Sanskrit Sandhi and Exercises [Rev. ed., 5th printing, 1966, Reprint 2020] 9780520332812

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M. B. EMENEAU

SANSKRIT SANDHI AND EXERCISES REVISED EDITION

Berkeley and Los Angeles 1966 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

University of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s B e r k e l e y and L o s Angeles California

Cambridge University P r e s s London, England

© Copyright 1952 by The R e g e n t s of the University of C a l i f o r n i a Fifth P r i n t i n g , 1966

Manufactured in the United S t a t e s of A m e r i c a

To The Memory of LEONARD BLOOMFIELD (1887-1949)

INTRODUCTORY NOTE S a n s k r i t h a s long b e e n taught in c o n j u n c t i o n with t h e e l e m e n t s of I n d o - E u r o p e a n h i s t o r i c a l g r a m m a r . I t s p o t e n t i a l i t i e s a s a m e a n s of i n d u c t i o n of s t u d e n t s into m e t h o d s of d e s c r i p t i v e g r a m m a r h a v e s e l d o m b e e n u t i l i z e d in an e x p l i c i t way. And t h i s in s p i t e of t h e h o n o r e d p r i o r i t y and e m i n e n c e of P a n i n i (? c i r c a 5th c e n t u r y B . C . ) a s a d e s c r i p t i v e g r a m m a r i a n and of W i l l i a m Dwight Whitney (1827 — 1894) a s a n a r r a n g e r of P&flini's g r a m m a r f o r W e s t e r n u s e . P e r h a p s the chief r e a s o n f o r t h i s n e g l e c t i s t h e f a c t t h a t W h i t n e y ' s S a n s k r i t G r a m m a r i s not in f o r m a p e r f e c t b e g i n n e r ' s book, e v e n though h i s f a m o u s u s e of l a r g e a n d s m a l l p r i n t w a s i n t e n d e d to m a k e it t h a t . T h e d e v i c e b r e a k s down in c h a p t e r i n , " R u l e s of e u p h o n i c c o m b i n a t i o n , " w h e r e m u c h t h a t e v e n the b e g i n n e r n e e d s t o know i s g i v e n i n s m a l l p r i n t and it i s t h e r e f o r e i m p o s s i b l e f o r the b e g i n n e r i n S a n s k r i t o r f o r the n o n - S a n s k r i t i s t d e s c r l p t i v i s t to f i n d h i s w a y a r o u n d with any e a s e . N o r do any of the p r o f e s s e d b e g i n n e r ' s b o o k s r e a l l y m a k e good t h i s d e f i c i e n c y . On o c c a s i o n L e o n a r d B l o o m f i e l d , to w h o s e m e m o r y t h i s p a m p h l e t i s d e d i c a t e d , t a u g h t b e g i n n i n g S a n s k r i t i n the L i n g u i s t i c I n s t i t u t e . In the I n s t i t u t e of 1938 he h a n d e d o v e r to m e a c l a s s t h a t he h a d begun a n d the n o t e s t h a t h e h a d p r e p a r e d f o r h i s own u s e . T h e s e i n c l u d e d the s e l e c t i o n of s a n d h i r u l e s f r o m W h i t n e y ' s c h a p t e r III t h a t h e thought it n e c e s s a r y f o r a b e g i n n e r t o h a v e a n a c q u a i n t a n c e with. Since t h a t t i m e I h a v e , w i t h h i s p e r m i s s i o n given i n i t i a l l y , u s e d and r e w o r k e d t h e s e n o t e s . T h e y h a v e b e e n found s o u s e f u l by m y s e l f and s u c c e s s i v e c l a s s e s of s t u d e n t s t h a t it s e e m s w o r t h w h i l e t o p r e s e n t t h e m in p r i n t e d f o r m , a l o n g with a s e t of 27 e x e r c i s e s t h a t I h a v e c o n s t r u c t e d to give the s t u d e n t that f a m i l i a r i t y with t h e r u l e s t h a t w i l l f i x t h e m f i r m l y with h i m . It i s thought t o o t h a t e v e n a s t u d e n t of d e s c r i p t i v e g r a m m a r could b e g i v e n t h e s e e x e r c i s e s to w o r k , without h i s knowing o r l e a r n i n g any m o r e S a n s k r i t t h a n i s p r o v i d e d i n t h e p a m p h l e t . T h e e x e r c i s e s do not p r o c e e d i n the u s u a l d i r e c t i o n of t h o s e s e t e . g . by Nida, but to r e c o n s t r u c t f r o m P a c i n i ' s s o l u t i o n s the c o m p l i c a t e d d a t a f r o m w h i c h h e s t a r t e d s h o u l d give s t u d e n t s p r a c t i c e i n h a n d l i n g c o m p l i c a t e d d a t a with e x a c t n e s s (which m a n y of t h e m f a i l in) and a f e e l i n g f o r t h e t e c h n i q u e s of m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s . T h e p a r t i c u l a r s t y l e of s t a t e m e n t u s e d by P a j j i n i , Whitney, and m a n y o t h e r g r a m m a r i a n s i s one t h a t i s s l i g h t l y out of

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fashion now. Y e t it is a productive style and students in descriptive g r a m m a r should be taught to operate with it. P a c i n i s e t up for every polyallomorphic morpheme one of the allomorphs as a basic f o r m (e.g., the verb root or the noun s t e m as b a s i c to all f o r m s of a complex verb or noun paradigm), and established a very complicated s e t of morphophonemic statements to d e s c r i b e the relations between the b a s i c allomorphs and all allomorphs related to them. T h e s e morphophonemic statements a r e the sandhi r u l e s of Whitney's chapter HI and a r e stated in t e r m s of p r o c e s s . Such statement i s harml e s s if the student understands that it is descriptive p r o c e s s that is involved, and not h i s t o r i c a l . Consequently, Whitney's phraseology is not departed f r o m very much in the sandhi r u l e s h e r e given; r e f e r e n c e s a r e always given to Whitney (e.g. W241) and a violent departure f r o m his words would have defeated the object of framing the e s s e n t i a l set of r u l e s . The older r e a d e r s of the pamphlet will recognize at once the influence of Bloomfield in the more Paninean and l e s s Whitney-like overall arrangement and phrasing of the sandhi r u l e s . Bloomfield was indeed an a d m i r e r of P a c i n i (others can vouch for this better than I ) , and all my changes of phrasing have not concealed this. But, thanks in large part to B l o o m field, we now all tend to approximate P a c i n i r a t h e r than Whitney in the style of our descriptive statements. In one m a j o r point Whitney has been left and P a c i n i ' s use of a morphophonemic symbol has been readopted, i . e . the use of f in a number of verb roots (rule 39; W242a). Whitney's phonetic t e r m s a r e now old-fashioned; the equations between his and mine will be self-evident. One transcriptional symbol differs f r o m that used by Whitney; 6 is now generally used in this country and elsewhere instead of 5 for the palatal sibilant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY William Dwight Whitney, Sanskrit G r a m m a r . (2d ed.; Cambridge, M a s s . , Harvard University f ' r e s s , 1889), with many r e - i s s u e s .

