Pocket World in Figures 9781861978257, 1861978251

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POCKET WORLD IN FIGURES 2007 EDITION

OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS

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Pocket

World in Figures 2007 Edition

T H E E C O N O M I S T I N A S S O C I AT I O N W I T H P R O F I L E B O O K S LT D Published by Profile Books Ltd, 3A Exmouth House, Pine Street, London EC1R 0JH This edition published by Profile Books in association with The Economist, 2006 Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Material researched and compiled by Andrea Burgess, Ulrika Davies, Mark Doyle, Andrew Gilbert, Conrad Heine, Carol Howard, Stella Jones, David McKelvey, Keith Potter, Simon Wright All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can be accepted by the publishers or compilers for the accuracy of the information presented. Typeset in Officina by MacGuru Ltd [email protected] Printed in Italy by Graphicom A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-10: 1 86197 825 1 ISBN-13: 978 1 86197 825 7

CONTENTS

Contents 10 Notes 11 Abbreviations 13

Part I

World Rankings

14 Countries: natural facts Countries: the largest Mountains: the highest Rivers: the longest Deserts: the largest Lakes: the largest Islands: the largest 16 Population: size and growth Largest 2004 Largest 1950 and 2050 Fastest growing populations Slowest growing populations Population change 2004–2050 18 Population: matters of breeding Highest and lowest fertility rates Highest and lowest teenage births Highest and lowest crude birth rates Most male populations Most female populations 20 Population: age Highest median age Lowest median age Highest populations aged 60 and over Highest populations aged 0–14 21 Population: migrants International migrants: 2005, 1990, 1970 22 Refugees and asylum Largest refugee nationalities Countries with largest refugee populations Asylum applications by origin Industrialised countries with most asylum applications 23 City living Biggest cities Fastest growing cities Slowest growing cities Highest urban population Lowest urban population Highest % of population in a single city Highest quality of life Lowest quality of life 26 The world economy Biggest economies Biggest economies by purchasing power Regional GDP Regional purchasing power Regional population Regional international trade 28 Living standards Highest GDP per head Lowest GDP per head Highest purchasing power Lowest purchasing power 30 The quality of life Highest human development index Lowest human development index Economic freedom index Gender-related development index

CONTENTS

32 Economic growth Highest economic growth Lowest economic growth Highest services growth Lowest services growth 34 Trading places Biggest exporters Most trade dependent Least trade dependent Biggest visible traders Biggest invisible traders 36 Balance of payments: current account Largest surpluses Largest deficits Largest surpluses as % of GDP Largest deficits as % of GDP Workers’ remittances Official reserves 39 Exchange rates Big Mac index 40 Inflation Highest inflation Lowest inflation 42 Debt Highest foreign debt Highest foreign debt burden Highest debt service ratios 44 Aid Largest donors Largest recipients 46 Industry and services Largest industrial output Highest and lowest growth in industrial output Largest manufacturing output Largest services output 48 Agriculture Most economically dependent on agriculture Least economically dependent on agriculture Highest growth Lowest growth Biggest producers: cereals, meat, fruit, vegetables 50 Commodities Leading producers and consumers of: wheat, rice, sugar, coarse grains, tea, coffee, cocoa, copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, aluminium, precious metals, rubber, raw wool, cotton, major oil seeds, oil, natural gas, coal, oil reserves 56 Energy Largest producers Largest consumers Energy efficiency Highest and lowest net importers Largest consumption per head Sources of electricity 58 Workers of the world Highest % of population in labour force Most male workforce Most female workforce Lowest % of population in labour force Highest rate of unemployment 60 The business world Global competitiveness The business environment

CONTENTS

62 Business creativity and research Innovation index Information and communications technology index R&D expenditure Patents granted and in force

E-readiness

64 Business costs and FDI Office rents Employment costs Foreign direct investment 65 Business burdens and corruption Days to register a new company Corruption perceptions index Business software piracy 66 Businesses and banks Largest businesses Largest banks 68 Stockmarkets Largest market capitalisation Highest growth in market capitalisation Highest growth in value traded Highest growth in number of listed companies 70 Transport: roads and cars Longest road networks Densest road networks Most crowded road networks Most used road networks Highest car ownership Lowest car ownership Most injured and killed in road accidents 74 Transport: planes and trains Most air travel Busiest airports Longest railway networks Most rail passengers Most rail freight 76 Transport: shipping Largest merchant fleets Biggest crude oil capacity Biggest fish catching capacity 77 Tourism Most tourist arrivals Biggest tourist spenders Largest tourist receipts 78 Education Highest primary enrolment Lowest primary enrolment Highest tertiary enrolment Least literate Highest education spending Lowest education spending 80 Life expectancy Highest life expectancy Highest male life expectancy Highest female life expectancy Lowest life expectancy Lowest male life expectancy Lowest female life expectancy 82 Death rates and infant mortality Highest death rates Highest infant mortality Lowest death rates Lowest infant mortality 84 Death and disease Diabetes Heart disease Maternal mortality rate Tuberculosis Measles immunisation DPT immunisation HIV/AIDS prevalence and deaths

