnat and others (Paris: Vol. I, 1 9 1 1 ; Vol. I l l , 1906; Vol. IV, 1927). J E A = Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. J J P = Journal of Juristic Papyrology. J O A I = Jahreshefte des österreichischen archäologischen Instituts. Johnson, "Roman E g y p t " = A. C. Johnson, "Roman E g y p t , " being Vol. I I of An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, edited by Tenney Frank (Baltimore, 1936). Jouguet, Vie municipale = P. Jouguet, La Vie municipale dans l'Égypte romaine (Paris, 1911). Klio = Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte. Mayser, Grammatik = E. Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit (Revised edition, 2 vols, in 6, Leipzig and Berlin, 1923-38). Meinersmann, Lateinischen Wörter = B. Meinersmann, Die lateinischen Wörter und Namen in den griechischen Papyri (Heidelberg, 1927). Meyer, Jur. Pap. = P. M. Meyer, Juristische Papyri (Berlin, 1920). Mitteis, Chrest. = L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, Vol. II, Part 2 (Leipzig and Berlin, 1912). Moulton and Milligan, Vocabulary = J . H. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (London, 1914-29). Münchener Beiträge = Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte (Munich, 1913- ). Namenbuch = F. Preisigke, Namenbuch enthaltend alle griechischen, lateinischen, ägyptischen, hebräischen, arabischen, und sonstigen semitischen und nicht-semitischen Menschennamen, soweit sie in griechischen Urkunden (Papyri, Ostraka, Mumienschildern usw.) Ägyptens sich vorfinden (Heidelberg, 1922).

X

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES

Oertel, Liturgie = F. Oertel, Die Liturgie : Studien zur ptolemäischen und kaiserlichen Verwaltung Ägyptens (Leipzig, 1 9 1 7 ) . O. Tait — J. G. Tait, Greek Ostraca in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and Various Other Collections, Vol. I (Oxford, 1930). O. Wilbour = C. Préaux, Les Ostraca grecs de la collection Charles-Edwin Wilbour au Musée de Brooklyn (New York, 1935). P A P A = Proceedings of the American Philological Association (in T A P A ; see below). P . Amh. = B. P. Grenfell and A . S. Hunt, The Amherst Papyri (2 vols., London, 1900-1). P. Athens = G. A . Petropulos, Papyri Societatis Archaeologicae Atheniensis (Athens, 1939). P. Basel = E. Rabel and W . Spiegelberg, Papyrusurkunden der öffentlichen Bibliothek der Universität zu Basel (Berlin, 1 9 1 7 ; Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Neue Folge, X V I , 3). P. Berl. Frisk = H . Frisk, Bankakten aus dem Faijûm nebst anderen Berliner Papyri (Göteborg, 1931). P. Berl. Leihg. = T. Kalén, Berliner Leihgabe griechischer Papyri (Uppsala, 1932). P. Bibl. Univ. Giss. = H . Kling and others, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der Giessener Universitätsbibliothek (Giessen, 1924- ). P . Bour. = P. Collart, Les Papyrus Bouriant (Paris, 1926). P. Cairo Zen. = C. C. Edgar, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Zenon Papyri (Cairo, 1 9 2 5 - 3 1 ) . P. Chic. = E. J. Goodspeed, " P a p y r i from Karanis," in [University of Chicago] Studies in Classical Philology, I I I (1902), 1-66. P. Col. I I = W . L . Westermann and C. W . Keyes, Tax Lists and Transportation Receipts from Theadelphia (New York, 1932). P. Columbia 1 = Documents rectos of which were published in P. Col. I I and versos in P. Col. V, the present volume. P . Corn. = W . L . Westermann and C. J. Kraemer, Jr., Greek Papyri in the Library of Cornell University (New York, 1926). P. Fay. = B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri (London, 1900). P. Flor. = D. Comparetti and G. Vitelli, Papiri greco-egizii pubblicati della R. Accademia dei Lincei: Papiri Fiorentini (3 vols., Florence, 1905-15). P. Giss. = O. Eger, E. Kornemann, and P. M. Meyer, Griechische Papyri im Museum des oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen (Leipzig and Berlin, 1 9 1 0 - 1 2 ) . P. Hamb. = P. M. Meyer and others. Griechische Papyrusurkunden der Hamburger Staatsund Universitätsbibliothek (Leipzig and Berlin, 1911-54). P. land. = C. Kalbfleisch and others, Papyri Iandanae (Leipzig, 1912- ?). P. I.ips. = L . Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig (Leipzig, 1906). P. Lond. = F. G. Kenyon and H. I. Bell, Greek Papyri in the British Museum (5 vols., London, 1 8 9 3 - 1 9 1 7 ) . P. Merton = H . I. Bell and C. H. Roberts, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the Collection of Wilfred Merton, F. S. A., Vol. I (London, 1948). P. Meyer - P. M. Meyer, Griechische Texte aus Ägypten, I: Papyri des Neutestamentlichen Seminars der Universität Berlin (Berlin, 1916). P. Mich. I V = H. C. Youtie, V. B. Schuman, and O. M. Pearl, Tax Rolls from Karanis, Parts I and I I (Ann Arbor, 1936-39). P. Mich. V = A . E. R. Boak and others. Papyri From Tebtunis, Parts I and I I (Ann Arbor, 1933*44) •

