Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development 9027977445

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ROMAN LAW

ROMAN LAW Mechanisms of Development

A. ARTHUR SCHILLER J. D., Dr. iur. h.c. Professor Emeritus of Law Columbia University School of Law New York City

MOUTON PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE · PARIS · NEW YORK

ISBN 90 279 7744 5 © 1978 Mouton Publishers Photoset and printed in Malta by Interprint (Malta) Ltd Jacket and cover design by Helmut Salden

PREFACE

In the preparation of a teaching manual and desk book on the mechanisms involved in the development of the Roman law three elements have been deemed essential by the author. First, the substance of the volume comprises a selection of primary texts, in English translation. Second, a commentary presents the views of scholars, often conflicting, on the interpretation of these and related texts. Third, bibliographical references to the most recent discussion of the topics dealt with in these texts affords the reader the opportunity to pursue further study. Graduate students and scholars have aided in the assembling of a wide range of the primary materials and in the abstracting of the mass of secondary literature, and I thank them for their help. Special note should be made of the gracious assistance given by the late Professor Adolf Berger and, in earlier years, by Mr. C. V. Abeles, by the present Professor of Ancient History at Cambridge University, Professor M. I. Finley, and by his wife, Mary Finley. The author is perhaps even more indebted to the scores of scholars from whose works the ideas have been derived which are set forth in the commentary to the texts. It is sincerely hoped that the views of those concerned have been accurately presented. The preparation and publication of the volume has extended over a number of years, so that necessarily a presentation of the most recent points of view on many subjects is absent from the commentary. However, it is believed that the bibliographical references will direct the reader to the recent discussions of the topics dealt with. The author wishes to express his thanks to the Council of Research in the Social Sciences of Columbia University for the grant of funds to assist in the preparation as well as in the publication of the volume. He further sincerely appreciates the generosity of the Rockefeller Foundation in affording the opportunity of preparing a draft of the early chapters of the book at the Villa Bellagio in the spring of 1970. I am especially grateful for the sacrifices made by my wife, who freely gave up summer travel over a number of years so that I might engage in the writing of the work.

VI

This volume marks the culmination of years of teaching at Columbia University School of Law, and in the last analysis, it is due to the opportunity afforded me by the Deans and Faculty of that institution to specialize in the field of Roman law and to devote the greater portion of my teaching and research to that field. I offer this volume in appreciation to Deans Young B. Smith, William C. Warren and Michael I. Sovern, and to the members of the Faculty, past and present, in the years 1928 to 1971. Columbia University New York City January 23, 1977

A. Arthur Schiller

CONTENTS

Preface Lists of abbreviations

v xvii

.

BOOK I

Introduction CHAPTER I: The Study of Roman Law

3

A. B. C. D.

3 4 5 7

Medieval and Early Modern Study The Historical School and Pandect Law The Crisis of the Roman Law The Present-Day Study of Roman Law 1. The Conceptual and Historical Value of the Study of Roman Law 2. The Value of the Study of Roman Law Comparatively . . . 3. Ancient Legal History 4. Courses, Materials and Methods 5. Roman Law at Columbia University School of Law

7 11 13 17 21

CHAPTER II: The Source Materials of Roman Law

28

A. Legal Texts 1. Corpus luris Civilis (Corpus of Civil Law) a. Institutiones lustiniani (Institutes of Justinian) b. Digesta lustiniani (Digest of Justinian)

29 29 31 33

....

Vlll

c. Codex lustinianus (Code of Justinian) d. Novellae lustinianae (Novels of Justinian) 2. Pre-Justinianian Juristic Writings a. Gai Institutiones (Institutes of Gaius) b. Pauli Sententiae (Opinions of Paul) c. Ulpiani Regularum Epitome (Epitome of the Rules of Ulpian) d. Fragmenta Vaticana (Vatican Fragments) e. Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Laws) 3. Pre-Justinianian Compilations a. Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus b. Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code) c. The Roman-Germanic Laws 4. Post-Justinianian Works 5. Textual Criticism a. The History of Interpolation Criticism b. The Scope of Textual Criticism Today c. Illustrative Errors, Glosses, Interpolations B. Literary Texts C. Documents D. Archeological Remains

CHAPTER III: Research in Roman Law A. Bibliographies 1. Works on Roman Law 2. Current Bibliography on Roman Law 3. Legal Papyrology 4. Legal Epigraphy 5. Agrarian Law 6. Byzantine Law B. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 1. Dictionaries 2. Encyclopedias 3. Chronological Surveys C. Indexes and Concordances 1. Index omnium titulorum et legum 2. Citators

37 39 41 43 46 48 50

....

52 54 55 56 58 60 62 63 67 72 83 86 88

90 90 90 93 94 96 96 97 97 97 98 99 100 100 101

IX

3. Word Concordances 4. Indexes of Conjectured Interpolations, Glosses, etc D. Comparison and Stratification of Texts 1. Parallel Comparison 2. Stratification of Texts E. Palingeneses 1. Re-creation or reconstruction of texts 2. Writings of the Jurists 3. Justinian's Institutes 4. Imperial Constitutions

101 104 106 106 106 108 108 108 109 110

CHAPTER IV: The Historiography of Roman Law

Ill

A. Periodicization of the Law B. Pomponius, De origine iuris

Ill 117

BOOK II

Archaic and Pre-Classical Law Introductory Note

131

CHAPTER V: Early Roman History

133

A. The Kingdom, Rex and Leges regiae 1. The Authority of the Rex 2. Leges regiae (Royal Statutes) 3. lus Papirianum (Papirian Law) B. The Law of the Twelve Tables 1. Publication of the Twelve Tables 2. Text of the Twelve Tables 3. Content of the Twelve Tables 4. Authenticity of the Twelve Tables 5. The Embassy to Greece 6. The Twelve Tables and Codification in Antiquity

133 135 138 140 142 146 147 150 153 156 157

C. The Pontiffs and the Divulgence of the Law 1. lus Flavianum 2. Tiberius Coruncanius; lus Aelianum 3. lus pontificium D. Roman Magistracy 1. Magistracy in General 2. Particular Magistrates a. The Consul b. The Praetor c. The Censor d. The Tribune of the Plebs e. The Aedile f. The Quaestor

158 162 164 167 171 172 180 181 182 182 183 185 186

CHAPTER VI: Legis Actiones

188

A. Types of legis actiones 1. Legis actio sacramento 2. Legis actio per iudicis arbitrive postulationem 3. Legis actio per condictionem 4. Legis actio per manus iniectonem 5. Legis actio per pignoris capionem B. Legis actiones Generally

189 189 197 200 203 211 213

BOOK III

Classical Law Introductory Note

219

CHAPTER VII: Statute and Custom

221

A. Statute 1. Definition of lex 2. Statute and the Law (lex iusque)

221 221 224

3. Legislative Assemblies a. Comitia b. Concilium plebis c. Auctoritas patrum 4. The Legislative Process a. Rogatio b. Validity of leges c. Promulgation, Publication, Archives 5. Form of the Statute a. Prescriptio and index b. The Text c. Sanctio Clause a. Penalties Provided â. Relation to Earlier Statute i. Repeal of Contrary Legislation ii. Self-limitation of the lex ã. Prevention of Repeal 6. Bibliographical Note

228 228 232 234 235 236 238 240 243 243 244 245 246 249 249 250 251 252

B. Legislation and Custom 1. The Role of Custom a. lus ex scripto - ius ex non scripto b. Mores maiorum and ius c. Mos and consuetude 2. Recognition of Legal Custom a. In General b. Mos (consuetudo) regionis (provinciae) c. Constant Decisions and Case Law

253 253 254 256 258 259 259 262 264

CHAPTER VIII: The Jurists and Jurists' Law

269

Introductory Note

269

A. Juristic Activity in General 1. Cavere, Agere, Respondere 2. The Legal Profession B. The History of Juristic Science 1. The Controversies Among the Jurists 2. Regula Jurisprudence and Science of Law 3. Ius respondendi ex auctoritate principis

270 272 277 283 284 291 297

Xll

C.

D.

E.

F.

4. The Jurists and Imperial Service The Individual Jurists 1. Jurists of the Late Republic a. Q. Mucius Scaevola b. Servius Sulpicius Rufus 2. Jurists of the Early Principate a. M. Antistius Labeo b. C. Ateius Capito c. Massurius Sabinus d. Proculus e. C. Cassius Longinus 3. The Sabinian - Proculian Controversies and Schools 4. The High Classical Jurists a. L. lavolenus Priscus b. P. luventius Celsus c. P. Salvius lulianus d. Sextus Pomponius e. Sex. Caecilius Africanus f. Gaius g. Q. Cervidius Scaevola 5. The Late Classical Jurists a. Aemilius Papinianus b. lulius Paulus c. Domitius Ulpianus d. Herennius Modestinus Jurists' Law . 1. lus civile and Jurists' Law 2. Early Case Law 3. Juristic Decision-Making Juristic Writing Introductory Note 1. Types of Juristic Works a. Case Books b. Commentaries c. Notes and Epitomes d. Digests e. Teaching Handbooks and Practice Manuals f. Monographs on Offices g. Miscellaneous Monographs 2. Legal Systems Legal Education

302 308 311 312 315 317 318 320 322 323 325 . . . . 327 330 331 333 335 340 342 344 348 351 352 355 358 364 366 366 369 373 383 383 385 385 387 387 389 389 390 391 392 397

Xlll

CHAPTER IX: The Praetor and the Edict

402

A. Praetor urbanus and praetor peregrinus B. The Role of the Praetor as Judicial Magistrate C. The Edict and the ius honorarium 1. The Nature of the Edict 2. The Edict and the ius civile 3. Ius honorarium D. The Historical Development and the Compilation of the Edict E. The album Introductory Note 1. Edicta and formulae

402 404 410 410 418 422

CHAPTER X: The Senate and Senatus Consulta

442

Introductory Note

442

A. The Legislative Role of the Republican Senate B. Senatus consulta 1. Republic 2. Principate C. Senatus consulta as Source of Law

442 447 447 452 456

CHAPTER XI: The Emperor and Constitutiones

463

Introductory Note

463

A. The Emperor, His Advisors and Chancellery 1. Acta principis and Imperial Power 2. The Council of the Emperor 3. The Palace Secretariat B. Constitutiones 1. Edicta 2. Decreta 3. Rescripta a. Epistulae b. Subscriptiones 4. Mandata

463 463 466 474 480 481 484 488 493 497 501

427 433 433 435

XIV

C. Constitutiones as Sources of Law 1. Jurists' View of constitutiones 2. Availability of the Texts of constitutiones 3. Validity of constitutiones under Succeeding Emperors . . . a. Edicta and mandata b. Decreta and rescripts 4. Conclusion

506 506 511 514 514 517 522

CHAPTER XII: Classical Law in Practice

525

Introductory Note

525

A. City Rome Law 1. lus civile-ius gentium 2. Ius civile - ius honorarium 3. Ius novum B. Roman Law and the Provinces C. Dual Citizenship and the Law

525 525 531 533 537 541

CHAPTER XIII: Theoretical Considerations in the Classical Law

548

Introductory Note

548

A. Abstract Terms of Law 1. Theoretical ius gentium 2. Aequitas -bonum et aequum 3. Aequitas and ius naturale 4. Ius civile - ius gentium - ius naturale B. The Concept of Customary Law 1. Early Views 2. Desuetude 3. Recent Trends C. Influence of Greek Thought upon the Roman Jurists 1. Rhetorical interpretatio and Juristic Interpretation 2. Problem Thinking and Deductive Reasoning

549 549 551 556 558 560 560 563 567 569 569 577

A Note of Explanation

585

XV

APPENDIX: Important Dates in the History of Roman Law . . .

587

Index of Sources Translated

595

Subject Index

603

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

/. Sources A. Legal1 Bas. = Basilicorum libri LX C. = Codex lustinianus Coll. = Collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum C. Th. = Codex Theodosianus D. = Digesta lustiniani Frag. Dos. = Fragmentum Dositheanum Fr. Vat. = Fragmenta Vaticana G. = Gaius, Institutionum Inst. = lustinianus, Institutiones Nov. = lustinianus, Novellae leges P. = Paulus, Sententiae ad filium Ulp. = Ulpianus, Regularum epitome XII Tab. = Lex XII tabularum B. Inscriptions, Papyri and Collections of Sources BGU = Ägyptische Urkunden aus den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden (1895) Bremer, lurisprudentiae = F. P. Bremer, lurisprudentiae antehadrianae quae supersunt. 2 vols. in 3 (1896-1901) Bruns = C. G. Bruns, Fontes iuris romani antiqui, 7th ed. by O. Gradenwitz (1909,repr. 1956) Cavenaile, CPL = R. Cavenaile, Corpus Papyrorum Latinarum (1958) CIG = A. Boekh, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (1828-1877) CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863) Collectio = Collectio librorum iuris anteiustiniani, ed. P. Krüger, T. Mommsen, G. Studemund. 3 vols. (1878-1927) FIRA = Fontes iuris romani antejustiniani, ed. S. Riccobono et al. 3 vols. (2d ed., 1940-1969) l. For editions of these works, see chap. II.

