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English, Greek Pages [208] Year 1900
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Southern Branch of the
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Anf eles
L-l
"TA
a
COG. E.
I
.
LOS
ANGEi_Eii. CAD/-
SYNTAX OF
CLASSICAL GREEK FROM HOMER TO DEMOSTHENES FIRST PART
THE SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE EMBRACING THE DOCTRINE OF THE MOODS AND TENSES
LANNEAU GILDERSLEEVE
BASIL
WITH THK CO-OPERATION OK
CHARLES WILLIAM EMIL MILLER OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
61904 NEW YORK
AM
E R
I
C
:
AN
CINCINNATI
:
CHICAGO
BOOK COMPANY
3735^
Copyright,
i
ooo,
by
B. L. (JII.DKKSLEKVE.
Entered
at Stationers' Hall,
Greek Syntax. \\.
V-
3
London.
1-ivliFAC
Ix compliance with the wishes of many of my former pupils, have determined to publish my Greek Syntax in parts. The framework was planned many years ago, and corresponds in its I
scheme of my Latin Grammar, the first edition which was published in 1867. In fact, the Latin Syntax was based on the MS of the Greek. Doubtless the syntactician of structure to the of
(4
f} t
^ .
to-day will find ample opportunity to criticise the arrangement, but to refashion the book would require more time than the speeding years will allow me to presume on. Nor will I undertake in this place a vindication
guided
me
in
my
order of the examples
^ ^; t
4
^
of the principles
that have
A word, however, as to the deemed appropriate. A catena
syntactical studies.
may
be
of syntactical usage would be a memorable achievement, and I do not deny that at one time I thought it possible to organize
such a work, for which a large staff of helpers would have been needed; but I have learned to renounce this ambitious scheme,
and even the present far more modest undertaking would have been impossible unless I had associated with myself a scholar who is acquainted with every detail of my syntactical work, published and unpublished, and who has brought to the task not only a hearty sympathy with my views and methods, but a clearness
have been of great In completing the list of examples, and in filling up the gaps in the presentation, I have availed myself freely of his help, and we have worked side by of
judgment and an accuracy
service to
me
in
my own
side in the collection
in details that
researches.
and the scrutiny of the passages cited; and
to this pupil, colleague, friend, Professor C.
W.
K.
Ml
1. 1.
MR, the
P KEFACE
iv
completion of the work has been committed, in case the privilege should be denied me of putting the last hand to the labor of
many
years.
Like myself, Professor MILLER is thoroughly imbued with the conviction that the study of syntax is of the utmost importance for the appreciation of literary form, and we both believe that the presentation of the phenomena under the rubrics of the different
departments of literature
struction and even
will
be found useful for
in-
more
so for suggestion. Taking the Attic of conventional Greek, we have worked Orators as the standard
backward through philosophy and history to tragic, lyric, and epic poetry, comedy being the bridge which spans the syntax of Individual syntax we the agora and the syntax of Parnassus. have not been able to set forth with any fulness, but the different departments have been represented to the best of our ability and judgment. The plan has saved us from giving the usual medley of examples, it has forced us to rely largely on our own collections and to examine the texts for ourselves, and it will enable those
who come
after us to
fill
up these outlines with
greater ease.
BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE. THE JOHNS
HOI-KINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE.
CONTENTS OF PART
I
Simple Sentence, 1-467. Nominative Case, 3-13. tions, etc.,
5.
As Subject, 3-4. In Titles, InscripIn Citations, Enumerations, and Indefinite In Exclamations, n. In Suspense, 10. In Apposition with Vocative, 13.
Predications, 6-9. For the Vocative,
12.
Vocative Case, 14-25. Repetition of
16-18.
Vocative, 21-23. Vocative. 25.
Forms
with Vocative, 19.
Vocative
of the Subject, 26-59.
Masculine and
J> , 295. Periciple with forms of aivo;jLai, 294. phrastic Perfect Participle with ?xfjuiTa vaid, A wooded island, and in it a goddess Jiath her abode. II. 6, 395~6 p.fya\ffropos 'llfriwos, :
'HtTicov 6f
Ibid. 10,437.
fftitfv.
For the
547-
and frequent use of
free
this
nom.
Msth.'J
in inscriptions, see
82, 3 a-c.
CIA.
II,
809
(3 2 5/j24 B.C.): lino rf/s TfTfit'ipovs '.\i>vs, '\vri?iu>-
I54~55
C,
pov ffjyov, 1'roin the quadrireine Anysis, the in
the same inscription.
Ibid.
NOMINATIVK
10.
work of Antidonts.
179, 7 sqq. (433 B.C.)
I,
:
irap(8o
So often .
The nominative
IX SusPKNSE.
rpfls KU\
.
.
is
some-
suspense (ttominativiis pcndcns, anacolntlion, want of sequence), an equivalent construction being substituted.
times
left
SiaXc-yopevo? avru seemed to me.
it
ISOC. .
in
.
.
4,
OflOlS
.
.
PLATO, Apol.
3. 3,
1
6.
C
21
4'
2, 5.
:
II. 2,
;
PLATO, Apol.
K(KTTJp.(VOl
.
12,
Km yap
I
I
ol
.
.
C; Talking with him
21
KpdTOVVTfS
.
.
I
>
6T( S
.
.
.
rovrtav ovv
8.
Xoyoi
TUIV KOTtjyoptov
.
.
Ibid. 95.
(see above).
Crat. 403
A
(bis).
TOVTO i>
s,
(pi\s.
efj.i>s :
\
'He'Xios
1
$'
or
TTUVT' e'fpopas.
For the occasional use of the Nom. Adj. with a Voc. Subst. or of a Voc. Adj. with a Nom. Subst., see Index. This is a curious coincidence with the Yedic rule (Delbruck, Synt. Forsch. V. 66| which prohibits copulation of two vocatives by ca (rp or, ov
XXoi
l6: n/xifi/f KU\ oi
C
KH\
o>
:
irepi-
KT(.
(note difference
d rty
uXXo? tort &i 1r)-
(prj
oiKfrai
Protag. 337
way I OVTOS,
doing ?
KU\ oy, 'ATruXXcJSwpf ,
rots UHFIV (ntdfcrde.
.
You
;
there, w/iat are you
enicrTiis ir(piip.iva(C(iyo)
;
between nom. and \os
You
:
t
tlvftpfs, (
oi irapi>i>T(
v.
ol
TrapovTt s"E\\rjvfs, OVK lcr-e on iroif'tTf, Proxenus and the rest of you Greeks that are present, you do not know wltat you are doing. Cyr. 4, 5. '7 '$' M (l/ ^" (Tl'' *'0'/> irpftrtivTaTas, I,
5.
t> Ttiirra Xt'yf. '
Ibid.
5. 3-
43
rfs.
Ibid. 6,
8
irapovTfS
ot
roGroj/,
(^)r;,
Al
.
fiftfif\(tr&f
33
3,
i
crv
Ka\ ol
Tr\rj
Ach. 242 Vesp.
:
I
(r
.
.
up^ovrfs Km
8e 6 (7/j^oai'
airovTts
*0'?' " r ^ t/ 'Ypxavitav
^
"^
oi rt
.
.
.
irt'ivrts
Ibid. 8,
(KTUTTOV.
Mem.
vu>i> avao-a-a
.
.
. \
H?IT(p
t]
A('pov
yt-
'
patd,
X
ll
l
Pf -
HOM. Od.
3,
427
:
ol
aXXot.
Cf. 9, 172
:
1
XXot
p.tv
vvv
fj.ip.vfT
e^uil fpiijpfs
fTaipoi. II. 3,
94
:
oi
aXXot.
19,
83
:
id.
Cf. ibid. 190
:
aXXot.
Vocative Case 14.
The Vocative
(the case of direct address)
is
not affected
by the structure of the sentence, and does not enter ment into syntax, except in the matter of concord. 15.
i
vocative.
WITH THE VOCATIVE.
S>
is
commonly
as an ele-
prefixed to the
GREEK'
6
SYNTAX
DEM. I, w' Gentlemen of Athens, at! opoios PLATO, Conv. 1730; You are always alike, Apollodorus. DK.M. i, &> uvftpt $ 'A$^
ytvvaiov.
MfWA > f ^Ta
Alcr^ivr);
dteotitis,
:
nonsense, Athenians.
i*t>8pfs SiKaarui, as for
"wbpts 'AGtjvaioi.
rare by the side of
18, 196, is
;
tivdpts 'A&ji/mot, as for example
(see above),
8, 31
31
175 A.
173 E.
(bts}.
