Seed Identification Manual 1932846034, 9781932846034

Citation preview

Identification

Manual By

ALEXANDER

and >VILLIAM

D.

C.

MARTIN

BARKLEY

J. ~A

'^j

iJ ij kJ

(v:ce:'^Wi

:0 £00

=o lO >eed Identificiiion Ai

By

I

V sv

(

AN

).

This

is

work

m

;i

Manual

Martin Barkley

"CO

basic reference tool for any

seed identification. Designed to

satisfy the

needs of a wide variety of

investigators,

ii

will

prove useful to the

agronomist, forester, county farm agent, wildlife biologist,

In terms of the cies covered,

and farmer.

number

of seed spe-

and of the quality and

quantity of the illustrations, nothing

comparable to this manual has been attempted before. More than 600 seed species are represented in 824 photographs and 288 drawings. The text

lists

and genera of the seeds, and describes their size, appearance, and other characteristics. Technical language has been used as little as possible so as to give the book maximum utility for both the layman and the the families

expert.

The

seeds are presented under three

major headings: Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands. Specimens shown under the Farmlands heading are arranged by their physical features as well as by their

Dr.

taxonomic order.

Alexander

C. Martin, formerly

a research botanist-biologist with the

United States Fish and

W iidlife Service,

one of the world's leading authorities on seed morphology. is

William D. Barkley

is

one of

this

country's outstanding technicians in the unusual specialty of photographing seeds.

cllul

'^^^2

0fos^ ^0'

I,

Seed Identification Manual

Seed Identification

Manual Alexander

C

Martin and William D. Barkley

University of California Press

Berkeley and

Los Angeles 1961

Free Library N'. in Cr-.r.tv Civic

Building Cem-r Administration

San

Raiael, California

I

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, BERKELEY

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

PRESS,

AND

LOS ANGELES

LONDON, ENGLAND

©1961, BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 61-7528

Designed by Howard H. Bezanson

MANUFACTURED

IN

x ^

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

*j

od o

Acknowledgments

The Fish and for

making

graphs,

Department of the

Wildlife Service of the United States

particularly as represented by this

made

manual

possible.

It

contracted for the extensive series of photo-

available the outstanding seed collection at

its

Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, and aided substantially Special

acknowledgment

is

also

due Arnold

in

Patuxent Wildlife in

other ways.

L. Nelson, formerly Director

of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. His included

Interior,

Branch of Wildlife Research, deserves credit

its

name might

well have been

the authorship because of valuable consultation given during

phases of the work and because his active interest

all

brought essential financial

support.

Thanks are

also given to

many

individuals

who

helped with various aspects

of the undertaking.

Alexander C. Martin William D. Barkley

Contents

Introduction

I

Seed Photographs

7

Farmlands Weeds, Arranged Systematically (Weeds I), 9 Weeds, Arranged by Physical Features (Weeds

II),

47

Crops, 73

Wetlands Aquatics, 77

Marsh Grasses, 83 Marsh Sedges, 87 Other Marsh Plants, 93

Woodlands Woody Plants, 101 Nonwoody Plants, Identification Clues

Selected Bibliography

Index

1

19

123

207 211

Introduction

This manual

is

an attempt to meet the long-standing need for a reference work

dealing exclusively with seed identification.

The

ability to recognize seeds,

always important

in

farming, has

even more essential in modern scientific agriculture: without be

little

become would

there

merit in perfecting methods of growing useful plants. But utility for

human consumption, whether dustries,

it,

is

as food or in the clothing

and construction

in-

not the sole criterion for deciding which plants are useful. Increas-

ingly in recent decades,

plant and animal to the dangers,

life

new knowledge about the interdependence of forms of made available, and the public has been alerted

has been

both aesthetic and economic, of allowing our natural resources

to dwindle. Plants formerly thought to be of

little

worth have been found to be

good, because they provide food and cover for wildlife, or protect watersheds

by their quick regrowth over damaged lands. The number of plants regarded as useful

and the importance of knowing

Of no

less

importance, however,

is

their seeds

have grown accordingly.

the identification of undesirable seeds.

On

behalf of the crop harvesters and the conservationists, whose ideas of "unde-

somewhat according to their aims, a continual war is being waged against plants that are unwanted for one reason or another. Plantquarantine officers and chemical manufacturers, agricultural experiment stations and seed-testing laboratories work vigilantly in this unceasing fight, in which millions of dollars are expended every year, and millions more are lost sirable" differ

through reduced crop potentials.

While the value of a wide acquaintance with seeds, both "good" and "bad," has thus been growing at an accelerating rate, the tools for obtaining this

knowledge have remained grossly inadequate. The seeds of some genera have apparently not been illustrated or described in published form or at least, not amply enough to identify them. For other genera, the seed characteristics have

—

INTRODUCTION

been reported, but

in

papers ihai are not easily accessible. For the most part,

with a few notable exceptions, the available information about seeds only plant

in bits,

here and there,

To remedy

life.

in

is

given

v/orks mainly concerned with other aspects of

this situation, the

together, for direct observation

authors of this manual have brought

and study on a comparative

basis, pictures

and practical descriptions of as large and representative a collection of seeds as possible, within the spatial and other limitations mentioned below under Basis for Inclusion.

The immediate aim of the manual biologists,

and others interested

in

is

to help agriculturists, foresters, wildlife

land-use programs to identify the seeds

With

their particular ecological fields of interest.

this practical

aim

in

in

view,

the authors have, in the main, restricted the content of the descriptions to the characteristics useful for identification. Also, bearing

backgrounds of the probable readers of

this

manual

preparation and experience, the authors have thought scriptions nontechnical, so far as

broad range of interests and

was

feasible,

in

in it

mind the

dilTerent

respect to scientific best to keep the de-

and thus adapt the material to a

skills.

Definition The term

seedm\xs,\.

here be understood in

its

broad, popular sense.

It is

applied

not only to true seeds, but also to equivalent structures which look like and function as seeds. Technical designations for seedlike dry fruits are indicated parenthetically in the text.

Plan of the

Book

Because the quickest and best way to form a true concept of an object, short of seeing the thing

itself, is

to

examine a good picture of

ciple governing the order, proportions,

it, the dominant prinand mode of presentation of the con-

book has been emphasis on illustrations. The manual consists of two major parts, one wholly photographic except for legends and a few explanatory remarks, and the other primarily textual. The

tents of this

is given priority by being the larger and by being placed first. The photographs, most of which are magnified, usually show several views of each

pictorial part

seed in detail.

The superior

elTectiveness of pictures suggested setting life-sized

silhouettes within the plates themselves, so that the reader could receive an

image of the seed's

real size at once,

and need not attempt the

translating numerical magnifications into spatial terms.

the visual principle, the textual part of the

manual

is

Again

amply

difficult feat in

of

accord with

illustrated with

INTRODUCTION

in the form of line drawings and diagrams, and the generic descripby references to the corresponding plates. accompanied tions are In the first part of the book, headed Seed Photographs, the photographs are

288 figures

organized systematically within eight plant categories, grouped gical sections

The

in

three ecolo-

with the headings of Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands.

and expedite identification by en-

sectional groupings should simplify

abling the investigator

first

to classify a seed roughly by

compare

nating the need to

its

habitat, thus elimi-

The names of

with seeds from other habiiats.

it

these ecological sections and the designations of general types of plants (Weeds,

Crops, Aquatics, and so on) must be recognized as merely convenient, short labels that require

some

qualification or interpretation, since a certain

of overlapping

their

meaning and application

Farmlands

is

in

intended

in a

inevitable.

is

loose sense, to include not only the fields tilled for

crops but also rangelands and other open, uncultivated

many

amount The heading

fields.

That

is

why

wild plants that are not clearly pest species are included under the sub-

heading Weeds. Conversely, under Wetlands are some grasses which flourish seasonally

damp

fields

and which therefore sometimes

interfere with crops.

heading Woodlands also needs a liberal interpretation. cluded can grow

open places as well as

in

The word weeds, its

in its

in

wooded

most derogatory sense,

Some

manual the subheading Weeds

is

in

The

of the plants

in-

areas.

is

of course a relative term,

application partly dependent on the objectives of the person

this

so

who

uses

it.

In

interpreted in a broad sense, so as to in-

clude in the classification, alongside the plants that are objectionably aggressive or even poisonous, not only

many harmless

are a valuable source of food and cover for

number that many kinds of wildlife, and some

wild plants but also a

that are very useful as soil binders.

The plant-family sequence used within the

limits of the ecological units of

Farmlands, Wetlands, and Woodlands and their plant categories has been sup-

plemented by a physical-feature arrangement investigators,

in

one

gallery. This will enable

whether botanists or nonbotanists, to identify seeds by simply

matching unknowns with pictures which are segregated on the basis of distinctive

shapes and appendages. The plan provides an

pared to scanning additional space

Such a group

it

is

all

or

many

eff"ective

short cut, as

com-

of the pictures in a family-order gallery, but the

requires can be justified only by an important, large group. that of

weed

seeds. Because of

cians and investigators in several

plant-quarantine officers,

and others, the

organization has been applied to

its

land-management

it.

special interest to techni-

fields,

artificial

as well as to farmers,

system of photograph

In the subdivision called

Weeds, Arranged

by Physical Features, winged seeds are grouped together, as are seeds with

INTRODUCTION

pappus, others with awns, and flattish,

still

others of special shapes such as spheroid,

or angular. Seeds on the border line between two or

shape are often

difficult to place satisfactorily,

meaning of the designations used and also indicates the

helps to define the

of plates

which each class of related physical features

in

subdivision, of course, duplicates

though not

all

more types of

but the preliminary key, figure

much of the

is

illustrated.

1,

series

This

systematic subdivision on Weeds,

of it. .Altogether, there are 824 photographic plates, showing the

more than 600 plant species from various parts of the U nited States. The common plant names used throughout the manual are based in general on those in Standardized Plant Names, by Harlan P. Kelsey and William A. Dayton, prepared for the American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature (2d ed.; Harrisburg, Pa., J. Horace McFarland Co., 1942), but some stylistic modifications have been made in the longer and more unwieldy compounds. The descriptive section on Identification Clues is the second major part of the book. The seeds presented in the photographic guide are here approached analytically. By means of text and figures this part of the manual points out, as its seeds of

heading implies, the seed characteristics that are especially valuable for identification.

It

consists of a single series of descriptions with appropriate illustra-

arranged

tions,

systematic order.

ir^.

Identification, below, traits

as

it

was thought

As explained under Procedure best to place the

in

Seed

emphasis on the seed

of families and genera; usually, species are mentioned or illustrated only

examples of the larger groups. Normally, there

is

a brief treatment of the family traits of the seeds, followed

by several seed descriptions for the genera of that family shown

in the

photo-

graphs, two or three genera with very similar seeds occasionally being treated together; is

and

omitted.

if

only one genus of a family

the seeds genus by genus.

though represenied

many

is

represented the family description

One marked departure has been made from

species,

is

in

the rule of describing

The immense and important family of the Gramineae, more than forty genera and nearly twice as

the plates by

discussed chiefly at the family and tribal levels and not in any

separate generic descriptions, because the Department of Agriculture's thor-

ough and

Manual of Grasses is readily available. Thus it was numerous and repetitive descriptions without leaving a

well-illustrated

possible to avoid the serious gap.

The

section

on

Identification Clues

is

intended primarily to enable the reader

to confirm the preliminary identifications of families

made by examining eric

and family

and genera which he has

the photographs. In addition, the information on the gen-

traits

of seeds will be serviceable

in

guiding him to the proper

INTRODUCTION

systematic starting point; and in this connection the clues on internal mor-

phology should prove especially helpful.

Basis for Inclusion It

can be anticipated that some

will

wonder,

regretfully,

why

the

manual was

limited to 600 species and why this or that particular seed was not included. The reason for this is essentially the same one that necessitated reproducing the photographs in black and white rather than in color, namely, prohibitive cost. The problem of limiting the number of genera and species to a total that could be treated feasibly in one moderate-sized volume was further complicated

by the necessity of keeping the selection representative of botanical groups, geographic areas, and the interests of various

A

nationwide perspective has been used

in

scientific

and economic

fields.

choosing genera and species for

and plant categories. Selection was based, on the abundance, widespread distribution, and economic or

inclusion in the ecological sections for the

most

part,

other importance of the plants or plant groups. Naturally, in

some instances The category

the limits for inclusion and exclusion were very difficult to decide.

Crops was purposely

restricted, partly

been

many

because the public

common

quainted with most of the more

seeds,

is

already well ac-

and also because there have

publications on the numerous varieties of cultivated plants.

