Some Iron Age Mediterranean Imports in England 9780904531039, 9781407322827

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Some Iron Age Mediterranean Imports in England Peter Harbison &

Lloyd R. Laing

British Archaeological Reports 5 1 974

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England General Editors: A .R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D. Phil. Mrs Y.M.Hands D.R. Walker, B.A. Advisory Editors: C.B.Burgess, M.A. Neil Cossons, M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. Professor B.W .Cunliffe, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, B.A., M.A., F.S.A. Professor G.D. B.Jones, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A. Frances Lynch, M.A., F.S.A. P .A.Mellars, M.A., Ph.D. P .A.Rahtz, M.A., F.S.A.

B,A.R. 5, 1974: "Some Iron Age Mediterranean Imports in England" © Peter Harbison and Lloyd R. Laing, 1974 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531039 paperback ISBN 9781407322827 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531039 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

SO ME I RON AGE MEDITERRANEAN IMPORTS I N ENGLAND

CONTENTS

Page

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

PART ONE: I NTRODUCT ION

1

PART TWO: THE CATALOGUE

3

PART THREE: D ISCUSS ION

1 8

ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS

3 0

REFERENCES

3 1

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

PLATES

I a -d

a f ter p age

"Rhod ian" f lagon f ragmen t

5

f ro m M inster , K en t

Ia

"Rhod ian" f lagon f ragmen t

5

f ro m M inster , K en t

I l b

E truscan b ronze o enochoe

5

f ro m N orthampton

I I

E truscan b ronze o enochoe

5

f ro m N orthampton

I V

F lagon w ith t refo i l-shaped mou th f ro m R iver C rouch , E ssex

9

PART ONE

: I NTRODUCT ION

T he q uest ion o f whether a n u mber o f I ta l ic I ron Age o b jects s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n E ng land w ere g enu ine ly i mported i n to t he c oun try i n t he I ron a ge , o r e ven i n a nt iqu ity , h as b een s i m mer ing q u iet ly s ince t he p ub l ic a t ion o f t he I t a l ic b ronze s k i l let a nd j ug f ro m t he Ay lesford c e metery i n 1 890 .1 T hese were t he f i rst r e l iab ly a u then t ica ted p re-Ro man I t a l ic f i nds t o h ave b een d iscovered i n B r ita in , b u t t ha t t hey were b y n o means t he o n ly o nes was made c lear b y R idgeway a nd Sm ith , who r ead a p aper i n 1 906

2

d raw ing

a t ten t ion t o ac ons iderab le n u mber o f I ta l ic f ibu lae h oused i n E ng l ish a nd S cot t ish museums a nd b ear ing B r it ish p rovenances . T he a u thors p o in ted o ut t ha t n ot a s ing le o ne o f t hese f i bu lae c ou ld b e c onc lus ive ly p roved t o b e a g enu ine I ron Age i mport , a nd s uggested t ha t wh i le i t was n everthe less l ike ly t hat a n umber o f t hese b rooches h ad r eached E ng land i n a nc ien t t imes , t here were p robab ly many o thers wh ich h ad b een g iven B r it ish l oca l it ies t o e nhance t he ir v a lue . B y t he t ime t he n ex t -a nd more c o mprehens ive - s urvey c a me t o b e c o mp i led b y D . B . Harden i n 1 950 ,3 t he n umber o f Eng l ish b rooches o f I t a l ic a nd o ther f ore ign o r ig ins d a t ing f ro m t he n in th t o t he f our th c entury B . C . h ad s wo l len t o as urpr is ing t o ta l o f 7 8 .

Harden was a b le t o s how t ha t w ith f ew

e xcept ions , t he f indspots o f t hese f ibu lae were c on f ined t o S ou th-Eastern Eng land , af act wh ich wou ld b e s urpr is ing i fa l l o f t he m were modern l osses , o r e ven R o man i mports . H e n oted , t oo , t ha t i t wou ld b e u n l ike ly t ha t modern c o l lectors wou ld h ave c oncen trated e n t ire ly u pon I t a l ic f i bu lae w ithou t i nadverten t ly a l low ing s o me G reek e xamp les t o s l ip i n to t he ir c o l lect ions . Harden 's s urvey a lso i nc luded a n u mber o f b ronze v esse ls a nd Greek o r I t a l iote p ot tery a s we l l a s c o ins , many o f wh ich h e r egarded a s g enu ine , b u t a t t he s ame t ime h ew ise ly i n o ur v iew r e jected t he a u then t ic ity o f s o me o f t he p o t tery f i nds . H arden a rgued t ha t t here was a" re markab ly l arge g roup o f t hese t h ings wh ich d o n ot s ee m c apab le o f b e ing e xp la ined a s R o man

1

i mports , a nd a re , e qua l ly , n ot f ound i n p laces where t hey wou ld b e l ike ly t o b e d ropped b y modern c o l lectors" .

T he A y lesford b ronzes ,

h e c on t inued ,

" leave n o g rounds f or d ispu t ing t ha t a t l east a l arge p ropor t ion o ft he o thers a re g enu ine p re-Ro man i mports" . D esp ite a c oncen tra t ion o f c o ins i nS ou thWestern E ng land , h e a rgued f or t he ir a rr iva l i n Eng land b y al and-route a cross t he A lps a nd d own t he Rh ine , r a ther t han b y as ea r oute d irect f ro m t he Med iterranean . More r ecen t ly , o ne o f u s ( L . R . L . ) d iscussed p ot tery a nd c o ins l arge ly f ro m t he West C ountry i n r e la t ion t o ap oss ib le Greek t i n t rade w i th C ornwa l l . 4 Most o f t he p ot tery f ound i n t he S ou th- West was r egarded a s d ub ious , t hough a k y l ix f ro m n ear Read ing ( Cata logue N o . 5 , b e low ) was a ccepted a s g enu ine . On t he s ub ject o f c o ins , La ing s tated t ha t " we c an s ay w ith s ome c on f idence t ha t s o me o f t he G reek c o ins f ro m B r ita in a re modern l osses , s o me c a me h ere i n R o man t imes , a nd a f ew v ery p robab ly a re I ron Age l osses" . He a dver ted t o t he f act t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion o f G reek c o ins c o inc ided much b et ter w ith t ha t o f t he impor ted p ot tery t han w ith t hat o f modern c o l lectors , t hus s treng then ing t he a rgu men t i n f avour o f t he g enu ineness o f s o me o f t he f inds . I n t h is monograph , s o me s ign if ican t b u t u npub l ished i t e ms o f p ot tery a nd b ronze a re p resented i n s o me d eta i l , a nd a re p laced i n c hrono log ica l o rder a longs ide s o me o f t he a lready we l l-known ma ter ia l , e ven i ft he g enu ineness o f s o me o f i ti s i n d oub t . A lthough u nequ ivoca l a ccoun ts o f t he c ircumstances o f t he f ind ing o f t he i t e ms p resen ted h ere f or t he f i rst t ime a re n ot a lways f or thco m ing f or p urposes o f a uthent icat ion , i t i s a rgued t ha t t he g enu ineness o f an u mber o f t he m i s s treng thened when c ons idered a ga inst t he b ackground o f t he p a t tern o f C on t inenta l e xport a r id d istr ibu t ion o f wh ich n ineteenth c en tury d ea lers a nd c o l lectors k new l i t t le o r n oth ing . T h is s ame p a t tern h e lps t o d ist ingu ish t he a nc ien t f ro m t he modern l osses amongst t he o ther f i nds l i sted i n t he C a ta logue i n Part Two , a s we b e l ieve t ha t an umber o f f i nds c an b e r e jected b ecause n o o ther e xa mp les o f t he t ype h ave b een f ound o u ts ide t he Med iterranean . U s ing t h is c r iter ium , c erta in f i nds wh ich h ave b een a ccepted a s g enu ine b y o thers h ave b een d is m issed a s s pur ious b y u s .

2

PART TWO

: THE CATALOGUE Winchester , Han ts .

P roto-Cor in th ian B ow l ( Skyphos ) C irca 7 00 B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : W inchester Museum C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : ' Found i n W inchester '

Th is v esse l i s i n b u f f ware w ith a b and o f g eo metr ic p a in ted d ecora t ion b e low t he r im . T he o n ly r eason f or s uppos ing t ha t i t was f ound i n Winchester i s a n e ntry i n t he 1 853 Winchester Museu m C a ta logue , d escr ib ing i ta s a n ' Atheni an v ase , f ound i n W inchester ' .5

Noth ing f ur ther i s k nown a bou t i t , a nd i n

v iew o f t he f act t ha t Frot h-Cor in th ian p ot tery was n ot e x tens ive ly t raded o uts ide t he Med iterranean a rea , i tc an a l most c erta in ly b e r egarded a s a s tray f ro m a n e igh teen th o r n ineteen th c en tury c o l lect ion . A u thent ic ity : V ery d oubt fu l 2 .

Barn E l ms , n ear L ondon

I t a l ic Cup 7 th c en tury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : B r it ish Museu m , L ondon

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : S a id t o h ave b een f ound i n t he g rave l o n t he b anks o f t he T hames 6 Th is p o t tery c up w ith u pstand ing h and les i s a lready we l l-known , a s i t h as b een p ub l ished a n umber o f t imes . H owever , w ith r egard t o t he g enu ineness o f t he f i nd , Professor H awkes h as p o in ted o u t t o u s i n al et ter t ha t t he g rave l i n wh ich i ti s s a id t o h ave b een f ound may h ave b een b rough t f ro m t he P oo l o f London b y t he T ha mes C onservancy B oard , s o t ha t i n t heory t he c up c ou ld h ave c ome f ro m a nywhere . I ti s a l most c erta in ly a modern l oss . A u then t ic ity : D oubt fu l

3

3 . _

"Rhod ian" F lagon F ragment ( P l . Ia -d , H a )

M inster , K en t

La te 7 th/Ear ly 6 th c en tury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : C ity Museu m a nd A r t Ga l lery , B ir m ingha m C a t . N o . 6 87 '53 C ircu mstances o f f ind ing : N ot r ecorded T h is u npub l ished f ragmen t was p resented t o t he Museu m i n B ir m ingham b y Mrs . Ed ith P rent ice i n 1 953 .

I t was r epor ted t o h ave b een f ound a t M inster ,

b u t n o f urther d eta i ls a re a va i lab le . I t measures 9 .1 cm . w ide b y 7 .5 cm . h igh , a nd h as a n o vera l l b lack c o lour c o mposed o f ab as ic o x ide p a t ina w i th s o me l ight g reen a nd b lue c arb ona te c orros ion p roducts .7 T he s urv iv ing f rag men t , wh ich a ppears t o b e h o l low c ast , c ons ists o f t he h and le a t tachmen t w ith d isc t erm ina ls , d ecora ted w ith a n o rna menta l p a l met te . T he h and le i t se lf i s m iss ing . T he f ragmen t f or med p art o f as o-ca l led "Rhod ian" f lagon - a t ype d iscussed b y J acobstha l , p art icu lar ly i n t he l igh t o f t hose f ound i n Ha l lsta t t g raves n orth o f t he A lps .8

H e p o in ted o u t t ha t t hese f lagons w ere f ound n ot

o n ly i n I t a ly , b u t a lso a t V i ls ingen 9 a nd K appe l1 0 a nd Pertu is ( Vauc luse ) i n F rance .1 1

i n S outh-Western G er many ,

T here i s af urther u nprovenanced

e xamp le i n t he Musee B or6 1y i n Marse i l les a nd a nother i n t he Musee d e l a V i l le i n V ienne i n t he Rhöne v a l ley ,1 2

t hough d oub ts h ave b een e xpressed

a bou t t he F rench p rovenance o f t he l a t ter p iece .1 3

D en B oesterd h as p ub-

l i shed a n u nprovenanced h and le o f as im i lar f lagon f ro m t he K am C o l lect ion i n N i j megen .1 4

D oubts s urround t he o r ig in o f many o f t he i t ems i n t h is

c o l lect ion , b u t wh i le t here i s n oth ing t o p rove t ha t t he h and le may h ave b een f ound i n t he N e ther lands , t he a l leged d iscovery o f t he h and le f ragmen t i n Ken t a t l east makes i t s Du tch p rovenance l ess u n l ike ly . Camporea le h as r ecen t ly l i sted t wo f urther e xa mp les f rom V etu lon ia ,1 5

a nd w e c an n ow a dd

t wo n ew ly-pub l ished S pan ish e xa mp les - o ne f ro m H ue lva a nd t he o ther b ough t i n G ranada a round 1 900 .1 6

F or J acobstha l , t hese f l agons w ere p robab ly o f

R hod ian o r ig in -h ence t he n a me - a nd were d a tab le t o t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he s ixth c en tury B . C . B u t F rey h as d e monstra ted t ha t t hey a re n o t Rhod ian b u t were manu factured i n E trur ia ,1 7

a nd h e a lso p o in ted o u t t ha t t hey d ate f ro m

t he l ast t h ird o f t he s even th c en tury t i l l a tl east t he f i rst q uar ter i fn o t t he

4

f i rst h a l f o f t he 6 th c en tury B . C .1 8

We w i l l s carce ly g o f ar wrong i f we

d a te o ur K ent ish s pec i men t o t he s ame p er iod . T he f ind c ircu mstances o f t h is f ragmen t s hed l i t t le l ight o n i t s g enu ineness .

