277 45 26MB
English Pages [240] Year 1961
Identification
Manual By
ALEXANDER
and >VILLIAM
D.
C.
MARTIN
BARKLEY
J. ~A
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iJ ij kJ
(v:ce:'^Wi
:0 £00
=o lO >eed Identificiiion Ai
By
I
V sv
(
AN
).
This
is
work
m
;i
Manual
Martin Barkley
"CO
basic reference tool for any
seed identification. Designed to
satisfy the
needs of a wide variety of
investigators,
ii
will
prove useful to the
agronomist, forester, county farm agent, wildlife biologist,
In terms of the cies covered,
and farmer.
number
of seed spe-
and of the quality and
quantity of the illustrations, nothing
comparable to this manual has been attempted before. More than 600 seed species are represented in 824 photographs and 288 drawings. The text
lists
and genera of the seeds, and describes their size, appearance, and other characteristics. Technical language has been used as little as possible so as to give the book maximum utility for both the layman and the the families
expert.
The
seeds are presented under three
major headings: Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands. Specimens shown under the Farmlands heading are arranged by their physical features as well as by their
Dr.
taxonomic order.
Alexander
C. Martin, formerly
a research botanist-biologist with the
United States Fish and
W iidlife Service,
one of the world's leading authorities on seed morphology. is
William D. Barkley
is
one of
this
country's outstanding technicians in the unusual specialty of photographing seeds.
cllul
'^^^2
0fos^ ^0'
I,
Seed Identification Manual
Seed Identification
Manual Alexander
C
Martin and William D. Barkley
University of California Press
Berkeley and
Los Angeles 1961
Free Library N'. in Cr-.r.tv Civic
Building Cem-r Administration
San
Raiael, California
I
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, BERKELEY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS,
AND
LOS ANGELES
LONDON, ENGLAND
©1961, BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 61-7528
Designed by Howard H. Bezanson
MANUFACTURED
IN
x ^
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
*j
od o
Acknowledgments
The Fish and for
making
graphs,
Department of the
Wildlife Service of the United States
particularly as represented by this
made
manual
possible.
It
contracted for the extensive series of photo-
available the outstanding seed collection at
its
Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, and aided substantially Special
acknowledgment
is
also
due Arnold
in
Patuxent Wildlife in
other ways.
L. Nelson, formerly Director
of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. His included
Interior,
Branch of Wildlife Research, deserves credit
its
name might
well have been
the authorship because of valuable consultation given during
phases of the work and because his active interest
all
brought essential financial
support.
Thanks are
also given to
many
individuals
who
helped with various aspects
of the undertaking.
Alexander C. Martin William D. Barkley
Contents
Introduction
I
Seed Photographs
7
Farmlands Weeds, Arranged Systematically (Weeds I), 9 Weeds, Arranged by Physical Features (Weeds
II),
47
Crops, 73
Wetlands Aquatics, 77
Marsh Grasses, 83 Marsh Sedges, 87 Other Marsh Plants, 93
Woodlands Woody Plants, 101 Nonwoody Plants, Identification Clues
Selected Bibliography
Index
1
19
123
207 211
Introduction
This manual
is
an attempt to meet the long-standing need for a reference work
dealing exclusively with seed identification.
The
ability to recognize seeds,
always important
in
farming, has
even more essential in modern scientific agriculture: without be
little
become would
there
merit in perfecting methods of growing useful plants. But utility for
human consumption, whether dustries,
it,
is
as food or in the clothing
and construction
in-
not the sole criterion for deciding which plants are useful. Increas-
ingly in recent decades,
plant and animal to the dangers,
life
new knowledge about the interdependence of forms of made available, and the public has been alerted
has been
both aesthetic and economic, of allowing our natural resources
to dwindle. Plants formerly thought to be of
little
worth have been found to be
good, because they provide food and cover for wildlife, or protect watersheds
by their quick regrowth over damaged lands. The number of plants regarded as useful
and the importance of knowing
Of no
less
importance, however,
is
their seeds
have grown accordingly.
the identification of undesirable seeds.
On
behalf of the crop harvesters and the conservationists, whose ideas of "unde-
somewhat according to their aims, a continual war is being waged against plants that are unwanted for one reason or another. Plantquarantine officers and chemical manufacturers, agricultural experiment stations and seed-testing laboratories work vigilantly in this unceasing fight, in which millions of dollars are expended every year, and millions more are lost sirable" differ
through reduced crop potentials.
While the value of a wide acquaintance with seeds, both "good" and "bad," has thus been growing at an accelerating rate, the tools for obtaining this
knowledge have remained grossly inadequate. The seeds of some genera have apparently not been illustrated or described in published form or at least, not amply enough to identify them. For other genera, the seed characteristics have
—
INTRODUCTION
been reported, but
in
papers ihai are not easily accessible. For the most part,
with a few notable exceptions, the available information about seeds only plant
in bits,
here and there,
To remedy
life.
in
is
given
v/orks mainly concerned with other aspects of
this situation, the
together, for direct observation
authors of this manual have brought
and study on a comparative
basis, pictures
and practical descriptions of as large and representative a collection of seeds as possible, within the spatial and other limitations mentioned below under Basis for Inclusion.
The immediate aim of the manual biologists,
and others interested
in
is
to help agriculturists, foresters, wildlife
land-use programs to identify the seeds
With
their particular ecological fields of interest.
this practical
aim
in
in
view,
the authors have, in the main, restricted the content of the descriptions to the characteristics useful for identification. Also, bearing
backgrounds of the probable readers of
this
manual
preparation and experience, the authors have thought scriptions nontechnical, so far as
broad range of interests and
was
feasible,
in
in it
mind the
dilTerent
respect to scientific best to keep the de-
and thus adapt the material to a
skills.
Definition The term
seedm\xs,\.
here be understood in
its
broad, popular sense.
It is
applied
not only to true seeds, but also to equivalent structures which look like and function as seeds. Technical designations for seedlike dry fruits are indicated parenthetically in the text.
Plan of the
Book
Because the quickest and best way to form a true concept of an object, short of seeing the thing
itself, is
to
examine a good picture of
ciple governing the order, proportions,
it, the dominant prinand mode of presentation of the con-
book has been emphasis on illustrations. The manual consists of two major parts, one wholly photographic except for legends and a few explanatory remarks, and the other primarily textual. The
tents of this
is given priority by being the larger and by being placed first. The photographs, most of which are magnified, usually show several views of each
pictorial part
seed in detail.
The superior
elTectiveness of pictures suggested setting life-sized
silhouettes within the plates themselves, so that the reader could receive an
image of the seed's
real size at once,
and need not attempt the
translating numerical magnifications into spatial terms.
the visual principle, the textual part of the
manual
is
Again
amply
difficult feat in
of
accord with
illustrated with
INTRODUCTION
in the form of line drawings and diagrams, and the generic descripby references to the corresponding plates. accompanied tions are In the first part of the book, headed Seed Photographs, the photographs are
288 figures
organized systematically within eight plant categories, grouped gical sections
The
in
three ecolo-
with the headings of Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands.
and expedite identification by en-
sectional groupings should simplify
abling the investigator
first
to classify a seed roughly by
compare
nating the need to
its
habitat, thus elimi-
The names of
with seeds from other habiiats.
it
these ecological sections and the designations of general types of plants (Weeds,
Crops, Aquatics, and so on) must be recognized as merely convenient, short labels that require
some
qualification or interpretation, since a certain
of overlapping
their
meaning and application
Farmlands
is
in
intended
in a
inevitable.
is
loose sense, to include not only the fields tilled for
crops but also rangelands and other open, uncultivated
many
amount The heading
fields.
That
is
why
wild plants that are not clearly pest species are included under the sub-
heading Weeds. Conversely, under Wetlands are some grasses which flourish seasonally
damp
fields
and which therefore sometimes
interfere with crops.
heading Woodlands also needs a liberal interpretation. cluded can grow
open places as well as
in
The word weeds, its
in its
in
wooded
most derogatory sense,
Some
manual the subheading Weeds
is
in
The
of the plants
in-
areas.
is
of course a relative term,
application partly dependent on the objectives of the person
this
so
who
uses
it.
In
interpreted in a broad sense, so as to in-
clude in the classification, alongside the plants that are objectionably aggressive or even poisonous, not only
many harmless
are a valuable source of food and cover for
number that many kinds of wildlife, and some
wild plants but also a
that are very useful as soil binders.
The plant-family sequence used within the
limits of the ecological units of
Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands and their plant categories has been sup-
plemented by a physical-feature arrangement investigators,
in
one
gallery. This will enable
whether botanists or nonbotanists, to identify seeds by simply
matching unknowns with pictures which are segregated on the basis of distinctive
shapes and appendages. The plan provides an
pared to scanning additional space
Such a group
it
is
all
or
many
eff"ective
short cut, as
com-
of the pictures in a family-order gallery, but the
requires can be justified only by an important, large group. that of
weed
seeds. Because of
cians and investigators in several
plant-quarantine officers,
and others, the
organization has been applied to
its
land-management
it.
special interest to techni-
fields,
artificial
as well as to farmers,
system of photograph
In the subdivision called
Weeds, Arranged
by Physical Features, winged seeds are grouped together, as are seeds with
INTRODUCTION
pappus, others with awns, and flattish,
still
others of special shapes such as spheroid,
or angular. Seeds on the border line between two or
shape are often
difficult to place satisfactorily,
meaning of the designations used and also indicates the
helps to define the
of plates
which each class of related physical features
in
subdivision, of course, duplicates
though not
all
more types of
but the preliminary key, figure
much of the
is
illustrated.
1,
series
This
systematic subdivision on Weeds,
of it. .Altogether, there are 824 photographic plates, showing the
more than 600 plant species from various parts of the U nited States. The common plant names used throughout the manual are based in general on those in Standardized Plant Names, by Harlan P. Kelsey and William A. Dayton, prepared for the American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature (2d ed.; Harrisburg, Pa., J. Horace McFarland Co., 1942), but some stylistic modifications have been made in the longer and more unwieldy compounds. The descriptive section on Identification Clues is the second major part of the book. The seeds presented in the photographic guide are here approached analytically. By means of text and figures this part of the manual points out, as its seeds of
heading implies, the seed characteristics that are especially valuable for identification.
It
consists of a single series of descriptions with appropriate illustra-
arranged
tions,
systematic order.
ir^.
Identification, below, traits
as
it
was thought
As explained under Procedure best to place the
in
Seed
emphasis on the seed
of families and genera; usually, species are mentioned or illustrated only
examples of the larger groups. Normally, there
is
a brief treatment of the family traits of the seeds, followed
by several seed descriptions for the genera of that family shown
in the
photo-
graphs, two or three genera with very similar seeds occasionally being treated together; is
and
omitted.
if
only one genus of a family
the seeds genus by genus.
though represenied
many
is
represented the family description
One marked departure has been made from
species,
is
in
the rule of describing
The immense and important family of the Gramineae, more than forty genera and nearly twice as
the plates by
discussed chiefly at the family and tribal levels and not in any
separate generic descriptions, because the Department of Agriculture's thor-
ough and
Manual of Grasses is readily available. Thus it was numerous and repetitive descriptions without leaving a
well-illustrated
possible to avoid the serious gap.
The
section
on
Identification Clues
is
intended primarily to enable the reader
to confirm the preliminary identifications of families
made by examining eric
and family
and genera which he has
the photographs. In addition, the information on the gen-
traits
of seeds will be serviceable
in
guiding him to the proper
INTRODUCTION
systematic starting point; and in this connection the clues on internal mor-
phology should prove especially helpful.
Basis for Inclusion It
can be anticipated that some
will
wonder,
regretfully,
why
the
manual was
limited to 600 species and why this or that particular seed was not included. The reason for this is essentially the same one that necessitated reproducing the photographs in black and white rather than in color, namely, prohibitive cost. The problem of limiting the number of genera and species to a total that could be treated feasibly in one moderate-sized volume was further complicated
by the necessity of keeping the selection representative of botanical groups, geographic areas, and the interests of various
A
nationwide perspective has been used
in
scientific
and economic
fields.
choosing genera and species for
and plant categories. Selection was based, on the abundance, widespread distribution, and economic or
inclusion in the ecological sections for the
most
part,
other importance of the plants or plant groups. Naturally, in
some instances The category
the limits for inclusion and exclusion were very difficult to decide.