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fashion now. Y e t it is a productive style and students in descriptive g r a m m a r should be taught to operate with it. P a c i n i s e t up for every polyallomorphic morpheme one of the allomorphs as a basic f o r m (e.g., the verb root or the noun s t e m as b a s i c to all f o r m s of a complex verb or noun paradigm), and established a very complicated s e t of morphophonemic statements to d e s c r i b e the relations between the b a s i c allomorphs and all allomorphs related to them. T h e s e morphophonemic statements a r e the sandhi r u l e s of Whitney's chapter HI and a r e stated in t e r m s of p r o c e s s . Such statement i s harml e s s if the student understands that it is descriptive p r o c e s s that is involved, and not h i s t o r i c a l . Consequently, Whitney's phraseology is not departed f r o m very much in the sandhi r u l e s h e r e given; r e f e r e n c e s a r e always given to Whitney (e.g. W241) and a violent departure f r o m his words would have defeated the object of framing the e s s e n t i a l set of r u l e s . The older r e a d e r s of the pamphlet will recognize at once the influence of Bloomfield in the more Paninean and l e s s Whitney-like overall arrangement and phrasing of the sandhi r u l e s . Bloomfield was indeed an a d m i r e r of P a c i n i (others can vouch for this better than I ) , and all my changes of phrasing have not concealed this. But, thanks in large part to B l o o m field, we now all tend to approximate P a c i n i r a t h e r than Whitney in the style of our descriptive statements. In one m a j o r point Whitney has been left and P a c i n i ' s use of a morphophonemic symbol has been readopted, i . e . the use of f in a number of verb roots (rule 39; W242a). Whitney's phonetic t e r m s a r e now old-fashioned; the equations between his and mine will be self-evident. One transcriptional symbol differs f r o m that used by Whitney; 6 is now generally used in this country and elsewhere instead of 5 for the palatal sibilant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY William Dwight Whitney, Sanskrit G r a m m a r . (2d ed.; Cambridge, M a s s . , Harvard University f ' r e s s , 1889), with many r e - i s s u e s .

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THE PHONEMES (W5) Vowels simple short long diphthongal short long Visarga h Anusvara

velar

palatal

labial

retroflex

dental

a 5

i T

u 13

T

r

i

e 51

o 5u

m

velar Consonants Mutes unvoiced k plain stops

palatal

retroflex

dental

labial

c

\

t

p

unvoiced aspirated stops

kh

ch

tfi

th

ph

voiced plain stops

g

j

4

d

b

voiced aspirated stops

gh

jh

t a t r S "Sti; tathS 'thus' + asti > tatha ' s t i 'thus it i s ' ; t a t r a + Sste 'he, she s i t s ' > t a t r a ' s t e ' t h e r e he (or she) s i t s ' ; ati 'exceedingly' + iva ' a s it w e r e ' > ati 'va 'exceedingly.' 2. a or a plus an unlike s i m p l e vowel, yields guna of the second vowel (W127). E . g . t a t r a ' t h e r e ' + icchati 'he d e s i r e s ' > t a t r e ' c c h a t i ; tatha 'thus' + icchati>tathe 'cchati; tatha + u k t a m 'it is said' > tatho ' k t a m ; b r a h m a - ' p r i e s t ' + r s i - ' s a g e ' i b r a h m a r p i - 'a sage who is a priest.' 3. a or a plus a diphthong, yields the c o r r e s p o n d i n g long diphthong (W127). E . g . t a t r a ' t h e r e ' + eti 'he, she, it goes' > t a t r a i 'ti. 4. Other simple vowels b e f o r e unlike vowels a r e r e p l a c e d by the corresponding semivowels (W129). E . g . a s t i ' t h e r e i s ' + a s m i n deSe 'in this country' > asty a s m i n de£e; iti ' t h u s ' ( a f t e r d i r e c t l y quoted speech) + uktva 'having said' > ity uktva 'having s a i d this.' * 5. A f t e r a s h o r t diphthong initial a is elided (W135). E . g . vane 'in the forest" + asti 'he, she, it i s ' > vane ' s t i . 6. e b e f o r e any other vowel than a is r e p l a c e d by a, and hiatus r e m a i n s (W133). E . g . vane 'in the f o r e s t ' + iha ' h e r e ' > v a n a iha 'in this forest.' 7. a j b e f o r e a vowel is r e p l a c e d by a, and hiatus r e m a i n s (W133). E.g. t a s m a i 'to him' + adadat 'he gave' > t a s m a adadat. 8. o b e f o r e any other vowel than a, and au b e f o r e all vowels, a r e r e p l a c e d by av and av respectively (W134b). E . g . tau 'the two of t h e m ' + a t r a ' h e r e ' > tav a t r a . 9. A f t e r a s h o r t vowel, the preposition a, and the a d v e r b ma, ch is written cch; a f t e r other long vowels, optionally. I.e. ch is phonemically always equal to two consonants and is w r i t t e n s o w h e r e it might be ambiguous f o r m e t r i c a l p u r p o s e s and in s e v e r a l other p l a c e s . (W227) E . g . tava ' y o u r ' + chaya 'shadow' > tava cchaya. 10. T h e r e is no sandhi a f t e r the dual endings T, u, and e, o r a f t e r the nominative p l u r a l masculine pronoun f o r m a m i , o r a f t e r an i n t e r j e c t i o n consisting of one vowel (e.g. a), or

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after o ending a particle (e.g. aho); this is called pragyhya (W138). E . g . yajete 'the two of them s a c r i f i c e ' + ubhau 'both men' > yajete ubhau 'both of them sacrifice. 1 s and r in final position in the word 11. - s and - r , final in phrase or before a sibilant or a v o i c e l e s s labial or velar stop, a r e replaced by £ (YVl70a, 170d, 172, 178a). E . g . manus ' M a n u ' + s v a y a m ' h i m s e l f ' > manuh svayam 'Manu h i m s e l f ' ; yaSas 'fame' + prapa 'he obtained' > y a i a h prapa 'he obtained f a m e ' ; puru^as 'man' + khanati 'he digs' > puru§alj khanati 'the man is digging'; punar 'again' + khanati > puna^ khanati 'he is digging again.' 12. - s and - r , before a v o i c e l e s s palatal, r e t r o f l e x , o r dental stop, a r e replaced by the sibilant corresponding to the stop (W170c, 178a). E . g . tatas 'then' + ca 'and' > tatag ca 'and then'; cakfius 'eye' + te 'your' > cakgus te 'your eye.' 13. - a s plus initial a yield o (W175a). E . g . devas 'god' + asti 'there is 1 > devo ' s t i 'there is a god.' 14. - a s before any other vowel than a l o s e s s and hiatus remains (W175c). E . g . devas + aste 'he s i t s ' > deva a s t e 'the god is sitting'; devas + iha ' h e r e ' > deva iha. 15. - a s before a voiced consonant i s replaced by o (W17 5a). E . g . devas + gacchati 'he goes' > devo,gacchati 'the god is going'; devas + rocate 'he shines' > devo rocate 'the god shines.' 16. - 5 s before a voiced sound l o s e s s , and if the voiced sound is a vowel, hiatus remains (W177). E . g . devas 'gods' + gacchanti 'they go' > deva gacchanti 'the gods a r e going'; devas + as ate 'they s i t ' > deva asate 'the gods a r e sitting.' 17. Any other case of - s and any c a s e of - r , before r is dropped with lengthening of the preceding vowel if it is short (there is no instance of tr in the language) (W179). E . g . agnis ' f i r e ' + rocate 'it shines' > agnl rocate 'the f i r e s h i n e s ' ; punar 'again' + rocate > puna rocate 'it shines again.' 18. Any other case of - s before any voiced sound other than r , is replaced by r (W174). E . g . agnis + asti > agnir asti 'there is a f i r e ' ; agnis 'the god of f i r e ' + gacchati =»agnir gacchati 'the god of f i r e is going.' 19. But, bhos 'O respected s i r ! ' before voiced sounds drops s (W174b). E.g. bho bho deva 'Hail! hail! O god! ' 20. s a s 'he' and e s a s 'this man 1 drop s before any consonant [6]

