Private international law in Australia [3rd edition.] 9780409338898, 0409338893

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Private International Law in Australia Third Edition

Reid Mortensen BCom (Hons I), LLB (Hons I), PhD (Qld) Professor of Law and Head of School, School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland Lawyer, Supreme Court of Queensland

Richard Garnett BA, LLB (UNSW), LLM (Harv) Professor of Law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne Consultant, Herbert Smith Freehills

Mary Keyes BA, LLB (Hons) (Qld), GCert Higher Education, PhD (Griffith) Professor of Law Griffith Law School

LexisNexis Butterworths Australia 2015

LexisNexis AUSTRALIA LexisNexis Butterworths 475–495 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood NSW 2067 On the internet at: www.lexisnexis.com.au ARGENTINA LexisNexis Argentina, BUENOS AIRES AUSTRIA LexisNexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH & Co KG, VIENNA BRAZIL LexisNexis Latin America, SAO PAULO CANADA LexisNexis Canada, Markham, ONTARIO CHILE LexisNexis Chile, SANTIAGO CHINA LexisNexis China, BEIJING, SHANGHAI CZECH REPUBLIC Nakladatelství Orac sro, PRAGUE FRANCE LexisNexis SA, PARIS GERMANY LexisNexis Germany, FRANKFURT HONG KONG LexisNexis Hong Kong, HONG KONG HUNGARY HVG-Orac, BUDAPEST INDIA LexisNexis, NEW DELHI ITALY Dott A Giuffrè Editore SpA, MILAN JAPAN LexisNexis Japan KK, TOKYO KOREA LexisNexis, SEOUL MALAYSIA LexisNexis Malaysia Sdn Bhd, PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR NEW ZEALAND LexisNexis, WELLINGTON POLAND Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, WARSAW SINGAPORE LexisNexis, SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA LexisNexis Butterworths, DURBAN SWITZERLAND Staempfli Verlag AG, BERNE TAIWAN LexisNexis, TAIWAN UNITED KINGDOM LexisNexis UK, LONDON, EDINBURGH USA LexisNexis Group, New York, NEW YORK LexisNexis, Miamisburg, OHIO National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Title:

Mortensen, Reid. Private International Law in Australia.

Edition: ISBN: Notes: Subjects: Other Authors/Contributors: Dewey Number:

3rd edition. 9780409338881 (pbk). 9780409338898 (ebk). Includes index. Conflict of laws — Australia. Garnett, Richard; Keyes, Mary. 340.9

© 2015 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. First edition, 2006 (reprinted 2009, 2010); second edition, 2011. This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Typeset in Minion Pro and Myriad Pro. Printed in China. Visit LexisNexis Butterworths at www.lexisnexis.com.au

Contents Detailed Contents Preface Table of Cases Table of Statutes

Part 1 Chapter 1 Part 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Part 3 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Part 4 Chapter 13

Introduction to Private International Law Scope, Development and Purpose Jurisdiction and Judgments Personal Jurisdiction Jurisdiction: Exceptions and Immunities Restraints on Proceedings The Effect of Foreign and Interstate Judgments International Arbitration Choice of Law Method Choice of Law Method 1: The General Part Choice of Law Method 2: Complications and Exceptions Proof of Foreign Law Personal Connections Constitutional Limits on Choice of Law Statutes International Family Law Marriage Validity

Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Part 5 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Part 6 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Part 7 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Index

Separation, Dissolution and Annulment of Marriage Parenting and Custody of Children Property and Maintenance Choice of Law for Obligations Contracts Torts Choice of Law for Property The Location and Classification of Property Transfer of Property between Living and Corporate Persons Succession to Property on Death International Company Law International Company Law Corporate Insolvency

Detailed Contents Preface Table of Cases Table of Statutes

Part 1 Chapter 1

Introduction to Private International Law Scope, Development and Purpose Themes of private international law Historical development Ancient approaches Scholarly development Judicial development in England Objectives Consistency Particular justice International and interstate comity Sources Constitutional sources International conventions Legislation Judicial decisions Scholarly writings

Part 2 Chapter 2

Jurisdiction and Judgments Personal Jurisdiction Introduction Personal jurisdiction at common law Presence Submission

Personal jurisdiction in interstate cases Diversity jurisdiction Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) Cross-vested jurisdiction Personal jurisdiction in international cases Jurisdiction over New Zealand defendants Personal jurisdiction in international cases not involving New Zealand Grounds of jurisdiction — personal connections Grounds of jurisdiction — submission to the jurisdiction Grounds of jurisdiction — contracts Grounds of jurisdiction — wrongs Grounds of jurisdiction — property Grounds of jurisdiction — probate and administration Grounds of jurisdiction — foreign judgments and awards Method of service Conclusion

Chapter 3

Jurisdiction: Exceptions and Immunities Introduction Foreign immovables The Moçambique principle Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Personal actions relating to immovables Reform Foreign state immunity Foreign states Exceptions to immunity Immunity from execution Diplomatic and consular immunity Diplomatic immunity

Consular immunity Duration and waiver

Chapter 4

Restraints on Proceedings Introduction International proceedings Mandatory rules Jurisdiction agreements Forum non conveniens Procedure Interstate proceedings Interstate proceedings in superior courts Forum non conveniens Interstate proceedings in inferior courts Restraining proceedings in another court Restraining proceedings in a foreign court Restraining proceedings in another Australian court Reform Conclusion

Chapter 5

The Effect of Foreign and Interstate Judgments Introduction Recognition and enforcement of judgments at common law International jurisdiction Final and conclusive Fixed sum Identical parties Fraud Natural justice Public policy Penal and revenue judgments Incompatible judgments Foreign competition judgments Estoppel and foreign judgments

