The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Eu Politics 113848525X, 9781138485259

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“This superb handbook provides us with cutting-edge chapters on European institutions and European integration by today’s leading gender politics scholars. Their feminist critical analysis of gender and European politics marks a high point in European studies. It will become a classic text, providing foundational contributions to teaching and research for many years to come.” Yvonne Galligan, Technological University Dublin, Ireland “This handbook is a fantastic intervention into contemporary European studies delving into both the theory and practices of European integration using a gender lens. A one stop shop for all things gender and Europe, the editors have curated an extraordinary collection of contributions. At a time when there is a backlash against insights that centre gender perspectives within Europe and globally, this Handbook demonstrate the need for resistance.” Toni Haastrup, University of Stirling, UK “The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics offers a significant, creative corrective to the his-torically biased nature of most grand narratives addressing the European Union’s development. Concentrating on core constructs and institutions, its contributors engage with “mainstream” literature as well as with gender scholarship, pinpointing topics for future research. One can only hope that “malestream” researchers will begin to follow their lead, to ensure a more complete, his- and her-storical picture of what makes the EU “tick” and where it needs to go from here.” Joyce Marie Mushaben, Georgetown University, USA “At a time when gender equality policies are under attack and the European Union is selfdestructing, this book is a crucial reminder of the historical importance of European integration to women’s rights in the region. This handbook is a must-read for students, researchers, journalists and practitioners. It examines politics in a broad sense, covering most fields of political science with openings towards history, law, political economy and sociology. It offers an up-todate overview of gender politics and the EU, including timely issues such as austerity, Brexit and populism.” David Paternotte, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics

This handbook maps the expanding field of gender and EU politics, giving an overview of the fundamentals and new directions of the sub-​discipline, and serving as a reference book for (gender) scholars and students at different levels interested in the EU. In investigating the gendered nature of European integration and gender relations in the EU as a political system, this book summarizes and assesses the research on gender and the EU to this point in time, identifies existing research gaps in gender and EU studies and addresses directions for future research. Distinguished contributors from the US, the UK and continental Europe, and from across disciplines from political science, sociology, economics and law, expertly inform about gender approaches and summarize the state of the art in gender and EU studies. The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics provides an essential and authoritative source of information for students, scholars and researchers in EU studies/​politics, gender studies/​politics, political theory, comparative politics, international relations, political and gender sociology, political economy and European law studies. Gabriele Abels is Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration at the Institute for Political Science, University of Tübingen, Germany. Andrea Krizsán is Associate Professor at the School of Public Policy, Central European University, Hungary. Heather MacRae is Associate Professor and former Jean Monnet Chairholder in the Department of Politics at York University, Toronto, Canada. Anna van der Vleuten is Professor Contesting Europeanization at the Department of Political Science at Radboud University, The Netherlands.

The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics

Edited by Gabriele Abels, Andrea Krizsán, Heather MacRae and Anna van der Vleuten

First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Gabriele Abels, Andrea Krizsán, Heather MacRae and Anna van der Vleuten; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Gabriele Abels, Andrea Krizsán, Heather MacRae and Anna van der Vleuten to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-​in-​Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data Names: Abels, Gabriele, 1964– editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of gender and EU politics / edited by Gabriele Abels, Andrea Krizsán, Heather MacRae, and Anna van der Vleuten. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge international handbooks | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020043560 (print) | LCCN 2020043561 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138485259 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351049955 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Women–Political activity–European Union countries. | Feminism–European Union countries. | Sex discrimination–European Union countries. | European Union–History. Classification: LCC HQ1236.5.E85 R68 2021 (print) | LCC HQ1236.5.E85 (ebook) | DDC 320.082/094–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043560 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043561 ISBN: 978-​1-​138-​48525-​9  (hbk) ISBN: 978-​1-​351-​04995-​5  (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK

Contents

List of figures List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations and acronyms 1 Whose story is it anyway? Studying European integration with a gender lens Gabriele Abels and Heather MacRae

x xi xii xxii xxiv

1

PART I

Gendering the EU: theoretical perspectives

15

2 The EU as a gender equality regime: a core research concept Angelika von Wahl

17

3 Europeanization Maxime Forest

30

4 Social constructivism Emanuela Lombardo and Johanna Kantola

43

5 Feminist institutionalism Heather MacRae and Elaine Weiner

56

6 Feminist political economy and its explanatory promise Rosalind Cavaghan and Anna Elomäki

68

7 The EU, men and masculinities Jeff Hearn, Katarzyna Wojnicka, Iva Šmídová and Keith Pringle

80

vii

Contents

8 The EU approach to intersectional discrimination in law Iyiola Solanke

93

PART II

Gendering the EU polity and structures of governance 9 European Parliament Petra Ahrens and Lise Rolandsen Agustín

105 107

10 Gendering the Council system Gabriele Abels

120

11 Gender equality and the European Commission Miriam Hartlapp, Henriette Müller and Ingeborg Tömmel

133

12 The European External Action Service Laura Chappell

146

13 The politics of gender in the field of European agencies Sophie Jacquot and Andrea Krizsán

158

14 The Court of Justice of the EU and judicial politics Jessica Guth and Sanna Elfving

170

PART III

Gendered politics in the EU

181

15 Enlargement Cristina Chiva

183

16 Gender and EU citizenship Birte Siim and Monika Mokre

195

17 The privilege of (defining) knowledge: gender differences in political knowledge across Europe Jessica Fortin-​Rittberger and Lena Ramstetter