XV111

Girard, Textes = P. F. Girard, Textes de droit remain (6th/7th ed., 1937-1967) Haenel, Corpus legum = Corpus legum ab imperatoribus romanis ante lustinianum latarum, quae extra constitutionum codices supersunt, ed. G. F. Haenel (18571860,repr. 1965) IG = Inscriptiones Graecae (1873) ILS = H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (1892-1916) McCrum - Woodhead, Documents = M. McCrum - A. G. Woodhead, Select Documents of the Principate of the Flavian Emperors, A.D. 68-96 (1961) M. Chr. = Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Papyrusurkunde, by L. Mitteis U. Wilcken, II.2: Juristischer Teil, Chrestomathie, by L. Mitteis (1912) Meyer, Jur. Papyri = P. M. Meyer, Juristische Papyri. Erklärung von Urkunden zur Einführung in die juristische Papyruskunde (1920) P. Cairo Preis. = Griechische Urkunden des Ägyptischen Museums zu Kairo, ed. F. Preisigke(1911) P. Col. 123 = see Westermann - Schiller, Apokrimata, List II, infra P. Gen. = Les papyrus de Geneve, ed. J. Nicole (1906) P. Lond. = Greek Papyri in the British Museum, ed. F. G. Kenyon, H. I. Bell et al. (1893) P. Oxy. = The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt et al., publ. by the Egypt Exploration Society (1898) PSI = Pubblicazione della Societä Italiana per la ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto, Papiri greci e latini, ed. G. Vitelli, M. Norsa et al. (1912) P. Strass. = Griechische Papyrus der kaiserlichen Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg, ed. F. Preisigke (1911) SB = Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten, ed. F. Preisigke, F. Bilabel, E. Kiessling (1913) Seckel - Kubier, lurisprudentiae = E. Seckel - B. Kubier, lurisprudentiae anteiustinianae reliquias in usum maxime academicum compositas a Ph. Eduarde Huschke, 2 vols. in 3 (6th ed., 1908-1927) SIG = W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (3d ed., 1915-1924) C. Non-legal Note: Greek and Latin authors, and their works, are abbreviated in conformity with the Tables of Abbreviations in H. G. Liddell - R. Scott - H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, and in Harper's Latin Dictionary.

//.

Periodicals

Abh. Berlin = Abhandlungen der (Königlichen Preussischen) Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Philosophisch-historische Klasse (Berlin) Abh. Göttingen = Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft (Akademie) der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse (Göttingen) Abh. Leipzig = Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Klasse der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Leipzig) Abh. München = Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Abteilung (München)

XIX

Abh. rechtswiss. Grundl. = Abhandlungen zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung, Münchener Universitätsschriften, Juristische Fakultät (Berlin) Acta Acad. Comp. = Acta Academiae Universalis lurisprudentiae Comparativae (Berlin/ Paris/ Rome) Acta Hungarica = Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae (Budapest) Acta Jurid. = Acta Juridica (Cape Town) Aegyptus = Aegyptus. Rivista italiana di egittologia e di papirologia (Milano) AG = Archivio Giuridico Tilippo Serafini' (Bologna/Pisa/Modena) AHDE = Anuario de historia de derecho espanol (Madrid) AHDO = Archives d'histoire de droit oriental (Brussels) AJP = American Journal of Philology (Baltimore) Albany L. J. = Albany Law Journal (Albany) Almanack Wien = Almanach der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse (Vienna) Amer. Hist. Rev. = American Historical Review (New York) Ann. Bari = Annali della Facoltä di Giurisprudenza della Universitä di Bari (Bari) Ann. Cagliari = Annali della Facoltä di Lettere e Filosofia della Universitä di Cagliari (Rome/Cagliari) Ann. Camenno = Annali della Universitä di Camerino, Sezione giuridica (Rome/ Milan/Naples) Ann. Catania = Annali del Seminario giuridico, Universitä di Catania (Naples) Ann. dir. comp. = Annuario di diritto comparato e di studi legislativi (Rome) Ann. Ferrara = Annali della Universitä di Ferrara (Ferrara) Ann. Istanbul = Annales de la Facultö de Droit d'Istanbul (Istanbul) Ann. Macerata = Annali della Universitä di Macerata per cura della Facoltä Giuridica (Macerata/Milano) Ann. Messina = Annali dell'Istituto di scienze giuridiche, economiche, politiche e sociali della Universitä di Messina (Messina) Ann. Palermo = Annali del Seminario giuridico della Universitä di Palermo (Rome/Palermo) Ann. Perugia = Annali della Facoltä di Giurisprudenza dell'Universita di Perugia (Perugia/Padua) Ann. Saraviensis = Annales Universitatis Saraviensis. Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Saarbrücken) Ann. Sem. Bari = Annali del Seminario giuridico-economico, Universitä di Bari (Bari) Ann. Toulouse = Annales de la Facultö de Droit et des Sciences ficonomiques de Toulouse, Universitd de Toulouse (Toulouse) Ann. Triestini = Annali Triestini a cura della Universitä di Trieste (Trieste) Antiq. class. = L'Antiquitö classique (Brussels/Louvain/etc.) Anz. f. Altertumswiss. = Anzeiger für die Altertumswissenschaft (Vienna) Anz. Wien = Anzeiger der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Vienna) Arch. civ. Praxis = Archiv für die civilistische Praxis (Heidelberg) Arch. dr. prive = Archives de droit privd (Athens) Arch. kath. Kirchenrecht = Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht (Mainz)

XX

Arch. lot. Lexik. = Archiv für die lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik (Munich/ Leipzig) Arch. Pap. = Archiv für Papyrusforschung (Leipzig/Berlin) Arch, penale = Archivio penale (Rome) Arch. R. Soz. Phil. = Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie (Berlin) Arch. RWPhil. = Archiv für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie (Berlin/Leipzig) Arch. stör. Pugliese = Archivio storico Pugliese (Bari) Arch. Urk. = Archiv für Urkundenforschung (Leipzig) AI RID A = Archives d'histoire de droit oriental/Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquite' (Brüssels) ASD = Annali di storia del diritto (Milan) Atene e Roma = Atene e Roma. Rassegna trimestrale dell'Associazione italiana di cultura classica (Florence) Athenaeum = Athenaeum. Studi periodic! di letteratura e storia dell'antichitä (Pavia) Atti Napoli = Atti dell'Accademia di scienze morali e politiche di Napoli (Naples) AttiPadova = Atti dell'Accademia di scienze, lettere e arti in Padova (Padua) Atti Torino = Atti dell'Accademia delle scienze di Torino (Turin) Atti Veneto = Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti (Venice) BASP = Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists (New Haven/Toronto/ Urbana, 111.) Ber. Leipzig = Bericht über die Verhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Leipzig) BIDR = Bullettino dell'Istituto di Diritto romano 'Vittorio Scialoja' (Rome) BIFAO = Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'archeOlogie Orientale (Cairo/Paris) Bonn. Hist. Aug. Colloq. = Bonner Historia Augusta Colloquium [=Antiquitas, Reihe 4, Band 3 (1968)-] (Bonn) Boston Univ. L. Rev. = Boston University Law Review (Boston) Bull. Inst. d'Egypte = Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte (Alexandria/Cairo) Butterworths S.A.L. Rev. = Butterworths South African Law Review (Durban) Byzantion = Byzantion. Revue internationale des ötudes byzantines (Paris/Brüssels) Byz. Neugriech. Jahrb. = Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher (Berlin/Athens) Byz. Z = Byzantinische Zeitschrift (Leipzig/Munich) Cambridge L. J. = Cambridge Law Journal (Cambridge) Chr. a"Eg. = Chronique d'Egypte. Bulletin peYiodique de la Fondation e"gyptologique Reine Elisabeth (Brüssels) Cir. Giur. = Universitä di Palermo, Facoltä di Giurisprudenza. II Circolo giuridico 'L. Sampolo' (Palermo) Class. Philol. = Classical Philology (Chicago) Class. Rev. = The Classical Review (London) Columbia L. Rev. = Columbia Law Review (New York) CR Acad. Inscrip. - Comptes rendus de l'Acade'mie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres (Paris) CW = Classical Weekly (New York) Dir. e Giuris. = Diritto e Giurisprudenza (Naples) Drerup's Studien = Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums (Paderborn)

XXI

Eng. Hist. Rev. = English Historical Review (London) Eos = Eos. Commentarii Societatis Philologae Polonorum (Warsaw) Epigrafica = Epigrafica. Rivista italiana di epigrafia (Milan) Etudes de Papyr. = Etudes de Papyrologie (Cairo) Filangieri = II Filangieri. Rivista giuridica, dottrina e pratica (Rome) Foro ital. = II Foro italiano (Rome) Freib. rechtsgesch. Abh. = Freiburger rechtsgeschichtliche Abhandlungen (Berlin) Freib. wissensch. Gesellsch. = Freiburger wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (Freiburg i. Br.) Georgetown L. J. = Georgetown Law Journal (Washington) Giur. ital. = Giurisprudenza italiana (Turin) Gnomon = Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft (Berlin/Munich) Grünh. Z = Zeitschrift für das privat- und öffentliche Recht der Gegenwart (Vienna) Heidelberger Rechtswissensch. Abh. — Heidelberger Rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, hgg. von der Juristischen Fakultät (Heidelberg) Hermes = Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie (Berlin) Hesperia = Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (Baltimore) Historia = Historia. Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte (Baden-Baden/Wiesbaden) Hist. Zeitschr. = Historische Zeitschrift (Munich/Berlin) Index = Index. Quaderni camerti di studi romanistici (Naples) Ir. Jur. = The Irish Jurist (Dublin) lura = IVRA. Rivista internazionale di diritto romano e antico (Naples) Jahrb. AC = Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum (Münster) Jahrb. Öster. Byz. Ges. = Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinischen Gesellschaft (Vienna/Graz) JEA = Journal of Egyptian Archeology (London) Jher. Jb. = Jherings Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des bürgerlichen Rechts (Jena) /. Jew. Stud. — Journal of Jewish Studies (London) JJP = Journal of Juristic Papyrology (New York/Warsaw) J. Leg. Educ. = Journal of Legal Education (St. Paul) JRS = Journal of Roman Studies (London) JSPTL = Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law (London) Jurid. Rev. = The Juridical Review (Edinburgh) Jus = JUS. Rivista di scienze giuridiche (Milan) Klio = Klio. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (Leipzig) Krit. Überschau = Kritische Überschau der deutschen Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (Munich) Krit. Vjschr. = Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (Munich) Labeo = Labeo. Rassegna di diritto romano (Naples) Latomus = Latomus. Revue des ötudes latines (Brüssels) L'Egypte contemporaine = L'Egypte contemporaine. Revue de la Sociotö Roy ale d'dconomie politique, de statistique et de legislation (Cairo)

XX11

L. Libr. J. = Law Library Journal (New York) Louisiana L. Rev. = Louisiana Law Review (Baton Rouge) LQR = The Law Quarterly Review (London) Mel. d'arch. et d'hist. = Melanges d'archoologie et d'histoire de 1'Ecole frangaise de Rome (Paris/Rome) . Acad. Inscrip. = Me*moires de l'Institut de France. Acadomie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris) Mem. Accad. Ital. = Memorie dell'Accademia d'ltalia (Rome) Mem. Accad. Lincei = Memorie dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (Rome) Mem. Bologna = Memorie dell'Accademia di scienze e lettere dell'Istituto di Bologna, Classe di scienze morali (Bologna) Mem. div. savants Acad. Inscrip. = Memoires prosentos par divers savants al'Acadomie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de l'Institut de France (Paris) Mem. Modena = Memorie dell'Accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti di Modena (Modena) Mnemosyne = Mnemosyne. Bibliotheca philologica Batava (Leiden) Munch. Beitr. = Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte (Munich) Mus. Helv. = Museum Helveticum. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für klassische Altertumswissenschaft (Basel) Notizie Scavi = Notizie degli scavi di antichitä communicati aH'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Rome) NRH = Nouvelle revue historique de droit francais et etranger (Paris) Oregon L. Rev. = Oregon Law Review (Eugene) Öster. Z. öffent. R = österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht (Vienna) Parola del passato = La Parola del passato. Rivista di studi classici (Naples) Philologus = Philologus. Zeitschrift für das klassische Altertum (Leipzig) Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) PSQ = Political Science Quarterly (New York) Quaderno Lincei = Quaderno, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Rome) RADR = Revista de la Societa Argentina de Derecho romano (Cordoba) Rechtstheorie = Rechtstheorie. Zeitschrift für Logik, Methodenlehre, Kybernetik und Soziologie des Rechts (Berlin) Rend. Bologna = Rendiconti dell'Accademia delle scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, Classe di scienze morali (Bologna) Rend. Lincei = Rendiconti dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (Rome) Rend. Lombarde = Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombarde di scienze e lettere (Milan) Rev. Clasica = Revista Clasica (Bucharest) Rev. de philol. = Revue de philologie, de litteYature et d'histoire ancienne (Paris) Rev. Et. Gr. = Revue des e"tudes grecques (Paris) Rev. Et. Juives = Revue des ötudes juives (Paris) Rev. Et. Lat. = Revue des e"tudes latines (Paris) Rev. Gen. = Revue gönorale du droit, de la legislation et de la jurisprudence en France et ä Pe"tranger (Paris)