T he f act t ha t v ery f ew i t e ms o f I t a l ic o r ig in were b e ing t raded

n orthwards a cross t he A lps , a nd t ha t p ract ica l ly n one o f t hese o ther t han f ibu lae c an b e p roved t o h ave r eached E ng land b y t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c entury B . C . wou ld n ot a rgue i n f avour o f t he f i nd .

N everthe less ,

t he

d iscovery o f o ther "Rhod ian" f lagons i n s ou thern G er many , d oes s how t ha t t h ese v esse ls were b e ing t raded o ver t he A lps , t hus mak ing t he ir p resence i n s ou thern E ng land p oss ib le , i fn ot n ecessar i ly l ike ly . A u thent ic ity : P oss ib le , b u t b y n o means c erta in

4 .

C or in th ian j ug

T he Medway , n ear C ha tham

c irca 5 50 B . C . P resent l oca t ion : C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : F ound i n t he b ank o r t he b ed o f t he Medway i n 1 871 Th is C or inth ian j ug d a t ing f ro m a round t he m idd le o f t he 6 th c en tury B . C . was e xh ib ited b y Mr . L egge t t a t t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies i nL ondon i n1 935 .1 9 Mr . L egget t s a id t ha t h is f a ther h ad s een i t b e ing d ug u p d ur ing e xtens ion work a t Chatha m d ockyard i n 1 871 .

A lthough t he i n for mat ion a bou t t he

d iscovery o f t he j ug i s more p rec ise t han i n many o f t he o ther c ases c a tal ogued h ere , t he a l most c omp lete l ack o f C or in th ian p ot tery f ro m g enu ine a rchaeo log ica l c ontex ts n or th o f t he A lps s uggests t ha t t he f ind b e l abe l led a s al ike ly modern l oss . A u then t ic ity : L ike ly t o b e a modern l oss 5 .

G reek Ky l ix

T ha mes , n ear R ead ing

L a te 6 th c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : R ead ing Museu m C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing :

S a id t o h ave b een d redged f ro m t he T ha mes , p robab ly s o mewhere n ear R ead ing

B oon p ub l ished t h is A t t ic r ed-f igure k y l ix b y t he P ithos p a inter i n 1 958 ,

3

PLATES I a -d

"Rhod ian" f lagon f ragmen t f ro m M inster , Ken t ( Ca ta logue n o . 3 )

I a ( upper l ef t )

:

R im , f ron t v iew ( l eng th 9 .1 cm . )

l b ( upper r igh t ) :

R im , t op v iew

I c ( l ower l e f t )

:

R im , b ack v iew

I d ( l ower r igh t ) :

R im , u nders ide

P hotos : B ir m ingha m Museum

PLATES Ha - b

Ha:

"Rhod ian" f lagon f rag ment f ro m M inster , Ken t ( Cata logue n o . 3 ) : T er m ina l d isc . Photo : B ir m ingha m Museum

l i b : E truscan b ronze o enochoe f ro m Northa mpton ( Ca ta logue n o . 7 ) : Anchor t er m ina t ion o f h and le . Hunt C o l lect ion . Photo : I an F in lay

PLATE I I

E truscan b ronze o enochoe f ro m Northampton ( Cata logue n o . 7 )

Hunt C o l lect ion . Photo : I an F in lay

2 0 a l though i th ad b een p urchased b y t he R ead ing Museum a s f ar b ack a s 1 896 . A s t he l ime d epos it o n i t s s urface c orresponds t o t ha t o n o ther r iver ine f i nds , t here wou ld t hus a ppear t o b e n o g ood r eason t o d oubt t ha t t h is k y l ix was g enu ine ly d redged f ro m t he T ha mes . A u thent ic ity : P robab ly g enu ine

6 .

Nu tbourne , S ussex

Magna G raec ia T erraco t ta c irca 5 00 B . C .

P resen t l oca t ion : F or mer ly i n Worth ing Museum , b u t l os t d ur ing t h e l ast war C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing :

P loughed u p i n af i e ld

Harden was t he f i rst t o p ub l ish t h is t erracot ta , wh ich i s n ow , u n fortuna te ly , l ost .2 1

I ti s i n R ipe Archa ic s ty le , a nd i s a t tr ibu tab le o n s ty l is t ic g rounds

t o aw orkshop i n Magna G raec ia . , p robab ly S ic i ly .2 2 p r ized b y c o l lectors , a nd h ave n ever b een f ound i n i zed a reas , a s t hey were n ot t raded .

G reek t erracot tas a re E urope o u ts ide He l len-

T h is s hou ld p robab ly b e r egarded a s

ac o l lector 's s tray . Au thent ic ity : P robab ly a modern l oss

7 .

E truscan B ronze O enochoe ( P l . I b ,

I I )

N ortha mp ton

L a te 6 th/F irst h a lf 5 th c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : C o l lect ion Mr . a nd Mrs . J ohn H unt , B a i ly , Co . D ub l in C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : O ld l abe l o n t he n eck s ta tes " Oenochoe f ound a t N orthampton 1 864 f ro m J .P ." T h is o enochoe may h ave c o me e i ther f ro m t he B a l l c o l lect ion i n S t . A lbans , o r f ro m a N orthamptonsh ire c o l lect ion s o ld a t S otheby 's p robab ly b efore t he l ast war .

T he v esse l i s 2 4 .5 cm . h igh , a nd h as a max i mu m d iameter o f

1 4 .5 cm .

I ti s t hus o ne o f t he more s qua t e xamp les o f i t s t ype , w ith a b road

b ody l ead ing i n ag radua l c urve t o aw ide n eck ; t he mou th a nd s pou t r ise g radua l ly i n t he s ame p lane .

T he h and le , w h ich i s a t tached b y ar ivet , i so f

c rude w orkmansh ip a nd b e longs t o t he c o mmon t ype w ith a nchor t er m ina t ion a t t he l ower e nd a nd w ith a p o in ted b u lbous t er m ina t ion a t t he mouth .

T he

f la t tened r im o f t he s pou t a nd t he b ody n ear t he l ower e nd o f t he h and le h ave 6

b oth b een s l ight ly d a maged . Much o f t he s ur face i sc overedw ith a g reen ishwh ite p a t ina wh ich i s p ar t ly d is in tegra t ing . T he c lass ic work o n s uch v esse ls i s b y J acobstha l a nd L angsdor f f , who d e monstra ted a n E truscan o r ig in f or t he m a nd s uggested a d a te i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i f th c en tury B . C .2 3

Aga in i t was F rey who i nd ica ted t ha t t he

i mporta t ion o f t hese o enochoa i i n to t he a rea n orth o f t he A lps h ad a lready b egun i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury B . C .2 4 g rave f ro m Ha t ten i n A lsace 2 5

T he l ate s ix th c entury

c onta ined a n o enochoe w ith a h and le v ery

s im i lar t o t he Northa mpton s pec i men , b u t , a s F rey p o in ted o u t , t he s imp le a nchor t er m ina t ion h ad a l ong l i fe , a nd c an t hus b e e ar ly o r l a te . I f we a re t o r e ly o n t he t ypo logy s uggested b y S z i la , g y i2 6

whereby t he mou ths

a nd

b eaks o f e ar l ier v esse ls a re o n t wo d i f ferent p lanes , whereas t hose i n t he l ater s er ies a re i n as tra igh t l ine , t hen t he N ortha mpton e xamp le wou ld b e s o mewha t l a ter i n t he s er ies . B u t t he H a t ten o enochoe s hows t ha t t h is t ypo logy i s n ot wa tert igh t . I ts hou ld n ot b e f orgot ten t ha t t he F rench g rave f ro m S o mme B ionne i n t he Marne s hows t ha t o enochoa i were s t i l l i n u se i f n ot a ctua l ly s t i l lb e ing manu factured a s l a te a s a bou t 4 20 B . C .

We must

l eave t he d ate o f t he N orthampton f lagon a n o pen q uest ion , b u t i ti s l ike ly t ha t i t wou ld b e long w ith t he ma jor ity o f i t s p eers i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i f th c en tury B . C ., i fn ot a l i t t le b e fore . T he Museum a nd A r t G a l lery o f t he C oun ty B orough o f N orthampton h ave n o k now ledge o f t he d iscovery o f t he v esse l . N ot e ven t he i n it ia ls J .P . g iven o n t he l abe l a t tached t o t he n eck c an b e i den t i f ied .

W .R ober t Moore ,

t he Museu m 's Archaeo log ica l A ss istan t , h as i n formed u s , h owever , t hat t here was a J ohn P h ipps who was mayor o f t he t own i n 1 862 , mag istrate i n 1 864 , a n H onorary Cura tor o f F ine A r ts , P r in ts a nd E tch ings i n 1 884 a nd a me mber o f t he N or thampton Museum C omm it tee f ro m a t l east 1 884 u n t i l 1 889 . J ohn Ph ipps may h ave b een t he p erson whose i n it ia ls a ppear o n t he l abe l , b u t t h is i s p ure s pecu la t ion , a s we h ave n o f ur ther i n for ma t ion o ther t han t ha t p rov ided b y t he l abe l . An u mber o f R o man i t e ms c ame t o l igh t s porad ica l ly a t a nd a round a q uarry a t Duston o n t he o u tsk ir ts o f N or thampton f or s o me y ears a f ter 1 859 ,

7

a nd t he s usp ic ion c ou ld a r ise - p ar t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he a bsence o f a ny o ther p re-Ro man ma ter ia l f ro m t he s i te - t ha t a n a t te mpt may h ave b een made t o a ssoc ia te a modern c o l lector 's p iece w ith f i nds f ro m D uston . B u t , a s a ga inst t ha t , a l l t he f inds f ro m Duston were p ub l ished i n 1 871 b y S harp 2 7 -t he man who h ad g a thered a nd h ad h e lped t o c o l lect t he m - a nd h e made n o men t ion o f a ny b ronze v esse ls f ro m t he s i te , s o t ha t t h is s usp ic ion may b e d is m issed . B u t a s ag rea t n umber o f o enochoa i were e xported f ro m E trur ia t o a reas n orth o f t he A lps ( see D iscuss ion , b e low ) t here i s n oth ing i nhere n t ly improbab le i n t he N or thampton o enochoe h av ing r eached E ng land i n I ron Age t imes . C er ta in ly t he c on t inen ta l d istr ibu t ion o f o enochoa i d iscuss ed b e low o n p age

2 1f .

p rov ide u s w ith n o c o mpe l l ing r eason t o d is m iss

t he e v idence o f t he l abe l t ha t t he s pec i men u nder c ons idera t ion r ea lly was f ound i n N or thampton . A u then t ic ity : P robab ly g enu ine

8 .

