Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist 0312174403, 9780312174408

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The Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Series on Diplomatic and Economic History General Editors: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., William vanden Heuvel, and Douglas Brinkley

FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES FOREIGN PERCEPTIONS OF AN AMERICAN PRESIDENT

THE ATLANTIC CHARTER Edited by Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther

Edited by Com elis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears

PEARL HARBOR REVISITED

NATO: THE FOUNDING OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE

FDR AND THE HOLOCAUST

Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham

Edited by Robert W. Love, Jr.

Edited by Verne W. New ton

THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE LEGACIES OF THE POSTWAR ERA

AMERICA UNBOUND

Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham

WORLD WAR II AND THE MAKING OF A SUPERPOWER

ADENAUER AND KENNEDY

Edited by Warren F. Kimball

A STUDY IN GERMAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS

THE ORIGINS OF U.S. NUCLEAR STRATEGY, 19451953

Frank A. Mayer

Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. and Steven L. Rearden

AMERICAN DIPLOMATS IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1815-50 Comelis A. van Minnen

EISENHOWER, KENNEDY, AND THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE Pascaline Winand

ALLIES AT WAR THE SOVIET, AMERICAN, AND BRITISH EXPERIENCE, 1939-1945 Edited by David Reynolds, Warren F. Kimball, and A. O. Chubarian

THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE A STUDY IN PRESIDENTIAL STATECRAFT William N. Tilchin

TARIFFS, TRADE AND EURO­ PEAN INTEGRATION, 1947-1957 FROM STUDY GROUP TO COMMON MARKET W endy Asbeek Brusse

SUMNER WELLES FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST A Biography by Benjamin Welles

Sumner Welles: FDR’s Global Strategist A Biography by Benjamin Welles

St. M artin's Press N ew York

m

SUMNER WELLES: FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST . . . A BIOGRAPHY

Copyright © 1997 by Benjamin Welles. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For informa­ tion, address St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. ISBN 0-312-17440-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Welles, Benjamin. Sumner Welles : FDR’s global strategist : a biography / by Benjamin Welles, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-312-17440-3 1. Welles, Sumner, 1892- . 2. United States—Foreign relations— 1933-1945. 3. Diplomats—United States—Biography. I. Title. E748.W442W44 1997 327.73’092— dc21 [B] 97-11579 CIP Design by Acme Art, Inc. First edition: November 1997 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments............................................................................... vii Foreword................................................................................................ix S ources..................................................................................................xi Prologue: Birth of a Scandal, 1940............................................ 1 I. Years o f Youth

1. Family and Groton, 1892-1910................................................ 7 2. Harvard, 1 9 1 1 -1 9 1 2 ................................................................ 16 3. Paris, 1913-1914...................................................................... 26 n . Years o f Promise

4. Japan, 19 1 5 -1 9 1 7 .................................................................... 41 5. Argentina, 1917-1919..............................................................52 6. Directing Latin American Affairs, 1920-1922.................... 63 7. The Dominican Republic, Mathilde and Resignation, 1922 ........................................ 80 8. “Presidential Timber," 1923-1924........................................ 91 9. Crisis in Honduras, 1923..................................................... 102 10. Marriage and Dismissal, 1924-1925 ................................. 108 11. In the Political Wilderness, 1927-1928 ............................. 116 12. The Dawes Mission, 1929 ................................................... 129 13. Growing Links with FDR, 1928-1932............................... 134 III. Years o f Achievem ent

14. Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America, 1 9 3 3 . . . . 147 15. Ambassador to Cuba, 1933 ................................................. 156 16. End of a Controversial Mission, 1933 ............................... 169

17. Back at the Helm: The 1936 Buenos Aires Conference, 1934-1936 ................................................... 182 18. Under Secretary and Global Planner, 1937 ...................... 196 19. At FDR’s Right Hand, 1938-1939...................................... 209 20. The Creation of Israel, 1937-1948 ................................... 219 21. Mission to Europe, 1940 ..................................................... 240 22. Hull’s Problem with Welles, 1940-1941 ........................... 258 23. In the National Spotlight, 1940-1942............................... 271 24. De Gaulle and the Free French, 1940-1944 .................... 284 25. The Atlantic Charter Conference, 1941 ........................... 300 26. Defending the Hemisphere: The Rio Conference, 1942................................................. 313 27. Planning for Peace, 1942-1943 .......................................... 324 28. Resignation, 1943 ................................................................ 341 IV. Years o f D ecline

29. Ready to Depart, 1943-1961.............................................. 357 E p ilo g u e..................................................................................375 N otes................................................................................................... 381 Bibliography......................................................................................419 Index................................................................................................... 425 Ten pages of photos appear between pages 144 and 145

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many have helped me down the years with time, recollections and advice but, among them, three especially merit my unstinted thanks. Dr. William M. Franklin, former director of the State Department’s Historical Office, provided invaluable research into Sumner Welles’s papers and early career, suggested preliminary chapters and generally exerted eagle-eyed vigilance over fact and form. Dr. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., my Harvard classmate and lifelong friend, sustained me through periodic discouragement with his compendious knowl­ edge and unfailing support. Finally, my former editor in the New York Times Washington bureau, Robert H. “Bob” Phelps—who later, with Charles “Chip” Bohlen, co-authored Witness to History (N.Y., W.W. Norton & Co., 1973)— reviewed the entire mss. with professional skill and, together with his wife, Betty, bore in their home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, my presence (and cigar smoke) with Spartan forbearance. To all three, my gratitude. Without them this book might never have been written. To the Bullitt family of Philadelphia goes my gratitude for their exceptional courtesy in providing me insights and materials essential to understanding the motives and machinations of their kinsman, William C. Bullitt, whose implacable jealousy of, and vendetta against, Welles helped end Welles’s career—and his own as well. In addition, the FBI files helped me to trace the detailed maneuverings of Bullitt and of his accomplices—Cordell Hull, Arthur Krock, Senators Owen Brewster (R.-Me.) and Styles Bridges (R.N.H.)—and other of Welles’s political enemies who, collectively, forced FDR to accept his resignation—thus losing his services-^in mid-World War II. Others whose help I acknowledge include: Adolf A. Berle, Dr. Beatrice Bishop Berle, Brooke Astor, W. Averell Harriman, James L. Rowe, James Reston, Anna Louise Clarkson Bacon, Thomas G. Corcoran, Elliott Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., William Fulbright, Anne Bullitt, Orville H. Bullitt, Dr. Orville Horowitz, Joseph P. Lash, Robert S. Murphy, Peter Grose, John Finney, Townshend Hoopes, H. Freeman Matthews, Benjamin V. Cohen, Loy Henderson, Norman Armour, Henry Norweb, James C. Dunn, Hugh Cumming, Paul Daniels, Dana G. Munro, Foy Kohler, Donald Heath, Walworth Barbour, William Phillips, Christopher Phillips and John and Anne Bryant.

In addition, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Jonathan Daniels, Turner Catledge, Andrew Berding, Evan Wilson, Drew Pearson, Luvie Pearson, Robert S. Allen, Ugo Carusi, Ernest Cuneo, Douglas Macarthur II, Marion Oates Leiter Charles, Paul Nitze, Peter Krogh, Robert Woodward, Philip Bonsai, Carlton Savage, Bryce Wood, John Hickerson, Bradford Snell, Mrs. Orme Wilson, Theodore XanThaky, Margaret Cox, Robert Joyce, Frank Waldrop, Robert Alden, Frank Shulers, Cabot Coville, Cecilia May Vom Rath, Blanche Halla, Marion Christie, James Saylor, Julia Brambilla, Claude Erb and Paul Kramer. My thanks, also, to William E. Jackson, William Braden, Rudolph Schoenfeld, Alger Hiss, Bradley Nash, Nevil Ford, Dr. Hugh Joseph, James J. Angleton, Eliahu Epstein-Elath, Campbell James, Ignatius Sargent, John H. Crimmins, Joseph H. Alsop, Susan Mary Alsop, Willard Beaulac, Diane Heinrichs, Frank and Joyce Graff, Walter Brown, Carroll Kilpatrick, Admiral R. H. Hillenkoeter, Mary Pyne Cutting, Courtney de Espil Adams, Robert Crasweller, Emilio Collado, Elizabeth Shannon, Elizabeth Anne Burton, Jane EngelHard, Thornton Wilson, Gail Hanson, James V. Reeks, Achiel and Mary Rawoens, Carol C. Franco, Jack Vietor and Susan McCarty. Finally, no words can express my debt to Olive Cook and to Helen Louise Sanford (the “Delta Queen”), two ladies whose devotion to my wife and care of our home during her terminal illness enabled me to complete this book. For all who have helped me, my thanks. For my sins of omission or commission, I beg indulgence.

FOREWORD

This biography has grown erratically—like a child. For years, there was scant development; then, suddenly, it began shooting up and filling out as if driven by some inner force. Long before his death in 1961, my father had told me that his papers would eventually pass to me. I was to be his literary executor. Implied, though never stated, was his hope that, somehow, I would put them to use. In 1962, when they came into my possession, it seemed my filial duty to peruse them and decide whether to edit them for publication or try working them selectively into a biography. The prospect, however, was daunting. I had no training in biography and was then about to return, permanently, to the United States with my family after seventeen years abroad as a foreign correspondent—the last six in Spain. I had contracted to write a book about Spain, a country I had come to love and, although ready to take a year or two off to write about a subject I knew first hand, I was not psychologically prepared to renounce competitive journalism for the lonely fastnesses of scholarly research into Welles’s vast collection. Welles’s papers had been randomly stored in a Washington warehouse in thirteen steel filing cabinets crammed with 100,000 or more documents. The cabinets and files had been labeled by year or by broad subject matter (e.g. 1936 Correspondence, A-L, or M-Z) but the documents, themselves, had neither been indexed nor card-filed and merely to have read them attentively would have required a full year. I compromised. They were moved to my Washington home and, early in 1963, an old friend, Thérèse E. Nadeau, took leave from the Ford Foundation to spend a year and a half indexing and card-filing every document in my basement. Next, Frank Graff, a young researcher who had written a doctoral dissertation on Welles for the University of Michigan, spent months with his wife, Joyce, reorganizing the collection and preparing an essential finder’s-guide. Order was slowly emerging from chaos. In 1966, after publication of my book on Spain, Spain: The Gentle Anarchy (New York: Praeger, 1965), I returned to active journalism and covered the State Department and national security affairs in Washington for the next six years. Eventually, Dr. William M. Franklin, retired as director of the State 4

Department’s Office of History, examined the papers and conducted preliminary research in the State Department and National archives. In 1972, after thirty-five years in journalism, I took early retirement, intending to edit the papers; but again problems, some beyond my control, delayed me. Serious family illness required my close attention for six years and, early in 1981, I accepted appointment as deputy spokesman in the Defense Department during the first Reagan administration. Little did I realize at the time that my three-year stint in government would furnish me with incomparable insights into the feuds and pitfalls of Federal service that Welles, himself, encountered in his decade of public duty (1933-1943) as FDR’s Assistant and, later, Under Secretary of State. In 1984, on returning to private life, I finally turned back full-time to the papers. Gradually, as I came to understand Welles’s extraordinary contribution to his times and, especially, to the Franklin D. Roosevelt era, it was clear that only a full-scale biography could do justice to his dramatic, if tragic, life.

SOURCES

Published references to Welles’s career are legion but while they provide facts— and, occasionally, valuable impressions by his contemporaries—they fail to provide the background essential to understanding those facts. By themselves, the facts are but scattered pieces of the mosaic. Welles’s papers^ (now open to researchers at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, N. Y.) largely comprise copies of his official correspon­ dence or of public State Department and National documents. His five books, while occasionally marred by minor inaccuracies as to dates, reflect his long experience in government and his policy views, but throw little light on his personal development as a man and public servant. The FBI files, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, record without fully explaining the darker shadows of his life. James Boswell, the greatest biographer in the English language, quotes Dr. Samuel Johnson as declaring that “Nobody can write the life of a man but those who have eat and drunk and lived in social intercourse with him.”1This is largely true. Without having known Welles as a man and father; without having read his private letters to his family and friends; without knowing his origins, his upbringing, his adolescence, the forces that molded him as a youth and that later drove him as an adult; and, above all, without having known the men and, especially, the women, in his life, his story would be hard to tell. The personal letters and recollections of R. H. Ives Gammell of Boston, Welles’s closest friend during his adolescence and early manhood, have proved invaluable. The two remained close throughout their lives, despite occasional quarrels, and no one knew Welles’s strengths and weaknesses better than Gammell. Albert Stagg of Fountain Hills, Arizona, my one-time tutor and friend for half a century, provided me unrivalled insights into Welles’s activities and thinking during his turbulent years in the political wilderness (1927-1933) before FDR called him back to government. Welles’s voluminous correspondence with his Groton and Harvard class­ mate, Charles P. Curtis, Jr., of Boston, has also proved invaluable. Curtis served as an usher at Welles’s marriage in 1915 and later became Godfather to his elder son, the author. A legal luminary, a member of the Harvard Corporation and a

X ll

SUMNER WELLES: FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST

pillar of Boston society, Curtis coauthored with Ferris Greenslett The Practical Cogitator (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1945, 1st edition), a work of rare erudition. Welles had long admired Curtis’s brilliant, cultivated mind. Early in World War II, he called him to Washington as his special assistant and, throughout his life, confided to him intimate views about people and events as he did to no one else—excepting, possibly. Drew Pearson. Unless otherwise indicated, all photos are from the author’s private collection.

Sumner Welles: FDR’s Global Strategist

,

For Cynthia Serena and Merida

PROLOGUE

BIRTH OF A SCANDAL 1940 On a sweltering S eptember afternoon in 1940, Sumner Welles, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Under Secretary of State and lifelong friend, boarded the presiden­ tial train at Washington’s Union Station. Tall, imposing and immaculately dressed, Welles was then at the peak of a brilliant career. A veteran diplomat and linguist, he had conceived and carried out for FDR, among other responsibilities, the Good Neighbor policy—arguably the high-water mark of U.S.-Latin American relations since the founding of the republic. Age forty-eight—ten years younger than FDR—he, too, had attended Groton and Harvard. The Welles and Roosevelt families had long been close, and, as a twelve-year-old, Welles had served as a page at Franklin’s wedding to Eleanor. Later FDR had sponsored his entry into the diplomatic service, had followed his career closely and, after taking office in 1932, had named Welles Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America. Ever since, FDR had come to rely on Welles’s quick mind, tireless energy and compendious knowledge of foreign affairs. In 1940 many thought Welles the likely successor to Cordell Hull, FDR’s elderly and chronically ill Secretary of State. Few, however—and least of all Welles—would have suspected that the next thirty-six hours would start unraveling his career and generate a scandal that Roosevelt would struggle to suppress for the next three years.

2

SUMNER WELLES: FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST

Weeks earlier, Roosevelt’s choice of the liberal Henry Wallace as his running mate for a third-term bid had affronted Hull and other Southern conservatives. His choice of Wallace and his decision to run for a third term had left the Democrats in disarray. As a political gesture, FDR asked the cabinet members to attend the funeral of the recently deceased House Speaker William Bankhead at his birthplace, Jasper, Alabama. “It was a very hot, uncomfortable journey,” remembered Attorney General Robert H. Jackson. “It would not have been undertaken by the President, at that time, if it hadn’t been for the campaign situation.”1 The President’s train pulled out of Washington’s Union Station on Monday, September 16, at 5 P.M., carrying FDR and his cabinet members or their deputies. Hull had pleaded illness so Welles, representing him, was assigned a sleeping compartment in the car between the President’s at the rear and the dining car. On one side was Navy Under Secretary James V. Forrestal; on the other, Labor Secretary Frances Perkins. Others aboard included Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, Federal Works Administrator John M. Carmody and Wallace. The train reached Jasper early Tuesday afternoon in ninety-degree heat.2 After changing into funeral attire, the President and cabinet members drove to the small First Methodist Church where 65,000 visitors, drawn by FDR’s presence, gathered outside. Immediately after the service, the President and his party returned to the train which was soon clacking and swaying back to Washington. The next few hours would alter Welles’s life. Bone-weary, he began drinking in the dining car with colleagues. By 2 A.M. he was drunk. By then, all but Carmody and Wallace had gone to bed. Welles rambled on about his mission to Europe for FDR earlier that year and, according to Wallace, praised the Pope and Mussolini.3 By 4 a .m ., as the train neared Roanoke, Virginia, Wallace and Carmody retired, leaving Welles alone. After lurching and staggering to his compartment, he rang for coffee and the sleepy Pullman staff roused itself to serve him. The first porter to appear, John Stone, a respected black veteran of the Pullman service, was allegedly offered money for immoral acts. Refusing politely but firmly. Stone returned to the dining car and recounted the incident to his colleagues. Other porters subsequently answered Welles’s calls4 and later reported “indirect” advances. The news soon reached the ears of W. F. Kush, the dining car manager; W. A. Brooks, a conductor; and D. J. Geohagen, a Pullman inspector. Luther Thomas, the Southern Railway’s special assistant for security, alerted Dale Whiteside, chief of the President’s Secret Service detail. Whiteside ordered a porter to take Welles coffee and leave the compartment door open while he and Thomas waited in the corridor nearby. They were unable to hear the conversation, and, at this point, Welles suddenly

Birth of a Scandal

3

emerged. Seeing Whiteside, he exclaimed: “What is Whiteside doing in this car?” He reentered his compartment, slammed the door and left the train without further incident on its arrival at the Union Station that afternoon. It was September 18, seven weeks before the 1940 election. Thomas ordered the railway employees to say nothing, except to the proper authorities, and to put nothing in writing. Reports were to be solely oral. Possibly no one would believe that a senior government official in his right mind—least of all the patrician Under Secretary of State—would solicit Pullman porters on a train carrying the President, the cabinet, the Secret Service and railway officials. Welles, of course, had not been in his right mind. A railway flagman told the FBI later that the “tall, well-dressed, dignified man of about 45,” whom he did not know, appeared “doped or highly intoxicated.”5 Fate, however, had caught up with Welles at the wrong time and wrong place. Within weeks the story would reach the ears of his fanatic rival, William Christian Bullitt, FDR’s ambassador to France, who, over the next three years, would spare neither time, nor trouble, nor expense to destroy Welles—and ironically, himself in the process.

P A R T

Years of Youth O N E

ONE

FAMILY AND GROTON 1892-1910 working for Franklin Roosevelt and then, through personal weakness, fell victim to political intriguers was born to a family molded for three centuries by New England’s harsh climate and its Puritan values. From 1636, when Thomas, the first Welles to arrive in America, stepped ashore at Boston (later becoming third governor of Connecticut) until 1937, when FDR named Sumner Welles Under Secretary of State, the family had demanded achievement—and had reaped its rewards. In 1892, the year of Sumner’s birth, the United States was a contrast between opulence and violence. Jay Gould, the railroad magnate, died leaving $72 million (in today’s terms, $1.5 billion) filched over a lifetime of speculation. New York’s Metropolitan Opera opened with thirty-five parterre boxes, each costing $65,000 ($1.4 million today) and enriching the language with a new phrase: “the Golden Horseshoe.” Months later the great house burned to the ground and was rebuilt more lavishly than before. Industrial workers were organizing for better pay and conditions as management closed ranks against them. Andrew Carnegie, the Scots-bom steelmaster, hired Pinkerton detectives to crush a strike at his Homestead mills in Pittsburgh. When the gunsmoke cleared, ten strikers lay dead and many more wounded. In New Orleans, “Gentleman Jim” Corbett, fighting with gloves for the first time under the new Marquess of Queensberry rules, battered John L. T he S u m n e r W elles

w h o b r o k e his h e a l t h

Sullivan, the former bare-knuckle champion of the world, insensible in twenty. T h e A u to b io g r a p h ic a l N o te s o f C h a r le s

48.

Welles, N a b o t h ’s V in e y a rd , V oi. 2, p. 839.

49.

Hughes’s comments on W elles’s second evacuation plan were apparently made orally,

E v a n s H u g h e s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 269.

as no paper on the subject has been found. See Munro, I n te r v e n tio n , p. 46. 50.

W elles, N a b o th ’s V in e y a rd , V oi. 2, pp. 840-841.

51.

Ibid., p .845.

52.

SW to Hughes, October 11,1921, DS records 839.00/2452.

53.

F R U S , 1922, voi. 2, pp. 5-19; Hughes to Harding, February 2, 1922, DS records 839/

2461-2. 54.

W elles, N a b o t h ’s V in e y a rd , V oi. 2, p. 853.

55.

Ibid.

CHAPTER 7 1.

Dana G. Munro, I n te r v e n tio n a n d D o lla r D ip lo m a c y in th e C a r ib b e a n : 1 9 0 0 -1 9 2 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 274.

2.

Ibid.

3.