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES

XI

P. Mich. V I = H. C. Y o u t i e a n d O. M. Pearl, Papyri and Ostraka from Karanis (Ann Arbor, 1944). P. Milan = A . Calderini, Papiri Milanesi (Pubblicazioni di " A e g y p t u s " — S e r i e Scientifica, Vol. I, Milan, 1928). P. Oslo = S. Eitrem and L. Amundsen, Papyri Osloenses (Oslo, 1925- ). P . O x y . = B . P . Grenfell, A . S. H u n t , and others, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (London, 1898- ). P . Princeton I = A. C. Johnson and H . B . V a n Hoesen, Papyri in the Princeton University Collections (The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology, No. 10; Baltimore, I93I)P. Princeton I I I = A . C. Johnson and S. P. Goodrich, Papyri in the Princeton University Collections, Vol. I I I (Princeton, 1942). P. Ross. Georg. = G. Zeretelli, O. Krüger, and P. Jernstedt, Papyri russischer und georgischer Sammlungen (5 vols., Tiflis, 1925-35). P. R y l . = A . S. Hunt, J. de M. Johnson, V . Martin, C. H. Roberts, and E . G. Turner, Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester (4 vols., Manchester, 1911-52). P S I = G. Vitelli, M. Norsa, and others. Pubblicazioni della Società italiana per la ricerca dei papiri greci e latini in Egitto. Papiri greci e latini (Florence, 1912- ). P. Strassb. = F . Preisigke, Griechische Papyrus der kaiserlichen Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg (2 vols., Leipzig, 1912). P . Tebt. = B . P . Grenfell, A . S. H u n t , and others, The Tebtunis Papyri (3 vols., London, 1902-38). P . Thead. = P. Jouguet, Papyrus de Thiadelphie (Paris, 1911). P. Varsov. = G. Manteuffel, Papyri Varsovienses (Warsaw, 1935). P. W ü r z b . = U. Wilcken, Mitteilungen aus der Würzburger Papyrussammlung (Berlin, 1934; Abhandlungen der preussischen A k a d e m i e der Wissenschaften, 1933, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, No. 6). Paulus, Prosopographie = F. Paulus, Prosopographie der Beamten des 'Apenvofrn)? No(ióc in der Zeit von Augustus bis auf Diokletian (Leipzig, 1914). Preisigke, Girowesen = F. Preisigke, Girowesen im griechischen Ägypten (Strassburg, 1910). R E = Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, edited b y G. Wissowa and others (Stuttgart, 1894- ). R e c t o i a , etc. = P. Columbia 1 R e c t o i a , etc., in P. Col. II. R E G = Revue des Stüdes grecques. Rostovtzeff, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft = M. R o s t o v t z e f f , Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft im römischen Kaiserreich (2 vols., Leipzig, 1930). Rostovzev, Storia economica = M. R o s t o v z e v , Storia economica e sociale dell'impero romano (Florence, 1933). Rostowzew, Kolonat = M. Rostowzew, Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonates. (Berlin, 1910; Archiv für Papyrusforschung, B e i h e f t 1). S B = F. Preisigke, F. Bilabel, and E . Kiessling, Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten (Vols. I-II, Strassburg and Berlin, 1913-22; Vol. I I I , Berlin, 1926-27; Vols. I V - V , ii, Heidelberg, 1931-38; Vol. V , iii, Wiesbaden, 1950). Schnebel, Landwirtschaft = M. Schnebel, Die Landwirtschaft im hellenistischen Ägypten (Munich, 1925; .Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, V I I ) . S H A = Scriptores Historiae Augustae.

