Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Anura (Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, Vol 2) 1578082889, 9781578082889, 9781578086597

Table of contents :
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF ANURA......Page 2
Copyright ......Page 3
Preface to the Series......Page 4
Preface to this Volume......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 12
1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ANURAN CLASSIFICATION......Page 13
1.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF ANURANS WITH OTHER AMPHIBIANS......Page 14
1.4 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN ANURA......Page 15
1.4.1 Archaeobatrachia......Page 17
1.4.2. Neobatrachia......Page 18
1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF ANURA......Page 21
1.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 23
1.9 LITERATURE CITED......Page 25
2.1 ANATOMICAL CONSTRAINTS AND EVOLUTIONARY OPPORTUNITIES......Page 30
2.2 THE OVARIES......Page 31
2.3 THE OVIDUCTS ......Page 32
2.4 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 35
2.6 LITERATURE CITED......Page 36
3.1 GERM PLASM AND PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS......Page 38
3.1.1 Germ Plasm Segregation and Primordial Germ Cells Migration......Page 39
3.1.2 Oogonial Proliferation......Page 41
3.1.3 Molecular Composition of Germ Plasm......Page 42
3.2 OOGENESIS AND FOLLICLE FORMATION......Page 44
3.3 PREVITELLOGENESIS......Page 45
3.3.1 Lampbrush Chromosomes......Page 46
3.3.2 Oocyte Localization of Maternal mRNAs......Page 47
3.3.3 Amplified Nucleoli......Page 48
3.3.4 The Nuclear Envelope......Page 49
3.4 VITELLOGENESIS......Page 50
3.4.2 Vitellogenin Pathway......Page 51
3.5.1 General Morphology of Full Grown Oocyte......Page 55
3.5.2 Oocyte Metabolism......Page 60
3.5.3 Oocyte Maturation......Page 61
3.5.4 Regulation of the Meiotic Cycle......Page 62
3.6.1 Cell Interactions during Previtellogenesis......Page 63
3.6.1.1. Vitelline Envelope Formation......Page 68
3.6.2 Cell Interactions during Vitellogenesis......Page 70
3.6.3 Cell Interactions during Postvitellogenesis......Page 72
3.9 LITERATURE CITED......Page 76
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 84
4.3 HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 85
4.4 PITUITARY GLAND......Page 86
4.5.1 Gonadal Steroids......Page 87
4.5.2 Gonadal Peptidic Hormones......Page 90
4.6 CONTROL OF OOCYTE MATURATION......Page 91
4.7 OVULATION CONTROL......Page 100
4.8.1 Organization and Function......Page 101
4.8.2 Annual Oviduct Cycle. Its Connection with the Ovarian Cycle and with the Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones......Page 105
4.8.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Functional Morphology of Anuran Oviduct......Page 109
4.9 SERUM BINDING PROTEIN......Page 119
4.10 STEROID RECEPTORS......Page 120
4.13 LITERATURE CITED......Page 121
5.2 SPERMATOGENESIS......Page 130
5.3.3 Superfamily "Discoglossoidea"......Page 154
5.3.4 Family Ascaphidae......Page 156
5.3.6 Family Discoglossidae......Page 159
5.3.7 Family Leiopelmatidae......Page 164
5.3.9 Family Megophryidae......Page 165
5.3.10.1 Spermatozoon of Pelobates ......Page 168
5.3.11 Family Pelodytidae ......Page 169
5.3.13 Family Pipidae......Page 170
5.3.16 Family Bufonidae......Page 172
5.3.17 Family Centrolenidae......Page 178
5.3.19 Family Hylidae......Page 182
5.3.20 Family Leptodactylidae......Page 193
5.3.21 Family Myobatrachidae......Page 203
5.3.22 Family Rhinodermatidae......Page 210
5.3.24 Family Hyperoliidae......Page 212
5.3.25 Faniily Mantellidae ......Page 214
5.3.26 Family Microhylidae......Page 216
5.3.27 Family Ranidae......Page 219
5.3.28 Family Rhacophoridae......Page 224
5.4.1 Acrosome Vesicle......Page 228
5.4.3 Conical perforatorium......Page 229
5.4.5 Nuclear Fossa......Page 230
5.4.6 Centrioles......Page 231
5.4.7 Midpiece......Page 232
5.4.8 Tail Complex......Page 233
5.4.9 Axial Fiber......Page 234
5.4.11 Axoneme......Page 235
5.4.12 Conclusion......Page 236
5.5.1 Vocalizaton and Courtship......Page 237
5.5.3 Reproductive Modes......Page 238
5.5.4.1 General......Page 240
5.5.4.2 Structural considerations of anuran sperm......Page 241
5.5.4.3. Sperm motility of South African anurans......Page 242