Procedure Sometimes one

clue, if

in

Seed Identification

extreme and unique, serves alone to identify a seed.

But more commonly, several different features

in

combination are required for

a positive determination. Frequently a seed can be identified to the species as reliably as

can the whole plant from which not possible, and in

ever, this

is

should be

left at

The most and

it

was obtained. More

many genera

often,

how-

the determinations of identity

the genus level to avoid an unjustifiable danger of error.

useful clues for recognition of seeds are usually the shape, the size,

peculiarities of the surface

and coloring. Seed surfaces vary from smooth

and glossy to dull or rough; surface

irregularities include pittings, grooves,

and other types of sculpturing. Characteristics of the attachment scar (hilum), particularly

its

shape, size, and position, are often significant in narrowing the

range of genera or species to be considered. Also, the presence of any noticeable external features such as wings, pappus, spines, awns, or hairs

is

likely to

be

helpful in placing the seed correctly.

Especially useful clues to the family or genus of an

able for those

who

are willing to delve into

its

unknown

seed are avail-

internal characteristics.

These

INTRODUCTION

include the embryo's shape, size, and position and

its relation to endosperm, if and also the wall's thickness, texture, and inner-surface markings. A quick check on a seed's internal morphology can often indicate its family or genus and thus help the investigator avoid serious mistakes about

the latter

is

present,

seeds which look surprisingly alike from the outside, but internally are very distinct.

Seed Photographs

This pictorial part of the manual, containing 824 plates, three habitat classifications of Farmlands, Wetlands,

which

is

is

divided into the

and Woodlands, each of

again divided into two or more categories on the basis of general types

of plants. Within each plant category the seeds are presented in systematic order; but, in addition, about two-thirds of those in the

gory,

first

and

largest cate-

Weeds, are presented a second time, arranged to exemplify the more

important

of their appearance useful for identification.

traits

More than

six

hundred species from the continental United States are shown.

The

seeds pictured here are described in the second part of the manual,

headed Identification Clues, of similar genera ence. Reference

Since nearly

is

in

from plate to

all

which the discussion of each genus or group

keyed to the corresponding plate or plates by cross text

refer-

can be made through the Index.

of the seed photographs are magnified, an accurate impres-

sion of the size of each seed

is

conveyed by a small,

life-sized

photograph

in

silhouette, set in the lower left corner of the plate; but for the very few seeds too

large for the silhouette is

method

(see pis. 553, 555,

and 752-755), the

inset

box

used for indicating size by figures, in the conventional way. Actual measure-

ments are regularly included

in the generic descriptions in Identification Clues.

Farmlands Weeds, Arranged Systematically (Weeds I)

Farmlands, as construed here, include western rangelands,

fields,

fencerows,

gardens, roadsides, and open places that harbor weedy or other wild plants.

Some

of the plants in this section are not weeds in the

strict sense.

the 307 species illustrated are important both to agriculturists biologists. Representatives of the genera

shown here

Many

and to

of

wildlife

are also included in the

following unit on Weeds, Arranged by Physical Features.

FARMLANDS Wkkds

1

.

Plates

I

Bromus secalinus

2.

Bromus

catharlicus

Chess

Rescuegrass

Fesluca ortoflora Fescue

5.

Festuca ohtusa Fescue

4.

Poa annua Annua! Biucerass

Poa pralensis Kentucky Bluegrass

7.

8.

10

3. Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass

6.

Tridens flava

Purpletop

Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass

9.

1

9

FARMLANDS WttDS

Plates 10

I

10. Agropyron repens Quackgrass

1

1

.

Horcieum pusillwu

Little Barley

12. Arena Jalua Wild Oats

S 13. Loliwu perenne Ryegrass

Loliwn tenndenium Ryegrass

14.

15. Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass

I

16.

Agrostis alba

Redtop

17. Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill

18.

Stipa viridula

Needlearass

18

FARMLANDS W.MDS

19.

Plates 19 26

I

Sporoholus cryptanclrus

Drop seed

22. FJeusine indica

Sporoholus asper Drop.seed

20.

23. Dactyloctcnium aegyptium Crowfootgrass

Goosegrass

1\.

A ristida

virgata

Three-awn

Cynodon dady Ion Bermudagrass

24.

-f '/,

...

Eriogonum alaium Eriogonum

50.

15

FARMLANDS Weeds

5

1

.

Plates

I

Rumex

52.

acetosella

Rumex

crispus

Dock

Sheep Sorrel

Polygonum Knotweed

53.

51

aviculare

Additional species of Poly-

gonum

are illustrated in plates

631 642 and

Polygonum Knotweed

54.

56.

55. Polygonum Corn bind

cilinode

Chenopodium anihrosioides

Wormseed

57.

16

convolvulus

Chenopodium album

I.ambsquarters

in figures

58. Chenopodium hyhridum Goosefoot

71-76

58

FARMLANDS Weeds

Cyclolonm Ringwing

59.

62.

Plates 59 67

I

alriplicijolium

Corispenmon hyssopifolium

Tickseed

Amaranthus hybridus Pigweed

65.

60.

A triplex patula

61. Alriplcx scDiihaccula

Saltbush

Saltbush

Kochia scoparia Summer-cypress

64. Salsola kali

Amaranthus retrofiexus Pigweed

67.

63.

66.

Russianthistle

Amaranthus

Pigweed

17

hi it aides

FARMLANDS Wi

1

i)s

Plates 68-76

I

Ahronia fragrans

68. Boerhaavia wrightii

69.

Spiderling

Sandverbena

7

1

.

Phytolacca americana

Pokeberrv

74.

Manila perjoliaia

Minersletlucc

18

72. Moliugo Carpetweed

verticillata

Oxyhaphus nyctagineus Umbrellaworl

10.

73. Calandrinia caulescens

Redmaids

75. Porlulaca oleracca

76. Porlulaca lanceolaia

Purslane

Purslane

FARMLANDS Weeds

Plates 77 84

I

.^r-j,-'

H\;^ii;^

iSei.. >aSM-

Spergula arvensis Spurry

78. Stellaria

77.

media

79.

Cerastium viscosum

Chickweed

Chick weed

cif}if:^

"^-y

i^i< wmW 80.

Agrostemma githag o

Cockle

8

1

Silene antirrhina

.

82. Silene noctiflora Catchfly

Catchfly

K/' '^M >i:tm^

;^.es, based

on atlachmenls and shapes

key below

(fig.

each group.

1)

FARMLANDS WiiDsll Wmi Attachmknts COVERED BY SCALES OR BRACTS

Hj SB WjL P^W fl ^

^\ IH

L

V

^^1

jl ^^m ^^H

^B

1

l^l

wl aj IJI '

308.

^^F^T^^m 11r^^H

^^^^^^-^

iI

IK"

Plates 308 315

1

LM

i^^^^^^

H |7|f K.

Andropogon scoparius

^^fl

Paspalum Paspalum 309.

Bluestem

^

\

1

HT^^H L^,,^ Panicum lindheimeri Panicum 310.

laeve

/'I

Additional scale-covered seeds are pictured in plates

1

44 and

figure 24

311. Digitaria

WINGED

ischaemum

Crabgrass

^6J'l

^"^*m

3\2.

A triplex semibaccata

Saltbush

1

^^^L

'•'"'r.'

]

,^^^^^^1

'x^'i^

• »•

313. Oenothera biennis

314. Lepidium virginicum

Even ng-p ri mrose

Pepperweed

i

48

Cycloloma Ringwing

315.

atriplicifolium

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

With Attachments

Plates 316-324

WINGED

Anemone

Corispermum hyssopifoliwn

316. Salsola kali Russianthistle

317.

Anemone

Tickseed

319. Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs

320. Asclepias syriaca

32 1 Mentzelia decapetala

Milkweed

Prairiestar

323. Verbesina encelioides

324. Arabis canadensis

Crownbeard

Rockcress

322. Coreopsis grandiflora Coreopsis

canadensis

318.

.

49

FARMLANDS \Vi

ns

r

With Attachments

II

Plates 325-333

HOOKS. AWNS. SPINHS. HAIRS

Geum

canadense

326. Encelia subaristala

327. Verbesina occidenlalis

Avens

Encelia

Crown beard

328. Trihulus terrestris

329.

Puncturcvine

Raaweed

.Agrimony

Kochia scopaha Summer-cypress

332. Oenothera missouriensis

333. Trichos tenia lanceolatwn

Sundrops

Bluecurls

325.

33

1

.

50

Ambrosia ariemisiaefolia

330. Agrimonia parviflora

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

With Attachments

Plates 334 342

HOOKS, AWNS. SPINES, HAIRS

S3:^>;*

Daucus carola

334. Scutellaria iniegrijolia

335. Delphinium virescens

336.

Skullcap

Larkspur

Wildcarrot

337. Ratibida peduncularis

338. Encelia frutescens

339.

Prairie-coneflower

Encelia

Ipomoea pandurata Morning-glory

34

342. Diodia teres

340.

Erodium botrys

Filaree

1

.

Polygala longa

Milkwort

Buttonweed

51

FARMLANDS W

I

1

1)S II

PLATHS343 351

WriH AlTACHMFNTS

I'AI'I'I S

343. Erigeron canadensis

344. Hieracium aurantiacwn

345. Heterolheca subaxillaris

Fleabane

Hawkweed

Heterotheca

346. Liaths squarrosa Gayfeather

347. Solidago canadensis

348. Chrysopsis villosa

Goldenrod

Goldaster

349. Ceniaurea melitensis Centaurea

53

350.

Helenium lenuifolium

Biiterweed

35 Gaillardia pulchella Gaillardia 1

.

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Plates 352-360

Spheroid to Ellipsoid

352. Tragia urens

353. Loins tonientellus

Noseburn

Deervetch

355. Vicia angustifolia

356.

Vetch

Peavine

358. Eschscholtzia californica

359.

California-poppy

Pricklypoppy

Lathy rus maritimus

Argemone platyceras

354. Spergula arvensis Spurry

357. Croton

monanthogynus

Doveweed

360. Scutellaria iniegrifolia

Skullcap

53

FARMLANDS Weeds

36

1

.

Plates 36 -369

Spheroid to Ellipsoid

II

Teucrium canadense

Germander

1

362. Cuscuia grorwvii

363. Papaver

Dodder

Poppy

I9#

9

9

c

^

364. Brassica nigra

Hedeoma pulegioides False Pennyroyal

365. Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass

Mustard

dubium

366.

^ h..

I

4

J

7

367. Euphorbia carol lala

Spurge

54

368. Acalypha Copperleaf

|\

virginica

..^

^

369. Lepidium campestre

Pepperweed

FARMLANDS Weeds

370.

II

Spheroid to Ellipsoid

Geranium carolinianum

Plates 370 378

371. Sirophostyles

umbellata

372. Schrankia angusiata Sensitivebrier

Geranium

Wildbean

373. Erodium botrys Filaree

374. Anthemis cotula

375. Viola refines qui i

Mayweed

Johnny-jump-up

^^^^^^^^^^^P^S^HflBp^^^^l 1

*

^1

376. Castilleja sessiliflora

Paintbrush

•

»\ Oxybaphus nyctagineus Umbreliawort

377.

^^^^H 378.

Lithospermwu carol inense

Gromweil

55

FARMLANDS WllDS

II

SpIU-ROIDTO

379. Echinocactus rigidissimus

Cactus

Plates 379 383

El.l.ll'SOID

380. Salsola kali Russianthistle

381.

382. Breweria pickeringii

383. Abroniafragrans

Breweria

Sandverbena

56

Commelina

Dayflower

crispa

— FARMLANDS Weeds

11

Oblong to Long

Plates 384-392

II ^^^^^^^^P^^^nl^^^^^^^lHr

o

'^^1

^^^^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^^P^^

384.

C rot on lindheimerianus

Doveweed

385. Mentzelia micrantha Prairiestar

387. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 388. Gutierrezia texana Oxeye Daisy Snakeweed

390. Sesbania

Coffeeweed

macrocarpa

391. Cichorium intybus Chicory

386. Serinea oppositifolia

Serinea

389. Grindelia squarrosa

Gum weed

392. Cirsium arvense Thistle

Canada

57

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Oblong to Long

Plates 393-401

^R

II 393. Silybum Milk Thistle

mahanum

a Desmanthus leptohbus

394. Strophosiyles helvola

395.

Wildbean

Bundleflower

396. Rudbeckia hirta

397. Verbena bract eosa

398. Lotus scoparius

Black-eyed-Susan

Verbena

Deervetch

399.

Taraxacum

officinale

Dandelion

400.

Erodium cicutarium

Filaree

58

40 Helianthus tuberosus Sunflower 1

.