XII

ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES

Stein, Präfekten — A. Stein, Die Präfekten Ägyptens in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Bern, 1950; Dissertationes Bernenses, Ser. I, Fase. 1). Stud. Pal. - C. Wessely, Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde (Leipzig, 1901- ). T A P A = Transactions of the American Philological Association. Taubenschlag, Law — R. Taubenschlag, The Law of Greco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri (2 vols.. New Y o r k and Warsaw, 1944-48). Thuneil, Sitologen-Papyri = K . Thunell, Sitologen-Papyri aus dem Berliner Museum (Uppsala, 1924). Verso i b , etc. = P. Columbia 1 Verso i b , etc., in this volume, P. Col. V . Wallace, Taxation = S. L. Wallace, Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian (Princeton, 1938). W B = F. Preisigke and E . Kiessling, Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit Einschluss der griechischen Inschriften, Aufschriften, Ostraka, Mumienschilder usw. aus Ägypten (Berlin, 1925- ). W e s t and Johnson, Currency = L. C. W e s t and A. C. Johnson, Currency in Roman and Byzantine Egypt (Princeton, 1944). Wilcken, Chrest. = L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, Vol. I, P a r t 2 (Leipzig and Berlin, 1912). Wilcken, Grundz. = L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, Vol. I. P a r t 1 (Leipzig and Berlin, 1912). Wilcken, Ostraka = U. Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka aus Aegypten und Nubien (2 vols., Leipzig, 1899). W u t h n o w , Semitischen Menschennamen = H. Wuthnow, Die semitischen Menschennamen in griechischen Inschriften und Papyri des vorderen Orients (Leipzig, 1930; Studien zur Epigraphik und Papyruskunde, Band I, Schrift 4). Zilliacus, Vierzehn griechische Papyri = H. Zilliacus, Vierzehn Berliner griechische Papyri (Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten. Commentationes H u m a n a r u m Litterarum, X I , 4; Helsingfors, 1941). Z S S = Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung.

NOTE ON THE METHOD OF

EDITING

IN CONFORMITY with earlier volumes in this series, accent and breathing marks have been omitted, in the belief that this procedure represents more faithfully the original form of the documents. Otherwise, the conventional devices have been employed in the presentation of the text, as follows: round brackets (

) for resolution of symbols and abbreviations (a few of the more readily

reproduced symbols have not been resolved); square brackets [ ] for lacunae; angular brackets < > for mistaken omissions in the papyrus; and double square brackets [[ ]] for deletions. Dots are used as follows: (i) outside brackets, to indicate mutilated or illegible letters; (2) within square brackets, to indicate the approximate number of missing or deleted letters. For a number of reasons which I shall not explain, 1 have chosen not to use the device sometimes employed to indicate supralinear writing.

INTRODUCTION

THE RECTOS of the papyri whose versos are published in this volume were edited by W. L. Westermann and C. W. Keyes and published in 1932 under the title Tax Lists and Transportation Receipts from Theadelphia (hereafter referred to as P. Col. II). It seems desirable to preface this introduction with an explanation which will summarize concisely the statements in the Introduction to that volume (pp. ix-xi) concerning the origin of the papyri and the physical relation between the writing upon recto and verso sides. These papyri, purchased by a syndicate of American and British institutions, came to the library of Columbia University in 1923. The provisional description of the papyri, by Mr., now Sir, Harold I. Bell, then of the British Museum, indicated that the packet in which the papyri were included was labeled as deriving from Batn-el-Harit (Theadelphia). This provenience— which was questioned by Wilcken (in connection with Nos. 4 and 5) and by Kortenbeutel (in connection with Nos. 4, 5, and 6)—was, in the view of Westermann and Keyes, "amply confirmed by the documents." The re-use of the papyri for writing upon the versos has been explained carefully—and illustrated with diagrams—in P. Col. II, pp. x-xi. Here it will suffice to state that the rectos of Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were turned laterally for re-use upon the verso sides, whereas No. 5 was turned vertically. When, in his Referat of P. Col. II, Wilcken (Archiv, X [1932], 270-73, especially p. 273) expressed his doubts concerning the provenience of Nos. 4 and 5—offering his opinion that they had more probably derived from Arsinoe—he nevertheless recognized the need for suspension of final judgment on the question until the contents of Verso 4 and Verso 5 should be made known. Kortenbeutel (BGU, IX, p. vi), on the other hand, holds that Rectos 4, 5, and 6 were compiled at Arsino€, but by some chance were brought to Theadelphia. Here it may be stated briefly that the contents of Verso 4 seem very probably to indicate that it derived from Theadelphia; but the contents of Versos 5 and 6 provide less conclusive evidence. However, Kortenbeutel's explanation (BGU, IX, p. vi) of the provenience of the Berlin documents— that they were kept in a record office of the toparchy at Theadelphia—seems to be an equally plausible explanation for the documents published in this