Registration of foreign judgments Registration — conditions and effect Setting aside registration International jurisdiction Identical parties Fraud Natural justice Public policy Incompatible judgments Registration of interstate judgments Full faith and credit Registration procedures Registration of New Zealand judgments

Chapter 6

International Arbitration Introduction Enforcement of international arbitration agreements Writing requirement A matter capable of settlement by arbitration Applicable law in international arbitration Law governing the substance Law governing the arbitration agreement Law governing the arbitral procedure Enforcement of arbitral awards Foreign arbitral awards Enforcement of awards under the Model Law Investor–state arbitration

Part 3 Chapter 7

Choice of Law Method Choice of Law Method 1: The General Part Introduction Choice of law and internal rules The identification of a conflict of laws

Hypothetical example Identifying the possibly relevant legal systems The internal rules of the possibly relevant systems A conflict of laws The classification of the subject matter The subject matter Classifications The law of classification The classification of substantive or procedural law General principles of procedural law Particular issues The identification of the choice of law rule Hypothetical — the choice of law rule The application of the law of the cause Hypothetical — the law of the cause applied Which aspects of the law of the cause?

Chapter 8

Choice of Law Method 2: Complications and Exceptions Introduction Complications of choice of law method Dépeçage The incidental question Renvoi Exclusion of unacceptable laws Unrecognised states Penal laws Revenue laws Expropriation laws Foreign governmental interests Public policy

Chapter 9

Proof of Foreign Law The status of foreign law

The presumption of identity Presumption of identity — interpretation of foreign statutes Foreign law as fact and precedent Evidence of foreign law Expert witnesses Judicial notice Reference of a question of foreign law Documentary sources of law Determination of foreign law Proof of interstate law

Chapter 10

Personal Connections Introduction Domicile Domicile of origin Domicile of dependence Domicile of choice Nationality Australian citizenship Foreign nationality Multiple nationalities Residence Residence Ordinary residence Habitual residence Reform

Chapter 11

Constitutional Limits on Choice of Law Introduction Full faith and credit Full faith and credit: No public policy exclusion of interstate law Full faith and credit: Effect on the content of the choice

of law rule Interstate discrimination The Australian Constitution in choice of law: Status and future

Chapter 12

Statutes Introduction Forum statutes Extraterritorial reach of statutes Statutory choice of law rules Self-limiting provisions Generally-worded statutes Statutes of other places Foreign statutes Interstate statutes Interstate statutes under the cross-vesting scheme Operation of s 11(1)(b)

Part 4 Chapter 13

International Family Law Marriage Validity Introduction The legal concept of marriage Voluntary union Indefinite duration Heterosexual union Other recognised adult relationships Monogamous union The common law choice of law rules The formal validity of marriage The essential validity of marriage Other issues Marriage: The present choice of law rules Marriages solemnised in Australia before 7 April 1986

Marriages solemnised in Australia from 7 April 1986 Marriages solemnised outside Australia The recognition of other interstate and foreign adult relationships

Chapter 14

Separation, Dissolution and Annulment of Marriage Introduction Jurisdiction Dissolution of marriage Annulment of marriage Choice of law Dissolution Recognition of decrees Australian decrees New Zealand decrees Sources of rules for recognising foreign decrees Unrecognised foreign decrees Natural justice Public policy Failure to comply with the foreign law

Chapter 15

Parenting and Custody of Children Introduction Jurisdiction Australia generally Western Australia Child Abduction Convention Child Protection Convention Common law rules of jurisdiction Courts Stay or dismissal of proceedings The Child Abduction Convention Habitual residence

Child Abduction Convention countries General approach Central authorities Wrongful removal or retention Return Settlement into new environment Excusable removal or retention Access Choice of law Part VII of the Family Law Act Child Protection Convention Renvoi The recognition of foreign parenting orders The general law The registration of foreign parenting orders

Chapter 16

Property and Maintenance Introduction Jurisdiction Jurisdiction as of right Parties Limits on jurisdiction Discretionary stay of proceedings Mandatory stay of maintenance proceedings Courts Choice of law Recognition and enforcement of foreign property and maintenance orders Property orders Maintenance Overseas maintenance orders registered before 1 July 2000 Overseas maintenance orders registered from 1 July

2000 New York Maintenance Convention

Part 5 Chapter 17

Choice of Law for Obligations Contracts The scope of the proper law Classification Time of attribution The determination of the proper law Subjective proper law Objective proper law Change of proper law Multiple proper laws Dépeçage Incorporation Formation and performance Formation Performance Related claims Specific contracts International sea carriage of goods contracts International sale of goods contracts Insurance contracts Consumer contracts Consumer credit contracts Contracting out Reform

Chapter 18

Torts Introduction The general tort choice of law rule Renvoi The place of the tort

The general rule Negligence Misrepresentation Defamation Maritime torts Choice of law for defamation Defamation within Australia Foreign defamations Circumstances in which the governing law may not be applied Procedural rules Public policy Claims and defences under forum legislation Classification of specific issues Survival of actions Wrongful death Nominal defendants Direct actions against insurers Interspousal immunity Indemnity Contribution Insurers’ rights of subrogation Conversion Concurrence of liability Contractual and statutory defences to claims in tort

Part 6 Chapter 19

Choice of Law for Property The Location and Classification of Property The method of classifying property Immovables and movables The location of property Tangible property

Debts Other intangible property The classification of property Tangible property Debts Other intangible property

Chapter 20

Transfer of Property between Living and Corporate Persons Introduction Transfer of immovable property Formal validity Transfer of movable property Tangible property Debts Other intangible movable property