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Plates 402-406

Oblong to Long

402. Berber is vulgaris

403. Eriogonum alalum

Barberrv

Eriogonum

//r, 405. Bouteloua curtipendula

Grama

404. LMCtuca scariola Wild-lettuce

•/

Madia glomerata Tarweed 406.

59

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Plates 407-415

Angled

TRIANGULAR

407. Berberis aquifolium

408. Eremocarpus setigenis

409. Sida spinosa

Oregongrape

Turkeymullein

Sida

410. Ipomoea lacunosa

411. Convolvulus arvensis

412. Jacquemontia tamnifolia

Morning-glory

Bindweed

Jacquemontia

413. Amsinckia tessellata

414.

Echium vulgare Blueweed

415. Hemizonia conges ta

Fiddleneck

60

Tarweed

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Angled

Plates 416-422

TRIANGULAR

Rumex acetosella

416. Eleusine indica

417.

Goosegrass

Sheep Sorrel

Polygonum Knotweed

420.

einitzii

Flatsedge

4»4 W

T

••.

422.

i?

umex

aviculare

Polygonum Knotweed

418.

Polygonum convolvulus Cornbind 421.

See also species of Polygonum illustrated in

cilinode

plates

53 55,

631-642 and figures 71-76

crispus

Dock

61

FARMLANDS Angled

WkhdsII VARlOl

SI

'I

A\C;[,I

Plates 423-431

D

mBi *^k.-Ui>

m

•

423. Boerhaavia wrighlii Spiderling

424.

Gaura biennis

425. Verhascwn ihapsus

Gaura

Mullein

900

}

9^

*^ 426. Euphorbia macula la

427. Linaria candensis

Spurge

Toadflax

428. Plant ago major Plantain

429. Oenothera laciniaia

430. Delphinium cardinale

43

Evening-primrose

Larkspur

62

Penstemon Penstemon 1

.

breviflorus

FARMLANDS Weeds

II

Angled

Plates 432-433

VARIOUSLY ANGLED

432. Gilia aggregata Gilia

433. Ambrosia trifida

Ragweed

63

FARMLANDS Weeds

Plates 434 442

Fi athsii

II

r

^W

0% Chenopodium hybridwn Goosefoot

434.

^^ r -sufcje

435. Atriplex patula

436. Atnaranlhus bliloides

Saltbush

Pigweed

^

»

•

•

443. Stellaria media

444. Silene noclijiora

445. Lychnis coronaria

Chickweed

Catchfly

Campion

447. Portulaca oleracea

448. Mollugo verticillata

Purslane

Carpetweed

446.

Agrostemma githago

Cockle

J^^^Wi%\

449. Euphorbia dictyosperma

450. Passiflora incarnata

45 1 Oxalis stricta

Spurge

Passionflower

Oxalis

.

65

^•\^,

FARMLANDS Wlhus

II

ll.AI

Plates 452-460

IISII

'^ vf

^ ^W

H-^»

robustispina X 5

f Fig. 217.

Marnmillaria

vivipara X

184

1

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

ECHINOCACTUS

Cactus

206)

(pi.

Ovoid to compressed-oval or somewhat reniform; all with a cavity at or near the base and usually black; most species with surface Hnely or coarsely roughened by protuberances or pittings, but a few glossy

(£".

texensis, xeranthemoides); 1-4

mm.

long.

C)

f

Fig. 219.

inieriextus X 7.5

Seed enclosed

ELAEAGNUS

Echinocactm

Fig. 220. Echinucactus

polycephalus X 5

ELAEAGNACEAE in a hard, persistent

Shepherdia, borne

t

r

Fig. 218. Echinocacius

in a berry-like fruit

Russianolive

(pi.

seiispinus

X 14

Elaeagnus Family

covering (partly calyx)

from which

it

in

Elaeagnus;

in

escapes readily.

767)

Ellipsoid, pointed-ellipsoid, or spindle-shaped, with dark and light lengthwise ribs

alternating long.

on the hard, fibrous

wall; light stripes

commonly

silvery whitish;

6-10

mm.

Endosperm none.

SHEPHERDIA

Buffaloberry

(pi.

768)

Compressed-oval, some plano-convex; a notch on one side of base and a lengthwise groove from notch upward on both faces; glossy, black or dark brown; 4-5 mm. long.

^r Shepherdia 1 argentea X 5.5

Fig. 22

LYTHRACEAE DECODON

Waterwillow

(pi.

.

Loosestrife Family

656)

Prismatic-wedge-shaped or pyramidal, with 2, 3, or more plane faces, narrowed down-

ward from a broad, slightly rounded top to a pointed base; varnished brown with darker XI mm. Endosperm none. lines; 1.5 X 1

ONAGRACEAE

Evening-primrose Family

Seeds minute, small, or medium; shapes various, often

elliptic;

endosperm none.

185

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

JUSSIAEA

Waterprimrose

In certain species

{J.

(pis.

657. 658)

leptocarpa, pilosa, suffruticosa) the seeds are partially enclosed

and in J. diffusa they are buried in oblongchunks of corky wood. The true seeds are minute, less than mm. long; ellipsoid or arched-ellipsoid, with narrowed or obtuse ends; one side is somewhat compressed and has a thin, dark, lengthwise llange; cream to brown. in

a heart-shaped block of corky material,

truncate, oblique

OENOTHERA

1

Evening-primrose

(pis.

207-209)

Diverse; variously angled, often with a rounded side, or angular-ellipsoid, spindle-

shaped to flattish-oblong, or angular-lanceolate; smooth- to rough-surfaced, thin- to thick-walled; yellow-brown to dark purplish brown; 14 mm. long.

GAURA

Gaura

Seeds (nutlike

which

is

(pi.

210)

fruits)

woody; generally

elongate-ellipsoid with irregular

4-sided, spindle-shaped, except in G. parviflora,

rounded ridges and grooves;

in

most

species,

the seeds are hairy and have a lengthwise rib median between the angles and extending

halfway up from the base; about 6

mm.

TRAPACEAE TRAPA

long.

Waterchestnut Family

Waterchestnut, Watercaltrop

(pi.

555)

The hard, large (3-4 cm. across), nutlike seeds (mericarps) are somewhat top-shaped and are armed on their thick median zone with 4 stout, retrorsely barbed spines, which are attached to bulbous bases and make the seed somewhat 4-angled; dark to black. Endosperm none.

HALORAGIDACEAE

Watermilfoil Family

Seeds (nutlets) woody, oblong or oblong rounded-triangular to ellipsoid, or triangular;

HIPPURIS

embryo

linear in

Marestail

(pi.

endosperm of variable amounts.

556)

Oblong-cylindric, with short points on both of the obtuse ends;

an obscure

line

extends from top to bottom, on both sides of seed;

wall thick, soft-woody; 1

embryo

circular in cross section; 2 X

1

X

mm. Fig. 222. Hippuris

vulgaris

186

X

1

1

2

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

MYRIOPHYLLUM

Watermilfoil

558)

(pis. 557.

Oblong rounded-triangular, 1.5-2 mm. long, except in M. lenelIwn, which isoblong-cylindric and barely mm. long. M. scabratum I

has

its

outer (rounded) margins fringed with toothlike processes;

M. spicaium

is

obscurely warty on

back (rounded) surface.

its

Worn

seeds generally are open at one end.

Fig. 223.

Myriophyllum

spicaium X

PROSERPINACA

Mermaidweed

559)

(pi.

Broadly triangular (ovoid-pyramidal), with thin margins

and rounded margins mm.; interior distinctive

1

palustris

in P. peciinaia;

3X3

in

showing 3

in

P.

reddish brown: 4 X

cvlindric cells,

one

in

each of the angles.

I Fig. 224. Proserpinaca

pectinata X 7.5

ARALIACEAE ARALIA

Aralia Family

ci:>

Aralia (pis. 770. 771)

Flattish-oblong, pointed near base; (1) seeds small

(about 2

mm.

two

distinct

groups of species:

long), whitish with a satin sheen, wall

rather thin and with crosswise surface fibers {A. californica. cordata,

racemosa): (2) seeds larger (2.5-4

mm.

long), thick-walled, roughFig. 225. Aralia

surfaced, brown {A. hispida, nudicaulis, spinosa).

hispida X 7

UMBELUFERAE Seeds (mericarps) usually

flatfish,

plano-convex, or concave-convex; outlines

various: circular, oval, or elliptic, to

lengthwise ribs or ridges;

CENTELLA

Centella

HYDROCOTYLE Flat, with

embryo

(pi.

Parsley Family

narrow and elongate. Surface has

several

small, basal in fleshy firm endosperm.

659)

Pennywort

(pi.

660)

inner edge straight, outer edge

rounded; often a pair of seeds remaining united by their inner edges

Centella

is

and appearing kidney-shaped.

distinct in

having 2 or

3

branched,

whereas Hydrocotyle has, if any, or 2 straight, less prominent, and unbranched ribs. Centella seeds are 4 X 3 X 0.5

prominent, curved, veinlike

ribs,

Fig. 226. Centella

asiatica

X

7.5

1

mm.; Hydrocotyle seeds are

Fig. 227. Hydrocotyle

wnhellata X

1

slightly smaller.

187

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

DAUCUS Elliptic

Wildcarrot, Queen-Annes-lace

(pi. 211)

plano-convex, with the margins and 3 ridges on the back flat, spinelike processes hooked at the rows between the crowned ridges; 3-4

bearing long, narrow, whitish,

end and with bristly hairs

mm.

in

long. Fig. 228.

Daucus

carota X 7.5

CORNACEAE Seeds

Family

of drupes) hard, bony-woody; globose, ellipsoid, or compressed-

(pits

embryo

oval to compressed elliptic;

CORN US

Dogwood

Dogwood

(pis.

spatulate in fleshy endosperm.

772-775)

Seed generally globose to ellipsoid; containing 2 seed chambers, or often only one; lengthwise groove or line all the way around, from top to bottom. The ellipsoid forms

have no ridges, except for low obscure ones whereas ridges are usually evident on the globose forms.

(C. canadensis, flohda. nuttallii, sessilis) in C. sessilis,

Cornus canadensisXl

Fig. 2iO.

Fig. 229.

NYSSA

Blackgum

(pi.

The two widespread in

Fig. 23\.

Cornus

Cornus

Diagram

amomum X3.5

fiorida.

(right)

X 2.5

769)

species,

A^.

biflora

and

sylvatica, are similar

being compressed-ovoid or compressed-ellipsoid, and

several grooves or stripes

aquatica and ogeche are

on each

much

face;

about

larger (about 2

in

having

7X5X3

mm.; A^. cm. long) and are

rough, with deep grooves.

i Fig. 232. biflora

ERICACEAE

Nyssa X2

Heath Family

Seeds (some of them nutlets of drupes) diverse; minute and delicate; or medium small and compressed, oval to elliptic; with a hard, glossy, often reticulate surface; or irregular, bony nutlets. Embryo linear to spatulate in fleshy

endosperm.

188

3

7

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

GAULTHERIA

Wintergreen

Flattish, irregularly angled

(pi.

(^V^

776)

and curved, often ovate or wedge-

shaped, with a broad, rounded lop; glossy brown; about

distinct

on

G. shallon (which

is

mm.

1

on G. procumbens and

across; the cellular reticulations are obscure less glossy).

Fig. 233. Gauliheria

shallon X

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

Manzanita. Bearberry

(pis. 777,

1

778)

Rounded-triangular, globose-angular, or globose, the shape often depending upon the

number of

nutlets adhering to each other;

brown. In A. diversifulia, in A.

about

the nutlets remain

all

pungens ihey separate individually; and

in

mm.

5

long; walls heavy and dark

cemented to each other

a solid ball;

in

others 2 or 3 nutlets generally cling to

each other.

ARBUTUS

Madrone

Compressed, oval curved-pointed

to elliptic, or irregularly angled, often concave-convex

at ends;

3X1.5X1 mm.;

779)

(pi.

dark brown,

dull,

in-

wall rather thin.

Fig. 2i4. Arctostaphylos

Fig. 235. Arcloslaphylos

uva-ursi X 6

andersonii X 5

GAYLUSSACIA

and

with very narrow, linear cellular reticulations;

Fig. lib.

A rctostaphylos

Fig. 131

bicolor X 5

Huckleberry, Dangleberry

(pis.

.

A rbulus

menziesii X 6

780. 781)

and somewhat wedge-shaped, with one edge thin; surface minutely rough, somewhat like sandpaper; light brown; about 2 mm. long; embryo linear. Flat or flattish, oval

Fig. 238. Gaylussacia

frondosa X 9

VACCINIUM

Blueberry. Deerberry

(pis.