Mill

revue = revue, International Organization for Ancient Languages Analysis by Computer (Brussels) RH = Revue historique de droit francais et Stranger (Paris) Rhein. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (Frankfurt) Rhein. Z = Rheinische Zeitschrift für Zivil- und Prozessrecht (Mannheim/Leipzig) RIDA = Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquitö (Brüssels) RISG = Rivista italiana per le scienze giuridiche (Turin/Milan) Riv. dir. civ. = Rivista di diritto civile (Milan) Riv. dir. comm. = Rivista di diritto commerciale (Milan) Riv. dir. proc. = Rivista di diritto procesuale (Padua) Riv. filol. = Rivista di filologia e d'istruzione classica (Turin) Riv. Inter, di Filos. d Dir. = Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia di Diritto (Genoa/ Rome) Riv. ital. di social. = Rivista italiana di sociologia (Rome) Romanitas = Romanitas. Revista de cultura romana (Rio de Janeiro) RSDI = Rivista di storia del diritto italiano (Rome/Milan) S.A.L.J. = South African Law Journal (Grahamstown) SDHI = Studia et Documenta Historiae et luris (Rome) Seminar = Seminar. Extraordinary Number of The Jurist (Lancaster, Pa.) Sitzb. Berlin = Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Berlin) Sitzb. Frankfurt = Sitzungsberichte der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main (Frankfurt) Sitzb. Heidelberg = Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse (Heidelberg) Sitzb. München = Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, philosophisch-historische Abteilung (Munich) Sitzb. Wien = Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, philosophisch-historische Klasse (Vienna) St. Cagliari = Studi economico-giuridici, pubbl. per cura della Facoltä di Giurisprudenza, Universitä di Cagliari (Cagliari/ Rome/ Florence/Padua) St. Louis L. Rev. = St. Louis Law Review (St. Louis) St. Parmensi '= Studi Parmensi. Universitä di Parma, Istituto Giuridico (Milan) St. Pavia = Studi nelle scienze giuridiche e sociali, Istituto di esercitazioni, Facoltä di Giurisprudenza, Universitä di Pavia (Pavia) St. Sassaresi = Studi Sassaresi, Universitä di Sassari (Sassari) St. Senesi = Studi Senesi (Siena) St. Urbinati = Studi Urbinati di scienze giuridiche ed economiche (Milan) Syria = Syria. Revue d'art oriental et d'archdologie (Paris) SZ = Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung (Weimar) SZ Germ = Idem, Germanistische Abteilung (Weimar) SZ Kan. = Idem, Kanonistische Abteilung (Weimar) TR = Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis/Revue d'histoire du droh/Legal History Review (Haarlem/The Hague)

XXIV

Traditio = Traditio. Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion (New York) Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) Tulane L. Rev. = Tulane Law Review (New Orleans) U. Chicago L. Rev. = University of Chicago Law Review (Chicago) U. Toronto L. J. = University of Toronto Law Journal (Toronto) U. Queensland L. J. = University of Queensland Law Journal (Brisbane) Virginia L. Rev. = Virginia Law Review (Richmond) Yale L. J. = Yale Law Journal (New Haven) Z. gesch. RW = Zeitschrift für geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft (Berlin) ZPE = Zeischrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (Bonn) ZAG = Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte (Weimar) Z. vergl. RW = Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft (Stuttgart)

///.

Treatises, Monographs, Collected Works, Studies in Honor, etc.

Note: The abbreviation of the title is indicated by the words (or parts of words) in italics, generally the first noun, or noun and adjective of the title. Abbott, F. F. - A. C. Johnson, Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire (Oxford '1926, repr. 1968) Acta Divi Augusii, pars prior, ed. S. Riccobono, publ. by Regia Academia Italica (Rome 1945) Actes du Ve Congres international de Papyrologie, 30 Aout - 3 Septembre 1937, publ. by Fondation Egypt. Reine Elisabeth (Brussels 1938) Albertario, E. Introduzione storica allo studio del diritto romano giustinianeo, I (Milan 1935) Albertario, E. Studidi diritto romano. 6 vols. (Milan 1933-53) Alibrandi, I. Opere giuridiche e storiche (Rome 1896) Allen, C. K. Law in the Making (6th ed., Oxford 1958) Alvarez Suarez, U. Curso de Derecho romano, I (2d ed., Madrid 1955) Alvarez Suarez, U. Horizonte actual del derecho romano (Madrid 1944) Amelotti, M. La prescrizione delle azioni in diritto romano [=Fond. Castelli, 24] (Milan 1958) Amirante, L. II giuramento prestato prima della litis contestatio nelle legis actiones e nelle formulae [= Pubbl. Fac. Giur. Napoli, 18] (Naples 1954) Antologia giuridica romanistica ed antiquaria [= Univ. di Milano, Pubbl. Fac. di Giuris., S. II, 7] (Milan 1968). Arangio-Ruiz, V. Rariora (Rome 1946) Arangio-Ruiz, V. Storia del diritto romano (7th ed., Naples 1957) Arangio-Ruiz, V. -A. Guarino, Breviarium iuris romani (5th ed., Milan 1974) Atti del congresso internazionale di diritto romano (Bologna e Roma XVII XXVII Aprile MCMXXXIII): Bologna. 2 vols. (Pavia 1934) Atti del cowgresso internazionale di diritto romano (Bologna e Roma XVII XXVII Aprile MCMXXXIII): Roma. 2 vols. (Pavia 1934)

XXV

Atti del Congresso internazionale di diritto romano e di storia del diritto, Verona, 27-28-29-IX-1948. 4 vols. (Mian 1951-53) Augustus. Studi in occasione del bimillenario augusteo, studi di V. Arangio-Ruiz, P. De Francisci, S. Riccobono, et al. (Rome 1938) Baviera, G. Scritti giuridici, I: Diritto romano (Palermo 1909) Baviera, G. Le due scuole dei giureconsulti romani (Florence 1898, repr. 1971) Bellocci, N. La genesi della 'litis contestatio' nel procedimento formulare (Naples 1965) Bertolini, C. II Processo civile [=Appunti didattici di diritto romano, ser. II] 2 vols. (Turin 1913-14) Beseler, G. Beiträge zur Kritik der römischen Rechtsquellen. 5 vols. (Tübingen 1910-31, repr. 1970) Betti, E. Diritto romano, I: Parte generale (Padua 1935) Betti, E. Istituzioni di diritto romano, I (2d ed., Padua 1942); II. l (Padua 1962) Biondi, B. Istituzioni di diritto romano (4th ed., Milan 1965) Biondi, B. Prospettive romanistiche [=Pubbl. d. Univ. Cattol. d. Sacro Cuore, S. II, 37] (Milan 1933) Biondi, B. Scritti giuridici. 4 vols. (Milan 1965) Biscardi, A. Lezioni sul processo romano antico e classico (Turin 1968) Bleicken, J. Senatsgericht und Kaisergericht. Eine Studie zur Entwicklung des Prozessrechtes im frühen Prinzipal [=Abh. Göttingen, 3. Folge, 53] (Göttingen 1962) Bolla, S. von. Aus römischen und bürgerlichen Erbrecht (Vienna 1950) Bonfante, P. Corso di diritto romano. 5 vols. (corrected repr., Milan 1963-74) Bonfante, P. Scritti giuridici varii. 4 vols. (Rome 1926) Bonfante, P. Storia del diritto romano. 2 vols. (4th ed., Rome 1959) Bonini, R. I 'libri de cognitionibus' di Callistrato, I [=Sem. giur. d. Univ. di Bologna, 38] (Milan 1964) Bove, L. La consuetudine in diritto romano, I: Della repubblica all'eta dei Severi [=Pubbl. d. Fac. Giur. dell'Univ. di Napoli, 101] (Naples 1971) Boyd, A. J. La denuntiatio introductive d'instance sous le Principal (Bordeaux 1922) Bremer, F. P. Die Rechtslehrer und Rechtsschulen im römischen Kaiserreich (Berlin 1868, repr. 1968) Bretone, M. Tecniche e ideologic dei giurisli romani (Naples 1971) Brie, S. Die Lehre vom Gewohnheitsrecht. Eine hislorisch-dogmalische Unlersuchung, I: Geschichlliche Grundlegung (Breslau 1899) Brissonius, B. De verborum quae ad ius civile pertinent i/gnjyicalione, ed. I. G. Heineccius (Halle-Magdeburg 1743) Broggini, G. Coniectanea. Sludi di diritto romano (Milan 1966) Broggini, G. ludex arbiterve. Prolegomena zum Officium des römischen Privalrichters [Forsch, z. röm. Recht, 10] (Cologne/Graz 1957) Brück, E. Über römisches Recht im Rahmen der Kulturgeschichte (Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg 1954) Bruns C. G. - O. Lenel, Geschichte und Quellen des römischen Rechls, unier Benulzung der Bearbeitung von A. Pernice, neu bearbeitet [=Holtzendorff's Enzyklopädie, I (7th ed., 1915) 303-97.

XXVI

Buckland, W. W. Equity in Roman Law (London 1911) Buckland, W. W. A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3d ed., Cambridge 1964) Buckland, W. W. -McNair, A. D. Roman Law and Common Law. A Comparison in Outline (2d ed., Cambridge 1952) Carcaterra, A. Le definizioni dei giuristi romani. Metodo, mezzi e fini (Naples 1966) Carcaterra, A. lustitia nelle fonti e nella storia del diritto romano (Bari 1949) Chiazzese, L. Confronti testuali. Contributi alia dottrina delle interpolazioni giustinianee [=Ann. Palermo 16 (1931)] Chiazzese, L. Introduzione allo studio del diritto romano, I (3rd ed., Palermo 1948) Clark, E. C. History of Roman Private Law. 3 vols. in 4 (Cambridge 1906-19) Coles, R. A. Reports of Proceedings in Papyri (Brussels 1966) Conferenze per il XIV centenario delle Pandette 15 dicembre 530 - 15 dicembre 1930 [=Pubbl. d. Univ. Cattol. del Sacro Cuore, S. II, 33] (Milan 1931) Conferenze romanistiche, ed. C. A. Maschi, publ. by Univ. d. Studi di Trieste, Fac. di Giuris., Ist. di dir. rom. e di storia d. dir. (Milan 1960) Costa, E. Cicerone giureconsulto, nuova edizione riveduta e ampliata delPautore e in parte postuma. 2 vols. (Bologna 1927, repr. 1964) Costa, E. Storia delle fonti del diritto romano (Milan/Turin/Rome 1909) La Critica del testo. Atti del secondo Congresso internazionale della Societä italiana di storia del diritto. 2 vols. (Florence 1971) Crook, J. A. Consilium principis. Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. (Cambridge 1955) Crook, J. A. Law and Life of Rome (London 1967) Cuq, E. Les institutions juridiques des Romains. 2 vols. (Paris 1891-1902) Cuq, E. Manuelles institutions juridiques des Romains (2d ed., Paris 1928) Daube, D. Forms of Roman Legislation (Oxford 1956) Daube, D. Roman Law. Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects (Edinburgh 1969) Daube Noster. Essays in Legal History for David Daube, ed. A. Watson (Edinburgh/London 1974) Dawson, J. P. The Oracles of the Law (Ann Arbor 1968) De Francisci, P. Arcana imperil. 3 vols. in 4 (Milan 1947-48, repr. 1970) De Francisci, P. Primordia civitatis [=Pontif. Inst. utrius. iuris, 2] (Rome 1959) De Francisci, P. Storia del diritto romano. 3 vols. (2d ed., Milan 1938—40) De Francisci, P. II transferimento della proprieta (Padua 1924) DelTOro, A. 'Mandata' e 'litterae'. Contribute allo studio degli atti giuridici del 'princeps' [=Pubbl. d. Fac. di Giuris. d. Univ. di Modena, 100-01] (Bologna 1960) De Martine, F. La giurisdizione del diritto romano [=Studi di dir. procesuale, 8] (Padua 1937) De Martine, F. Storia della costituzione romana, vols. I-IV.2 (2d ed., Naples 1972-75) De Robertis, F. M. II fenomeno associativo nel mondo romano dai collegi della repubblica alle corporazioni del basso impero (Naples 1955)

XXV11

d'Ippolito, F. Ideologia e diritto in Gaio Cassio Longino [=Pubbl. d. Fac. Giur. della'Univ. di Napoli, 122] (Naples 1969) Dirksen, H. E. Hinterlassend Schriften zur Kritik und Auslegung der Quellen römischer Rechtsgeschichte und Altertumskunde, hgg. von F. D. Sanio. 2 vols. (Leipzig 1871) d'Ors, A. Derecho privado romuno (2d ed., Pamplona 1973) d'Ors, A. Presupuestos criticos para el estudio del derecho romano (Salamanca 1943) Dulckeit, G. - F. Schwarz, Römische Rechtsgeschichte. Ein Studienbuch (5th ed., Munich 1970) Ebrard, F. Die Digestenfragmente ad formulam hypothecariam und die Hypothekarezeption (Leipzig 1917) Ehrlich, E. Beiträge zur Theorie der Rechtsquellen, I (Berlin 1902) Ehrlich, E. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law, trans, by W. L. Moll (Cambridge, Mass. 1936) Eisele, F. Beiträge zur römischen Rechtsgeschichte (Freiburg/Leipzig 1896, repr. 1972) Eranion in honorem G. S. Maridakis. 3 vols. (Athens 1963-64) Essays in Legal History read before the International Congress of Historical Studies held in London in 1913, ed. P. Vinogradoff (London 1913) Essays in Honor of C. Bradford Welles [=Amer. Studies in Papyr., I] (New Haven 1966) Etudes d'histoire juridique offertes ä Paul ' Girard sur ses eleves. 2 vols. (Paris 1913) Ferrini, C. Opere, ed. by various authors. 5 vols. (Milan 1929-30) Festgabe für Georg Beseler zum VI. Januar MDCCCLXXXV. Juristische Abhandlungen (Berlin 1885) Festgabe für Dr. Karl Güterbock zur achtzigsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages dargebracht (Berlin 1910) Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstag von Max Gutzwiller. lus et lex (Basel 1959) Festgaben für August Wilhelm Heffter zum III. August MDCCCLXXIII (Berlin 1873) Festgabe für Arnold Herdlitczka zu seinem 75. Geburtstag dargebracht (Munich/ Salzburg 1972) Festgabe für Professor Dr. Adolf Leschnitzer. Der Friede, Idee und Verwirklichung/The Search for Peace (Heidelberg 1961) Festgabe für Ulrich von Lübtowzum 70. Geburtstag am 21. August 1970. Sein und Werden im Recht (Berlin 1970) Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstag von August Simonius. Aequitas und bona fides (Basel 1955) Festgabe der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich (Zürich 1928) Festschrift für Wilhelm Feigentraeger zum 70. Geburtstag (Göttingen 1969) Festschrift Guido Kisch. Rechtshistorische Forschungen anlässlich des 60. Geburtstages dargebracht (Stuttgart 1955) Festschrift Paul Koschaker zum 60. Geburtstag überreicht. 3 vols. (Weimar 1939)