Lach. 197 E.
(iraifit ov8fi> irfp\ yvfJLvaa-TiKtjs.
Gorg. 518 C: nvBpwnt, II A. Soph. 22O D.
Phileb.
Theaet. 143 C.
XEN. An.
i,
16 (see 13).
5,
2.
Cyr.
2,
7
;
avdpunf,
ri
noif'is
;
Mem.
i.
2, 8,
THUC. 2. ii, i. HDT. i, 8 (bis).
4, 126,
i.
11.
9.
5, 9,
i.
162.
7,158.
AR. Ach. 1097. 1098. 1099. uoi,etc. EUR. Hel. 858. SOPH. Ai. 36 et saepe. Ant. u. 223. AESCHVL. Pr. V. 3. 144. 635. SIMON. C. 145 Bgk. 4 HOM. Od. i, i. 60. 62. 64. 158. 337. II.
i,
i.
26.
17.
37.
59.
106.
346, etc.
122.
131, etc.
In quiet passages the 21. POSITION OF THE VOCATIVE. When it heads the senvocative does not begin the sentence. tence, the omission of &> heightens the excitement still further. 22.
Vocative Postpositive:
DEM. more than a thousand times, as in 8, 5. 21,1. 23, AESCHIN. I, 122 avrrj p.(v fanv, 2> Ti/iap^f| ili>8pbs dyadov
i.
1
:
.
and so in the other orators. PLATO, Conv. 173 D. 212 B. Gorg. 518 E. Phileb. XEN. An. 1,6, 6 (s). 7. 8. 9. THUC. Postposition is the rule for Thuc. as in I, 75, i.
HUT.
i,
9
u
(s).
1136.
SOI-H. Ant.
49.
1
(s).
AKSCHYL.
P. V. 144
HOM. Od.
i,
II.
1
I,
26
i
(s).
s
I,
i.
ajroXoyia,
(-?')
76,
I.
(s).
Nub. 794.
307
(s).
319
(s).
635
(s).
(s).
131
(s).
158.
In this section and the following, u
followed by an
n A
30, .
(s).
AR. Ach. 1099(5). EUK. Hel. 744. 1
.
siitf.
is
used
in all those
passages which arc not
GREEK SYNTAX
8
Vocative Prepositive:
23.
1 72 (once in 67 times). in as 8, 35 (s). 20, i (s). rare, 32, i (5). AESCHIN. i,\2\ (s) (only once, and that a quotation). ISAE. 3. I (s).
DIN.
i,
DEM.
PLATO, Conv. 173 E. Crito, 46 B. Euthyphr. 3 XEX. An. i, 5, 16 (s). 7, 3. 3, i, 27 THUC. 2, n (s). 71 (s}. 4, 10 (s). 95. 5, 9 (*). HDT. i, 8 (s, to). 7, 158 (s). 160. 161. 162 (j). AR. Ach. 432. Eq. EUR. Hel. 858 (s). SOPH. Ant. 223 (s).
400
AESCHYL.
P. V. 3
HOM
1,45.
Od.
C.
7,
61
(j).
Vesp. 136.
1194.
572.
Sept. 203.
(s).
64
Si.
(s).
255.
158(5).
337
346 (j).
(*)
384(5).
389(5).
(s). II.
24.
used
VOCATIVE
'HpaicXeis,
DEM.
122(5).
106(5).
442.
The
EXCLAMATIONS.
IN
DEM.
24,
1
9, 31
vocative
may be
Herakles!
;
(see above).
9, 31
86
;
id. 39, 21
PLATO, Prot. 310 D XEN. Mem. i, 3, 12: AR. Nub. 153:
a)
Ibid.
Il()(Tfi8oi'
ai/^
74-
exclamations.
in
*ai $foi.
59 CO-
17 CO.
i,
:
ZfO
a>
:
a>
308:
!
21,
'HpuicXeiy.
66:
id.
22,
78;
&>
yij
id.
:
Zei. O. C. 221. 532. O.R.i 198. AESCHYL. Ag. 1257 ororoi, Avxet' "ATroXXoi/, ot fyu> (yea. ALCMAN, fr. 29, Bgk. 4 Zev Trarep, at yiip f/j.os TTI'HTIS (1^. :
:
:
HOM. Od. II. 2,
25.
4,
371
:
341
:
ZeO re Trarep
/cal '\6rjvair] KU'I
"AnoXXov (not real prayers).
id.
The
PREDICATE VOCATIVE.
vocative, not being a case
proper, cannot take a predicate, but the predicate (nom.) adjective is occasionally attracted into the vocative. Clear cases are late
:
di/ri
yap ocX/^s- "ipfipaaf Hapdfviov, CALLIM. O Imbrasits, instead of Parthenius.
fr.
213,
T/lOlt
wast called
(hnbrasus),
oXfiif Kovpt, yivmo, TlIEOCR. 17, 66 1
Rockel,
/.
c.
;
,
Uaf>f)y laddie, mayst thou prove pp. 49-50.
(so).
VOCATIVE CASE
g
In the classical period the examples are only apparent, or, at most, the may be picked out from the attribute which precedes the verb.
predicate
AR. Av. 627 o> (piXrar' EUR. Tr. 1221-3 (TV T .
*ETopoy
i>
(piii"]6\ to
ftr)T(l
AESCHYL.
npt(r;JvTi> f
t^difTTov fifTtmiirro)!/.
nor' oScra tcaXXiviKt p-vpiutv
\
i
n\ay KTJ,
fita TTOVIUl' irdjTfl)!'
Ph. 759~^
'cXavrf
Pers. 674
KuXXoviac \iovnKTvnov
p.(vu>.
e^oi/ri 8ia(f)fpti
Pax, 384 I.
KUKO>V KIIKKTT(.
vTos.
8,
apurroi,
OplOTOl.
n^XtwTfiTO) Si/o (ace.).
119
I,
OfJ.olov.
XeycOJ/ fV^tp&S o
Z>
8, JO',
Ax'i'iPH. 3
II, 658'.
dpfLOl. '
6,
I
435
6,
.
237: TOV
TpfTTfTdl \pUlS.
p.f]
opo'iav
:
Suppl. 393, 644
dpvivtav.
Kill
ToX/ir}-
n
I'OCATIl'E CASE
THEOGN. 1025. duXm'. HOM. Od. 3.74. d\\oftanolwt\v.
Mc-in. 3,462, 13-4. ritv
ttKptiTov i^^v.
Much
KL'k. Cycl.
5^
Ho.M.
2(J3
II. 9,
J
9
iiiiikt-s
wrris
:
:
Eq. 105: uieparov
TTI;/
wpuTf puv
.
.
rm\vv.
Ibiti.
$;)
17
Traooiut'a,
ry
(sc.
e/^f)
-y'
B:
Ibid. 41
Xa/3ay).
TO ray
pa8iov tivai 8ia(p(vyfiv. ixrTtpaia (SC. f]fj.fpq)
TI/
\omrjv (sc. Trope i av
Tjjf
a
/i
iiviuvT(s fls ras opaias (SC.
yvu>^rjv).
(sc.
C'/XT})/
aTratrns (sc. Xa/3(if)
(SC. yr)
Trj
evavrtav (sc. -^/-rj^ov)
r/}i/
Kara yf
(SC. 5 IK
Ibid. $12
(picrTiKt], vofjiodfTiKi), prjTopiKij.
184
8p a ^
84
21,
p.olpa).
(SC.
7TfTTpfJ.evr)
{]
PLATO, Apol.
24, 7-
(sc. fjfj.fpav^).
*at ^iX/as (sc.
He
rols TroXXoty,
dyKvpas) 6pfj.fl. same anchor as the people.
TTJS avrr]S (sc.
on, the
depend
at,
rots'
Trotrli/
?)
iov(riv
a^a^fl
.
.
ry rpirj)
.
vp.(Vf(TT(pa
T9
.
.
.
f]
re ruprrj.
TIJ
Ibid. 4, 6,
Tropfvcropeda.
1
2
:
?}
6/zaXi) (sc.
rj
rpa^tla
y
Of
/}
Ibid. 5. 8, 12 TOVTOV KftpaXas jSaXXo/ieVotP. dvixpayov a>s oXt'yas Ibid. 7, 8, 20: T^ vcrTtpaiq. Hell. 4, 4, 13 iyyt r)i/ Vi (sc. 7rX>;ys) iraitrfifv.
^copa)
:
.