782-784)

Diverse; from variously angled to compressed-elliptic or compressed-oval to ellipsoid; cellular-reticulate;

brown

Fig. 239. Vaccinium

anguslifolium X

1

to

dark brown; 1-2

mm.

long;

embryo

linear.

Vaccinium macrocarpon X 9

Fig. 240.

189

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

SAPOTACEAE

BUMELIA

Bumelia

(pi.

Sapodilla Family

785)

t

Ellipsoid to ovoid or globose; a cavity at the smaller end, except in B. lycioides,

which has a circular

scar; shiny,

brown;

5

12

mm.

long;

wall hard, brittle, veined on the interior.

Fig. 241.

Bumelia

lanuginosa X 3

EBENACEAE DIOSPYROS

Persimmon

(pi.

786)

Flat-elliptic {D. virginiana, kaki), or

convex (D. texana.

lotus); often

Ebony Family

compressed-ovoid to plano-

with one edge nearly straight;

cel-

and texana, irregularly wavy and obscure in Asiatic species; brown, about 1.5 cm. long in D. virginiana; black, 1 cm. long in D. texana; wall and endosperm very

lular lines diagonal

on D.

virginiana

Fig. 242. Diospyros

virginiana X

1

hard.

OLEACEAE Seeds diverse, because some are in nutlets

borne

in

of drupes (as

in

Olive Family

samaras or keys

in Forestiera),

capsules (other genera);

embryo

some

(as in Fraxiniis),

or in a berry (as

in

are

Ligustrum), or are

generally spatuiate in fleshy endo-

sperm.

FRAXINUS

Ash

(pis.

788-789)

Species of ash can be distinguished to

some

extent by the samaras, particularly as

regards their size and shape and the extension of the wing along the seed body. true seeds inside the samaras are linear-cylindric to flat-oblong, are about

and generally show lengthwise wavy lines in grooves; the embryo as viewed tion is sandwiched between layers of endosperm.

Fig. 243. Fraxinus

quadrangulata X

190

1

Fig. 244. Fraxinus

excelsior X

1

1

in cross sec-

Fig. 245. Fraxinus

oregona X

1

.5

The

cm. long,

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

FORESTIERA

Waterprivet

Seeds (nutlets) narrowly elliptic to

arched

e

787)

acuminata) or broadly

f

ovoid (as in other species); pointed near the ends and often

with numerous branched, lengthwise veins

slightly,

species (lengthwise ridges

mm.

(pi.

elliptic (as in F.

and grooves

in F.

in

most

acuminata)\ about 1.5-5

Fig. 246. Forestiera

long.

anguslifolia X 4

LIGUSTRUM

Privet

Rather irregular

in

(pi.

790)

shape and surface; generally oval to

elliptic in

and plano-convex, compressed, or ellipsoid; surface rather scurfy and wrinkled; mainly 2-A mm. long.

outline,

dull,

i Fig. 247.

Ligusirwn

vulgare X 4

LOGANIACEAE GELSEMIUM

Jessamine

Flat, elliptic, winged; 9

(pi.

Logania Family

791)

X 4 X 0.5 mm.; wing very thin, irregularly

margined toward end; seed-body area also thin, not definitely bounded, except by many conic-oblique papillae and by darker

brown

Fig. 248.

color.

ASCLEPIADACEAE ASCLEPIAS

Gelsemium

sempervirens X 4

Milkweed

Flat, generally

(pi.

Milkweed Family

212)

margined by an encircling wing, obovoid and with

a terminal tuft of silky hairs (except in A. perennis); seed area

and

slightly thicker

5-10

mm.

clearly differentiated;

long.

CONVOLVULACEAE

brown

to reddish

brown;

Fig. 249. Asclepias

humistrata X 3

Morning-glory Family

Shape mainly rounded-triangular {Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Jacquemontia), though in some genera globose (all Cuscuta and certain Ipomoea species), ovoidtruncate (Breweria), or other shapes; surface dull, granular-rough or hairy;

embryo bent

(coiled, in Cuscuta), cotyledons folded, except in Cuscuta; endo-

sperm hard, semitransparent.

191

5

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

BREWERIA

Breweria

(pi.

l\i)

Ovoid-truncate, with a V-shaped notch and a rounded

hump

at the

truncate attachment end; dull, minutely rough, brown; 3-4 X 2.5 X

mm.

2.5

Fig. 250.

Breweria

pickeringli X 3.5

CONVOLVULUS Morning-glory (pis. 214. 215) IPOMOEA Morning-glory (pis. 217-219) These two genera are similar Convolvulus the attachment scar

having their

in

However,

seeds mainly rounded-triangular. is

in

nearly at right

angles to the seed's long axis, whereas (except in large-seeded species such as

m

Ipomoea

bona-nox,

/.

dissecta, pres-caprae, tuba) the scar is usually al-

Fig. 25

most parallel to the long axis. Convolvulus seeds average smaller, 3-4 mm. long, are dull, minutely

1

.

Convolvulus

incanus X 5

in C. arvensis and tricolor, and black to brown; Ipomoea seeds are more diverse; lanceolateovoid (/. quamoclit) to globose, black to brown,

warty

dull to hairy

fistulosa,

(/.

longifolia.

pres-caprae, sagittata), and 4 12

JACQUEMONTIA

mm.

pandurata.

Fig. 252

lacuno.

in length.

Jacquemontia (pL 216)

Rounded-triangular and truncate; minutely warty; brown; com.5 X .5 mm.

paratively small, 2 X

CUSCUTA

1

1

Dodder (pi. 220) mm. across; globose

Small, about

1

triangular; dull or scurfy,

to globular or

brown; embryo yellowish,

f

Fig. 253.

Jacquemontia

lamnifolia X 6

rounded-

coiled, in semi-

transparent, hard endosperm. Fig. 254. Cuscuia

pentagona X

POLEMONIACEAE

1

Phlox Family

plano-convex {Collomia, Phlox, Microsteris) or irregularly angled {Gilia, Navarretia, Polemonium); about 2.5 mm. long in the flattish type and generally smaller, 0.5 2 mm. long, in the irregularly angled Seeds generally either

forms.

192

flattish

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

GILIA

rounded, except G.

and

gilioides

the edges

sharp or

which

concave-

gilioides,

mm.

is

though G. aggregaare about 2 mm. long; smooth or

ovoid; mainly 0.5-1 ta

^^

Gilia (pis. 221. 2:2:2)

Irregularly angled, with

long,

^'g 255. Gilia aggregata X 7

somewhat wrinkled.

COLLOMIA

Collomia

(pi.

Fig. 256. Gilia gracilis

X6

233)

and plano-convex to flatlish or compressed (C grandiflora), or linear and concave-convex (C linearis); all species with a lengthwise line or groove on one face; brown, dull; 2.5 3 mm. long. Elliptic,

Fig. 257. Collomia

grandiflora X 5.5

PHLOX Elliptic

Phlox

(pi.

of the wall concentric about this point; whitish;

3X2X1 mm. DIODIA

Buttonweed

Oval-oblong; D. teres 3 apical bracts,

(pi.

is

repens X 6.5

plano-convex, with a thick end topped by

and the other end

indented, and the rounded back

2 facing seeds

Fig. 278. Milchella

260)

thin; is

its

flattened face

is

shallowly

bristly-hairy. In D. virginiana,

commonly remain attached to each other in a combody with about 10 lengthwise, broadly separated by grooves. The seed of D. virginiana is

pressed oval-oblong

rounded 6-7

mm.

ribs

long, whereas that of

Z).

teres

is

about half as long.

Fig. 279. Diodia teres X 6

GALIUM

Bedstraw

(pis.

821-823)

Globose or subglobose, hollow-centered or hollowed out on one late, or smooth; black or dark brown; 1-3 mm. across.

side; bristly,

tubercu-

199

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

Fig. 280.

Galium

Fig. 281.

bermudeme X 6

Galium

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Seeds (some of them nutlets) diverse

embryo small or medium

SAMBUCUS slightly

size,

mainly woody-walled;

endosperm.

^_^^

796)

and compressed rounded-triangular; generally

3

mm.

Fig. 283.

long.

SYMPHORICARPOS Elliptic plano-convex,

fibers;

shape and

in

arched inward; with crosswise wrinkles; brown, dull; wall

woody; 2

opening

(pi.

Galium

latifolium X 6

Honeysuckle Family

sized, in fleshy

Elderberry

Elliptic-ovate

Fig. 282.

trifidumX 13

Sambucus

canadensis X 5.5

Snowberry. Coralberry

(pis. 797.

798)

with rounded edges and a small, porelike

one end; wall tough, woody, with obscure lengthwise

at

white to light brown; 3 4

mm.

long. Fig. 284.

Symphoricarpos

orbiculaius X 6

LONICERA

Honeysuckle

(pis.

799,

800)

(O

Oval to elliptic, flattish or compressed, with a notch or point at one end; often irregularly ridged and warped; finely to coarsely cellular; yellow to dark brown; wall crustose to woody; 2-5 mm. long. Fig. 285. Lonicera

dioica X 4.5

VIBURNUM Diverse;

flat

Viburnum

(pis.

801-803)

or flattish and ovate,

elliptic,

or circular, to ovoid or

globose; with rounded lengthwise ridges and grooves; wall hard but generally rather thin; 4

10

mm.

long.

Viburnum dentatum X 4.5

Fig. 286.

200

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

CUCURBITACEAE CITRULLUS

Watermelon

(pi. 5:28)

Flat, ovai-ovate, with a marginal groove

white with black margins; 10-15

mm.

on each side near the base; white, black, or

long.

CAMPANULACEAE SPECULARIA

Melon Family

Campanula Family

Venus Looking-glass

Flattish or compressed, oval to elliptic, smooth, dull to glossy;

mm.

minute, generally less than 0.5

brown, and

S. perfoliata

is

long; S. biflora

is

glossy light

broadly oval, thick, purplish brown, and

dull. Fig. 287. Specularia biflora

COMPOSITAE

X 35

Daisy Family

Seeds (achenes) diverse; many of them oblong or elongate, with or without a terminal ring (pappus) of hairs or scales; characteristics of the pappus are often

embryo with well-developed cotyledons and a broad endosperm none.

useful for identification;

stalk having a truncate top;

VERNONIA

Ironweed

Body oblong,

(pi.

665)

coarsely ridged, light brown, 3-4

mm.

long;

pappus generally purple-

tinged and longer than the body; the hairs short-plumose with very fine secondary hairs;

base of pappus encircled by a series of semitransparent,

LIATRIS

Gayfeather

(pi.

scales;

purple-tinged in

some

Boneset

(pi.

5

species;

mm.

no

long.

666)

oblong, 4- or 5- sided, black, tapering toward base and often white-tipped;

length variable, from 5

is

body generally black, hairy, narrowed toward base; about

EUPATORIUM Body

hairlike scales.

361)

Similar to Vernonia in plumose pappus, which

pappus

flat,

1.5

mm.; pappus of delicate,

mm. stiff

(as in E.

coelestinum, mikanioides, urticaefolium) to

white hairs, which are minutely plumose.

201

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

CHRYSOPSIS Body

flat,

Goldaster

(pi.

263)

ovale to elliptic-oblong; hairy; light-colored to brownish (C. graminifolia);

2-3

mm.

ring

composed of short,

long; pappus double, hairs of inner ring brownish,

stifT,

minutely plumose, outer

hairiike scales.

GRINDELIA Gumweed. Rosinweed (pi. 262) No pappus; body oblong, compressed or flat; truncate

at top,

narrowed toward base;

often arched sideways, with one edge straight or concave and the other convex; surface

marked by lengthwise {G. squarrosa) to 5

GUTIERREZIA Body

lines or irregular ridges; straw-colored or

brown; length 2

mm.

mm.

Snakeweed

(pi.

264)

oblong-ellipsoid; small (1-2

mm.

long); dark, clothed with whitish hairs; pappus

a ring of scales.

HETEROTHECA

Heterotheca

(pi.

265)

Very similar to Chrysopsis in having a double pappus with brownish pappus bristles, surrounded by hairiike scales, and in its flat, oblong-attenuate, light-colored, hairy body. The ray-flower achenes of Heterotheca are distinct in being smooth, compressedtriangular, and without pappus.

SOLIDAGO

Goldenrod

(pis.

266. 267)

ASTER Aster (pis. 667. 824) ERIGERON Fleabane(pl.268) Seeds of these extensive genera overlap considerably in characteristics.

