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Syrians and the Others
Scrinium: Revue de patrologie, d’hagiographie critique et d’histoire ecclésiastique 10 Editorial Committee B. Lourié (Editor-in-Chief), St. Pétersbourg D. Nosnitsin (Secretary), Hamburg D. Kashtanov, Moscow S. Mikheev, Moscow A. Orlov, Milwaukee T. Senina, St. Pétersbourg D. Y. Shapira, Jérusalem S. Shoemaker, Oregon Secretariat T. Senina, St. Pétersbourg E. Bormotova, Montréal
Scrinium. Revue de patrologie, d’hagiographie critique et d’histoire ecclésiastique, established in 2005, is an international multilingual scholarly journal devoted to patristics, critical hagiography, and Church history. Each volume is dedicated to a theme in early church history, with a particular emphasis on Eastern Christianity, while not excluding developments in the Western Church.
Syrians and the Others
Cultures of the Christian Orient in the Middle Ages
Edited by
Basil Lourié Nikolai N. Seleznyov
9
34 2014
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9 ISBN 978-1-4632-0424-2 ISSN 1817-7530
Printed in the United States of America
Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation Centre of Research and Education in Philosophy, Religion, and Culture
SCRINIUM Journal of Patrology, Critical Hagiography and Ecclesiastical History
Volume 10 Syrians and the Others: Cultures of the Christian Orient in the Middle Ages
Edited by
Basil Lourié and Nikolai N. Seleznyov Gorgias Press 2014 v
ISSN 1817-7530 (Print) ISSN 1817-7565 (Online) Scrinium. Т. 10: Syrians and the Others: Cultures of the Christian Orient in the Middle Ages. Edited by Basil Lourié and Nikolai N. Seleznyov. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2014. x+534 p.
SCRINIUM Journal of Patrology, Critical Hagiography and Ecclesiastical History Editor in Chief Basil Lourié Advisory Board Sebastian Brock, Oxford (President); Pauline Allen, Brisbane—Pretoria; Alessandro Bausi, Naples; Gilbert Dagron, Paris; Kazuhiko Demura, Tokyo; Gianfranco Fiaccadori, Mailand; Stephan Gerö, Tübingen; Robert Godding, Bruxelles (Société des Bollandistes); Alexander Golitzin, Milwaukee; Getatchew Haile, Avon; Cornelia B. Horn, Berlin; Hubert Kaufhold, Munich (Oriens Christianus); Robert Kraft, Philadelphia; Vladimir A. Livshits, St Petersburg; Igor P. Medvedev, St Petersburg; Bernard Meunier, Lyon (Institut des Sources Chrétiennes); Bernard Outtier, Paris; Madeleine Petit, Paris; John C. Reeves, Charlotte; Gerrit J. Reinink, Groningen; Antonio Rigo, Venice; James Russel, Harvard; Samir Kh. Samir, Beirut; Michael Stone, Jerusalem; Satoshi Toda, Sapporo; James VanderKam, Notre Dame
Secretariat Tatiana Senina, St. Petersburg; Elena Bormotova, Montreal
© Authors, 2014 © B. Lourié and N. N. Seleznyov, 2014 © Gorgias Press, 2014
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ x
Critical Editions Yulia Furman The Origins of the Temporal World: the First mēʾmrā of the Ktābā d-rēš mellē of John Bar Penkāyē ............... 3 Yulia Furman Zeus, Artemis, Apollo: John bar Penkāyē on Ancient Myths and Cults ................................... 47 Nikolai N. Seleznyov The Laments of the Philosophers over Alexander the Great according to The Blessed Compendium of al-Makīn ibn al-ʿAmīd ....... 97 Nikolai N. Seleznyov “These stones shall be for a memorial”: A discussion of the abolition of circumcision in the Kitāb al-Mağdal ...................... 115 Anton Pritula The Wardā Hymnological Collection and Šlēmōn of Ahlāṭ (13th century) ............................................................................................ 149 Youhanna Nessim Youssef Litanies or Prayers for Travellers ......................................................... 208
Hagiography Andrey Moroz Folkloric Hagiography and the Popular Cult of Saints: Formation of Beliefs and Plots .............................................................. 219 Alexander V. Pigin Hagiographic Writings in the Old Believer Controversies over ‘the Suicidal Death’ at the End of the Seventeenth and the Eighteenth Centuries (Peter Prokop’ev’s Message to Daniil Vikulin) ................................... 230
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Tatiana A. Senina (nun Kassia) Concerning the Dates of St. Makarios of Pelekete’s Life and the Dating of his Vita ...................................................................... 245 Tatiana A. Senina (nun Kassia) Did St. John, the Abbot of the ton Katharon Monastery, Join the Iconoclasts under Leo V the Armenian? ............................... 251 Yulia M. Shevarenkova Verbal Hagiography of Seraphim of Sarov ......................................... 255
Patrology Dmitry Biriukov Hierarchies of Beings in the Patristic Thought: Maximus the Confessor, John of Damascus, and the Palamites ...... 281 Irina Kolbutova The Book of the Body of Christ: Jewish-Christian Mysticism of Letters and the Name of God as an Origin for the Christian Spiritual Exegesis ............................... 305 Dirk Krausmuller A Chalcedonian Conundrum: the Singularity of the Hypostasis of Christ ......................................... 361 Alexey Ostrovsky and Maia Raphava Notes on Georgian Translations of the Works of Nicetas Stethatos .. 383 Olena Syrtsova L’anthropologie apocryphe et le traité Περὶ Ἀρχῶν d’Origène ....... 402
Review Articles Dmitry Biriukov Providence and fate in the ancient philosophical tradition and in Greek patristics ........................................................................... 415 Basil Lourié Notes on Mar Pinḥas: A “Nestorian” Foundation Legend; the Liturgy Implied; Polemics against Jewish Mysticism; an Early Christian Apology Used; Syrian Monasticism from Athens ............ 422
Table of Contents
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Olga Mitrenina The Corpora of Old and Middle Russian Texts as an Advanced Tool for Exploring an Extinguished Language ..... 455 Aleksandr V. Pigin A new book on Old Russian demonology .......................................... 462 Tatiana A. Senina (moniale Kassia) Deux livres sur Cassia de Constantinople .......................................... 468 Christos A. Zafiropoulos Ahiqar, his Tale and the Vita Aesopi ...................................................... 479
Reviews What Was the Question? The Inter-Byzantine Discussions about the Filioque, Nicephorus Blemmydes, and Gregory of Cyprus (B. Lourié) ..................................................... 499 Прп. Максим Исповедник, Богословско-полемические сочинения (Opuscula Theologica et Polemica), пер. с древнегреч. Д. А. ЧЕРНОГЛАЗОВА и А. М. ШУФРИНА; научн. ред., предисл. и комм. Г. И. БЕНЕВИЧА [St Maximus the Confessor, Opuscula Theologica et Polemica, Russian tr. by D. A. Chernoglazov and A. M. Choufrine; ed., intr. and comm. by G. I. Benevich] (G. B.) ... 507 Warren T. Woodfin, The Embodied Icon. Liturgical Vestments and Sacramental Power in Byzantium (T. Sénina) ................................. 508 Two Books on Fr Antonii (Anthony) Bulatovich (1870–1919) and the Imiaslavie (Onomatodoxy, Name-Glorifying) (B. Lourié) .. 510 The Monks and Their Reading (O. Mitrenina) ....................................... 514 A Lonely Church as a Symbol of Faith and Power (B. Lourié) ............. 516 Syriaca et Varia Orientalia (B. Lourié) ...................................................... 523 Das russisch-deutsche Seminar „Simon Lüdwigowitsch Frank: der deutsche Kontext der russischen Philosophie“ (A. Malinov) .. 528
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ТОДРЛ
Труды Отдела древнерусской литературы
ХВ
Христианский Восток
AB
Analecta bollandiana
BHG
F. Halkin, Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca, 3 vols. (SH, 8a), Bruxelles, 1957; idem, Novum Auctarium BHG (SH, 65), Bruxelles, 1984
BMGS
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
CCSG
Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca
CE
Coptic Encyclopaedia, ed. by A. S. Atiya, 8 vols., New York, 1991
CFHB
Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
CSCO
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium
DOP
Dumbarton Oaks Papers
ER
The Ecclesiastical Review
HTR
The Harvard Theological Review
JCRT
Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory
JECS
Journal of Early Christian Studies
JTS
Journal of Theological Studies
OC
Oriens Christianus
OCA
Orientalia Christiana Analecta
OCP
Orientalia Christiana Periodica
PG
Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca, acc. J. P. Migne, tt. 1–161, Parisiis, 1857–1866
PO
Patrologia Orientalis
PTS
Patristische Texte und Studien
SC
Sources chrétiennes
Scr
Scrinium. Revue de patrologie, d‘hagiographie critique et d‘histoire ecclésiastique
VC
Vigiliae Christianae
ZDMG
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft x
Critical Editions
1
.
2
Yulia Furman Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State University for the Humanities [email protected]
THE ORIGINS OF THE TEMPORAL WORLD: THE FIRST MĒʾMRĀ OF THE KTĀBĀ D‐RĒŠ MELLĒ OF JOHN BAR PENKĀYĒ At the end of the seventh century, the East‐Syriac monk John (Yō‐ ḥannān) bar Penkāyē1 wrote The History of the Temporal World (tašʕītā ʕal ʕālmā d‐zabnā), or as he entitled it The Book of the Main Points (ktābā d‐rēš mellē).2 The work covers the period from the beginning of the creation till 687 CE. It consists of fifteen chapters (mēʔmrē) and is di‐ vided in two parts (the chapters 1–9 form the first part, and the chap‐ ters 10–15 form the second).3 John did not, however, intend to write a proper history as a chronicler. Rather, he was concerned with a rela‐ tionship between God and the mankind and considered the origins of ————————
() I am grateful to Dr. Sergey Minov (The Hebrew University of Jerusa‐ lem) and Vitaly Shevlak (UN) for reading an earlier draft of this publication and suggesting some improvements. (1) For more detailed information about John bar Penkāyē and his writ‐ ings see: A. BAUMSTARK, “Eine syrische Weltgeschichte des siebten Jahrh.s.,” Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Alterthumskunde und für Kirchengeschichte (1901), pp. 273–280; T. JANSMA, “Projet d’édition du Ketâbâ Derêš Mellê de Jean Bar Penkaye,” Orient syrien, 8 (1963), pp. 87–106; Ю. ФУРМАН, “Йохан‐ нан бар Пенкайе и его «История»: курьезы интерпретации имени автора и названия произведения” [John bar Penkaye and his “History”: misinterpretations of the author’s name and the title of his main work], Вестник РГГУ. Серия «Востоковедение, африканистика», № 20 (100) (2012), pp. 93–109. (2) The extant manuscripts of the History are listed in: JANSMA, Projet d’édition, pp. 96–100. (3) For a survey of the contents of this work, with summaries of its chapters, see: BAUMSTARK, Eine syrische Weltgeschichte, pp. 275–279. 3
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this relationship, its development and dramatic completion, signs of which he recognized in tumultuous events of his time.4 The first chapter of the History of the Temporal World narrates the beginning of the world and human history and generally follows the book of Genesis. It describes in a more or less detailed way events of Gen 1–5:24, i. e. from the Creation till the story of Enoch. Though the narration is based on biblical material, the intention of Bar Penkāyē was to explain and interpret certain biblical events rather than to re‐ tell the book of Genesis. He relies on the text of the Scripture and expands it with his additions styled as a commentary. Mostly he de‐ votes his attention to the creation, the Fall, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise and the story of Cain. This article discusses the first chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s History of the Temporal World in connection with other East‐Syriac works con‐ cerning the same subjects as well as the works that influenced East‐ Syriac authors. The genre of the first chapter is very close to the bibli‐ cal exegesis, and, therefore, the extant exegetical works which were composed within the East‐Syriac tradition or had some influence on it5 are used as a basis for our comparative research.6 These are Ephraem the Syrian’s prosaic Commentary on the book of Genesis (d. 373),7 the Introduction to the book of Genesis and extant in Syriac language commentary on it of Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350–428),8 homilies of Narsai (d. 502) on the Creation and the Fall of Adam and ————————
(4) The intention of Bar Penkāyē and his motives for writing the History are discussed in: G. J. REININK, “Paideia: God’s Design in World History according to the East Syrian Monk John bar Penkaye,” in: The Medieval Chronicle II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle, Driebergen/Utrecht, 16–21 July 1999, Amsterdam, New York, 2002, pp. 190–198. (5) The main extant exegetical works in Syriac are listed in: S. BROCK, The Bible In The Syriac Tradition, 2nd rev. ed., Piscataway, 2006, pp. 73–77. (6) The present article only deals with the works of this genre which ex‐ tant in Syriac and belonged to or influenced the East‐Syriac tradition. It mainly aims at demonstrating its continuity. More general treating the ori‐ gins of various ideas and themes which occur in the first chapter of the Histo‐ ry or in the probable sources of Bar Penkāyē are beyond the scope of the present research. (7) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim et in Exodum Commentarii, ed. R. M. TONNEAU (CSCO, 152; SS, 71), Louvain, 1955. (8) Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. E. SACHAU, Lipsiae, 1869.
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Eve.9 The later East‐Syriac exegetical tradition is represented by the following interconnected works: the Scholia of Theodore bar Kōnī (the end of the 8th century),10 the commentaries of Ishōʿ bar Nūn (d. 828)11 and of Ishōʿdad of Merv (9th century),12 and the anonymous commentaries adhering to this tradition.13 These works have some ————————
(9) Homélies de Narsaï sur la création, ed. Ph. GIGNOUX (PO, XXXIV, Fasc. 3 et 4 — № 161 et 162). (10) The Scholia of Theodore bar Kōnī consist of eleven books. The first nine chapters are a commentary in a form of questions and answers on dif‐ ferent passages of the New and the Old Testament. The first, the second and a part of the third book contain his commentary on Genesis. In 1910 and in 1912, the Scholia (the books 1–5 and 6–11 respectively) were edited by Addai Scher in the recension of Se‘ert: Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. A. SCHER (CSCO, 55; SS, 65), Parisiis, 1910; Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. A. SCHER (CSCO, 69; SS, 66), Parisiis, 1912. R. Hespel and R. Draguet in 1981–1982 translated them into French: Théodore bar Koni, Livre des Scolies (recension de Séert) I. Mimrè I–V, ed. R. HESPEL, R. DRAGUET (CSCO, 431; SS, 187), Lovanii, 1981; Théodore bar Koni, Livre des Scolies (recension de Séert) II. Mimrè VI–XI, ed. R. HESPEL, R. DRAGUET (CSCO, 432; SS, 188), Lovanii, 1982. For the recension of Urmiah see: Théodore bar Koni, Livre des Scolies (recension d’Urmiah), ed. R. HESPEL (CSCO, 447; SS, 193), Lovanii, 1983. In the present article quotations from Theodore bar Kōnī’s Scholia are taken from the edition of Addai Scher. (11) The work of Ishōʿ bar Nūn is a commentary on selected passages of the Pentateuch in a form of questions and answers. In 1962, it was edited by E. G. CLARKE, The Selected Questions of Ishō Bar Nūn on the Pentateuch, Leiden, 1962. (12) Ishōʿdad wrote a commentary on the Old and New Testaments. The part of this work that contains the commentary on Genesis was edited by J.‐M. VOSTÉ and C. VAN DEN EYNDE: Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv sur l’Ancien Testament. I. Genèse (CSCO, 126; SS, 67), Louvain, 1950. (13) This is the East‐Syriac Anonymous Commentary on the Pentateuch written in a form of elucidation of difficult passages and words. The part of this commentary that contains the exegesis of Gen 1–27 was edited by A. LEVENE: The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, London, 1951. It is preserved in several manuscripts. See: T. JANSMA, “Investigations into the Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis: An Approach to the Exegesis of the Nestorian Church and to the Comparison of Nestorian and Jewish Exegesis,” Oudtestamentische Studiën, 12 (1958), pp. 71–74. Another exegetical treatise was found in one of the manuscripts of Anon‐ ymous Commentary (ms Diyarbekr 22) the first folios of which were re‐ placed with the other commentary on Gen 1,1–Ex 9,32. It was probably writ‐ ten at the end of the eighth century: L. VAN ROMPAY, “A Hitherto Unknown
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obvious textual similarities, and various scholars have discussed gen‐ eral interconnections that existed between all of them, on the one hand, and specific connections between some of them, on the other.14 A preliminary study shows that some exegetical treatises which were probably in circulation within the East‐Syriac tradition and which John bar Penkāyē could use as his sources remain beyond our actual knowledge. However, some commonality in these works writ‐ ten before and after Bar Penkāyē may be noticed. The list of the common fragments discussed below is by no means complete, but it allows to trace some correspondence between these works.15
THE FIRST NATURES (KYĀNĒ RĒŠĀYĒ) Bar Penkāyē begins his narrative of the Creation with naming of the natures which were created on the first day. According to him, they were eight: “The first natures which God had created, as He said by means of his servant Moses, are the heaven and the angels, the earth and the fire, the waters and the air, the darkness and the light” (kyānē gēr rēšāyē da‐brā ʔalāhā ʔayk da‐mmallel b‐ʔīdā d‐mūšē ʕabdēh šmayyā w‐ mallaʔkē w‐ʔarʕā w‐nūrā w‐mayyā w‐ʔāʔar w‐ḥeššokā w‐nuhrā). The list of eight first natures is unique and is not found in extant works written before Bar Penkāyē.16 All the authors who mention the first created Nestorian Commentary on Genesis and Exodus 1–9,32 in the Syriac Manu‐ script (olim) Dijarbekr 22,” Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 5 (1974), pp. 78. It was edited with FT: Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32 du manuscrit (olim) Diyarbakir 22, ed. L. VAN ROMPAY (CSCO, 483; SS, 205), Lovanii, 1986; Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32 du manuscrit (olim) Diyarbakir 22, ed. L. VAN ROMPAY (CSCO, 484; SS, 206), Lovanii, 1986. (14) For the discussion of the interconnection of all these commentaries see, for example: JANSMA, Investigations; VAN ROMPAY, A Hitherto Unknown Nestorian Commentary. Connection between Ishōʿ bar Nūn, Theodore bar Kō‐ nī and Ishōʿdad is discussed in CLARKE, The Selected Questions. (15) Some of these common places were discussed by T. Jansma (JAN‐ SMA, Investigations, pp. 89–143). (16) It is remarkable that John bar Zō‘bī, an East‐Syriac author of the 12th–13th c., also writes about the first eight natures in his commentary on the liturgy Puššāq ʔrāzē. N. Seleznyov supposes that he was familiar with the History of Bar Penkāyē (Н. СЕЛЕЗНЕВ, “Восточносирийский автор рубежа XII–XIII вв. — Йōханнāн Бар Зōʿбӣ — и его пролог к «Истолкованию таин»” [East‐Syriac author of the 12th–13th c. — Yōḥannān Bar Zōʿbī — and his Prologue to the “Explanation of the Divine Mysteries”], Точки/Puncta, 3– 4 (2010), pp. 18–19).
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natures list seven of them, but the composition of the lists differ from one author to another. In the Commentary on Genesis, Ephraem men‐ tions the following seven natures created on the first day: the earth, the heaven, the waters, the air, the fire, the light, the darkness. When saying that the earth and the heaven were created of nothing, he em‐ phasizes that the natures which appeared later on the same day had not been created in that moment: “Till that moment, the waters, the air and the fire were not created, the light and the darkness were not set.”17 Narsai also talks about the first seven natures; in his Homilies they are mentioned three times. However, his lists do not agree with each other from place to place. In his homily “On the brāšīt and the divine substance”, he gives the following list: “In the beginning of the day, He created the heaven and the angels, the earth, the waters, the darkness, the fire and the air” (b‐šurrāy yāwmā ʕbad la‐šmayyā wa‐ l‐mallaʔkē w‐la‐ʔrʕā w‐mayyā wa‐l‐ḥeššoḵā w‐nūrā w‐ʔāʔar).18 This list agrees with the one we find in the later tradition (see below). In yet another place, in his homily “On the formation of the created and the hypostases of the Trinity,” Narsai gives the following list: “In the beginning, He created the heaven and the earth and the other five natures which He did not name. With this word [brāšīt], the fire, the waters, the darkness, the rational and silent angels (mallaʔkē mlīlē w‐ ḥaršē) are enclosed within the formation that is in the beginning.”19 It should be noted that Narsai connects the creation of the light with angels’ ability to speak. Since the light was created after the above listed seven natures angels are described as “rational” and yet “si‐ lent.” Finally, in his homily “On the formation of the created” ‘the light’ is listed, but ‘the fire’ is absent: “In the beginning, He formed the heaven and the earth, the waters and the air, the assembly of heaven and the light, the darkness spread over everything” (brāšīt taqqen šmayyā w‐ʔarʕā w‐mayyā w‐ʔāʔar w‐kenšay rāwmā w‐ḥeškā da‐p̄rīs ʕal kol).20 Later commentaries mention the first day creations too. Theodore bar Kōnī, in answering the question “How many first na‐ tures were created in silence?”, names seven of them: the heaven, the earth, the fire, the waters, the air, the angels, the darkness.21 ————————
(17) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim, ed. TONNEAU, pp. 8:28–9:6. (18) GIGNOUX, Homélies de Narsaï, pp. [158]:338–339. (19) Ibid., pp. [170]:101–105. (20) Ibid., pp. [109]:3–4. (21) Theodorus bar Kōnī. Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 23:10–13.
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Ishōʿdad22 and the author of the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 2223 write the same. In the Anonymous Commentary, the five other natures are mentioned after the description of creation of the heaven and the earth.24
THE FOUR ELEMENTS After listing the first natures, there follows quite an obscure passage that seems to be a philosophical explanation of the process of crea‐ tion: “Something appeared out of two. One was divided into some‐ thing. One impels everything. By means of the four, everything was formed. One pointed something out. By means of the two, all the times and seasons of the little temporal world were defined.” As to the four by means of which everything was formed, it is likely that here John says about the four elements of which all the visible things were formed. Such an idea can be found in Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Introduction to the Commentary on Genesis: “By means of the air, the earth, the waters and the fire all this visible world was set” (b‐yad gēr ʔāʔar w‐ʔarʕā w‐mayyā w‐nūrā metqayyam ʕālmā hānnā d‐metḥzē).25 The four things of this kind are mentioned in the later tradition too. The‐ odore bar Kōnī, in answering the question “What is the power of each of these elements and what are they in use for?”, writes: “Their use is fit for formation all the corporeal” (ḥšaḥthon dēn ʕāhnā l‐quyyāmā d‐kol gšom).26 In the work of Ishōʿdad, thoughts like this are expressed as a commentary on Gen 2:1. Ishōʿdad writes: “This [saying] ‘all their hosts’ is to say that these appeared from them. For what was to be afterwards was formed of the four elements” (hāy dēn d‐ḵullēh ḥaylhon d‐nēʔmar hālēn da‐hway menhon men ʔarbʕā gēr ʔesṭuksē ʔettaqqanw hālēn d‐men bāṯar ken).27 A similar passage can be found in the Anonymous Commentary28 and in the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22.29 ————————
(22) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 13:1–2. (23) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 7:9–11. (24) The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 67:10–12. (25) Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, p. 3:15–16. (26) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 24:15–21. (27) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 49: 23–25. (28) The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 64:22–24. (29) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 22:18–20.
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CREATION OF THE LIGHT AND THE PRAISE OF ANGELS Here is Bar Penkāyē’s description of the creation of the light: “The angels had been waiting in silence for twelve hours until the light was created. Then they became excited. The summit of their excite‐ ment became recognition [of God] and praise to Him. For the appear‐ ance and the creation of the light strengthens the mind of the con‐ scious and excites consciousness of the learned.”30 Similar attributes can be found in the narration of the creation of the light in other commentaries discussed here. Among them the idea that when the angels saw the beauty of the illuminated world, they praised the Creator. This episode is probably based on Job 38:7 being directly referred to by some authors.31 Theodore of Mopsuestia cites this verse from the book of Job in connection with another idea. While discussing that God needed the word to let “the rational and invisible natures” know about Himself in the process of creation, he cites Job as a proof that these natures praised to God after He had created the stars (i. e. after they had heard “Let there be light”).32 In the later tradition of the East‐Syriac commentaries, this verse was being cited in connection with the creation of the light and the angels’ praise. Theodore bar Kōnī writes that the angels praised the Creator after He had created the light.33 The same is written in the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22: “Then He created the light. Because of its beauty all of them exclaimed and praised their Creator according to Job.”34 Narsai touches on the theme several times in his homilies.35 Ishōʿdad of Merv uses literally the same expressions in his commentary.36 ————————
(30) One may suppose that such an important role of the light in the process of creation was the reason for including it in the list of “the first na‐ tures” by Bar Penkāyē. (31) Theodore of Mopsuestia, Ishōʿdad of Merv, Theodore bar Kōnī, the Commentary from ms Diyarbekr 22 quote Job. (32) Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, p. 4:13ff. (33) Theodorus bar Kōnī. Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 35:15–17. (34) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 7:14–16. (35) For example, Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, pp. [109]:23–24; [110]:39–40. (36) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 16:5–11.
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As for the light that according to Bar Penkāyē “strengthens the mind of the conscious and excites consciousness of the learned,” in the commentaries of the other authors there is no obvious emphasis on the connection between the light and knowledge. However, the idea that the light was created (or was created after the darkness) to let the angels know their Creator is found virtually everywhere. Narsai repeatedly mentions this in his homilies,37 Theodore bar Kōnī as well as later Ishōʿdad (“for angels’ understanding, since it was necessary to let them know their Creator”),38 the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22 (“Since it was necessary to let the angels know about their existence and their Creator. [Therefore] first, He wrapped them neatly as if in swaddling clothes and tied them with a twelve hours’ term, then He created the light”)39 evidently write about this too.
THE NATURES OF THE LIGHT AND THE DARKNESS Bar Penkāyē’s account of the creation of the light is accompanied by his mentioning of that the darkness is also a nature. “It is said: ‘God separated the light from the darkness.’ He (i. e. Moses) does not mean division of the natures. For each of them got this [nature] together with its creation from the beginning.” In other words, separation of the light from the darkness is not a separation of the nature. It is ra‐ ther two natures being set apart while each of them is independent in its existence from the other. The discussion of the nature of the darkness is also found in the other commentaries and apparently can be traced back to Theodore of Mopsuestia.40 In this case, Bar Penkāyē also follows this tradition. Theodore bar Kōnī while listing the seven first creations among which there was the darkness, emphasizes that the latter belongs to the seven first natures according to “Blessed Interpreter” (i. e. Theo‐ dore of Mopsuestia) who contested other opinions. His opponents supposed that the darkness had appeared of the shadows produced by bodies.41 Ishōʿdad also writes about this: “It is known from the ————————
(37) For example, Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, pp. [109]:11–12; [110]:41–42; [152]:237–242. (38) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 35:12–13; Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTE, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 15:25–27. (39) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 7:11–14. (40) JANSMA, Investigations, pp. 103–104. (41) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 23:14–18.
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blessed David that it (i. e. the darkness) is the nature as those seven first natures: ‘He created darkness, it became night’.”42 In the Anony‐ mous Commentary43 and in the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22, this subject is discussed as well (lāw gēr da‐p̄raš nuhrā men ḥeššoḵā hānnāw dēn ṭalqēh).44
CREATION AND FORMATION. HIERARCHICAL ORDER OF CREATION While describing appearance of the world, Bar Penkāyē makes a dif‐ ferentiation between creation (brīṯā) and formation (tuqqānā) and gives a definition to both of them. The creation, — he says, — “is what did not exist and then came into existence.” The formation “gets something which was created and exists and needs formation.” He then adds: “the One who creates and the One who forms is the same. What was created and what gets the formation is the same too.” According to Bar Penkāyē, all the first natures got the formation: the earth, the fir‐ mament (the heaven) and the light, the air and the darkness, the fire, the waters and the angels. By “formation” Bar Penkāyē means struc‐ turing and decoration as is evident from the following explanation. Something that previously had remained in disorder got the struc‐ ture. So, the darkness was bridled with a bridle of the light in order not to be scattered under all the heaven. The waters were divided and gathered in seas, rivers and springs. The air was squeezed into a wineskin not to be dispersed and to perish. These creations served as decorations for the earlier ones: the firmament — for the heaven, the lights — for the firmament etc. Bar Penkāyē also describes the hierarchical order of creation: “those He had created earlier were useful for those He brought into existence later. That which is less important might appear before that which excels it [in importance] and needs it.” There is no exact terminological opposition between the creation and the formation in the discussed commentaries. Though this gen‐ eral idea can undoubtedly be found there.45 Thus, these writings mention some creatures being “decorated” by others. ————————
(42) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 14: 26–28. (43) The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 67:20–23. (44) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 10:15–19. (45) See the discussion in: JANSMA, Investigations, p. 134.
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
The opposition between the creation and formation was most ob‐ viously expressed by Theodore of Mopsuestia. In the Introduction to the Genesis, he states that God created all the creation without decora‐ tion and decorated it later: “Gradually, He first scattered the gloom of the darkness with the appearance of the light. Afterwards, He created the visible heaven by pouring plenty of the water on its back. Then, He gathered the waters and uncovered the earth. Afterwards, He created plants and seeds. After He had created animals, He created the human, the last of all.”46 The commentary of Ishōʿdad and the Anonymous Commentary which literally agree with each other in their accounts of the decora‐ tion both say almost the same as Theodore of Mopsuestia said in his Introduction (“For those which had been created decorated each oth‐ er…” etc.).47 In other works, this subject is mentioned en passant and in the con‐ text of other themes. Ephraem the Syrian while discussing why it was not said (in the Scriptures) that “the firmament was good” after its creation, says that at that time the firmament got neither structure nor decorations i.e. the sun, the moon and the stars.48 Ishōʿ bar Nūn gives a similar answer to the same question.49 In the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22, the creations of the third day are named “the decoration of the earth” (taṣbīṯāh d‐ʔarʕā).50 T. Jansma observes that the idea of creation as decoration is the most favorite one of Narsai and gives numerous references.51 As to the idea of the hierarchical creation, it is expressed in these commentaries in a slightly different vein. Bar Penkāyē emphasizes that the previous creations are useful for the later ones. On the one hand, the summit of the creation was the human, for whose appear‐ ance the angels were waiting: “Therefore, they (the angels) were ar‐ ranged and prepared, got up and waited for whom all this service would be in use.” On the other hand, the great divine plan is praised ————————
(46) Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, p. 3:24–4:3. (47) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 49:14– 17; The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 64:19–22. (48) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim, ed. TONNEAU, p. 19:20–27. (49) The Selected Questions, ed. CLARKE, pp. 4v:17–5r:2. (50) Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, pp. 16:31– 17:1. (51) JANSMA, Investigations, p. 134.
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with this particular order of the creation: “Those He had created ear‐ lier were useful for those He brought into existence later… for thus the great intelligence of the Creator is greatly praised.”52 In the work of Theodore of Mopsuestia and in the later Syriac commentaries, the hierarchical order of the creation is considered in a different way. The main idea of Theodore of Mopsuestia on the sub‐ ject was that the order was necessary for instructing of the rational beings who by comparing themselves with the other (irrational be‐ ings) would see their advantages and would understand that God created them higher in rank than the others and made them more akin to Him (b‐p̄eḥmā d‐hālēn ʕal ṭāḇāṯhon yālpīn hwāw d‐ḏa‐ʔyḵ ʔaynā kyānā nsaḇw men ʔalāhā w‐lāw balḥoḏ la‐hwāyā ʔeṯāw ʔāp̄ ba‐ḵyānā d‐ḏa‐ʔyḵ hānnā hwāw ʔaykānā da‐ḇ‐saggīʔāṯā dmūṯā qnēn ʔayḵ kmā d‐meškḥā lwāṯ ʔalāhā).53 The relevant passages by Ishōʿdad and the author of the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22 almost literally mirror each other.54 The Scholia by Theodore bar Kōnī also contribute to the development of the theme.55
THE FIRMAMENT Bar Penkāye writes that on the second day of the creation the firma‐ ment was created of the waters. “A part of the waters gathered on its surface and [another] part remained on the earth.” Then he explains why waters were needed to be located above and below the firma‐ ment. As to the waters which were above the firmament, he says that “from the waters, our friend, that are above the firmament, it is con‐ stantly getting magnitude and obesity in order not to become thinner and disappear during all this period because of flame and heat of the lights.” ————————
(52) Cf. also Theodore of Mopsuestia: “On this [day], He created also the human because He had considered it to be necessary that fourlegs ani‐ mals would appear on the same day together with the human, for they were necessary for his use” (Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, p. 27:12–14). See also: Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 20:12–16; Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTE, VAN DEN EYNDE, pp. 44: 28–45:2. (53) Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, pp. 1:2–2:12. (54) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 49:6– 14; The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, 64:11–19; Le commentaire sur Genèse–Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 2:29–3:8. (55) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 30:17–26.
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The idea that the firmament was created of the waters is evi‐ denced almost in all the commentaries.56 Ephraem mentions it in his Commentary on Genesis: “The firmament which is in the midst of the waters hardened of the waters” (ʔarqīʕā dēn da‐ḇ‐meṣʕaṯ mayyā men mayyā ʔeṯrqaʕ hwā).57 Narsai writes about it many times in his homi‐ lies.58 This is also a common place in the later East‐Syriac tradition of the commentaries. Theodore bar Kōnī while answering the question “How did the firmament appear?”, reports among others the opinion of “Blessed Interpreter” who believed that the firmament “appeared of the waters” (men mayyā hwā).59 Ishōʿdad does not refer to anyone but still writes the same,60 and so do the Anonymous Commentary61 and the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22 as well.62 All these writings while stating that the firmament consists of the waters, connect this statement with the explanation of the name “firmament”: the word rqīʕā “the firmament” there refers to the word ʔeṯrqaʕ “to become hard” (i. e. it hardened of “the soft waters”). As to purpose of the waters which were above the firmament, the commentaries are not altogether clear about this. The Anonymous Commentary,63 the Ishōʿdad’s Commentary64 and the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 2265 explain that God put the nature of the waters below the firmament so that it vaporizes because of the lights, and He put it above the firmament being frozen and squeezed. Only Ishōʿdad ex‐ plains the reason why the waters were placed above the firmament: “[they were placed there] in order that it (i.e. the firmament) may not be burned of their (i. e. the lights’) heat.” Theodore bar Kōnī while answering the question “What is the rea‐ son of its (i. e. the firmament’s) formation”, says that “the waters ————————
(56) This issue is discussed in JANSMA, Investigations, pp. 114–116. (57) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim, ed. TONNEAU, p. 17:27–28. (58) References on these places can be found in the paper of JANSMA, see note 56. (59) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 31:10–13. (60) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 24: 10–11. (61) The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 66:18–19. (62) Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 13:3–4. (63) The Early Syrian Fathers on Genesis, ed. LEVENE, p. 66:24–26. (64) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 26: 10–13. (65) Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 14:3–5.
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above it are [in use] for it may not be burned because of closeness of the lights which [are found] on its surface.”66 There are numerous direct references to the subject in Narsai’s homilies: “He gathered the waters above it that it may not be burned because of the fire” (ʔassen mayyā lʕel mennēh d‐lā nestayyaṭ men nūrā);67 “let it hold the waters above its back not to be burned” (w‐neṭʕan mayyā lʕel men ḥaṣṣēh d‐lā nestayyaṭ).68
THE OCEAN Touching upon the theme of water and seas, Bar Penkāyē writes thus about the Ocean: “The sea which is called Ocean surrounds all the earth. There is no earth outside it, but it (i. e. Ocean) is gathered and limited within the firmament.” This concept can also be found in the cosmological treatise of Pseudo‐Dionysius the Areopagite. This anti‐astrological and anti‐ magical work was originally written in Syriac. It says that the Ocean is located beyond the Fiery River. The Ocean surrounds all the earth, fishes do not swim in its waters, and birds do not fly in the air above it. It surrounds the sea like the wall surrounds the city. Behind it, there is “the Paradise of gods” (pardaysā d‐ʔalāhē).69 The commentaries of Ishōʿdad70 and Theodore bar Kōnī71 as well as the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 2272 also mention the Ocean surrounding all the crea‐ tion (ʔuqyānos da‐ʔyḵ qamrā ʕp̄īq l‐ḵullāh brīṯā). The commentaries, like the treatise of Pseudo‐Dionysius, but unlike the account of Bar Penkāyē, state that there is the earth of Eden and Paradise (ʔarʕā da‐ ʕden w‐p̄ardaysā) beyond the Ocean.
SATAN IS THE HEAD OF THE AIR In his account of the Fall of Adam, Bar Penkāyē says that the Devil was filled with envy towards Adam and decided to devise a plot ————————
(66) Theodorus bar Kōnī. Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 31:23–24. (67) Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [174]:152. (68) Ibid., p. [109]:50. (69) G. FURLANI, “A Cosmological Tract by Pseudo‐Dionysius in the Syriac Language,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1917), p. 251:14–18. (70) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 30: 8–11. (71) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, pp. 36:22–37:2. (72) Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 15:6–10.
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against him. He states that “the Devil, the rebellious, to whom leader‐ ship in the air, together with all its ranks, was given” (ʔāḵel qarṣā gēr māroḏā d‐ʔeṯyahbaṯ lēh rēšānūṯā d‐ʔāʔar ʕam kullāh ṭaksīyās dīlēh). Here, we certainly have to quote Paul (Eph 2:2) who mentions “the ruler of the kingdom of the air,” but the reference seems to be insufficient. It is difficult to pinpoint any other source of the legend told by Bar Penkāyē. It is probable that Eph 2:2 was further devel‐ oped within the Syriac literary tradition. In any event, some Syriac authors while describing the Devil’s leadership in the air do quote this verse. Accorbing to Bar Penkāyē, God made Satan the head of the air before his fall. This motif is also evident in other above‐mentioned Syriac works. Narsai in his homily “On the formation of the created” writes the following: “He made the Devil the head of air movements (rēšā da‐ mzīʕ l‐ʔāʔar) and entrusted him as a chief (raḇ ḥaylā) with his fellows. Pride seized this rebellious with the help of his power and he wished to raise above the Creator in arrogance of his heart.”73 Theodore bar Kōnī does not say directly that the Devil was ap‐ pointed the head of the air, but this motif can be traced in several places in his Scholia. As an answer to the question “Why does God show mercy to people when they sin and not to devils?” he writes inter alia: “For the Devil ruled over the air (ʕal ʔāʔar gēr mašlam hwā ʔāḵelqarṣā). Or, according to Paul ‘by the will of the head of the air of spiritual [beings]’.”74 In this fragment Theodore bar Kōnī quotes Paul as a source of the tradition that the Devil is the governor of the air. In another line, he thus formulates his question: “What is the reason that God made Satan the head of the air (rēšā d‐ʔāʔar) while knowing about his evilness?”75 Though he does not recount the story about how Satan was made the head of the air and then was deprived of his rank, it may be supposed that he also knew this tradition. In his commentary on Gen 3:1, Ishōʿdad cites opinions of different authors on what day Satan fell from the heaven, and he writes the following: “Others [say] that on Wednesday, because then the lights were divided and their ranks were distributed according to the order.
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(73) Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [134]:443–446. (74) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, p. 79:2–3. (75) Ibid., p. 80:19–21.
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And he (i.e. the Devil) was appointed over the air (ʔeṯpaqqaḏ ʕal ʔāʔar) as said the blessed Apostle.”76
“HE WILL RULE OVER YOU” After Adam and Eve had violated the commandment of God by eat‐ ing of the forbidden tree, He sentenced both of them. As an explana‐ tion of why Eve ought to obey her husband, Bar Penkāye writes as follows: “[That is] because when she heard that vain promise: ‘You will be like God, knowing good and evil’, she tried to surpass [Adam] and first ate of this tree to become the head and raise above Adam.” Similar explanations of Eve’s offence which wanted to get priority over Adam is found in the other writings. Ephraem the Syrian in the Commentary on Genesis, while explaining the biblical phrase “He will rule over you”, writes “[That is] because you thought that by eating of the fruit you would then rule over him.”77 Narsai also says about this in his homily “On the formation of the created” the following: “By eating of the fruit she wanted to seize for herself a name of god (šem ʔalāhā), to raise in rank above her husband (dargā lʕel men baʕlāh) and become the head.”78 A similar passage on the subject is found in both Ishōʿdad79 and the Commentary of MS Diyarbekr 22:80 “Since you first violated the commandment to seize for yourself a priority over the man (rēšānūṯā d‐ʕal gaḇrā) and the divine rank (dargā d‐ʔalāhūṯā), you will be on the second place like a maid waiting for the help from your husband.”81
ADAM’S MORTALITY Having commented Adam’s punishment, Bar Penkāyē raises the question whether Adam and the human beings in general were mor‐ tal from the very beginning or became mortal because of the Fall. Bar Penkāyē answers unambiguously: “I suppose that no one doubts that ————————
(76) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 73: 18–21. (77) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim, ed. TONNEAU, p. 43:24–27. (78) Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [124]:277–278. (79) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, p. 88: 20–23. (80) Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 43:14–17. (81) The translation from the Syriac is based on the commentary of Ishōʿdad.
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
Adam was created mortal by nature.” As an argument against those who suppose that God made Adam mortal because of his violation of the commandment, he says that then God would have equally pun‐ ished both the righteous and the evil ones. However, even innocent Abel died “before that one who had sinned” (i. e. Adam). Therefore, humans always were mortal. The death only actually entered them because of the original offence. This theme, naturally, did not escape the attention of other au‐ thors. Ephraem writes that God created Adam neither mortal, nor im‐ mortal. Adam could choose for himself a way of keeping the com‐ mandment or that of violating it.82 The further East‐Syriac tradition here was based on the teaching of Theodore of Mopsuestia about human mortality. According to him, man was created mortal from the beginning, he did not get mortality as a punishment for his offence. Thus, Theodore of Mopsuestia be‐ lieved that God could not become angry because of the offence of one human and inflict His punishment on all innocent people.83 Narsai thoroughly treats the question of Adam’s original state in his homily “On the formation of the created” where he writes the following: “He created Adam of the dust and named him His like‐ ness, He made his dust the mortal dust, from the very beginning He put it (i.e. mortality) in the structure of his body in order that he may follow mortal way asking for the life. He set curses and labour pains not because of rage, He brought the death on mortals not because of regret. Natural qualities which He put in the mortal nature He put them as a punishment for people’s help. He knew even when Adam’s dust did not exist that the death would destroy it and annihilate the ————————
(82) Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim, ed. TONNEAU, p. 34:28–31. (83) See Synesii Episcopi Cyrenes opera quae exstant omnia, accedunt Theodori Mopsuesteni Episcopi, S. Arseni Eremitae scripta vel scriptorum frag‐ menta quae supersunt, ed. D. PETAVIUS, in PG, 66, Paris, 1859, col. 1005–1012. For the ET of the fragment see: F. G. MCLEOD, Theodore of Mopsuestia, London, 2009, pp. 86–91. For a survey of the various mentions of the human mortality in works translated into Syriac see: Theodori Mopsuesteni commentarius in Evangelium Iohannis apostoli, ed. J.‐M. VOSTÉ (CSCO, 115; SS, 62), Parisiis, 1940, p. 78:21–22. Commentary of Theodore of Mopsuestia on the Lord’s Prayer and on the Sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist, ed. A. MINGANA (Wood‐ brooke Studies, 4), Cambridge, 1933, p. 136:17–19. See also MCLEOD, Theodore of Mopsuestia, pp. 24–26.
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structure of his body. It was clear to Him that he would sin by desir‐ ing the fruit; He knew evil nature of his discernment.”84 The commentary of Ishōʿdad85 and the Commentary of MS Diyar‐ bekr 2286 which again literally mirror each other on the subject say that the man was created mortal by nature (da‐ḵyānāʔīṯ māyoṯā ʔeṯbrī). God made the sin the immediate cause of the death (ʕelṯā dēn d‐māwtā sām la‐ḥṭīṯā) so that it may become hated in the eyes of all people. When we sin and become restricted with limits of the death, we should blame not God, but the sin which became for us the cause of the death. Theodore bar Kōnī also expresses this opinion almost liter‐ ally.87
CONCLUDING REMARKS In the first mēʔmrā of his History of the Temporal World, while treating the biblical traditions, John Bar Penkāyē often expresses opinions that mostly go back to Theodore of Mopsuestia. For now it is difficult to conclude for certain whether Bar Penkāyē followed the established tradition of the East‐Syriac exegesis on which the writings of Theo‐ dore of Mopsuestia had a great influence, or read Theodore’s works directly (or did both). Besides the Commentary of Ephraem the Syrian (which apparently influenced first chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s History to a less degree than the writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia), systemat‐ ical commentaries on Genesis composed within the original Syriac‐ Mesopotamian school and relevant for the subsequent East‐Syriac tradition do not seem to be extant (if scattered exegetical passages of Aphraat are not taken into consideration). It resulted in a large gap between the early East‐Syriac school of exegesis and the time when the majority of the extant exegetical works which deal with the book of Genesis appeared in this tradition. On the one hand, this prelimi‐ nary research does not let us conclusively identify authors and writ‐ ings which Bar Penkāyē could use while composing the introduction to his History. Unlike the later commentaries such as the Scholia of Theodore bar Kōnī, the commentaries of Ishōʿdad of Merv and Ishōʿ bar Nūn, and the аnonymous сommentaries, for which the borrowing ————————
(84) Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [130]:355–366. (85) Commentaire d’Išo‘dad de Merv, ed. VOSTÉ, VAN DEN EYNDE, pp. 64: 24–65:8. (86) Le commentaire sur Genèse—Exode 9,32, ed. VAN ROMPAY, p. 30:7–18. (87) Theodorus bar Kōnī, Liber Scholiorum, ed. SCHER, pp. 67:12–68:6.
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of numerous quotations with almost no revision is typical, the mēʔmrā of Bar Penkāyē mostly remains a mystery as to its possible sources. Same could be said about the motifs and the elements of composition of the mēʔmrā: it remains uncertain what patterns Bar Penkāyē fol‐ lowed. On the other hand, the comparative analysis of the similarities given above lets us conclude that Bar Penkāyē was unquestionably an author of the tradition of East‐Syriac exegesis which found its ex‐ pression in Narsai’s works and the later commentaries. Undoubtedly, the famous Syriac oral tradition, which unites different authors into one “school” played an important role as well.88 The futher research of the other chapters of Bar Penkāyē’s History will certainly contrib‐ ute to the defining both the originality and the sources of this most interesting author of the East‐Syriac tradition.
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(88) Mar Barḥadbšabba ‘Arbaya, évêque de Ḥalwan (VIe siècle), Cause de la fondation des Écoles, ed. A. SCHER (PO, IV, fasc. 4, No 18), Paris, 1908, p. [68]/382.
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John bar Penkāyē THE BOOK OF THE MAIN POINTS. THE FIRST CHAPTER The present edition of the first chapter is based on six manuscripts: L — MS London, The British Library, BL.Or.9385 (19th century),89 fol. 3v–10r/syrp.13; M — MS Mingana, Library of the Selly Oak Col‐ leges, Mingana 179 (20th century)90, fol. syr1r–syr7v; P — MS Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Syr.405 (20th century),91 fol. syr3r– syr20r; S — MS Strasbourg, Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, MS. 4133 (19th century),92 fol. syr1r/1v– syr10r/10v; V — MS Vatican 497, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat.Syr.497 (20th century)93, fol. syr1r–syr13v; Ṽ — MS Vatican 592, Bib‐ liotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat.Syr.592 (20th century),94 fol. 153r/ p.ar305–158r/p.ar319. While setting the type, I indicated the ends of lines in L. Since the signs for rḇāṣā karyā and rḇāṣā ʔarrīḵā are used inconsistently in these manuscripts they are normalized in the follow‐ ing edition.
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(89) See description of the MS in unpublished handwritten catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum acquired since 1899. (90) A. MINGANA, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts Now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birming‐ ham (3 vols. (Woodbrooke Catalogues, 1–3), Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, 1933, 1936, 1939, Vol. 1 (1933), pp. 395–396. (91) F. BRIQUEL‐CHATONNET, Manuscrits syriaques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (nos 356–435, entrés depuis 1911), de la bibliothèque Méjanes dʹAix‐en‐Provence, de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et de la Bibliothèque nati‐ onale et universitaire de Strasbourg. Catalogue, Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1997, pp. 139–141. (92) BRIQUEL‐CHATONNET, Manuscrits syriaques, pp. 219–220. (93) A. VAN LANTSCHOOT, Inventaire des Manuscrits Syriaques des Fonds Vatican (490–631), Barberini oriental et Neofiti, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, 1965, pp. 28–29; see also: J.‐M. VOSTE, “Manuscrits Syro‐Chaldéenns récem‐ ment acquis par la Bibliothèque Vaticane,” Angelicum, 6 (1929), pp. 39–40. (94) VAN LANTSCHOOT, Inventaire des Manuscrits Syriaques, pp. 119–121.
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
TEXT
ܿ ┐ ┌ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ] ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼ [f.3vܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵܗܐ ܼ ܹ ܼ 95 ܿ ܿ ܵܐ ܵ ̈ ܐ܀ ܿܬ ܼ ܵ ܿ | ܵ ܵ ܿ ܐ ܼܕܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐܼ :ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ┐:ܨ ܿ ܿܬܗ ܬ ܿ ܪܢ ܵܐ 97┌96܀ ]ܿ ┐ [5 ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ┌ ܿ ┐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܀ ܼ ܿܬ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿܬܪ ܼ ܼ ܵ | ܕ ܓ ܼ ܬܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ | 100 ܼ 99ܪܝ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܀ ܼ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܕܬ ܼܘ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ ܼܿ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܹܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ݂ܘ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܘ ܼܒ | .ܐܘ ܪ ܐ ܼ ̇ ܿܒܐ | ܿ ܵܐ ܘ ܿ ܠ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܿ ܢܿ : ܿ 101 ܕܐ ܕ ܵ ܹܐܐ ][10 ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܘ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܸܸ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܐ ܹܐ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ | ܸ ܡ ܹܓ | ܼܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܕ ܹ ܼ . ܵ ܿ ܐܓ ܵܐ ܵ ܵ ܝܗ܇ ܨ ܵ ̈ ܬܐܵ ܵܿ ܵ ܹܬܗܹ ܸ .ܘܐ ܼ | ܹܕ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ̣ ܼܿ .ܐ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܵ̈ ̈ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܆ ܼ ܸ ̈ ܹ ܐ | ܘܢ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܝܗ .ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܹܕ ܓ ܹ ܐ ܼܘܕ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܬ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿܡ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܆ ܵܗܐ ] ܼܿ ܹ ܼ [15ܒ ܼ ܕܪ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܢ ܸ ܐܼ ܼ ܼ . ܕܨ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܸܸ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ܒܐ ܿ ܐ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܗܘܘ ܼܘܕܗ ܹܘ .ܒ ܐ | ܕ ܼ ܹܐ ܼܕ ̤ ܐ ܼܕܙ ܼܒ ܐ ܆ ܼܐ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܼ :ܐ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܢ ܼ ܐ | ܼ ܪ ܼ ܼ ܼ :ܐ ܹܕ ܼܿܘ ܹ ܐ ܸܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܵ ܼ ܪܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬܢ | :ܒ ܼܓܐܐ ܕ ܼ ̈ ܼ ݂ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ ܵܗ ܵ ܐܵ ܼ . ܼܿ ܹ ܵ 102ܒ ܹ ܼܿ ̣ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ .ܐ ܕܗܘ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܥ ܵ ܼ ܢ | ܼ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ܉ ̤ ̈ ̇ ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܼ /f.4r] .ܐ [P.ܘ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܓ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܫ ܘ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܓ ܼ ܵܐ ܼܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܘ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ̈ܪ ܼ ܹ ܐ .ܕ ܼܪ ܿܒ ܹܕ | ܼܿ ܓ ܼ ܘ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܢ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܹܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ┐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܗܘ | ̤ ܼ ܘ ܼ | ܵ ܼ ܵܗ ܆ ܗܐ ܼ ܬܘ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܕ̈ܪ ܝܗܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ .ܘ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܼܕܐ ܹ ܿ ܿ ┌ 103ܒ ܿ ܿܒ ܬܗ ܨ ܿܐܕ ܉ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܼ ܝܗ ܸ ܼ ̤ܬ[5] . ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܢ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܘܕܐ ܼܐ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ ܿ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܹܐ ܬ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܸ ܼܬ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܘܢ ܕ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܼܐ ܕ ܼ ܹ | ܹܨܐܕܘܝܗ܉ ܼ ܘܐ ܹ ܵ ܵ̈ ܿ ܿܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܢ ܸ ܼܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܼ ̤ ܕܬ ܼ ܼܬܪ | ܒ ܹ ܇ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܼܵܒܐ ܕ ܹܪܫ ܵ | ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܹ ܐ
| ܸܼ ܝ ܿ ܼܿ ┌98 ܵ ܑ ܼ܀
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(95) Add. V, M, Ṽ, S. (96) Abs. V. ܨ ܿ ܬܗ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܐ ܹ (97) Abs. Ṽ; P ܹ ܼ (98) Add. P. (99) Abs. L. ܿ ܕ ܼ (100) L ܿ ܘ ܼ ܵ ܹ (101) L (102) Abs. L, Ṽ, V. (103) In Ṽ, V, M, S, P interchanged.