Grew to Hugh Gibson, January 18, 1920; Grew to Butler Wright, February 18, 1920; Grew diaries, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

4.

Phillips to Congress, February 18, 1918; Warren Frederick Ichman, P r o f e s s io n a l D ip lo m a c y in th e U .S .: 1 7 7 9 - 1 9 3 9 (Chicago: University o f Chicago Press, 1961), p. 142.

5.

SW to Hughes, March 15,1922, SWP.

6.

Sumner Welles, T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), pp. 393 ff.

7.

Caroline A. D. Phillips Diaries, 1922, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cam­ bridge, Massachusetts.

8.

SWP, personal file.

9.

Carl Gustav Jung, P s y c h o lo g ic a l T y p e s (New York: Harcourt, Brace Co., 1925), p. 368.

10.

Interview, R. H. Ives Gammell, Boston, 1975; cited hereafter as RHIG.

11.

It is now the Cosmos Club.

12.

Elbridge Gerry o f Massachusetts (1744-1814). As governor from 1810 to 1812, his manipulation o f electoral districts led to the pejorative term gerrymandering. Later he served as U.S. Vice President under Madison.

13.

P. G. Gerry to Mrs. Richard Townsend, August 12,1910, SWP.

14.

Mathilde Townsend Gerry (hereafter cited as MTG) to SW, October 14, 1923, SWP.

15.

MTG to SW, January 10,1924, SWP.

16.

ESW to SW, 1921, SWP.

17.

SW to Davis, August 2 9 ,1921, Davis papers, Library o f Congress, box 63.

18.

Colby to SW, March 2 1 ,1 9 2 2 , SWP.

19.

Hughes to SW, March 13,1922, DS records, 123 W 451/34.

20.

L a P r e n s a (Buenos Aires), March 17,1922.

21.

Munro to Hughes, April 11 and May 5, 1922, DS records 839.00/2678-79-80.

22.

F R U S , 1922, vol. II, pp. 53, 64-68.

23.

SW to Davis, April 29, 1926, SWP.

24.

Hughes to acting Secretary of the Navy, July 23,1922, DS records 839.00/2541.

25.

SW to Hughes, August 8,1 9 2 2 , DS records 839.00/2571.

26.

Hughes-Welles correspondence, FRUS, 1922, voi. 2, pp. 3 9 -4 2 ,4 3 ,4 5 .

27.

F R U S , 1922, voi. 2, pp. 49-52.

28.

ESW to SW, August 8, 1922, SWP.

29.

Hughes to SW, October 20, 1922, DS records 839.00/2631 ; F R U S , 1922, voi. 2, p.77.

30.

W. E. Pulliam diary, courtesy o f Pulliam family.

CHAPTER 8 1.

Dana G. Munro, T h e U .S. a n d th e C a r ib b e a n R e p u b lic s : 1 9 2 1 - 3 3 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 116.

2.

Munro to Hughes, April 21, 1922, DS records 813.00 Tacoma/8.

3.

SW to Davis, April 29,1926, SWP.

4.

Caroline A. D. Phillips Diaries, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December, 1922.

5.

Frances Parkinson Keyes, C a p ita l K a le id o s c o p e : T h e S to r y o f a W a sh in g to n H o s te s s (New York: Harper & Bros., 1937, pp. 99-103.

6.

Proceedings, in English and Spanish, may be found in C o n fe r e n c e o n C e n tr a l A m e r ic a n A ffa ir s , (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 4, 1922-

February 7,1923), pp. 32-36. 7.

Munro, U .S. a n d C a r ib b e a n , p. 124.

8.

David J. Danelski and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds., T h e A u to b io g r a p h ic a l N o te s o f C h a r le s E v a n s H u g h e s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 269.

9. 10.

SW to Herbert Jordan Stabler, undated, 1926, SWP. Both Caroline Phillips and Sumner W elles were descended from Abraham Schermerhom.

11.

Caroline A. D. Phillips Diaries, 1922-23.

12. 13.

Munro, U .S. a n d C a r ib b e a n , p. 60. The note is in the SWP, 1923. W elles finally repaid the debt in full in 1942 after Esther had personally appealed to Henry L. Stimson, an old family friend and FDR’s Secretary o f War.

14.

F R U S , 1923, voi. 1, p. 839.

15.

New York H e r a ld -T r ib u n e , October 14, 1923.

16.

Letter, Mrs. H. N. Slater to Welles, BWP.

17. 18.

MTG to Welles, October 28, 1923, BWP. Sumner Welles, N a b o th ’s V in e y a r d (London: Payson & Clarke, Ltd., 1928), voi. 2, pp.

19.

886-887. Now in the possession o f his eldest grandson, Benjamin Sumner Moss, o f Coral Gables, Florida.

20. 21.

Private interview, Santo Domingo, 1973. MTG to SW, January 6 and February 2,1924, SWP; the ring was still on her finger when she died in 1949.

22.

ESW to SW, May 2 9 ,1924, BWP.

23.

MTG to W elles, May 1924.

24.

Interview, James V. Reeks, Englewood, Florida, 1975.

390

NOTES TO CHAPTER 9

25.

The N e w Y o rk T im es, “Topics o f the Times,” January 26, 1924.

26.

SW to White, January, 1924, SWP.'

27.

SW to Hughes, January 17,1924, SWP.

28.

F R U S , 1924, vol. 1, p. 618.

29. 30.

Ibid., pp. 618-619. Hughes to SW, March 2 2 ,1924, DS records 839.00/2812.

CHAPTER 9 1.

Joseph C. Grew Diaries, March 16,1924, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

2.

SW to White, February 19,1924, White to SW, March 7,1924, SWP.

3.

F R U S , 1924, voi. 2, pp. 300-302; SW to Hughes, April 9,1924, DS records 815.00/3082.

4.

Rollin S. Attwood, “Honduras” W o r ld B o o k E n c y c lo p e d ia , voi. 8, (Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corp., 1951).

5.

F R U S , 1924, voi. 2, p. 304.

6.

Ibid., p. 305.

7.

SW to Hughes, June 2 ,1 9 2 4 , DS records, 815.00/3185.

8.

SW to Hughes, tel. #12, April 27,1924, DS records, 815.00/3130.

9.

Text o f agreement and W elles’s report on the signing are in FRUS, 1924, voi. 2, pp.

10.

316-320. Morales to Hughes, May 7 ,1 9 2 4 , DS records, 123 W 451/65.

11.

Grew Diaries, August 3,1924.

CHAPTER 10 1.

MTG to SW, March 11,1924, SWP.

2.

F R U S , 1924, vol. 1, pp. 625-628.

3.

ESW letters to SW filed chronologically in BWP.

4.

N e w Y o rk T im es, p. 23, col. 5.

5.

William Ellis Pulliam, unpublished memoirs, in his family’s possession.

6.

N e w Y o rk T im es, June 24, 1924, p.23; Pulliam memoirs.

7.

Sumner Welles, T h e T im e F o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 188.

8.

William Ellis Pulliam, unpublished memoirs, in his family’s possession.

9.

SW to Russell, June 27, 1924, SWP.

10.

McCormick to Hughes, May 31,1924, signed copy in SWP.

11.

SW to Norman H. Davis, April 29,1926, SWP.

12.

MTG to SW, 1924, undated, SWP.

13.

Joseph C. Grew Diaries, September 16,1924, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

14.

MTG to Welles, December, 1924, SWP.

15.

N e w Y o rk T im es, June 28, 1925.

16.

SW to Kellogg, May 26, 1925, DS records, 839.51/2626.'

17.

Grew diaries, April 4, 1925.

18.

The correspondence is in the Calvin Coolidge papers, series 1, file 20, Library o f Congress, and in DS records, 123 W 451/75b, Confidential.

19.

SW to White, undated, filed under 1925, White Papers, Evergreen House, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

20.

Munro to author, July 4, 1977, BWP.

21.

Castle Dianes, July 14,1925, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

22.

SW to Davis, April 29, 1926, SWP.

23.

SW correspondence with Hughes in SWP; Hughes to Kellogg, June 5, 1926; Frank B. Kellogg Papers, Personal and Confidential, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.

24.

Kellogg to Hughes, June 7, 1926; Kellogg Papers.

CHAPTER 11 1.

SW to Rowe, July 22, 1925, SWP.

2.

Herter to SW, July 22, 1925, SWP.

3.

SW to Herter, July 23, 1925, SWP.

4.

SW to Stimson, September 9, 1925, Stimson Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

5.

SW to Peabody, November 19, 1925, Peabody Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

6.

Gammell letter, 1973.

7.

Benjamin Welles to his son, Sumner, August 20, 1926, SWP.

8.

Gammell letter.

9.

SW to Davis, March 12, 1926, SWP.

10.

SW to Herter, January 12,1926; Herter to SW, January 16,1926, SWP.

11.

SW to John Martin, February 8, 1926, SWP.

12.

Young to Secretary o f State, teleg. #19, March 17, 1926, DS records 123 W 451/84; Kellogg to Young, teleg. #25, March 20, 1926, DS records, same file.

13.

SW to Francisco J. Peynado, May 1926, SWP.

14.

Young to Orme Wilson, Jr., March 23, 1926, DS records, 123 W 451/87.

15.

Interview, Anna Louise Clarkson Bacon, Prettymarsh, Maine, 1963.

16.

SW to Norton, August 7, 1926, SWP.

17.

1 Kings 21, 2 Kings 9.21-37.

18.

Quoted in Sumner Welles, N a b o th ’s V in e y a r d (London: Payson & Clarke, Ltd., 1928), voi. 1, p. 393.

19.

Brassai, T h e S e c r e t P a r is (New York, Pantheon, 1976).

20.

The Sixth inter-American conference, Havana, January 16-February 20,1928.

21.

SW to Mrs. Henry James, FPA, November 5, 1927, SWP.

22.

Aluizio Napoleao, Second Secretary Brazilian embassy, interview with SW, June 13, 1947, at Oxon Hill, Maryland, SWP.

23.

Ibid.

24.

SW to FDR, January 20, 1928, SWP.

25.

FDR to SW, February 24,1928, SWP.

26.

FDR to SW, March 8, 1928, SWP.

27.

SW to FDR, March 15, 1928, SWP.

28.

F o r e ig n A ffa ir s Q u a r te r ly (summer, 1928).

29.

SW to FDR, June 18, 1928, SWP.

30.

SW to Carlos Alfredo Tomquist, Buenos Aires, September 9 ,1 9 2 8 , SWP.

31.

Mrs. Arthur Bullard to SW, April 10, 1935, with copy o f letter from Bullard to Drummond, SWP.

392 32.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 12

See reviews by Melvin M. Knight in T h e N a tio n , November 14,1928. Professor Knight had just published T h e A m e r ic a n s in S a n to D o m in g o in Harry Elmer Barnes’s iconoclastic series, S tu d ie s in A m e r ic a n I m p e r ia lis m ; see also J. Fred Rippy and Charles E. Chapman in T h e H is p a n ic A m e r ic a n H is to r ic a l R e v ie w 10, no. 1 (February 1930), pp. 81-88. C. C. Tansill’s definitive study. T h e U .S. a n d S a n to D o m in g o : 1 7 9 8 - 1 8 7 3 (1938), cites N a b o th ’s V in e y a r d only twice.

33.

SW to Herbert Jordan Stabler, January 4 ,1 9 2 9 , SWP.

34.

Sumner W elles, N a b o t h ’s V in e y a rd , introduction, p. 22.

35.

Ibid., voi. 2, pp. 929-937.

36.

Eleanor Roosevelt to SW, October 23 and 2 9 ,1928, SWP.

37.

Memorandum enclosed with letter from SW to Eleanor Roosevelt, October 15, 1928, SWP.

38.

SW to FDR, November 10,1928, SWP.

CHAPTER 12 1.

SW to Norman H. Davis, February 14,1929, SWP.

2.

SW to American Consul, Shanghai, for Kemmerer, undated copy, Kemmerer to SW, February 15,1929, SWP.

3.

SW to Dawes, February 20, 1929; SW to Vasquez, February 28 and March 1, 1929; Vasquez to SW, March 1 and 2, 1929, SWP.

4.

Arthur Ruhl, New York H e r a ld T rib u n e, May 5, 1929.

5.

Theodore W. Robinson to SW, May 15, 1929, SWP.

6.

R e p o r t o f th e D o m in ic a n E c o n o m ic M is s io n , (Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1929), SWP.

7.

SW to Felipe Espil, May 2, 1929, SWP.

8.

SW to Pulliam, March 19,1929, SWP.

9.

Robert D. Crasweller, T r u jillo : T h e L ife a n d T im e s o f a C a r ib b e a n D ic ta to r (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 63.

10.

SW to Pulliam, March 19,1929, SWP.

11.

SW to Dawes, March 18,1930, SWP.

12.

SW to Pulliam, April 2 3 ,1930, SWP.

13.

SW to Pulliam, May 2 8 ,1930, SWP.

14.

SW personal journal covering 1929-32, pp. 120 ff, SWP.

15.

Pulliam to SW, September 2 2 ,1930, SWP.

CHAPTER 13 1.

SW Journal, pp. 127,193-94.

2.

Ibid. p. 130.

3.

Address to the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, February 6,1931 ; reprinted in

4.

Wilson message to Congress, December 1913.

5.

L ife a n d L e tte r s o f W a lte r H . P a g e (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1922),

F o r e ig n A ffa ir s Q u a r te r ly , 9, no. 3, special supplement. '

voi. 2, p. 204, cited in Dana G. Munro, I n te r v e n tio n a n d D o lla r D ip lo m a c y in th e C a r ib b e a n : 1 9 0 0 -1 9 2 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 217.

6.

SW to FDR, January 23, 1933, FDRL/PPF/2961.

7.

SW to Davis, February 2, 1931, SWP.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 14

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

393

Davis to SW, April 8, 1931, SWP. SW Journal, May 13, 1931, p. 144. Ibid., p. 174. SW to FDR, May 5, 1932, SWP. SW Journal, p. 120. Interview, Drew Pearson, Washington, D.C., 1965. FDR to SW, from Warm Springs, Georgia, May 19, 1932, SWP. The platform is in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.’s H isto ry o f U.S. P o litic a l P a rtie s (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), pp. 1967-1970. SW Journal, p. 206. Ibid., pp. 182-186. Berle’s book, The M o d e m C o rp o ra tio n a n d P riv a te P ro p e rty (New York: Macmillan), coauthored with G. C. Means in 1933, became a classic. Berle to SW, September 30,1932, SWP. SW to FDR, October 6, 1932, SWP.

CHAPTER 14 1.

FDR to SW, December 27, 1932, SWP.

2.

SW to FDR, January 3, 1933, SWP.

3.

SW Journal, p. 298 ff.

4.

Ibid., p. 290ff.

5.

The memorandum was published by Charles G. Griffin in the H is p a n ic A m e r ic a n H is to r ic R e v ie w 34 (1954), pp. 190-192; and republished by Edgar Nixon in F ra n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt a n d F o r e ig n A ffa ir s (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1969),

pp. 18-19. 6.

SW Journal, pp. 290ff.

7.

SW to FDR, January 23, 1933; FDR to SW, February 1, 1933, SWP.

8.

SW Journal, pp. 316-17.

9.

Frank Freidel, F D R : L a u n c h in g T h e N e w D e a l (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1973), p. 144.

10.

SW Journal, p. 364.

11.

Ibid., p .353.

12.

Ibid., p .362.

13.

Ibid.

14.

Ibid. p. 375.

15.

Ibid, p .376.

16.

Castle Diaries, March 28, 1933, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

17.

Interview, Hugh S. Cumming, Washington, D.C., 1976.

18.

SW Journal, p. 377ff.

19.

SW to Angel Sanchez Elia, May 10,1933, SWP.

20.

SW to Davis, March 30, 1933, SWP.

CHAPTER 15 1.

SW to Rowe, April 7,1933, SWP.

394

NOTES TO CHAPTER 15

2.

Rowe to Merrill for White House, March 21,1933; Phillips to Louis Howe, March 30,

3.

1933; DS records, 811.415, Pan American Day/68 and 73. The address may be found in Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The P u b lic P a p e r s a n d A d d re sse s o f F ran klin D . R o o s e v e lt (New York: Random House, 1938), voi. 2, pp. 129-133.

4.

N e w York Tim es, April 14, 1933, p. 5.

5.

It was also incorporated into Cuba’s first constitution.

6.

Council on Foreign Relations, S u rvey o f F o reig n A ffairs: 1 9 2 9 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929), pp. 16-19.

7.

Davis to SW, March 18,1933, SWP.

8.

SW to Franklin Mott Gunther, April 2 1 ,1933, SWP.

9.

Phillips to Caffery, May 6 ,1 9 3 3 , FRUS, 1933, voi. 5, p. 286.

10.

SW Memo to files following meeting with FDR, April 2 4 ,1933, SWP.

11.

N e w Y ork T im es, April 24, 1933.

12.

B a ltim o re Sun, April 13, 1933.

13.

SW memorandum o f conversation with FDR, April 24 ,1 9 3 3 , SWP.

14.

For an account o f the DEU’s origins, policy and demise see Justo Carillo, C u ba 1 9 3 3 : S tu den ts, Y ankees a n d S o ld ie rs (Miami: Institute o f Inter-American Studies, University

15.

o f Miami, 1985). Sumner W elles to the Young Democratic Clubs o f America, March 29, 1934, Willard

16.

The name derived from the hierarchy o f cells in the underground organization. The three

Hotel, Washington, D.C., broadcast nationally by NBC. founders, Carlos Saladrigas, Ramon Hermida and Joaquin Martinez Saenz, were known respectively as A -l, B -l and C -l. Each was responsible for recruiting ten members designated A-2, B-2 or C-2 and upward, numerically. Each in turn was responsible for recruiting ten more members. For security reasons, each cell member knew only his leader, and the leader only the members o f his cell. The overall organization was known as ABC. Luis E. Aguilar, C u ba, 1 9 3 3 : P ro lo g u e a n d R evo lu tio n (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972); Alicia de Espinosa, Coral Gables, Florida, letter to author, July 27,1991. 17.

Sumner Welles, The T im e F o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper & Row, 1944), pp. 195-196.

18.

SW to Hull, May 13,1933, F R U S, pp. 287ff.

19.

SW to FDR, May 18,1933, SWP.

20.

D ia r io d e la M a rin a , May 29, 1933, F R U S, p. 296.

21.

SW to Phillips, June 2 ,1 9 3 3 , FR U S, pp. 299-300.

22.

FDR to SW, June 8 ,1 9 3 3 , SWP.

23.

SW to Pearson, June 7, 1933, SWP.

24.

FR U S, p. 307.

25.

Ruby Hart Phillips, C u ban S id esh o w , (Havana: Cuban Press, 1935), p. 16.

26.

The London Economic Conference sought to check the world depression through currency stabilization. FDR’s decision to take the United States off the gold standard hastened its collapse.

27.

FDR to SW, June 2 4 ,1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 470.

28.

SW to author, June 9 ,1 9 3 3 , BWP.

29.

SW to Frederick Holmans, June 9 ,1 9 3 3 , SWP.

30.

The G ro to n ia n (December 1933), pp. 36-39.

31.

Mathilde Townsend W elles diary, p. 52, SWP.

32.

The round back o f the car opened up into a seat in which the occupants were fully exposed to dust, rain and wind.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 16

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

395

SW to Rowe, July 1, 1933, SWP. SW to Phillips, July 8, 1933, F R U S, p. 319. SW to FDR, July 17, 1933, FR U S, p. 323. FR U S, pp. 330-332. E l P a is (Havana), August 13, 1933. SW to Hull, August 9, 1933, FRUS, pp. 345-346. Hull to SW, August 9, 1933, F R U S, pp. 347-348. Drew Pearson column, August 17, 1933. Spruille Braden transcript, pp. 2916-2917, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University, New York. Phillips, C u ban S id esh o w , p. 44. FR U S, p. 359. New York Times Sunday magazine, Aug. 20, 1933, p. 3. Davis to SW, August 15, 1933, SWP. Mattingly to SW, August 15, 1933, SWP. Pearson to SW, August 16,1933, SWP. FDR-SW correspondence can be found in FRUS, pp. 367-369.

CHAPTER 16 1.

SW to Hull, August 14, F R U S , 1933, Voi. 5, p. 364.

2.

Ibid., pp. 373-376.

3.

Ruby Hart Phillips, C u b a n S id e s h o w (Havana: Cuban Press, 1935), pp. 38-40.

4.

F R U S , 1933, Voi. 5, p. 372.

5.

Phillips, C u b a n S id e s h o w , p. 53.

6.

F R U S , 1933, Voi. 5, pp. 377-378.

7.

SW to Hull, August 30, F R U S , 1933, Voi. pp. 377-378.

8.

Justo Carillo, C u b a 1 9 3 3 : S tu d e n ts, Y a n k e e s a n d S o ld ie r s (Miami: Institute o f InterAmerican Studies, University o f Miami, 1985), pp. 117-118.