XXV111

Festschrift für Heinrich Lehmann zum 80. Geburtstag. 2 vols. (Berlin 1956) Festschrift für Otto Lenel zum fünfzigjährigen Doctorjubiläum am 16. Dezember 1921 überreicht von der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg i. Br. (Leipzig 1921) Festschrift Hans Lewald. Bei Vollendung das vierzigsten Amtsjahres als ordentlicher Professor im Oktober überreicht (Basel 1953) Festschrift Oertel see Studien Oertel Festschrift für Ernst Rabel, Band II: Geschichte der antiken Rechte und allgemeine Rechtslehre (Tübingen 1954) Festschrift Fritz Schulz. 2 vols. (Weimar 1951) Festschrift für Erwin Seid! zum 70. Geburtstag (Cologne 1975) Festschrift Artur Steinwenter zum 70. Geburtstag [= Grazer Rechts- und Staatswiss. Studien, 3 ](Graz/Cologne 1958) Festschrift für Leopold Wenger zu seinem 70. Geburtstag [=Münch. Beitr., 3435 ] 2 vols. (Munich 1944-45) Fitting, H. Alter und Folge der Schriften römischer Juristen von Hadrian bis Alexander (2d ed., Tübingen 1908, repr. 1965) Flores legum H. J. Scheiternd oblati antecessori Groningano (Groningen 1971) Flückiger, F. Geschichte des Naturrechtes, I: Altertum und Frühmittelalter (Zürich 1954) Frezza, P. Corso di storia del diritto romano (3d ed., Rome 1974) Gaio nel suo tempo. Atti del simposio romanistico (Naples 1966) Gallo, F. Interpretazione e formazione consuetudinaria del diritto. Lezioni di diritto romano (Turin 1971) Garcia Garrido, M. J. Casuismo y Jurisprudencia Romana (Madrid 1973) Gaudemet, J. Institutions de l'antiquite" (Paris 1967) Gedächtnisschrift für Rolf Dietz (Munich 1974) Gedächtnisschrift H. Peters, ed. H. Conrad et al. (Berlin/New York 1967) Gedächtnisschrift für Rudolf Schmidt. Aktuelle Fragen aus modernem Recht und Rechtsgeschichte (Berlin 1966) Gedächtnisschrift für Emil Seckel [=Abh. d. Berliner jur. Fak, 4] (Berlin 1927) Gesellschaft und Recht im griechisch-römischen Altertum. Eine Aufsatzsammlung, I [=Deut. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, Sehr. d. Sekt. f. Altertumswiss., 52] (Berlin 1968) Gioffredi, C. Contributi allo studio del processo civile romano (Milan 1947) Girard, P. F. Histoire de Porganisation judiciaire des Romains, I (Paris 1901) Girard, P. F. Manuel e"l [first ] to the foundation of the city. P.R.IVS misread PRIVS.1 PAULUS, Libro XIV responsorum (D. 22.1.14 pr.) [Paul] (he) responded that in settling a trust < after > delay had occurred, newly born offspring of slave women were also to be transferred. Abbreviation P. resolved P (aulus) instead of p (ost), in the opening words: RESPONDIT P. MORAM.2 PAULUS, Libro LIVad edictum (D. 41.4.2.8) A guardian, at the auction of his ward's property purchases a thing he believes belonged to him (the ward). Servius says he can possess it by usucaption. His opinion is accepted, in that the position of the ward is not rendered worse [if he himself (proprius) < if he has a purchaser has a purchaser;} for more (potius); > and if he purchases for less, he is liable in the action for guardianship, as if he had sold it off to another at a lower price. And this is said to have been established by the deified Trajan. Scribal error of 'proprius' for 'potius', due to inadequate hearing upon dictation.3 19. I.e., lulianus, Africanus, Celsus, Valens, and Pomponius, libri ad Sabinum; also Pliny's Letters, book X. 20. Menner, at. supra, § 29 n.30. 1. Mommsen, Digesta, ad h.l.; Schulz, Einführung 32. 2. Schulz, Einführung 18f. 3. Adler, Jher. Jb. 33 (1894) 193, contradicted by Pernice, Labeo II 476 n.3, on the ground that it was impossible to make such a mistake in copying or in resolving an abbreviation, but this was countered by Weiss, Krit. Vjschr. 18 (1919) 503 n.6, that it could quite easily occur if the scribe was writing the text down from dictation.

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The emendation of texts to rectify obvious 'mechanical' errors by the scribes is the task of the modern editor of a text, by means of a collation of manuscripts where this is possible, and by correct 'divination' where not. In the case of the legal texts of the Roman law this has largely been achieved by the editors of the standard editions, though there has been some suggestion that further effort in this direction might produce significant results.4 Glosses Marginal or interlinear notations made upon texts (glosses or glossemes) may creep into the text itself, either through error or purposely, when a new version of the text is prepared. The manuscripts of the pre-Justinianian materials which have been preserved to us, as well as those employed by the compilers in the fashioning of the Digest, Code and Institutes of Justinian, are texts into which earlier glosses have been incorporated. Schulz, in his introduction to textual study, distinguishes the following types:5 (1) the text may be expanded by single words, a type particularly frequent. (2) The text may be paraphrased, often for the purpose of translating Greek expressions of the jurist into Latin; 'id est' ('that is') is a frequent indication of this type of gloss. (3) Often the glossator believes the classical text fails to justify the holding; he supplies the reason, more often than not incorrectly. (4) Words or sentences may be introduced to expand or to limit what the glossator thinks is indefinitely delimited. (5) If the jurist presents a principle without examples, instances (casus) may be supplied. (6) Chapter headings or marginal indexes of content, added by other hands, may become incorporated into a later text. (7) A glossator might make a resume of a long classical discussion and illustrate an abstract rule by a case. (8) 'Paratitla' glosses are general remarks prefixed to the jurist's discussion of the various parts of a particular title of the edict. Some of these types are illustrated in the following passages. FLORENTINUS, Libro VII institutionum (D. 11.7.42) Ë monument in general terms is a thing handed down to posterity for a memorial; if a body or human remains should be laid inside it, it becomes a sepulchre, but if nothing of the kind is laid in it, it is [a monument made by way of memorial] what the Greeks call êåíïôáößïõ (a cenotaph). A paraphrasing gloss.6 4. Sch nbauer, Festschrift Koschaker II 385, 393 ff.; Miquel, 'Mechanische Fehler in der berlieferung der Digesten', SZ 80 (1963) 233-86. 5. Schulz, Einf hrung 19-36. 6. Lenel, Palingenesia I 173 n.6.

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ULPIANUS, Libra XVIII ad edictum (Coll. 12.7.8) Similarly, in book VI (Notes) from Vivianus, it is related: If you have an oven against a wall common (to you and your neighbor), will you be liable for wrongful damage? He says it cannot be put under the lex Aquilia because even against a man who has an (ordinary) hearth < . . . > accordingly, he thought it would be fairest that an action on the case (actio in factum) be given. [But he did not point out the wall was burnt. For certainly it could be queried < . . . > you have done me no damage and you have simply got your fire so that I apprehend lest it will be spread to me, whether it would be right, nevertheless (?), for me to seek an action on the case. Proculus perhaps had thought in this way, except that some one has stated it would be sufficient to give security against damage not done (damni non facti). ]

ULPIANUS, Libra XVIII ad edictum(O. 9.2.27.10)

If you have an oven against a wall common (to you and your neighbor), will you be liable for wrongful damage? Proculus says no action can be brought because even against a man who has an (ordinary) hearth < . . . > accordingly, I think it would be fairest that an action on the case (actio in factum) be given, [supposing, that is, that the wall was burnt. If, however, you have done me no damage but you have simply got your fire so that I apprehend that you will do damage to me,

I think it would be sufficient to give security against anticipated damage (damni infecti). ]

Gloss, in the Collatio [But he did not -fin. ], offering reasons for the decision, a gloss which was still present, perhaps modified by a second glossator, in the text which the compilers used, and corrected, for the Digest passage.7

7. Schulz, History 200: 'Whoever still denies the fact of a pre-Justinian revision of the texts in the Collatio must prove the authenticity of the words in Coll. 12.7.8: sed non - cautionem (But he did not - damage not done), which is simply impossible.' For discussion of these passages, see Wieacker, Textstufen 242-45, with reff, to further literature, 242 n. 106.

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ULPIANUS, Libra IIfideicommissorum (D. 34.1.14.3) A certain person left in trust for his freedmen food supplies and also water. I was consulted about the trust. [When] The matter is reported to be done in that pan of Africa [or perhaps in Egypt] where water is sold, accordingly I said that this was a benefit of the trust. A gloss seeking to extend the jurist's decision respecting a particular case to another place.8 ULPIANUS, Libra VIad edictum (D. 3.2.4.2) The praetor says: 'who acts as a procurer'. A man acts as a procurer who keeps slaves who bring in a profit this way; and if he makes a similar speculation with free women, he is in the same position. Moreover, whether he makes this his main business or has some other kind of business as well, [for example, if he is an inn-keeper or a tavern-keeper and has slaves of this kind who wait on travelers and use the opportunity afforded to make gain in this way; or if he keeps baths and, as is done in some provinces, he has slaves at the baths hired to take care of the clothes of customers, and these carry on the above practices at the bathing place] he will be liable to the penalties imposed on procurers. A gloss introducing cases.9 PAPINIANUS, Libra XXVI quaestionum (D. 41.2.47) If you determine to possess and not to restore a movable thing which I have deposited with you, [or lent to you for use] it has been held that I have immediately lost possession even without notice; [? and the reason of this is perhaps that neglect or failure to keep movable things is wont to affect the previous possession adversely, even though no one else has entered;] and this Nerva filius reported in his book on Usucaptions. The same author writes that the result differs in the case of a slave loaned where custody fails; [?for oldpossession of him continues as long as no one else begins to possess himj\ clearly for the reason that, by intending to return, a slave, through whose physical act we can possess other things as well, can preserve his master's possession of himself. [Hence, though possession of irrational or inanimate things is immediately lost, possession of slaves is retained, if they have the intention of returning^] The final gloss is a resumd. In addition [or lent -for use] is probably an interpolation by the compilers, but the parallelism of the two institutions is found in post-classical glosses; the second and third are probably glosses, to provide reasons for the rule.10 8. Schulz, Einführung 25; accord Wieacker, Textstufen 321 n.229. One of the two,'when' (cum) or 'accordingly' (igitur), has to be deleted. 9. Schulz, Einfiihrung 26. Cf. also Eisele, SZ 11 (1890) 13, and Krüger, Arch. f. lat. Lexik. 11(1900)459. 10. Schulz, Einführung 32 f.; De Zulueta, Digest 41,1 & 2, ad h.l.