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Yulia Furman
ܼܿܘܒ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܵ .ܐܦ ܹܓ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ̄ܝܗܵ | .104 ܕܗ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܸ ܹ ܗ ܕ ܼ ܼܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܣ ܼ ̣ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܕܐ ܿ ̇ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܬܪ ܐ ܸܐܡ ܆ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̤ :ܘܕ ܼ ܐ | ܸ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܼܬܗܘܢ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܙ ܪܐ ܘܐ ܵܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܉ ܵܙ ܸܕܩ ܼ ] [10ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܬ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܓ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵܐ ܕ ܹܒ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ 105 ܵܵ ܵ ܼ ܿܬܢ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ܉ ܘ ܸܐ ܿܘܪܵ 106ܐܦ ܐ ܼܕܡ ܸܐ ܹ ܘܕܐ ܼ | ܼܕ ̣ ܼ ܗܘܐ .ܘܐ ܹ ܕ ܿ ܬ ܵ ܿ ܿܬܢ | ܨ ܵ ܐܕܘܝܗ .ܕ ܼܿ ܸ ܵܬ ̈ܘܕ ܵ ܵܗ ܹ ܒ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܵܒܐ. ܼܼ ܸ ܼ̤ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܬܢ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܘ ܼܒ ܼ | ܸ ܵܐ ܹܬܐ ܼܪ ܼܒ | ܸܬ ܒ ܹ ܗ ܕ ܸܒ ܼܒ ܼ ܢܸ .ܬ ܼܬ ܼ ܼܐܪ ܹܕ .ܐܦ ܿ ܵܵ ܿ ܐܪܘ ܼ ܿܬܢ ܝܗ̤ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܼ ̱ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܕܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ] [15ܬ ܼ ܸ ܕ. ܼ ܐܪ ܐ ܕ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿܕܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܹ̈ ܐ ܵܙ ܸܕ ̇ܩ ܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ܉ | ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܐ ܼܘܢܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ .ܗ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ. ܕܬ ܼܘ ܹ ܕܗ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ | ܼ ܗ ܹ ܒ ܼ ܐ :ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܼ .ܘ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܿ ܵܐ ܒ ̄ ܵ ܵ .ܝܗ ܓ | ܵܐܦ ܵܗܕܐ ܿ : ܕܬ ܵ ܿܵ ܼܓܐܐ ܕ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ݂ ܹ ܼ ܘܼ ܹ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܕܪ ܿ ܐܬ ܿܒ ܝ ܘ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܵ ܵ 107 ܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܼܕ ̤ ܼܕܐ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܬܢܸ . ܗܘܝ ܉ | ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿܕ ̤̈ ܗܘܝ܉ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܿܓ ܵ ܼܿ ܸܐ ܿܬ ܿܬ ܼ ܉ ]ܵ ̣ [20ܒ ܿܘ ܵܐܵ .ܐܦ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܸ ܸ ܡ ̣ ܼܐ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼܿܐ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܢ ܕ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܼܿ ܼܓ ܼ ܼܿ :ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܼܬ | ܸ ܵ ܐܼܿ .ܘ ̈ ܵ ܵܘ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܘ ܼ ̱ ܹܒܐ ܘ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܪ ܵ ܐ. ܼܿܕܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܸ :ܬ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܿܓ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܒ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ̈ܒ ܵ ܢܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܢ ܹܕ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܿ ܼ ̈ܐ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܹ ̈ | ܕ ܼ ܼܕܘ ܼܬܐܼ .ܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ̈ ܵ ܵ 108 ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܹܐܼ .ܐ ܐ | ܹܓ ܕܪ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܹܗ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܪ ܹܕܐ ܹ ܼ .ܐ ܸ ܕ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܼ . ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ̄ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܗܘ ܹܓ ]/f.4vܒ [P.ܕ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܗ ̣ܘܐ ܘ ܸܐ ̣ܬܐ ܼ ܘ ܵܐ܉ ܼܐ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܬܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ . ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܼܒ | ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ | ܼ ܼܒ ܝܗ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ̤ ܹ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܿܗܒ ܗ̇ܿ ܵ .ܒ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܐܦ | ܵ ܐ ̣ ܼܕܘܟ : ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܉ ̣ ܼܐ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܘܥ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܥ .ܕ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ܒܐ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ܉ ܿܘܕ ܿܘܥ ܿ ܓ ܿ ]ܿ ܿ ܿ [5 ܕܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܸ . ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܼ ݅ܒ ܵ ܘܝܗ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̄ܗ݂ ܼܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܢ .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܐ ܹ ̄ܗ݂ ܼܘ ܼ | . ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼܐ ̱ ܿ ܼ ܉ ܘܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ .ܗ ܹܕܐ ̣ܝܗ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܐ | ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ 109ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܘܬ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵܗܕܐ ̇ ܿܕ ̤ܵ ܗܘܐ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܉ | ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹܕ ܼ ܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܹ ܵ .ܐ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܗܘ ܵܐ ܿܕ ܵ̈ ܐ ܕܐܬ ܿܒ ̈ ܵ .ܐ ܓ ̈ܪ ܵ ܐ ܿܕܒ ܵܐ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܐܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܘܕ ܼ | . ܼܿܐ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܿ ̈ ܿ ܘܐܪ ܵܐ ܘ ܵܪܐ܉ ܘ ܿ ̈ ܵܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܘܐ ܼܿܐܪ| . ܼ ܼܕ ܼ ܸ ] [10ܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܗܵ ܼ .ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ̣ ܼ . ܼ ̣
ܿ
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ܼܼ
ܝܗ̤(104) L (105) Abs. Ṽ. ܿ ܿܿ ܿ ܕܐ;͠ܘܪ(106) Ṽ ܕ ܸܐ ܘܪ M, S ܕ ܸܐ ܘܪV ܿ ܿ ͯͣ͘ܬܗ(107) Ṽ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ M, V, S ܕͨ ܼ ܼ ̄ ܗ ̣ܘ(108) Add. P ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ M, S (109) Ṽ ͕έ͠Ύ, V, P ܼ
24
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܵ ܗܘܐ ܸ ܿ ܡ .ܘ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܿ | ܿ ܼ .ܒ ܒ ܼ ܉ ܘ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̣ܐ ܘ ܼ ܗܪܐ ̣ .ܬ ܹܪ ̤ ܸ ┐ ܿ ܵ ┌ܿ 110 ܿܘܒ ܿ ܿܐ ܿ ܪܒ ܵܐ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡܼܿ .ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ | ܬ ܹܪ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܙ ܼܒ ܹ̈ܐ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܪ ܸ ܵ ܿܘܢ :ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܙ ܿ ܵܪܐ ܼܿܘ ܿܕܙܒ ܵ ܐ | .ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ܉ ܒ ܵܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܐܵ ܘ ܼ ̈ ܹܐ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵܿ ܗܪܐܿ .ܬ ܿ ܿ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ̈ܪܬ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܘܐܪ ̣ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ .ܘ ܼ ̈ܐ ] [15ܘ ܼ ܪܐ .ܘܐ ܼܐܪ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܐ ܿܬܬܙܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 111 ̈ ܼ | ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܼ .ܐ ܼ ܘ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܗܪܐ܉ ܘܗ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵܗ ܹ | ܕ ܿ ܿܬܙ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢ :ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̤ܵ 112 ܗܘܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܿܒ ܿ ܊ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܐܼ ܹ .ܐܬ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܸ ܼ ܼܼ ܹܪ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܗܪܐ ܵ ܿ .ܐ ܿ ܿܓ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܿ ܿܓ ܵ ܐܿ .ܘ ܵܐ ܵܐܦ | ܿ ܵ ܹܓ | ܼܿܘ ܵ ܼܼ ܼ ܗܘ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵܐ ܿܬ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܒ ܵ ܿܘ ܹ ̈ܐܸ .ܐ ܼ ܿ ܹܕ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܗܪܐ ܼܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܪܬ ܸ ܐ ] ܼ [20܉ ܘܗ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ | . ܿܿ ܿ ܝܗ ܹܓ ܼܿܕܐ ܼ ܐ ܼܿܕ ܼ ̣ܫ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐܦ ̤ ܗܘ .ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܒܐܘܨ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܬ ܼ ܹ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵܐ ܵ : ܼ ܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܿܕ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܐ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܿܕ ܵ ܹܒ ܗܘ ܵܐ ܼܿܕ ܿܘܢ : ܼ ܗܪܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ̄ ┐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܒ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܹܐ ܼ ܼ .ܕ ܼ ̣ܫ ܼܐ ܐ ܘ ܼ ̣ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܘܢ | ܼ ܸܒ ܼ ܿ ┌ ┐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܪܘ ܹܬܗ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܸ . ܹ 115 ܼ ܐ 114ܕ ܹܒ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܼ ┌ܿ ܸ | 113ܘܢ ܼܿܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܿ ܵ ܕܗ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ :ܗ ̇ܘ ]/f.5rܓ [P.ܕ ܐ ܸ ܘܘܢ 116ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܕܐ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܸܐ ܼ ܵ | ܘܐ ܿܪ .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܕܗܘ ̣ ܸܐ ܼܬܐ ܵ 117ܐ ܼܕ ܸ ܼܒ ܵܗܘ ܆ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܓ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹܐ | ̣ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 118 ܿ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ .ܗ ܹܕ ܕ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܒܐܼ | .ܕ ܼܬ ܹܪ ܹܕ ܼ ܝܗܵ .ܗ ܹ ܹܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܪ ܵܐܵ ܵ ܿ . ܼ ] ܵ [5ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ. ܬܘ ܵ ̇ ܼܕܐܪ ܐ܇ ܼܐܪ ܐ ܹܓ ̣ ܘܕ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘ̈ܪ ܵ ܵ | .ܘ ܿ ̈ ܐ 119ܘ̈ܪܓ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ .ܐܵ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܉ ܼܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ̈ ܼ .ܪܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܵ ܐ̄ 120ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܿܕ ܼܓ ̈ ܵ ܼܕܐ ܵ ܼ ܼ .ܕܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܕܘ ܼ ܼ ܸ | ܼ ܿ ܼ .ܬܐ ܵ ̤ ܸܐ ܹ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐܿ . ̄ ܿ ̄ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ | ܐ ܹ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܐ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܕܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܸܗ ܹ ܼ ܸܗ ܹ ܘܐ ܼ ܗ݂ܘ ܼ ܐ .ܘ ܿ ܥ ܓ ܵܐܦ ܵܗܕܐ | ܿܕܐ̄ ܵܬܐ ̄ܝܗ ܵܒ ܿܘ ܵܬܐ ܿ :ܘܐ̄ ܵܬܐ ̄ܝܗ ܿ ܵ ܵܬܐ .ܐܵ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܸܼ ܹ ̣ ܸܼ ————————
ܿ ܵ
ܼ ܵ ܪ ܐ(110) L ܿ ܿܿ ܸ ܐܬܬ ܼܙ (111) L ܐܬ ܸ ͓ܹ V ܬͮ͢(112) Ṽ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ (113) S (114) Add. L. ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܼ Pܕ ܼ (115) Ṽ, M, V, S (116) Abs. L. ܸ (this strange reading might appear under the influence of V ܐ(117) Ṽ κ where taw is similar to nūn in this place). ܿ ܿ ܿ ܐͮ͢άܘܢ(118) Ṽ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܢ V (119) Abs. M. ܵ ܼ ܐ(120) Ṽ ͔Ώܼͮ Α; M, V, S
25
Yulia Furman
ܿ ܕܒ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܿ ̄ ̇ ܵ ܗܘ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘܝܗ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿܒ ܼܝ ܵ ܘܗ ̇ܘ | ܘܗܘ ܼ ̤ ܘܗܘ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܇ ̤ ܼ ܿ ܗ ܼܘ ܵܗܘܹ ܼ [10] 121 ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ ܵ .ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܹܓ ܝܗ̤ ܼܿ ܝܗ̤ ܐ ܼ ܹ ̇ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܿܒ ܹܐ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܼܿܘܕ ܸ ܼ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ ܵ | .ܒ ܿܘ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸܒ ܆ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ ܵܗ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܹ ̇ ܉ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܘܝܗ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܘ ̣ ܸܐ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܵܘ ܵܐܼ | . ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐܿ | .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܕܐ ܵܐ ܵܐܘܿ 122ܒ ܵ ܿܕ ܿ ܿ ܐܗܘܢ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܼܝ ܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܼܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̇ ܿ ܿܒ ] [15ܪܘ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܿ ܿ ܘܬ ܿ ܨܒ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܸ .ܐ ܢ ܹܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵܒ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ܸ ܵ :ܐ ܹܕ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܿ ܐ̄ ܵ ܕ ܿܒ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ : ܨܒ ܵ ܵܒ ܿ ܪ ┐ܒ ܵ ̇ܗ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ┌ܿ ܿ 123 ܘܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܕ | ܼܐܪ ܐ ܼ ܒ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܸܼ ܼܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܐ̄ ܹ ܵܬܐ ܉ ܸܐ ܐ ܐܦ | ܪ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܗܪܐ .ܘܐ ܼܐܪ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܪܐ .ܘ ܼ ܐ ܘܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ. ܘܗ ܿ ܢ | ܿ ܵܐܵ ܿ .ܐ 124ܓ ܿܒ ܬ ܿܐ ܿ ̈ ܿܬܪ ܵܐ ܿ ܡ ܐܬ ܿ ܚ ┐ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܗܘܢ | ܼ ܸܸ ܸ̱ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ┌125 ܘܗܘ ܪ ܼ ܐ ̣ ܒ ܼ ܪ ܗܘ ܹ ܸ .ܐܨ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܐ [20] .ܘ ܼ ܗܪܐ ܵܗ ܐ ܪ ܼ ܐ ̤ . ܵ ܿܿ ܵ ܗܘ܆ ܘ ܸܐ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܒ ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ܓ ܼ ̈ ܹܐܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ̱ ̈ ܹܐ | .ܘ ܼ ܪܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܿܐ ܼܿ ̤ܬ ܒ ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐܦ ̤ ܵ ܿ ܿܒ ܓ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܗܪܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ :ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܒ ܼ ܹ ܸܨ ܼܒ ̈ ܬܐ .ܘ ܸ ܼ ܐ | ܸܐܙܕ ܸܪ ܼܒ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ . ܸ ܹܘܐ ܘܢ ܼ ܵܐܵ .ܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܐܦ ܼ ̈ܐ ̣ ܼ ܼܐ ܕ ̣ | ܼ ܬ ܹ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܐ ܿܘ ܿ ܵ̈ܪ ܵܘܬܐܵ ̄ܗ ܵܘܘ | ܵ ̇ ܿܐܪ ܵܐܵ .ܒ ܿ ܪ ܕ ܐܬ ܿ ܿ ܓ ܘܐܬ ܿ ܿ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܵܐܦ ܹ ܐ ܵܐ 126ܕ ܿ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܵ | ]/f.5vܕܼ [P.ܘ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܸ ܼ .ܐܬܬܘ ܼ ܵ ܕܓ ܵ ܐܵ .ܒ ̇ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܵܐܦ ܵܐ ܼܿܐܪ ܸܐܙܕ ܸܪ ܼܒ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܵ ܐܹ 127ܒ ܼ | ܪ ܼ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܐܪ ܵܐ܉ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܹ̈ ܐ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ | :ܕ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸܒ ܘܢ ̣ : ܕ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܘ ܹܐ ܼܒ ܉ ܵܗܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܼܬ ̈ܨܒ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܗܘ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܿܒ ܐ ܿ ܢ .ܕ ܿ ܿ ܵܒ ܿ ܪ ܿ ̈ ܵ̇ ܿ ܕܨ ܼ̣ܿܒ ܼ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܼ ܢ ] [5 ܼ ܸ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܕܗܘ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܢ ܗܘ ܐܦ | ܼܕܐ ܼ ܸܐ ܢ ܼ ܘ ܐ ̣ ܘܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܸܐ ܢ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܆ ̤ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ̈ 128 ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܐܦ ܹܓ ܹܐ | ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹܐ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܉ ܘ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ | ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܿܕ ܼܪ ܼܓ ܵ ܼܬ ܼ ܼܿ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܿ ̣ .ܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿܒ ܼܝ ܪ ܼ ܵ ̣ܐ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܬ ܹܪ | . ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܼܐܪ ܐܸ .ܐ ܢ ܐ ܵ ][10 ܘ ܼܿ ܓ ܿܘܢ ܕ ܿ ܼ ̈ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܗ܉ ܘ ܼ ܓ ܘܢ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܪ ܵܐ ܵ :ܐܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܸܐܠ ܼܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼ ̈ܐ ܼܕ ܸ ̣ | ܐܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ————————
(121) Abs. S. (122) Abs. L. ܵ̇ ‐̇ ܵ ܼ The scribe of the MS marked that the words were in ܬܘ ܵ ܒ ܼ ܗ(123) L terchanged by putting the letter bēṯ under the first word and the letter ʔālap̄ under the second. (124) Abs. Ṽ, V. ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵܵ ܪΑΏܼͮ Ζ ͔΅ͯΎܗܘܢ(125) Ṽ ܗ ܐ ܪ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܗܘܢ V ܗܼ κ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܹܐ(126) L ܿ ܵ̈ ̈ ܼ ܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܐ V ܕ͗ ܸͤ(127) Ṽ ͔Ύ ܿ ܵܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ(128) Add. S
26
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܬ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܿ ܗܘܢ ܕ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ܉ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ | ̄ ܼܿ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼܓ ܵ ܐ. ܒ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܼܐܘܬܗܘܢ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܗܘܢ .ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܸ ܿܘܢ ̣ ܪ ܼ ܵܐ ܵ :ܬܘ ܼܿ ܵ | ܘ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸܒ ܕ ܼ ̈ܐ ܐܘ ܿ ܼ 129ܒ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܕ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܓ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ .ܕ ܐ ܸ ܹܪܐ ܘ ܹܐ ܼܒ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹ | ܸ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ̣ : ܿ ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢ ܕ ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܐܵ .ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܵܐܦ ] [15ܕ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܘ ܼܪ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ܉ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵܓܐܿ | .ܘ ܿ ܒ ܬܗ ܬܘܒ ܵ ܕܐ ܼܿܐܪ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܸ :ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܘ ܸ ܿ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ | ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܘܙ ̈ ܵ ̈ܪܘ ܹ ܐ ܹܓ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܵܒ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ :ܘ ܵ ̈ ܼܓ ܵ ܿ ܼܓ ܵ ̈ܝܗ | ܵ ܿܘܢ ܸ ܼ ܐܵ ܵ ܼܿ ܿܓ ܼ ܐܐ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܼܿ ̈ ܪܘ ܵ ܐܵ .ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܢ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ | ܵ ܐ ܵܬ ̇ ܸ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܹ ܆ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ ܕ ܵ ̇ ܐ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ܇ ܿܕ ܵ ̇ ܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܿ ܢ ]ܿ [20ܓ ̈ ܵ ܝܗܿ .ܒ ܓ ܿ ܢ ܵܐܦ ܒ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܼܘ ܹ ܗ. ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿ ܸ ܹ ܉ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ | ܼ ܗ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒ ̣ܗ ܼ ܹܕܐ .ܘ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ .ܕܬ ܵ ܐ | ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܿ ̣ ܕܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܐ ܸ ܼܒ ̣ ܼܐ ܼܬ ܹܪܗܼ .ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܸܐܬ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ | ܘ ܸܐ ܼܙܕ ܼܓ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܢ :ܕ ܐ ܸ ܒ ܼܘܢ ܼܘ ܼ ܵ ܼܐܪ ܐܸ .ܐ ܢ ܹܕ ܐ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ | :ܕ ܐ ܼ ܹ ̈ ܿ ┐ ܵ ܕܓ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ┌ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ : 130ܓ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܕܘ ܹܬܗ ]/f.6rܗ [P.ܕ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܵܗܘ ܹܐ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܸ ܵ .ܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐܦ | ܼ ܵܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܥܼ .ܕܐ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܿܕ ܵ ܪܪܘܢܼܿ .ܐ ܼ ̄ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵܐܦ ܵܗܕܐ ܵܙܕܩ ܸ ܿ ܥ .ܕ ܸ ܵ ܐ | ܒ ܼܿ ܿܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܵ 131ܐܦ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ 132 ܿ ܿ ̇ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܪܘ̈ܪ ܹܒܐ .ܐ ܹܕ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܗ ܹܘܐ .ܘ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܹܕ ܼܐ ܕ ܼܪܒ̣ ܼ ̣ | . ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܿܓ ܐܘ ܵܬܐ ܇ ܿܕܬ ̈ ̇ ܿ ̈ ܼܼ ܼ ܗܘ ܹ ܐ ] [5ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܹܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܐܪ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ̤ ܿܒ ܿ ܵ ܿܐ ܵܓ ܿ ܵ ܪܬܐ | ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ ܵ ܿ ܼ .ܐ ܹܕ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܹܐ ܹܐܘ ܵ ܿ ܣ ܼ ܵ ̇ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܼܿ ܵ 133ܪ. ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܠ | ܸ ܹ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼܓ ̣ ܼ ܼܓ ܹ ܗ ܿܕܪ ܼ ܵܐ܉ | ܼܿ ܼ ̈ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܿ :ܘ ܿ ܿܒ | ܿ ̈ܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ̈ܪ ܵܘܬܐܵ ܵ ܼܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ̣ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܹܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿܓ ̈ ܵ :ܘܵ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ : ܐܬܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐܵ ̣ .ܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܹܓ ]ܼܿ [10ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ܐ ܘܐܬ ܒ ܿܒ ܼ ̈ ܿܿ ܗܘ ܹ ܐ ̣ܼܿ :ܒ | ܹܕ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ 134ܐܪ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܸܼ ܸ ܼܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܵ ̇ܗ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵܐ ̤ܵ ܇ ܼܬ ܵ ̇ ܹܕ ܐܦ ̇ | ܼ ܗܘ ܼܬ ܵ :ܗ ܹ ܵܙܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̇ܿ | . ̈ ܿܒܐ ܿ ܘܙ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ ܘܐ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܹܐ ܸܓ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ܿܓ ܼ ̈ ܹܐܐ ܼܿ ̈ ̱ ܹܐ ܼܿܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ̈ ܵ | . ܼ ̣ܼ ܕܬ ܸ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܵ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܡ ] [15ܕ ܹ ܼܐܬܘܢ ܼ ܘ ܐ : ܘܐ ܼܬ .ܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܗ ܼ ܼܘܪܐ ܹ ܐ ܘܨܒ ܼ ܗ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܝܗ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܒܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ܢ ܼܕ ܘܢ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ ܼܐ ܕ ܵ ܼܕܥ܉ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܬܐ ܼ ܼ | ܵܒ ܼ ————————
ܿ ܵ ̈ ܕܓ ̈ ܵ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܕܓ ̈ ܵ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܐܼ V ܼ
(129) Abs. L, P. ̈ ̈ ܕ͚ ̈ͯ ܵͦͽ ͗ͯ(130) Ṽ ͔ܹ ܹ ܐܼ ܿ M, S, P ܿ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ(131) L (132) Abs. L. (133) Abs. Ṽ, M, V, S. ܿ ܕܬ ܼ (134) Ṽ, M, V, S, P ܸ
27
Yulia Furman
ܿ ܗܘ | ܕ ܿ ܡ ܐ ܿ ܗ ܬ ܿܘ ܵ ܐ ̤̈ ܵ ̈ ܵ . ܵ ܵ ܵ̇ ܵ ܗܘܝ ܹܓ ܐ ̣ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܸܒ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼ ܡ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼܼ ܹ ܸܸ ܵ ܵܿ ܿ ܪܗ ܼܿܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵܘ ܵܐܼܿ .ܐ ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ | ܕܒ ܼ ܹ ܵܗ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܡ | ܒ ܐܹ ܵ . ܼ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܝܗ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ̇ ܵ .ܘ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܝܗ ܼ ] [20ܒ ܵ ܹܕܐ ܹܓ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܕܐܘ ܵ ܵ ܐܼܿ .ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ | ܼܿܕܪ ܼ ܵܐ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܡ ܼ ܿܬ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܪܘܪ ܼܵܒܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ :ܪܒ ܼ ܼܬ ܼܬܪ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܼ ܵܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܕܗ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܬ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܉ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܵ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ̣ .ܕ ܕ ܼ ܸ | ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ̈ ܼܕܐܪܒ ܐ ܒ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܐ | .ܘ ܼ ܸ ܙܘ ܼ ܘܢ ܘ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܼܘܙ ܼܒ ܼ ܘܢܼ .ܕ ܐ ܹܕ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿܘ ܐ ܓ ܐ ̄ܗ݂ܘ ܼ ܬ ܵܪ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿܘܢ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܸ ܼ ܼܼ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܼ | : ܹ ܹ ܼܼ ]/f.6vܘܵ [P.ܐܦ ܼܿ ܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼܵܒܐ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܕ ̣ ܼܿ ܼܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐܵ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ | ̇ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܐ̄ ܹ ܵ ܐ : 135ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼܵܒܐ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܵ .ܐ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ | ܕ ܸ ܿ ܩ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܹ | ܼ ܒܐܼ .ܘܕ ܼܕܥ ܵܒ ܼ ܪ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܼܐ̈ܪ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼܕ ܹ ܐ ܼܒ ܕ ܼܐ ܹ ܕ ܿ ܿ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܬ ܓ ܵ ܐ ܿܕܒ ܿ ̈ ܐ̄ ܵ ܵ ܐ ]ܿ [5 ܿ ܘܐ ܹ ̣ ܼ ܘ ܸܗ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܼܼ ܒ ܼ ܹ ܼ :ܐ ܹ ܪܒ ܵܐܿ . ܿ ܐܿ .ܐ | ܕܐ ܿ ܿ 137ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܕܐ ܿ ܿ ܵܕܪ ܵ ܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܹ ܼ ܘܕܪܸ .136ܐ ܼܬܒ ܼ ܵܗ ܹ ܒܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ̈ ܿܘ ܐܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܕܐ ܼ ܹܒ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܐܦ ܼ ܹܐ | ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐܸ . ܕܗ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܝܗ ܿܕܒ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܐ ̈ܐ ܓ ܿ 138ܒ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ ̈ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ | ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܼ ̤ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ܘܝ .ܘ ܼ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܗܘܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ̈ܘܝܼ | .ܒ ܓ ܢ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܕܘ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܘ ̣ ܉ ܼܘ ܼ ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܼܕ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܼ ]ܸ [10ܬ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ .ܓ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܐ | ܿ ܵ ̈ܐ܉ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܗܕܐ ܵ ̇ ܘܐܪ ܸ ܼ̈ܪ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ܼ ܹ ܸܬ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܵܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܸܓ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܹܐܐ ܼܘܕ ܐ | ܸ .ܘ ܼ ̣ ܘ ܸܐ ܢ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܪ . ܓܸ .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܗ݂ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ 139ܐܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ : ܗ ܹ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܼܝ ܗ ܐ | ܸ ܹ ܼܕ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܿ ܿܕ ܵ ̇ 140ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵܕ ̇ ܵܐ܉ | ܵ ܕܐܦ ܵܗ ܹ ̈ ܸ ܿ ܸ 141ܡ ܐ̄ ܹ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܼ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܒܵ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܪ ܵ ܉ ]ܵ [15ܐܦ ܼܿ ̣ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܵ ܕ ܸ ̈ܘ ܵ ܸ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܵܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܘܒ ܵܐ | .ܐ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܗܘܝ ܐ ܕ ܵ ̇ ܢ | ܵ ̇ ܵ ܸ ܹܓ ܕܐܦ ܐ ܐ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܼܘ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܝܗ ܿܒ ܼܬ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܕ ܼ ܵ :ܕ ܿܒ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܐܹ ܼ .ܕ ܵܐܘ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܸܐ ̣ ܵܬܐ | ܹ ܵ ܵܬܐ .ܘ ܸ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼܿ ܼ ܼܐ ܕ ܼ ܼܬܢ܇ ܗ ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܵ .ܐܘ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹܪܗ ]ܼܿ [20ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܹ ܼܐܬ ܼ ܹ ܗ܉ ܘ ܸ ܘܢ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ̄ ܵ
ܵ ܗ ܹ
ܵ
————————
ܵ
ܐ ܵܐ V, S ܐ ܐ M ܐͥ(135) Ṽ ͔ܵͮΑ ܵ ܘ ܼ ܪ(136) L ܵ ܿ̇ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܼ (137) L ܗܘܐ(138) Add. L ܕܬ ܹ ܸ ܐ(139) M ܬܘ ܼܒ ܪ ̣ ܵ ܆(140) Add. V ܼܿܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܗ ܹ ܸ M ܗͻͯͽ(141) Ṽ ܗ ܹ̈ ܸ V, S ܸ P
28
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܿܬ :ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼܒ ܘ ܵ | ܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܿܘܢܵ .ܐܦ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘܝܗ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ . ܵܒ ܿ ܵܕܟ܆ | ܵ ̈ ܘܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܪܘ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܼ | 142 ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ̣ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ̈ܒ ܿ .ܐ ̄ ܿ ܕ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܬܿ ܗܿ .ܐܘ ܿ ̈ܒ ܐ | ܵ ܿܘܕܐ :ܕ ܐܵ ܸ ܹ ܒܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܹ ܿ ܕܗܘܢ ]/f.7rܙ [P.ܕ ܿܪ ܿܒ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܘ ̇ܵܒܿ ܵܒ ܿ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܐ ܵ ܵܐ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܿܪ ܵܒܐ ܕ ܿ ܒܿ 143 ̣ ܼ ܼ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ 144 ܘܕ ܐ : ܼ ܢ ܐܦ ܼܕܪ ܹܓ .ܐ ܸ | ܼ ܵܨܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܇ ܸܐ ܐ ̣ܒ ܕ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܵܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ | ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܼܿ : ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ̤ ܹ ܹܪ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܕܐ ܼܐܪ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܗܘ܉ ܕ ܹܐ ̇ ܕ ܼ ̇ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹ | ܹ ܼ :ܐ ܐ ܼܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ .ܘ ܸܐ ܼ̣ 145ܒ ܸ ܹܒ .ܐܦ ̤ ܝܗܿ . ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܬܘ ܹܬܗ. ܘܐ ܹ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܗ ܵ ܵ ܬܐ ] [5ܕ ܹ ܵܘ ܹ ܐ ܐܦ ܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܸ ܉ ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܼ ܼ ̄ܵ ܵ ┐ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܐ .ܐ ܿܬܬ | ܪܓ ܵ ܵ ܸܼ ̤ ܸ ܼ | ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ .ܝ ܹ ܐܪ ܵܙܐ ܕ ̣ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐܪܐ ܒ ܵ ܘܕ ܵܐ ܼ ܵ ܐܼܿ 146ܘ ܼܓ ܼ ܹ ܗ┌ܵ 147ܐ ܼ ܵܕܡܵ ̣ .ܐ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܹܗ | ܼܿܘ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܹ .ܐ ̇ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܼ ܕܹ ̈ ܒ ܐ ܵܙܕ ̇ܩ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܕܬ ܿܘܥ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܉ | ܵ ܵ ܐ ܓ ܒ ܗ ܿܘ ܿ :ܐ ܐܵ ܼ ̣ܼ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܸ ܸܹ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܐ ܢ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ 148┌ ܿ ┐ .ܕ ܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܵ : ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ] [10ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܗ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܵ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 149 ܼ ܵܒܐ ܼܿܐ ܵܒ ܵ ܐܵ ܼܝ | ܗܘ ܐ ܼܒܐ .ܬܐ ܸ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܼܒ ܟ .ܐ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ :ܘ ܿܒ ܿ ܹܒ ܼ ܼ ̈ܒ ܹ ܐ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܼܒ ܐ | ܼ ܼ ܵ ̣ .ܐ ܹܓ ܕ ܸܐܬܬ ܼ ܹ ܼܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ | ܵ ܿܘܕܐ܉ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܿܬ ܿܬ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܪܓ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ̈ܘܝܗ ܸ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܢ ܹܕ ܼܐ ܼ ܼܝ ܵ ܼ ܼ | .ܘ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܗܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܼܕܪ ܼ ܹ ܼ .ܘ ܸ ܼ ]̤ [15 ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܢ ܪܘܪ ܼܒܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܬܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܼ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ ܇ ܼܼ ܵ ܘ ܼܕܐ ܸ | .ܬܐ ܼܝ ܸ ܹ ܼܘ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿܕ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿܘ ܐܵ | ܿ . ܵ ܿ ܵ ܕܬܐ ܼ ܿ ܠ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ̣ ܼ ̣ܼ ܼ ܝܗ ܹܓ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܡܼ .ܕ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܹ ܘܕܓ ܿ ܓ ܵ ܪ ܕ ܵ ܐ | .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܵܬܐ | ܬ ܬ ܵ .ܕ ܒܿ ܼ̣ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܗ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ . ܹ ][20 ܝܗ ܒ ܹ ܐ ܐܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼܐ ܕ ̣ ܪܘ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܵ ܿܕ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܹ ܕ ܵܐ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܸ | ܒ ܼ ܼܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܐܼ ܼ . ܼ̣ ܼ ܼ ܿܕ ܿ ܿܘܢ .ܐ ܐܵ ܵ ܕ ܵܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܐ ̣ ܼܪܘ ܐ܉ ܕ ܐ | ܼ ܼ ܼܘܗܸ .ܐ ܢ ܒ ܸܓ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܸ ܹ ܐܬ ܝ ܿܘܢ ܿܐ | ܿܕ ܵ ܒܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܗܒ ܐ ܿ ܢ .ܗ ܿ ܢ ܕ ܿ ܿ ܹ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܸܼ ܸ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ————————
ܵ ܗ ܹ
;͘ ܼͯͿ͔(142) Ṽ ܿ ܼܘ ܼ ̇ ܵ (143) L ܸ ͵(144) Ṽ ͕ΕͥͣΓ ܼ ̇ ̇ܿ ܘܐ ܼ Pܘܐ (145) M, S ܵ ܪ ܼ ܐ(146) L (147) Abs. Ṽ, V. (148) Add. L. M, V, S, PܗͲͯ(149) Ṽ ͷ
29
Yulia Furman
ܵ ܵ ܵܓ ܿ ܿ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܸ ܘ܉ ܪܗ ܸܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܘ ܵܐܸ . ܹ | ܘ ܸܐ ܘܕ ܼ ܝܗܸ . ܿ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܐ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܹܐ܉ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܿܘܢܵ .ܒ ̇ ܬ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܹܓ | ܸ ܹ ܵ ܼ .ܐ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܐ ܿ ܉ ܿܘ ܿܕ ܿܬ̈ܪܬ ܿ ܕ ܿ ܒ ܒ ܿ | .ܒ ܓ ܿ ܢ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܿ : ܬ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܸܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̣ ܵ ܒ ܐ ܸܪ ܐ ܼ ܐܼ .ܐ ܗܘ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܥ | ܼܐ ܐ ܸܐ ܢܼ ܼ :ܝ ܹ ܐ ̣ ܼܪܘ ܐ܉ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼܿܐ ܐ ܵ ܕܪ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܵܐ ܐ ܵ [5] 150ܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ܉ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܹܕ ܼܕ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܵ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ܉ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̣ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܐ ܸܐ ̱ܬ ܼܝ ܇ ܼܘܕ ܸ ܹ ܐܼ | 151 ܸ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܥ ܕ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܵ .ܕ ܵ ܵ | ܿ ܼ ܸ ̇ ܸ ܼ ܼܿ .ܘ ̇ ܹ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܸܐ ܿܬ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܵ .ܐܪܐ ܹܐ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܓ ܼܒ ܐ܇ ܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵܒ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܹܒ ܵ .ܐ ܼ ܼܿ ̈ܐ ܼܕ ܓ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ | ܿ ܿܘܢ ܼܿܗ ܵܕ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܿ ܵ .ܐ ̄ܝܗ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܕܒ ̇ ܸ ܬ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܼܿܕ ܼܬ ܵ ܹ ܐ ]ܸ [10ܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܿ ܿ ̄ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܵܒ ̇ ܸ ܼܬ ܕ ܵܐ ܕ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܐ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܝ ܼܓ ܵ ܼ :ܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ | ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܹ ܗ ܵܒ .ܘ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܒ ̇ ܸ ܼܬ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܸ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܸܒ ܿܬ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼܿ ܼܒ ܵ ̇ ܉ ܵܙ ̇ ܸܕܩ ܼܐ ̄ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܵ ܹ ܝܗ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ | ܘ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܘܐ ܿ ܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܵ | ܿ ܕܕ ܵ ܿ ܉ ܒܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܵ ̣ ܕܬܐ ܼ ܠ | ̣ ܹ ܕܬ ܼܒ ܸ ܬ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ : ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܿ ܿ ܒ ܘ ܵ ܐ ] [15ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܼ :ܕܙ ܼܗܪܬܟ ܘ ܼ ܸ ܬܟ ܕ ܐ ܹܬܐ ܼ ܠ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܘܢ | ܐ ܼ ܹܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܕ ܐ : ܼܿܕ ܼ ܸ ̄ܗ ܼ̣ܿܘ ܿ ܉ ܵ ܐ ܗܐ ܕܬܐ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ .ܕ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܉ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܕܐ ܸ ܟ ܼ ܘܢ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܘܢ ܼ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘܼ | .ܘ ܼ ܹ ܵܿ ̄ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܝܗ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܕܪܗ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܟܼ ܸ :ܓ ܼܿ ܼ | ܼܿܘ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ̣ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܹܓ ܼܐ ̣ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܐ ܿܕܐ ܵܒ ̈ ܐ ܐ ܵ ܐܿ ܵ ܵ . ̇ ܼ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܘܗܐ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸܐ ܵܒ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܕܬܬܐ܇ ܼ ܿ ܼ | ̣ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܬ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܢ 152ܘܬ ܿ ܪܗܛ ܵ ܼܬ ܵܗ ܹܕܐܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵܕ ܵܐ ܕ ܸܪܓ ܼ ܵ ܸ ܿ ܸ 153ܡ ܸ ܼ ܇ ܼܐ ]ܹ ܼ [20 ܵ 154 ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܵܗ ܵ ܐܵ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܸ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܿ ̇ ܉ ܘܝܗ̤ ܼܿ ܸܓ ܬܟ ܹ ܸܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ | ܒ ܼ 155ܒ ܵ ̇ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܵ . ܕܗܐ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼܿ ܸ ܵܬܟ | ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܘܐ ̇ ܬ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܐ ܹܬܐ ܼ ܠ ܸ ܹ ܸܐ ܼ̣ .ܐ ܼܕܡ ܹܕ ܼ ̣ ܐ ܕ ܸܐܬܬ ܼ ܼܓ ̤ | ܸ ܼ ܸ ܸܼ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ/f.8r] .ܛܼ [P.ܘ ܹ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ̣ܒ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܸ ܹ ܼܓ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܼܝ ܸܒ ܼ ܼܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ̄ ܵ ܒ ܸ ܹ ܗ ܼܕܐ ܗܘ ܕܐܦ ܹܒ ̣ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܠ ܼ ܕ ܼ ̣ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܇ | ܼܐ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ̤ܬ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܵ ܿ | ܿܕ ܵ ܐ ܙ ܼܒ ܸ ܼܿ ̤ ܵ ̇ ̣ ܵܐ ܵܕܡ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܬܘ ̱ ܼ ܼܕܐ ܵܗ ܹܕܐܼ .ܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܐܦ ܝܗ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܕ ܹ ܐ̈ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܐ ̤ | ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܸ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ̤ ܕܗܘ ܼܐ ̱ ܒ ܼ ]/f.7vܚ[P.
ܿ
ܿ ܼܓ ܼ ܼܬܟ ܼ ܿ Pܓ
————————
ܐ ̄ ̄ V ܐͻ(150) Add. Ṽ Ε ܿ ܘܕ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ (151) M, V, S, P ܼ ܿ ܘܢ(152) L ܪܓ ܼ (153) M ܿ ܵ ܵ ͻ͛͠ܬܟ(154) Ṽ ܼܬܟܼ S ܓ ܬܟܼ ܿ M, V ͙ͥͯ͘(155) Ṽ ܼ
30
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܼ ܹ ܐ܇ ] ܹ [5ܐ ܼܿ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ .ܕ ܵ ܹܕ 156ܕ ܼ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܵܐ ܐ ܼ ܹ ̇ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ. ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܓ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿܒ ܼ ܆ | ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܿ ܼܒ ܿ ܕ ܕ̣ ܝܗܸ . | ܼܕܐ ܗ ܹܕܐ ܼܓ ܼ ܿ ܐ ̣ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ .ܕ ܼܒ ܐ ܗܘ | ܼ ܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܵ ܼܝ ܼ ܐ܉ ܼܐ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܕ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܕ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܪ ܸ ̤ : ܿܘܢ ܓ ̈ ܐ܉ ܿ ܿ ܿܵ ܘܐ ܿ ܼ | ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܵ ܼܬ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܕ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܹܐ ܿܘܢ. ܼ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܘ ܵ ܸ 157ܕ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܿ ܼܿ ] ܹ [10ܒ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܪ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܵ ܹܬܗܵ .ܗ ܵ ܹܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܕ̈ܪܘ ܵܒܐܵ 158ܐ ܿ ܼ ̇ ܵ . ܿܘܢ ܸܗ ̣ ܿ ܢ ܼܿ ܸܗ ܿ ܢ ܕܗܐ ܸ ܐ .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܼ | ܕ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܵ̈ ܿ ܿ ܒܐ ܿ ܵ ܐܿ .ܘܒ ܵ ܕܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܗܘ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܼܒ ܕ ̤ ܼܗܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܹܒܐ | ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ܉ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ 159 ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ | ܼ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܼ ̣ 160ܬܐ܉ ܸܐ ܐ ܐܦ ܸܗ ܹ̈ ܸܓ ܹ̈ ܐ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܹܐܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܹ ܇ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ | ܼ ܿ ̣ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܪܘ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ]ܿ [15 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܘܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ 161ܒ ܸܐ ܹ ܐ .ܕ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܓ ܵܐ ܝܗ̤ .ܕ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܵܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̣ ܸܐ ܼ .ܕ ܐ ܸܐ ܼ ܒ ܵ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼܕܕ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܼܕܡܸ | . ܕ ܹ ܼܒ ܕܘܝܗ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ ܕ̈ܪܘ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ | ܿ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܵܐܦ ܹ ܿ ܼܒ ܿ ܕ ܐ ܼܿܨ ܹ . ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ .ܒ ܼܬ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵܬܐ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ̄ܵ ܵ ܘܕܥ .ܕ ܵ | ܕ ܵܐ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܕܐ ܿ ܵܵ ܕܐ ̇ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܵܨܐ ܕ ܹܒ . ̤ ܗܘ ܼܬ ܝܗ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܐ ܹܕ ܵ .ܨ ܹܒܐ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܿܒ ܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܵܬܐ܆ ܿܘ ܿ ܒܐܕ ̈ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܝܗ ܵ ̇ ܒ ܼ ܵ ܼܪ ܿܒ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ̤ ܗܘ ܹܓ ܼܙ ܹ | ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܵܪ ܵܐ ܵ ܝܗ ܿ | ܵܐ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܐܿ ]ܿ [20ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܐܦ ܐܵ .ܐ ܐܵ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ̱ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ̣ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܕܗܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܝ | ܒ ܸ ܬܙ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܗ ܕ ܼܒ ܼ . ̤ ܼܕ ܼܓ ܵ ܪ ܕ ܼ ܐ .ܗܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܐܸ . ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܗ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܹܕ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡܼܿ | .ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܕ ̣ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ܼܿ ܼܝ ܒ ܼ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ: ܵ ܕܐܦ ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܕ ܼܿ ܸ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ | 162ܕ ܵ ܐ ܹܬܐ ܼ ܿ ܠ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐܵ :ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܵܐܦ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܵܪ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܗܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܒ ܼ ܗ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܬ ܸ ܹܕ ]/f.8vܝ̤ [P. ̣ ܗܘ ܼ ܼܝ܇ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܿܓ ̈ܒܐ .ܓ ܵ ܪ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܬܗܿ . ܵ ܘ̇ ̇ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܘ̣ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܼ ̣ | . ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܕ ܵ | ܼ ܿ ܼ ̣ ܼܒ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܗܪܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܗ ̣ܘܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܵܐ :ܘ ܹܪ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܐܪ | ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܸܐ ܿ ܸ ܼܿܘ ܼ̣ܿ ܼ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ܉ ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ] [5ܪ ܸ̇ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐܸ : ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܼܿ ܸ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ. ܸ ܵܐܵ ܸ .ܐ ܹܕ ܐܦ ܵ ܡ ܕ ܹܐ ܼ ܠ ܐ ܼܕܡ ̣ | ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ̤ . ܗܘ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿܐ ̇ ܵ ܕܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ܉ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܿܒ ܼܝ | ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̇ ܵ .ܘ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܗ ܕ ܸ ܹܗܐ ܵ ܸ̇ ܸ ܵܐ ܒ ܵ ܹܕܐ܉ ܼ ܹ ܹ ————————
ܵ ܵ ܘܐܘ ܸ ̣ V, S ܘܐܘ ܸ
(156) Abs. M. ܘܐܘ;(157) Ṽ Ή ܸ M ܵܵ ܼ ܕܪܘ ܼܒܐ(158) M, P ܵ ܐܦ(159) L ܿ ܼ ܫ(160) L (161) Abs. L. (162) Abs. L.
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Yulia Furman
ܿܐ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿܒ ܵܐ ܵܕܡܿ .ܘ ܵ | ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵܵ | ̤ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕܗܘ ܪ ܸ ܸ 163ܘܐ܇ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܗ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ┐ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ┌164 ̈ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ ]ܼ ܼ [10ܒ ܘܝܗ . ܕܗ ܢ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܢ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕܪܘܚ ܘ ܸܓ ܹܐ ܼܐ ܹ ܐܸ : ܿ ܵܐ .ܘ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ┐ܕܪܘ ܐܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܗܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܒܓ ܼܐܪ ܐ ܼܐ | ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ 166 ┌165 ܵ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹܪܗ ܸ .ܐܬܬ ܼ ܹܕ ̤ ܗܘ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܨܐ | ܒ ܸ ܼܒ ܼܒܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹܒ ܼ ܐ ܼܕܡ̣ . ܼܿܘ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐܿ ܼ ܼܿ .ܬ ܼ ܼ ܵ | ܿܕܒ ܸ ܵܒܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܿܪ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܒ ܸ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܐܵ ܵ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܗ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܡ ܸ ܵܐ܉ ܸ ܼܿ ܕ ܒ ܸ ܼܵܒ ܼܵܒܐ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܓ ܼܿ ̣ܫ ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܼ ܹ ܼ .ܕ ܼ ܐ | ܕ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵܿ ̄ ܵ | ܕܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܼ ܝܗ ܸ ܼ ܼ [15] .ܘ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܸ ܕ ܼܗܪ ܸ ܹ ܼ .ܐ ܕ ̣ ܸ ܵܐ .ܗ ܼܕܐ ̣ ܕ ܸ ܵܐ ܼܿܘܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܼܿ .167ܐ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܹܕ ܼܿܐ ̱ ܵ ̇ ܉ ܸ ܼܓ ܹ̈ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܐ | ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘܕ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ .ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ 169 ܕ ܼ ܿ ܡܿ ܼܿ ܼ ܸ 168ܓ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܿܘܢ ܼܿ ܒ ܿܘܢ ܒ ܸ ܼ ̈ܒ ܹ ܐ | ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ܉ ܸܬ ܼ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܹܕ | ܸ ܵܐ܉ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ .ܐܕ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܬܗ܉ ܼ ܼ ܹ .ܬܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܕܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܹ [20] ܵ ܼ .ܕ ܐܦ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ܉ ܘܐܦ ܒ ܼ ܵܒ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܘܕ ܵܐ ܼ ܵ ܐܵ : ܕܗ ̇ ܹܘ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܹ ̈ ܐ | ܵ ܼ ܿ ̈ | ܕ ܼ ܸ ܼ ̤ ܵܗܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܸ . ܿ ܵ ܵ ܘܬܐ ܼ ܿ ܠ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܝܗ̤ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܉ ܼܿܐ ܕܬ ܘܡ ܹ ܵ ܼܒ ܼ 170ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܉ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܸ 171 ܿ ܼܿ ܹܐ ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼܓ ܵ ܪ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼܬ ܗܘܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ 172ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵܐ ܸ ̣ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡܵ ܸ .ܐ | ܹܓ ܕܬ ܹ ܸ ] /f.9rܐ ܵ [P.ܝܗ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿܓ ܵܐܐ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܵܐ ܵܕܡܵ . ̇ ܿ ܵܵ ܵ ܵ ܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼܕܡܼ . ܹ ܗ ܸܐܡ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܿܬ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ܉ ܼ ܵ ܐ | ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܟܹ .ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ. ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܒ ܿܘ ܵ ܝܗ┌ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ 173 ܿ ┐ ܿ ܘܵ ܹ̣ ܵ ܐ܉ ܼܘ ̣ܗ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ | ܕ ܼ ̣ ܹ ܼܐܪ ܼ ܹ ̄ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܸܐܣ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܸ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ][5 ܒܓ ܵܒܐ | ܐ ܹ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵܗܐ ܸ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܟ ܼܿ ܸ ̇ ܵ 174ܐܛ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐܹ ܵ .ܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܿ ┐ ܿ ܵ ┌̇ ܵ ܿ ̄ ܿ ̇ ܵ 175 ܕܒ ̇ ܿ .ܕ ܿ ܵ ܘܬ ܸ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܼܿܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼܐ ܼ ܐ ܡ ܼ ܸܼܼ ܼ
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ܪ ܼ ̣ ܿ (163) L (164) Add. L. ܵ ܵ ܼܘ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹܪܗ(165) L ܹܒ ܼ (166) L (167) In L the letter ṭēṯ is turned over. ܿ ܕ ܼ ܘܢ(168) L ܿ ܿ ܹܬ ܼ ܼ ܕ(169) L ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼܒ ܼ (170) L ܿ ܿ (171) Ṽ Ε ܸ ܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̤ M, V, S ܐܬ·̤ ܼ ͩͶ ܿ ܵ ܵ (172) M ܼܼ (173) Add. L. (174) Abs. L. (175) Add. L.
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܿ ܿ ܐܘܬܐ ܿܘܒ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܪܓ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ | ܕ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ܐ ܼܕܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐܼ :ܬ ܸ ܐܒܐ ܼܐ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܕ ܼܒ :ܒ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ̈ ܿ̄ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܵ ܐܼ . ܼܕ ܼ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܹ ܐ | ܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܕܐ ܼܬܐ ܸܐܕ ܼ ̈ ܐ ܸܬܨ ܹ ܐܵ .ܗ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܹ ܒ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܬ ܼ ܸܒ ܸ ܐ܉ ] ܼ [10ܡ ܸ ܕܬܗ ܟ ܼܐܪ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܵ ܸܐܬ ̱ ܸ ܼܒ ܸ . ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܼܿܐܗ ܼ ܵ ܵ .176ܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܸ ܸܐ ܼ̣ܿ ܹܕ ܼܕܐ ܹ ̣ ܓܒ ܟ܉ | ܼܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܕ̣ ܼ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܬܘ ܼܒ | ܼ ܸܹ ܉ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܐ | ܼܕ ܢܸ ܼ .ܐܡ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܉ ܼܐ ܗܘ ܕܕ ܸ ܵܵ ܵ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܘ ܸ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ 177ܐܦ ̣ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ܐ܇ ܘ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܠ ܘ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ | .ܒ ܪܐ ܹܕ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܿܕܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܗܕܐܼ ܵ :ܬ ܼ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܕ ܸܪ ܿܓ ܹ ܗ ܵ ܕܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ̇ ܸܓ ]̄ [15ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܹ ܼܿ .ܐ ܼ ̄ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ . ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܬܘܒ ܼ ܵ ܐ̄ ܵܬܐ :ܕ ܵ ̇ ܿ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܸ ܼܼ ܼ ܐܦ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܒ ܼ ܪ ܸ ܉ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘ | ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܕ ܿ ܘܘܢ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܹܬܐܹ ܼܿ .ܕ | ܼܿܐ ܸ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܹܒ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܕܡ ̣ ܼܿ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܐ܉ ܵܗ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܐ ܼܵܒܐ ܸ ܿ ܿܐܨܦ ܕ ܿܘܢܿ .ܘ ܒܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܬ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܉ ̣ ܸ ̈ ܿ ܹ ܐ ܕܐ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ | ܼ ܿ ܼ ܐ | ܼ ܼܝ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܘܐ ܿܒ ܐ ܿ ܢ .ܕ ܵ ܿ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܐܬ ܿܒ ܝ ܵܐ ܵܕܡ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ܉ ]̇ܿ ܵ [20ܒ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܐܵ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ̤ ܼ ܹ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕܗܘ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܐ̄ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ .ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐܵ 178ܐܦ ܕ ܸ ܿ ܼܒ ܐ̄ ܵ ܼܿ :ܕ ܼܒ ܼܘ ܼܓ ܵ ܐ | ܵ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܝܗ ܵ ܵܬܐ: ܵ ̄ ┌ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ┐ܿ ܼܿܐ ̇ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܉ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ | ܼ ܝܗ ܼ .179ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܵܗܘ ܼܕ ܸ ܕܪܘ ܐ ܼܓ ܐ ̣ ܕܐܦ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܐܕܘܝܗܵ :ܗ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܿܕܐ ܵܒ ̇ ܐ | ܨ ܒ ܿ ܵ ̈ܐ ܵ ܝ ܨ ܵ ܼܘ ܼ ܼ . ܼ ܼ ܼܐܪ ܹ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܇ ܵ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܼܪܘ ܼܓ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܹܒ | ܕ ܼ ܼ ܚ ܼ ܼܬ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܕܗ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܸ ܵܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܒ ܿ ܕܿ ܿ : ܵ ܒ ܹ ܵܐ | ܼ ܹ ]̄ [P. /f.9vܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ :ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ :ܐ ̈ ܐ ܘ ܿ ܵ ݅ ܹ ܐܵ .ܗܐ | ܹܓ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܘܕ ܐ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܼ ܵܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܵܡܼܿ 180ܕ ܼ ܼܬܵ 181ܗ ̇ܘ ܼܿܕܐ ܿ ܸ ܼܿܐ ܕܬ ܼܒ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼܘܕ ܼ ܐ܉ | ܼ ܸ ܡܼ ܼ 182 ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܿܬ ܼ ܵ ܐܵ .ܗ ̇ܘ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܼܓ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܵ 183ܐܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ] ܵ [5ܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ̤ ܹܒ . ܵܗ ܹܒ ܵ ܿ ܿܵ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܼ ܪ ܵܐ ܝܗ܉ ܕ ܵ ̈ ܹܬܐ ܵܨ ܹܒܐ ܕ ܸ ܸܒ | ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܕ ̣ ܗ ܹܕܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼܓ ܼ ܿ ܐ ̣ ܿ ܿܕ ܿ ܗܘ ܿܘܢ .ܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܗ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܸ ܿ ܠ ܵ ܿܘܢ | ܒ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼܿ 184ܕ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ. ܼ ܼ ܵ ┐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ┌185 ܼܼ . ܝܗ ܘ ܸ ̱ܐ ܼܬܐ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܸ ܒ ܥ ܒ ܘܢ ܸܕ ̱ | ܕ ̣ ܕ ܸ ܐ ܹܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ
————————
ܸ ܬܗ ܟܿ V, P ܬܗ·ͣܟ(176) Ṽ ̇ ܘ ܵ ܸ ܼ (177) L ܒ ܵ ܼܿ ܐ S ܒ ܵ ܼܿ ܵ ܐܵ M, V ͗͢Ͳͼ͔(178) Ṽ (179) In Ṽ, M, V, S, P interchanged. (180) Ṽ ͺܼͮ ͠Ύ V ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ(181) L ܵ ܼ ܡܵ M, V, S ͠Ύܡ(182) Ṽ ܿ ܼ ͣαܬܗ(183) Ṽ ܼ; ܼ ̇ ܕ ܸܐ ܹ ܼܬ(184) L (185) Add. L.
33
Yulia Furman
ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘ ܵ ܵܬܐ :ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܹܕ ܪ ܸ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܼܕܐ | ܕ ܸ ܼ ̤ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܕܬ ܿ ܠ ܘܬܿ ܿ ܿܙܕ ܬܐܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܸ ܐ :ܗ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ]ܼ [10 ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܕܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ | ܵܗ ܐܵ ܸ ܼ ܘ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ܐ | ܼܕ ܼ ܇ ܸ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܼ ܼܼܼ ܹ ܕ ܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܵܕܡ ܼ ܿ ̣ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼܿ ܵ .ܐ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܿ | .ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܿܒ ܢ | ܒ ܓ ܵܐ ܉ ܵ ܵ ܿ :ܘܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܸ ܗܹ ̣ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܹ ܵܨ ̇ܒܐ ܵ ܵܕ ܵ . ܿ ܿ ܕܐܦ ܝܗ ܵܗܕܐ ] [15ܐ ܼ ܹ ̇ ܿ ܼ :ܬ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿܕ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ̣ܐܵ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ̤ ܹ ܵ ܘܐ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܿܬܢ ܕ ܿ ܉ | ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿ . ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼܿ ܵ ̇ . ܼ ܼ ̤ ܸ ܹ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵܵ ܬܘ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ̣ ܼ ܵ 186ܬ ܵ ܹܐ ܒ ܹܗ .ܘ ܼܿ ܼ ܿ ̤ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܐ ܼܿ ܹ̈ܐ| 187 ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ̤ܬ ̣ ܐ ܼܕܡ | ܼܐ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܡ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܼ ܿ .ܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܝܗ ܒ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܵ ܐܼܿ | .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܵ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܗ ܹܒ ] ܵ ܼ [20ܐ :ܕ ܼܿ ܸ ܘ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܹ . ܵܗ ܹ ܼܐܗ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܗ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ .ܘ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܬ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼ | 188ܐ ܼܿܐ ܸ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܙܘ ܵܐ ܘ ܵ ܵܕܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܝܗ .ܕ ܘܐ ܿܬ ܵ | ܵ ܘܐ ̤ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܵܕܐ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܵܕ̈ܪܐ ܕ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܹܪܗ܉ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿܕܘܢ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܕܐܪ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܵܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܬ ܸܬܠ ܕܗ ܹܒ ܉ ܸ ܒ ܹ ܼ ܒ ܹ | ܒ ܸ ܼܵܒ ܹ ܗ ܵ .ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܹܓ ܓ ܼ ܼܘܙ ܼ ܼ ܼܕܕ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܓ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼܐ ܼ ܼܝ ܼ ܪ ܹ ][P. /f.10r ܹ | ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܵܐܐ ܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܼ̈ܪܘ ܵ ܹܐܼ . ܿ ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܐ ܼܕܡܹ ܸ .ܓ ܵ ܼ ܼܒ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼܝ ܸܐ ܢ ܸ ܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܼܝ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܸ | :ܫ ܼ ܪ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܹ̇ܐ ̣ ܿܙܪ ܹ ܕ ܹ ܼܿ .ܘ ̣ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܹ ܒ ܼܿ ̈ | ܼܿܐ ܿ ܗ ܼ ܉ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܹܐ ̇ ܒ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܿ ܐ̄ ܵ ܵ ܐܵ ̣ . ܿܘܢ ܹܕ ܵܐܦ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ܉ ܕ ܵ ܐ | ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܢ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܵܗ ̇ ܿ ܢܵ .ܗ ܵ ܹܕ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܘܢ .ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼܿܙ̈ܪ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܕܙܕ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ܢ ܸ ܘܢ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܘ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܢ ][5 ܿ ܿ ܒ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ̈ܐܿ .ܐܪ ܵܐ ܕ ܵ ̇ ܝܗ | ܼܿܐ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܸܐ ܿܬ ܿܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܹ ̇ ܵ ܼ .ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܹܓ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܘܢ ܗ ̣ܘ ܼܬ ܹܐ ܹ̈ܪܐ | .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܢ ܕ ܹܒ ܼ ܹܐ ܼ . ̄ ܵ ┐ ̇ ܿ 191 190 ܿ ┌189 ܘܢ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܹ ܐ | ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘ ܼܬ ܸ .ܘ̣ ܸ ܼ ܼܿ ܿ ܹ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܿ .ܗ ̣ ̈ܘܝܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ .ܬܐ ܹܓ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܹܐ ܹ̈ܪܐ | ܕܐ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܹܐ ܼܐܘ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܹܓ ܘܬܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ | ܒ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ]ܼܿ ̣ [10ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܪ ܵܐ ܕ ܹܒ ܼ ܵ ܹ̇ܐ ܉ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼܵܒ ܘ ܿ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܬܘ ܵ ܵ ̇ | ܕ ܹ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐܼܿ .ܐ ܼ ܕ ܹܐ ܸ ܼ .ܡ ܼ ܿ ̣ ̄ ܼܒ ܹܕ ܸܐ ܹ ̈ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܹ ܸ . ————————
ܵ
ܐ ܵܬܐ S ܕ ܐ ܵ ܸ ܹ ܼܼ
ܼ ܼܬܐ V
ܹܐ
ܕ ܼܒ ܼ (186) L ܿ ܵ ܼ ܐ(187) L ܼ ܼܬܐܿ M ܕͲ͓ͻͣܬ͕(188) Ṽ (189) Add. Ṽ, V. ܿ ܿ (190) M ܼ ܼ L ܼ ̣ (191) L
34
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ┐ ܇ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵܐܘ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܸ ܸ | ܘ ܹ ܼ ܪ ܐܘ.ܹ ܼ ܪ ܸ ܼܘ ܟ ܐܘ.ܼ ܟ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܿ ܿ ܿܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܹܸ ܕ. ܼ ܸ | ܐܘ ܹ ܘܼ ܘ. ܹܼ ܘ ܸ ܘ ܼ ܹܐ ܐܘ. ܼ ܹܐ ܿ [ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܐ15] .ܘܬ ܿܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ̈ܪ ܼܿ ܼܐܘ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܐܬ ܼ ܸ ܘ ܵ ܼܵܒ ܘ ܿ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ 193 ܵ ܵ ̈ :ܼ ܘܢ ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܸܐ ܢ ̣ ܹܓ. ܐ ܐ ܗ ܹ ܼܐܗ ܼ ܸ ܘܢ | ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ. ܼ ܼܿܕ ܼܿܘ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܹܒ.ܼܿ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܼܿ ܿܒ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܹܒ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܿ ܹ ܹܓ:ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܟ | ܼܿܙܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ̈ ܵ ܿ | ܒ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ. ̇ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܗ ܹܓ ܕ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿܬ.| ܼܿ ܼܒ ܐ ܘ ܼܒ ܿ ܵܐܐ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̈ܐ ܹ ܐ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܐ̄ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼܵܒ ܵ ܐ܀ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ܀ 192┌
TRANSLATION
[f.3v] With the help of our Lord Jesus Christ we begin to write the Book of the Main Points, History of the Temporal World, composed by saint Mār Yōḥannān bar Penkāyē, let his prayer help us, amen. The first chapter [of the first part]194 is about the beginning of creation. Moreover, I will write you a helpful history about well‐known deeds. Oh faithful friend! When Got strongly desires and gives power to our word, in accordance with His glory and will195 we can demonstrate it (i. e. his‐ tory). Indeed, it is impossible to say or to hear something useful without His help. So, let the answered prayers of His saints and of all the as‐ sembly of His angels be our advocate before Him in order that what we want to say may be obvious and clear. So, hence we begin with the help of our Lord. In [this book] we will demonstrate, mainly in brief, history of the deeds past and present in this temporal world in accordance with what we have learned from the holy Scriptures and [in accordance with] what our poor mind could understand. In short, [we will demonstrate it] as much as the grace of our Lord will help our feebleness. We pray Christ, Jesus, our Lord, the merciful King that He may place on us power in accordance with the promise given ————————
(192) Abs. Ṽ, V. ܿ (193) L ܸ ܼ ܕ (194) Abs. L. (195) L “mercy.”