Crops was purposely
restricted, partly
been
many
because the public
common
quainted with most of the more
seeds,
is
already well ac-
and also because there have
publications on the numerous varieties of cultivated plants.
Procedure Sometimes one
clue, if
in
Seed Identification
extreme and unique, serves alone to identify a seed.
But more commonly, several different features
in
combination are required for
a positive determination. Frequently a seed can be identified to the species as reliably as
can the whole plant from which not possible, and in
ever, this
is
should be
left at
The most and
it
was obtained. More
many genera
often,
how-
the determinations of identity
the genus level to avoid an unjustifiable danger of error.
useful clues for recognition of seeds are usually the shape, the size,
peculiarities of the surface
and coloring. Seed surfaces vary from smooth
and glossy to dull or rough; surface
irregularities include pittings, grooves,
and other types of sculpturing. Characteristics of the attachment scar (hilum), particularly
its
shape, size, and position, are often significant in narrowing the
range of genera or species to be considered. Also, the presence of any noticeable external features such as wings, pappus, spines, awns, or hairs
is
likely to
be
helpful in placing the seed correctly.
Especially useful clues to the family or genus of an
able for those
who
are willing to delve into
its
unknown
seed are avail-
internal characteristics.
These
INTRODUCTION
include the embryo's shape, size, and position and
its relation to endosperm, if and also the wall's thickness, texture, and inner-surface markings. A quick check on a seed's internal morphology can often indicate its family or genus and thus help the investigator avoid serious mistakes about
the latter
is
present,
seeds which look surprisingly alike from the outside, but internally are very distinct.
Seed Photographs
This pictorial part of the manual, containing 824 plates, three habitat classifications of Farmlands, Wetlands,
which
is
is
divided into the
and Woodlands, each of
again divided into two or more categories on the basis of general types
of plants. Within each plant category the seeds are presented in systematic order; but, in addition, about two-thirds of those in the
gory,
first
and
largest cate-
Weeds, are presented a second time, arranged to exemplify the more
important
of their appearance useful for identification.
traits
More than
six
hundred species from the continental United States are shown.
The
seeds pictured here are described in the second part of the manual,
headed Identification Clues, of similar genera ence. Reference
Since nearly
is
in
from plate to
all
which the discussion of each genus or group
keyed to the corresponding plate or plates by cross text
refer-
can be made through the Index.
of the seed photographs are magnified, an accurate impres-
sion of the size of each seed
is
conveyed by a small,
life-sized
photograph
in
silhouette, set in the lower left corner of the plate; but for the very few seeds too
large for the silhouette is
method
(see pis. 553, 555,
and 752-755), the
inset
box
used for indicating size by figures, in the conventional way. Actual measure-
ments are regularly included
in the generic descriptions in Identification Clues.
Farmlands Weeds, Arranged Systematically (Weeds I)
Farmlands, as construed here, include western rangelands,
fields,
fencerows,
gardens, roadsides, and open places that harbor weedy or other wild plants.
Some
of the plants in this section are not weeds in the
strict sense.
the 307 species illustrated are important both to agriculturists biologists. Representatives of the genera
shown here
Many
and to
of
wildlife
are also included in the
following unit on Weeds, Arranged by Physical Features.
FARMLANDS Wkkds
1
.
Plates
I
Bromus secalinus
2.
Bromus
catharlicus
Chess
Rescuegrass
Fesluca ortoflora Fescue
5.
Festuca ohtusa Fescue
4.
Poa annua Annua! Biucerass
Poa pralensis Kentucky Bluegrass
7.
8.
10
3. Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass
6.
Tridens flava
Purpletop
Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass
9.
1
9
FARMLANDS WttDS
Plates 10
I
10. Agropyron repens Quackgrass
1
1
.
Horcieum pusillwu
Little Barley
12. Arena Jalua Wild Oats
S 13. Loliwu perenne Ryegrass
Loliwn tenndenium Ryegrass
14.
15. Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass
I
16.
Agrostis alba
Redtop
17. Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill
18.
Stipa viridula
Needlearass
18
FARMLANDS W.MDS
19.
Plates 19 26
I
Sporoholus cryptanclrus
Drop seed
22. FJeusine indica
Sporoholus asper Drop.seed
20.
23. Dactyloctcnium aegyptium Crowfootgrass
Goosegrass
1\.
A ristida
virgata
Three-awn
Cynodon dady Ion Bermudagrass
24.
-f '/,
...
Eriogonum alaium Eriogonum
50.
15
FARMLANDS Weeds
5
1
.
Plates
I
Rumex
52.
acetosella
Rumex
crispus
Dock
Sheep Sorrel
Polygonum Knotweed
53.
51
aviculare
Additional species of Poly-
gonum
are illustrated in plates
631 642 and
Polygonum Knotweed
54.
56.
55. Polygonum Corn bind
cilinode
Chenopodium anihrosioides
Wormseed
57.
16
convolvulus
Chenopodium album
I.ambsquarters
in figures
58. Chenopodium hyhridum Goosefoot
71-76
58
FARMLANDS Weeds
Cyclolonm Ringwing
59.
62.
Plates 59 67
I
alriplicijolium
Corispenmon hyssopifolium
Tickseed
Amaranthus hybridus Pigweed
65.
60.
A triplex patula
61. Alriplcx scDiihaccula
Saltbush
Saltbush
Kochia scoparia Summer-cypress
64. Salsola kali
Amaranthus retrofiexus Pigweed
67.
63.
66.
Russianthistle
Amaranthus
Pigweed
17
hi it aides
FARMLANDS Wi
1
i)s
Plates 68-76
I
Ahronia fragrans
68. Boerhaavia wrightii
69.
Spiderling
Sandverbena
7
1
.
Phytolacca americana
Pokeberrv
74.
Manila perjoliaia
Minersletlucc
18
72. Moliugo Carpetweed
verticillata
Oxyhaphus nyctagineus Umbrellaworl
10.
73. Calandrinia caulescens
Redmaids
75. Porlulaca oleracca
76. Porlulaca lanceolaia
Purslane
Purslane
FARMLANDS Weeds
Plates 77 84
I
.^r-j,-'
H\;^ii;^
iSei.. >aSM-
Spergula arvensis Spurry
78. Stellaria
77.
media
79.
Cerastium viscosum
Chickweed
Chick weed
cif}if:^
"^-y
i^i< wmW 80.
Agrostemma githag o
Cockle
8
1
Silene antirrhina
.
82. Silene noctiflora Catchfly
Catchfly
K/' '^M >i:tm^
;^.es, based
on atlachmenls and shapes
key below
(fig.
each group.
1)
FARMLANDS WiiDsll Wmi Attachmknts COVERED BY SCALES OR BRACTS
Hj SB WjL P^W fl ^
^\ IH
L
V
^^1
jl ^^m ^^H
^B
1
l^l
wl aj IJI '
308.
^^F^T^^m 11r^^H
^^^^^^-^
iI
IK"
Plates 308 315
1
LM
i^^^^^^
H |7|f K.
Andropogon scoparius
^^fl
Paspalum Paspalum 309.
Bluestem
^
\
1
HT^^H L^,,^ Panicum lindheimeri Panicum 310.
laeve
/'I
Additional scale-covered seeds are pictured in plates
1
44 and
figure 24
311. Digitaria
WINGED
ischaemum
Crabgrass
^6J'l
^"^*m
3\2.
A triplex semibaccata
Saltbush
1
^^^L
'•'"'r.'
]
,^^^^^^1
'x^'i^
• »•
313. Oenothera biennis
314. Lepidium virginicum
Even ng-p ri mrose
Pepperweed
i
48
Cycloloma Ringwing
315.
atriplicifolium
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
With Attachments
Plates 316-324
WINGED
Anemone
Corispermum hyssopifoliwn
316. Salsola kali Russianthistle
317.
Anemone
Tickseed
319. Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs
320. Asclepias syriaca
32 1 Mentzelia decapetala
Milkweed
Prairiestar
323. Verbesina encelioides
324. Arabis canadensis
Crownbeard
Rockcress
322. Coreopsis grandiflora Coreopsis
canadensis
318.
.
49
FARMLANDS \Vi
ns
r
With Attachments
II
Plates 325-333
HOOKS. AWNS. SPINHS. HAIRS
Geum
canadense
326. Encelia subaristala
327. Verbesina occidenlalis
Avens
Encelia
Crown beard
328. Trihulus terrestris
329.
Puncturcvine
Raaweed
.Agrimony
Kochia scopaha Summer-cypress
332. Oenothera missouriensis
333. Trichos tenia lanceolatwn
Sundrops
Bluecurls
325.
33
1
.
50
Ambrosia ariemisiaefolia
330. Agrimonia parviflora
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
With Attachments
Plates 334 342
HOOKS, AWNS. SPINES, HAIRS
S3:^>;*
Daucus carola
334. Scutellaria iniegrijolia
335. Delphinium virescens
336.
Skullcap
Larkspur
Wildcarrot
337. Ratibida peduncularis
338. Encelia frutescens
339.
Prairie-coneflower
Encelia
Ipomoea pandurata Morning-glory
34
342. Diodia teres
340.
Erodium botrys
Filaree
1
.
Polygala longa
Milkwort
Buttonweed
51
FARMLANDS W
I
1
1)S II
PLATHS343 351
WriH AlTACHMFNTS
I'AI'I'I S
343. Erigeron canadensis
344. Hieracium aurantiacwn
345. Heterolheca subaxillaris
Fleabane
Hawkweed
Heterotheca
346. Liaths squarrosa Gayfeather
347. Solidago canadensis
348. Chrysopsis villosa
Goldenrod
Goldaster
349. Ceniaurea melitensis Centaurea
53
350.
Helenium lenuifolium
Biiterweed
35 Gaillardia pulchella Gaillardia 1
.
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Plates 352-360
Spheroid to Ellipsoid
352. Tragia urens
353. Loins tonientellus
Noseburn
Deervetch
355. Vicia angustifolia
356.
Vetch
Peavine
358. Eschscholtzia californica
359.
California-poppy
Pricklypoppy
Lathy rus maritimus
Argemone platyceras
354. Spergula arvensis Spurry
357. Croton
monanthogynus
Doveweed
360. Scutellaria iniegrifolia
Skullcap
53
FARMLANDS Weeds
36
1
.
Plates 36 -369
Spheroid to Ellipsoid
II
Teucrium canadense
Germander
1
362. Cuscuia grorwvii
363. Papaver
Dodder
Poppy
I9#
9
9
c
^
364. Brassica nigra
Hedeoma pulegioides False Pennyroyal
365. Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass
Mustard
dubium
366.
^ h..
I
4
J
7
367. Euphorbia carol lala
Spurge
54
368. Acalypha Copperleaf
|\
virginica
..^
^
369. Lepidium campestre
Pepperweed
FARMLANDS Weeds
370.
II
Spheroid to Ellipsoid
Geranium carolinianum
Plates 370 378
371. Sirophostyles
umbellata
372. Schrankia angusiata Sensitivebrier
Geranium
Wildbean
373. Erodium botrys Filaree
374. Anthemis cotula
375. Viola refines qui i
Mayweed
Johnny-jump-up
^^^^^^^^^^^P^S^HflBp^^^^l 1
*
^1
376. Castilleja sessiliflora
Paintbrush
•
»\ Oxybaphus nyctagineus Umbreliawort
377.
^^^^H 378.
Lithospermwu carol inense
Gromweil
55
FARMLANDS WllDS
II
SpIU-ROIDTO
379. Echinocactus rigidissimus
Cactus
Plates 379 383
El.l.ll'SOID
380. Salsola kali Russianthistle
381.
382. Breweria pickeringii
383. Abroniafragrans
Breweria
Sandverbena
56
Commelina
Dayflower
crispa
— FARMLANDS Weeds
11
Oblong to Long
Plates 384-392
II ^^^^^^^^P^^^nl^^^^^^^lHr
o
'^^1
^^^^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^^P^^
384.