.
.
:
and T^V fVl .\aK($aip.ova ofiov). d(f)iK.ecrdai and tcvro r/yy
Me'yapa (SC. oSoi/ (rvvrofjiov (sc.
2,
)
.
.
fjifpida)
.
HDT. 6Sos).
.
5,
26, 5
TT
Ibid.
(pfvyeiv rljv fpavrov (sc. y^v).
:
2,
TO Te t^os.
a p a
13:
r/)i/
Hiero,
y^s Of ^copas).
8: 8ta TroXe/iias (SC.
THUC.
Ibid."],
untxuipfi.
6, 54,
5
:
fiKoV yiyvofJ,evaiV.
.
64:
3,
7^/Vf. 8,
:
t)
Ak. Ran. 685:
Ibid.
TrXiyyj) f'8o^t Ttrvfydai.
Kaipirj (sc.
27
5,
17
:
(rvi>Tnp.os (SC.
SfKurrj (sc. /iolpa). to-ai
K*W/
(SC.
-^^(poi)
Ibid.
yivtavrai.
1096:
TUTrro/iei/o?
Tulai TrXaTfiais (sc. j^tpcriv).
EUR. Ale. 784: T^J/ avpiov p.fX\ovcrav (sc. f)p.fpav), SOPH. Ant. 1308-9: dvrai'av (sc. TrXayav) eiraurfv. lo-r;^
(sc.
Phil. 139^
8(Ki;v?) y' frurtv.
AKSCHYL. Cho. 639-40: TV'RT. 15 I^g^-
MOM. Od. ii,
[75])
:
4,
4
Xaia
:
588
i?)
i/
Theaet. 200
f\0otfjn fyvyt.
fiaicpav 7T(pi(\6ovTts.
XEN
T .
An.
3,4, I7
Hell. 4, 5-^
t\dot.
THUG.
6, 98, 3
:
Itvrfs
:
Ibid.'j, 8,
paitpdv.
Mem.
iJKfw rf/v Tuxicrrijv.
:
20:
ort
OTTU>S
10:
3, 6,
p.aKpordrT]v
TTJV Trpu>rr]i>.
paKportpa v.
diroo'itiBvao'dai
AK. R. 434 fjStv paKpair dniXdris. EUR. Phoen.9o6: ov p.aKpuv airtam.
Neuter Adjectives and Participles are freely employed any relations, but Homer's range is limited, and the boldness of Thucydides is to be noticed, nor is 36.
as substantives in almost
poetry ever very
free.
TO Trap\Tj\v86s ... TO p.c'XXov ... TO irapov, Ol'.M. 8, 192 the The />
The law
'A\(at>8pos.
xpn (Tl ^ niv
20 -&'
-
-
*' v
&
v-
forth two lines of legal 23, 206 (see above). [6iJ, 6: sets
b~VOlV TOtll
AF.SCHIN.
3,
165
:
TO
(cr6p.f vov.
8'
3,218: dpKt I yap
^101
i \j.
K p a Kaifjifi-
6v 54TT/KJ TpuiKtav
189: ^iryuXa
ANTIPHON,
31
fJL(\\OV.
40: ^tytiTTov
diavtpoi. p.( Ti)t
:
29: TO
tv
.
.
^^
.
.
piKpd.
.
.
.
11,43- ^ l"Jlt> TOIV n
.
i
IT
.
V ecr^arcai' aTTf^et.
\fVKii
2,
Ibid.
Lys. 214
/3tou.
Ibid.
Ibid. 1,6, 14:
GI
TO
TO 8e i8iov.
.
TOTTOV.
fit)
An.
eV eVj/Kow.
Tafpptv p.i v
Km
caXc yiyvfTai KaXa.
TTO\V
.
O V.
TO(?
/JLeV
:
TOO
(iTtui/
Ib.'d.
Theaet. 184
:
.
V
ev fipaxvTfpois.
.
oivbv
/>
/xej/
f&v eV;
.
.
O>
I
.
etVat.
.
TO
:
.
(T
avfv yap ytXoiuv ov SVVCITOV. fvavria padflv
:
iXlKOV TO TV paw If.
E
Ibid. 6
D E
Ibid. 816
vrai/Ta TO.
(rp-iKpbi> ev
fV fpvfj.vq>.
Ibid.
f
TO
i^fxp-
6
Trepl .
:
E
Ibid. 187
XEN. Ag.
A:
0tXov
dvoaiov
A:
Legg. 642 fj.
TO Ofriov
:
7TO\Xo)l/
Gorg. 449 C:
Rpb. 338 D TO lipxov. Ibid. C: TO vTro\fi(pd(v
KOI pi]. TTtpl Seii/cof Tf
.
Kin ftapea.
i,
del
TU>V
.
.
OCTICI.
Til
s.
evavritav
A:
.
Euthyd.
D
5
TO KpeiTTov KCU TO j3(\Tiov
:
Xov
i
KaXw
TO>
cra(pis ... TO /3e/3atoj/.
p.ev
KCU
.
8llO
fj
Phaedr. 230 C: TO tvuvovv TOV
TOVTO.
vypbv
p.'}
7,
D:
Ibid. loo
etAciiTwi'.
.
Euthyph.
Parm. 145 Bl TO ye ^iaov 'i(rov Phaedo, 90 C: irdvTa TCI OVTCI.
di(pi\ifj.ov.
66 B:
(p
TU>I>
885 A: els KOIVUV. Ibid. 932 TO 0/j.oiov Tea ofjtoiof dvdynr)
.
r)pbv vypco.
eaidivov.
e'
TO ucriov KOI TO
.
.
.
Tl
eis KOIVOV.
Ibid. 875
i>iKr]Ti']pia.
(V
.
f'xfLv.
796 E:
Ibid.
TTIIVTOS
.
D
488
Tv(p\ovTai Trtpl TO
TO yfvvl)O~la
Til
.
.
.
ro
6o~iov
p.fv
TO
:
488 E: TO 'ivov
Ibid.
Ttpov.
D .
dfois TTpocrcpiXes
TOV
.
.
.
Ibid. 6
iJCTlOV.
B
34
Ibtd.
22O C:
Ibid.
dtl irf\dei.
6/iO('o)
OTTO TavTOfjuirov.
Kcil
.
TO
tvavTitoTciTa, fyvxpov 6epp.oi, TriKpbv y\vKf~i,
TCI
f^dia-Ta
8
2, 3,
...
:
1,6,
/(^/C/.
ev KOIVO>.
:
fv
d(pavfTv.
v^rj\OTfpov.
eiffpooroficorarotf.
K TOU to-ou
Kill
iii'tivTfs. d~j)'
.
^r;
TO dcpuvts
:
.
.
.
.
al(T\pd
(f>ai>(pa>
tV KaXtji
o^/c
54: Ttpbs
4,
Tins
3, 5.
f\tv6fpiov
25
TW
12: /ieyiiXa
eK TOV 6fjM\ov,
vTraiQpta.
Ibid.
I,
8, 2,
/$/
:
Ibid.
I,
:
31
I,
34: TToXf/xiKaii'. 1,2: eK ToG eptpavovs. Ibid. 2,2, 6 Tpflj fj.r)vus Kal n-Xf w.
fj.u\uKii.
fix
:
2,
Ibid. 4,
To>
4
dcf)(ivf't.
Hell.
21
I,
.
.
.
:
I,
Ibid.
Ibid.
3.
-9 I,
2, 6,
1.
ai/eXt vQt pui> KUI
A'EL'TEA'
ADJECTIl'KS
TO (T(i)(f)pOl>T)TlKnv Tt KOt (^pOVlfiOV Ibid.
10,9: rh btoptva
3,
Ibid. 4,
vos. TO)
8: TO>V
7.
vitiv
//'/V
14,
X
Ibid. 4. 6, 15
jj-Toy TII.
(I
/foV/. 4, 7,
iiroptvtro.
^ifino-Ko/xfVcof.
:
\ovt>To>v TH
"*rri Ttov cot^f
:
6/ioXoyov/i*
/tciXtora
Oec.
7
5.
TO V f$ p I (T T I K It V T( KOI H IT f t p It K a X O V. TO \t\pov uvr\ TOV fttXrio5. 6
Kill
Ibid. 4,
(TKf'irijs.
15
7rr>XXo>/
5:
o'ffTTroo-uftoi'.
l(T\vpoTt pu> TO dcrdt vt (TTf pov (sc. Xf>'}) TOW 8(i.
