Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa 9781685859695

Citation preview

Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa

THIRD

EDITION

Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa Naomi Chazan Peter Lewis Robert Mortimer Donald Rothchild Stephen John Stedman

LYNN E RIENNER PUBLISHERS

l O U L D ! » L O N D O N

Published in the United States of America in 1999 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1800 30th Street, Boulder, C o l o r a d o 80301 © 1999 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved

Library of C o n g r e s s Cataloging-in-Publication Data Politics and society in contemporary Africa / Naomi Chazan . . . [et al.]. — 3rd ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1 - 5 5 5 8 7 - 6 6 8 - 4 (he : alk. paper) ISBN 1-55587-679-X (pb : alk. paper) 1. A f r i c a — P o l i t i c s and g o v e r n m e n t — 1 9 6 0 2. A f r i c a — S o c i a l conditions—19603. A f r i c a — E c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s — 1 9 6 0 4. A f r i c a — Foreign r e l a t i o n s — 1 9 6 0 I. Chazan, N a o m i , 1 9 4 6 JQ1875.P635 1999 320.96'09'045—dc21 99-24154 CIP

Published and distributed in Europe by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire R G 2 1 6XS, England, and L o n d o n C o m p a n i e s and representatives throughout the world ISBN 0 - 3 3 3 - 6 9 4 7 5 9 A catalogue record for this book is available f r o m the British Library.

Printed and bound in the United States of A m e r i c a

(gj

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for P e r m a n e n c e of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z 3 9 . 4 8 - 1 9 8 4 . 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

List of Tables Map of Africa

ix xi

Introduction

1

1

5

The Diversity of African Politics: Trends and Approaches Independent Africa: Trends and Patterns, 6 Approaches to the Study of African Politics, 14 The Political Interaction Framework, 23

PART I 2

T H E STRUCTURES OF POLITICS

State Institutions and the Organization of the Public Arena

37

The Concept of the State in Africa, 38 The Structural Foundations of African States: The Colonial Legacy, 42 Constructions of the Public Arena Since Independence, 46 States and State Variety in Africa: Some Implications, 68 3

Social Groupings

75

Social Groups and Social Process, 76 The Organization of Social Life, 79 Social Networks and Social Trends, 100 4

Ethnicity, Class, and the State

107

Ethnicity and Ethnic Group, 108 The Ethnic Intermediary's Critical Role, 112

v

vi

Contents

African Class Cleavages and Social Conflicts, 119 Class and Ethnicity as Situational Variables, 127

PART 2

5

POLITICAL PROCESS A N D POLITICAL C H A N G E

Regimes in Independent Africa

137

Regime Evolution in Postcolonial Africa, 139 Regime Types and Their Variations, 141 Regime Types and Political Process, 155

6

High Politics: The Procedures and Practices of Government

159

The Politics of the Center: Decisionmaking and the Rules of the Political Game, 160 The Politics of Social Relations, 176 Consolidation and Maintenance of the Political Center: Some Trends, 190

7

Deep Politics: Political Response, Protest, and Conflict

197

Elite Conflicts, 198 Factional Conflicts, 201 Communal Conflicts, 206 Mass Conflicts, 211 Popular Conflicts, 213 The Interplay of Political Conflicts, 216

8

Political Transitions and Patterns of Change

221

Modes of Political Change, 222 Patterns of Political Interaction, 230

PART 3 9

POLITICAL E C O N O M Y

Coping with Transformation: Approaches to Development

239

The Range of Choice, 240 Africa in the World Economy, 244 Regimes, Ideology, and Development Strategies, 263 Sectoral Policies, 275

10

Coping with Change: Crisis and Attempted Reform Managing Dependence: National Strategies, 306 Strategies Toward Foreign Capital, 307 Collective Strategies: Regional Integration, 310 Africa and North-South Relations, 319 A f r i c a ' s Economic Crisis, 325 Structural Adjustment and the International Financial Institutions, 333 Economic Reform and Democratization, 349

305

Contents

PART 4 11

vii

I N T E R N A T I O N A L RELATIONS

Inter-African Relations

361

Trans-Saharan Africa, 364 Central Africa, 387 Southern Africa, 394 Inter-African Politics in the Waning Cold War Era, 405 Inter-African Politics in the Post-Cold War Environment, 408 Conclusion, 414