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Interpolations IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIUS IUSTINIANUS . . . Triboniano quaestori suo salutem (D. Const. Deo auct. 7-10) (Dec. 15, 530 A.D.) There is another thing we wish you to observe carefully: if you find anything in the old books that is not well put or anything superfluous or incomplete, you should remove the unnecessary prolixity and supply what is lacking and present the whole work in proper form and as fine as possible. You should also observe: if you find anything incorrectly expressed in the old statutes or constitutions which the ancients cited in their books, you should correct it and put it in proper form; so that whatever is chosen by you and set down may be deemed genuine and the best version and treated as originally so written, and no one may venture to argue that your text is faulty by comparison with the old volume.... (8) Accordingly, in all parts of the aforesaid treatise no place is to be allowed to any antinomy - such is the name used from old time, derived from the Greek but there must be full agreement, full consistency, and no one is to raise any dispute. (9) We also wish that repetition - as has already been said - be absent from a compilation such as this; and those matters which have been provided by the most sacred ordinances which we have included in our Code, we do not permit to be set down again as part of the old law since the sanction of imperial constitutions suffices to give them authority, unless, indeed, this should be done by way of contrast or of supplement or of greater exactness; but even then very rarely, lest, if an exception of this type be permitted, some amount of thorns may grow up in such a meadow. (10) Again, if any statutes cited in the old books have now fallen into disuse, by no means do we permit you to set them down, since we wish only that to obtain which has been put in force by the most normal course of trial or has been approved by the long usage of this revered city, in accord with the work ofSalvius lulianus which points out that all states ought to follow the custom of Rome, the head of the world, and not Rome other states. Moreover, by Rome is to be understood not only the old city but also our own royal city, which by the grace of God was founded under the best auguries. IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIUS IUSTTNIANUS ... ad senatum et omnespopulos (D. Const. Tanta 10) (Dec. 16, 533 A.D.) Moreover, we have so much reverence for antiquity that we have by no means permitted the names of the jurists to pass into oblivion, but each one of those who was a writer on law has been mentioned in our Digest; this alone was done by us, that if something in their rules seemed superfluous or imperfect or of minor worth, it was taken, expanded or curtailed asfar as necessary, and reduced to the most correct rules. And in many cases of repetition or contradiction what appeared to be the better has been set down instead of any other and all included

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under one authority so that whatever is written therein may appear to be ours and to have been composed by our will; let no one dare to compare those matters which antiquity held with those which our authority introduced because there are many and important changes made on account of practical utility. And even if an imperial constitution had been set forth in the old books, we have not spared it but thought that it ought to be corrected and restored in better form. Leaving the names of the old authority, we observed in our emendations whatever was suitable and necessary for the true sense of the statutes. And for this reason if anything was debated among them it has now become most decidedly settled, leaving no room for hesitation. C. Const. Haec 2 and C. Const. Cordi 3 are to the same effect for the Second Code, 528 and 529 A.D. In the course of the years a number of criteria have been proposed as aids in the search for and the recognition of those changes and omissions which Justinian called for, and declared had been made, in the constitutions which instituted, and later promulgated, the Digest.11 The criteria for interpolation discovery proposed by Bonfante and adopted by Albertario form the basis of the critical comment by Buckland, which has been referred to earlier (§ 28). These criteria are set forth in the following pages, the examples chosen by Albertario, the critical comment supplied by Buckland.12 Comparison of Texts PAPINIANUS, Libra III responsorum (Fr. Vat. 12) Where a controversy arises on the question of ownership before the price has been paid, the buyer is not compelled to restore, even though especially sureties are offered against eviction, since he had begun to possess without knowledge. For an ineffective usucaptionperiod will be made valid provided the issue has been

PAPINIANUS, Libro III responsorum (D. 18.6.19.1) Where a controversy arises on the question of ownership before the price has been paid, the buyer is not compelled to pay the price [unless satisfactory sureties against eviction are offered by the seller.]

11. E.g., Jörs, s.v. Digesta, RE 5.1 (1903) 484, 520-41; Bonfante, Storia II 141-66; Schulz, Einführung 40-58. 12. References to these authors by pages only, in Albertario, Introduzione, chap. Ill, and in Buckland, Harvard L. Rev. 54 (1941) 1273 ff.

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raised, nor need security against eviction be offered, since in the very entry into the contract the risk of loss upon the owner is imminent. IMPERATORES DIOCLETIANUS ET MAXINDANUS AUGUSTI ET CONSULES EUTYCHIO (C. 8.44[45].24 pr.) (294 A.D.) If a question shall have arisen as to the property sold after the sale has been concluded but before the price has been paid, or slaves sold proclaimed free, it is established by authority of law that, although eviction is imminent in the very entry into the contract, the buyer is not compelled to pay the whole or the remainder of the price if he is not offered sufficient to satisfy (the claim). The interpolation of the compilers results in a holding the exact opposite of that set forth in the pre-Justinianian Vatican fragment.13 The reason for the change appears to be clear: the legal principle was altered by legislative action at the end of the 3rd century. Albertario states that the passage was interpolated to express a new idea;14 Buckland maintains this is a routine interpolation to give expression to an earlier legislative change, a type of interpolation quite frequent in the Digest.15 The Vatican fragment has been the point of departure for quite some discussion as to the extent to which the 'Papinianizing editor', before 294 A.D., had modified Papinian's words;16 that is a problem of early post-classical glosses in the revising of classical works, however, and not of interpolation. Textual comparison between Justinianian and pre-Justinianian texts as a criterion for interpolation was the subject of the early criticism by Buckland, mentioned earlier (§ 28). In that study,17 based on an analysis of the parallel texts (leges geminatae) in these sources, Buckland concluded that there was no drastic overhauling of the law by the compilers of Justinian's Corpus. Of the 165 instances of parallel texts there is no change of doctrine in 125 cases, merely a change of words. Twenty show doctrinal changes of some kind, in three cases an additional alteration modifies the result. Of the twenty cases where the doctrine is different, Buckland contends that the 13. Accomplished by a nisi ('unless') clause, a typical device employed by the compilers, see Seckel, in Heumann-Seckel, Handlexikon, s.v. nisi (pp. 367 ff.). 14. Albertario 45 n. 14. 15. Buckland 1281. 16. Wieacker, Textstufen 356-62, with further reff. 17. Buckland, Yale L. J. 33 (1923/24) 343-64.

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Digest text is closer to the original than the pre-Justinianian version. It may be true that the compilers made alterations and introduced Hellenistic ideas, but the general conclusion must be that there is a presumption against interpolation and the case must be clearly made out before a conjectured interpolation is entitled to acceptance. Such was the view of Buckland almost a half century ago, and it has become the prevailing view today. Yet comparison of texts, where available, is probably the most reliable of the criteria indicated; Chiazzese has gathered together all the possible confrontations of texts- more extensive than Justinianian-pre-Justinianian textual comparison - and his data may lead to new results, far beyond the distinction between formal and doctrinal interpolations which he stressed.18 Historical Criterion; Anachronism PAULUS, Libro I sententiarum (D. 3.5.46[47].l) It does not matter whether the action brought by or against the party is direct or utilis (on the analogy of), since in trials extra ordinem, where the drawing up of formulae is not observed, there is no occasion for such subtlety, especially since both kinds of action are of the same force and have the same effect.

A text is said to be interpolated or glossed if it expresses a rule inconsistent with what is known to have been the law when the text was written. It is a test most liable to misuse if there be preconceptions as to what the classical law really was. The instance given -the reputed obsolescence of the formulary procedure and its replacement by procedure extra ordinem at the time of the jurist Paul19 - is, according to Buckland, a routine interpolation to reflect a change known to have occurred earlier, and not a Justinianian reform.20 Logical Criterion; Dlogism MODESTINUS, Libro V regularum (D. 18.1.62.1) One who was bought sacred or religious places not knowing them to be such, or public lands as being private, although the sale (emptio) is void, can bring suit against the seller by action on sale (ex empto)for recovery of the damages he has incurred in being deceived. 18. Chiazzese, 'Confront! testuali', Ann. Palermo 16 (1930) 3-554. The second, special part, was never written, but an index of the sources Chiazzese dealt with has been prepared by Metro, lura 17(1966) 179-227. 19. Index Interp. I 42 and Supp. I 5 (ad h.l.). 20. Buckland 1281.

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Where there is contradiction within a text or between two texts of the same author, there is said to be an illogism which would not be made by a classical jurist. Albertario says it is illogical to give an action on sale when there is no sale.21 But Buckland points out that the best lawyers are not always logical, and the passage need not be interpolated; even if it is, it is loose thinking rather than novel, improper doctrine.22 Logical-Juridical Criterion; Legal Inelegance SCAEVOLA, Libra HI responsorum (D. 32.93.3) It is queried whether that which the heirs had been instructed to turn over to their brothers applied also to their sister. He responded that it did apply [unless it be proven that the testator had intended otherwise]. Where the statement of a rule is limited or annulled by a saving clause or is extended to another and larger sphere, there is room for suspicion of interpolation. The 'unless' (nisi) clause is a frequent indication of such illogical limitation.23 On the other hand, there is the possibility that, in many cases, evidence of intent from outside the will was deemed permissible by the classical jurist.24 Legislative Criterion ULPIANUS, Libra XXXVI ad Sabinum (D. 25.1.3.1) We would state, generally, that a good deal depended respecting (expenditures) for the continued use of a plot, whether this was for something which did not concern the present harvest, ... The use of the imperial 'we' and generalizations imperatively expressed are considered indications of interpolation.25 But it may be urged that a jurist, with the authority of such a one at the end of the 2nd century, could well have written, 'we would state, generally' (nosgeneraliterdefiniemus).26 PAPINIANUS, Libro X quaestionum (D. 18.1.58) Again, if trees have been blown down by wind or destroyed by fire, it has been held that the sale of the land is void, if it was on account of the trees in question, for 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 1287.

Albertario 47. Buckland 1283. Gradenwitz, Interpolationen 189; Seckel, loc. at. supra, n.13; Albertario 47. Buckland 1284 f., and 1285 n.43. Cf. Bonfante, Storia II 155 f.; Albertario 48 f. See specifically, Index Interp. ad h.l. Scholia Sinaitica 8 is a gloss on this passage, attributing the words to Ulpian, cf. Buckland

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example an olive grove, that the plot was purchased, whether the seller knew or did not know. [Whether the purchaser or both parties knew or did not know produces the same results as those which were stated in the cases, above, of houses (burnt)],

It is clear that reference in the jurist's text to what has been or will be treated in the Digest of Justinian has been added by the compilers.27 Systematic or Methodological Criterion IULIANUS, Libro XIII digestorum (D. 44.7.16) One who accepts a money loan from a slave belonging to an inheritance and < by mancipation shall have transferred to him by fiduciary agreement > [shall have delivered to him by way of pledge] a plot of land or a slave....

Where a jurist, in the book named in the inscription, is seen to discuss a legal institution - in this case pledge (pignus) - which is known to have been treated at another place in his writings,28 there is evidence of interpolation.29 The illustration is that of a text from a book in Ulpian's Digesta where the jurist was dealing with the institution of fiduciary agreement (fiducia), which the compilers have altered and utilized in the title on pledge (pignus), since the same rule was applicable to both.30 The institution of fiducia, together with the mancipation, was obsolete in Justinian's time, so the change from fiducia to pignus, and from mancipation (formal transfer) to tradition (delivery), was routine, according to Buckland.31 Philological Criterion POMPONIUS, Libro XXXV ad Sabinum (D. 13.7.8.3) If, having stipulated payment (to me) at the end of one, two and three years, I have received a pledge (pignus) and I have agreed that unless on each day (assigned for payment) the money has been paid, I shall befree to sell the thing pledged (earn, fern, pronoun), it is held that I cannot sell the pledge until all the sums become payable, because, by the words used, all the payments had to be shown (before the pledge could be sold);.... 27. On this passage, Index Interp. ad h.l. 28. On 'legal systems', the repeated regular sequence of discussion of legal institutions by the jurists, see infra, chap. VIII, § 144. 29. Interpolations generally accepted, see Index Interp. ad h. 11. 30. For evidence of the change from fiducia to pignus, see the following extract, sub Philological Criterion. 31. Buckland 1287 f.

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ULPIANUS, Libra XXIX ad edictum (D. 14.4.9.1) A person has to choose by what action he mil proceed, whether by that on the peculiwn (fund advanced) or the tributorian action [since he knows he will not be able to fall back on the other]. Of course, if a person wishes to bring the tributorian action on one claim, and that on the peculium on another claim, he should be listened to.

The criterion most often resorted to in the effort to seek out interpolations was the philological one, clear mistakes in grammatical usage or vocabulary or style current in the 6th century.32 In the first instance above the erroneous gender was noted, resulting in the discovery that the institution of pignus had been substituted for fiducia.33 In the second case, improper syntax, unusual vocabulary, as well as error in doctrine, supports the conjectured interpolation.34 The dangers in the use of this criterion, especially at the hands of nonphilologists, is apparent, yet there is basis for employing this test.35 Exegetical Criterion; Antinomy ULPIANUS, Libro I ad Sabinum (D. 45.1.6) One who has been forbidden to manage his property may acquire for himself by a stipulation, but he cannot deliver nor obligate himself by a promise. Therefore, a surety cannot intervene on his behalf, any more than for an insane person. ULPIANUS, Libro XI ad edictum (D. 46.1.25) Marcellus writes that if anyone should act as surety for a ward who has obligated himself without the authority of his guardian, or for a spendthrift or an insane person, the better rule is that he (surety) will not be given relief, since an action on mandate does not lie unto them.

The criterion in this case is the contradiction between two texts or series of texts. The passages above raise the question whether a surety can guarantee the obligations of a prodigal or an insane person.36 In one passage, no; in the other the surety cannot deny responsibility. There is certainly reason for in32. Cf. the extensive listing of words and phrases, modes and constructions common to the compilers, Bonfante, Storia II 156-65. 33. E.g., fragments 6, 8, 22, 24 and 25, titleD. 13.7 (On the action for pledge) originally dealt with fiducia, see Lenel, SZ 3 (1882) 104-20. 34. See Gradenwitz, Interpolationen 86 f.; Levy, Konkurrenz I 154 n.3. 35. Buckland 1288-90. 36. See Bonfante, Corso I 656-57. Von Beseler, 5Z45 (1925)483, would eliminate [Therefore -insane person] in D. 45.1.6 as an interpolation. In D. 46.1.25 some scholars would cut out [or for a spendthrift or an insane person], others merely [or an insane person]. Further reff., Index Interp., ad h.ll.

