Routledge History Handbook of Gender and the Urban Experience 9781138815940, 9781315276236

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The Routledge History Handbook of Gender and the Urban Experience

Challenging current perspectives of urbanisation, The Routledge History Handbook of Gender and the Urban Experience explores how our towns and cities have shaped and been shaped by cultural, spatial and gendered influences. This volume discusses gender in an urban context in European, North American and colonial towns from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, casting new light on the development of medieval and modern settlements across the globe. Organised into six thematic parts covering economy, space, civic identity, material culture, emotions and the colonial world, this book comprises 36 chapters by key scholars in the field. It covers a wide range of topics, from women and citizenship in medieval York to gender and tradition in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South African cities, reframing our understanding of the role of gender in constructing the spaces and places that form our urban environment. Interdisciplinary and transnational in scope, this volume analyses the individual dynamics of each case study while also examining the complex relationships and exchanges between urban cultures. It is a valuable resource for all researchers and students interested in gender, urban history and their intersection and interaction throughout the past five centuries. Deborah Simonton is associate professor, emerita, at the University of Southern Denmark and author of Women in European Culture and Society: Gender, Skill and Identity from 1700 (2011) and a co-editor of Female Agency in the European Town (2013, with Anne Montenach) and Luxury and Gender in European Towns, 1700-1914 (2014, with Marjo Kaartinen and Anne Montenach). She leads the international network Gender in the European Town.

The Routledge History Handbooks

The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates Edited by Cyrus Schayegh and Andrew Arsan The Routledge Handbook of the History of Race and the American Military Edited by Geoffrey W. Jensen The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism Edited by Edward Cavanagh and Lorenzo Veracini The Routledge Handbook of Material Culture in Early Modern Europe Edited by Catherine Richardson,Tara Hamling and David Gaimster The Routledge History Handbook of Medieval Revolt Edited by Justine Firnhaber-Baker with Dirk Schoenaers The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300-1600 Edited by Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz The Routledge History Handbook of Gender and the Urban Experience Edited by Deborah Simonton

The Routledge History Handbook of Gender and the Urban Experience

Edited by Deborah Simonton

Section Editors ANNE MONTENACH, ELAINE CHALUS, NINA JAVETTE KOEFOED MARJO KAARTINEN, KATIE BARCLAY, NIGEL WORDEN

First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Deborah Simonton, Anne Montenach, Elaine Chalus, Nina Javette Koefoed, Marjo Kaartinen, Katie Barclay and Nigel Worden for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors for their chapters. The right of Deborah Simonton, Anne Montenach, Elaine Chalus, Nina Javette Koefoed, Marjo Kaartinen, Katie Barclay and Nigel Worden to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or ­registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-81594-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-27623-6 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

For Eve, in affection, friendship and scholarship

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Contents

List of Figures xii List of Tables xiv Notes on Contributors xv Preface xxiv Acknowledgements xxvi Gender and the Urban Experience – Introduction

1

Part I

Economy, Circulations and Exchanges – Introduction Anne Montenach

7

  1 Patterns of Transmission and Urban Experience – When Gender Matters Anna Bellavitis

11

  2 Women, Gender and ­Credit in Early Modern Western European Towns Cathryn Spence

21

  3 Toleration, Liberty and Privileges – Gender and Commerce in Eighteenth-Century European Towns Deborah Simonton   4 Gender and Business ­during the Industrial Revolution Hannah Barker   5 Poverty, Family Economies and Survival Strategies in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries – A Gender Approach Montserrat Carbonell-Esteller vii

33 47

58

Contents

  6 Gendered Experiences of Work and Migration in Western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Manuela Martini

71

Part II

Space, Place and Environment – Introduction Elaine Chalus

85

  7 Male Servants, Identity and Urban Space in Eighteenth-Century England Amanda Flather

91

  8 Mapping the Spaces of ­Seduction – Morality, Gender and the City in Early ­Nineteenth-Century Britain Katie Barclay

103

  9 Painting the Town – Portrayals of Change in Urban Riversides, London and the Thames, a Case Study Kemille S. Moore

116

10 Modernity and Madrid – The Gendered Urban Geography of Carmen de Burgos’ La rampa Rebecca M. Bender

130

11 Home, Urban Space and Gendered Practices in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Turku Riitta Laitinen

142

12 The Gendered Geography of Violence in Bologna, Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries Sanne Muurling and Marion Pluskota

153

Part III

Civic Identity and Political Culture – Introduction Nina Javette Koefoed

165

13 Women and Citizenship in Later Medieval York Sarah Rees Jones

169

14 Civic Identity, ‘Juvenile’ Status and Gender in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Italian Towns Eleonora Canepari

viii

182

Contents

15 ‘We Had a Row on the P ­ olitics of the Day’ – Gender and Political Sociability of the Elites in Stockholm, c. 1770–1800 My Hellsing 16 Gender, Philanthropy and Civic Identities in Edinburgh, 1795–1830 Jane Rendall

195 209

17 Negotiating Respectable Citizenship – Homosexual Emancipation Struggles in Early Twentieth-Century Copenhagen Niels Nyegaard

221

18 Voting as an Act of Estate or Voting as an Act of Class? – Voting Women in Swedish Towns, c. 1720–1920 Åsa Karlsson Sjögren

233

Part IV

Material Culture in Gendered Urban Settings – Introduction Marjo Kaartinen

245

19 Gender, Material Culture and Urban Experience in Early Modern Rome Renata Ago

249

20 The Changing Objects of Civic Devotion – Gender, Politics and Votive Commissions in a Late Medieval Dalmatian Confraternity Ana Marinković