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to us. [We pray] that the achievement of this work may follow, [p. 1SYR/f. 4r] that it may neither reel nor stop, that it may not be a laughingstock for evil demons and impious people. We are con‐ vinced that the work we have begun is very great and its goodness is boundless. But despite this, [success of this work is entirely depends] on the confidence in His mercy. We will demonstrate what He did for us by His grace and what did our ingratitude towards Him. [We will demonstrate] what the marvelous providential deeds He has been constantly doing196 for us at all times in order that we might turn to Him. [We will demonstrate] how many evil inventions our shame‐ lessness invented for itself in to hide itself within them in the distance from Him and in the disobedience. Indeed, according to the saying of the blessed Paul: “the fulfillment of the ages has come”197 and “the Judge is standing at the door.198” I am the smallest and the last of all humans, and, therefore, as the tongue [represents] the whole body, so I ought to become a sinner of all mankind and to acknowledge all that God did for us by His grace and to arrange all that our ingrati‐ tude did towards Him. When this is acknowledged on the lips and in the hearts of all the people, then glory of good deeds’ doer will mul‐ tiply and our ingratitude will be put to shame. And with the help of shame [belonging] to our free will it (i.e. ingratitude) will grant to itself pity and mercy with which it will be generous strewn in order to prepare a just judgment. So, at first, I ought to tell about created natures, which were creat‐ ed together with us for our pleasure. [I ought to tell] about formation order of this world and about abundance of wisdom hidden in it. For this is a part of the history about God’s good deeds toward us. Be‐ cause all that was created was created to [provide] help for us. And nothing of what was created by the Creator [was to cause any] harm to us. So, there are no these that were designed as causing harm to our body, be them wild beasts, snakes, scorpions or the others similar to these. You think that they cause harm to us, but [they] are full of use. All of these are an instructive rod mercifully aimed at disobedi‐ ent sons. According to the Book of Proverbs, “he who loves his son is careful to discipline him.”199 The one [p. 2SYR/f. 4v] who did not exist ————————
(196) Lit. “was renewing.” (197) 1 Cor 10:11. (198) Jas 5:9. (199) Prov 13:24.
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and came into existence, what grace can he demonstrate except that which was given to him? And the one to whom all he has was grant‐ ed out of charity, how can he equally repay? I suppose there is no way [he could do it]. Therefore, we should know that all of us are God’s debtors. And there is no way we can fully repay it. Because He created us when we did not exist. When we did not possess anything, He made us rulers of all his creatures and [rulers] of ourselves too. And this first good is invaluable. And each who came into existence equally submits to this. There is [only] a partial difference. From now on, we demonstrate what was promised. The appear‐ ance of the created natures. The first natures which God had created as He said by means of his servant Moses are the heaven and the an‐ gels, the earth and the fire, the waters and the air, the darkness and the light. Something appeared out of two.200 One was divided into something. One impels everything. By means of the four, everything was formed. One pointed something out. By means of the two, all the times and seasons of the small temporal world were defined.201 So, on the first day, God created the heaven, the earth, the angels, the waters and the fire, the air, the darkness and the light. Thus, the angels had been waiting in silence for twelve hours until the light was created. Then they became excited. The summit of their excite‐ ment became acknowledgement [of God] and praise to Him. For the appearance and the creation of the light strengthens the mind of the conscious and excites consciousness of the learned. The light as‐ sumed power on twelve hours as the darkness did too. Then it (i. e. the darkness) replaced it. And it (i. e. the light) was gathered in stor‐ ages prepared for it. For it is said: “God separated the light from the darkness.”202 He (i. e. Moses) does not mean division of the natures. For each of them got from the beginning203 this [nature] together with its creation. But he wants to say that God divided [them] and gave ————————
(200) Probably, Bar Penkāyē means by “two” the heaven and the earth. In the Theodore of Mopsuestia’s introduction to the Commentary on Gene‐ sis, we read: “He began to tell about creation of these which were from the heaven and from the earth. Nothing was created before those (i. e. the heav‐ en and the earth). He remembered these because they are created and all the creation they enclose within themselves” (Theodori Mopsuesteni fragmenta Syriaca, ed. SACHAU, pp. 6:24–7:2). (201) I. e. by means of the darkness and the light. (202) Gen 1:4. (203) Lit. “naturally.”
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each of them an appointed204 time in order that they might show their activity as much as it is allowed to them.205 [p. 3SYR/f. 5r] They might not overreach each other without any order. But when this is ap‐ proaching that should move away. And when that has come and approached this should completely vanish before it. These are [deeds] of the first day, i. e. Sunday. [The deed] of the second day is the firmament, and that of the third [day] — the formation of the earth. The earth was unseen and unformed, as it is written. It was necessary for the earth to get moun‐ tains and heights, valleys and feet with the rest of other things. Final‐ ly, it got them during the process of formation. We described this in another book.206 There is no need to repeat all the same. We learn that the creation is one thing, the formation is another. However, the One who creates and the One who forms is the same. What was created and what gets the formation is the same too, but the process of creation of something and that of formation of some‐ thing was not the same. The creation is what did not exist and then came into existence. The formation accepts something that was creat‐ ed and exists and needs formation. Just as materials for a house or a ship are gathered together but till now they have not received either structure or decoration. And if somebody wants to investigate [it] in truth, so not only the earth after the creation got the formation and other decoration, but also the firmament, the light, the air and the darkness, the fire, the waters and even the angels. This is the heaven. Something was spread [on the heaven’s surface] as its (i. e. the heav‐ en’s) decoration like on the surface of the earth. This is the firmament. And after its appearance the firmament was nicely decorated with lights. And the light was divided and arranged among many and different lights. And the fire was shed into the lights and was gath‐ ered into all things. And the darkness was squeezed and bridled with a bridle of the light in order not to be scattered under all the heaven as before. The waters earlier covered all the earth. Then they were divided and gathered in seas, rivers [p. 4SYR/f. 5v] and springs. Power of natural flowing was added to them for the common use. Similarly ————————
(204) Add. L. (205) Lit. “as much as He allows to them.” (206) In the first chapter of the History, Bar Penkāyē says about another book he wrote Against Heresies in which he demonstrated benefit of the lights. It is probable that he means this book here too. See note 211.
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to this, the air was squeezed and gathered between the firmament and the earth into a wineskin not to be dispersed and perish. All the natures got these decorations and formations. They got them after their (i. e. natures’) appearance so that rational beings might learn that the One who decorated the natures and finally formed them is the Same who brought them into existence when they did not exist at all. Likewise, the incorporeal natures earlier, when they were created, remained in ignorance, and step by step they came closer to know‐ ledge. On the second day, the firmament was created of the waters. A part of the waters gathered on its surface and [another] part re‐ mained on the earth. If somebody asks: “What is the need the waters above the firmament are for?”, or “What use is in multitude, abun‐ dance and greatness of the seas?”, we have prepared an answer for him. From the waters, our friend, that are above the firmament, it (i. e. the firmament) is constantly getting magnitude and fatness not to become thinner and disappear during all this length of time be‐ cause of flame and heat of the lights. Also, abundance and greatness of the sea softens heat of the sun and lessens thickness of the air when it surges and storms. For severe winds are constantly blowing at the sea, ruffling its waves and raising them high into the air for a long way. If the divine command did not arrange it, nothing restrictive would exist, and all the earth would be covered with its waves. Dur‐ ing the flood, when it (i. e. the sea) was allowed [to do it], it easily did this. And when it was commanded, it returned again to its place, it was limited and closed in order not to exceed its bounds207 anymore as it is written “You set a boundary they cannot cross; never again will they cover the earth.”208 If someone doubts that little currents which flow from the seas are not able to soften heat of the sun, [p. 5SYR/f. 6r] he should know that as the sun can naturally heat so the waters can naturally cool. [He] should also know that the sun cannot be equal in greatness209 with any of the seas. It is [not] as big as any of the great seas. What can compare with greatness of unmeasured abysses, which cover all the earth as it remains in the middle like an island? The sea which is called Ocean surrounds all the earth. There is no earth outside it, but it (i. e. Ocean) is gathered and limited with‐ ————————
(207) Lit. “its place.” (208) Ps 104:9. (209) L “in his greatness.”
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in the firmament. Beside this one, there are other seas which separate out from it within the inhabited world and send waters of rivers and do a great deal of good for the people. After the waters had been gathered and enclosed in the abysses according to the divine command — and He did this so that the earth may become passable — He gave shape to it which it had not got during the creation. So in due time, He commanded it to bring forth grass, seeds and trees of many various species without number. He decorated it and formed. He had made it a table full of different deli‐ cacies before those who needed it came into existence. [He did so] to make it clear that thoughts as to do one way or another have not just come to Him, but He always had knowledge about it before anyone’s appearance. Those He had created earlier were useful for those He brought into existence later. That which is less important might ap‐ pear before that which excels it [in importance] and needs it. For thus the great intelligence of the Creator is greatly praised.210 [Just] like the firmament He formed earlier in order that it might be of use for the forthcoming world. After He had ended to form these [creations] of the third day, He created the lights, put in order their movements, paths and times on the fourth day. Though their benefit is evident for understanding people, we demonstrated fully for what they are in use [p. 6SYR/f. 6v] in that book which we had written before — “Against heresies.”211 Now, since we have another subject before us to elucidate in this book we do not have to use many words.212 But we will demonstrate only what corresponds to this subject. And we let know what God did for the human race and what they were doing during all the gen‐ erations. So, the lights were created on the fourth day as we said. As someone says, on the same [day], angels’ duties were divided. Since these [things] were being created here and there they were in need of ————————
(210) Cf. Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [112]:89–90. (211) There are works ascribed to Bar Penkāyē in the Catalogue of ʿAḇdīšōʾ of Nisibis (J. S. ASSEMANI, Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino‐Vaticana, Romae, 1719–1728, Vol. III:1 (1725), p. 190) and in the ‘Liber thesauri de arte poëtica Syrorum’ of Gabriel Cardahi (G. CARDAHI, Liber thesauri de arte poëti‐ ca Syrorum nec non de eorum poetarum vitis er carminibus, Roma, 1875, p. 35) which bear similar titles: luqbal deḥlāṯā ‘Against heresies’ and ar‐radd ʕalā al‐ mubtadaʕīn ‘Refutation of heresies’. (212) Lit. “to go out for long words.”
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guidance which was realized by the angels according to213 the divine will.214 Therefore, they were arranged and prepared, got up and wait‐ ed for who all this service would be in use. For, on the fifth day, He commanded the waters to bring forth reptiles of all kinds and birds of many species without number, and they did. When the angels saw this they thought if not because of them all this was created. But no one of them knew about those that had been before him and he did not deserve [all of this]. [And the angels thought] that they were in use for someone else too. Likewise, they thought [the same] again when on the sixth day He commanded the earth to have on it wild beasts and domestic animals. They understood that no one of those that had appeared hitherto fits and deserves this entire honor. When they heard the frightening voice: “Let us make man in our image, in our likeness,”215 then they understood that the heir had come. Some of them rejoiced at his coming, others were full of fire of envy against him. Oh Adam! How much you were honored, when the high, the deep and all in them served you. Even God, your Creator, was serv‐ ing you during six days of the work. He prepared for you a spacious house full of various goods.216 And you could not keep His word even a day! Woe to rebellious servants! Those for whom was not suf‐ ficient217 that great honor which they got from their Creator [p. 7SYR/f. 7r] who was great and excelled them in rank, but they also wished to occupy His place. For the Devil, the rebellious, to whom primacy over the air, together with all its ranks, was given, he was seized with deep jealousy against Adam, when he saw him and he said to himself: “If this is the heir to whom I also should serve I will kill him and disinherit him”. What was next? He began to devise an evil plot against the innocent. And came [to him] a desire with vain promises [to taste] the fruit and seized Adam. He forgot the honor [which had been given to him] and the One Who had given honor to him. Adam, should you repay the One Who gave you the honor in such a way? In what were you lesser than He, except the nature? [In]218 other respects He is not a master in His house, but He made ————————
(213) L “in order to become the divine will.” (214) Cf. Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [134]:437–438. (215) Gen 1:26. (216) Cf. Homélies de Narsaï, ed. GIGNOUX, p. [114]:103–104. (217) L “was not sufficient.” (218) Add. L.
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you a possessor of all His property. What was next? Here is a good Master. Go look at the paternal love and the unmeasured kindness. He saw that His order had been violated and His rebellious servants mocked at Him. He did not become angry and He was not furious, but He became very sad and ordered His servants to mourn heavily over departure of His friend. He mercifully ascended to comfort those who erred and, with a warning word, to make them return. Go look now at the judgment full of mercy with which He judged the bad ones. Earlier, He made the decision on him (i. e. Adam): “In the day, when you eat of the tree, you will surely die.”219 But when He saw weakness of one to whom He gave the command, He rejected [His own] sentence and did not come out against him immediately. But as if from afar He lets him hear the sound of treads as it is writ‐ ten: “He heard the sound of the LORD God as he was walking in the garden in the cool of the day.”220 He lets them221 hear the voice from afar in order not to disturb them with His unexpected appearance. He appeared to them in peaceful way as usual in order not to trouble them. When they heard the voice and recognized [it] they ran to hide themselves in refuge. Because they could not [p. 8SYR/f. 7v] hide amongst the trees so that they would become invisible. Firstly, they were ashamed of Him because of their palm branches, so to say, and secondly, because they had deceived Him. When The Gracious had seen this weak mind, He began to call [him] from afar as if He was crying and did not know where they were: “Where are you, Ad‐ am?”222 Since Adam could not acknowledge his foolishness and knew that he could not be hiding anymore, he devised to say an explana‐ tion: “I heard your voice and I saw that I was naked; so I hid.”223 “Oh, human! What do you have which I did not see and would not know very well? All your members were created and put together by My hands, were not they? Why are you ashamed to show them to me? It is likely that something else, something different happened to you. Something I did not put into you. And because of it you are ashamed to show them224 to Me. But if you are ashamed of me now at the ————————
(219) Cf. Gen 2:17. (220) Cf. Gen 3:8. (221) Bar Penkāyē obviously means Adam and Eve. (222) Gen 3:9. (223) Cf. Gen 3:10. (224) Lit. “it.”
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wrong time you would be ashamed of Me at the very moment when you violated My commandment and dared to taste the tree that I had warned you about and command you not to eat of it. What excuse can you give Me for yourself? May be because you were hungry? No, all the paradise trees that I had set to you for food were before you, but you still have not tasted them. What was the reason for your haste to steal and eat of that [tree]? Why was the fruit of the fig tree for you more desirable than [fruits] of the other trees? And now you have not even tasted those225 to despise them and to rush for this. It is likely that some desire not [belonging to your] nature brought [you] there and led to fallacious behavior like this. All that mind is seized with something that showed you that you are naked. And now you have eaten of the tree that I told you about and commanded you not to eat of it.” When Adam saw that the first reason he had held was disproved and he was obviously exposed he began to put blame on Eve [p. 9SYR/f. 8r] and to explain as if he accused Him too for giving him the woman who had committed this offence with him. Since she learned from Adam first to give excuses then she also began to accuse the serpent that had tempted her with vain promises to eat of the tree. But it is obvious that guile like this could not belong to the ser‐ pent. For from all the created corporeal natures only Adam was ra‐ tional. As then blessed Moses witnesses and says: “God created all the species and brought them to Adam to see what he would name them.”226 And he adds: “But for Adam no suitable helper was found.”227 He is a likeness. It is known that he (i. e. Moses) says not about likeness of structure. Here all of them got all the same members put together and differing in a form. But Adam differs from animals not only in this. There are also many species that differ from each [other] in a form. It is clear from this what he said about inheritance of intelligence and power of speech. There was no equal to Adam among these visible natures because only him God had given a ra‐ tional soul similar to that of spiritual [beings]. And only because of this He named him His likeness. What do I want to report? [I want to report] that this guile did not belong to the serpent, but to the Devil hiding in it. For he stirred it up against the woman and put in her ears all this great evil. Therefore, God did not deign him an examina‐ ————————
(225) L “them.” (226) Cf. Gen 2:19. (227) Gen 2:20.
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tion but from the very beginning He sentenced him. This is clear. For he inclined towards evil before that. Then He [sentenced] Eve. And finally [He sentenced] Adam. As He began an examination from Ad‐ am because He had commanded him not to eat of the tree so He began his judgment from this (i. e. from the Devil). Because [p. 10SYR/ f. 8v] at the beginning he drew [the evil?] with the yoke of the sin, settled it and fixed it on every side. [This is] a sentence corresponding to his offence. He who perhaps brighter than a lightning had flashed in the light on the heaven and had been a chief of all the air but be‐ cause of his evil he was thrown down upon the earth was destined to crawl as the serpent in dust. For the serpent had crawled on its belly before Adam ate of the tree. As [it crawls] now, it was created [in such a way] by nature. He made that (i.e. the Devil) similar in this [respect] to the serpent, as if he wanted to be a friend to that which was against Adam. Instead [to have] spiritual knowledge and divine appearances which are food for the angels, [his fellows],228 he rolls in the darkness without knowledge in the midst of the earth as the ser‐ pent in dirt of evil and own disgrace. The Devil was made a hated enemy for the human race from this moment till the end. Sign of his hostility is engraved on the serpent, a tool of his service. When we see every day a serpent we recall the hidden enemy who happened upon us. We beware of him and fear him as the serpent. This is the reason why the serpent and Satan were cursed. And the woman He condemned to sorrows of conceptions and la‐ bour pains. When she suffers from these sorrows of conceptions and labour pains she should remember her first offence. She should un‐ derstand from it how evil and bitter are different deeds which have origin in [this] sin. He tied her up with weakness and subjection to her husband. Because when she heard that vain promise: “You will be like God, knowing good and evil”229 she tried to surpass [Adam] and first ate of this tree in order to become the head and to rise above Adam. Then He sentences Adam, placing [p. 11SYR/f. 9r] on him as usual a great deal of mercy. What [is it], Adam? Because you have committed this, the earth is cursed because of you. Praise to the unspeakable mercy! He raised a rod [to drop it]230 on the sinner but He returned ————————
(228) Add. L. (229) Gen 3:5. (230) Add. L.
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His love, withdrew it (i.e. rod) and pointed it aside. What was next? “I pity you and do not want to put a curse on you. But because of you I curse the earth. As for you, I condemn you to arduous toil and tor‐ ments on it, so that you gather food to sustain your perishable life in sorrow and troubles, when you toil and suffer from constant labour on it every day; so that you may understand how bad it is to violate commandments; that you may not incline your ears to evil advices of the woman. All this you accept as a trial from this moment on and till when you will return to the earth, from where you were taken. Be‐ cause I created you of dust, and I will turn you into dust.” Then He said: “I will take him away of Eden,” explaining this as if He was afraid that “He would reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever.”231 In truth, He thus points out the flame of desire that dragged him [to this]. And together with it, He teaches people to come that there is another reason why people will become immortal. When He took the race of Adam out of the Garden He as a loving father began to take care of them and made tunics of leaves of one of the trees for them and clothed them. I suppose that no one doubts that Adam was created mortal by na‐ ture. As some suppose that God in a rage put death on him because he had despised His commandment. It is clear that this is a heresy. For the One who is above and below showed to him love of fathers to sons and did not curse His love in order to destroy that who had despised all. Rage was not put on all of this [p. 12SYR/f. 9v] in order to punish equally and without differences all people, righteous and evil, because of the offence of one human. Here, before that one who had sinned died, earlier the innocent Abel had died in whom there were neither sin nor offence. It is clear from this example that God wished to create people mortal from the very beginning of their existence. He created death in order that it might enter them because of the offence, [as I said].232 [He created death] in order that it might [indeed]233 strengthen in them awe of His laws and hate towards the sin. He also shows with it that as the sin and the death entered all the [human] nature because of the offence of one human who had listened to Sa‐ tan so righteousness and life will rule over the human nature because of obedience of one human. Here, the death and the sin entered us ————————
(231) Gen 3:22. (232) Add. L. (233) Add. L.
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because of Adam. And everyone understands that because of Christ they left our nature and they will entirely die out it.234 No one till this moment wanted to confess that this is a demonstration of the divine mercy and a sign of our depravity. What was next? The sin began to demonstrate its power. It passed from Adam to Cain, his son, as a bad inheritance. He began to gather [them] in handfuls235 and send to death’s mouth. The brave [man] killed [his] brother with a sword of envy. But even then God did not despise [him] but made Abel’s blood desirable in order that it may moan and its voice heard up in heaven. And also He fairly punished the murderer with roaming and wandering that He sent upon him so that he may be an example and a fearful sign for all following genera‐ tions, that they might not follow the same ways. The shout and call of Abel’s blood were sufficient to give hope and comfort for the incor‐ poreal natures. But division of [the race] of Adam made all of them sad. [p. 13SYR/f. 10r] Only for few hours Seth made them glad. Then God began to divide between offspring of Cain and offspring of Seth. He named children of Seth ‘Sons of God’ (bnay ʔalohīm) and children of Cain [he named] ‘people’. He set them a law that these shall not mingle with those, that is they shall not take wives from them and give [wives] to them. In order that righteous offspring might not mingle with sinners. The earth bore fruits with difficulty because of the curse [put] upon it, especial for offspring of Cain. The source of food for them as is shown by the Blessed Interpreter236 was a skimpy meal from the other fruit trees. For there were no crafts hitherto. Fi‐ nally, God gave [these] to Cain’s race through Jabal, Jubal, Tubalcain and Naamah, sons of Cain. God gave [crafts] to them before because of construction of the Ark. As it is written, Cain begot Enoch, Enoch begot Irad, Irad begot Mehujael, Mehujael begot Methusael, Methu‐ sael begot Lamech from whom were born Jabal, Jubal and Tubalcain, the first craftsmen. God as usual did not despise people mercifully in that moment, He pitied them and comforted with departure of righteous Enoch of Seth’s race. He moved him to paradise and made angels and people ————————
(234) Cf. Theodori Mopsuesteni commentarius in Evangelium Iohannis apostoli, ed. VOSTÉ, p. 78:21–24. (235) L “handful.” (236) Theodore of Mopsuestia.
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find hope and comfort in him. He made it in such a way that he may live a life of joy there. [p. 14SYR/f. 10v] The end of the first chapter.
SUMMARY The present article deals with the work The History of the Temporal World of an East‐Syriac monk John (Yōḥannān) bar Penkāyē (end of 7th centu‐ ry). The first chapter of the History narrates the beginning of the world and human history, generally following the book of Genesis, and de‐ scribes events of Gen 1–5:24. This chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s work is dis‐ cussed in connection with other East‐Syriac works concerning the exege‐ sis of the book of Genesis as well as the works that influenced East‐Syriac authors. The edition of the hitherto unedited chapter is based on six manuscripts and includes its English translation.
Yulia Furman Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State University for the Humanities [email protected]
ZEUS, ARTEMIS, APOLLO: JOHN BAR PENKĀYĒ ON ANCIENT MYTHS AND CULTS INTRODUCTION John bar Penkāyē completes the first part of his work The History of the Temporal World (tašʕītā ʕal ʕālmā d‐zabnā), or as he entitled it The Book of the Main Points (ktābā d‐rēš mellē),1 with the ninth chapter, in which he provides a summary of cults and beliefs that “had taken hold” of mankind before the coming of Jesus Christ. The peoples that stand at the centre of Bar Penkāyē’s work are the Jews, the Greeks, the Chaldeans, and the Magi (i. e., the Persians). John also provides short notes on some other nations without indicating their names. Presumably, he meant the Romans and the ancient Arabs. The question that naturally emerges is what sources Bar Penkāyē used while compiling the ninth chapter. Anton Baumstark attempted to give a brief answer to this question in his survey of Bar Penkāyē’s work.2 He suggested that John might have used early Christian apol‐ ogetic works containing mythological material and drew some paral‐ lels between John’s writing and the preserved works of Aristides, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Ambrose, and Pseudo‐Melito. Baumstark assumed that a lost apology of Quadratus could be a source for the ninth chapter as well. However, it is doubtful if Bar ————————
() I am grateful to Dr. Alexander Treiger (Dalhousie University) for reading an earlier draft of this publication and suggesting some improve‐ ments. (1) For more detailed information about John bar Penkāyē and his writ‐ ings with further references see Yu. FURMAN, “The origins of the temporal world: The first mēʾmrā of the Kṯāḇā d‐rēš mellē of John bar Penkāyē” in the present volume. (2) A. BAUMSTARK, “Eine syrische Weltgeschichte des siebten Jahrh.s.,” Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Alterthumskunde und für Kirchengeschichte (1901), S. 279. 47
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Penkāyē could read these original Greek writings. He does not exhib‐ it knowledge of Greek anywhere in The Book of the Main Points. More‐ over, at the beginning of the sixth chapter he provides a list of the “sacred books of the Old Testament” and concludes it with the fol‐ lowing remark: “I know these [books]. I read all of them in Syriac. Whether there are others or not I do not know.”3 This allows us to suggest that John could not read Greek and hence only used litera‐ ture available in Syriac as sources for the ninth chapter. Therefore, it is works composed before the seventh century and known to have been available in Syriac that need to be taken into consideration in this paper, as we attempt to identify parallels and sources of Bar Penkāyē’s ninth chapter.
PSEUDO‐NONNOS’ MYTHOLOGICAL SCHOLIA The most striking textual parallels to the ninth chapter can be found in the Mythological Scholia of Pseudo‐Nonnos. These scholia were composed in the sixth century with a view to explaining mythologi‐ cal allusions made by Gregory of Nazianzus in four of his homilies, namely: the Oratio in sancta Lumina (Or. 39), the Oratio funebris in laudem Basilii Magni (Or. 43) and the two Invectives adversus Iulianum (Or. 4 and 5). Gregory’s Homilies along with the Mythological Scholia were translated into Syriac probably in the sixth century. The first version survived only in part. The second recension of the Syriac ver‐ sion of the Homilies and the Scholia was prepared by the Monophysite bishop of Edessa, Paula, in 623/4. Paula’s recension survived for the most part and became the basis for Sebastian Brock’s edition of the Mythological Scholia.4 The “Greek‐related” paragraph of the ninth chapter follows in many of its details the myths found in the Scholia to the Oratio in sanc‐ ta Lumina. These are the myths of Kronos and Zeus’s birth, the birth of Dionysus and Aphrodite, Hekate‐Artemis, Apollo and his oracles. The slightly modified myths of Aphrodite and Dionysus’s birth are repeated in the Scholia to Invective I and the Scholia to Invective II re‐ spectively.
————————
(3) BL Or. 9385, f. 47r:9–11. (4) S. BROCK, The Syriac Version of the Pseudo‐Nonnos Mythological Scholia, Cambridge, 1971.
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It is noteworthy that only the Scholia to Invective I are preserved in the first Syriac recension.5 The fact that this version had earlier been used by Babai the Great and Sahdona means that the Syriac transla‐ tion of Gregory’s Homilies and Scholia would have existed and been in circulation among the Syrians by 600 CE.6 However, as indicated earlier, the part of the ninth chapter focused on the Greeks has the most parallels with the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina about which we have no evidence whether or not they were included in the first Syriac version. It could be suggested that Bar Penkāyē might have read the second recension of Paula,7 which was known in the East‐Syriac tradition as well.8 However, further analysis does not provide sufficient support for this assumption. In what follows, we shall outline the textual relationships between the aforementioned Scholia and the ninth chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s work.
Kronos and Zeus’s birth The Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina begin with a story about Kronos swallowing his children and about the birth of Zeus.
̈ ̈ ܐܠܗܝܬܐ ̇ܡܠܠܘܢ ܕܝܢ ̈ ܠܙܘܣ ̈ ܡܡܠܠܝ ̈ܚܠܡܐ ܕܚܢܦܐ܆ ܕܡܢ ܩܪܘܢܘܣ ܡܡܠܠܝ ̇ ܘܕܒܬܪ ܕܐܬܝܠܕ ܐܫܬܘܙܒ ܗܟܢܐ܀ ܩܪܘܢܘܣ ܠܡ ܟܕ ܥܡ.ܐܬܝܠܕ ܐܡܪܝܢ ̇ ̇ ܕܝܠܕܐ ܗܘܬ ܠܗ܆ ܟܕ ̈ ܘܟܕ.ܫܩܠ ̇ܒܠܥ ܗܘܐ ܠܒܢܝܐ ܗܠܝܢ ܪܐܐ ܥܡܪ ܗܘܐ܆ ̈ ܣܓܝܐܐ ܗܕܐ ܕܕܐܝܟ ܗܟܢܐ ܗܘܬ܆ ܕܐܠ ̈ ܒܢܝܐ ܡܩܘܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܪܐܐ܀ ܥܠ ̇ ܥܘܐܠ ܟܕ ̣ ܟܕ ܕܝܢ ܝܠܕܬ ܗܕܐ ܠܙܘܣ܆ ܥܠ ܕܕܚܐܠ ܗܘܬ ܕܕܠܡܐ ܐܦ ܗܢܐ ̇ ܪܟܬ ܒܥܙ̈ܪܘܪܐ܆ ܘܝܗ ̇ ܡܬܒܠܥ ܢܐܒܕ܆ ܟܐܦܐ ̇ܡܢ ܟ ̇ ܕܢܒܠܥܝܗ ܒܬ ܠܩܪܘܢܘܣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ܕܥܘܐܠ ܘܐܩܝܡܬ ܥܠܘܗܝ. ܠܙܘܣ ܕܝܢ ܚܡܠܬ ܒܩܪܝܛܐ.ܥܘܐܠ ̣ ̣ ܐܝܟ .ܠܩܘ̈ܪܘܒܢܛܘܣ ܘܠܩܘ̈ܪܝܛܘܣ܇ ܕܢܪܩܕܘܢ ܘܢܩܫܘܢ ܟܦܐ ܘܢܚܒܛܘܢ ܙܝܢܗܘܢ ————————
(5) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 7–8. (6) W. LÜDTKE. “Zur Überlieferung der Reden Gregors von Nazianz,” OC II, 3 (1913), p. 266. (7) The earliest dated manuscript of the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina was written in 734. As can be concluded from the list of manuscripts of the Syriac Scholia given by S. Brock, the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumi‐ na were the most widespread. They are preserved in seven manuscripts while the other three sets of Scholia are preserved only in a single manuscript (BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 10–12). (8) BROCK, The Syriac Version, p. 33.
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̇ ܕܡܨܐ ܕܢܓܢܘܒ ܘܢܛܫܐ ܠܩܐܠ ̇ ܘܢܗܘܐ ܩܐܠ ܡܕܡ ܕܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܒܟܝܗ ܕܛܠܝܐ܇ ܕܐܠ ܟܕ ̇ܝܠܦ ܩܪܘܢܘܣ ܕܐܝܟܐ ܡܛܫܝ܇ ܠܗܢܐ ܢܣܒ ܘܢܒܠܥܝܘܗܝ܀ Zeus, the pagan theologians — or rather dreamers — say, was born of Kronos; and after he was born he was rescued thus: Kronos, they say, while dwelling with Rhea, taking the children that she bore to him, used to swallow them. And this occurring many times thus, Rhea remained without children. Now when she bore Zeus, in fear lest this child too would, being swallowed up, perish, she wrapped a stone in saddling clothes and gave (it) to Kronos to swallow, as if (it were) a child, while Zeus she hid in Crete. And set over the child the Korybantes and Kouretes, so that they should dance and clap hands and beat their weapon(s); and (thus) there would be a noise which could cover up and hide the sound of the child’s crying, so that Kronos, learning where he was hidden, should not take him and swallow him up.9
Here is the version of the myth told by Bar Penkāyē: The first [one] we will introduce is the god of the Cretans whom they call Kronos. Due to his envy or gluttony or for some other reason, which I do not know, he swallowed his children one by one. People say he had a wife called Demeter (it was one of her names by which she was called, for it was their will to create gods and to name them). Demeter knew that this Kronos had eaten his own children. Therefore, after she had given birth to Zeus, their god, it is said that she entrusted him to some people who were able to hide him. They made noise by jerking, singing and clang‐ ing their swords so that the cry of the child could not be heard. So, they brought him and hid on a mountain which was abundant with trees. His mother wrapped a stone in swaddles and laid it in‐ stead of [Zeus] so that when Kronos would come, he would swal‐ low the stone instead of the child without hesitation. This was the reason for the erring to mislead and to be misled exactly as their gods [did].10
Bar Penkāyē follows the same plot as the author of the Scholia had before him. However, some significant differences should be pointed out. According to Bar Penkāyē, the wife of Kronos was Demeter who rescued Zeus and whom Zeus was to abuse in the future. Rhea is not ————————
(9) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 175–176 (Syriac text); 61 (English trans‐ lation); I cite Brock’s English translation of the Scholia. (10) BL Or. 9385, f. 83v:23–f. 84r:12.
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mentioned in the ninth chapter at all. Bar Penkāyē also added the detail that Zeus was hidden “on a mountain which was abundant with trees,” whereas the author of the Scholia had mentioned Crete. On the other hand, John did not call Korybantes and Kouretes by name. However, this cannot serve as an indication that John was not acquainted with the Scholia, for he could simply omit this detail.
Dionysus’s birth
̇ ܘܗܘܐ ܪܚܡ ܙܘܣ ܣܐܡܐܐܠ܆ ܒܪܬܗ ܕܩܐܕܡܘܣ ̣ ܠܗܕܐ.ܐܝܬܝܗ ܗܘܬ ̣ ̇ ܐܣܬܟܡܬ ܒܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܕܡܪܒܝܢܝܬܐ ܗܐܪܐ ܕܝܢ ܟܕ ܒܛܢܢܐ ܐܬܬ܆.ܥܡܗ ̣ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܕܬܫܐܠܝܢ ܡܢ ܕܙܕܩ ܠܟܝ.ܘܡܠܟܬܗ ܠܣܐܡܐܐܠ ܕܝܕܥܐ ܗܘܬ ܠܣܐܡܐܐܠ܆ ̣ ̣ ̇ .ܕܗܘܐ ܥܡ ܗܐܪܐ ̇ ܗܘܐ ܗܘܐ ܗܟܝܠ ܙܘܣ ܙܘܣ ܕܢܗܘܐ ܥܡܟܝ ܐܝܟܢܐ ̇ ̈ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܝܢ ܡܠܟܐ ܗܘܬ ܗܐܪܐ.ܥܡ ܗܐܪܐ܆ ܥܡ ̈ܪܥܡܐ ܘܦܩܥܐ ̇ ̇ ̈ ܕܐܬܐ ܗܘܐ ܙܘܣ ܥܡ ܠܘܬܗ܆ ܬܐܩܕ ܦܩܥܐ ܠܣܐܡܐܐܠ܆ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܡܐ ̇ ̇ .ܐܝܟ ܡܝܘܬܬܐ܆ ܘܐܠ ܡܟܝܠ ̣ܗܘܬ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܥܪܬܐ܆ ܗܝ ܟܝܬ ܕܐܦ ̣ܗܘܬ ܫܐܠܬ ܡܢܗ ܣܐܡܐܐܠ ܟܕ ܓܝܪ ܙܘܣ ̣ ܐܬܐ ܬܘܒ ܠܘܬ ܣܐܡܐܐܠ܆ ̣ ̇ܥܡܗ܆ ܝܩܕܬ ̇ ̇ ܗܘܐ ̣ ̣ ܘܟܕ.ܕܗܘܐ ܥܡ ܗܐܪܐ ̣ ܕܗܟܢܐ ܢܗܘܐ ܥܡܗ܆ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܘܗܝܕܝܢ ܟܕ ܢܣܒܗ ܙܘܣ ܠܕܝܢܘܣܘܣ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ.ܘܐܒܕܬ ܣܐܡܐܐܠ ܒܦܩܥܐ܆ ̣ ̇ ܐܬܐ ܐܪܡܝܣ ܥܘܐܠ ̣ ܘܠܚܪܬܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܫܒܥܐ ܟܕ.ܚܛܗ ܒܥܛܡܗ ̣ ̣ ܗܘܐ ̇ .ܠܥܛܡܗ ܘܝܠܕܗ ܦܬܚܗ ̣ Semele was the daughter of Kadmos; Zeus was enamoured of her and slept (lit. was) with her, but Hera, having come in jeal‐ ousy, put on the guise of the nurse who was familiar with Semele, and counseled Semele: ‘You should ask Zeus to sleep with you as he sleeps with Hera.’ Now Zeus used to sleep with Hera accom‐ panied by thunders and thunderbolts. And Hera was counseling Semele these things so that when Zeus came to her with thunder‐ bolts she would be burnt up, as a mortal, and (so) she (herself) would no longer have a rival — which is what actually happened. For when Zeus came again to Semele, Semele asked him to sleep with her as he slept with Hera. And having slept with her she was burnt up by the thunderbolt. And Semele perished. And then Zeus, having taken Dionysus, who was an (unborn) child, sewed him up in thigh. And afterwards in the seventh month Hermes, having arrived, opened up his thigh, and (Zeus) gave birth to him.11 ————————
(11) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 290–291 (Syriac text), 142 (English translation).
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Bar Penkāyē relates this story as follows: Let us tell another impious [story] which is about Dionysus, the god of the Greeks. He was born from Zeus in adultery as well. People say that once Zeus met a woman and fell in love with her. Then he slept with her and she conceived. When the wife of Zeus found it out, she became jealous. Since she wanted her to punish herself, she came [to her place] and told her: “When Zeus comes to you, tell him: ‘If you love me, come to me in the same disguise you come to your wife, Hera’.” He was used to come to her as a light‐ ning. Therefore, she was led astray like a child and told Zeus to do this. And when he came to her the way she had asked — as a lightning — she was wounded and died. However, the child she bore did not die. As the time for [the child] had not yet come, Zeus took him, tore his own hip, and put him inside till the appointed time came and he was born.12
Since a myth of Dionysus’s birth from the Scholia to Invective II seems to have more common features with that of the ninth chapter it was given as a parallel here. When compared to that of the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina, the version found in the Scholia to Invective II is shorter and omits some details as well as the expanded dialog of Hera and Semele. Here, Hera refers to herself in the third person as‐ suming the guise of a nurse and gives advice to Semele. A similar story could be the basis of John’s narration. However, it should be noted that in his narration Bar Penkāyē tends to omit some details. He does not call Zeus’ mistress by name and does not list all the names of Demeter in the myth of Zeus’s birth, though he states that she had more than one name. At the end of the ‘Greek‐related’ para‐ graph, he hints at multiple Greek myths with which he is acquainted, though he refrains from reproducing them in the ninth chapter. Therefore, he probably shortened the myth from the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina.
Aphrodite’s birth
̇ ܐܫܕܐ ܕܫܡܝܐ ܗܘܬ ̈ .ܠܗ ܝܠܝܕܘܬܐ ܐܠܦܪܘܕܝܛܐ ܡܬܐܡܪܐ ܓܝܪ ܕܡܢ ̈ ܘܦܣܩ ܐܫܕܐ ܕܐܒܘܗܝ܆ ̣ ܫܩܠ ܠܗ ܡܓܐܠ ̣ ܩܪܘܢܘܣ ܠܡ ܓܝܪ ܒܪܗ ܕܫܡܝܐ܆ ̈ ܘܟܕ ܗܠܝܢ.ܘܫܕܐ ܐܢܝܢ ܒܝܡܐ ܢܦܠ ܘܟ ̣ܢܫ ܪܘܥܬܐ܆ ̣ܝܠܕ ܐܠܦܪܘܕܝܛܐ ̣ ܐܫܕܐ ̣ ̈ ̇ >…< ܗܟܢܐ ܓܝܪ ܘܐܝܩ̈ܪܐ ܘܥܐܕܐ ܕܠܘܬܗ܇ ܒܝܕ ̇ܥ ̈ܒܕܐ ܫܟܝ̈ܪܐ ————————
(12) BL Or. 9385, f. 84v:18–f. 85r:7.
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̇ ܘܗܢܝܐܘܬ ̈ܚܫܐ ܘܙܢܝܘܬܐ ̇ ܡܫܬܡܠܝܢ܆ ܐܝܟ ̇ܡܢ ܕܩܝܘܡܬܐ ܕܙܢܝܘܬܐ ̇ ܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܦܪܘܕܝܛܐ܀ For it is said that Aphrodite had her birth from the testicles of Heaven. For Kronos, he says, the son of Heaven, took a sickle and cut off his father’s testicles and threw them into the sea. And when the testicles fell and gathered foam they gave birth to Aphrodite For thus both the honours and festivals connected with her are performed with shameful deeds and sensuousness and harlot‐ ry, Aphrodite being the establisher of harlotry.13
Bar Penkāyē retells this story as follows: Let us tell [a story] about Aphrodite, the goddess of the heathen. People say that she was born in the following way. They say that when Earth became angry with her husband Heaven for binding her children, she brought Kronos, her son, gave him a sickle and told him: “When your father is going to descend from heaven to sleep with me, cut his testicles.” He cut [the testicles] off as she had ordered him and threw them into the sea. Foam appeared [on the surface of the sea] and Aphrodite was born from it. Due to her debauchery she is quite honoured by the heathen. The blessed Paul teaches what they perform during their feasts: “For it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done by them in se‐ cret.”14
Unlike the Scholia, Bar Penkāyē points out the reason for Uranus’ castration. Apart from this, the ninth chapter follows the Scholia very closely. It is worth noting that both stories end with the same con‐ cluding remark on the obscene nature of the feast celebrated by the heathen in honour of Aphrodite.
Hekate‐Artemis One of the most interesting parallels between the Scholia and the ninth chapter is the story concerning Hekate.
̈ ܣܒܪܝܢ ̇ ̇ ܘܡܢܗܘܢ.ܕܐܝܬܝܗ ̇ ܠܗܩܛܐ ܐܠܗܬܐ ܐܡܪܝܢ ܕܐܪܛܡܝܣ ܚܢܦܐ ̇ ܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܕܝܢ ܐܠܗܬܐ ܡܕܡ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ܇. ܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܕܝܢ ܣܗܪܐ.ܐܝܬܝܗ ̈ ̇ ̇ ܝܬܝܪܐܝܬ ܕܝܢ.ܕܒܛܠܢܝܬܐ ܡܕܡ ܫܟܝ̈ܪܬܐ܇ ܡܬܚܙܝܐ ܐܠܝܠܝܢ ܕܩܪܝܢ ܠܗ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܐܡܪܝܢ ܡܬܚܙܝܐ܇ ܠܗܠܝܢ ܠܢܝܬܗ ܕܝܢ ̈ܒܢܝܢܫܐ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ܇ ܕܐܝܬ ̈ܛ.ܕܠܝܛܝܢ ————————
(13) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 181 (Syriac text), 64 (English transla‐ tion). (14) BL Or. 9385, f. 85r:7–17.
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̈ ܠܗܘܢ ̈ܪܝܫܐ ̇ ܕܬܢܝܢܐ܇ ܕ ̇ܣܓܝ ܐܪܝܟܝܢ ̇ ܕܡܢܗ ܕܚܙܬܐ ܘܣܓܝ ܪܘܪܒܝܢ܇ ܐܝܟܢܐ ̇ ܬܬܡܗ ܘܬܕܚܠ ܠܗܠܝܢ .ܕܚܙܝܢ The pagans consider Hekate to be a goddess, and some of them say she is Artemis, but others the moon, and others a certain spe‐ cific goddess, who, by means of certain foul shades, appears to those who summon her. But especially they say that she appears to those who are accursed. Her shades appear (as) men, having dragons’ heads which are very long and very large, so that at the sight of her she amazes and terrifies those who see (her).15
Bar Penkāyē represents this story as a story about the Greek goddess Artemis: Now, let us tell [a story] about Artemis, the goddess of the Ephe‐ sians. People say that she sends visions and fearful demons to ma‐ gicians. Therefore, she is honoured as the one who is able to reveal the hidden.16
Bar Penkāyē’s endowing Artemis with these merits seems to be quite uncommon since in the observed Syriac works she is usually repre‐ sented as a huntress, virgin, or at least as the one who was seen by Actaeon.17 The text of the Scholia is of great interest, for it connects the names of Hekate and Artemis together and makes clear whom Bar Penkāyē treats in this passage. As far as we know, there are no other sources in Syriac literature that would mention Hekate and Artemis in the same context. Since this connection does not seem to be trivial, it gives us an additional reason to suppose that Bar Penkāyē was to some degree familiar with the text of the Scholia.
Apollo and his oracles
ܕܠܦܘܣ ܗܝܟܐܠ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܕܐܦܘܠܘܢ܆ ܕܒܗ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܦܘܬܝܐ ܒܗܕܐ ̣ ̇ ̇ ܕܒܗ ܩܐܡ ܗܘܐ ܗܘ ܛܪܝܦܘܕܐ ܕܢܚܫܐ܆ ܕܡܢܗ ܕܛܪܝܦܘܕܐ ܕܢܚܫܐ܆ ̇ ܩܨܘܡܘܬܐ ̇ ܘܠܥܠ ܡܢܗ ܕܛܪܝܦܘܕܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܦܝܠܝܢ܆ ܕܒܗ.ܢܦܩܐ ܗܘܬ ̇ ̇ ܩܘܦܣܐ < ܛܪܝܦܘܕܐ ܕܝܢ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ...> ܩܨܘܡܝܐ ܐܦ ܡܫܬܕܝܢ ܗܘܘ ̈ ܡܛܠ ܕܩܨܘܡܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܬܠܬܐ.ܡܛܠ ܗܕܐ ܩܨܘܡܘܬܐ.ܙܒܢܐ ̇ܩܨܡܐ ————————
(15) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 184 (Syriac text), 66 (English transla‐ tion). (16) BL Or. 9385, f. 85r:17–19. (17) Cf. BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 195–196, 214, 301 (Syriac text); The Apology of Aristides on Behalf of the Christians, ed. J. R. HARRIS, Cambridge, 21893, ܝܘ.
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̇ ܓܝܪ ܡܫܬܘܕܝܐ ܠܡܐܡܪ܆ ܘܥܠ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܥܒܝ̈ܪܢ ܘܥܠ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܩܝ ̈ܡܢ ܘܥܠ ̈ ܕܥܬܝܕܢ܀ ܐܝܠܝܢ In this Delphi there was a temple of Apollo, in which was the Pythia, in which stood the tripod of bronze; from which tripod of bronze an oracle used to proceed. And above the tripod was a bowl in which oracular pebbles18 were cast Now the tripod was (there) for this reason: because the oracle pronounced con‐ cerning three (different) times; for the oracle promises to say both concerning things past, and concerning those present, and con‐ cerning those to come.19
And here is the story about Apollo as found in the ninth chapter: Also, other people tell us about Apollo that he found a place in this country where a spirit of divination was ascending from. He sat and divined over it. He divined on the past, the present, and the future with a tripod where he laid his pipes. Therefore, Apollo is honoured as a master of the hidden. He is honoured among the Greeks though he is not able to perform any of these.20
According to Bar Penkāyē and the Scholia, Apollo used to divine the past, the present, and the future. This feature is found in both texts. However, the texts differ in details: according to the Scholia, Apollo divined using the tripod and pebbles (or vessels? see note 21), while according to Bar Penkāyē’s ninth chapter, he performed this with the use of pipes. Finally, several parallels should be pointed out between the ‘Egyp‐ tian’ section of the ninth chapter and the Scholia. These are the myth of Osiris and Typhon and a short note on the worship of reptiles and creeping things21 in the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina. It seems that only the first part of the myth of Osiris and Typhon is represented in the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina which men‐ tions the struggle between the two. Neither the Scholia to the Oratio in ————————
(18) It seems that translation was made in accordance with the Greek text where we have χαλκῆ (BROCK, The Syriac Version, p. 168), while the Syri‐ ac word pīlā has the meaning ‘law bowl, saucer’ and designates some kind of temple vessel (M. SOKOLOFF, A Syriac Lexicon, Winona Lake, Ind., Piscataway, NJ, 2012, p. 1186). (19) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 186 (Syriac text), 66–67 (English translation). (20) BL Or. 9385, f. 85r:19–f. 85v:1. (21) BROCK, The Syriac Version, p. 191 (Syriac text).
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sancta Lumina nor the other Scholia contain the remaining part of the story that deals with Isis and the restoration of Osiris’s body. Howev‐ er, this first part is quite similar to the description given in the ninth chapter:
̇ ܘܡܢܗܘܢ.ܐܘܣܝܪܝܣ ܐܣܬܒܪ ܠܘܬ ܡܨ̈ܪܝܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܗܘ ܐܡܪܝܢ ܕܗܘ ܟܕ ܠܗܢܐ ܗܟܝܠ ܐܘܣܝܪܝܣ܇. ܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܕܝܢ ܐܚܪܢܐ.ܗܘ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܕܝܘܢܘܣܘܣ ̇ ܐܝܟܢܐ.ܐܡܪܝܢ ܕܡܢ ܛܘܦܘܢ ܐܬܢܬܫ܇ ܘܐܒܐܠ ܪܒܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܘܬ ܡܨ̈ܪܝܐ ̈ ̇ ܘܐܡܪܝܢ ܕܐܝܟܢܐ .ܕܢܘܬܫܘܗܝ ܕܐܘܣܝܪܝܣ ܕܒܟܠ ܙܒܢܐ܇ ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܢܥܒܕܘܢ ̈ ܕܕܝܘܢܘܣܘܣ ܡܢ .ܛܝܛܐܢܣ ܐܬܢܬܫ܇ ܗܟܢܐ ܐܦ ܐܘܣܪܝܣ ܡܢ ܛܘܦܘܢ .ܫܐܕܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܝܢ ܗܢܐ ܛܘܦܘܢ Osiris was considered among the Egyptians (to be) a god, and some of them say that he is the same as Dionysus, but others some other (god). This Osiris, therefore, they say was torn by Typhon, and there was great mourning among the Egyptians, so that all the time they make memorial of the tearing of Osiris. And they say that, as Dionysus was torn by the Titans, so too was Osiris by Ty‐ phon; now this Typhon was a demon.22
When comparing the material of the Scholia and that of the ninth chapter, it seems probable that Bar Penkāyē used a revision of the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina which was no longer preserved. Several facts support this assumption. First, most of the myths con‐ tained in the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina are represented in the ninth chapter. Second, the sequence of the stories in the Scholia23 is nearly the same as that in Bar Penkāyē’s work. Third, textual parallels with the Scholia help elucidate some obscure passages in the ninth chapter. However, it should be noted that several peculiar details present in John’s narration are absent from the Scholia. On the other hand, Bar Penkāyē tends to omit such important details as names of characters or locales present in the Scholia. Taking these arguments into consideration, it can be assumed that John was acquainted with another variant of the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina which he used as the basis for the ‘Greek’ section of his ninth chapter.
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(22) BROCK, The Syriac Version, pp. 189 (Syriac text), 68 (English transla‐ tion). (23) The content and order of the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina are found in BROCK, The Syriac Version, p. 17.
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CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA AND THE EXHORTATION TO THE GREEKS One of the most striking parallels to the ninth chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s work is found in the apologetic work of the early Christian author Clement of Alexandria, the Exhortation to the Greeks, which was written at the end of the second century CE. Clement rebukes the Greeks and mocks them for their absurd tradition of mystery cults and worship of false gods. He reveals a deep knowledge of Greek mythology, and his descriptions of it somehow found a way into Bar Penkāyē’s work. As far as we can judge, there are no known Syriac translations of Clement’s writings. If the supposed textual relation‐ ships can be proven it would gives us reason to assume that there once existed a translation of Clement’s work into Syriac which is ei‐ ther no longer preserved or has not yet been discovered. Below we shall cite several passages from Clement’s work that the ninth chapter reproduced very closely to the source.
Zeus and Demeter Δηοῦς δὲ μυστήρια αἱ Διὸς πρὸς μητέρα Δήμητρα ἀφροδίσιοι συμπλοκαὶ καὶ μῆνις τῆς Δηοῦς, ἧς δὴ χάριν Βριμὼ προσ‐ αγορευθῆναι λέγεται ταὐτὰ οἱ Φρύγες τελίσκουσιν Ἄττιδι καὶ Κυβέλῃ καὶ Κορύβασιν· τεθρυλήκασιν δὲ ὡς ἄρα ἀποσπάσας ὁ Ζεὺς τοῦ κριοῦ τοὺς διδύμους φέρων ἐν μέσοις ἔρριψε τοῖς κόλποις τῆς Δηοῦς, τιμωρίαν ψευδῆ τῆς βιαίας συμπλοκῆς ἐκτιννύων, ὡς ἑαυτὸν δῆθεν ἐκτεμών. The mysteries of Demeter commemorate the amorous embrac‐ es of Zeus with his mother Demeter and wrath of Demeter on ac‐ count which she is said to have received the name Brimo The same rites are performed in honour of Attis and Cybele and the Corybantes by the Phrygians, who have spread it abroad how that Zeus tore off the testicles of a ram, and then brought and flung them into the midst of Demeter’s lap, thus paying a sham penalty for his violent embrace by pretending that he had mutilated him‐ self.24
Bar Penkāyē’s account of a similar variant of the myth is as follows: ————————
(24) Clement of Alexandria, The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man’s Salvation. To the Newly Baptized (fragment), ed. G. W. BUTTERWORTH, London, New York, 1919, pp. 34 (Greek text), 35 (English translation); I cite G. W. But‐ terworth’s English translation.
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Nevertheless, let us see what people say about Zeus after this and let us investigate what good deeds he committed to pay his moth‐ er back. People say that after he had grown and matured (oh, if only he had not been born — since if he had not been born he would not have existed at all!) — he came lasciviously with unsat‐ isfied desire [to his mother], violated her, and slept with her. She bore a girl from him whose name was Persephone. The mother of Zeus became furious for he had dishonored her. Therefore, when he decided to please her, he found a ram and cut off its testicles, brought them and threw them on her lap as if he took vengeance on himself. This was done to show her that she might not fear him in the future.25
The texts have two significant details in common. This proves a con‐ nection between them. The first such detail is a story of how Zeus managed to appease Demeter’s wrath by his manipulations with a ram’s testicles. I was able to find this detail only in the work of Clem‐ ent, while there is no hint of it in the Syriac texts taken into considera‐ tion. The second detail is that Clement unambiguously designates Demeter as the mother of Zeus. Exactly the same role is ascribed to Demeter throughout the ninth chapter. This seems to be important since other available writings claim that Rhea was the mother of Zeus. One further detail which points to a probable connection between the two texts appears in the continuation of the story. After Perseph‐ one grew up, Zeus abused her as well assuming the guise of a ser‐ pent. κυεῖ μὲν ἡ Δημήτηρ, ἀνατρέφεται δὲ ἡ Κόρη, μίγνυται δ᾽ αὖθις ὁ γεννήσας οὑτοσὶ Ζεὺς τῇ Φερεφάττῃ, τῇ ἰδίᾳ θυγατρί, μετὰ τὴν μητέρα τὴν Δηώ, εκλαθόμενος τοῦ προτέρου μύσους (πα‐ τὴρ καὶ φθορεὺς κόρης ὁ Ζεύς) καὶ μίγνυται δράκων γενόμενος, ὃς ἦν, ἐλεγχθείς. Demeter becomes pregnant; the Maiden grows up; and this Zeus who begat her has further intercourse, this time with Per‐ sephone herself, his own daughter, after his union with her moth‐ er Demeter. Totally forgetful of his former pollution Zeus becomes
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(25) BL Or. 9385, f. 84r:13–21.
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the ravisher as well as father of the maiden, meeting her under the form of a serpent, his true nature being revealed.26
The same feature can be found in the ninth chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s work: However, Demeter did not stop fearing the lasciviousness of Zeus. She took care lest he might assault the girl and abuse her. Despite the fact she had hidden her most safely, he turned into a dragon ()ܬ ܼ ܵ ܐ and abused her as well.27
Though it is known from ancient literature that Zeus used to assume various guises to get hold of his victims,28 it is nowhere else men‐ tioned that he became a serpent (or dragon) in the story with Per‐ sephone. This could also be a witness to the possible connection be‐ tween the two texts.