5.5.5 Function of the Undulating Membrane......Page 245
5.5.6.1 Sperm penetration......Page 246
5.5.6.2 Acrosome reaction......Page 247
5.5.6.3 Cleavage......Page 250
5.7 LITERATURE CITED......Page 251
6.2 AMPHIBIAN SKIN GLANDS: A SYNTHESIS ON THEIR STRUCTURE AND DIFFERENT TYPES......Page 264
6.3 MAIN PATTERNS OF AMPHIBIAN GLAND DEVELOPMENT......Page 268
6.4 BIOSYNTHESIS AND MATURATIVE STEPS OF THE SECRETORY PRODUCT......Page 271
6.5 DISTINCTION BETWEEN ORDINARY AND SPECIALIZED GLANDS IN AMPHIBIA ......Page 272
6.6 GLAND SPECIALIZED FOR ANTIPREDATORY DEFENCE......Page 275
6.7 AMPHIBIAN GLANDS SPECIALIZED FOR SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND REPRODUCTION; DEFINITION OF THE "BREEDING GLANDS"......Page 276
6.7.1 Structure and Ultrastrcture of the Breeding Glands......Page 281
6.7.2 Histochemistry of the breeding glands......Page 294
6.7.3 Androgen Dependence Changes in the Breeding Glands......Page 295
6.7.4 Nature of the Breeding Glands......Page 299
6.7.5 Possible Functions of the SDSG in the Anura......Page 304
6.9 LI'TERA'TURE CITED......Page 315
7.1 INTERNAL FERTILIZATION WITHIN THE ANURA AND OTHER ANAMNIOTES......Page 330
7.2.1 Bufonidae......Page 333
7.2.3 Ascaphidae......Page 334
7.2.4 Why do Some Aniurans Fertilize their Eggs Internally?......Page 335
7.3. STRUCTURE OF THE PENIS OF ASCAPHUS TRUEI......Page 336
7.3.1 Muscle Layers......Page 338
7.3.2. Epithelium......Page 339
7.3.3 Vascular Supply and Cavernous Tissue......Page 342
7.4.1 Histology and Ultrastructure of Sperm Storage Tubules......Page 344
7.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 347
7.7 LITERATURE CITED......Page 349
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 354
8.2 THE PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 355
8.3.1 General......Page 357
8.3.2 Nest Construction......Page 358
8.3.3 Egg Attendance......Page 359
8.3.4 Egg Transport ......Page 361
8.3.6 Tadpole Attendance......Page 364
8.3.7 Tadpole Transport......Page 368
8.3.9 Tadpole Feeding......Page 369
8.3.10 Froglet Transport......Page 370
8.3.11 Viviparity ......Page 371
8.4 SEX OF THE CARE GIVER......Page 372
8.5 THE PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF PARENTAL CARE IN ANURANS ......Page 374
8.6 THE PREDOMINANCE OF NO PARENTAL CARE IN ANURANS — TRIUMPH OF THE STATUS QUO?......Page 375
8.7.2 The Evolution of Parental Care in Poison Dart Frogs (Dendrobatidae)......Page 376
8.7.3 The Origin of Amphisexual Egg Attendance Behavior in Frogs from Madagascar......Page 378
8.7.4 The Evolution of Tadpole Feeding in Caribbean Hylids and Mantella......Page 380
8.7.5 Evolution of Nest Construction and Tadpole Transport in" Fanged Frogs" (Limnonectes) from South East Asia......Page 383
8.8 ADVANCES AND CAVEATS......Page 385
8.9 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 386
8.12 LITERATURE CITED ......Page 388
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 398
9.2.1 Embryological Development......Page 403
9.2.2 Postembryological Development......Page 408
9.2.3 Development without a Tadpole......Page 414
9.3 DISCUSSION......Page 415
9.4 LITERATURE CITED......Page 416
10.2 TWO SEMINAL EXPERIMENTS HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUCTIVE EVENTS......Page 422
10.3 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO QUESTIONS OF MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT......Page 424
10.4 ENDODERM IS FORMED BY ACTION OF CELL AUTONOMOUS MATERNALLY-DERIVED RNA......Page 425
10.5 POLARIZATION OF THE ENDODERM ESTABLISHES THE DORSAL VENTRAL AXIS......Page 427
10.5.1 Cortical Rotation is Essential for Normal Development......Page 428
10.5.2 Maternal RNA, Zygotic factors and Endoderm Polarization ......Page 430
10.5.3 Beta-catenin is in a Critical Signating Pathway for Dorsalization......Page 432
10.5.4 Nieuwkoop Experiments Reveal Overlapping Molecular Interactions ......Page 433
10.5.6 Wnt Signaling and Polarization ......Page 435
10.5.7 TGFBeta Ligands Induce Mesoderm and Dorsalize Embryos ......Page 436
10.5.8 Xwnt and the Ventralization Pathway ......Page 437
10.5.9 Mesoderm Induction and Ventralization are Separate Events ......Page 438
10.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 439
10.8 LITERATURE CITED......Page 440
Index......Page 448