F lagon w ith T refo i l-shaped Mou th ( P l . I V )

R iver C rouch , E ssex

F irst h a lf 5 th c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion :C he l msford a nd E ssex Museu m , Che l msford . I nv . N o . B .18563 C ircu mstances o f f ind ing : F ound i n t he b ed o f t he R iver C rouch i n 1 912 b y Mr . I .F r ipp , o f Hock ley , a nd d ona ted t o t he Museu m b y R . G . Wi l l i men t , B ren twood , o n N ove mber 7 th , 1 933 . T h is E truscan f lagon w ith t re fo i l-shaped mou th i s n ow r ound-bot to med , b u t i t must o nce h ave h ad a r ingfoot a t tached t o i to n wh ich i ts tood . I t s p resen t h e igh t i s a bou t 2 1 cm . T he g rea test c ircu m ference i s h igh u p o n t he b ody o f t he v esse l , a nd a s hor t s hou lder g l ides o ver t o t he n eck w ith i t s t refo i ls haped mou th . T he l ower t er m ina t ion o f t he h and le i s f or med b y a n e gg mot if , b e low wh ich t here a re a nchorl ike t erm ina ls a nd a p a l me t te .

T he

s urv iv ing u pper t erm ina t ion h as a s i t t ing l i on w ith u pr ight h ead , a nd i n t he c en tre i s a nother l i on 's h ead whose mane r uns b ack d own t he h and le .

A

c er ta in amoun t o f u ncer ta in ty e x ists i n t he Museu m 's r ecords a s t o whether t he h and le b e longs , a s i th as b een r e- moun ted s ince t he v esse l c a me i nto

8

t he Museu m 's p ossess ion .

I t may h ave b een c on fused w ith a ( Ro man? )

h and le f ro m Dunmow - t he p rovenance a t p resen t g iven f or i to n t he c ard i n t he e xh ib it ion c ase .

H owever , t here i s as trong l ike l ihood t ha t t he h and le

d oes b e long , a s o ther v esse ls o f t he t ype w ith s o mewhat s im i lar h and les a re k nown f ro m I t a ly . T he o n ly o ther c o mp lete b ronze v esse l w ith t refo i l mou th k nown t o 2 8 h ave b een f ound n orth o f t he A lps i s t ha t f ro m Ha t ten .

Bu t G iess ler a nd

Kraf tp ub l ished a f ur ther mouth f ragmen t f ro m G undl ingen n ear F re iburg 2 , 9 a nd J .-P . Mohen h as k ind ly i n for med u s o f t he e x istence o f t he l ower p art o f ag lobu lar v esse l w ith l i ons o n t he h and le wh ich was p robab ly f ound a t Mene t ( Canta l ) a nd wh ich i s n ow i n t he Musse d es An t iqu ites Na t iona les i n S t . G erma in-en-Laye ( I nv . No . 3 1 .651 ) .

B ut a s we h ave n ot s een t h is F rench

s pec imen , we a re n ot i n ap os it ion t o j udge h ow f ar i s c o mpares w ith t he R iver C rouch f l agon . T he Ha t ten j ug h as a l arge f la t b ase , a nd g enera l ly h as af orm d i ffer ing f ro m t ha t o f t he R iver C rouch v esse l ,

t he o n ly f ea ture

c o mmon t o b o th ( o ther t han t he s hape o f t he mou th ) b e ing t he p resence o f t he l ion 's h ead a t t he t op o f t he h and le . H owever , t he b est p ara l le ls f or b oth h and le a nd b ody o f t he R iver C rouch f l agon a re f ound i n I t a ly , a lthough t he ir f indspots a re b y n o means a lways k nown . T he h and le t er m ina t ing i n t he s ea ted l i on w ith h ead e rect i s p ara l le led i n c erta in u nprovenanced p ieces d iscussed a nd i l lustra ted b y B rown ,3 0

b u t t he ir s te ms a re more f aceted

t han t ha t o f t he R iver C rouch e xa mp le . T he o n ly c o mpar ison f or t he e ggl ike mot i f a bove t he p a l met te i s o n as o mewha t s tock ier t mprovenanced h and le i l lus tra ted b y B abe lon a nd B lanchet .3 1

T he b ody o f t he R iver C rouch j ug

b e longs t o as er ies o f v esse ls d iscussed b y Mag i ;3 2

wh i lst most o f t hese

h ave t he more c onstr icted mouth t yp ica l o f t he o enochoa i , s o me h ave t he b roader mou th s een i n t he E ssex j ug . T he b ody-shape a nd l i on h and le a re c omb ined i n av esse l f rom V u lc i i l lustra ted b y S chumacher ,3 3

t hough h ere

t he s i t t ing l i on i s r ep laced b y as i mp le l i on 's h ead . Av esse l f ro m C u mae3 4 h as a s l igh t ly t a l ler n eck , a nd a b e l ly r ather t han a s hou lder ; i t s h and le , t hough more f aceted t han t he R iver C rouch o ne , d oes b ear t he e gg mot if a nd h as s eated l i ons , b u t b etween t hese t here i s ap a l met te , a nd t here a re r a ms ' h eads o n t he l ower t erm ina t ion o f t he h and le . Wh i le we c an f i nd n o e xact

9

PLATE I V

F lagon w ith t re fo i l-shaped mouth f ro m R iver C rouch , Essex ( Ca ta logue n o . 8 ) .

C he l msford a nd E ssex Museu m .

Photo : D oug las H . C ro me

p ara l le l f or b oth v esse l a nd h and le t oge ther , we may a ccep t t ha t b oth r epresen t a n E truscan t ype wh ich B rown s ays i s ' most ly o f t he f irst h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury ', 3 5

a nd i ti s i n t h is h a lf c entury t ha t we s hou ld p robab ly

p lace t he manu facture o f t he R iver C rouch j ug . A lthough a l most 2 0 y ears e lapsed b etween t he a l leged d iscovery o f t he v esse l i n t he R iver C rouch a nd t he r ecord ing o f i t s d iscovery when i t w as d ona ted t o t he Museum , t here i s n o s trong r eason t o d oub t i t s g enu ineness , p ar t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he f act t ha t o ther v esse ls w ith t refo i l-shaped mouths a re k nown t o h ave b een t raded a cross t he A lps . I t s c oasta l l oca t ion f ac ing t he C on t inen t , a nd i t s p rox im ity t o t he T hames e stuary where a n u mber o f o ther i mpor ts a re k nown , c an o n ly s treng then t he a rgu ment . Authen t ic ity : P robab ly g enu ine

9 .

S tatue o f T ur ms

U f f ington ,

Berksh ire

c irca 4 80-460 B . C . P resen t l ocat ion : A sh mo lean Museum , Ox ford C ircumstances o f f ind ing : S a id t o h ave b een f ound a t U f f ing ton o ver a c entury a go T h is s ta tuet te o f T ur ms h as a lready b een p ub l ished b y R i is .3 6

He a t tr ibu tes

i tt o t he Vu lc i s choo l , a nd s uggested a d a te i n t he s even t ies o r s ixt ies o f t he f i f th c en tury B . C .

I ti s a l most c erta in ly a c o l lector 's p iece , a s s tatuet tes

were n ever t raded . Authen t ic ity : V ery d oubt fu l

1 0 .

C ordoned S itu la

Weybr idge , S urrey

5 th c en tury B . C . P resen t l ocat ion : B r it ish Museu m , L ondon C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing :

F ound i n ag rave l d epos it u nder 4 metres o f s and a nd c lay

T h is s i tu la i s a lready s o we l l k nown 3 7

t ha t i tn eed o n ly b e men t ioned i n p ass-

i ng h ere . T he t ype h as b een d iscussed i n d eta i l r ecen t ly b y S t jernqu ist3 8 w ho s how

i t s d istr ibu t ion t o e x tend t o F rance , B e lg ium a nd e lsewhere . The

1 0

B e lg ian e xa mp le a t E ygenb i lsen3 9

d a t ing f ro m t he f i f th c entury B . C .

i s

p resumab ly c on te mporary , a nd l ends o bv ious we igh t t o t he g enu ineness o f t he Weybr idge f ind . A u then t ic ity : A l most c erta in ly g enu ine

1 1 .

F our Red-F igure A t t ic L eky tho i

Ha lamann ing , C ornwa l l

5 th c entury B . C . P resent l oca t ion :

?

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : N o d eta i ls r ecorded F our f unerary l eky tho i a re r epu ted t o h ave b een f ound a t Ha lamann ing , P enw ith , i n C ornwa l l . 40

T he f i nd i s i m med ia te ly s uspect a s l eky tho i were made

f or g raves a nd n ever t raded . I nvest iga t ion s hows t ha t t hey c ame f ro m t he c o l lec t ion o f a man who b ought most o f h is a n t iqu it ies i n L ondon a nd a f terwards a scr ibed t he m t o l oca l f indspots . Ha lamann ing was af arm h e u sed t o v is it f requent ly . 41 A u thent ic ity : A modern h oax

1 2 .

T hree Pot tery V esse ls

T e ignmou th , D evon

4 th c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : T orquay Museum C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : s a id t o h ave b een f ound t ogether i n a n a rt if ic ia l c ave a t T e ignmou th O f t hese t hree v esse ls wh ich c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he 4 th c en tury B . C ., o ne i s a n A t t ic d r ink ing c up o f b o lsa l s hape , b lack-g lazed a nd d a t ing f rom t he s econd h a lf o f t he c en tury . T he s econd i s a n o enochoe w ith t refo i l mou th i n l igh t g rey ware a nd p art ia l r ed g laze , wh ich c ou ld c once ivab ly b e e ven s l ight ly l a ter t han t he 4 th c entury . T he t h ird i s at wo-hand led b ow l , s im i lar i n f abr ic a nd g laze t o t he o enochoe .4 2

N o th ing f urther i s k nown a bou t t he f i nd o ther t han wha t i s

s ta ted a bove , b u t i t wou ld n ot a ppear t ha t t hese t hree v esse ls c onst itu te a modern l oss . T he f act t ha t a l l t hree a re t ypes wh ich were i n u se s ystad ia l ly i n t he E ast Med iterranean m igh t s upport t he t heory t ha t t hey a re a g enu ine a ssoc ia t ion . No t e nough w as k nown a bou t H e l len ist ic p ot tery i n t he n ineteen th c entury t o ' f ake ' ag roup l i ke t h is . 1 1

Au then t ic ity : P robab ly g enu ine

1 3 .

B ronze J ug

T ewkesbury , G loucestersh ire

4 th c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : B r it ish Museum , L ondon

I nv . No . 1 903 .2 -14 . 1

C ircumstances o f f i nd ing : N ot r ecorded T he B r it ish Museum G u ide t o Ear ly I ron A ge An t iqu it ies 43

i l lustrated t h is

b ronze j ug w i th h igh s tand ing h and le . I ts tands 1 3 cm . h igh f rom b ase t o r im , t he h and le r is ing f ur ther t o g ive a t o ta l h e igh t o f 1 7 .5 cm . I ti s i n p oor c ond it ion , most o f o ne s ide o f t he j ug b e ing m iss ing , a nd t he g reen a nd b rown s urface b e ing r ough a nd c ru mb l ing . I tb e longs t o at ype o f E truscan j ug w ith f ree s wung h and le ( f or h ook ing o n t o as upport ) wh ich d a tes f rom t he f ourth c en tury B . C . a nd wh ich h as p ara l le ls f rom V u lc i a nd f ro m C ertosa d i B o logna . 44 Au then t ic ity : G enu ineness p oss ib le , b u t n ot v ery p robab le

1 4 .