The seed body

is

small, ordinarily 1-3

mm.

size,

shape, and other

long, oblong-cylindric to

compressed oblong-elliptic, and with a tapering base, hairy or smooth; pappus is a ring of white, minutely plumose bristles, which are often wavy near their base. Solidago seeds average smaller in their body (generally 12 mm. long) than Aster, and are more consistently hairy and oblong-cylindric; Aster seeds are rather distinct from Solidago in commonly being compressed and in having lengthwise ridges on the fairly numerous species which have smooth or nearly smooth seeds. Erigeron seeds, except for species like E. salsuginosus

,

which are comparatively large (body

2.5

mm.

long) and coarse, can

usually be distinguished from those oi Aster and Solidago by the delicate pappus on a

smaller body (1-1.5 in

mm.

long),

which

is

flattish,

yellow to brown. Erigeron seeds vary

pubescence from sparsely short-hairy to densely hairy.

IVA

Marshelder,

Sumpweed

(pis.

668. 669)

Flattish or compressed, obovate to broadly oblanceolate

or brown; dull and often scurfy; wall interior white; 2-5

202

and truncate

mm.

long.

at the top;

black

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

AMBROSIA Obovoid

Ragweed

(pis.

269-:272)

to oblanceolate, generally with spines near the

top, the spines often buttressed by ridges; 2

iO

mm.

long;

on worn seeds of the common species, A. ariemisiaefolia, the gray coal gives way to a shiny brown one, which in turn overlies successive black and usually grayish, but

F'g- ^^^- 'imhrosia

white layers.

ariemisiaefolia

RUDBECKIA Oblong

Coneflower. Black-eyed-Susan

to linear

plexicaule,

which

is

distinct in

cate; sides usually with

its

fine cross

hne lengthwise

gray-brown to black; 2 8

RATIBIDA

(pis. 273.

274)

and generally 4-sided (cylindric or compressed-cylindric

mm.

in

R.

am-

wrinkles on a black coat); upper end trun-

lines;

short pappus scales present or absent;

long.

Prairie-coneflower

(pi.

275)

Flat to compressed, oblong, sharply truncate at top and rounded at base; obscure

lengthwise lines on black or grayish black surface; with or without a pair of pappus scales;

2-3

mm.

long. R. peduncularis seeds are

margined with a fringe of fiat,

finger-like

projections.

HELIANTHUS

Sunflower

Compressed or

flattish,

(pis.

276-278)

oblong; top truncate and base narrowed; generally grayish,

with dark lengthwise streaks and mottlings; often pubescent, especially near the top, with

stiff,

upward-directed hairs; attachment area shiny; mostly about 5

in the cultivated

ENCELIA

form of//, annum the length may exceed

1

mm.

long, but

cm.

Encelia (pis. 279. 280)

Flat, broadly-oblanceolate; a

dense fringe of long white hairs on the margins and with

or without hairs elsewhere; 5-10

VERBESINA

Crownbeard

mm.

(pis.

long; E.farinosa

is

emarginate

at the top.

281-283)

compressed and oval to oblong; most species are wing-margined and have a is bordered by 2 obscure awns, but V. occidentalis is nearly oblong, wingless, and has 2 long, hornlike awns; about 5 mm. long. Flat to

deep apical notch which

MADIA

Tarweed

(pis.

284. 285)

Flattish-oblanceolate and often arched sideways; with fine lengthwise lines; black or grayish; mm. long.

3^

203

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

HEMIZONIA

Tarweed

286. 287)

(pis.

Rounded-triangular and generally with knoblike; black or grayish; 2-3

mm.

COREOPSIS

288)

Coreopsis

(pi.

broad face arched inward;

its

style

base

long.

and either circular, oval, or oblong; often arched inward like a curved potato chip; wing-margined in certain species (C. gladiata has finger-like marginal projections) and frequently tuberculate on one or both faces; 1.5 6 mm. long. Flat or flattish,

BIDENS

Sticktight (pis. 670, 671)

Linear and several-sided, to flat-oblong or flat-oblanceolate; 2 to 4 awns, which are

upward from the top, and some species have barbs on the margins of the seed body; brown to black; entire seed, including awns, 0.5-2 cm. long.

generally barbed, extend

HELENIUM

Sneezeweed

(pis.

Body obconic or oblong and

290. 291)

several-sided;

crowned with about 6 semitransparent,

broad, tapering pappus scales, which are frequently tipped by awns; entire seed 2-7 long. H. tenuifolium seeds are obconic

mm.

and have long hairs extending upward from

the base.

GAILLARDfA

Gaillardia

(pi.

289)

Body obconic; densely coated with pappus scales; brown; entire seed 5-7

ANTHEMIS

Mayweed

(pi.

stiff hairs;

mm.

292)

Usually oblong and 4-sided; crowned by a cup is

crowned by 6 or more long-awned

long.

in A. arvensis

and

tinctoria: A. cotula

club-shaped, with about 8 lengthwise, rather knobby ridges, and has a rounded top;

1.5-2

mm.

long.

ACHILLEA

Yarrow (pL 293)

Flat-oblong; truncate at the top and narrowed to a rounded base; the thin margins whitish

and the body dark; pappus none; about 2

mm.

long.

CHRYSANTHEMUM Oxeye Daisy. Chrysanthemum

(pL 294)

numerous lengthwise ridges; C. coccineum and uliginosum are cupshaped at the top; C. leucanthemum and maximum are either rounded or truncate at the top, have a prominent, knoblike style base, and a body striped with light-colored ridges Cylindric; with

alternating with dark lines; about 2-3

204

mm.

long.

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

CIRSIUM

Thistle (pis. 295. 296)

Body compressed, lanceolate-oblong; top cup-shaped and usually tilted slightly sideways; body narrowed to a rounded base and marked by obscure lengthwise lines; gray to dark brown, smooth; 3 6 mm. long; pappus composed of many long, plumose bristles,

which are united

CENTAUREA Body

at the

Starthistle.

base into a readily detached ring.

Centaurea

(pis.

297-299)

cyiindric or compressed-cylindric, elliptic-obovate or elliptic-oblong; top trun-

cate; base asymmetric and notched, or in

some

species, the base

is

narrowed and arched

hook; pappus white or tawny, persistent or deciduous, composed of stiff, bristlescales, makmg the seed look like a shaving brush; body smooth, gray to black; 2.5 5

like a like

mm.

long.

SILYBUM

Milk Thistle

(pi.

300)

Body compressed oblong-lanceolate; top cup-shaped, tilted slightly sideways, and enbody black with white collar; 7X3X2 mm.; pappus

closing a large, knoblike style base;

deciduous.

CICHORIUM

Chicory

(pi.

301)

compressed and arched-oblong; top truncate and fringed with a ring of stubby scales; body narrowed into a rounded base and minutely cross-wrinkled; brown or mottled; 2 X X 0.75 mm. Slightly

1

SERINEA

Serinea

(pi.

302)

narrowed toward base; marked with about 12 lengthwise, finely cross-wrinkled ridges; reddish brown or purplish brown; about 1 mm. long and less than half as wide; pappus none. Elliptic-cylindric;

TARAXACUM

Dandelion

(pi.

303)

and somewhat 4-angled; narrowed toward both ends; tubercles or teeth near the upper end of the lengthwise ridges; yellow or straw-colored; 3^ mm. long; the pappus delicate, white, and appearing like an inverted umbrella on a

Body

flattish-oblanceolate

long handle.

SONCHUS Body

flat,

Sowthistle

and

elliptic

(pi.

304)

or lanceolate-elliptic; similar to Lactuca in shape, ridging, and

minute wrinkling, but smaller, about 3 mm. long, and more obtuse reddish brown; pappus bristles long, soft, delicate, deciduous.

at ends;

brown or

205

IDENTIFICATION CLUES

LACTUCA Body

Wild-lettuce

flat, elliptic to

(pis.

305. 306)

apical end broadens again into a terminal disc: ridges,

and

is

which are

finely

cross-marked, but L. canadensis has only

finely cross-wrinkled

similarly cross-marked;

cept in L. saliva, which

HIERACIUM Body

is

Hawkweed

206

2-4

mm.

delicate, deciduous;

cream-colored; body 4-5

(pi.

conspicuous ridge

which long;

body grayish brown

mm.

is

to black, ex-

long.

307)

body narrowed toward base and marked by about 10 in some species are finely cross-marked; dark reddish pappus bristles stifT, delicate, in a single series.

cylindric; top truncate;

to black;

1

over the whole surface, while L. spicata has 2 ridges and

pappus

distinct lengthwise ridges,

brown

though in L. spicata the most species have about 8 lengthwise

lanceolate; pointed near both ends,

Selected Bibliography

Family Characters Investigations in Seed Classification by Family Characteristics.

Duane

Isely.

Iowa Agr.

Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 351. 1947.

Seed Characters of Selected Plant Families. David Sci. 31:649-682. 1957.

Weed Seed Drawings. Pis. 1-15.

U.

S.

S.

McClure. Iowa State Coll. Jour.

Seeds

Dept. Agr., Office of Information, Division of Photog-

raphy. [Fifteen sheets of photograph reproductions of excellent seed drawings,

twenty-four species per page.]

Unkrautsamen [Weed

Seeds].

Emil Korsmo. Oslo, Grondahl

Woody Graines Trees:

et plantules

&

Sons, 1935.

Plants

des coniferes. R. Hickel. Macon, France, 1911, 1914.

The Yearbook of

Agriculture, 1949. Washington, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1949.

Woody-Plant Seed Manual. U.

S.

Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 654. 1948.

Comparative Morphology The Comparative

Internal

Morphology of

Seeds. Alexander C. Martin.

Am.

Midi.

Nat. 36:513-660. 1946.

Seed Testing Manual

for Testing Agricultural

and Vegetable Seeds. U.

S.

Dept. Agr.

Handbook

30.

1952.

Families and Genera Atriplex An Illustrated

Flora of the Pacific States. Leroy Abrams. Vol.

2.

Stanford, CaHf.,

Stanford Univ. Press, 1944.

Betula A Seed Key

for Five Northeastern Birches.

Frank

E.

Cunningham. Jour. For. 55:844-

845. 1957.

207

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brassica Distinguishing Species of Brassica by Their Seeds. Albina F. Musil. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Misc. Publ. 643. 1948.

Seeds and Seedlings of the Genus Brassica. Jean

M. McGugan. Canad.

Jour. Res.,

Sec. C, 26:520-587. 1948.

Seeds of Commercial Species of Brassica. Albina F. Musil. Proc. Assn. Offic. Seed Anal. 34:132-138. 1942.

Carex North American Cariccae. K. K. MacKenzie.

New

York, N. Y. Bot. Card., 1941.

Chenopodium Seeds of the North American Species of Chenopodium. Sister Master's Thesis, Univ. Notre

Dame.

M.

Angelita Conley.

1938.

COMPOSITAE Akenes of Some Compositae. Anita Mary Blake. N. Dak. Agr.

Coll. Bull. 218. 1928.

Cruciferae Seeds of the Cruciferae of Northeastern North America. Margaret R. Murley.

Am.

Midi. Nat. 46:1-81. 1951.

CUSCUTA Seeds of Dodder Occurring with Crop Seeds. Albina F. Musil. Washington, U. Dept. Agr., Bur.

PI. Ind., Soils

S.

and Agr. Eng., 1944.

Cyperus

A

Revision of the Subgenus Eucyperus Found de Paul McGivney. Cath. Univ. Am. Publ.,

in the

United States. Sister

M. Vincent

Biol. Ser., 26. 1928.

Eleocharis

A

Flora of the Marshes of CaUfornia. Herbert L. Mason. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Univ. Calif. Press, 1957. [Cited, after

Monographic Studies

in the

Genus

first

reference, as Mason.]

Eleocharis.

H. K. Svenson. Rhodora 31:121-135,

152-163, 167-191, 199-219, 224-242; 34:193-203, 215-227; 36:377-389; 39:210-231,

236-273;41:l-!9, 43-77, 90-110. 1929, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939.

Erodium Alfileria (Filaree) Seed.

William A. Dayton. Rhodora 39:323-325. 1937.

Euphorbia Canada and the United States, Exclusive of Southern Florida. Louis Cutter Wheeler. Rhodora 43:97-154, 168-205, 223-286.

Euphorbia, Subgenus Chamaesyce. in 1941.

Geraniaceae

A

Seed Key to Fourteen Species of Geraniaceae. Margaret R. Murley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 51:241-246. 1944.

Gramineae Manual of

the Grasses of the United States. A. S. Hitchcock. 2d ed., rev. by

Chase. U.

208

S.

Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 200. 1950.

Agnes

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leguminosae Anatomical Characters of the Seeds of Leguminosae, Chiefly Genera of Gray's Manual. L. H. Pammel. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 9:91-263. 1899.

Polygonum Identifying

Polygonum

Seeds. Alexander C. Martin. Jour. Wildl.