C rot on lindheimerianus
Doveweed
385. Mentzelia micrantha Prairiestar
387. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 388. Gutierrezia texana Oxeye Daisy Snakeweed
390. Sesbania
Coffeeweed
macrocarpa
391. Cichorium intybus Chicory
386. Serinea oppositifolia
Serinea
389. Grindelia squarrosa
Gum weed
392. Cirsium arvense Thistle
Canada
57
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Oblong to Long
Plates 393-401
^R
II 393. Silybum Milk Thistle
mahanum
a Desmanthus leptohbus
394. Strophosiyles helvola
395.
Wildbean
Bundleflower
396. Rudbeckia hirta
397. Verbena bract eosa
398. Lotus scoparius
Black-eyed-Susan
Verbena
Deervetch
399.
Taraxacum
officinale
Dandelion
400.
Erodium cicutarium
Filaree
58
40 Helianthus tuberosus Sunflower 1
.
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Plates 402-406
Oblong to Long
402. Berber is vulgaris
403. Eriogonum alalum
Barberrv
Eriogonum
//r, 405. Bouteloua curtipendula
Grama
404. LMCtuca scariola Wild-lettuce
•/
Madia glomerata Tarweed 406.
59
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Plates 407-415
Angled
TRIANGULAR
407. Berberis aquifolium
408. Eremocarpus setigenis
409. Sida spinosa
Oregongrape
Turkeymullein
Sida
410. Ipomoea lacunosa
411. Convolvulus arvensis
412. Jacquemontia tamnifolia
Morning-glory
Bindweed
Jacquemontia
413. Amsinckia tessellata
414.
Echium vulgare Blueweed
415. Hemizonia conges ta
Fiddleneck
60
Tarweed
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Angled
Plates 416-422
TRIANGULAR
Rumex acetosella
416. Eleusine indica
417.
Goosegrass
Sheep Sorrel
Polygonum Knotweed
420.
einitzii
Flatsedge
4»4 W
T
••.
422.
i?
umex
aviculare
Polygonum Knotweed
418.
Polygonum convolvulus Cornbind 421.
See also species of Polygonum illustrated in
cilinode
plates
53 55,
631-642 and figures 71-76
crispus
Dock
61
FARMLANDS Angled
WkhdsII VARlOl
SI
'I
A\C;[,I
Plates 423-431
D
mBi *^k.-Ui>
m
•
423. Boerhaavia wrighlii Spiderling
424.
Gaura biennis
425. Verhascwn ihapsus
Gaura
Mullein
900
}
9^
*^ 426. Euphorbia macula la
427. Linaria candensis
Spurge
Toadflax
428. Plant ago major Plantain
429. Oenothera laciniaia
430. Delphinium cardinale
43
Evening-primrose
Larkspur
62
Penstemon Penstemon 1
.
breviflorus
FARMLANDS Weeds
II
Angled
Plates 432-433
VARIOUSLY ANGLED
432. Gilia aggregata Gilia
433. Ambrosia trifida
Ragweed
63
FARMLANDS Weeds
Plates 434 442
Fi athsii
II
r
^W
0% Chenopodium hybridwn Goosefoot
434.
^^ r -sufcje
435. Atriplex patula
436. Atnaranlhus bliloides
Saltbush
Pigweed
^
»
•
•
443. Stellaria media
444. Silene noclijiora
445. Lychnis coronaria
Chickweed
Catchfly
Campion
447. Portulaca oleracea
448. Mollugo verticillata
Purslane
Carpetweed
446.
Agrostemma githago
Cockle
J^^^Wi%\
449. Euphorbia dictyosperma
450. Passiflora incarnata
45 1 Oxalis stricta
Spurge
Passionflower
Oxalis
.
65
^•\^,
FARMLANDS Wlhus
II
ll.AI
Plates 452-460
IISII
'^ vf
^ ^W
H-^»
robustispina X 5
f Fig. 217.
Marnmillaria
vivipara X
184
1
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
ECHINOCACTUS
Cactus
206)
(pi.
Ovoid to compressed-oval or somewhat reniform; all with a cavity at or near the base and usually black; most species with surface Hnely or coarsely roughened by protuberances or pittings, but a few glossy
(£".
texensis, xeranthemoides); 1-4
mm.
long.
C)
f
Fig. 219.
inieriextus X 7.5
Seed enclosed
ELAEAGNUS
Echinocactm
Fig. 220. Echinucactus
polycephalus X 5
ELAEAGNACEAE in a hard, persistent
Shepherdia, borne
t
r
Fig. 218. Echinocacius
in a berry-like fruit
Russianolive
(pi.
seiispinus
X 14
Elaeagnus Family
covering (partly calyx)
from which
it
in
Elaeagnus;
in
escapes readily.
767)
Ellipsoid, pointed-ellipsoid, or spindle-shaped, with dark and light lengthwise ribs
alternating long.
on the hard, fibrous
wall; light stripes
commonly
silvery whitish;
6-10
mm.
Endosperm none.
SHEPHERDIA
Buffaloberry
(pi.
768)
Compressed-oval, some plano-convex; a notch on one side of base and a lengthwise groove from notch upward on both faces; glossy, black or dark brown; 4-5 mm. long.
^r Shepherdia 1 argentea X 5.5
Fig. 22
LYTHRACEAE DECODON
Waterwillow
(pi.
.
Loosestrife Family
656)
Prismatic-wedge-shaped or pyramidal, with 2, 3, or more plane faces, narrowed down-
ward from a broad, slightly rounded top to a pointed base; varnished brown with darker XI mm. Endosperm none. lines; 1.5 X 1
ONAGRACEAE
Evening-primrose Family
Seeds minute, small, or medium; shapes various, often
elliptic;
endosperm none.
185
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
JUSSIAEA
Waterprimrose
In certain species
{J.
(pis.
657. 658)
leptocarpa, pilosa, suffruticosa) the seeds are partially enclosed
and in J. diffusa they are buried in oblongchunks of corky wood. The true seeds are minute, less than mm. long; ellipsoid or arched-ellipsoid, with narrowed or obtuse ends; one side is somewhat compressed and has a thin, dark, lengthwise llange; cream to brown. in
a heart-shaped block of corky material,
truncate, oblique
OENOTHERA
1
Evening-primrose
(pis.
207-209)
Diverse; variously angled, often with a rounded side, or angular-ellipsoid, spindle-
shaped to flattish-oblong, or angular-lanceolate; smooth- to rough-surfaced, thin- to thick-walled; yellow-brown to dark purplish brown; 14 mm. long.
GAURA
Gaura
Seeds (nutlike
which
is
(pi.
210)
fruits)
woody; generally
elongate-ellipsoid with irregular
4-sided, spindle-shaped, except in G. parviflora,
rounded ridges and grooves;
in
most
species,
the seeds are hairy and have a lengthwise rib median between the angles and extending
halfway up from the base; about 6
mm.
TRAPACEAE TRAPA
long.
Waterchestnut Family
Waterchestnut, Watercaltrop
(pi.
555)
The hard, large (3-4 cm. across), nutlike seeds (mericarps) are somewhat top-shaped and are armed on their thick median zone with 4 stout, retrorsely barbed spines, which are attached to bulbous bases and make the seed somewhat 4-angled; dark to black. Endosperm none.
HALORAGIDACEAE
Watermilfoil Family
Seeds (nutlets) woody, oblong or oblong rounded-triangular to ellipsoid, or triangular;
HIPPURIS
embryo
linear in
Marestail
(pi.
endosperm of variable amounts.
556)
Oblong-cylindric, with short points on both of the obtuse ends;
an obscure
line
extends from top to bottom, on both sides of seed;
wall thick, soft-woody; 1
embryo
circular in cross section; 2 X
1
X
mm. Fig. 222. Hippuris
vulgaris
186
X
1
1
2
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
MYRIOPHYLLUM
Watermilfoil
558)
(pis. 557.
Oblong rounded-triangular, 1.5-2 mm. long, except in M. lenelIwn, which isoblong-cylindric and barely mm. long. M. scabratum I
has
its
outer (rounded) margins fringed with toothlike processes;
M. spicaium
is
obscurely warty on
back (rounded) surface.
its
Worn
seeds generally are open at one end.
Fig. 223.
Myriophyllum
spicaium X
PROSERPINACA
Mermaidweed
559)
(pi.
Broadly triangular (ovoid-pyramidal), with thin margins
and rounded margins mm.; interior distinctive
1
palustris
in P. peciinaia;
3X3
in
showing 3
in
P.
reddish brown: 4 X
cvlindric cells,
one
in
each of the angles.
I Fig. 224. Proserpinaca
pectinata X 7.5
ARALIACEAE ARALIA
Aralia Family
ci:>
Aralia (pis. 770. 771)
Flattish-oblong, pointed near base; (1) seeds small
(about 2
mm.
two
distinct
groups of species:
long), whitish with a satin sheen, wall
rather thin and with crosswise surface fibers {A. californica. cordata,
racemosa): (2) seeds larger (2.5-4
mm.
long), thick-walled, roughFig. 225. Aralia
surfaced, brown {A. hispida, nudicaulis, spinosa).
hispida X 7
UMBELUFERAE Seeds (mericarps) usually
flatfish,
plano-convex, or concave-convex; outlines
various: circular, oval, or elliptic, to
lengthwise ribs or ridges;
CENTELLA
Centella
HYDROCOTYLE Flat, with
embryo
(pi.
Parsley Family
narrow and elongate. Surface has
several
small, basal in fleshy firm endosperm.
659)
Pennywort
(pi.
660)
inner edge straight, outer edge
rounded; often a pair of seeds remaining united by their inner edges
Centella
is
and appearing kidney-shaped.
distinct in
having 2 or
3
branched,
whereas Hydrocotyle has, if any, or 2 straight, less prominent, and unbranched ribs. Centella seeds are 4 X 3 X 0.5
prominent, curved, veinlike
ribs,
Fig. 226. Centella
asiatica
X
7.5
1
mm.; Hydrocotyle seeds are
Fig. 227. Hydrocotyle
wnhellata X
1
slightly smaller.
187
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
DAUCUS Elliptic
Wildcarrot, Queen-Annes-lace
(pi. 211)
plano-convex, with the margins and 3 ridges on the back flat, spinelike processes hooked at the rows between the crowned ridges; 3-4
bearing long, narrow, whitish,
end and with bristly hairs
mm.
in
long. Fig. 228.
Daucus
carota X 7.5
CORNACEAE Seeds
Family
of drupes) hard, bony-woody; globose, ellipsoid, or compressed-
(pits
embryo
oval to compressed elliptic;
CORN US
Dogwood
Dogwood
(pis.
spatulate in fleshy endosperm.
772-775)
Seed generally globose to ellipsoid; containing 2 seed chambers, or often only one; lengthwise groove or line all the way around, from top to bottom. The ellipsoid forms
have no ridges, except for low obscure ones whereas ridges are usually evident on the globose forms.
(C. canadensis, flohda. nuttallii, sessilis) in C. sessilis,
Cornus canadensisXl
Fig. 2iO.
Fig. 229.
NYSSA
Blackgum
(pi.
The two widespread in
Fig. 23\.
Cornus
Cornus
Diagram
amomum X3.5
fiorida.
(right)
X 2.5
769)
species,
A^.
biflora
and
sylvatica, are similar
being compressed-ovoid or compressed-ellipsoid, and
several grooves or stripes
aquatica and ogeche are
on each
much
face;
about
larger (about 2
in
having
7X5X3
mm.; A^. cm. long) and are
rough, with deep grooves.
i Fig. 232. biflora
ERICACEAE
Nyssa X2
Heath Family
Seeds (some of them nutlets of drupes) diverse; minute and delicate; or medium small and compressed, oval to elliptic; with a hard, glossy, often reticulate surface; or irregular, bony nutlets. Embryo linear to spatulate in fleshy
endosperm.
188
3
7
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
GAULTHERIA
Wintergreen
Flattish, irregularly angled
(pi.
(^V^
776)
and curved, often ovate or wedge-
shaped, with a broad, rounded lop; glossy brown; about
distinct
on
G. shallon (which
is
mm.
1
on G. procumbens and
across; the cellular reticulations are obscure less glossy).
Fig. 233. Gauliheria
shallon X
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
Manzanita. Bearberry
(pis. 777,
1
778)
Rounded-triangular, globose-angular, or globose, the shape often depending upon the
number of
nutlets adhering to each other;
brown. In A. diversifulia, in A.
about
the nutlets remain
all
pungens ihey separate individually; and
in
mm.