1,
5:
13,
36, 3: T^i'a
I,
.
.
.
TO fjov\6[i.(vov KU\
:
ap^au'tTfpa bioviXTia. yv-
63. 3: TO jiirpaypov
2,
aTTiipa).
-
Tti
:
3- To opyi^ofitvov
62, 5- 4 TO O'wfoi'. 44: TO \VTTQVV TT\V
dcfropfjif)
TU>V
(I
K
O)
-
I:
T"
f)
7r'"'/>u>-
f)
irnv Tip.((i}.
TO
W,
:
KUKOV diKaiov fiVfTTpd^aro. KCIKOV /xf'ya. Or. 397: .
.
.
Phoen. 597
AcaKov.
0tXo^u^oj/
:
:
236: trw
^eydX'
f^etf
Ka\a
nvpioicri ru
yiyvtTtu TTOVOIS.
^o/itfe'Ta).
ISa TO
KCIKOV.
-rrav
Antig. 77
(frpavf'tv.
O. T. IIO-I: TO 8t ^r/rov p,fvov
TOUT(O).
TCOV
T
o-uyyeref
:
TOV peyav bLuai t\v "V ytvoiro ^co/jis faOXa Kal KciKii. So ^)fi) 0eti, TU
fKKi'i\v\l/ov, tos
333-
559
fpwre?
(ra(pis.
p.fj
/ca/cd.
o-/iiKp' 6^17 Tts,
Ai. 1003
O.C.77I:
Med. 33
dvrjTa. TOLUVT(II).
TO
TO:
(ro(f)6i>
F.
I.
0iXouf.
xpi]
f/uXotfri
iiXcoTov,
Ibid. 800: TaX^^es- e'^epw. Ph. 446: ovSev TTCO Ta/n.fXou/xei/or'. epfvyei xaKov y' aTrooXfTo. Ibid. 674~5 TO ... i/oo~oi}v. Ibid. 9'9 o"*^""" 1 /caAcov. Trach. 474: TTUV croi (p TaX^^f's. fr. 100 N 3 TO Tr. 196: TO iroQovv. 5
:
:
(caXcos
fr.
TTtfpvKos.
321
AESCHYL. Ag. 79:
N'"'
TO
0"
KCIKOV. irapovros d^dr]8u>v
8iKaiov
N
idovTfs.
fr.
.
326 N Cho. 212: ti'^ov
S. C. Til.
2
iv Tfruf/>Xcoi/Tat 0pa8ai. TOT' av
OVK fX w
8'
KaXaJy e^ft.
dya^w.
o-wi/
N
adesp. 31
2
TU
T'
y\vne
*v a]Atf$OVTl.
KCI\>V.
.
TO ye Stivdv.
TW ydfj.j3p(a. dpdcravro be trd^Tvnv eaXa KdKii TrXfio-Ta Trd\d 8vofj.ia napf^fi. |
32
:
Kru ttTtp ^aXfTroio TTOVOIO.
28: d.\rjd(n
Tr\iov
HoM. Od. I, 40] =4, 56 = 7, (m o-(j)(Tfpn triciSvaa-Oat. 1
f
369:
Vi
Travros. f)e
Ibid. 91 TTUVTCI |
aTfp rr KaKuiv
:
Theog.
TO'KTIV trfv.
yrjpvcracroai.
1,274: 2,
rjfjucrv
Ibid. 116-7: f'o-$Xa
crolcrt tcadrip-fvos.
3,
I
1
76 =10, [372] =15. [139] =17.95 1,428: xtovii
15
:
lov'ia.
2,
231
Trei/Taerff yf *cm e'ufTff.
:
3,
:
irapfdvrtav.
atcrtfia fifiwr. I
l8
:
eivdfTfS.
NEUTER ADJECTIVES 247
0'Xa
*t5oT*r.
aXrjdf's.
3,
277
319: (vtpyiuv.
4,
696 and 7''
3t
ftv.
:
1
I4-9 1
ftSa>f.
14,
XuypH
TjfjitTe p(a).
45-
17,
pr/dfVTt 8iKaia>.
21,
TU
II. I, JO'.
107: TH
I,
8ov
:
15,
19,329: oy
jjfttt.
T*
6,
.
.
eV
4-
Ic)>
277
7,
357
Troloj/ e dirts.
13,824:
:
:
:
.
(i7Ti;i/a
.
fif'p(>l>,
To ^ StKOiOU TOI^TOU.
[j^j'
~&
l)Ut '
18,
138:
ll)ld.: TTfpl
pCTU TOV
(TVfJi-
Xl'H.MA A.\'D III'AI'MA
IN. 3.
ISOC.
3.
LVS.
2
[
irpotTi)Kovras,
24
2,
8O: TOV
1
and
12.
7-
9
:
C TO:
i>fji(Ttpu>
Kpfirrovos
but [2], j6:
(Xff'tv,
12,
trvfKpjpovTti.
79: irapa
.
TOVS TOVTOIS .
TU>V roirrovt
.
TOVS ITplXTIlKUVTtlS
'.
TOV TfXfvTiiO-airos,
A
Pliaedr. 240
B
and similarly often.
:
59:
5,
TO>V irpotrrim'iv-
Cf.
TOll TfXfVTIIfTUVTtlS.
ibid.
947
avrov yXvKv.
TO
:
and
but
irpofrr'iKovfTiv,
tfio'is
Cf. Legg. 868
ol TOVTU>V irpoo-i'iKovTfs.
:
but JUSt bcl()W
vp.(p(pov,
.
iS: Toly
5,
oiKtiitf.
irpot
(Kfivtav
ov yap xPTl101
and airy
md
XP'HH- 01
ifpaYjia.
substantive of an adjective. of dvrfp.
The use
n oiTnijs i
T'
(KflVOV ft
O V-
a Masculine or
TrpaY^a are often used to make a of xp'HH101 aiu Trpayfta resembles that '
PLATO,
t
O
335:
TO Kfll/OV
1 7T
Ion, 534
B;
A
a light
is
post
thing.
ORATORKS ATTICI:
xPVM" not in DEM., LYS.. and ANTIPMON. DEM. [35!- '5~^ AaicptTOS p-f'yn irpiiy(j.a, 'itroKpt'trovs p.ndrjTijs. PLATO, Gorg. 485 B: irtxpov T'I p.oi SoKt't \pr]p.a tlvai. Ion. 534 B :
(see
above).
XKN. Cyr.
I,
4,
8: KnTdftdXXd
lll>T. 3> 53' Tvpnvvis
XWP"
elsewhere
in
xprmu
T>}II v Tt xpf)p,a
(fxtX
f
pt> v.
5-
Km ptya.
W
9^' ^ av XP J
Ak.-Nub.8i6: TI xpi^n iri\
T( TTdfrav TTTaTOf
They had substance enough.
\nrr}v,
8iKo>v.
:
498-9:
'/ioi> ai>
iruvov \
Kpdrtjp.' 'O8v(rcrtvs.
\
2\
fr.
patrrols vfalro.
[Rhes.]
530: KvirptSos
8( p.i(rrj-
" She is my pet aversion." Cf. SOPH. Ant. 650: ^vxpov napv.
2O
ftlovs iyx
.
.
.
[uipTvpw
that author.)
in
y' (vavriov ol firi$uv\tvovT(\; TOVS
oavarovs
rois irtXas fU)\av&VTtn.
Pl,ATO, Legg. 625
B-C
:
Kvirapirruv Tt tv TOJS
The height and beauty of the cypresses in the rt ru>v vfotTt'fxav trapa irptafivTipois, Silence
u\
grm't-s.
3, 3,
19:
/ja>/zatj.
Hell.
6,
Ktii
A
KaXAr;, :
a-iyar
of the juniurs in the presence of
seniors.
XEN. Cyr.
v^l
Kpl). 425
1,5: TUIV
r/Xixuitr.
GREEK SYNTAX
22
*a THUG. 7. 55- 2 """Afcrt HDT. I, 2O2; 2, lo: p.fyudfa.
pfv (Xdcrtrova,
TrAftWy
ot
>
pa>i
dX&>7rfKa>i> 5e
pav? Kni
'
pe'^wa.
3>
tTTTrou? Kal fjLfyfdri e^ovcrair.
102:
3,
107
7,
103
:
6,
TGOI/
58:
davdrovs
aura) yo/xw ^ptwvrai KOTO. TOIIS
TO>
the death of their kings.
KVVU>V
p.fydd(a f^ovrts
fj.vp/j.r)Kfs
peyu$fa.