12

Africa in World Politics

421

Africa and Europe, 422 Soviet-U.S. Competition in Africa, 431 Détente in Africa, 449 Africa in the New Multipolar System, 451 Conclusion: Africa A m o n g the Lesser Powers, 455

PART 5 13

P O L I T I C A L FUTURES

South Africa: The Possibilities and Limits of Transforming State and Society

465

The Historical Formation of a Dual Society, 466 Apartheid's Contradictions and Black Resistance, 473 Negotiations for a New Constitution, 477 The Challenge of Transformation, 484

14

Africa in the Twenty-First Century

Appendix 1: Acronyms Appendix 2: Changes in Country Names Appendix 3: Basic Political Data Index About the Book

491

499 503 505 527 545

Tables

1.1

Basic Economic Characteristics of African States

1.2

Basic Social Characteristics of African States

10

2.1

Relative Burden of Military Expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa

59

5.1

Typology of Regimes

8

141

ix

^ E È É G A i y

BISSAU*

AFRICA

xi

Introduction

The excitement of the struggle for independence that permeated the African continent in the second half of the twentieth century gained new momentum in the 1990s as most African countries undertook political reform measures and instituted multiparty governments. Nevertheless, at the close of the century, ongoing traumas regarding economic survival, effective political rule, and civil war continued to take a heavy toll. And a series of devasting political and human disasters rocked the continent—in Rwanda, Somalia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and elsewhere. Africans, their governments, and the international community still grapple today with economic adversity, political uncertainty, and social inequities. How have these constraints on growth and opportunity influenced the African political experience? What political and economic choices have been made and what are their implications? What options exist in these circumstances? What steps can Africans in Algeria, Angola, Nigeria, or Congo take to restore shaken societies to confidence as they move into the twenty-first century? The answers lie not in a single isolated variable but in the complex interconnections between politics and society, between domestic and external forces, and among historical legacies, available resources, and future prospects. The purpose of this introduction to African politics and society is to depict in broad strokes the complexities and diversities of the African world since independence and to investigate new paths to understanding its intricate dynamics. Besides offering an initial acquaintance with contemporary Africa, we seek to provide a basic knowledge of political events and a closer comprehension of major problems, processes, and trends. By suggesting different ways of looking at issues, we raise a range of explanations for past occurrences and possible directions for theory. This book,

2

Introduction

therefore, constitutes a preliminary exploration into the multiple forces that m a k e up present-day Africa. In C h a p t e r 1 w e a n a l y z e d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e s t u d y of A f r i c a n p o l i t i c s a n d p r e s e n t t h e m a i n e l e m e n t s of an i n t e r a c t i v e m e t h o d f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e s , p r o c e s s e s , a n d c h a n g e . In P a r t 1 w e c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e b u i l d i n g b l o c k s of A f r i c a n p o l i t i c s . C h a p t e r 2 is d e v o t e d t o t h e s t u d y of g o v e r n m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s . W e e x a m i n e t h e c o l o n i a l l e g a c y , t h e m a n n e r of t r a n s i t i o n to i n d e p e n d e n c e , a n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l f o u n d a t i o n s of the n e w states. W e also trace institutional c h a n g e s since i n d e p e n d e n c e and p i n p o i n t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s that h a v e e m e r g e d a m o n g A f r i c a n s t a t e s s i n c e t h e 1 9 6 0 s . C h a p t e r 3 is f o c u s e d o n t h e v a r y i n g s o c i a l g r o u p s t h a t o p e r a t e w i t h i n t h e A f r i c a n s e t t i n g . W e l o o k n o t o n l y at c u l t u r a l , k i n , r e l i g i o u s , r a c i a l , a n d g e o g r a p h i c a g g l o m e r a t i o n s b u t a l s o at s o c i o e c o n o m i c f o r m a t i o n s a n d t h e i r c o m p e t i n g i n t e r e s t s . C h a p t e r 4 is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of c l a s s , e t h n i c i t y , a n d t h e s t a t e in v a r i o u s A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s , h i g h l i g h t i n g d i f f e r i n g p a t t e r n s of c o o p e r a t i o n , c o n f l i c t , v i o l e n c e , a n d p o l i t i c a l exchange. P a r t 2 c e n t e r s o n t h e s t u d y of t h e p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s . In C h a p t e r 5 w e p r e s e n t a t y p o l o g y of r e g i m e f o r m s a n d d i s c u s s t h e i r e v o l u t i o n . In C h a p t e r 6 w e e x a m i n e h o w l e a d e r s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o g o v e r n : W e l o o k at i d e o l o g i e s a n d at t h e l i n k a g e s b e t w e e n r u l e r s a n d r u l e d . C h a p t e r 7 is d e v o t e d t o p o l i t i c a l c o n f l i c t s e v i d e n t s i n c e i n d e p e n d e n c e . In C h a p t e r 8 w e a n a l y z e t h e m e c h a n i s m s , the direction, and the nature of political c h a n g e , s u m m a r i z ing c o m m o n political t h e m e s , indicating diverging trends, underlining the d i v e r s e d y n a m i c s of state-society relationships, and f o c u s i n g on c o n t e m porary political r e f o r m s and crises. P a r t 3 c o n c e r n s t h e p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m y . In C h a p t e r 9 w e a n a l y z e t h e d i f f e r i n g c o n t e x t s of d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