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vestigation when this occurs, but it is now recognized that this is not necessarily an indication of change in the compilers' rendition. The controversies among the jurists were far more numerous than had earlier been thought.37 Some were settled in the course of time, and were noted by the compilers in routine interpolations; other might be settled by Justinian's reforms; still others may have remained unsettled. Diplomatic Criterion ULPIANUS, Libra I ad edictum aedilium curulium (D. 21.1.35) Frequently slaves not sick are returned (in rescission of a sale) on account of slaves ill, if they cannot be separated without great difficulty or (it would be) an offense for reasons of humanity. Why, if the (slave) son be kept, would one choose to return the parents? Or vice versa? A nd this is wont to be observed in the case of brothers [and of persons coupled with one another in slave-marriage]. According to Bonfante,38 the texts which were turned over to scribes in order to prepare the Digest text were often so confused and practically indecipherable that what they made of it in writing it down constitutes an interpolation. Such a text, said Albertario,39 is the passage above, resulting from running together two distinct glosses on Ulpian's passage. According to Buckland, the case of brothers not being separated dates back to Ulpian; the slave couple reference is more likely a change introduced by the compilers, for the feeling of compassion for such a union would not be felt in the classical epoch.40 He concludes -as also this review of the criteria of interpolation, Albertario vs. Buckland -'If so, it expresses a new idea, a doctrine of change, and it is the first of the texts we have observed in this progress through Albertario which does so.' B. LITERARY TEXTS § 32

A significant supplement to strictly legal source material is afforded by references to legal situations in the various literary works of Latin and Greek authors. These references are valuable for additions to our knowledge of the Roman law in the archaic and pre-classical epoch as well as during the classical and post-classical eras. Regarding the former, a caveat must be entered. Can we accept as fact what is written about the kingdom and early republic 37. Cf. Käser, La critica del testo 291, 301 ff.; briefly, Schiller, Columbia L. Rev. 58 (1958) 1226, 1232 ff. For further discussion of juristic controversies, infra, chap. VIII, § 104. 38. Bonfante, Storia II 166.

39. Albertario 54 and 68. 40. Buckland 1291 and 1297.

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by authors of the late republic and empire? The whole question of the credibility of the sources, particularly of the literary writings, has long been discussed.l The traditional account of early Roman history was fashioned before the time of Titus Livius (59 B.C.-17 A.D.) and Dionysius Halicarnassensis (taught at Rome from 30 B.C.), the two writers who present the fullest details of the early history of Rome. These authors repeat the traditional account, which seems to have been generally accepted by the Romans without question. As a matter of fact, the traditional account depends for a good portion on oral tradition and a few public records still extant in late republican times. Though the events related have an historical flavor, there are few happenings which can be definitely authenticated. The conclusion of modern scholars is that, to a considerable extent, the history of early Rome is part invention, part reflection of foreign history, actual or fictional, and part anticipation of later events.2 Some events, however, such as the enactment of the Twelve Tables (see infra, chap. V, § 53) seem to be historically credible. With Marcus Porcius Cato and the 'annalists' in the middle of the 2nd century B.C. the historiography of Rome is on a sound basis.3 The writings of the rhetoricians, particularly the legal practitioners, provide perhaps the most significant additions to our study of the Roman law.4 The works of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) are, of course, preeminent. Not only in his orations, many of which are fonts of legal lore of the most fascinating nature, but also in his rhetorical and philosophical writings, and in his letters, we find innumerable references to all facets of the law.5 There have been many volumes devoted specifically to the allusions by Cicero to Roman law, best known that of Costa.6 The writings of the other authors on rhetoric, such as the anonymous author of the Rhetoric to Herennius (c. 86-82 B.C.), Quintilian (born c. 30 A.D.), are valuable in this respect.7 Next in line, in terms of significance of supplementing our knowledge of 1. First posed by Niebuhr, in Römische Geschichte; extended treatment by Lewis, An Inquiry into the Credibility of early Roman History (2 vols., 1855). 2. Pais, Storia di Roma dalle origins all'inizio delle guerre puniche (5 vols., 1926/28); Frank, 'Roman History before Caesar', Amer. Hist. Rev. 32 (1927) 233 ff. 3. Soltau, Die Anfange der römischen Geschichtschreibung (1909). 4. Lanfranchi, // diritto nei retori romani (1938). 5. Shackelton-Bailey, Cicero's Letters to Atticus (7 vols., 1965-70), is one of many editions of Cicero's works with extensive commentary. 6. Costa, Ciceronegiureconsulto (2 vols., 1927); cf. alsoGasquy, Gceronjurisconsulte(\%Vl). Greenidge, The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Tune (1901) 530 ff., is an appendix devoted to a discussion of Cicero's orations; so also Roby, Roman Private Law II 451-535, extensive comment on four of Cicero's legal speeches. 7. Note, inter alia, Sprenger, Quaestiones in rhetorum romanorum declamationes iuridicae [ = Dissertations philologicae Halenses XX.2 (1911)].

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the law, are the works of grammarians, lexicographers, antiquarians, and the like, which have come down to us. The books on the Latin language by Terentius Varro (116-27 B.C.) and the lexicography of Sextus Pompeius Festus (late 2nd century A.D.), which epitomizes a similar work by Verrius Flaccus (period of Augustus), are extremely valuable for information on legal institutions of archaic and early republican Rome.8 Selections from the'Attic Nights' of Aulus Gellius (c. 130-c. 180 A.D.) - the material began to be collected, the author tells us, during winter nights in Attica - are among the most numerous non-legal sources in this volume, a variety of anecdotes or brief accounts which touch upon legal life in Rome.9 In the historians, particularly those who wrote biographies of the emperors - Tacitus (born c. 56 A.D.), Suetonius (born c. 69 A.D.), Dio Cassius (praetor in 194 A.D.), and the authors of the questionable Augustan histories - passages can be found which are useful in extending our knowledge of the Roman public law, with occasional sidelights into the private law. Semi-legal in nature is the correspondence between Pliny the Younger and the emperor Trajan, constituting the Xth book of Pliny's letters, a significant source of material on imperial enactments.10 Reference could be made to a host of other ancient writers, including dramatists (Plautus and Terence)11 and poets (Horace, Juvenal, Virgil), as well as the commentators and scholiasts12 on earlier works, but it must suffice to refer to modern literature for further treatment. Bruns has collected passages of legal content from various authors,13 while there are several good discussions of Roman law in the literary sources generally.14 Berger has provided a bibliography of Roman law in non-juristic sources.15 8. The older work of Sanio, Varroruana in den Schriften römischer Juristen (1867), exemplifies the converse situation, the utilization of a non-legal work by the jurists, particularly Pomponius; cf. also, Cenderelli, Varroniana. Istituti e terminologia giuridica nelle opere di M. Terenzio Varrone [= Pubbl. Milano, ser. II, 9 (1973)]. On Festus (and Flaccus) see Dirksen, Abh. Berlin (1852) 133-84 [= Hinterlassene Schriften I 64-108]; Bona, Contribute allo studio della composizione del 'De verborum significatu' di Verrio Flacco (1964). 9. Dirksen, Hinterlassene Schriften I 21-63; Oliver, Cambridge L. J. 5 (1933/35) 46-60. 10. See particularly, the edition by E. G. Hardy, C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi Epistulae ad Traiaman (1889), with introduction and notes; recently, Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary (1966). 11. Note specially, Costa, // diritto private romano nelle comedie di Plauto (1890). 12. Extracts from the scholiasts are conveniently collected in Bruns, at. infra, n.13. 13. Bruns, Fontes, pars posterior (9th ed., 1509). 14. By far the most extensive, Wenger, Quellen 174-327; cf. also Clark, History I 67-96; D'Ors, Presupuestos 63-87; Martini, Awiamento 47-61. 15. Berger, ED 802-04; see also Schiller, Bibliography (Typescript ed.) 81-86. The current bibliography of studies on non-legal sources is to be found in the 'Rassegna Bibliografica', in lura, § XIX, annually.

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33

In addition to the legal and literary texts which have come down to us, a mass of documentary material with legal connotation has been discovered throughout the territorial extent of the Roman empire. Many of the statutes, ordinances, decrees, public instruments of various types which were inscribed on metal or stone or wood were erected at Rome, in the Italian cities and the hundreds of cities and towns throughout the provinces. Some of these have been preserved, relics from Renaissance collections or excavated during the last several centuries. Private monuments, sepulchral as well as honorific, offer written information of another sort. Of private instruments inscribed on wax tablets, a relatively small number have survived, from the excavations at Herculaneum, Pompeii, and sites elsewhere in the provinces.' To compensate for this loss, thousands of private instruments of all types, as well as public documents, have been found among the hoards of papyri which have come to light. A few parchment pieces may be of interest to the student of Roman law, but these generally date from the post-classical and later periods.2 At times, scholars distinguish public documents from private instruments, though the dividing line is sometimes hard to draw. Most often, the material upon which the document was written determines whether it first came to the attention of the epigrapher or of the papyrologist. The discussion here, then, is of inscriptions, and of papyri. The Latin and Greek inscriptions have been collected, edited and published in the great collections of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum and a number of regional corpora;3 and in the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Inscriptiones Graecae plus a number of regional collections.4 There are selections containing the most important texts, Dessau for the Latin and Dittenberger for the Greek.5 The most significant legal inscriptions are included in Bruns, FIRA and the new edition of Girard.6 A few special collections may 1. See specifically, for newly discovered wax tablets in Herculaneum, Arangio-RuizPugliese Carratelli, 'Tabulae Herculanenses', Laparola delpassato 1 (1946) 379-85, sporadically to 16 (1961) 66-73; for new tablets found at Pompeii, Bove, 77? 17 (1971) 131-56, and recently, Labeo 19 (1973) 26-30; for new treatment of the Transylvanian wax tablets, Tomulescu,RIDA 18(1971)691-710. 2. Most of these are post-classical fragments of the writings of the jurists, attention to which has been called earlier (§ § 13-14, 17-19). 3. Brief bibliography, Reynolds, s.v. Epigraphy, Latin, OCD 398-99. 4. Brief bibliography, Tod, s.v. Epigraphy, Greek, OCD 396-97. 5. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (abbrev. ILS) (1892-1916); Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (abbrev. SIG) (2nd ed., 1915-24), and Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (abbrev. OGIS) (1903-15, reprinted 1960). 6. Bruns, Fontes (pars prior); FIRA I and III; Girard, Textes II.

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also be noted.7 A number of surveys of newly discovered inscriptions and the current secondary literature are available to keep up to date.8 Several special chapters or articles serve as an introduction to the role of inscriptions in the law.9 There is, lastly, an epigraphical encyclopedia, in progress, devoted to all possible subjects that may fall within the compass of the field.10 In contrast to inscriptions, private documents upon papyri far outnumber instruments of a public nature. And further, Latin papyri are relatively rare;11 for each Latin papyrus, fifty in Greek have been unearthed. Some thousands of Greek papyri from Egypt during the period of Roman rule give insight into the private lives of the inhabitants ofthat province, and business papers of every desciption abound. The greater portion of the latter reflect institutions within the sphere of Greco-Egyptian law, but there was sufficient impact upon this legal system resulting from Roman administration to warrant consideration by the student of Romanlaw.12Indeed, the papyri of Egypt constitute the major source materials in the consideration of the problem of 'empire law' vis-a-vis local or provincial law (infra, chap. XII, § 179). Then there are some papyri which concern Roman legal institutions directly, proclamations, instructions, decisions from headquarters in Rome.or from the governor in Alexandria or on circuit, private instruments of Roman citizens (birth certificates, guardianship documents, contracts, wills, etc.), and reports of cases involving Romans. All in all, the papyri finds of the last hundred years have added substantially to the source materials available for research in the Roman law. There are several good introductions to the study of papyrology, among which the books of Schubart and Turner may be specially noted.u The tools 7. Cagnat-Lafaye, Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes (1906-27); D'Ors, Epigrafia juridica de la Espana romaita (1953); Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East (1969). 8. Luzzatto, SDHI17 Supp. (1951) 1-382, and lura 7 (1956) 537-616 and 8 (1957) 126-262, 283-438; DOrs, SDHI 20 (1954) 403-84, 23 (1957) 474-542, 26 (1960) 453-525, 29 (1963) 455-508, 32 (1966) 445-509,35 (1969) 501-58; 38 (1972) 433-519. Current bibliography in lura, $ XVII, annually. 9. Girard, 'L'epigraphie et le droit remain', Melanges I 313-414; DOrs, Presupuestos 87-98; Wenger, Quellen 151-59. 10. De Ruggiero, Dizionario epigrafico di antichita romane (abbrev. DE) (1886-date). 11. Latin papyri have been found at Herculaneum, Dura-Europus (Syria). Aujä el-Haffr and Murabba'at (Palestine), as well as in Egypt. Documentary as well as literary texts, including fragments of Roman legal literature, have been collected by Cavenaile, Corpus Papyrorun: Latinarum(l95B). 12. Boye, 'Le droit remain et les papyrus d'Egypte', L'Egypte contemporaine 20 (1929) 52959; Taubenschlag, 'Geschichte der Rezeption des römischen Privatrechts in Aegypten', Studi Bonfante I 369—440 [= Opera I 181-289]. The changes wrought by Roman rule are stressed by Lewis, '"Greco-Roman Egypt"; Fact or Fiction', Proc. Xllth Intern. Cong, of Papyr. 3-14. 13. Schubart, Einführung in die Papyruskunde (1918); Turner, Greek Papyri (1968).