(W176a). E . g . s a s + gacchati > s a gacchati 'he is going1; s a s + brahmapas 'a brahman' > s a brSLhmaijah 'that brahman.' 21. Any other c a s e of - r r e m a i n s , i . e . before other voiced sounds than itself (W178). E . g . punar 'again' + gacchati > punar gacchati 'he is going again'; punar + asti 'he i s ' > punar a s t i . Nasals 22. - m before a consonant i s replaced by anusvara (W213i). E . g . devam 'god (accusative c a s e ) ' + pagyati 'he s e e s ' > devam pa£yati 'he s e e s the god.' 23. - n before a v o i c e l e s s palatal, r e t r o f l e x , or dental stop is r e p l a c e d by anusvara plus the sibilant homorganic with the stop (W208). E . g . a£van ' h o r s e s (accusative c a s e ) ' + c o r a y a t i 'he s t e a l s ' > a^vSmi corayati 'he steals h o r s e s ' ; bhavan 'the r e s p e c t e d person' + tarkayatu 'let him r e f l e c t ' > bhavarps tarkayatu 'let your honor reflect.' 24. - n before a voiced palatal or r e t r o f l e x stop i s r e p l a c e d by the nasal homorganic with the stop (fi, n) (W202b, 205b). E . g . devan 'gods (accusative case) 1 + jayati 'he c o n q u e r s ' » devafi jayati 'he conquers the gods.' 25. -n plus S - a r e replaced by -fi c h - (W203). E . g . devan + (Srnoti 'he h e a r s ' > devafi chrnoti 'he h e a r s the gods.' 26. - n before 1- is replaced by anusvara plus 1 (W206). E . g . advan + labhate 'he r e c e i v e s ' > a i v a m l labhate 'he r e c e i v e s horses.' 27. The velar, r e t r o f l e x , or dental nasal a f t e r a short vowel and before a vowel, is doubled (W210). E . g . hasan ' s m i l i n g ' + agacchat 'he went' > hasann agacchat. Stops 28. - t before a v o i c e l e s s palatal or r e t r o f l e x stop is r e placed by the corresponding v o i c e l e s s unaspirated stop ( i . e . c or t) (W202a, 199a). E . g . tat 'that'+ c a ' a n d ' > tac c a 'and that'; tat + tlkS- 'commentary' > tattlka- 'commentary on that.' 29. - t before a voiced palatal or r e t r o f l e x stop i s replaced by the corresponding voiced unaspirated stop ( i . e . j or d) (W202a, 199a). E . g . tat + j a l a m ' w a t e r ' > t a j j a l a m 'that w a t e r . 30. - t before 1- is replaced by 1 (W162). E . g . tat + labhate 'he r e c e i v e s ' > tal labhate 'he r e c e i v e s that.' 31. - t plus 6 - a r e replaced by - c ch- (W203). E . g . tat + gfnoti 'he h e a r s ' > tac chrnoti 'he h e a r s that.'

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32. A stop before a nasal is replaced by the nasal in the position of the stop (W161). E . g . vak 'voice' + m a m a 'my' > van mama 'my voice'; tat + m i t r a m ' f r i e n d ' > tan m i t r a m 'that friend.' 33. A stop plus h- a r e replaced by the voiced unaspirated stop plus the voiced aspirated stop, both homorganic with the original final stop (W163). E . g . tat + hiraijyam 'gold' > tad dhiranyam 'that gold.' 34. In all other instances, a v o i c e l e s s stop before a voiced sound is replaced by the corresponding (unaspirated) voiced stop (W157c, 159). E . g . vak 'voice' + asti 'there i s ' > vag asti 'there is a v o i c e ' ; ap- 'water' + j a - 'born of' > a b j a 'lotus (born of the water).' (The r e v e r s e rule, concerning assimilation of a voiced stop to a following v o i c e l e s s sound, has little scope except in such forms as bhi^aj- 'physician' [ > b h i s a g - (rule 61)] + - s u 'locative plural' > bhi$ak§u 'among the physicians.' Words a r e put into sentences and s t e m s into compounds, starting from t h e i r basic f o r m s , i . e . f r o m the forms they have in absolutely final position [except fpr those ending in - s and - r ] ; consequently, no voiced stops ofccur at their ends [see statement on phonemes].) INTERNAL SANDHI Operates in all c a s e s of the junction of morphemes except those covered by the external sandhi s t a t e m e n t s . Vowels 3 5 - 3 7 . Identical with rules 1 - 3 . E . g . a - a s - T - t > 5 s l t 'he, she, it was'; b h a v a - I - t > bhavet 'he, she, it would b e ' ; deva-au > d e v a u 'two gods.' 38. Final short or long i and u of a monosyllabic root, before a vowel a r e replaced by iy and uv respectively (W129a). E . g . s t r l - 'woman' + - a m 'accusative s i n g u l a r ' » s t r i y a m ; bhu'earth' + - a m > bhuvam. But, y-anti 'they go' and y-antu 'let them go' f r o m the verb root i - 'go' (Panini 6 . 4 . 8 1 ) . In the weak f o r m s of the perfect (i.e. all except the singular active), verbs ending in u and u follow this rule (except bhu- 'become, b e ' ) ; verbs in I follow the general rule (rule 40). 39. Final r of a root (whether verb or noun), after a labial consonant and before a vowel, is replaced by ur; not before a vowel, by u r . After other consonants than labials and before a vowel, it is replaced by i r ; not before a vowel, by Tr (W242). E . g . p r - 'city' + - a m 'accusative singular' :» puram; p r - + - s [8]