9.

Others included José Miguel Irrisali, a DEU ideologue; Guillermo Portela, a professor o f penal law; Sergio Carbo, a radical journalist, and Porfirio Franca, a conservative businessman, chosen as window-dressing.

10.

Carillo, C u b a , p. 281.

11.

Hull, M e m o ir s , p. 316.

12.

N e w Y o rk H e r a ld -T r ib u n e , editorials, September 10 and 12, 1933.

13.

SW to Hull, September 8, F R U S , 1933, Voi. 5, SWP.

14.

F R U S , 1933, Voi. 5, pp. 386-387.

15.

SW to Hull, September 10,1933, pp. 416-417.

16.

Carillo, C u b a , p. 218.

17.

SW to Hull, September 10,1933, SWP.

18.

Phillips, C u b a n S id e s h o w , p. 7.

19.

Braden, p. 2918.

20.

Interview, Adolf A. Berle, New York, January 13,1975.

21.

Recollections, James V. Reeks.

22.

Phillips, C u b a n S id e s h o w , p. 83.

23.

Luis E. Aguilar, C u b a 1 9 3 3 : P r o lo g u e to R e v o lu tio n (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972), p. 174.

396

NOTES TO CHAPTER 17

24.

Carillo, C uba, p. 273.

25.

Hull to SW, October 2, FR U S, 1933, Voi. 5, p. 464.

26.

Hull to SW, October 5 ,1 9 3 3 , SWP.

27.

Laurence Duggan, The A m e ric a s: The S earch f o r H em isp h ere S ecu rity (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1949), p. 62.

28.

Pearson to SW, October 12,1933, SWP.

29.

SW to Pearson, October 17,1933, SWP.

30.

Carillo, C uba, p. 318.

31.

SD press release, November 24,1933.

32.

Carillo, C uba, p. 338.

33.

D ia r io d e la M a rin a , (Havana), December 13,1933.

34.

José Augustin Martinez to SW, December 13,1933, SWP.

35.

January 17, 1934; FRUS, 1934, voi. 5, pp. 95-97, 349; Manuel Marquez Sterling, P r o c e s o H is to ric o d e la E n m ien d a P la tt (Havana, 1941), pp. 402-404.

36.

Interview, Hugh S. Cumming, Washington, D.C., 1976.

37.

Named for M exico’s then minister o f foreign affairs, Engaro Estrada.

38.

Sumner W elles, The Tim e F o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), pp. 198199.

39.

SW to Pearson, December 31,1943, SWP.

40.

Carillo, C u ba, p. 378.

CHAPTER 17 1.

Sumner W elles, The Tim e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 201.

2.

Langley Lester, “Negotiating New Treaties With Panama: 1936,” The H isp a n ic A m e ric a n H is to ric R e v ie w (May 1968), p. 232.

3.

F R U S, 1935, voi. 5, p. 855.

4.

Hull to SW, January 18,1935, SWP.

5.

FDR to SW, November 15,1935, SWP.

6.

Edward O. Guerrant, R o o s e v e lt’s G o o d N e ig h b o r P o lic y (Albuquerque: University o f New M exico Press, 1950), p. 14.

7.

DavidE. Cronon, J o se p h u s D a n ie ls in M e x ico (Madison: University o f Wisconsin Press, 1960), pp. 89-103.

8.

See SW memoranda o f conversations with FDR, May 3 and 16, June 25 and July 12, 1935, SWP; SW to FDR, November 11 and December 21,1935; also F R U S, 1935, voi. 4, pp. 782-806.

9.

SW to Curtis, March 2 1 ,1 9 3 5 , SWP.

10.

SW to Davis, April 8, 1935, SWP.

11.

Although hostilities ceased that year, the final Chaco treaty was not signed until July 21, 1938, and even then it did not include agreement on the définitive Bolivian-Paraguayan border.

12.

Drew Pearson “Washington Merry-Go Round” column, June 30,1935.

13.

Lawrence Duggan, The A m e ric a s: The S earch f o r H em isp h ere S e c u rity (New York: Holt, 1949), pp. 70-72.

14.

See Leslie B. Rout, P o litic s o f th e C h a co P e a c e C on feren ce (Austin: University o f Texas Press, 1970).

15.

FR U S, 1935, vol. 4, pp. 77 ff; The final Chaco treaty was not signed until July 21,1938,

and even then did not include agreement on the definitive Bolivian-Paraguayan boundary. 16.

SW memo o f conversation with FDR, June 18, 1935, SWP.

17.

Sumner W elles, S even D e c isio n s T hat S h a p ed H isto ry (New York: Harper & Row, 1950), p. 104.

18.

The text is in FR U S, 1936, voi. 5, pp. 3-5.

19.

Castle Diaries, February 18, 1936, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

20.

Welles, Tim e f o r D e c isio n , p. 206.

21.

SW to Daniels, September 8, 1936, SWP.

22.

SW to Braden, August 5 ,1 9 3 6 , SWP.

23.

Castle Diaries, July 23, 1936.

24.

Berle to FDR, June 30, 1936, FDRL/State/Berle.

25.

SW to FDR, June 19, 1936, FDRL/PPF/2961.

26.

Daniels to SW, August 2 0 ,1 9 3 6 , SWP.

27.

SW to Daniels, August 26, 1936, SWP.

28.

FDR won 62.4 percent o f the Maryland vote; A lf Landon, his GOP rival, 37 percent; Congressional Quarterly, Inc., G u id e to U.S. E lection s, 1975.

29.

Drew Pearson column, November 7, 1936.

30.

Sumner Welles, The A c c o m p lish m e n ts o f the In ter-A m erican C on feren ce f o r the M a in ten a n ce o f P e a c e (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Depart­

ment o f State, Conference Series #26,1937), p. 4. 31.

Dr. Beatrice Bishop Berle diary, in family’s possession.

32.

SW to Arnold Nelson W elles, November 26, 1936, SWP.

33.

MTW Journal, December 1936, SWP.

34.

Spruille Braden transcript, p. 1639, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia Univer­ sity, New York.

35.

Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, N a vig a tin g the R a p id s (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1973), p. 119.

36-

Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The P u b lic P a p e r s a n d A d d re sse s o f Franklin D. R o o se v e lt (New York: Random House, 1936).

37.

N o tic ia s G ra fica s, December 3, 1936; quoted in Samuel Guy Inman, In ter-A m erican C on feren ces, 1 8 2 6 -1 9 5 4 : H isto ry a n d P ro b lem s. (Washington, D.C., 1965).

38.

Braden transcript, p. 1640.

39.

W elles, Tim e f o r D e c isio n , p. 207.

40.

Anna Louise Clarkson to author, January 22, 1968, BWP.

41.

W elles, Tim e f o r D e c isio n , p. 208.

42.

Ibid., p. 206.

43.

W elles, S even D ec isio n s, pp. 103-104.

44.

Ibid., pp. 104-105.

45.

Two years later, at Lima, Hull won approval for the Permanent Consultative Committee.

46.

Braden transcript, p. 2182.

47.

Ibid.

48.

Anna Louise Clarkson to author, July 2 9 ,1974, BWP.

398

NOTES TO CHAPTER 18

CHAPTER 18 «

1.

Castle Diaries, March 21, 1937, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

2.

Richard Traina, A m e ric a n D ip lo m a c y a n d the S pan ish C iv il W ar (Bloomington: Indiana

3.

University Press, 1968), p. 23. Cordell Hull, The M e m o irs o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmilan, 1948), pp. 509-510.

4.

Orville H. Bullitt, ed.. F o r th e P re sid e n t: P e rso n n a l a n d S e c re t (Boston: Houghton

5.

Castle Diaries, May 22,1937.

6.

Castle Diaries, April 30,1936.

7.

Drew Pearson column, July 6, 1937.

8.

SW recollections to author.

9.

SW to Phillips, June 4 ,1 9 3 7 , SWP.

Mifflin, 1972).

10.

He named James C. Dunn for Europe, Stanley K. Hombeck for the Far East and Herbert Feis for International Economic affairs. In 1941 Laurence Duggan became political advisor for Latin America and, a year later, Wallace Murray for the Near Eastern division.

11.

Among them were Philip W. Bonsai, Ellis Briggs, Paul C. Daniels, Gerald S. Drew, Robert F. Woodward, Walter N. Walmsley and Emilio P. Collado.

12.

Drew Pearson column, November 9 ,1 9 3 7 .

13.

Interview, James C. Dunn, New York, 1976.

14.

Charles C. Griffin to author, January 6 ,1 9 7 5 , BWP.

15.

Interview, Jacob Beam, Washington, D.C., June 1,1974.

16.

Drew Pearson column, November 9 ,1 9 3 7 .

17.

Interview, Emilio Collado, New York, 1976.

18.

Handwritten notes. Drew Pearson personal papers, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas, container G-236, undated.

19.

FDR to SW, January 7 ,1 9 3 8 , SWP.

20.

SW to FDR, January 10,1938, SWP.

21.

SW to FDR, February 26,1938, SWP.

22.

FDR to SW, November 15,1938, SWP.

23.

Sumner W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n , (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), p. 8.

24.

Ibid.

25.

Ibid.

26.

Interview, Alger Hiss, New York City, June 1975.

27.

FDR to SW, DS records, 740.00/184, May 28, 1937.

28.

Quoted in Dorothy Borg, The U.S. a n d th e F a r E a stern C risis o f 1 9 3 3 -3 8 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 374.

29.

SW to Peabody, July 9 ,1 9 3 7 , Peabody papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

30.

Text in Samuel I. Rosenman, ed.. The P u b lic P a p e rs a n d A d d r e s s e s o f F ranklin D . R o o s e v e lt (New York: Macmillan, 1941), pp. 284-285.

31.

University o f Virginia, Institute o f Public Affairs Proceedings, 11th session, 1937, voi. 1.

32.

Editorial, B o sto n P o st, July 9, 1937.

33.

See July 9 editions o f the L o n d o n D a ily M ail, the W ash in gton P o s t and the H ou ston P ost.

34.

W ash in gton S tar, July 18, 1937.

35.

B o sto n P o st, July 9, 1937.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

PRO, FO 371/20673, A-6974/4/5, September 24, 1937. Hull, M e m o ir s , p. 536. Sumner Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s th a t S h a p e d H is to r y (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), pp. 10-11. Hull M e m o ir s , p. 545. Samuel I. Rosenman, W o rk in g w ith R o o s e v e lt (New York: Harper & Bros., 1952), p. 166. Quoted in ibid., pp. 164-165. Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 13. Ibid., p. 16ff. Hull, M e m o ir s , p. 546. Ibid., p.547. Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 34. Ibid., pp. 25-26. James MacGregor Bums, R o o s e v e lt: T h e L io n a n d th e F ox, (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1965), p. 353. Winston S. Churchill, T h e G a th e r in g S to r m (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. 255. Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 27. David Dilks, ed., D ia r ie s o f S ir A le x a n d e r C a d o g a n (London: Cassell, 1971), summary covering January 1938. Ibid., entries for January 13, 1938, and January 15,1938. Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon: T h e R e c k o n in g (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956), p. 48. Drew Middleton, N e w Y o rk T im es, August 31, 1969. Churchill, G a th e r in g S to rm , p. 254.

CHAPTER 19 1.

Castle Diaries, May 27, 1938, Haughton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge,

2.

Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner, W a sh in g to n E v e n in g S ta r, May 18, 1938.

3.

Quoted in Harold L. Ickes, S e c r e t D ia r ie s (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953-54),

Massachusetts.

July 9, 1938 entry, Library o f Congress. 4.

Ibid.

5.

Arnold N. W elles to author.

6. 7.

Bullitt to SW, August 31, 1938, SWP. Cordell Hull, T h e M e m o ir s o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 591.

8.

W elles’s draft shows signs o f FDR’s penciled editing, SWP.

9.

Hull, M e m o ir s , p. 595.

10.

Ibid., p .596.

11.

Drew Pearson column, October 20,1938.

12.

Sumner Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y (New York: Harper and Brothers,

13.

Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner, A m e r ic a n W h ite P a p e r : T h e S to r y o f A m e r ic a n

1950), pp. 13-14. D ip lo m a c y a n d th e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1940), p. 6.

14.

James MacGregor Bums, R o o s e v e lt: T h e L io n a n d th e F o x (New York: Harcout Brace and Co., 1965), p. 390.

15.

Alsop and Kintner, p. 15.

400

NOTES TO CHAPTER 20

16.

Ibid., p. 15.

17.

SW to Bullitt, April 5, 1939, SWP. *

18.

William Langer and Everett Gleason, T h e C h a lle n g e to I s o la tio n is m , 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 0 (New York: Harper, 1952), p. 90.

19.

The typewritten copy in W elles’s files shows .editing in his handwriting, SWP.

20.

H. Wallace to FDR, FDRL/PSF/Agriculture. April 14,1939

21.

PRO/FO/371/24405-8.

22.

Hull, M e m o ir s , p.650.

23.

Alsop and Kintner, pp. 50-58.

24.

Hull, M e m o ir s , pp. 657-658.

25.

Langer and Gleason, p. 134.

26.

Stetson Conn and Byron Fairchild, T h e U .S. A r m y in W o r ld W a r II, T h e W e s te r n H e m is p h e r e , T h e F r a m e w o r k o f H e m is p h e r e D e fe n s e , Office o f the Chief o f Military

History, Dept, o f the Army, Chapter 1, p. 20. 27.

FDR to State and Treasury departments, August 18,1939, copy SWP.

28.

Moffat diaries, August 17,1939.

29.

Hans Heinrich Herwarth von Bittenfeld, an English-speaking junior diplomat, detested Hitler and furnished Bohlen, then in the U.S. embassy in M oscow, with valuable information, cf: Charles Bohlen and Robert H. Phelps, W itn e ss to H is to r y (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1973).

30.

Douglas MacArthur II, interview, Washington D.C., March 3, 1993.

31.

SW to FDR at sea, August 2 1 ,1939, SWP.

32.

Ibid., August 2 2 ,1 9 3 9 , SWP.

33.

Argentina had proposed a similar zone during World War I, with mixed results.

34.

Cordell Hull, T h e M e m o ir s o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 650.

35.

SW address to meeting o f Hemisphere Foreign Ministers, September 25, 1939; T h e W o r ld o f th e F o u r F r e e d o m s , (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), p. 1.

36.

The Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Board was established in late 1939 and W elles was elected its first chairman.

37.

Rowe to FDR, October 12,1939, FDRL/PPF/2961.

38.

Paul Daniels, interview, Washington, D.C., 1976.

39.

Sheldon Thomas to author, July 15,1978, BWP.

40.

Anna Louise Clarkson Bacon, interview, Hancock Point, Maine, July 9 ,1 9 7 4 .

41.

Castle Diaries, November 14,1939, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

42.

Sumner W elles, T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 212.

CHAPTER 20 1. Sumner Welles Papers. 2. The first Jewish student entered Groton in the early 1930s, twenty years after Welles graduated. 3. SW to George Messersmith, March 12,1938, SWP. 4. Undated memorandum in SWP. On April 6, 1938, Welles wrote FDR, referring to the Welles-Morgenthau memorandum that the President had approved before leaving for Warm Springs. The approved version of the memorandum is with letter from Welles to

Morgenthau, March 23,1938, Morgenthau diary, box 116, FDRL. See also Morgenthau diary entry for March 22, 1938. 5.

Invitations and related correspondence are in FRUS, 1938, vol. 1, p. 740ff.

6.

Henry L. Feingold, The P o litic s o f R escu e (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970), p. 28.

7.

Memo, Early to FDR with reply, April 11, 1938, FDRL/OF/3186.

8.

Rublee was also the first graduate of Groton, founded in 1884 and from which FDR graduated in 1900 and Welles in 1910.

9.

Quoted in Sumner W elles, W e N e e d N o t F a il (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Co., 1948), p.

6. 10.

FR U S, 1938, voi. 1, pp. 785-786,791,835-842; Ibid., voi. 2, pp. 89-90; Feingold, P o litic s o f R escu e, pp. 48-9, 99-102, 111-113.

11.

FDR’s letter and M ussolini’s reply are in F R U S , 1938, voi. 1, pp. 858-60 as modified by pp. 880-886 and F R U S , 1939, voi. 2, pp. 63-64.

12.

Ibid., 1939, voi. 2, pp. 65-69.

13.

Ibid., pp. 101-02.

14.

Feingold, P o litic s o f R e sc u e , pp. 97-99.

15.

FR U S, 1938, voi. 1, pp. 791-815.

16.

Richard M. Ketchum, T h e B o r r o w e d Y e a rs: 1 9 3 8 -4 1 : A m e r ic a on th e W a y to W a r (New York: Random House, 1989), p. 121.

17.

F R U S , voi. 1, pp. 864-865.

18.

Ibid., pp. 873-877.

19.

In his book W e N e e d N o t F a il,, W elles cites Eliahu Ben-Horin’s T h e M id d le E a s t on Nazi-Zionist deals to exchange refugees for foreign currency.

20.

Moffat Diary, February 13, 1939.

21. 22.

FR U S, 1939, voi. 1, p. 99.

After the five-year period from 1939 to 1944, Jewish immigration would be subject to Arab consent—effectively terminating it.

23.

W elles, W e N e e d N o t F a il, p. 14.

24.

Ketchum, The B o r r o w e d Years.

25.

Ibid., p. 113ff.

26.

Ibid., p. 115ff.

27. 28.

Feingold, The P o litic s o f R eason , p. 65ff. Circular telegram to other American republics, February 14 1942, DS records: 862. 20200/46.

29.

SW-Eleanor Roosevelt correspondence file, SWP.

30. 31.

FDRL, PSF/Welles, November 22, 1940. Report o f the American Jewish Commission on the Holocaust, N e w York Tim es, March 21, 1984, p. 1.

32. 33.

Feingold, The P o litic s o f R eason , pp. 308-309. Both the Zionist memorandum and Eleanor Roosevelt letter are in SWP.

34.

SW to Atherton, DS records, 819. 857/111 and 112A.

35.

W ise to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 1, 1942, copy in SWP.

36. 37.

W elles, W e Need Not Fail, p. 5. Philby was the father, by an English wife, o f H. A. R. “Kim” Philby, the Soviet double agent who penetrated British intelligence in World War II.

38.

H. St. John H. B. Philby, A ra b ia n J u b ile e (New York: John Day Co., 1953), pp. 206-207.

39.

Ibid.

40.

Weizmann speech to American Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs, December 12, 1942, Central Zionist Archives, Rehovot, Israel, Z - 5 ,1415.

41.

Barnet Litvinoff, ed., The L e tte rs a n d P a p e r s o f C h aim W eiziuqnn (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1979), Series A, voi. 20, pp. 329-330.

42.

Chaim Weizmann, T ria l a n d E rro r: A u to b io g ra p h y o f C h aim W eizm ann (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), p. 425.

43.

FR U S, 1942, voi. 4, pp. 24ff.

44.

The author served briefly under him in the Office of Strategic Services during the war.

45.

Peter Grose, I s ra e l in th e M in d o f A m e ric a (New York: Knopf, 1983), p. 125.

46.

FR U S, 1942, voi. 4, pp. 32-35.

47.

Walter Laqueur and Richard Breitman, B rea k in g th e S ilen ce (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), p. 150.

48.

Grose, Isra el, p. 125.

49.

Laqueur and Breitman, B rea k in g th e S ilen ce, pp. 152-153.

50.

Ibid., pp. 155-156.

51.

In 1986, Laqueur and Breitman identified Riegner’s source as Dr. Eduard Schulte, an executive o f Giesche, a mining firm closely tied to the Nazi war effort.

52.

Stephen W ise, C h a llen g in g Y ears (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949), pp. 275-276; copies o f corroborating documents in SWP.

53.

Evan Wilson, D e c isio n on P a le stin e (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Hoover

54.

Feingold errs in asserting, on p. 180, that this report was suppressed. See SW to Wise,

Institution Press, 1979), p. 28. February 9 ,1 9 4 3 , DS records 8 4 0 .4 8 Refugees/2256A. 55.

John Morton Blum, R o o s e v e lt & M o rg en th a u (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1970), p. 521.

56.

Central Zionist Archives, Z-5, 1377.

57.

Ibid.

58.

Goldmann Memo, February 20, 1943, Central Zionist Archives, Z5/1220.

59.

Ibn Saud to FDR, November 29,1938, FR U S, 1938, voi. 2, pp. 994ff; FDR to Ibn Saud, January 9,1939; FR U S, 1939, voi. 4, pp 64ff.

60.

Kirk to Hull and W elles, April 17,1943, F R U S, 1943, voi. 4, p. 768.

61.

Ibn Saud to FDR, April 30, 1943, FR U S, 1943, voi. 4, pp. 773-775.

62.

SW to FDR, May 10, 1943, SWP.

63.