208

18 Civil society Sabine Lang

222

19 Party politics Petra Ahrens and Lise Rolandsen Agustín

235

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Contents

PART IV

Gender equality and EU policies

251

20 Social and employment policy Susan Milner

253

21 Economic and monetary union Alexandra Scheele

265

22 Trade policy Maria García

278

23 Development policy Petra Debusscher

290

24 Gender and EU climate policy Gill Allwood

302

25 Research policy Marcela Linková and Lut Mergaert

314

26 Security and defence policy Hanna L. Muehlenhoff

327

27 Migration and asylum policy Ulrike Krause and Helen Schwenken

339

28 Violence against women and gender-​based violence Conny Roggeband

352

PART V

A gender lens on key issues and debates

365

29 The populist challenge to gender equality Birte Siim and Christina Fiig

367

30 Economic crisis and the politics of austerity Johanna Kantola and Emanuela Lombardo

379

31 The gender story of Brexit: from under-​representation of women to marginalisation of equality Roberta Guerrina and Annick Masselot

392

Index

404 ix

Figures

9.1 Members of the European Parliament, 1952–​2019 (%) 11.1 Women at the top of the Commission, 1958–​2020 17.1 Mean number of correct responses on four factual political knowledge questions about the European Union and national parliaments by country and gender, 2009 17.2 Mean number of correct responses on four factual political knowledge questions about the European Union and national parliaments by country and gender, 2014 17.3 Mean political interest by gender and country, ESS 2018 17.4 Average number of “don’t know” answers versus substantive answers (whether correct or incorrect) with 99% t-​test confidence intervals 19.1 Gender composition by European Parliament political group, 1979–​2019

x

109 135

210

211 212 215 242

Tables

19.1 Overview of Europarties and EPGs 25.1 Major steps in the evolution of gender equality in RTD, 1993–​2020

238 317

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Contributors

Gabriele Abels, Prof. Dr., is Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration at the Institute for

Political Science, University of Tübingen, Germany. Her research interests include democratization and parliaments in the EU system, gendering the EU, integration theory, regional governance and the role of regions in the EU. Since 1995, she is co-​editor of the journal Femina Politica. Her most important publications include Gendering European Integration Theory: Engaging New Dialogues (co-​edited with Heather MacRae; Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2016) and Gendering the European Union. New Approaches to Old Democratic Deficits (co-​edited with Joyce M. Mushaben; Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). Her articles have appeared in European Political Science, European Integration online Papers, Journal of Common Market Studies, Femina Politica, Journal of Legislative Studies and Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen, Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, among others. Lise Rolandsen Agustín, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Department of Politics and Society,

Aalborg University, Denmark. Her research focuses on gender equality, social movements, intersectionality and gender-​based violence. She is the author of Gender Equality, Intersectionality and Diversity in Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)  and Sexual Harassment in the Work Place (with Anette Borchorst, Aalborg University Press, 2017). She has co-​edited (with Petra Ahrens) Gendering the European Parliament: Structures, Policies and Practices (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). Her articles have been published in Journal of Common Market Studies, Party Politics, Ethnicities and Politics, among others. Petra Ahrens, Dr., is Senior Researcher in the ERC-​funded research project “Gender, party pol-

itics and democracy in Europe: A study of European Parliament’s party groups” (EUGenDem) at Tampere University, Finland. She works on gender equality policies and politics in the European Union and Germany, gendered power relations and political strategies like gender mainstreaming, and on civil society organizations and participatory democracy. She was founding co-​editor of European Journal of Politics and Gender. She is the author of Actors, Institutions, and the Making of EU Gender Equality Programs (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) and co-​editor, with Lise Rolandsen Agustín, of Gendering the European Parliament. Structures, Policies, and Practices (Rowman & Littlefield/​ ECPR Press, 2019). Her articles have appeared in European Politics and Society, Journal of Common Market Studies,West European Politics and Parliamentary Affairs, among others. Gill Allwood, PhD, is Professor of Gender Politics at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Her

areas of expertise include gender and EU policy, especially development, migration and climate change. She is currently working on gender and European policy. This examines the relation between gender mainstreaming and a range of EU policy areas, including migration, international development and climate change. She is co-​author (with Kursheed Wadia) of Refugee xii

Contributors

Women in Britain and France (Manchester University Press, 2010) and Gender and Policy in France (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Her articles have appeared in European Integration online Papers, French Politics, Contemporary Politics, Political Studies Review and Women’s Studies International Forum, among others. Rosalind Cavaghan, Dr., is an independent scholar and public policy consultant located in

Edinburgh, UK. Her research interests include the gendering impacts of EU integration and the politics of knowledge, especially in economic policy and research and development policy. Her recent projects include co-​editing the 2020 special issue of Social Politics entitled “Experts, Idiots and Liars: the gender politics of knowledge in turbulent times”, where she has published on intersectionality in gender budgeting. Her book Making Gender Equality Happen: Knowledge Change and Resistance in EU Gender Mainstreaming (Routledge, 2017) is based on her PhD thesis, which was awarded the ECPR Gender and Politics Thesis Dissertation Prize in 2013. She has published in Social Politics, Journal of Common Market Studies Annual Review, Journal of Women Politics and Policy and International Feminist Journal of Politics and Critical Policy Studies, among others. Laura Chappell, Dr., is Senior Lecturer in European Politics at the University of Surrey. Her

research focuses on the Common Security and Defence Policy and the European External Action Service including from a gender perspective, European strategic culture, EU defence capability initiatives and Polish security and defence policy. She has published widely on different aspects of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy, Polish and German defence policies as well as gender and European security. Her articles have appeared in Cooperation and Conflict, Journal of European Integration, Journal of Common Market Studies, Contemporary Security Policy, among others. She is co-​author of The EU, Strategy and Security Policy (Routledge, 2016), and co-​editor of the journal European Security. Cristina Chiva, Dr., is Lecturer in EU Politics at the University of Salford Manchester, UK.