B ronze J ug

B a th

4 th c en tury B . C . Presen t l oca t ion : Ba th Museum C ircu mstances o f f ind ing : N ot r ecorded T h is i s aj ug s im i lar i n t ype a nd d a te t o t ha t f ro m T ewksebury ( No . 1 3 , a bove ), t hough d i f fer ing f ro m i ti n t ha t i t s h and le t er m ina tes i n ah oof .4 5

The a t tr i-

b u t ion o f l oca t ion i s o n t he b as is o f a n o ld l abe l . A s s o meone i n t he l ast c en tury may h ave a t te mpted t o p ass i to f f a s R o man , t h ink ing t ha t Ba th w ou ld b e as u itab le p rovenance , t he g enu ineness o f t h is f ind s hou ld b e l ooked u pon w ith c onsiderab le s usp ic ion , p art icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he f act t ha t n o o ther e xamp les - o ther t han t he p oss ib le s pec i men f ro m T ewkesbury -a re k nown n or th o f t he A lps , a nd a lso i n t he l igh t o f t he a l most t o ta l d isappearance o f E truscan e xports n or thwards i nt he 4 th c entury B .C . ( see b e low ,p ages 2 1 ,25f .) Au then t ic ity : P robab ly s pur ious

1 2

1 5 .

Twe lve Greek V esse ls

S e lsey B i l l , S ussex

6 th -2 nd c en tury B . C . P resent l oca t ion : B r it ish Museu m C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : T hree s epara te f inds , n ot we l l d ocu mented . Two were made b y af i sher man , t he t h ird b y H eron-A l len who p ub l ished t he m46 On t hree o ccas ions g roups o f v esse ls were f ound i n t he s a me p lace a t S e lsey B i l l . Al arge n umber a re l ekytho i o r s qua t l ekytho i , wh ich l ike t hose f ro m Ha lamann ing ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 1 , a bove ) were made f or g raves a nd n ot t raded . A lthough s o me o f t he v esse ls , s uch a s a n I vy L ea f l ekythos a nd a Pa l met te l eky thos , a re t ypes wh ich a re f requen t ly f ound t ogether i n g raves o f t he m id f i f th c en tury - a s c an b e s een f ro m Graves 4 31 a nd 3 53 i n t he N . E . C e metery a t C or in th47

o r G rave 4 53 a t O lyn thus 48

-t he c hrono log ica l r ange o f t he

who le S e lsey B i l l g roup i s v ery w ide . T he e ar l iest d a tes f ro m t he l a te s ix th c entury B . C . a nd t he l a test , al a mp o f Broneer 's C lass X I I , d a tes f ro m t he l a te t h ird o r e ar ly s econd c en tury B . C . 49

P resu mab ly t hey were d epos ited

t ogether , a nd c ou ld h ave b een a c o l lector 's d iscarded h au l . I ti s n oteworthy t ha t t hey were n ear ly a l l b ad s pec i mens , a nd a re a l l o f at ype a c o l lector migh t h ave a cqu ired o n av is it t o S ic i ly . A u then t ic ity : A modern l oss

1 6 .

D orchester-on-Thames

T hree Greek V esse ls 4 th c en tury B . C . P resent l oca t ion : A sh mo lean Museu m , Ox ford I nv .N o .

T ype o f v esse l

1 921 .172

S kyphos

1 921 .173

Sma l lO enochoe

1 893 .168

S te m less c up

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : S kyphos a nd sma l lo enochoe b oth h ave t he ir p rovenance g iven a s D orchester o n o ld a t tached l abe ls , a nd were o r ig ina l ly i n t he h ands o f a Mr O gden . B oth a re f ro m t he Mann ing c o l lect ion .

1 3

S te m less c up g iven t o t he Museu m b y Mr . W i l l ia m C ozens o f B ishop 's C ourt , D orchester , a nd s a id t o h ave b een d ug u p i nt he r ickyard o f Manor Farm , D orchester . T hese v esse ls h ave a lready b een p ub l ished a nd i l lustra ted b y H arden . 50 s kyphos b e longs t o T ype 5 95A a t O lyn thus 5 1

T he

a nd i s d a tab le t o t h e s econd

q uarter o f t he f ourth c en tury B . C ., wh i le t he b lack-g lazed o enochoe o r o lpe o f t he s ame d a te o r s l igh t ly l ater b e longs t o t ype 3 26 a t O lyn thus .5 2

T he

s te m less c up h as a r ed f abr ic a nd l ustrous b lack wash , a nd c an b e a scr ibed w ith r easonab le c on f idence t o t he f ourth c en tury B . C . A lthough t hese f inds c anno t b e d isregarded e n t ire ly , i ti sp erhaps n ecessary t o b e c au t ious i n a ccept ing t he m a s a nc ien t l osses .

Mann ing ,

f ro m whose c o l lect ion t wo o f t he i t e ms c ame , was a we l l-known l oca l a n t iqu ary ,

a nd

we n eed n ot d oubt t ha t h e b e l ieved h is f inds t o b e g enu ine .

B u t

D orchester a t t he t ime was we l l-known o n a ccoun t o f t he c urren t e xcava t ion o f t he R o man s et t le men t , a nd a d ea ler w ish ing t o i ncrease t he v a lue o f h is merchand ise wou ld n a tura l ly a ss ign a s af indspot a we l l-known a rchaeo log ica l s i te . Authen t ic ity : P oss ib ly s pur ious

1 7 .

S ho tover , Ox ford

A t t ic Lamp F irst h a lf 4 th c en tury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : A sh mo lean Museu m , Ox ford

I nv . N o . 1 923 .666

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : S a id t o h ave b een f ound a t S ho tover a nd g iven t o t he Museu m b y Mr . T . S . B o t t , who h ad f ound t he p iece among t he e f fec ts o f h is g rand fa ther who h ad worked o n t he S hotover E sta te T he l amp , o f A t t ic b lack ware , b e longs t o c lass 2 3C i n t he A then ian a gora s er ies 5 3

5 4 o r B roneer 's C lass V I.

I td ates f ro m t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f our th

c entury B . C ., a nd was men t ioned b y Harden . 55

T he f i nd must b e s uspect a s

l a mps were n ever t raded v ery e x tens ive ly . T hey were d es igned f or b urn ing

1 4

o l ive o i l , wh ich wou ld a lso h ave h ad t o b e t raded . D r . Anthony Hands h as k ind ly i n for med u s t ha t S hotover was t he s i te o f c ons iderab le Ro manoBr it ish a ct iv ity , w ith a N orth-South "ma in r oad" r unn ing b y t he westernfoot o f t he h i l l , a nd w ith p ot tery k i lns a nd a s upposed " s ma l l s et t le ment" o n t he western s lope o f t he h i l l . I ti s q u ite l ike ly t hat s o meone may h ave t r ied t o a t tach t he f indspot S hotover t o al a mp i mported i n to Eng land i n t he l ast c ent ury , a nd i n a ny c ase t he f act t ha t t he e ar l iest r ecorded o wner o f t he l a mp worked a t S hotover n eed n ot n ecessar i ly imp ly t hat i t was f ound t here . A u thent ic ity : Probab ly s pur ious

1 8 .

D e lph in i T ype La mp

S andy , Bed fordsh ire

L a te 4 th/ m id 3 rd c entury B . C . P resent l oca t ion : Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford

I nv . No . R . 3 11

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : S a id t o h ave b een f ound a t S andy i n 1 862 , a nd d ona ted t o t he Museu m b y S ir Arthur Evans i n 1 907 Th is l a mp o f s o-ca l led d e lph in i f or m i s o f at ype wh ich was c urrent i nA thens f ro m t he l ate f ourth t o t he mid t h ird c entury B . C . 56

S andy i s b est k nown f or

i t s sma l l Ro mano-Br it ish s et t le ment . F or r easons g iven a bove u nder C atal ogue N o . 1 7 , t h is i s p robab ly t o b e r egarded a s a modern l oss . A u thent ic ity : P robab ly a modern l oss

1 9 .

T hree Greek Lamps

L ondon

H e llen ist ic P resent l ocat ion : F or mer ly i n B ethna l Green , n ow i n t he Gu i ldha l l Museu m , L ondon C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing :

Two a re s a id t o h ave b een f ound t ogether i n Queen S treet i n L ondon , a nd t he t h ird i ss a id t o h ave c o me f ro m t he C haf fer c o l lect ion

A l l t hree l a mps a re He llen ist ic . One h as al ime i ncrustat ion u pon i to f at ype c o mmon ly f ound i n t he E astern Med iterranean , p art icu lar ly o n o b jects f ro m Cyprus . 57

A l l t hree a re p robab ly modern l osses .

A uthen t ic ity : P robab ly modern l osses

1 5

2 0 .

S qua t L ekythos

G rea t Chester ford , E ssex

4 th c en tury B . C . Presen t l oca t ion : F or mer ly i n Warr ington Museu m , Lancash ire 58

b u t

l ost s ince t he war 5 9 C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : N one r ecorded T h is s qua t l ekythos d a t ing f ro m t he f ourth c en tury B . C . c a me f ro m a n inet een th c en tury c o l lect ion , a long w ith R o man p o t tery a nd o ther f i nds f ro m E ssex . G rea t C hester ford was made f a mous i n t he n ineteenth c en tury b y R .C . Nev i l le 's e xcava t ions t here , a nd wou ld o bv ious ly b e ac onven ien t n a me f or a d ea ler 's s tory . Au thent ic ity : P robab ly a modern l oss

2 1 .

M in ia ture Hydr ia

B ark ing C reek , L ondon

4 th/3rd c en tury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : Gu i ldha l l Museum , L ondon C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : F ound a t B ark ing C reek i n 1 932 , s upposed ly a t ad epth o f 1 5 f eet Th is m in ia ture h ydr ia i s u sua l ly a scr ibed t o t he s ix th c entury B . C . ,b u t i ti s p robab ly H e l len ist ic .6

O

I ts hows t races o f al ime d epos it o f t he s or t n oted

a bove ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 9 ) a s b e ing c haracter ist ic o f o b jects u nearthed i n t he Eastern Med iterranean r eg ion , t hough i ti s p oss ib le t ha t s uch al ime d epos it c ou ld we l l h ave b een a cqu ired f ro m t he mud o f t he C reek . I ti s a lmost c erta in ly s pur ious . Au thent ic ity : A l most c erta in ly s pur ious

2 2 .

A rrowhead w ith t he Monogram o f B eren ice

R iver Kennet n ear Read ing

3 rd c entury B . C . P resen t l oca t ion : F or mer ly i n R ead ing Museu m , n ow i n t he B r it ish Museu m , L ondon

I nv . No . 1 954 . 9 -12 .1

C ircu mstances o f f i nd ing : F ound b y af i sher man o n t he e nd o f h is h ook wh i le h e w as f i sh ing i n t he K enne t n ear R ead ing

1 6

The t ang a nd t he b arb o f t he a rrowhead a re m iss ing . I th as a b lu ish p a t ina . I t i s o f b ronze a nd b ears t he monogram E£ .