Nahum Goldmann notes o f meeting, copy in SWP.

64.

Weizmann archives, Rehovot, Israel, Central Zionist Archives, Z-5/1220.

65.

Weizmann, memo o f conversation, June 12,1943, Central Zionist Archives, Z - 5 ,1377.

66.

Weizmann, T ria l a n d E rror, p. 435.

67.

FR U S, 1943, voi. 4, p. 792-794.

68.

Weizmann to SW, June 25, 1943, Central Zionist Archives, Z5/1444.

69.

Minutes o f conversation, June 2 1 ,1943, Central Zionist Archives, Z5/666.

70.

Grose, Isra el, p. 141.

71.

Hoskins to Welles, January 23, 1943, FR U S, 1943, voi. 4, p. 747.

72.

FDRL/PSF/Confidential/SD, May 7, 1943.

73. 74.

FDR to Ibn Saud, May 26, 1943, FDRL/PSF/Confidential File/SD. SW to Hull, May 15, 1943, SWP.

75. 76.

Nicholas Bethel, The P a le stin e T rian gle, (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1979), pp. 148ff. Ibid.

77.

Ibid.

78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86.

Henry A. Wallace interview with Louis Bean, April 3,1944, Wallace Papers, Columbia Oral History Collection. Grose, Israel, p. 150. Weizmann to SW, December 12, 1943, Central Zionist Archives, Z4/15113; copy in SWP. PRO/FO/371/40319, quoted in Bethel, P a le stin e Triangle, p. 149. Central Zionist Archives, Z5/666. Welles, W e N e e d N o t F ail, p. 21. Ibid., pp. 28-30. F R U S, 1945, voi. 8, p. 2. Welles, W e N e e d N o t F ail, pp. 28-30.

CHAPTER 21 1.

Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, voi. 8, p. 229, National Archives, microfilm.

2.

See Stanley C. Hilton, “The W elles Mission to Europe, February-March, 1940: Illusion or Realism?” J o u r n a l o f A m e r ic a n H is to r y , 58, (June 1971); also Arnold A. Offner, “Appeasement Revisited: The U.S., Great Britain and Germany, 1933-40,” J o u r n a l o f A m e r ic a n H is to r y 64 (September 1977).

3.

James W. Gerard to FDR, August 7, 1939, FDRL/PPF/977.

4.

SW to Hull, August 10, 1939, SWP.

5.

Harley A. Notter, P o s tw a r F o r e ig n P o lic y P r e p a r a tio n , 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), pp. 18-22.

6.

Samuel I. Rosenman, Public Papers, 1940 volume, pp. 4, 9.

7.

SW to FDR, August 1, 1 939, SWP.

8.

F R U S , 1939, voi. 2, pp. 869-874; ibid., 1940, voi. 1, pp. 123-129.

9.

The Federal Council of Churches and the Jewish Theological Seminary, among others.

10.

Notter, P o s tw a r F o r e ig n P o lic y , pp. 23-26.

11.

Rosenman, p. 3.

12.

George H. Gallup, T h e G a llu p P o ll, 1 9 3 5 -7 1 (New York: Random House, 1971), voi. 1, pp. 200-201.

13.

SW to FDR, June 8, 1940, SWP.

14.

Joseph P. Kennedy and James M. Landis, unpublished Kennedy Memoirs, p. 538, James M. Landis papers, Library o f Congress, box 51 (hereafter cited as Kennedy Memoirs).

15.

FDRL/PSF, box 62.

16.

Fred L. Israel, ed.. T h e W a r D ia r y o f B r e c k in r id g e L o n g (Lincoln: University o f Nebraska Press, 1966) p. 64.

17.

Sumner Welles, T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 73.

18.

Louis P. Lochner, A lw a y s th e U n e x p e c te d (New York: Macmillan, 1956), pp. 268-270.

19.

Messersmith memorandum, January 25, 1940, DS records, 740. 00119, European war, 1939/104.

20.

Messersmith memorandum, February 13,1940, same DS records, 740.00119, European war, 1939/104. An enclosure to a report of March 11,1940, by Hans Thomsen, German chargé d’affaires in Washington, confirms the connection between Mooney and the W elles mission; cf. German Foreign Office document 2422/511869-72 on microfilm in National Archives. See also William L. Shirer, T h e R is e a n d F a ll o f th e T h ird R e ic h

404

NOTES TO CHAPTER 21

(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 906. For M ooney’s reputation as an appeaser, see Harold L. Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, Library o f Congress, voi. 3, p. 395. 21.

PRO/FO/800, Halifax private papers, February 1,1940.

22.

PRO/FO/800, February 7 ,1 9 4 0 .

23.

David Dilks, ed.. D ia r ie s o f S ir A le x a n d e r C a d o g a n (London: Cassell, 1971), February 2, 1940.

24.

Norman Rose, V a n sitta rt: S tu d y o f a D ip lo m a t (London: Heinemann, 1978), p. 242.

25.

PRO/FO/371/24418/5958, February 16, 1940.

26.

PRO/FO/800, Eden to Halifax, undated, Halifax papers.

27.

Lothian to Halifax, February 8,1940.

28.

DS bulletin, February 10,1940.

29.

FRUS, 1940, vol. 1, p. 4.

30.

Interview, Robert C. Murphy, New York, 1974.

31.

Ickes, S e c re t D ia rie s, February 17, 1940.

32.

Quai d’Orsay archives, très secret, #235-37, February 10,1940. The file containing St. Quentin’s dispatch was seized, along with others, by the Germans during their occupation of Paris. It was recovered by the U.S. Army after Germany’s surrender, sent to W elles in 1946 for his perusal and found among his papers after his death in 1961. It has since been returned to the French government.

33.

Despite searches in the FDRL and in W elles’s personal files, it has not been found.

34.

Ciano helped bring about Mussolini’s fall in 1943. Arrested by the Germans, he was later executed by the Fascist republic in North Italy. His widow, Edda, M ussolini’s daughter, smuggled the diary into Switzerland. W elles wrote the introduction when it was published in the United States in 1946: Hugh Gibson, ed., The C ia n o D ia r ie s 1 9 3 9 4 3 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1946).

35.

Welles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , pp. 78 ff.

36.

Ibid.' p. 86.

37.

Gibson, ed.. C ia n o D ia rie s, p. 212.

38.

Caroline A. Phillips Diaries, February 2 7,1940, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

39.

Moffat diary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), February 15,1940.

40.

Interview, J. M. Dow, New York, 1979.

41.

Welles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , pp. 90-91.

42.

Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, voi. 1, p. 41, National Archives, microfilm.

43.

W elles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 90.

44.

FR U S, 1940, voi. 1, pp. 57-58.

45.

W elles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 102.

46.

Louis Lochner, A lw a y s th e U n expected, pp. 268-270; also Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, voi. 8, pp. 865-6.

47.

Welles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , pp. 112-113.

48.

Ibid., pp. 116-118.

49.

Ibid., p. 110.

50.

F R U S, 1940, voi. 1, pp. 57-58.

51.

TFD,pp. 109-110.

52.

SW to James M. Landis, November 2 8 ,1950, SWP.

53.

Kennedy Memoirs, p. 542.

54.

W elles, T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 121.

55. 56.

Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoeter, interview, New York, 1976. Moffat diaries, p. 19.

57.

Ibid., p. 24.

58.

Welles, T im e f o r D e c is io n , p. 129.

59.

Kennedy Memoirs, pp. 556, 559.

60.

Ibid., p. 556.

61.

PR/FO/371/24406, March 11,1940.

62.

Kennedy Memoirs, p. 572.

63. 64.

PRO/FO/24406, Vansittart to Secretary of State, March 13, 1940. SW, T im e f o r D e c is io n , p. 133.

65.

Ibid.

66.

Sir John Colville, T h e F r in g e s o f P o w e r (New York: Norton, 1985), p. 40; cited in Anthony Cave Brown, “ C ”: T h e S e c r e t L ife o f S ir S te w a r t G r a h a m M e n z ie s : S p y m a s te r to W in sto n C h u r c h ill (New York: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 212-213.

67.

PRO/FO/371/24406, Halifax to Lothian, March 11, 1940.

68.

F R U S , 1940, voi. 1, pp. 75-78.

69.

PRO/FO/371/24407, foreign Office to Lothian, March 17, 1940.

70.

PRO/FO/371/24407, Foreign Office to Lothian, March 27,1940.

71.

Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, voi. 8, p. 864, footnote.

72.

Kennedy to Hull, #639, March 14,1940, SWP.

73.

Gibson, ed.. C ia n o D ia r ie s , p. 222.

74.

Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, voi. 8, p. 864, footnote.

75.

F R U S , 1940, voi. 1, p. 113.

76.

Ibid., 1940, voi. 1, p. 20.

77.

Ibid., pp. 113ff.

78.

Cordell Hull, T h e M e m o ir s o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 740.

79.

Robert E. Sherwood, T h e W h ite H o u s e P a p e r s o f H a r r y L. H o p k in s (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1948), p. 139.

80.

Drew Pearson, notes o f conversations April 22 and June 25, 1940, Pearson Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

81.

W elles, T im e f o r D e c is io n , p.77.

CHAPTER 22 1. Fred L. Israel, ed., T h e W a r D ia r y o f B r e c k in r id g e L o n g , (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), p. 76. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid, p. 67. 4. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library/PSF/State, April 13, 1940. 5. FDR to SW, April 15, 1941, SWP. 6. Adolph A. Berle and Travis B. Jacobs, N a v ig a tin g th e R a p id s : 1 9 1 7 -1 9 7 1 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovic, 1971), entry for May 8, 1940. 7. Cordell Hull, T h e M e m o ir s o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 784; Henry H. Adams, H a r r y H o p k in s : A B io g r a p h y (New York: Putnam, 1977), p. 169. 8. SW to FDR, May 25,1940; SW to Bullitt, May 25,1940, SWP. 9. Orville H. Bullitt, ed., F o r th e P r e s id e n t: P e r s o n a l a n d S e c r e t (Boston: Haughton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 455 ff.

10.

H. Freeman Matthews, M e m o rie s o f a P a ssin g E ra (Washington, DC: privately printed, 1974), pp. 179-180. Courtesy o f the Matthews family.

11.

Charles de Gaulle, W a r M e m o irs (London: Collins, 1955), vol. 1, p. 67.

12.

Bullitt to FDR, Sept. 8, 1939, Bullitt, ed., F o r the P re sid e n ti p. 369.

13.

As diagnosed by Vice Admiral Ross T. Mclntire, the White House doctor; Carmel OfFie memo to John Bullitt, Orville H. Bullitt, private papers. Philadelphia. Courtesy Bullitt family.

14.

Bullitt, ed.. F o r th e P re sid e n t, chapters 22 and 23.

15.

Hull, M em o irs, p. 791.

16.

Douglas MacArthur II, interview, Washington, D. C., January 19,1989.

17.

Hugh Cumming, interview, Washington, D.C., 1976.

18.

W ill Brownell and Richard N. Billings, So C lo se to G rea tn ess: A B io g ra p h y o f W illiam C. B u llitt (N e w York: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 266-267.

19.

Harold L. Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, Library o f Congress, entry for August 3, 1940, p. 277.

20.

Israel, ed., W a r D ia r y o f B re c k in rid g e L ong, p. 141.

21.

SW to FDR, July 12, 1940, SWP.

22.

SW to FDR, October 15,1940; FDR to Kennedy, October 17,1940, SWP.

23.

Henry A. Wallace, The P r ic e o f V ision ; The D ia r y o f H en ry A. W allace, 1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 6 , ed., John Morton Blum (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 1182.

24.

Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, June 29,1940.

25.

Robert H. Jackson Papers, Columbia Oral History Collection, p. 850.

26.

Israel, ed., W a r D ia r y o f B e c k e n rid g e L ong, pp. 118-122.

27.

John O ’Donnell, W ash in gton T im es-H era ld , August 31, 1943.

28.

Jackson Papers, COHC, p. 802.

29.

John Morton Blum, R o o s e v e lt & M o rg en th a u (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970) p. 396.

30.

Ibid., p .396.

31.

Sumner W elles, S even D e c isio n s T h at S h a p e d H isto ry (New Y ork: Harper and Brothers, 1950), pp. 80-81.

32.

Blum, R o o s e v e lt a n d M o rg en th a u , 393-394.

33.

Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, July 27, 1940.

34.

SW ’s correspondence with FDR, Stimson, Knox and Stark plus relevant British documents are in SWP.

35.

Jackson Papers, COHC, p. 904; Blum, R o o se v e lt a n d M orgen th au , pp. 334-335.

36.

Sumner W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 169.

37.

Hull, M em o irs, p. 812.

38.

W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 171.

39.

Israel, ed.. W a r D ia r y o f B re c k e n rid g e Long, p. 183.

40.

Ladislas Farago, The B ro k en S e a l (New York: Random House, 1967), pp. 196ff.

41.

Ruth B. Harris,” The ‘M agic’ Leak of 1941 and Japanese-American Relations,” P a c ific H is to ric a l R e v ie w (February 1981), pp. 77-96.

42.

Hull, M em o irs, p. 968.

43.

FDRL/PSF/W folder, 1/1941.

44.

Israel, ed., W a r D ia r y o f B re c k e n rid g e Long, p. 113.

45.

Heath to SW, November 22, 1940, SWP.

46.

Joseph C. Grew, T u rbu len t E ra (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), pp. 1274-1276.

47.

Israel, ed., W a r D ia r y o f B re c k e n rid g e Long, p. 107.

48.

SW to FDR and FDR to Churchill, November 12, 1940; SW to Matthews, Vichy, November 13, 1940, SWP.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 23

49.

SW draft letter prepared for FDR, dated November 13, 1940, SWP.

50. 51.

Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y , pp. 41-43. Ibid.

407

CHAPTER 23 1.

Orville H. Bullitt, ed.. F o r the P re sid e n t: P e rso n a l a n d S e c ret (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 504ff.

2.

Harold L. Ickes, The S e c re t D ia rie s, p. 344, Library of Congress.

3.

Ibid., p .329.

4.

Interview, Felix Belair, Washington, D.C., 1974.

5.

Interview, Marquis Childs, Washington, D.C., 1973.

6.

Interview, Frank Waldrop, Washington, D.C., 1977.

7.

Interview, Adolf A. Berle, New York, 1970.

8.

Interview, Ernest Cuneo, Washington, D.C., 1977.

9.

Memorandum from Offie to Orville H. Bullitt, 1970, interviews, Bullitt family members, Philadelphia, 1977.

10.

Tamm, later a federal appellate judge, declined to be interviewed, noting that he had previously passed up “material financial advantage” for his FBI reminiscences. Tamm to author, March 1 and April 3 ,1974, BWP.

11.

W elles’s office diary shows that he addressed the Cleveland Foreign Affairs Council on September 27, 1940.

12.

Spruille Braden, Columbia Oral History Collection, p. 619.

13.

Wallace diaries, December 21,1944.

14.

Elliott Roosevelt, interview, Seattle, Washington, 1978.

15.

Elliott Roosevelt, A R en d e zv o u s w ith D estin y, (New York: Putnam, 1975), p. 263.

16.

G re e n sb o ro (N.C.) N ew s, September 7, 1940.

17.

Robert H. Jackson, his predecessor, had just been elevated to the Supreme Court.

18.

Francis Biddle, In B r ie f A u th o rity, (New York: Doubleday, 1962), pp. 179-180.

19.

Eleanor Roosevelt and Malvina C. Thompson to SW, April 5, 1941, SWP.

20.

Fred L. Israel, ed.. The W ar D ia r y o f B reck in rid g e Long, (Lincoln: University o f Nebraska Press, 1966), p. 210.

21.

Bernard Gladieux, Columbia Oral History Collection, p. 184.

22. 23.

Moffat diaries, p. 332. James A. Farley, Jim F a rle y ’s S to ry: The R o o se v e lt Y ears (New York: Whittlesy House, 1948), p. 341.

24.

SW to Pearson, December 22, 1940, SWP.

25.

Drew Pearson to SW, December 26, 1940, SWP.

26.

SW press conference, December 28, 1940.

27.

Harold B. Hinton, N e w York T im es S u n day m agazin e, April 13, 1941.

28.

Israel, ed., The W a r D ia r y o f B re c k in rid g e Long, p. 179.

29.

R. Henry Norweb, interview, New York, 1976.

30.

MTW journal, BWP.

31.

Bullit, ed., F o r th e P re sid e n t, pp. 512-514.

32.

Robert D. Murphy, interview. New York, 1974.

33.

Samuel I. Rosenman, W orkin g w ith R o o s e v e lt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), p. 285.

408 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 24

H. H. Adams, H a r r y H o p k in s : A B io g r a p h y (New York: Putnam, 1977), p. 223. Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), p. 280. SW to FDR, July 19, 1941, SWP. SW to Hopkins, Bums, Knox, Knudsen and Stimson, July 29,1941, SWP. SW to FDR, August 26, 1941, SWP. FDR to SW, June 19, 1941; SW to FDR, June 24, 1941, SWP. Sumner Welles, T h e W o r ld o f F o u r F r e e d o m s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), p .llff. N e w Y o rk T im e s and C in c in n a ti E n q u ire r, July 24, 1941. St. L o u is P o s t D is p a tc h , July 24, 1941. Dulles to SW, July 24, 1941, Dulles papers, Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey. D e n v e r P o s t, July 25, 1941, T r o y R e c o r d , July 24, 1941. N e w Y o rk D a ily N e w s , July 24, 1941. W a sh in g to n T im e s -H e r a ld , July 24, 1941. James B. Reston, N e w Y o rk T im e s S u n d a y m a g a z in e , August 3, 1941. T im e, August 11, 1941.

CHAPTER 24 1.

Sumner W elles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), p. 61.

2.

Ibid.

3.

Before the war, he had been European director of the Chicago Automated Telephone Company.

4.

Quai Dorsay Archives, Foreign Affairs, War, 1939-45, London, French National Committee 120-122,210-213; Algiers, Committee o f National Liberation, 460/3/4/5/6, 476-477 (hereafter cited as Quai Dorsay Archives).

5.

Years later Leger would win a Nobel Prize for Poetry under the nom-de-plume St. John Perse.

6.

Author o f the 1947 Monnet Plan for French economic revival; first president o f the European Coal and Steel Community (1952-55) and author of the European Common Market.

7.

Raoul Aglion, R o o s e v e lt a n d D e G a u lle , (New York: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 40ff.

8.

F R U S , 1941, voi. 2, pp. 204-205, 502ff.

9.

Quai Dorsay Archives.

10.

Algion, R o o s e v e lt a n d D e G a u lle , p. 55.

11.

Quai Dorsay Archives.

12.

Ibid.

13.

F R U S , 1942, voi. 2, p. 502.

14.

Quai Dorsay Archives.

15.

Ibid.

16.

Algion, R o o s e v e lt a n d D e G a u lle , p. 53.

17.

Drafted by Samuel Reber, deputy director o f European affairs, but approved by Hull.

18.

Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y , p. 63.

19.

Ibid.

20.

Don Cook, C h a rle s d e G a u lle: A B io g ra p h y (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1983), p. 143.

21.

FR U S, 1941, voi. 2, pp. 204ff.

22.

Ibid.

23.

N e w Y ork Tim es, April 14, 1942.

24.

Cook, d e G au lle, pp. 150ff.

25.

Ibid.

26.

Wallace, Columbia Oral History Collection, p. 2234.

27.

Cook, d e G au lle, p. 153.

28. 29.

Francis Biddle Papers, entry for December 31,1942. FR U S, 1942, voi. 2, pp. 51 Iff.

30.

Ibid.

31. 32.

N e w York Tim es, May 26, 1942, p. 1; Algion, R o o se v e lt a n d d e G au lle, p. 72.

33.

Cordell Hull, M e m o irs (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 1163-1164.

34.

Algion, R o o s e v e lt a n d D e G au lle, p. 157.

35.

Earl o f Avon, The M e m o irs o f A n th o n y E d en : The R eckon in g (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1965), p. 394.

36.

FR U S, 1942, voi. 2, pp. 541ff.

F R U S, 1942, voi. 2, pp. 5 2 Iff.

37.

Ibid.

38.

Henry Wallace referred to him as the “Sumner Welles o f France.”

39.

FDRL, PSF/Welles file/SD.

40.

Quai Dorsay Archives.

41.

Ibid.

42.

Averell Harriman, interview, Washington, D.C., 1971.

43.

Algion, R o o s e v e lt a n d D e G au lle, p. 165.

44.

Cook, d e G au lle, p. 166.

45.

Ibid., p. 157.

46.

Ibid., p. 170.

47.

Ibid, p. 169.

48.

Ibid., p. 171.

49.

Hull, M em o irs, pp. 1212ff.

50.

Ibid., p .9 5 9 .

51. 52.