XVI

INTRODUCTION

volume. (See especially the introductory comments to Verso 6; also the introductory comments to Verso 4 and Verso 5.) Before the publication of P. Col. II, in 1932, a fairly considerable number of Theadelphians were known from documents that came from other towns. The earliest substantial group of papyri from Theadelphia to be published appeared in P. Jouguet, Papyrus de Theadelphie (Paris, 1 9 1 1 ; hereafter referred to as P. Thead.), but these papyri, dating from the third century A.D. and later, document a more recent period in the life of Theadelphia than that which appears in our Columbia papyri. The next substantial group of papyri from Theadelphia to be published—K. Thuneil, Sitologen-Papyri aus dem Berliner Museum (Uppsala, 1924)—not only belongs to the same period as that to which our Columbia papyri belong (between the reigns of Hadrian and of Marcus Aurelius), but contains the names of an appreciable number of Theadelphians which probably recur in the Columbia documents. In the very year that the rectos of P. Columbia 1 were published, Thunell's sitologos accounts were republished—along with other newly edited documents from Theadelphia—by T. Kal6n and the members of the Greek Seminar of Uppsala, in Berliner Leihgabe griechischer Papyri (Uppsala, 1932; hereafter referred to as P. Berl. Leihg.). And while the Columbia volume was in press, Hjalmar Frisk's Bankakten aus dem Faijüm nebst anderen Berliner Papyri (Göteborg, 1931; hereafter referred to as P. Berl. Frisk) was published. Frisk's No. 1 formed part of the same roll as our Columbia Recto 4 (see the "Note to the Reader," by W. L. Westermann, inserted in P. Col. II), and it is certain that the verso of Frisk's document, as yet unpublished, contains (if it still exists) the remainder—or, at least, the most substantial part of the remainder— of the pittakion account which appears in our Verso 4. (See the introductory comments to Verso 4.) Five years after the publication of P. Col. II, came the publication of BGU, IX, which is entitled Steuerlisten römischer Zeit aus Theadelphia. These papyri, edited by H. Kortenbeutel, contain very substantial and important accounts of the second century A.D., the period of the Columbia papyri and the other Berlin papyri mentioned hitherto. Moreover, some of the Berlin documents resemble closely, both in form and content, some of the Columbia documents, and in several instances the Columbia documents and the corresponding Berlin documents are written in

INTRODUCTION

XVII

the same hand. The first comparison that may be made is between BGU, I X , 1892 and 1891, both recto documents, and the Columbia Rectos i a and ib, the former written in 133/4 A.D., the latter in 134/5 A.D., and all four in the same hand. The second comparison may be made between BGU, IX, 1894 (which is the verso of 1891) and the Columbia Verso ia, the former written in 156/7 A.D., the latter in 160 A.D., and both in the same hand. Kortenbeutel's statement, in his introduction to the Berlin volume (BGU, IX, pp. vii-viii), that our information concerning Theadelphia sufficed for the writing of a history of the town (including the history of individual families) has become more true with the addition of the Columbia versos, in this volume, to the published material. While the aggregate of our prosopographical material from Theadelphia has now become very substantial, account must be taken of the fact that a fairly considerable number of individual names appear very frequently and that, in the instance of these common names, one cannot establish securely the recurrence of an individual when only the individual name and the patronymic are given. But it is often difficult to draw the line between a common name and a name which is sufficiently uncommon to justify the assumption of a recurrence. Hence in this volume—where the name of grandfather and of mother appear regularly in Verso 3, cols. 1-7, but infrequently elsewhere— many identifications cannot be made with finality. Therefore, in all instances where prosopographical determinations have been made, (1) I record an unqualified definite recurrence only when grandfather's name and mother's name—or some other type of distinctive nomenclature—are given; and (2) at the expense of frequent employment of "probably"—both in the commentary and in the Indices—I

have

assumed a probable recurrence where only the individual name and the father's name are given, provided that those names are not common at Theadelphia. (I would refer here to the excellent statement of principles of procedure in dealing with prosopographical data that is given by Mrs. E. M. Husselman, in P. Mich. V, ii, pp. 14-22, especially p. 14.) This procedure has undoubtedly resulted in the failure, in some instances, to identify recurrences which additional material may establish at some later date. In other instances, perhaps, a recurrence has been assumed as probable on the basis of a too subjective differentiation between a common and an uncommon name. But the end

