Sünde und Rechtfertigung bei Paulus: Eine exegetische Untersuchung zum paulinischen Sündenverständnis aus soteriologischer Sicht. Dissertationsschrift 9783161510069, 3161510062
Eun-Geol Lyu stellt die christliche Deutung des paulinischen Sündenverständnisses in Frage und versucht, seine Rechtfert
203 68 3MB
German Pages 405 [422] Year 2012
Cover
Vorwort
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1. Einleitung
2. Das paulinische Sündenverständnis in der Paulusforschung
2.1 Untersuchungen zum paulinischen Sündenverständnis
2.1.1 P. WERNLE (1897): Der Christ und die Sünde bei Paulus
2.1.2 H. WINDISCH (1908): Taufe und Sünde im ältesten Christentum
2.1.3 R. BULTMANN (1924/1932): Ethik und Anthropologie bei Paulus
2.1.4 W. G. KÜMMEL (1929): Römer 7 und die Bekehrung des Paulus
2.1.5 G. BORNKAMM (1939/1950): Sünde, Tod und Neues Leben in der Taufe
2.1.6 G. RÖHSER (1987): Metaphorik und Personifikation der Sünde
2.1.7 I. GOLDHAHN-MÜLLER (1989): Die Grenze der Gemeinde
2.1.8 R. KIRCHHOFf (1994): Die Sünde gegen den eigenen Leib
2.1.9 S. HAGENOW (1996): Heilige Gemeinde – Sündige Christen
2.1.10 H. UMBACH (1999): In Christus getauft – von der Sünde befreit
2.1.11 T. L. CARTER (2002): Paul and the Power of Sin
2.2 Die Sündenthematik in Untersuchungen zur pln. Rechtfertigungslehre
2.3 Fazit
3. Der Begriff »Sünde« in der atl. und griech. Tradition
3.1 Der Begriff »Sünde« im jüdischen Denken
3.1.1 Die Terminologie
3.1.2 Die Überwindung von Sünde
3.2. Der Begriff »Sünde« in der Gräzität
3.2.1 Die griechische Sündenvorstellung
3.2.2 Die Überwindung von Sünde
3.3 Fazit
Teil I Sünde und Sühnungstheologie des Paulus
4. Paulus als ›diachrone‹ Gestalt und seine Briefe als ›synchrone‹ Quelle
4.1 Theologie und Kerygma des Paulus
4.1.1 Die Theologie des ›Paulus‹ und der ›paulinischen Briefe‹
4.1.2 Sünde als Schlüssel zum Kerygma des Paulus
4.1.3 Ist die ungeschriebene Theologie rekonstruierbar?
4.2 Die historisch-kritische Aussonderung von Traditionen
4.3 Vorpaulinische Kerygmata für die Rekonstruktion des paulinischen Protokerygmas
4.3.1 Formeln als vorpaulinisches Gedankengut
4.3.2 Die Sündenüberwindung als vorpaulinisches und paulinisches Kerygma
4.4 Fazit
5. Der Sühnetod Jesu und seine Deutung in der vorpln. und pln. Theologie
5.1 Die Analogie und Disanalogie des Sühnetodes Jesu
5.1.1 Ein Opfertod oder ein stellvertretender Tod?
5.1.2 Begriffsbestimmung: Kultvorstellung und Stellvertretungsgedanke
a) Der jüdische Hintergrund – Die Spiritualisierung des alttestamentlichen Kults
b) Der christliche Hintergrund – Jesu Tod als Überbietung des alttestamentlichen Rituals
5.1.3 Die Notwendigkeit der Sühne
5.2 Die vorpaulinischen und paulinischen Aussagen über den Tod Jesu
5.2.1 Die ύπέρ-Formel
5.2.2 Die Abendmahlstradition und der neue Bund
5.2.3 Das ίλαστήριον in Röm 3,25
5.2.4 Dahingabe wegen unserer Sünden (Röm 4,25)
5.2.5 Die allgemeine Sündhaftigkeit und die Sühne (Röm 5,1–11; 2Kor 5,14f.21)
5.2.6 περì ἁμαϱτίας in Röm 8,3
5.3 Fazit
6. Die Herkunft der Rechtfertigungslehre im Rahmen der Sühnungstheologie
6.1 Der Rechtfertigungsgedanke in der außerpaulinischen Literatur
6.1.1 Die Gerechtigkeit Gottes in der jüdischen Literatur
6.1.2 Die Rechtfertigung in der jüdischen Literatur
6.1.3 Sühne und Rechtfertigung im Alten Testament
6.1.4 Rechtfertigung im außerpaulinischen Neuen Testament
6.1.4.1 Lk 18,14a
6.1.4.2 Apg 13,38f
6.1.4.3 Sonstige Belege im Neuen Testament
6.2 Rechtfertigungsaussagen in den Paulusbriefen
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3 Die Rechtfertigungsaussage in Gal 2,16