SW to FDR, March 8, 1943, FDRL, PSF/Welles folder. Fred L. Israel, The W a r D ia r y o f B re c k e n rid g e Long, (Lincoln: University o f Nebraska

53. 54.

Earl o f Avon, M e m o irs o f A n th o n y E den, p. 438. Harold L. Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, entry for August 15, 1943, Library o f Congress.

55.

Quai Dorsay Archives.

56.

Ibid.

57. 58.

SW-Tixier meeting. State Department, August 1943. Robert E. Sherwood, The W hite H o u se P a p e rs o f H a rry L. H opkin s (London: Eyre and

59.

Spottiswoode, 1948), p. 742. Biddle Papers, entry for December 17, 1943; Henry A. Wallace, The P r ic e o f Vision:

Press, 1966), p. 305.

The D ia r y o f H en ry A. W a lla ce: 1 9 4 2 -4 6 , ed. John Morten Blum (Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, Co., 1973), p. 282. 60. 61.

W elles, S even D e c isio n s T h at S h a p e d H isto ry, pp. 186-187. Sumner W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 158.

410

NOTES TO CHAPTER 25

CHAPTER 25 «

1.

Sumner Welles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944),p. 173ff.

2.

Sumner Welles, S even D e c isio n s T h at S h a p e d H isto ry (New'York: Harper and Brothers,

3.

1950), chapter 1. Lend-Lease, conceived by FDR, was an arrangement to transfer arms and supplies to countries whose defense was deemed vital to the U.S. The program was first administered by Harry Hopkins and later by Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., and Leo T. Crowley. By war’s end (1945) when Lend-Lease terminated, it had delivered $50 billion, o f which $31 billion went to Great Britain and $11 billion to the then Soviet Union (figures from C o lu m b ia E n cy c lo p ed ia , 5th edition [New York: Columbia University Press, 1993]; distributed by Houghton Mifflin).

4.

Hull to SW, August 6, 1941, SWP.

5.

Theodore A. Wilson, The F irst Sum m it, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1969), pp. 47 ,63-64.

6.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., interview, Pouqhquag, N.Y., 1981.

7.

David Dilks, ed.. D ia r ie s o f S ir A le x a n d e r C a d o g a n (London: Cassell, 1971), p. 379.

8.

Ibid.

9.

Ibid., p. 250.

10.

Sumner Welles, W h ere A r e W e H e a d in g ? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1946), p. 53.

11.

Dilks, ed., D ia r ie s o f . . . C a d o g a n , pp. 397-398, FRUS, 1941, voi. 1, pp. 344f.

12.

79th Congress, November-December 1945, Report o f the Joint Committee Investigating Pearl Harbor Attack, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945) p. 529.

13.

Ibid., p .537.

14.

W elles, W here A r e W e H ea d in g ? , p. 6.

15.

Winston S. Churchill, T he G r a n d A llia n c e (Boston: Houghton M ifflin Co., 1950), p. 433.

16.

Robert E. Sherwood, The W hite H o u se P a p e r s o f H a rry L. H opkin s (London: Eyre &

17.

Elliott Roosevelt, A s H e S a w I t (New York: Duell, Sloane & Pearce, 1946), p. 31.

18.

Harriman,’09, W elles,’ 10, Elliott Roosevelt,’29, FDR, Jr.,’33.

19.

F R U S, 1941, voi. 1, pp. 355-356.

20.

W elles, W h ere A r e W e H ea d in g ? , p. 8.

21.

Ibid., p. 8.

22.

Dilks, ed., D ia r ie s o f . . . C a d o g a n , p. 399.

Spottiswoode, 1948), pp. 350-351.

23.

Welles, S even D e c isio n s T h at S h a p e d H isto ry, pp.177-178; W elles, W here A re W e H ea d in g ? , pp. 4, 19.

24.

Churchill, G ra n d A llia n ce, p. 437.

25.

W elles, W here A r e W e H ea d in g ? , foreword.

26.

Sherwood, W hite H o u se P a p e rs, pp.361-362.

27.

Welles, W h ere A r e W e H e a d in g ? p.5.

28.

FDR to SW, February 20,1941, SWP.

29.

Churchill, G r a n d A llia n ce, p.440.

30.

Sherwood, W hite H o u se P a p e rs, p.364.

31.

Dilks, ed.. D ia r ie s o f . . . C a d o g a n , p.399.

32.

Roosevelt, As H e S a w It, p. 33

33.

Ibid., p. 39.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 26

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

411

Welles, W h e re A r e W e H e a d in g ? , p. 18. Ibid., p. 17. British Archives, PRO/FO/371/1941/W 426/9609-10151. British Archives, PRO/PREM 3/485/7 W. Sherwood, W h ite H o u s e P a p e r s , p. 365. James A. Bishop, F D R ’s L a s t Y e a r: A p r il ‘4 4 - A p r il ‘4 5 (New York: Wm. Morrow, 1974), pp. 226,419,461. Sherwood, W h ite H o u s e P a p e r s , p. 364. Henry A. Wallace, T h e P r ic e o f V ision , p. 128. Moffat diaries, p.354. Fred L. Israel, ed.. T h e W a r D ia r y o f B r e c k in r id g e L o n g (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), p. 212. MTW to Courtney Letts de Espil, September 13, 1941, BWP. Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p.126. Ibid., p. 181. Harold L. Ickes, S e c r e t D ia r ie s , September 20, 1941, Library of Congress. Sumner Welles, T h e 'W orld o f F o u r F r e e d o m s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), pp. 16ff. Ibid., pp. 28ff.

CHAPTER 26 1.

79th Congress, November-December 1945, Report o f Joint Committee Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945), pp. 521, 536.

2.

Forrest Davis and Ernest K. Lindley, H o w W a r C a m e (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), foreword.

3.

Robert E. Sherwood, T h e W h ite H o u s e P a p e r s o f H a r r y L. H o p k in s (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1948), p. 438.

4.

Edward Murrow, the radio reporter who had just returned from London and who was dining in the White House saw FDR alone later that night; FDR appointment calendar, Edwin M. Watson papers. University of Virginia; Davis & Lindley, H o w W a r C a m e.

5.

La Razon, (Buenos Aires), January 7,1942.

6.

Sumner Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y (New York: Harper and Brothers,

7.

1950), p. 100. Sherwood collection, Hopkins papers, container 311, Book 5, Latin American affairs: FDRL.

8.

Welles, T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 225.

9.

Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 106.

10.

SW to MTW, January 12,1942, SWP.

11.

Eric Sevareid, S a tu r d a y E v e n in g P o s t, April 29, 1942, p. 27.

12.

W elles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 107.

13.

Interview, Emilio Collado, New York, 1976.

14.

In his State of the Union message to Congress, January 6, 1942, the day before Welles left for Rio, FDR predicted 60,000 airplanes, 45,000 tanks and 8 million deadweight tons o f merchant shipping. Jean Edward Smith, L u c iu s D . C la y : A n A m e r ic a n L ife (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1990), p. 118.

412 15.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 27

Edward O. Guerrant, R o o s e v e lt ’s G o o d N e ig h b o r P o lic y (Albuquerque, NM: University o f New M exico Press, 1950), pp. 173-174, 195-196.

16.

Collado, interview, 1976.

17.

Adolf A. Berle to SW, January 15, 1942, NA 710, Consultation, 3/330 B.

18.

SW to Hull, January 16, 1942, FRUS 1942, vol. V, pp. 27-28.

19.

Laurence Duggan, T h e A m e r ic a s : T h e S e a r c h f o r H e m is p h e r e S e c u r ity (New York: Henry Holt Co., 1949), p. 80.

20.

Eric Sevareid, S a tu r d a y E v e n in g P o s t, March 28, 1942.

21.

SW to FDR, January 18, 1942, SWP.

22.

Ibid.

23.

F R U S , vol. V, pp. 28ff.

24.

W elles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , p. 109.

25.

Duggan, T h e A m e r ic a s , p. 88.

26.

SW to Hull, confidential, #4 5 ,1 1 p.m. , January 23, 1942, DS records.

27.

W elles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , pp. 115-117.

28.

Caffery to Hull, January 2 4 ,1942, NA, Consultation, 710.

29.

James V. Reeks, interview, Englewood, Florida, 1976.

30.

SW to FDR, January 24, 1942; copy o f original with SW ’s handwritten corrections, SWP.

31.

C h ic a g o D a ily N e w s, January 29, 1942.

32.

Hull to SW, January 29,1942; NA 710, Consultation, 3/635A.

33.

N e w Y o rk J o u r n a l o f C o m m e r c e , January 24,1942.

34.

W a sh in g to n P o s t, editorial, January 30, 1942.

35.

P h ila d e lp h ia In q u ire r, January 30, 1942.

36.

St. L o u is P o s t- D is p a tc h , February 5, 1942.

37.

T im e, February 9, 1942.

38.

Arthur Krock, N e w Y o rk T im es, February 12, 1942.

39.

Berle diaries, January 24, 1942, FDRL, container 213, February-March 42 folder.

40.

Berle diaries, February 1,1942.

41.

SW to FDR, November 6 ,1 9 4 2 , SWP.

42.

Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s , pp. 118ff.

43.

Hull statement, December 14, 1943, DS bulletin #9, December 1 8 ,1 9 4 3 .

CHAPTER 27 1. 2.

3.

Sumner Welles, S e v e n D e c is io n s T h a t S h a p e d H is to r y (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), p. 181. Five months after America’s entry into the war in April 1917, Wilson directed his aide. Colonel E. M. House, to prepare a peace program before the end of hostilities. House recruited approximately 150 academics and launched “Thè Inquiry,” so-called to avoid publicity. In fifteen months it produced 2, 000 reports but few contained “wellconceived, systematic plans for peace.” Lawrence E. Gelfand, T h e I n q u ir y : A m e r ic a n P r e p a r a tio n s f o r P e a c e , 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963), introduction and p.314. Sumner Welles, W h e re A r e W e H e a d in g ? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1946), pp. 19-20.

4.

Robert E. Sherwood, H a rry H opkin s: The W hite H ou se P a p e rs (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949), p.343.

5.

Welles, S even D e c isio n s, p.179.

6.

Harley A. Notter, P o s tw a r F o reig n P o lic y P re p a ra tio n (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), p.51

7.

SW to FDR, enclosing Stalin text, December 17, 1941, SWP.

8. 9.

Winston Churchill, The G r a n d A llia n c e (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1950), p.695. Welles, S even D e c isio n s, p. 130

10.

Ibid., p. 182.

11.

Cordell Hull, The M e m o irs o f C o r d e ll H u ll (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 1634.

12. 13.

Bowman had been a key member of the Wilson-House Inquiry in World War I and, like Welles, was keenly interested in Latin America. Welles, S even D e cisio n s, pp.125, 132ff.

14.

Hull, M em o irs, p. 1634.

15.

The committee was set up with FDR’s approval three weeks after Pearl Harbor. Hull was chairman and Welles vice chairman.

16.

Minutes of the Advisory Committee, April 4,1942, pp. 1-2, SWP; Harley Notter, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, Dept, of State, 1949, pp.34, 89; Hull, M em oirs, p.l634ff.

17.

Ruth Russell, assisted by Jeannette E. Muther, A H isto ry o f the U n ited N a tio n s C h a rter (Brookings Institution, 1958), p.98.

18.

Welles, S even D e c isio n s,, p. 134.

19. 20.

Ibid. Ironically, Wilson had followed the same policy in World War I. In May 1917, five weeks after America’s entry into the war, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour visited him to discuss postwar settlements but Wilson refused, persuaded by his aide, Colonel House, that discussions might hinder the war effort. Gelfand, The Inquiry, p. 14.

21.

FDR told a press conference in March 1943 that there had been “very little work” done on postwar problems before Armistice Day. Samuel I. Rosenman, W orking w ith R o o s e v e lt (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952), p.401.In May 1945 Stalin told

Hopkins, in M oscow, that the Allies were not “properly prepared” at Versailles and should not make that mistake again. Sherwood, H opkins, p.893. 22. 23.

W elles, S even D ec isio n s, pp.124-125. American embassy, London, to State Dept., #1095, March 7, 1942, #1116, March 9,

24.

1942, SWP. Earl o f Avon, The M e m o irs o f A n th o n y E den: The R eckon in g (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1965), p.370.

25. 26.

Stalin cables to FDR, February 19 and 21,1942, SWP. Keith Eubank, S u m m it a t T eh eran (New York: Wm. Morrow & Son, 1985).

27.

FDR to SW, undated, SWP.

28. 29.

Earl o f Avon, M e m o irs o f . . . E den, p.376. The only American record o f the FDR-Litvinov talks is in the SWP. It bears no indication o f authorship but was almost certainly prepared by SW. Cf: FRUS, p.533, fn. 64 & 65.

30.

Earl o f Avon, M e m o irs o f . . . E den, p.376.

31.

F R U S, pp.538, 542-543, 560.

32.

Hull, M em o irs, p.l 174

33.

F R U S, 1942, voi. 3, p.569.

34.

F R U S, 1942, voi. 3, pp.593-594.

35.

Some estimates range as high as 125,000.

414

NOTES TO CHAPTER 27

36.

State Dept, press release. May 29, 1942.

37. 38. 39.

Hull, M em o irs, p.1229. Moffat diaries, entry for November 13-17,1942. Fred L. Israel, ed.. The W ar D ia r y o f B reck in rid g e L ong, (Lincoln: University o f Nebraska Press, 1966), p.273

40.

Berle diaries, FDRL, container 214, June 23,1942.

41.

The Subcommittee on International Organization; Cordell Hull, M em o irs, p.1638.

42.

W elles, W here A r e W e H ea d in g ? , p.27.

43.

Hull, M em o irs, p.1639.

44.

Welles, S even D ec isio n s, p.184

45.

Hull, M em o irs, pp. 1640-1643

46.

Wallace diaries, entry for February 9 ,1 9 4 3 .

47.

Thirty senators had just expressed opposition to a postwar international police force.

48.

H. G. Nicholas, ed., W ash in gton D isp a tc h e s: 1 9 4 1 - 4 6 : W eekly P o litic a l R e p o rts fr o m th e B ritish E m b a ssy (Chicago: University o f Chicago Press, 1981), entry for March 20,

1943. Dispatches prepared by Sir Isaiah Berlin. 49.

Ibid., entry for March 14,1943.

50.

The B2H2 resolution, cosponsored by Senators Harold H. Burton (R-Oh.), Carl A. Hatch (D-N.M .) and Lester Hill (D-Ala).

51.

Nicholas, ed., W ash in gton D isp a tc h e s, entry for March 20, 1943.

52.

Robert A. Divine, S e c o n d C h ance, (New York: Athenaeum, 1971), p .l 15.

53.

Nicholas, ed., W ash in gton D isp a tc h e s, entry for March 20, 1943.

54.

Interview, J. William Fulbright, Washington, D.C., 1980.

55.

Notes dictated by Harry Hopkins mention W elles’s participation. Hull’s memoirs say only that FDR “spoke at some length about the structure o f the UN organization.” Cf. F R U S, 1943, voi. 3, p.39.

56.

Hopkins.

57.

W elles, S even D e c isio n s, p .l88.

58. 59.

Ibid. Nicholas, ed., W ash in gton D isp a tc h e s, entry for April 21, 1943.

60.

In describing the Tehran conference, Sherwood found no evidence that anyone had considered that one o f the Big Four might be an aggressor. Sherwood, H opkins, p.770ff.

61.

Sumner Welles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p.369; W elles, S even D e c isio n s, p .l 85.

62.

Marshal Pietro Badoglio, conqueror of Ethiopia in 1935-36, succeeded Mussolini as premier in July 1943 and signed an armistice with the Allies in September.

63.

W elles, W h ere A r e W e H e a d in g ?, p.28ff.

64.

The sketch is reproduced in Sherwood, H opkins, p.789, and in FR U S, the Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, p.622.

65.

Welles, S even D ec isio n s, p.172.

66.

Sherwood, H opkin s, p.790.

67.

FDR to SW, January 4 ,1 9 4 4 , SWP.

68.

Welles, S even D e cisio n s, p .l39.

69.

Dmitri Volkogonov, S talin : T rium ph & T ra g e d y (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988), p.489.

70.

W elles, W here A r e W e H e a d in g ?, p.379.

71.

C. L. Sulzberger, The L a st o f th e G ia n ts (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p.304; quoted in Lloyd C. Gardner, S p h e re s o f In flu en ce (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), p.265.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 28

72.

Welles, W h e re A r e W e H e a d in g ? , p.377.

73.

Byrnes was Secretary o f State from 1945 to 1947.

415

CHAPTER 28 1.

Harold L. Ickes, S e c re t D ia rie s, Library o f Congress, entry for December 7, 1941.

2. 3.

H. A. Wallace, Columbia Oral History Collection, March 31, 1942, p.1463. Ibid., March 30, 1942, pp. 1145, 1148.

4.

Ibid., p.1595.

5.

Ickes, S e c re t D ia rie s, entry for May 24, 1942.

6.

H. A. Wallace, Columbia Oral History Collection, p.1676.

7.

William R. Castle diaries, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa­ chusetts, pp.275-277.

8.

Fred L. Israel, The W ar D ia r y o f B re c k in rid g e L on g (Lincoln: University o f Nebraska Press, 1966) p.281.

9.

Hoover memo to Clyjle Toison and Edwin Tamm, October 29, 1942, FBI records, obtained under the FOIA.

10.

Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, entry for December 27, 1942.

11.

James Rowe, Jr., interview, Washington, D.C., 1976.

12.

H. A. Wallace, Columbia Oral History Collection, pp. 1677-1678.

13.

William C. Bullitt, confidential memoranda o f conversations April 2 3 ,1 9 4 1 —June, 21, 1944. Courtesy o f the Bullitt family (hereafter cited as Bullitt memoranda).

14.

Ickes, S e c re t D ia rie s, entry for February 14, 1943.

15.

Bullitt memoranda.

16.

Ibid.

17.

Memoirs of Anthony Eden, E a rl o f A vo n : The R eckon in g (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1965), p.441.

18.

Bullitt memoranda.

19.

Ickes, S e c r e t D ia rie s, entry for February 14,1943; Hoover memo to Toison and Tamm, May 3, 1943, FBI files, obtained under the FOIA.

20.

Bullitt memoranda.

21.

Ickes, S e c re t D ia rie s, entry for May 5, 1943.

22.

Bullitt memoranda.

23.

Offie confidential memo to Orville H. Bullitt, Philadelphia, 1970, BWP.

24.

Adolf A. Berle, interview, January 13, 1970, New York, BWP.

25.

MTW to Courtney Letts de Espil, August 1, 1943; Library of Congress, Acc. 10, 078.

26.

The N ation , August 21, 1943.

27.

Interview, Turner Catledge, Madrid, Spain, 1959.

28.

Crider to SW, Jan. 29, 1949; BWP. BW interview with Crider, London, 1949; with Belair, Washington, D.C., 1971.

29.

SW to MTW, August 12, 1943, BWP.

30. 31.

Bullitt memoranda. FDR schedule, August 16, 1943, Edwin M. Watson Papers, University o f Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

32.

SW to FDR, August 16,1943, SWP.

33.

SW to MTW, August 19, 1943, BWP.

34.

Berle memorandum, September 1, 1943, FDRL/Berle.

416 35.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 29

Pearson to SW, August 24,1943, Pearson Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson library, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

36.

James V. Reeks, interview, Englewood, Florida, 1976.

37.

Adolph A. Berle and Travis B. Jacobs, N a v ig a tin g th e R a p id s : 1 9 1 7 -1 9 7 1 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1971), entry for September 1, 1943.

38.

W a sh in g to n T im e s -H e r a id , August 30, 1943.

39.

Bullitt memoranda.

40.

N e w Y o rk H e r a ld -T r ib u n e , editorial, August 25, 1943.

41.

St. L o u is P o s t D is p a tc h , editorial, August 30,1943.

42.

T im e, September 6, 1943.

43.

T h e N a tio n , September 4, 1943.

44.

W a sh in g to n P o s t, September 5, 1943.

45.

W a sh in g to n T im e s -H e r a id , editorial, September 2, 1943.

46.

MTW to Courtney Letts de Espil, September 2, 1943, BWP.

47.

MTW to Courtney Letts de Espil, September 9, 1943, BWP.

48.

Confidential memo on activities of “Mr.A” [Welles] by Daniel H. Clare, Jr., special agent, September 8, 1943, copy in SWP.

49.

James B. Reston, interview, Madrid, 1960.

50.

Byrnes to FDR, September 3, 1943; James F. Byrnes Papers, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.

51.

Pearson to SW, August 30,1943, SWP.

52.

SW to FDR, September 21,1943, copy in SWP.

53.

SW to Hull, September 21,1943, copy in SWP.

54.

Byrnes Papers, 1943, W elles folder, p. 2.

55.

W. Averell Harriman, interview, Washington, D.C., 1971.

56.

Byrnes Papers, 1943, W elles folder, p.2.