Chapter 21

Succession to Property on Death Introduction Executors and administrators Jurisdiction The appointment of a personal representative Scission Re-sealing of foreign and Commonwealth grants Refusal to confirm grants Representative’s accountability Administration Principal administration Ancillary administration Beneficial succession Immovable property Movable property The exercise of powers of appointment General and special powers

Formal validity Capacity Essential validity Interpretation Revocation Reform

Part 7 Chapter 22

International Company Law International Company Law Introduction Jurisdiction Jurisdiction as of right Courts Restraints on companies proceedings within Australia Restraints on trans-Tasman companies proceedings Restraints on companies proceedings in international cases Choice of law The validity of incorporation Capacity and powers Members’ rights and liabilities Internal management Recognition and enforcement of foreign companies orders

Chapter 23

Corporate Insolvency Introduction The Model Law Overview Access of foreign representatives and creditors to Australian courts Recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings and relief

Concurrent insolvency proceedings and judicial cooperation Winding up of companies Index

Preface The period between the publication of the second edition of Private International Law in Australia in 2011 and this third edition has largely seen the Australian law consolidate and reinforce its inner logic. The radical period of change from John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson in 2000 has cooled. The disastrous decision in Neilson v Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria Ltd in 2005 has not been followed by the legal chaos that some of us thought it could leave in its wake. In fact, the decade that has passed may just prove that the opacity of the judgments that brought renvoi to tort litigation means that Neilson can be safely ignored. The High Court of Australia seems to have lost interest in taking appeals on cross-border litigation, and the parliaments have concentrated on piecemeal amendment rather than sweeping innovation. Foreign state immunity — that critical point of intersection between private and public international law — has attracted some interest, with PT Garuda Indonesia Ltd v Australian Competition & Consumer Commission being followed by Firebird Global Master Fund II Ltd v Nauru — pending in the High Court as we write. On the legislative front, the most significant development was undoubtedly the activation of the TransTasman Proceedings Act 2010 (Cth) in October 2013, a measure that brings a profound degree of legal integration to Australia and New Zealand but, at the same time, largely just extends to the whole Tasman world the institutions that have governed civil legal relations between the Australian states and territories. The Hague Conference on Private International Law has also lost some gloss, with nothing of significance being picked up in Australia despite renewed interest in Hague projects in Europe. All of this may suggest that during the first decade of this century Australian private international law entered a settled period. The loss of judicial adventurism that we noted was happening at the time of the second edition has continued. The law now seems to be doing its proper daily work of organising the way that people and businesses deal with each other across borders. There is much that is good in that, even if (as we point out repeatedly in this book) improvements are always needed. Private International Law in Australia continues to be organised according to modern structures for this area of the law. The power to judge and the power to enforce are both seen as intrinsic to the decision whether to litigate, and where. In Part 2, we therefore treat questions of the assumption and exercise of

jurisdiction beside the enforcement of the judgments of foreign courts — a relationship that is also relevant to international arbitration. Part 3 aims, as much as is possible, to give coherence to choice of law, and to explain its building-blocks: the proof of foreign law, domicile and other personal connections, and the way the Australian Constitution and statute law both relate to choice of law and interfere with it. Then we deal with the major areas of private law — family law (Part 4), obligations (Part 5), property (Part 6) and company law (Part 7). There is a new Chapter 23 on corporate insolvency. As would be expected in such a complex field, these areas do not just deal neatly with choice of law. Obligations and property law do. But family law and company law have their own approaches to adjudicative and enforcement jurisdiction, and Parts 4 and 7 address the range of cross-border issues in those fields. We have continued the practice of referring to uniform legislation across the Australian jurisdictions by initially listing all state and territory statutes, but after that only referring to the federal and New South Wales statute. It is traditional in this field, when using hypothetical countries to illustrate a point, to draw on the Ruritania of Sir Anthony Hope’s Prisoner of Zenda. The complications of multistate legal relationships also lead us occasionally to use the Hentzau of Hope’s sequel, Rupert of Hentzau. We wish to thank Amie Mish-Wills at the University of Southern Queensland for her assistance with research for this book. Jocelyn Holmes, Rochelle Ransom and Georgia O’Neill of LexisNexis Butterworths are also thanked for their editorial and production work. Reid Mortensen wishes to dedicate his contribution to this book to his wife, Kim. Richard Garnett dedicates his contribution to his mother, Wilma. Mary Keyes dedicates her contribution to her mother, Lyn. Reid Mortensen Toowoomba, Queensland

Richard Garnett Melbourne, Victoria

Mary Keyes Brisbane, Queensland 9 March 2015

Table of Cases References are to paragraphs

A A (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1988] …. 15.29, 15.37, 15.48 A (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence), Re [1992] …. 15.42, 15.51 A (Minor) (Abduction) (No 2), Re [1993] …. 15.51 A v B [1979] …. 15.17 A v S (Financial Relief after Overseas US Divorce) [2002] …. 16.11 Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd v Transfield Pty Ltd [1998] …. 6.11 Abouloff v Oppenheimer (1882) …. 5.28 Abrook v Paterson (1995) …. 4.56 ACD Tridon Inc v Tridon Australia Pty Ltd [2002] …. 6.2, 6.5, 6.13 Ace Insurance Ltd v Moose Enterprise Pty Ltd [2009] …. 4.12, 4.13, 4.23, 4.84 Activate No 1 Pty Ltd v Equuscorp Pty Ltd [1999] …. 4.66 Adams, Re [1967] …. 21.41 — v Adams [1971] …. 1.4, 8.37, 8.38 — v Cape Industries Plc [1990] …. 5.13, 5.15, 5.31 — v Clutterbuck (1883) …. 20.4 — v National Bank of Greece and Athens [1961] …. 7.24, 8.63 Adamson’s Executors v McTaggart (1893) …. 22.13 Adcock v Aarons (1903) …. 2.47 Addison v Addison [1955] …. 13.38 — v Brown [1954] …. 8.57 Administration of Norfolk Island v SMEC Australia Pty Ltd [2004] …. 6.2 Adoption of M, Re Application for (1992) …. 10.56 Adsteam Building Industries Pty Ltd v The Queensland Cement and Lime Co Ltd (No 4) [1985] …. 9.9 AED Oil Ltd v Puffin FPSO Ltd (No 2) [2009] …. 6.5, 6.9 Aerospatiale Holdings Australia Pty Ltd v Elspan International Ltd (1992) ….