Demeter and Persephone The myth of Demeter and Persephone retold by bar Penkāyē reveals some other features also found in Clement’s writing. For example, Clement relates how Persephone was abducted by Pluto and how Demeter started searching her daughter. ἀλωμένη γὰρ ἡ Δηὼ κατὰ ζήτησιν τῆς θυγατρὸς τῆς Κόρης περὶ τὴν Ἐλευσῖνα (τῆς Ἀττικῆς δέ ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον) ἀποκάμνει καὶ φρέατι ἐπικαθίζει λυπουμένη. It tells how Demeter, wandering through Eleusis, which is a part of Attica, in search of her daughter the Maiden, becomes ex‐ hausted and sits down at a well in deep distress.29
This part of the myth is almost literally retold in the ninth chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s work. Demeter did not stop searching for her daughter who was stolen by Pluto. After wandering and roaming along the roads, she came up and sat wearily by a well of water.30 ————————
(26) Clement of Alexandria, The Exhortation, ed. BUTTERWORTH, pp. 34 (Greek text), 35 (English translation). (27) BL Or. 9385, f. 84r:23–f. 84v:2. (28) Cf. BROCK, The Syriac Version, p. 274 (Syriac text). (29) Clement of Alexandria, The Exhortation, ed. BUTTERWORTH, pp. 40, 41 (English translation). (30) BL Or. 9385, f. 84r:9–12.
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Moreover, Bar Penkāyē mentions a certain swineherd who helped Demeter to find Persephone and whom Demeter granted a gift of seeds of wheat. It is noteworthy that Clement lists inhabitants of Eleusis among whom he names Eubouleus, a swineherd. This detail is also a feature exclusively common to both the ninth chapter and Clement’s Exhortation to the Greeks. Taking into consideration the parallels discussed above, we may assume that some parts of Clement’s writing were circulating in Syri‐ ac literature. However, we are unable to state whether this was an integral translation of his work or Syriac readers were familiar with them indirectly in a paraphrase or epitome of some sort. Bar Penkāyē himself could have incorporated these myths in the plot of his chap‐ ter. However, it is more probable that John used some one concrete source for the ‘Greek’ section of his book. He could have used а revi‐ sion of the Mythological Scholia unknown to us where parts of Clem‐ ent’s Exhortation were interspersed. This, however, must remain a conjecture, since none of possible ‘mediators’ between Clement and Bar Penkāyē is known to us.
THE APOLOGY OF ARISTIDES The Apology of Aristides is an early Christian apologetic work written originally in Greek in the mid‐2nd century CE. It is preserved mainly in Armenian and Syriac versions. The original Greek text of the Apol‐ ogy is not extant independently. However, it is embedded in the Greek version of the romance Barlaam and Josaphat, where it is trans‐ mitted with some modifications. The Syriac version of the Apology was discovered in a manuscript of the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai in the late 19th cen‐ tury and edited by J. Rendel Harris. The manuscript itself dates to the 7th century and contains a number of separate treatises of ethical character. It could be suggested that Bar Penkāyē knew the Apology (or at least some text related to it) and elaborated on its material while compiling the ninth chapter of The Book of the Main Points. Similarity between the Apology and the ninth chapter could be observed on three different textual levels: structure, rhetorical devices, and con‐ tent. From the point of view of structure, the Apology has a very simple, fivefold division. First, the author proves that the four elements of the
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Barbarians (earth, water, fire, and wind) cannot possibly be gods. Then he recalls Greek mythology beginning with Kronos and ending with Persephone. Egyptian myths and beliefs follow. The Jews are said to be much nearer the true knowledge of God. However, they are reported to be worshippers of angels. Finally, the author de‐ scribes the Christians as those who alone worship the true God. Bar Penkāyē’s ninth chapter seems to follow a similar pattern. While describing the condition of mankind deluded with various kinds of false gods, Bar Penkāyē begins with the Jews. Their impiety is argued from numerous citations from the Old Testament. Then John moves on to tell some of the stories of the heathen. First come Greek myths which begin with Kronos and end with a woman sooth‐ sayer in the sanctuary of Apollo. Next comes a paragraph on Egyp‐ tian beliefs where the myth of Isis, Osiris and Typhon along with some stories illustrating the Egyptian tendency to worship almost all created matter are told. Thereafter beliefs of the Chaldeans and the Magi (i. e., the Persians) are described. Some short notices on other, unspecified nations are also provided. Finally, Bar Penkāyē returns to the Jews and discusses their attitudes to Jesus Christ by citing the New Testament. Although the ninth chapter does not reproduce the structure of the Apology in detail, some common features can be outlined. First, in both sources there is a division of mankind into religious groups, which are then described one after another. The repertoire of these groups is, however, subject to change depending on the purpose and the cultural background of the author. Even the fivefold division of the Apology was changed when the work was incorporated in the Barlaam and Josaphat romance where only three groups of mankind are represented: the worshippers of false gods (Chaldeans, Greeks, and Egyptians), the Jews, and the Christians.31 Possibly Bar Penkāyē imitated this structure in order to create an impression of some kind of apologetic work; yet he redesigned it according to his own purpos‐ es and ideas. Second, the inner structure of the separate paragraphs of the ninth chapter resembles that of the Apology. Aristides’ refuta‐ tion of the Greek myths begins with Kronos and lists the Greek gods and goddesses by seniority. Bar Penkāyē does exactly the same. His re‐telling of Greek mythology also opens with a story about Kronos and discusses the gods in the order of their appearance. However, the ————————
(31) The Apology of Aristides, ed. HARRIS, p. 70.
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exact list of gods and the myths that are being recounted differ. The structural arrangement of the Egyptian part in Bar Penkāyē’s work is also the same as in the Apology. First comes the myth of Isis, Osiris, and Typhon, followed by a list of objects worshipped by the Egyp‐ tians. The textual relations between this part of the Apology and the ninth chapter will be discussed below. Another similarity with the Apology can be found in the argumen‐ tation deployed by Bar Penkāyē in his ninth chapter. While accepting the possibility that common people could err, he regrets that even the wise men among the heathen were unable to distinguish between the true God and false gods and were overcome by delusion. John won‐ ders about “how it happen[ed] that even those who were the most intelligent and the most brilliant among the heathen taught them nothing but to thoughtlessly sacrifice fetid offerings to dumb idols with a great zeal and to wrongfully and facilely call the created things using the merciful, fearful, and venerated name of the only one God?”32 We find this idea also in Aristides’ Apology:
̇ ̇ ̈ ܕܐܝܟܢܐ ܐܦ ̇ܗܢܘܢ.ܦܠܣܘܦܝܗܘܢ ܕܡܪ ܐܘ ̇ܡܠܟܐ ܥܠ ̣ ܘܐܬܝܐ ܠܝ ܕܐܬ ̈ ̇ ̈ ̈ ̈ ܘܐܠ.ܕܐܣܛܘܟܣܐ ܕܐܬܥܒܕ ܐܠܝܩܪܐ ܠܕܡܘܬܐ ܛܥܘ܇ ̣ ܘܫܡܗܘ ܐܠܗܐ ̣ ̈ ̈ ̈ ܐܣܬܟܠܘ ܚܟܝܡܐ ܕܐܦ ܗܢܘܢ ܐܣܛܘܟܣܐ ܡܬܚܒܠܢܐ ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ̈ ܦܠܣܘܦܝܗܘܢ ܥܠ ܕܐܥܠܘ < ܪܒܝ ܗܝ ܗܟܝܠ ܛܥܝܘܬܐ...> ܘܡܫܬ̈ܪܝܢܐ ̣ ̈ ܡܫܬܡܥܢܝܗܘܢ܀ And it comes to me to wonder also, O king, at their philoso‐ phers, how they too have erred and have named gods those like‐ nesses which have been made in honour of the elements; and the wise men have not understood that these very elements are cor‐
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(32) A similar passage could also be found in Eusebius’s On Theophany:
ܘ ܐ ܐ
̇ ܐ. ܒ ܪ ܬܐ ܘܕ ܬܐ ܕ ܘܬܐ ܘܕ ܗܘܢ ܕ ܘܗ ܢ ܕܒ ܪܘܬܐ ܕ ̇ ܕ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܕ ܒܢ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܢ ܘܒ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܗ ܢ. ̣ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ “Nor did their wise men, who are boasted of for their excessive
wisdom, and the invention of geometry, Astrology, and Arithmetic, know or understand how to weigh or to discriminate in their minds, between the distinguishing measure of the Divine power, and that of irrational mortal nature” (Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, On the Theophania, ed. S. LEE, London, 1842, II.12:15–18).
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ruptible and dissoluble Great then is the error which their philosophers have brought upon their followers.33
It should be noted that the passage of Aristides refers first of all to the logical skills of the wise people of the past which he assumed they possessed.34 Bar Penkāyē, on the other hand, mentions repeatedly the natural law that the heathen followed in contrast to the written one.35 One of Bar Penkāyē’s main arguments for accusing the heathen of impious life is that the gods they invented performed abominable actions and permitted those who worshipped them to perform the same, being their role model. He writes: “Indeed, those who say that their gods (as they call them) easily took part in adultery and de‐ bauchery, in insane dancing and satanic singing, and all the other repugnant and abominable [deeds] obviously performed the same [deeds] themselves, [being] their (i. e., the gods’) creators.”36 Moreo‐ ver, at the end of some Greek myths he introduces a didactic conclu‐ sion. Thus, after telling the story of how Demeter deceived Kronos and substituted a stone for the newborn Zeus, he concludes: “This was the reason for the erring to mislead and to be misled exactly as their gods [did].”37 The stories about Zeus, Persephone, and Aphro‐ dite end with similar conclusions. ————————
(33) The Apology of Aristides, ed. HARRIS, pp. ܗ: 7–11; 17–18 (Syriac text), 37 (English translation). (34) Cf. the following passage from the Apology: “For if a little part of the element be dissolved or corrupted, all of it is dissolved and corrupted. If then these elements are dissolved and corrupted, and compelled to be sub‐ ject to another harder than themselves, and are not in their nature gods, how can they call gods those likenesses which are made in their honour?” (The Apology of Aristides, ed. HARRIS, p. 37). (35) Bar Penkāyē maintains that people had been given a natural law before they received a written one. He points this out several times in the ninth chapter and throughout the Book of the Main Points. For example: “Nei‐ ther the natural law nor the written one helped them (i. e., the heathens and the Jews)” (BL Or. 9385, f.87r:7). “The world did not want to know its Bene‐ factor with the natural wisdom that God had given it” (BL Or. 9385, f. 87r: 21–23). “God multiplied laws, those laws which were written in nature. They were torn in pieces in the sea of evil. He engraved them upon the scrolls and put them forward” (BL Or. 9385, f. 45r:16–18), etc. (36) BL Or. 9385, f. 82v:22 – f. 83r:1. (37) BL Or. 9385, f. 84r:12.
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Identical arguments could be found several times in Aristides’ Apology. Thus, before introducing the first Greek god Kronos, the author of the Apology makes a general statement which could refer to the fol‐ lowing passage in its entirety (in the same way as in Bar Penkāyē).
̇ ̈ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܐܠ ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ.ܐܠܗܐ ܩܪܘ ̣ ܒܗܝ ܕܠܗܠܝܢ ܕܕܐܝܟ ܗܟܢܐ ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ̇ ̈ ̈ ̈ . ܘܢܙܢܘܢ.ܕܢܓܘܪܘܢ ܘܡܟܐ ܢܣܒܘ ܒܢܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܥܠܠܬܐ ܐܝܟ.ܐܠܗܐ ܼ ̇ ̇ ̇ ܐܢ ܓܝܪ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܡܬܩ̈ܪܝܢ.ܘܕܢܣܥܪܘܢ ܟܠ ܕܒ ܼܝܫ ܘܣ ̣ܢܐ ܘܢܕܝܕ .ܘܢܚܛܦܘܢ ̈ ̈ ܣܥܪܘ܆ ܟܡܐ ܝܬܝܪܐܝܬ ̣ ܐܠܗܝܗܘܢ܃ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܟܬܝ ܼܒܢ ܡܢ ܠܥܠ ̈ ̈ ̇ .ܕܣܥܪܘ ܗܠܝܢ ̣ ܢܣܥܪܘܢ ܐܢܝܢ ܒܢܝ ܐܢܫܐ܇ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܒܗܘܢ ܒܗܠܝܢ ܡܗܝܡܢܝܢ For they called suchlike persons gods, who are not gods, and hence men have taken occasion to commit adultery and fornica‐ tion, and to plunder and do everything that is wicked and hateful and abominable. For if those who are called their gods have done all those things that are written above, how much more shall men do them who believe in those who have done these things!38
After introducing Zeus who is depicted as the greatest evildoer with‐ in the Greek pantheon, he concludes:
̇ ܐܢ ܓܝܪ ̇ ̈ ̇ ܕܡܬܐܡܪ ܪܝܫܐ ܣܥܪ܆ ܟܡܐ ܗܘ ̣ ܘܡܠܟܐ ܕܐܠܗܝܗܘܢ ܗܠܝܢ ̇ ܝܬܝܪܐܝܬ ܢܬܕܡܘܢ ܒܗ ̈ܣܓܘܕܘܗܝ For if he, who is said to be the head and king of their gods, has done these things, how much more shall his worshippers imitate him!39
The idea that the pagans are supposed to be excused for their wrong deeds due to the fact that they imitate their gods’ behaviour might be a trivial and rather common topos in apologetic literature. Bar Pen‐ kāyē could borrow it from some other apology, not necessarily that of Aristides. Nevertheless, it is virtually certain that Bar Penkāyē’s ninth chapter has links with early Christian apologies. Finally, some textual similarities between the two works can also be observed in the paragraphs devoted to the the Egyptians. Both works begin with a myth about the struggle of Osiris, Isis, and Ty‐ phon. However, it would appear that the author of the Apology and Bar Penkāyē used different sources. The version that appears in the ————————
(38) The Apology of Aristides, ed. HARRIS, pp. ܝ:20–ܝܐ:6 (Syriac text), 41 (English translation). (39) Ibid., pp. ܝܓ:9–10 (Syriac text), 42 (English translation).
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Apology reports about a war between Osiris, Isis, and their son Horus, on the one hand, and Typhon, on the other, without further details. Bar Penkāyē’s emphasis, by contrast, is on Isis who restored her hus‐ band’s body after he had been torn apart by Typhon, which is where the Egyptian custom of honouring the phalli originates. Nevertheless, the two texts come very close to each other in of the way they describe the animate and the inanimate objects worshipped by the Egyptians. Bar Penkāyē writes as follows: “They worshiped wild and domestic animals, even abominable reptiles. Divination and witchcraft were likewise held in honour according to the testimony of the books. Also, they worshipped trees, roots, and stones. They called ܵ ܵ garlic, onion, leek () ܼܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܸܒ ̈ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ܹܬܐ and other similar things too with the fearful name [of God], too.”40 The following list appears in the Apology:
̈ ̈ ܐܥܠܘ ܐܦ ܡܢ ܟܝܢܐ .ܐܠܗܐ ܘܐܡܪܘ ܥܠܘܗܝ܆ ܕܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܕܚܝܘܬܐ܆ ̣ ̣ ̈ ̈ .ܬܕܐܐ ܘܥܠ ܬܐ܇ ܒ ܢܨ ܘܥܠ ܝܐ܆ ܘܒܡ ܒܝܒܫܐ ܕܡܫܬܟܚ ܪܚܫܐ ܡܢ ܘܐܦ ̣ ̣ ̈ ̈ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܢܘܢ ܚܝܘܬܐ ܕܒܠܚܘܕ ܢܦܫܐ ܠܝܬ ܐܡܪܘ ܕܡܢܗܘܢ ̇ ̈ ̈ ܒܗܝܢ܇ ܐܢܫܐ ܓܝܪ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܣܓܕܝܢ ܠܥܪܒܐ܆.ܣܝܡܝܢ ܫܡܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܘܡܢܗܘܢ. ܘܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܠܣܠܘܪܐ. ܘܡܢܗܘܢ ܠܚܙܝܪܐ.ܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܕܝܢ ܠܥܓܐܠ . ܘܠܟܘܕܪܐ ܘܠܢܫܪܐ ܘܠܢܥܒܐ. ܘܠܕ ܼܝܬܐ. ܘܠܢܘܢܐ.ܠܩܘܪܕܝܠܘܣ ܘܠܒܙܝܩܐ . ܡܢܗܘܢ ܠܟܠܒܐ. ܘܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܠܢܘܢܐ ܫܒܘܛܐ.ܡܢܗܘܢ ܣܓܕܝܢ ܠܫܪܘܢܐ ܘܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ܆. ܘܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܐܠܪܝܐ. ܘܡܢܗܘܢ ܐܠܣܦܣ.ܡܢܗܘܢ ܠܓܪܣܐ ̈ ̈ ܘܐܚ̈ܪܢܐ ܠܢܡܪܐ܆ ܘܠܫܪܟܐ ܕܐܝܟ ܗܠܝܢ.ܘܠܟܘܒܐ ܘܠܒܨܐܠ ܠܬܘܡܐ They introduced also the nature of beasts, and said concerning it that they were gods: and also of the creeping things which are found on the dry land and in the waters, and of the plants and herbs they have said that some of them are gods They also put the name of gods on the beasts which are merely soulless. For some men among them worship the sheep, and others the calf; and some of them the pig, and others the shad‐fish; and some of them the crocodile, and the hawk, and the cormorant, and the kite, and the vulture, and the eagle, and the crow; some of them worship the cat, and others the fish Shibbuta; some of them the dog, and some of them the serpent, and some the asp, and others the lion,
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(40) BL Or. 9385, f. 85v:18–22.
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and others garlic, onions, and thorns, and others the leopard, and the like.41
Despite the fact that Bar Penkāyē’s list is nowhere as detailed, both texts name the garlic and the onion as Egyptian gods. Theoretically, Bar Penkāyē could have elaborated on the passage from Numbers 11:5 where the Israelites are said to have remembered “the leeks, the ̈ )ܟ̈ܪܬܐ which they had eaten onions, and the garlic” (ܘܒܨܐܠ ܘܬܘܡܐ in Egypt. This passage would help explain why ‘the leek’ was intro‐ duced in Bar Penkāyē’s list. However, Bar Penkāyē must have read about this notion elsewhere for he did not incorporate the entire list of Numbers 5:11 in his text. The commonalities between the Apology and the ninth chapter are insufficient to establish the latter’s direct dependence on the former. Thus, Bar Penkāyē probably did not use the Apology of Aristides di‐ rectly. However, he could have known some texts related to the Apol‐ ogy which are no longer extant.
THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA, CONTRA MAGOS42 Bar Penkāyē introduces his discussion of Persian beliefs with the myth of Zurvan. This myth or at least its fragments are well known in East‐Syriac literature. Several records of it are found in the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs,43 in the treatise of Mār Ābā,44 and in The Cause of the Foundation of the Schools of Barḥadbšabbā of Ḥalwān.45 The most detailed versions of the myth are represented in Bar Penkāyē’s Book of ————————
(41) The Apology of Aristides, ed. HARRIS, pp. ܝܚ:4–7, ܝܛ:6–15; 45, 46 (English translation). (42) The Zurvanite myth in Syriac literature and its relationship with Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Contra Magos have been discussed in detail in Ю. В. ФУРМАН, [Yulia V. FURMAN], “Персы и их религия в «Истории» Йоханнана бар Пенкайе” [“Persians and their religion in the History of John bar Penkāyē”], Символ, 61: Syriaca ∙ Arabica ∙ Iranica (2012), pp. 122–146. Here, only a short summary of the issue will be given. (43) Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, ed. P. BEDJAN, vols. 1–7, Parisiis, Lipsiæ, 1890–1897, vol. 2, p. 577:3, 7–11. (44) O. BRAUN, “Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der persischen Gotteslehre,” Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 57 (1903), SS. 562–565. (45) Cause de la fondation des Écoles [de] Mar Barḥadbšabba ʿArbaya, évêque de Ḥalwan, ed. A. SCHER (PO, IV.4.18), Paris, 1908, pp. 365:13–366:1, 366:4–6.
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the Main Points46 and Theodore bar Kōnī’s Scholia.47 It seems that the main source of borrowing for all these writings was Theodore of Mopsuestia’s work Contra Magos. Until 1968 it had only been known from a short account of the Patriarch of Constantinople, Photios.48 According to Photios, the treatise Contra Magos consisted of three books: the Zurvanite myth was expounded in the first book, while the two other books dealt with the Christian teachings. Two Syriac fragments of the last two books were published by H. Scheinhardt49 in 1968 and by G. J. Reinink in 1997.50 The fact that the Zurvanite myth first appeared in the East‐Syriac literature in the fifth century and that its early Syriac accounts are similar to Theodore of Mopsuestia’s account (as preserved Photius) allows us to suggest that the treatise Contra Magos was the main source from which the Zurvanite myth spread within the East‐Syriac tradition, which al‐ ways held Theodore in great esteem.
CONCLUDING REMARKS The evidence presented above demonstrates some commonalities between the section on cults and mythologies in the ninth chapter of Bar Penkāyē’s Book of the Main Points, on the one hand, and the Scholia to the Oratio in sancta Lumina, the Exhortation to the Greeks, the Apology of Aristides, and the lost treatise Contra Magos of Theodore of Mopsuestia, on the other. Unfortunately, Bar Penkāyē did not indi‐ cate his sources, with the exception of the Holy Scriptures. Therefore, we are unable to answer the question of whether he borrowed the material from any or all the writings presented above or was ac‐ quainted with them through another author’s secondary renderings. ————————
(46) P. DE MENASCE, “Autour d’un texte syriaque inédit sur la religion des Mages,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 9:3 (1938), pp. 587–601. (47) H. POGNON, Inscriptions Mandaïtes des coupes de Khouabir. Texte, traduction et commentaire philologique avec quatre appendices et un glossaire. Deuxème partie, Paris, 1899, pp. 111–112. (48) Photius, Bibliothéque, éd. R. HENRY, t. I («codices» 1–84), Paris, 1959, p. 187. (49) H. SCHEINHARDT, “Zitate aus drei verlorenen Schriften des Theodor von Mopsuestia,” in: Paul de Lagarde und die syrische Kirchengeschichte, Göt‐ tingen, 1968, SS. 189–198. (50) G. J. REININK, “A New Fragment of Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Con‐ tra Magos,” Le Muséon, 110:1 (1997), pp. 63–71.
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We are also unsure to what degree the ninth chapter reflects creative revision and compilation of the material. It is possible that answers to these questions will never be found. However, further inquiries may allow us more accurately to outline connections between the ninth chapter and the other relevant works both within the Syriac tradition and outside it.
John bar Penkāyē THE BOOK OF THE MAIN POINTS. THE NINTH CHAPTER The present edition of the ninth chapter is based on six manuscripts: L — MS London, The British Library, BL.Or.9385 (19th century),51 fol. 81v–89v/syrp.171; M — MS Mingana, Library of the Selly Oak Col‐ leges, Mingana 179 (20th century),52 fol. syr76v–syr84v; P — MS Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Syr.406 (20th century),53 fol. syr190v– syr210r; S — MS Strasbourg, Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, MS. 4133 (19th century),54 fol. syr98r/98v– syr108v/ 110r; V — MS Vatican 497, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat.Syr.497 (20th century),55 fol. syr151v–syr167v; Ṽ — MS Vatican 592, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat.Syr.592 (20th century),56 fol. 216r/ p.ar435–222v/p.ar448. While setting the type, I indicated the ends of lines in L. Since the signs for rbāṣā karyā and rbāṣā ʔarrīkā are used ————————
(51) See description of the Ms. in an unpublished handwritten catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum acquired since 1899. (52) A. MINGANA, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts now in the Possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke Settlement, Selly Oak, Birming‐ ham, 3 vols. (Woodbrooke Catalogues, 1–3), Cambridge, 1933, 1936, 1939, vol. 1 (1933), pp. 395–396. (53) F. BRIQUEL‐CHATONNET, Manuscrits syriaques de la Bibliothèque na‐ tionale de France (nos 356–435, entrés depuis 1911), de la bibliothèque Méjanes dʹAix‐en‐Provence, de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et de la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. Catalogue, Paris, 1997, pp. 139–141. (54) Ibid., pp. 219–220. (55) A. VAN LANTSCHOOT, Inventaire des Manuscrits Syriaques des Fonds Vatican (490–631), Barberini oriental et Neofiti, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, 1965, pp. 28–29; see also J.‐M. VOSTE, “Manuscrits Syro‐Chaldéenns récem‐ ment acquis par la Bibliothèque Vaticane,” Angelicum, 6 (1929), pp. 39–40. (56) VAN LANTSCHOOT, Inventaire des Manuscrits Syriaques, pp. 119–121.
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‐inconsistently in these manuscripts they are normalized in the follow ing edition.
TEXT
] 57[f.81vܐ ܵܐ /ܕܬ ܵܐ܀58ܕܪܫ ̈ ܐ ┐ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ┌ ܿ ܐ ܼ 59ܕܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ܀ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܕܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܘ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܇ ܿܒ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܵ ܬܵ /ܗ ܕ ܿ ܵܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼܐ /ܕ ܼܒ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܹ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܕܐܦ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ܇ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܵܐ ]ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ [5ܐ ܸ ܿ ܠ ܵ ܼܬ ܼܿܕ ܼܿ ܵܬܐ܆ ܸܐ ̣ܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ̤ ܿ ܼ ܕ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵܗ ܹ ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ̱ܗ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܸ ܉ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܒܐܪ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܼܕܐ ܵܗ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼܬܢ ܼܒ ܼ ܵܐܸ /. ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܸ 60ܐ ܹ ܼ ܵ /ܕ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ ܬ ܵ ܿ ܝ ܿܬܪ ܵܐ ܿܕ ܒ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܇ܿ /ܕ ܵܐ ܿܐܪ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ 61 ܵ ܢ܄ ܘܐ̈ܪ ܸܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܐ ]ܼ [10ܘܕ ܸ ܼܒ ܹܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܢ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܸܐ ܢ܇ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿܵ ̇ ܿ ̈ ܵܵ ̈ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܼܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܐܘ ܓ ܼ̈ܪܝ ܹ ܐ ܹܐ ܐܕ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܇ ̣ ܼ ܪܐܼ /ܪܒܐ ܵܗܘ ܼܕ ܹ ܐܹ ܸ 62 .ܕܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ . ܿ ܵ ܿ /ܕܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܿܒܐ ܵ ܐ ܙ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܵ ̇ܗ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܿ . ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܘܐ ܹ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ̄ ܵ ̈ ܐܿ .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܵܗ ̇ܘ .ܘܐܿ ]̈ ܵ ܿ [P. /f.82rܐ ܘܐܿ ܼܿ ̤̈ ܗܘܘ 63ܒ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ / ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܿܿܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̄ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܘܗ ܐ /.ܘ ܼ ܙ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܼ ܼ .ܘܕ ܐ ܐ ܗ ̣ܘ ܼܬ ܼ ̣ ܵ ܹܐ ܕ ܼ ܒܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܕ ܵ ܐܿ . ܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܐ ܵܕܡܿ .ܘܕ ̇ ̤ܵ ܵ 64 ܼ ܼ ܗܘܐ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘܕܐ ܹ /.ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܕ ̤ܵ ܗܘܐ ܒ ܵ ܹܪܗ.ܘ ܼ ܒ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܚ ܘܼ ܸܐ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܹܬܗ [5] .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܿ ܿ ܘ ܿ ܵܐ/ܕ ܿ ̈ ܐ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܘܐܖ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܘܢ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܒ ܼ ܪܘ ܒ ܹ .ܘ ܼ ܸܒ ܵ ܹ /65ܕ ܼ ܼܓ ܐܼ .ܘܕ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ┐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ┌67 ܿ 66 ܘܐ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܸܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ /ܐ܇ ܘ ܼܒܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐܼ . ܼܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ ̤ ܵ ܿ 68 ܿ ܿ ܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܕܬܘ ̈ ܵ ܬܗ .ܘܒܐ ܵ ܐ ܒܐ ܐܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼܓ ܼܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܕܐ ܼܒ ܗܡ /ܘ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ̈ ܇ ܘ ܼ ————————
ܬܘ ܼܒ(57) Add. M, V, P, S ܬܘܒ ܼ Ṽ ܵ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ(58) Add. M ܵ ܕܬ ͕έ΅Βܕ΄ܿ Ṽ ͔Ͷ ܕܬ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܐ(59) M, V, S ܼ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ(60) M, V, Ṽ, P, S ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ (61) V, Ṽ, P, S ܵ ܼܿܕ ̣ ܐ(62) M, P, S ܗ ܿܘ ̈ܝܿ Ṽ ̈ ܗܘܝ(63) M, S ܗ ܼܘܝ̤ V, P ̤ ̤ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܗ(64) V, Ṽ ܸܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ(65) V, Ṽ (66) M, P, S ̤ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ (67) Abs. V, Ṽ. ܿ ܓ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܗ V ܓ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܗ(68) M, P, S έܗܼ Ṽ ܼ ͚͘ ܼ ܹ
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܿ ܿ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܿ ܒ ܼ ܿܘܢ ]ܼܿ [10ܙ ܼܒ ܹ̈ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼܿ .69ܕܐ ܹ ܸ 70ܐ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܿܘܢ ̣ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿܘ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܵ ܐ܇ܿ /ܘܒ ܿ ̈ ܐ ܿܘ ܵ ܬ ܿ ̈ ܐܿ .ܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܹܐ71܇ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܐ/ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ 72 ܕܬ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ /ܐ ܕܗܘ ܸ ܼ ܢ ܼ ܸ ܆ ܼ ܗܕ ܐ ܼܒ ܕ ܙ ܪܐ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܉ ܼܐ ܼ ̄ܗܘ ܓ ܿ ܵ ܐܿ / ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܘܐ ܿ ܬ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܹ ܹܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ . ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿܒ ܿ ܒ ܿ ܢ ܿ 73ܗ ܵ ܐ ] ܿ ܿ [15ܒܐ ܿ ܓ ̈ܐܐܿ ܿ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܹ ܼ ̱ ܼܼ ܸ ܼ ܘܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܢ ̣ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܪ ܐ/ ܼ ܗܕ ܘܢܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ /.ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܕܐ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܸ ܹ ̣ ┐ ܿ ܗܘ┌ 74ܨ ܿܐܕ ܿܒ ܿ ܵ ܬܗ ܿ ܵ ܿܐܪ /ܘ ܵܪ ܿܨ ܢ܄ ܿ ܗܘ ܿ ܿ . ܿ ܘܐ ܼܿ ܐܵ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘܕܐ ܹ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܹܐ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ /ܐ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ . ܼܿ ܸ ܹ ̣ ܼ ܵܪ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܘܗ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܡ ܕ ܼܿ ܹܿ ]ܵ ܼ ܿ [20ܘ ܵܐ .ܘ ܼ ܵ ̇ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܪܢ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܿܬܢ܆ ܼܿܐ ܒܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܗܘ ܼܬܼ ܼ ̣ /ܘ ܵ ܼܐܪ ܗ ̣ܘܐ ܒ .ܐ ܕ ܹ ܙ ܼ ̤ ܵ ܼܒ ܼ ܹܬܗܸ .ܐ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܵ ܼ / ܵܗܘ ܼܕ ̤ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ̄ܵ ܵܗ ܼ ܉ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܘ ܵܐ ܸ ܵ ܼܒ ܼ ܹܬܗܼ .ܘ ܼܒ ܐ ܼܐ ܹ ܕ ܐ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܘ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܿܐ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܝܗ .ܘ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗܼܿ ܵ / ܼܿ .ܐܪ ܼܘܪ ܵܨܐ܉ ܼܿܕܐ ܹ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܵܕܪ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܵܗ ܹ ܹ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܘܕܪ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ ܵ ܼ ܵ [P. /f.82v] .ܗ ܹ ܹܓ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ /ܒ ܼ ܕܪ ܹ ܕ ܢܹ ܼ ܼ .ܕ ܕܐܦ ܼܐ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܹܕܐ ܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܓ ܵ ܐ ܿܕܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐܿ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܘܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ/ ܸ ܼܼܼ ܼܐ /ܕ ̣ ܹܨ ܼܐܕ ܼܘܢ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܐ ܼ 75ܘܢ ܼܘ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ :ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿܒ ܿ ܩ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ] ܹ̈ ܼܿ [5ܐ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܐܦ ܼ ܿܕ ܿܒ ܘܢ 76ܐܪܘ ܿܬܢܿ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܘܢ /ܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܙ ܼ ̈ ܘܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܼܒ ܵ ܘܢ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܹ . ܕ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܸ ܸܐ ܢ ܸ ܼ .ܘܢ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܒ ܼ ܐ܉ ܕ ܼ ܼܐ ܐ ܿ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿܵ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܸ ܘܢ ܼ ܹ ܼ .77ܐ ܹܐ ܕ ܹ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܐ ܵ ܐܸ /ܐ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܹܒܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܿ /.ܐ̄ ܹܐ ܕ ܹ 78ܒ ܼ ܼܘ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ܸ ܸ 79ܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܿ .ܐ̄ ܹܐ ܿ
————————
ܿ ̈
̈ ܘܬ ܵ ܼ ܵ (69) V ܼ Ṽ ͕έ ܘ ܼܬܼ ܵ ΅Β ܿ ܿ ܘ͓͗ͮ ܼ Ṽ ͽͯͶܘ ܼ̣ܒܐ ܹ (70) V ܹ ̇ ̇ ͻܹ ̣ Ṽ κΕܐ(71) V ̣ ̄ܗ ̇ܘ(72) P ͵ΕͶܢ(73) Ṽ ܸ (74) In M, V, Ṽ, P, S interchanged. ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܐ(75) L ܕ ܸ ܿܒ ܼܘܢ V, Ṽ, P, S ܕ ܸ ܿܒ ܘܢ(76) M (77) Abs. P. (78) Add. L. ̣ ܼ ܿ (79) M, V, Ṽ ܿ ܼ P, S
71
Yulia Furman
ܿ
ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ̈ ܕܼ ܸܐ ܢܸ .ܐ ܐ ܸ ܕ ܹ ܸ ܐ ܼ ] ܹ ܼ [10] [-ܐ ܹ ܿ ܼ 80ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܢ ܼܐ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ܿܪ ܿܒ ܼ ܼܬܿ ܿ /ܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿܕ ̤ܵ ܗܘ ܼܬ ܹܨ ܼܿܐܕ ܆ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܸܓ ܵ ܹ ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܼܿ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ /ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ܕܪ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ̣ ܹܨܐܕܘܝܗܼ / ̣ .ܐ ܵ ܼܬܐ ܸܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ̤ܬ ܼ ܐ ܵ ܘܝܗ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܓ ܵ ܐܿ /ܕܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܡ ܐܬ ܗ ܕ ܵ ܢ .ܘܒܐܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܼܼ ܹ ̣ ܸ ܼܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܄ ܕ ܼܒܐ ܹ ܼܼܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܿܵ ܿ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܵܗ ܵ ܐܵ .ܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ]ܹ [15ܓ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܼܪܒ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬ ܼ ܬܐ܇ ܼܘܕ ܼܒ ܐ ̣ ܸ ܼ ܵ /ܘ ܼ ܵ ܵܒܐ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿܪ ܿܒ ܼ ܵ ܘ ܿ ܿܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܿ :ܕ ܵ ܗܘ ̤ܬ ܨ ܸܓ ܵ ܐ ܿܕ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ /ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܒܿ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܿܕ ܼܘ ܵܖ ܹ ̈ܐ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐܼܿ /.ܘܕ ܿ ܵܐ ܕܐ̄ ܵ ܐܵ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܢ ܸ .ܐ ܹܓ ܼܼ ܸܼ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܼ̣ܼ . ܼ̈ܪ ܼ ܹ ܐ܇ ܵܗ ܢ ܼܕܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܵܐ ܼ ܹ /ܒ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܪ ܼ ܹܓ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܇ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܼ ܿ ] [20ܘ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܡ ܕ ܹ ܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ܇ ܒ ܙ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܿܗ ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܼܿ :ܘܒ ܿ ̈ܐ ܿܨ ̈ ܐ ܼܿܘܒ ܼܘ ܵܒ ܐ ̈ ܐܿ :ܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܼܹ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ܿ ̈ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܒܓ ܪܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܹ ܵ /ܐ ܼܕܐ ܼܵܒ ܼ ̈ ܘܢܵ .ܗ ܢ ܹܓ ܼܕܐ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ ܼܐ ܕ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ /ܘܢܼ : ܵ ܵ ܼܿܘܒ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܸܪ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘܙ ܵ ܐܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 81ܐ܇ /ܘ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܼܿܕܐ̄ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܘ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܵ̇ ܿܕܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ]̄ [P. /f.83rܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܿ :ܓ ܵܐ ̄ܝܗ ܿܕܐ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢ ܵܐܦ ܵ ܼܒ ܿ ܼܿܕ ̈ ܿܘܢ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܼܓ ܿ ܼܿܕ ̈ ܿܘܢ ܵܗ ܹܘ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܼ .ܐ ܼܒ ܼܬ 82 ܹ /ܕ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܕܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܕܘ ܼ ܼ .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܵ̇ ܵܵ ܵ ܿܿ ܿ ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܪܐ ܸܗ ܿ ܢ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܸ /ܐ ܿ ܢ. ܹܐܼ /ܒ ܼܕ ̈ ܘܢܸ . ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܕܗܐ ܿ ܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܿܘܢ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܹ ̈ ܐ. ܼܒ ܼ ][5 ܼ ܼܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ 83ܕܐܦ ܹܐ ܼܪ ܵܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܵܐ ܸܐ ܼ̣ ܼ ܵ . ܐ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܓ ܿܒ ܵ ܵܪܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܕܬܪ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܉ܼܿ /ܘ ܼܿ ܵ ܕ ܸܒ ܵܐ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ ܐܼܿ .ܘ ܼܒ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܘܐܦ ܵ ܿ /ܐܿ .ܕ ̈ ܐ ܓ ܿܒ ܿ ܕ ܐܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܿ ̈ ܐ ܿܒ ܿ ܕ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܡܵ : ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܸܸ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̈ ̈ ܼ / ܼܘܕ ܹ ܐ ܹܓ ܼ :ܒ ܹ ܐ ܐܕ ̣ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܐ ܐܼ . /ܓ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ 84 ܵ ܼ ܘܢ :ܕ ܼܒܐ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܢ ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐܼ .ܕ ܼܒ ][10 ܼ ܵ ܵܵ ܿ ̈ܐܕܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܵܕܘ ܼ ܆ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܿ /ܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܕ ̤ ܗܘܘ ܼܐ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܐܼ . ܹ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܒ ܼ ܘܢ ܵܒ ܼ ܪ ܒ ܼ ܪܼ .ܒ ܘ ܼ ܸ ܼܓ ܐ ܒ ܪ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܘ ܸܓ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐܼ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ̇ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ݅ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܘܢܼ . ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ 86ܘ ܼ ܸ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܹ ܐ ܹܕܐ .ܘܝܗ /85ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܐ ܵ ܼ ܵ /ܐ ܹ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ̣ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ̈ܐܵ .ܐܦ ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܼܘ ܵܕ ܹ ̈ܐ ̣ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ ] ܹ ܵ [15ܐ ————————
̈ ܕ Ṽ ͔ͿͲͣͩ;Ζܕ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ V, P, S ܕ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܐ(80) M ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܘܕܙ ܐ(81) M, V ܘܕܙ ܐܼ Ṽ, P, S ܼ ܵ ܵ Ṽ ΗΎܵ ܐ(82) V ܿ ܕܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ(83) L ܼ (84) Abs. L. (85) Add. L. ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹ ̈ ܼ ܼ Ṽ, P ܐ(86) M, V, S
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
̇ ̇ ܸ ܵܓܐ ܿܘܢ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ .ܕ ܼ ܿ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ 87ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ܉ ܼܿܕ ܿܘܡܼܿ /ܘ ܼ ̈ܒ ܵ ܼ ܵ ̇ܗ ܼܿܐ ܿܕ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ .ܓ ܿ ܿܘܡܿ /ܐ ̇ ܿܕܒ ܵ ̇ ܒ ܵ ܐܬ ܿ ܿ ܒ ܿ ܒ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ 88 ̄ ̈ ܵ ܼܙܕ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܗܘܢ/ ܝܗܼ /:ܐ ܼ ܐ ܹܕ ܐܦ ܼܕ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܼܘܕ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܗ ̣ܘܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܿ ┌ ܿ ܵ ┐ ܿܵ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܝܗܼ 90ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܿ ]ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼ [20 ܼ ܿ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܘܢ ܸ .89ܐ ܐ ܸ ܸ ܼ ̣ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܼ ܕܪ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܢܵ .ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܵܐܦ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܹ ̈ ܗ 91ܕ ܹܐ ܼ ܵܐ܉ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܵ /ܕ ܵ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܒܓ ܹ̈ܐ ܼܿܘ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܵܓ ܹ̈ܐ: ܼ ܼ ܗܘ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ ܼܕ ܼܘܕ ܹ ̈ܐܼ . ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܹܐ ܼ ܵܐ܆ /ܕܕ ܼܒ ̇ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܉ ܵ ܕܐ ̇ ܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܿ ܐ̈ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ /ܐ ܼ ܘܢܼ :ܘܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼܿ ܼܿ .ܐ ܸ ܵ ܠ ܸ ܼ .ܐ ܸܬ ܼܬ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܢ ܼ ܼܕ ܘ ܼ / ̇ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܐ ܿܒ ܿ ܕ ܕ ܿܒ ܵ ܵܬܐܿ .ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܵܐܼ ܼ / ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ] [P. /f.83vܕ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵܒ ̇ ܐ ܵ ܘܐ ̇ ܐ ܿܘ ܿܓ ܦ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ܇ ܿ ܐ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢܼܿ /.ܘ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܗܘܘ ܼܐ ܼ ܘܢ ܼ ܼ .ܐ /ܕܐ ܼ ܼ .ܐ ܗ ܹ ܗܘ ܕܐܦ ܸ ܐ ܕ ܼ ̈ܪ ܼ ܘܢ܇ ̤ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ̣ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ 92ܐ ]ܹ ܼ ܸ [5ܐ ܗ ̣ܘܐ܄ ܒ ܼܐ ܗ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܗ ̣ܘܐ .ܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܹܕ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܘܿ .ܐ ܿ ܵ ܐܵ / ܵ ܿܬ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܐܦ ܵܗ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܼܒ ܐܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ / ܸܕ ̈ ܼ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܹ ̈ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܒ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܬ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܸ ܡ /ܐ̄ ܹ ܼܿ ܼ ܢ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ܇ ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܓ ܼ ܵܐܐܸ :ܕ ܼܒ ܹ ̈ ܐܼܿ /ܙ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܢ. ܿܘ ܵ ܐ ܪ ܵ ܐ ]ܿ [10ܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܿܘ ܓ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ܉ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܢ/ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܕܬܪ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܹ ܹܐܘ ܹ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܹܐ /:ܗ ܐ ܹ ܸ ܼ ̣ ܹܓ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܸ ܕ ܐ .ܗ ܹ ܵܬܐ ܒ ܵ ܿ / ܘܐ ܿ ̈ܪܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܐ ܵ ܕܐ ̇ ܸ ܿ ܵܨܐܿ .ܕܒ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܐܵ ܼ ܵ ܼܵܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ܉ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ /ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܸܐ ̣ܼܿ ܉ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ܼܓ ܵܐ ܒ ܼ ܙ ܼ ̈ ܿܕܨ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܸ ܵ . ܘܗ ܵ ܐ ]ܹ [15 ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܕܐ ܿ ܿܘܢ܆ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܕܐܦ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܼܿ ̈ ܿܘܢܵ .ܗ ܵ /93ܕ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܡܹ̈ ܼ . ܼܼ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܸ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܗܘܢ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼܬܐ܆ ܘ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܘ ܐ .ܘ ܐ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܹܕ ܹ /ܐ ܼ ܼ :ܕ ܼ ܹܐ ̣ ܿ ܿܘ ܵܒ ܵ ܘ ܿ ܡ ܿܒ ܵ ܵܒܐܵ /ܗ ܵ ܐܵ ܿ : ܕܪܘ ̱ ܿܘܢ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܗܘܢ. ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼܵܒܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ̈ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܼܿ .ܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ̱ ܼ ]ܼ ܿ ܼ ܸ [20ܒ ܼܵ ܝܗܼ /ܕܐ ܼܒ ܘ ܼܕܐܕ ܸܪ ܼ ̣ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܵ ܐܿ ܿ ܿ : ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐܼ /ܒ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܕܼ ܼ ————————
(87) Abs. V, Ṽ. (88) Abs. L. (89) In M, V, Ṽ, P, S interchanged. (90) Add. L. ̈ έܵ Ͷ͘Ύܗܸ ̈ Ṽ ܒ ܵ ܹ ܗ(91) M, V, P, S ܸ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܼ Ṽ ͕͢Ξ S ܐ ܐ(92) M, V, P ܿ ̇ ܵ ܗ ܢ(93) P
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Yulia Furman
ܿܘ ܓ ܿ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܿܐ ܿܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ /ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢܿ ̈ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̣ ܹܿ ܼܿ :ܘܢ ܵܗ ܿ ܢ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܿ ܢ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܒ .ܘܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܠ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿܕ ܵ ܐܵ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܕܗ ܿ ܢܿ / ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܐ/ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܹ ܵܐܘ ̣ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗܵ .ܐܘ ܿ ܼܒ ] ܵ ܼ ܸ ̣ [P. /f.84rܐ̄ ܹ ܵܬܐ ܹ ܣ܇ ܕ ̣ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼܿ ܵ ܐܼ ܼ ܿ :ܒ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܵ ܵܒ ܿ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܵ ܵ .ܐܵ /ܐ ̇ ܼ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘܝܗ̄ 94ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐܼܿ 95ܐ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܵ ̈ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܵܕ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ .ܬ 96ܨܒ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܓ ܐ ̇ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼܕܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ . ܹ ܐ ܐ ܹܐܼ /ܕ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܸܼ ܵ ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܹ ܿ ܣ: ܕ ܸ ܘܘܢ ܘܢ ܼܐ ܹ ̈ ܐ܇ /ܘܐܦ ܼܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܘܢ ܸܐ ܢ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܵ ܿܕܐ ܿ ܵ : ̄ܵ ܕܐ ̇ ܸ ܒ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘܝܗ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ܉ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܼܿ / ܸ ܕ ܵ ܐ ] [5ܗ ̣ܘ ܼܬ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܵܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܹܬܗ ܘܣ ܼܐ ܗܘܢ܆ ܐ ܼ ܼܕܐ ܼܓ ܸ ܹ ܗ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܬܗ. ܵ ܵ ܘܗ ܹ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܸܪ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘܙ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼܿ ܼܿ ̈ ܿܘܢ܇ܼ̇ ܵ /ܒ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܹܕ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܸ ܼܿ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ 97 ܿ ܼ ܼ ܝܗ ܒ ܼ ܪܐ ܼ ܿ ܼܐ ܐ ܘܒ ܸ ܼ ܸܒ ܼ ܹ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ܆ܸ /ܐ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܡ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܕ ܸܐ ܿ ܼܿ ܕ ܼ ܿܒ ܿ ܛ ] [10ܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐܹ ̤ ܼܿ ܸ .ܕ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܪܘ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܘ ܵ ܼ ̤ ܸܐ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܝܗ 98 ܿ /.ܕ ܿ ܐܬܐ ܿܘ ܿ ܣ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܵܐ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ /. ܸܼܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ܉ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ ܗܘܬܵ ܵ ┐ 99ܐܦ┌ܵ 100ܐܘ ܵ ܿ ܵ̈ܐ ܕܐܿ ܿܘ ܵ ܇ ܿܐ ܿܐ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿܘܢ /.ܐ ܐܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܝܗ ܼܕ ܵ ̤ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܼ ܼܵܒ ܹ ܐ ܹ ܼ ܼ /101ܐ ܼܐ ܼܝ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܪ ܸ ܼ ܙܘܣ܉ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܹ ܐ ܼܕܐ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܕܐ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܹ ܵ .ܐ ̇ ܼ ܹܓ ܕ ܼܿ ܪ ܼܵܒܐ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܆ ] ܵ [15ܝ ܹܕ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܼܿܐ ܘ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܘܝܗ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ /ܐ ̣ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܘܒ ܿ ܼ ܬܗ ܼܿܘܒ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܬܗ̇ ܵ ܿ .102 ܸܐ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼܼ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܼܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼܕ ܐ .ܘ ܸܪܓ ܼ ̤ܬ ܼ ܸܐ ܹ / ܼ ܼܘܕ ܸ ܼ / .ܘ ܸ ܼ ̤ܬ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ̈ ܿ ܵ ܕܙܘܣ ܵ ܿ ܕܨ ̇ܗܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܨ ܼܵܒܐ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܹ ̇ ܉ܸ /ܐ ܼܿ ܸ ܵܒܐ ܝܗ ܼ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܘܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܼܿ .ܐ ̣ ܵ [20] 103 ܕܗܐ ܼܿ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ̣ ܼܿ ܹ . ܼܘ ܼ ܼ ܸܐ ܝܗ ܼ ܼ ܿ̄ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܹܓ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܪ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܼܿܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܝܗܵ .ܗ ̇ܘ ܘ ܼܒܐ ܹܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܬ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ . ܹ ܸ /104 ܿ ܵ̇ ܼ̣ܿ ܸܐ ܹ̈ܐ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ܇ ܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܓ ܿ ܢ ܵ ̣ / ܵ ܝܗܹ ̈ ܿ ܼ /ܐ: ̤ ܕܐ ܼ ܕܗܘ ܼ ————————
ܕܐ Ṽ άܕܐ ܼ ܼ (94) M, V, P, S ܼ ܹ (95) Add. M, V, Ṽ ܕܬͥܿ Ṽ έ ܕ ܼܬ ܹ ܼ (96) M, V, P, S ܿ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܐ ܿ ܐܵ S ܐͮͳ͔ ܼ Ṽ ܐ ܵܐ(97) M, V, P ܼ ܿ ܕ Ṽ ΕͿܿ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ (98) M, V, S ܸ ܵ ܗܘ ܼܬ V, P, S ܕܐܦ ̤ܵ ܕܐܦ ̤ܵ ܗܘ ܼܬ(99) M, Ṽ (100) Add. L. ܼ ̈ ܼ ܒ ܹ ܐ(101) M, V, Ṽ, P, S ͗ͣ͘΅Ͷܬܗܿ ܿ Ṽ ܿ ܵ ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗܼܿ V, P ܘ ܼܒ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ(102) M ܼ ܿ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ̇ (103) M, P, S ܸܬ ܿ ܼ (104) P, S
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Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ /ܒ ܬܗ ܿ ܿ ܵܿ ܕܙܘܣ. ܕܬ ܼܬ ܼ ܼܿ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܬܐܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼܕܐ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܵܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ̤ ̣ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܪ ܵܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܹܓ ܉ ܼܕܕܡ ܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܸ ] /f.84vܐܼ [P.ܘ ܼ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ ̇ܗ ܸ ܹ :ܘ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܙܗ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܆ܼ ܿ ̣ /ܒ ܼܿ ܹ ܼ ܿܬ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼܿ ܸ ܵܐܦ ܵ ̇ ܼܿ :ܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܸ ܘܘܢܼ /ܐ ܼܿ ̈ ܘܢܹ̈ ܵ ܼ :ܐ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܹ̈ܐ .ܘ ܼ ܼܐ ܼ ̈ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܐܦܸ /ܗ ܢ ܼܐ ܕ ̣ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵܐ ܓ ܿ ܫ ܵ ̇ ܵܐ ܼܿ ܹ ܐ ܸܗ ܹ ̈ ܼܿ ܸܗ ܹ ̈ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ̣ ܸ ܼܘܢܸ [5] .ܐ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ ܿ ܿ ̤ ̣ ܼܿܐܒ ܼ ̇ܗܵ .ܐ ̇ ܼ /ܕ ܸܐ ̣ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܕܗ ܿ ܢ ܗܘ ̤ܬ ܹ ܼܐ ̄ ܼܬܐܵ .ܗܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܹ / ܠܹ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ܹܕ ܹܕ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܢ. ܼ ܼ / ܼܕ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼܪܘ ܵܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐ܇ ܘ ܸ ܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐܵ .ܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐܹ /ܓ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܪ ܿܒ ܬ ܿ ܿܒ ܵܬܐ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܵ ̇ܗ ܕ ܿܒ ܵܬ ̇ܗ܇ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵܿ ܝܗ ܕܒ ܼ ܪ ܸ ܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼ ]ܼ [10ܕܐ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܼ ̤ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ̤ ̣ / ܐ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܹܒ ܼ ܼܐܘ̈ܪ ܼ ܉ ܸܐ ܼܬ ̤ܬ/ ܢ܇ ܸܐ ܐ ܼ ܵܵ ܘ ܿܒ ܿ ܒ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ̈ܐ܇ ܿ ܵ̇ ̄ ܵ ܵ 106 ̇ ܿ ┐ 105 ܕ ܼܬ ܐ ̣ .ܐ ܵ ܼ ܹܕ /ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܼ ̤ ܼ ܹ ܕܐ ܿ ܿ ┌ ܿ ܿ 107ܩ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ܉ ܿܐ ܵ ܐܵ 108 ܗܕ ܵ ܐܵ . ܵ ̈ ܵ /ܐ ̇ ܓ ܕܐܬܐܵ ܕܐ ܐܵ ܵ ܸ̣ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܼܹ ܿ ܵ ܵܪܐ ܿ ܿ .ܘܓ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿܒ ܵܬ ̇ܗ ܿ [15] .ܕ ܵܗܕܐ ܿܒ ܿ ܓ ܿܐ ܒ ܗ .ܘܐܿ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܹ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܹ ܐ. ܘܐ ܸ ܹ ܗ ܕܗ ܹܕܐ ܕ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܒ ܐ ܹ ܐ܉ ܝܗ̤ܼ ܸ /ܒ ̤ ܹ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܕܐ ܼ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܵ /ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿܕ ܸ ܸ ̈ ܐܸ .ܐ ܵ ܐ /ܗ ܹܵ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܘ ܿ ܣ ܿ ܼܿܕܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܹ .ܐ ܿ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ /109ܪܘ ܵܐ ܐ ܹ ܐܵ ܘܕܐ ܼܿ ܼ ܕܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 110 ̈ ܵ ܵ ] ̣ [20ܙܘܣ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܐ. ܣ ܼܐ ܐ ܕ ܹ ܐ .ܐܦ ܗ ܐ ܹܓ ܕܼ ܕ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ̇ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܐ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܼܙܘܣܼ /ܐ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼܪ ܉ ܘ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܹܓ .ܕ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܕ ܼܵܒ ܵܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܕܝܗ̤ܼ /ܬ ܹ ܘ ܸܒ ܼ ̤ ܹ ܼ .ܕ ܼ /ܐܪܓ ܼ ̤ ܼܐ ̄ ܹܬܗ ܕܙܘܣ ܸ ܼ ̤ ܵܒ ܸ . ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܕܐ ܹ̇ܬܐ ܿܙܘܣ ܵ ܹܬ ܼ ܉ ܓ ܼ ܪ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܉ ܸܐ ܼܬ ̤ܬ ܼܬܗ ܘܐ ܼ ̤ܬ .ܕ ܐܼ / ܵ ܵ ܿ ܗܘ ܿ ܵܐ ܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ . ܹ 111ܕ ܸܐ ܢ ܿ ܼ [P. /f.85r] 112ܪ ܸ̇ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܇ ܒ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼ̤ ܕ ܵ ̇ܐܠ ܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܵ ܬ ܗ ܵ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܵ ̇ ܸܐܠ ܪܐܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܟ܉ ܿ /ܠ ܵ ܼܬܝܼܿ .ܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ ————————
(105) Add. L. (106) Abs. M, V, Ṽ. (107) In P, S interchanged. ̇ (108) M, V, Ṽ, P, S (109) Abs. L. (110) Abs. P. ܿ ܿ ܼ ܐ ̄ (111) P (112) Abs. P.