:
-yap MI/ /3ap/3a-
TUIV ftav,
At
p-tyddta.
AR. PI. 53^* ipaTi-utv ficnrrtav Bairdvais. EUR. Phoen. 870: at ff a(^ara)7roi Sfpy/zarcoi/ 8iapa.Ki
.
4412:
-
d/cp.a7ot
pu>v
'baiftpovs, '.\yt'i0(i)i> p.ti\iyp.a rtLf TRAG. fr. adesp. 289 N" f'^XdWErropf'r r
I'TT
'iXiw.
J
:
Ho.M.
II.
18,
157:
fit)'
Atdj^-ff.
!
I'd/)7rr;fi(i/f9.
Cf. ibid. 163: c^o) AuifTf.
Plural expresDi\ KRCKNT I'l.i'RAi. Rxi'RKSSioNS. 47. sions that diverge from English proceed from different concep-
GREEK SYNTAX
24
tions. irvpol, ivJicat (grains), icpi9ai, barley (corns), meat, SXs (grains of) salt. }Vood, wheat. ijuXa, irvpovs, DEM. 19, 145;
(pieces of)
Kpe'a
DEM. 19. 145 (see above). 19, 189: TTOV 8' oXfj; 19, 191 TOVS iiXas. PLATO, Conv. 217 D SieXeyo/^j/ irappat riav vvxTtov, Till late in :
the
:
Prot. 318 E:
night (watches). Huiv
.
.
XoytT^oi/s (computations) re KCU aa-rpwoRpb. 37-C: a\as. Ibtd.()2.l B- fj.((ras VVKT as y(ve(r6ai
8i8ii(rKoi>Tfs.
.
(SO regularly piaai VVKTCS). X.KN. An. 6, 4> 6: Kpidas Kal Trvpovs KOI fj.{\ivas Kal (Trj(rap.a KTC. Hell. 3, 3, 7 v\a. Tpia. Cyr. 2, 2, 2 Kpea .
:
THUG.
1
4.
vas KpiOds.
HlJT. \ifj.vrji'
6,
.
.
I
:
7> 87,
8:
4,
.
8vo xoiviKas I
.
.
:
ot
:
UTTO
.
.
.
.
6,
dX^/rwj/.
.
22: Trvpovs KCU
nf7rr and o-Ttpva elsewhere. V. 65: (rripvtav ftuifjLTru. and so forms of (TTtpva else:
Kl
P.
TW
i/
criav Trpocrianow,
(TTfpv(),
where; sing, not in Aeschyl. Ibid. 430: i/eoroic (of Atlas). Pl\U. P. I, 19: (TTI pv a \a\vdtvTa. N. 9. 26: yiuT-n. HOM. Od. 6, 107: fi(Tu>irn (the only instance of the plural of this word 8. 85: in Iliad and Odysst-y). 6, 225: VU>TH. and so forms of i>d>ra often. so of and forms elsewhere. often. and so 18, 69: WI/
?
TV/I/
Aeoi/riVovs.
:
similarly often.
The
PLURALIS MAIESTATIS.
52.
idea of fulness
I, 2,
AeXcpovy, and similarly forms of
ft?
use of the plural often gives the
AK. Rhet.
23; hence it is Longin. apartments ; peyapa, halls ; yd/j-oi, nuptial
e. g. 86p.oi,
Ps.
6,
3,
-
Compare also the poetical use Tav avrov. TUS avTos oiKoSo/j.rja'aTO. HDT. 3, IO f Tc'ifprj (v Tr/tri Ta(pi] (Ti ;
.
AK. Ach. 450:
Ran. 423:
EUR. Hipp.
II
apTTtus. Ai. 231
SOPH.
O. R. 825: 1006:
:
.
'iTrTrdXuros',
P.
N.
26
3, 3,
:
.
fj.i>rjfj,a
Ion, 192: XP V ~
ayvov Ylirdiws TrniS t iip.ara. K(8pov T( -^VIKT para. .
.
.
:
3,
28:
:
P. V. 909-10: f< rvpavvibos
o-K^Trrpn.
dyyfXiais
Ibid.
Evpvv.
i\vpus (v Sii/iioiy.
HOM. Od. 3,476: CTTOIO fti>p.oiI/ '
fifyd.pni
17: Kap.nv'ha T
'H(^)ai-
arrows.
5,
745: ox fa
TOI Stotrco KdXoi/ Bpovov,
22, 503
6vprjv.
nv\u.i,gate,
8,
ij/uevor.
vTos. :
AESCHYL. Ag. 1265 PlNI). O.
'
ev ra'is Ta(pui(ri (parod.).
ydpois,
o-oi; TT/JOS-
63
5'
d6pa>v (parod.). 456: Sd/xcoj/ (parod.). Vesp. fls TOVS ydpovs. Av. 132: eVnai/ Pax, I2o6: crm
Or. 1053:
crocus
.
dir. P. 3i 66: (o~Xolo~i. irapao'xdv dvftpdcriv (SC.
PlND.
Hec. 4 02 ~3 *' tri> I. A. 1015:
(f>ovf vcriv "Kicropos wpfavofjuti.
:
TOKtixrtv
^(iXa
|
ov xpijv o/iiXcov
'if'pcavi).
FIRST PERSON PLURAL FOR THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR. first person plural for the first person singular is due to modesty, which readily becomes affectation. The particular is sunk in the It generic, the individual in the class, the woman in her male kindred. occurs less frequently in Greek than in the more rhetorical Latin. 54.
The
use of the
ISOC.
[l], II
:
fj.(
(TriTifjiij(T(riv
hiatus.
12,
tus), vvv 8(
42
:
8 av fjfMas o iras xpovos,
(TTtXtTToi
da
.
.
8rj\o)(rnfjL(v
d
tjfji.lv
.
.
.
.
.
e
ro\/ji(arji/ olp,fv (SC. Antigone) ^apr^KoTes, El. (Only) wJicn I have met my doom, shall I awake to consciousness of sin. |
:
7m rp' rt^iiopoy/xe i>ot, I'll fall, if fall Tr. 491-2: KOVTOI vdaov y eVaKToj/ t^apov-
Trecrovfjif 0' (SC. Electra), ei XP'h
399:
I
my father.
must, avenger to
dvcrpaxovv res
dtolcri |
56.
SINGULAR
sometimes used s,
Delaneira).
(SC.
IN A
The
COLLECTIVE SENSE.
singular
is
in a collective sense.
vinc(yard)
;
ap-yvpos, silver-plate")
;
cavalry ; ^
iirirosi
TJ
Kap.t]\os
(HDT.), camelry, etc.
LVCURG.
79- Tp' a yap fcmv e^ (W
ap\a>v, 6 81-
TroXtreia a-vvfarrjKf v, 6
r/
K(l
.
>
A/$ot>?
(cat
.
Kfpdp.u>.
IO 3- T '-"
4'
/
0*771 y p.vpia (cat
3,
89, 4:
(cat
fi'/Lta
Tv\ivdov
" ^* TTO\VS OfjLl\OS
6, 24. 3
auTTt'Sa.
174
(Cat :
.
KadaipovvTfs.
.
(TTpllTlddTT]
7roXX ^ 8,
.
fr.
243
SOPH. O. C. PlN'D. O.
.
113:
.
Plioen. 78: TroXX^j/
(as in English).
AKSCHVL.
2:
5, IO,
9:
S.
T/)I/
tmrov
rip
^tXt'r;i'
x f 'P'-
/^V/.
ITT7TOV.
:
Xoy^^i>.
4, 90,
^ftpi (sim. elsewhere).
4
r " Kvp.a.
'93
7>
i,
.
AR. Ran. 1466: 6 diKna-Trjs. Ibid. 337 TroXX?/ EUR. Heracl. 275-6 7roXX;)i/ alxf-^v. Med. 86: TTUS TIS avruv TOV it(\as (/i is neighbor} 1035: x f P'' I
Ttrpa-
KVJJ.O.TOS eVaj/a^copT/o-ir.
iroXep-iov dfivortpov eo(j.fv.
8f Kap,i]\a> twea-dtu.
rrj
o(cra*ct(r^tXi';7i>
TJJl/
dpidfios eytvera TUJV fiev 'EXAr}i'&jt'
21, 8: fj,yd\rj xeipt.
7.
'9
162
i,
.
.
oXtyov akxifjiov
:
:
o-7ri'8().
//;/V/.
441-2
.
/xaXXoi/ 0tXei :
pvpiav
liyutv
N
2 :
'Apye/a :
86pv.