6.23 Agar v Hyde (2000) …. 2.42, 2.43 Agnew v Usher (1884) …. 2.78 Ah Yin v Christie (1907) …. 10.29 Ahmed v Habib Bank [2001] …. 5.26 AIG UK Ltd v QBE Insurance (Europe) Ltd [2008] …. 17.24 Ainslie v Ainslie (1927) …. 14.49 Airbus Industrie GIE v Patel [1999] …. 4.86 AJ Smeman Car Sales v Richardson Pre-Run Cars (1969) …. 20.14 Akai Pty Ltd v The People’s Insurance Co Ltd (1996) …. 4.7, 4.12, 4.15, 4.16, 4.27, 6.18, 9.8, 12.4, 12.8, 12.21, 12.23, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 17.12, 17.14, 17.16, 17.48, 17.51 — v — [1998] …. 4.16 Akbarali v Brent London Borough Council [1983] …. 10.59, 10.60 Akers v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (2014) …. 23.1, 23.3, 23.4, 23.6, 23.14, 23.15 —v Saad Investments Co Ltd (in official liquidation) (2010) …. 23.8 AK Investment CJSC v Kyrgyz Mobile Tel Ltd [2012] …. 5.32 Aksionairnoye Obsechestro AM Luther v James Sagor & Co [1921] …. 8.37, 8.50 Albeko Schumaschinen v The Kamborian Shoe Machine Co Ltd (1961) …. 17.30 Aldrich v Attorney-General [1968] …. 21.5 Alexander v Alexander (1969) …. 14.31 Ali v Ali [1968] …. 13.15, 13.16 Alleged Incapable Person FCC and the Protected Estates Act 1983, Re (1990) …. 5.70 Allergan Pharmaceuticals Inc v Bausch & Lomb Inc [1985] …. 6.9 Allstate Insurance Co v Hague (1981) …. 1.26 Alstom Ltd v Sirakis (No 2) [2012] …. 9.17 Aluminal Industries Inc v Newtown Commercial Associates (1980) …. 2.9 Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BC v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd [1976] …. 9.2 Alvear v Chetwynd Park Pty Ltd [2014] …. 7.29, 7.37 Amaca Pty Ltd v Frost (2006) …. 2.62

Amchem Products Inc v British Columbia (Workers’ Compensation Board) [1993] …. 4.36, 4.83, 4.86 Amin Rasheed Shipping Corp v Kuwait Insurance Co [1984] …. 17.1, 17.5, 17.14, 17.15, 17.17 AM McKenzie (dec’d), Re (1951) …. 1.42, 10.10 Amor v Macpak Pty Ltd (1989) …. 4.70 An Infant, Re [1981] …. 10.56 Anderton v Enterprising Global Group Pty Ltd [2003] …. 4.66 Anglo-Czechoslovak Credit Bank v Janssen [1943] …. 8.38 Anglo-Iranian Oil Co Ltd v Jaffrate (The Rose Mary) [1953] …. 1.4, 8.64, 8.65 Annesley, Re; Davidson v Annesley [1926] …. 8.28, 8.29, 8.30, 8.32, 8.33, 9.2 Anning v Anning (1907) …. 20.4 Anziani, Re; Herbert v Christopherson [1930] …. 20.26 Apt v Apt [1947] …. 7.23 — v — [1948] …. 7.23, 13.23 Armacel Pty Ltd v Smurfit Stone Container Corp (2008) …. 4.13, 5.40 Armar Shipping Co Ltd v Caisse Algerienne d’Assurance et de Reassurance (The Armar) [1981] …. 17.21, 17.22 Armitage v Attorney-General [1906] …. 14.40 Askew, Re [1930] …. 8.20 AssetInsure Pty Ltd v New Cap Reinsurance Corp Ltd (in liq) (2004) …. 19.9 — v — (2006) …. 19.9 Astro Exito Navegacion SA v Southland Enterprise Co Ltd (No 2) (the Messiniaki Tolmi) [1982] …. 2.16 Atlantic Underwriting Agencies Ltd v Compagnia di Assicuranzione di Milano SpA [1979] …. 17.18 Attorney-General v Bouwens (1838) …. 19.7, 19.9, 19.12 — v Higgins (1857) …. 19.15 — v Lord Sudeley [1896] …. 19.18 Attorney-General for Alberta v Cook [1926] …. 10.20 Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] …. 9.2, 9.8, 17.33 Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Kevin (2003) …. 13.10, 13.11 Attorney-General for the United Kingdom v Heinemann Publishers Australia