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Yulia Furman
ܿ ܿܒ ܵܬܐ̇ ܵ ܵ 113 ܿܘܣ ܕܝܗ̤ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܸ ܸܒ / . ܹܨܐ ܹܕ ̇ ܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢܼܿ ܼܿ /ܐ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܝܗ܉ ܸܐ ܼ ̤ܬ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܵܬ ̇ܗ ܼܿܐ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܼܬ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐܸ ܿ .ܒ ܼ ̤ ܝܗ̤ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̤ܬܵ ܼ ܿ [5].ܐ ܹܕ ܘܼ ܼ ̣ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܹ ̄ / ܼ ܼ ܿ 114ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܼܿܙ ܼܒ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܇ ܼܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ܉ ܐ ܼ ܼ .ܘ ܸ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܨܪܐ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܼܿ ܹ ܙܘܣ ܼܘ ܘ ܹ ܒ ܼ /115ܐ ܼܐ ܼ 116ܕ ܼܒ ܵ ܐܼ ܼ ܼ :ܙ ܼܒ ܹ ܿ ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܹ .ܐ ܿ ܼ ܹܕ ܵܐܦܼܿ ܼ /ܐ ܿܘܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹܐܵ .ܗ ܹܕܐ ܹܓ ܵܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܵܐ ̇ ܼ / ܿ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܼ ܵܐܼ [10] .ܒ ܆ ܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ̤ܬ .ܐ ܼ ܹܓ .ܕ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ̤ܬ ܼ ܼܐܪ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܕܐ ܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܒ ̈ ̇ ܉ ܿܐ ܿ ܵ ܗ ܿ ܿܘ ܿ ܣ ܒ ܵ ̇ܗ܉ܿ / ܘܐ ܿ ܸܒ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܿ ܼ ܿܓ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܸܐ ܼ ̤ܬ ܹ :ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸܼ ̣ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ̇ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܿ 118 117 ܵ ܼ ܐ ܼܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܟ /ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܆ ̤ܗ ܼܘ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܸ̇ ܼ ̣ ܸ ܸܐ ܝܗ .ܗܘ ܹܕ ܼ ̣ ܿ ܼܿܐ /ܕ ܸܐ ܿ ̤ܬ ܆ ̣ ܿ ܼܿܘ ̣ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ̈ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐܼܿ .ܘ ܵ ܗܘ ̤ܬ ܿܪܘ ܵ ܘ ܸ ܵ ̇ ܸ /ܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ̤ܬ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܐ .ܕܐܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ 120 119 ܼܐ ܘܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ .ܗ ܹܕܐ ܕ ܸ ܕ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬܗ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܐ ]ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ̣ [15 ܕ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܹ ܹ ܐܕ ̈ ̇ ܼܵ ܼ .ܒ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ /ܣ ܿ ܼ ܸ .ܕ ܸ ܡ ܿ ܼ ܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܬܗ .ܐ ܿ ܬܘܒ ܵܐܦ ܿ 121ܐܪܿ ܵ ܿܐ ܵ ܬܐܵ ̇ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܉ ܼ ܼܘ ܐܦܹ ܼ ܼ ܸ / ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̈ ̈ 122 ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܹܐ / . ܕܐ ܸ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐܵ / .ܗ ܹܕܐ ܹܕ ܸ ܹ̈ܘܐ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼܐ ܕܐ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ̇ ܿ ܵܐ ܿܐ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ̇ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܼ . ܬܘ ܼܒ ܹܕ ] [20ܐ ܹܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܼܿ .ܕ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܐ ܼܬܪܐ ܸܐ ܼܿ ܵ 123 ܹ /ܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܼܕܘ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ̇ ܸ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܸ ܸ ܵ ̇ ܼܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܵ ܐ܉ /ܘ ܵ ܸ̇ ܼܒ ܘ ܵ ̇ ܡ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܹ ̇ ܼܿ .ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܵܕܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ̇ ܸܐܡ ܸ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܵ /ܝܗ ܿܐ ܿܒ ܿ ܵܒ ̈ ܝܗ܉ ܵ ̇ ܡ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܿܕ ܿܒ ܿܘܕ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܘܕ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܢܼ ܿ / .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܸ ܼ ܹܐ ̣ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܵܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܵ ܿܘ ܵܐ ܕ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ .ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐ܉ ]ܼ ܿ ܼܿ [P. /f.85vܓ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܒܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܹ ̈ ܹ .ܐ ܿ ܼ ܕ ܐ̄ ܹ ܵܬܐ ̣ /ܕ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܵܐ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܐ܉ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܿ ܹܐ ܵ ܼܬ ܵܗ ܹ ̈ ܹ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܵ̈ܪ ܹ ܐܵ .ܐ ̇ ܼ ܹܓ ܿܕܒ ܵ ̇ܘ/ܒ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܼܓܒ ܵܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬܼܿ .ܘܒ ܿ ܒ ܐܵ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܵ ̄ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̇ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܘܬܐ :ܘܗ ܼ ܐ ][5 ܼ ܕ ܸ ܐ ܓ ܵܐ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܼ ܹ ܆ ܘ ܐ ܗ ̣ܘ ܼܬ ܼ ܕܝܗ ܗ ܼ ————————
ܿ
ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܵ (113) L ܼܿ ܹ (114) L ܵ ܒܓ ܵ ̇ܗ(115) P ܼ ܿ ܕܐ (116) L ܼ (117) Add. L. (118) Abs. L. (119) L ܸ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬ ̇ܗ(120) L (121) Abs. V, Ṽ. ܼ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ(122) M, P (123) Abs. V, Ṽ.
76
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕܗ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܸܐ ܹ ̈ ܼܿ ܓ ܼ ܵ ̈ܐ ܼ ܵܬܐ܉ /ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼܵܒ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܼ ܵܐ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬܸ .ܐ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿ :ܘ ܿ ܓ ܐ ܿܐ ܵ ̈ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܵ̈ ܿ ܿ ܹ ܘܐ ܵ ܼܬܐ ܹ ܸ .ܐ ܸ ܹ ܼ /ܐ ܕ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܹܐܹ .ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܕܐܿ ܓ ܵ . ܿ ܵ . ܿ /ܐ ̇ ܕܐ ܼ ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܹ ܐ̈ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ̈ܪ ܹ ܐܸ . ܼ ܼ ܹܕ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܐ ܼ ܝܗ ܕܗ ܐ܉ ̣ ܼܒ ][10 ܢ ܹܕ ܕ ܸ ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ :ܗܘ ̤ܬܼ /ܓ ܼܒ ܐ ܼܕ ܹ ܐܘ ܪܘܣ. ܵ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܼܵ 124ܒܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܹ .ܘ ܼܿ ܸ ܼܿܗ ܵܕ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܼܿܘܙ ܼܿ ̣ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ /ܒ ܼ ܼܘܟܵ .ܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܸ ܹܕ ܿ ܿ ܢ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܝܗ ܼܿ ܸ ܼܿ ̤ ܵܐ ܼ ܉ ܼܿ ܼܿ ̤ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܵܐ ܼ ܼܿ /125ܘ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܕ ܿܒ ܵ ̇ .ܘ ܒ ܿ ܬ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ /ܓ ܵ ܝܗ ܿ ܕܐܘ ܿ ܿܪܘܣ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ̇ ܘ ܼܿ ܼܿ ̤ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ. ܼ ܼ ܸܼܼ ̤ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܿܒ ܕ ܿ ܿ /ܒ ܿ ܕ .ܘ ܿ ܼܿ ܵܕ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܼܿܐ ܹ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܉ ܼܿܐ ̱ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܸܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܵ ܐ /ܕ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܐ܉ ܒ ܿ ܬ ܵ ܿܿ ܘܐ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܼ ̤ ܸܼܼ ̤ ܼ ] ܸ [15ܘܢ ܸ ܹ ܘ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܹ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ̣ܿܒ .ܘ ̣ ܵܗܪ ܵܐ ̣ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ܵ /ܐ ܒ ܸ ܹ̈ܪ ܇ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼܓ ܼܘܢ ܼ ܿ ܹ̈ܐ ܵ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼܘܢ ܼܿܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܹ ̈ ܐܼ ܵ / .ܓ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܹܕ ܵܐܦ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܵܐܦ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܘ ܵ ܿܘ ܵܬܐܿ .ܐ ] ܵ [20ܐ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܕܐܦ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼ /ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܸ .ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܼܬ ܐܦ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܵܐܦ ܼ ܹ̈ܒܐ ܵ ܹ ܼ ܵ .ܓ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܹܕ ܐܦ ܐ ܼ ܹ̈ܐ ܼܘ ܸ ܹ ܐܼ /ܘ ܸܐ ܹܐܵ .ܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܒ ̈ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܿ ܵ ܬܐ ܘ ܿ ܵܐ ܿܕܐ ܵ /126ܗ ܇ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܐ ܵ̇ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ 128 ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܹ .127ܐ ܿ ܼ ܗ ܹ ܐܦ ܸ ܼ /ܕ ܸ ܼ ܗ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܼ ܗ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܹܕܐ ܸ ܼ ̣ ܸܐ ܼ ܸܐ ܢ ܵ ܵ ܼܿܐܪ ܿ ܿ ܹ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐܵ /ܗ ܵ ܐܵ .ܐ ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܹ 129ܓ .ܕ ܸ ̈ܖ ܹ ܐ ܐ̄ ܵ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܼ ܿ 130ܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܿܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܿܘܢ. ܵ ܼ [P. /f.86r] .ܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܼܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܸܐ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܐ/ . ܸܐ ܿ ܼܿ / ܿܘܢ ܹܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܿ ܨ ܼ ܵܐ .ܘ ܼ ܿ ̣ ̄ ܼܒ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵܬܐ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ .ܗ ܵ ܐ ܿܐܬ ܵܪܐ ܵ ̇ ܘܗ ̇ܘ ܿ ܐ̄ ܵܬܐ̇ ܵ / . ܿ ܵ ܘܝܗ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܘܘܢ ܕ ̇ ܼ ܉ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܘ ]ܵ [5 ܵ ܵ ܿ ܘܐ ܼ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܵ ̇ . ܼ ܿ ̄ ܼܬܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼܐ ܼܬܪܐ ܸ ܼ ܼܓ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ܉ ܒ ܵ ̇ܘ ̇ ܼ ̣ ܵ ܼܿܘܐ̄ ܹ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܵ ܹܕܐ ܼ ̄ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬܼ ܿ / .ܒܐ ̄ ܹ ܵܬܐܿ ܿ ܸ 131ܬ ܼ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ .ܘ ̣ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܘܒܐ ܕ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ 132ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܢܼ . ܸ ܼ ܼܓ ܼܝ ܸܐ ܢ ܼܒ ܹܕܐ܉ /ܘ ̣ ̣ ܪ ܵ ܼ ————————
(124) Abs. V, Ṽ. (125) Abs. P. (126) Abs. L. (127) Abs. L. ܒ ܵ ܹܕܐ(128) S (129) Abs. L. ̄ ܗ ̣ܘ(130) S ܕͮͽܹ Ṽ ܕ (131) Add. M, V, S ܬܘ ܼܒ(132) P, S ܼ
77
Yulia Furman
ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܘܢ .ܕ ܼܿ ܼܿ /ܪܕ ̣ܦ ܸ ܿ ܢ ܵܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܼ ܹ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܼܦ / ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼܿ ܼ ܹ ܵ ̣ ܼ :ܘ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܼܕ ܼܓ ܼ ܫ ܹ ܼܘ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܉][10 ܵܗ ܿ ܢ ܕ ܵ ̣ ܘ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܸܐ ܼܿܙ ܝܗ ܕܐܬ ܵ ܿ ܟ ܵܒ ̇ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܿܙܠ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܒ ܵܬܐ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܢܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ /ܘ ܓ ܿ .ܐ ̇ ܸܼ ̣ ܸܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘ ܸ ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ. ܼ ܪ ܐܼ / .ܘ ܼܒ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܘ ܼܒܐ ܼ ܗ ̤ܗܘܐ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܘܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ̈ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܗܘܝ܉ ܕ ܼܕܐ ܕ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܼܓ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܐ ܹܕ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܵ ܐ ̣ /ܗ ܹ ܼܕ ̤ ܼ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܿ ̄ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ 133 ܼܓ ܼ ܹ ܐ[15] . ܼ ܹ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܗ ܹ ܕ ܸ ܘܢ܇ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܹܕ ܼ ܹܐ ܼ ܼ / ܵ ̇ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܹܒܐ ܼܘ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘ ܼܿ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐ ܹܕ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗܼ /ܕܐ ܐ .ܘ ̣ ܿ ܿ ┌ ┐ ܵ ܿܬ ̇ ܵ ܹܒ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܹ̈ܐ ܸ ܘܕ ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܕ ܵ ܵܒܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܼܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܘܢ 134ܕ ܸ ܐܼ / . ܼ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ̄ 135ܗ ̣ܘܘܵ ܘ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܹ̈ ܐ܇ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼܿ .ܒ ̣ ܵ /ܗ ܐܵ ܼ ܵܐܦ ܒ ܿ ܿ ܒ ܐܵ ܿ ܡ ܐ̄ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܕܗܘ ܿ ܵ / ܵ ܗ ܿ ܬܙܿ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܸ ̤ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܸ ܿ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܵܬܐ 136ܐܪܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬ ܹܪ ܼ .ܗ ܹ ] [20ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܸ ܿܘܢ/ . ܸܐ ܿ ܢܼ / .ܓ ܼ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܹܕ ܼܿ ̣ ܵܗ ܿ ܢ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܆ ܿ ܼܒܐ̄ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܹܕ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܪܐ ܼܿܘ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܸܐ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ̈ܐ ܘ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ܐ ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ .ܘ ܹܕ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܘ ܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܿ ܐ܉ ܿܐ ̇ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܹܕ ܵܐܦ ܼ /ܐ ܼܘ ܼܬܐ .ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܹ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܕܐ ܿ ̈ܵܵ ܸ̈ܪ ܹܐ ܘܒ ܼ ̈ܪ ܹ ܹ ܐܼ :ܐ ܹ ܕ ̣ ]ܼ [P. /f.86vܐ ܵ ܼܬܐ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܡ ܿ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܿ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ̇ ܵ̈ ܿ ܘܐܪ ܵܐ܆ ܿܙ ܵ ܵ ܪܘܢ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܗܘܢ / .ܐ ܼ ܹܓ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܸܼ ܹ ܼ ܕܨ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼܿܐ ܵܐܵ ܼܿ /137ܐ ܼ ܵ ܹ ̈ܐ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܼܒ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ :ܒ ܸܓ ܼ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸ ܹܘܐ ܹ ܒ ܐ/ ̈ ܗܘܪ ܕ :ܕ ܒ ܐ ܿ ܵܐ ܿ ܘܐܪ ܵܐ .ܘ ̣ ܵܒ ܼ ܿ ܪ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܸ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܵ ܐܼܿ [5] 138ܕ ܼܿ ܵܐ: ܼ ܸܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ┐ ܵܗ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ܉ ܐܘܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ┌139 ܼ ܼܬܪ ܐ̣ / ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܸ ܹܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܆ ܕܐܪܐ ܗ ܹܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸܼܹ ܿ ܗܘܪ ܕ ܿ ܿܗ ܿ ܣ ܵܬ ̇ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐܿ ̇ ܵ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵܵ ܘܐ ̱ܗܪ ܵ . ܘܒ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ / ܼ ܸ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܒܐ܆ ܸܐ ܼܬܒ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ 140 ̈ ܪܓ ܗܘ ܒ ܹܕܐ /: ܘܐ ̱ܗܪ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܼܓܐܹ ܼ .ܓ ܼܐ ܸ ܗܘܪ ܸ ܕ ̤ܗܘܐ ̣ ܹ ܼ /ܐܼ : ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܸ ܼܒ ܐ ] ܼ [10ܒ ܼ ܼ ܗ ܹ ܇ ܼ ܕܓ ܐ ܹ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܘ ܼܬܐ܉ ܹ ܼ ܪ ܘ ܸܐ ܼ̣ ܼ .ܕܐ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܿ ܵܐ ܿ ܘܐܪ ܵܐܿ . ܿ ܿ ܹ .ܘ ܹ ܵ ܸ ܼܒ ܵ ܐܼ / ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܕܗ ܢ ܒ ܼ ̈ܪ ܹ ܹ ܐ܉ ܼ ܹ ————————
(133) Abs. P, S. (134) In M, V, Ṽ, P, S interchanged. ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ (135) V, Ṽ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ(136) L ܿ ̈ ܼ ܐ ܹܐ(137) V, Ṽ (138) Abs. L. ܵ ܼܿ ܗ ̇ ܹܘܐ ܼ (139) L ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ(140) L
78
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܵ ܨܪ ̇ܗ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܕܐ ܿ .ܘ ܿ ܘ ܵ ܼ ܵܡ ܿ ܼ ┐ ܿ ܼ ܵܗ ܹ ┌ܼܿ 141ܐ ̱ܗܪ ܵ ܼ / :ܒ ܼ ܼ ܗ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ̣ ̣ ܿܐ ܿ ܪܙܘܢ ܼܿܐܒ ܼ ܝܗ ܼܿ / .ܕ ̣ ܵ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܼ . ܹ 142ܕ ܿ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ .143ܐ ̱ܗܪ ܵ ܹܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܙܪܘܢ ܒ ܹܕܐ ][15 ܼ ܼ ܹ /ܒ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼܬܐ .ܕ ܸܐ ܐ ̣ܗܘ ܒ ܟ ܗܘܪ ܸ ܕܹ ܼ .ܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܿ ܗܘܪ ܸ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ /ܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ .ܘ ܼ ܿ ̣ ܒ̄ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ܇ ܘ ܼܒ ܪ ܵ ܐ ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ܉ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܡ /ܕ ܵ ܘ ܿ ܄ ܿ ܘܐ ̱ܗܪ ܵ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ . ܕܗܘܪ ܸ ܕ ܸ ܼܒ ܹܐ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸܸ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܕܕܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܹ /ܓ ܸܒ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ .ܐ ܹܐ ܹܕ ̣ 144ܬ ܹܪ / ܼܓ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ̄ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܐ ܹܐ ]ܹ [20ܕ ܼܒܐ ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ܇ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܝܗ ܼ ܙܐ ܼܓ ܼ ܹ̈ܪ ܼ ܵ ܿ ̄ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ .ܐ ܹܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܘܸ / .ܒ ܐ ܐ ܹ 145ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܿܨ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܝܗ ܕ ̣ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܒ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܼܿ /ܐ ܿܕܘܡ ܸ ܼ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ .ܐ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܹܕ ܐ̄ ܹܐ ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܼܿ ܿܘܢ/ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ 146 ܒ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܗܕ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼܿ ܹ ܐ ܐܘ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܼ ̈ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܘ ܵܒ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܵ ܘܢܼ ܿ ܼ /.ܬܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ [P. /f.87r] 147ܕ ܼܿ ܵܐ ܕ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ. ܹܙܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܐܕ ܸܪ ܼ ܸ ܘܢܵ .ܗ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ܵ .ܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܿ ̣ /ܒ ܒ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܿ ̣ ܙ ܼ ̈ ܼܘܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܹܕ ܵܗ ܹ̈ ܕ ̣ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܵ ܬ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܗܘܢ ܘܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܘܢ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ : ܕܪܘ ܐ ܼܘܕ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ :ܕ ܐܼ /ܪ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ̈ ܿ ܿܵ ܵ ̇ ܵܘ ̇ ܵ ܄ ܿܐ ܿ ܵ ܐ ] [5ܕ ܐܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܸ /ܝܗ ܼ ܹܐ .ܗ ܼ ܐ ܹܓ ܼ ܸ ܸܐ ܢ ̣ ܼܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ 148 ܸ ܸ ܡ ܸ ܼܘܢ ̣ ܼܕܘ ܵܐ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ .ܕ ̣ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ ܵ ܵܬܐܿ ܼ ܿ /ܘܢ ܼ ܹܗ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐܿ . ܘܐ ܵ ̈ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܠ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿܒ ܵ ̇ ̄ /ܗ ܵܘܘ .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ ܵܐ ܿ ܘܬܪ ̣ ܼܿ ܸ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܬ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܗܘܢ149܉ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܒ ܹ ̈ܐ. ܸܐ ܢ ܸ ܸ ܡ ܘ ܐ ܵܗܘ ܼ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ .ܘ ܐ /ܐܘܪ ܼ ܼ ̤ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܘܐ ܵ ܐ ܸܬܕ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ /ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܿ̇ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܹ ̈ܐ܉ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ[10] . ܵ ܵ ܼܿܐ ܵܗ ܹ ̈ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܹܪ ܼܿ :ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܐ܇ ܘ ܿ ܼܒܐܪ ܵܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐܼܿ / .ܘ ܼܒ ܵܐ ܼܬ ܿܘ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ̈ܒ ܵ ܹ ܐ. ┌ ┐ ܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܐܦ ܹ ܼ ܼ ̣ 150ܐ ܵ ܐ܆ ܼ /ܘܕ ܼ ܓ ܼ ̈ܐܢ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܸܐ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵܗ ܹ ܵ ̈ܒܐ ܵ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼܓ ܿ ܢ ܵܐܦ ܼܿܐ ܸ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܉ ܒ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܐ /ܒ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܗܘܢ ܪ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܼܕܐ ܼ [15] .ܘ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܼܬܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܐܼ .ܐ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܸ /ܨ ܼܒ ܘܢ .ܕ ܸ ܘܘܢ ܼ ܼ ————————
(141) In M, V, Ṽ, P, S interchanged. ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܼ (142) L ܿ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܵ (143) L ̇ (144) L ܹ ܕ ݅ (145) Add. V ܼ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ (146) L (147) L ̣ ܼ ܹܗ (148) L ܗܘܢܿ Ṽ ܒ ܘܬ ܿ ܿ ܼ͗΅Αܼͮ Αܘ ܼܬ ܿ ܗܘܢ(149) V, P ܼ ܼ ܼܼ (150) In V, Ṽ interchanged.
79
Yulia Furman
ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܢ ܼܘ ܸܓ ܘ ܸܒ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼ ̣ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܘ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܓ ܼ /ܐ ܕ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ܉̤ ܼ ܵ ܼܿ /ܗܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ܉ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܼܐ ܕ ̣ ܸܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼܕܘ / .ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐܗ ܼ ̣ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܵ ܼ .ܐ ܹܓ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܸܐ ܿ ܼ / ܿ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܿ ܼ ̣ ܹ ܸ 151ܪ .ܘ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܵ ܐ ]ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܸ [20ܒ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܕ ܿ ܼ ̣ ܼ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܸ ܵܒ ̈ ܿܬܢ. ܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ̇ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܐ ܒ ܼܿ ܼܒ ܹ ܇ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܹܒܐܹ /ܐ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܼܿܕܐ̈ܪ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܢ :ܘ ܵ ̇ ܹ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܵ .ܐ̣ /ܨ ܼܵܒܐ ܵ ܵ ܐܼܿ :ܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܿ ̣ ̄ ܼܒ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܝܗ ̱ ܼ ܿ /ܐ ܼܵܒ ܹ . ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼܪܘܝܗ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܿܘܢ ܒ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ ܐܼܿ .ܘܗ ܼܿ ܼ ܼܿ /ܘ ̣ ܿ ܼܒ ܘ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ̈ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܼܐ ܵ ̈ ܘܢ .ܘ ܼ ܵ ܹܕܐ ܘ ܸ ܵ ܹܕܐ ]ܼ [P. /f.87vܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܼ̣ ܣܼ :ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܵ ܵܬܐܿ / . ܿ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼܿ ܹܐ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ .ܪܘ ܵܐ ܵܗ ̇ܘ ܼ ܸܐ ܢ ܼܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܵܡ ܸ :ܕ ܹܒ ܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ̣ / ܘܢ ܕ ̣ ܕܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܿܗ ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ .ܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ .ܐܘ ܬ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ][5 ܼ ܸ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܣ .ܕ ܸ ܘܘܢ ܼ ܘܙ ܵܬܐ .ܘ ܿ ܘ ܵܬܐܿ /ܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܐܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̇ ܬܐܵ ܿ ܡ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵܘ ̇ ܐܿ . ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܼܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܸܸ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܘ ܸ ܐ .ܘ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ .ܘ ܸܪ ܐ /ܘ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵܨܐ܉ ܼܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܐ. ܿ ܵ ܐ ܿ .ܒ ̱ ܵ̈ܪ ܐ̈ܵ .ܪ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ / .ܐ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܸ .ܒ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ .ܝ ܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ܉ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܐܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܿܘܢ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ┐ ܵ ܿ ┌ ┐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܐܿ / ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܐ ][10 ܘܢ .ܘ ܐ ܼ ܒܐ ܘ ܐ ܼ̈ܪ ܹ ܐ ܸ ܘܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ . ܵ ̇ ܿ ܵ /ܘ ܬܐܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ┌152 ܼ ܆ ܹ ܉ ܼܿ ܐ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܼܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܘܢ .ܘܗ ܹ ܹ ܼܿ .ܐ ̇ ܼܿܕ ܼܬ ܹ ܼ ܸܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܿ .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ̇ ܼܿܕ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܹ / ܵ ܿܿ ̇ ܝܗ ܵ ̄ ܵ̇ ܿ ܵ̈ܵ ܵ ܕܐܦ ܼܿ ̄ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ 153ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܸܗ ܿ ܢ ܝܗ܉ ̣ ܼ̈ܪ ܹ .ܘܗ ܹܕܐܼ /ܓ ܼ ܵܐ ̣ ܵ ܵ ܼܿܕܐ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܵ /ܬ ܐ̄ ܹܐ܇ ܵܕ ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܘ ܵ ̇ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܒ ܹ ܵ ܐ ]ܼܿ [15ܕܐ̄ ܹܐ܄ ̇ ܕܗ ܹ̈ ܼܿ ܸܗ ܹ ̈ ܵܗ ܹ ܕ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ .ܕ ܸ ܵܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܸ /ܢ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܒ ܼܘܚ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܒ ܐ ܕܕ ܼ ܐܸ .ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܼܐܬܐ ܼ ܸ : ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ /ܐ ܼ ܓ ܼ ܐܐ ܼ ܹ ܝܗ ܹ ܐ ܐ ܿ /ܓ ܵ̈ ܵ ܿ ܐܬܐ 154ܙ ܼ ̈ܖ ܵ ܼ ܵ :ܘ ܼܿ ܼ ܝܗ ܼ ܵ ̇ 155ܕ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܢܸ .ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܹܓ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ܉ ܼ ܸ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܬܘ ܵ ܕ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ܄ ܼܿܕܐ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܿܒܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܼܿܘܒܐ ܼ ܵ ܵܐ ܿܪ ܵܒܐ ]̤ܵ [20 ܗܘܐ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ /ܪܝ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐܿ ܿ ܿ . ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܐܬ ܵ ܝ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܼܒܐ ܼ ܐ /ܒܐ ܼ ܐ ܬ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܸ ܪܐ܇ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܒ ܵ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ ┐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ┌156 ̈ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܗܘܢ ܼܒ ܐ /:ܐܘ ܐ ܸ ܒ ܼ ܐ܉ ܘ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܕܐ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ
————————
ܼ ) ܐܪ ܐ( ܕ(151) Add. L (152) In M, V, Ṽ, P, S interchanged. (153) Abs. L. ܿ ܼ ܿ ̈ܓ ܼ ܹܐܐ̈ ܼ ܿ S ܓ ܹ ܐܐ̈ P ;͓͕͛ͯܿ ܼ ܿ Ṽ ܓ ܼ ܵܐܐ ܼ ܿ V ܓ ܼ ̈ܐܐ(154) M ͵ͼͯ ܵ ܼ Ṽ ͔Γܐ (155) V ܼ (156) Add. L.
80
Scrinium X (2014). Syrians and the Others
ܐ ܿ ܒ ܿܬ ܿ ܵ : ܿ ̈ܵ ܿ ܕܐܦ ܿ ܿܙܒ ̈ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܘܕ ܹ ̈ܐ ܼܿܕܐ ܹ / ܼ ܕ ܼ ܘܢܼ ̣ .ܐ ܵ ܼܬܐܵ /ܗ ܹ ܼ ܼܼܹ ܸ ܼ ܼܼ̤ ܼ ܝܗ ܵ ܒ ܿܘܢ ܐ̇ ܵ . ܵ ܕܐܦ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܿ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܐܹ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ [P. /f.88r] .ܕ ܕܓ ܼ ܼ ܸܼ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܼ ܵܐ ܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܕܗ ܵ ܐ .ܕܐܦ ܵܗ ܹܕܐ /ܪܘܪ ܼܵܒܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܼ ܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܕܐܦ ܐܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼ ܵ ̈ܗ ܿ ̤ܘܝ ܿܕܓܒ ܼ ܵ ܕ ܿ ܐܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܕܐ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܬܢܹ ܼ ܼ ܵ / .ܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܘܢ .ܘ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ][5 ܼ ܼܿ ܵ ܵܐܼܿ / .ܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܸܗ ܿ ܢ ܵ ܼ ܒ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܸ ܒ ܒ ܵ ̇ܘ ܵ ܵ ܵܐ ܿܕ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܒ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܿ .ܬܘܒ ܿܐ ܿ ܿ ܵܐܦ ܵ ܿ ܿ /ܬ ܿ ܗܘܢ܇ ܼ ܼ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܢ ܼ ܼܬ ܼ ܼܒ /ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ .ܪ ܼ ܹܕ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼܕ ܕ ܹ ܐ ܹܕܐ ܘ ܼ ܿ ܿ ̈ܵ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ̈ ܿ ܗܘܝ ̈ܪ ܵ ܢ ܼ ܸܕ ܹ ܵ ܿܘ ܵ ܵܐܼܿ 157ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܢ. ̣ ܐܦ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ̈ܐ܇ܼ /ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ̈ܪܙܐ ܘ ܼ ܹ̈ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܕܗ ܹ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܹܐ ܼܿ ܸ ]̄ [10ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ. ܼ /ܘܕ ܵ ܐ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ܉ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܼܿܘ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ̈ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼܿ ܉ ܕ ܼܒ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܹ ̈ ܐ ܹܕܐ ܼ ܼ ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܘ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ܇ ܵ ܡ ┐ܕ ܹ ܘ┌ܼ ܿ ܼ ܸ 158ܓ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ / .ܕ ܵ ܢܿ .ܒ ܢ ܕ ܵܗܕܐ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܿ .ܐ ܵ ܕܗ ܿ ܢ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܹܓ ܕ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܼ ܐܼ ܼ ܸ / ܼܒ ܼ ܗܘ ̤ܬ ܼ ܹ ܼܐܬ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܼܕ ܊ܹ . ܿ ܵ 159 ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐܼ ܿ /ܒ ܼܓ ܼܿ ܪ ܕ ܼ ܵ ̈ ܝܗܵ :ܐܦ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܵܕܐ ] [15ܕ ܼ ܪܐ ܘ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐܿ :ܘܒ ܵ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿܘܒ ܵܪܐ ܵ ܕܬ ̇ ܸܐ ܢ܇ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܐ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿܘ ܹܒ ܉ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ┐ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ┌160 ̈ ܵ ܸ ܼܓ ܼ ܸܐ ܢܼ ܼ / .ܒ ܼ ܐ ܒ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܐܸ .ܐ ܐ ܗ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܼܿ ܼ ܿ ܪ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ ܵ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ /ܒ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܵ :ܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܿܘ ܹܒ ܒ ܸܐܕ ܼܿ ̈ ܿܘܢ ܵ ̇ ܸ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ. ܵ /ܘ ̇ܵ ܿܒ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܕܝܗ ܵܗܕܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼܵܒ ܵ ܐ ܹܐ ܼ ܵܐ. ܼ ܐ ܐܦ ܝܗ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܵ ܼ ܿ ̤ 161ܒ ܼ ܪܐ ][20 ܼ ̤ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܕܗܐ ܵܒ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ̣ ܸܐ ܼ ܹ ܹܓ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܐ .ܕܗܐ ܗ ܹܘܐ ܙܘ ܐ .ܐ /ܗ ̣ܘܐ ܒ ܘ ܐ ܐܼ . ܸ ܵ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ ܪܘ ܵ ܐ܇ ܿܕ ܿ ܵ ܐ̈ /ܪܐ ܿܘ ܵܐ ܿܐܪ ܵܐ ܵ .ܐ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܒ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵܐܵ . ܘܐ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܪܐ. ̣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܐܬ ܿ ܥ ܄ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܵ ܐܿ /ܪ ܿ ܵܐ܉ ܿܕ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ /ܘ ܼܒ ܐ ̣ ܗ ܹ ܸܼܼܼ ܵ ܿ ܘܕܥ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܬ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿܕܒ ܼ ܿ ܹ ܐ ]ܼܿ ܿ ܼ ̣ [P. /f.88vܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܨ ܸܓ ܐܵ ܼ ܼܼ ܸ ܼ ܹ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܐ ܐܼ :ܒ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ /ܕ ܹܪ ܼ ܼ ܢ .ܗ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܇ ܿ ܿ ܘ ܼܪ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܐ ܼ ܼ ܵܨ ܹܕܗ ܵ ܵ /ܐܼ ܿ .ܒ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܹܒ ܒ ܼ ܵ ܝܗ ܵ ܼܬ ܵܗ ܹ / ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼܕ ܼ ܿ ̈ܪܢܼ .ܐ ̣ ܕܐ ܼ ܹܐ ܼ ܵܐ .ܕ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܐ :ܘ ܐ ܼ ܼ .ܘ ܐ ] [5ܐ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܹ ܒ ܼ ܐܵ ܼ .ܐ ܪ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ .ܘ ܼܓܐܼ /ܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܸ ܼ .ܐ ܕ ܼ ܸ ————————
ܿܵ ܿܵ ܼܿ ܐ ܵ ܐܵ S ܼ Ṽ ͔ͮ͢Ξܐ ܵ ܵܐܼ V ܐ ܵ ܐ(157) M, P (158) Add. L. ܵ ܕ ܼ ܗܪܐ V ܕ ܼ ܗܪܐ(159) M, Ṽ, P, S (160) Abs. M, V, Ṽ, S. Ṽ άܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܿ ̤ (161) M, V, P, S ܼܿ ܕܐܬͥͤ ̤
81
Yulia Furman
ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿܿ ܿ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼܿܕܐ ܸܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܵ ܸܐܬܕ ܿ ܼܒ / . ܕ ܼ ̇ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ .ܘ ܼܒ ܹ ܹ ܼ /ܐ ܼ ܒ ܼܘܢܼ . ܿ ܿ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ̣ ܘܐ ܸ ܵܐ ܼ ܡ ܓ ܘ ܵܙܐ ܼ ܼ ܘܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܚ ܼ ܹ /ܒ ܼ ܹ ܼ . ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ̈ ܿ 162 ܵ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼܘ ܸ ܹ ܹܐ: ܼ ܕ ܐ ܼ . ܼ ܕ ܼ ܼ ]ܼ [10 ܕܪܘ ܹ ܿ ܐ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܿ ܝ ܵܒܐܿ /ܘܕ ܿ ܵܐܿ .ܘܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܐܬ ܿܐ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܒ ̈ ܵ ܗ .ܐܵ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܹ ܸܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼܼܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܘܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̣ܵ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܇ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܪܐ.ܘ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܗܘܐ 163ܒ ܼ ܕܐܸ ܼ / ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܕ ܵ ܵ ܆ܵ /ܗ ̇ܘ ܵ ܿ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܿܘܢ /ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܕܗ ܢ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܝܗ܇ ܸܐ ܸܐ 164ܕ ܐ ܼ ̄ܗ ܵܘܘ܉ ܵ ܵ̇ ̈ ܼ ܼܬ ܼܘܢܵ . ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐܸ :ܐ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ̇ ܿ ܢ ]ܼܿ [15ܕܐ ܿ ܼܒ ܘ ̣ ܐܵ ܼ ܘܗ ܹܕܐ ܐ ܼ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ /ܘ ܿܪܬ ̇ ܐ̄ ܵ ܐ .ܘ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܐ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼܼܼܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕܐܦ ܼ ܹ ܐ ̣ ܸܐ ܼ ܼ .ܕܕ ܼ ܘܬܪ ܒ ܵ ܹ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܵܵ ܘܨ ̈ܨ ܹ ܐܼܿ .ܘܪ ܼ ܵܐ ܼܿܘܗ ܼ ܼ ܵܐ ܼܿܕ ܸ ܹܪ . ܼ ܼ ܸ ̇ .ܐ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܸ /ܓ ܼ ̤ܬܵ ܸ ܼܓ ܐ ܸ ܵ ܵ ܐܵ /ܐ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܿܐܘ ܼܘ ܵܕ ܵܐ ܼ ܼܿ .ܢ ܵܗ ܹ ܵܐܘ ܵ ܐ ܵ .ܐ ܹܕ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ /ܕ ܸ ܼ ܹܐ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ . ܿ ܵܿ ܸ ܐ ܕ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܿܕ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܪ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܐ܆ ܵܗ ܵ ̇ ܕ ] [20ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ܸ ܼ ܼܿ . ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܵ ̈ ܵ 165 ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ̈ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܘܗܕ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܹܐ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܒ ܼ ܹ̈ܪܐ ܸ ܪܗ ܼ ܘ ܸ ܼܕܕ ܼ ܇ ܙ ܼ ܼ / ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ 166 ܸ ܿ ܼ ܿܬ ܼ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܸ / .ܐ ܸ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹ ܼ .ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ .ܓ ܹܒܐ ܿ̈ ̈ ܸ ܿ ܼܿܕ ܹ ܵ ܼ ܿ .ܐܼ . ܹ ̇ ܵ /ܓ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼܿܗ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܼ .167ܐ ܸ ܼܿܕܕ ܼ ܵ ܼ ܵ .ܐ ܵ ̇ ܹ . ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̈ ̇ 168ܕ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܪ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵܐܵ .ܗ ܹ ̈ ܹܕ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐܼ ܼ ܸ /ܒ ܹ ܵ .ܗ ܹ ܿ ]ܿ [P. /f.89rܘ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܕܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܵ .ܗ ܹ ̇ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐܵ .ܗ ܹ̈ ̇ ܹ 169ܕ / ܕܙܘ ܐ ܼܘ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ 170 ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܼܓ ܸ ܦ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܵ .ܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܗ ܹ ܐܘ ܼܘܕ ܐܼ .ܕ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܒܒ ܸ ܼܒ ܼ / ܿ ܼܿܐ ̄ ܿ ܉ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼܪ ܼܿ ܉ /ܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܸ ܵܒ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܸ ܼܿ .ܐ ܘܗ ܹܕܐ ܸ ܿ .ܕ ܵ ܿ ܪܘ ܿ ]ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ [5ܘܢ ܿ ܿ ܘܐ ܸ ܼ ܸ ܿܒ ܿܘܢ .ܕ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿܢ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܘܐ ܹ ܐ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ. ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ ܘ ܸ ̱ ܼ ܢ /ܒ ܸܐܕ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ܇ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܢ ܒ ܸ ܒ ܘܢ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܿܘܢ .ܘܬܘܒ ܕ ܘܐ ܵ ܿܘ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܪܗܘܢ ܵ ܿ ܼ ܿܘܢ/ ܼܼ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ /ܕ ܸ ̱ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ ܕ ܐ ܸ ܿ ܵܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ ܼܿ ܐܹ .ܬܐ ܼܪ ܼܒ ܗ ܹ ܬܘܕ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܹ ܼ ܼܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ / .ܘ ܸ ܹܓܐ ܼ ܐܪܐ ————————
ܪܘ ܹ (162) L ܼ (163) Abs. P. ܿܿ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܼܐ (164) L ܿ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܐ(165) M ܿ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܸ Ṽ ͽͮΑͮ͘Εܒ ܼ (166) M, V ܼ Ϳ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ (167) M, V, Ṽ, P, S (168) M, V, Ṽ, S ̣ (169) Add. L. ܿ ͘΅ ܿ Ṽ ͣ͗ͤͶܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܸ ܼܒ ܿ Vܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܸ ܼܒ ܿ ܼܒ (170) M, P ܕ ܼ͗ ܸ
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ܵ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܼܿ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ .ܕ ܼܿ ܵ ܼ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܹ̈ܪܐ ] ̣ [10ܐ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ܇ ܼܿܐ ܹ ܼܿܕ ܼܒ ܿܘܢ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܼ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܵܐ ̇ ܸ ܿ ܼ ܵܨܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܼ ̄ /ܘ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐ܉ ܐ̄ ܵ ̈ ܼ ܸ ܿܘܢ ܼܿ ܿ ܹ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܵ ܿܒ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ̇ ܹ / .ܘ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̈ ܘܢ ܘ ܵ ܹ ܇ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܼܕܙܕ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼܕܕ ܼ ̣ ܸ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܿ . ܘܢ /ܒ ܼ ܹ ܐܸ .ܐ ܐ ܼܐ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܹܐ܉ ܒ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܼ /ܪ ܼ ܼ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܐ ܢ ܼܕܐ ]ܵ [15ܗ ܹ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܝ .ܘ ܼܓܐܐ ܗ ܹ ܹܓ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܕ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܼܕܐ ܼ ܐ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘ ܼܬ ܵܗ ܹ /ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ܉ ̣ ܼ ܼܘ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܵ ܼ ܿ ̤ ܼ ܿ ܼ .ܐ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܊ܸ /.ܗ ܿ ܢ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܹ ܐ܉ܼܿ /ܕܐ ܵܐ ܿ ܼ ܿܒ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܼܘ ܵܕ ܹ ̈ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܢ ܼܪܘ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܐ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼܿܐ ܸ ܹ ܗ /ܕ ܸܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܣ .ܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܓ ܿ ܢ ܹܓ ܒ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ [20] .ܐ ܵ ܐ ܐ ̇ ܿܐ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܗܘܢ ܼܿ ܿܘܢ. ܼ ܹ ܼ ܸ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܆ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܵ ̄ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐ܉ ܕ ܿܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ 171 ܼ ܸܬ ܒ ܗܘܢ ܸܒ ܬ ܼܬܗܘܢ / .ܗ ܼ ܐ ܹܓ ܪ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܘ ܼ ܼܪܘ ܹܬܗ܉ ܼܐ ܼ ܐ/ ܐܬܐܼ /ܕ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼܘ ܼܬܐ ܸ ܼܼ ܕܹ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̇ ܵ ̄ ܵ ܵ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܘ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܘܙܕ ܼ ̈ ܹ ܐܼ .ܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܐܦ ܼ ܵ ܸ ܼܒ ܼܐ ܐ ܒܐ ܼ ܹ ܗ /ܙ ܼ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼ ܐ܉ ܿ ܼܕܘܟܵ . ܿܘܢ ] /f.89vܐܵ [P.ܗ ܹ ̈ ܼܿܕ ܼܬ ܵ : ܘܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܼ ܿܬܚ ܘ ܸܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܘܬ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܬ ܹ ܼ ܼ /ܗܘܢ ܸ ܼ ܢ ܒ ܸ ܸ ܼܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܕܕ ܐ ܼ ܐ ܸ ܢܼ . ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ /ܕ ܵ ̇ ܵ ܵ 172 ܼܿ ܿܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ܇ ܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܘܢ ܼ .ܐ ܵܒ ܬ ܼ ̇ ܵ ܐ ܿܒ ܒ ܵ ܬ ܵ ܿܘ ܿ ܇ ܿ ܵܿ ܵ̇ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ̇ ܵ ܿܵ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܼ ܘܢ ܼ ܼ /.ܗ ܼ ܐ ܹܓ ܸ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܕܐ ܼ ܗܘ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ̣ ] ܼ [5ܐ ܕ ܼܿ ܹ ܵܙ ̇ ܸܗ ܼܬ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܐ܇ ܼܿܘܕ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܠ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܕܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ /ܪ ܸܐ ̇ ܼܓ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿܘܢ ܵ ̇ ̄ܵ ܕܬ ܼ ܿܬ ܼ ܿ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܸ ܐ ܼܘ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܹ ̄ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘܸ / ܗ ̣ܘܐ .ܕ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܵ ܿܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ̄ܵ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܕ ܼ ܵ ܐ܉ ܵܗ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܐܦ ܼ ܵ /ܓ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܪ ܹ ܗ ̣ܘܘ .ܕ ܐ ܼ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܘܓ ܼ ][10 ܕ ̇ ܼ ܆ ܼ ܬܘ ܼܒܸ /ܐ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܝܗ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܼܘ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܐ ܵܗ ܼ ܼ :ܘ ܸ ܕ ܼ ܘ ܵܕ ̈ܘ ܵܓ ܿ .ܙܕܘ ܵ ̈ܐ ܕ ܵ ܕܐ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ܵܗ ̈ܘ ܵ ܵܐ ̇ ܼ ̄ /ܗ ̣ ܵܘܘ ܵ .ܐ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܹ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܘܢ ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܹ̈ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ ܼܪܘ ܵ ܐܼ .ܒ ܼܓ ܢ ܢ ܼܬ ܗ ܹ ܸ ̣ /ܐ ܼ .ܕ ܹ ܘܢ ܼ ܕ ܐ ܿ ̈ ̈ ܿܵ ܵ ܵ̈ ܵ ܿ ܘܕ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܵ ܼܓ ܿ ܹ̈ܕܐ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ܵܐܵ ..ܗ ܹ ܵܗ ܹ ܼ ܿ ܒ ܼ ̈ ܿ ܼܒ : ܼ ܹܒܐ ܘ ܐ ܼ ܹ ܼܕܐ ܐܼ / . ܿ ̇ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼܬܐ ܼܕ ܼܒ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܐ ܼܕ ܼ ܡ ][15 ܼ ܼ ܼ ̣ /ܓ ܼ ܸܪ ܸ ܼ ܼܒ ܼ ܼ ܼܵܒܐ ܵܗ ܵ ܐܼ : ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ̇ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܸ /ܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܿ ܼܪ ̤ܬ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼܬܐ̣ . ܹ ܼܐܬ ܼ ܹ ܗ ܕ ܢ܄ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܸܐ ܵ ܹ ܐܼ .ܕܐ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܼܓ ܼ ܿ ̤ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܸ ܵ ܐ ܹܓ ܕ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܐ ܼ /ܐ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܕ ܼ ܗܪܐ܇ ܼܐ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܵܐ :ܘ ̣ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܪܗ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܐ܇ ܘ ̣ ܸ ܹ ܼ ܬܐ ܼ ܼܬܪܐ .ܘ ̣ ܬܐ ܼ ܿ ܹ ̈ܐ܇ /ܘ ̣ ܵܗ ܹ ————————
ܗܘܢ Vܘܬ ̈ܒ ܵ ܿ ͥΕܗܘܢ Ṽ ܘܬ ܿܒ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܗܘܢ(171) M, S ܘܬͣ͘Β ܼ ܸ ܸ ܵ ܵ ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ ̇ (172) M V, P, Sܒ ͗Ϳͣͻ Ṽ ͢ͼΏܒ ܼ ܼ
Yulia Furman
ܒ ܵ ܹ ܿ ܼ ܼܓ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ/ ܼ ܵ ܸܐ ܵ ܐ ܐ̄ ܵ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܹ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼܒ. ܵ ̈ ܿ ܼ ܼܿܕ ܵ ܿ ܿܒ ܿܒ ̈ ܉ ܿ ܒ ܵ . ܵ ܼ ܵ ܵ [ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܼ ܵ ܘ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܼܿ ܒܐ20] ܼܿ ܗܕ ܕܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܸ ܼܼ ܼ ܿ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ̇ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ 173 ܵ ܵ ܼܕ ̣ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܪ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܝܗ/ܘ /ܐ ܐ ܹ ܀܀ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܀174 ܕ ܹܪܫ ܸ ܹ ܐ/ܕܬ ܵܐ܀ ܸ ܿ ܼ ̤ ܼܿ ܓ ܼ ܼ ܵܬܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܀ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܼ ܼܒܐ ܸ 176 ̈ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܀
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ܵ̈
ܿ ܼ ܼܕ ̇ ܿ ܼ . ܵܨ ܹܒ ܵ ܹܕܐ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ܿ ܼܒ ܹܐ ܸ ܿ 175ܕ ܵ ܝ
ܵܗ
TRANSLATION [f.81v] The ninth chapter of [the Book] of the Main Points, the history of the temporal world I suppose, by means of what we have said previously, we have al‐ ready made a detailed introduction to our New Testament [times and events]. It seems to us (and we have already shown) [that] we will enter the lawful gates towards those things which are in Christ. From now on we may speak openly, for no one will dare to justly slander us anymore. If something like this happens177 in our country, we would easily send our oppressors to the prophecy gate guards and show them as beating the air. They would turn into builders who work with clay and bricks or masons [who] cut hard stones from the big rock with which all the earth is filled. What is to follow? Earlier, we described how and in what way God created the created world; which natures [P. /f.82r] appeared first and which were [made] last, and how many more there will be; [and precisely described] the days of the first week [of creation] one by one. [We indicated] what was necessary about the miracle and the way of Adam’s creation and what the reason for his Fall and the ex‐ pulsion from Paradise was. [We narrated] what was done by his off‐ spring; about Noah and the Deluge which occurred during his time; about his sons with the rest of the peoples and lands over which a part of them was scattered. [We told] about the building of the Tower [of Babel]. [We discussed] where kingly rule began; how and when ————————
ܵ
ܵ
(173) M P ܼ V, S ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ (174) Add. M ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐV, P ܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ S ܼ ܐ (175) M, V ܵ ܝ Ṽ ܝΑ͵ ܵ ܵ (176) Add. M ܹ ܵ ̇ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܐ (177) Lit.: will be heard.
ܵ ܼ ܼ
ܿ ܕ
ܼ
ܿ ܵ Ṽ ͽͯͶ΄ܵ ͺͶ΅͵ ܵ ܼ
ܼܿܘ P ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܵܐ ܼ ܐ
ܵ ܼܿܘ S ܼ ܊
ܵ ܼܿܘ
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idolatry started and the reason for it. [We told] about Abraham’s elec‐ tion and the succession of his descendants. We gradually narrated what was done by the Jews and to the Jews, among the heathen and to the heathen in all times and histories. According to the order of our narrative we will mention only a small part of it in order not to bur‐ den our work with undue labour retelling all of [the histories]. For order and arrangement are worth adhering to.178 Thus, we swiftly went through many things in our work and mentioned only the signs demonstrating divine concern for us, humans, [which He showed] from the very beginning. [We mentioned] what He did to us in His mercy looking at our transformation and how all of us remained con‐ tentious and stubborn from the very beginning. He had already been aware of it before He brought us to life. [He had been aware of] the evilness of our nature and of our disobedience as if He had already seen this. His goodness was not reasonable. Nevertheless, He brought us to life because of His goodness and created those who were not worthy. He honoured those who despised Him. He did eve‐ rything with His concern looking at the transformation of those who had been disobedient from generation to generation. [P. /f.82v] The‐ se chapters which we have already written with our Lord’s help show all these [deeds]. We have already demonstrated the [existence of] evil demons who are set as adversaries against themselves and against all mankind; how greatly concerned the Merciful God is not to allow demons to steal our freedom. [We have demonstrated] that human beings obeyed [demons’] will and were tempted by various kinds of delusions. The [demons] have persuaded some people that there is no God at all. [They have persuaded] others that there is a God who has no concern [for them]. They have propelled others to the insanity of [worshipping] the stars. They have caused some of them to fall into the trap of the idols. They have persuaded others to call silent elements [their] gods. Nevertheless, I am ready to narrate a story about the great bless‐ ing which has happened to us through the appearance of God the Word in the flesh, with the help He granted to me. It seemed neces‐ sary for me to demonstrate how the human race had lived before our Lord came and how [the human race] lives now. Thus, the great blessing, transcending one’s thought, given to the human race with [the coming] of Christ, our Lord, would appear to be all the greater ————————
(178) Lit.: order and arrangement are good for all [things].
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and more amazing. Hence, the mouth of impious Jews and the rest of evil [people] who still prefer to remain in delusion like in night dreams shall be shut. Who does not know that before the Christ’s shining forth the Jews together with the heathen had lived under delusions of all kinds [and had led] a disgusting and filthy life fol‐ lowing the laws of their ancestors? Indeed, those who say that their gods (as they call them) easily took part in adultery and debauchery, in insane dancing and satanic singing, and all the other repugnant and abominable [deeds] [P. /f.83r] obviously performed the same [deeds] themselves, [being] their (i. e., the gods’) creators. David, the sound of the spiritual lyre, justly calls these [gods’] worshippers their creators, since people made them out to be gods while they were not. Similarly also the prophet Jeremiah who said: “Behold, people made gods.”179 For indeed, they are children of a perverted mind and a foolish fiction. Not only the heathen were living this way, the Jews [were living this way] as well. Only a few [of them] like some kind of backbone180 were staying out of every human formation in the fear of God. Prophets testify concerning the life that the Jews led. The first prophet Moses [says]: “They sacrificed to demons who are not gods”181 etc. The blessed David remembers the first and the last [things] one by one: “They made a calf in Horeb, and worshipped the molten image.”182 And more: “They sacrificed their own sons and daughters to the devils.”183 And this also: “They were mingled among the heathen, and learned their works,”184 and other things. One of the prophets shows that the Jews were even worse than the heathen: “I swear — says the Lord — that Sodom and her daughters did not commit half of your sins.”185 He mentions Sodom as having been en‐ tirely filled with evil in its time. He also [mentions this] to demon‐ strate that God did not honour the Jews for their righteousness but due to another reason which we will discuss [below] with the help of ————————
(179) Cf. Jer 16:20. The biblical quotations are translated as they appear in the Syriac text of the memra; usually, Bar Penkāyē follows the Peshitta readings. (180) Lit.: leaven. (181) Deut 32:17. (182) Ps 106:19. (183) Ps 106: 37. (184) Ps 106: 35. (185) Cf. Ez 16:48, 51.
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our Lord. So Elijah’s reproaches inform everyone of the impious life‐ style of the Jews. Likewise, Isaiah [says] that “they sacrifice in gar‐ dens”186 and divine upon the roofs. “They defile their vessels with carcasses”187. The worst thing is what they say to the other nations: “Stay away from us, do not approach us for we are the holy ones”188 as if [P. /f.83v] only the [pretentious] name of friendship with God is enough for them [to be called the elected ones]. However, God is not indifferent; He cries and moans cursing His life and talking about their impiety. He demonstrates that a number of their gods was equal to the number of their towns along with other [things]. Though called the nation of the elect much more often than the others, they behaved this way. The history of diverse heathen beliefs with which they were af‐ flicted surpasses speech. How did it happen that even those who were the most intelligent and the most brilliant among them taught them nothing but to thoughtlessly sacrifice fetid offerings to dumb idols with a great zeal and to wrongfully and facilely call the created things using the merciful, fearful, and venerated name of the only one God? This is a fruit of the heathen poets’ mind. It all appeared with the vain investigations which were an evil trap and painful fet‐ ters of the Devil. He bound the soul and [tempted it] with empty de‐ lusions; he depraved the flesh with debauches of every kind. They turned out to be the same as their gods — dead for justice and alive for evil. Nothing can hold us back from telling their shallow stories or from inscribing [them] in this book as a demonstration of their impie‐ ty and the emptiness of their wisdom which they supposed to gain during thoughtful investigations. However, they were unable to per‐ ceive that the created and mortal nature could not dare to come near‐ er to that Nature which is unbounded and uncreated. We shall tell some of their tales, which they allege to be true, in order to demon‐ strate their ignorance. The first [one] we will introduce is the god of the Cretans whom they call Kronos. Due to his envy or gluttony or for [P. /f.84r] some other reason, which I do not know, he swallowed his children one by one. People say that he had a wife called Demeter (it was one of her names by which she was called, for it was their will to create gods for ————————
(186) Is 65:3. (187) Is 65:4. (188) Cf. Is 65:5.
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themselves and to name them). Demeter knew that this Kronos had eaten his own children. Therefore, after she had given birth to Zeus, their god, it is said that she entrusted him to some people who were able to hide him. They made noise by jerking, singing and clanging their swords so that the cry of the child could not be heard. So, they brought him and hid on a mountain which was abundant with trees. His mother wrapped a stone in swaddles and laid it instead of [Zeus] so that when Kronos would come, he would swallow the stone in‐ stead of the child without hesitation. This was the reason for the err‐ ing to mislead and to be misled exactly as their gods [did]. Nevertheless, let us see what people say about Zeus after this and let us investigate what good deeds he [committed] to pay his mother back. People say that after he had grown and matured (oh, if only he had not been born — since if he had not been born he wouldn’t not have existed at all!) — He came lasciviously with unsatisfied desire [to his mother], violated her and slept with her. She bore a girl from him whose name was Persephone. The mother of Zeus became furi‐ ous for he had dishonored her. Therefore, when he decided to please her, he found a ram and cut off its testicles, brought them and threw them on her lap as if he took vengeance on himself. [This was done to show her] that she might not fear him in the future. He learned this trick from his father who, as the heathen say, had cut the testicles of Heaven. Therefore, [Zeus] stopped begetting [children]. However, Demeter did not stop fearing the lasciviousness of Zeus. She took care lest he might assault the girl [P. ܐ/f.84v] and abuse her. Despite the fact she had hidden her most safely, he turned into a dragon and abused her as well. As their gods are violators and violated [at the same time], thus they perform all the same [to one another] without any shame as if it is of necessity. Nevertheless, let us see what happened to [the girl] who was abused by her own father. People say that Death came and abducted her and she became a wife for him. He is called Pluto. The place where he took her is called Sheol. We will describe the impiety of the Greeks and then, gradually, the rest of the heathen. Indeed, the great blessing which will appear afterwards will seem much greater. Any‐ way, Demeter did not stop searching for her daughter who was sto‐ len by Pluto. After wandering and roaming along the roads, she came up and sat wearily by a well of water. I will keep silent about the other things people say happened there, since they are not worth mentioning. They say that a swineherd came there and told her about
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the daughter. After he had done this, she loved him very much. The Greeks say that she gave him [seeds of] wheat and taught him to spread189 the skill [of agriculture] among the people190 for they did not yet have the food of wheat bread. Such are the stories about De‐ meter and Kronos. Let us relate another impious [story] which is about Dionysus, the god of the Greeks. He was born from Zeus in adultery as well. People say that once Zeus met a woman and fell in love with her. Then he slept with her and she conceived. When the wife of Zeus found it out, she became jealous. Since she wanted her to punish herself, she came [to her place] and told her: “When Zeus comes to you, tell him: ‘If [P. /f.85r] you love me, come to me in the same disguise you come to your wife, Hera’.” He was used to come to her as a lightning. Therefore, she was led astray like a child and told Zeus to do this. And when he came to her the way she had asked — as a lightning — she was wounded and died. However, the child she bore did not die. As the time for [the child] had not yet come, Zeus took him, tore his own hip, and put him inside till the appointed time came and he was born. Let us tell [a story] about Aphrodite, the goddess of the heathen. People say that she was born in the following way. They say, that when Earth became angry with her husband Heaven for binding her children, she brought Kronos, her son, gave him a sickle and told him: “When your father is going to descend from heaven to sleep with me, cut his testicles.” He cut [the testicles] off as she had ordered him and threw them into the sea. Foam appeared [on the surface of the sea] and Aphrodite was born from it. Due to her debauchery she is quite honoured by the heathen. The blessed Paul teaches what they perform during their feasts: “For it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done by them in secret.”191 Now, let us tell [a story] about Artemis, the goddess of the Ephe‐ sians. People say that she sends visions and fearful demons to magi‐ cians. Therefore, she is honoured as the one who is able to reveal the hidden. Also, other people tell [us] about Apollo that he found a place in this country where a spirit of divination was ascending from. He sat and divined over it. He divined on the past, the present, and ————————
(189) Lit.: to show. (190) Lit.: the world. (191) Cf. Eph 5:12.