o r zero 'nominative singular' > pur ( > puh [rule 11]); ' s c a t t e r ' : kirati 'he s c a t t e r s , ' kiryate 'it is scattered.' This rule works in the description of many f o r m s ; others show the regular morphological replacement by guija and vrddhi. In noun forms the replacement by Tr and ur takes place f i r s t in the description, and then the internal sandhi rules operate before case endings beginning with a consonant. 40. Short r and other c a s e s of short or long i and u than those covered in rule 38, before a vowel a r e replaced by the corresponding semivowels (W129). E . g . pitr— 'father' + - o s 'genitive or locative dual' > pitros; juhu- ' s a c r i f i c e (present s t e m ) ' + - a t i > juhvati 'they s a c r i f i c e . ' 41. A diphthong before a vowel is replaced by short or long a (depending on whether it is a short or long diphthong) plus the corresponding semivowel (W131). E . g . agne- ( s t e m with guna of final vowel of agni- ' f i r e ' ) + - e 'dative singular 1 > agnaye 'to the fire.' Consonants 42. All but the f i r s t consonant of a c l u s t e r drops at the end of a word (W150b). E . g . bharant- ' c a r r y i n g ' + - s or z e r o 'nominative singular masculine' > bharan 'he who c a r r i e s . ' 43. But, r plus a stop i s kept, if the stop belongs to the stem (W150b). E . g . suhard- 'friend' + - s or z e r o > s u h a r t (cf. rule 57). 44. A dental stop or nasal after a r e t r o f l e x consonant (but not after r ) i s replaced by the corresponding retroflex (W197, 198). E . g . dvig- 'hate' + - t a - 'perfect passive participle 1 > dvista- 'hated'; j i - 'win' + -snu- (makes adjectives from verb roots) > jisnu- 'victorious' (s > s according to mile 46, then n > n according to this rule). 45. ch after a vowel i s replaced by cch (W227). E . g . agacchat 'he went' (root gam- 'go' has allomorph gach- in the present and imperfect). 46. s after a vowel other than short or long a, or after k, r , or 1, is replaced by s, unless final or followed by r ; anusvara or v i s a r g a intervening between a vowel and s does not prevent the replacement, except in £ums- 'man,' h i m s - 'injure,' and a few other words (W180). E . g . agni- ' f i r e ' + -su 'locative plural' > agnisu 'among the f i r e s ' ; vak- (vac- 'word' with c > k a c c o r d ing to rule 59) + - su > vaksu 'among the words.' But, there a r e a few exceptions to the rule, e.g. kusuma- 'flower.'

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4 7 . n, when p r e c e d e d a n y w h e r e in the s a m e w o r d by r, s , r o r r with no i n t e r v e n i n g p a l a t a l , r e t r o f l e x , or dental c o n s o n a n t ( e x c e p t y ) , and at the s a m e t i m e f o l l o w e d i m m e d i a t e l y by a v o w e l , s e m i v o w e l , o r n a s a l , i s r e p l a c e d by n (W189). E . g . n a r a - 'man': n a r a n a m 'of the m e n 1 ; b r a h m a n - ' p r i e s t ; p r a y e r ' : b r a h m a n y a - 'pious.' T h e r e a r e a f e w w o r d s in w h i c h p o c c u r s without the o p e r a t i o n of t h i s r u l e , e . g . punya- ' m e r i t o r i o u s , ' g u n a - 'quality.' 4 8 . A n a s a l b e f o r e a s t o p i s r e p l a c e d by the n a s a l h o m o r g a n i c with the s t o p (W212). E . g . the n a s a l i n f i x - n - i s a s s i m i l a t e d in y u n j m a s 'we join,' yungdhi 'join!' 4 9 . A n a s a l b e f o r e a s i b i l a n t i s r e p l a c e d by a n u s v a r a (W204). E . g . m a n - 'think' : m a m s y a t e 'he w i l l think.' 50. m b e f o r e v and m i s r e p l a c e d by n (W212a). E . g . 'go': aganva 'we two went,' a g a n m a 'we ( p l u r a l ) went.'

gam-

51. n a f t e r a palatal s t o p (c, j) i s r e p l a c e d by the palatal n a s a l (n) (W201). E . g . y a j - ' s a c r i f i c e ' + - n a - > y a j n a - 'a sacrifice.' 52. s b e t w e e n s t o p s d i s a p p e a r s ( W 2 3 3 c - f ) . E . g . c h i d - 'cut 1 : a c c h i t t a 'he cut' (< a - c h i d - s - t a ; c f . r u l e 57). T h i s r u l e c a n a l s o b e i n v o k e d to e x p l a i n p u m b h i s 'by the m e n ' < p u m s - + - b h i s (W394). 53. h in the root han ' s t r i k e , s l a y ' i s r e p l a c e d by gh w h e n the v o w e l of the r o o t d i s a p p e a r s (W2161). E . g . h a n - m i 'I k i l l : g h n - a n t i 'they kill.' 54. In c e r t a i n r o o t s , w h e n e v e r f i n a l h or a v o i c e d s t o p i s r e p l a c e d by an u n a s p i r a t e d s t o p , the i n i t i a l of (being a v o i c e d u n a s p i r a t e d stop) b e c o m e s a s p i r a t e d , the r u l e s f o l l o w i n g t h i s one the f i n a l c o n s o n a n t of the a c o n s o n a n t of the s u f f i x r e s u l t in a c l u s t e r ending in a s p i r a t e d s t o p (W155).

aspirated the r o o t u n l e s s by root plus a voiced

Roots: dah- 'burn ( t r a n s i t i v e ) dih- ' s m e a r ' duh- ' m i l k ' druh- 'hurt' drmh- 'make f i r m '

guh- ' c o n c e a l , h i d e ' b a n d h - 'bind' badh- 'harass, r e s i s t ' budh- 'be a w a k e '

and a f e w o t h e r r o o t s in one or two f o r m s only (note e s p e c i a l l y dh a s i n i t i a l r e d u p l i c a t i n g c o n s o n a n t in v a r i o u s f o r m s of the [10]