259

21 Caring and Healing – Women, Bodies and Materiality in Nineteenth-Century French Cities Anne Carol

271

22 Architectural Language and Mistranslations – A Comparative Global Approach to Women’s Urban Spaces Despina Stratigakos

283

23 Shoes and the City – Shoes and Their Sphere of Influence in Early America, 1740–1789 Kimberly Alexander

296

24 Gendering the Automobile – Men, Women and the Car in Helsinki, 1900–1930 309 Teija Försti

ix

Contents Part V

Intimacy and Emotion – Introduction Katie Barclay

321

25 Shaping London Merchant Identities – Emotions, Reputation and Power in the Court of Chancery Merridee L. Bailey

327

26 Love Thy Neighbour? – The Gendered, Emotional and Spatial Production of Charity and Poverty in Sixteenth-Century France Susan Broomhall

338

27 The Emotional Life of Boys in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City Sonya Lipsett-Rivera 28 Emotions, Gender and the Body – The Case of Nineteenth-Century German  Spa Towns Heikki Lempa 29 Feeling Modern on the Russian Street – From Desire to Despair Mark D. Steinberg 30 Risk! Pleasure! Affirmation! – Navigating Queer Urban Spaces in Twentieth-Century Scotland Jeff Meek

351

362 374

385

Part VI

The Colonial Town – Introduction Nigel Worden

397

31 A Gendered History of Colonial Spanish-American Cities and Towns, 1500s–1800 401 Leo J. Garofalo 32 Gender in Batavia – Asian City, European Company Town Jean Gelman Taylor 33 Cities at Sea – Gender and Sexuality in the Eighteenth-Century British Colonial City: Philadelphia, Kingston, Madras and Calcutta Clare A. Lyons 34 Gender, Race and the Spatiality of the Colonial Town in India Mary Hancock x

415

427 441

Contents

35 Gender and Urban Experience in Nineteenth-Century Australasian Towns Penny Russell 36 South African Cities, Gender and Inventions of Tradition in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Vivian Bickford-Smith

453

464

Further Reading 477 Index 484

xi

Figures

  3.1 Vleeshuis (Butchers’ Guildhall), Antwerp   3.2 Regulations on Widows, Reglemens et statuts des maistres tailleurs d’habits, marchands drapiers et chaussetiers de la ville de La Rochelle, 1753, Article XX   3.3 Guild trade signs, Odense, Denmark   4.1 John Ralston, Market Street, lithograph, 1823   6.1 A wet-nurse placement bureau in Paris around 1909   8.1 Samuel Neele, A plan of the city of Dublin as surveyed for the use of the divisional Justices (London: W. Faden, c. 1808–20)   8.2 Detail of Samuel Neele, A plan of the city of Dublin as surveyed for the use of the divisional Justices (London: W. Faden, c. 1808–20)   9.1 John O’Connor, The Embankment, oil on canvas, 1874   9.2 James McNeill Whistler, Variations in Pink and Grey: Chelsea, oil on canvas, 1872   9.3 Atkinson Grimshaw, Reflection on the Thames – Westminster, oil on canvas, 1880   9.4 Fred Brown, An Impromptu Dance – A Scene along the Chelsea Embankment, oil on canvas, 1883 13.1 All Women Admitted to the Franchise of the City of York 15.1 Johan Fredrik Martin, Norrmalm Square in Stockholm with view of the Castle, coloured etching c. 1797 15.2 Johan Tobias Sergel, Foreign Diplomats at Stockholm’s Opera, sketch, early 1790s 22.1 Lyceum clubhouse at 128 Piccadilly, London, postcard from c. 1905 22.2 Lyceum clubhouse at 118b Potsdamer Strasse, Berlin, 1905. From ‘Die Lyzeumklub’, Die Frau 12, no. 12 (1905): 752 22.3 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Potsdamer Platz, drawing, 1914

xii

35 40 41 48 74 108 110 121 123 124 125 172 197 200 285 287 288

Figures

22.4 Lyceum clubhouse at Lützowplatz 8, Berlin, as redesigned by Emilie Winkelmann. From Jarno Jessen, ‘Der Deutsche Lyzeumklub und seine bildenden Künstlerinnen’, Westermanns Monatshefte 120, no. 716 (1916): 165 289 23.1 Woman’s silk shoes, England, c. 1700–1715. Silver lace, metal sequins, silk satin, leather 296 23.2 Woman’s shoes, silk satin with wood heel, possibly worn by Patty Rogers, c. 1780s. Maker, Chamberlain and Sons, Cheapside, London 301 23.3 Woman’s shoes, detail of paper label affixed to footbed, ‘Chamberlain & Sons Shoemakers in Cheapside London’. Silk satin with wood heel, possibly worn by Patty Rogers, c. 1780s 302 23.4 Advertisement for London sale goods in the shop of George House, Chestnut Street, 1741. From The American Weekly Mercury [Philadelphia, PA], 19 November 1741, 4 305 24.1 A taxi driver, Helsinki, 1910s 314 24.2 Miss Terna Åkerman and her Singer car, 1928. Photo © Olof Sundström. 316 27.1 Plate 48: L’enjambée des Géans. Jeu Mexicain. From Claudio Linati, Costumes Civils, Militaires, et Religieux du Mexique (Bruxelles: Ch Satta Nino, 1828) 357 28.1 Baden-Baden Health Spa, wood engraving, c. 1865 364 31.1 Drawing c. 1615 by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The city of Cuzco, principal city and royal court of the twelve Inka kings of this realm and bishopric of the church 402 31.2 Drawing c. 1615 by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Qhapaq apu mama, Wives of Powerful Lords: Poma Valca and Juana Curi Ocllo, quya, Principal Wife and Queen of Peru 407 32.1 Batavia Castle seen from the west side of the Kali Besar [Grand River], Andries Beeckman, The Castle of Batavia, sketch, c. 1656 419 32.2 Jan Brandes, Jan Brandes, Son Jantje and Slave Companion Roosje, sketch, c. 1782–3 422 33.1 Agostino Brunias, A West Indian Flower Girl and Two Other Free Women of Color, oil on canvas, 1769 432 35.1 Henry Curzon Allport, George Street, Sydney – Looking South, watercolour, 1842 455