Si'tKpvov.
304, 7 :
.
.
2
1251
fr.
IIoM. ()d.
N
.
:
o-ra^vy (sim. o-uj/
elsewhere
in tragedy).
al\fia..
(cC'/ia.
In 5, 490: VVKTHS rt Km ^ap, and II. 4, 422 (cCyxa, and sim. elsewhere. 16, n elsewhere, vP'P s an adverbial expression. (more than fi(i(c/)i;oi/ one tear is shed, as is shown by 8uKpva Otpfia \iu>v u>s re Kpi]v>] fj.t\dw8pos, :
'
v. 3),
and sim. SaKpvov elsewhere
57.
:
in
II.
and
Those Nations whose names
()d.
are thus used are chiefly
barbaric despotisms ("as one man"): 6 Ilc'pcrr)?, tJic Persian; 6 AvSos, the Lyitian("\\\v Ilivite and the Hittite"); 6 MaKcSiiv (DEM. in con-
PLURAL
SJ.\'CL'LA/l J-'OK
the Athenian;
6 'Aerjvaios,
Thucydides, however,
tempt).
29 6 ZvpaKo-
the Syracnsan.
o-tos,
DEM. I, 23* THUG. 1,69, Kocrioc
.
.
.
HOT.
Tii> Tf
5:
rta 'A0ifvaii/
AiV'oii',
.
Trupinrflt. fir/^.irm
sim. alib.
:
et
sim.
alii).
Kan. 1417;
GREEK SYXTAX
30
EUR. Cycl. 59 " 1 **y f ^"7> Aiovticrou TralSey SOPH. Tr. 1255 tiy e'yKOi/eir', aiprdf. AESCHYL. Pers. 140 sqq. dXX' aye, Ilepo-cu '
tv8ov |
p.ev dvfjp.
:
:
but Cho. 803-4: "iy(T( PlND. P. I, 60: ay
HOM. Od. ay fd'
.
|
.
.
.
2124,
2,
.
sim. alib.;
0&>/ue#a, et
.
.
\ixraa-d(().
.
fgfVpafJLfV.
669: dXX' aye
but
Sore, et sim. alib.;
jioi
22,
252:
aKOvria-ar ', et sim. alib.
.
.
.
II. 2,
331
dXX'
:
ye
et sim. alib.
/xt'/zvere,
COPULA When
the predicate is not in the form of a verb, but in the form of an adjective or substantive or equivalent, the socalled copula is generally employed to couple the adjective or 60.
substantive with the subject. The most common forms of the copula are the verbs elju, / am, and yiyvo\ia.i, I become, turn out, prove, be hare. fifii'
flavaros elo-iv,
C
195
ytyvofiai'. r6 r acre'pTj(xa T|p.Tpov
LYS. 1,7-
ANT.
The penalty is deatJi. 13, 69; These are brave. So everywhere.
LYS.
tort,
r)(jiia
T|
PLATO, Lach.
;
A NT. 203; The
yiyveTa.i,
cnS-rot
avSpeuu
impiety becomes ours.
TtavTutv TQ)v KaKcoj/ aTTodnvovcra alrla p.oi ytyfvrjTai.
OVTOI TOV p.ev Ttdvecaros (povfjs yfyevr/irai,
dvTi8iKOl
KCI-
PLATO, Lys. 223 B: KarayAaoroi yfywapfv eyco re ... Kal vfj.fls. XKN. Ag. IO, 4: ftcuriXfvs eyeVero (sc. \\yrja-i\aos). (See 64.) The Tenedians turn THUG. 3, 2, 3 Tei'e'Stot fjLTjvvT-ai yiyvavrciL,
in-
I,
4:
fp.o\
S'
2 a 3 (see above).
6TTH(Ti.
:
.
.
.
formers.
HOT.
8,
86:
rfcrav ye Kal fytvovro ravrrjv Trjv ij^fprfv lucre really and showed themselves that
fv, They than their uwnt.
AK. Vcsp. 207: SOPH. O. C. 272
The
crrpnvdos avrip yiyvfrai, :
ovS'
at> a>S' f'yiyv
day
dfJ.flvovfS avTol
to be
far
better
turns to a sparrow.
615
:
ra Ttpm/a TriKpu yiyvf-
Tai Kavdis (pi\a.
PlN I).
P.
10,
22:
v8aifj.a)i>
.
.
.
otVoy
avfjp yivtTcn
(approves himself)
(TO(p()'lS.
MlMN.
fr.
H()M. Od.
708-9
'
61.
(ti
5.
4.
4~5
f
*^X' o\iyo)(pQviov yiyvtrai (ttmrfp
36l-2:
6' (iXos ijnroi
I
m
ovap
(SC. OVpOl TTVfiOVT(s) ptl T( W]U>V
\
I
fjfirj
n/xTjetrcra.
TTO^TTIJfS
yiyvOVTM.
di>8pd(Ti yiyvovrat.
PERIPHRASES WITH
yiyvo^ai.
Periphrases with yiyvopai are espe-
COPULA
31
common in elevated style. In addition to the pomp (oyicas) gained by the fuller expression, the moral character of the agent or action is brought more distinctly to the consciousness. v 5
(trrtv, fVfiSf/TTfp
83 (V
Lvs.
I,
nfp\
ojj/ ((TTII>
:
Ibid.
4-
[58]. 16
//"
;
The other (daughter)
120;
I,
1
1
6
:
(ii^/jtoTroy (vdt>i>
yap
1
19,
1
:
rjv.
13.
44
f&riv.
^'
uvuyicj
Ibid.
above).
1
B
Protag. 325
153 B:
tyfyovuv (had taken place} tv
p.ux*l
crv f^f^drjs,
will not go
X KN. man who
ov\ opoiots on as ?iv//.
An.
7.
28: tori
I)
2: ovarjs
TIS OVTUIS
u(}>p(i)i>
Ibid. 335
below).
i,
If YOU go
SniXoyot,
VCTTIS utfTdt
rf)s
'
\vcrfi
) T'.HT'
:
(!>
:
rt>
vjptos (py.'
nfp,
BaCCh. 773~4
irt'ivois. .
,
there the
'
to last}.
OVK ftrriv Kvirpts
oj/ros
prjKtr' 3
yap
4- I IO. XX/Xoi'f yiyvoivTO. 4, 118. 10: ul 8(
'
fit
lireatlics
',
d(i)s TTfp'i TOVTOV roO EUU. Ale. 1076: oiiK (trn TOVS dainivray tis i
as to think?
is so foolis/i
THUC.
ffroirrai
fljiiv
Tlorti&uiq.
rfj
dyadoi (see the
(TKe\l/m u>t davpairivs ylyvovrai (iicf, /'s
rfi>.
//
23. f>43
hart
i>ur
'.
htii-e
our
GREEK SYA TAX T
32
the head of a sentence or clause
63. etvai at
com
equivalent to the later OVTUS OTI,
is
DF.M. 2O,
LvS.
I,
1
8
1
6
:
eon
eori
:
Se rovff ourcotri
PLATO, Gorg. 449 B Kpcav TOVS
fieri p.ev, d> 2.,
:
and
regularly emphatic, in fact.
aKo{;(rat Xoyoi/ -iv' f'xov.
^iei/
S', f9, 'E.p:iTO(rOvrjs
is
?s really, zs
Qirjdev 6 ravra TvpaTTOiv. eviai
diroKpicrfatv dvayKaiai 8id p.a-
Tcoi>
Xoyour TroifHrdai.
XEN. Cyr. 4. 3 Kai ')" M*'' io"a)s TToXuXoycorepo?. THUG. 7, I, 4 a>i/ OUK ddvvaros. HDT. 5, 124: TJV yap '\piovfs
ov< uxpos.
-fyw)(i]v
86:
8,
avrol eaivTwv (see 60).
AR. Lys. 1037 u>S eore GanriKcii (pvcrfi. SOPH. O. C. IOOO ei yap ov SiKaios. O. T. 255 :
ft
:
YL. Ag. 958 PlN'D. O.
I,
SAPPHO,
fr.
HOM. Od. II.
IO,
36 85
:
eort
292-3
2,
3/8-9
ear>
:
xuXa
fioi
rroXXat eV
y'P fv8ov
bcu^ovum KaXd.
.
.
.
'idaKjj.