examine

s e v e r a l m a j o r p o l i c y i s s u e s . B u i l d i n g o n t h i s b a s e , in C h a p t e r 10 w e s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of A f r i c a to t h e w o r l d e c o n o m y , p r o b i n g t h e w a y s in w h i c h global e c o n o m i c currents impinge on African choices and the differing strategies a d o p t e d by A f r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t s and g r o u p s to e n h a n c e their cap a c i t y t o m a n a g e a n d p r o g r e s s in s u c h s e t t i n g s . In P a r t 4 w e d e l v e i n t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f a c e t s of t h e A f r i c a n e x p e r i e n c e s i n c e i n d e p e n d e n c e . In C h a p t e r 11 w e l o o k at h o w e x t e r n a l a n d d o m e s t i c c o n s t r a i n t s h a v e g u i d e d r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n A f r i c a a n d in C h a p t e r 12 w e r e v i e w A f r i c a ' s t i e s w i t h t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d a n d its a c t i v i t i e s in t h e international arena. D i v e r g i n g foreign policies are t h e r e f o r e c o n c e i v e d of as t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e e x e r c i s e of c h o i c e w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f p o w e r f u l c o m m o n constraints. I n C h a p t e r 13, t h e b e g i n n i n g o f P a r t 5 , w e e x a m i n e t h e s p e c i a l c a s e o f w h i t e m i n o r i t y r u l e a n d b l a c k o p p o s i t i o n in S o u t h A f r i c a , h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e p o l i t i c a l t r a n s i t i o n t h a t t o o k p l a c e in t h e 1 9 9 0 s . W e l o o k at t h e p e c u l i a r s t r u c t u r e s a n d p r o c e s s e s o f t h i s d u a l s o c i e t y in o r d e r t o