xiii

Tables

  5.1 Welfare Agents in Southern Europe in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 13.1 Admission of Women to the Franchise of York, 1272–1510 13.2 York Freemen’s Register: Admissions of New Freemen 1300–1500, showing female entrants as a percentage 13.3 All recorded occupations of female entrants to the franchise of the City of York 14.1 ‘Boys’ associations in seventeenth-century Rome 26. 1 Comparison of the nature of alms support by parish and gender. Nantes, March 1536 to ­September 1539 26.2 Comparison of number and nature of the households and tax amounts raised in the four main quartiers of Troyes, 1553 26.3 Comparison by gender and quartier of those receiving alms. Troyes, 1553

xiv

65 171 174 177 187 343 344 344

Contributors

Renata Ago is professor of Early Modern History at Sapienza Università di Roma. Her main fields of interest are social and economic history, with special attention to gender history. She is currently working on the uses of space in early modern cities and on the material culture of early modern Rome. She is the author of many books, collections and essays, which include Carriere e clientele nella Roma barocca (1990), La feudalità in età moderna (1994), Economia barocca. Mercato e istituzioni nella Roma del ‘600 (1998), Il gusto delle cose. Una storia degli oggetti nella Roma del ‘600 (2006), ‘Five industrious cities’ in Painting for Profit. The Economic Lives of the SeventeenthCentury Italian Painters, ed. Ph. Sohm and R. Spear (2010), Gusto for Things. A History of Objects in Seventeenth-Century Rome (2013), Tanti modi per promuoversi. Artisti, dottori, scienziati nella Roma del ‘600 (2014). Kimberly Alexander is an academic and museum professional specializing in eighteenth-­ century costume, art and architectural history. She has produced innovative exhibits in these areas for a wide variety of institutions. Currently, she teaches museum studies and material culture to graduate and undergraduate students at the University of New Hampshire and Salem State University. She earned her PhD in Art History with a specialization in Architectural History from Boston University. She has held positions as curator of Architecture and Design at the MIT Museum; curator of Architecture and Design at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, MA; and chief curator of Strawbery Banke Museum in Portsmouth, NH. Her book Georgian Shoe Stories from Early America (2016) traces the history of early Anglo-American footwear from the 1740s through the 1790s. Merridee L. Bailey is a senior research fellow with the ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions at the University of Adelaide. To date, her work has been on the history of book culture and issues of socialisation and morality in late medieval and early modern England. She has previously published on ideas about virtue and courtesy in fifteenth and sixteenthcentury England and more recently has begun working on morality and emotions in merchant practices in London, c. 1400–1650. She has recently published a book on childhood in late medieval and early modern England, Socialising the Child in Late Medieval England c. 1400–1600 (2012). She is co-editor of Women and Work in Premodern Europe: Experiences, Relationships and Cultural Representation (forthcoming). xv

Contributors

Katie Barclay is an ARC DECRA Fellow in the ARC Centre for the History of Emotions and Department of History at the University of Adelaide. She is the author of Love, Intimacy and Power: Marriage and Patriarchy in Scotland, 1650–1850 (2011) winner of both the Women’s History Network Book Prize and the Senior Hume Brown Prize in Scottish History. She is the author of a number of articles in the field of emotion and family life and has a particular interest in how space – including urban and rural – shapes gendered experience. Her current research explores the intimate lives of the Scottish lower orders in a long eighteenth century. Hannah Barker is professor of British History, University of Manchester. She is a historian of industrial revolution England and the north of England in particular. Her recent research has concentrated on issues of gender and work in towns, where she has assessed the impact of industrialisation on women’s employment and, specifically, the degree to which the advent of modern capitalism marginalised women workers. Her current research project builds upon this work and examines the concept of ‘family strategy’ in terms of small family businesses, as well as exploring the emotional life of families and their use of domestic space. She has just finished a book on this project for Oxford University Press. Hannah is chair of Manchester Histories, a charity that works to transform lives in Greater Manchester through histories and heritage; and a historical advisor for the National Trust at Quarry Bank Mill, where she is working on an exciting expansion project. Anna Bellavitis is professor of Early Modern History, University of Rouen-Normandy and senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France. She received her PhD from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris (1996) and her Habilitation à diriger des recherches from the University of Lyon 2 (2007). Her research concerns the social history of Venice, women’s and gender history and labour history, and she is working on a comparative research project about women’s roles and property rights in early modern European economies. She is author of Identité, mariage, mobilité sociale. Citoyennes et citoyens à Venise au XVIe siècle (2001), Famille, genre, transmission à Venise au XVIe siècle (2008) and Il lavoro delle donne nelle città dell’Europa moderna (2016). She is collaborating on two international research projects, Garzoni. Apprenticeship, Work, Society (funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche – France and the Fond National Suisse de la Recherche) and Producing Change. Gender and Work in Early Modern Europe (funded by the Leverhulme Trust). Rebecca M. Bender is assistant professor of Spanish at Kansas State University. She specializes in Spanish literature of the nineteenth through the twenty-first centuries, and her current book project examines maternal issues within Spain’s early women’s movement. She has published on narrative portrayals of ‘hybrid feminism’ and Madrid’s maternity ward. Vivian Bickford-Smith is emeritus professor in the Department of Historical Studies at the University of Cape Town and extraordinary professor, University of Stellenbosch. His research interests are in urban history, ‘film and history’ and ethnicity and racial identity. Publications include Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (2003), Cape Town in the Twentieth Century (1999) and The Emergence of the South African Metropolis: Cities and Identities in the Twentieth Century (2016). Susan Broomhall is professor of Early Modern History at The University of Western Australia. She was a Foundation Chief Investigator in the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions and now holds an Australian Research Council Future xvi