Mgmt.

18:514-520.

1954.

POTAMOGETON Identifying

Mgmt.

Pondweed Seeds Eaten by Ducks. Alexander C. Martin.

Jour. Wildl.

15:253-258. 1951.

Rhynchospora Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora. Indies. Shirley Gale.

in

Canada, the United

States,

and the West

Rhodora 46:89-134, 159-197, 207-249, 255-278.

1944.

Umbelliferae Umbelliferae Sci.

in

Iowa, with Seed Keys. Margaret R. Murley. Iowa State Coll. Jour.

20:349-364. 1946.

209

Index

This index

based primarily on genus and family names, both scientific and plates 308-510 are indicated by italic numbers because

is

common. Photographic

they are duplicates of plates in the preceding series, 1-307.

/4A/«. pis. 678. 679:

Abronia.

Acacia. Acacia,

Acalvpha.

fig. 6; p.

383:

pis. 69,

fig.

fig.

180: p.

176

Acer. pis. 752-755:

Aceraceae,

193: p. 178

fig.

178

p.

293:p. 204

/lc/2/7/ea. pi.

Aeschvnomene,

pis.

144. 481:

fig.

161: p.

171'

736:

fig.

155: p. 170

fig.

202: p. 181

Amphicarpa. pi. 815: fig. 167: p. 173 Amsinckia. pis. 225-221. 4 1 3: p. 194 Anacardiaceae. p. 177 Anacharis (Elodea), pi. 543: fig. 22: p. 132 Andropogon. pis. 42, 43, 308: p. 133 n. 3 Aneilema. Aneilema. pi. 626: fig. 44: p. 139

Anemone. Anemone,

pis. 87,

317:

113;

fig.

p. 159

Agrimonia.

pis. Ill,

Agrimony,

pis.

Agropyron.

pi. 10:

Agrostemma. Agrostis,

1

1

330: p. 167 330: p. 167 p. 133 n. 3

pis. 80.

pi. 16: p.

446:

133

fig.

pi.

690:

fig.

99: p. 155

n. 3

Arabis. pis. 105. 106, 324: p. 163 Aralia. Aralia, pis. 770, 771: fig. 225: p. 187

Aralia family, p. 187 Araliaceae. p. 187 Arbutus, pi. 779: fig. 237: p. 189 Arctostaphvlos. pis. 777. 778: 236: p. 189

59: p. 143

Alsike. pis. 127.477

Amaranthaceae.

p. 153

Amaranthiis.

65-67. 436. 644. 645:

pis.

Anlhemis. pis. 292. 374: p. 204 pl.814:p. 172 Apple, pi. 712: p. 164 Aquifoliaceae. p. 178 /Ip/a^.

1.

Aizoaceae. p. 154 Alder, pi. 690: p. 143 Alfalfa, pi. 522: p. 169 Alismaceae. p. 132 Alnus.

pi.

Ainpelopsis. pi. 765:

731, 732: p. 167

pis.

180-182. 368:

pis.

Amorpha.

125

88: p. 153

fig.

86: p. 153

Amaryllidaceae. p. 141 Amarvllis family, p. 141 Ambrosia, pis. 269-272, 329. 433: fia. 288: p. 203 Amelanchier. p\. Ill: fig. 131: p. 165

Argemone.

pis. 90.

359:

fig.

fiss.

234-

120: p. 161

Arislida. pi. 21: p. 133 n. 3

Aronia.\^\.l\S:fig. 133; p. 165

Arrowhead, pis. 623-625; Arrow-wood, pi. 801 Asclepiadaceae.

p.

132

p. 191

Asclepias. pis. 212. 320:

fig.

249: p. 191

211

INDEX

Ascvrum. pi. 818; p. 183 Ash. pis. 788. 789: p. 190

Blueberry,

Aster. Aslcr. pis. 667, 824: p. 202

Astragalus, pis. 141. 142. 4H4:

(ig.

160: p.

171

A triplex,

pis. 60, 61.

312. 435:

82: p.

fig.

152

A vena. Avens,

pis. 12, 514; p.

133 n. 3

i25. p. 167

pis. 110,

pis.

782, 783; p. 189

Bluecurls, pis. 238, iii; p. 195 Blue-eyed-grass, pi. 630; p. 142

Bluegrass, pis.

7, 8; p.

133 n. 3

Bluestem, pis. 43, 30H: p. 133 n. 3 Blueweed.pls. 231,^/^.p. 194 Boehmeria. pi. 810: fig. 67: p. 146 Boerhaavia. pis. 68, 423: fig. 87; p. 153 Boneset, pi. 666; p. 201

Borage family,

p. 193

Barharea.

pis. 102. 103.

Boraginaceae. p. 193 Bouncingbet. pi. 84: p. 156 Bouteloua. pis. 25. 26, 405: Boxelder. pi. 754

Barberry,

pis.

Brasenia.

Bacopa.

212: p. 198 Balsam family, p. 179 Balsaminaceae, p. 179 p\.

664:

{\g.

469: p. 163 88,-^02 .p. 159

Barberry family, Barley, pis.

1

1,

159

p.

513; p. 133 n

Beakrush,pls. 597, 598; Bean, pis. \6i,4H2. 525. Bearberry,

p.

p. 173

Buckwheat family, fig.

1

14; p.

Bermudagrass, fif/u/fl. pi.

689;

fig.

200; p. 180

pi. 24; p. fig.

133 n. 3

58: p. 143

Betulaceae, p. 142 fi/We/?.?. pis. 670, 671;p. 204

Bignonia family, p. 198 Bignoniaceae. p. 198 Bindweed.pls. 214, 4// Birch,

pi.

213, 382:

pi.

662; p. 196

Bullgrass. pi. 32; p. 133 n. 3 Bulrush, pis. 599-612: p. 137

Bumelia. Bumelia. pi. 785: Bunchberry. pi. 772

Bundleflower.

pis.

112.

fig.

241; p. 190

113. 395. 462: p.

pis. \25.480:p. 169 Burreed. pis. 62l,622:p. 127 Burreed family, p. 127

Burclover,

Butter-and-cggs.

Bittersweet, pi. 750; p. 178 Bittersweet family, p. 178

Buttercup family,

Bitterweed, pis. 290, 350 Black Locust, pi. 737; p. 170

Buttonbush,pl.795;p. 199 Buttonweed, pis. 260. 342: p. 199

Buttercup,

273, 396: p. 203

Blackgum,pl.769;p. 188 Blackhaw. pi. 803

2D

3

167

689: p. 143

pis.

250:

p. 147

Birch family, p. 142 Bird Rape, pi. 101

Blackberry, p. 166 Black-eyed-Susan,

fig.

BufTaloberrv.pl. 768: p. 185 BulTalobur. pis. 249, 492

Bugleweed,

159 758;

pis.

192

Bristlegrass. pis. 38-40; p. 133 n. 3

777; p. 189

pi.

108; p. 158

Bronms. pis. 1-3; fig. 24; p. 133 n. Broomsedge. pi. 42; p. 133 n. 3 Browntop. pi. 574; p. 133 n. 3 Buckbrush.pl. 760: p. 180 Buckhorn. pis. 258. 502 Buckthorn, pis. 756, 757; p. 179 Buckthorn family, p. 179 Buckwheat, pi. 521; p. 151

p. 137

Beautyberry, pi. 792; p. 195 Bedstraw, pis. 821-823; p. 199 Beebalm, pis. 242, ^97; p. 195 Beech, pi. 691: fig. 60; p. 144 Beech family, p. 143 Berberidaceae. p. 159 Berheris. pis. 88. 89. 402. 407:

Berchemia.

fig.

Breweria, Breweria,

3

p. 167

pi.

554;

133 n. 3

Brassica. pis. 100, \0\,364: p. 163

Bayberry, pl.686:p. 142 Beadruby, pi. 807; p. 140

Bean family,

pi.

p.

pis.

pis.

254, 319: p. 197

647-652;

p. 158

p. 158

Butterflypea, pis. 157,-^75 .p. 172

Cactaceae. p. 184 Cactus, pis. 205, 206, 379. 487: pp. 184, 185

INDEX

Cactus family,

Chess,

184

p.

Calancirinia. pis. 73, 439;

California-poppy,

Caltrop family,

Campanula

fig.

171,4%.-

pis.

93; p.

358;

pis. 91,

Callicarpa. pi. 792:

Caltrop,

fig.

1

54

Chicory,

p. 161

p. 175

Campanulaceae, p. 201 Campion, pis. 83, 445: p. 56 CanadaThistle, pis. 295, i92 1

Caper

516, 566; p. 133 n. 3

pis.

family, p. 162

Capparidaceae.

Cirsium.

Caprifoiiaceae, p. 200

Carpinus.

pi.

687;

Caryophyllaceae.

Cashew

57; p. 143

family, p. 177 figs.

145-

147; p. 168

pis. 95,

452:

Caslilleja. pis. 256, 376: fig. 274; p. 198

794; p. 198

fig.

Commelina. p.

pis. 46, 47,

Condalia. Condalia,

Celaslnis. pi. 750;

fig.

Celt Is. pis. 699, 700;

Cenchrm.

fig.

Ceniaurea. Centaurea. 504: p. 205

Ce-mw.

pi.

pis. 204.

Chamaecrista.

549;

297-299. 349.

pis.

fig.

226; p. 187

pis. 117. 118.

Cornbind. 464:

figs.

pi.

199; p.

fig.

251; p.

148.

3

Checkermallow, pis. 192, 490: Chenopodiaceae, p. 151 Chenopodiwu. pis. 56-58, 434: p. 151

p. 181

Conms.

p. 188

pis.

421 111-115: figs. 229-231;

78-80;

pi.

718;

fig.

Creosote,

p.

188

134; p. 165

Covvpea. pi. 524; p. 172 Crabgrass, pis. 27-29, 311: Crataegus,

figs.

565; p. 133 n. 3

pis. 55.

Cotoneasier.

Cherrv.pls. 726-729;

fig.

Coonlail. pi. 549; p. 157 Coontail family, p. 157 Copperleaf, pis. 180-182, i65.- p. 176 Coralberry. pi. 797; p. 200

Cornaceae.

104; p. 157

fig.

133 n.

759;

Coreopsis. Coreopsis, pis. 288. 322: p. 204 Corispennuin. pis. 62. 318: fig. 83; p. 152

44 /.p. 184

pi. 3; p.

pi.

180

Cordgrass,

149; p. 168

Cheatgrass.

45;

fig.

192

Centrosema. pis. 157. 475: p. 172 Cephalanthus. pi. 795; fig. 277; p. 199 Cerastium. pis. 79. 493: fig. 98; p. 155 Ceralophyllaceae. p. 157 Ceraiophvlliim.

381. 494:

Convolvulus, pis. 214. 215.4//.-

63; p. 145 n. 3

Ceniella. Centella. pi. 659;

257;

Coneflower. pi. 274; p. 203 Convolvulaceae. p. 191

191; p. 178

133

pi. 41; p.

fig.

139

Cattail family, p. 126 198; p. 180

162

193

Commelinaceae, p. 138 Compositae, p. 201

fig.

p.

115; p. 159

Catchfiv, pis. 81.82.444. p. 156 Cattail, pi. 620; p. 126

Ceanothus. pis. 760. 761; Celastraceae, p. 178

p. 162

Cockle, pis. 80, 466.- p. 155 Coffeeweed, pis. 143. 390: p. 170 Collomia. Collomia. pis. 223, 500: p.

pi.

166

pl.6l5;fig. 4l;p. 138

Clammvweed,

Cocculus. p\.S\2:

p. 155

Cassia, pis. 114, 115, 461. 463:

Caialpa. Calalpa.

p.

Cleome. pis. 94, 95, 453: fig. 125; Clover, pis. 126-130. 477; p. 169

p. 154

fig.

485:

pis.

295, 296, 392: p. 205

pis.

C/a^//(//».

p. 138

pis.

Carpetweed family,

pis. 108. 109,

55

1

205

Ciinillus. pi. 528; p. 201

162

49,V.- p.

616-619; figs. 42, 43; Carpetweed, pis. 72, 44H: p. 154 Carex.

443. 493: p.

pis. 301, J9/,- p.

Cinquefoil.

p. 162

Ca/).sW/a. pis. 98,

pis. 78. 79,

Chocolate family, p. 182 Chocolateweed, p. 182 Chokcberry, pi. 715; p. 165 Chrvsanthemum. Chrvsanthemum, 294, 3H7: p. 204 Chrvsopsis. pis. 263. 348: p. 202 Chufa, pl.582 Cichohum. pis. 301, 391: p. 205

261; p. 195 p. 175

family, p. 201

Canarygrass,

133 n. 3

pi. 1; p.