Introduction

3

u n d e r s t a n d the e x p l o s i v e s i t u a t i o n that p r e v a i l e d in t h e s o u t h e r n part of t h e c o n t i n e n t a n d the f a c t o r s l e a d i n g to t h e p r o f o u n d c h a n g e s in r e c e n t y e a r s . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of the t r a n s i t i o n in S o u t h A f r i c a and the i m p o r t a n c e of the n e w S o u t h A f r i c a at t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n t u r y still m e r i t a s e p a r a t e c h a p t e r . In C h a p t e r 14 w e d r a w t o g e t h e r t h e l e s s o n s g l e a n e d f r o m t h e s t u d y of t h e m a n y d i m e n s i o n s of p o l i t i c s o n t h e c o n t i n e n t , r e v i e w i n g major patterns, discussing ongoing trends, and advancing some tentative i d e a s as t o t h e c h o i c e s a h e a d f o r A f r i c a n s in t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n t u r y as t h e y c o n t i n u e to d e a l w i t h t h e e x i g e n c i e s of scarcity, i n s t i t u t i o n a l f r a g i l i t y , dependency, and sociocultural diversity. In e a c h c h a p t e r w e p r e s e n t t h e h i s t o r i c a l b a c k g r o u n d , g i v e an o v e r v i e w of d e v e l o p m e n t s s i n c e i n d e p e n d e n c e , a n d d e p i c t t h e d i f f e r i n g m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of e a c h t o p i c a n d i s s u e . B e c a u s e it is i m p o s s i b l e to g o into d e t a i l f o r all f i f t y - f o u r s t a t e s in A f r i c a , w e c o n d u c t a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s of p r o c e s s e s that e x e m p l i f y e m e r g i n g p a t t e r n s o n t h e c o n t i n e n t . O n t h i s basis, special a t t e n t i o n is d e v o t e d to N i g e r i a , G h a n a , G u i n e a , C o t e d ' l v o i r e , C a m e r o o n , a n d S e n e g a l in W e s t A f r i c a ; A l g e r i a a n d M o r o c c o in N o r t h A f r i c a ; C h a d a n d M a l i in t h e S a h e l ; E t h i o p i a a n d S u d a n in t h e H o r n of A f r i c a ; C o n g o ( f o r m e r l y Z a i r e * ) a n d Z a m b i a in c e n t r a l A f r i c a ; K e n y a , T a n z a n i a , a n d U g a n d a in E a s t A f r i c a ; a n d A n g o l a , M o z a m b i q u e , a n d B o t s w a n a in s o u t h e r n A f r i c a . W e c o n c l u d e e a c h c h a p t e r by e x t r a c t i n g t h e m a j o r p a t t e r n s that e m e r g e f r o m t h e d a t a ; w e d i s c u s s v a r i o u s e x p l a n a t i o n s and raise further questions for thought and action. In this t e x t b o o k , u n l i k e o t h e r s on A f r i c a n p o l i t i c s , w e c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e p e r i o d s i n c e i n d e p e n d e n c e in o r d e r to e x p o s e e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s in g r e a t e r detail a n d to e x p l o r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s that e m a n a t e f r o m t h e n e e d to c o n f r o n t t h e s e d i f f i c u l t realities. T h e p o l i t i c s of c o n t e m p o r a r y A f r i c a are as v i b r a n t as t h e y are d i v e r s e . S i n c e i n d e p e n d e n c e , n e w d i m e n s i o n s of p o litical l i f e h a v e u n f o l d e d t h a t d e f y c o n v e n t i o n a l w i s d o m a n d d e m a n d a r e f o r m u l a t i o n of c o n c e p t s a n d e x p e c t a t i o n s . W e o f f e r this v o l u m e as an int r o d u c t i o n i n t o this o f t e n c o n f u s i n g , c o n s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g i n g , a l w a y s f a s c i nating, and ultimately questioning world.

*In May 1997, Zaire became the Democratic Republic of Congo, which we refer to as Congo (not to be confused with the Republic of Congo, or Congo-Brazzaville) throughout this book.

I The Diversity of African Politics: Trends and Approaches T h e African continent encompasses a rich mosaic of peoples, cultures, ecological settings, and historical experiences. A f r i c a ' s vast expanse o f 1 1 , 6 7 7 , 2 4 0 square miles ( 3 0 , 2 4 4 , 0 5 0 square kilometers) stretches from the Mediterranean in the north to the meeting point of the Atlantic and Indian oceans in the south. T h e 7 3 0 million people of Africa (roughly 10 percent o f the g l o b e ' s population) are as diverse as the terrain they inhabit. T h e blacks and Arabs who live on the continent (together with small concentrations o f Asians and whites) speak more than eight hundred languages, belong to hundreds o f ethnic groups, and over the years have embraced many animist b e l i e f systems as well as all the great religions (most notably, Christianity and Islam). Although 7 0 percent o f the continent's people live in the rural areas and make their living as farmers and pastoralists, rapidly growing ancient and new cities are also sprinkled over the map of Africa. Subsistence agriculture is sustained alongside hi-tech industries; the world's greatest mineral reserves are to be found in regions of the most abject poverty; universities thrive where illiteracy still prevails. The political map of Africa captures the complexity that is the essence of the continent. Africa's fifty-four states are the product o f conquest and separation, amalgamation and continuity. Ethiopia and Egypt are among the oldest political entities known to human history. But most o f A f r i c a consists o f new states carved out by the imperial powers. Nigeria, with its population o f more than 100 million, contrasts sharply with tiny Comoros or Gambia. Massive C o n g o is bordered by the small and extremely troubled republics o f Rwanda and Burundi. Swaziland is a nation-state (that is, ethnically homogeneous); it is surrounded by some o f the most heterogeneous, multiethnic countries in the world today. A f r i c a sustains monarchies and dictatorships, military regimes and civilian governments,