Contributors

Fellowship. Her research has focused on women and gender in early modern Europe, and she is author of numerous works, including most recently, (with David G. Barrie) Police Courts in Nineteenth-Century Scotland.  Volume 1: Magistrates, Media and the Masses; Volume 2: Boundaries, Behaviours, Bodies (2014) and (with Jacqueline Van Gent) Gender, Power and Identity in the Early Modern House of Orange-Nassau (2016) and Dynastic Colonialism: Gender, Materiality and the Early Modern House of Orange-Nassau (2016) as well as a series of edited collections on women’s communities, masculinity and emotions. She has published a number of essays on urban poor relief and pauper experiences in early modern France and England. Eleonora Canepari obtained her PhD in History at the University of Turin (2006) and at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris, 2012). Her research focuses on the history of migration and mobility and on social insertion in the city (Rome, seventeenth century). She has been Marie Curie postdoctoral fellow at the Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CNRS, Paris), Gerda Henkel fellow at the University of Oxford (Italian Studies at Oxford) and a member of the Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies (University of Toronto). At present she holds a ‘Rising Star’ packaged chair from the Fondation A*Midex (Aix-Marseille Université) at the research unit Telemme UMR 7303, where she is PI of the project Settling in Motion. Mobility and the Making of the Urban Space (16th–18th c). The project aims to study the role played by mobility in the making of the urban space in four Mediterranean cities during the Ancient Regime: Marseille, Tunis, Rome, Naples. Among her recent publications: ‘ “In my home town I have...”. Migrant women and multi-local ties (Rome, seventeenth-eighteenth centuries),’ Genesis 13 (2014); ‘Cohabitations, household structures and gender identities in XVIIth-century Rome,’ Villa I Tatti Studies 17 (2014); ‘Porteurs, mendiants, gentilshommes. La construction sociale du pouvoir politique (Rome, 1550–1650),’ Annales HSS 68, no. 3 (2013). Montserrat Carbonell-Esteller is senior lecturer, Department of Economic History, University of Barcelona. She works on economic and social history, with a special focus on late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century Spain. Her main research areas are history of poverty, poor relief and welfare, women, gender and the family and historical demography and microfinance. Her current research explores family, households, intergenerational relationships and poor relief; microfinances and gender; and towns between resilience and precariousness. Her published research investigated the process of transformation between moral economie to market economy in Barcelona and how ordinary people used the possibilities at their disposal in order to survive: Sovreviure a Barcelona. Dones, pobresa i assistència al segle XVIII,Vic: 1997; ‘Using microcredit and restructuring households: Two complementary survival strategies in late eighteenthcentury Barcelona,’ International Review of Social History 45 (2000); ‘Montes de Piedad and savings banks as microfinance institutions in the periphery of the financial system of mid-nineteenthcentury Barcelona,’ Business History 45 (2012). Anne Carol is professor of History at Aix-Marseille University. She specializes both in the cultural and social history of medicine and in the history of the body, dead or alive, female or male, in nineteenth and early twentieth-century France. Her publications include Les médecins et la mort France XIXe siècle (2004), Physiologie de la Veuve. Une histoire médicale de la guillotine (2012) and L’embaumement. Une passion romantique (2014). She is currently writing on the sensitive experience of the death penalty.  Elaine Chalus, FRHS, is professor of British History and head of the Department of History at the University of Liverpool. An expert on gender and political culture, Elaine’s numerous xvii

Contributors

p­ublications, particularly her monograph Elite Women in English Political Life c.1754–1790 (2005), have helped to reconfigure historians’ understanding of women and political culture prior to enfranchisement. In her recent work, ‘Gender, place and power: Controverted elections in late Georgian England,’ in Gender and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800, ed. James Daybell and Svante Norrhem (2016), and ‘Spaces of sociability in fashionable society: A female household in Brighton and Nice, c.1825–35,’ in Gendering Spaces in European Towns, c.1500–1900, ed. Elaine Chalus and Marjo Kaartinen (2016), she has turned her attention to the operation and meaning of the gendering of space and place in politics and sociability. A founding member of the Gender in the European Town Network, she headed the Space, Place and Environment strand. She has wide editing experience and currently serves on the editorial boards for Women’s History Review, Parliamentary History Journal and the History of Parliament Trust, where she is section editor for the House of Lords, 1660–1832. Amanda Flather is lecturer in History at the University of Essex. Her research focuses principally on pre-modern gender relations, with particular emphasis on the history of the organisation of social space in England. She is the author of Gender and Space in Early Modern England and a number of articles and essays on the influence of gender on the organisation and use of social and sacred space. Teija Försti is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Turku. She specializes in the cultural history of technology and especially in early automobile history in Finland. Her research interests have focused on the history of traffic, transport and mobility, material culture, humour studies, urban history and spatiality. In 2010−2011 she was editor-in-chief of Tekniikan Waiheita, the Finnish quarterly for the Finnish Society for the History of Technology. Her published doctoral thesis Vauhtikausi. Autoilun sukupuoli 1920–luvun Suomessa (2013) analysed connections between automobility and gender in Finland in the 1920s. She co-authored the history of the Feminist Association Unioni Suffragettien sisaret (2006). Currently, she is writing a book on early female car-drivers in Finland. Leo J. Garofalo is associate professor of History and Director of the Center for the Comparative Study of Race and Ethnicity at Connecticut College and author of books and articles on market and ritual activities in multi-ethnic Andean cities and the seafaring and soldiering of black Europeans from Iberia.To treat these themes, he co-edited Documenting Latin America: Gender, Race, and Empire (2010), Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550– 1812 (2009) and Mas allá de la dominación y la resistencia (2006). Currently, he is writing a book on black sailors, soldier and traders from Iberia and enslaved Asians in the early Atlantic world. Mary Hancock, a professor in the Departments of Anthropology and History at University of California, Santa Barbara, is the author of Womanhood in the Making: Domestic Ritual and Public Culture in Urban South India (1999), The Politics of Heritage from Madras to Chennai (2008) and numerous articles. Her current research deals with the nineteenth and twentieth-century networks of religion, mass media and travel that linked India and the United States. My Hellsing holds a post-doctoral position at the Department of History at Uppsala University, Sweden. Her current research project analyses the political sociability of the elites in Stockholm c. 1770–1830, focusing on the interceptions of ’court’ and ’town’ and the impact of the Age of Revolution. My Hellsing is the main editor of the journal Sjuttonhundratal: Nordic Yearbook for Eighteenth-Century Studies. xviii