57.

Wallace diaries, Columbia Oral History Collection, September 30, 1943, p.2769.

58.

FDR to SW, October 15,1943, FDRL, PSF/Welles/State.

59.

E. A. Mowrer, P h ila d e lp h ia In q u ire r, November 2, 1943.

60.

Pearson notes, November 1943, Drew Pearson Papers, LBJ Library, Austin, Texas.

61.

Ickes, S e c r e t D ia r ie s , September 13, 1943.

62.

Bullitt memoranda.

63.

James Rowe, interview, Washington, D.C., June 26, 1971.

CHAPTER 29 1.

A new state of Southern Germany, predominantly Catholic; a northern state comprising Upper Hesse, Thuringia, Westphalia, Hanover, Oldenburg and Hamburg, and a northeast state comprising Prussia (although not East Prussia), Saxony and Mecklenburg. The latter two states would be predominantly Protestant. Sumner Welles, T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1944), p.352 and map facing p.342. 2. Sumner Welles, T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n (New York: Harper and Row, 1944). 3. William Allen Neilson, N e w Y o rk H e r a ld T rib u n e, Sunday, July 23, 1944. 4. Sumner Welles, W h e re A r e W e H e a d in g ? (New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1946), p. 340. 5. Ibid., p. 89.

6.

W elles, S even D e c isio n s T hat S h a p e d H isto ry (New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1950), p.206.

7.

W elles, W here A r e We H ea d in g ? , p. 371.

8.

Robert E. Sherwood, H a rry H opkin s: The W hite H ou se P a p e rs (London: Eyre and Spottiswooode, 1949), p.827.

9.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., May 24,1947, SWP.

10.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., March 14, 1946.

11.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., July 22, 1946, SWP.

12.

SW to BW, September 14, 1946, BWP.

13.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., December 1, 1947, SWP.

14.

SW to Pearson, January 28, 1948; Pearson Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson library. University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

15.

SW to Pearson, February 25,1948, SWP.

16.

SW to MTW, March 11, 1948, BWP.

17.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., August 31, 1948, SWP.

18.

Laurence Duggan, 1 9 0 5 -4 8 , In M e m o ria m (Stanford, CT: The Overbrook Press, 1949), pp.9-11.

19.

N e w York Tim es, editorial, December 23,1948.

20.

Robert Sherwood, R o o s e v e lt a n d H opkins, (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948).

21.

Published by Harper and Brothers in 1950 under the title Seven D e c isio n s T hat C h a n g ed H isto ry.

22.

A Pittsburgh multimillionaire, Mellon had been U.S. Secretary o f the Treasury from 1921-1931.

23. 24.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., December 4, 1948, SWP. “Igor Cassini,” Cholly Knickerbocker column, ‘T he Smart Set,” N ew York J ou rn al A m erica n , January 1, 1949, p.8.

25.

B o sto n T ra veller, January 27, 1949.

26.

N e w Y ork Tim es, editorial, January 28, 1949.

27.

SW to C. P. Curtis, Jr., January 15, 1949, copy in BWP.

28.

SW to Emily Welles Robbins, February 23, 1949, SWP.

29.

SW to Emily W elles Robbins, February 12, 1949, SWP.

30.

SW to Eugene Meyer, March 2, 1949, SWP.

31.

Pearson Papers, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, July 1,1949.

32.

MTW to Alice van Kaathoven, August 2, 1949, SWP.

33.

Later Mrs. Donald McElroy.

34.

Pearson Papers, p.76.

35.

Private interview, Washington, D.C., April 10,1975.

36.

Interview, Roscoe Hillenkoeter, New York, December 1,1976.

37.

Interview, James J. Angleton, Washington, D.C., 1976.Angleton and the author were colleagues in the Office for Strategic Services and friends during World War II.

38.

Interview, R. H. Ives Gammell, Boston, 1976.

39.

Pearson Papers, October 28,1952.

40.

SW to BW, June 21, 1952, BWP.

41.

To Director from SAC MFO (62-0), May 6 ,1953, FBI records obtained through FOIA.

42.

W elles attended a Report from the World conference, cosponsored by the Cleveland Council and Tim e magazine, not in September but from January 9 to 11, 1947.Emory

418

NOTES TO EPILOGUE

C. Swank, president, Cleveland Council on World Affairs, to author, June 15, 1977, 43.

BWP. New York Times, Harrison obituary, February 20,1978.

44.

SW to ANW, April 4, 1956, BWP.

45. 46.

Recollections, James V. Reeks. Arnold and Alexander Welles, Arnold’s sons by his first marriage; Joan and Cynthia W elles, Arnold’s daughters by his second marriage; and Serena and Merida Welles, the author’s two daughters.

47.

N e w Y ork Tim es, editorial, September 25,1961.

EPILOGUE 1.

Sumner Welles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944) p. 326.

2.

Sumner W elles, S even D e c isio n s T hat S h a p e d H isto ry (New York: Harper and Brothers,

3.

1950), p. 215. Sumner W elles, W h ere A r e W e H e a d in g ? (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1946), p. 280.

4.

Ibid., p. 366.

5. 6.

W elles, S even D ec isio n s, p. 13. Welles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 358.

7.

W elles, W h ere A r e W e H ea d in g ? , pp. 320-321.

8. 9.

Ibid., p. 292. W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 335.

10.

Ibid., p .334.

11.

Ibid.

12.

Ibid.; p. 408.

13. 14.

W elles, W h ere A r e W e H ea d in g ? , p. 288. W elles, The T im e f o r D e c isio n , p. 401ff.

15.

W elles, W h ere A r e W e H ea d in g ? , p. 371.

16.

W elles, S even D ec isio n s, p. 230.

17.

N e w Y ork Tim es, “Sumner W elles,” editorial, January 28,1948.

18.

R u b a iy a t o f O m a r K h a yya m , trans. Edward Fitz-Gerald, verse 43.

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--------- . T h re e C e n tu r ie s o f H a r v a r d . Cambridge,'Mass: Harvard U niversity Press, 1936. Munro, Dana G. I n te r v e n tio n a n d D o l l a r D ip lo m a c y in th e C a r ib b e a n : 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 2 1 . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964. Murray, Robert K. T h e H a r d in g E r a . M inneapolis: University o f M innesota Press, 1969. N ixon, Edgar. F r a n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt a n d F o r e ig n A ffa ir s . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1969. Notter, Harley A. P o s t w a r F o r e ig n P o l ic y P r e p a r a tio n ,1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 . W ashington, D.C.: Government Printing O ffice, 1950. Offner, Arnold A . “Appeasem ent Revisited: The U .S ., Great Britain and Germany, 19334 0 .” T h e J o u r n a l o f A m e r ic a n H is to r y , voi. 64 (Septem ber 1977). Page, Walter H. L ife a n d L e tte r s . 2 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & C o., 1922. Pearson, Drew. Personal Papers. Container G -236. Lyndon. B. Johnson Library, University o f Texas, Austin, Texas. Perkins, Dexter. C h a r le s E v a n s H u g h e s a n d A m e r ic a n D e m o c r a tic S ta te s m a n s h ip . Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956. Perkins, Thomas Handasyd. M e m o ir : E x tr a c ts f r o m H is D ia r ie s a n d L e tte r s . Edited by Thomas G. Cary. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1856. Phillips, Caroline A. D . Diaries. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe C ollege, Cambridge, Mass,. Phillips, Ruby Hart. C u b a n S id e s h o w . Havana: Cuban Press, 1935. Pilpel, Robert. T o T h e H o n o r O f T h e F le e t. Athenaeum, 1979. Pulliam W. E., diary, in possession o f Pulliam fam ily. R oosevelt, Elliott. A s H e S a w It. N ew York: D uell, Sloane and Pearce, 1946.

--------- . A R e n d e z v o u s W ith D e s tin y . N ew York: Putnam, 1975. R oosevelt, Franklin D elano, and Elliot R ossevelt. F D R : H is P e r s o n a l L e tte r s , E a r ly Y e a rs. V oi. 1. N ew York: D uell, Sloane & Pearce, 1947-50.

R ose, Norman. V a n sitta r t: S tu d y o f a D ip lo m a t. London: Heinemann, 1978. Rosenm an, Samuel I., ed. T h e P u b lic P a p e r s a n d A d d r e s s e s o f F ra n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt. 2 vols. N ew York: Random H ouse, 1938 [c. 1950].

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Schlesinger, Arthur M ., Jr. T h e A g e o f R o o s e v e lt. Boston: Houghton M ifflin, 1957-60. -----------. H is to r y o f U .S. P o l it ic a l P a r tie s . N ew York: Chelsea H ouse, 1973. Sherwood, Robert E. T h e W h ite H o u s e P a p e r s o f H a r r y L. H o p k in s. London: Eyre & Spottisw oode, 1948. Shirer, W illiam L. T h e R is e a n d F a ll o f th e T h ird R e ic h . N ew York: Sim on and Schuster, 1960. Skinner, Cornelia Otis. E le g a n t W its a n d G r a n d H o r iz o n ta ls . Boston: Houghton M ifflin, 1962. Smith, Jean Edward. L u c iu s D . C la y : A n A m e r ic a n L ife. N ew York: Henry Holt, 1990. Sulzberger, C. L. T h e L a s t o f th e G ia n ts . N ew York: M acmillan, 1970. Traina, Richard. A m e r ic a n D ip lo m a c y a n d th e S p a n ish C iv il W ar. Bloom ington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1968. V olkogonov, Dmitri. S ta lin : T riu m p h & T r a g e d y . N ew York: Grove W eidenfeld, 1991. W allace, Henry A. T h e P r ic e o f V isio n : T h e D ia r y o f H e n ry A . W a lla c e , 1 9 4 2 -1 9 4 6 . Edited by John Morton Blum. Boston: Houghton M ifflin, 1973. W atson, Major General Edwin M. “Pa.” Papers. University o f Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. W eil, Martin. A P r e tty G o o d C lu b : T h e F o u n d in g F a th e r s o f th e U .S. F o r e ig n S e r v ic e . N ew York: W . W . Norton, 1978. W elles, Albert. H is to r y o f th e W e lle s F a m ily in E n g la n d , in c lu d in g a n A c c o u n t o f th e W e lle s F a m ily in M a s s a c h u s e tts b y H e n ry W in th ro p S a rg e n t. Boston: Press o f

John W ilson & Son, 1874. W elles, Governor Thomas. “The English Ancestry o f Governor Thomas W elles.” Reprinted from the N e w E n g la n d H is to r ic a l & G e n e a lo g ic a l R e g is te r . (Boston; July and October, 1926). W elles, Sumner. N a b o t h ’s V in e y a r d . London: Payson and Clarke, Ltd., 1928.

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Government Printing O ffice, 1937. -----------. T h e W o r ld o f th e F o u r F r e e d o m s . N ew York: Colum bia University Press, 1943. ---------- . T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n . N ew York: Harper and Row, 1944. ---------- . “Introduction.” T h e C ia n o D ia r ie s : 1 9 3 9 -4 3 . Edited by Hugh Gibson. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1946. -----------. W h e re A r e W e H e a d in g . N ew York: Harper Bros., 1946. -----------. W e N e e d N o t F a il. Boston: Houghton M ifflin, Co., 1948. ---------- . S e v e n D e c is io n s th a t S h a p e d H is to r y . N ew York: Harper and R ow , 1950. W heeler, Post, and H allie Erminie R ives W heeler. D o m e O f M a n y C o lo r e d G la s s . N ew York: Doubleday, 1955. W hite, Francis. Papers. Evergreen H ouse, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. W hite, G eorge S. M e m o ir o f S a m u e l S la te r . Printed at 4 6 Carpenter St., Philadelphia, 1836.

424

SUMNER WELLES: FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST

W ilson, Hugh R. D i p l o m a t B e t w e e n W a r s . London: Longm ans, Green and C o., 1961. W ilson, Theodore A. T h e F i r s t S u m m it: Boston: Houghton M ifflin Co., 1969. ---------- . W o r k in g W ith R o o s e v e lt . N ew York: Harper and Bros., 1952.

INDEX

A cheson, Dean, 14, 329

B a l ti m o r e S u n , 133, 158

Adam s, Brooks, 21

Bankhead, W illiam , funeral of, 2 ,3 4 1 . S e e

Adams, John Quincy, 64

a l s o W elles, Sumner: Bankhead train

A dee, A lvey A ., 64, 112

incident

Adolphus, King Gustavus o f Sw eden, 112

Barlow, Samuel L. M ., 12-3

A glion, Raoul, 285

Baruch, Bernard, 221

Alfaro, Ricardo, 183

Batista, Fulgencio, 171, 174-8, 179

A lfonso, King XIII o f Spain, 69

m eets with SW , 176 Beam , Jacob, 198

A llen, Robert S. (“B ob”), 138 T h e W a s h in g to n M e r r y - G o - R o u n d ,

Beaverbrook, 326-7

137-8 A lm y, W illiam , 30

Beerbohm , Herbert, in P y g m a lio n , 33

A lsop, Joseph, on SW , 10, 209

Berle, A d olf A ., 1 9 5 ,2 1 1 ,2 1 2 ,2 1 5 ,2 1 6 ,

Belair, Felix, 272, 341, 346

Amapala, Pact of, 107 Am erican Negro Dance Company, 121

2 4 2 ,2 5 9 -6 0 ,2 7 2 ,2 7 5 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 4 9 -

Anderson, Chandler P., 69-70

as member o f FD R ’s “Brain Trust,” 143 and W. C. Bullitt, 341, 342 as member o f Buenos Aires delegation, 191, 192 on Cuban fact-finding m ission, 154-5 sides with Hull at Rio conference, 322 and United Nations charter, 239 supports W elles as Under Secretary, 190 on SW , 174 on SW and Hull, 333

Andrews, Bert, 362 A ngleton, James J., 369 Aranha, O swaldo, 185, 315, 317, 318-9 Arias, Harmodio, 183 Arkwright, Richard, 30 Armour, Norman, 318 Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 135, 329, 363 A m ell, Thomas, 10 Arnold, Henry H. (“Hap”), 301, 308 Ashbum , Frank, 11 Astor, Caroline Schermerhom (“M ystic R ose”), 8 Atherton, Ray, 227, 231, 292

50, 363

Berle, A lice, 191

Atlantic Charter, 300-12, 326, 359, 375

Berle, Beatrice, 191

Atlantic M onthly, 183

Bethell, Nicholas: T h e P a l e s t i n e T r ia n g le ,

A tlee, Clement, 359

237

Austin, Warren, 329

B ibesco, Princess Elizabeth, 259

Baker, Josephine, 121

Biddle, Anthony J. D ., 2 6 0 ,2 7 5 ,3 4 2 ,3 4 3 , 344

Balfour, Arthur James, 1 3 5 ,2 2 2

B igelow , Sturgis, 21

Ball, Joseph H., 335

B illings, Sherrard, 10

Ballantine, Joseph W ., 45

Black, H ugo, 2

426

SUMNER WELLES: FDR’S GLOBAL STRATEGIST

Blacklists, 55-6 Bloom , Sol, 336, 368 Blum , John Morton: R o o s e v e l t a n d M o r g e n th a u , 232

Blum , Leon, 251

and S W ’s European fact-finding m ission, 245-6 as S W ’s rival, 3 ,1 9 7 ,2 5 1 Burdick, Charles: T h e G e r m a n P r i s o n e r s o f - W a r in J a p a n : 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 2 0 , 46

Boegner, Étienne, 2 8 5 ,2 8 6

Biiriis, James H., 280

Bohlen, Charles “Chip,” 216

B um s, James M acGregor, 207, 212

B oisson, Pierre, 296

Butler, Sm edley, 73

B olling, Edith Galt, 49 Bonaparte, Jerome, 85 Bonnet, Henri, 211 Borah, W illiam E., 2 1 4 ,2 4 0 B o s to n A m e r ic a n , on SW and Esther’s

wedding, 37 B o s to n P o s t, 202 B o s to n T r a n s c r ip t, on SW and Esther’s

wedding, 38 Bow m an, Isaiah, 222, 329 Braden, Spruille, 1 6 7 ,1 7 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 3 , 1 9 4 ,2 7 4 Brailly-Blanchard, Arthur, 7 1 ,7 2

Byrnes, James F., 3 4 6 ,3 4 9 ,3 5 1 ,3 5 2 ,3 5 3 , 358-9, 378 Cadogan, Alexander, 2 0 4 ,2 4 4 , 251, 3028 ,3 1 0 ,3 7 5 on SW , 305 Caffery, Jefferson, 157, 160, 167-8, 177, 180, 317, 320, 322 Calles, Plutarco, 185 Camacho, M anuel A vila, 336 Camp, Walter, 10 Campbell, Mrs. Patrick, in P y g m a lio n , 33 Canfield, Cass, 363 Canning, George, 64

“Brain Trust,” F D R ’s, 1 4 3 ,1 4 8

Capterton, W illiam , 71

Brandt, Raymond, 361

Caraciolo, Prince, 82

Breitman, Richard: B r e a k in g th e S ile n c e ,

Cardenas, Lazaro, 185

231

Carias, Tiburcio, 104-5

Brewster, G wen, 343, 344, 345, 353

Carillo, Justo, 1 7 1 ,1 7 8

“Bricktop,” 121

Carlos, A ., 58

Bridges, Styles, 279, 343, 371, 372

Carmody, John M ., 2

Brooks, Winthrop, 2 , 9

Carnegie, Andrew, 7

Brown, Constantine, 202

Carpentier, G eorges, 291

Bruening, Heinrich, 367

Castillo, Ramon, 316, 319

Bryan, W illiam Jennings, 3 6 ,4 2 ,4 3 , 80

Castle, W illiam R., 1 1 5 ,1 5 3 , 1 8 9 ,1 9 6 ,

Buchanan, James, 360 B uell, Raym ond L eslie, 124 Buenos Aires conference (1936), 188, 1 9 1 -5 ,1 9 6 , 2 0 1 -2 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 6 , 217, 3 1 1 ,3 2 0 , 375 Bullard, Arthur, 124 Bullitt, W illiam Christian, 2 2 ,2 1 1 , 216,

197, 2 0 9 ,2 1 7 on W illiam C. Bullitt, 154 Castro, Fidel, 179, 364 Chaco War, 1 4 2 ,1 4 9 , 1 5 6 ,1 8 2 ,1 8 6 Chaliapin: P r i n c e I g o r , 33 Chamberlain, N eville, 2 0 1 ,2 0 7 -8 ,2 1 1 , 212, 2 1 3 ,2 2 2 ,2 2 3 , 240, 2 4 4 ,2 5 2 -4

2 4 8 ,2 5 8 - 6 2 ,2 7 0 ,2 9 3 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 2 ,3 8 0

Chambers, Robert, 370

resigns as ambassador to France, 271

Chambers, Whittaker, 362

named ambassador to the Soviet Union, 154

Chamorro, D iego, 92

and Cordell Hull, 343-5, 348, 350, 354

Chapman, Victor, 28-9

attempts to destroy SW , 272-3, 275, 278-9, 342

Chapman, John Jay, 21, 28 death of, 29 Chiang Kai-shek, 327, 360, 378 Chibas, Eduaro “Eddy,” 181

427

INDEX

C h i c a g o D a i l y N e w s , 321

Cumming, Hugh S., 154

C h i c a g o T r ib u n e , 346

Cuneo, Ernest, 272

Childs, Marquis, 272, 321

Curtis, Charles P. Jr., 28, 3 7 ,1 1 4 ,1 8 5 ,

Churchill, W inston, 1 2 7 ,2 0 8 , 236, 266, 269, 290, 325, 344, 346, 354, 375 and Atlantic Charter, 300-310 and Charles de Gaulle, 2 8 4 ,2 8 5 ,2 8 9 , 292 and disagreem ent with Cordell Hull, 288 and the creation o f Israel, 228, 234 and Operation TORCH, 287 and Stalin, 325, 326, 338-340 SW on, 253 m eets with SW in Palm Beach, 369 Ciano, G aleazzo, 236-7, 255-6 C in c in n a ti E n q u ir e r , 281 ■ Cintas, Oscar B ., 166 Clarkson, Anna Louise, 70-1, 8 8 -9 ,9 9 , 1 2 0 ,1 8 2 ,1 9 1 , 1 9 3 ,1 9 5 , 217, 320

3 5 9 ,3 7 1 ,3 7 2 Curtis, Louis, 12 Cutting, Bronson, 138 Daladier, Edouard, 2 1 1 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 0 d ’Alençon, Em ilienne, 27 Damrosch, Walter, 17 Daniels, Josephus, 7 6 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 0 ,2 1 7 Darlan, Jean François, 293-4 assassination of, 294 Dartiguenave, Phillippe Sudre, 71-72 d ’Astier de la Vigerie, Emmanuel, 291 Davilia, Fausto, 1 0 4 ,1 0 6 D avis, John W ., I l l D avis, Norman H., 6 4 ,6 5 ,6 8 ,7 5 ,7 7 ,1 1 5 , 1 1 9 ,1 2 9 -3 0 ,1 3 5 -6 ,1 4 7 ,1 4 8 ,1 5 1 -4 , 157, 1 6 7 ,1 8 6 ,2 0 6 ,2 6 0 ,3 2 9