5

6

The Diversity of African

Politics

revolutionary systems and d e m o c r a c i e s , populist administrations and authoritarian m o d e s of rule. A f r i c a n politics constitute a m i c r o c o s m of political f o r m s and contents, experiences and patterns, trends and prospects. To f o c u s on the contemporary politics of this continent is therefore to contemplate some of the most basic issues of h u m a n survival, organization, c h a n g e , and growth. This book provides an introduction to the central themes of political life in independent Africa.

•

INDEPENDENT AFRICA:TRENDS A N D PATTERNS

The first wave of independence in Africa commenced in the 1950s with the e m e r g e n c e of North A f r i c a and then G h a n a f r o m colonial rule. T h e year 1960, generally considered the year of A f r i c a n i n d e p e n d e n c e , witnessed the dismantling of the French colonial empire as well as the attainment of sovereignty by Nigeria—sub-Saharan A f r i c a ' s most populous country. By the mid-1960s, more than thirty new states had undergone the process of decolonization. The second, and generally more violent, wave of independence began in 1974, following the revolution in Portugal. The lusophone (Portuguesespeaking) states of Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, M o z a m b i q u e , and Angola finally o v e r c a m e 4 0 0 years of colonial domination. In 1975, Spain withdrew f r o m the western Sahara, setting in motion a period of still unresolved strife over control of the territory. In 1980 the struggle against white rule in R h o d e s i a was c r o w n e d with success: T h e i n d e p e n d e n c e of Z i m b a b w e brought the British colonial presence in A f r i c a to an end. N a m i b i a gained i n d e p e n d e n c e in 1990. And South A f r i c a , the last, and most recalcitrant, remnant of an internal colonial p r e s e n c e in c o n t e m p o rary A f r i c a , c o m p l e t e d its transition to a multiracial d e m o c r a c y in the spring of 1994. T h e heady expectations that accompanied the transfer of power have, in the first postcolonial generation, of necessity given way to a much more sober view of domestic and international realities. T h e m e a n i n g of indep e n d e n c e , nevertheless, has varied f r o m place to p l a c e on the continent. Different states, individuals, and groups have undergone quite distinct experiences in a variety of spheres, rendering Africa far m o r e heterogeneous at the end of the twentieth century than it was on the eve of the transition f r o m colonial rule. In e c o n o m i c terms, the p e r f o r m a n c e of m a n y A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s has fallen far short of the vision of progress and well-being held forth by the leaders of anticolonial m o v e m e n t s (see Table 1.1). In 1985, f o r e x a m p l e , twenty-two countries could not feed their growing population; agricultural production in the first part of the 1980s had actually declined. E c o n o m i c