Chickweed.

p. 133 n. 3

pis. 719, 720; fig. 135; p. 165

pi.

738; p. 175

Crotalaria. Crotalaria, pis. 119. 120. 483: p.

166

fig.

150; p. 168

213

1

INDEX

Crown,

178, 557. 3H4. 459; figs.

174

pis.

177, 178; p. 176

Crowberry,

Crowberry

pi.

583;

fig.

27; p.

136

739; p. 177

pi.

Ebenaceae.

family, p. 177

Crowfootgrass,

Crownbeard,

Dulichium. Dulichium.

pis. 23,

476:

p.

133

Ebony

n. 3

281-283, 323. 327:

pis.

p.

203

190

p.

family, p. 190

Echinocactus.

206. 379:

pis.

218 220;

figs.

p. 185

Cruciferae,

p.

162

Cucurbitaceae, p. 201 Cuscuia. pis. 220, 362: fig. 254: p. 192 Cutgrass, Giant, pi. 569; p. 133 n. 3 Cutgrass, Rice, pi. 567; p. 133 n. 3 Cycloloma. pis. 59, 315. 454: fig. 8 1 p. 5 Cv'«T/ca, pi. 686;

p.

163

440: p. 194 55; p. 142

fig.

107; p. 158

133 n. 3

83, i52; p. 176 fig.

105; p. 157

p. 153

Nymphaea, pis. 551, 552; Nymphaeaceae, p. 157

Oak,

pis.

769;

fig.

106; p. 157

fig.

232; p. 188

692-696;

61; p. 144

fig.

Oats, pi. 514; p. 133 n. 3 Oats, Wild, pi. 12; p. 133 n. 3 Oenothera, pis. 207-209, 313, 332, 429: p. 186 Oleaceae, p. 190 Olive family, p. 190

Onagraceae,

p. 185

Opuntia.

202, 203, 455:

p.

pis.

figs.

214, 215;

184

Oregongrape, pis. 89, 407 Oryza.p\.5\l:p. 133 n. 3 Osage-orange, pi. 701; p. 146 Ostrya, pi. 688; fig. 56; Oxalidaceae, p. 174

p. 143

Oxalis, Oxalis, pis. 165, 451:

fig.

171; p.

174 Oxalis family, p. 174 Oxeye Daisy, pis. 294, 387: p. 204 Oxybaphus. pis. 70, 377: fig. 89; p. 153 Paintbrush,

252, 425; p. 197

Muscadine, pi. 764 Mustard, pis. 100, i64; Mustard family, p. 162

3

fig.

17; p. 1

550;

Nvclaginaceae,

family, p. 191

n. 3

629

809; p. 146

Mesquite, pi. 733; p. 167 Milkpea, pis. 162, 474; p. 173 Milk Thistle, pis. 300, 393: p. 205

Milkweed

133

pi. 18; p. pi.

Nettle family, p. 146 Nightshade, pis. 246, 248, 456: p. 196 Nightshade family, p. 196

160

Menlzelia, pis. 200, 201, 321. 385:

Mermaidweed,

223; p.

fig.

202

292, 374: p. 204 Medicago. pis. 125, 4H0. 522; fig. 151; p. 169 pis.

Melilotus. pis.

557, 558;

pis.

187

556; p. 186

pi.

p. 142

Myricaceae,

178

family, p. 178

pis.

256, 376: p. 198

Panicum, Panicum, pis. 34-37, 310, 520, 571-574; fig. 24; p. 133 n. 3 Papaver,

pis. 92,

363:

figs.

Papaveraceae, p. 161 Pahetaria, pi. 81 1; fig. 68;

122, 123; p. 161 p. 146

Parsley family, p. 187

217

INDEX

pi.

766:

pi.

820; p. 199

Partridgepea,

pis.

17,

1

Paspalum. Paspalum, fig.

fig.

Plum,

203; p. 181

Parthenocissus.

Partridgeberry,

464: p. 168 31-33, 309. 570;

18,

1

pis.

24; p. 133 n. 3

Passifiora. pis. 198, 199, 450:

211; p.

fig.

183 Passifloraceae, p. 183 pis. 198, 199, ^50; p. 183 Passionflower family, p. 183 Pear, pi. 713; p. 164 Peavine, pis. 155, 156, i56; p. 172

Passionflower,

Pedalia family, p. 198 Pedaiiaceae, p. 198 Pellitory, pl.811;p. 146

Pennyroyal, False,

Poison-ivy,

366: p. 195

pis. 241,

p.

175

Polygalaceae, p. 175 Polygonaceae, p. 147

Polygonatum. pi. 806; fig. 50; p. 140 Polygonum, pis. 53-55, 418. 420. 42 1. 63\71-76:

figs.

786; p. 190

pi. 627; fig. 47: p. 140 Pontederiaceae, p. 139 Popcornflower, pis. 232, 233, 506: p. 194

Poppy,

pis. 92, i6i.- p. 161

Poppy

family, p. 161 Portulaca. pis. 75. 76. 447:

Phaseolus. pis. 163, 482. 525; p. 173 Phleum.p\.5\5\^. 133 n. 3

Possumhaw,

Phlox family,

p. 192

Physalis. pis. 250, 251, 457,-

677;

267; p. 196

154

125

Pickerelweed, pi. 627, p. 140 Pickereiweed family, p. 139 Pigweed, pis. 65-67, 436: p. 153

Pigweed family,

13-16; p.

109, 485:

140; p.

fig.

pi.

559;

fig.

224; p. 187

520; p. 133 n. 3 Prosopis. pis. 733, 734; fig. 141; p. 167 pi.

Prunella, pis. 240, 505: p. 196 figs. 2, 3; p.

Prunus.

125

pis.

726-730;

Pseudotsuga.

pi.

681:

fig.

138: p. 166

fig. 8: p.

126

Psoralea. ph. 138, 47/ .p. 169 figs.

2 4; p. 125

257-259, 428. 502:

p. 199

Plantain, pis. 257, 259, 428: p. 199 Plantain family, p. 199

Platanaceae, p. 164 Platanus.p\.l\\:'ng. 128:

218

figs.

Prairie-coneflower, pis. 275, 337: p. 203 Prairiestar, pis. 200, 201, i2/. 385: p. 183

Proserpinaca.

Plagiohothrys. pis. 232, 233, 506: p. 194 Plantaginaceae, p. 199 pis.

748 529-539;

pis.

127

Proso,

p. 153

Pine family, p. 125 Pink family, p. 155 Pinus. pis. dll-blb:

Plantago.

55

Privet! pi. 790; p. 191

Pinaceae, p. 125 Pine, pis. (ylldld,

1

Pricklypear. pis. 202, 203, 455: p. 184 Pricklypoppy. pis. 90. 359: p. 161

154

p.

fig. 5; p.

95: p.

166

pis. 71, 4i7,- fig. 90; p.

Phytolaccaceae, P/cf'a. pi.

fig.

fig.

154

Potentilla. pis. 108,

P/iorm/a, pl.714;fig. 130; p. 165

Phytolacca,

p.

pi.

Potamogeton.

258: p. 193

13-16; p.

family, p. 127

Portulacaceae.

fig.

figs.

Pontederia.

Phalaris. pis. 516, 566; p. 133 n. 3

Phlox. Phlox, pis. 224, 501:

147

p.

529 539;

pis.

127

Pondweed figs.

740; p. 178

pi.

Pokeberry, pis. 71,^i7,p. 154 Pokeberry family, p. 154 Polanisia. pis. 93, 452: fig. 124; p. 162 Polemoniaceae, p. 192 Polygala.'^h. 172, 173, i^/; figs. 175, 176;

642;

270, 271; p. 197 Peppervine, pi. 765; p. 181 Pepperweed, pis. 96, 97, 314. 369. 508: p. 162 pi.

730; p. 166

Pondweed,

Pennywort, pi. 660; p. 187 Penstemon. Penstemon, pis. 255, 431 :

Persimmon,

pi.

/'oa, pis. 7, 8; p. 133 n. 3

p.

164

fig.

276;

Puncturevine. pis. 170, 328: p. 175 Purpletop. pi. 6; p. 133 n. 3 Purslane, pis. 75, 76, 447; p. 155 Purslane family, p. 154 Pyrus.p\.7\3:p. 164

Quackgrass, pi. 10; p. 133 n. 3 Queen-Annes-lace. p. 188 Queensdelight. pis. 184, 460. 653;

p. 176

1

INDEX

Quercus.

pis.

692 696;

fig.

Saltgrass, pis. 563, 564; p. 133 n. 3

61: p. 144

Salvia, ph. 243, 244, 442; p. 196

Ragweed,

269 272, 329. 433: p. 203 Ranunculaceae, p. 158 Ranunculus, pts. 647 652: figs. 109 1: pis.

1

1

p.

Sapodilla family, p. 190 Saponaria. pi. 84; figs. 102, 103; p. 156 Sapotaceae. p. 190

158

Raspberrv, pi. 723; p. 166 Ratihida. ph. 275, 337; p. 203 Redcedar. pi. 682: p. 126 Redmaids, pis. 73,^i9,p. 154 Redtop, pi. 16; p. 133 n. 3 Rescuegrass. pi. 2; p. 133 n. 3

Rhamnaceae, p. 179 Rhamnus. ph. 756, 757;

figs.

Sambucus. pi. 796; fig. 283; p. 200 Sandbar, pi. 41; p. 133 n. 3 Sandverbena. pis. 69, 383; p. 153

Sassafras. Sassafras, pi. 707;

Sawgrass, pi. 615; p. 138 Schrankia. pis. 16, 372; fig. 142; p. 167 Scirpus. pis. 599-612; figs. 34-38; p. 137 Selena. Scleria, pis. 613, 614; fies. 39. 40;

195-197;

p.

p.

137

Rhus. pis. 741-744: figs. 187, 188; p. 177 Rhvnchosia. Rhvnchosia, pis. 158, 470; p. i73 Rhynchospora. pis. 597, 598; fig. 33; p. 137

Screwbean.

Rice.pl. 517; p. 133 n. 3

Seablite, pi. 643; p. 152

RiceCutgrass, pi. 567; p. 133 n. Ringwing, pis. 59, 315. 454; p.

1

3 5

737; fig. 158; p. 170 Rockcress, pis. 105, 106, 324; p. 163 Rosa. pis. 724, 725; fig. 136; p. 166 Rosaceae, p. 164 Rose. pis. 724, 725; p. 166 Rose family, p. 164 Rosemallow, pis. 654, 655; p. 182 Rosinweed, p. 202 Rubiaceae. p. 199 Rubus. pis. 721-723: fig. 137; p. 166 Rudbeckia. pis. 273, 27^4, 396; p. 203 Rumex. ph. 51. 52. 417. 422; fig. 70; p. 147 Ruppia.p\.5AQ:fig. 17; p. 131 Rush. pis. 628. 629; p. 140 Rush family, p. 140 Russianolive, pi. 767: p. 185 /?o^/>7/a. pi.

Sage, pis. 243, 244, 442; p. 196 1

;

p.

1

Scutellaria, pis. 239, 334. 360; p. 195

Sea-purslane, pi. 646; p. 154 Secale.p\.5\2\p. 133 n. 3 Sedge, pis. 6 16-6 19; p. 138

Sedge family, Senna,

pis.

16.

Serinea. Serinea. pis. 302, 386; p. 205 pi. 717; p. 165

Sesame,

527; p. 198 527: fig. 275; p. 198 Sesbania. pis. 143, 390; fig. 159; p. 170 pi.

Sesamum.

pi.

Sesuvium.

pi.

646:

fig.

Setaria. pis. 38-40:

Sheep Sorrel, Shepherdia.

92; p. 154

fig.

24; p. 133 n. 3

pis. 51. -^7 7

pi.

768;

Shepherds-purse,

fig.

221; p. 185

pis. 98.

Sida. Sida, pis. 194, 409;

498;

p.

162

207; p. 182 205; p. 181

fig.

fig.

32

fig. 100; p. 156 Silybum. pis. 300, 393; p. 205 Sisymbrium, pis. 99. 499; p. 163 Sisvrinchium. pi. 630; fig. 54; p. 142 Skullcap, pis. 239. 334. 360; p. 195 Skunkbush. pi. 744 Smartweed, pis. 631-633, 637-641; 74, 75; p. 147

Smilax.

i/2. 435; p. 152

1

Serviceberry,

Smilacina.

pis. 60. 61.

461. 463; p. 168 372; p. 167

14, 115,

1

Sensitivebrier, pis.