6.2.4 Die Rechtfertigungsaussage in Röm 3,24–26
6.2.5
6.2.6 Die Rechtfertigungslehre in Röm 6,1–11
6.3 Fazit
7. Die Sühnungstheologie und ihre Relevanz für Heiden
7.1 Sühnevorstellung in kleinasiatischen Beichtinschriften
7.1.1 Prozess der kleinasiatischen Beichte
7.1.2 Wesen der Sünde
7.1.3 Gottes Zorn und Sühnung
7.1.4 Vergleich der jüdischen und kleinasiatischen Sühnevorstellung
7.2 Griechisch-römische Opfervorstellung
7.2.1 Prozess und Bedeutung
7.2.2 Vergleich der jüdischen und der griechisch-römischen Opfervorstellung
7.3 Gewissen – Kriterium für Sünde unter Heiden
7.3.1 Gewissen als vorausgesetztes Urteilskriterium
7.3.2 Gewissen und Rechtfertigung
7.4 Fazit
8. Die Rekonstruktion des pln. Protokerygmas aus hamartiologischer Sicht
8.1 Die Rekonstruktion des pln. Protokerygmas aus dem Römerbrief
8.1.1 Die Beziehung zwischen Protokerygma und Theologie
8.1.2 Der kerygmatische Charakter des Römerbriefes
8.1.3 Die ›inneren‹ Kriterien für die Rekonstruktion des Protokerygmas
8.2 Inhalt des Protokerygmas
8.2.1 Voraussetzung: das Evangelium als Gottes Verheißung im Alten Testament
8.2.1.1 Das theozentrische Evangelium
8.2.1.2 Die Gesetzeskritik als Protokerygma?
8.2.2 Gottes Zorn als seine Reaktion auf menschliche Sünden
8.2.3 Der Sühnetod Christi für die Umstellung von Sündern auf Gerechte
8.2.4 Glaube als die vom heiligen Geist gewirkte Reaktion der Menschen
8.2.5 Die Gotteskindschaft der gerechtfertigten Sünder
8.2.6 Andere mutmaßliche Elemente
8.2.6.1 Das den Sündern zugesprochene ewige Leben
8.2.6.2 Christologie: die Person Jesu Christi
8.2.6.3 Eschatologie: das im Christusgeschehen vollzogene Ende
8.2.6.4 Andere Soteriologien
8.3 Fazit
Teil II Sünde und Nichtanrechnungstheologie des Paulus
9. Die historische Verortung der Nichtanrechnungstheologie
9.1 Die Nichtanrechnungstheologie und das Abrahammotiv
9.1.1 Die Anrechnung des Glaubens zur Gerechtigkeit im Alten Testament
9.1.1.1 Die Anrechnung des Glaubens zur Gerechtigkeit in Gen 15,6
9.1.1.2 Die Anrechnung des Glaubens zur Gerechtigkeit in Hab 2,4
9.1.2 Das Abrahammotiv in der Nichtanrechnungstheologie