Pty Ltd and Wright (the Spycatcher case) (1987) …. 1.6, 8.52, 8.53, 8.57, 8.60, 8.61 — v — (1988) …. 8.52, 8.53, 8.56, 8.60, 8.61 — v Wellington Newspapers Ltd [1988] …. 8.52 Attorney-General of Botswana v Aussie Diamond Products Pty Ltd (No 3) [2010] …. 17.16 Attorney-General of New Zealand v Ortiz [1982] …. 1.6 — v — [1984] …. 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53 August, The [1891] …. 17.34 Augustus v Permanent Trustee Co (Canberra) Ltd (1971) …. 12.27, 17.44, 22.22 Australasian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society v Howe (1922) …. 2.19 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Waterhouse (1991) …. 2.63, 12.31, 12.32, 18.20 Australian Commercial Research and Development Ltd v ANZ McCaughan Merchant Bank [1989] …. 4.52 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia SRL (No 4) (2012) …. 2.73 Australian Federation of Islamic Councils Inc v Westpac Banking Corp (1988) …. 3.20, 3.27 Australian Insurance Brokers Ltd v Hudig Langeveldt Pty Ltd (No 2) (1991) …. 2.41 Australian International Islamic College Board Inc v Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2013) …. 3.20 Australian Mutual Provident Society v GEC Diesels Australia Ltd [1989] …. 2.71 — v Gregory (1908) …. 19.31, 20.34 Australian Public Trustees (in its capacity as trustee and/or responsible entity of the Government Property Trust No 5) v Australian Public Trustees Ltd (in its capacity as trustee of Government Property Trust No 3) (2012) …. 19.15 Australian Securities and Investment Commission v Cycclone Magnetic Engines Inc (2009) …. 22.20 — v Edwards (2004) …. 23.27 Ayres v Evans (1981) …. 8.44, 23.22 Azoff-Don Commercial Bank, Re [1954] …. 23.29

B B (Minors) (Abduction) (No 2), Re (1993) …. 15.27, 15.35 B v B (Minors: Enforcement of Access abroad) [1988] …. 15.52, 15.54 Babcock v Jackson (1963) …. 18.3 Bailey, Re [1985] …. 21.23, 21.33 Bain v Whitehaven Railway Co (1850) …. 7.37 Baindail v Baindail [1946] …. 13.19, 13.20 Baker v Bolton (1808) …. 18.34 Bakri Navigation Co Ltd v ‘Golden Glory’ Glorious Shipping SA (1991) …. 6.13 Baldry v Jackson [1976] …. 2.10 — v — [1977] …. 2.71, 18.40 Bamgbose v Daniel [1955] …. 13.19 Banco de Bilbao v Sancha and Rey [1938] …. 22.22 Banco de Vizcaya v Don Alfonso de Borbon y Austria [1935] …. 8.41, 8.50 Bank of Africa v Cohen [1909] …. 20.6 Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (No 10) [1997] …. 23.30 Bank of Tokyo v Karoon [1987] …. 4.84 Bank Polska Kasa Opieki Spolka Akcyjna v Zbigniew Opara [2010] …. 5.45, 5.54, 5.65, 5.66 Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Slatford [1953] …. 8.48 Bankinvest AG v Seabrook (1988) …. 4.56, 4.58, 4.59, 4.61, 4.62, 4.64, 4.65, 4.66, 4.68, 22.8 Barcelo v Electrolytic Zinc Co of Australasia Ltd (1932) …. 12.11, 12.12, 12.24 Barclays Bank Ltd v Piacun [1984] …. 5.22, 5.45, 5.64 Barker, Re [1995] …. 21.30, 21.41, 21.44 Barraclough, in the Marriage of (1987) …. 15.2, 15.41 Barrie’s Estate, Re (1949) …. 21.31 Barriga (No 2), in the Marriage of (1981) …. 7.59, 13.4, 13.31, 14.31, 14.36, 14.37 Barrios and Sanchez, in the Marriage of (1989) …. 15.66 Barros Mattos Junior v Macdaniels Ltd [2005] …. 18.7 Baschet v London Illustrated Standard Co [1900] …. 7.44 Base Metal Trading Ltd v Shamurin [2005] …. 18.43, 22.22

Bassi, in the Marriage of (1994) …. 15.49 Bata v Bata [1948] …. 2.63 Bateman v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd [2013] …. 18.20 — v Service (1881) …. 22.19 Bater v Bater [1906] …. 14.49 Bath v British and Malayan Trustees Ltd (1969) …. 8.45, 21.12 Baxter v RMC Group plc [2003] …. 2.71 Beals v Saldanha [2003] …. 5.21 Beamish v Beamish (1861) …. 13.26 Beaumont, Re [1893] …. 10.18 Beaver v Master in Equity of Victoria [1895] …. 19.16 Bell v Kennedy (1868) …. 10.24, 10.27 Bellinger v Bellinger (2002) …. 13.10 — v — (2003) …. 13.11 Belyando Shire Council v Rivers [1908] …. 2.47 Benaim & Co v Debano [1924] …. 17.41 Benefit Strategies Group Inc v Prider (2005) …. 5.29, 8.42 Benko, dec’d, Re [1968] …. 10.8, 10.9 Berchtold, Re [1923] …. 19.17, 19.31 Berezovsky v Michaels [2000] …. 2.68 Berthiaume v Dastous [1930] …. 13.24 Bethell, Re; Bethell v Hildyard (1888) …. 13.16 BHP Billiton Ltd v Schultz (2004) …. 2.31, 4.56, 4.58, 4.59, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.70, 4.73, 4.76, 7.34, 7.48, 7.50, 7.57 BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd v Oil Basins Ltd [1985] …. 2.53, 2.78, 17.11 BHPB Freight Pty Ltd v Cosco Oceania Chartering Pty Ltd (2008) …. 6.9, 6.13, 6.19 Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg AG [1981] …. 2.41 Blad v Bamfield (1673) …. 1.21 Blair and Jenkins, in the Marriage of (1988) …. 15.68 Blohn v Desser [1962] …. 5.15, 5.25