Salsola. pis. 64. 316. 380; p. 152

Saltbush.

p. 135

Selfheal, pis. 240, 505.- p. 196

Andrewscross, pi. 818: p. 183 St. Johnswort.pl. 817; p. 183 St. Johnsworl family, p. 182 Salmonberry. pi. 722 St.

734; p. 167

Silene. pis. 81, 82, 444;

133 n. 3

Sagillaria. pis. 623-625: figs. 20. 2

pi.

Scrophulariaceae, p. 197 Scurfpea. pis. 138,47/, p. 169

Sidalcea. pis. 192, 490;

Russianthistle. pis. 64, 316. 380; p. 152 Rye, pi. 512; p. 133 n. 3 pis. 13. 14; p.

119; p.

1

179

Ryegrass,

fig.

160

pi.

805;

fig.

figs.

49; p. 140

684. 685; fig. 52; p. 141 Snailseed.pl. 812: p. 159 pis.

219

INDEX

Snakeweed, pis. 264, 388: p. 202 Sneezeweed, pi. 291: p. 204 Snowberry, pi. 798: p. 200 Soapwort, p. 156 Soja (synonym of Glycine), p. 172 Solanaceae,

Solanwn,

p.

figs.

265,

266; p. 196 Solidago. pis. 266, 267, 347: p. 202 Solomonseal, pi. 806; p. 140

Sorbus.p\.l\(i\fvg. 132; p. 165 pis. 44, 518, 519; p. 133 n. 3

Sorghum, Sorghum,

Sorrel, Sheep, pis. 'S\,417

Sowthistle, pl.304;p.205

Soybean,

331 509: .

p. 152

pis. 276-278, 401. 503: p. 203 Supplejack, pi. 758; p. 180 Sweetclover, pis. 136, 137,^79; p. 169 Sweetgum, pi. 709; p. 164 Switchgrass, pi. 573; p. 133 n. 3 Sycamore, pi. 71 1; p. 164 Sycamore family, p. 164 Symphoricarpos. pis. 797, 798; fig. 284; p.

200

11,

figs.

12; p.

127 565; p. 133 n. 3

pi.

Spatterdock, Specularia,

pis. 63,

668, 669; p. 202 Sundrops, pis. 209, 332 pis.

523; p. 172

pi.

Sparganiaceae, p. 127 Sparganium, pis. 621, 622; Spartina,

Sumpweed, Sunflower,

140

p.

pi.

fig.

550; p. 157

287; p. 201

Tansymustard, pi. 104; p. 163 Taraxacum, pis. 303, 399: p. 205 Tarweed, pis. 284-287, 406. 415: pp. 203, 204 Tearthumb, pis. 634, 642 Tecoma. p\. 793: p. 198

Speedwell, pi. 819; p. 198 Spergula. pis. 77, 354. 458: fig. 96; p. 155 Sphaeralcea. pis. \9\,488: fig. 204; p. 181 Spicebush, pi. 708; p. 160 Spiderflower, pis. 94, 95, 453: p. 162

fig. 157; p. 170 Teucrium. pis. 237, 361 : fig. 262; p. 195 Thimbleberry, pi. 721 Thistle, pis. 295, 296, 392: p. 205 Thistle, Milk, pis. 300, 393: p. 205

Spiderling, pis. 68, 423: p. 153 Spiderwort, pis. 48, 495: p. 139

Three-awn,

p. 133

n.3 Sprangletop, pi. 562; p. 133 n. 3 Spruce, pi. 677; p. 125 Spurge, pis. 185-189, 367. 426. 449: p. 177

Spurge family, pis. 77,

p. !75

205

Stellaria. pis. 78, 443: fig. 97; p.

1

55

184, 460. 653;

pis. 62, pi.

Toadflax, pis. 253. ^27; p. 197 Toxicodendron, pi. 740; fig. 189; p. 178 Toyon, pi. 714; p. 165 Tradescanlia. pis. 48, 495: fig. 46; p. 139 Tragia. pis. 183, 352: fig. 181; p. 176 Trapa, pi. 555; p. 186 p. 186

Trihulus. p\s.

MO, 328:

Trichoslema.

pis. 238.

Tridens.

pi. 6; p.

fig.

182; p.

Triiicum.

pi. 51 1: p.

Trumpetvine,

pi.

Tuliptree.

Strawberry,

Tumblemustard.

220

p.

175 fig.

263: p. 195

n. 3 fig.

152; p.

166

133

n. 3

793; p. 198

r^Mgfl, pl.680;fig. 7;p. 126

Slinkgrass, pis. 9, 365: p. 133 n. 3 Stipa.pX. 18; p. 133 n.3

486:

133

p.

333:

169

176

pis. 107,

318: p. 152

515; p. 133 n. 3

Trifolium. pis. 126-130, 477:

StercutiaceaS, p. 182 Sticktighl, pis. 670, 671; p. 204 Stillingia. pis.

Tickseed,

Timothy,

Trapaceae,

354. 458: p. 155

Stargrass. Yellow, pi. 808; p. 141 Starthistle, pi. 297; p.

Tephrosia. pis. 140, 467:

pi. 21; p. 133 n. 3 Tickclover, pis. 145-147, 475.- p. 171

Spikenard, pi. 771 Spikerush, pis. 584-594; p. 136 Sporobolus. pis. 19, 20. 507: fig. 24;

Spurry,

fig.

5Ma^^a. pi. 643: fig. 85; p. 152 Sudangrass, pi. 518; p. i33 n. 3 Sumac, pis. 741-743; p. 177

Summer-cypress,

Solomonseal, False, pi. 805; Sonchus. pi. 304; p. 205

161, i7/. 394:

169; p. 173

196

246-249, 456. 492:

pis.

Strophoslvles. pis. 159

pi.

704; p. 160 pis. 99.

499:

p.

163

INDEX

Turke\ mullein, pis. 179,-/^. T\pha.p\.blQA\«. 10: p. 126 Typhaceae, p. 126

Ulmaceae.

p.

p.

Waterhemp.

176

Waterliiy. pis. 551. 552; p. 157 Waterlih family, p. 157

145

Watermelon,

pi. 528; p. 201 Watermilfoil, pis. 557. 558; p. 187 Watermilfoil family, p. 186 Waierplantain family, p. 132

Ulmus. pis. 697. 698; fig. 62: p. 145 Umbelliferae. p. 187 Umbrellavvort. pis. 70. 377: p. 153 Uniola. Uniola. pi. 804: p. 133 n. 3 t/r//Vo.

pl.809:fig. 66:p. 146

Urticaceae, p. 146

Vaccinium. 189

pis.

782 784:

Vallisneria. pi. 547:

Velvetgrass.

fig.

figs.

Venus Looking-glass,

239, 240: p.

23: p. 132

133

pi. 15: p.

p.

201

260: p. 194

Verbenaceae,

p.

pi.

819:

fig.

pi.

787; p. 191

pi.

554; p. 158

Walerweed,

pi.

Waxmyrlle.

p.

524; p. 172 fig.

142

Widgeongrass. pi. 540: p. 131 Wildbean. pis. 159 161, i7/. iP-^. Wildcarrot, pis. 1\\,336: p. 188 pi.

210; p. 183

547; p. 132

WildOats.pl. pi.

133 n. 3

12; p.

568; p. 133 n. 3 pis.

745. 746

469: Wintergreen. pi. 776; p. 189 Witchgrass, pi. 34; p. 133 n. 3 Wintercress.

pis. 102. 103.

Witch-hazel,

pi.

710; p. 163 p. 163

Woodbine, pi. 766: Wormseed. pi. 56

Vitaceae, p. 180

Yarrow, pi. 293: p. 204 Yellow Stargrass, pi. 808;

762-764:

Wahoo, pl.751;p.

fig.

201: p. 181

178

Wartgrass. pi. 572; p. 133 n. 3 Watercaltrop. p. 186 Waterchestnut. pi. 555; p. 186 Waterchestnut family, p. 186

p. 163

Witch-hazel familv,

Violaceae. p. 183 Violet, pis. 195-197. 375: p. 183 Violet family, p. 183 Viiis. pis.

p. 173

Wild-lettuce, pis. 305, 306, 404: p. 206 Wildmillet. pis. 575-577; p. 133 n. 3

Winterberry. fig.

286: p. 200 Vicia.^\%. 153, 154,355.- p. 172 Viola, pis. 195-197, 375:

657, 658: p. 186

543; p. 132 Waterwillow, pl.656;p. 185

Wildrice.

273: p. 198

Vetch, pis. 153. 154. 355: p. 172 Viburnum. Viburnum, pis. 801-803:

K/g/jfl, pi.

pis.

Waterprivet, Watershield,

Wildcelery,

194

p. 194

Verhesina. pis. 281-283, 323. 327: p. 203 Vernonia. pi. 665: p. 201

Veronica,

Waterprimrose.

Waxmvrtle familv. p. 142 Wheat! pi. 51 l:p'. 133 n. 3

n. 3

Verbascum. pis. 252, 425: fig. 268: p. 197 Verbena. Verbena, pis. 234-236. 397: fig.

Verbena family,

644, 645: p. 153

pis.

Walerhvacinth. pi. 548; p. 139 Waterhyssop, pi. 664; p. 198

p. 181

Zannichellia. pi. 541;

Zizania.

pi.

568;

fig.

Zizaniopsis. pi. 569;

Zosiera.

pi.

542;

Zygophyllaceae,

p. 141

fig. 18; p.

131

24; p. 133 n. 3 fig.

24; p. 133 n. 3

fig. 19: p.

131

p. 175

71\

r

Other Books

in

Agriculture and Botany

LITERATURE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, by J. Richard Blanchard AND HaRALD OsTVOLD, 231 pp., $5.00 "This work

is

one of the

compila-

finest

tions of literature sources that this reviewer

has seen.

gaged

It

should be welcomed by

work

research

in

the

in

all

field

enof

and related sciences. Literature sources have been arranged under six broad headings: general agriculture, plant agriculture

sciences, animal sciences, physical sciences,

food and nutrition, and social sciences."

— Journal

of the Association of Official

Agricultitral

Chemists

AN ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF CIFIC

COAST TREES,

PA-

Howard

by

McMiNN and Evelyn Maino;

E.

lists of

TREES BY H. W. Shepherd

409

pp.,

"The

$6.00 trees of the Pacific Coast,

from

southern California to British Columbia, are covered by this excellent It is

little

manual.

of suitable size to be used as a field

is bound in a waterproof cover. The end papers carry maps .The book

book, and

.

is

.

designed not only for casual travelers,

landscape architects, and guides, but also for professional botanists who heed to identify Pacific Slope matenaV— Quarterly Review of Biology foresters, teachers,

ORNAMENTAL

TREES, by Evelyn

Maino and Frances Howard 218

pp., illus., $3.75

"In this book answers can be found to the countless questions which arise in con-

nection with ornamental trees in private

and public gardens. The uses considered vary from the suitability of trees as tub specimens to the value of others as windbreaks, avenue trees, etc.

The

introduc-

by diagrams, deals briefly with the points to be considered when choosing a tree for a particular purpose and planting, shaping, care and maintenance are also discussed." — The Royal Horticultural Society

tion, illustrated

r

University of California Press

Address:

Berkeley

4,

California

'^^'m'

ARIZONA FLORA By

THOMAS

H.

KEARNEY, ROBERT

H.

PEEBLES,

AND COLLABORATORS "The predecessor of

this

work. Flowering Plants and Ferns of

Arizona, published by the U.S. Department of Agricuhure in 1942. had the distinction of being the most comprehensive of

all

and soon was out of print. Arizona Flora, although based on the former work, is even more comprehensive, and has been for the most part rewritten."— L/.S. Quarterly Book Review the state floras,

"The typography, binding, and general quality of the volume leave little to be desired. Southwestern botanists, foresters, and range men owe a debt of gratitude to the authors and the publishers for making this flora available. All serious students of Arizona's vegetation whether they count themselves as professional or lay-

men 1

will

092

want the new work

.

.

pp., index, halftones; with

.''—Journal of Forestry

added

1

960 supplement

$ 1 5.00

A CALIFORNIA FLORA By PHILIP A.

MUNZ in collaboration

with David D. Keck

"A comprehensive manual third largest state in the

of the more than 6,000 flora of the Union whose size, exceedlingly diverse

topography and wide range of physical conditions contribute to a remarkably large and interesting variety of plants ... A val.

uable

compendium

for specialists."— 5c/en//^c

.

.

American

"Munz and Keck have done an excellent piece of work ... It is a welcome addition to the field guides to wildlife in California." — The Naturalist 1681 pp., illustrated

$11.50

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Address:

BERKELEY

4,

California