Her research interests and published work are in EU gender equality policy and in women’s representation in politics in post-​communist legislatures and in the European Parliament. Her recent monograph, Gender, Institutions and Political Representation: Reproducing Male Dominance in Europe’s New Democracies (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), examines the causal mechanisms that have perpetuated women’s under-​representation in politics in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia during the period 1990–​2016. Her articles have appeared in Parliamentary Affairs and Perspectives on European Politics and Society, among others. Petra Debusscher, Dr., is an independent consultant and associate researcher at the University

of Antwerp, Belgium. In her research she focuses on gender equality and diversity policies in the European Union, and in particular on gender mainstreaming in EU development policy, which was the topic of her PhD (2010 Ghent University). She was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship of the Special Research Fund (BOF) and a postdoctoral fellowship of the Research Foundation –​ Flanders (FWO) on the topic “Successfully Mainstreaming Gender in EU Development Cooperation and the Role of the EU, the Partner Country and Civil Society:  A Best and Worst Cases Analysis.” She has published and taught extensively on gender mainstreaming, intersectionality and multiple inequalities in EU external and development policy. Her work has appeared in Development Policy Review, European Journal of Development Research, Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, International Development Planning Review, Political Studies Review and Women’s Studies International Forum, among others. xiii

Contributors

Sanna Elfving, Dr., is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Bradford, UK. Her area of

expertise is EU Law. She is currently working on gender in asylum cases before the Court of Justice and the right of residence for EU citizens in the UK after Brexit. She has co-​authored Gender and Court of Justice of the European Union with Jessica Guth (Routledge, 2018) Anna Elomäki, Dr., is Senior Researcher at the Faculty of Social Sciences at Tampere University,

Finland. She works in the ERC project “Gender, party politics and democracy in Europe: a study of European Parliament’s party groups.” Her research focuses on the intersections of gender, politics and the economy: gendered character and impacts of economic policies and governance, economization of gender equality policies in Finland and in the EU, gender budgeting, the changing conditions of feminist movements, and theoretical questions about gender, neoliberalism and economization. Her work has appeared in Gender, Work & Organization, European Journal of Women’s Studies, International Journal of Feminist Politics, Journal of Common Market Studies and Social Politics, among others Christina Fiig, PhD, is Associate Professor of Gender and European Politics at Aarhus University,

Denmark. She researches gender and politics. Her research interests and teaching activities include European, Nordic and Danish politics, democracy, the public sphere, media and Nordic enfranchisement. She employs a gender as well as a perspective of intersectionality in her research. Fiig is currently involved in research projects on the populist challenge to gender equality in the European Union, on implementation of gender quotas, on EU’s gender equality policies, Nordic enfranchisement and media and gender. Her most recent work appeared in The Oxford Handbook of Danish Politics (together with Birte Siim; Oxford University Press, 2020) and the Encyclopedia of European Union Politics (2020). Maxime Forest, PhD, is Senior Lecturer and research associate at Sciences Po Paris (OFCE).

His research and teaching interests cover the Europeanization of gender and anti-​discrimination policies in a comparative perspective and the politics of gender in the enlarged European Union. He has co-​edited (with Emanuela Lombardo) The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies: A Discursive-​Sociological Approach (Palgrave MacMillan, 2012)  and (with Bronwyn Winter and Réjane Sénac) Global Perspectives on Same-​Sex Marriage:  A Neo-​Institutional Approach (Palgrave MacMillan, 2018). His work has appeared in Comparative European Politics, Perspective on European Politics Societies and Revue Internationale de politique compare, among others. Jessica Fortin-​Rittberger, PhD, is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Salzburg,

Austria. Her main areas of research interest include political institutions and their measurement with particular focus on electoral rules, women’s political representation, political knowledge, as well as the impact of state capacity on democratization. She is co-​lead editor of the European Journal of Politics and Gender. Her work has appeared in Comparative Political Studies, European Journal of Political Research, Electoral Studies, European Union Politics, International Journal of Public Opinion Research and the Journal of European Public Policy, among others. Maria García, Dr., is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics, Languages and International