XVIII

INTRODUCTION

result, it is hoped, may be that mistaken assumptions of recurrence and mistaken rejections of recurrence may cancel each other out. Nevertheless, the utility of much of the material for the writing of definitive "family histories," such as those suggested by Kortenbeutel (BGU, IX, p. vii), is strictly limited.

PAPYRI

P. COLUMBIA 1 VERSO lb-la RECORDS OF TAXES OWED AND PAYMENTS OF TAXES Ca. 160 A.D. T H E DOCUMENTS P .

Columbia

I

Theadelphia

Verso i b - i a were written on the verso side

of a roll which, on its recto side, was previously used for records of tax collectors at Theadelphia in 134-35 A.D. When the earlier records were no longer of use, the rolls were turned laterally, as explained in P. Col. II, pp. ix-x, to receive the writing on the verso side. It is because of this lateral turning of the roll that the two portions of the roll appear in this volume in reverse order, i b in first place, i a following upon it. A considerable portion of the roll has clearly been lost, and it is very probable that the pieces on which Verso i b and Verso i a were written were torn out of the roll which contained the rectos and re-used for the short, complete accounts published here. The Berlin tax accounts in BGU, IX, 1892 and 1891, which correspond closely to our Recto i a - i b (see Appendix IV, below), also contain on their versos two separate accounts (BGU, IX, 1895 and 1894), one of which lists individual payments in grain, the other receipts in money for various dues but with the names of no individual taxpayers. The rectos of the Berlin and Columbia papyri (BGU, IX, 1892 and 1891; P. Columbia 1 Recto i a and ib) are in the hand of the same clerk. Likewise, Columbia Verso i a is in the same hand as the verso of the Berlin document which is published as BGU, IX, 1894. But the hand of our Verso i b is not the same as the hand of BGU, I X , 1895; nor is it the same as the hand of our Verso 1 a or of any of the other documents mentioned above, in this paragraph.

P. COLUMBIA 1 VERSO lb LIST OF TAXES OWED BY METROPOLITES Ca. 160 A.D.

Theadelphia

SHORT DOCUMENT consists of four and one-half columns of writing. On the left, at the beginning of the roll, space adequate for two columns of the width normal to this document has been left blank. The first three columns of writing are in fairly good condition, and substantial portions of the fourth column are decipherable, although a large part of it is illegible. Only tattered remnants of the left-hand side of the final half-column have survived. Hence that column is not reproduced in the printed text. The writing of the document is in a crude cursive hand which is much more careless and much more difficult to read than the hand of Verso ia. THIS

Verso i b contains a list of metropolites, each name followed by the name (or names) of taxes and amounts of money. But the precise significance of these amounts is not immediately clear, despite the preservation of the heading of the document, in line i, f/Qtaeic; (XY)Tpo7t(oXiTti)v), for the crucial word in the heading, ex®eaZLC> ( o r eX®e 3 5 it is often written), has several meanings— variously, "list," "schedule," "list of arrears," depending upon the context in which it is used. (See the introductory comments to Verso ia.) Until, therefore, the context in Verso i b has been more definitely determined, it is advisable to suspend judgment in the interpretation of the heading and of the nature of the various amounts that appear in the document. In the left-hand margin, opposite the name of the first taxpayer in Verso ib, the notation xoX(XY)|xaTopixa ovo[AaTa as "des personnes aux revenus—ou aux ressources— insuffisants," Rémondon (pp. 225-26) equates a7topoL and anopixa ovojxaTa. (These omopixa ovo[xaT[i]X[o]ç Amicavo (ç) . . .[

40

]•?[••]