Clement, Martin, 278

D aw es, Charles G., 129-33

Codman, Charles, 33

D aw es m ission, 129-33

Cohan, G eorge M.: O v e r T h e r e , 52 Cohen, Benjamin V ., 235, 329

de Cespedes, Carlos M anuel, 6 8 ,1 6 6 -7 , 169-71, 1 7 3 ,1 8 0

Colby, Bainbridge, 6 4 ,6 5 - 6 ,6 7 - 7 0 ,7 2 ,

de Chabrillon, com tesse, 27

76-7, 86

de Gaulle, Charles, 261, 284-99

Cold War, 376, 379

de Pougy, Liane, 27

Collado, Em ilio “Pete,” 198-9, 317

Declaration o f Panama, 217-8

on SW , 198 Colonna, A scanio die Principi di, 2 1 3 ,2 1 4

Dejean, Maurice, 293

C o n f id e n t i a l (m agazine), attack on SW ,

369, 370-2

Denby, Edwin, 73 Dennis, Lawrence, 138 D e n v e r P o s t, 282

Connally, Tom, 329, 335

D em , George H., 184

Cook, D on, 2 8 7 ,2 9 4

D i a r i o d e la M a r in a , 160, 179

C oolidge, Calvin, 9 7 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,1 0 6 ,1 0 9 ,

D ickey, Charles, 9

110, 111, 1 1 3 ,1 1 4 , 1 1 6 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 3 ,

D i c t a t o r , T h e, SW acts in at Groton, 12

1 2 6 ,1 5 3 ,1 8 3

D i r e c t o r i o E s tu d i a n ti l U n i v e r s i t a r i o

C oolidge, Julian, 18, 23 Cooper, Kent, 132

(D EU ), 158

Corbett, “Gentleman Jim,” 7-8

D olly sisters, 121 Donovan, W illiam J. (“W ild B ill”), 263

Corcoran, Tom m y (“the Cork”), 211

Dorr, George B ., 37

Coughlin, Charles, 185

Drummond, Eric, 124

C oy, W ayne, 352

Drummond, R oscoe, 335

Crasweller, Robert D ., 131

Dubrow, Elbridge, 2 3 0 ,2 3 2

Crider, John H., 345-6

Duggan, Laurence, 1 8 7 ,1 9 8 , 317, 319,

Cripps, Stafford, 331 Crowder, Enoch H., 66-8 Crow ley, L eo T., 352

322, 362-3 death of, 363 D ulles, Foster, 281-2

Dumont, Frederick, 170

Gardner, W illiam Am ory, 10

Dunn, James Clement, 198, 276

Gamer, John W . (“Cactus Jack”), 1 4 0 ,1 9 0

Dunn, Mary, 373 Duquesne, E. J. A ., 24

Geohagen, D. J., 2 George, King VI o f England, 2 1 4 ,2 5 2 Gerard, James W ., 45, 241

Early, Stephen, 221

Gerry, M abel, 82

Eden, Anthony, 127, 207, 296, 327, 328,

Gerry, M athilde Townsend. S e e W elles,

3 3 1 ,3 3 6 , 339, 344 on SW , 245 Eisenhower, D w ight D ., 2 9 3 ,2 9 4 ,2 9 7 , 372

M athilde Gerry, Peter G oelet, 83, 8 5 ,1 1 1 -3 G ibson, Hugh, 187 Gilbert, Prentice, 223

Eliot, Charles W illiam , 16

Giraud, Henri, 294-8

Emmanuel, King Victor o f Italy, 203

G ladieux, Bernard, 276

Emmett, Grenville T., 152

Glassford, W illiam A ., 296

Emmett, Richard (“B uck”), 29, 31-3 Ernst, Morris L., 353

G leason, S. Everett, 213

Espil, Felipe, 185 Estrada Doctrine, 180

m eets with SW , 249-50 G oering-Schact plan, 223-4

E s tr e l la d e P a n a m a , 157

Goldman, Nahum, 232-3, 235, 238

Estrella Urena, Rafael, 132

G om ez, José M iguel, 68

Goering, Hermann, 2 2 3 -4 ,2 4 2 , 244, 286

G ood Neighbor P olicy, 1, 5 3 ,6 6 ,7 4 ,9 4 , Farley, James A ., 155, 276

138, 1 4 2 ,1 5 6 , 1 5 7 ,1 5 8 ,1 7 2 ,1 8 0 ,

Farrago, Ladislas, 267

1 8 1 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 3 , 2 8 2 ,3 1 4 , 315, 375,

Feis, Herbert, 329

379

Fenollosa, Ernest, 21

Gould, Jay, death of, 7

Ferdinand, Franz, assassination of, 34

Grau San Martin, Ramon, 1 7 1 ,1 7 3 -9 ,1 8 1

Ferrer, Horacio, 170, 172

G r e e n s b o r o N e w s , 275

Ferrera, Gregorio, 105, 106

Greuse, Lili, 118

Ferrara, Orestes, 1 6 5 ,1 6 6

Grew, Joseph C., 14, 8 1 ,1 0 7 , 108, 112,

“Final Solution,” Hitler’s, 226

1 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,2 6 8

Fish, Hamilton, 151

Gromyko, Andrei, 335

Fitzgerald, Mrs., 273

Grose, Peter: I s r a e l in th e M i n d o f

Flagg, Winthrop, 9

A m e r ic a , 236, 237

F o r e ig n A f f a ir s , 124, 135

Groton, 1, 10-14, 163

Forrestal, James V., 2, 367

Grynszpan, Herschl, 223

Forster, Rudolph, 273

Guild, Curtis, 33, 36

Franco, Francisco, 276, 282

Gunther, John, 353

Frankfurter, Felix, 235

Gurion, David Ben, 236

Fulbright, J. W illiam , 335-6

Guthrie, G eorge W ., 4 1 ,4 2 ,4 5 ,7 7

Funk, Walther, 223

death of, 49 G yzicka, Felicia, 138

Gam m ell, Ives, 12-3, 1 7 ,1 9 ,2 1 ,2 3 ,2 4 , 25, 83, 97, 118-9, 127, 369 invited by Esther to join honeym oon, 38 in Paris, 28 on SW ’s love affairs, 35 Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 37

Hackworth, Green, 343 Hadden, E. Kenneth, 17 Haig, Earl, 48 H alifax, Lord, 214, 244-5, 251-2, 253-4, 2 8 5 ,2 8 7 -8 , 290, 326, 331 Hallam, Basil: in T h e P a s s i n g S h o w , 33

429

INDEX

Harding, Warren G., 6 5 ,6 8 ,7 2 ,7 3 - 4 ,7 8 , 8 7 ,9 2 death of, 97 inauguration, 81 Harkness, Edward Stephen, 17 Harriman, A verell, 1 4 ,2 9 3 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 3 ,3 2 6 , 352

H ow e, Louis, 1 3 4 -5 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 7 ,1 5 2 -3 ,1 5 5 , 312 Huffman, G eorge R., 365 Hughes, Charles Evans, 9 ,4 9 , 68-9, 70, 7 2 -4 ,7 7 ,7 8 ,8 5 ,8 6 -7 ,9 1 -3 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 , 1 0 8 -1 0 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 5 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 4 ,1 2 5 ,1 2 7 , 1 5 3 ,1 9 8

Harriman, Mrs. Borden “D aisy,” 152

Hulen, Bert, 368

Harris, Ruth B ., 267

H ull,C ordell, 1 3 9 ,1 5 7 -8 ,1 6 5 -6 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 7 ,

Harrison, Leland, 2 3 1 ,2 3 2

180, 184, 188, 1 9 0 ,1 9 1 , 200, 243,

Harvard, 1 ,1 6 -2 5

2 4 5 ,2 5 6 ,2 6 4 ,2 9 6 -8 ,3 1 3 -4 ,3 2 3 ,3 3 0

system o f electives, 16 system o f majors and minors, 23 Hearst, W illiam Randolph, 140 Heath, Donald R., 268 H einl, Robert and N ancy Gordon: W r itte n in B l o o d : T h e S t o r y o f th e H a itia n

antipathy toward Argentina, 194-5 and FD R -W elles plan (1938), 305-8 illness, 1 ,2 , 301, 322 memiors of, 361-2 and M ontevideo conference, 170, 178

H ess, Rudolf, 250

named Secretary o f State, 1 5 1 -2 ,1 5 4 disagrees with SW , 211, 258-9, 2634, 2 6 6 ,2 6 8 -9 as S W ’s rival, 274-7, 279, 285, 310, 320, 324, 328, 333, 341-4, 346, 348, 354, 380 S e e a l s o W elles, Sumner: constrasted with Cordell Hull H ull’s Eight Pillars, 201, 202, 204

Heydrich, Reinhard, 225

H unnewell, Arnold W elles, 37

Hillenkoeter, R oscoe, 369

Hunt, W illiam Morris, 22

H iss, Alger, 362

Hurlburt, Byron S., 23, 24

Hitler, A dolf, 1 8 7 ,2 1 1 ,2 1 2 -1 6 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 3 ,

H uxley, Elspeth, on Nairobi, 31

P e o p l e , 71

Henderson, Loy, 342 Henry-Haye, Gaston, 288, 291 Herrera, Alberto, 166 Herrick, Myron T., 260 Heiter, Christian A ., 116, 119 Herzl, Theodor, 221

240-1, 251-2, 254-5, 2 8 0 ,3 2 5 -6 annexation o f Austria, 220 and the Jews, 219, 2 2 1 ,2 2 3 , 229 m eets with SW , 248-9 Hitler-Stalin Pact, 215-16, 377

Ibn Saud, King o f Saudi Arabia, 2 2 8 ,2 3 2 9 Ickes, Harold, 2 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 1 ,2 4 6 ,2 6 3 ,2 6 5 , 271, 280, 281, 297, 311, 312, 341,

Hoare, Sam uel, 268

354

H olm ans, Frederick, 137, 162

on SW , 210

H oover, Herbert, 126, 133

I n d e p e n d e n t, T h e, 116

H oover, J. Edgar, 273, 274, 275, 342-3, 344

Irigoyen, H ipolito, 53-4, 59

Hopkins, Harry, 285, 291, 299, 301-3, 3 0 5 -6 ,3 1 2 ,3 1 4 ,3 2 4 -6 ,3 3 1 ,3 4 4 ,3 7 6

Israel, the creation of, 219-38, 395

Ishii, Baron, 45 Istel, 292

Hoppenot, Henri, 297 H om beck, Stanley K., 200

Jackson, Andrew, on Samuel Slater, 31

H oskins, Harold B ., 2 2 9 -3 0 ,2 3 4 ,2 3 5 ,

Jackson, Howard, 210

236-8 H ouse, E. M ., 248 H ouston Post, 202

Jackson, Robert H., 263-4, 2 6 6 ,2 7 5 on W illiam Bankhead’s funeral, 2 James, O livia (Mrs. Henry), 122

J a y ,J o h n ,11 Johnson, Hartwell, 246, 248 Johnson, Louis, 214 Joseph, Hugh, 12 Jung, Carl Gustav: P s y c h o l o g i c a l T y p e s , 83 Justo, Augustin P., 1 9 2 ,1 9 5

Lansing, Robert, 45, 5 4 ,6 0 ,7 1 Laqueur, Walter: B r e a k in g th e S ile n c e , 231 Latin America, U .S. indifference to in 1 9 1 7 ,5 3 Laval, Pierre, 2 6 9 ,2 8 9 ,2 9 0 Law, Richard, 232, 291 Lawrence, David, 140

Karsavina, in L e S a c r e D u P r in te m p s , 33

Lazaron, Morris, 221

Kearny, Mary: M iss Kearny’s D ay School

Le Jeune, John A ., 73

for B oys, 9 ,1 1 K ellogg, Frank B ., 1 1 3 ,1 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,1 2 0 ,1 5 3 K elley, Robert F., 198 K elly, Ed (“B oss”), 264

League o f Nations, 8 1 ,1 3 9 ,1 8 8 ,2 2 0 ,2 2 2 , 306, 311, 324-5, 3 2 9 ,3 3 3 , 336, 375 Leahy, W illiam D ., 200, 230, 269, 270, 271, 289, 297, 368

K elly, Thomas, 113, 115

Ledbetter, Mariana, 368

Kemmerer, Edwin, 129

Lee, Harry, 89

Kem pe, Paul, 46

L efevre,R am ona, 111, 1 6 3 ,1 7 5

Kennedy, Joseph P., 2 0 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 4 4 ,2 5 0 -

Léger, A lexis, 28, 285, 292

2 ,2 5 4 ,2 5 9 , 260, 263 Kent, Tyler, 268

Lehand, Marguerite (“M issy”), 1 4 1 ,2 1 0 ,

Kerby, Brooke, 365

261 Lenin, Vladim ir Ilyich, 53

Ketchum: T h e B o r r o w e d Y e a r s : 1 9 3 8 - 4 1 ,

L evey, Ethel, 33

224-5

L ew is, David, 210

Kina, 82-3

Lichtheim , Richard, 231

King, Ernest, 301, 308

L I F E (m agazine), 291

Kingsland, H elen (S W ’s aunt), death of,

Lindsay, Ronald, 2 0 7 ,2 1 4

18

Lippmann, Walter, 330, 362

Kintner, Robert, 212

Litinov, M axim , 215, 332, 335

on SW , 212 Kirk, Alexander, 230, 233, 2 4 2 ,2 4 8 -9

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 36

Klenk, 182

Long, B oaz, 67

Knapp, Harry S., 7 2 ,7 3 , 75-6

Long, Breckinridge, 225, 243, 258, 264,

K nox, Frank, 262, 2 6 5 ,2 6 6 ,2 8 0 , 285, 293, 314, 342, 349

London, in 1911, 33

267, 269, 2 7 5 ,2 7 6 , 296, 310, 314, 342, 343

Knudsen, W illiam S., 280

Longw ell, A lice R oosevelt, 342

K r is ta lln a c h t, 223

Lopez, Rafael, 92

Krock, Arthur, 200, 322, 345, 346

Lopez Gutierrez, Rafael, 103

Kurusu, Saburo, 313 Kush, W . F., 2

Lothian, Lord, 244-5, 2 5 4 ,2 6 6 L ow ell, Abbott Lawrence, 16-17, 23

La Farge, John, 21

on Harvard Club system , 19-20 Luxburg, Karl von, 54

LaFollette, Robert, 361

Lynch, Peggy, 47

LaGuardia, Fiorello, 1 3 8 ,1 9 0 Lamb, A im ee and Rosamund, on A im ee Sargent, 21 Landis, James M ., 250

M ac Arthur, D ouglas II, 215-6 M achado, Gerardo, 1 5 1 ,1 5 4 ,1 5 7 -6 0 , 1 6 4 - 7 ,1 6 9 ,1 7 8 ,1 8 0 , 361

Landor, Walter Savage, 374

M aglione, Luigi, 256

Langer, W illiam L. 213

M ao Tse-tung, 360, 378

431

INDEX

Maritain, Jacques, 285 Marroquetti, Carlo de, 99

M olotov, V yacheslav, 2 1 5 ,2 1 6 ,2 8 9 ,3 2 6 , 332-3

Marsh, Charles, 275

M onnet, Jean, 285

Marshall, G eorge C., 265, 268, 293, 301,

M onroe, James, 64

3 0 8 ,3 1 4 ,3 1 5 , 324 Masaryk, Jan, 368

M onroe Doctrine, 6 4 ,7 1 ,1 2 2 , 136, 295

Masaryk, Thomas, 117 M assenet: M a n o n , 13 M atthews, H. Freeman (“D oc”), 261 M atthews, Herbert L., 256 M attingly, Joseph C., 141, 167 M ay, Henry, 43 M ayer, Ferdinand L., 73 M cA doo, W illiam G., 140

M ontes, Armando, 170, 171 M ontevideo conference, 178, 181, 193 M ooney, Edward, 280 M ooney, James D ., 242, 243, 244-5, 249 M oore, W alton R. “Judge,” 1 9 6 -7,271-3, 278 death of, 273, 276 M orales, Franklin E., 9 2 ,1 0 3

M cAllister, Ward, 8

on SW , 106-7 Morgan, J. P., 10, 85, 86

M cBain, Howard, 165 McCarthy, Joseph, 297

Morgenthau, Henry, 214, 220, 221, 265, 266, 285

M cC loy, John, 297

M orison, Samuel Eliot, 16-7

M cCormick, Anne O ’Hare, 329, 353 M cCormick, M edili, 73, 82, 110

on Harvard Clubs, 20 Morrow, D w ight D ., 115

M cDonald, James G., 220

Mowrer, Edgar A nsell, 354

M cllhenny, John A ., 72, 73

M unich settlement (1938), 211-2, 224

M clnnes, R oss, 88 McIntyre, Marvin, 150, 343

Munro, Dana G., 6 9 ,8 0 - 1 ,8 7 ,9 2 ,9 4 ,1 1 4 5

M cR eynolds, James C , 342

Murphy, Robert D. 245, 251, 279

M elendez, Jorge, 92

Murray, W allace, 2 3 5 ,2 3 8

M endieta, Carlos, 178, 179

M ussolini, Benito, 211, 212, 213, 222,

M enocal, Mario Garcia, 66-8

229, 240, 250, 252, 257, 377

M essersm ith, George, 221, 243

meets with SW , 2 4 7 ,2 5 5

M eyer, Eugene, 1 4 0 ,2 0 4 , 366 M eyer-W aldeck, Alfred von, 46

N a tio n , T h e, 74, 346, 351

M ichelena, Oscar, 99

N eilson, W illiam Allen, 358

M iddleton, Drew, 207-8

Neutrality Act, 197

M iller, Irving, 230

N ew Deal, FD R ’s, 135, 157, 1 8 6 ,2 1 0

M ills, Ogden, 117

N e w R e p u b lic , 124

M inot, Grafton (“Quibby”), 12

N e w Y o r k D a i l y N e w s , 282

M inton, Sherman, 200

N e w Y o r k H e r a ld - T r ib u n e , 1 2 4 ,1 7 2 ,2 3 1 ,

M issionary Society, 12

350, 358

M istinguette, 121

N e w Y o r k J o u r n a l o f C o m m e r c e , 321

M itchell, S. C. “M itch,” 272

N ew York Metropolitan Opera, opening

M odigliani, 28 M oessner, Ursula: T h e G e r m a n P r i s o n e r s - o f - W a r in J a p a n : 1 9 1 4 1 9 2 0 , 46

M offat, Jay Pierrepont, 1 9 8 ,2 1 5 ,2 4 6 , 248, 2 5 1 ,3 1 0 M oley, Raym ond, 1 4 3 ,1 5 2 ,1 5 4 M olina, Rafael Trujillo, 120

of, 7 N ew York society, 8 N e w Y o r k T im e s , 6 7 ,1 0 0 -1 ,1 1 4 ,1 6 7 ,2 3 1 ,

281, 2 8 2 ,2 9 0 , 322, 345, 351, 363, 365, 371 on SW , 379 on S W ’s death, 374 review o f T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n , 358

Nijinksy, in L e S a c r e d u P r in te m p s , 33

Perkins, Thom as Handasyd, on the Pantheon, 28

N iles, David, 235, 237

Pershing, John J. “Black Jack,” 52, 269

N itobe, Inazo, 44

Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 2 6 2 ,2 6 8 ,2 6 9 ,

N icolson, Harold, 282

N ixon, Richard M ., 363

. ,284, 246-9, 294

N ogues, Auguste, 296

Peynado, Francisco, 86-7, 9 9 ,1 0 1

Nomura, Kichisaburo, 307, 309, 313

Peyrouten, M arcel, 296

Norris, Ernest E., 272

P h i la d e lp h i a I n q u ir e r , 321

Norton, Henry Kittredge, 1 2 0 ,121

P h i l a d e l p h i a R e c o r d , 272

Norweb, Henry, 193

Philby, St. John, 2 2 8 ,2 3 4 ,2 3 5 ,2 3 7 , 238

N o t i c i a s G r a f ic a s , 192

N ouel, A dolfo, 8 8 ,9 5

Philip, Andre, 2 9 1 ,2 9 3 Phillips, Caroline, 3 6 ,7 7 , 8 1 ,9 2 - 3 ,9 4 , 247