Studies, at the University of Bath, UK. Her research focuses on the politics of trade and economic governance, EU Trade Policy (and Brexit, EU–​ Latin America/​ EU–​ Asia relations/​ EU–​Australasia relations, and values in trade policy. She leads a GW4 Community focused on examining regional business responses to Brexit in Wales and the South West. Her research on

xiv

Contributors

EU trade policy and the politics of trade agreements has appeared in various journals including Journal of Common Market Studies and Journal of World Trade. Together with Sangeeta Khorana she is co-​editor of Handbook of EU and International Trade (Edward Elgar, 2018). Roberta Guerrina, PhD, is Professor in Politics and Director of the Gender Research Centre at

the University of Bristol and currently joint editor of the Journal Common Market Studies Annual Review. She is a specialist in the politics of gender, with a particular interest in EU politics and social policy, citizenship and gender equality. She has published in the area of women’s human rights, work–​life balance, identity politics and the UNSCR 1325. She is author of Mothering the Union (Manchester University Press, 2005) and Europe: History, Ideas and Ideologies (Arnold, 2002). Her work has appeared in the Journal of Common Market Studies, International Affairs, Women’s Studies International Forum and Review of International Studies, among others. Jessica Guth, Dr., Reader in Law at Leeds Beckett University. Her areas of expertise include

legal education, gender perspectives in EU Law, in particular EU Social Law and Policy, feminist and queer approaches to law and legal study. Her work focuses on the Court of Justice of the EU as a legal and political institution. She has co-​authored Gender and the Court of Justice of the European Union with Sanna Elfving (Routledge, 2018). Her articles have appeared in the Journal of Contemporary European Research and the Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, among others. Miriam Hartlapp, Prof. Dr., holds the Chair for Comparative Politics: Germany and France at

the Otto Suhr Institute of Political Science, Freie Universität Berlin. Her research and teaching focus on European integration and comparative politics, in particular regarding the European Commission, economic and social integration, and questions of power, polarization, and conflict in the EU multilevel system as well as implementation and compliance. She is co-​author of Which Policy for Europe? Power and Conflict Inside the European Commission (Oxford University Press, 2014)  and Taking the EU to Court:  Annulment Proceedings and Multilevel Judicial Conflict (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). Her work has been published in Journal of European Integration, West European Politics, Journal of Common Market Studies and Revue française des affaires sociales, among others. Jeff Hearn, PhD, is Senior Professor, Gender Studies, Örebro University, Sweden; Professor of

Sociology, University of Huddersfield, UK; Professor Emeritus, Hanken School of Economics, Finland; Professor Extraordinarius, University of South Africa; and honorary doctor in Social Sciences, Lund University, Sweden. His work focuses on gender, sexuality, violence, work, organizations, management, social policy, and transnational processes. His many books include: the authored Men of the World (Sage, 2015) and Age at Work (with Wendy Parkin) (Sage, 2020); and the co-​edited Rethinking Transnational Men (Routledge, 2013), Engaging Youth in Activism, Research and Pedagogical Praxis (Routledge, 2018) and Unsustainable Institutions of Men (Routledge, 2019). Sophie Jacquot, PhD, is Professor of Political Science at the Université Saint-​Louis –​ Bruxelles

(IEE, CReSPo). Her research activities are concerned with the transformation of EU public policies and with the effects of Europeanization, especially in the fields of gender equality, social policy and anti-​discrimination. She is author of Transformations in EU Gender Equality. From Emergence to Dismantling (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). Her work has been published in Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Public Policy, West European Politics, Comparative European Politics and European Journal of Politics and Gender, among others.

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Contributors

Johanna Kantola, PhD, is Professor of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences at

the Tampere University, Finland. She directs an ERC Consolidator Grant (2018–​2023) funded Gender, Party Politics and Democracy in Europe:  A Study of European Parliament’s Party Groups (EUGenDem) and Director of the Academy of Finland funded project Gender and Power in Reconfigured Corporatist Finland (GePoCo). Her books include Gender and Political Analysis (with Emanuela Lombardo, Palgrave, 2017) and Gender and the European Union (Palgrave, 2010). She has co-​edited The Oxford Handbook on Gender and Politics (Oxford University Press, 2013) and (with Emanuela Lombardo) Gender and the Economic Crisis in Europe:  Politics, Institutions and Intersectionality (Palgrave 2017). She is the Editor of Palgrave Macmillan’s Gender and Politics Book Series with Sarah Childs. Ulrike Krause, Prof. Dr., Junior Professor of Forced Migration and Refugees Studies at the

Institute for Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), Osnabrück University, Germany. Her areas of expertise are the conflict–​displacement nexus, gender, (post)colonial approaches and knowledge production. She is author of Difficult Life in a Refugee Camp. Violence, Gender, and Coping in Uganda (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming) and co-​editor of Gender,Violence, Refugees (Berghahn, 2017) and the German Journal of Forced Migration and Refugee Studies (Z’Flucht) (Nomos, since 2017). Her articles have appeared in Development, Journal of Refugee Studies and Refugee Survey Quarterly, among others. Andrea Krizsán, PhD, is Associate Professor at the School of Public Policy and Research Fellow

at the Democracy Institute, Central European University (CEU). Her research focuses on policy change in countries of central and eastern Europe in the fields of gender and race equality and gender-​based violence, and the role of diverse actors including the EU in promoting gender policy change. She is co-​author (with Conny Roggeband) of The Gender Politics of Domestic Violence. Feminists Engaging the State in Central and Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2018) and co-editor with Judith Squires and Hege Skjeie of Institutionalizing Intersectionality (Palgrave MacMillan, 2012). Her publications include articles in Politics and Governance, European Journal of Politics and Gender, Violence against Women, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Social Politics and Journal for Ethnic and Minority Studies, among others. Sabine Lang, PhD, is Professor of European Politics and Director of the Center for West