5
long; walls heavy and dark
cemented to each other
a solid ball;
in
others 2 or 3 nutlets generally cling to
each other.
ARBUTUS
Madrone
Compressed, oval curved-pointed
to elliptic, or irregularly angled, often concave-convex
at ends;
3X1.5X1 mm.;
779)
(pi.
dark brown,
dull,
in-
wall rather thin.
Fig. 2i4. Arctostaphylos
Fig. 235. Arcloslaphylos
uva-ursi X 6
andersonii X 5
GAYLUSSACIA
and
with very narrow, linear cellular reticulations;
Fig. lib.
A rctostaphylos
Fig. 131
bicolor X 5
Huckleberry, Dangleberry
(pis.
.
A rbulus
menziesii X 6
780. 781)
and somewhat wedge-shaped, with one edge thin; surface minutely rough, somewhat like sandpaper; light brown; about 2 mm. long; embryo linear. Flat or flattish, oval
Fig. 238. Gaylussacia
frondosa X 9
VACCINIUM
Blueberry. Deerberry
(pis.
782-784)
Diverse; from variously angled to compressed-elliptic or compressed-oval to ellipsoid; cellular-reticulate;
brown
Fig. 239. Vaccinium
anguslifolium X
1
to
dark brown; 1-2
mm.
long;
embryo
linear.
Vaccinium macrocarpon X 9
Fig. 240.
189
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
SAPOTACEAE
BUMELIA
Bumelia
(pi.
Sapodilla Family
785)
t
Ellipsoid to ovoid or globose; a cavity at the smaller end, except in B. lycioides,
which has a circular
scar; shiny,
brown;
5
12
mm.
long;
wall hard, brittle, veined on the interior.
Fig. 241.
Bumelia
lanuginosa X 3
EBENACEAE DIOSPYROS
Persimmon
(pi.
786)
Flat-elliptic {D. virginiana, kaki), or
convex (D. texana.
lotus); often
Ebony Family
compressed-ovoid to plano-
with one edge nearly straight;
cel-
and texana, irregularly wavy and obscure in Asiatic species; brown, about 1.5 cm. long in D. virginiana; black, 1 cm. long in D. texana; wall and endosperm very
lular lines diagonal
on D.
virginiana
Fig. 242. Diospyros
virginiana X
1
hard.
OLEACEAE Seeds diverse, because some are in nutlets
borne
in
of drupes (as
in
Olive Family
samaras or keys
in Forestiera),
capsules (other genera);
embryo
some
(as in Fraxiniis),
or in a berry (as
in
are
Ligustrum), or are
generally spatuiate in fleshy endo-
sperm.
FRAXINUS
Ash
(pis.
788-789)
Species of ash can be distinguished to
some
extent by the samaras, particularly as
regards their size and shape and the extension of the wing along the seed body. true seeds inside the samaras are linear-cylindric to flat-oblong, are about
and generally show lengthwise wavy lines in grooves; the embryo as viewed tion is sandwiched between layers of endosperm.
Fig. 243. Fraxinus
quadrangulata X
190
1
Fig. 244. Fraxinus
excelsior X
1
1
in cross sec-
Fig. 245. Fraxinus
oregona X
1
.5
The
cm. long,
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
FORESTIERA
Waterprivet
Seeds (nutlets) narrowly elliptic to
arched
e
787)
acuminata) or broadly
f
ovoid (as in other species); pointed near the ends and often
with numerous branched, lengthwise veins
slightly,
species (lengthwise ridges
mm.
(pi.
elliptic (as in F.
and grooves
in F.
in
most
acuminata)\ about 1.5-5
Fig. 246. Forestiera
long.
anguslifolia X 4
LIGUSTRUM
Privet
Rather irregular
in
(pi.
790)
shape and surface; generally oval to
elliptic in
and plano-convex, compressed, or ellipsoid; surface rather scurfy and wrinkled; mainly 2-A mm. long.
outline,
dull,
i Fig. 247.
Ligusirwn
vulgare X 4
LOGANIACEAE GELSEMIUM
Jessamine
Flat, elliptic, winged; 9
(pi.
Logania Family
791)
X 4 X 0.5 mm.; wing very thin, irregularly
margined toward end; seed-body area also thin, not definitely bounded, except by many conic-oblique papillae and by darker
brown
Fig. 248.
color.
ASCLEPIADACEAE ASCLEPIAS
Gelsemium
sempervirens X 4
Milkweed
Flat, generally
(pi.
Milkweed Family
212)
margined by an encircling wing, obovoid and with
a terminal tuft of silky hairs (except in A. perennis); seed area
and
slightly thicker
5-10
mm.
clearly differentiated;
long.
CONVOLVULACEAE
brown
to reddish
brown;
Fig. 249. Asclepias
humistrata X 3
Morning-glory Family
Shape mainly rounded-triangular {Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Jacquemontia), though in some genera globose (all Cuscuta and certain Ipomoea species), ovoidtruncate (Breweria), or other shapes; surface dull, granular-rough or hairy;
embryo bent
(coiled, in Cuscuta), cotyledons folded, except in Cuscuta; endo-
sperm hard, semitransparent.
191
5
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
BREWERIA
Breweria
(pi.
l\i)
Ovoid-truncate, with a V-shaped notch and a rounded
hump
at the
truncate attachment end; dull, minutely rough, brown; 3-4 X 2.5 X
mm.
2.5
Fig. 250.
Breweria
pickeringli X 3.5
CONVOLVULUS Morning-glory (pis. 214. 215) IPOMOEA Morning-glory (pis. 217-219) These two genera are similar Convolvulus the attachment scar
having their
in
However,
seeds mainly rounded-triangular. is
in
nearly at right
angles to the seed's long axis, whereas (except in large-seeded species such as
m
Ipomoea
bona-nox,
/.
dissecta, pres-caprae, tuba) the scar is usually al-
Fig. 25
most parallel to the long axis. Convolvulus seeds average smaller, 3-4 mm. long, are dull, minutely
1
.
Convolvulus
incanus X 5
in C. arvensis and tricolor, and black to brown; Ipomoea seeds are more diverse; lanceolateovoid (/. quamoclit) to globose, black to brown,
warty
dull to hairy
fistulosa,
(/.
longifolia.
pres-caprae, sagittata), and 4 12
JACQUEMONTIA
mm.
pandurata.
Fig. 252
lacuno.
in length.
Jacquemontia (pL 216)
Rounded-triangular and truncate; minutely warty; brown; com.5 X .5 mm.
paratively small, 2 X
CUSCUTA
1
1
Dodder (pi. 220) mm. across; globose
Small, about
1
triangular; dull or scurfy,
to globular or
brown; embryo yellowish,
f
Fig. 253.
Jacquemontia
lamnifolia X 6
rounded-
coiled, in semi-
transparent, hard endosperm. Fig. 254. Cuscuia
pentagona X
POLEMONIACEAE
1
Phlox Family
plano-convex {Collomia, Phlox, Microsteris) or irregularly angled {Gilia, Navarretia, Polemonium); about 2.5 mm. long in the flattish type and generally smaller, 0.5 2 mm. long, in the irregularly angled Seeds generally either
forms.
192
flattish
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
GILIA
rounded, except G.
and
gilioides
the edges
sharp or
which
concave-
gilioides,
mm.
is
though G. aggregaare about 2 mm. long; smooth or
ovoid; mainly 0.5-1 ta
^^
Gilia (pis. 221. 2:2:2)
Irregularly angled, with
long,
^'g 255. Gilia aggregata X 7
somewhat wrinkled.
COLLOMIA
Collomia
(pi.
Fig. 256. Gilia gracilis
X6
233)
and plano-convex to flatlish or compressed (C grandiflora), or linear and concave-convex (C linearis); all species with a lengthwise line or groove on one face; brown, dull; 2.5 3 mm. long. Elliptic,
Fig. 257. Collomia
grandiflora X 5.5
PHLOX Elliptic
Phlox
(pi.
of the wall concentric about this point; whitish;
3X2X1 mm. DIODIA
Buttonweed
Oval-oblong; D. teres 3 apical bracts,
(pi.
is
repens X 6.5
plano-convex, with a thick end topped by
and the other end
indented, and the rounded back
2 facing seeds
Fig. 278. Milchella
260)
thin; is
its
flattened face
is
shallowly
bristly-hairy. In D. virginiana,
commonly remain attached to each other in a combody with about 10 lengthwise, broadly separated by grooves. The seed of D. virginiana is
pressed oval-oblong
rounded 6-7
mm.
ribs
long, whereas that of
Z).
teres
is
about half as long.
Fig. 279. Diodia teres X 6
GALIUM
Bedstraw
(pis.
821-823)
Globose or subglobose, hollow-centered or hollowed out on one late, or smooth; black or dark brown; 1-3 mm. across.
side; bristly,
tubercu-
199
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
Fig. 280.
Galium
Fig. 281.
bermudeme X 6
Galium
CAPRIFOLIACEAE Seeds (some of them nutlets) diverse
embryo small or medium
SAMBUCUS slightly
size,
mainly woody-walled;
endosperm.
^_^^
796)
and compressed rounded-triangular; generally
3
mm.
Fig. 283.
long.
SYMPHORICARPOS Elliptic plano-convex,
fibers;
shape and
in
arched inward; with crosswise wrinkles; brown, dull; wall
woody; 2
opening
(pi.
Galium
latifolium X 6
Honeysuckle Family
sized, in fleshy
Elderberry
Elliptic-ovate
Fig. 282.
trifidumX 13
Sambucus
canadensis X 5.5
Snowberry. Coralberry
(pis. 797.
798)
with rounded edges and a small, porelike
one end; wall tough, woody, with obscure lengthwise
at
white to light brown; 3 4
mm.
long. Fig. 284.
Symphoricarpos
orbiculaius X 6
LONICERA
Honeysuckle
(pis.
799,
800)
(O
Oval to elliptic, flattish or compressed, with a notch or point at one end; often irregularly ridged and warped; finely to coarsely cellular; yellow to dark brown; wall crustose to woody; 2-5 mm. long. Fig. 285. Lonicera
dioica X 4.5
VIBURNUM Diverse;
flat
Viburnum
(pis.
801-803)
or flattish and ovate,
elliptic,
or circular, to ovoid or
globose; with rounded lengthwise ridges and grooves; wall hard but generally rather thin; 4
10
mm.
long.
Viburnum dentatum X 4.5
Fig. 286.
200
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
CUCURBITACEAE CITRULLUS
Watermelon
(pi. 5:28)
Flat, ovai-ovate, with a marginal groove
white with black margins; 10-15
mm.
on each side near the base; white, black, or
long.
CAMPANULACEAE SPECULARIA
Melon Family
Campanula Family
Venus Looking-glass
Flattish or compressed, oval to elliptic, smooth, dull to glossy;
mm.
minute, generally less than 0.5
brown, and
S. perfoliata
is
long; S. biflora
is
glossy light
broadly oval, thick, purplish brown, and
dull. Fig. 287. Specularia biflora
COMPOSITAE
X 35
Daisy Family
Seeds (achenes) diverse; many of them oblong or elongate, with or without a terminal ring (pappus) of hairs or scales; characteristics of the pappus are often
embryo with well-developed cotyledons and a broad endosperm none.
useful for identification;
stalk having a truncate top;
VERNONIA
Ironweed
Body oblong,
(pi.
665)
coarsely ridged, light brown, 3-4
mm.
long;
pappus generally purple-
tinged and longer than the body; the hairs short-plumose with very fine secondary hairs;
base of pappus encircled by a series of semitransparent,
LIATRIS
Gayfeather
(pi.
scales;
purple-tinged in
some
Boneset
(pi.
5
species;
mm.
no
long.
666)
oblong, 4- or 5- sided, black, tapering toward base and often white-tipped;
length variable, from 5
is
body generally black, hairy, narrowed toward base; about
EUPATORIUM Body
hairlike scales.
361)
Similar to Vernonia in plumose pappus, which
pappus
flat,
1.5
mm.; pappus of delicate,
mm. stiff
(as in E.
coelestinum, mikanioides, urticaefolium) to
white hairs, which are minutely plumose.