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the future with a tripod where he laid his pipes. Therefore, Apollo is honoured as a master of the hidden. He is honoured among the Greeks [P. /f.85v] though he is not able to perform any of these.192 We will tell another disgusting [story] and pass to those [stories] of the Egyptians. People say that a woman served [as a priest] instead of a man in that divine place. She bared her privy parts during divi‐ nation, stood over the entrance to that abyss, and divined this way. Since there are many Greek stories and tales beyond number as their gods and goddesses are numerous, let us consider the rest of the nations now. We will tell about the Egyptians since we forgot everything that was told. People say that Isis, the mother of the Egyptian gods, had a husband whose name was Osiris. Once, Typhon, his brother, made war against him and killed him. He cut off his members and scattered them everywhere. When Isis came to know this, she gathered troops and killed Typhon, the brother of her husband. She made a careful search of her husband Osiris’ members and gathered them. Only his phallus was lost. When she joined the gathered members together — each of them being honoured by priests — she made up a model of the phallus and joined it [to the other members] instead of the phallus that was lost. From that time there was a custom in Egypt to worship and honour the phalli like gods. They worshipped wild and domestic animals, even disgusting reptiles. Divination and witchcraft were held in honour too, according to what the books say. They also wor‐ shipped trees, roots, and stones. They called garlic, onion, leek, and other similar things too with the fearful name [of God]. Let us reveal the reason why the Prince of the World bound them. People say that the Egyptians were a wild and disobedient nation. [P. /f.86r] Thus, they constantly rebelled against their ruler. Once they had a cunning king. He established a law and a custom for them to worship various animals. This land [would worship] this [animal] and that [land would worship] another. The animal that was wor‐ shipped in one place was slaughtered and eaten in another. And the [animal] that was honoured in one city was held to be repugnant in another. Therefore, [the king] incited them against one another and they stopped struggling with their ruler. Also, people say [the following] about them. When Pharaoh pur‐ sued the Israelites, God drowned him in the Red Sea. And when ————————
(192) Lit.: none of these things are typical of him.
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those who stayed behind and did not come with him saw what had happened to him and all his troops, [they began] to honour and wor‐ ship that thing which prevented them from joining the Pharaoh as if [that object] had brought salvation to them. So, the Egyptians were seized with these abominable habits. And there was no item from among the variety of things that they did not worship like a god. What shall we say about the Chaldeans and those who followed them (I mean the Magi)? The Chaldeans ascribed divine economy to the stars and to the signs of the zodiac. They believed that the spirit of divination inspired them to compile horoscopes and fates and oth‐ er [things].193 Hence, they assumed that there was no other [superior power] except this one. However, “the world by itself is moved with the seven [planets] and the twelve [signs of the zodiac]”. This [no‐ tion] perniciously cast them out into the abyss of ignorance and into the delusion of sorcery. The Magi, who descended from them, were different in other ways. They regarded all the signs of the zodiac as being substantial and living. Most of all they honoured fire, the sun, and the rest of the celestial bodies as if these had acquired divinity by nature. Also, they have incantations194 and barsoms,195 stories based on their inventions which they tell and which I also consider necessary to recount. They say that before the heavens and the earth were created Zurvan had been offering libations to God for a thousand years wishing to have a son called Hormizd who would create the heavens and the earth. After this many years had passed, he thought and said to himself: “What is the use of this sacrifice? Maybe, I labour in vain.” At that very moment, Hormizd and Ahreman were conceived along with the thought. Hormizd came from the libations and Ahreman [came] from the doubts. When [Zurvan] understood that, he made a vow and said: “I will give these sticks (which they call ‘barsoms’) to the one who will be the firstborn. And I will give him the power to create the heavens and the earth.” When Ahreman heard this he at once tore the womb of his mother, came out, and stood before Zurvan, his father. When [Zurvan] saw him he said: “Who are you?” Ahreman lied to ————————
(193) Lit.: was blowing to them [knowledge] about horoscopes, fates and other [things]. (194) Lit.: murmurings. (195) Barsom — a bundle of twigs held by the officiating Zoroastrian priest at acts of worship.
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him: “I am your son, Hormizd.” When Zurvan became angry because of this and they began to argue, the turn of Hormizd came and he was born. Hormizd was given the power to create everything that is good and beautiful. And Ahreman made all the rest, which is harm‐ ful. Such were the stories that the Magi invented about creation. Some said that the world came from two sources: the good and the evil. Some worshipped Tammuz. Others offered libations to Venus. However, I will stop describing the impiety which was served by some people at the high places of the Edomites. Other people cher‐ ished the memory of their elders by creating statues and carved im‐ ages of them after their death. Finally, they obtained the useless in‐ ventions of idols. Such are [P. /f.87r] the rest of the heathen. Earlier we showed the [relevant] things as far as the Jews are concerned. There was no further kind of evil or delusion which Satan had not invented and there was no one over whom Satan had not spread [his evil influence and delusions] in accordance with their disposition to his harmful advice. Thereby, he cut them from any kind of decency so that their [dignity] would not be superior to that of cattle. Thus, death put a yoke over them and they were descending hopelessly to Sheol like cattle. Neither the natural law nor the written one could help them. Neither the Pentateuch nor the Prophets [comforted them]. Nor did the miracles calm their fury — such as those shown in Egypt, on the Red Sea and in the desert, in the promised land, in As‐ syria, and in Babylonia196 which God performed from time to time with the help of the prophets both among the Jews and among the heathen. However, despite all those things that God did and more than those as the Scripture teaches us, humans preferred to stay in their delusion. Therefore, [God] committed them to their desires so that they had to worship the hosts of heavens. As it is said: “And they worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator.”197 And even as they did not like to retain the true God in their knowledge,198 as the apostle said, nevertheless by His grace He did not leave them without witness199 and never stopped caring for them. Indeed, the Jews did not ask, “Where is the Lord who had taken us out of Egypt?” The heathen did not think, “Who is he who gives us rain (in ————————
(196) Lit.: among Assyrians and Babylonians. (197) Cf. Rom 1:25. (198) Cf. Rom 1:28. (199) Cf. Act 14:17.
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its time), grows fruits in our lands, and fills our hearts with glad‐ ness?”200 The world did not want to know its Benefactor with the natural wisdom which God had given it. However, their minds were blinded with love for passions. They had made their passions their gods again. Thus, [P. /f.87v] the blessed Paul said, “God gave them over to a reprobate mind.”201 And by “reprobate” he calls all the evil a fraction of which we have described earlier and in which all the humans had lived before [the coming of] Christ. What is to follow? Oh, wonderful Paul! “They will do those things which are not convenient being filled with all unrighteousness, forni‐ cation, wickedness; [full of] envy, murder, contention, deceit, malice, whisper, and backbiting, hated by God, impudent, boasters, proud, haughty, inventors of evil things, half‐witted, disobedient to parents, covenant breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerci‐ ful…”202 They do all these; however, they are not deprived of natural discretion which is able by nature to blame all of these [things] which put their creators under accusation. This is evident from the fact that they did these [things] to others while judging, blaming and accusing others who did all the same things.203 Therefore, they will have no defense on the Judgment Day. Thus, so as not to extend this chapter by relating too many things, we shall extract a small fraction from the big [amount of material] and reveal the object of our thought. We spoke about the beginning of man’s formation: the way in which he came into existence [by the will] of God, with great care and honour and how the Deceiver ap‐ peared on the same day. Step by step, we described God’s care for man or for mankind and their disobedience. It seemed necessary for us to speak about the times and the signs which occurred204 then. We did this following the sequence of when this happened. [P. /f.88r] We demonstrated the beautiful harmony evident within all this, as all this to a great degree points out the abundance of God’s mercy upon us. We also showed the reasons for [God’s] electing the nation of Is‐ rael. [We showed] that neither did they abide by the written law giv‐ en to them nor did the heathen [obey] the natural law which was ————————
(200) Cf. Act 14:17. (201) Rom 1:28. (202) Cf. Rom 1:28–31. (203) Cf. Rom 2:1–3. (204) Lit.: occur.
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hidden among them. Also in accordance with our power, we spoke about the demons’ plot and their evil envy which they developed against humans. Despite our weakness, we shed light on the words of the prophets, which had alluded beforehand to the [future] shining forth of Christ the Saviour, our Lord. [We explained the words] of the Law and the Prophets, the signs and the symbols of the Christians which He performed. We briefly showed the demons’ delusion with which both the Jews and the heathen were enfeebled before the shin‐ ing forth and the appearance of our Lord. We did this in order to shut the mouth of those who do not understand that the coming of our Lord offered us many reasons for goodness. Indeed, despite the fact that the entire Law along with its judgments was proclaimed by the fearful sight of the fiery pillar, in the cloud, with voices of trumpets and on the smoking mountain, and was announced by God, its Giver, it could not perfect ⌐the humans with that which was desired¬.205 [The Law] remained with its recipients as long as the fearful voice of its Giver was hammering in their ears. I think that this explains that which was shown to the blessed Elijah on the mountain. The angel said to him: there will be an earthquake. And the Lord was not in the earthquake. And more: I will make a wind which rends the moun‐ tains asunder and moves the earth. And the Lord was not in the wind. He revealed Himself neither in the fire nor in one of these [things] but in the voice which speaks softly206 that we may acknowledge the wonderful lowliness with which [P. /f.88v] God, by His grace, condescended towards the human race with the humble acceptance of our origin. He shiningly, peacefully, humbly, and softly caught the world in a salutary net and by His mercy brought it near to those things which are good. As Isaiah said: “He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause His voice to be heard in the street. A bruised reed shall He not break, and the smoking flax shall He not quench till He brings forth judgment unto victory and nations believe in His name.”207 And more: “He was brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before a shearer was dumb, so did He not open His mouth in His humility.”208 And more: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me; because the Lord anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor; He ————————
(205) Absent from Mss. M, V, Ṽ, S. (206) Cf. 1 Kings 19:11–12. (207) Cf. Is 42:2–4. (208) Is 53:7.
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sent me to bind up the brokenhearted”209 and so on. We were healed with nothing but His wounds.210 He spoke with us neither in the pil‐ lar nor in the cloud nor in the fire nor in the voice of the trumpet nor by the crying which they heard. They asked [Him] not to speak with them anymore lest they should die. Not common people were saying this, but those who thought themselves to be consecrated. As Moses said: “I exceedingly fear and quake.”211 What is the use of these se‐ vere [signs] if [there appeared] at once the worship of the calf and cymbals and whispering and [the desire] to return back to Egypt? What will you say, Jew? Are these things true or not? I do not think that you will argue. Now, let us see [how] He speaks with us in our humility with His soft speech. The tax gatherers will rush [to Him] and be made better; the whores will be kissed and purified; the common people and the fools will receive instruction and become wiser; the poor will be sat‐ ed; the sick will be healed; the lepers will be made clean; the blind will regain sight; the lame will walk; the sinners will become just; the erring will repent; nations will live in peace. Such is [His] soft speech. [Earlier signs] are the voice of the trumpets [P. /f.89r], the earth‐ quake, and the strong wind. These, on other hand, are from grace. The [earlier] ones are from the Law. What can you say against it lest you blame Beelzebub again? And this is because of your stubborn‐ ness which cannot be softened and because of your obstinate heart which does not believe. As it is written about you: “They blinded their eyes, and darkened their heart; that they should not see with their eyes, nor listen with their ears, and understand with their heart, and repent, and I should heal them.”212 And more: “Let their eyes be darkened, that they see not.”213 And more: “Let their table become a snare before them.”214 Thus, let the praise of God increase on account of His grace and let shame descend upon the unjust. Despite the fact that He unbound the fetters with which the Devil had fastened both the Jews and the heathen, some of them still persist in their stubborn‐ ness, do not raise their eyes and see the sun of justice which rose for ————————
(209) Lk 4:18; cf. Is 61:1. (210) Cf. Is 53:5; 1 Pet 2:24. (211) Heb 12:21. (212) Cf. John 12:40; cf. Is 6:10. (213) Ps 69:23. (214) Ps 69:22.
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them by grace. Instead, they prefer to remain in the darkness of delu‐ sion like eyeless moles. For everything about the Christ, our Lord, happened the way the prophets [had prophesied] about Him. Most of the delusions which took hold of the Jews and the heathen at that time have already been exposed. So, it only remains to discuss the ideas which the Jews had held about Christ, our Lord. Indeed, they had always rebelled against the Holy Spirit according to the word of Stephen.215 Therefore, they do not understand it since they do not believe it. “Their God is their belly, and their glory is in their shame.”216 They had the following idea about the Messiah: A man is going to come who will be granted the name of sonship217 on account of his friendship [with God] and his excellence (the same way kings and righteous ones were also called [‘sons’]). Then God would give victory to the Jews with his help and they would be gathered from every place. So, he would make abundant for them [P. ܐ/f.89v] the [blessings] of this [life] so that they might live without labour and put the yoke upon the heathen, who will provide service to their bellies. They were not at all ashamed to frame the whole teaching of Christ up to their bellies’ needs. It seems that the Pharisee told our Saviour the same things at once while […]218 from heaviness of his belly and wishing to eat bread in the kingdom of God.219 From their expecta‐ tions it could be understood that the whole teaching of Christ was restricted to the palate and the belly. In the same bodily way they thought about the Resurrection as well. When they are resurrected [they believed] they would return to the weak and lowly elements again.220 They would marry and be given in marriage.221 The Saddu‐ cees said that nothing like this existed: neither the Resurrection, nor the angels, nor the Spirit. Therefore, our Lord said to them: “You err,
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(215) Cf. Acts 7:51. (216) Phil 3:19. (217) Cf. Ps 2:6–9. (218) The text seems to be corrupted and does not give a satisfactory reading. (219) Cf. Lk 14:15. (220) Cf. Gal 4:9. (221) Cf. Mt 22:30.
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not knowing the scriptures or the power of God.”222 “They are the blind leaders of the blind.”223 In this way, my beloved, in this book I described a select few of the many [things] concerning the delusions that had gripped the people before the coming of our Lord in order to show how goodness flourished where previously sin had been abundant, for one can be‐ hold the beauty of light in comparison with darkness, [just as we get to know] sweetness in comparison with bitterness, wealth with pov‐ erty, healing with illness, life with the death, glad tidings with upset‐ ting news. However, impious people do not wish to observe these. We, O my beloved, will keep in mind both the first and the last so as to confess and give praise to That Who has fully brought us salvation forever and ever, Amen. This is the end of the ninth chapter. The first part of the Book of the Main Points by Mār Yōḥannān bar Penkāyē is complete.
SUMMARY The present paper deals with The Book of the Main Points of the East‐ Syriac monk John (Yōḥannān) bar Penkāyē (7th c.). In the ninth chapter of this treatise, John provides a survey of the erroneous cults and beliefs of the various nations (the Jews, the Greeks, the Egyptians, the Chaldeans, and the Persians) practiced before the coming of Jesus Christ. The paper attempts to find parallels and sources of the ninth chapter in works mainly known in Syriac and composed prior to the seventh century. It also offers a critical edition of this hitherto unpublished chapter, based on six manuscripts, and an English translation.
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(222) Mt 22:29. (223) Mt 15:14.
Nikolai N. Seleznyov Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State University for the Humanities [email protected]
THE LAMENTS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS OVER ALEXANDER THE GREAT ACCORDING TO THE BLESSED COMPENDIUM OF AL‐MAKĪN IBN AL‐ʿAMĪD The thirteenth‐century Christian Arabic historian Ğirğis al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd — the author of the two‐volume universal history entitled The Blessed Compendium (al‐Mağmūʿ al‐mubārak) — was a rather para‐ doxical figure. Frequently defined as “a Coptic historian,”1 he was not a Copt, and even though his Blessed Compendium is well known not only in Eastern Christian and Muslim historiography, but also in Western scholarship since its inception, the first part of this historical work still remains unpublished. This first part, however, contains vast material that would undoubtedly interest scholars studying the intellectual heritage of the medieval Middle East. The following arti‐ cle deals with one section of al‐Makīn’s famous work.
THE AUTHOR: HIS ORIGINS AND LIFE TRAJECTORY Al‐Makīn’s autobiographical note on his origins was initially ap‐ pended to his history and was then published as part of the Historia ————————
(1) See, for instance: Cl. CAHEN, R. G. COQUIN, “al‐Makīn b. al‐ʿAmīd,” in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New edition, 11 vols. & Suppl., Leiden, 1986– 2004, vol. 6, p. 143:2; S. Kh. SAMIR, “al‐Makīn, Ibn al‐ʿAmīd,” in: The Coptic Encyclopedia, ed. by A. S. ATIYA, 8 vols., New York, Toronto, Oxford [etc.], 1991, vol. 5, p. 1513; F.‐Ch. MUTH, “Fāṭimids,” in: Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, 4 vols., Wiesbaden, 2004–2010, vol. 2, p. 508:2; S. MOAWAD, “Al‐Makīn Jirjis ibn al‐ʿAmīd (the elder),” in: Christian‐Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, 5 vols., ed. D. THOMAS, B. ROGGEMA, A. MALLETT [et al.], Leiden, Boston, 2009–2012, vol. 4, p. 566. 97
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Saracenica edited by Thomas van Erpe (Erpenius; 1584–1624)2 which contained the second part of The Blessed Compendium. A chapter on al‐ Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd can also be found in the Tālī (the “Continuation” of the Biographical Dictionary (Kitāb Wafayāt al‐aʿyān) by Ibn Ḫallikān, 1211–1282), compiled by the Christian Arabic author Faḍl Allāh aṣ‐ Ṣuqāʿī (1226–1326), who served as a secretary in the Mamluk admin‐ istration in Damascus.3 We also know that a biographical account of al‐Makīn is present in some manuscript copies of the sixteenth volume of the Biographical Lexicon of Ṣalāḥ ad‐Dīn Ḫalīl ibn Aybak aṣ‐Ṣafadī (1297–1363), though not in printed editions.4 The Paris manuscript of the Tālī (dated AH 733/AD 1332) once belonged to aṣ‐Ṣafadī,5 and his account of al‐Makīn’s life was probably borrowed from the manu‐ script of aṣ‐Ṣuqāʿī’s work. Later on, a Mamluk historian and geogra‐ pher Taqī ad‐Dīn Aḥmad al‐Maqrīzī (1364–1442) presented these ac‐ counts in his Great Alphabetical Book (Kitāb al‐muqaffā al‐kabīr).6 While comparing these medieval bibliographical sources on al‐Makīn, one can get a picture of his origins and life. ————————
(2) Historia Saracenica qua res gestae Muslimorum, Arabicè olim exarata à Georgio Elmacino… et Latinè reddita operâ ac studio Thomae ERPENII, Lug‐ duni Batavorum, 1625, pp. 299–300. (3) Faḍl Allāh IBN AṢ‐ṢUQĀʿĪ, Tālī Kitāb Wafayāt al‐aʿyān, ed. by J. SUBLET, Damas, 1974, pp. ١١١‒١١٠, 136–138 (§ 167). (4) MS Bodleian Library DCLXXIII; J. URI, Bibliothecæ Bodleianæ codicum manuscriptorum orientalium, Oxonii, 1787, pt. 1, p. 153:1 [Cod. Mss. Ar.]; A. NICOLL, Bibliothecae Bodleianae codicum manuscriptorum Orientalium catalogi partis secundae volumen primum Arabicos complectens confecit..., Oxonii, 1821, pp. 502–503; Cl. CAHEN, “À propos d’al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd,” Arabica, 6 (1959), p. 198; MS Bibliothèque nationale de France ar. 2066 (fol. 122r–112v); W. Mac Guckin DE SLANE, baron, Catalogue des manuscrits arabes, Paris, 1883– 1895, p. 367:2; IBN AṢ‐ṢUQAʿI, Tālī, p. ١١١ (note 1), 136 (commentary to § 167). In the printed editions of the Biographical Lexicon, there is no chapter on al‐ Makīn, and his name is not listed in the index (Das biographische Lexikon des Ṣalāḥaddīn Ḫalīl ibn Aibak aṣ‐Ṣafadī, t. 1–30 (Bibliotheca Islamica), Wiesbaden, Berlin, Beirut, 1962–2010; also al‐Wāfī bi‐l‐wafayāt, ed. by Aḥmad AL‐ARNA‐ WUṬ, Turkī [AL‐]MUṢṬAFA, Bayrūt, 2000. On the author see: E. K. ROWSON, “al‐Ṣafadī,” in: Essays in Arabic Literary Biography (1350–1850), ed. J. E. LOW‐ RY, D. J. STEWART, Wiesbaden, 2009, pp. 341–357. (5) MS Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ar. 2061; DE SLANE, Catalogue, p. 367:1. The edition prepared by J. SUBLET based on this manuscript. The editor states it is “un unicum,” IBN AṢ‐ṢUQĀʿĪ, Tālī, p. XXVIII. (6) Taqī ad‐Dīn Aḥmad AL‐MAQRĪZĪ, Kitāb al‐muqaffā al‐kabīr, ed. M. YAʿ‐ LĀWĪ, 8 vols., Bayrūt, 1991, vol. 3, pp. ١٦‒١٨.
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Al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd’s “distant ancestor”, as al‐Maqrīzī puts it, came to Egypt from Tikrit, and al‐Makīn himself is called “a Syrian, Christian, originating from Tikrīt” in the Great Alphabetical Book. The historian’s life is narrated there as follows: “al‐Makīn Ğirğis ibn al‐ ʿAmīd, the hero of the present biography, was born on a Saturday, in the month of Rajab in the year 602. He served in the military dīwān in Cairo, then in Damascus, and proved himself in the time of [Sultan] Yūsuf an‐Nāṣir. Afterwards [he served] up until [the reign of Sultan] aẓ‐Ẓāhir Baybars. He was the immediate servant of Amir ʿAlāʾ ad‐ Dīn Ṭaybars, the governor of Syria, and thus came to prominence.” The biography of al‐Makīn compiled by aṣ‐Ṣuqāʿī continues the nar‐ rative as follows: “One of the scribes who helped him in the military dīwān was once overcome with envy against him. He forged a letter and planted it upon his desk, and then reported him, so as to provoke [his superiors’] ire against him and then to occupy his place. Al‐ Makīn was caught, and the informer’s report indeed caused his im‐ prisonment, punishment, and prolonged suffering: he was impris‐ oned for fifteen years. [Then] al‐Makīn was released. He left his af‐ fairs and moved to Damascus, where he died in the year 672.” Recal‐ culating the dates, provided in the narrative according to the Hijra calendar, results in AD 1205 as al‐Makīn’s date of birth and AD 1273 as the date of his death.7 The political disturbances mentioned in the accounts of al‐Makīn’s biography evidently threatened the Mamluk government in Syria and were probably caused by Mongol invasion of the region. It is obvious that the officers of the military dīwān were held responsible for this before the Mamluk authorities in Cairo. Al‐ Maqrīzī concludes his account of al‐Makīn with the following de‐ scription of the latter’s principal work: “He authored a comprehen‐ sive History which is not without merit.”
THE BLESSED COMPENDIUM The second part of The Blessed Compendium that contains “Islamic history” was edited, as mentioned above, by Thomas van Erpe and later became the subject of additional publications,8 while its first part ————————
(7) CAHEN, COQUIN, “al‐Makīn b. al‐ʿAmīd,” p. 143:2. (8) Cl. CAHEN, “La ‘Chronique des Ayyoubides’ d’al‐Makīn b. al‐ʿAm‐ īd,” Bulletin des Études Orientales, 15 (1955–1957), pp. 109–184; Al‐Makīn Ibn al‐ʿAmīd. Chronique des Ayyoubides (602–658/1205‐6–1259‐60), ed. A.‐M. EDDÉ, F. MICHEAU (Documents relatifs à l’histoire des croisades, XVI), [Paris], 1994.
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comprising a series of chapters on various events from the creation of the world to the eleventh year of Heraclius’ reign still remains un‐ published. One of the manuscripts used in the present study — kept in Munich — was to have the text of al‐Makīn’s work laid out in two columns: the one containing the original Arabic text, and the other, its Latin translation that was to be prepared, as the title page claims, by Johann Heinrich Hottinger (1620–1667); yet the column intended for the translation remained empty. Only some brief extracts from The Blessed Compendium were published by J. H. Hottinger in his book Smegma Orientale.9 In addition to this publication, one can also find an English translation of the chapter on Alexander the Great, prepared by E. A. W. Budge (1857–1934)10 from an Ethiopic version of al‐ Makīn’s history,11 as well as an edition of some fragments from the final section of the first part of the history prepared by C. F. Seybold (1859–1921)12 and based on several manuscripts, including one in Garshūnī. A fragment from the beginning of the first part of The Blessed Compendium, also in Garshūnī, was published in facsimile as a sample Garshūnī page in the Specimina Codicum Orientalium by Car‐ dinal Eugène Tisserant (1884–1972).13 In the early 20th century, an integral critical edition of the work was planned by Gaston Wiet (1887–1971), who published some observations on the manuscript tradition of The Blessed Compendium,14 but sadly the plan was never realized. The present author has previously published Russian trans‐ ————————
(9) J. H. HOTTINGER, Smegma Orientale: Sordibus Barbarismi, Heidel‐ bergae, 1658, pp. 206 ff. (passim). (10) E. A. W. BUDGE, The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, London, 1896, p. 355–385. (11) On the Ethiopian version of al‐Makīn’s history see: U. PIETRUSCH‐ KA, “Giyorgis Wäldä ʿAmid,” Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, 4 vols., Wiesbaden, 2004–2010, vol. 2, pp. 812:2–814:1 and M. KROPP, “Arabisch‐äthiopische Übersetzungstechnik am Beispiel der Zena Ayhud (Yosippon) und des Tarikä Wäldä‐ʿAmid,” ZDMG 136 (1986), pp. 314–346. (12) C. F. SEYBOLD, “Zu El Makīn’s Weltchronik,” ZDMG 64 (1910), pp. 140–153. (13) E. TISSERANT, Specimina Codicum Orientalium, Bonnae, 1914, plate 32. (14) J. MASPERO, Ad. FORTESCUE, G. WIET, Histoire des Patriarches d’Ale‐ xandrie depuis la mort de l’Empereur Anastase jusqu’à la reconciliation des Églises Jacobites (518–616) (Bibliothèque de l’École des hautes études; Sciences historiques et philologiques, 237), Paris, 1923, pp. 219–222, n. 2; CAHEN, COQUIN, “al‐Makīn b. al‐ʿAmīd,” p. 143:2.
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lations of the chapters on Emperors Claudius, Aurelian,15 Zeno,16 and Anastasius,17 as well as a preliminary edition of the laments of the philosophers discussed below.18 Al‐Makīn’s history is arranged as a series of biographies of fa‐ mous figures of world history including descriptions of events that took place during their lifetime. Though some confusion and chrono‐ logical misinterpretation often occurs, al‐Makīn’s work is still worth studying, especially in those cases where he retells familiar stories differently or even describes otherwise unknown events. Tentatively, one could define The Blessed Compendium as a compilation rather than an original historical work, but the importance of al‐Makīn’s sources prompts us to consider his œuvre as a document of considerable his‐ torical value. The first part of The Blessed Compendium opens with a theological and philosophical introduction that describes the creation of the world and its orderly arrangement. There follows a series of accounts of the biblical patriarchs (Seth, Enos, Kenan etc.) each of which has a title indicating the respective patriarch’s number “after Adam” (the same system will be employed in chapter titles unrelated to biblical history). The sequence of accounts of the patriarchs is interrupted with a discussion of the seven “climes” and of numerous “wonders of the world.” With the appearance of the kings of “the sons of Israel,” ————————
(15) Н. Н. СЕЛЕЗНЕВ, “«Коптский историк» — потомок выходца из Тикрита: Ал‐Макӣн ибн ал‐ʿАмӣд и его «История»” [“The Coptic Historian” — A descendant of an emigrant from Tikrit — al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd and his History], Точки/Puncta, 1–2/10 (2011), pp. 45–53. (16) Н. Н. СЕЛЕЗНЕВ, “Хроника или исторический роман? Царство‐ вание Зинона и события на Востоке по «Благословенному собранию» ал‐ Макӣна ибн ал‐ʿАмӣда” [“A Chronicle or A Historical Romance? The reign of Zeno and the events in the East according to The Blessed Compendium of al‐ Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd”], in: Aeternitas: Сборник статей по греко‐римскому и христианскому Египту, под ред. А. А. ВОЙТЕНКО, Москва, 2012, pp. 120– 148. (17) Н. Н. СЕЛЕЗНЕВ, “Царствование императора Анастасия по «Бла‐ гословенному собранию» ал‐Макина ибн ал‐ʿАмида” [“The Reign of Anastasius according to The Blessed Compendium of al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd”], Религиоведение, 1 (2013), pp. 50–59. (18) Н. Н. СЕЛЕЗНЕВ, “Изречения философов над гробом Алексан‐ дра Великого по «Истории» ал‐Макӣна ибн ал‐ʿАмӣда” [The Laments of the Philosophers over Alexander the Great according to The Blessed Compen‐ dium of al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd], История философии, 18 (2013), pp. 248–267.
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al‐Makīn’s history follows their succession. Along with the infor‐ mation borrowed from the biblical books, al‐Makīn uses works of other historians who had earlier dealt with the same subjects. He usually refers to them as follows: “as Saʿīd ibn Baṭrīq [sic] says in his History…,” “as Rūzbihān says in his History…,” “as [Agapius] of Mabbug (al‐Manbiğī) says…,” “as Epiphanius of Cyprus says…,” “as Ibn ar‐Rāhib says…,” etc. Babylonian kings (Nebuchadnezzar, Bel‐ shazzar) and then Persian kings (with a special reference to Darius) appear in the context of biblical history. The Persians are followed by Alexander the Great and then the Ptolemaic dynasty. After the Ptolemies, the author mentions Roman rulers, beginning with “Au‐ gustus Caesar, the one hundred and seventh after Adam.” Roman rule serves as a background for New Testament events and the ac‐ counts of the apostles. The series of chapters on the “Roman” (ar‐ Rūm) kings covers the Byzantine emperors from Constantine the Great to Heraclius. The chapter on Heraclius concludes with the ad‐ vent of Muḥammad, and there the first part of The Blessed Com‐ pendium comes a close. The second part begins with the story of Muḥammad and ends, as does the entire history of al‐Makīn, with Sultan Baybars’ ascent to power (1260).
THE CHAPTER ON ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE LAMENTS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS In the beginning of the chapter on “the ninety second from Adam: Alexander, son of Philip the Greek, the Macedonian,” al‐Makīn states that other authors’ accounts of Alexander, who bore the title Dū l‐ qarnayn (“the two‐horned one”), are quite numerous. He continues his account of Alexander with a long narrative of Alexander’s life and exploits. He reports that the young Macedonian ruler was involved in a conflict with Darius, but thanks to Aristotle’s wise advice, astrolog‐ ical prognoses, and powerful amulets, Alexander managed to defeat the Persians, while remaining innocent of the death of the Persian king Darius. He then married Darius’ daughter and magnanimously took care of his mother. Al‐Makīn then tells us the story of Alexan‐ der’s establishing control over Babylon, his triumph over the kings of India and China, and his building the “gates” against Gog and
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Magog.19 A plot against the great conqueror in Macedonia resulted in his poisoning. Al‐Makīn’s report of Alexander’s death is followed by the laments of the philosophers, after which the establishing of the Ptolemaic dynasty is mentioned. The chapter concludes with an ac‐ count of the many “books of Aristotle” on astrology and magic. One can get a more detailed idea of the contents of this chapter by consult‐ ing E. A. W. Budge’s aforementioned English translation of its Ethio‐ pic version. It seems to be commonly accepted by scholars that the narrative section of the chapter was compiled mainly from material borrowed from the famous Alexander Romance20 and partly from the Hermetic work al‐Isṭamāḫīs.21 Collections of the philosophers’ laments over Alexander gained an enormous popularity in the medieval literature of both East and West.22 Within Arabic literature, Sebastian Brock has pointed out two main traditions of such collections: the Muslim and the Christian.23 In the Muslim tradition, the laments of the philosophers over Alexander can be found in the History of al‐Yaʿqūbī (d. 897/8),24 the Meadows of
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(19) E. VAN DONZEL, A. SCHMIDT, Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Chris‐ tian and Islamic Sources, Leiden, Boston, 2009. (20) E. A. W. BUDGE, The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version of the Pseudo‐Callisthenes: Being the Syriac Version of the Pseudo‐Cal‐ listhenes, Cambridge, 1889; K. Th. VAN BLADEL, “The Syriac Sources of the Early Arabic Narratives of Alexander,” in: Memory as History: The Legacy of Alexander in Asia, ed. H. P. RAY, D. T. POTTS, New Delhi, 2007, pp. 54–75; R. STONEMAN, “Alexander the Great in the Arabic Tradition,” in: The Ancient Novel and Beyond, ed. S. PANAYOTAKIS, M. ZIMMERMAN, W. KEULEN (Mnemo‐ syne, 241), Leiden, Boston, 2003, pp. 3–21; F. DOUFIKAR‐AERTS, “‘The Last Days of Alexander’ in an Arabic Popular Romance of al‐Iskandar,” in: The Ancient Novel and Beyond, pp. 23–35. (21) M. PLESSNER, “al‐Makīn,” in: E. J. Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, 8 vols. & Suppl., Leiden, 1993, vol. 5, p. 173:1. (22) For a survey of such collections see S. BROCK, “The Laments of the Philosophers over Alexander in Syriac,” Journal of Semitic Studies, 15:2 (1970), pp. 205–218 and W. HERTZ, “Aristoteles beim Tode Alexanders,” in: Gesam‐ melte Abhandlungen, ed. F. VON DER LEYEN. Stuttgart, Berlin, 1905, pp. 130– 153. (23) BROCK, “The Laments of the Philosophers,” p. 207. (24) Ibn Wādhih qui dicitur al‐Jaʿqubī Historiae, ed. by M. Th. HOUTSMA, 2 parts, Lugduni Batavorum, 1883, pt. 1, p. ١٦٢ ff.
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Gold of al‐Masʿūdī (d. c. 896–956),25 the History of Persian Kings of at‐ Taʿālibī (961–1038),26 The Choicest Maxims and Best Sayings of al‐ Mubaššir ibn Fātik (c. 1020–1087),27 the Book of Religious and Philos‐ ophical Sects of aš‐Šahrastānī (1076–1153),28 and the Limit of Desire in the Arts of Literature of an‐Nuwayrī (1279–1332).29 Within Christian Arabic literature, they can be found in the Sayings of the Philosophers attributed to Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (809–873),30 in the long recension of the History of Eutychius of Alexandria also known as Saʿīd ibn al‐ Biṭrīq/Baṭrīq (877–940) or, in other words, in the recension of Pseudo‐ Eutychius,31 in the Book of Histories of Abū Šākir ibn ar‐Rāhib (1200/10–1290/5),32 and in The Blessed Compendium of al‐Makīn ibn al‐ ʿAmīd (1205–1273). It is more than probable that these two lists are incomplete, and other witnesses to such collections exist. An Arabic ————————
(25) MAÇOUDI, Les prairies d’or, ed. C. BARBIER DE MEYNARD and A. PAVET DE COURTEILLE, 9 vols., Paris, 1861–1877, vol. 2, pp. 252 ff. (26) Aboû Manṣoûr ʿAbd al‐Malik ibn Moḥammad ibn Ismâʿîl AL‐THA‐ ʿALIBI, Histoire des rois des Perses, ed. H. ZOTENBERG, Paris, 1900, pp. 450 ff.; F. ROSENTHAL, The Classical Heritage in Islam. London, New York, 1992, pp. 120–144. (27) Abū‐l‐Wafāʾ al‐Mubaššir IBN FĀTIK, Muḫtār al‐ḥikam wa‐maḥāsin al‐ kalim, ed. by ʿAbd ar‐Raḥmān BADAWĪ, Bayrūt, 1980, pp. ٢٤٠ ff. and ٢٩٦ ff. After quoting several of the philosophers’ sayings about Alexander, al‐ Mubaššir ibn Fātik remarks: “I have quoted these and the rest of the sayings about him in my extensive History that contains everything in a complete fashion” (p. ٢٤٠). (28) Kitāb al‐milal wa‐n‐niḥal. Book of Religious and Philosophical Sects, by Muhammad al‐Shahrastání, ed. W. CURETON, Parts 1–2, London, 1842–1846, pt. 2, pp. ٣٣١ ff. (29) Šihāb ad‐Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al‐Wahhāb AN‐NUWAYRĪ, Nihāyat al‐ arab fī funūn al‐adab, ed. Yūsuf AṬ‐ṬAWĪL, ʿAlī Muḥammad HĀŠIM, 33 vols., Bayrūt, 2004, vols. 15–16, pp. ١٩٧‒١٩٦. (30) Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq AL‐ʿIBĀDĪ, Ādāb al‐falāsifa, ed. ʿAbd ar‐Ramān BADAWĪ, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm ANṢĀRĪ, Aṣ‐Ṣaffāḥ al‐Kuwayt, 1985٩٨. See also: M. ZAKERI, “Before Aristotle became Aristotle: Pseudo‐ Aristotelian aphorisms in Ādāb al‐falāsifa,” in: Islamic Thought in the Middle Ages: Studies in Text, Transmission and Translation, in honour of Hans Daiber, ed. A. AKASOY, W. RAVEN, Leiden, Boston, 2008, pp. 649–696. (31) Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, ed. Ed. POCOCKE, Oxo‐ niae, 1656 (repr.: 1658), pp. 287 ff.; Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, ed. L. CHEIKHO. Parts 1–2 (CSCO, ScrAr, Ser. 3, vol. 6), Beirut, 1906, pp. ٨٤‒٨٣. (32) BUDGE, The Life and Exploits, pp. 398–400.
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version of the collection of laments of the philosophers is also found in the Samaritan Chronicle of Abū‐l‐Fatḥ,33 which seems to be closer to the Muslim tradition. The Persian34 and the Turkish35 versions are also worth mentioning. It is remarkable that the Persian version is preserved as part of Ferdowsī’s (935–1020) Shāh‐nāmeh.36 In Fer‐ dowsī’s poetic text, one can find some elements characteristic of the Muslim tradition of the sayings. A publication of the Syriac version of the sayings is based on a very late East‐Syriac manuscript (Alqosh, 1907), the only one extant.37 The structure and contents of this collec‐ tion are similar to those of the Arabic version of Pseudo‐Euthychius, but it is hardly possible to make any definite conclusions concerning the relations between these two witnesses to the sayings. Thus, much remains unknown regarding the complex history of this text. We do not know when and in what language a collection of the philosophers’ laments over Alexander was first added to the re‐ port of his death in the Alexander Romance. It is also unknown how the “initial” Arabic version (or, possibly, several “initial” versions independent of each other) appeared. Within the Muslim tradition, all the aforementioned collections differ from one another, and we are unable, as yet, to chart a stemma of dependences. It is only possi‐ ble to point out some common elements of composition and phrase‐ ology and thus to suggest that some anthology (or anthologies, simi‐ lar to one another) of philosophical sentences circulated in among Muslim intellectuals and this anthology (or anthologies) provided a common source for the later compilers. ————————
(33) Abulfathi Annales Samaritani, ed. by Ed. VILMAR, Gothae, 1865, pp. ٩٢ ff.; А. С. ЖАМКОЧЯН, Самаритянская хроника Абу‐л‐Фатха из со‐ брания Российской Национальной Библиотеки [The Samaritan Chronicle of Abū‐l‐Fatḥ from the Collection of the National Library of Russia], Москва, 1995, p. 92. (34) J. VON HAMMER‐PURGSTALL, Geschichte der schönen Redekünste Persi‐ ens, Wien, 1818, p. 335. (35) J. VON HAMMER‐PURGSTALL, Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst bis auf unsere Zeit. 4 vols., Pesth, 1836–1838, vol. 1, p. 103. (36) ФИРДОУСӢ, Шāх‐нāме, Критический текст [Ferdowsī, Shāh‐ nāmeh, A Critical Text], изд. М.‐Н. О. ОСМАНОВ, А. НУШИНА (Памятники литературы народов Востока, Тексты, Большая серия II), Москва, 1968, т. 7, § 46١٠٨. (37) BROCK, “The Laments of the Philosophers,” pp. 205–218.
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In the Christian Arabic tradition, the problem of establishing filia‐ tion can only partially be resolved. On the one hand, there are signifi‐ cant differences in both extent and composition between the text of the philosophers’ sayings attributed to Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq38 and that found in the History of Pseudo‐Eutychius of Alexandria. On the other hand, it is quite probable that al‐Makīn borrowed his collection of the laments of the philosophers over Alexander from the Book of Histories of Ibn ar‐Rāhib, because al‐Makīn’s collection is nearly identical with Ibn ar‐Rāhib’s. Moreover, as mentioned above, there are numerous references to Ibn ar‐Rāhib in al‐Makīn’s Blessed Compendium.39 Addi‐ tionally, one can be quite certain that the text of the sayings included in Ibn ar‐Rāhib’s Book of Histories is an abridged reworking of the collection of the laments found in the History of Pseudo‐Eutychius of Alexandria. In the original History of Eutychius (which is shorter than that of Pseudo‐Eutychius), we find no mention of the collection of the philosophers’ sayings.40 The author of the collection of the laments found in Pseudo‐Eutychius’ work is, therefore, unknown. Was Ibn ar‐ Rāhib the author of the abridged and reworked version of the collec‐ tion of the philosophers’ laments which was borrowed by al‐Makīn or did he borrow it from someone else’s compilation that served as an intermediary between him and the History of Pseudo‐Eutychius? This remains uncertain. The text of the History of Pseudo‐Eutychius pub‐ lished by Ed. Pococke seems to be extant in a worse state of preserva‐ tion (in what concerns the fragment in question) than the text found in al‐Makīn’s Blessed Compendium. One can note that, instead of the ————————
(38) On arguments against Ḥunayn’s authorship see BROCK, “The La‐ ments of the Philosophers,” p. 206 and K. MERKLE, Die Sittensprüche der Philosophen “Kitâb âdâb al‐falâsifa” von Ḥonein ibn Isḥâq in der Überarbeitung des Muḥammed ibn ʿAlî al‐Anṣârî, Inaugural‐Dissertation, Leipzig, 1921, pp. 60– 61. (39) The problem of interdependences between The Blessed Compendium of al‐Makīn and the History of his contemporary Ibn ar‐Rāhib is complex. M. Chaîne argued that Ibn ar‐Rāhib could have used al‐Makīn’s work; see M. CHAÎNE, “Le Chronicon orientale de Butros ibn ar‐Rahib et l’histoire de Girgis el‐Makim [sic],” Revue de l’Orient chrétien, XXVIII (3 sér., VIII), (1931– 1932), pp. 390–405. However this may be, the section in question contains no reference to Ibn ar‐Rāhib. (40) M. BREYDY, Das Annalenwerk des Eutychios von Alexandrien. Ausge‐ wählte Geschichten und Legenden kompiliert von Saʿid ibn Baṭrīq um 935 A.D. (CSCO, 471–472; ScrAr, 44–45), Lovanii, 1985, vol. 471/44, pp. 33–40.
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Qurʾānic word al‐mihād (couch) found in the text of al‐Makīn, the edition of the History of Pseudo‐Eutychius reads al‐makān (place).41 Such a replacement prompts one to pose the following question: if the dependence (whether direct or indirect) of al‐Makīn’s collection of the laments on the similar collection of Pseudo‐Eutychius is recog‐ nized, could the replacement of al‐mihād with al‐makān be considered as evidence of an earlier version of Pseudo‐Eutychius’ History (or a source of it) that did have the reading al‐mihād and depended on a text of the philosophers’ sayings which had circulated in the Muslim milleu? In favour of the reading al‐mihād, one could point to the fact that its replacement with al‐makān makes the phrase lose its rhymed form (al‐bilād — al‐mihād).42 However this may be, the text of the col‐ lection of the laments of the philosophers over Alexander extant in al‐ Makīn’s Blessed Compendium proves to be a valuable witness both to the history of the text of Pseudo‐Eutychius and to the entire history of the text of the collection of the philosophers’ sayings. In conclusion, the reader should note that in the case of a medieval collection of philosophical sayings such as this we are dealing with a transformation of Classical philosophical heritage and its reshaping by popular collections of maxims or collections that subordinate philos‐ ophy to the ascetic ideal of perfection rather than with its real contin‐ uation traceable to the ancient authors.43 The names of the philoso‐ phers provided in such collections of sayings are accidental: in differ‐ ent versions of the texts, the same sayings may be attributed to differ‐ ent ancient sages or be transmitted anonymously. In the Samaritan version, the authors of some sayings are said to be Samaritans.44 The “Classical” wisdom thus turned out to be transformed by the intellec‐ tual millieu in which it was used. ————————
(41) See the Arabic text below and the commentary in the notes; also Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, ed. POCOCKE, p. 290:15 and Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, ed. CHEIKHO, p. 84:3. (42) See the Arabic text below. (43) Ю. АРЖАНОВ, “«Посмотрим, как превознесли душу в своих ре‐ чениях те, кто был искусен в мудрости…»: Сирийские переводы этико‐ философских текстов” [“‘Let us consider how the soul was praised by those who were skilful in wisdom...’: Syriac translations of Greek popular philoso‐ phy”], Символ 61: Syriaca • Arabica • Iranica, Paris, Moscow, 2012, pp. 217– 237. (44) Abulfathi Annales Samaritani, p. ٩٢.
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The present critical edition is based on the following manuscripts: (P) MS Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ar. 294 (AD 14th c.),45 fol. 134v, l. 13 – fol. 135r, l. 23; (V) MS Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ar. 168 (AD 1621)46, fol. 112r, l. 20 – fol. 113r, l. 8; (Ṽ) MS Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ar. 169 (AD 1684)47, fol. 110v, l. 10 – fol. 111r, l. 15; (M) MS Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ar. 376 (AD 1647)48, p. 154, l. 38 – p. 156, l. 1. The English translation was prepared in consultation with Dmitry A. Morozov (The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, Moscow) to whom I express my deepest gratitude. I am also grateful to Alexander Treiger (Dalhousie Univer‐ sity) for reading an earlier draft of this publication and suggesting some improvements.
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(45) G. TROUPEAU, Catalogue des manuscrits arabes: manuscrits chrétiens, 2 vols., Paris, 1972–1974, vol. 1, p. 261. (46) A. MAI, Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, 10 vols., Rome, 1825–1838, vol. 4 (Codices Arabici), pp. 308–309. (47) MAI, Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, vol. 4, pp. 309–310. (48) J. AUMER, Die Arabischen Handschriften der K. Hof‐ und Staatsbiblio‐ thek in Muenchen, Wiesbaden, 1970, pp. 140–141.
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Ğirğis al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd, The Blessed Compendium “THE NINETY SECOND FROM ADAM: ALEXANDER, SON OF PHILIP THE GREEK, THE MACEDONIAN” (fragment) TEXT 50
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وحضر الحكيم ارسطاطاليس و][ جماعة من الحكما اليونان الذين 55 54 كانوا في مملكته وتكلم ]كل واحد[ منھم ]بما حضره من الحكمة[ على 57 56 تابوت االسكندر فابتدا ارسطاطاليس 59 58 وقال :ان دنيا يكون ھذا اخرھا فالزھد فيھا من اولھا اولى؛ 63 62 61 60 وقال انطيقوس :ھذه الطريق ال ب ّد ]من سلوكھا[ فارغبوا في الباقية واتركوا الفانية؛ 65 64 وقال فيليمون :ھذا يوم قد اقبل من شرّه ما كان مدبرً ا وادبر من خيره ما كان مقبال؛ ————————
ھو
الفاضل(49) P add. كان معلم االسكندر ووزيره ومشيره وحضر(50) P add. ً جماعة(51) V Ṽ حكما(52) V (53) Ṽ abs. كل واح ًدا V Ṽ M واحد(54) P بما حضر من كالم الحكمة V Ṽ االسكندر(55) P after فابتدى(56) P M ارسطاطوا(57) P في(58) P M ھكذي الزھد ; M الزھد(59) V Ṽ انطيفوس(60) V Ṽ M ھذا(61) V Ṽ M السبيل(62) V Ṽ M منھا Ṽ M منه(63) V الوزير(64) P add. سرّ ه(65) V Ṽ
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وقال افالطون :ايھا الساعي المتعصب جمعت ما لزمك اوزاره وعاد على غيرك ھناوه؛ 71 70 وقال ديوجانس :صدر ع ّنا االسكندر ناط ًقا وورد علينا صام ًتا؛ 72 وقال ]ثاون[ :ھذا يوم ترعى الرعية راعيھا؛ 77 76 75 74 73 وقال لينون :كفى بھذا عبرة ان الذھب ]كان باالمس[ كنز االسكندر 79 78 واليوم اصبح االسكندر مكنوزا في الذھب؛ وقال اخر :سيلحقك من سرّ ه موتك كما لحقت من سرك موته؛ 81 80 ›وقال اخر :كان االسكندر يودبنا في حياته وقد صار واعظا لنا 82 بموته؛‹ [83 ] وقال اخر :قد كنا باالمس نقدر على االستماع منك وال نقدر على الكالم 86 85 84 بين يديك واما اليوم فنقدر ]على ان[ نتكلم وال نقدر على ان نسمع؛ 88 87 وقال اخر :امات ھذا الرجل خل ًقا في ]محبّة الدنيا ومات وتركھا[ ؛ ————————
.آفالطون Ṽ فالطون(66) V السالى(67) Ṽ المغتصب M المغصب(68) V Ṽ و(69) P دوجانس(70) M ورد(71) P V Ṽ ; Syr. ثاون ; AŠ‐ŠAHRASTĀNĪ نارن ; EUTYCHIUS ناروس V Ṽ ياروس (72) P M ܬܐܘܢ(BROCK) ; BUDGE Nîlôs. نيلون ; EUTYCHIUS ليبون(73) V Ṽ كفا(74) Ṽ M ھذه Ṽ بھذه(75) V عبرً ت Ṽ عبرً ة V غيره(76) P باالمس M باالمس كان(77) P قد(78) V Ṽ add. مكنوز(79) Ṽ ديوبّنا(80) P V Ṽ االن(81) M add. (82) V Ṽ abs. باالمس كنا نقدر M في االمس كنا نقدر(83) V Ṽ V Ṽ abs. ان(84) P V Ṽ abs. انت(85) P (86) Ṽ abs. خل ًقا كثيرً ا(87) M طلب الدنيا ومات وتركھا لغيره M طلب الدنيا وتركھا لغيره(88) V Ṽ
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وقال اخر :لم يودبنا االسكندر بكالمه كما ]ادبنا بسكوته[ ؛ 91 90 وقال اخر :خافت حصونك وامنت حصون خايفيك؛ 95 94 93 92 وقال اخر :يا من غضبه الموت ]ھل ال[ غضبت على الموت؛ 97 96 وقال اخر :ايھا الجمع ]ال تبكوا[ على االسكندر بل ابكوا على انفسكم ؛ 102 101 100 99 98 وقال ]اخر :قد[ كنت ال تسع يرحب البالد فكيف صبرت على 104 103 ضيق المھاد ؛ 105 ً مغبوطا ]وقد صبحت[ مرحومًا؛ ›وقال اخر :قد كنت )وقال اخر :ھذا الذي غضبه كان مرھوبًا وجانبه منيعًا كيف ما خاف منه الموت؛ (107 106 ً عزيزا ولقد اصبح ذليال؛ وقال اخر :لقد كان االسكندر ‹ 110 109 [108 وقال اخر] :كفا العامة اسوة الملوك في الموت وكفى الملوك عظة 112 111 بموت العامة ؛ 89
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ادبنا االن M ودبنا سكوته Ṽ اودبنا سكوته االن(89) V غيرك(90) Ṽ add. (91) V Ṽ This sentence and the following one are put in reverse order. كان(92) V Ṽ add. غصبه(93) V Ṽ ھال(94) M عضبت M غصبت(95) V Ṽ اخر(96) V Ṽ after نفوسكم(97) M (98) V Ṽ abs. تقنع M بتسع(99) P برً ا حيت Ṽ بر حيت(100) V M وكيف M كيف(101) V Ṽ صيرة(102) Ṽ اظيق Ṽ اضيق(103) V المكان(104) Cf. Qurʾān 2:206, 3:12, 3:197, 13:18, 38:56. EUTYCHIUS فاصبحت(105) M (106) M abs. (107) V Ṽ abs. كفي العامة اسوة بـ M كفى الغايه اسرة(108) V Ṽ وكفا(109) V Ṽ اعظت(110) V Ṽ الموة(111) V Ṽ الجامه(112) V Ṽ
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]قد كان صيتك[ مرھوبًا وملكك عاليًا:وقال اخر 117 116 صيتك منقط ًعا وملكك متضعًا ؛ 118 قد كنت تقدر على االحسان واالسا]ء[ة وامّا اليوم فال تقدر:وقال اخر 119 فرحم ﷲ من احسن عند القدره ؛ 121 120 لين كنت باالمس ال يامنك اح ًدا فقد اصبحت اليوم ال:وقال اخر 122 . يخافك اح ًدا 115
وقد اصبح
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TRANSLATION The wise123 Aristotle124 and a group of [other] Greek sages of [Alex‐ ander’s] kingdom were present, and each of them spoke over Alex‐ ander’s coffin in accordance with the wisdom which each had. Aris‐ totle was the first [to speak]. He said: If the end of this world is like this, then it is better to keep abstinence regarding it from the very beginning. Antigonus125 said: Following this path is inevitable, so have desire for the permanent [life] and abandon the perishing. Philemon126 said: this is a day whose evil [side], once far away, has drawn near, and whose good [side], once near, has become far away. Plato said: O passionate seeker, you have gathered to yourself the brunt of this, while the joy of this went to another. Diogenes said: Alexander had left us speaking and has now returned to us speechless. ————————
(113) V قد صتك Ṽ قصرك ; EUTYCHIUS قد كان صوتك (114) AL‐YAʿQŪBĪ غالبا (115) V Ṽ قد (116) V Ṽ abs.; EUTYCHIUS الصوت (117) M منبضعًا (118) V Ṽ فاما (119) V Ṽ المقدره M المقدرة (120) V Ṽ M ان (121) M احد (122) M احد (123) P add. excellent (124) P add. he was Alexander’s teacher, vizier, and adviser. (125) P Anṭīqūs V Ṽ M Anṭīfūs ; BUDGE Anṭîgôs (Antigonus). (126) P add. vizier
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Theon said: This is a day when the flock herds its shepherd. [Philo?]127 said: This is a sufficient lesson: yesterday, gold was Alex‐ ander’s treasure, while today, Alexander himself has been covered with gold. Another [philosopher] said: He who rejoices in your death will [soon] follow after you, just as you have followed those in whose death you had rejoiced. Another one said: Alexander used to instruct us during his life, and now he has become a teacher for us in his death. Another one said: yesterday, we could listen to you, but could not speak before you, while today, we can speak, but can no longer hear [you]. Another one said: This man had slain many128 people out of love129 for the world, and now he has died himself and has left it. Another one said: Alexander had never instructed us by his words as much as he has now instructed us by his silence. Another one said: Your fortresses now live in fear, while the fortress‐ es of those who fear you are secure. Another one said: O you whose anger meant death [for others], did you not show anger toward death? Another one said: O people, do not lament over Alexander, but weep over yourselves. Another one said: There was no sufficient room in you for the magni‐ tude of [the entire] land; how can you now bear the confinement of [this] couch? Another one said: You had been blessed, and now you have become grieved over. Another one said: Your anger had been frightening, and your state had been unassailable; how is it that death was not afraid of you? Another one said: Behold, Alexander had been powerful, and has now become miserable. Another one said: The example of kings at [their] death is sufficient for the common people, just as the death of common people is a sufficient admonition for kings.
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(127) P M Līnūn V Ṽ Lībūn; BUDGE Nîlôs; EUTYCHIUS Nīlūn. (128) M (129) V Ṽ M demanded.
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Another one said: Your glory130 had been fearful, and your kingdom had been exalted,131 and now your glory132 has disappeared, and your kingdom has become lowly. Another one said: You had been able to do both good and evil, but now you no longer can; may God have mercy upon him who does good when he can. Another one said: Yesterday, no one had been secure you; today, no one is afraid of you.
SUMMARY The medieval Christian Arabic historian (A.D. 13th c.) Ğirğis al‐Makīn ibn al‐ʿAmīd is well known not only in Middle Eastern Christian and tradi‐ tional Muslim historiography, but also in Western scholarship since the 17th century. Despite this, however, the first volume of his most im‐ portant work — The Blessed Compendium (al‐Mağmūʿ al‐mubārak) — still remains unpublished. The present article discusses the section of al‐ Makīn’s history devoted to Alexander the Great, which contains laments of the philosophers over Alexander. The study includes a critical edition of the Arabic text of the laments, based on four manuscripts, an English translation, and a commentary.
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(130) EUTYCHIUS voice. (131) AL‐YAʿQUBI triumphant. (132) EUTYCHIUS voice.