H aynes , i n s tudy ing t h is

t ype o f a rrowhead , i dent if ied t he monogram a s t ha t o f B eren ice I o f Egypt , who r u led i n t he a bsence o f h er h usband P to le my I I i n S yr ia , 2 47-222 B . C . He s uggested t ha t s he h ad ab and o f C retan mercenar ies whose a rrowheads b ore h er monogram .6 1

T here a re a rrowheads f ro m C yrene a nd Knossos i n

t he B r it ish Museu m o f t he s ame g enera l t ype a nd w i th t he s ame monogra m 6 , 2 a nd o ne i s r ecorded f ro m F rance .6 3

T he d iscovery o f t he Kennet p iece

s ee ms w e l l a u then t ica ted , a nd i ti s n ot e n t ire ly b eyond t he l im its o f p oss ib i l ity t ha t i t c ame t o B r ita in ( w ith a s o ld ier o f f ortune? ) i n t he E ar ly I ron Age . A u thent ic ity : Qu ite p robab ly g enu ine

1 7

PART THREE

:D ISCUSS ION

T he Prob le m o f Au then t ica t ion T he n or ma l r eact ion t o s uch i mpor ted f i nds a s t hose l i sted a bove i s t o d eny t ha t t hey a re g enu ine I ron Age i mpor ts , a nd t o s uggest t ha t t hey w ere b rough t h ere e i ther b y t he R o mans o r b y much more r ecen t c o l lectors r eturn ing h eav i ly l aden f ro m t he ir G rand T our .

B u t t he c omparat ive ly

l arge n umber o f f i nds , i nc lud ing f i bu lae a nd c o ins , s hou ld make u s c ons ider s er ious ly i f many o f t he m a re n ot i n f act a nc ien t i mports .

C o l lectors , a f ter

a l l , a re among t he more p ossess ive me mbers o f t he h uman r ace , a nd a re s carce ly l ike ly t o b e t hrow ing r are i t e ms f ro m t he ir c o l lect ions i n to r ivers o r b ury ing t he m i n f i e lds . D ea lers , o n t he o ther h and , a re n ot a bove a t tr ibu ti ng f a lse f indspots t o i t e ms o therw ise w ithou t p rovenance i n o rder t o e nhance t he ir v a lue . I n t he c ase o f o b jects w ith a c lass ica l a ppearance , e ven i ft hey d a te f ro m c en tur ies b efore t he R o man i nvas ion , t he a t tr ibut ion t o af indspot f ro m whence R o man mater ia l i s k nown t oh ave c o me wou ld b e q u ite an a tura l o ne f or a n u nsuspect ing a nd p oss ib ly n ot v ery k now ledgeab le c o l lector .

T h is

may we l l h ave b een t he f a te o f i t e ms l ike t he D orchester s kyphos a nd o enoc hoe ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 6 ) , t he S hotover l a mp ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 7 ) , t he Grea t C hesterford l eky thos ( Ca ta logue N o . 2 0 ) a nd t he Ba th j ug ( Cata logue No . 1 4 ). O bv ious ly o ne o f t he b est ways t o c heck o n t he a u thent ic ity o f af ind i s t o l ook i n to t he c ircumstances o f i t s f i nd ing . U n fortuna te ly , o n ly v ery f ew c ases p rov ide u s w i th a ny k ind o f s a t isfactory d eta i ls . T he C or in th ian j ug f ro m t he Medway ( Ca ta logue N o . 4 ) was a t l east o bserved when b e ing e xcav a ted , a l though t he d eta i ls were n ot p ub l ished f or more t han h a lf a c entury . T he d iscovery o f t he Weybr idge s i tu la ( Cata logue N o . 1 0 ) a nd t he Kennet a rrowhead ( Ca ta logue N o . 2 2 ) were a pparen t ly a dequa te ly r ecorded t og a sw as a lso t he h ydr ia f ro m B ark ing C reek ( Ca ta logue N o . 2 1 ) . The p a t ina o f t he l a t ter p iece , h owever , h e lps t o c as t ac erta in d oubt o n i t s a u then t ic ity , wh i le t he o n ly o ther a pparen t ly a dequa te ly r ecorded f i nd - t ha t o f t he N u tbourne

1 8

t erraco t ta ( Ca ta logue N o . 6 ) -i s u n l ike ly t o h ave b een a g enu ine I ron Age i mport a s s uch i t e ms a re n ot k nown t o h ave b een t raded o u ts ide H e l len ized a reas . S o t hat e ven where t he f ind c ircu mstances h ave b een r ecorded , a c erta in amoun t o f d oubt must s t i l l r e ma in . A s c an b e s een f ro m t he d eta i ls g iven a bove , s o me o f t he a l leged p rovenances a re b ased u pon o ld l abe ls , l ike t hat o f t h e Northa mpton o enochoe ( Cata logue N o . 7 ) o r t wo o f t he p ot tery i t e ms f ro m D orchester ( Cata logue N o . 1 6 ). I n t he ma jor ity o f c ases , t he o b jects a re mere ly

' sa id t o h ave b een f ound ' -a nd i ti s w ith t hese , a nd

w ith t he o b jects where n o d e ta i ls o f t he d iscovery h ave b een r ecorded a t a l l , t hat a c er ta in amoun t o f s cept ic is m i s most o bv ious ly j ust if ied . I n t he a bsence i n a l l b u t af ew c ases o f a dequa te ly r ecorded d eta i ls o f t he d iscovery o f t hese o b jects , t here i s a nother l ine o f a pproach wh ich c an v ery o f ten h e lp i n s uggest ing t ha t af ind i s n ot g enu ine . T h is i s t o s tudy t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he t ype t o wh ich t he o b ject i n q uest ion b e longs .

O bv ious

e xa mp les a re t he l amps ( Ca ta logue N os . 1 7-19 ) wh ich a re n ot f ound o u ts ide t he Med iterranean , a nd wh ich c an t herefore b e e xc luded f ro m t he ' genu ine ' l i st a l most im med ia te ly . T he s ame a rgu men t h e lps t o e xc lude t he P rotoC or in th ian s kyphos f ro m W inchester ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 ) , t he Nu tbourne t errac ot ta ( Ca ta logue N o . 6 ) , t he T ur ms s ta tue f ro m U f f ing ton ( Ca ta logue N o . 9 ) , t he Ha lamann ing l eky tho i ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 1 ) a nd t he p o t tery f ro m S e lsey B i l l ( Cata logue No . 1 5 ). N ever the less , t h is a rgumen t c annot b e a pp l ied t oo r ig id ly , f or i ft he Kennet a rrowhead ( Ca ta logue N o . 2 2 ) d id n ot h ave r easonab ly r e l iab ly r ecorded f ind c ircumstances , i tc ou ld we l l h ave b een p u t i n t he ' doubt fu l ' c ategory , a lthough i t must b e a dm it ted t hat a nother s im i lar a rrowh ead i s k nown f ro m F rance . U s ing t he s ame a rgu men t , t he T ewkesbury ( Ca ta logue No . 1 3 ) a nd B a th ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 4 ) j ugs s hou ld p robab ly a lso b e e xc luded , t hough i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t t hey were g enu ine b ecause t wo s i mi lar t ypes h ad b een f ound i n s uch c o mpara t ive ly c lose p rox im ity t o o ne a nother a nd b ecause T ewkesbury i s n o t ap rovenance wh ich a d ea ler wou ld b e l ike ly t oa t tach t o aj ug o f i t s k ind . T he c ase o f t he t hree v esse ls f ro m T e ignmouth ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 2) i s n ot e asy t o d ec ide , f or a l though t he t hree v esse ls b e long t o t ypes n ot n or ma l ly f ound o u ts ide t he Med iterranean , t he f act t ha t a l l t hree a re o f much t he s ame d a te makes i ts o mewha t u n l ike ly t ha t a nyone was

1 9

t ry ing t o p erpetra te a h oax w ith t he m i n t he l ast c en tury , w hen k now ledge a bou t d a t ing was n ot a s r ef ined a s i t i s t oday .

T he h ydr ia f ro m B ark ing

C reek ( Ca ta logue No . 2 1 ) i s at ype a lso f ound o n ly i n t he Med i terranean , a nd i s u n l ike ly t o b e g enu ine b ecause o f i t s p a t ina , d esp ite t he f act t ha tt he h ydr ia i s o ne o f t he f ew i t e ms where f i nd c ircu mstances h ave b een r ecorded . T here a re , h owever , an umber o f i t e ms wh ich c annot n ecessar i ly b e e xc luded f ro m t he ' genu ine ' l i st , a nd wh ich must b e e xa m ined , b ecause t hey b e long t o t ypes wh ich were o r c ou ld c once ivab ly h ave b een t raded a cross t he A lps a nd d own t he Rh ine t o E ng land . When we l ook a t t hese f i nds a ga inst t he b ackground o f t he C on t inen ta l d istr ibu t ion o f t he t ypes i n q uest ion , i tb eco mes n e ither a rchaeo log ica l ly i mposs ib le n or e ven u n l ike ly t hat many o f t he mwere i mported i n to B r ita in d ur ing t he I ron Age a nd were g enu ine ly d epos ited i n E ng land 's s o i l o r f e l l o r were t hrown i nto h er r ivers s hort ly a f ter impor ta t ion . T o d ea l a dequa te ly w ith t he q uest ion , we must n ow t urn t o t he C on t inen t f or c o mpar ison .

T he E ng l ish f inds i n t he ir E uropean s et t ing F ro m t he s even th t o t he f ourth c entur ies B . C .6 4

av ery c onsiderab le

n umber o f o b jects , p art icu lar ly E truscan , were imported i n to C en tra l E urope f ro m t he Med iterranean l ands . T he f i nd f ro m Kastenwa ld , n ear C o lmar 6 5

d e monstrated t ha t I t a l ic b ronze v esse ls b egan t o t r ick le n orthwards

f ro m E trur ia a s e ar ly a s t he s even th c en tury B . C .6 6

T h is i ncreased t o a

more r egu lar s tream i n t he l a te s even th/ear ly s ixth c entury B . C . w ith t he i mporta t ion o f P er lrandbecken a nd E truscan " Rhod ian" j ugs 6 7

l ike t ha t f ro m

M inster ( Cata logue N o . 3 ) . T he h ydr ia f ro m G rächwy l i n Sw itzer land h as r ecen t ly b een d a ted t o 5 80/570 B . C .6 8 l a ter S w iss i mports . M i l lot te 7 0 S te . C o lo mbe 7 1

a nd C ahn 6 9

h as g iven u s d eta i ls o f

i nc ludes t he t r ipods f ro m La G arenne a nd

a nd o ther i t e ms i n h is l i st o f F rench i mports o f t he s ix th

c entury B . C ., most f amous o f a l l o f wh ich i s t he g rea t k ra ter f ro m V ix .7 2 B oth V ix a nd Ha t ten 7 3

d emonstra te t ha t o enochoa i a nd o ther Med iterranean

v esse ls i nc lud ing o ne w ith t re fo i l-shaped mou th were b e ing b ur ied i n Western C en tra l E urope b y t he l ast q uarter o f t he s ix th c entury B . C . Av ery c ons idera b le amoun t o f G reek B lack a nd R ed F igure p ot tery o f s ixth a nd f i fth c en tury

2 0

d a te h as b een f ound n or th o f t he A lps ,7 4

a nd D ehn h as s hown t ha t t he

i nnova t ion o f whee l-turned p ot tery was s pread ing n or thwards f ro m t he Med iterranean wor ld i n t he l ate H a l lsta t t p er iod .7 5

T he C on l iege amphora7 6

c an b e d a ted t o t he l a te s ix th o r e ar ly f i f th c entury B . C ., a nd K imm ig h as s hown t ha t t he R hen ish s i tu lae were b eg inn ing t o c o me f ro m t he T ic ino a rea n orthwards t o t he M idd le R h ine a t a bou t t he s ame t ime .7 7

B y t he f i f th c en-

t ury B . C . t here was a v er itab le t orren t o f b ronze v esse ls p our ing i n to c en tra l E urope f ro m E trur ia , many o f t hem p robab ly c onnected w ithw ine f or f easts . I n t h is c ontex tw e c an r eca l l t he words o f P os idon ius d escr ib ing t he C e lts : ' t he d r ink o f t he w ea lthy c lasses i sw ine i mpor ted f ro m I t a ly o r f ro m t he t err itory o f Marse i l les ' .7 8 The most n u merous o f t hese v esse ls a re t he o enochoa i7 9

o f t he s ame t ype a s

t he N or tha mpton v esse l , a nd t he ma jor ity o f t hese a re n or ma l ly d a ted t o t he f irst h a l f o f t he f i fth c en tury B . C .