[

Hptov n«7tou AS(piavou) [

] . Me^(eip) x0 (7u>pou apx.) ß L A]S(piavou)

la (mjpou a p r . ) e x e (7Rjpou a p x . ) ß

]• ß (Tojpou apx.) S ] . . (iwpou apx.) ty

Hpwv Aiocjxop[o(u)] A0(up) ç (7u>pou apx.) S Ç (7u>pou apx.) ß iTj (Ttupou a p x . ) 8 AS(piavou) Ç (nupou ç xe

a p x . ) ß [ . . .] (7tupou a p x . ) S x (70>pou a p x . )

(uupou a p x . ) ß

H p a ç Ovvwqjpetoç A 0 ( u p ) ç (7cupou a p x . ) S x e 45

AS(piavou)

la

(mipou a p x . ) a d x 7

(7U>pou a p x . ) c, d

(nupou a p x . ) ç

Col. 4 Hpwv Mu apx.) e d AS(ptavou) Ç (7tupou apx.) [. .] . (7tupou apx.) ß . (7cupou apx.) a d 55

Hpcov IlxoXe(iai[o]u A0(up) Ç (irupou apx.) 8 17) (7u»poi> apx.) 8 Hpcov QpiYevouç A0(up) Ç (ïnjpou apx.) S AS(piavou) Ç (7u>poi> apx.) ç Tuß(i) e (7tupou apx.) e d Hpcov o xai Kowaç Hpcovo(ç) A0(up) Ç (írupou apx.) [ t (itupou apx.) a

60 HpaxXaç Xaipa A0(up) Ç (Ttupou apx.) a AS(piavou) x. 81a [I]ai8copo(o) NixavS(pou) (rcupou apx.) 8 Hpcov E7iapou apx.) ß AS(piavou) x. (•Trupou apx.) y Col. 5

Hpcov Avixaxou A0(up) . (îrupou apx.) Ç AS(piavou) ta (rcupou apx.) a d [ 65

Hpcov Kaaxopoç [ . . . . ] .ß [

IT) (nvpov

apx.)

y

] Tußi e xpi0(•>)

apx.) [ xe (7tupou apx.) S HpaxXei[8 (•»)pou apx.) S xe (7Tupou apx.) a [.] •

70

(7u>pou apx.) a d . . (7tupou apx.) ß Tuß(t) e

[ • • ]

Hptov [ . . . . ] . . . A0(up) 0 (ítupou apx.) S AS(piavou) la (7uipou apx.) .

] Hpcov [

) A0(up) i (7u>pou apx.) ß x (nupou apx.) ß

ASpi(avou) [ . . . ] . [ . . . ] . d Me^(eip) x0 (mjpou apx.) S Hpcov Ai8u[...] o xai 0a>](

) A0(up) 1 (rcupou apx.) ß

8o 75

P. COLUMBIA I VERSO 2 y

Hpcúv X a i [ p ] a A0up i (ìtupou apx.)

Hp]>ç) A0up xe (7tupou apT.) ß Hp«xXif)ç [ . . . ] .

A x ï j ç AS(piavou) la (ìtupou apx.) a

d

H[p]a>v [Hp]axXif)o(u) Sia A i o a x ( o p o u ) s iepeuç AS(piavou) H p a ç IIex[evio(u) A 0 ( u p ) Ç (ìtupou apx.) [ . . .] itj (ìtupou apx.) iX[i]TT7to(ç) IaiScop(ou) [ . . . . ] . . . .

ir) (rtupou apx.)

.

AS(piavou) Ç (ìrupou apx.) T(ov) xw(i.7)iXaS(

) and E^iou to know the identity of the col-

lector (in one instance, in line 126, the bank) through whom each installment of the t a x was paid. Only two possible explanations suggest

themselves—

neither of them carrying conviction. W a s the procedure adopted as a check on the collectors? Or as a check on possible claims of receipts b y taxpayers attempting to elude

payment?

Certain phenomena to be observed in cols. 1-7 suggest a few conjectures concerning the method of payment of the t a x recorded in our document and the banking of the payments received b y the collectors. W i t h the exception of the accounts of three individuals (lines 10-11, 71-73, and 74-75), where the omission m a y have been accidental, each group of payments is prefixed b y the abbreviation xpa(

). The following suggestions have been offered for the

resolution and interpretation of this abbreviation in documents which are bank records or, at least, have some relation to bank records. (1) The formula of payment in P. O x y . II, 288, col. 2 has been construed as "SiayeYpa^rjxev) Sia xou Seiva xpa7te£»]To