Nikolai N. Seleznyov Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State University for the Humanities [email protected]
“THESE STONES SHALL BE FOR A MEMORIAL”: A DISCUSSION OF THE ABOLITION OF CIRCUMCISION IN THE KITĀB AL‐MAĞDAL The question of Christian freedom from Old Testament law became especially controversial since it concerned the practice of circumcis‐ ion. The obvious practical considerations for excusing Christianized Gentiles from the demands of the Jewish tradition were not the only reason to discuss the custom. When Paul told the church in Rome that circumcision was rather a matter of the heart (Rom 2:29), he un‐ doubtedly referred to the words of the prophets who preached cir‐ cumcision of “the foreskin of the hearts” (Deut 10:16–17; Jer 4:3–4). Bodily circumcision, including that of Christ Himself, remained a subject of debate during subsequent Christian history, though the problem of fulfilling the stipulations of Old Testament law was gen‐ erally no longer actually present in historical reality.1 The present study will provide an interesting example of how a similar discussion of the same subject regained and retained its actuality in the context of Christian‐Muslim relations in the medieval Middle East. The ex‐ ample in question is a chapter on the abolition of circumcision in the comprehensive ‘Nestorian’ encyclopedic work of the mid‐10th–early 11th century entitled Kitāb al‐Mağdal.2 ————————
(1) A. S. JACOBS, Christ Circumcised: A Study in Early Christian History and Difference (Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion), Philadelphia, 2012. (2) M. STEINSCHNEIDER, Polemische und apologetische Literatur in arabischer Sprache, zwischen Muslimen, Christen und Juden: nebst Anhängen verwandten In‐ halts, mit Benutzung handschriftlicher Quellen (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 6.3), Leipzig, 1877, pp. 83–86. For the problems of attribu‐ tion and formation of the Kitāb al‐Mağdal see: B. HOLMBERG, “A Reconsidera‐ tion of the Kitāb al‐Mağdal,” Parole de l’Orient, 18 (1993), pp. 255–273. For the 115
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The original table of contents of the work was included in the Cat‐ alogue of the Arabic‐speaking prominent Coptic author Abū ʾl‐Ba‐ rakāt ibn Kabar (d. 1324).3 J. S. Assemani reproduced it with a Latin translation in the chapter on ʿAmr ibn Mattā (Cap. LVII: Amrus Matthæi) in his Bibliotheca Orientalis.4 Mark N. Swanson gives a brief survey of the contents of the book based on its original list of sections and chapters in his recent article on the Kitāb al‐Mağdal.5 He observes that “the author fully exploits the metaphor of a tower (or castle), naming the work’s seven chapters (abwāb, major sections, covering a wide range of topics) after features of architecture or landscaping” and that “the extended title, Kitāb al‐majdal li‐l‐istibṣār wa‐l‐jadal, ‘The tower, for reflection and discussion’, points to another significant feature of the work: both the metaphor of a (defensive) tower and the notion of jadal, ‘discussion’ or ‘argument’, indicate the apologetic utili‐ ty that the work is intended to have.”6 The book begins with a series of dense theological investigations: on the existence of God (al‐bayān, ‘the exposition’), His unity, the In‐ carnation of the Word of God in Christ, the Trinity (the section al‐ bunyān, ‘the edifice’, is divided in three chapters: aḏ‐ḏurwā, ‘the sum‐ mit’, al‐asās, ‘the foundation’, and at‐tašyīd, ‘the construstion’). There follow a number of chapters on the Christian sacraments and sym‐ bols: Baptism, the Eucharist, the Gospel’s testimonies to Christ’s di‐ vinity and humanity, and the Cross (al‐arkān, ‘the supports’); virtues and practices (al‐maṣābīḥ, ‘the lamps’); the creation, the typological list of manuscripts of the Kitāb al‐Mağdal, bibliography and a general intro‐ duction see: M. N. SWANSON, “Kitāb al‐Majdal,” in: Christian‐Muslim Rela‐ tions: A Bibliographical History, eds. D. THOMAS and A. MALLETT, vol. 2 (900– 1050), Leiden, Boston, 2010, pp. 627–632. (3) Abū ’l‐Barakāt IBN KABAR, Miṣbāḥ aẓ‐ẓulma fī īḍāḥ al‐ḫidma, vol. 1, al‐ Qāhira, 1971, pp. 298–300. Chapter 7 of this encyclopedic work contains the Catalogue which was edited and translated into German by W. RIEDEL, “Der Katalog der christlichen Schriften in arabischer Sprache von Abū ʾl‐Barakāt,” Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philosophisch‐historische Klasse, 5 (1902), SS. 635–706. An English translation of the chapter, based on Riedel’s edition, was prepared by Adam McCollum and published in 2009 on the website tertullian.org. (4) J. S. ASSEMANI, Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino‐Vaticana, vol. III:1, Romae, 1725, pp. 582–589. (5) SWANSON, “Kitāb al‐Majdal,” p. 630. (6) Ibid., pp. 629–630.
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salvific events and Church history, mainly that of the Church of the East,7 the concordance between the Old and the New Testaments in their interpretation by the Church (al‐ʿamad, ‘the buttresses’); on the prayer towards the East, the observance of the Lord’s day, and peni‐ tence (al‐ğadāwīl, ‘the watercourses’). The concluding section (al‐ ḥadāʾiq, ‘the gardens’) deals with the Christian attitude towards Old Testament law. The section al‐ḥadāʾiq is subdivided into four chapters: (1) Tark istiʿmal al‐ḫitāna wa‐l‐istiġnā ʿanhā bi‐ṣiḥḥat ad‐diyāna (Abandoning the practice of circumcision and dispensing with it in virtue of rightness of the faith); (2) Ḥall al‐ḥadīṯa li‐ʿamal yawm as‐sabt wa‐mūğib imsākihi ʿalā mutaqaddim al‐waqt (Resolution of the New [Testament] that con‐ cerns working on the Sabbath day and the previous obligation to abstain from work [on it]); (3) Iṭlāq mā ḥuẓira min al‐maʾākil wa‐wuğūb ḥallihā li‐kull ʾākil (Permission of the food [formerly] prohibited, and the necessity to allow everyone to eat it); (4) Tawbīḫ al‐yahūd ʿalā mā yabtadiʿūnahu wa‐iẓhār buhtihim fī‐mā yaddaʿūnahu (Reproof of the Jews for what they invent and demonstrating their delusion in what they pretend). The first chapter of the section is the subject of the present publication. The main argument with which the author starts his treatise is that circumcision long remained unknown to human generations after the creation of man. “When God created Adam and taught him the wis‐ dom of all things,” the author says, “He did not command him [to practice] circumcision, nor did He explain its meaning to him. In‐ stead, many of his descendants enjoyed God’s favor through showing obedience, having the right faith, assurance of reliable knowledge, and devotion… Since … [Adam] was created in the image of God and according to His likeness, taking anything away from him is shame‐ ful and sinful, and one should rather take pride in letting him be in his [original] state. When God commanded Moses to build an altar for the Lord, He commanded him to choose whole stones, unhewn and having no defects…” Abraham, the father of the blessed nations, who introduced circumcision, “received many blessings before he got circumcised.” Some biblical material, including apocryphal tradit‐ ions, are here used to buttress the argument. ————————
(7) This part of the Kitāb al‐Mağdal was edited by H. Gismondi: Maris, Amri et Slibae de patriarchis Nestorianorum commentaria, ex codicibus Vaticanis edidit ac latine reddidit Henricus GISMONDI, Romae, 1896–1899.
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While explaining the reason for establishing the practice of cir‐ cumcision, the author further develops the idea that there was a need to differentiate the chosen people from all the others and that circum‐ cision served as a differentiating mark. “The custom of circumcision was established…, such that [every] newborn should be circumcised on the eighth [day] to have a sign by which they would be known among the peoples… In the same way, a chosen thing is marked, when it is mixed with other things...” The necessity of circumcision is, therefore, dynamic; when living among the Gentiles, it becomes ob‐ ligatory, but once there are no others around or the other nations enter into the same faith as the chosen people thus constituting a sin‐ gle community with them, then circumcision loses its raison d’être: “When the object of preference is moved away alone, there is no longer need for differentiation because it is separated, as they did while dwelling in the desert, when they gave up circumcision of chil‐ dren. Also, when something is chosen as a whole, there is no longer need for a sign [of differentiation], as when faith in Christ became universal and safety embraced the peoples.” It is emphasized that God “did not differentiate between uncir‐ cumcised and circumcised people in priority…” during their sojourn in the desert, and that He maintained His support as He did earlier. However, when the chosen people passed across the Jordan and got into contact with other nations, God commanded them to practice circumcision again, but this commandment had a temporary char‐ acter: “thus the practice of circumcision, or the law of circumcision, was introduced for a limited [time].” There was no other reason for practicing circumcision than keep‐ ing the chosen people segregated from the others in order to prevent their moral and spiritual corruption. “The strongest indication that circumcision [was re‐introduced] for the [sole] purpose of [keeping the people] segragated, not for the sake of kinship or [ritual] purity, is the fact that it is prescribed for males, but not for females, and that Abraham was circumcised, but not Sarah: if [the purpose of circum‐ cision] were happiness and grace, pure women would not be de‐ prived of it…” What really matters is faith and following the divine guidance. Our author assembles quotations from Jeremiah, Malachi, and Paul to demonstrate that “neither circumcision is anything to rely on, nor uncircumcision, but faith in God and confession of love. If the circumcised broke the law, his circumcision is made uncir‐ cumcision, and if the uncircumcised kept the commandments his
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uncircumcision turned out to be circumcision.” Thus, what is pre‐ ferred by God is the spiritual circumcision along with “rightness of faith, goodness of reliable knowledge, and integrity of the heart.” The spread of Christianity “to all the ends of the earth” resulted in many nations entering the faith “and thus all of them became chosen, and could dispense with the mark of differentiation, and the differ‐ ence between circumcision and uncircumcision ceased.” The author, however, insistently points out that the apostles “did not forbid the people of circumcision [i. e. the Jews] from practicing it, nor did they make it mandatory for the uncircumcised once they had accepted the [right] faith.” If abandoning the practice of circumcision were manda‐ tory this would have been difficult for Christianized Jews, and if cir‐ cumcision were mandatory this would have been an obstacle for Gentiles attracted to Christianity, so God allowed both ways to be valid. We see, however, once again, that though declaring that “there is neither harm, nor sin, neither benefit, nor honor” in being circum‐ cised, our author still remarks that “the whole creature is more wor‐ thy of [being considered as] truthful.” The concluding part of the chapter under discussion is devoted to the practice of circumcision among “the sons of Ishmael.” The author shows that Ishmaelite circumcision practices were very inconsistent. Circumcision began before the rise of Islam and was then applied to girls — a custom not in accordance with any of the divine com‐ mandments concerning circumcision. Then he mentions the Turks, “the children of Abraham from Qantura,” who “rejected circumcision [and] as a result, the law of Islam got modified,” and, according to him, circumcision is hardly ever practiced among them. Summing up what has been said above, we can discern several apologetic strategies in the Kitāb al‐Mağdal’s discussion of the subject, but also generally in the entire treatise. The Middle Eastern Christ‐ ians’ main opponents who criticized them for ignoring circumcision were Muslims, rather than Jews.8 The Kitāb al‐Mağdal has certain simi‐ larities to anti‐Islamic polemical works by Middle Eastern Christian authors and in that sense may be considered one of them, though taken as a whole it is an encyclopedic treatise rather than a piece of ————————
(8) See, for example: H. PUTMAN, L’Église et l’Islam sous Timothée I (780– 823). Étude sur l’Église nestorienne au temps des premiers Abbassides avec nouvelle édition et traduction du dialogue entre Timothée et al‐Mahdi, Beyrouth, 1975, pp. 19–20 (§ 74–83).
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polemic. The author’s approach is quite delicate. First, he deploys the traditional anti‐Jewish arguments and brings into play a vast array of biblical material elegantly arranged for the purpose of his discussion even though by the time he was writing Jewish‐Christian polemic of this kind had largely lost its bitterness. Furthermore, he emphasizes that the Christian attitude towards circumcision is one that allows the practice, and that the main reason for the abolition of circumcision in Christianity is the focus on the spiritual value and meaning of cir‐ cumcision already highlighted by the Old Testament prophets. There‐ fore, despite the fact that there are many Christian reasons to prefer uncircumcision, there is no principal argument against circumcision, and it therefore remains legitimate if those who practice it do not wish to go beyond the outer aspect of the practice and move on to the inner, and from the bodily dimension on to the spiritual. While mod‐ erate and irenic in tone, the author develops this implicitly polemical conception and appeals to the well known idea, characteristic of Ara‐ bic literature, of going beyond the ẓāhir on to the bāṭin, i. e. beyond the outer aspect on to the inner. Finally, he highlights the pre‐Islamic origins of circumcision among the Arabs and points out that the ways of practicing it during the spread of Islam were inconsistent. Last, but not least, the very elegant literary form of the Kitāb al‐Mağdal, written in a refined rhymed style, was evidently intended to serve as an addi‐ tional witness to the cultural attractiveness of Christianity. The following edition is based on two manuscripts: P — MS Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ar. 190 (13th century),9 fol. AR163v/ 512v/p.1019–AR171v/519v/p.1033 and C — MS Cambridge University Library, Add. 3163 (=3293) (14th century)10, fol. SYR203r/201r–SYR210r/ 208r. The scribe of P often omitted the diacritical points and signs of vocalization. While setting the type, I added the diacritical points. I also indicated the ends of lines in P as well as the pagination of both P and C. The English translation was prepared in consultation with Dmitry A. Morozov to whom I express my deepest gratitude. I am ————————
(9) See the description of the MS in [W. MAC GUCKIN] DE SLANE, baron, Catalogue des manuscrits arabes, Paris, 1883–1895, p. 47:2. (10) E. G. BROWNE, A hand‐list of the Muḥammadan manuscripts, including all those written in the Arabic character, preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1900, p. 195 (# 1007); W. WRIGHT, A Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts Preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge, with an Introduction and Appendix by S. A. COOK, 2 vols., Cambridge: University Press, 1901, vol. 2, pp. 965–975.
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also grateful to Alexander Treiger (Dalhousie University), Grigory ‐Kessel (Marburg University), and Sergey Minov (The Hebrew Uni versity of Jerusalem) for reading an earlier draft of this publication and suggesting some improvements.
ألباَبُ ٱلسَّاب ُع الحدائق اربع فصول االو ُل ال َفصْ ُل َّ ترك الختانة واالستغنا عنھا بصحة الديانة ُ مسطور على َما ھو ] [P f.١٦٤r/513r/p.1020اخرج ﷲُ ابرھيم من حران ابن خمسة 11وسبعين سنة واطاع ﷲ | ابرھيم مخلصًا وتعبد له بطرائق ]ܩܩܕ [C f.202v/vحسنة ومكث بغرلته اربعة وعشرين | سنة يامره الرب وينھاه واسمه َيعلُو وذكره ينتشر وﷲ َيو ُده | ويرعاه ومنزلته فى الھدى ترتفع وامره يشتھر بصحة االيمان وجا َھه ] [5يتسع فى االمم بكثرة التعطف واالحسان وقدره يجل عند الملوك | بما يظھر عليه من االنعام وعناية ﷲ محيطة به تحرسه فى تصاريف | المرام واصطفاه ﷲ وناجاه وجعله ابا واسماه نبيًا وبارك | فيه وفى ماله واعطاه حظا سنيًا وغير اسمه من ابرم الى ابرھيم | وعاله الى رتبة مختارة ونقل اسم زوجته الطاھرة من سرى االول ] [10الى سارة وانتزعھا من يد ابيملك 12حتى اخذھا منه غصبًا ومن | فرعون مر ًة اخرى ومال مستقره خصبًا ونادى مالك الرب ھاجر | وردھا الى رحل سيدھا وامرھا بالتعميد 13لموالتھا وبشرھا بما يكون | من ولدھا ووعد فى اسمعيل بكره بالكثرة والوفا والنما وخوله ﷲ | رغائب االرض واوجب له بركات السما ونصره ﷲ على الملوك ] [15الخمسة باليسير من الخول والعبيد وكان عددھم ثلثمية وثمنية | عشر رجالً وارتجع سبى سذوم ولوطا وشرد االعدا الى مھرب | بعيد وترايا الرب له باشخاص ثلثة وناجاه بمفھوم الخطاب | وعرف الشر فى معنى سذوم وما يحله بھا من العقاب | وبشره ————————
خمس(11) C ܐܒܝܡܠܟ cf. Syr. ابملك(12) C بالتعبد(13) C
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بايسحق 14الزكى من سرا 15واخراج الملوك من صُلبه واراه النار ] [20فى القيسوم 16انه يزيده ثقة بربه * ووكد معه الوعد والعھد ان | يمال االرض ضى فعله * من نسله وان يثبت اسم ايسحق المطيع بر َ ] [١٦٤v/513v/1021واعطاه 17الميثاق ان يجعل زرع ُه مثل نجُوم السما كثرة ويكون مثل رمل | البحار ويبقى فى العالم ذكره ووعد ان يورثه ممالك االمم ورد الخلف الرابع | اليھا ويملكھم أرض اعاديھم ويخولھم جميع ما عليھا كل ھذا على اوصافه كان | فى سنى غرلته يشھد النبى وتشھد التوراة صحة المشروح ]ܩܩܗ [203r/rفى قصته ] [5ولما اراد ﷲ يرزق ابرھيم الولد المبارك ايسحق من سرا العاقر الزكية | على سابق الوعد والميثاق وان يكثر فى العالم نسله ويخرج منھما الملوك | واالنبيا والشعب المصطفى للنبوة والكھنوة واالحبار واالصفياء | ليجعله قبيلته المختارة من بين االمم المقصاة 18وعلم ما يكون من امرھم | فى مجاورتھم العُصاة ووفور تناسلھم بمصر اذا حصلُوا بھا مستعبدين ] [10واخراجه اياھم منھا بمعجز االيات متفردين امر ﷲ تعالى اسمه | ابرھيم االب باستعماله الختانة عالمة للذكور من ولده ال على طريق | الديانة يكون آية فى اجسامھم ال يساتر بھا فى الظلم يمنع من مخالطة | الغربا واتخاذ االزواج من االمم واختتن ابن تسعة وتسعين سنة | وتلقى االمر باالمتثال وختن اسمعيل لثلثة عشر سنة ومن حواه الرحل [15] 19من الرجال وختن العبيد كبارا وصغارً ا على سنھم 20فى الكثرة والقلة * | وصارت الختانة فى زمانه عالمة اھل االيمان با ورزق ايسحق من | بعد فختنه فى اليوم الثامن كما امره الرب ان يجعل ختانة العبد والولد | والساكن وكان قول ﷲ البرھيم اختتنوا كل ذكر لثمنية ايام من ولد فى | بيتك واشتريته بمالك ويكون الميثاق بيني وبينكم 21فى اعقابكم ] [20الى الدھر ان تختنوا لحم ————————
أور
ܐܝܣܚܩ cf. Syr. باسحق(14) C سارة(15) C قسديم(16) Sic in both P and C. Probably, a corruption of ﷲ(17) C add. in both P and C. المفضاه(18) Editorial correction of in both P and C. الرجل(19) Editorial correction of in both P and C. سنتھم(20) Editorial correction of وبينك(21) C
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غرلكم وكل ذكر ليس مختون تھلك نفسه من | شعبه وثبتت سُنة الختانة فى ذكور آل يعقوب يختن المولود فى [١٦٥r/514r/1022]22ثامنه عالمة لھم فى الشعُوب يُعرفون ب َھا االوطان واالسفار | لالحيا منھم والموتى كما يُعلم الشى المختار اذا اختلط باشيا شتى | مادام بينھا †مختارً ا ان† 23يساويه فى االختيار وتسقط سمة الخصُوص | وتشمل نعمة االيثار واذا ابعد المرتضى وحده استغنى عن التمييز ] [5باالنفراد كما فعلوا عند سكنى التيه فى ترك ختانة االوالد واذا | اختير الشى كله ]ܩܩܗ [203v/vبطلت الحاجة الى العالمة كما عم االيمان بالمسيح وشملت | الشعوب السالمة وصارت ختانة الشعب عالمة تمنع مخالطة | الغربا وعاشوا بھا محصورين ال يجدون لسترھا مٮٮٮًا ولو ساووا | المصريين عند المجاورة فى الغرلة افسدوا باتخاذ النسا وامتزجوا 24باشتباك ] [10الوُ صلة ولم يكن للبشر من اوالدھم اذا الفوا 25بيوت االمھات وعرفوا | الريف واالنزاع وتعودوا الرحض والنزھات * يصبرون على سوم | 26التعبد والضنك والفضاضة 27والعسف وال يخرجون من منازل 28الوطن | الى القفر والشقا والخوف * وكان تمييزھم مع الكثرة يعسر ال محالة على | الرسُول والرب احكم تدبيرا باالمر 29الى ما يؤول ولما خلق ﷲ ادم ] [15وعلمه بالحكمة كل شى من ساير االشيا لم يامره بالختانة وال عرفه لھا | معنى وحظى عند ﷲ كثير من ولده باظھار الطاعة وصحة االقرار | وحسن اليقين واخالص المشايعة مثل ھابيل المقبول قربان ُه | وشيث الموھوب مغني القدس وانوش المشھور باالحماد | وحنوخ المنقول الى الفردوس وھو غير مختون واوالد شيث ] [20المدعوون ابنا ﷲ فى بعض الكتاب ما عرضت لھم ببال وال فكروا | ————————
‐ are written in the botنب and ܟܚ (22) Syriac and Arabic quire numbers tom margin. ‐(23) Something seems wrong with the text between †…†. The sense re quired here seems to be “lest” or “because otherwise.” The correct text can only be established by consulting additional mss. واشتبكوا(24) C لقوا(25) C رسوم(26) C فظاظة(27) Cf. classical Arabic مواطن(28) C (29) C abs.
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فعل وال اجتناب وشھادة الكتب ان ﷲ خلق ادم بشرا سويًا فى ٍ [١٦٥v/514v/1023]30تنفى الزيادة والنقصان ال للمذ ُكور بديًا واذا كان المخلوق عندھُم | بصُورة ﷲ وعلى مثاله فالنقص 31منه عار واثم والفخر فى البقا على | حاله ولما امر ُ ﷲ موسى النبى ان ينشى مذبحا للرب رسم له اختيار | حجارة سليمة من القطع والعيب وكذلك امر ايشوع ابن نون ][5 ان يكتب ناموس العتيقة على حجارة لم يقربھا حديد رمزا على قديم الخليقة | ولم يعن بذلك الحجارة التى ال عمل لھا وال شرع وانما فضل السليم الصحيح | على ما شا َب ُه 32القط ُع ولما جدد ﷲ العالم وامر آل نوح بعمارة الربُّ بالختانة والعرفوا فى سُنة وال فرض واشتھر االرض | لم يامرھم َ ملكيزذق | 33الحبر بالبر والفضل ]ܩܩܘ [204r/rوالزھادة وتاله كثير من الطايعين عب ُدوا ﷲ ] [10واتبعُوا مراده ونشا فى اقطار االرض ملوك جبابرة وحكما علما * | ابتدعُوا العلوُ م واخترعوا الصناعات وتكلموا على نجوم السما * ما | عرفوا الختانة وال خطرت لھم بذكر حتى امر ﷲ بھا ابرھيم على ما تقدم | من الذكر بعد ثلثة الف وثلثماية سنة انقرضت من سنى العالم على | سياقة كتب الشري َعة والتاريخ الثابت المتعالم ولما اراد ﷲ اخراج ] [15بنى اسرايل من مصر لم تنفعھم الختانة التى كانت السبب فى الحضر وجعل | نجاتھم من الموت بالدم المنصرم على ابوابھم ليعلمُوا ان بھا حفظھم من | فساد انسابھم صارت عالمة فى ابدانھم تمنع عن مصاھرة الغربا * | ال يتخذ االسرائيلى غريبة وال يجد من شعبه مھربا * 34 ولما اعطى | ﷲُ موسى االلواح وعرفه العمل الذى يرضاه لم يثبت الختانة فى ] [20االيات وال حكم بھا فيما قضاه فارتفعت الختانة ايام موسى فى | التيه عن ساير الشعب وتساوى فى الغرلة والختانة االحبار فى ] [١٦٦r/515r/1024خدمة الرب استغنوا بالبُعد من االُمم عن عالمة تمنع من | االختالط وظلوا مدة االنفراد بالغرلة على اتم احوال االغتباط | ال يتاخر الحقير بالغرلة وال يتقدم االثير بالختانة ھما سيان فى حد | الطھارة ————————
‐ are written in the botنحـ and ܟܛ(30) Syriac and Arabic quire numbers tom margin. والنقص(31) P in both P and C. شانه(32) Editorial correction of ܡܠܟܝܙܕܩ(33) Cf. Syr. in C; P has no diacritics on the prefix. تثبت(34) Editorial correction of
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سى النبى يتفاضالن بالبر والتقى ]والطھارة[ 35والديانة ولما امر ﷲ ] [5موُ َ بعمل قبة الزمان 36واتخاذ تابوت الشھادَة على موجود | البيان وترتيب االحبار والكھنة ومن يقرب ويقدس ويخدم * | لم يفرق بين الناس 37بالغرلة وبين المختون فى التقدم وكانوا فى التقدم | متوازنين 38بجمعھم 39وتمييزھم ال َعمل العامل من الفريقين | يحظى والخاسر من الجميع من اھمل ولما امر ﷲ النبى ان يغسل ھرون ] [10واالحبار من بنيه ويمسحھم بعده لخدمة القدس لم يبعد الناس | فى التيه وكانت منزلة المختتن واالقلف فى خدمة الرب واحدة | ال الغرلة ]ܩܩܘ [204v/vناقصة لھم وال الختانة فيھم زايدة َ وكذلك باقى الشعب | كانوا فى التدبير بالسوية بال فاضل والمفضول مدة المقام فى | البرية ّاال من فضله العلم وقدمه على اقرانه العقل 40من اھل الختانة ] [15والغرلة ليس بينھما فى الحكم َفصْ ل حتى مات ذوو الختانة وبادوا | فى البر عن اخرھم ونشا الغرل من ابنايھم واستولوا على جميع ُوسى وھرون من مصر كما مفاخرھم | ولما امات ﷲ الخارجين مع م َ وعدھم | عند السخط ان يطرح جثثھم فى القفر وجعل االحبار والكھنة | من اوالدھم الناشين بالغرلة لم ينقصھم الحكيم رتبة وال أزال عنھم ][20 والوحى | ينزل فضيلة وكان النور يضى بالليل والغمام يظلھم بالنھار َ باالمر والنھى واكلھم المن على االدرار * وحالھم فى الثياب ] [١٦٦v/515v/1025واالدوات حال من سلف من ابايھم وفي قبول الذبايح للقرابين مثل اھل | الختان فى ابنايھم وامرھم فى التاييد يجرى على سابق العادَة ما عدموا | تدبير العناية وال فقدوا اسباب السعا َدة بل كانوا فى صون من | الموت والحادث من االفات والقتل خصُوا بالنما والوفور والبركة ][5 الرا َدة ﷲ اكثار النسل حتى صارُوا فى سنى التيه مثال الخارجين من مصر | وزا ُدوا عليھم الو ًفا على مشروح عددھم فى السفر ولھوآل البشر فى | البرية حصلت َمواھب الرب ولھم كانت وصايا النبى وفيھم ثبتت | محامد الشعب وھم بصروا البركات واللعنات وعرفوا المختار | والفرض ————————
(35) P crossed out; C abs. (Num 4:25). ܡܫܟܢ ܙܒܢܐ(36) Cf. Syr. (37) C in the margin. متوارثين(38) P السبب(39) P add. الفعل(40) C
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وصاروا ورّ اث الوعد والعھد وبينھم قسمت مساكن االرض ] [10ومنھم االحبار اوالد ھرون الذين استانفوا خدمة الرب واعطوا | الميثاق الجديد الموكد و]دوام[ 41الك َھنوت فى العقب وقام فيھم ايشوع الرضى | ودبرھم بالعز والسداد والمن َعة وعبرھم االر ُدن باالية العجيبة وادخلھم | ارض الخصب والسعة وكانت لھم فى عبور االر ُدن ووقوف الكھنة | على قعره واخذھم الحجارة من ارضه الشھادة ]ܩܩܙ [205r/rبما كان من عبره 42معجزا صار الھل الغرلة فضيلة لوقوف االردن جريته حتى | ] [15ان افتخروا به ل َ ّ تخطوه بالنعمة الجليلة ولبث الو ُجوه فى ارضه قيامًا الى عبور الشعب | باثقالھم يس َعون فى قراره آمنين ال خطر الخوف على بالھم وبعد عبورھم | االردن وحاجتھم الى مجاورة االمم امرھم ﷲ باستعمال الختانة | واختتنوا اج َمعُون باالمر الحتم وانقضت يوميذ سُنة [20] 43الناموس فى الختانة اليام محدودة واختتن الكھول والشباب والصبيان | على الحكاية الموجُودَة * وظھر االب فى تجديد العالمة قبل مخالطة الشعُوب ][١٦٧r/516r/1026 واغنى المشروح فى الكتب عن تكلف اعادَة المكتوب واكبر الشاھد | على ان الختانة للتمييز دون القربى والطھارة افراد الذكور من | االناث وختانة ابرھيم دون سرا ولو كانت للحظ والرافة لما حرموا | النسوة والزكيات وقد كان فيھن خيرات وطاھرات نطقن ] [5بالنبوات وامھات واخوات وبنات وازواج انبيا وملوك | واحبار وفاضالت اشتھرن بالزھادة َو َعمِلن وساوين االبرار | ولما صار الطلب بالختان صون النسب لحفظ صالح َ ال َ وتساووا فى السعى المش ُكور ودَل ظاھر الذكور سقط عن | االناث فعل ُه َ 44 القول والفعل | على ان الختانة عال َمة ليس لفاعلھا مزية وال على تاركھا َمال َمة وال ] [10لھا مع الكفر نفع وال تجنبھا مع االيمان ضار وال فى البقا ﷲ | السوى خسارة وال عار والمختتن اذا كفر با بطلت على خلق ِ الفضيلة فى | ختانته واالغرل متى امن با حظى بالصحيح فى امانته 45 وتحمل االذى | وتكلف النقيصة من غير ثواب وال عايدة منع الغنا ————————
(41) P in the margin; C in the text. غيره(42) C . الختانة(43) P adds and deletes (44) C abs. , indicating that it is to be read ع (with a sign underneath the العنا (45) C ). غ and not as a عas an
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بااليمان عنھما | من االختيارات الفاسدة والمغزى 46فى تكليف الديانة ارضا الرب ] [15والقربة اليه باخالص الضماير فى طاعته وامال الجد فى الزلفة | 47لديه والختانة الروحانية النافعة التى يختارھا ]ܩܩܙ [205v/vالرب صحة االيمان | وحسن اليقين وسالمة القلب كما يقتضى العقل ويوجب الدين | ويوجد فى الكتاب والمقبول من شواھد الحق يغنى عن اطالة االسھاب | قال موسى النبى فى التوراة للشعب اختنوا قلفة قلوبكم وذللوا ] [20صعوبة رقابكم من اجل الرب الھكم ھو اله االلھه ورب االرباب | وقال ارميا النبى فى االصحاح الثالث من كتابه اسرجُوا ل ُكم مصباحً ا ] [١٦٧v/516v/1027وال تزرعوا على الحسك واختنوا للرب قلفة قلوب ُكم قا َل معيرً ا للشعب | كل االمم قلف بلحومھم وبنو اسرائيل قلف بقلوبھم وقال الرب على لسان | ماالخى فى االصحاح الرابع 48والعشرين من كتابه 49 احببت يعقوب | وابغضت عيسُو كالھما بالسوية فى االبوة واالموة والسن والنسب ] [5والختانة وما ذاك وﷲ اعلم واحكم اال حسن 50الطريقة وفضل الديانة | وقال السليح المويد فولوس وكان من اعيان اليھُود وخدام القدس ال الختانة | شى يعتمد وال الغرلة اال االيمان با واعتقاد المحبة والمختتن اذا | تجاوز النامُوس صارت ختانته غرلة واالغرل اذا حفظ اوامر | الناموس عادت غرلته ختانة وﷲ الواحد الذى يُزكى الختانة ][10 بااليمان ھو يزكى الغرلة بااليمان وبطل فضل الختانة وانما الختانة | ختانة القلب بالروح وحقق تساوى الختانة والغرلة فى االيمان | والتقوى والزكاة * حظوة الفريقين عند ﷲ ومساواته فى االجر | من ارضاه ونقله احنوخ الى الفر َدوس لما تاب حيا بغرلته واليا | النبى الى السما مشھو ًدا بختانه وقبوله قرابين ھابيل وحنوخ وملكيزذق ] [15وغيرھم بالغرلة وقرابين ھرون وداود واليا وايوب بالختانة المستعملة | وقسمته البحر لموسى وھرون والخارجين من مصر بالختانة واالردن | لنشو التيه بالغرلة على اشتھار خبرھم فى الصيانة والكثير الموجود | من النعم عند ————————
. Adding a diacritical dot seems to المغرى (46) Both manuscripts have provide a better reading. الزلفى(47) C , then corrects in the margin.السابع(48) P first writes (49) Sic! in both P and C. لحسن(50) Editorial correction of
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اتقيا اھل الغرلة والختانة اذا اطاعوا ]ܩܩܚ [206r/rﷲ وارضوه | وتوفروا على ُ بنفع ] [20مشھُود شروط الديانة ولم توجد الختانة عادَت على الشعب ٍ العالمة فى بل لحقھم بھا رزايا شرحھا فى الكتاب موجُود الختانة االولى | َ استعبادھم بمصر والداعية الى الصبر على الكد وال َعسف ] [١٦٨r/517r/1028والضر المُستمر والمانعة من مخالطة القبايل والحاجزة عن التخلص | بالھرب ولبثوا الجلھا مُضطھدين ال يستطيعون كتمان النسب | وصارت فى التيه عالمة التلف بالموت َوالحرب والفنا * لما | اقسم الرب اال يدخل االرض سوى ايشوع ابن نون وكاالب ابن يوفنا *[5] الختانة الثالثة فى عبر االردن زالت معھا مزية االختيار وارتفع | المعھُود من النور والمشھُود من غمام النھار وانقطع عنھم | المن وبليت االحذية والثياب وساووا االمم 51فى الطلب ومعاناة | الشقا فى االكتساب واكلوا فى ارض الميعاد بالخزية من ك ّد | ابدانھم وستروا انفسھم واوالدھم من كدحھم وغزل نسوانھم * ] [10وصاروا بالختانة محصورين فى القسمة والميعاد ال يملكون مخلصًا من | ضر وال يقتدرون على االبعاد وانتشرت دعوة اي ُ شوع المسيح | لذكره التسبيح فى ساير اكناف االرض ودخل الشعُوب | فى االيمان وقبلوا مرسوم 52السُنن والفرض 53وحصل جميعھم فى | االختيار واستغنى عن عالمة االختصاص وزال فرق الختانة ] [15والغرلة وكانت الھداية وطريق الخالص وصار الفرض معرفة ﷲ | واتباع كتبه ورُسله عوايد | فضله و ُر ْشدَنا لما اَشار والنافع فى كلتى الحالين 54العمل الجالب َ بترك 55الدنياوى من احكام الناموس * | واستعمال ما ينتج السالمة فى الدين والحال والنفوس ونھى عن الحلف | با ومقاومة االعدا بالشر والقصاص 56بالقصاص والقتل واتخاذ ] [20النسا بال عدة وتخلية االزواج بكتاب البراة وتقريب الذبايح على | الذنوب واالمتناع فى السبت ]ܩܩܚ [206v/vعن عمل الخير وامر بااليمان ] [١٦٨v/517v/1029والتوبة والتقوى والصدق والصفح والرحمة والتواضع و َما ي ُدل عليه | االنجيل من ————————
المم(51) P (52) C abs. والفروض(53) C الحالتين(54) C (55) Repeated twice in C. والقضا, but then corrected to والقصاص(56) C initially had
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مُجانبة االنتقام وايثار االحسان لم ينه عن استعمال | الختانة وال امر بھا فى دعوة | ال ُھدَى وبصّرھم نتايج البرّ حُقوق االيمان ولما ارسل تالميذه القامة َ وحذرھم اسباب الرّ دى ما ذكر الختانة فى ] [5وصاياه بما يوجبھا او يحجز 57عنھا داللة على قلة نفعھا وضرھا بمن فعلھا | او تبرا منھا والتالميذ لما دعوا االُمم لم يمنعوا اھل الختان استعمالھا * | وال اوجبوا على ذوى الغرلة مع اعتقادھم االيمان فعلھا وجعلوا العمدة فى | الھداية الطھارة من اوصاب العيُوب ولباس صبغة المعمودية 58للزكاة | من سالف الذنوب وشبھوا الخروج من الما بقيام المسيح من القبر ] [10بنفوس مجددة طاھرة تستانف المرتضى من البر وقالوا ان الختانة | ال تقرب عاصيًا وال تبعد مطيعًا موفيا وال الغرلة تدنى الى ﷲ كافرا | وال تجنب تقيا محسنا ولما اجتمعوا مع السبعين والمختارين من | اعيان المومنين بعد نزول الرُوح عليھم لتقرير فرايض الدين لم ينھوا | عن استعمال الختانة وال امروا المنقادين بھا وال فضلوا َمن فعلھا وال ] [15رذلوا من تجنبھا وكان التابعون من الشعب يستعملونھا على سنة ابرھيم | والمشايعون من الشعب 59يھملونھا اكتفا 60بال ُخلق السليم وجميعھم | فى االيمان واحد وال فرق بينھم فى الدين المُختتن واالقلف منھم بالسوية | اذا حصلُوا فى زمرة صفا لم يحظر | الختانة على منقادى المھتدين والسليح المفضل فطروس ال َ اليھُود لصعُوبة تركھا عليھم واستعظامھم اجتناب ] [20المعھُود وتم ُّكن امرھا فى نفوسھم وكراھتھم مضادَة النامُوس وبالختان | تحققوا كمال العتيقة وظھور المسيح بشرايط القدس ولما دعا ] [١٦٩r/518r/1030فولوس السليح المُو َيد الشعُوب الى شرع المسيح ودخل الملوك | العظما والفالسفة ]ܩܩܛ [207r/rوالعلما فى الدين الصحيح وكان يومن فى يوم ملك | وساير رعاياه واھل مدينته باسرھا ورئيس كبير ومن وااله * | منھم الشيُوخ والكھُولة والشباب والصبيان واالطفال * لھم ] [5امّھات واخوات وازواج ————————
يحجر(57) C . معموذية(58) Here and below P spells (= other nations) seems to be الشعوب (59) An emendation of the text to desirable. اكتفافا(60) P
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وبنات عواتق وذوات الرجال فسبح | 61الرسول بامر سماوى فى ترك استعمال الختانة واقام البرھان | بالغنا عنھا واوضح الشھادات على الديانة وقال ان الذى امر بالختانة | من قبل ھو رسم تركھا من بعد والذى اطلق للصفا ان يدعوا بالختان | ارسلنى ان ادعُوا بالغرلة وكان من يستجيب من االمم يتكره الختانة الجل اليھُود ] [10ويخشى باظھار مساواتھم فيھا الدخول تحت وفاق ال ُعھُود َوعرفوا ظھور | المسيح فيھم ووجدوا الدعاة اليه منھُم وشاھدوا معمودية يوحنا | لھم وخافوا الحصُول فى اليھودية معھم فلما اطلق الداعى المويد للشعوب | المنقادة ترك الختان تيقنوا امر ايشوع المجدد َوامنوا َعواقب | االختتان 62واستجابوا الى دعوته ساكنين وقبلُوا االيمان مصدقين ] [15واستصحبُوا الحظ فى الھدَ اية وعملوا لنفُوسھم متحققين ولو الزم | الشعوب الختانة لعسر انجذابھم اليھا لقبح التبدل باھل المشرق | 63واستصعابھم االقدام عليھا وحاجة الجمھور الى التشاغل بتمحل | االقوات والكسى وما تضطر اليه الحاجة و ُكلَف االوالد والنسا | 64وكان التدبير عُلويا وحُكم الجميع سماويا وتساوى المومنين فى ] [20االھتدا وقبلوا دين المسيح روحانيا وقال السليح المويد فولوس | فى رسالته الى اھل افسُوس وانتم معاشر ال ُ شعُوب كنتم مِن قبل ][١٦٩v/518v/1031 جسديين تدعون اھل الغرلة وكنتم بُعدآ من ايشوع المسيح ومن موعود | ﷲ البرھيم ومن شريعة التوراة ال رجا لكم بعد ھذة الدنيا واالن صرتم | بدم ايشوع المسيح قربا وقبلتم رجا الخيرات ]ܩܩܛ [207v/vالنه ابطل العداوة التى | كانت بين الشعب والشعُوب وبين الماليكة والناس وحصل اھل الختان ] [5والغرلة امة واحدة وازال ال ُ ش َبه الحايلة بينھم وجدد بدل خرى روحانية وصيّر الكل واحدا جدي ًدا بالمعمُودية | الوصايا | الجسدانية ا ُ َ واجرى السلم بين ﷲ والعباد وارضى الرب عنھم بجسده الواحد وابطل | معاداتھم بصلب ِه ثم ا َتى فبشر الشعُوب المُبعدين وشعب اليھُود المقربين | وادركتنا جمي ًعا القربة الى ﷲ االب بالروح الواحد وصرتم االن ابناء ][10 ————————
(61) This seems to be the reading in C. The reading in P has a similar rasm, but is uncertain. in both P and C. افتتان(62) Editorial correction of الشرف(63) P النسل(64) P
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مورثين بالنعمة التى اسبغھا عليكم الرب * واالحتجاج بختانة المسيح | والحواريين ال يوجب على التابعين استعمالھا النھا فُعلت فى زمن الطفولية دعوة | | من غير ان يعدوھا فضال 65وال مل ُكوا العقول والمنع وال عرفوا َ غيرھا وال استتم امر العتيقة وال ظھرت الحديثة خبرھا واقوى | الحجج لمن ابدا استعمالھا من غير حاج ٍة تدعو 66اليھا ما فعله المويد [15] 67فولوس السليح فى َحمل ططوس عليھا لما اراد اخراجه َمع ُه واالستعانة | به فى سفره فانه اختتن ليساوى منقادى الشعب على الموصوف | من خبره واطالق المفضل شمعون الصفا لمن تنصر من اليھُود استعمالھا | وختانة المنقادين اوالدھم على اعتقادھم القديم فضلھا واقامة بعض | التالميذ على وجوب فعلھا بالذكر امر ﷲ ابرھيم بھا ومعا َھدته ] [20عليھا الى الدھر فان ختن المولُود يوم ثامنه من غير اعتقاد وُ جوب | الختانة والى حين لباس العماد 68وال ُدخول تحت قوانين الديانة فال اضرار وال ][١٧٠r/519r/1032 اثم وال انتفاع وال شرف والخلقة ال َسوية اولى بالحق والزيادة على | االكتفا 69 سرف ولم يزل المولُود بغرلته كما براه ﷲ بديا * التقى | بطھارة االعماد وعاش خلقا سويًا والعمدة فى الجميع معرفة ﷲ | بالمسيح واخالص االيمان والمحبة واعتقاد يقين ]ܩܩܝ [208r/rصحيح واالقرار ] [5بالرسل والكتب والعمل لوراثة الم َل ُكوت واالعتراف بالنشر | والحشر والجزا عند القيامة من ال َموت * وقد وُ جد من توالد بارض | تھامة من بنى اسمعيل لما استفحل امرھم بالكثرة واستطالوا بالنسب | الجليل ختنوا البنات من اوالدھم 70 بال امر وال اتباع شريعة * وال | ليتميزوا من مجاوريھم وال يتزوجوا ذوى االنساب الوضيعة * فل َما ] [10ظھر دين االسالم فيھم ثبتت ختانة البنات مع البنين من َعھد | الوالد الى االحتالم فريضة عليھم فى قواعد الدين وصارت الختانة | الثانية للبنات على امر ﷲ البرھيم زايدة او لسابق عھده ناقضة او | بتمام نقصانه عايدة وبطل المحدود من ايامھا وتجددت ————————
in the margin. فضلھا, but corrects to فضال(65) So in C. P has تدعوا(66) P الموبد(67) P . عماذ(68) Here and below C spells العماذ(69) C in both P (without diacritical dots on تزوجوا (70) Editorial correction of the prefix) and C.
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فسحة فى السنين | ودخل فيھا من جميع الذين من الشعُوب االبعدين صل ] [15اوالد ابرھيم من قنطورا بارض الشرق وتوالدوا االقربين * وح َ فى البالد واشت ّدوا | وعدلوا عن طريقة الحق ورفضوا الختانة عنھم حتى تجددت شريعة | االسالم لم يختنوا ذكرھم وال انثى وال تعرضوا لنقيصة االتمام ومن | اَسلم االن منھم يختتن والباقون على خلقھم فى الغرلة ساووا المجاورين | من االمم واشتبكت بينھم نتايج الوُ صلة َوزالت 71الحاجة الى 73 َعالمة ] [20يتميز بھا واحد من جماعة 72وانتسجت االنساب واختلطت وصار االخيار | اھل الطاعة َواضمحل فخر اليھود بالختانة والخصُوص َوالنسب واشتمل ] [١٧٠v/519v/1033عليھم الذل وظھرت فيھم اثار ال َغضب ولم تنفعھم الختانة لما عدلوا عن | تصديق المسيح وحصل فخرھم للغربا واقترب 74العبد بالحر الصريح وصحت | النبوات السابقة على ايتالف االمم والشعوب وعاد االمر الى العدل | وادرك 75الطھارة من يتوب * THE SEVENTH GATE GARDENS, [IN] FOUR SECTIONS First section [On] Abandoning [the practice of] circumcision and dispensing with it in virtue of rightness of the faith in accordance with what is written ‐[P 1020] God brought Abraham out of Harran when he was seventy five years old.76 Abraham obeyed God with devotion and worshiped Him in excellent ways, remaining uncircumcised for twenty‐four ‐years, while the Lord was giving him [other] commands and prohibi tions. His name was exalted and his memory became widespread, ‐and God favored him and looked after him, while his rank in right ————————
والت(71) C جماعته(72) C واختلفت(73) C واقترن(74) C وادراك(75) P (76) Gen 12:4.
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eousness was exalted, and his affair became famous in virtue of the rightness of [his] faith. On account of his compassion and benefaction his fame became widespread among the Gentiles, and his apprecia‐ tion among the kings was great because of the [divine] benevolence manifestly bestowed upon him. God’s care would always surround him, guarding him from the vicissitudes of self‐will. God chose him, spoke to him, made him a father, named him a prophet, blessed him and his possessions, gave him a good fate, changed his name from Abram to Abraham, and elevated him to the chosen rank. [God] also changed the name of his pure wife from what was at first Sarai to Sarah, delivered her from the hand of Abimelech,77 even to the degree of taking her away from him by force, and, on another occasion, [de‐ livered her] from the Pharaoh.78 [God then] filled his dwelling place with fertility, and the Angel of God called upon Hagar and returned her to the saddle of her master,79 commanded her to serve her mis‐ tress and brought her the good news of the offspring that was to be born of her. [God] promised prosperity, complete success, and [abundant] growth to Ishmael, [Abraham’s] firstborn, gave him the desirable things of the earth, and guaranteed him the blessings of heaven. God made [Abraham] victorious over the five kings, even though he only had a small group of servants and slaves, three hun‐ dred and eighteen men in number. He brought back the captives of Sodom and Lot, and scattered the enemies far away.80 The Lord ap‐ peared to him in three persons, and talked to him in understandable speech, and he learned the evil meaning of Sodom and what punish‐ ment would befall it. Then [the Lord] brought him the good tidings that the pure Isaac [would be born] of Sarai and that he would beget kings from his loins.81 He showed him fire in Qaysum [Ur Qasdim],82 which would strengthen his trust in his Lord. He confirmed His promise and vow to him that He would fill the earth with his proge‐ ————————
(77) Gen 20. (78) Gen 12:10–20. (79) Gen 16:7–9. (80) Gen 14. (81) Gen 18. (82) E. SPICEHANDLER, “Shāhīn’s Influence on Bābaī ben Lotf: The Abra‐ ham‐Nimrod Legend,” in: Irano‐Judaica II, eds. S. SHAKED and A. NETZER, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 158–165; S. L. LOWIN, The Making of a Forefather: Abraham in Islamic and Jewish Exegetical Narratives (Islamic History and Civilization, 65), Leiden, Boston, 2006, pp. 39–40.
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ny, and that the name of Isaac who was obedient to God would be strengthened by his God‐pleasing deeds. [P 1021] He gave him the covenant that He would make his descendants as numerous as the stars of heaven and the sand of the sea,83 and that his memory would remain in the world forever. He also promised that He would let him inherit the kingdoms of the Gentiles, that He would bring back the fourth generation after him to rule over their enemies’ land, and that He would give [his descendants] all that is upon it. All this hap‐ pened, as it is described, in the years when he was uncircumcised, and both the prophet [Moses] and the Torah bear witness to the fact that everything explained here concerning his story is correct. Then God willed to grant Abraham the blessed child Isaac from his infertile and pure [wife] Sarai in accordance with the foregoing promise and vow. He also willed to multiply his progeny in the world and to bring forth from this couple kings, prophets, the chosen people selected for prophecy and priesthood, high priests84 and [oth‐ er] chosen men. God willed to make his [descendants] His chosen tribe, set apart from [all other] nations. Yet He also foreknew that they were to live alongside transgressors. He also foreknew that [his descendants] would greatly multiply in Egypt after they had came to be enslaved there, and that He would lead them as a separate group out of Egypt with miraculous signs. It was only then that God — may His name be exalted! — commanded the forefather Abraham to prac‐ tice circumcision as a sign for his male descendants, not in such a way that it would be a sign of the faith on their bodies which could not be hidden in times of oppression, [but as a sign which] would prevent them from mixing with strangers and taking wives from the Gentiles. Abraham circumcised himself when he was ninety‐nine years old, and fulfilled [God’s] command in obedience. He then cir‐ cumcised Ishmael when he was thirteen years old as well as those men who were in his camp, and he circumcised his slaves, both old and young, whatever their age, whether little or great. In his time, circumcision became a sign of the people of faith in God. When later Abraham was blessed with Isaac, he circumcised him on the eighth day, as the Lord commanded him to circumcise slaves, children, and residents. God’s word came to Abraham, saying: “Circumcise every ————————
(83) Gen 22:17. (84) The term حبر in this text seems to refer to (high) priests. It is used below to describe Melchizedek.
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male after eight days, him who was born in your house and whom you bought with your money. There will be a covenant between Me and you in your generations forever that you shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and every male who is uncircumcised his soul shall perish from his people.”85 The custom of circumcision was es‐ tablished among the males of the family of Jacob, such that [every] newborn should be circumcised on [P 1022] the eighth [day] to have a sign by which they would be known among the peoples, both in places of settlement and on a journey, whether they be alive or dead. In the same way, a chosen thing is marked, when it is mixed with other things, as long as it is present among them; since otherwise86 [these other things] would [seem] equally worthy of choice, the [cho‐ sen thing’s] distinguishing sign would be lost, and everything would be [equally] shown preference. However, when the object of prefer‐ ence is moved away alone, there is no longer need for differentiation because it is separated, as they did while dwelling in the desert, when they gave up circumcision of children. Also, when something is cho‐ sen as a whole, there is no longer need for a sign [of differentiation], as when faith in Christ became universal and safety embraced the peoples. So, circumcision became a sign for the people to prevent their mingling with foreigners. Their way of life was defined by it, as they could not hide it in contacts [?]. If, however, they had been equal to the Egyptians in being uncircumcised while living side‐by‐side with them, they would have got corrupted by taking [foreign] women, and their [stock] would have become mixed through [blood] ties. Having become used to their mothers’ homes, familiar with the countryside and the desires [?], and accustomed to bathing and recreation, no one among their children would be able to withstand the burden of slav‐ ery, hardship, harshness, and oppression, and even less so to leave their homes and to depart to the desert with its desolation and fear. Moreover, [without circumcision] differentiating them [from the Egyptians] would have definitely been very difficult for the prophet [Moses], given their great number, but the Lord is most skillful in arranging the affairs so as to lead them to [His goal]. By contrast, when God created Adam and taught him the wisdom of all things, He did not command him [to practice] circumcision, nor ————————
(85) Gen 17:11–14. (86) The translation is conjectural.
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did He explain its meaning to him. Instead, many of his descendants enjoyed God’s favor through showing obedience, having the right faith, assurance of reliable knowledge, and devotion in following [God]. This is the case with Abel, whose sacrifice was accepted, Seth, the gifted singer of the holy, Enos, famous for his praises [to God], Enoch, who was transferred to Paradise while being uncircumcised, and the children of Seth, who were called “sons of God” in a certain book.87 [As for circumcision,] nothing [of the sort] ever occurred to them, nor did they think of doing anything [of the sort] or avoiding it. The Scriptures testify that God created Adam as a perfectly‐shaped man.88 [P 1023] This rules out the possibility of excess or lack [in his bodily constitution] and hence means “no” to what has been ment‐ ioned earlier [i.e. circumcision]. Moreover, since, according to the [Jews?], [Adam] was created in the image of God and according to His likeness, taking anything away from him is shameful and sinful, and one should rather take pride in letting him be in his [original] state. [Similarly], when God commanded Moses to build an altar for the Lord, He commanded him to choose whole stones, unhewn and having no defects.89 He also commanded Joshua son of Nun to in‐ scribe the Law of the Old [Testament] on stones untouched by iron.90 This was a symbol pointing back to the primordial creature.91 He did not mean by this stones completely unworked on, on which labor has not even begun [?], but simply expressed preference for what is whole and intact over what has been affected by cutting. When God renewed the world and commanded the family of Noah to populate ————————
(87) The “sons of God” were identified with Sethites by many authors without specifying any “book” as a source for the identification. See: A. F. J. KLIJN, Seth in Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature (Supplements to NT, 46;), Leiden, 1977, p. 61 ff.; J. TUBACH, “Seth and the Sethites in Early Syriac Literature,” in: Eve’s Children: The Biblical Stories Retold and Interpreted in Jewish and Christian Traditions, ed. G. P. LUTTIKHUIZEN (Themes in Biblical Narrative, Jewish and Christian Traditions, 5), Leiden, Boston, 2003, pp. 187– 201. (88) The expression “perfectly‐shaped man” (bašaran sawīyan) is Qurʾā‐ nic (19:17), where it refers to the angel Gabriel as he appeared to Mary at Annunciation. (89) Ex 20:25. (90) Josh 8:31–32. (91) Or: to the beginning of creation.
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the earth,92 the Lord did not command them [to practice] circumci‐ sion, and they knew nothing of it, either as a [praiseworthy] custom or as a mandatory duty. [Similarly,] Melchizedek the high priest was famous on account of his piety, excellence, and asceticism, and many people of obedience came after him worshiping God and following His will. Then there arose in different regions of the earth giant kings93 and knowledgeable sages who invented the sciences and de‐ vised the crafts, teaching about the stars of heaven. They knew noth‐ ing of circumcision and never mentioned it. As discussed earlier, it was only when God commanded Abraham [to practice] it, three thousand and three hundred years after the [creation of the] world, according to the books of the Law and the known reliable history, [that circumcision first appeared]. Also, when God willed to bring the children of Israel forth out of Egypt, circumcision, which had been necessary in sedentary life, was no longer useful, but [nevertheless] He delivered them from death through blood let out [and smeared] upon their doors.94 This was done so that they might know that it was through [the letting out of blood in circumcision] that God kept them from corrupting their lineage. [Thus, circumcision] became a sign on their bodies preventing them from intermarrying with foreigners, so that no Israelite might take a foreign woman or find a way to leave his people. When God gave Moses the tablets [of the covenant] and taught him the way of action pleasing to Him, He did not establish circum‐ cision by way of miracles, nor did He deliver a ruling concerning it in His decree. As a result, circumcision disappeared from the entire people in the days of Moses [during the journey] in the desert. Both circumcised and uncircumcised high priests [P 1024] worshiped God equally. Being far away from the Gentiles, they had no need for a sign which would prevent intermingling [with them]. During this period of isolation and despite being uncircumcised, they remained in a state of complete blessedness: the uncircumcised were not left ————————
(92) Gen 9:1. (93) The Chronicle of Michael the Great witnesses to the tradition which narrates that the “sons of God,” after their descent and abandoning the “An‐ gelic way of life,” appointed a king named Semiazos, while the Sethites imi‐ tated them by appointing another king (Book 1, ch. 3–4). Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199), ed. J. B. CHABOT, 4 vols., Paris, 1899–1910, vol. 4, p. 2 (Syr. text); vol. 1, p. 5 (FT). (94) Ex 12:7.
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behind in misery, and the circumcised were not given preferential treatment, but both were treated equally as far as purity was con‐ cerned and if some were more excellent than others this was only in terms of piety, reverence, and faith. When God commanded the prophet Moses to build the Tabern‐ acle, to make the Ark of the Covenant, as explained [in the Script‐ ures], and to establish [the hierarchy of] high priests and priests, those who sacrifice, celebrate, and worship,95 there was no difference between the uncircumcised and the circumcised in priority. All of them were equals of one another in terms of priority, and were dis‐ tinguished only by their deeds: in both groups, whoever acts [as pre‐ scribed], obtains [God’s] favor, and whoever neglects [to act], forfeits [it]. When God commanded the prophet [Moses] to wash Aaron and the high priests among his sons and after that to anoint them for the service of the holy, the people had not yet traveled deep into the de‐ sert, and both the circumcised and the uncircumcised had the same rank in the service of the Lord: uncircumcision presented no disad‐ vantage, and circumcision no advantage. Likewise, the rest of the people were treated equally during their sojourn in the desert, with no one considered more excellent than another, except when one was considered excellent on account of his knowledge and given priority over his peers in virtue of his intellect. This was true for both those who were circumcised and those who were uncircumcised: they were treated without distinction. Eventually, those who were circumcised all died and perished in the desert to the last of them. Their uncircumcised sons grew up and inherited all their dignified offices. Thus, when God made those who had left Egypt with Moses and Aaron to die, for He had promised them in wrath to leave their dead bodies in the desert, He appointed their sons who grew up uncircumcised as high priests and priests. The wise [God] neither diminished them in rank nor took away their dignity. Instead, light was illuminating [their way] at night, a cloud overshadowed them during the day,96 through revelation [divine] command and prohibition came down, and manna was given them as food in abundance.97 Their situation in regard to clothing [P 1025] ————————
(95) Ex 25 ff. (96) Ex 13:21–22. (97) Ex 16:15–18.
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and belongings was the same as that of their ancestors, and when they offered sacrifices they were accepted, similarly to [sacrifices of] their circumcised descendants. [Divine] support was offered them as it had been before: there was no loss of the [divine] care, nor did they lose the means towards [eternal] happiness. Instead, they were pro‐ tected from death, accidents, injuries, and killing. They were allowed to grow and multiply, and blessings were bestowed upon them, for God willed them to have many descendants. As a result, while in the desert, they became as numerous as those leaving Egypt and even exceeded them in number by many thousands, according to the fig‐ ures given in the Scriptures. These people received the gifts of the Lord in the desert, the commandments of the prophet were addres‐ sed to them, and the virtues of the people were firmly established among them. They witnessed the commandments and the curses98 and learned [the difference between] choice and obligation. They became heirs of the promise and of the covenant, and habitations of the earth were distributed among them. Among them there were high priests, the sons of Aaron, who resumed the service of the Lord and were given the new and firm covenant as well as [P marg.: ever‐ lasting] priesthood in their progeny. The God‐pleasing Joshua [son of Nun] appeared among them and ruled over them with might, prudence, and vigor. He took them across the Jordan by an astonishing miracle and brought them to the land of fertility and abundance. The crossing of the Jordan and the fact that priests stood on the river bottom and took stones from its soil was evidence that their crossing it was a miracle,99 and they were proud of it.100 The fact that the Jordan stood still so that they could cross it through the great grace [of God] and that the [priests] went on standing on the river bottom until people could run safely across it with their belongings with no fear affecting them became [the sign of] the uncircumcised people’s dignity. It was only after they had crossed the Jordan and were in need of living in the neighborhood of the Gentiles that God commanded them to practice circumcision. And so they were all circumcised in compliance with the explicit command, and the practice of the law of ————————
(98) Deut 28. (99) Josh 4:7. (100) The Arabic text seems somewhat garbled here, in both manu‐ scripts.