S chaa f f8 0

h as r ecen t ly l i sted t he C en tra l

European b as ins w ith h ear t-shaped t er m ina ls a nd t he s tamno i o r s tamno is itu lae wh ich were p robab ly i mported f ro m E trur ia d ur ing t he s ame c en tury . The g rea t f low i s a ga in r educed t o at r ick le i n t he f ourth c en tury , when t he Wa lda lgeshe im b ucket 8 1

s ee ms t o b e o ne o f t he f ew f i nds t o s how t ha t I t a l ic

impor ts were b e ing s en t n orthwards i n to C en tra l E urope a t t h is t ime . T he g rea t ma jor ity o f t hese i mports g ot l i t t le f urther n or th t han t he Marne , t he M idd le Rh ine a nd B ohe m ia . I nd ica t ions a re n ot , h owever , l ack ing t o s how t ha t s o me b roke t hrough t h is c ordon a nd p enetra ted f urther n orthwards . On most d istr ibu t ion maps o f o enochoa i , E ygenb i lsen i n B e lg ium s tands a lone a nd i so la ted n orth o f t he M idd le Rh ine . B u t T rö ltsch 8 2 me nt ions al ost e xa mp le f ro m K empen , Kr . D usse ldorf , a nd a nother -n ow a lso l ost f rom Mook i n t he Du tch p rov ince o f L i mburg . T he f act t ha t b oth o f t hese a re l ost s hou ld n ot mean t ha t we s hou ld r e ject t hem c o mp lete ly a s n ever h av ing b een f ound . T he Kam c o l lect ion i n t he R i jks museum i n N i j megen c on ta ins t wo o enochoa i h and les , o ne f ro m Hunerburg n ear N i j megen , t he o ther u nprovena nced .8 3

T he s ame c o l lect ion i nc ludes

among i t s ma teria l o f u nknown o r ig in

n ot o n ly t he h and le o f a" Rhod ian" j ug ment ioned a bove , b u t a lso a b ronze

2 1

b as in wh ich a ppears t o h ave i n ter lace o n t he r im 8 4

a nd wh ich may b e long t o

ac lass o f v esse ls whose o r ig in g oes b ack t o E trur ia .8 5

However , i ts hou ld

b e p o in ted o u t t ha t wh i le t he Hunerburg h and le may g enu ine ly h ave b een f ound i n H o l land , we s hou ld p lace n o r e l iance o n t he u nprovenanced p ieces i n t he Kam c o l lect ion a s t hey c ou ld h ave c ome f ro m a nywhere . I t migh t a lso b e men t ioned h ere t ha t aH a l lsta t t b ur ia l w ith af our-whee led w aggon f ound a tW i jchen i n G e lder land 8 6

b e longs t o ag rave t ype o therw ise l i t t le r epre-

s ented n orth o f t he M idd le R h ine , e xcept f or t ha t f ro m Have lter B erg , s hor t ly t o b e p ub l ished b y D r . V erwers . P rofessor D ehn h as a l so k ind ly d rawn o ur a t ten t ion t o wha t may b e G reek p ot tery wh ich h as r ecen t ly c ome t o 8 7 l i gh t a t Ke me lberg i n B e lg ium .

Wh i le n ot a l l o f t hese f inds a re a uthen t i-

c a ted , t here d oes h owever s ee m t o b e e v idence t ha t E truscan i mports p enetra ted n or thwards d own t he Rh ine a nd p ract ica l ly r eached t he s hores o f t he E ng l ish C hanne l . T he c ordoned s i tu lae s tud ied b y S t jernqu ist G reek c au ldron f ro m Langaa i n D enmark 8 9

8 8

a nd t he

s how i ndeed t ha t Med iterranean

i mports r ea l ly wen t much f ur ther n orth o n t he C on t inen t . I ft hese E truscan o b jects g ot t o t he v erge o f t he C on t inen ta l s hore o f t he Eng l ish C hanne l , t he q uest ion c an we l l b e p osed why t hey c ou ld n ot h ave c rossed t he C hanne l t o Eng land? U p t o t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury , t he E ng l ish b ronze v esse ls a nd a t l east s o me o f t he p ot tery wou ld s ee m t o b e a n atura l e x tens ion o f t he more n orther ly C on t inen ta l o u tposts o f I t a lic e xport markets . T ha t t hese E truscan o b jects c ou ld h ave c o me t o Eng land o ver t he A lps a nd d own t he Rh ine t o H o l land a nd t hen a cross t he C hanne l r ather t han b y a ny o ther r ou te c ou ld b e b acked u p b y t he p redo m inan t ly s ou th-eastern d istr ibu t ion o f t he f i nds i n Eng land , ad istr ibut ion p a t tern c on f irmed b y Harden f or t he f i bu lae .9 0

Av ery s im i lar p a t tern c an b e o bserved w ith t he

C opt ic b ronze v esse ls a t housand y ears l a ter .9 1

A l most c erta in ly t he s ame

t rade r ou te was emp loyed l a ter i n t he I ron A ge , f or a long i tt rave l led t he b ronzes o f ' Ornavasso ' t ype t o Ay lesford a nd We lwyn , wh ich w i l lb ed iscussed a ga in b e low . A t t h is p o in t we may b r ief ly c ons ider s ome o f t he I t a l ic b rooches f rom t he B r it ish I s les . T he ma jor ity o f t hese b rooches d ate f ro m t he n inth t o t h e

2 2

s eventh c en tury B .C . a nd b e long n ot t o as tudy o f i mports i n Ear ly I ron Age Eng land b u t r ather t o as tudy o f t he A t lan t ic B ronze Age .

T here a re o ver 9 2 e ighty s uch b rooches r ecorded ,w ith a d istr ibu t ion ma in ly i n t he S ou th-East . S pec ia l ment ion may b e made h ere o f af ew b rooches o f C ertosa t ype , wh ich b e long t o t he l a te s ix th a nd f i f th c entury B .C . T here i s o ne f ro m T ru mp ingt on , Cambr idge ,9 3 Read ing Museum ,9 4 a nd I ck l ingha m .9 7

a nother f ro m T inker 's H i l l , F ink ley , H an ts ., a nother f ro m Cumber land 9 5

n ow i n

9 6 a nd y et o thers f ro m I xwor th

A s c an b e s een , t hese a re r are i n c o mpar ison w ith t he

o ther t ypes o f e ar l ier d a te . Part icu lar ly i n terest ing i s t he f ind f ro m I xwor th , wh ich h as p roduced n umerous b rooches ( a f act wh ich i s , i n i t se lf , s uspect ) a nd a lso af ragmen tary embossed b ronze b ow lr im w ith h orse men i n Ha l lsta t t D s ty le o f t he s ix th c en tury B . C .9 8

O ne s hou ld n ot o ver look , i n t he s ame

c ontex t , t hat Ha l lsta t t d oub le-sp ira l a nd a l l ied b rooches a re n ot u nknown i n Br ita in -t hey h ave b een n oted f ro m L ondon , I xwor th a nd C o lchester 9 9

-

t hough t he t ypes r epresen ted a re ma in ly e ar ly . T ha t Ha l lsta t t Do b jects were r each ing B r ita in f ro m t he C on t inen t i n t he s ix th c en tury B .C .is s ubstan t ia ted b y t he i ron a ntenna d agger f ro m t he T ha mes a t L ondon , 1 00 n eck o r a rm r ings f ro m C lynnog i n C aernarvonsh ire ,1 01 S carborough ,103

t he ' Nu t ' mou lded

C o . An tr im1 02

a nd

o r i n S co t land b yt he s er ies o f Ha l lsta t t i mpor ts a ssoc ia ted

w ith t he C ovesea , Adabrock a nd T arves p hases o f C o les ' s equence , i n t he p er iod f ro m 7 00 B .C .1 04 Fawr h oard 1 05

F or Ha lsta t tCi n Eng land o ne m igh tc i te t he L lyn

o r t he r azors o f S tap le H owe t ype .1 06

S t i l l o n t he s ub ject o f b rooches , t here i s ac ur ious ' group 'f ro m A lton , Hants . T h is c ons isted o f aL a te S erpen t ifor m b rooch o f S undwa l l 's C lass H I I . T he p rec ise t ype i s n ot e asy t o p ara l le l , b u t t ypo log ica l ly a d a te i n t he mid-seventh c en tury s eems n ot i mprobab le .1 07

I t was f ound a long w ith a

p latefooted l eech b rooch b e long ing t o S undwa l l 's C lass B I I Ig 51 08

wh ich

wou ld g ive i t ac hrono log ica l h or izon o f c irca 7 25-675 B . C . T hey were t ogether a ssoc ia ted w i th a s carab o f XXV I D ynasty , i . e . 6 63-525 B .C . a nd s o me p o t tery , n ow u n for tuna te ly l ost .1 09

T hey were f ound wh i le work men

were e xcavat ing f or ma ter ia l t o b u i ld a mound i n t he g rounds o f a n a sy lum . The d a t ing o f t he t hree f i nds i s r e markab ly c lose , t hough o ne i s al i t t le t oo e ar ly p erhaps t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he s carab . I ti s n oteworthy t ha t f ro m

2 3

t he XXV I D ynasty c o me a who le s er ies o f s carabs wh ich w ere t raded e x tens ive ly a nd wh ich were f ound i n G reece . T ha t s o me r eached E trur ia i s p roved b y t he f act t ha t t hey o ccur i n t o mbs - Egypt ian c on tact was a lready e stab l ished i n t he t ime o f B occhor is ( 720-715 B . C . ), a nd a f a ience v ase a nd s ea l o f h is h ave b een f ound i n a n E truscan t o mb .1 10

Re markab le a s i ti s ,

t he A lton f ind s hou ld p robab ly b e d is m issed . I n t he s a me w ay , al a ter a nd l arge P to le ma ic b asa lt s ta tue o f ap r iest f ound 8 o r 9f eet u nder c lay d ur ing e xcava t ions a t Hayes , M idd lesex 1 11

i s p robab ly e qua l ly t o b e d is m issed , a s

s uch s ta tues were n ot a pparen t ly t raded a ny g rea t d istance . O n t he who le , c erta in o f t he E ng l ish f inds o f t he s even th t o t he f i f th c en tur ies B . C . c a ta logued a bove f o l low t he C ont inen ta l p a t tern v ery c lose ly , a nd t h is may b e u sed a s af urther a rgumen t f or t he ir a uthen t ic ity .

T he

Winchester s kyphos ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 ) a nd t he B arn E l ms c up ( Cata logue N o . 2 ) wou ld b oth a ppear t o l i e b efore t he h or izon i n wh ich G reek p ot tery was i mported i n to C en tra l Europe , a nd c an p robab ly b e d is m issed f or t h is r eason . T he C or in th ian j ug f ro m t he Medway ( Ca ta logue No . 4 ) , a lthough i t s d iscovery a ppears t o h ave b een a dequa te ly o bserved , wou ld a lso s ee m t o b e s l igh t ly t oo e ar ly t o b e a ccepted a s ap art o f t he s trea m o f p ot tery e xpor ted o ver t he A lps i n t he s ix th c en tury B . C .

T he f act t ha t i ti s C or inth ian a s

o pposed t o t he c usto mary B lack ( or R ed ) F igure p ot tery wou ld a lso s peak a ga inst i t s g enu ineness . T he " Rhod ian" f l agon f ro m M inster ( Cata logue N o . 3 ) i s c erta in ly j ust e ar ly e nough t o h ave b een a g enu ine i mport , a nd i t s a u then t ic ity c an b e s treng thened b y t he k now ledge t ha t o thers o f i ts t ype were e xported n or thwards o ver t he A lps t o S ou thern G er many .