Blue Sky One Ltd v Mahan Air [2010] …. 8.20, 20.17 Blunden v Commonwealth of Australia (2003) …. 11.17, 18.16 Blyth, Re [1997] …. 21.41, 21.48 Bodley Head Ltd v Flegon [1972] …. 17.29 Bogart Lingerie Ltd v Steadmark Pty Ltd [2013] …. 4.52 Boissevain v Well [1950] …. 17.38 Bonacina, Re [1912] …. 17.32 Bonython v Commonwealth [1951] …. 17.15, 17.37 Booth v Phillips [2004] …. 18.16 Borch v Answer Products Inc [2000] …. 18.31 Borg Warner (Aust) Ltd v Zupan [1982] …. 7.22, 12.28, 12.29, 18.38 Bourke v State Bank of New South Wales (1988) …. 4.58 Bowling v Cox [1926] …. 2.47 Boyle v Sacker (1888) …. 2.16 Boys v Chaplin [1971] …. 7.45, 18.3 BP Australia Ltd v Wales [1982] …. 2.54 BP plc v National Union Fire Insurance Co [2004] …. 17.24 Brabo, The [1949] …. 2.41 Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) …. 1.5 Brailey v Rhodesia Consolidated Ltd [1910] …. 9.9 Brassard v Smith [1922] …. 19.15 Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd (2002) …. 18.31 — v — (2003) …. 2.40 Brear v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (2000) …. 7.53 Breavington v Godleman (1988) …. 1.6, 1.24, 1.39, 7.45, 11.5, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11, 11.14 Bremer v Freeman (1857) …. 21.35 Brinkerhoff Maritime Drilling Corp v PT Airfast Services Indonesia [1992] …. 4.36 Bristow v Sequeville (1850) …. 9.9 British South Africa Co v Companhia de Moçambique [1893] …. 2.35, 3.2, 16.6, 16.13

— v De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd [1910] …. 3.9 Brodin v A/R Seljan (1973) …. 18.46 Brook v Brook (1861) …. 7.6, 7.20, 13.22, 13.31 Brooke v Director General, Department of Community Services (NSW) (2002) …. 15.36 Brown v Babbit Ford Inc (1977) …. 1.29 — v Brown [1963] …. 14.44 — v Gregson [1920] …. 21.28 Browne v Browne [1917] …. 10.27 Bruce v Bruce (1790) …. 21.34 Brunel v Brunel (1871) …. 10.27 Buchanan v Rucker (1808) …. 5.31 Buckle v Buckle [1956] …. 13.39 Buckley v Gibbett [1996] …. 4.66 Bulong Nickel Pty Ltd, in Re (2002) …. 17.11 Bumper Development Corp v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [1991] …. 7.42, 22.17 Burgess (dec’d), In the Estate of (2011) …. 21.4 Burnham v Superior Court of California (1990) …. 2.9 Bushfield Aircraft Co v Great Western Aviation Pty Ltd (1996) …. 5.17 Busst v Lotsirb Nominees Pty Ltd [2003] …. 17.15, 17.16, 17.23, 17.43, 18.44 Butler, Re [1969] …. 5.70 Buttigeig v Universal Terminal and Stevedoring Corp [1972] …. 2.62 Buultjens v Robertson [2010] …. 11.11

C C and D, Re (1979) …. 13.10 C & P Trading Pty Ltd v Roladuct Spiral Tubing Pty Ltd [1994] …. 2.26 C v C (Minor Abduction: Rights of Custody Abroad) [1989] …. 15.36, 15.39, 15.48 Cain and Cain, In the Marriage of (1987) …. 14.25, 14.29, 16.11 Caldwell v Caldwell [1946] …. 10.56 Cambridge Credit Corp Ltd v Lissenden (1987) …. 19.9

Cammell v Sewell (1860) …. 18.42, 19.8, 20.10 Canadian Pacific Railway Co v Parent [1917] …. 7.16, 18.46 Cannon v Cannon [2005] …. 15.38 Cape Lambert Resources Ltd v MCC Australia Sanjin Mining Pty Ltd (2013) …. 4.18, 6.6, 6.8 Carey v Australian Broadcasting Corp (2010) …. 18.20 Cargill International SA v Peabody Australia Mining Ltd [2010] …. 6.24 Cariaga v Eighth Judicial District Court (1988) …. 2.9 Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Rayner & Keeler Ltd (No 2) [1967] …. 5.39, 22.22 Carron Iron Co v Maclaren (1855) …. 4.84 Casaceli v Natuzzi SpA (2012) …. 6.5, 6.6 Casdagli v Casdagli [1918] …. 8.19 Castel Electronics Pty Ltd v TCL Airconditioner (Zhongshan) Co Ltd [2013] …. 2.42, 6.24, 6.37 Castree v ER Squibb and Sons Ltd [1980] …. 2.62 Castrique v Imrie (1870) …. 5.18, 14.49 Caterpillar Financial Services Corp v SNC Passion [2004] …. 17.39 Catterall v Catterall (1847) …. 13.26, 13.27 Cell Tech Communications Pty Ltd v Nokia Mobile Phones (UK) Ltd (1995) …. 2.41 Centrebet Pty Ltd v Baasland (2012) …. 2.49, 2.70, 4.52 Century Credit Corp v Richard (1962) …. 20.13, 20.14 Chaff and Hay Acquisition Committee v J A Hemphill & Sons Pty Ltd (1947) …. 1.6, 7.42, 11.1 Challenor v Douglas [1983] …. 2.71 Chamberlain v Chamberlain (1870) …. 21.40 Chan Wing (Vanuatu) Ltd v Motis Pacific Lawyers [1998] …. 4.45 Chang, in the Marriage of (1992) …. 15.24 Chapman and Jansen, Re (1990) …. 4.59 Chapman v Jansen (1990) …. 4.66 Chappell’s Estate, Re (1923) …. 21.40 Charron v Montreal Trust Co (1958) …. 17.29