Contributors

Marjo Kaartinen is professor of Cultural History at the University of Turku. She specializes in early modern cultural history but has a keen interest in cultural history across periods. She has received several major research grants from the Academy of Finland and currently leads one on digital history, Profiling Premodern Authors, focusing on Latin texts and their authorship. In 2006, she won the Scholar of the Year award in Finland, and in 2007, an award for her work against racism. Her publications include Religious Life and English Culture in the Reformation (2002) and Breast Cancer in the Eighteenth Century (2013). Åsa Karlsson Sjögren is professor of History at Umeå University. Her primary research interests lie in women and gender history from different perspectives: legal, political and social. Her monographs are in Swedish, but she has also published in English; for example, ‘Women’s voices in Swedish town and cities at the turn of the twentieth century. Municipal franchise, polling, eligibility and strategies for universal suffrage,’ Women’s History Review 3 (2012); ‘Gender and urban land in Swedish towns,’ in Female Agency in the Urban Economy. Gender in European Towns, 1640–1830, ed. Deborah Simonton and Anne Montenach (2013) and ‘Citizenship, poor relief and the politics of gender in Swedish cities and towns at the turn of the nineteenth century,’ in Gender in Urban Europe. Sites of Political Activity and Citizenship, ed. Krista Cowman, Nina Javette Koefoed and Åsa Karlsson Sjögren (2014). Her latest publication is ‘Negotiating charity. Emotions, gender, and poor relief in Sweden at the turn of the 19th century,’ Scandinavian Journal of History (2016). Nina Javette Koefoed is associate professor of History at Aarhus University. Her research interest covers marriage, households and parenthood in eighteenth-century Denmark and suffrage, citizenship and philanthropy in nineteenth-century Denmark. Most of her publications are in Danish. Amongst her publications in English are ‘Performing male political citizenship: Local philanthropy as an arena for practicing and negotiating citizenship in late nineteenthcentury Denmark,’ in Gender in Urban Europe. Sites of Political Activity and Citizenship, ed. Krista Cowman, Nina Javette Koefoed and Åsa Karlsson Sjögren (2014). Riitta Laitinen (PhD) works in the Department of Cultural history in the University of Turku and studies early modern urban history. She has edited, with Thomas V. Cohen, Cultural History of Early Modern Streets ( 2009) as well as books in Finnish dealing with spatiality and material culture. In addition to articles on urban history, she has written on church space during the long Reformation. Her interests lie in everyday life and people’s relationship with the material environment. She wrote her dissertation on Navajo Indian spatial identity in the nineteenth century, and she continues to have an interest in indigenous historiography. Her new book, Order and Disorder in Early Modern Urban Space. Community and the Material Environment in the Kingdom of Sweden, is to be published by Amsterdam University Press. She has just started a new project on thieves, material environment and belonging in early modern Swedish urban communities. Heikki Lempa is a professor of German and Modern European History at Moravian College, Pennsylvania. He completed undergraduate work at the University of Turku, Finland and a PhD at the University of Chicago. He teaches courses on the history of emotions, the history of the body, the Holocaust and the history of masculinity in modern Europe. His first book, Bildung der Triebe. Der deutsche Philanthropismus (1768–1788) (1993), explores the everyday foundations of German education in the late eighteenth century. His second book, Beyond the Gymnasium. Educating the Middle-Class Bodies in Classical Germany (2007), is a work on the history of the body. Recent articles have focused on the history of emotions, gender and p­ atriarchalism and xix