201
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
CHRYSOPSIS Body
flat,
Goldaster
(pi.
263)
ovale to elliptic-oblong; hairy; light-colored to brownish (C. graminifolia);
2-3
mm.
ring
composed of short,
long; pappus double, hairs of inner ring brownish,
stifT,
minutely plumose, outer
hairiike scales.
GRINDELIA Gumweed. Rosinweed (pi. 262) No pappus; body oblong, compressed or flat; truncate
at top,
narrowed toward base;
often arched sideways, with one edge straight or concave and the other convex; surface
marked by lengthwise {G. squarrosa) to 5
GUTIERREZIA Body
lines or irregular ridges; straw-colored or
brown; length 2
mm.
mm.
Snakeweed
(pi.
264)
oblong-ellipsoid; small (1-2
mm.
long); dark, clothed with whitish hairs; pappus
a ring of scales.
HETEROTHECA
Heterotheca
(pi.
265)
Very similar to Chrysopsis in having a double pappus with brownish pappus bristles, surrounded by hairiike scales, and in its flat, oblong-attenuate, light-colored, hairy body. The ray-flower achenes of Heterotheca are distinct in being smooth, compressedtriangular, and without pappus.
SOLIDAGO
Goldenrod
(pis.
266. 267)
ASTER Aster (pis. 667. 824) ERIGERON Fleabane(pl.268) Seeds of these extensive genera overlap considerably in characteristics.
The seed body
is
small, ordinarily 1-3
mm.
size,
shape, and other
long, oblong-cylindric to
compressed oblong-elliptic, and with a tapering base, hairy or smooth; pappus is a ring of white, minutely plumose bristles, which are often wavy near their base. Solidago seeds average smaller in their body (generally 12 mm. long) than Aster, and are more consistently hairy and oblong-cylindric; Aster seeds are rather distinct from Solidago in commonly being compressed and in having lengthwise ridges on the fairly numerous species which have smooth or nearly smooth seeds. Erigeron seeds, except for species like E. salsuginosus
,
which are comparatively large (body
2.5
mm.
long) and coarse, can
usually be distinguished from those oi Aster and Solidago by the delicate pappus on a
smaller body (1-1.5 in
mm.
long),
which
is
flattish,
yellow to brown. Erigeron seeds vary
pubescence from sparsely short-hairy to densely hairy.
IVA
Marshelder,
Sumpweed
(pis.
668. 669)
Flattish or compressed, obovate to broadly oblanceolate
or brown; dull and often scurfy; wall interior white; 2-5
202
and truncate
mm.
long.
at the top;
black
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
AMBROSIA Obovoid
Ragweed
(pis.
269-:272)
to oblanceolate, generally with spines near the
top, the spines often buttressed by ridges; 2
iO
mm.
long;
on worn seeds of the common species, A. ariemisiaefolia, the gray coal gives way to a shiny brown one, which in turn overlies successive black and usually grayish, but
F'g- ^^^- 'imhrosia
white layers.
ariemisiaefolia
RUDBECKIA Oblong
Coneflower. Black-eyed-Susan
to linear
plexicaule,
which
is
distinct in
cate; sides usually with
its
fine cross
hne lengthwise
gray-brown to black; 2 8
RATIBIDA
(pis. 273.
274)
and generally 4-sided (cylindric or compressed-cylindric
mm.
in
R.
am-
wrinkles on a black coat); upper end trun-
lines;
short pappus scales present or absent;
long.
Prairie-coneflower
(pi.
275)
Flat to compressed, oblong, sharply truncate at top and rounded at base; obscure
lengthwise lines on black or grayish black surface; with or without a pair of pappus scales;
2-3
mm.
long. R. peduncularis seeds are
margined with a fringe of fiat,
finger-like
projections.
HELIANTHUS
Sunflower
Compressed or
flattish,
(pis.
276-278)
oblong; top truncate and base narrowed; generally grayish,
with dark lengthwise streaks and mottlings; often pubescent, especially near the top, with
stiff,
upward-directed hairs; attachment area shiny; mostly about 5
in the cultivated
ENCELIA
form of//, annum the length may exceed
1
mm.
long, but
cm.
Encelia (pis. 279. 280)
Flat, broadly-oblanceolate; a
dense fringe of long white hairs on the margins and with
or without hairs elsewhere; 5-10
VERBESINA
Crownbeard
mm.
(pis.
long; E.farinosa
is
emarginate
at the top.
281-283)
compressed and oval to oblong; most species are wing-margined and have a is bordered by 2 obscure awns, but V. occidentalis is nearly oblong, wingless, and has 2 long, hornlike awns; about 5 mm. long. Flat to
deep apical notch which
MADIA
Tarweed
(pis.
284. 285)
Flattish-oblanceolate and often arched sideways; with fine lengthwise lines; black or grayish; mm. long.
3^
203
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
HEMIZONIA
Tarweed
286. 287)
(pis.
Rounded-triangular and generally with knoblike; black or grayish; 2-3
mm.
COREOPSIS
288)
Coreopsis
(pi.
broad face arched inward;
its
style
base
long.
and either circular, oval, or oblong; often arched inward like a curved potato chip; wing-margined in certain species (C. gladiata has finger-like marginal projections) and frequently tuberculate on one or both faces; 1.5 6 mm. long. Flat or flattish,
BIDENS
Sticktight (pis. 670, 671)
Linear and several-sided, to flat-oblong or flat-oblanceolate; 2 to 4 awns, which are
upward from the top, and some species have barbs on the margins of the seed body; brown to black; entire seed, including awns, 0.5-2 cm. long.
generally barbed, extend
HELENIUM
Sneezeweed
(pis.
Body obconic or oblong and
290. 291)
several-sided;
crowned with about 6 semitransparent,
broad, tapering pappus scales, which are frequently tipped by awns; entire seed 2-7 long. H. tenuifolium seeds are obconic
mm.
and have long hairs extending upward from
the base.
GAILLARDfA
Gaillardia
(pi.
289)
Body obconic; densely coated with pappus scales; brown; entire seed 5-7
ANTHEMIS
Mayweed
(pi.
stiff hairs;
mm.
292)
Usually oblong and 4-sided; crowned by a cup is
crowned by 6 or more long-awned
long.
in A. arvensis
and
tinctoria: A. cotula
club-shaped, with about 8 lengthwise, rather knobby ridges, and has a rounded top;
1.5-2
mm.
long.
ACHILLEA
Yarrow (pL 293)
Flat-oblong; truncate at the top and narrowed to a rounded base; the thin margins whitish
and the body dark; pappus none; about 2
mm.
long.
CHRYSANTHEMUM Oxeye Daisy. Chrysanthemum
(pL 294)
numerous lengthwise ridges; C. coccineum and uliginosum are cupshaped at the top; C. leucanthemum and maximum are either rounded or truncate at the top, have a prominent, knoblike style base, and a body striped with light-colored ridges Cylindric; with
alternating with dark lines; about 2-3
204
mm.
long.
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
CIRSIUM
Thistle (pis. 295. 296)
Body compressed, lanceolate-oblong; top cup-shaped and usually tilted slightly sideways; body narrowed to a rounded base and marked by obscure lengthwise lines; gray to dark brown, smooth; 3 6 mm. long; pappus composed of many long, plumose bristles,
which are united
CENTAUREA Body
at the
Starthistle.
base into a readily detached ring.
Centaurea
(pis.
297-299)
cyiindric or compressed-cylindric, elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong; top trun-
cate; base asymmetric and notched, or in
some
species, the base
is
narrowed and arched
hook; pappus white or tawny, persistent or deciduous, composed of stiff, bristlescales, makmg the seed look like a shaving brush; body smooth, gray to black; 2.5 5
like a like
mm.
long.
SILYBUM
Milk Thistle
(pi.
300)
Body compressed oblong-lanceolate; top cup-shaped, tilted slightly sideways, and enbody black with white collar; 7X3X2 mm.; pappus
closing a large, knoblike style base;
deciduous.
CICHORIUM
Chicory
(pi.
301)
compressed and arched-oblong; top truncate and fringed with a ring of stubby scales; body narrowed into a rounded base and minutely cross-wrinkled; brown or mottled; 2 X X 0.75 mm. Slightly
1
SERINEA
Serinea
(pi.
302)
narrowed toward base; marked with about 12 lengthwise, finely cross-wrinkled ridges; reddish brown or purplish brown; about 1 mm. long and less than half as wide; pappus none. Elliptic-cylindric;
TARAXACUM
Dandelion
(pi.
303)
and somewhat 4-angled; narrowed toward both ends; tubercles or teeth near the upper end of the lengthwise ridges; yellow or straw-colored; 3^ mm. long; the pappus delicate, white, and appearing like an inverted umbrella on a
Body
flattish-oblanceolate
long handle.
SONCHUS Body
flat,
Sowthistle
and
elliptic
(pi.
304)
or lanceolate-elliptic; similar to Lactuca in shape, ridging, and
minute wrinkling, but smaller, about 3 mm. long, and more obtuse reddish brown; pappus bristles long, soft, delicate, deciduous.
at ends;
brown or
205
IDENTIFICATION CLUES
LACTUCA Body
Wild-lettuce
flat, elliptic to
(pis.
305. 306)
apical end broadens again into a terminal disc: ridges,
and
is
which are
finely
cross-marked, but L. canadensis has only
finely cross-wrinkled
similarly cross-marked;
cept in L. saliva, which
HIERACIUM Body
is
Hawkweed
206
2-4
mm.
delicate, deciduous;
cream-colored; body 4-5
(pi.
conspicuous ridge
which long;
body grayish brown
mm.
is
to black, ex-
long.
307)
body narrowed toward base and marked by about 10 in some species are finely cross-marked; dark reddish pappus bristles stifT, delicate, in a single series.
cylindric; top truncate;
to black;
1
over the whole surface, while L. spicata has 2 ridges and
pappus
distinct lengthwise ridges,
brown
though in L. spicata the most species have about 8 lengthwise
lanceolate; pointed near both ends,
Selected Bibliography
Family Characters Investigations in Seed Classification by Family Characteristics.
Duane
Isely.
Iowa Agr.
Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 351. 1947.
Seed Characters of Selected Plant Families. David Sci. 31:649-682. 1957.
Weed Seed Drawings. Pis. 1-15.
U.
S.
S.
McClure. Iowa State Coll. Jour.
Seeds
Dept. Agr., Office of Information, Division of Photog-
raphy. [Fifteen sheets of photograph reproductions of excellent seed drawings,
twenty-four species per page.]
Unkrautsamen [Weed
Seeds].
Emil Korsmo. Oslo, Grondahl
Woody Graines Trees:
et plantules
&
Sons, 1935.
Plants
des coniferes. R. Hickel. Macon, France, 1911, 1914.
The Yearbook of
Agriculture, 1949. Washington, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1949.
Woody-Plant Seed Manual. U.
S.
Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 654. 1948.
Comparative Morphology The Comparative
Internal
Morphology of
Seeds. Alexander C. Martin.
Am.
Midi.
Nat. 36:513-660. 1946.
Seed Testing Manual
for Testing Agricultural
and Vegetable Seeds. U.
S.
Dept. Agr.
Handbook
30.
1952.
Families and Genera Atriplex An Illustrated
Flora of the Pacific States. Leroy Abrams. Vol.
2.
Stanford, CaHf.,
Stanford Univ. Press, 1944.
Betula A Seed Key
for Five Northeastern Birches.
Frank
E.
Cunningham. Jour. For. 55:844-
845. 1957.
207
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brassica Distinguishing Species of Brassica by Their Seeds. Albina F. Musil. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Misc. Publ. 643. 1948.
Seeds and Seedlings of the Genus Brassica. Jean
M. McGugan. Canad.
Jour. Res.,
Sec. C, 26:520-587. 1948.
Seeds of Commercial Species of Brassica. Albina F. Musil. Proc. Assn. Offic. Seed Anal. 34:132-138. 1942.
Carex North American Cariccae. K. K. MacKenzie.
New
York, N. Y. Bot. Card., 1941.
Chenopodium Seeds of the North American Species of Chenopodium. Sister Master's Thesis, Univ. Notre
Dame.
M.
Angelita Conley.
1938.
COMPOSITAE Akenes of Some Compositae. Anita Mary Blake. N. Dak. Agr.