9.2 Die Nichtanrechnungstheologie innerhalb der Gesetzespolemik
9.2.1 Die Gesetzesproblematik und die Trennung von Judentum und Christentum
9.2.2 Die gesetzeskritische Position des Paulus – Seit wann?
9.2.3 Die Nichtanrechnungstheologie als Offenbarung Christi
9.3 Fazit
10. Der galatische Konflikt als Anlass der Nichtanrechnungstheologie
10.1 Stand bisheriger Forschungen zum galatischen Konflikt
10.1.1 Stand bisheriger Forschungen
10.1.2 Kritik
10.2 Die Beschneidung und der Sühnetod Christi
10.2.1 Gal 2,15 als Grundposition der Gegner
10.2.2 Die Beschneidung als eine Kulthandlung
10.2.3 Abschaffung der Ritualgebote und deren Übertreter (Gal 2,18)
10.3 Der Bund Abrahams in der Beschneidung
10.3.1 Die Beschneidung Abrahams in den Augen der Gegner
10.3.2 Das σxάνδαλον des Kreuzes (Gal 5,11)
10.3.3 Die Beobachtung der Zeiten (Gal 4,10)
10.3.4 Die Sühneaussage in Gal 1,4
10.3.5 Generalisierung des Beschneidungssinnes
10.4 Die paulinische Widerlegung des »anderen« Evangeliums
10.5 Fazit
11. Die Nichtanrechnung der Sünde innerhalb der pln. Gesetzespolemik
11.1 Die Nichtanrechnungstheologie im Galaterbrief
11.1.1 Die Absolutheit des Sühnetodes Christi (Zusammenfassender Überblick über Gal 2,15–21)
11.1.2 Die Rechtfertigung der heidnischen Sünder (Gal 3,6–22)
11.1.2.1 Die Seligpreisung Abrahams für Sünder heidnischer Herkunft (Gal 3,6–18)
11.1.2.2 Die Beziehung von Gesetz und Sünde bis zur Verheißung (Gal 3,19–22)
11.1.3 Die Sklaverei unter dem Gesetz – Die Rückkehr zum Sündersei (Gal 3,23–4,11)
11.1.3.1 Die aufgehobene Abhängigkeit vom Gesetz (Gal 3,23–25)
11.1.3.2 Der Aufhebungsgrund – Die Sohnschaft und Erbschaft Gottes (Gal 3,26–4,7)
11.1.3.3 Die aufzuhebende Sklaverei unter dem Gesetz (Gal 4,8–11)
11.1.4 Gesamtinterpretation der Nichtanrechnungstheologie im Galaterbrief
11.2 Die Nichtanrechnungstheologie in Römerbrief
11.2.1 Übertretung des Gesetzes bei Heiden und Juden (Röm 2,12–3,2)
11.2.1.1 Übertretung des Gesetzes und Gerechtigkeit (Röm 2,12–13)
11.2.1.2 Übertretung des Gesetzes bei Heiden (Röm 2,14–16)
11.2.1.3 Übertretung des Gesetzes bei Juden (Röm 2,17–3,2)