Contributors

the ­history of education. He is finishing a book-length manuscript titled ‘Spaces of r­ ecognition. Honor and civil society in classical Germany, 1700–1914’. Lempa is a co-director of the Network on Emotion Studies of the German Studies Association. Sonya Lipsett-Rivera is professor of History at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. She is the author of To Defend Our Water with the Blood of our Veins:The Struggle for Resources in Colonial Puebla and Gender and the Negotiation of Daily Life in Mexico, 1750–1856 and the co-editor of The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America and Emotions and Daily Life in Colonial Mexico. She has written numerous articles and chapters, is the recipient of the Tibesar Award and is the 2015 Marston Lafrance Research Fellow. Clare A. Lyons is associate professor of history at the University of Maryland. She is author of Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 (2006) and ‘Mapping an Atlantic sexual culture: Homoeroticism in eighteenth-­ century Philadelphia,’ winner of the Broussard Prize and winner of the William and Mary Quarterly Capon Prize. She is currently writing a trans-regional study of colonial sexualities, provisionally entitled Sex in the Eighteenth-Century Anglo-Oceanic World: Global Transit, Enslaving Sexuality & Inventing the Sexual Self. Ana Marinković is a research associate at the Department of Art History, University of Zagreb. Her research interests cover topics from the fields of hagiography, church and urban history in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. She specializes in history of the Eastern Adriatic cities and their relations with the Italian centres and is currently focusing on networks of Observant reform. She is the president of the Croatian Hagiography Society Hagiotheca. Her recent publications include ‘The cults of local reformist bishops in Dalmatia: Success and failure’ in Relics, Identity, and Memory in Medieval Europe, ed. M. Räsänen, G. Hartmann and E. J. Richards (2016) and Cuius Patrocinio Tota Gaudet Regio. Saints’ Cults and the Dynamics of Regional Cohesion (edited with S.Kuzmová and T.Vedriš, 2014). Manuela Martini is professor of Modern History, University Lumière Lyon 2; and member of the LARHRA-UMR 5190 research unit. Her research lies at the intersection between migration studies, the history of labour and family and gender relationships. She has recently published several articles and books on gender and labour issues, including ‘When unpaid workers need a legal status: Family workers and reforms to labour rights in twentieth-century France,’ International Review of Social History 59, no. 2 (2014); and she has co-edited Genre et travail migrant. Mondes atlantiques (2009) and a special issue of ‘The History of the Family,’ in Households, Family Workshops and Unpaid Market Work in Europe from the 16th Century to the Present, 19 (2014). Jeff Meek is a social and cultural historian based at the University of Glasgow, and he has ­published on the impacts of World War One on Scottish society and on the interactions between religion, the law and sexuality. His monograph Queer Voices in Post-War Scotland: Male Homosexuality, Religion and Society was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2015. Anne Montenach is professor of Early Modern History, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7303 TELEMME (13094 Aix-en-Provence, France). Dr Montenach defended her PhD at the European University Institute in Florence and published it as L’économie du quotidien. Espaces et pratiques du commerce alimentaire à Lyon au XVIIe siècle (2009). Following research on the early modern urban economy with a special emphasis on informal circulations and exchange, xx

Contributors

she has turned to working on female economic territories in early m ­ odern Europe and is identifying how women were pivotal to urban economies, both illicit and legitimate. She completed her Habilitation à diriger des recherches on salt and calico smuggling in eighteenth-­century France and has published several articles in various European journals. She has co-edited with Deborah Simonton two collections of essays, Gender in the European Town: Female Agency in the Urban Economy, 1640–1830 (2013) and Luxury and Gender in European Towns, 1700–1914 (with Marjo Kaartinen, 2014), and she is working with her as series editor on the Bloomsbury Cultural History of Work (2018). Kemille S. Moore is associate professor of Art History at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. Her teaching and research interests lie in late nineteenth-century European art history, primarily British printmaking and photography. Her current research projects include an examination of the print market during the late Victorian London and the role of women in the etching revival in England and America. She recently published ‘Feminisation and the luxury of visual art in London’s West End, 1860–1890’ in Luxury and Gender in European Towns, 1700–1914, ed. Deborah Simonton, Marjo Kaartinen and Anne Montenach (2015). Sanne Muurling is a PhD Candidate at Leiden University where she is working on a doctoral thesis on crime and gender in early modern Bologna, Italy. She specializes in the social history of everyday life. Niels Nyegaard is a PhD student at the Department of History, Aarhus University, Denmark. In his PhD project, he examines the social construction of male homosexuality in early twentieth-century Copenhagen. By exploring the city’s public configurations of male homosexuality, he seeks to map out the ways in which homosexuality became aligned with social stigmatization and abjection at the turn of the century. In continuation hereof, his projects aim to contribute to a genealogical mapping of the historical instalment of homophobia and hetero-normativity in modern Denmark. Marion Pluskota is a postdoctoral researcher in Gender and Crime in nineteenth-century Europe at Leiden University, the Netherlands. She has published on the history of prostitution, Prostitution and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Ports (2015), and co-offending and prosecution patterns under the penal code. Sarah Rees Jones (FRHS, FSA) is a professor of Medieval History at the University of York. She works on medieval urban history, with special interests in the history of citizenship and town planning. She is the author of York, the Making of a City, 1068–1350 (2013). Other recent publications address the processes through which collective bonds were formed in medieval towns, whether through the shaping of the lived environment, through faith or through the development of skills and bureaucratic processes. Jane Rendall is an honorary fellow of the History Department and the Centre for Eighteenth Century Studies at the University of York. She has published extensively on the history of the Enlightenment, especially in Scotland, and on the history of Western feminism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; she is currently working on women’s associations in early nineteenth-century Scotland. She is also one of the four editors currently preparing a new edition of the Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women, first published in 2006, for Edinburgh University Press. xxi