88

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for research have been provided, dictionaries, indices, current listings of texts and comment, many of which are noted infra (chap. Ill, §§36-38). At this point, attention need only be called to special discussions of legal papyrology, in course lectures or monographs.14 There are two important collections of legal papyri, with comment, by Mitteis and by P.M. Meyer,15 together with a selection of private and official documents in text and English translations, by Hunt and Edgar.16 Public and private instruments on papyri relating to Roman law are included within the collection of Bruns, FIRA and Girard.17 Surveys by leading Romanists have been devoted to the discussion of newly published legal papyri and secondary literature since the earliest days of papyrology;18 those of Seidl, Modrzejewski and Wolff are current.19 A bibliography of studies in legal papyrology is provided in Modrzejewski's bibliographical introduction to the Hellenistic world;20 the current bibliography is found in the annual 'Rassegna Bibliografica' in lura.21

D. ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS § 34

The survey of the possible sources of the Roman law may be concluded with a brief mention of the occasional utility of archeological finds.' Town planning, building remains, water conduits, coin hoards, almost anything that has persisted to our times, may in a particular instance be of value for the study of Roman law. Quite frequently the legal scholar can utilize numismatic finds: for an illustrated lecture such as given by Clark,2 for an exegesis of technical terms on coins by Lange,3 or for the explanation ofim14. Gradenwitz, Einführung in die Papyruskunde, I: Erklärung ausgewählter Urkunden (1900); Modica, Introduzione allo studio della papirologia giuridica (1914); Wenger, Quellen 734—841 (discussion of extant private documents, most of which are preserved on papyri); D'Ors, Introduction al estudio de los documentos del Egipto romano (1948); Biscardi, Corso di papirologia giuridica (1966). 15. Mitteis, Grundzuge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde. (2 vols., 1912); P. M. Meyer, Juristische Papyri. Erklärung von Urkunden zur Einführung in die juristische Papyruskunde (1920). 16. Hunt-Edgar, Select Papyri (2 vols., 1932-34). 17. Bruns, Fontes; FIRA I and III; Girard, Textes II. 18. Citation to most of the older surveys given by Wenger, Quellen 174 nn.4-7; add survey by De Zulueta, continued by Jolowicz and Pringsheim, in the volumes of JEA to 1939. 19. Seidl, later Modrzejewski, SDHI1 (1935-date); Modrzejewski, Äff 41 (1963-date). 20. Modrzejewski, Monde Hellenistique [ = Introduction bibliographique a l'histoire du droit et a I'ethnologic juridique, A/8 (1965)]. 21. lura, 'Rassegna bibliografica, § XVII: Studi papirologici ed epigrafici'. 1. An extended discussion in Wenger, Quellen 880-88 (Römische Rechtsarchäologie). 2. Clark, 'Numismatic Illustrations of Roman Law', Essays London 143-52. 3. Lange, 'Die Wörter "Aequitas" und "lustitia" auf römischen Münzen', SZ 52 (1932) 296-314.

§34

89

penal public policy, as instanced by Schulz and Vogt.4 The remains of insulae (apartment buildings) or horrea (warehouses), or the interior arrangement of courthouses (basilica), even relics of Roman art, such as the wall-painting at Pompeii depicting the posting of public notices,5 or the scene on the sarcophagus at Corneto illustrating the formal act of manus iniectio (laying on of hand).6 may be of value in the explanation of legal norms and institutions. This field of research has by no means been exhausted.

4. O. Schulz, 'Die Rechtstitel und Regierungsprogramme auf römischen Kaisermünzen (von Cäsar bis Severus)', Drerup's Studien 13 (1925) No. 4; Vogt, 'Hadrians Justizpolitik im Spiegel der römischen Reichsmünzen', Festschrift Schulz II 193-200. 5. See Wenger, Quellen 58 and n.23. 6. See Girard, Histoire 282-84; Wenger, Quellen 887-88.

CHAPTER III

Research in Roman Law

§ 35

For the benefit of those who wish to delve deeper into the study of Roman law, and as a prelude to all textual criticism and research on Roman legal institutions, attention should be called to the scores of technical aids which facilitate study in the field. Inasmuch as this chapter is intended as a general guide to further study- upon the basis of the introduction to Roman law provided by the remainder of the book -the array of technical devices indicated is not limited to the period of the classical law but extends to the Justinianian age, and includes aids to the study of legal papyrology and epigraphy as well as tools for the use of Roman legal materials in the more limited sense of the term Roman law. There exist a few similar guides to research. Indeed, one of these -in translation -afforded the basis for this chapter in earlier versions of this volume, 1. Collinet, P. 'Repertoire des bibliographies, vocabulaires, index, concordances et palingenesies du droit remain', RH 24/25 (1946/47) 10918. In Italian, there is 2. Cosentini, C. Guida alia consultazionedellefontigiuridiche romane e del mezzi ausiliari d'indagine (4th ed., Catania 1954). The present survey of research tools is somewhat more extensive than either of these works and attempts to list all the aids for research of recent date, whatever the nature of the research may be. The items are grouped in five categories: bibliographies, dictionaries and encyclopedias, indexes and concordances, comparison and stratification of texts, and palingeneses. A. BIBLIOGRAPHIES. 1. Works on Roman Law

§ 36

a. For the studies on Roman law of earlier centuries it will suffice to cite 3. Camus. Profession d'avocat. Bibliothoque choisie des livres de droit qu'il

§36

91 est leplus utile d'acquerir etdeconnaitre(5th ed. by M. Dupin) II (Paris 1832), title VI: Droit remain, pp. 77-169.

In this item reference is made to earlier bibliographies, such as that of Lipenius.1 b. There exist a number of what may be termed national bibliographies, emphasizing works on Roman law by local scholars. For modern woks by Italian scholars, see 4. de Francisci, P. // diritto romano (Rome 1923), in the series Guide bibliografiche. 5. Sanfilippo, C. Bibliografia rovnanistica italiana, 1939-1949 (Catania 1949), supplements the above for the years indicated. For French authors or authors translated into French, 6. Collinet, P. Bibliographie des travaux de droit romain en languefrancaise, jusqu'en 1928 (Paris 1930), with additions by P. Ciapessoni, Athenaeum, n.s. 10 (1932) 93-96. 7. Grandin. Bibliographie g n rale des sciences juridiques, politiques, conomiques et sociales 1800-1926 (Paris 1926) I, pp. 15-65; and the Supplements; 1926/1927 to 1950, s.v. Droit romain. The articles and book reviews which have appeared in the first seventyfive volumes of the German periodical devoted to Roman law have been indexed, by author and subject matter, as well as by references to the sources cited in the articles (see also infra, § 40), 8. Sachers, E. 'Generalregister zu den Bänden I - L (1880-1930)', SZ, Roman. Abt. (Weimar 1932), and 9. Sachers, E. 'Generalregister zu den Bänden LI - LXXV, Teil I: Quellenregister', S Z, Roman. Abt. (Weimar 1967); Teil II: Autoren- und Sachregister', SZ, Roman. Abt. (Weimar 1970). c. A bibliography with more comprehensive coverage and emphasizing recent works is 10. Biondi, B. Guide bibliografiche: Diritto romano (Milano 1944). Covering limited periods of time are three other bibliographies, 11. Monier, R. Bibliographie des travaux Scents de droit romain (Paris 1944), comprising works which appeared between 1938 and 1942, supplemented by 1. Bibliotheca realis iuridica, 2 vols. (Lipsiae 1757); 2 vols., supp. (Lipsiae 1775, 1789).

92

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12.

Monier, R. and M. Lemosse. Bibliographie des travaux rocents de droit romain (1944^8) (Paris 1949). 13. Henrion, R. 'Bibliographie des travaux de droit romain privd publies en Belgique et aux Pays-Bas, 1935-1947', AHDE 18 (1947) 685-90. 14. Berger, A. and A. Schiller. 'Bibliography of Anglo-American Studies in Roman, Greek and Greco-Egyptian Law and Related Sciences, 1939-1945', Seminar 3 (1945) 75-94; and for 1945-1947, Seminar 5 (1947) 62-85. d. There exists no Roman law bibliography with full coverage of modern books and articles, although one has been promised, a projected bibliography of 19th and 20th century studies in Roman law written in west European languages. To date, however, there has appeared only: 15. Caes, L. and R. Henrion (in recent volumes L. Caes alone). Collectio bibliographica operum ad ius romamon pertinentium, Series I: Opera edita in periodids miscellaneis encyclopaediisque (Bruxelles 1949-74), 23 vols. in 15, with Suppl. I (1969) and II (1970) which, as the series title indicates, covers only articles -in the widest sense of the term -from 1800 to the present day, and 16. Caes, L. and R. Henrion. Collectio ... Series II: Theses (Bruxelles 1959, 1960), 2 vols., as yet only dissertations submitted in French and German universities since 1800 and 1885, respectively. Series HI: Opera praeter theses separatim vel etiam coniunctim edita, has not as yet appeared. A recent selection of books and articles on Roman law is that contained in four parts of the current English and French 17. Bibliographical Introduction to Legal History and Ethnology I Introduction bibliographique a l'histoire du droit et a l'ethnologic juridique, ed. by J. Gilissen, namely: Stein, P. Roman law (Sources) [A/9] (Bruxelles 1965) Liebmann-Frankfort, Th. Droit romain (Droitpublic) [A/10] (Bruxelles 1967) Michel, J.-H. Droit romain (Droit ñÞíÝ) [A/11] (Bruxelles 1972) Thomas, J. A. C. Roman law (Criminal law) [A/12] (Bruxelles 1965) Another selective bibliography, limited to books only, 18. Schiller, A. A. Roman Law (Association of American Law Schools, Law Books Recommended for Libraries, No. 43) (So. Hackensack, N.J. 1968).

§36

93

This selection was made from a bibliography of more than 2100 entries books only -of modern Roman law, excluding medieval and early modern works as well as Pandect treatises. It is thus the most comprehensive bibliography of books on Roman law, but exists only in typewritten manuscript at Columbia Law Library, available for Xerox reproduction if desired, 19. Schiller, A. A. Bibliography of Roman Law (A.A.L.S., Libraries Study Project) (Typed MS, Washington, D.C., 1966) 315 p. This bibliography has been supplemented for the years 1966-1969, inclusive, by Schiller, A. A. Roman Law Supplement (A.A.L.S., Law Books Recommended for Libraries, No. 43 Supplement) (So. Hackensack, N.J., 1974). e. Fairly extensive bibliographies are to be found in two recent encyclopedias, 20. Berger, A. Encyclopedic Dictionary ... (see infra, No. 62) 786-808. 21. Orestano, R. 'Diritto romano', NNDI (see infra, No. 68) 5 (1960) 1039-47, as well as in a number of general treatises on Roman law, e.g., 22. Guarino, A. Storia del diritto romano (4th ed., 1969) 649-80. f. The articles contributed to Studies in Honor, Festschriften, etc., are indexed both by author and subject matter in two bibliographies, 23.

Rounds, ¼. Articles on Antiquity in Festschriften. An Index (Cambridge, Mass., 1962). 24. Caes, L. and R. Henrion. Collectio... (see supra, No. 15), vol. 6, which is kept up to date in subsequent volumes of the same series. g. It should be noted that lists of works of individual scholars are to be found very often in the necrologies dedicated to these scholars. 2. Current Bibliography on Roman Law In a number of periodicals the attempt has been made to cover the current publications in Roman law in survey form, 25. 'Bibliografia', in BIDR 20-26 (1908-1913), 29 (1916), 36 (1928), 39 (1931) and 40 (1932), for the years 1906-1931. 26. 'Bulletin bibliographique', in RH 1-7 (1922-1928), for the years 1922-1928; recently succeeded by 'Droits de l'antiquitd: Monde remain', in RH 39 (1961) to date.

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The most complete coverage, however, is afforded -since 1949 -by 27. 'Rassegna bibliografica', in lura 1 (1950) to date, an annual survey to which each author contributes a digest of each of his publications during the year, supplemented by the editorial board of the periodical when the author has failed to submit his own digest. 28. 'Bibliografia', in Labeo 1 (1955) to date, has a listing of books and articles in each issue subsumed under entries which have been taken from the entries employed by Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary ... (infra, No. 62). In addition, 29. Centre de Documentation des Droits Antiques (Paris). Fichier edite" par le Centre, direction J. Guademet, a twice-a-year distribution of library catalog cards of publications of Roman law, within a comprehensive card file of works on ancient Mediterranean legal, political, economic and social institutions. 3. Legal Papyrology a. Works dealing with Roman law in Egypt, and more particularly with Greco-Egyptian law, are included within the bibliographies devoted to papyrology generally, 30. Peremans, W. and J. Vergüte. Papyrologisch Handboek (Leuven 1942), pp. 188-202. 31. D'Ors, A. Introduction al estudio de los documentos del Egipto romano (Madrid 1948), appended to the individual chapters. Specifically, for the Byzantine period, 32. Bataille, A. Les papyrus (Tratte d'etudes byzantines, II) (Paris 1955), pp. 51-55. A recent bibliography devoted to legal history and institutions of the Hellenistic world is that by 33. Modrzejewski, J. Monde Hellenistique [A/13] Introduction bibliographique ... (supra, No. 17). Current bibliographies of legal papyri and secondary literature - to 1932are found in the survey of 34.

Preisendanz, K. Papyrusfunde und Papyrusforschung (Leipzig 1933), pp. 303 ff.