11.2.2 Das Gesetz vor und nach dem Glauben (Röm 3,9–22; 3,27–31)
11.2.2.1 Das Gesetz zur Verurteilung (Röm 3,9–22)
11.2.2.2 Die Aufrichtung des Gesetzes im Glauben (3,27–31)
11.2.3 Die Nichtanrechnung der Sünde bei Abraham (Röm 4,1–25)
11.2.3.1 Die eine Gerechtigkeit – Die Nichtanrechnung der Sünde (Röm 4,1–8)
11.2.3.2 Abraham als Vorfahr der glaubenden Juden und Heiden (Röm 4,9–25)
11.2.4 Der Tod gegenüber dem Gesetz (Röm 7,1–7)
11.2.5 Gesamtinterpretation der Nichtanrechnungstheologie im Römerbrief
11.3 Fazit
12. Rühmen als Sünde und »die New Perspective on Paul«
12.1 Rühmen und die New Perspective
12.2 Gesetz und die New Perspective
12.2.1 Gesetz und Werkgerechtigkeit
12.2.2 Gesetz und Bekehrung von Heiden
12.2.2.1 Die Mission im Judentum und im jüdischen Christentum
12.2.2.2 Bekehrung und Toraobservanz
12.3 Sünde und die New Perspective
12.3.1 Die Sünde als Nebenschauplatz
12.3.2 Sünde in der Bekehrungssituation
12.3.3 Die neue Definition der Sünde (Röm 14,23)
12.4 Fazit
Teil III Sünde und Befreiungstheologie des Paulus
13. Die pln. Personifikation der άμαρτία und ihr Hintergrund
13.1 Personifikation als Darstellungstechnik in der Antike
13.1.1 Der Begriff der Personifikation
13.1.2 Personifikation und Metapher
13.1.3 Charakteristika der paulinischen Personifikation der άμαρτία
13.2 Die Personifikation der άμαρτία in anderen paulinischen Briefen?
13.2.1 Personifikation der άμαρτία im Galaterbrief?
13.2.2 Personifikation der άμαρτία in den Korintherbriefen?
13.3 Der Hintergrund der paulinischen Personifikation der άμαρτία
13.3.1 Das Missverständnis der Sühnungstheologie
13.3.2 Das Missverständnis der Nichtanrechnungstheologie
13.4 Fazit
14. Die rechtfertigende Befreiung von der Sündenmacht
14.1 Der Verlauf der Befreiungstheologie
14.2 Die Pneumatologie in Röm 8 als soteriologische Voraussetzung der Befreiungstheologie
14.2.1 Die Beziehung zwischen Röm 8 und Röm 5–7
14.2.2 Der Heilige Geist und die Befreiungstheologie
14.2.2.1 Der Geist schafft die Befreiung durch Überwindung des Fleisches
14.2.2.2 Der Geist wirkt die Befreiung durch Adoption als Gotteskinder
14.3 Die Herrschaft der Sünde und die der Gnade (Röm 5,14–21)
14.3.1 Kontextstellung
14.3.2 Auslegung
14.4 Der Tod gegenüber der Sünde – Die Befreiung von der Sündenmacht (Röm 6,6b–23)
14.4.1 Kontextstellung
14.4.2 Auslegung
14.5 Das leidende Sein unter der Sündenmacht (Röm 7,8–25)
14.5.1 Kontextstellung
14.5.2 Auslegung
14.6 Fazit
15. Der Ort der Rechtfertigungslehre in der pln. Soteriologie
15.1 Die drei Soteriologien als eine Rechtfertigungslehre
15.1.1 Die Verbindlichkeit des Evangeliums
15.1.2 Die Wandlung der Apologetik ins Kerygma
15.1.3 Der Römerbrief als Abriss des paulinischen Evangeliums
15.2 Begriffliche Präzisierung soteriologischer Metaphern
15.2.1 Soteriologisches ›Modell‹ und ›Schema‹
15.2.2 Soteriologisches ›Signifikat‹ und soteriologischer ›Signifikant‹
15.3 Soteriologische Modelle neben der Rechtfertigungslehre
15.3.1 Die Versöhnung
15.3.1.1 Die Herkunft des Versöhnungsgedankens
15.3.1.2 Der paulinische Gebrauch
15.3.2 Loskauf/Erlösung
15.3.2.1 Die Herkunft
15.3.2.2 Der paulinische Gebrauch
15.3.3 Neue Schöpfung
15.3.4 Teilhabe (Participation)
15.4 Die mit Soteriologie verbundenen Verben
15.5 Die Zentralität der Rechtfertigungslehre
15.6 Fazit
16. Schlussbemerkung
Literaturverzeichnis
1. Quellen
a) Bibelausgaben und frühchristliche Literatur
b) Jüdische und hellenistische Schriften
2. Wörterbücher, Lexika, Konkordanzen, Grammatiken usw
3. Sekundärliteratur
Stellenregister
1. Altes Testament
2. Neues Testament
3. Jüdische Schriften
Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments und Zwischentestamentliche Literatur
Qumrantexte, rabbinische Quelle und Übersetzungen
Jüdische Autoren
4. Christliche Schriften
5. Übrige antike Literatur
Autorenregister
Sachregister
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Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2. Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL)
318
Eun-Geol Lyu
Sünde und Rechtfertigung bei Paulus Eine exegetische Untersuchung zum paulinischen Sündenverständnis aus soteriologischer Sicht
Mohr Siebeck
Eun-Geol Lyu, geboren 1971; Studium der Germanistik und Theologie an der Yonsei Universität in Seoul, Theologiestudium in Mainz und Heidelberg; 2007 Promotion; seit 2010 Professor für Neutestamentliche Theologie an der Hoseo Universität in Cheonan, Südkorea.
e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-151863-8 ISBN 978-3-16-151006-9 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Reihe) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http:// dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2011 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Das Buch wurde von Laupp & Göbel in Nehren auf alterungbeständiges Werkdruckpapier gedruckt und von der Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren gebunden.
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