Coll. Bull. 218. 1928.
Cruciferae Seeds of the Cruciferae of Northeastern North America. Margaret R. Murley.
Am.
Midi. Nat. 46:1-81. 1951.
CUSCUTA Seeds of Dodder Occurring with Crop Seeds. Albina F. Musil. Washington, U. Dept. Agr., Bur.
PI. Ind., Soils
S.
and Agr. Eng., 1944.
Cyperus
A
Revision of the Subgenus Eucyperus Found de Paul McGivney. Cath. Univ. Am. Publ.,
in the
United States. Sister
M. Vincent
Biol. Ser., 26. 1928.
Eleocharis
A
Flora of the Marshes of CaUfornia. Herbert L. Mason. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Univ. Calif. Press, 1957. [Cited, after
Monographic Studies
in the
Genus
first
reference, as Mason.]
Eleocharis.
H. K. Svenson. Rhodora 31:121-135,
152-163, 167-191, 199-219, 224-242; 34:193-203, 215-227; 36:377-389; 39:210-231,
236-273;41:l-!9, 43-77, 90-110. 1929, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939.
Erodium Alfileria (Filaree) Seed.
William A. Dayton. Rhodora 39:323-325. 1937.
Euphorbia Canada and the United States, Exclusive of Southern Florida. Louis Cutter Wheeler. Rhodora 43:97-154, 168-205, 223-286.
Euphorbia, Subgenus Chamaesyce. in 1941.
Geraniaceae
A
Seed Key to Fourteen Species of Geraniaceae. Margaret R. Murley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 51:241-246. 1944.
Gramineae Manual of
the Grasses of the United States. A. S. Hitchcock. 2d ed., rev. by
Chase. U.
208
S.
Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 200. 1950.
Agnes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Leguminosae Anatomical Characters of the Seeds of Leguminosae, Chiefly Genera of Gray's Manual. L. H. Pammel. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 9:91-263. 1899.
Polygonum Identifying
Polygonum
Seeds. Alexander C. Martin. Jour. Wildl.
Mgmt.
18:514-520.
1954.
POTAMOGETON Identifying
Mgmt.
Pondweed Seeds Eaten by Ducks. Alexander C. Martin.
Jour. Wildl.
15:253-258. 1951.
Rhynchospora Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora. Indies. Shirley Gale.
in
Canada, the United
States,
and the West
Rhodora 46:89-134, 159-197, 207-249, 255-278.
1944.
Umbelliferae Umbelliferae Sci.
in
Iowa, with Seed Keys. Margaret R. Murley. Iowa State Coll. Jour.
20:349-364. 1946.
209
Index
This index
based primarily on genus and family names, both scientific and plates 308-510 are indicated by italic numbers because
is
common. Photographic
they are duplicates of plates in the preceding series, 1-307.
/4A/«. pis. 678. 679:
Abronia.
Acacia. Acacia,
Acalvpha.
fig. 6; p.
383:
pis. 69,
fig.
fig.
180: p.
176
Acer. pis. 752-755:
Aceraceae,
193: p. 178
fig.
178
p.
293:p. 204
/lc/2/7/ea. pi.
Aeschvnomene,
pis.
144. 481:
fig.
161: p.
171'
736:
fig.
155: p. 170
fig.
202: p. 181
Amphicarpa. pi. 815: fig. 167: p. 173 Amsinckia. pis. 225-221. 4 1 3: p. 194 Anacardiaceae. p. 177 Anacharis (Elodea), pi. 543: fig. 22: p. 132 Andropogon. pis. 42, 43, 308: p. 133 n. 3 Aneilema. Aneilema. pi. 626: fig. 44: p. 139
Anemone. Anemone,
pis. 87,
317:
113;
fig.
p. 159
Agrimonia.
pis. Ill,
Agrimony,
pis.
Agropyron.
pi. 10:
Agrostemma. Agrostis,
1
1
330: p. 167 330: p. 167 p. 133 n. 3
pis. 80.
pi. 16: p.
446:
133
fig.
pi.
690:
fig.
99: p. 155
n. 3
Arabis. pis. 105. 106, 324: p. 163 Aralia. Aralia, pis. 770, 771: fig. 225: p. 187
Aralia family, p. 187 Araliaceae. p. 187 Arbutus, pi. 779: fig. 237: p. 189 Arctostaphvlos. pis. 777. 778: 236: p. 189
59: p. 143
Alsike. pis. 127.477
Amaranthaceae.
p. 153
Amaranthiis.
65-67. 436. 644. 645:
pis.
Anlhemis. pis. 292. 374: p. 204 pl.814:p. 172 Apple, pi. 712: p. 164 Aquifoliaceae. p. 178 /Ip/a^.
1.
Aizoaceae. p. 154 Alder, pi. 690: p. 143 Alfalfa, pi. 522: p. 169 Alismaceae. p. 132 Alnus.
pi.
Ainpelopsis. pi. 765:
731, 732: p. 167
pis.
180-182. 368:
pis.
Amorpha.
125
88: p. 153
fig.
86: p. 153
Amaryllidaceae. p. 141 Amarvllis family, p. 141 Ambrosia, pis. 269-272, 329. 433: fia. 288: p. 203 Amelanchier. p\. Ill: fig. 131: p. 165
Argemone.
pis. 90.
359:
fig.
fiss.
234-
120: p. 161
Arislida. pi. 21: p. 133 n. 3
Aronia.\^\.l\S:fig. 133; p. 165
Arrowhead, pis. 623-625; Arrow-wood, pi. 801 Asclepiadaceae.
p.
132
p. 191
Asclepias. pis. 212. 320:
fig.
249: p. 191
211
INDEX
Ascvrum. pi. 818; p. 183 Ash. pis. 788. 789: p. 190
Blueberry,
Aster. Aslcr. pis. 667, 824: p. 202
Astragalus, pis. 141. 142. 4H4:
(ig.
160: p.
171
A triplex,
pis. 60, 61.
312. 435:
82: p.
fig.
152
A vena. Avens,
pis. 12, 514; p.
133 n. 3
i25. p. 167
pis. 110,
pis.
782, 783; p. 189
Bluecurls, pis. 238, iii; p. 195 Blue-eyed-grass, pi. 630; p. 142
Bluegrass, pis.
7, 8; p.
133 n. 3
Bluestem, pis. 43, 30H: p. 133 n. 3 Blueweed.pls. 231,^/^.p. 194 Boehmeria. pi. 810: fig. 67: p. 146 Boerhaavia. pis. 68, 423: fig. 87; p. 153 Boneset, pi. 666; p. 201
Borage family,
p. 193
Barharea.
pis. 102. 103.
Boraginaceae. p. 193 Bouncingbet. pi. 84: p. 156 Bouteloua. pis. 25. 26, 405: Boxelder. pi. 754
Barberry,
pis.
Brasenia.
Bacopa.
212: p. 198 Balsam family, p. 179 Balsaminaceae, p. 179 p\.
664:
{\g.
469: p. 163 88,-^02 .p. 159
Barberry family, Barley, pis.
1
1,
159
p.
513; p. 133 n
Beakrush,pls. 597, 598; Bean, pis. \6i,4H2. 525. Bearberry,
p.
p. 173
Buckwheat family, fig.
1
14; p.
Bermudagrass, fif/u/fl. pi.
689;
fig.
200; p. 180
pi. 24; p. fig.
133 n. 3
58: p. 143
Betulaceae, p. 142 fi/We/?.?. pis. 670, 671;p. 204
Bignonia family, p. 198 Bignoniaceae. p. 198 Bindweed.pls. 214, 4// Birch,
pi.
213, 382:
pi.
662; p. 196
Bullgrass. pi. 32; p. 133 n. 3 Bulrush, pis. 599-612: p. 137
Bumelia. Bumelia. pi. 785: Bunchberry. pi. 772
Bundleflower.
pis.
112.
fig.
241; p. 190
113. 395. 462: p.
pis. \25.480:p. 169 Burreed. pis. 62l,622:p. 127 Burreed family, p. 127
Burclover,
Butter-and-cggs.
Bittersweet, pi. 750; p. 178 Bittersweet family, p. 178
Buttercup family,
Bitterweed, pis. 290, 350 Black Locust, pi. 737; p. 170
Buttonbush,pl.795;p. 199 Buttonweed, pis. 260. 342: p. 199
Buttercup,
273, 396: p. 203
Blackgum,pl.769;p. 188 Blackhaw. pi. 803
2D
3
167
689: p. 143
pis.
250:
p. 147
Birch family, p. 142 Bird Rape, pi. 101
Blackberry, p. 166 Black-eyed-Susan,
fig.
BufTaloberrv.pl. 768: p. 185 BulTalobur. pis. 249, 492
Bugleweed,
159 758;
pis.
192
Bristlegrass. pis. 38-40; p. 133 n. 3
777; p. 189
pi.
108; p. 158
Bronms. pis. 1-3; fig. 24; p. 133 n. Broomsedge. pi. 42; p. 133 n. 3 Browntop. pi. 574; p. 133 n. 3 Buckbrush.pl. 760: p. 180 Buckhorn. pis. 258. 502 Buckthorn, pis. 756, 757; p. 179 Buckthorn family, p. 179 Buckwheat, pi. 521; p. 151
p. 137
Beautyberry, pi. 792; p. 195 Bedstraw, pis. 821-823; p. 199 Beebalm, pis. 242, ^97; p. 195 Beech, pi. 691: fig. 60; p. 144 Beech family, p. 143 Berberidaceae. p. 159 Berheris. pis. 88. 89. 402. 407:
Berchemia.
fig.
Breweria, Breweria,
3
p. 167
pi.
554;
133 n. 3
Brassica. pis. 100, \0\,364: p. 163
Bayberry, pl.686:p. 142 Beadruby, pi. 807; p. 140
Bean family,
pi.
p.
pis.
pis.
254, 319: p. 197
647-652;
p. 158
p. 158
Butterflypea, pis. 157,-^75 .p. 172
Cactaceae. p. 184 Cactus, pis. 205, 206, 379. 487: pp. 184, 185
INDEX
Cactus family,
Chess,
184
p.
Calancirinia. pis. 73, 439;
California-poppy,
Caltrop family,
Campanula
fig.
171,4%.-
pis.
93; p.
358;
pis. 91,
Callicarpa. pi. 792:
Caltrop,
fig.
1
54
Chicory,
p. 161
p. 175
Campanulaceae, p. 201 Campion, pis. 83, 445: p. 56 CanadaThistle, pis. 295, i92 1
Caper
516, 566; p. 133 n. 3
pis.
family, p. 162
Capparidaceae.
Cirsium.
Caprifoiiaceae, p. 200
Carpinus.
pi.
687;
Caryophyllaceae.
Cashew
57; p. 143
family, p. 177 figs.
145-
147; p. 168
pis. 95,
452:
Caslilleja. pis. 256, 376: fig. 274; p. 198
794; p. 198
fig.
Commelina. p.
pis. 46, 47,
Condalia. Condalia,
Celaslnis. pi. 750;
fig.
Celt Is. pis. 699, 700;
Cenchrm.
fig.
Ceniaurea. Centaurea. 504: p. 205
Ce-mw.
pi.
pis. 204.
Chamaecrista.
549;
297-299. 349.
pis.
fig.
226; p. 187
pis. 117. 118.
Cornbind. 464:
figs.
pi.
199; p.
fig.
251; p.
148.
3
Checkermallow, pis. 192, 490: Chenopodiaceae, p. 151 Chenopodiwu. pis. 56-58, 434: p. 151
p. 181
Conms.
p. 188
pis.
421 111-115: figs. 229-231;
78-80;
pi.
718;
fig.
Creosote,
p.
188
134; p. 165
Covvpea. pi. 524; p. 172 Crabgrass, pis. 27-29, 311: Crataegus,
figs.
565; p. 133 n. 3
pis. 55.
Cotoneasier.
Cherrv.pls. 726-729;
fig.
Coonlail. pi. 549; p. 157 Coontail family, p. 157 Copperleaf, pis. 180-182, i65.- p. 176 Coralberry. pi. 797; p. 200
Cornaceae.
104; p. 157
fig.
133 n.
759;
Coreopsis. Coreopsis, pis. 288. 322: p. 204 Corispennuin. pis. 62. 318: fig. 83; p. 152
44 /.p. 184
pi. 3; p.
pi.