European Studies at the Henry M.  Jackson School of International Studies/​University of Washington, Seattle. Her research interests include gender and civil society, political representation, and transnational advocacy in the EU. She co-​authored (with Petra Ahrens, Katja Schmilewski, and Birgit Sauer) Gender Equality in Politics  –​Implementing Party Quotas in Germany and Austria (Springer, 2020) and is co-​editor (with Jill Irvine and Celeste Montoya) of Gendered Mobilizations. Intersectional Challenges in North American and European Social Movements (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). Her articles have appeared in German Politics, European Journal of Women’s Studies and Publius –​The Journal of Federalism, Social Politics, among others. Marcela Linková, PhD, is the Head of the Centre for Gender and Science at the Institute of

Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences. Her research focuses on gendered organizations, research careers, governance of research and research assessment from a gender perspective as well as research policy analysis from a gender perspective. She is the chair of the ERAC Standing Working Group on Gender in Research and Innovation. She is co-​editor of Gender and Neoliberalism in

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Contributors

Czech Academia (Sociologické nakladatelství, 2017). Her work has appeared in European Journal of Women’s Studies, Gender and Research and Science and Public Policy, among others. Emanuela Lombardo, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and

Administration and member of the Institute of Feminist Research of Madrid Complutense University, Spain. Her research concerns gender equality policies in the European context, political analysis, and Europeanization. She currently coordinates the evaluation of research projects on gender in the social sciences at the Spanish Ministry of Research, and co-directs (with Maria Bustelo) the research group Gender and Politics and the research project UNiGUAL. She has recently published with Johanna Kantola Gender and Political Analysis (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) and Gender and the Economic Crisis in Europe. Politics, Institutions and Intersectionality (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). She is co-​author (with Petra Meier) of The Symbolic Representation of Gender: A Discursive Approach (Ashgate, 2014). Her articles have appeared in Journal of Common Market Studies, European Journal of Political Research, Policy and Society, Comparative European Politics, Gender, Work and Organization and Social Politics, among others. Heather MacRae, PhD, is Associate Professor and former Jean Monnet Chairholder in the

Department of Politics at York University, Toronto, Canada. She is currently co-​editor of the Journal of Common Market Studies. Her current research focuses on a variety of aspects of gender policy in the European Union and, specifically, Germany. She is co-​editor (with Gabriele Abels) of Gendering European Integration Theory:  Engaging new Dialogues (Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2016), and (with Elaine Weiner) of Towards Gendering Institutionalism: Equality in Europe (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017). Her articles have been published in Journal of Common Market Studies, West European Politics, European Integration online Papers and other key journals. Annick Masselot, PhD, is Professor of Law at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand.

Her research interests include gender equality and equal treatment, social and employment law, reconciliation between work and family life, pregnancy and maternity rights in a comparative context. Her current work focuses on the gender impact of Brexit. She is the co-​author of Reconciling Work and Family Life in EU Law and Policy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)  and Caring Responsibility in EU Law and Policy: Who Cares? (Routledge, 2020), and co-​editor of Importing EU Norms? Conceptual Framework and Empirical Findings (Springer, 2015). She is co-​editor of the Journal of Common Market Studies. Her works has appeared in Social Policy & Society, International Feminist Journal of Politics, European Law Journal, European Law Review and International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, among others. Lut Mergaert, PhD, is Director and Senior Consultant at Yellow Window (Antwerp, Belgium)

and has been the project leader and principal investigator of a significant number of policy support studies related to gender, mainly for the European Commission and the European Institute for Gender Equality. Her areas of expertise and research interests include gender in EU research policy, the facilitation of structural change towards gender equality in research organizations, and EU gender equality and gender mainstreaming policies. Her work features in European Journal of Risk Regulation, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), International Feminist Journal of Politics, Journal of gender-​based violence, NORA-​Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, Genus and European Journal of Politics and Gender, among others. Susan Milner, PhD, is Professor of European Politics and Society in the Department of Politics,

Languages and European Studies at the University of Bath, UK. Her areas of expertise include xvii

Contributors

European social and employment policy, with a focus on policies to support working parents, and to tackle gender pay gaps. She is associate editor of the international journal Gender, Work & Organization and was consultant on an EU-​funded project on Trade unions and anti-​discrimination policies. She is author of Comparative Employment Relations: France, Germany and Britain (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). Her work has appeared in British Politics, Gender, Work & Organization, Journal of Industrial Relations, Modern and Contemporary France and Work, Employment and Society, among others. Monika Mokre, Dr., is a political scientist and Senior Researcher at the Institute of Culture

Studies and Theatre History of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). She teaches at various universities and is politically active in the field of asylum and migration. Her research interests include asylum and migration, cultural politics, democracy and the public sphere, and gender studies. She is one of the Austrian representatives in the Cost Action “Constitution Making and Deliberative Democracy” and Member of the Executive Committee of ROR-​n, Refugee Outreach and Research Network. She is co-​editor (with Birte Siim) of Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) and (with Jozef Bátora) of Culture and External Relations: Europe and Beyond (Routledge, 2011). Hanna L. Muehlenhoff, Dr., is Assistant Professor in European Studies with a focus on “Europe

in the World” at the Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam (UvA), The Netherlands. Her research interests include EU’s human rights promotion, gender and security policies. She is author of EU Democracy Promotion and Governmentality:  Turkey and Beyond (Routledge, 2019)  and has co-​edited a special issue on gender in EU external relations for Political Studies Review (2020). Her work has been published in Politics, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Cooperation and Conflict and Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. Henriette Müller, Dr., is Visiting Assistant Professor of Leadership Studies at New  York