Other Copulative Verbs are:
atcoveiv,
Kvpeiv, chance,
ruYX*veiv > happen,
SiartXeiv,
XaYX^veiv,
inra.p\fiv, be (a basis),
SvvacrOai,
jxe'veiv,
= yiyt'f(T0at
Ka0ierracr3ai
p.f)
^aXKtiy.
COPULATIVE VERBS.
64.
TO Trpaypa
TTUIS.
da-l 8e vfjes
:
e/crrt
TJV
^dXacrcra, rls 8f viv KaTaa-/3((rei;
fcrri 8' dvftpi (pdp,fi> e'oi/co? dp.vvai,
appear,
comp. fuisse,
etc.
TtXe'Oeiv,
In the better days of the language such verbs as Kadia-rao-dm, rvyxdvfiv, and (pvvai are not mere fluxes for the predicate. The frequent use of (pvvai. and rvyxavtw arises from the Greek division of all manifesta,
two spheres
and
n imdp^fiv, which ultimately something to fall back upon, of resource or residue, was not wholly effaced in the good period.
tion into the
became
DEM. 18,46: 0(ois /tiff
of
'$- dXd^uw (paivtrai. EUR. Hoc. 1229: vnt)px((). Ion,4l2: p. (T atr fir oi sc. Mod. Kuicurrof 229: fjf\Tiova, dpSpaii' (K/Sc'/SiJx' "^M" 4 TT"""'*'-
ui>&^-
:
ni
(
'
Ibid. 728:
(pvitas.
SOPM.
El.
45~^
AESCHYL. FIND.
"X^P
Pers. 59^
(). i,
HOM. Od.
47
:
:
fr.
360, 8 N-':
fftirtipos
TT*'-
TTj 8' ("(pavTos
51-2
7,
acri^Xos.
^*/tij
To\p.a
:
141
2,
dvftpia
fVOflicrdrj,
i\fTaipos
8vvdp.f(i>s irapu8eiyiJ.a TOIS dp%Ofj.fi>ots ftrjXov fjievov.
fJiitros
KOI vvv OVTOS 6 ftacriKevs tcrTijKf
:
AR. Nub. 1079:
.
.
.
\idivos.
6, 33,
88
3,
:
3:
Aapflor
et siin. alibi.
dTT(8i8(KTo,
/Sao-tXfuy
yap dXoyiaros
p.fv
was considered bravery of good comradeship.
wit/tout reflection
poL^os yap
f/v
Av. 79&~9
u\ovs.
TV^TIS
Aurpe^Mys
:
.
.
.
lipiBr) (f)v\ap^os, fid' 'iirirap^os.
EUR. H. F. 150: (TV 8' ob? dpicrTov (f)a>ros (K\i]dr)S SOPH. El. 95 O. T. 57^' fJ-ovn \f\fipfj.fdov. Ph. 908: SfVTfpov \r)()
8dp.ap.
y ap
^
Xco-
^ovevs
^"7
25-6
:
n^taei/rey
.
.
Xe'-yovrai
.
TTpo^tvoi ~(f).
HOM. Od. 8e
\iirovro II.
1,293: V y
a"
(
SeiXds rf
'P Kei/
(cat
ovrtSai'oy *caXf otfj.r]v.
4>
84
Zf us, os
r*
COMBINED WITH A COPULATIVE VKRB. Even after " Paul called to to be is in English e. g.
elvai
66.
67-8:
2O,
Tapirs Tro\tp.oio rirvKTai.
dvdpa>7ru>i>
fij/at is
(yu> TTf/ATTTOs p,fTa TQL
tlice,
Di;.\I.
irivto,
19,
46;
luinc.
46
21, 28
(/d) tiXX' 6 r?;j TniXfcos vtipas, (it
yoj
about to kill
19,
(rov
yap v8up, ^yu
This fellow {drinks) water, I drink L^'s.
The
and second person is not expressed unless example, in contrasts.
first
is)
Ak.
tyU> (TVV
VfJ.IV
THUG. 6, HDT. 6, 7,
172 B: a-v ovi> p.oi Kn'jyrjtrm. Protasj;. 335 D (see 62). ^ "^" (nd vp.fit fpol OVK (6(\(T( TTf iOtvdni, oiifit (ir((T0ai, '
f^fOfUll,
Km
14: I
(TV,
TOVTD TU
:
0> TTfil/TUVl, TClVTll
(I rjfJ-fis f)(Tv^ii)i' ti^itfjifv,
1 1
AR. Vesp. 1426:
a-v
(\Kd cr(f). EUR. Hec. 609-10:
.
.
.
tmtyi]lf.
tppn^my p.(v aXX OVK (Kflvoi.
vjro&rifia
Eccl. 1055-6:
Xf'yf.
(TV
8'
2j
times,
SoLON, fr. HoM. Od. i'
avTu
2
:
I,
dr/it 81}
33"5
TOVTO povvrf
(TV
and
T(I>V$( K.a$pd(av ('tpus. TV together 10 times.
TUT' e'yo> o\(y(iv?ipti>s
"vrap tyiav nil
l>r)ti
f)
StKivijnjr.
0ot)i>
K(i~
in
AF.SCHIN.
70.
3.
OMISSION OF THK SCHJECT OF THE TlIlRD PERSON.
personal pronoun of the third person has no nominative. Hence, the unemphatic subject of the third person is omitted when it can be readily supplied from the context.
The
GREEK SYNTAX
36
71. SUBJECT OMITTED EVEN WHEN THERE CHANGE OF SUBJECTS. So free is the Greek in
the subject that there out further warnin. yuvr)
r\
(SC. TO
LYS.
LYS.
26:
I,
Tvy^uvfiv (SC. ravTijv) XEN. An. I, 2,26
THUS ovv Tavrr]v f\(flv Trap' v^s
:
(SC. SveVcetrtr).
(sc.
M^Sor
avrois 01 re (f)pvKTTU>I>
(
SC. Ofpinrnvrt s
21,
).
otvo^otvti (SC. 6
142:
olvo^oos). II.
1
49-~3
8,
73. 6tia
vvft^MS
Not
^rj(jiaTa.
use of the so-called
qyivtvv
(sc.
myi^wyeoyor).
essentially different from this use is the which the name of the divine
Oeia p^ara., in
omitted, such as Si (sc. o vu> = Zfvs), lie mitts (the miner So ppovri}, he thunders ; vit, he snoics ; a-dti, lie sliakes
is
agent
|
= Zcus).
(Poseidon). LVS.
fr.
THUC.
4 (Sch.)l
75I,
5'. -
rjftrj
(rv(TKnrti^oi>Tos.
wt }5;.
S-
r
fKyiarr]
.
.
i]v
.
.
.
So
/}.
Kidwvi no8r}VfKfi Xiviai,
rjTii
t
(SC. o
8(>Kip.ii(v).
2,
6$
:
f4t.irovp.fd' OVTJ
:
ro
01 2upaK(!(rtot (^i/ Se Kprj^Lva>8fs [sc.
e>7r '
dartpd
^topt'oi']).
roG (povov a7re'/y^ eV fiowap^ir/v.
e'
:
:
7 V Ka T ^ f
Tf roO iroTap.ov Trapaerrai/res Se HDT. 3. 82 HOM. II. 22, 410:
4
Trpov^copei, matters.
avT
? 8e
109, 3:
I,
things.
TJV,
6e /idXtcrr'
ra>
a/j'
e^i/
(the situation) tvaXiyKiov,
o>9 ei
Kre'.
See also exx. under
One may be expressed by
OXE.
80.
37.
rt?,
or,
chiefly
in
phrases, by the Ideal second person, an imaginary you. r
i
c
:
DEM. ei
yup
i,
21
:
(prja-ed
epoird rts vp.(is.
ns l8,
tiv.
3,
io
:
eiTrot rty a/,
252: Travra^o^ei/
and so elsewhere. ns 1801,
4,
25
:
roivvv uv
p.ei'
T'L TIS PLATO, Legg. 905 C. Soph. 220 D Seat'rr/re, etjrot KaXXiov and so elsewhere. XEN. An. i, 9, 3 Kamp-ddoi t ri'r re
^"f r ' J Tf 8puKoi>ru
KiirtxTnvt 0vv eVi I8 Hl)T.
2,
106:
5
o'iovrai
5"
(Kpivov ontp re
.
.
.
Rpb. 428
^yoCwcu(?)
B
:
ACT/.
19,
oy yap TTUV
tv [3ov\{ vuvTat.
'
TJJ
:
8i'j
UVTOV.
irao" %ov(rtv tv TOIS ptyaXoit iiyaxn.