O ’D onnell, John, on SW , 264 O ’D w yer, W illiam , 363 O ffie, Carmel, 2 6 2 ,2 7 2 ,3 4 2 ,3 4 5 ,3 6 8 - 9 , 371 O ’Gorman, James A ., 36 Open D oor policy, 42 Ortiz, Roberto, 316 Osborne, N ancy Cabot, 20, 36 Otero, Caroline “la B elle,” 27 Oumasnky, Konstantin, 267-8, 328 O xon H ill, 126-7, 200, 369-70 Pachmann, Maitre Adrien de, 118 P a c i f i c H i s t o r i c a l R e v ie w , 267-8

Panama Treaty (1903), 183, 184, 193

Phillips, Ruby Hart, 1 6 7 ,1 7 0 ,1 7 3 ,1 7 5 Phillips, W illiam , 3 6 ,5 3 ,6 0 ,8 1 ,1 0 0 ,1 5 2 , 1 5 3 ,1 5 5 , 1 6 4 ,1 8 4 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 6 ,1 9 7 , 198, 216, 2 4 2 ,2 4 7 Pilpel, Robert, 33 Pisa, Sam, 85 Pius XII, Pope, 242, 251, 2 5 5 ,2 5 6 Platt, Orville H., 157 Platt Am endm ent (1901), 6 5 ,6 6 - 8 ,1 5 1 , 1 5 7 ,1 5 8 ,1 7 8 , 1 7 9 ,1 8 0 ,1 8 1 ,1 9 3 , 282 proviso, 78 Pleven, René, 2 8 5 -6 ,2 9 3 Post, G eorge, 369 Post, Harriette, 34, 3 6 8 ,3 6 9 -7 0 , 373

Paris, in 1913, 26-7

engagem ent to SW , 369 Pratt, Harden, 24-5

Parsons, Schuyler, 9

P r e n s a , L a , 86

Pasvolsky, Leo, 329

Proskauer, Joseph, 124

Patterson, Eleanor (“C issy”), 1 3 8 ,2 8 2 ,

Pueyrredon, Honorio, 54

345

Pulliam, E llis, 89, 109-10, 113, 367

Payne, Robert, 4 7 ,4 8

Pyne, Mary, 34

Peabody, Endicott, 1 0 ,1 1 ,1 2 ,1 3 ,1 4 ,1 8 -

Pyne, Rivington, 34

9, 25, 1 0 4 ,1 2 6 , 303 at SW and Esther’s wedding, 37 Peabody, Fanny, 10, 11

Q uezon, M anuel, 223

Pearson, Drew, 1 3 2 -3 ,1 3 7 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 7 ,1 8 5 -

Rainbow One, 215

6 ,1 9 1 , 1 9 7 ,1 9 9 ,2 1 2 ,2 5 7 ,2 6 3 ,2 7 6 7, 297, 316, 342, 350, 351-2, 354,

Ramer, John E., 92

361-2, 367, 370

Ray, Enos C , 139-41

T h e W a s h in g to n M e r r y - G o - R o u n d ,

Ready, M ichael J., 280

137-8 Pearson, Leon, 138, 350

Rath, Ernst vom , 223

Reed, Charles M ., 84 Reeks, James, 8 1 ,1 6 3 ,1 7 5 , 202-3, 246,

Perkins, Dexter, 77

248, 251, 277, 320, 350, 3 6 5 ,3 7 3

Perkins, Frances, 2

retirement, 368

433

INDEX

return to SW ’s em ploym ent, 372 Reid, H elen, 353 Reid, Mrs. W hitelaw, 82

confidence in SW , 209 R oosevelt, Franklin D. Jr., 201, 3 0 1 ,3 0 3 , 309

Reston, James, 351, 379

R oosevelt, Hall, 9

Reynaud, Paul, 262

R oosevelt, James, 192

R ia n o ,J u a n ,100

R oosevelt, Theodore, 13-4, 33, 64-5, 75,

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 2 4 6 ,2 5 1 ,2 5 5 -6

142, 183, 273; SW on, 23

m eets with SW , 248 Riegner, Gerhaud, 230-2

R oosevelt, Theodore Jr., 88

Rio de Janeiro conference, 314-23

Rosenman, Samuel I., 1 4 1 ,2 0 4 ,2 2 0 ,1 4 1 ,

Ritchie, Albert C , 139-41, 190 R ives, H allie Erminie, 43

204, 220, 279, 280 Ross, Charles, 138

Robbins, E m ily (S W ’s sister), 8 ,9 -1 0 ,1 8 ,

Rossetti, Juan Bautista, 318

366, 369 marriage to Henry Pelham Robbins, 14, 22 Robbins, Harry Pelham, 14, 18, 74, 118, 369

Root, Elihu, 65, 74

Roussy de Sales, Raoul, 285, 286, 294 R ow e, James Jr., 343 R ow e, Leo, 6 3 ,6 5 ,7 6 ,1 1 0 ,1 5 6 ,1 6 4 ,2 1 7 Rublee, George, 221, 223-4 Rucker, Arthur, 253

Robbins, Irene, 57

Ruiz-Guinazu, Enrique, 315, 318, 319

Robertson, Henry W ., 55, 56

R ussell, John H„ 73-4, 75

Robinson, Corinne, 23

Russell, Mrs., 99

Robison, Sam uel S., 78, 87-8, 89

Russell, W illiam W ., 78, 87, 97, 103, 114

Rogers A ct (1924), 55

Russian Communist Revolution, 52

Rom m el, Erwin, 320

Russo-Japanese War, 12

Ronalds, Thora, 246, 367 R oosevelt, A lice. S e e Longw ell, A lice R oosevelt R oosevelt, Eleanor, 9 ,1 2 3 ,1 2 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 4 1 , 142, 147, 225, 226-7, 2 7 4 ,2 7 5 R oosevelt, Elliott (FD R ’s son), 11, 275, 301, 303, 308 A R e n d e z v o u s w ith D e s tin y , 275

R oosevelt, Franklin D ., 3 6 ,6 5 ,1 1 6 , 122,

Saavedra Lamas, Carlos, 1 8 7 -8 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 3 , 194, 195 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 204, 223 Sam, Guillaume, 71 Sanchez Elia, A ngel and Nena, 191-2 Sandino, Augusto Cesar, 122 Sanguily, Julio, 166, 170, 1 7 2 ,1 7 4 Santayana, George, on Harvard, 18

123, 1 2 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 2 7 ,1 3 4 -4 3

Sargent, “Aunt A im ee” Rotch, 20-1, 22,

and W illiam Bankhead’s funeral, 2 as governor o f N ew York, 134-43 at Groton, 1 1 ,1 4

36 death of, 57 Sasscer, G hiselin Lansdale, 210-1

and the creation o f Isreal, 2 1 9 ,2 2 1 -5, 2 2 8 -9 ,2 3 3 -9 interest in Latin America, 186

Schacht, Hjalmar, 223, 2 5 0 ,2 6 8

and polio, 111, 123 “Saturday Surprise,” 213 and Stalin, 215 attempt to defeat Millard Tydings,

Schieffelin, W illiam Jay, 11

210

Schermerhom, Katherine (SW ’s paternal grandmother), 8 ,1 1 9 Schuyler, M ontgomery, 92 Scott, W illiam L., 84 Sears, Miriam, 36 Sears, Richard, 24

m eets with Chaim W eizm ann, 228-9, 234

Sevareid, Eric, 316, 318, 379

S W ’s relationship with, 1 ,1 2 3

Shaw, G eorge Bernard: P y g m a lio n , 33

Shackleton, Ernest, 55

306, 307, 310, 338, 359

Stokes, Sylvanus, 85 Stone, John, 2 ,2 7 3

R o o s e v e l t a n d H o p k in s , 363

Strang, W illiam , 336

Sherwood, Robert, 257, 279, 297, 303,

Shipman, Ellen Pay son, 126

S tr u m a incident, 226

Shipstead, Hendrik, 272

Strutt, Jedediah, 30

Shirer, W illiam L., 351

Sullivan, John L. 7-8

Sibour, Jules Henri de, 126

Sulzberger, Arthur H ays, 346, 353

Sieyes, Jacques de, 285

Sulzberger, C. L., 340

Silver, Abba H illel, 238

Summerlin G eorge T., 183

Silverman, Sidney, 230

Sumner, Charles, 121

Skinner, Cornelia Otis, on Paris, 28

Sun Yat-sen, Dr., 42

Slater, Esther. S e e W elles, Esther Slater

Suydam, Henry, 138

Slater, Horatio N elson, 22;

Swan, Frederick G. (S W ’s maternal grandfather), 8

death of, 2 2 ,5 0 Slater, John, 30

Swanson, Claude, 1 4 3 ,1 7 2 ,1 8 4

Slater, M abel Hunt “B ay,” 2 2 ,2 9 -3 0 , 32-

Sw ing, Raym ond Gram, 353

4, 3 6 ,4 8 ,4 9 , 50, 5 7 ,9 7 and death o f son Morris, 47 Slater, Morris, 2 2 ,5 0 ; death of, 47

Taft, W illiam Howard, 74

Slater, N elson, 2 2 ,2 9 ,3 0 ,3 1 - 4 ,4 7 ,4 8 ,4 9 ,

Tamm, Edwin A ., 273

50, 85 wedding of, 69 Slater, Ray, 2 2 ,3 0 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,3 7 ,4 4 ,4 7 , 4 8 ,4 9 , 50 Slater, Sam uel, 30-1 death of, 31 Smith, Alfred E. “A l,” 111, 1 2 3 ,1 2 4 ,1 2 6 , 140 Sm oot-H aw ley tariff, 136

Takuma Dan, 42 Tammany Hall, 177 Tannenbaum, Edward R.: 1 9 0 0 : T h e G e n e r a t i o n B e f o r e th e G r e a t W a r,

27, 28 Taylor, Myron C , 221, 222, 231, 242, 246, 329, 353 Tennyson: I n M e m o r ia m , 19 Thayer, Sigourney, 88-9 Thayer, W illiam Greenough, 88-9

Snowden, Thomas, 7 6 ,7 8

Thomas, Luther, 2, 272, 343

Spanish C ivil War, 197, 201

Thomas, Norman, 74

S t. L o u is P o s t - D i s p a t c h , 281, 321, 351

Thomas, Norris, 272

St. Quentin, René de, 246

Thom pson, M alvina C., 275

Stagg, Albert, 121

T im e , 283, 321, 351

Stalin, Joseph, 215, 380, 325-8, 331-2,

SW on cover of, 282 Tixier, Adrien, 2 8 5 ,2 8 8 , 291, 293, 297

336-8, 340, 354, 376, 378 Standley, W illiam H., 335

Tom quist, Carlos Alberto, 61

Stanley, Oliver, 236

Tornente, C osm e de la, 1 6 0 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 4 ,3 6 1

Stark, Harold R., 2 1 5 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 8 ,2 9 0 ,3 0 1 ,

Tosta, V icente, 104-6

3 0 9 ,3 1 4 ,3 1 5 Starling, Edmund W ., 273

Tower, Reginald, 5 6 ,6 0

Steinhardt, Laurence, 216, 225

Tow nsend, Mary (“M innie”) 8 4 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 3 , 117, 134, 137

Stettinius, Edward R. Jr., 311, 353

Tow nsend, Richard, 84

Stim son, Frederick J., 54-6, 6 0 ,6 8 ,7 7 , 1 1 7 ,1 3 2 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 0 - 1 ,1 5 3 ,

death of, 84 Trading with the Enem y Act, 56

186, 214, 2 6 2 ,2 6 5 , 266, 280, 314

Treaty o f Am ity, 94

on SW , 61 Stim son, Henry L., 54,

T r o y R e c o r d , 282

Trujillo, Rafael, 131-2, 222

435

INDEX

Truman, Harry S., 345, 358-9, 362, 378 Trzebinski, Errol, on hunting in Africa, 32 T ugw ell, Rexford G., 143

W eizmann, Chaim, 219, 221, 227-30, 232-8

Tydings, Millard, 125, 210, 211

on SW , 234 W eizsaecher, Em st Von, 250

“Tw enty-one dem ands,” 42

W elles, Arnold N elson (S W ’s son), 95, 1 0 0 ,1 0 9 ,1 6 1 -2 , 164, 191, 202-3,

United Nations charter, creation of, 324-

2 1 1 ,3 6 8 , 371-3

van Hamme, Gustave, 364, 3 6 8 ,3 7 0 , 372

birth of, 58 W elles, Benjamin (SW ’s great­ grandfather), 24

van V leck, Nathalie, 148

W elles, Benjamin (SW ’s father), 8, 14,

40, 375, 380

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 335, 361 Vanderbilt, Mrs. Frederick, 21

22-3, 2 5 ,9 7 , 118 W elles, Benjamin (SW ’s son), 4 8 ,5 5 ,9 5 -

Vansittart, Robert, 2 4 4 -5 ,2 5 2 -3

6, 100, 109, 111-12, 161-4, 202-3,

on SW , 252 Vargas, G etulio, 318, 319

360, 365, 367, 371-3

Vasquez, Horacio, 1 0 1 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 , 1 2 0 ,1 2 9 -3 2 V eal, J. R oss, 366 V elasquez, 114, 120 V ersailles Treaty, and the inevitability o f another war, 31 V icini Burgos, Juan, 89-90, 95, 96 V illain, Jean, 27, 33 von B lixen-Fineke, Baron Bror, 31 von Herwarth, Hans Heinrich (“Johnny”), 216 W adsworth, James W ., 36 Wagner, Robert, 138 W akasugi, Kaname, 302 Waldrop, Frank, 272 Walker, Frank, 349 W all Street, 1929 crash of, 159 W allace, Henry, 2 1 4 ,2 6 4 ,3 1 0 ,3 4 1 -3 ,3 4 4 F D R ’s choice as running mate, 1-2 W alsh, D avid, 36, 37 Warm Springs Declaration, 179 Warner, Langdon, 21 W a s h in g to n P o s t, 202, 204, 321

on SW and Esther’s wedding, 37 sale of, 140 W a s h in g to n T im e s - H e r a ld , 1 3 8 ,2 8 2 ,3 4 6 , 351 W atson, Edwin M. “Pa,” 273, 274, 279, 310, 344 W eddell, Alexander, 192 W eeks, John W ., 36

in Cuba, 162-4 on Cuba, 162-3 W elles, Edgar, H., 17 W elles, Em ily (S W ’s sister). S e e Robbins, Em ily W elles, Esther Slater, 22, 30, 33, 34, 35 on Argentine wom en, 58 birth o f Arnold, 58 birth o f Benjamin, 48 confirmation of, 50 on Japan, 43 on death o f Morris, 47-8 personality of, 35-6 pregnancy, 4 7 ,5 7 drifts apart from SW , 57 engagem ent to SW , 36 marriage to SW , 37-8 m eets SW , 22 on W oodrow W ilson’s re-election, 49 on World War 1 ,49 W elles, Frances Swan (SW ’s mother), 8-9 death of, 9 ,1 8 illness of, 14 as peacekeeper between SW and his father, 22 W elles, Mathilde, 102, 1 0 8 -9 ,1 3 4 , 191, 1 9 2 ,2 0 2 ,2 0 3 , 2 1 1 ,2 1 7 ,2 7 5 ,2 7 6 , 310, 316, 345, 349, 350, 351, 362, 366-7 affair with SW , 83-7, 90, 92, 97-100 in Cuba, 1 6 1 ,1 6 3 ,1 7 5 death of, 3 5 8 ,3 6 7 death o f mother, 137

marriage to SW , 114-15, 118-19 meets SW , 83

and hom ophobia, 29 in Honduras, 103-7 Cordell Hull, contrasted with, 199, 209,

WELLES, SU M N ER (SW): and achievem ent, 37 named ambassador to Havana, 157

211,212 illnesses, 24, 29, 6 0 -1 ,1 1 7 -1 8 ,1 4 8 , 317, 349, 364, 365-8, 370, 372-3

in Argentina, 53-62

in Japan, 41-51

named Assistant Secretary o f State for

M iss Kearny’s D ay School for B oys, 9 ,1 1

Latin America, 155 Bankhead train incident, 2 - 3 ,3 4 1 -2 ,3 7 1 , 380 birth, 7 and bisexuality, 58-9, 379 character and characteristics: ambitious, 210 callousness, 119 com passion and tenderness, 2 0 ,9 6 as an “extraverted intuitive” psychological type, 83 as a m odel diplomat, 93 as a nonconformist, 20 self-assurance and arrogance, 6 2 ,6 9 70 as a child, 9-10 in Cuba, 158-81 death of, 373 Deputy C hief o f L.A ., 63-79 resigns, 79 as Deputy Com m issioner to H ughes, 92 diplomatic errors, 377-8 dism issed by C oolidge, 1 1 4 -5 ,1 2 6 in Egypt, 117 European fact-finding m ission, 240-57 and father, 22-3 disinherited, 118 and M athilde Gerry: first m eeting, 83 affair with, 8 6 ,9 0 , 97 M athilde threatens to leave SW , 362 at Groton School, 10-14 at Harvard, 17-25 frequents brothel, 19 grades, 24 at Harvard Architecture School, 24 praised for authoring play, 17, 18 put on six-m onth probation, 23 rejected for C r im s o n , 19 rejected by Harvard Clubs

visits Kenya (1914), 31-3 in Knickerbocker Greys, 9 and love affiars, 29, 35 major contributions to R oosevelt era, 375 and mother: effect o f mother’s death, 18-19, 119 relationship with, 8 -9 ,1 4 ,1 8 -1 9 and opera, 12, 23 and Oriental art, 21 in Paris, 2 5 ,2 8 - 3 1 ,3 3 ,1 2 1 marries Harriet Post, 369 and Eleanor R oosevelt, 9 and singing, 17 marriage to Esther Slater, 37-8 breakdown of, 8 1 - 3 ,9 4 ,9 5 , 96-7, 1 0 0 ,1 1 3 reasons for, 36 opinions: on Churchill, 253 on Goering, 249 on Louis H ow e, 134 on Japan, 12 on League o f Nations, 139 on majors and minors at Harvard, 23 on M unich conference (1938), 212 on M ussolini, 247 on Panama conference, 216-8 on FDR, 148 on Theodore R oosevelt, 23 on S tr u m a incident, 226 on Chaim W eizm ann, 227 on work, 44 on Zionism , 232 physical appearance, 2 9 ,9 9 , 209 clothing 2 9 ,4 4 ,2 0 3 jew elry, 35 reports, docum ents, and publications: “The Crime Against our American N eighbors,” 125 plan for D om inican independence, 76 D om inican resconstruction plan, 114

437

INDEX

instructions to Russell in Haiti, 74 letter from FDR to M ussolini, 222 report on Japanese prison camps, 47 N a b o t h ’s V in e y a r d , 1 2 1 ,1 2 4 -5 “N ew Conception” instructions to Crowder in Cuba, 68 Panama Treaty, 183-5 “Saturday Surprise,” 213-4 T h e T im e f o r D e c is io n , 248-9 United Nations charter, 325-40 and Franklin D. R oosevelt confrontation, 210-11 differences, 376-7 friendship, 191 w hile R oosevelt is governor, 134-43 SW submits resignation, 349-53 salary of, 81 Under Secretary o f State, 7 at W elles H ouse, 9-10 work schedule, 9 3 ,1 2 0 W elles, Thomas, 7 W elles H ouse (Long Island), 9

W ilson, Edmund, on John Jay Chapman,

21 W ilson, Horace, 207 W ilson, W oodrow, 3 4 ,6 5 -8 , 71, 75, 76, 8 0 ,8 1 , 135, 1 5 0 -1 ,3 1 2 , 325 “M obile” speech, 149 re-election of, 49 W ilson, Hugh R„ 55, 77, 242 W ilson, Thornton, 369 W ilson Doctrine, 150 Winant, John G., 229, 289 W inchell, Walter, 368 W ise, Stephen, 226-7, 230-1, 235, 238, 367-8 W isner, Frank, 368 W oods, Sam E., 267 World War I, 34-5, 41, 48, 66, 71 end of, 59 lessons of, 377 U.S. enters, 49 World War II, 179, 185, 194, 207

W heeler, Burton K., 272, 273, 343

Pearl Harbor, 313-4 bombing o f Poland, 216, 225 attack on Soviet Union, 225 Wright, Frank Lloyd: Imperial Hotel, 43

W heeler, H allie, 70

Wright, J. Butler, 110

W eygand, M axim e, 286 Wharton, Edith: T h e H o u s e o f M ir th , 8

W heeler, Post, 4 2 - 3 ,4 4 -5 ,4 7 ,4 9 - 5 1 , 70 W hite, Francis, 95, 1 0 1 ,1 0 2 -1 0 3 , 114, 131, 152 W hite, George, 140

Yoshihito, coronation of, 44 Young, Evan, 120 Y oussoupoff, Prince Felix, 100

W hite Paper, Britain’s (1939), 224 W ikeley, Thomas, 237

Zaggi, 32 Zayas, Alfredo, 68

W illkie, W endell, 263

Zionism , 219-38

W hiteside, D ale, 2, 273, 343