University Abu Dhabi. Her research encompasses the comparative study of political leadership and executive politics both at the national and international level with an emphasis on the European Union and the Arab Gulf region. She is author of Political Leadership and the European Commission Presidency (Oxford University Press, 2020) and co-​editor (with Ingeborg Tömmel) of Pathways to Power: Women and Leadership in the European Union (Oxford University Press, 2021). Her research has appeared in journals such as Politics & Governance, Journal of European Integration and West European Politics. Keith Pringle, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in Sociology (with a specialism in social work), Uppsala

University, Sweden. He has formerly held professorships in sociology, social policy and social work in Sweden, the UK and Denmark. His research interest is the intersections of young age, “race” and gender in the context of comparative welfare analysis, with a special focus on masculinities. He is co-​author (with Jeff Hearn) of European Perspectives on Men and Masculinities:  National and Transnational Approaches (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) and of Men and Masculinities in Europe (Whiting & Birch, 2013). His articles have appeared in Men and Masculinities, Culture, Society and Masculinities, European Journal of Social Work and Critical Social Policy, among others. Lena Ramstetter is a PhD candidate in Comparative Politics at the University of Salzburg. Her

areas of interest include women’s representation in politics, societal polarization, as well as political attitudes from a political psychology perspective, including gendered attitudes on environmental politics. Her work was published in Environmental Politics.

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Contributors

Conny Roggeband, Dr., is an Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science,

University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. She has written extensively on the politicization of gender-​based violence, gender mainstreaming and equality policies, social movements and transnational feminist networking. Her current research focuses on the implications of democratic backsliding for gender equality policies in central and eastern Europe and Latin America. Together with with Andrea Krizsán she has published of The Gender Politics of Domestic Violence. Feminists Engaging the State in Central and Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2018)  and Gendering Democratic Backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe. A  Comparative Agenda (Central European University Press, 2019). Her articles have been published in International Relations, Journal of Civil Society, Politics and Governance, European Journal of Politics and Gender and International Migration, among others. Alexandra Scheele, PD Dr., is Senior Assistant Professor (Akademische Oberrätin) for Economic

Sociology and Sociology of Work, Faculty for Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany. She is a member of the European Commission’s Expert body “Scientific analysis and advice on gender equality in the EU –​SAAGE.” She is currently co-​directing the interdisciplinary and international research group “Global Contestations of Women’s and Gender Rights” at the ZiF Bielefeld, Germany. Her areas of expertise include gender inequalities at work and on the labour market, digital economy, and gender policies in the EU. Her work has appeared in Femina Politica, Global Dialogue, Gender,Work & Organiaztion and Journal of Contemporary European Studies, among others. Helen Schwenken, Prof. Dr., is Professor for Migration and Society at the Institute for Migration

Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), Osnabrück University, Germany. Her areas of expertise are gender and migration, labour migration and social movement studies. She is co-​editor (with Sabine Ruß-​Sattar) of New Borders and Citizenship Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) and (with Helge Schwiertz) of the special issue Citizenship and Solidarity along Migratory Routes in Europe and the Americas (Citizenship Studies, 2020). She is editorial board member of the IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe) book series. Her work has appeared in International Migration, Population, Place & Space, Signs and International Feminist Journal of Politics, among others. Birte Siim is Professor Emerita in Gender Research, Aalborg University (AAU), Campus

Copenhagen, Denmark. Her research interests include gender and politics, citizenship and democracy, populism and nationalism, diversity and migration; she combines citizenship and social movement studies with intersectional analysis. Siim currently works on research projects on “The Populist Challenge to Gender Equality; Populism and Female leadership; Gender and European Citizenship,” “The Politics and Practice of Solidarity,” and “Gender and Danish Politics.” She is co-​editor of Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), Diversity and Contestations over Nationalism in Europe and Canada (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), and Citizens Activism and Solidarity Movement in Contemporary Europe: Contending with Populism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). Her articles have been published in NORA –​Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, Critical Sociology, Ethnicities, Journal of Comparative Social Welfare and Politics & Gender among others. Iva Šmídová, PhD, is a sociologist and Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology,

Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. She has worked in the field

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Contributors

of gender studies since the early 1990s, with a particular focus on Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (CSMM). Her research interests include health, illness and medicine, and death and dying. She is co-​author of Men and Masculinities in Europe (Whiting & Birch, 2013). Her work has appeared in Women’s Studies International Forum, among others. Iyiola Solanke, Prof, Dr. is Chair in EU Law and Social Justice, School of Law, University of

Leeds, UK. Her research adopts a socio-​legal, historical and comparative focus on EU law, anti-​ discrimination law, racial integration and intersectional discrimination, and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Her research interests include black and migrant women in European welfare states and European labour markets, social action and legal reform, synergy and intersectional discrimination, the impact of separate opinions on judicial authority, the Advocate General in the CJEU, and a public health approach to anti-​discrimination law. She is author of Discrimination as Stigma: A Theory of Anti-​Discrimination Law (Hart, 2017), EU Law (Pearson, 2015) and Making Anti-​Racial Discrimination Law (Routledge, 2009). Her articles have been published in Feminist Legal Studies, European Law Journal, Industrial Law Journal, Columbia Journal of European Law, Modern Law Review and West European Politics, among others. She is founder of the Black Female Professors Forum (blackfemaleprofessorsforum.org), a network of black female professors in the UK. Ingeborg Tömmel, Dr.  habil., is Professor emeritus in International and European Politics