Contributors

Penny Russell is Bicentennial Professor of Australian History at the University of Sydney. Her publications include Savage or Civilised? Manners in Colonial Australia (2010), This Errant Lady: Jane Franklin’s Journey to Port Phillip and Sydney, 1839 (2002) and A Wish of Distinction: Colonial Gentility and Femininity (1994), as well as numerous edited volumes and articles on aspects of Australian and British social history in the nineteenth century. Her most recent book is Honourable Intentions? Violence and Virtue in Australian and Cape Colonies, c. 1750 to 1850 (2016), co-edited with Nigel Worden. Deborah Simonton, FRHS, is associate professor, emerita, University of Southern Denmark and visiting professor, University of Turku. She leads the Gender in the European Town Network. She studies the gendered and power relations articulated in the shifting economic structures of corporate towns in the context of commercial and polite culture. She has published A History of European Women’s Work in Europe since 1700 (1998) and Women in European Culture and Society, Gender, Skill and Identity since 1700 (2010) with a companion sourcebook, in addition to articles and chapters. She has extensive editing experience, including the Routledge History of Women in Europe (2006); with Anne Montenach, Female Agency in the Urban Economy (2013); and with Anne Montenach and Marjo Kaartinen, Luxury and Gender in the Modern Urban Economy (2014). She is general editor of The Routledge History Handbook on Gender and the Urban Experience (2017) and The Cultural History of Work (2017), with Anne Montenach. Cathryn Spence is professor of History,Vancouver Island University, British Columbia, Canada. Since receiving her PhD from the University of Edinburgh in 2010, she has held teaching positions at the universities of Dalhousie, Keele and New Brunswick (Saint John) as well as a twoyear Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Guelph. She is the author of Women, Credit, and Debt in Early Modern Scottish Towns (2016) and co-editor of the Edinburgh Housemaills Taxation Book, 1634–6 (2014). She has written several chapters and articles that explore the intersecting topics of Scottish women, credit and debt work. Her research interests include urban and economic history and the impact of gender and socio-economic status when navigating economic relationships in early modern Western Europe. Mark D. Steinberg, a professor of History at the University of Illinois, specializes in the ­cultural, intellectual and social history of Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His research and writing have focused on labour relations, working-class literary creativity, revolution, emotions, religion, violence and the modern city. The author of many books, edited collections articles, his more recent books include Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 1910–1925 (2002); A History of Russia, with Nicholas Riasanovsky (8th edition, 2010); Petersburg Fin-de-Siècle (2011); and Interpreting Emotions in Russia and Eastern Europe, edited with Valeria Sobol (2011); and the Russian Revolution, 1905–1921 (2017). Despina Stratigakos is a historian and writer interested in the intersections of architecture and power. She is the author of Where Are the Women Architects? (2016), Hitler at Home (2015) and A Women’s Berlin: Building the Modern City (2008). Stratigakos has served as a director of the Society of Architectural Historians, an advisor of the International Archive of Women in Architecture at Virginia Tech, a trustee of the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation and deputy director of the Gender Institute at the University at Buffalo. She received her PhD from Bryn Mawr College and taught at Harvard University and the University of Michigan before joining the Department of Architecture at the University at Buffalo, where she serves as interim chair. xxii

Contributors

Jean Gelman Taylor taught Indonesian history at the University of New South Wales between 1992 and 2011. Her research focuses on the engagement of the Dutch East Indies Company in Indonesia and South Africa and on the social history of colonialism. Books include The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Colonial Indonesia (2009, 1st ed. 1983) and Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (2003). Nigel Worden is King George V Professor of History at the University of Cape Town and studies the social and cultural history of early colonial Cape Town. He is especially interested in Cape slavery and the ways in which Cape Town was linked into demographic, trading and cultural networks of the Indian Ocean world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Key publications in this field include Slavery in Dutch South Africa (1985, reprinted 2012), Cape Town: The Making of a City (with E. Van Heyningen and V. Bickford-Smith, 1998) and Cape Town between East and West: Social Identities in a Dutch Colonial Town (2012). He is also co-editor with Penny Russell of Honourable Intentions?:Violence and Virtue in Australian and Cape Colonies, c. 1750 to 1850 (2016).

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Preface

This Handbook emerged from a research network, ‘Gender in the European Town: the making of the modern town’. In Europe today, most of the population lives in towns, and women still, as in the past, constitute the majority of urban inhabitants; thus the relationships between men and women and an understanding of masculinity and femininity are central to the idea of the city. As places that fostered and disseminated key social, economic, political and cultural developments, towns were central to the creation of gendered identities, the transmission of ideas across space and place and the fluidity and fixing of local, national and transnational boundaries. An appreciation of the intersection of gender and the urban is key to both understanding the past and the present. The network’s goal was to interject gender into urban historiography and therefore alter perspectives on urban identity and development. The idea of the city is central to contemporary practices of living, which draw on ideas and imagined spaces of the past. Concentrating on the 300-year period between c.1650 and c.1950, which saw the emergence, diversification and developing hegemony of the town in the history of Europe, it interrogates the operation of gender in three distinct, but interrelated, areas of urban study: the economic, the political and the spatial. In doing so, the network examines the influence of gender on the shape of towns and on urban spaces and as a force for urban change through comparative studies. It explores the subtle and changing nature and operation of power, patriarchy and privilege through the lens of the urban, alert to the ways that these factors shaped and were shaped by gender, class, race and space. Asking new questions and exploring a range of towns, the network contributes to a wider understanding of the spaces, places and dynamics that shape the contemporary urban European world. The scope and scale of this project ultimately tells us a great deal more about the formation of urban identities and cultures and helps us to understand the European inflection of these developments over an important formative period. It broadens our ideas about the development and legacy of towns in this period and helps us to understand the contribution of gender to the culture of towns over time. In putting together the Handbook, the editors wished both to draw on this European network of historians and to enlarge its boundaries, chronologically, geographically and ­thematically.