Charter Pacific Corp Ltd v Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation [1998] …. 4.66 Chatenay v Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Co [1891] …. 17.17 Chen and Tan [2012] …. 16.6 Cheni v Cheni [1965] …. 13.15 Chenoweth v Summers [1941] …. 2.47 Chicago Bridge and Iron Constructors Pty Ltd v Sarvanidis (1986) …. 2.41 Chow Cho Poon (Private) Ltd, Re (2011) …. 23.8, 23.22 Chubb Insurance Co of Australia v Moore (2013) …. 12.13 Citibank Ltd v Nobes (1992) …. 2.27, 2.33 City of Detroit v Proctor (1948) …. 1.7, 11.1 City of Swan v McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2014) …. 2.16 CJ CGV Co Ltd, Re (2013) …. 8.46 Clague v Graves (1987) …. 15.66 Clark, Re [1904] …. 19.15 — v Clark (1966) …. 1.24 Clarke v Clarke [1964] …. 10.60 Clements v Macaulay (1866) …. 21.7 Clivpee Ltd (in admin), Re [2010] …. 22.8 Close v Arnot [1997] …. 5.12, 5.29 Club Mediterranée NZ v Wendell [1989] …. 4.36 Club Resorts v Van Breda [2012] …. 4.36 Clunies-Ross, Re; Tottendell, Ex p (1987) …. 3.4 Clyne v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (No 2) (1981) …. 9.9 CMA CGM SA v Ship ‘Çhou Shan’ (2014) …. 18.16 Coast Lines Ltd v Hudig and Veder Chartering NV [1972] …. 17.17, 17.18 Cohen v Rothfield [1919] …. 4.51 Cohn, Re [1945] …. 7.39 Coleman v Shang [1961] …. 13.19 Collens, Re [1986] …. 21.18 Collier v Rivaz (1841) …. 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.19 Colonial Bank v Cady (1890) …. 20.31

Colt Industries Inc v Sarlie [1966] …. 2.9 — v — (No 2) [1966] …. 5.22 Colosseum Investment Holdings Pty Ltd v Vanguard Logistics Services Pty Ltd [2005] …. 2.71 Comandate Marine Corp v Pan Australia Shipping Pty Ltd (2006) …. 4.19, 6.6, 6.7, 6.12 Commissioner of Stamp Duties v Salting [1907] …. 19.16 Commissioner of Stamp Duties (Qld) v Livingston [1965] …. 19.17, 19.18 Commissioner of Stamps v Hope [1891] …. 19.9, 19.10, 19.13, 19.26 Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory (2013) …. 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.13 — v Woodhill (1917) …. 3.3, 3.7 Commonwealth Agricultural Service Engineers Ltd, Re [1928] …. 9.22 Commonwealth Bank of Australia v White [1999] …. 2.70, 4.11, 4.17, 4.88 — v — (No 2) [2004] …. 4.23 — v — (No 4) [2001] …. 4.88 Compagnie D’Armement Maritime SA v Compagnie Tunisienne De Navigation SA [1971] …. 17.11, 17.14 Compagnie des Messageries Maritimes v Wilson (1954) …. 4.7, 4.23 Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation SA v Compagnie d’Armement Maritime SA [1971] …. 6.18 Compania Merabello San Nicholas SA [1973] …. 23.27 Compania Naviera Micro SA v Shipley International Inc (The Parouth) [1982] …. 17.28 Conlon v Mohammed [1987] …. 13.23 Connelly v RTZ Corp Plc [1998] …. 4.33 Constantinou, Re [2013] …. 3.10 Continental Bank NA v Aeokas Compania Naviera SA [1994] …. 4.84 Contractors Ltd v MTE Control Gear Ltd [1964] …. 4.13 Coode, in the Goods of (1867) …. 2.83 Cooper v Casey (1995) …. 10.64, 15.27 — v Cooper’s Trustees (1888) …. 13.31 Cooper-King v Cooper-King [1900] …. 9.9

Copin v Adamson (1875) …. 22.25 — v — (1874) …. 22.25 Coppin v Coppin (1725) …. 21.19 Corbett v Corbett [1957] …. 14.34, 14.41 — v — [1971] …. 13.10 Corcoran v Corcoran [1974] …. 18.4 Cordoba Shipping Co Ltd v National State Bank [1984] …. 2.69 Corin v Corin (1971) …. 15.17 Corvetina Technology Ltd v Clough Engineering Ltd [2004] …. 6.37 Corvisy v Corvisy [1982] …. 3.3 Coupland v Arabian Gulf Oil Co [1983] …. 18.43 Courtice v Australian Electoral Commission (1990) …. 2.30 Courtney, Re; Pollard, Ex p (1840) …. 20.7 Cox v Ergo Versicherung AG [2014] …. 18.34 Craig v Allstate Insurance Co of Canada (2002) …. 7.47 Crawford (dec’d), Re Estate of (2004) …. 21.30, 21.44 Crick v Hennessy [1973] …. 5.20 Crouch v Commissioner for Railways (Qld) (1985) …. 2.19 Crumpler v Global Tradewaves Ltd (in liq) [2013] …. 23.11 Crumpton’s Judicial Factor v Finch-Noyes (1918) …. 10.18, 10.22 Cruse v Chittum [1974] …. 10.63 CSR Ltd v Cigna Insurance Australia Ltd (1997) …. 4.52, 4.79–4.84, 4.86 — v Thompson (2003) …. 7.46 Cuban Atlantic Sugar Sales Corp v Compania de Vapores San Elefterio (C/V) Lda [1960] …. 2.54 Cunnington, Re [1924] …. 21.41 Currie, Will of, Re (1899) …. 12.18, 19.14 Cutcliffe, Re [1940] …. 19.3 Czernikow Ltd v Rolimpex [1979] …. 3.16