and Jean Monnet Chair at the University of Osnabrück, Germany. She is holder of the John F.  Diefenbaker Award of the Canadian Council for 2005–​2006. Her research focuses on the political system of the EU, European governance and policy-​making, policy implementation in the member states, and political leadership in the EU. Recent publications include Innovative Governance in the European Union (with Amy Verdun; Lynne Rienner, 2009), The European Union:  What It Is and How It Works (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), a special issue on “Political Leadership in the EU” (with Amy Verdun; Journal of European Integration, 2017), and Pathways to Power: Women and Leadership in the European Union (with Henriette Müller; Oxford University Press, 2021). Her work has appeared in Journal of European Integration, Journal of Common Market Studies and West European Politics, among others. Anna van der Vleuten, Dr., is Professor Contesting Europeanization at the Department of

Political Science and Public Administration at Radboud University, The Netherlands. Her research and teaching activities focus on the European Union and other regional organizations, theories of international relations, gender and LGBT rights. She is co-​coordinator of the multidisciplinary research group Gender and Power in Politics and Management (GENDER) and she is involved in the multidisciplinary research group Europeanisation of Policy and Law (EUROPAL). Her book The Price of Gender Equality. Member States and Governance in the European Union (Ashgate, 2007)  reinvestigates the history of EU gender equality policy. Her work has appeared in Acta Politica, International Relations, Journal of Common Market Studies, Policy & Politics, Political Studies Review and West European Politics, among others. Angelika von Wahl, Dr., is Professor and Chair of the International Affairs Program at Lafayette

College, USA. Her research focuses on gender and social policy in Germany and the European Union. She studies family and labour market policy, gender equality regimes, intersectionality, and the gender policies of the Merkel era. Her current research focuses on the emergence of gender variance in politics and policy. She is currently working on a monograph tracing the emergence of the third gender law in Germany from the local to the global level. Her articles xx

Contributors

have been published in Social Politics, West European Politics, German Politics, German Politics and Society, Femina Politica and Feministische Studien, and others. Elaine Weiner, PhD, is Associate Professor in Sociology at McGill University, Canada. Her research interests lie at the intersection of gender, work and Central and East European societies. She is the author of Market Dreams: Gender, Class, and Capitalism in the Czech Republic (University of Michigan Press, 2007) and co-editor (with Heather MacRae) of Towards Gendering Institutionalism: Equality in Europe (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017). She has published in European Journal of Women’s Studies, European Integration Online Papers, Social Problems, Social Politics and Women’s Studies International Forum, among others. Katarzyna Wojnicka, PhD, is a sociologist and Research Fellow at the Department of Sociology

and Work Science and Centre for European Research at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. She is currently involved in several research projects concerning men and masculinities, migration and social movements in Europe. Before joining the University of Gothenburg she worked as a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Leeds, UK and Humboldt University of Berlin as well as Dissens: Institut for Education and Research, Germany, and DeZIM: German Centre for Intergation and Migration Research in Berlin, Germany. Her work has appeared in NORMA:  International Journal for Masculinity Studies, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, Men and Masculinities and Masculinities and Social Change, among others.

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Acknowledgements

Compiling a handbook that is to bring together the state-​of-​the art in a specific scholarly field of what has been achieved so far and which gaps should be attended to in future research is a demanding task. It requires a large group of highly dedicated people believing in the project and supporting it.We, the editors, had the pleasure to work with many dedicated colleagues, research assistants and publishing managers in the last few years. The Handbook evolved over a time span of three years, first by bringing together a quartet of editors with diverse backgrounds and expertise in the expanding field of EU studies, but all with a strong commitment to and enthusiasm for gender studies, and with a perseverance necessary for our joint project ahead. First ideas were exchanged in 2017, invitation letters sent out to more than 40 contributors in 2018 and 2019, an intensive workshop held in Tübingen in June 2019, where we discussed chapter outlines style sheet etcs, and intensive rounds of commenting and editing of all chapters followed in 2019 and 2020. Several ideas and aims guided the project: (1) We aimed for a Handbook that represents the state-​of-​the-​art in how gender scholars have explored European integration and the Union today, making the rich research accessible, on the one hand, to non-​gender specialists while, on the other hand, also fostering new debates for scholars who are in the field for a long time. (2) We opted for a mainstreaming approach in all chapters, yet to different degree, with regard to how far gender equality has advanced and gender mainstreaming has been implemented and with regard to intersectional concerns. (3) Our third aim was to overcome a geographical bias by including research from and on central and eastern European countries and how this affects a gendered approach to European integration. (4) Finally, besides an often prevalent crisis topos, we wanted to include the most recent developments linked to European elections in 2019, a new Commission coming into power, the release of a new and ambitious Commission Gender Equality Strategy in March 2020. Whether we have achieved these aims is for the reader to decide. We are very thankful to all contributors for their commitment and diligence throughout several rounds of revisions and editing. Without their work, this Handbook would not have been possible. More than one supersize big thank you goes to our key editorial staff, Anne Cress. She has coordinated the project from the start, sending out numerous emails and reminders to authors and editors alike, setting and monitoring deadlines, circulating papers, and thus keeping the project on track. We also owe a debt of gratitude to our editorial assistants Lena Korn and Joshua Beer, who have checked chapters over and over again to insure coherence and high quality. We are also very grateful to Hailey Murphy for her valuable language-​editing support. Finally, we are thankful for the support from Routledge, especially from Andrew Taylor and Sophie Iddamalgoda, who believed in the project and provided continuous support.