180
Cordgrass,
149; p. 168
Cheatgrass.
45;
fig.
192
Centrosema. pis. 157. 475: p. 172 Cephalanthus. pi. 795; fig. 277; p. 199 Cerastium. pis. 79. 493: fig. 98; p. 155 Ceralophyllaceae. p. 157 Ceraiophvlliim.
381. 494:
Convolvulus, pis. 214. 215.4//.-
63; p. 145 n. 3
Ceniella. Centella. pi. 659;
257;
Coneflower. pi. 274; p. 203 Convolvulaceae. p. 191
191; p. 178
133
pi. 41; p.
fig.
139
Cattail family, p. 126 198; p. 180
162
193
Commelinaceae, p. 138 Compositae, p. 201
fig.
p.
115; p. 159
Catchfiv, pis. 81.82.444. p. 156 Cattail, pi. 620; p. 126
Ceanothus. pis. 760. 761; Celastraceae, p. 178
p. 162
Cockle, pis. 80, 466.- p. 155 Coffeeweed, pis. 143. 390: p. 170 Collomia. Collomia. pis. 223, 500: p.
pi.
166
pl.6l5;fig. 4l;p. 138
Clammvweed,
Cocculus. p\.S\2:
p. 155
Cassia, pis. 114, 115, 461. 463:
Caialpa. Calalpa.
p.
Cleome. pis. 94, 95, 453: fig. 125; Clover, pis. 126-130. 477; p. 169
p. 154
fig.
485:
pis.
295, 296, 392: p. 205
pis.
C/a^//(//».
p. 138
pis.
Carpetweed family,
pis. 108. 109,
55
1
205
Ciinillus. pi. 528; p. 201
162
49,V.- p.
616-619; figs. 42, 43; Carpetweed, pis. 72, 44H: p. 154 Carex.
443. 493: p.
pis. 301, J9/,- p.
Cinquefoil.
p. 162
Ca/).sW/a. pis. 98,
pis. 78. 79,
Chocolate family, p. 182 Chocolateweed, p. 182 Chokcberry, pi. 715; p. 165 Chrvsanthemum. Chrvsanthemum, 294, 3H7: p. 204 Chrvsopsis. pis. 263. 348: p. 202 Chufa, pl.582 Cichohum. pis. 301, 391: p. 205
261; p. 195 p. 175
family, p. 201
Canarygrass,
133 n. 3
pi. 1; p.
Chickweed.
p. 133 n. 3
pis. 719, 720; fig. 135; p. 165
pi.
738; p. 175
Crotalaria. Crotalaria, pis. 119. 120. 483: p.
166
fig.
150; p. 168
213
1
INDEX
Crown,
178, 557. 3H4. 459; figs.
174
pis.
177, 178; p. 176
Crowberry,
Crowberry
pi.
583;
fig.
27; p.
136
739; p. 177
pi.
Ebenaceae.
family, p. 177
Crowfootgrass,
Crownbeard,
Dulichium. Dulichium.
pis. 23,
476:
p.
133
Ebony
n. 3
281-283, 323. 327:
pis.
p.
203
190
p.
family, p. 190
Echinocactus.
206. 379:
pis.
218 220;
figs.
p. 185
Cruciferae,
p.
162
Cucurbitaceae, p. 201 Cuscuia. pis. 220, 362: fig. 254: p. 192 Cutgrass, Giant, pi. 569; p. 133 n. 3 Cutgrass, Rice, pi. 567; p. 133 n. 3 Cycloloma. pis. 59, 315. 454: fig. 8 1 p. 5 Cv'«T/ca, pi. 686;
p.
163
440: p. 194 55; p. 142
fig.
107; p. 158
133 n. 3
83, i52; p. 176 fig.
105; p. 157
p. 153
Nymphaea, pis. 551, 552; Nymphaeaceae, p. 157
Oak,
pis.
769;
fig.
106; p. 157
fig.
232; p. 188
692-696;
61; p. 144
fig.
Oats, pi. 514; p. 133 n. 3 Oats, Wild, pi. 12; p. 133 n. 3 Oenothera, pis. 207-209, 313, 332, 429: p. 186 Oleaceae, p. 190 Olive family, p. 190
Onagraceae,
p. 185
Opuntia.
202, 203, 455:
p.
pis.
figs.
214, 215;
184
Oregongrape, pis. 89, 407 Oryza.p\.5\l:p. 133 n. 3 Osage-orange, pi. 701; p. 146 Ostrya, pi. 688; fig. 56; Oxalidaceae, p. 174
p. 143
Oxalis, Oxalis, pis. 165, 451:
fig.
171; p.
174 Oxalis family, p. 174 Oxeye Daisy, pis. 294, 387: p. 204 Oxybaphus. pis. 70, 377: fig. 89; p. 153 Paintbrush,
252, 425; p. 197
Muscadine, pi. 764 Mustard, pis. 100, i64; Mustard family, p. 162
3
fig.
17; p. 1
550;
Nvclaginaceae,
family, p. 191
n. 3
629
809; p. 146
Mesquite, pi. 733; p. 167 Milkpea, pis. 162, 474; p. 173 Milk Thistle, pis. 300, 393: p. 205
Milkweed
133
pi. 18; p. pi.
Nettle family, p. 146 Nightshade, pis. 246, 248, 456: p. 196 Nightshade family, p. 196
160
Menlzelia, pis. 200, 201, 321. 385:
Mermaidweed,
223; p.
fig.
202
292, 374: p. 204 Medicago. pis. 125, 4H0. 522; fig. 151; p. 169 pis.
Melilotus. pis.
557, 558;
pis.
187
556; p. 186
pi.
p. 142
Myricaceae,
178
family, p. 178
pis.
256, 376: p. 198
Panicum, Panicum, pis. 34-37, 310, 520, 571-574; fig. 24; p. 133 n. 3 Papaver,
pis. 92,
363:
figs.
Papaveraceae, p. 161 Pahetaria, pi. 81 1; fig. 68;
122, 123; p. 161 p. 146
Parsley family, p. 187
217
INDEX
pi.
766:
pi.
820; p. 199
Partridgepea,
pis.
17,
1
Paspalum. Paspalum, fig.
fig.
Plum,
203; p. 181
Parthenocissus.
Partridgeberry,
464: p. 168 31-33, 309. 570;
18,
1
pis.
24; p. 133 n. 3
Passifiora. pis. 198, 199, 450:
211; p.
fig.
183 Passifloraceae, p. 183 pis. 198, 199, ^50; p. 183 Passionflower family, p. 183 Pear, pi. 713; p. 164 Peavine, pis. 155, 156, i56; p. 172
Passionflower,
Pedalia family, p. 198 Pedaiiaceae, p. 198 Pellitory, pl.811;p. 146
Pennyroyal, False,
Poison-ivy,
366: p. 195
pis. 241,
p.
175
Polygalaceae, p. 175 Polygonaceae, p. 147
Polygonatum. pi. 806; fig. 50; p. 140 Polygonum, pis. 53-55, 418. 420. 42 1. 63\71-76:
figs.
786; p. 190
pi. 627; fig. 47: p. 140 Pontederiaceae, p. 139 Popcornflower, pis. 232, 233, 506: p. 194
Poppy,
pis. 92, i6i.- p. 161
Poppy
family, p. 161 Portulaca. pis. 75. 76. 447:
Phaseolus. pis. 163, 482. 525; p. 173 Phleum.p\.5\5\^. 133 n. 3
Possumhaw,
Phlox family,
p. 192
Physalis. pis. 250, 251, 457,-
677;
267; p. 196
154
125
Pickerelweed, pi. 627, p. 140 Pickereiweed family, p. 139 Pigweed, pis. 65-67, 436: p. 153
Pigweed family,
13-16; p.
109, 485:
140; p.
fig.
pi.
559;
fig.
224; p. 187
520; p. 133 n. 3 Prosopis. pis. 733, 734; fig. 141; p. 167 pi.
Prunella, pis. 240, 505: p. 196 figs. 2, 3; p.
Prunus.
125
pis.
726-730;
Pseudotsuga.
pi.
681:
fig.
138: p. 166
fig. 8: p.
126
Psoralea. ph. 138, 47/ .p. 169 figs.
2 4; p. 125
257-259, 428. 502:
p. 199
Plantain, pis. 257, 259, 428: p. 199 Plantain family, p. 199
Platanaceae, p. 164 Platanus.p\.l\\:'ng. 128:
218
figs.
Prairie-coneflower, pis. 275, 337: p. 203 Prairiestar, pis. 200, 201, i2/. 385: p. 183
Proserpinaca.
Plagiohothrys. pis. 232, 233, 506: p. 194 Plantaginaceae, p. 199 pis.
748 529-539;
pis.
127
Proso,
p. 153
Pine family, p. 125 Pink family, p. 155 Pinus. pis. dll-blb:
Plantago.
55
Privet! pi. 790; p. 191
Pinaceae, p. 125 Pine, pis. (ylldld,
1
Pricklypear. pis. 202, 203, 455: p. 184 Pricklypoppy. pis. 90. 359: p. 161
154
p.
fig. 5; p.
95: p.
166
pis. 71, 4i7,- fig. 90; p.
Phytolaccaceae, P/cf'a. pi.
fig.
fig.
154
Potentilla. pis. 108,
P/iorm/a, pl.714;fig. 130; p. 165
Phytolacca,
p.
pi.
Potamogeton.
258: p. 193
13-16; p.
family, p. 127
Portulacaceae.
fig.
figs.
Pontederia.
Phalaris. pis. 516, 566; p. 133 n. 3
Phlox. Phlox, pis. 224, 501:
147
p.
529 539;
pis.
127
Pondweed figs.
740; p. 178
pi.
Pokeberry, pis. 71,^i7,p. 154 Pokeberry family, p. 154 Polanisia. pis. 93, 452: fig. 124; p. 162 Polemoniaceae, p. 192 Polygala.'^h. 172, 173, i^/; figs. 175, 176;
642;
270, 271; p. 197 Peppervine, pi. 765; p. 181 Pepperweed, pis. 96, 97, 314. 369. 508: p. 162 pi.
730; p. 166
Pondweed,
Pennywort, pi. 660; p. 187 Penstemon. Penstemon, pis. 255, 431 :
Persimmon,
pi.
/'oa, pis. 7, 8; p. 133 n. 3
p.
164
fig.
276;
Puncturevine. pis. 170, 328: p. 175 Purpletop. pi. 6; p. 133 n. 3 Purslane, pis. 75, 76, 447; p. 155 Purslane family, p. 154 Pyrus.p\.7\3:p. 164
Quackgrass, pi. 10; p. 133 n. 3 Queen-Annes-lace. p. 188 Queensdelight. pis. 184, 460. 653;
p. 176
1
INDEX
Quercus.
pis.
692 696;
fig.
Saltgrass, pis. 563, 564; p. 133 n. 3
61: p. 144
Salvia, ph. 243, 244, 442; p. 196
Ragweed,
269 272, 329. 433: p. 203 Ranunculaceae, p. 158 Ranunculus, pts. 647 652: figs. 109 1: pis.
1
1
p.
Sapodilla family, p. 190 Saponaria. pi. 84; figs. 102, 103; p. 156 Sapotaceae. p. 190
158
Raspberrv, pi. 723; p. 166 Ratihida. ph. 275, 337; p. 203 Redcedar. pi. 682: p. 126 Redmaids, pis. 73,^i9,p. 154 Redtop, pi. 16; p. 133 n. 3 Rescuegrass. pi. 2; p. 133 n. 3
Rhamnaceae, p. 179 Rhamnus. ph. 756, 757;
figs.
Sambucus. pi. 796; fig. 283; p. 200 Sandbar, pi. 41; p. 133 n. 3 Sandverbena. pis. 69, 383; p. 153
Sassafras. Sassafras, pi. 707;
Sawgrass, pi. 615; p. 138 Schrankia. pis. 16, 372; fig. 142; p. 167 Scirpus. pis. 599-612; figs. 34-38; p. 137 Selena. Scleria, pis. 613, 614; fies. 39. 40;
195-197;
p.
p.