v e r b d h a - ' p l a c e ' [ s e e r u l e s 55-57]). E . g . dogdhi 'he m i l k s ' : adhok 'he m i l k e d . ' B u t , c e r t a i n f o r m s o c c u r with two a s p i r a t e s : 2d p l u r a l v e r b f o r m s in the m i d d l e v o i c e , p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , i m p e r f e c t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t i m p e r a t i v e ; e . g . f r o m t h e r o o t duh- : dhugdhve, a d h u g d h v a m , d h u g d h v a m . A l s o i n s t r u m e n t a l p l u r a l s of nouns; e . g . f r o m r o o t b u d h - , - b h u d b h i s 'by t h o s e who a r e a w a k e n e d to . . . . ' 55. Voiced a s p i r a t e d s t o p plus t o r th y i e l d v o i c e d u n a s p i r a t e d stop plus dh (W160). E . g . b u d h - 'be a w a k e n e d ' + - t a ' p e r f e c t p a s s i v e p a r t i c i p l e ' > b u d d h a - 'who i s awakened 1 ; l a b h ' r e c e i v e ' + - t a - > l a b d h a - 'which h a s b e e n r e c e i v e d . ' But, t h e following m o r e g e n e r a l r u l e s apply to the p r e s e n t - t e n s e f o r m s of d h a - ' p l a c e ' m a d e f r o m the r e d u p l i c a t e d weak f o r m d a d h (W667-668) and to i t s d e s i d e r a t i v e . 56. A s p i r a t e d s t o p b e f o r e a s t o p , a s i b i l a n t , o r z e r o y i e l d s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g u n a s p i r a t e d stop (W141, 153). E . g . l i k h ' p a i n t ' : c i t r a l i k 'a p a i n t e r of p i c t u r e s . ' 57. V o i c e d s t o p b e f o r e an u n v o i c e d c o n s o n a n t o r z e r o i s r e p l a c e d by t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g u n v o i c e d s t o p (W141, 159). E . g . v i d - ' k n o w ' : v e t s i 'you know'; b u d h - 'be a w a k e n e d ' : b h o t s y a t e 'he will b e awakened.' '58. Unvoiced s t o p b e f o r e v o i c e d s t o p i s r e p l a c e d by t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v o i c e d s t o p ( W 1 5 9 ) . E . g . s a k - ' h e l p ' : s a g d h i 'help! 1 When f i n a l in w o r d , or when followed by any o t h e r sound t h a n a vowel, s e m i v o w e l , o r n a s a l (the following s t a t e m e n t s 59 t o 71 apply): 59. c i s t r e a t e d a s k (W217). E . g . v a c - ' s a y ' : v a k s y a t i 'he will say,' vagdhi ' s a y ! ' , u k t a - 'which h a s b e e n s a i d . ' 60. j i s n o r m a l l y t r e a t e d a s g (W219a). E . g . y u j - ' j o i n ' : y o k s y a t i 'he will join,' yungdhi ' j o i n ! ' , y u k t a - 'which h a s b e e n joined.' (The r e a s o n f o r t r e a t m e n t a s g r a t h e r t h a n k i s the p e r f e c t p a s s i v e p a r t i c i p l e s in E x e r c i s e 15, n o s . 12 and 13.) 61. h in r o o t s with i n i t i a l d, in noun u s n i h - ( n a m e of a m e t e r ) , and optionally in r o o t s d r u h - 'hurt,' s n i h - 'be m o i s t , ' and m u h - 'be b e w i l d e r e d , ' i s t r e a t e d a s gh (W222a). E . g . duh' m i l k ' : d h o k s y a t i 'he will milk,' dugdhi ' m i l k ! ' , d u g d h a - 'which h a s b e e n milked.' 62. jh i s t r e a t e d a s k (W220b; a g r a m m a r i a n ' s s t a t e m e n t , with no o c c u r r e n c e s ! ) .

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63. ks in jaks- 'eat' is treated as gh (W221a, 233f). E.g jagdha- 'which has been eaten.' 64. In the roots bhrj- ' f r y , roast,' bhraj- 'shine,' m r j 'wipe,' y a j - 'sacrifice,' r a j - 'rule,' s r j - "send away, emit; twine,' and in the noun p a r i v r a j - 'wandering mendicant' (but not in the nouns r t v i j - 'priest' f r o m y a j - , and s r a j - 'wreath' from s r j - ) : j j j j j

final is replaced by t, b e f o r e s is replaced by k in verb f o r m s , by t in noun f o r m s , b e f o r e bh (in noun f o r m s ) , is replaced by d, before dh, is replaced by d, b e f o r e t, is replaced by s (W219b-c).

E.g. yaksyati 'he (the priest) will s a c r i f i c e ' ; mrddhi 'rub! '; mrstva 'having rubbed 1 ; parivrat 'religious mendicant (nominative singular).' 65. Similarly, ch (the only examples are f r o m the root prach- 'ask'; W220). E.g. praksyati 'he will ask,' prstva 'having asked,' aprat 'he asked.' 66. Similarly, sc (the only examples are f r o m the root v r a s c - 'cut down, hew'; W221b). E.g. vraksyati 'he will hew,' vrstva 'having cut down.' 67. Similarly, s (W218); but, in the roots dis- 'point, show,' drs- 'see,' m r s - 'touch,' sprs- 'touch,' and optionally in nas'be lost; attain,' s when final and in noun f o r m s b e f o r e s and bh, is treated as k (W218a). E.g. v i s - ' t r i b e ' : vit (nominative singular), vitsu (locative plural), vidbhis (instrumental plural); dis- 'show, point' : deksyati 'he will show,' dista- 'which has been shown,' dik 'direction (nominative singular).' 68. Similarly (to j), ks normally (W221). E.g. taks- 'fashion as a carpenter' : taksyati 'he will fashion,' tasta- 'fashioned.' 69. Similarly, s normally (W226). E.g. dvis- 'be hostile, hate' : dvit 'enemy (nominative singular),' dveksyati 'he will be hostile, 1 dvista- 'hated,' dviddhi 'hate!' 70. h in nah- 'bind, tie' is treated as dh (W223g). natsyati 'he will tie,' naddha- 'tied.'

E.g.

71. Normal treatment of h (W222b): h plus t, th, dh are replaced by dh with lengthening of a preceding a, i, u; but, vah- ' c a r r y ' and sah- ' o v e r c o m e ' have o instead of lengthened a; [12]

h before s, is replaced by k in verb f o r m s , t in noun f o r m s , h b e f o r e bh (in noun forms), is replaced by d, h final, is replaced by t. E . g . lih- 'lick' : ledhi 'he licks, 1 lidha- 'licked,' leksyati 'he will lick,' madhulit 'bee (nominative singular),' madhulidbhis 'by the bees.' 72. s before s is replaced by t in certain f o r m s (W167). E . g . v a s - 'dwell' : vatsyati 'he will dwell.' 73. s before dh is replaced by zero (W166). E . g . 'chastise, rule, t e a c h ' : sadhi ' c h a s t i s e ! '

[13]

sas-

Exercise 1 A . Put the words together in sentences or phrases, in the order in which they are given. 1. atha (adverb 'now begins new subject 1 ) + Sdiparva ( ' f i r s t book of the MahSbhSrata [nominative singular] 1 ). 2. trTni ('three [neuter]') + indriySni ( ' s e n s e s ' ) 3. atha + udyogaparva ( ' f i f t h book of the MahSbhSrata [nominative singular]'). 4. adiparva (see 1; accusative singular) + eva (adverb 'just what the previous word says and nothing e l s e ' ) + pajhati ('he is reading'). 5. aranyakaparvajji ('in the third book of the MahSbhSrata') + eva + nalopSkhySnam ( ' s t o r y of Nala 1 [nominative singular]') + asti ( ' i s ' ) 6. 7. asti ('there is, w a s ' ) + asmin ('in that' with masculine or neuter noun in locative case) + pradeSe ('in a p l a c e ' ) + aivah ('a horse [nominative]'). 8. asti + asmin + pradeSe + rsih ('a sage [nominative]'). 9. asSu ( ' h e ' ) + Sha ('he said'). 10. kanye ('two g i r l s ' ) + Sgacchatah ('the two of them are coming'). B. Put the stems together in compounds, in the order in which they are given. 1. rSja- ( ' k i n g ' ) + r s i - ( ' s a g e ' ) . Meaning: 'royal sage.' 2. madhu- ('honey') + utsava- ( ' f e s t i v a l ' ) . Meaning: 'festival of spring.' 3. jfiSna- ('knowledge') + indriya- ('organ of sense'). Meaning: 'sense organ.' 4. nala- (Nala, a man) + upakhyana- ( ' s t o r y ' ) . Meaning: 'story about Nala.' 5. sTta- (STtS, a woman) + urmila- (TJrmilS, a woman). Meaning: 'STtS and UrmilS.' 6. pitr- ( ' f a t h e r ' ) + artham ( ' f o r the sake o f ' ) . Meaning: ' f o r father's sake.' 7. mSndhStr- (MSndhStr, a man) + upakhyana-. Meaning: 'story about MandhStr. ' 8. s t r l - ('woman') + agara- ('apartment'). Meaning: 'the women's apartments (in a palace).' 9. bhratr- ( ' b r o t h e r ' ) + r s i - . Meaning: 'the sage, ( m y ) brother.' [14]