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Acknowledgements

When we started this “journey,” it was not always clear that it would be doable; but it was always worth trying and we are happy and grateful that we made it through the finish line. We wish all readers “vielVergnügen und neue Erkenntnisse,”“jó szórakozást és sok inspirációt,” lots of fun and food for thought, and “Veel genoegen en nieuwe inzichten.” Gabriele Abels, Andrea Krizsán, Heather MacRae and Anna van der Vleuten Tübingen, Budapest,Toronto and Nijmegen in September 2020

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Abbreviations and acronyms

ACP ACRE AEMN AFCO AfD AGRIFISH AIDCO ALDE AP APF APPF

Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists Alliance of European National Movements Committee on Constitutional Affairs, European Parliament Alternative für Deutschland Agriculture and Fisheries Council EuropeAid Co-​operation Office Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe action programme Alliance for Peace and Freedom Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations AVFT Association des victimes de harcèlement moral, psychologique, sexuel, dans le cadre du travail BME black and minority ethnic CAHRV Coordination Action on Human Rights Violations CARD Coordinated Annual Review on Defence CDU Christian Democratic Union of Germany CEAS Common European Asylum System CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, United Nations CEDEFOP European Center for the Development of Vocational Training CEE central and eastern Europe CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union CoE Council of Europe CoFoE Conference on the Future of Europe COMPET Competitiveness Council COREPER Comité des représentants permanents CPCC Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability CPE critical political economy xxiv

Abbreviations and acronyms

CRC CROME CSDP CSMM CSO CSPEC CSR DEVAW DF DG DG CLIMA DG DEFIS DG DEVCO DG ECFIN DG EMPL DG Justice DG RELEX DG RTD DUP EAEC EASO EC ECB ECD ECHR ECJ ECOFIN ECPM ECR ECSC ECtHR ECU EDC EDF EDP EDP EEAS EEC EES EFA EFDD EFTA

Combahee River Collective Critical Research on Men in Europe Common Security and Defence Policy Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities civil society organization Confederation of Socialist Parties in the European Community country-​specific recommendation Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women Dansk Folkeparti, Danish Peoples’ Party Directorate-​General Directorate-​General for Climate Action Directorate-​General for Defence Industry and Space Directorate-​General International Cooperation and Development Directorate-​General for Economic and Financial Affairs Directorate-​General Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Directorate-​General Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Directorate-​General for External Relations Directorate-​General for Research and Innovation Democratic Unionist Party European Atomic Energy Community European Asylum Support Office European Communities European Central Bank European Consensus on Development European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Council of Europe) European Court of Justice Economic and Financial Affairs Council European Christian Political Movement European Conservatives and Reformists European Coal and Steel Community European Court of Human Rights European Currency Unit European Defence Community European Development Fund European Democratic Party excessive deficit procedure European External Action Service European Economic Community European Employment Strategy European Free Alliance Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy European Free Trade Association xxv

Abbreviations and acronyms

EGC EGP EIDHR EIGE EL ELDR ELSA EMPL EMS EMU ENF ENoMW ENP ENVI EP EPA EPG EPLO EPO EPP EPRS EPSCO EPSR ERA ERG ERM ESC ESDP ESF ESS ESS ETF ETS ETUC EU EUCO EUMC EU OSHA EUPP Euratom EUROFOUND

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European Green Coordination European Green Party European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights European Institute for Gender Equality Party of the European Left European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, European Parliament European Monetary System Economic and Monetary Union Europe of Nations and Freedom European Network of Migrant Women European Neighbourhood Policy Environment Council European Parliament Economic Partnership Agreement European party groups European Peacebuilding Liaison Office European Protection Order European People’s Party European Parliamentary Research Service Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council European Pillar of Social Rights European Research Area European Research Group Exchange Rate Mechanism Economic and Social Committee European Security and Defence Policy European Social Fund European Security Strategy European Social Survey European Training Foundation Emissions Trading  System European Trade Union Confederation European Union European Council European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Euro Plus Pact European Atomic Energy Community European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

Abbreviations and acronyms

EWL EYCS FAC FEMM FGM FI FP FPE FRA GAC GAD GAP GDP GER GFP GIA GM GSC GSP GUE HR/​VP IcSP ID ILGA ILO IMF IPU-​PACE ITC JHA JRC LGBT LGBTI LGBTIQA+ LI LIBE MENF MEP MP

European Women’s  Lobby Education,Youth, Culture and Sport Council Foreign Affairs Council Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, European Parliament female genital mutilation feminist institutionalism Framework Programme feminist political economy/​feminist political economist European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights General Affairs Council Gender and Development Gender Action Plan gross domestic product gender equality regime gender focal person gender impact assessment gender mainstreaming General Secretariat of the Council Generalised System of Preferences European United Left High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/​ Vice President Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace Identity & Democracy Group International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association International Labour Organisation International Monetary Fund Inter-​Parliamentary Union and Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe International Trade  Centre Justice and Home Affairs Council Joint Research Centre lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans/​transgender, intersex, queer/​ questioning, and asexual liberal intergovernmentalism Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom Member of the European Parliament Member of Parliament xxvii

Abbreviations and acronyms

MPCC MTO N