§36

95

Several journals keep abreast with the publication of legal papyri and with articles devoted to law in Greco-Roman Egypt, in the sections on law in current bibliographies, 35. 'Bibliografia metodica degli studi di egittologia e di papirologia' and 'Testi recentemente pubblicati', in Aegyptus, since vol. 1 (1920). 36. 'Bulletin papyrologique', ed. by M. Hombert (formerly de Ricci and Collart), in Rev. Et. Gr. 14-79 (1901-1966), covering the years 1900-1959. 37. 'Bibliography: Greco-Roman Egypt, Papyri: Law', ed. successively by H. I. Bell, F. de Zulueta, H. F. Jolowicz and F. Pringsheim, in JEA 1-26, for the years 1914-1941. There exists, further, a general papyrological bibliography, published on library catalog cards, which indexes legal papyri and secondary legal literature, 38. 'Bibliographie papyrologique', distributed by Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elizabeth, Brussels. b. Specifically devoted to legal papyrology are a number of surveys, many current today, 39. 'Neue Rechtsurkunden', by L. Wenger, in Krit. Vjschr., 3 F., 14 (1912), 15(1913), 18 (1919) and 20 (1923). 40. 'Juristische Literaturübersicht', by L. Mitteis, J. Partsch, L. Wenger, H. J. Wolff, in Arch. Pap. 7, 9-17 (1928-1962), for the years 19121961. To serve as a supplement to his volume, Juristische Papyri (1920), there was a series of surveys, 41. 'Neue juristische Papyrus-Urkunden und Literatur', by P. M. Meyer, in Z. vergl. R. 39 and 40 (1921-1922), continued as 'Juristischer Papyrusbericht', in the even-number volumes of SZ 44 to 54 inclusive (1924-1934). A comprehensive survey of legal papyrology of great value, since 1935, is 42. 'Juristische Papyruskunde', by E. Seidl in SDHI1 (1935) to 6 (1940), for the period 1935-1939, and intermittently, in 15 (1949), 18(1952), 21 (1955), 24(1958), 27(1961), 30(1964), 33 (1967), 36 (1970), covering the years to date, now carried on by J. Modrzejewski. Short surveys of legal texts and literature, under the headings

96

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43. 'Survey of Papyri' and 'Survey of Literature', by R. Taubenschlag (and now others), in Jour. Jut: Pap. 1 to date, covering 1939-date. c. The contribution of Coptic papyri and ostraca to the law of Byzantine and early Arabic Egypt is surveyed by 44. Schiller, A. A. 'Koptisches Recht', Krit. Vjschr. 25 (1932) and 27 (1934). The volumes of texts in which Coptic legal papyri and ostraca are published are listed by 45. Schiller, A. A. 'Prolegomena to the Study of Coptic Law', AHDO 2 (1938), 348-57, continued in 'Coptic Documents', Z. vergl. R, 60 (1957) 193-97. Newly revised in BASF 13 (1976) No. 3. 4. Legal Epigraphy A specialized current discussion has been provided in a survey of inscriptions of legal interest and secondary literature on legal epigraphy, 46. 'Epigrafia giuridica greca e romana', by V. Arangio-Ruiz, in SDHI2 (1936) 429-520, and 5 (1939) 521-633, for the years 1933-1938, continued as 'Epigrafia giuridica greca e romana', by G. I. Luzzatto, in SDHI 17 Supp. (1951), 384 p., covering the years 1939-1949, and carried on to date, 'Epigrafia juridica Griega y Romana', by A. D'Ors, in SDHI2Q (1954), 23 (1957), 26 (1960), 29 (1963), 32 (1966), 35 (1969) and 38 (1972). There is also an extended dicussion of legal epigraphy by 47. Luzzatto, G. I. 'Rassegna epigrafica Greco-Romana (1950-1954)', /lira 7 (1956) 537-616, and 8 (1957) 126-262,283-438. Incidentally, the texts of the latest inscriptions published are given in the annual volumes of 48. L'annoe pigraphique. Revue des publications pigraphiques relatives a I'antiquite romain, since 1888. 5. Agrarian Law There exists a specialized bibliography of Roman agrarian law, 49. Volterra, E. Bibliografia di diritto agrario romano (Firenze 1951).

§ § 36-37

97 6. Byzantine Law

A fairly complete bibliography of works on Byzantine law is 50. Albertoni, A. Per una esposizione del diritto bizantino con riguardo all Italia (Imola 1927). Another, selective, bibliography of recent date, is 51. de Malafosse, Droit byzantin [B/4] Introduction bibliographique ... (supra No. 17). A current bibliography was afforded for some years, in 52. 'Chronique de droit byzantin', by P. Collinet, in Byzantion 4, 6 and 7(1928), 1931 and 1932), for the years 1926-1931. Short notices of all books and articles concerned with Byzantine legal institutions have been provided for many decades in 53. 'Bibliographische Notizen und kleinere Mitteilungen', in Byz. Z. under the rubric 'Jurisprudenz', to the present time. For the last decade there has been a bibliographical survey. 54. 'Chronique: Monde byzantine', in RH 40 (1962) to date.

§ 37

B. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS

1. Dictionaries The idea of compiling dictionaries of the technical terms of the Roman law traces back to the time when the civil law (ius civile) and the canon law (ius canonicum) were jointly studied (utrumque ius). Many of the early dictionaries are listed in Camus, Profession ... (see supra, No. 3). One dictionary which is valuable for its references to non-legal, medieval material and glosses is 55. Brissonius, B. De verborum quae ad ius civile pertinent, significatione, ed. Éï. Gottl. Heineccius (Halle 1743). The first of the modern dictionaries of legal Latin was 56. Dirksen, H. E. Manuale latinitatis fontium iuris civilis Romanorum (Berlin 1837). Today everyone uses the last edition of

98

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57 Heumanns Handlexikon zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts, 9th ed. by E. Seckel (Jena 1907, repr. Graz 1958). For French-speaking students there is 58. Monier, R. Petit vocabulaire de droit romain (4th ed., Paris 1949). Unfortunately, even the new Oxford Latin-English Dictionary (in progress) does not sufficiently differentiate legal terms to be of much value to the student of Roman law. The vocabulary of Greek papyrology -and specifically legal papyrologyis adequately presented in 59. Liddell and Scott. Greek-English Lexicon. New edition by Stuart Jones and McKenzie (Oxford 1940). There are, in addition, dictionaries directed expressly to the exposition of Greek words found in the papyri, 60.

Preisigke, F. Fachwörter des öffentlichen Verwaltungsdienstes Aegyptens in den griechischen Papyrusurkunden der ptolemäisch-römischen Zeit (Göttingen 1915).

61.

Preisigke, F. (and now E. Kiessling). Wörterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden. 4 vols. (in progress) (Berlin 1925-1966). With Supplement, I (1940-1966), ed. W. Rübsam, l Lieferung (A-K), 2 Lieferung (Lambda-Omega) (Amsterdam 1969). 2.

Encyclopedias

There is one strictly legal encyclopedic dictionary in the field which has speedily gained international recognition - a work wholly researched and compiled in Columbia Law Library. 62. Berger, A. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 43, part 2] (Philadelphia 1953). In addition, there are two encyclopedias of classical antiquity which devote considerable space to entries on Roman legal institutions. The first of these, in French, was completed a half century ago, 63. Daremberg, C. and E. Saglio. Dictionnaire des antiquites Grecques et Romaines, 2d ed. by E. Pettier and G. Lafaye, 5 vols. in 9 (Paris 18771918). The second, in German, is just completing the final volume; the entries on

§37

99

Roman law subjects include some of the outstanding contributions to the field, and in many cases serve as the best starting point for further research, 64.. Pauly's Realencydopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, new ed. by G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, K. Mittelbaus and K. Ziegler. Vols. 124 (A-Q); vols. 1-9 (R-Z, indicated by adding ' to the volume numbers); 14 supplementary volumes. Attention should also be called to an encyclopedia (in progress) on antiquity and Christianity, with a considerable number of entries devoted to Roman legal institutions, 65. Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, ed. by T. Klausner (and others), vols. I- (Stuttgart 1950-date). To a limited extent, entries devoted to Roman law are to be found in 66. Oxford Classical Dictionary, comp. by N.G.L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard (2nd ed., Oxford 1970). Terms which are met with in inscriptions are thoroughly explored, in 67. Dizionario epigrafico di antichita romane, ed. E. de Ruggiero (and others). Vols. 1-4 (in progress): A-Lopsica (Rome 1895-date). Two encyclopedias of Italian law (in progress) include numerous entries on Roman legal institutions, with excellent bibliographies for each entry, 68. Novissimo Digesto Italiano, Vol. 1 (Turino 1957-date). 69. Encidopedia del Diritto, Vol. 1 (Milano 1958-date). 3.

Chronological Surveys

In a sense, chronological surveys of Roman statutes (leges), senatorial resolutions (senatus consulta), and imperial enactments (constitutiones) may constitute encyclopedic information valuable for research in Roman law. There exist surveys of the first two of these items; there is as yet no comprehensive survey of the third (see infra, chap. XI). The comitial laws of the Republic and early Empire are succinctly described, with note of the pertinent literature (to 1912), by 70. Rotondi, G. Leges Publicae Populi Romani (Milano 1912), with a supplement thereto, 'Postilla', published in his collected works, Scritti Giuridid, vol. 1 (1922) 411-432. The original work has now been photostatically reproduced, with the supplement, 71.

Rotondi, G. Leges Publicae Populi Romani (Hildesheim 1962).

100

§§37-38

The resolutions of the senate have been briefly described, with reference to the pertinent comment in the secondary literature, a prelude to a prospective treatise on senatus consulta, by 72. Volterra, E. 'Senatus Consulta', NNDI16 (1969) 1047-78.

C. INDEXES AND CONCORDANCES 1. Index omnium titulorum et legum § 38

The texts of the Corpus luris Civilis were in earlier ages normally cited by the opening words of the fragment, or lex, of the Digest, or the paragraph of the Institutes, or the constitution or lex of the Code or Novels of Justinian. For example, 1. Marcellus scribit = lex which began with the words 'Marcellus scribit' = Digest 46.1.25. Alphabetical listing of the paragraphs of the Institutes, and the leges of the Digest, Code and Novels, are to be found, for example, in editions of 73. Corpus Juris Civilis Romani, ed. D. Gothofredus (e.g., Basel 1781), I, 3-4 (paragraphs of Inst.), 73-94 (leges of the Digest); II, 7-18 (leges of the Code and Novels). At the present time it is easier to use a recent compilation for the numerical citation which corresponds to the earlier citation by opening words, 74. Indices Corporis luris Civilis iuxta vetustiores editiones cum criticis collatas, Pars II: Index legum, ed. H. Nicolini-F. Sinatti D'Amico [ = lus Romanum Medii Aevi, Subsidia, I] (3 vols., Milan 1967). Reference is also made to an Index omnium legum et paragraphum, published at Lyons in 1571, which might be an alphabetical listing not only of the leges (fragments) of the Digest, but also of the opening words of the subdivisions of these leges, e.g., § Praeterea si fideiussor = the opening words of D. 46.1.27.1; the reference could not be verified. In any event, when the paragraph of a lex was cited in this way, the lex itself was also cited (by opening words). On the other hand, there is occasional reference to the titles (of the books) of the various parts of the Corpus luris. These were to be found in the editions of the Corpus Juris by Gothofredus, noted above (No. 73), and at the present time are collected in 75. Indices Corporis luris Civilis iuxta vetustiores editiones cum criticis collatas, Pars I: Index titulorum, ed. H. Nicolini-F. Sinatti D'Amico [ — lus Romanum Medii Aevi, Subsidia, I] (Milan 1964).

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101 2. Citators

The American lawyer is quite aware of the value of citators - to reports, statutes, administrative regulations and decisions, etc. -in legal research, so much so that 'Shepardizing the case' is one of the first steps to be undertaken. There is as yet no complete citator system for the Roman legal sources, but an ever-increasing number of Indexes of Sources appended to Studies in Honor, Collected Works, annual volumes of periodicals, and individual treatises and monographs afford quick reference to earlier discussions of individual passages in the sources. The indexes to the seventyfive volumes of the Savingny Zeitschrift (referred to supra, Nos. 8 and 9) are instances of ready reference to discussion by other scholars of particular passages in the sources. What is really needed is a composite citator, by source reference, to all discussion of the sources of the Roman law, a modern version of 76. Hommel Redivivus, ed. Th. Schimmelpfeng (3 vols., Cassel 1858-59) which accomplished this for reference to the major discussion of single passages of the Corpus luris by the leading medieval and early modern scholars. A start in this direction has been undertaken, by international cooperation, in supplying indexes of sources to monographs, some of which failed to include such aids. These indexes are to be found, annually, 77. 'Indice delle fonti', in lura 17 (1966) to date, covering monographs published from 1965 on. 3.

Word Concordances

A concordance to all the words - ordinary as well as technical (legal) which are to be found in any given text provides a most valuable tool for research. The source materials of the Roman law have been substantially, if not completely, supplied with such word concordances. a. By far the most important concordance of the texts of the period of classical law is 78. Vocabularium lurisprudentiae Romanae, ex auctoritate Academiae Borussicae compositum, Tomus I: A-C (Berlin 1903); Tomus II: D-G (Berlin 1933); Tomus III: H-ita(in progress, Berlin 1910 ff.); Tomus IV: N-per (in progress, Berlin 1914 ff.); Tomus V: R-Z (Berlin 1939). It should be noted that the references to the occurrences of the words are to

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the lines of the pages of the two volumes of Mommsen's standard edition of the Digest, e.g., 100,22 indicating line 22 on page 100 of volume I; 100,22 indicating line 22 on page 100 of volume II. In the stereotyped edition of the Digest - the one generally used - the numerals in the outside margins of the text give, in five-line intervals, the pages and lines of the two volumes of Mommsen's standard edition. The VIR is a concordance to the words in the writings of the jurists wherever these may be recorded, i.e., in the Digest or in other pre-Justinian texts. In the case of a few jurists there exist separate concordances. For Gaius, Institutes, there is 79. Zanzucchi, P. Vocabulario delle Istitmioni di Gaio (Milano 1910), reprinted, with a preface by M. Käser (Turin 1961). This is supplemented by an index to the words in newly discovered fragments of Gaius, 80. De Simone, E. 'Addenda al vocabulario delle Istituzioni di Gaio', La/>