10. go- ('cow, bull') + aSva- ( ' h o r s e ' ) . Meaning: 'cattle and horses.' Exercise 2 Put the words together in sentences or p h r a s e s , in the order in which they a r e given. 1, 2, 3. havis Coffering [ a c c u s a t i v e ] ' ) + prapsyati ('he will obtain') + agnis ('fire, the god of fire [nominative]' ). 4, 5. kukkuras ('dog [nominative]' ) + punar ('again' ) + khanati ('is digging' ). 6. t a t r a ( ' t h e r e ' ) + purusas ('man [nominative]') + sthasyati Che will stand'). 7. purusas + ca ('and') + khanati. 8. nalas CNala [nominative]') + abravTt Che said'). 9. nalas + eti Che goes'). 10. nalas + badhyate Che is in trouble'). 11, 12. rajaputras ('princes [nominative]') + ahus Cthey s a i d ' ) . 13. ¿a£as Chares [nominative] 1 ) + bibhyati Cthey a r e afraid'). 14. devas ('gods [nominative]') + rocante Cthey a r e b r i l l i a n t ' ) . 15. Si6us Cboy [nominative]') + roditi Che is weeping'). 16. ¿i£us + jalpati Che is chattering'). 17. paragubhis ('with a x e s ' ) + akrntan ('they cut'). 18. 19. s a s ('that [nominative masculine]') + purusas. 20, 21, 22. muhur (repeat this word, in meaning 'repeatedly') + cak§us ('eye [accusative]') + nyamisat Che winked'). Exercise 3 Put the words together in sentences or p h r a s e s , in the order in which they are given. 1. aham ('I') + trin ('three [accusative masculine]') + purusan ('men [accusative]') + paiyami ('I s e e ' ) . 2. kasmin cid ('in a certain') + vane ('in a f o r e s t 1 ) . 3. bhavan ('you [polite]') + t a t r a ('there') + tisthatu ('stand [imperative]'). 4. 5, 6. s a s ('that [nominative masculine]') + r a j a ('king [nominative]') + asman ('us [accusative]') + jeijyati ('he will conquer'). 7. tasmin ('in that') + gayane ('in a bed'). 8, 9. trTn + lokan ('the worlds [accusative]') + jayati ('he conquers'). 10. tasmin + aranye ('in a jungle').

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1 1 - 1 5 . a t a s ( ' t h e r e f o r e ' ) + a h a m + bravTmi ('I s a y ' ) + u p a y a m ('a m e a n s [accusative]') + cintayet ('he should think of') + p r a j f i a s ( ' a w i s e m a n [ n o m i n a t i v e ] ' ) + iti ( a d v e r b e n d i n g q u o t a t i o n which b e g i n s with u p a y a m and e n d s with p r a j f i a s ) . 1 6 - 2 1 . t a t a s ( ' t h e n ' ) + s a v i s m a y a m ('with a m a z e m e n t ' ) + s a r v a i s ('by a l l the m e n ' ) + d r s t a s ( ' h e w a s s e e n ' ) + p r s t a s ( ' h e w a s a s k e d ' ) + c a ('and,' following B i n 'A and B ' ) + b h o s ( ' s i r ! ') + k i m ( ' w h a t ? ' ) + i d a m ( ' t h a t ' ) . 2 2 - 2 5 . s a ( ' s h e ' ) + a b r a v i t ( ' s h e s a i d ' ) , k a t h a m ( ' h o w ? ') + c a + e t a t ( ' t h a t ' ) , s a s ( ' h e ' ) + abravTt ( ' h e s a i d ' ) . Exercise 4 A. P u t the s t e m s t o g e t h e r in c o m p o u n d s , i n the o r d e r i n which they a r e g i v e n . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

t a t - ( ' t h a t o n e ' ) + c h a y a - ( ' s h a d o w ' ) . M e a n i n g : ' h i s shadow.' t a t - + j n a n a - ( ' k n o w l e d g e ' ) . M e a n i n g : 'knowledge of that.' t a t - + nn is applied; a f t e r this, internal sandhi r u l e s o p e r a t e . In 1, 12, 13, sandhi r u l e s 59 and 60 apply, in spite of the heading b e f o r e r u l e 59.

1. afic- 'bend.' 2. k r - ' s c a t t e r . ' 3. k§T- 'destroy. 1 4. k f u d - 'crush.' 5. khid- ' t e a r . ' 6. gla- 'be weary.' [21]

7. c h a d - ' c o v e r . ' 8. t u d - ' p u s h . ' 9. t f - ' c r o s s . ' 10. p a d - 'go, fall.' 11. p f - 'fill.' 12. b h a n j - ' b r e a k . ' 13. r u j - ' b r e a k . ' 14. s a d - ' s i t . ' 15. s k a n d - 'leap.' S t a t e m e n t s on r e d u p l i c a t i o n and m o r p h o l o g y in e x e r c i s e s 1 6 - 1 8 and 2 1 - 2 3 In e x e r c i s e s 16-18, the f o r m s h a v e a n i n i t i a l r e d u p l i c a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by a vowel. The vowel i s a when the r o o t v o w e l i s a o r f , i when the r o o t vowel i s f , u when the r o o t v o w e l is u. F o r the v o w e l s in e x e r c i s e s 2 1 - 2 3 , s e e the i n t r o d u c t i o n s to t h o s e e x e r c i s e s . T h e c o n s o n a n t of the r e d u p l i c a t i o n i s the f i r s t c o n s o n a n t of t h e r o o t , e x c e p t t h a t when a n i n i t i a l t w o - c o n s o n a n t c l u s t e r in the r o o t c o n s i s t s of a s t o p p r e c e d e d by a s i b i l a n t , the s e c o n d c o n s o n a n t ( i . e . the s t o p ) is t h e one t h a t i s r e d u p l i c a t e d . If t h e c o n s o n a n t to be r e d u p l i c a t e d i s an a s p i r a t e d s t o p , the c o n s o n a n t of the r e d u p l i c a t i o n i s the c o r r e s p o n d i n g n o n - a s p i r a t e d s t o p ( e . g . bh««-»b). If t h e c o n s o n a n t t o b e r e d u p l i c a t e d is a v e l a r o r h, the c o n s o n a n t of the r e d u p l i c a t i o n i s the c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a l a t a l (k»-»c, g«*«»»j), with n o n - a s p i r a t i o n a l s o a c c o r d i n g t o the p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t (kh**-»c, In e x e r c i s e s 16 and 17, i n t h e 3d s i n g u l a r a c t i v e t h e r o o t s y l l a b l e s h o w s : (1) v r d d h i if it h a s a f i n a l vowel o r a f o l l o w e d b y a s i n g l e c o n s o n a n t (ch i s not a s i n g l e c o n s o n a n t ) ; (2) guna if the v o w e l i s i, u, o r r f o l l o w e d by a c o n s o n a n t ; (3) o t h e r w i s e n o c h a n g e . In t h e s e two e x e r c i s e s , a l l o t h e r f o r m s t h a n the 3d s i n g u l a r a c t i v e in g e n e r a l s h o w the r o o t s y l l a b l e with vowel u n c h a n g e d ( e x c e p t f o r the g e n e r a l s a n d h i c h a n g e s , e . g . f i n a l fi uv b e f o r e a vowel a c c o r d i n g t o r u l e 38). But, t h e 3d p l u r a l in e x e r c i s e 16, n u m b e r s 10, 13, and 16, l o s e s the v o w e l a of the r o o t s y l l a b l e , and in e x e r c i s e 16, n u m b e r s 14, 21, 25, 27, and 30, h a s no r e d u p l i c a t i o n and r e p l a c e s a by e . E x e r c i s e 16 F r o m t h e following v e r b r o o t s f o r m the 3d s i n g u l a r and 3d p l u r a l p e r f e c t i n d i c a t i v e a c t i v e with the e n d i n g s - a and - u s r e s p e c t i v e l y , o r , if an a s t e r i s k p r e c e d e s the r o o t , t h e m i d d l e with the e n d i n g s - e and - i r e r e s p e c t i v e l y . 1. 4. 7. 10.