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circumcision was introduced at that time for a limited [number of] days. Adult men, youths, and boys were circumcised, according to the well known story. [God] the Father made the sign [of circum‐ cision] to re‐appear before their contact with the Gentiles [P 1026]. The explanation provided in the Scriptures makes it unnecessary for us to retell what is written. The strongest indication that circumcision [was re‐introduced] for the [sole] purpose of [keeping the people] segregated, not for the sake of kinship or [ritual] purity, is the fact that it is prescribed for males, but not for females, and that Abraham was circumcised, but not Sa‐ rah: if [the purpose of circumcision] were happiness and grace, pure women would not be deprived of it, because there were many good and pure women among them, those who prophesied and were mothers, sisters, daughters, and wives of prophets, kings, and high priests. There were noble women, famous for their asceticism, who practiced virtue and were thus equal to righteous men. Since the goal of circumcision was to keep the males and preserve their stock, prac‐ ticing it was not necessary for women, even as [both males and fe‐ males] were equally praised for [their other] endeavors. The obvious meaning of both the [Scriptural] text and [the nature of] of the action itself indicates that circumcision is merely a sign which neither provides an advantage to the person who keeps it nor imputes blame to the person who neglects it. If one is an infidel, there is no use for [circumcision], and if one has the [right] faith, there is no harm in abandoning it. Moreover, there is surely neither loss nor shame in leaving the creature of God in its original state. When the circumcised has no belief in God, he loses the dignity of his circum‐ cision, and when the uncircumcised has belief in God, he enjoys the fitting [fruits] in virtue of his faith. [The former] has experienced suf‐ fering and took on a [bodily] defect with neither reward, nor recom‐ pense, while he who is so rich in faith as to dispense with these two [aspects of circumcision, i.e. suffering and bodily defect] is protected from corrupt choices.101 The whole meaning of following a religious [life] is to please the Lord and to draw near Him through purity of conscience in obedi‐ ence to Him, and to strive zealously for His goodwill. The spiritual and beneficial circumcision, which is preferred by the Lord, is having ————————
(101) The sentence is very difficult in Arabic. This is the best interpreta‐ tion of it that can be offered.
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the rightfaith, assurance of reliable knowledge, and integrity of the heart, as reason demands, religion deems necessary, and Scripture confirms. Universally accepted witnesses of Truth [to be cited pres‐ ently] allow us to speak no more [ourselves]. The prophet Moses addressed the people in the Torah [as follows]: “Circumcise the foreskin of your hearts, and be no more stiffnecked for the Lord your God, who is God of gods, and Lord of lords.”102 The prophet Jeremiah said in the third section of his book: “Light a lamp103 for yourself, [P 1027] and sow not among thorns. Circumcise the foreskin of your hearts for the Lord.”104 And he said, rebuking the people: “All the nations are uncircumcised in their flesh, but the sons of Israel are uncircumcised in their hearts.”105 And the Lord said by the mouth of Malachi in the twenty‐fourth section of his book: “I loved Jacob, and I hated Esau. They are both equal in their father‐ hood and motherhood, in age, generation, and circumcision.”106 The [circumcision meant here] is nothing but the upright way of life and the virtue of religion, though God knows best [the meaning of Scrip‐ ture] and is all‐wise. Paul, the divinely inspired apostle, who had been one of the dignitaries of the Jews and servants of the holy, said: “Neither circumcision is anything to rely on, nor uncircumcision, but faith in God and confession of love. When the circumcised breaks the law, his circumcision is rendered uncircumcision, and when the un‐ circumcised keeps the commandments of the law his uncircumcision becomes circumcision. The One God who makes circumcision valid by faith, He makes uncircumcision valid by faith.”107 [The following considerations] prove the superiority of [bodily] circumcision to be null and void (for [true] circumcision is the cir‐ cumcision of the heart by the Spirit) and establishes the equality be‐ tween circumcision and uncircumcision in faith, piety, and purity. Both groups enjoy an equal favor with God, and He bestows an equal ————————
(102) Deut 10:16–17. (103) Peshitta: ܫܪܓܐ. The translator obviously read the Hebrew ניר in Jer 4:3 as “a lamp,” not as “a fallow ground.” The Arabic مصباح translates the Peshitta reading. (104) Jer 4:3–4. The author is following a different division of the book into chapters than the one presently accepted. (105) Jer 9:26. (106) Mal 1:2–3. (107) Rom 2:25–26, 3:30; cf. 1 Cor 7:19.
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reward upon those of them who please Him. He translated Enoch alive into Paradise when he repented, even as he was uncircumcised, and He took up the prophet Elijah into heaven, as observed [by all], and he was circumcised. He accepted the sacrifices of Abel, Enoch, Melchizedek, and others, though they were uncircumcised, and the sacrifices of Aaron, David, Elijah, and Job, who practiced circum‐ cision. He divided the sea for Moses, Aaron, and those who left Egypt, who were circumcised, and He [divided] the Jordan for those who grew up in the desert, who were uncircumcised. The story of how they were protected [in the desert] is well known. Abundant blessings are bestowed upon pious people, whether they be uncir‐ cumcised or circumcised, if they obey God, [do what] pleases Him, and fulfil the conditions of religion. Circumcision did not only bring manifest benefits for the people, but they also experienced troubles on account of it, as explained in the Scriptures. The first circumcision was a sign of enslavement in Egypt, and it urged them to be patient in the face of hardship, op‐ pression, [P 1028] and continuous harm. It prevented [those who were circumcised] from mingling with [other] tribes. It also prevent‐ ed them from escaping, and so they remained oppressed on account of it, as they could not hide their origins. In the desert [circumcision] became a sign of perdition from death, war, and destruction, for the Lord had made a vow that no one should enter the [promised] land, except Joshua son of Nun and Caleb son of Jephunneh.108 The third circumcision took place after crossing the Jordan. It indicated that they were no longer privileged as a chosen [people]. [This is why] the celebrated light and the visible cloud109 which had appeared during the day were taken away, the giving of manna ceased, their footwear and clothing got worn out, and they became like the Gentiles in searching for goods, suffering from hardship, and earning their liv‐ ing. In the promised land, they had to eat [what they earned] with shameful bodily labor. They had to cover themselves and their chil‐ dren with materials they produced and their women wove together. With that circumcision, they became confined to their lot and the [land] promised to them. They could find no deliverer110 [to save them] from harm, nor could they repel it themselves. ————————
(108) Deut 1:35–38. (109) I. e. the pillar of fire and the pillar of cloud. (110) Or: deliverance.
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The preaching of Jesus Christ (may His memory be glorified!) spread to all the ends of the earth, and many peoples embraced the faith and accepted the prescribed customs and obligations. Thus all of them became chosen, and could dispense with the mark of differen‐ tiation. The difference between circumcision and uncircumcision ceased. Guidance and the way of salvation were established, and the requisite obligation became [obtaining] knowledge of God and fol‐ lowing His Scriptures and His messengers. In both cases [whether one was circumcised or uncircumcised], it is one’s works that draw down His gracious rewards and His guidance towards us. [Christ] commanded to leave behind the worldly [aspects] of the commandments of the Law and to practice what is conducive to in‐ tegrity of the faith, of the inner state, and of the souls. He forbade swearing by God’s [name], repaying enemies with evil, taking venge‐ ance, killing, marrying several women, divorcing a wife by a letter of dismissal, offering sacrifices for the [forgiveness of] sins, and abstain‐ ing from doing good on Sabbaths. He commanded to have faith [P 1029] and to repent, to be pious and truthful, to forgive, to be mer‐ ciful and humble, and to follow the Gospel in forgoing revenge and doing good [to one’s enemies] instead. Yet as regards circum‐cision, He neither forbade the practice nor commanded it as being part of the stipulations of faith. Also, when He sent His disciples to establish the preaching of the right way, made them to see the fruits of piety, and warned them against the causes of perdition, He did not mention circumcision as part of His commandments, either as being mandato‐ ry or as being forbidden. This indicates that [circumcision] is neither particularly useful nor particularly harmful to whoever practices it or refrains from it. Further, when the disciples summoned the nations [to Christian‐ ity], they did not forbid the people of circumcision from practicing it, nor did they make it mandatory for the uncircumcised once they had accepted the [right] faith. As the cornerstone of the right way, they put purity from pernicious [spiritual] defects. As a means of purify‐ ing oneself from previously committed sins, they advocated putting on the garment of baptism. They compared getting out of the [bap‐ tismal] water to Christ’s rising from the grave [and raising up] their souls, which are now renewed and pure, and again capable of [acting in] pious ways pleasing [to God]. The [disciples] said that circumci‐ sion did not help draw a disobedient person nearer [to God], nor did it alienate [from God] an obedient person who fully observed [what
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is prescribed]. Likewise, uncircumcision did not draw an unfaithful person nearer to God, nor did it alienate [from God] someone who is pious and beneficent. When after the descent of the [Holy] Spirit the seventy [disciples] chosen from among the most prominent believers gathered together in order to determine religious obligations, they neither forbade the practice of the circumcision nor declared it mandatory for those who were guided. They did not give preference to those who practiced it, nor did they hold those who refrained from it in contempt. And so it happened that followers [of Christianity] from among the People [of Israel] continued to practice it, according to the custom of Abraham, while the adherents [of Christianity] from among the [other] na‐ tion[s]111 refrained from it, preferring instead to keep the created [form of man] intact. All the while, [both groups] were all members of one faith, and there was no difference between them in religion. Both the circumcised and the uncircumcised were equals of one an‐ other, once they became part of those who were rightly guided [by God]. The prominent apostle Peter, called “the Rock,” did not forbid cir‐ cumcision for the faithful coming from the Jews because it was diffi‐ cult for them to abandon it as they considered abandoning a prescrip‐ tion of the covenant to be a grievous act, were deeply attach‐ed to the custom, and were reluctant to act against the law. Thus they accom‐ plished the fullness of the Old Testament by means of circumcision, and [became worthy of] the coming of Christ by observing the condi‐ tions of holiness. Then the divinely inspired [P 1030] apostle Paul called the nations to the law of Christ, and great kings, philosophers, and scholars all embraced the true religion. It sometimes happened that a king, with all his subjects and inhabitants of his city, or a prominent chieftain with all those loyal to him, including old people, adults, youths, chil‐ dren, and infants, along with their mothers, sisters, spouses, and un‐ married and married daughters, all came into the faith in one day. By heavenly command, the apostle spoke in favor of abandoning the practice of circumcision and offered a proof that it was no longer necessary. He explained the [Old Testament] testimonies to the [Christian] faith and said: “The same [God] who established circum‐ cision in times of old, has now commanded to abandon it, and the ————————
(111) Following the emendation suggested in n. 59 above.
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same [God] who sent the Rock [i.e. Peter] to preach circumcision, has sent me [i. e. Paul] to preach uncircumcision.”112 Some of those who responded to the call from among the Gentiles were apprehensive about circumcision on account of the Jews. They were afraid that if they became equal to [the Jews] in being [circum‐ cised], they would be bound by [the obligations of] the covenant. They also knew that Christ appeared among [the Jews] and that those who preached Him were [Jews] as well. They also witnessed John’s baptism given to the [Jews], and so they were afraid that [if they were to accept baptism] they would also enter Judaism. It was only when the divinely inspired preacher [i. e. Paul] permitted the nations guid‐ ed [to faith] to abandon circumcision that they realized that Jesus came with a new dispensation. It was only then that they felt safe from the consequences of circumcision, and so they were put at ease and responded to His preaching. They accepted the faith with trust, embraced the good lot of following the right way, and worked for [the salvation of] their souls with assurance. Had [Paul] made circumcision mandatory for the Gentiles, they would have hardly found it attractive, since people of the East dislike change and find it hard to embrace it. Moreover, most people must attend to procuring their bread and clothing and taking care of vari‐ ous necessities and expenses associated with children and women‐ folk.113 Thus, the [new] dispensation came from on high and the new regulation for all came from heaven. [Whether circumcised or not,] the faithful were equals of one another, all following the right way and accepting the religion of Christ in a spiritual manner. The divinely inspired apostle Paul said in his epistle to the Ephe‐ sians: “You, the community of Gentiles, were in the past [P 1031] fleshly who were called people of uncircumcision. You were far from Jesus Christ and from God’s promise to Abraham and from the law of the Torah, having no hope after this world. But now, by the blood of Jesus Christ, you became nigh and received the hope of good things, for He abolished the enmity between the People [of Israel] and the Gentiles, and between angels and humans, and both the circumcised and the uncircumcised became one community. He abolished the ————————
(112) Cf. Gal 2:7–9. (113) The author’s idea seems to be that if Gentiles had been forced to get circumcised as adults the painful operation would have prevented them (temporarily) from earning their living and supporting their families.
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doubts separating them, and instead of the fleshly commandments, gave new, spiritual ones. He made all one and renewed all things through baptism. He established peace between God and [His] serv‐ ants, and satisfied the Lord for them by His one body. He abolished the enmity between them by His cross; then He came and preached the good news both to the peoples who were far away and to the people of the Jews who were near. The nearness to God the Father has embraced us all by the one Spirit, and you have now become sons and heirs through the grace which the Lord has bestowed upon you.”114 The argument that Christ and the apostles were circumcised does not make it necessary for His followers to practice circumcision, be‐ cause the former were [circumcised] as children without considering [circumcision] to be a virtue. They did not have the power of reason and were unable to object. Moreover, they did not [at the time] know any other preaching, as the dispensation of the Old Testament had not yet been fulfilled, and the good news of the New [Testament] had not yet been revealed. The strongest argument of those [Christians] who practiced cir‐ cumcision, unnecessary though this was, is the fact that the divinely inspired apostle Paul had Titus115 circumcised when he wanted him to accompany him and assist him while traveling. And so he got cir‐ cumcised to be equal to the faithful from among the People [of Israel], as described [in the Book of Acts]. Likewise, the distinguished [apos‐ tle] Simon [Peter], called the Rock, gave permission to those among the Jews who became Christians to practice circumcision. The faithful circumcised their children in accordance with their old belief regard‐ ing its value. Some of the disciples, too, insisted that circumcision was necessary and invoked God’s command to Abraham and the everlasting covenant with him regarding the matter. So if a newborn is circumcised on the eight day, prior to donning the garment of baptism and accepting the obligations of the faith, and without holding the belief that circumcision is mandatory, then there is neither harm and [P 1032] sin nor benefit and honor. However, [keeping] the creature in its integral [form] is truly preferable, while adding to what is already sufficient is a waste. So [it is best for] the newborn to remain uncircumcised as God created him from the very ————————
(114) Eph 2:11–19. (115) Titus is obviously confused with Timotheus here, see: Acts 16:3.
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beginning. Then he will receive the purity of baptism and will live as an integral creature. The cornerstone of all is to have knowledge of God in Christ, sin‐ cere faith and love, and strong and correct belief, to accept the apos‐ tles and the Scriptures, to act [righteously] so as to inherit the King‐ dom, and to confess resurrection [of the dead], the gathering [of all humanity for the Last Judgment], and the [final] recompense at the time of resurrection. Then there were those of the sons of Ishmael who were born in the land of Tihama.116 When they swelled tremendously in number, and their genealogies grew long, they began circumcising their daughters with no [divine] command and without following a [di‐ vinely given] law. Nor did they do so in order to set themselves apart from their neighbors or to prevent intermarriage with people of base lineage. When the religion of Islam emerged among them, the custom of circumcising daughters along with sons, during the time between their birth and puberty became established as a man‐ datory commandment and one of the foundations of their religion. This second circumcision, that of daughters, was something added to God’s command to Abraham, or [better put] something contra‐ dicting the earlier covenant and going back to its complete deficien‐ cy, for the time appointed [for the practice] had already passed. Many years went by, until eventually all the [adherents] of this reli‐ gion, from all the nations, near and far, became [circumcised]. Then the children of Abraham from Qantura [i.e. the Turks]117 appeared in the land of the East, multiplied and grew strong. They strayed away from the true path and rejected circumcision. As a result, the law of Islam got modified, and they no longer circumcise males or females and no longer subject themselves to a defect in [bodily] per‐ fection. Those among them who only now convert to Islam are cir‐ cumcised, but others remain in their uncircumcised state as they were created. Thus [the Muslims] became identical to their neigh‐ bors among the nations, and family ties were established among ————————
(116) A. GROHMANN, “Tihāma,” in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 8, Leiden, 1927 (repr. 1993), pp. 763:2–765:2; G. R. SMITH, “Tihāma,” in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New edition, vol. 10, Leiden, 2000, pp. 481:1–482:1. (117) Gen 25:1–4; 1 Chr 1:32–33. An explanation common in Arabic writers is that Qanṭūrā was a female servant of Abraham from whom the Turks were descended.
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them. There was no longer a need to have a sign by which one would be differentiated from the others, and the lineage [of the Ar‐ ab Muslims] became intertwined and mixed with that of [other na‐ tions]. Superiority [among them] is now achieved through obedi‐ ence [to God] [rather than having a superior lineage]. The Jewish pride in being circumcised, distinguished, and having a superior lineage has dwindled. They have been [P 1033] humiliated, and [divine] anger with them has become evident.118 Their circumci‐ sion did not help them when they refused to believe in Christ, and their pride was given to others. The slave became equal to someone who is completely free, and the earlier prophecies concerning the union of nations and peoples came true. The matter came back full circle to the point of justice, and it is only the person who repents that attains purity.
SUMMARY The present article provides an interesting example of how Christian discussions of the abolition of circumcision — originally developed as part of the process of Christian emancipation from the Old Testament law — became revitalized in Christian‐Muslim polemic in the medieval Middle East. The chapter on the abolition of circumcision from the com‐ prehensive ‘Nestorian’ encyclopedic work of the mid‐10th – early 11th century entitled Kitāb al‐Mağdal (‘The Tower’) is edited and translat‐ ed in full. The edition of the Arabic text is based on two manuscripts: Paris, BnF Ar. 190 and Cambridge University Library Add. 3163 (= 3293).
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(118) The reference is primarily to the destruction of the Temple and their expulsion from the Promised Land.
Anton Pritula State Herminage Museum Saint Petersburg [email protected]
THE WARDĀ HYMNOLOGICAL COLLECTION AND ŠLĒMŌN OF AHLĀṬ (13TH CENTURY) In the previous issue of Scrinium an article on the textological aspect of the Wardā collection (12th–14th centuries) was published. There we tried to reconstruct basic stages of its evolution and to attribute most of the hymns using the existing manuscripts.1 No less important problem is the way, how the poet used the ex‐ isting Church literary tradition to creat the new corpus of hymns. We tried to define the circle of possible sources used in the hymnological collection. Clair traces of apocrypha2 and the influence of Narsai’s homilies3 were distinguished there. In the current publication we are intending to show direct parallels with the Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn of Aẖlāṭ, metropolitan of Basra (East Syrian Church). This famous Church author might have been a contremporary of the hymno‐ grapher. That is why such a connection seems to to be of extreme emportance.
1. HYMN MENTIONING THE NAMES OF THE MAGI One of the Christmas hymns of the Wardā collection (№ 1 [2]) is dedi‐ cated to the adoration of the Persian Magi‐rulers. The hymn gives names of the twelve Magi and there are discrepancies in different ————————
(1) A. PRITULA, “The Warda Hymnological Collection,” Scr, 9 (2013), pp. 309–365. (2) A. PRITULA, “A Hymn by Givargis Warda on the Childhood of Christ,” in: Syriaca III, hrsg. M. TAMCKE, Münster, 2005, pp. 145–176. (3) A. PRITULA, “Die Hymnensammlung Wardā und die Homilien Narsais: Wege der Syrischen Dichtung im 13. Jahrhundert,” in: Orientalische Christen und Europa. Kulturbegegnung zwischen Interferenz, Partizipation und Antizipation, hrsg. M. TAMCKE (Göttinger Orientforschungen. I. Reihe: Syri‐ aca. Bd. 41), Wiesbaden, 2012, SS. 159–171. 149
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copies, particularly, the Cambridge Add. 1983 and the Vatican one Vat. Syr. 567 have variant readings:
܀7
ܿ . ܵ ܕ ܿܘ ܵ ܕ ܿܒ ܿ ܿܐܪ ܘܗܘܪ ܼ ܵܕܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܼ ܵ ܿܘ ܼܓ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܼ ܪܘܩ ܀ ܼ ܼ ܘܐ. ܘ ܼ ܼܓ ܐ ܼܒ ܓ ܼ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘܙ ܹܗ ܼܿܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܿܒ ܼܿܘ ܵ 5ܿ ܵܐܦ ܼܐܪ ܵ ܘ ܼܒ ܸ ܘ. 4ܪܘܙ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘ ܸܐ ܼ ܿܒ ܿܘܢ ܿܒ ܼ ܵܘܐ. 6 ܵ ܼ ܗܘ ܿܒ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܘܐܪ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ . ܿܪܘܩ ܬܘܒ ܿܒ ܿ ܗ ܵ ܼܿ ܘܐ ܼ ܹܫ ܵܗ ܿܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܿܨ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܘܐܦ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ 8 ܵ ܵ ܬܘ ܼܒ ܼܒ ܸܒ ܢ ܀ ܼ ܼܘ ܘ ܼܕܟ. ܘܨܪܕ ܼ ܼܒ ܸܒ ܕܢ ܼ Dīrwandād, son fo Ḳōarṭāš, And Hōrmīzdād, son of Sīṭārōg, And Tīgrnāspā, son of Gūndāfā, And Īršhāk, son of Mīhārō║, And Zāhērwandād, son of Warwāz. And also Iryāhō, son of Kesrō, And Arṭaẖšišt, this son of Ḥūlẖād, And Ešta‛bdōn, son of Shīrwā’nāšh. And also Mīhrō║, son of Ḥōhīm, And Aḥšīrēš, this son Ṣafaḥ, And Sardālaḥ, son of Beldādān, And Mrōdāk, son of Beldān (№ 1 [2], stanzas 40–42).
Such lists of names can be found in various Syriac texts but the names are not vocalized everywhere as in the hymn (see the table of the names of the Magi). There is also a version in so‐called chronicle of Pseudo‐Dionysius of Telmahre.9 This chronicle, which could be char‐ acterized as “universal,” seems to have no relation to the patriarch Dionysius. As Witold Witakowski has shown in a special mono‐ graph, the author ceased fixing recording in September of 775 BC ————————
ܿ ܿ
ܵ ܒܪ ܘܪܘ (4) Add. 1983 ܢܕܕ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܿ ܵ (5) Add. 1983 ܟܘܣܪܘ ܼ ܐܦ ܼܐܪ ܼܝܗܘ ܿ ܼܒܪ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ (6) Add. 1983 ܚܘܠ ܵܚܕ ܼ ܛܚܫ ܼܝܫܬ ܿ ܼܒܪ ܼ ܼ ܘܐܪ ܿ ܵ (7) Add. 1983 ܫ ܼܝܪܘܢܫ ܿ ܼܒܪ ܿܵ (8) Add. 1983 ܠܕ ܼܪܢ ܿ ܼܒܪ ܸܒ (9) Chronocon Anonymum Pseudo‐Dionysianum Vulgo dictum, ed. B. CHA‐ BOT (CSCO, 91; Scriptores Syri, 43), Paris, 1927, p. 56.
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which could be due to his death.10 He could probably have been a monk of the monastery of Zuqnin north of Amid.11 But, in any case, the author’s affiliation to the West Syrian Church is without doubt.12 In the East Syrian Church literature the twelve Magi are also men‐ tioned repeatedly. A sōgītā published by Adolph Rücker, which is one of the texts in the Berlin Gazzā of 1537 AD,13 is close to the sōgītā of the Wardā collection in content. In length it is also comparable to an aver‐ age sōgītā. This text is unrhymed, written in the seven‐syllable metre which, however, often switches to the eight‐syllable one, with each stanza consisting of three verses. Both hymns, published by Rucker, are meant for performing on the second mautbā of the night Christ‐ mas service.14 Supposedly, in the story of the Magi, as can be seen from the examples of other hymns, the aim of the author of the ‛ōnītās was to adorn an old known tradition into a form corresponding to the new aesthetic requirements. As far as could be understood from the text of the Childhood Gospel version, the Persian Magi and the kings are two different groups of persons, which is also noteworthy.15 The famous Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn of Aẖlāṭ, the metropolitan of Basra (first half of the 13th century), also gives the list of the twelve Magi, whose names coincide with the hymn on the whole, and he also tells of their personalities. In the last years several articles were published in this issue. The most detailed one is the study by Witold Witakowski.16 Several articles on this account were written by differ‐ ent authors.17 ————————
(10) W. WITAKOWSKI, The Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo‐Dionysius of Tel‐Mah‐ rē. A Study in History and Historiography, Uppsala, 1987, p. 90. See also IDEM, “The Magi in Syriac tradition,” in: Malphono w‐Rabo d‐Malphone, ed. G. KIRAZ, Piscataway NJ, 2008, p. 813. (11) WITAKOWSKI, The Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo‐Dionysius, p. 91. (12) Ibid. (13) A. RÜCKER, “Zwei nestorianischen Hymnen über die Magier,” OC, 10–11 (1923), p. 46; E. SACHAU, Verzeichniss der syrischen Handschriften der Kö‐ niglichen Bibliotek zu Berlin, Berlin, 1899, t. 1, No. 43, S. 159. (14) RÜCKER, “Zwei nestorianischen Hymnen,” p. 34. (15) J. ELLIOTT, A Synopsis of the Apocryphal Nativity and Infancy Naratives (New Testament Tools and Studies), Leiden, 2006, p. 101. (16) WITAKOWSKI, “The Magi in Syriac tradition.” (17) C. JULLIEN, Ph. GIGNOUX, “Les Mages christianisés: reconstruction historique et onomastique des listes nominales syriaques,” in: Pensée grecque et sagess d’Orient. Hommage à Michel Tardieu, ed. M.‐A. AMIR‐MOEZZI, J.‐D. DU‐
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The Book of the Bee tells that each group of four from the list brought one of the three types of gifts: gold, incense, and myrrh, cor‐ respondingly.18 The attitude towards the Cave of Treasures, where these gifts prepared by Adam for the days of fulfillment of the pro‐ phecies were kept, according to the sixth‐century text of this name, is also very interesting. As is known, Pseudo‐Dionysius follows the Cave of Treasures in citing this text.19 In the 8th century Theodore bar Kōnī developed the line of Zara‐ tushtra’s prophecy, and in the 9th century he was followed by ‛Īšō‛d‐ ad of Merv in his interpretation. In the Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn of Aẖlāṭ there is a passage dedicated to this subject, which says that the tradition about Adam’s Testament and the Cave of Treasures is con‐ sidered wrong by the Church.20 On the contrary, a special chapter in his book is dedicated to Zarathustra’s (Zarādōšt) prophecy, where he is presented as the origin of such a tradition and is identified with Bārūḥ the scribe.21 Witakowski gives a very interesting example of an oral tradition surviving in Tur Abdin until now.22 This narration aims to combine the three‐ ant twelve Magi versions in one story. In the Arabic apocryphal Infancy Gospel it is also said that Zara‐ thustra foretold the coming of the Messiah.23 This is intrinsically im‐ portant for us as the Arabic text represents a translation of a Syriac version which has not survived. Thus, there are grounds to believe that this notion of Zaratushtra became quite popular or even domi‐ nant in Church circles. As it was shown by Brock and Witakovski, this conception bearing a certain Zoroastrian mythopoetic element of the expected Saviour BOIS, C. JULLIEN, F. JULLIEN, Turnhout, 2009, pp. 323–346; Е. В. БАРСКИЙ, “Зардошт, он же Бāрӯx̮ писец,” Символ. Журнал христианской культу‐ ры, основанный Славянской библиотекой в Париже, 61 (2012), c. 109–122; А. Д. ПРИТУЛА, [rec.] “Евгений Барский, ‘Зардошт, он же Бāрӯx̮ писец,’ Символ Журнал христианской культуры, основанный Славянской биб‐ лиотекой в Париже. № 61 (2012). C. 109–122. Париж—Москва, Институт философии, теологии и истории св. Фомы,” ХВ, 6 (XII) (2013), c. 665–671. (18) The Book of the Bee. The Syriac Text, ed. E. A. BUDGE, Piscataway, NJ, 2006, p. ܨܓ . (19) Chronocon Anonymum, ed. CHABOT. (20) The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 85. (21) Ibid., p. 81. (22) WITAKOWSKI, “The Magi in Syriac tradition,” p. 832. (23) ELLIOTT, A Synopsis of the Apocryphal Nativity, p. 97.
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(Saoshyant), was probably created by East Syrians, converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism.24 In the hymn from the Wardā collection, Zarathustra is mentioned as a prophet who foretold the future coming of Messiah:
ܼܿܘ ܵ ܵ ܹ ܐ ܸܐ ܿ ܼ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ. ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܿ . ܝ ̄ܗ ܵܘܐ ܘܐ ܸ ܸܐ ܿ ܢ ܵܗ ܼܿ ܵ ܐ ܀ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܘ ܹܐ ܸ ܐ ܼ ܐ. ܼ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܐ ܀. ܐ
ܿ ܵܵ ܿܿ ܼ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ ܒ25 ܘܙܪ ܼܕܘ ܵ ܼܿܘ ܿܘܢ ܒ ܸܓ ܵܐ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܹ ܼܿܙ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ ܼܿܐܬ ܹܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܿܘ
And Zaratushtra prophesied And said to Persians And told them clearly And instructed them so. “When the time allotted fulfills And the destined epoch comes, The Saviour will draw near, The manifested God.” (№ 1 [2], stanzas 25–26) In a sōgītā from the Gazzā published by Adolph Rücker Zarathustra26 is also mentioned as the one who foretold the coming of Christ; how‐ ever Adam, who brought these gifts from paradise, is also men‐ tioned.27 Thus, in this text there is a mixing of the two traditions men‐ tioned above. By this feature, as well as by poetical peculiarities (lack of rhyme), it should be taken as a much earlier one than the ‛ōnītā, when the version with Zarathstra had already ousted the version of the Treasure Cave. However, the fact that it is performed to the echos ܐܝܘ ܠܟ ܥܘܒܐ, usual for ‛ōnītās ascribed to Wardā, is most likely due to posterior influence.
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(24) WITAKOWSKI, “The Magi in Syriac tradition,” p. 838; S. P. BROCK, “Christians in the Sasanian empire: a case of divided loyalties,” in: Religion and national identity: Papers read at the 19th Summer Meeting and the 20th Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, ed. by S. MEWS (Studies in Church History, 18), Oxford, 1982, p. 15. ܿ ܿ ܵܵ (25) Bor. Syr. 60 ܘܙܪܕܘܫܬ (26) RÜCKER, “Zwei nestorianischen Hymnen,” p. 47, 48. (27) Ibid., p. 50, 51.
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The list of names in each of the four texts gives so many peculiari‐ ties that to find out their correlations seems impossible. However, on the whole, it is clear that the list traces back to the same original. As to the vowel marks, they could be of a later origin, and so their dis‐ crepancies are not surprising. It is all the more explicable for the poet‐ ical texts where it is necessary to keep the meter.
Table of the names of the Magi in different Syriac texts28 № Pseudo‐ Dionysius (West Syriac, 8th century AD)29 1
ܙܗܪܘܢܕܕ ܒܪ ܐܪܛܒܢ
2
ܗܘܪܡܙܕ ܒܪ ܣܝܛܪܘܩ
3
ܐܘܫܬܙܦ ܒܪ ܓܘܕܦܪ
4
5 6
7
Hymn by Gīwargīs Wardā (East Syriac, 13th century.)
ܕ ܼ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܵ ܿ ܼܿܐܪ ܿ ܗܘܪ ܼ ܵܕܕ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܪܘ ܼܓ ܼ ܼܓ ܵ ܵܐ ܒ ܓܼ ܵ ܐ
ܐܼ ܵ ܒ ܼ ܵ ܿܪܘܩ ܿ ܵܙ ܵ ܗܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܼܿܘ ܙܪܘܢܕ ܒܪ ܘܕܘܕ ܪܘܙ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܵ ܿܘ ܒ ܸ ܿܘ ܐܪܝܗܘ ܒܪ ܟܣܪܘ ܐܪܛܚܫܝܫܬ ܒܪ ܼܿܐܪ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܒ ܵ ݂ ܚܘܝܠܬ ܐܪܫܟ ܒܪ ܡܗܪܘܩ
Hymn in the Berlin manu‐ script of Gazzā Orient Fol. 620 (1537 г.)30
ܼܙ ܼܿܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ
The Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn of Aẖlāṭ31
ܼܿܙ ܼܿܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܵ ܿ ܼܒ
ܿ ܿ ܗܘܪ ܵܕܕ ܒ ܗܘܪ ܵܕܕ ܒ ܿ 32 ܹ ܘܣ ܘܩ ܓ ܼ ܵ ܼܿ ܒ ܓ ܼ ܵ ܼܿ ܒ ܿܵ ܓ ܿ ܵ ܓ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܵ ܒ ܐ ܵ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܪܘܩ ܼ ܵ ܿܪܘܩ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܙܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܼܿܘ ܵ ܙܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܒ ܼܿܘ ܪܘ ܵ ܕ ܪܙܘܕ ܼ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿܘ ܒ ܸ ܿܘ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܿܘ ܒ ܸ ܿܘ ܒ ܼ
ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܐܪ ܼ ݂
ܒ ܼ
ܿ ܼ ܿ ܼܐܪ ܼ ݂
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(28) The most detailed list of the Magi names in the Syriac tradition see in: WITAKOWSKI, “The Magi in Syriac tradition,” p. 839–841. (29) Chronocon Anonymum, ed. CHABOT, p. 57–58. (30) RÜCKER, “Zwei nestorianischen Hymnen,” p. 46. (31) The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. ܨܓ . (32) It may be a misprint in the edition.
Anton Pritula
8
ܐܫܬܢܒܘܙܢ ܒܪ ܫܝܫܪܘܢ
9
ܡܗܪܘܩ ܒܪ ܗܘܡܡ
10
ܐܚܫܪܫ ܒܪ ܨܚܒܢ
11
ܢܨܪܕܝܚ ܒܪ ܒܠܕܢ
12
ܡܪܘܕܟ ܒܪ ܒܝܠ
155
ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܿܒ ݂ ܿܘܢ ܒ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܒ ݂ ܘܢ ܒ ܹܐ ܼ ܿ ܘ ܒ ݂ܕ ܢ ܒ ܵ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܼ ܘܢ ܼ ܿܘܢ ܼ ܿܪܘܩ ܒ ܼ ܿܪܘܩ ܒ ܼ ܿܪܘܩ ܒ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܗܡ ܼܗ ܼܗ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܹ ܒ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܫ ܒ ܼܿܐ ܼ ܫ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܿܨ ܿ ܼ ܿܨ ܼܿ ܒ ܵ ܿܨ ܵ ܪܕ ܿ ܒ ܒ ܵ ܢ ܿܨ ܵ ܪܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܪܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܨ ܼܿ ܸ ܼ ܼ ܸܒ ܵ ܵܕܢ ܸܒ ܵ ܵܕܢ ܿܘ ܵܕܟ ܒ ܸܒ ܵ ܢ ܿܘ ܵܕܟ ܒ ܸܒ ܵ ܢ ܿܘ ܵܕܟ ܒ ܸܒ ܪܢ
The names of the Magi are also contained in the manuscript from the Mingana collection (Mingana 148, fol. 3) containing various Church tracts.33 The manuscript seems to be made in 16th/17th centuries. Un‐ fortunately, the names are not vocalized:
ܼ ܗܘܪܡܝܙܕ ܒܪ ܣܝܛܪܘܫ (2) ( ܙܝܙܘܝܙܕ ܒܪ ܐܪܛܒܢ1) . ܼ ( ܐܪܫܟ ܒܪ ܡܗܪܘܩ4) ܼ (ܓܘܫܢܣܦ ܒܪ ܓܘܕܢܦܪ3) ܿ ܟܘ ܿ ( ܐܢܕܢܗܘ ܒܪ6)ܼ ( ܪܘܗܪܘܢܕܕ ܒܪ ܘܪܘܕܙ5) ( ܐܪܛܚܫܝܫܬ ܒܪ7)ܼ ܣܪܘ (10) ܿ ( ܡܗܪܘܩ ܒܪ ܚܘܗܡ9)ܿ ( ܐܫܬܘܢܓܙܒܘܢ ܒܪ ܫܝܫܪܘܢ8) ܼ ܚܘܠܚܬ
( ܡܪܘܕܟ ܒܪ ܒܠܕܢ12) ܼ ( ܨܪܕܠܚܒܪܢ ܒܪ ܒܥܠܕܢ11) ܿ ܐܚܫܝܪܫ ܒܪ ܨܒܚܢ On the whole, there can be seen a closeness to the other texts contain‐ ing these names, however lapses coming from confusing similar graphemes are even more conspicuous here. Obviously, these Iranian names were little known to the copyists of the manuscripts. For in‐ ܐ, could emerge from ܐܪ ܘ, and ܒ ܒ from ܒ ܐܪ ܒ by stance, ܘ “correcting” the haplology. It is no less curious that in the ‛ōnītā from the Wardā collection it is said that the Magi were practicing astrology, this being mentioned as a negative connotation. Probably, here the case in point are the seven planets and twelve signs of Zodiac. In Muslim astrology their relative position at the moment of an infant’s birth had an essential influence ————————
(33) A. MINGANA, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts, now in the Woodbrooke Settlement Selly Oak, Birmingham, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1933, p. 340.
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on his future. With the Muslim environment predominating, the au‐ thor of the hymn, by condemning such an idea, certainly had had the possibility of gaining a detailed notion of medieval astrology:
̈ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܹܐ ܕܐ ܹ ܵܗ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ܼ . ܼ ܼܒ ܼܕܐ ܼ ܹܒ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ܐ ܀ . ܼ ܕܗ ܿ ܢ ܵ ܼ ܼܿܘ ܼܿ ܿܒ ܸ ܿ ܿܘ. ܿ ܒܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܒ ܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܹ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܵܐ ܘ ̄ ܿ ܕܐ ܼ ܼ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ ܵܗ ܐ ܀ . ܒ ܐ ܼ ܼ ܼܕ ܹ ܼ ܼ Now, what do those, who Cast horoscopes, saying That they arrange and guide Everything in this world!
In which horoscope He arose, And which [planet] of the seven opposed Christ. And what did it give Him from everything In the world! (№ 1 [2], stanzas 44, 45)!
2. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ON THE APOSTLES The hymn on the twelve Apostles (№ 2 [105]), performed at their commemoration service, contains no less interesting information. One can find there biographical data which very sparsely correspond with the surviving apocrypha, however these obviously might have been used by the author. Still, on the whole, a closeness to the corre‐ sponding chapter of The Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn of Aẖlāṭ can be surveyed. Even the heading of the hymn has a considerable likeness to the heading of that book’s chapter. The hymn:
ܿ ܕܟܠܚܕ ܡ ܵ ܐ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܝܢܐ ̄ܗܘ ܘܡܢ ܿ ܢܗܘܢ ܡܢ ܿ ܝܢܐ ܥܣܪ ܫܠ ܼܝ ܹ̈ܚܐ ܀ ܼ ܼܿ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܬܪ ܹ ܼܿܥܠ ܿ ܫ ܼܒ ܵܛܐ ܀ ܼ ܿ ܝܟܐ ܿܬܠܡܕ ܿ ܵ ܘܐ ܵ ܘܐ ܝܟܐ ܡ ܼܝ ܼܬ ܀ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܼ Of the twelve Apostles. Which place and tribe is each of them from, and where did he teach, and where he died. (№ 2 [105])
In The Book of the Bee:
ܿ ̈ ܕܫܠܝܚܐ ܘܥܠ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܘܥܠ ܕܘܟܝܬܐ ܕܟܠ ܚܕ ܚܕ ܼ ̈ ܬܘܠܡܕܐ ܼ ܥܠ ܿ ̈ ܡܘܬܝܗܘܢ
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Of the teaching of the Apostles and of places of each of them and of their deaths.34
The latter is not surprising as the metropolitan Šlēmōn could proba‐ bly be the contemporary of the author of the hymn, and his book seems to have been very popular. The metropolitan himself states that he renders Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote an excellent work on the life of the twelve and seventy apostles.35 However, in The Church History by Eusebius, which must be meant here, there is only a brief list of the lands where the apostles preached,36 but there are no episodes given by the metropolitan Šlēmōn. Below the biographical data of the twelve Apostles are given ac‐ cording to The Book of the Bee and the hymn. The considerable close‐ ness of these sources is obvious. The differences could be character‐ ized as follows: in the hymn there are more epithets from the Gospel, characterizing one or another Apostle, while in the section of The Book of the Bee more places where the apostles preached are mentioned. It could be partly explained by the peculiarities of the genre of both works: the emotive hymn and the factual inquiry; many toponyms could have beeen added to the lists later.
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(34) The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 103, ܩܝܙ . (35) Ibid., p. 103. (36) The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus, transl. C. F. CRUSE, Philadelphia, 1840, p. 82; The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius in Syriac, Cam‐ bridge, 1898, p. 113.
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Table of biographical data on the apostles according to The Book of the Bee and the hymn in the Wardā collection № Name in the list
Biographical data according to The Book of the Bee
according to the hymn
1
Simon
From Bethsaida, the tribe of Naftali, preached An‐ tioch, where he built the first Church, which was in Cassian’s house, whom he revived, was crucified at the order of Nero, upside down.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Besides, additions: preached in Bithynia, in Asia, in Galatia, in Cappadocia; also sto‐ ries of the resurrection of a girl from Joppa, about the opprobrium of Simon the magician; the appointment of Mark as his successor before his execution
2
John37
Son of Zabadai of Beth‐ saida from the tribe of Zebulon, preached in Asia (Ephesus), was ex‐ iled by Tiberius to the island of Patmos, ap‐ pointed three pupils (Ig‐ natius, Polycarpus and John), before his death left instructions to con‐ ceal his grave
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Missing any mention of Bethsaida as his native town; Also additions: the story of rain which prevented the apostle from writing the Gos‐ pel, and about his affiliation to the holy Virgin
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(37) In the Book of the Bee the apostle Andrew stands the second in the list (The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 104).
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3
Jacob
John’s brother, preached in his town (Bethsaida), was killed at the order of Herod, is buried in Akar
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Missing the name of the burial place. Addition: his body was laid in the aque‐ duct of the Church he had built.
4
Andrew
Peter’s brother, preached in Scythia, Nicomedia, Achaea, died in Byzanti‐ um
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Missing the report that he built a Church in Byzantium
5
Philip
From Bethsaida, of the triber of Asher, preached in Phrygia, in Pamphylia, in Pisidia, where his body lies.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Missing an indication of his age, and also the report that he built a church in Pisidia
6
Thomas
From Jerusalem, of the tribe of Judah, preached in Parthia, Media and Persia, killed by the Indi‐ an king, who pierced him with a spear, because he converted his daughter in Christianity, His body was brought by the merchant Haban, or, according to another version, he was buried in India.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Addition: the name of the Indian king was Por. No record about the way he was killed, or about the place where he was buried.
7
Matthew
From Nazareth, from he tribe of Issachar, preached in Palestine, Sidon, Gabbula, Pisidian Antioch, where his body lies.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Missing the mention of Gabbula.
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8
Bartholomew From Endor, of the tribe of Issachar, preached in Ktarbol, in Armenia, in Ardashir, lived thirty years in apostleship, was crucified by Khursti, the king of Armenia, and buried there.
9
Jacob, son of Alphaeus38
The same as in The Book of the Bee; The details of his death are different: he was skinned by Rmasti in Armenia. No mention of the cities of Rabdin and Pruharman.
From the Jordan district, of the tribe of Manasseh, preached in Palmyra, Kirkesion, Kallinikos, died in Batnan of Sarug.
10 Simon the Zealot (Canonite)
From Galilee, of the tribe of Ephrem, preached in Samosata, Perrhe, Zeug‐ ma, Aleppo, Mabbog, Kennesrin, Cyrrhus, and was buried there, in the church he had built.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; No mention of Parin, Zoigma, Aleppo.
11 Jude, son of Jacob (Levi)
From Jerusalem, of the tribe of Judah, preached in Laodicea, Antaradus, was killed and buried in Arwad
The same as in The Book of the Bee; No mention of Antaradus. Addition: in Arwad was stoned to death and buried.
12 Mathias
Of the tribe of Reuben, appointed instead of Judas, preached in Hel‐ las, in Sicily, where was buried in a church he had built.
The same as in The Book of the Bee; Seleukeia instead of Sicily.
The manuscript of the Mingana collection also contains a tract on the lives of the twelve Apostles.39 In particular, the name order in the list of Apostles differs. For instance, first Simon Zealot, and then Jacob ————————
(38) In the Book of the Bee on this place Jude, son of Jacob, is standing in the list (The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 106). (39) Mingana Syr. 148. Fol. 3b–4, 6а–7а.
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(James) is mentioned. 40 Besides, the tract is different in many details: many other toponyms are presented, sometimes the place of the Apostle’s origin is also different. Typologically such tracts are close to brief lists naming places of the Apostles’ death. Such lists can be found in various manuscript collections; they were published in the article by Nicolas Sims‐ Williams with a fragmentary Sogdian version of the Berlin Turfan collection.41 The Sogdian list was probably shorter than the Syriac.42 In spite of the fact that the dates are not given in the work, the Sogdian variant obviously cannot be dated later than 9th–10th centu‐ ries. It is quite possible that these short lists of places of the Apostles’ death are prototypes of the more comprehensive one as found in the book by Šlēmōn or in the manuscript Mingana Syr. 148. However, the names of the Apostles, as well as the places of their death reported by these texts, differ from those given in the hymn and The Book of the Bee. Particularly, the Apostle Paul is the second in the list, while he is not mentioned in the texts cited above.43 Ephesus is called the place of death of John; Jerusalem, of Jacob; a Jewish city, i.e. Jerusalem, of James, son of Alphaeus; qbyr’, a Parthian city, of Matthew: given in the Sogdian variant as qb’r’ mdynt’ d‐prtwy’ (qb’r’, the Parthian city).44 In the hymn and in the book by Šlēmōn it is stated that the Apostle ܵ ܵ Matthew preached in the city of ܓ ܼܒ ܿܘܐܠ ܼ (g’bwl’) and was buried in ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܢܛܝܟܝܐ ܕܦ ܼܝܣ ܼܝܕܝܐ (Pisidian Antioch) (№ 105, stanza 29).45 It is not im‐ probable that the text of Šlēmōn is a distortion of the Turfan version. Besides, the Apostles Luke, Mark, and also Timothy, Paul’s disci‐ ple, unlike in the Sogdian list, are mentioned in the Syriac manuscript published by Sims‐Williams.46 Such lists of places of the Apostles’ activities are also contained in the law books of the West and East Syriac Churches among other canons; Hubert Kaufhold dates the ————————
(40) См.: Mingana Syr. 148. Fol. 6–7. (41) N. SIMS‐WILLIAMS, “Traditions concerning the fates of the Apostles in Syriac and Sogdian,” in: Festschrift fuer Kurt Rudolph zum 65 Geburtstag, hrgs. H. PREIßLER, H. SEIWERT, H. MÜRMEL, Marburg, 1994, SS. 287–295. (42) Ibid., S. 295. (43) Ibid., S. 287, 293. (44) Ibid. (45) The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 106. (46) SIMS‐WILLIAMS, “Traditions concerning the fates of the Apostles,” S. 289.
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composition of these texts to the 7th–8th centuries.47 Sims‐Williams refers to the text of the London manuscript Or. 2695 as being virtually identical to the corresponding text incorporated in The Book of the Bee by Šlēmōn.48 As this manuscript has been out of our reach, we have only to guess what “virtually” means. This text could be also an ex‐ tended variant, closer to Mingana Syr. 148. Besides, we do not know the history of the text of the book by metropolitan Šlēmōn and so cannot judge which text is primary. It is clear that in East Syriac circles there was a long tradition of texts of suchlike content which could have been simultaneously used by Šlēmōn and Wardā. Nevertheless, from those known to us the hymn of the Wardā collection is closer to Šlēmōn’s version. The fact that there is a text on the seventy attributed to Wardā (№ 104) in the Warda collection, beside the text on the twelve Apos‐ tles, is in favour of the author’s having used for the hymn The Book of the Bee. In the latter the biographies of the seventy disciples are in the same section as the twelve ones and follow straight after them.49 John the Baptist, Ananias, called his disciple, then the Apostle Paul, fol‐ lowed by Luke, begin the list.50 These are the very same names with which the hymn on the seventy two disciples begins (№ 104). Fur‐ ther, the order of names in a number of passages differs from the sequence in The Book of the Bee. For instance, the name of Adday in the hymns goes before the name of Stephen, while in the book by the metropolitan Šlēmōn it is put earlier.51 Both in the hymn and in The Book of the Bee, Kēfā is mentioned as a separate disciple, and a foot‐ note to the epistle of the Apostle Paul is given:
݂ܘ
ܿ ܣ ܒ ܿ ܼܒ ܸ ܒ ܘ ܿ ܼܒ ܸ ܘܒ ܐܬܪܘܢ ܬ
ܿ ܼ ܐ ܐ ܗܘ ܕ ܘܐܬ ܒ ܒ ܙ52
Kēfā, as mentioned by the Apostle Paul, taught in Baalbek, Homs and Nethron; he died and was buried in Šyrz (Shiraz? — not vocalized. — A. P.). ————————
(47) H. KAUFHOLD, “Die Syrische Rechtsliterature,” Nos Sources, 1. Arts et Littérature Syriaques (2005), pp. 216–217. (48) Ibid., p. 290. (49) Ibid., p. 107–113. (50) Ibid., p. 107, 108. (51) Ibid., p. 109. (52) Ibid., p. 110, ܩܟܗ.
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In the hymn:
ܿ ܿ ܘܒܐ ܼ ܪܢ ܐ ܸܙ ܗܘܐ ܘ ܹܐ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܣ ܼ ܕܗ ܼ ܸ ܗܘܐ ݂ ܼܒ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܗܘܐ ܀ ܒܓ ܗ ܼ ܘܐܬܬ ܼ ܒ ܬܐ ܕܒ ܒ ܼ ܐ. ܗܘܐ ܼ ܼ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܪ ܼܘ And Kēfā, whom Paul mentioned, Preached in Homs and Ītran, In Šayzar, and in its vicinity he passed away, And was buried in a church he had built in it. (№ 104, stanza 27)
The discrepancy of Shiraz (Šyrz) — Shaizar (Šyzr) is curious; Badge considers the former to have appeared in the text owing to a distor‐ tion of the latter.53 However, there are mis‐matches in the two texts: particularly, the list concludes with the name of Ignatius, which is lacking in The Book of the Bee (№ 104, stanza 55).
3. LEGENDS OF JOHN THE BAPTIST IN THE HYMN Along with the episodes adopted from the known apocrypha, there are some whose origin is not quite clear. The hymn on John the Bap‐ tist contains episodes concerning the punishment of this prophet’s murderers (№ 3 [15]). Particularly, it is told of the death of Herodias and her daughter:
ܕ ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ܹ ܗ ܼܿ ܹ ܼܿܕ ܼ ܵܐ. ܵܗ ܸܘ ܼܿ ܵ ܿ ܹ ܿܪܘܕ ܼ ܵܐ ܸܵ ܼܿܘ. ܼܿܘ ܿܒ ܼܬ ܿܗ ܿ ܿܒ ܵ ܿ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̈ܐ ܗܘܘ ܼܿܐ ܼܿ ܙ ܵ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܵܐ ܀ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܘ ܼ ܪܐ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܐ ܼܿ ܐ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ. ܘ ܼܿ ܙ ܵ ܐ ܿܘܢ ܵ ܐ ܵܬ ܿ ܼܒ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܿܵ ܵ ܿ ܸܵ ܘ ܵ ܒ ܿ ܵܪܐ ܼܿ ܼܓ ܵ ܿܗ ܵ ܐ. ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܗܘܐ ܀ ܸ ܼ ܐ ܕ ܹܪ ܸܐ ܼܬ ܼ He blinded Herodias, Who beat his pure image. And drowned her daughter in water. And she became hard like iron. And iron did not cleave her, And fire did not devour her Till her head was cut off. And there was no grave digger for her body. (№ 3 [15], stanzas 48, 49) ————————
(53) KAUFHOLD, “Die Syrische Rechtsliterature,” p. 110, footnote 4.
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Further the description of the deathbed sufferings of Herod, among them by the demon who tortured him, is given:
ܼܿܐ ܼ ܵ ܝܗ ܿ ܼܒ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܵ ܼܬܐ. ܘܗܪܘ ܸܕܣ ܹ ܐ ܼܿ ܼܘ ܼܬܐ ܹ ܿ ̈ܿ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܼܓ ܹ ܐ ܘ ܼ ܼ ܀ ܼܘ. ܼ ܹܐ ܼܒ ܼ ܐ ܼ ܸܐ ܿ ܘ ܐܒ ܿܒܐ. ܵ̄ܗܘܐ ܸܵ ܼܿܘ ܼ ܼ ܼܬ ܵܪ ܼܬܐ ܹ ܗܘ ܼܬ ܹ ܸ ܼ ܸ ܹ ܵ ܿ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܿ ̄ܗܘܐ ܹ ܐ̄ ܵ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܐ ܹ ܐ ܹ ܀. ܹ ܘܕ ܹ ܗ ܵ ܪ ܹܕܦ ̄ܗܘܐ ܼ ܵ ܿ ̈ ܵ . ̄ܗ ̈ܘܝ ܿܿ ܘܬ ܹ ܐ ܒ ܼ ܓ ܗ ̈ܪ ܼ ܢ ̄ܗ ܼ ̈ܘܝ ܼ ܸ ܼ ܘ ܼ̈ ܵ ܼ ܼ ܓ ܿ ܘ ܿ ܵ ̈ ܝܗ ܿܬ ܘ ܿ ܼ ̈ ܼܵܒ ܹ ܗ ܸܐ ܿܬ ܼܿܕ ܿ ܼ ̄ܗ ܼ ̈ܘܝ ܀. ܼܿ ̄ܗ ܼ ̈ܘܝ ܹ ̈ܪܬ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܿ ܵ ܼܿܐ ܒ ܼ ܼ ܹܬܗ ܼܿܐ ܹ ̄ܗ ܼܘܐ. ܘܗܘ ܹܐ ܵܕܐ ܕ ܪܕܦ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܹܹ ܹ ܿܿ ܿ ̈ ܿ ܿ ܿ ܵ ̄ ܵ ̄ ܿ ܿ ܼ ܗ ܼܘܐ ܀ ܼ ܘ. ܘܐ ܼ ܼܓ ܐ ܼܓ ܼ ܼ ܪ ܗ ܼܘܐ ܼ ܼܒ ܘ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܸܐ ܼ ܿ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ. ܘ ܹ ܼܿܐ ܿ ܹܬܗ ܘ ܿ ܼ ܼܒ ܵ ̄ܝܗ ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܘ ܿ ܘܪ ܗ ܒ ܿ ܵ̄ ܐܒ ܵ ܐ ̄ܗ ܼ ܵܘܐ ܀ ܼ ܼ ܵ ܒ ܸ ܹܒ ܘ. ܹ ܗ ܼܘܐ ܹ ܹ ܼ ܼ And Herod, full of rage, Drew seven maladies upon himself, An illness of bowels and a fever And pangs in bones and joints. And a swelling of the lung appeared. And cardiac decease tormented him. And his demon pursued him severely. And he had nobody to cure him. And ulcers overcame him. And worms swarmed in his body. And both his eyes popped out, And his thoughts were confused. And the demon, who pursued him, Incited him to his malice: He hastily sent a messenger, And he killed one person in each house. And then he killed his wife and his children. And when the knife, with which he peeled an apple, Was drawn out, He stuck it in his heart and perished. (№ 3 [15], stanzas 50–54)
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Thus, these two episodes allow us to reconstruct the story of the murder of Herodias and her daughter by Herod as well as the terrible story of their bodies after their death. These descriptions coincide with those in The Book of the Bee, where, in particular, Herod is report‐ ed to have murdered his wife and daughter. Before their death he gave orders to kill a person in every house. Furthermore, his deathbed diseases are also described: his entrails and legs were covered with wounds, out of which liquid was drip‐ ping, and his body was being eaten by worms. When Herod was peeling an apple, he cut his throat having not endured his suffer‐ ings.54 The topic of the worms was widespread within the Church of the East, as it can also be found in the hymn on the Apostles when Herod is mentioned (see № 2 [105], stanza 20). What is reported in The book of the Bee of death of Herodias and her daughter is in agreement with the hymn and adds to it on the whole. Herod’s daughter went to dance on the ice. It gaped under her and she went under the ice up to her neck. No one could get her out. Then her head was cut off with the sword with which John the Baptist’s head was cut off. The head was put upon a platter and brought to her mother, who after that became blind and her right hand, with which she had held John’s head, withered off. Then a demon possessed her.55 However, in the hymn the demon is reported to have possessed Herod himself; it was the demon who ordered him to commit mass murders (№ 3 [15], stanzas 51–53). Curiously, in one of the chapters of The Book of the Bee Herod is re‐ ported to have killed his wife and daughter,56 and in another the sto‐ ry about the ice and the head cut off is given.57 Obviously, the metro‐ politan Šlēmōn gives two different traditions in the different passag‐ es. Both stories are also found in the hymn (see № 3 [15], stanzas 48, 49, 54), which seems to be another confirmation of the usage of Šlēmōn’s book by the hymnographer.
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(54) The Book of the Bee, ed. BUDGE, p. 88. (55) Ibid., p. 90, 91. (56) Ibid., p. 88. (57) Ibid., p. 90, 91.
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TEXTS Abbreviations + : added