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Preface

The  Handbook expands the network’s interest backwards into the late medieval period and ­forward to the twentieth century; it looks not only across Europe but outwards to the European empire, and it expands the focus on the political, economic and spatial to include the emotional and material worlds of towns. In doing so, it develops the project of the network to reflect new methodological approaches and to incorporate a wider scholarship on the gendering of urban experiences.

xxv

Acknowledgements

This volume has its genesis in the discussions and deliberations of the Gender in the European Town Network, and in many respects it represents a significant marker in a collaboration involving some 30-plus participants over eight years, as well as numerous additional authors in our previous anthologies and the conference held in Odense in May 2013. Without their enthusiasm, we would never have come this far. In particular, the small steering group represented by the editors of this Handbook, nicknamed an ‘urban gang’ by Nigel, have been a continual source of support. I would like to thank them for their friendship, good humour and inspiration. Thanks, gang. This volume has 36 authors who acutely and perceptively develop the relationship between towns and gender, a relationship that they ably show as symbiotic. We would like to thank them for their hard work and enthusiasm, as well as the many individuals who gave feedback, strengthening our ideas and arguments and making this a stronger and more coherent piece of work. We also wish to acknowledge the significant support from Det Frie Forskningsråd: Forskningsrådet for Kultur og Kommunikation of the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; and the Rektor’s Fund of the University of Southern Denmark for substantial financial support for our networking activities. Many of our institutions also contributed important financial support and venues for meetings and travel to enable the research, writing and collaboration involved. We thank them for this vote of confidence in the project. Similarly, we recognize the support and assistance we have had from libraries, archives and galleries, which were central to the development of the chapters. We would like to thank the editorial team at Routledge for their support and encouragement in bringing this project to its final published form, especially Eve Setch, who was part of the original team conceiving and developing this book. This is for her. This book has been hard on many of us as we juggled new jobs, existing jobs, qualifications and other publications and responsibilities, not to mention family life. We would like to thank family, friends and colleagues for their support, which often went ‘above and beyond’. The authors and publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce images in this book: Bonhams, International Auctioneers and Valuers; Bridgeman Images; Chetham’s Library Manchester; Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

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Acknowledgements

D.C.; Helsinki City Museum; Leeds Museums and Galleries (Leeds Art Gallery) the United ­Kingdom; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales; Museum of London; National Library of Ireland; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm; Portsmouth Historical Society; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; The Royal Library, Copenhagen; Uppsala University Library;Yale Center for British Art.

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Gender and the Urban Experience Introduction Deborah Simonton

Some of our earliest markers of human civilization are found in the traces of urban residents. Throughout time, people have gathered together, forming villages, towns, cities and great metropolises; they came together for trade, sustenance, protection and sociability. Patterns of urbanization were erratic, and disease, abandonment, disorder, warfare and sieges as well as economic developments in trade, industry and migration, among other factors, marked ebbs and flows in urban change. However, the majority of the worlds’ population has lived in cities only since 2006.1 Expansion was also uneven geographically. For example, Rosemary Sweet argues that ‘The period 1680–1840 arguably saw the English town undergo greater changes than in any preceding period, all of which were essentially the result of similarly unprecedented urban growth’.2 Indeed, by 1840, England was almost 50 per cent urban in contrast to France, which remained at about 20 per cent.3 Urban experience is not only about numbers but also reflects cultural, political and economic factors. It is about how people live in urban spaces and interact with them, how they express themselves and how they feel about these spaces. For some, they are ‘home towns’; for others, a piece in a migratory experience. People work, play, relax, eat, drink, sleep, argue, love in towns. They are where most of us live. Gender is fundamental to the ways many towns shaped themselves. Gender tensions, over trade and political rights, for example, influenced the formal and informal economy and polity. However, urban historians have tended to turn a blind eye to the gendered character of towns. In 2003, Rosemary Sweet pointed out this lacuna arguing that although urban history has become the focus of considerable attention…the contribution of women to urban society and the urban construction of gender and gender roles is hardly mainstream in any of the recent publications.…[which depicted towns as] the product of largely masculine agency…[treating women] as passive objects in the process of urbanisation…[denying them, more or less consciously] the capacity for ­influence and active participation in urban economy and society.4 Indeed, several historiographies construct urban spaces and places as quintessentially masculine. Civic identity, until very recently, has been construed as male, as has the world of business, commerce and artisanal work. Technologies of work were regularly interpreted as the property of men, and moves to streamline production – and add women – are uniformly defined as 1

Deborah Simonton

‘­deskilling’. Many standard mainstream histories were written by men about men, and not only were they, in our term, gender-blind, but also such an approach was not even questioned. Both the discourse and the language were male. The feminists of the 1970s talked about ‘consciousness-raising’, and this is precisely what urban history has needed: an awareness of the simple fact that there might be another way to look at the past, that reading the sources with ‘gendered spectacles’ could reveal a different ‘truth’. Although newer research has paid growing attention to women (and men) in towns, detailing their activities and exploring issues of gender and the urban experience, nevertheless, most research has tended not to articulate the relationship between gender and towns. However, increasingly, a number of recent publications have begun to examine these questions. Publications from the Gender in the European Town Network, of which this is one, have focused on issues of economy, political identities and space and place whilst interrogating the relationship between gender and towns.5 Researchers in the Netherlands also have added significantly to our understanding of the relationship of women to towns, with individual studies such as Danielle Van den Heuvel’s research on Dutch women, and the collection Single Life and the City; while for Britain, Rosemary Sweet’s collection Women in Towns still stands as an important landmark publication.6 Gender history grew initially out of women’s history in an acknowledgement that, in order to understand femininity, we had to think about men and understand masculinity. The work of scholars like John Tosh, Michael Roper and Michèle Cohen, among others, has thus opened and refined our understandings of masculinity and the larger questions of gender.7 Far from referring only to men and women, gender constructions give meaning to many other fields of history and even everyday life. Gender has thus become more than the study and understandings of femininity and masculinity as it examines the kaleidoscope of ways in which men and women operate in the multi-layered relationships between men, women and society. Others, many of them contributors to this volume, have similarly helped breach the walls. This Handbook explores the influence of gender on the shape of towns, the gendering of townscapes and gender