Political Categories: Thinking Beyond Concepts 9780231547987

Michael Marder proposes a new methodology for political science and philosophy, one which he terms “categorial thinking.

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Table of contents :
Contents
Preface
1. Political Categories
2. The initial Approach: Aristotle
3. The Second Look: Kant
4. The Categories "at Work"
Appendix 1. Aristotle’s Categories— a Political Interpretation
Appendix 2. Kant’s “Transcendental Analytic” (Critique of Pure Reason)— a Political Interpretation
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Recommend Papers

Political Categories: Thinking Beyond Concepts
 9780231547987

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