Table of contents : Contents List of Tables and Figures Preface Abbreviations 1. Ryōgen’s Place in the History of the Tendai School 2. The Early History of Factionalism within the Tendai School: From Saichō throug the Mid-tenth Century 3. Ryōgen’s Early Years 4. Ryōgen’s Rise to Prominence 5. Ryōgen’s and the Fujiwaras: Patronage and Esoteric Buddhist Ritual 6. The Ōwa Debates 7. Ryōgen’s Appointments as Head of the Tendai School and to the Office of Monastic Affairs 8. The Significance of Ryōgen’s Revival of the Examination System 9. Rebuilding the Tendai Establishment on Mount Hiei 10. Ryōgen as Zasu: Financing the Spread of Tendai Influence 11. Factionalism and Ryōgen’s Efforts to Control the Order 12. Ryōgen and the Role of Nuns in Ninth- and Tenthcentury Japan 13. Epilogue: Ryōgen’s Posthumous Career Appendix 1. Ennin and Yokawa Appendix 2. A Note on Morosuke’s Interests Appendix 3. Dying Instructions of the Great Archbishop Jie Appendix 4. Takamitsu’s Retreat to Tōnomine Appendix 5. A Record of the Ōwa Debates Appendix 6. Ten Doubts concerning the Hossō School Appendix 7. Zōga as an Eccentric Appendix 8. Invocation of Tendai Abbot Ryōgen Notes Glossary Bibliography Index