137
Rhus. pis. 741-744: figs. 187, 188; p. 177 Rhvnchosia. Rhvnchosia, pis. 158, 470; p. i73 Rhynchospora. pis. 597, 598; fig. 33; p. 137
Screwbean.
Rice.pl. 517; p. 133 n. 3
Seablite, pi. 643; p. 152
RiceCutgrass, pi. 567; p. 133 n. Ringwing, pis. 59, 315. 454; p.
1
3 5
737; fig. 158; p. 170 Rockcress, pis. 105, 106, 324; p. 163 Rosa. pis. 724, 725; fig. 136; p. 166 Rosaceae, p. 164 Rose. pis. 724, 725; p. 166 Rose family, p. 164 Rosemallow, pis. 654, 655; p. 182 Rosinweed, p. 202 Rubiaceae. p. 199 Rubus. pis. 721-723: fig. 137; p. 166 Rudbeckia. pis. 273, 27^4, 396; p. 203 Rumex. ph. 51. 52. 417. 422; fig. 70; p. 147 Ruppia.p\.5AQ:fig. 17; p. 131 Rush. pis. 628. 629; p. 140 Rush family, p. 140 Russianolive, pi. 767: p. 185 /?o^/>7/a. pi.
Sage, pis. 243, 244, 442; p. 196 1
;
p.
1
Scutellaria, pis. 239, 334. 360; p. 195
Sea-purslane, pi. 646; p. 154 Secale.p\.5\2\p. 133 n. 3 Sedge, pis. 6 16-6 19; p. 138
Sedge family, Senna,
pis.
16.
Serinea. Serinea. pis. 302, 386; p. 205 pi. 717; p. 165
Sesame,
527; p. 198 527: fig. 275; p. 198 Sesbania. pis. 143, 390; fig. 159; p. 170 pi.
Sesamum.
pi.
Sesuvium.
pi.
646:
fig.
Setaria. pis. 38-40:
Sheep Sorrel, Shepherdia.
92; p. 154
fig.
24; p. 133 n. 3
pis. 51. -^7 7
pi.
768;
Shepherds-purse,
fig.
221; p. 185
pis. 98.
Sida. Sida, pis. 194, 409;
498;
p.
162
207; p. 182 205; p. 181
fig.
fig.
32
fig. 100; p. 156 Silybum. pis. 300, 393; p. 205 Sisymbrium, pis. 99. 499; p. 163 Sisvrinchium. pi. 630; fig. 54; p. 142 Skullcap, pis. 239. 334. 360; p. 195 Skunkbush. pi. 744 Smartweed, pis. 631-633, 637-641; 74, 75; p. 147
Smilax.
i/2. 435; p. 152
1
Serviceberry,
Smilacina.
pis. 60. 61.
461. 463; p. 168 372; p. 167
14, 115,
1
Sensitivebrier, pis.
Salsola. pis. 64. 316. 380; p. 152
Saltbush.
p. 135
Selfheal, pis. 240, 505.- p. 196
Andrewscross, pi. 818: p. 183 St. Johnswort.pl. 817; p. 183 St. Johnsworl family, p. 182 Salmonberry. pi. 722 St.
734; p. 167
Silene. pis. 81, 82, 444;
133 n. 3
Sagillaria. pis. 623-625: figs. 20. 2
pi.
Scrophulariaceae, p. 197 Scurfpea. pis. 138,47/, p. 169
Sidalcea. pis. 192, 490;
Russianthistle. pis. 64, 316. 380; p. 152 Rye, pi. 512; p. 133 n. 3 pis. 13. 14; p.
119; p.
1
179
Ryegrass,
fig.
160
pi.
805;
fig.
figs.
49; p. 140
684. 685; fig. 52; p. 141 Snailseed.pl. 812: p. 159 pis.
219
INDEX
Snakeweed, pis. 264, 388: p. 202 Sneezeweed, pi. 291: p. 204 Snowberry, pi. 798: p. 200 Soapwort, p. 156 Soja (synonym of Glycine), p. 172 Solanaceae,
Solanwn,
p.
figs.
265,
266; p. 196 Solidago. pis. 266, 267, 347: p. 202 Solomonseal, pi. 806; p. 140
Sorbus.p\.l\(i\fvg. 132; p. 165 pis. 44, 518, 519; p. 133 n. 3
Sorghum, Sorghum,
Sorrel, Sheep, pis. 'S\,417
Sowthistle, pl.304;p.205
Soybean,
331 509: .
p. 152
pis. 276-278, 401. 503: p. 203 Supplejack, pi. 758; p. 180 Sweetclover, pis. 136, 137,^79; p. 169 Sweetgum, pi. 709; p. 164 Switchgrass, pi. 573; p. 133 n. 3 Sycamore, pi. 71 1; p. 164 Sycamore family, p. 164 Symphoricarpos. pis. 797, 798; fig. 284; p.
200
11,
figs.
12; p.
127 565; p. 133 n. 3
pi.
Spatterdock, Specularia,
pis. 63,
668, 669; p. 202 Sundrops, pis. 209, 332 pis.
523; p. 172
pi.
Sparganiaceae, p. 127 Sparganium, pis. 621, 622; Spartina,
Sumpweed, Sunflower,
140
p.
pi.
fig.
550; p. 157
287; p. 201
Tansymustard, pi. 104; p. 163 Taraxacum, pis. 303, 399: p. 205 Tarweed, pis. 284-287, 406. 415: pp. 203, 204 Tearthumb, pis. 634, 642 Tecoma. p\. 793: p. 198
Speedwell, pi. 819; p. 198 Spergula. pis. 77, 354. 458: fig. 96; p. 155 Sphaeralcea. pis. \9\,488: fig. 204; p. 181 Spicebush, pi. 708; p. 160 Spiderflower, pis. 94, 95, 453: p. 162
fig. 157; p. 170 Teucrium. pis. 237, 361 : fig. 262; p. 195 Thimbleberry, pi. 721 Thistle, pis. 295, 296, 392: p. 205 Thistle, Milk, pis. 300, 393: p. 205
Spiderling, pis. 68, 423: p. 153 Spiderwort, pis. 48, 495: p. 139
Three-awn,
p. 133
n.3 Sprangletop, pi. 562; p. 133 n. 3 Spruce, pi. 677; p. 125 Spurge, pis. 185-189, 367. 426. 449: p. 177
Spurge family, pis. 77,
p. !75
205
Stellaria. pis. 78, 443: fig. 97; p.
1
55
184, 460. 653;
pis. 62, pi.
Toadflax, pis. 253. ^27; p. 197 Toxicodendron, pi. 740; fig. 189; p. 178 Toyon, pi. 714; p. 165 Tradescanlia. pis. 48, 495: fig. 46; p. 139 Tragia. pis. 183, 352: fig. 181; p. 176 Trapa, pi. 555; p. 186 p. 186
Trihulus. p\s.
MO, 328:
Trichoslema.
pis. 238.
Tridens.
pi. 6; p.
fig.
182; p.
Triiicum.
pi. 51 1: p.
Trumpetvine,
pi.
Tuliptree.
Strawberry,
Tumblemustard.
220
p.
175 fig.
263: p. 195
n. 3 fig.
152; p.
166
133
n. 3
793; p. 198
r^Mgfl, pl.680;fig. 7;p. 126
Slinkgrass, pis. 9, 365: p. 133 n. 3 Stipa.pX. 18; p. 133 n.3
486:
133
p.
333:
169
176
pis. 107,
318: p. 152
515; p. 133 n. 3
Trifolium. pis. 126-130, 477:
StercutiaceaS, p. 182 Sticktighl, pis. 670, 671; p. 204 Stillingia. pis.
Tickseed,
Timothy,
Trapaceae,
354. 458: p. 155
Stargrass. Yellow, pi. 808; p. 141 Starthistle, pi. 297; p.
Tephrosia. pis. 140, 467:
pi. 21; p. 133 n. 3 Tickclover, pis. 145-147, 475.- p. 171
Spikenard, pi. 771 Spikerush, pis. 584-594; p. 136 Sporobolus. pis. 19, 20. 507: fig. 24;
Spurry,
fig.
5Ma^^a. pi. 643: fig. 85; p. 152 Sudangrass, pi. 518; p. i33 n. 3 Sumac, pis. 741-743; p. 177
Summer-cypress,
Solomonseal, False, pi. 805; Sonchus. pi. 304; p. 205
161, i7/. 394:
169; p. 173
196
246-249, 456. 492:
pis.
Strophoslvles. pis. 159
pi.
704; p. 160 pis. 99.
499:
p.
163
INDEX
Turke\ mullein, pis. 179,-/^. T\pha.p\.blQA\«. 10: p. 126 Typhaceae, p. 126
Ulmaceae.
p.
p.
Waterhemp.
176
Waterliiy. pis. 551. 552; p. 157 Waterlih family, p. 157
145
Watermelon,
pi. 528; p. 201 Watermilfoil, pis. 557. 558; p. 187 Watermilfoil family, p. 186 Waierplantain family, p. 132
Ulmus. pis. 697. 698; fig. 62: p. 145 Umbelliferae. p. 187 Umbrellavvort. pis. 70. 377: p. 153 Uniola. Uniola. pi. 804: p. 133 n. 3 t/r//Vo.
pl.809:fig. 66:p. 146
Urticaceae, p. 146
Vaccinium. 189
pis.
782 784:
Vallisneria. pi. 547:
Velvetgrass.
fig.
figs.
Venus Looking-glass,
239, 240: p.
23: p. 132
133
pi. 15: p.
p.
201
260: p. 194
Verbenaceae,
p.
pi.
819:
fig.
pi.
787; p. 191
pi.
554; p. 158
Walerweed,
pi.
Waxmyrlle.
p.
524; p. 172 fig.
142
Widgeongrass. pi. 540: p. 131 Wildbean. pis. 159 161, i7/. iP-^. Wildcarrot, pis. 1\\,336: p. 188 pi.
210; p. 183
547; p. 132
WildOats.pl. pi.
133 n. 3
12; p.
568; p. 133 n. 3 pis.
745. 746
469: Wintergreen. pi. 776; p. 189 Witchgrass, pi. 34; p. 133 n. 3 Wintercress.
pis. 102. 103.
Witch-hazel,
pi.
710; p. 163 p. 163
Woodbine, pi. 766: Wormseed. pi. 56
Vitaceae, p. 180
Yarrow, pi. 293: p. 204 Yellow Stargrass, pi. 808;
762-764:
Wahoo, pl.751;p.
fig.
201: p. 181
178
Wartgrass. pi. 572; p. 133 n. 3 Watercaltrop. p. 186 Waterchestnut. pi. 555; p. 186 Waterchestnut family, p. 186
p. 163
Witch-hazel familv,
Violaceae. p. 183 Violet, pis. 195-197. 375: p. 183 Violet family, p. 183 Viiis. pis.
p. 173
Wild-lettuce, pis. 305, 306, 404: p. 206 Wildmillet. pis. 575-577; p. 133 n. 3
Winterberry. fig.
286: p. 200 Vicia.^\%. 153, 154,355.- p. 172 Viola, pis. 195-197, 375:
657, 658: p. 186
543; p. 132 Waterwillow, pl.656;p. 185
Wildrice.
273: p. 198
Vetch, pis. 153. 154. 355: p. 172 Viburnum. Viburnum, pis. 801-803:
K/g/jfl, pi.
pis.
Waterprivet, Watershield,
Wildcelery,
194
p. 194
Verhesina. pis. 281-283, 323. 327: p. 203 Vernonia. pi. 665: p. 201
Veronica,
Waterprimrose.
Waxmvrtle familv. p. 142 Wheat! pi. 51 l:p'. 133 n. 3
n. 3
Verbascum. pis. 252, 425: fig. 268: p. 197 Verbena. Verbena, pis. 234-236. 397: fig.
Verbena family,
644, 645: p. 153
pis.
Walerhvacinth. pi. 548; p. 139 Waterhyssop, pi. 664; p. 198
p. 181
Zannichellia. pi. 541;
Zizania.
pi.
568;
fig.
Zizaniopsis. pi. 569;
Zosiera.
pi.
542;
Zygophyllaceae,
p. 141
fig. 18; p.
131
24; p. 133 n. 3 fig.
24; p. 133 n. 3
fig. 19: p.
131
p. 175
71\
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