* k a m - 'love.' 2. k a n k § - ' d e s i r e . ' 3. *kauS- ' a p p e a r . ' k u p - ' b e a n g r y . ' 5. k r - 'do, m a k e . ' 6. k r a m - ' s t r i d e . ' k r u d h - ' b e a n g r y . ' 8. k l i g - ' d i s t r e s s . ' 9. k § i p - ' t h r o w . ' k h a n - 'dig.' 11. g a d - ' s a y . ' 12. gup- ' p r o t e c t . ' [22]

13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31.

ghas- 'eat. 1 14. c a r - 'move.' 15. chid- 'cut off.' j a n - 'bear (child).' 17. ju§- 'enjoy.' 18. tud- 'push.' t y a j - 'abandon.' 20. t r a s - 'be terrified.' 21. dah- 'burn.' di£- 'point.' 23. drg- 'see.' 24. dhu- 'shake.' pad- 'go, fall.' 26. prach- 'ask.' 27. phal- 'burst.' bandh- 'bind.' 29. *budh- 'be awakened.' 30. bhaj- 'divide.' bh3- 'fear.' 32. b h r - ' c a r r y . ' 33. bhram- 'wander.' E x e r c i s e 17 F r o m the following verb roots form the 3d singular and 3d plural perfect indicative active with the endings - a and -us respectively, o r , if an a s t e r i s k precedes the root, middle with the endings - e and - i r e respectively. In numbers 1 and 6 s does not become

1. sku- 'tear.' 2. skhal- 'stumble. 1 3. stu- 'praise.' 4. s t r - ' s c a t t e r ' (guna of root vowel in 3d plural). 5. *sprdh- 'contend. 1 6. sphut- 'burst.' 7. s m r - ' r e m e m b e r ' (guna of root vowel in 3d plural). 8. s r u - 'flow.' 9. svap- 'sleep' (this root should be treated as sup- for the vowel of the reduplication and for the 3d plural; the 3d singular has r e v e r s e vrddhi). 10. scut- 'drip.' 11. s r u - 'hear.' 12 s l i s - 'clasp. 1 E x e r c i s e 18 F r o m the following verb roots ending in a form the 3d singular and 3d plural perfect indicative active, with -au representing a of the root plus - a of the ending in 3d singular, and with a of the root lost before ending - u s in the 3d plural. 1. 5. 8. 11.

khya- 'tell.' 2. ga- 'sing.' 3. ghra- 'smell.' 4. jfia- 'know.' dha- 'place.' 6. dhma- 'blow.' 7. pa- 'drink.' bha- 'shine.' 9. mla- 'wither.' 10. y a - 'go.' stha- 'stand.' 12. sna- 'bathe.' 13. ha- 'abandon.' E x e r c i s e 19 Make two gerunds from each of the following verb roots, using the suffixes -tva and -ya. After a root ending in a short vowel, add - t - before - y a . The roots ending in a, except jna, replace a by i before -tva. The two roots ending in a nasal plus another consonant lose the nasal in these f o r m s . The four roots ending in a nasal lose the nasal before -tva. Roots 10, 15, 19, and 20 a r e given with [23]

reverse gu^a; the gerunds have the basic vowels. 1. i- 'go.' 2. kr- 'do, make.' 3. gam- 'go.' 4. jiia- 'know.' 5. tr- 'cross.' 6. dah- 'burn.' 7. d^S- 'see.' 8. dha- 'place' (dh =• h in the form with -tva). 9. pi§- 'crush.' 10. prach- 'ask.' 11. bandh- 'bind.' 12. budh- 'be awakened.' 13. man- 'think.' 14. ma- 'measure.' 15. yaj- 'sacrifice.' 16. yuj- 'join.' 17. ram- 'take pleasure.' 18. labh- 'receive.' 19. vac- 'speak.' 20. vas- 'dwell.' 21. Sams- 'praise.' 22. sic- 'pour out.' 23. s r j - 'send forth, create.' 24. stha- 'stand.' 25. han- 'strike, kill.' Exercise 20 From the following verb roots make the gerundive with - y a - . The meaning is: from transitive roots 'which must be /is to be/will be . . . , ' from intransitive roots 'which must/is to/ will . . . .' A. 1. vad- 'say.' 2. guh- 'conceal.' B. a is replaced by e. 3. d5- 'give.' 4. dha- 'place.' C. Guna, and -t- before - y a - . 5. mr'die.' «

6. 8. 9. 12.

D and E. Final guga and vrddhi diphthongs are treated before -ya- as they are before vowels. D. Guqa. dvi§- 'hate.' 7. ST- 'lie down' (make the feminine of the gerundive with a replacing a of the suffix: 'bed'). hu- 'pour.' E. Vrddhi. k f - 'do, make.' 10. bhu- 'become.' 11. vac- 'say.' vr- 'ward off.' Exercise 21 From the following verb roots make two forms each for the 3d singular present indicative of the intensive. The forms have reduplication; the reduplicating vowel is guQa when the vowel of the root is f or u, and a when the vowel of the root is a. The consonant of the reduplication is to be determined from the section preceding exercise 16. [24]

The f i r s t form is active and is like the root c l a s s or the reduplicating c l a s s of the present, i . e . with guna of the root vowel and the 3d singular ending - t i . The second form is middle, with - y a - between the root and the 3d singular ending - t e . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

bhu- 'become, be' (meaning: 'be in the habit of'). lih- ' l i c k ' (meaning: 'lick greedily'). lup- 'bewilder' (meaning: 'bewilder exceedingly'). y a j - ' s a c r i f i c e ' (meaning: ' s a c r i f i c e often'). hrT- 'be ashamed' (meaning: 'be greatly ashamed'). E x e r c i s e 22 Desiderative f o r m s . Make the 3d singular active with - a - t i ; but, when * precedes the root, make the 3d singular middle with - a - t e , and when * * p r e c e d e s the root, make the adjective with -u. The f o r m s have reduplication; the reduplicating vowel is 1 when the vowel of the root is S, i\ or i, and u when the vowel of the root is u. In all the forms except numbers 2 and 3 the vowel of the root syllable remains unchanged; in numbers 2 and 3 the vowel of the root syllable is lost entirely. After the root syllable the desiderative suffix - s - is added.