However ,

t he l ong g eograph ica l g ap i n terven ing b etween S ou thern Ger many a nd t he Ken t c oast , t aken t ogether w ith t he f act t ha t i mports o f t he l a te s even th o r e ar ly s ix th c en tury B . C . a re v ery r are wou ld s uggest t hat w e s hou ld o n ly a ccept t he M inster f l agon w ith a c erta in s l igh t r eserva t ion . T he s i tua t ion i s d i f ferent , h owever , w ith t he A t t ic r edf igure k y l ix f ro m t he T hames , n ear R ead ing ( Ca ta logue N o . 5 ) , t he Northampton o enoc hoe ( Ca ta logue N o . 7 ) , t he R iver C rough f l agon ( Ca ta logue N o . 8 ) a nd t he Weybr idge s i tu la ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 0 ) .

T hey a l l c on form t o ap a t tern o f

E truscan e xports t o C en tra l E urope f ro m t he l a te s ix th t o t he e nd o f t he

2 4

f i fth c en tury B . C ., a nd a l though t he N or thampton o enochoe was f ound f ur ther i n land t han m ight h ave b een e xpected , we c ou ld p robab ly a ccept t hese f i nds a s g enu ine I ron Age i mports . I t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he i nhab itan ts o f B r ita in a t t ha t t ime were n ot g o ing t o b e o u tdone b y t he ir C en tra l E urop ean b rethren i n t he i mporta t ion o f E truscan b ronze f east ing v esse ls .

I t

migh t b e men t ioned i n p ass ing t ha t a sma l l b ronze s tatuet te wh ich i s a l leged t o h ave b een f ound i n S l igo i n t he l ast c en tury a nd wh ich was p ubl ished b y J acobstha l1 12

a s b e ing I ber ian , i s p robab ly E truscan a nd d a tes t o

a round t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c entury B . C .

S uch s tatuet tes were

a pparen t ly e xported t o F rance , where o ne f ro m T hor igne-en-Charn ie 1 13 p rov ides t he c losest p ara l le l .

I ft he S l igo s ta tuet te were t o b e a ccepted a s

ag enu ine impor t -a nd i ti s n ot e asy t o d o s o -t hen p oss ib ly e ven I re land was r ece iv ing i t s i mports f ro m E trur ia t oo . D ehn 1 14

h as r ecen t ly s uggested t ha t t ranshu mance may h ave b een

p art ly r espons ib le f or a n u mber o f E truscan o b jects h av ing b een b artered a nd s ubsequent ly f ind ing t he ir way n orthwards o ver o r a round t he f oot o f t he A lps , b ut t h is a rgumen t c an s carce ly b e e voked f or E ng land . T he most l ike ly e xp lana t ion o f t hese E ng l ish i mpor ts b efore 4 00 B . C . i s t ha t t hey were t he r esu lt o f a dven turous merchants o r t he ir c en tra l E uropean p artn ers c ont inu ing t he t rade i n E truscan b ronze v esse ls d own t he R h ine a nd a cross t o Eng land .

T hey may , h owever , h ave b een p resen ts g iven t o f orge

1 15 ab ond , o r i t may b e t ha t t he i nhab itan ts o f s ou th-eastern E ng landwan ted t o k eep u p w ith o r im ita te t he ir C on t inen ta l p eers b y c e lebra t ing t he s ame f easts a s wou ld a ppear t oh ave t aken p lace i n t he Rh ine land , t hough t hey d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b ur ied t he o b jects i n g raves a f ter d ea th a s was t he C en tra l European c ustom .

We h ave , h owever , v ery l i t t le e v idence f or

b ur ia l c usto m i n Eng land i n t he s even th t o t he f i f th c en tury B . C . -i f we c an j udge b y t he p oss ib le waggon g rave e xcava ted a t B eau l ieu H eath i n t he 1 16 New F orest , t here must h ave b een a f ew b ur ia ls a t l east i m ita t ing t he C on t inenta l . With t he a dven t o f t he f our th c en tury B . C . t he p icture c hanges c o mp lete ly . The C ampan ian s i tu la f ro m Wa lda lgeshe im i s t he o n ly s ou thern

2 5

i mport o f t he p er iod f ound i nC en tra l E urope ( see f ootnote 8 1 ) . B y t h is t ime , E truscan p roducts a re n o l onger t raded a cross t he A lps a nd d own t he Rh ine . I n c onsequence ,

S ou th-eastern E ng land h ad t o d o w i thout i t s E truscan

v esse ls . F or t h is r eason , t he T ewkesbury ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 3 ) a nd Ba th ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 4 ) j ugs a re n ' o t l ike ly t o b e g enu ine , t hough t he a u then t ic ity o f t he T ewkesbury e xamp le c annot b e e n t ire ly e xc luded . I fe ither w ere g enu ine , i t wou ld s uggest t ha t l a te E truscan e xpor ts w ere r each ing Br i ta in 's s hores b y ar ou te o ther t han t ha t d own t he R h ine . I ti s o ur v iew t ha t w ith t he p oss ib le e xcept ion o f t he T e ignmouth ' cache ' ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 2 ) , t he K ennet a rrowhead ( Ca ta logue N o . 2 2 ), a nd l ess l i ke ly - t he T ewkesbury j ug ( Ca ta logue N o . 1 3 ) , n one o f t he G reek a nd I t a l ic f i nds d a t ing f ro m a f ter 4 00 B . C . f ound o n t he E ng l ish s ide o f t he C hanne l a nd c ata logued a bove a re i n f act g enu ine l osses i n a n t iqu ity .

T he

most p robab le e xp lana t ion f or most o f t he f i nds o f H e l len ist ic p o t tery i st ha t t hey were b rought b ack b y s a i lors a nd t hen d iscarded . Many h ave b een f ound n ear p orts . C o l lectors , o n t he who le , d o n ot t hrow away i t ems f rom t he ir c o l lect ions , b u tp refer t o s e l l t he m . T he f i nds o f Greek c o ins b e long t o ad i f feren t c a tegory o f e v idence . T he c o in e v idence h as a lready b een r ev iewed b y o ne o f u s .1 17

A l though

many o f t he r ecorded f i nds a re u ndoub ted ly s trays f ro m c o l lect ions o r o ther r ecen t l osses , a nd o thers r epresen t a rr iva ls i n B r ita in d ur ing t he Ro man o ccupa t ion , s o me a t l east a ppear t o h ave b een l ost i n a n t iqu ity , a s i s most c lear ly d e monstra ted b y t he f i nd o f ac o in o f P to le my V ( 204-181 B .C . ) s tra t if ied w ith p ot tery o f I ron Age S outhern S econd B c haracter a t Winches1 18 t er . A n a na lys is o f t he c o in f i nds s uggests t wo t h ings . F irst , f ew i fa ny o f t he G reek c o ins i n t he B r it ish I s les n eed h ave r eached t hese s hores b efore a bou t 2 80 B .C . a t t he e ar l iest . S econd ly , t here i s a marked c oncen trat ion r ound t he mou th o f t he T hames , i n t he I s le o fW ight a nd a long t he n e ighbour i ng s ou th c oast . On t he b as is o f t h is a nd o ther e v idence i tc an b e s uggested t ha t s ome o f t he c o ins were t raded , p oss ib ly a s o rnamen ts , b y way o f t he t rad it iona l ' T in T rade ' r ou tes . T he d istr ibu t ion o f c o ins a nd o ther ma ter ia l

2 6

o n t he C on t inen t s uggests t ha t s uch t rade w ith t he Med iterranean was c ond ucted b y s evera l r outes , n o tab ly t he S e ine-Rhöne , t he L o ire-Rhöne o r t he Garonne-Aude . I ti s l ike ly t ha t t he s econd was t he o ldest r ou te , t he L o ire b e ing a pparent ly u sed e ven i n t he La te B ronze Age 1 19

wh i le t he s ou thern

r oute w as p robab ly l i t t le u sed - G reek c o ins a re r are i n t he Languedoc, e xcep t n ear t he c oast 1 . 20

T he n orthern r ou te was p robab ly i n u se i n t he

1 21 Ro man p er iod . T he l ast p hase o f i mports i n I ron Age B r ita in b eg ins w ith t hose f ro m t he ' Y ' g rave a t Ay lesford , t he B ronze P la ted S i tu la g rave , wh ich b e longs t o t he M idd le p hase o f t he Ay lesford c u lture . D r . B ircha l l , i n r ev iew ing t he h igh c hrono logy u sua l ly p u t f orward f or t he Ay lesford c e metery , h as b een a b le t o d e monstra te t ha t t he M idd le P er iod g raves , i . e . t he Bucket G raves , 1 22 must n ow b e a ss igned t o t he p er iod c irca 5 0-10 B . C .

T he ' Y ' G rave a t

Ay les ford c on ta ined a j ug a nd p a tera wh ich c an b e p ara l le led b y f inds f ro m t he O rnavasso c e metery i n n orthern I t a ly , a nd t he d a t ing o f t hese v esse ls c an n ow b e e stab l ished t hrough t he r e-assess men t o f t he d a te o f t he g raves i n t h is c e metery a nd t hrough s ubsequen t f inds i n I t a ly . T he p art icu lar t ypes o f b ronzes f ound a t Ay lesford s hou ld p robab ly b e a ss igned t o t he p er iod 3 0-20 B . C ., a s a ssoc ia ted w ith t hem was a b rooch a lso o f O rnavasso t ype d a tab le t o t he Augustan p er iod .1 23 T he b ronzes o f O rnavasso t ype h ave b een we l l s tud ied i n Europe b y Werner ,1 24

a nd s ee m ing ly s im i lar v esse ls t o t hose f ro m Ay lesford e n joy a

w ide d istr ibut ion n or th o f t he A lps b etween a bou t 5 0 B .C . a nd t he t ime o f Drusus ' c a mpa igns o n t he Rh ine a bou t 1 2 B . C . a nd t he t ime o f t he s ub m issi on o f t he V inde l ic i i n 1 5 B . C . A f ter t h is d a te t hese t ypes a re r ep laced b y Campan ian c ast f or ms a nd t he ir d er iva t ives . T he d istr ibut ion o f t hese Ornavasso v esse ls f o l lows t he r ivers , n otab ly t he Rh ine , a nd i ti s p robab ly b y w ay o f t he R h ine t ha t t hey p assed n orthwards , s pread ing d own i nto Gau l a nd a cross t o B r ita in b y w ay o f t he wester ly t rade r ou tes r e la ted t o t he wester ly Be lg ic move men t .1 25

T he p a t tern i s ar epea t o f t ha t s een f or t he

t rade o f E truscan b ronzes s o me c entur ies e ar l ier . T he Ornavasso t ype o f b ronzework h as b een f ound a t We lwyn , where

2 7

a n O rnavasso j ug was f ound w ith a c re ma t ion b ur ia l i n t he ' A ' g rave a nd a j ug a nd p a tera i n t he ' B ' g rave . T he n otab le a bsence o f a ny Ga l lo-Be lg ic p ot tery f ro m We lwyn a nd t he s im i lar ity o f t he p ot tery f ro m A y lesford wou ld s uggest t ha t t he f i nds f ro m t he t wo s i tes a re c on te mporary .1 26

T he We lwyn

p a tera h as a d egenera te p a l met te o n t he b o t to m o f t he h and le , w h ich e nds i n ak ind o f s wan 's h ead , a s i td oes o n t he A y lesford p a tera . Apar t f ro m t he p ara l le l a t O rnavasso , t he We lwyn p a tera c an b e c o mpared w ith v esse ls f ro m Ham mau a nd N ienbü t te l i n G er many .1 27

