Ontogeny and Phylogeny 9780674639405

Table of contents :
1. Prospectus
Part I: Recapitulation
2. The Analogistic Tradition from Anaximander to Bonnet
The Seeds of Recapitulation in Greek Science?
Ontogeny and Phylogeny in the Conflict of “Evolution” and Epigenesis: The Idyll of Charles Bonnet
Appendix: The Revolution in “Evolution”
3. Transcendental Origins, 1793–1860
Naturphilosophie: An Expression of Developmentalism
Two Leading Recapitulationists among the Naturphilosophen: Oken and Meckel
Oken’s Classification of Animals Linear Additions of Organs
J. F. Meckel’s Sober Statement of the Same Principles
Serres and the French Transcendentalists
Recapitulation and the Theory of Developmental Arrests
Von Baer’s Critique of Recapitulation
The Direction of Development and Classification of Animals
Von Baer and Naturphilosophie: What Is the Universal Direction of Development?
Louis Agassiz and the Threefold Parallelism
4. Evolutionary Triumph, 1859–1900
Evolutionary Theory and Zoological Practice
Darwin and the Evolution of Von Baer’ Laws
Evolution and the Mechanics of Recapitulation
Ernst Haeckel: Phylogeny as the Mechanical Cause of Ontogeny
The Mechanism of Recapitulation
The American Neo-Lamarckians: The Law of Acceleration as Evolution’s Motor
Progressive Evolution by Acceleration
The Extent of Parallelism
Why Does Recapitulation Dominate the History of Life?
Alpheus Hyatt and Universal Acceleration
Lamarckism and the Memory Analogy
Recapitulation and Darwinism
Appendix: The Evolutionary Translation of von Baer’s Laws
5. Pervasive Influence
Criminal Anthropology
Racism
Child Development
Primary Education
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Epilogue
6. Decline, Fall, and Generalization
A Clever Argument
An Empirical Critique
Organs or Ancestors: The Transformation of Haeckel’s Heterochrony
Interpolations into Juvenile Stages
Introduction of Juvenile Features into the Adults of Descendants
What Had Become of von Baer’s Critique?
Benign Neglect: Recapitulation and the Rise of Experimental Embryology
The Prior Assumptions of Recapitulation
Wilhelm His and His Physiological Embryology: A Preliminary Skirmish
Roux’s Entwicklungsmechanik and the Biogenetic Low
Recapitulation and Substantive Issues in Experimental Embryology: The New Preformationism
Mendel’s Resurrection, Haeckel’s Fall, and the Generalization of Recapitulation
Part II: Heterocrony and Paedomorphosis
7. Heterochrony and the Parallel of Ontogeny and Phylogeny
Acceleration and Retardation
Confusion in and after Haeckel’s Wake
Guidelines for a Resolution
The Reduction of de Beer’s Categories of Heterochrony to Acceleration and Retardation
A Historical Paradox: The Supposed Dominance of Recapitulation
Dissociability and Heterochrony
Correlation and Disociability
Dissociation of the Three Processes
A Metric for Dissociation
Temporal Shift as a Mechanism of Dissociation
A Clock Model of Heterochrony
Appendix: A Note on the Multivariate Representation of Dissociation
8. The Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Heterochrony
The Argument from Frequency
The Importance of Recapitulation
The Importance of Heterochronic Change: Selected Cases
Frequency of Paedomorphosis in the Origin of Higher Taxa
A Critique of the Classical Significance of Heterochrony
The Classical Arguments
Retrospective and Immediate Significance
Heterochrony, Ecology, and Life-History Strategies
The Potential Ease and Rapidity of Heterochronic Change
The Control of Metamorphosis in Insects
Amphibian Paedomorphosis and the Thyroid Gland
9. Progenesis and Neoteny Insect Progenesis
Prothetely and Metathetely
Paedogenesis (Parthenogenetic Progenesis) in Gall Midges and Beetles
Progenesis in Wingless, Parthenogenetic Aphids
Additional Cases of Progenesis with a Similar Ecological Basis
Neotenic Solitary Locusts: Are They an Exception to the Rule?
Amphibian Neoteny
The Ecological Determinants of Progenesis
Unstable Environments
Colonization
Parasites
Male Dispersal
Progenesis as an Adaptive Response to Pressures for Small Size
The Role of Heterochrony in Macroevolution: Contrasting Flexibilities for Progenesis and Neoteny
Progenesis
Neoteny
The Social Correlates of Neoteny in Higher Vertebrates
10. Retardation and Neoteny in Human Evolution
The Seeds of Neoteny
The Fetalization Theory of Louis Bolk
Bolk’s Data
Bolk’s Interpretation
Bolk’s Evolutionary Theory
A Tradition of Argument
Retardation in Human Evolution
Morphology in the Matrix of Retardation
Of Enumeration
Of Prototypes
Of Correlation
The Adaptive Significance of Retarded Development
11. Epilogue
Notes
Bibliography
Glossary
Index