D D, a Child, Re [2005] …. 15.43

D, an Infant, Re [1943] …. 15.17 Dagi v Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd (No 2) [1997] …. 3.4 Dahms v Brandsch (1911) …. 2.19 D’Almeida Araujo Lda v Sir Frederick Baker & Co Ltd [1953] …. 7.45 Dalrymple v Dalrymple (1811) …. 1.21, 13.22 Damberg v Damberg (2001) …. 9.3, 9.4, 9.7, 9.9 Damiano v Damiano [1993] …. 15.49 Dampskibsselskabet Norden A/S v Beach Building and Civil Group Pty Ltd (2013) …. 6.12 Daralievski v Transport Accident Commission [2003] …. 4.76 Darcy v Medtel Pty Ltd (No 3) [2004] …. 7.54 Darrell Lea Chocolate Shops Pty Ltd v Spanish-Polish Shipping Co Inc (1990) …. 2.71 D’Ath v TNT Australia Pty Ltd [1992] …. 2.62 David Syme and Co Ltd (Rec and Mgr appt’d) v Grey (1992) …. 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 12.31, 12.34, 12.35, 12.36 Davidson v Global Investments International Ltd (1995) …. 23.24 Davies v Davies (1915) …. 21.32 Davis v Turning Properties Pty Ltd (2005) …. 5.24 Dawn Jade Ltd v Himanshu Girdhar Dua [2014] …. 5.50 Dawson v Baker (1994) …. 4.58, 4.59, 4.66 — v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1953) …. 3.9 De Beeche v South American Stores Ltd [1935] …. 9.9 De Dampierre v De Dampierre [1988] …. 14.6 DEF and the Protected Estates Act, Re 1983 (2005) …. 2.36, 5.68, 5.70 De L v NSW Department of Community Services (1996) …. 15.25 De Reneville v De Reneville [1948] …. 7.25, 13.30, 13.32 De Santis v Russo (2001) …. 5.29, 5.33, 5.56, 8.57 — v — [2002] …. 5.57 De Thoren v Attorney-General (1876) …. 7.39 De Virte, Re [1915] …. 21.28 Deer Park Engineering Pty Ltd v Townsville Harbour Board (1975) …. 2.49, 2.54

Denpro Pty Ltd v Centrepoint Freeholds Pty Ltd (1983) …. 2.30 Department of Health and Community Services v Casse (1995) …. 15.27, 15.42 Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Ahern [1986] …. 2.44 Despina GK, The [1983] …. 5.18 Desputeaux v Editions Chouette (2003) …. 6.5 D’Etchegoyen v D’Etchegoyen (1883) …. 10.27 Deutsche National Bank v Paul [1898] …. 2.80 Deutsche Schachtbau GmbH v Shell International Petroleum Co Ltd (Nos 1& 2) [1990] …. 6.16, 6.19 Dewar v Maitland (1866) …. 21.28 Di Mento v Visalli [1973] …. 13.30 Diamond v Bank of London and Montreal Ltd [1979] …. 2.41, 2.69 Dimskal Shipping Co SA v International Transport Workers Federation (The Evia Luck (No 2)) [1992] …. 17.33 Director-General, Department of Communities (Child Safety Services) v Hardwick [2011] …. 10.63, 10.68 Director-General, Department of Families v RSP (2003) …. 15.46 Director-General of Family and Community Services (NSW) v & Davis (1990) …. 15.48 — v Raddison (2012) …. 15.52 Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd v Thompson [1971] …. 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 18.10 Dockpride Pty Ltd v Subiaco Redevelopment Authority [1999] …. 4.66 Donnelly, Re (1927) …. 21.33 Donohue v Armco Inc [2002] …. 4.29, 4.87 Dornom, in the Marriage of [1984] …. 14.31 Dost Aly Khan, in the Goods of (1880) …. 21.10 Douglas v Longano (1981) …. 10.11 — v Philip Parbury & Associates [1999] …. 4.46, 4.66, 4.72 Douglas Financial Consultants Pty Ltd v Price [1992] …. 20.14, 20.15 Douglas Webber Events Pty Ltd, Re [2014] …. 4.54 Dow Jones & Co Inc v Gutnick (2002) …. 1.40, 2.61, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.71, 2.72, 4.44, 4.49, 5.3, 18.11, 18.15

DP v Commonwealth Central Authority (2001) …. 15.25, 15.27, 15.36, 15.37, 15.40, 15.43, 15.44, 15.50, 15.51 Drew Brown Ltd v The Orient Trader (1972) …. 17.41 Drews v Insurance Corp of British Columbia (1998) …. 18.41 Drill-Tec GmbH Grossbohr-und-Umwelttechnik v Campbell [2002] …. 2.16 DR Insurance Co v Central National Insurance Co [1996] …. 2.47 Dryden v Dryden (1876) …. 9.11 Du Bray v McIlwraith (2009) ….