T he j ug h ad a s wan 's h ead

h and le a t tachmen t , a nd was p robab ly o f C ampan ian o r ig in . Re la ted t o t he O rnavasso b ronzes b u t l a ter t han t he m a re t he s er ies o f C ampan ian c ast f orms a nd t he ir d er iva t ives . T hese b road ly s peak ing f a l l i n to t wo c a tegor ies , S wan 's h ead p a terae a nd D o lph in s i tu lae . T hey were t o t rave l f ar b eyond t he f ront iers o f t he R o man Emp ire i n t he e ar ly f i rst c enWry A . D . a nd i ndeed e ven b y t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury B . C . s o me h ad p ene tra ted a s f ar a s t he V istu la a nd t he Passarge , o ne r each ing S weden .1 28 F rag ments o f D o lph in s i tu lae a re r ecorded f ro m n ear C o lchester a nd f rom S urrey .1 29

T o t he s ame g enera l c lass o f b ronzes b e long t he s i tu lae w ith

h uman masks o n t he a t tach men ts f or t he h and le l oops , wh ich a lso s ee m t o h ave b een manu factured i n C ampan ia a nd wh ich e n joyed a d istr ibu t ion wh ich i s e ssen t ia l ly C en tra l E uropean , w ith o u t l iers i n P o land , Denmark a nd S weden .1 30

A mask f ro m s uch a s i tu la , d ep ict ing t he h ead o f S i lenus , was

f ound o u ts ide C o lchester i n 1 845 a nd h as b een a ss igned o n s ty l ist ic g rounds t o t he Augustan o r J u l io-C laud ian p er iod .1 31 Whee ler , i n s tudy ing t he t rade p a t terns o f t hese C a mpan ian t ypes o f v esse ls , h as d e monstra ted t ha t b y t he t ime o f Augustus t hey were b e ing t raded v ia C arnuntu m t o B ohe m ia , where t he Marco mann ic k ing Maroboduus e ncouraged t he a ct iv it ies o f R o man t raders . F ro m h ere t hey w ere t raded n or th a nd west t o t he L ow C oun tr ies . A lthough t he f i nds a re l im ited i n B r ita in , i tc an b e s een t ha t t hey a re a l l r estr icted t o t he s ou th-east . T he e xp lana t ion p robab ly l ies i n t he f act t ha t t hey were t raded f ro m G a l l ia B e lg ica b y B e lg ic m idd le men .

I t may b e

n oted , a s H odson h as emphas ised , t ha t t he p ot tery o f t he Midd le P er iod

2 8

g raves a t Ay lesford a nd We lwyn s hows a f f in it ies w ith v esse ls f ro m N orthe rn F rance a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies .1 32

T hese e ar ly f inds s hou ld b e r egarded

a s s ta tus impor ts , a nd n o t p art o f as y mpos iast ic o ut f it . W ith We lwyn we c o me o n t o as er ies o f i mports o f a l l t ypes a ssoc ia ted w ith c h ie f ta in 's g raves . T hese h ave r ecen t ly b een we l l s tud ied b y S tead , a nd we n eed n ot d iscuss t he m f ur ther h ere .1 33

N or , i n t h is d iscuss ion , i s t here

a ny n eed t o c ons ider t he l a ter B e lg ic i mports i n I ron Age B r ita in - t he ma jor ity a re impor ts f ro m G a l l ia B e lg ica a nd were p robab ly t he p roducts o f p rov inc ia l workshops . T hey h ave , f or t he most p art , b een we l l p ub l ished . I t i s n ot u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he R o man p er iod t ha t we s ee a ga in o b jects o f u lt i ma te ly Med iterranean o r ig in a ppear ing i n B r it ish c ontex ts .

Conc lus ion O ther wr iters h ave a ccepted many o f t he i t e ms c a ta logued a bove i n Part T wo a s g enu ine I ron Age imports , b u t c erta in o f t hese h ave b een l arge ly r e jected b y u s o n t he g rounds t ha t t hey were o therw ise n ot t raded o uts ide t he Med iterranean . We s uggest t ha t o n ly a h and fu l a re l ike ly t o b e g enu ine , f or a l though t he ir f i nd c ircu mstances a re o f ten i nadequa te ly r ecorded , t hey f i t i nto a p a t tern o f E truscan e xports n orthwards a cross t he A lps i n t he s ix th a nd f i f th c en tur ies B . C . I ft hey a re g enu ine I ron Age impor ts - a s we b e l ieve t hey a re - t hey s uggest t ha t t he S ou th-East o f Eng land was a t t he e nd o f al ong t rade r oute wh ich wen t n or thwards a cross t he A lps f ro m E trur ia a nd t hen d own t he R h ine . On ly t wo , o r a t most t hree , o f t he f i nds d a t ing f ro m a f ter 4 00 B . C . a re l ike ly t o b e g enu ine , a nd o ft hese , t he t wo most l ike ly o nes a re n ot o f I t a l ian b u t o f Eastern Med iterranean o r ig in . T hey d a te f ro m ap er iod when t he e xport o f E truscan wares n orthwards h ad a l most c o me t o as tandst i l l .

2 9

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

We s hou ld l ike t o a cknow ledge h ere t he h e lp we h ave h ad f ro m n umero us museu ms a nd i nd iv idua ls i n c o mp i l ing t h is s tudy . We a re p art icu lar ly i ndebted t o B ir m ingha m Museu m , i n p art icu lar t o D r . J oan T ay lor a nd Mr . N icho las T ho mas , f or i n for ma t ion a bou t t he M inster j ug a nd f or p er m iss ion t o p ub l ish i t . We s hou ld l ike t o e xpress o ur t hanks a lso t o Mr . a nd Mrs . J ohn Hunt f or t he ir p er m iss ion t o p ub l ish t he N ortha mp ton o enochoe ,

t o

J . P . Mohen f or i n for mat ion o n i t e ms i n t he Mus e d es An t iqu i teis Nat iona les i n S t . G er ma in-en-Laye , a nd t o P rofessors W . D ehn , Marburg , a nd 0 .-H . F rey , Hamburg , a nd t o D rs .

V . P inge l a nd G .J . V erwers f or h e lp i n

c onnect ion w ith t he C on t inenta l ma ter ia l . O ur t hanks a re d ue a l so t o Dr . D . B . Harden , M iss C herry Lave 1 1 , Messrs J arv is a nd J ones o f t he Che lmsf ord a nd E ssex Museum , a nd W . R . Moore o f t he Northa mpton Museu m f or a ss istance i n an u mber o f ways . We a re a lso i ndebted t o Read ing Museum , t he Gu i ldha l l Museu m , t he Ash mo lean Museum , t he B r it ish Museu m a nd t he C he l msford a nd E ssex Museu m f or p er m iss ion t o p ub l ish s pec imens i n t he ir c o l lect ions a nd f or i n for ma t ion a bou t t he m , a nd a lso t o t he Winchester Museu m f or i n for ma t ion a bou t t he ir s kyphos . We a re a lso g ra te fu l t o t he Warr ing ton a nd N orthampton Museum f or i n for ma t ion r e lat ing t o mater ia l f ro m G rea t C hesterford a nd N or thampton r espect ive ly . F ina l ly , o ur t hanks t o P rofessor T . G . E . P owe l l a nd P rofessor 0 .-H . F rey f or h av ing r ead t hrough t he t ex t i n d raf t a nd f or h av ing o f fered u sefu l s uggest ions , a nd t o B r it ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts f or h av ing k ind ly a greed t o p ub l ish t h is work .

3 0

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' Une

Oenochoe e trusque p rovenan t d e l 'Est d e l a F rance d ans u ne c o l lect i on p r ivee d ' Ir lande ' , R evue Archeo log ique d e l 'Est e t d u C en tre E st 2 3 , 1 972 , 3 7-43 ) , t hough s ee B ou lom ie ' , B . ' Les Oenochoes e n B ronze d u T ype S chnabe lkanne e n F rance e t e n B e lg ique ' , Ga l l ia 3 1 , 1 973 , 1 -35 . T here i s a nother f ro m C astaneda i n S w itzer land ( Pr i mas , M . ' Eine B ronzeschnabe lkanne d es T ess iner T ypus a us C astaneda ' , J ahrb . d . S chwe izer . G ese l lscha f t f ür U rgesch ich te 5 4 , 1 968/69 , 6 1-68 a nd i b id . ' Zwe i E trusk ische B ronzekannen a us C astaneda ' , He lvet ia Archaeo log ica 6 , 1 971 , 4 9-54 ) a nd a f urther e xamp le f rom Wor ms-Herrnshe im ( Schaa f f , U . ' E in k e lt isches F ürstengrab v on Wor ms-Herrnshe im ' , Archäo log isches Korrespondenzb la t t 1 , 1 971 , 1 07 w ith T a f . 2 0 ) .

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3 6

88. See note 38. 89. Br�ndsted, J. Danmarks Oldtid. III. Jernalderen (1940) 88 and 343; Jacobsthal, P. Early Celtic Art (1944), 139, note 5, and p. 212. 90. Harden, D. B. op. cit., 320. /

91. Armand-Calliat, L. 'Un Bassin Merovingien en Bronze et de Style Copte, trouve pres de Chalons-sur-Saone ', Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de France, N. S. 4 (Vol. 84), 1969, 65. 92. For map and general discussion, see Harden, D. B. op. cit., 315-19. 93. Kendrick, T. D. and C. F. C. Hawkes Archaeology in England and Wales (1931), 169; Fox, C. Archaeology of the Cambridge Region (1923), 74. 94. Ridgeway, W. and R. A. Smith op. cit., 111. 95. Ridgeway, W. and R. A. Smith loc. cit. 96 . Kendrick, T. D. and C. F. C. Hawkes loc. cit. 97. Harden, D. B. op. cit., 316. That Central European fibulae also went southwards over the Alps in the sixth century B. C. has recently been shown by Frey, 0. -H. 'Fibeln vom westhallst'attischen Typus aus dem Gebiet sudlich der Alpen' in Oblatio, Raccolta di Studi di Antichita ed Arte in onore del Prof. Aristide Calderini (1971), 355-86. 98. Clarke,R.R. 'The Iron Age in Norfolk and Suffolk', Archaeol. Journ. 96, 1939, 31. 99. Harden, D. B. op. cit. 316. 100. British Museum Guide to the Early Iron Age Antiquities (1925), Fig. 84. This has a close parallel from Court-St. -Etienne in Belgium, on the same trade route - see Marien, M. E. Trouvailles du Champ d'Urnes et des Tombelles hallstattiennes de Court-St. -Etienne (1958), 188, n. 5 and 143, n. 8. 101. Hemp, W. F. 'The Clynnog Collar and the Carnguwch Cairn', Arch. Cambrensis 86. part 2, 1931, 354-55. 102. Armstrong, E. C.R. 'A Bronze Bracelet of Hallstatt Type, said to have been found near the town of Antrim', Journ. Royal Soc. Antiq. Ireland 41, 1911, 58-60; ibid. 'The Early Iron Age, or Hallstatt Period in Ireland', Journ. Royal. Soc. Antiq. Ireland 54, 1924, 12425. Compare also Jope, E. M. 'A Heavy Bronze Ring of Italic Type from Co. Derry', Ulster Journ. of Archaeology 21, 1958, 14-16. 103. Smith,R. A. 'Scarborough and Hallstatt', Antig. Journ. 14, 1934, 301-02. 104. Coles, J. 'Scottish Late Bronze Age Metalwork: Typology, Distribu­ tions and Chronology', Proc. Soc. Antig. Scotland 93, 1959-60, 16-135 esp. 40ff. Crawford, O. G. S. and R. E. M. Wheeler 'The Llynfawr and other � Hoards of the Bronze Age', Archaeologia 71, 1921, 133-40; Fox, C. 37

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3 9