1. 3. 5. 6.

dah- 'burn' (meaning: 'is about to burn'). 2. da- 'give.' dha- 'place' (apply rule 54). 4. **nud- 'push.' budh- 'be awakened, know' (m-eaning: ' d e s i r e s to know'). *bhuj- 'enjoy.' 7. muc- 'release.' 8. v a s - 'dwell' (see rule 72). 9. vid- J know, find.1 10. v i s - 'enter.' 11. stha- 'stand.' 12. * * s p r s - 'touch' (rule 46 does not work after i, because of the following s). E x e r c i s e 23 Aorist of the causative. Make the 3d singular with the prefix a - and the ending - a - t . The f o r m s have reduplication; the reduplicating vowel is short or long i when the vowel of the root is a, i, or r , and short or long u when the vowel of the root is u. The quantity of the vowel in the reduplicating syllable is either V[CCV or V[CV; the f o r m e r is found when the vowel of the following syllable (being followed by a single consonant) is long, the latter when it is short. [25]

1. grah- 'seize.' 2. chid- 'split.' 3. dip- 'shine.' 4. d r s - 'see.' 5. dru- 'run.' 6. nam- 'bow.' 7. m i l - 'close the eyes.' 8. yuj- 'join.' 9. s r i - ' r e s t on.' With guna in root syllable. 10. k r - 'make.'

11. b h r - 'carry.'

12. s i - 'lie down."

E x e r c i s e 24 F r o m the following verb roots form primary noun derivatives with the suffixes indicated. Where possible, the root vowels show guna in the derivatives. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Suffix - a - : diS- 'point' (meaning: 'spot, region'). du- 'burn' (meaning: 'forest fire 1 ). du§- 'spoil' (meaning: 'fault'). duh- 'milk' (meaning: 'milking, milk') bhf- ' c a r r y ' (meaning: 'carrying, weight').

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Suffix - a n a - : i - 'go' (meaning: 'path') drfi- ' s e e ' (meaning: 'sight'). bhSLs- 'speak' (meaning: 'speech'). math- 'stir, churn 1 (meaning: 'churning'). m r - 'die' (meaning: 'death'). r u - ' r o a r ' (meaning: ' r o a r ' ) . stha- 'stand' (meaning: 'position').

Suffix - t r - 'one who does': 13. k r - 'make. 1 14. ji- 'conquer. 1 15. d r i - ' s e e ' (with r e v e r s e guna). 16. bhuj- 'enjoy.' 17. yaj- 'sacrifice.' 18. yuj- 'join, yoke.' 19. v a c - 'speak.' 20. vid- 'know.' E x e r c i s e 25 F r o m the following verb roots form primary noun derivatives with the suffix - t i - . Roots 5 and 8 a r e given by the grammarians with r e v e r s e guna, and the derivatives show the basic vowels. 1. 2. 3. 4.

di£- 'point out, grant 1 (meaning: 'good fortune'). p f - 'fill' (meaning: 'completion, bestowal'). bhaj- 'divide, adore 1 (meaning: 'division, devotion 1 ). m u c - ' r e l e a s e ' (meaning: ' r e l e a s e ' ) .

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5. y a j - ' s a c r i f i c e ' (meaning: ' s a c r i f i c e ' ) . 6. y u j - 'join' (meaning: 'union'). 7. r u h - ' a s c e n d , i n c r e a s e ' (meaning: ' a s c e n t , i n c r e a s e , conventional meaning of a word'). 8. v a c - ' s p e a k ' (meaning: ' s p e e c h ' ) . 9. vid- 'find' (meaning: 'acquisition'). 10. vydh- ' i n c r e a s e 1 (meaning: ' i n c r e a s e ' ) . 11. s u - 'beget, b e a r ' (meaning: ' b i r t h ' ) . 12. s r j - ' e m i t , c r e a t e ' (meaning: ' c r e a t i o n ' ) 13. s m f - ' r e m e m b e r ' (meaning: ' m e m o r y , t r a d i t i o n ' ) . E x e r c i s e 26 F r o m the following noun s t e m s f o r m s e c o n d a r y noun and adjective d e r i v a t i v e s by addition of the indicated s u f f i x e s . The s e c o n d a r y d e r i v a t i v e s have vyddhi of the f i r s t syllable of the underlying word and guna of the l a s t syllable of the underlying word. Suffix - a - : 1. indu- 'moon' (meaning: ' l u n a r ' ) . 2. r t u - ' s e a s o n ' (meaning: ' s e a s o n a b l e ' ) . 3. s u f t h u 'excellently' (meaning: ' e x c e l l e n c e ' ; the underlying f o r m is not a noun, but an adverb). Suffix - y a - : 4. a r a n i - ' f i r e s t i c k ' (meaning: ' p e r t a i n i n g to the f i r e s t i c k s ' ) . 5. indumatl- 'IndumatT (a woman)' (meaning: 'descendant of IndumatI'). 6. j-si- ' a s a g e ' (meaning: 'descendant of a s a g e ' ) . 7. erfC- ' f e m a l e antelope' (meaning: 'produced f r o m f e m a l e antelope'). 8. kuntl- 'KuntT (a woman)' (meaning: ' s o n of KuntI'). 9. j a m a d a g n i - ' J a m a d a g n i (a man)' (meaning: ' s o n of J a m a dagni'). 10. bhaginl- ' s i s t e r ' (meaning: ' s i s t e r ' s son'). E x e r c i s e 27 F r o m the following r o o t nouns (namely, 1 and 2) and noun s t e m s f o r m the b a s i c f o r m s of the nominative s i n g u l a r , i n s t r u m e n t a l plural, and locative p l u r a l , with s u f f i x e s z e r o , - b h i s , and - s u r e s p e c t i v e l y ; note that b e f o r e the l a t t e r two s u f f i x e s the r u l e s of e x t e r n a l sandhi apply, but not in 1 and 2 b e f o r e - s u . When two s t e m f o r m s a r e given, the f i r s t is that of the nominative [27]

singular, the second that of the instrumental and locative plural. 1. 4. 7. 10.

g f - 'song. 1 2. p r - 'city. 1 3. àéTs- 'blessing. 1 dos- 'forearm.' 5. a h a r - / a h a s - 'day.' 6. dant/dat- 'tooth.' s r a j - 'wreath.' 8. a s r j - / a s a - 'blood.' 9. vanij- 'merchant.' t v a c - 'skin.' 11. upànah- 'shoe' (the verb root nah- is involved, with its s p e c i a l treatment of h).

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