* rrjs 'Efptcrirjs ts Kaiav
(p^ovTiit KIU
r;}
s ijftf. V^ U X') 7raa a uduvaros. Theaet. 144 D (^/.f). dfiKivrjTov (iOavciTov. 145 A o-KfTTTfov. rarop.
:
:
'
i
:
XEX. Ven. I, I THUG. I, 32, 5 7
:
(ivftpfS
H DT.
yap
:
Km
vprjp.a 6fu>v
(SC. fo-riv)
avi'iyK.ri
TroXis,
8
(sc.
'
EUR. Hel. 276:
TCI
flapfldpaiv
SfiiTtpcii TTCOS povri8es (To(pa)T(pai,
334.
2 234 N etc. SOPH. O. T. 84.
fr.
eWiV).
vyyva>fj.rj (sc.
.
.
aypai Kai Kvvfs. 3, 82, 2.
7, 77,
avbpa>v Ktvai.
vrjes
40
/c/.
:
aXX'
ot
TTpvravf ty
Nub.
:
ovrott
yap
2-3.
/
(X.1-
7rXfto"Toi/
[456],
et)i K "' TTovi^pdr ye (SC.
fflfXoi/Tr;y
Kat'rot
-77
tyvy
Kvpiovs (sc. oi>rar).
i).
a>f
KI ^f oTj f%dpos yf (sc. e t). ANTIPHON, I, 4: i'pflf yap poi f5i/ay*caioi (SC. (crrf). PLATO, Rph. 499 D TTfpi TOVTOV froipoi (SC. f(TfJLtv) TCO Theaet. 143 D: o-oi 817 OUK oXiyioroi TrX^o-id^ovKrt, Tf.
yap
(sc. e?)
(SC. 6 T)
Ibid. 346;
:
l8: ei'SoK evrpfTm? vpdy (SC. oi/Tnj).
TIJS Tcof XfydvTcoi'
250:
T oj/etSos.
177, etc., etc.
OTiovv eroipos (sc. ftp/),
TTiifr^fiv
fit
wpi; peV TroXe'cui' p.vdu>v, u>prj Se
Other forms of the copula
85.
19,
So.
i,
ov&fv ovetSor, depylr)
fpyov
(Common).
HOM. Od. II, 379 and elsewhere.
pa>
'
O. et D. 3''
01; o"w
Xoyoypa0or
;
:
TTjr TotauTT)?
Tw unfamiliar with
t/iis style
of talk.
dijdijs
OMISSIOX OF VERB THUG.
23, 2
I,
ovTt (frvym Tovi>Tti)i>
DKM. (SC. Wi?>,
IbOC.
24. 187
:
ri
SoKovtrtv
yiyvuxTKf iv *cit
iip.iV)
:
?;
(j>t\(iav
:
PlND. P.
94.
On
'\irnia,
/SXa/S^i/ TniXfcos- flvai
;
88:
I,
rapids
TroXXcoi/
r]fJ.ir)
f)
fTTlKffrat.
errat.
the use of the Predicate Nominative,
etc.,
where the Latin uses
the Dative of the Object For Which, see under the Dative. 95. For the Substantive Predicate agreeing with the Subject of the Leading Verb, see 91.
SUBSTANTIVA MoDiUA.
96.
ed as adjectives and
Siibstantiva mobilia are treat-
number and gender
follow the
of the
subject. .
rf,s 'A4>po8i-rr]s
.
.
Sepdircov ytyovtv 6 "Epo>s,
IS the UtCin-serVcint (valcf)
CepaTraiva, DE.M.
ov8e
maid
[47],
i
is
T)
;
Rros
avdpuiros,
cf no kin to you, not
ei'cn
a
70 (see above).
PLATO, Conv. 203 C Ka\oifj.(i>.
I
itn.
Xl-.X. Cyr.
Hn
I.
I,
1
It
D
22 ,
9
4,
I
:
7: "\yi>u>v
I, 205 of Saratx. Ak. Ran. 1127
for
of Jlpltrodite. 'I'he wench
[47], 7
troi
(-servant).
DKM.
1
PLATO, Conv. 203 C
ou ya.p eerriv ev yivti
:
TJV
(see above). o
fi
iin'iv
NflXoy
cri*
yup viv yt
.
.
ft
.
.
.
fti
a .
TJp.T)V ovrai; ftafiai, owv po6idovcr a> TroXvn'/i^' '\\pdx\f (9. 7Tt>f>>nrii .
i$pvvo-a>
yiyvoirnt.
8
tm. ^ft'Xca 437- Tfdvrn
(sc. TCI 8(pp.aTa) vfdSapTii.
II. 7.
IO2:
VIKTJS
TTfipaT' fftnvTai
v ddnvuTttim
fl(olcrii>.
Tilt'
cords
(lit.
= rope-ends) where \(ipu>v
in
of victory are in the holding of the immortal gods. (ElseHomer irftpara takes a singular verb.) Ibid. 16,403-4* oc 5' "ipa
fjvia Ti'i\6ria-a.v,
|
The reins leapedXlike a pair
NKUTKR PLURAL SUBJKCT WITH
103.
A
of living things).
DUAL VKRU.
The neuter
when the
subject comprises but two. 8vo nvpof (rw/xara ds (v ^vvivTatrdov twos dipos, PLATO, Tim. 56 Two corpuscles of fire combine into one figure of air. Compare ibid. 56 D-E (124), where ytvoia-drjv is due to the neuter plural predicate 8vo o-oyuiru.
plural subject
may
take a dual verb '
I*.
104.
The
AF.SCHIN.
singular, however, I,
Il6:
fit'o
of the accusation are left
On
is
the rule
:
8t p.m TJjt Karrjyopids eifir;
me
\t\tilTTat, Tu'O heads
/ ha~>e two heads of the accusation
left.
the use of the Neuter Plural Adjective Predicate for the Singular,
see 37.
Dl'AL Sl'HJKCT WITH Pi. URAL VKKH. -Wlim the subof the dual number, but of the first person, the verb is -
105.
ject
is
4
GREEK' SYNTAX
50
regularly of the plural number, for in the first person the dual and the plural forms of the verb coincide, the dual in -p,edov occurring but thrice in classic Greek, and being even then ques-
some
tioned by
scholars.
IJ'e laid our claims (to the heiresses), co, AND. I, I2o; vu KarafJavTe els TO Nvpi^wv vafia T|KOijcra(Xv Xdyajv, 01 KT|., PLATO, Phaedr. 278 B \Ve both went down to the fount of the Nymphs and heard utterances, which etc.
eireSuKcuraaeSa
botJl
Its.
of
.
.
.
;
AN DOC.
i,
1
20 (see above).
PLATO, Phaedr. 278 B
(see above).
When the dual subject is of the second or of the third person, the occasionally in the plural.
106.
verb
is
Si(r
(/)i'Xai.
.
.
irinTovfriv
(JMiirj
TT\( icrruv
Toi'rci)
If any one should say that both these cities (The dual in - rivif "iv&punroi
ISAE.
2,
Isoc.
7,
ANT.
6,
112.
*'O"t npiiyfj.(i(Ti
yiyvovTiu
19: fivo yap (icriv
8vo.
.
I
'
60
.
.
.
tv
142
irpoffdrJKat.
So: fjSiicrjvTO
6,
nvrr/.
ftvo
.
ft!)
An/x-
ol $\io riav ftaa'i\iii>v,
(See above).
46 (see above). 42 (see above).
The
Kai 8 lair
Phaedr. 256
Plural Verb
paap.c'v u> TO
C
;
./// e'pixrap^iures 37 \iirov app-ar' avaKTcav. 1
6,
with a complementary plural predicate par-
ticiple. !
KvicXovs -yovv -ypaiv'\
AR. Vesp.
ff.
58
:
ytif)
i')iJUi>
rols 6f\ t^yovvra.i Ocovs, of mankind do not belie?>e in gods. .
.
V 7recoi/
dKovcracra.
fie
ru>v iTnrttav
ACtti
TTO\LS
r;
.
.
.
'Ayi/cri'AcKW
u>yp.(vov eiXoi/ro
|3ao-tXe'a.
THUG.
I,
89, 3.
I.
125,
II2 3
4-
o
:
'
a\\os o/ziXos Kara irdvra 6/iouos
fie
fs
(f)dcrav
.
Cf. IJ,
rip.
.
.
.
eVacro-aXeucrai/.
davfiamos.
\
34~5
15.
$
75S~7-
avrap
^iaXi(rr