The Diversity of African

Politics

7

growth rates per capita during the 1970s and 1980s, with a few exceptions, were stagnant if not negative. In most instances, these trends c o n t i n u e d during the 1990s. T h e f o r e i g n debt of most A f r i c a n states has increased precipitously since the late 1970s. Yet, some countries recorded substantial economic achievements (Botswana, Algeria, G a b o n , and Cote d ' l v o i r e , for example) and others have taken significant steps to avert further economic deterioration (Ghana, Z i m b a b w e ) . Certain amenities, such as clean water, electricity, latrines, and f e e d e r roads, are n o w generally more available than at the close of the colonial era. S o m e A f r i c a n s have enriched themselves in the course of these years; for others the exigencies of absolute poverty have continued to shape their existence. 1 A l t h o u g h e c o n o m i c trends have highlighted a widespread malaise, the e c o n o m i c paths of African countries and specific groups have diverged markedly during this short time span. Social gains in some areas have c o m e together with social dislocation and glaring inequalities in others (see Table 1.2). Most A f r i c a n countries initially m a d e impressive advances in education and primary health care. Nevertheless, infant mortality rates are high (in some cases 50 percent of those born do not survive until the age of five), and life expectancy is just over fifty years. Access to m u c h - n e e d e d services is uneven. The gap between the city and the countryside persists and has, in many places, been exacerbated. Elite-mass strains are p r o n o u n c e d . In Nigeria, for e x a m p l e , successful entrepreneurs and professionals fly around in private jets, while peasants line up for a portion of rice. Many rural areas have not been electrified; urban dwellers frequently have their own generators. In the countryside, wealthier landowners sometimes control large tracts of land, while small farmers scratch out a living f r o m depleted soil. Social groups throughout the continent have become more aware, over the years, of their own particular circumstances. Ethnic groupings, incipient classes, and a variety of local communities, professional associations, trade unions, w o m e n ' s organizations, and religious m o v e m e n t s have organized to f o r w a r d their specific interests. In s o m e instances, f o r m a l channels of participation have facilitated ongoing communication; in others, indirect a v e n u e s have been established to raise d e m a n d s and to distribute b e n e f i t s (patron-client relationships are a g o o d e x a m p l e ) ; and in other cases politicization has increased while access to the political center has been severely c i r c u m s c r i b e d . T h e opportunities f o r i n v o l v e m e n t in decisionmaking have therefore varied. Conflicts have been an integral part of the independence experience, as have the ongoing quests for national coherence. Political violence, unquestionably, has proliferated. Ethnic and nationality conflicts (in Ethiopia, Chad, Nigeria, Congo, Sudan, and Angola) persist. Civil dissension has risen in Liberia, Somalia, and C o n g o . Burundi and R w a n d a have been plunged into the most unspeakable human tragedy. Religious riots, virtually

o c c i r - I — Tt m n CS— I— ITJCN

- n c o o r ^ i f ì f S f s O f N - ^ r-» oc es oo n© — (N C4 — Tj- — —• CN ^ Ti (N

o N "t co r - «ri - 00 vO O O m —f- so r- m CS (N o r SO — ON^—«fN ON NTi— - N a o Tt (N — TfO 00 Tf r- m o r i NO >n (N ON ON ÍS — sD sO >• I — — — - vi

— D < /3 Û Ç

ir, (N r-. — — rn ^ (N

c® c • H »-

O n ÎNSO o en r^ (N

oo h N — oo oo - — W,

I I

* UJ

r - h - ' ï - r i x r - n C M O f S f n r - ' i sooo r - — © «n On cm r f ^ « nc —^ o^ r-* — ON rn r - y-}' (N —

un Tf ©^ w r< 1 O

I I

I

iti m i n Omt, I t í r , o M îC — (NOÑ — OÑ ' r i o c o c x - M - (N r i — r~, — m —

so r^ o^ K I1 — C-4

sD^Du-, n 't 't O-V r . ^ Tf c j

© — Ch rr

I - M r ^ T t ' a-' f S OC r i f 1 cN — r^i m m

q

>o ÍN r » NO en oo r - m en Tt — irT ( S •G

I S

o o oo o oo oo O O O Oo o o o oo — m m Tf — "O t n o O o^ ON — OO — r ^ - m o v o oo — 4 0 0 r^r^doó o 4-ooór^ IN — — c«-, Csl ON —

__«

o O m -í r>

A S - é ^ t s

• s l a i i

§

s i

u c ñ o « c — — _ ] es 2 -o g o « a> ^

ö 6

S

H

ff-S

Ë

a CJ 'E «f ^

S «

• D a«a.Suu1 h-o g.— o o a. a. cu *- OCOO Oy _ m •n O —

TfNOcNr-TfooinONmin cn m o^ ^t 't oo - r^ ^ on — irioo^o oo NO — oÑíS^or^ininoÑrNi — oÑON^c^Tf c o o

!

a

c — o

3

o

-o

ov M

OJ I « o 2

£

I

I

I

u ü « s OC c c/j çj. < m

[2

° S u b OJD-S ü M o E a,

o. c 3 — O "O

. oj o x:

u

u s D 6 C ^ < m

a. c 3 1> O -o o 0Û E T) o = JZ c û. Ô c < LU û_

£

I

I -

^ t - s O O N - v O O O

—

ir, ON ON •