CONTENTS

86 Health Highest health spending Lowest health spending Highest population per doctor Lowest population per doctor Most hospital beds Highest male obesity Highest female obesity 88 Marriage and divorce Highest marriage rates Lowest marriage rates Highest divorce rates Lowest divorce rates 90 Households and prices Biggest number of households Biggest households Highest cost of living Smallest number of households Smallest households Lowest cost of living 92 Consumer goods ownership TV Telephone CD player Computer Mobile telephone 94 Books and newspapers Cultural goods, exports and imports Daily newspapers 95 Music and the internet Music sales Digital music market

Internet hosts

96 Nobel prize winners Peace Economics Literature Physiology or medicine Physics Chemistry 97 Olympic medal winners Summer games, 1896–2004 Winter games, 1924–2006 98 Drinking and smoking Beer drinkers Wine drinkers Alcoholic drinks Smokers 99 Crime and punishment Police Crime Prisoners 100 Stars … Space missions Space vehicle launches 101 … and Wars Defence spending Armed forces UN peacekeeping missions 103 Environment Environmental performance index Environmental health scores Lowest access to improved drinking water source Highest and lowest air quality scores Highest concentration of ozone Biggest forests Forests’ largest share of land Biggest loss of forested land Biggest gain in forested land

CONTENTS

107

Part II

Country Profiles

108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176

Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Côte d’Ivoire Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Malaysia

246 Glossary 248 List of countries 253 Sources

178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244

Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Euro area World

10

Notes This 2007 edition of The Economist Pocket World in Figures includes new rankings on such things as as islands, migrants, remittances, official reserves, Big Mac index, oil reserves, ereadiness, heart disease, trade in cultural goods, digital music and several environmental measures. The world rankings consider 183 countries; all those with a population of at least 1m or a GDP of at least $1bn; they are listed on pages 248–52. The country profiles cover 67 major countries. Also included are profiles of the euro area and the world. The extent and quality of the statistics available varies from country to country. Every care has been taken to specify the broad definitions on which the data are based and to indicate cases where data quality or technical difficulties are such that interpretation of the figures is likely to be seriously affected. Nevertheless, figures from individual countries may differ from standard international statistical definitions. The term “country” can also refer to territories or economic entities. Some country definitions Macedonia is officially known as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Serbia includes Montenegro. Data for Cyprus normally refer to Greek Cyprus only. Data for China do not include Hong Kong or Macau. For countries such as Morocco they exclude disputed areas. Congo-Kinshasa refers to the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire. Congo-Brazzaville refers to the other Congo. Data for the EU refer to the 15 members as at January 1 2004: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom, except where 2004 data is now available for the 25 members ie, including Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The euro area includes all of the 15 except Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Statistical basis The all-important factor in a book of this kind is to be able to make reliable comparisons between countries. Although this is never quite possible for the reasons stated above, the best route, which this book takes, is to compare data for the same year or period and to use actual, not estimated, figures wherever possible. Where a country’s data is excessively out of date, it is excluded, which is the reason there is no country profile of Iraq in this edition. The research for this edition of

NOTES

11

The Economist Pocket World in Figures was carried out in 2006 using the latest available sources that present data on an internationally comparable basis. Data, therefore, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the year ending December 31 2004. In the country profiles, life expectancy, crude birth, death and fertility rates are based on 2005–10 averages; human development indices and energy data are for 2003; marriage and divorce data refer to the latest year for which figures are available. Employment, health and education data are for the latest year between 2000 and 2004. Other definitions Data shown in country profiles may not always be consistent with those shown in the world rankings because the definitions or years covered can differ. Data may also differ between two different rankings. Most countries’ national accounts are now compiled on a GDP basis so, for simplicity, the term GDP has been used interchangeably with GNP or GNI. Statistics for principal exports and principal imports are normally based on customs statistics. These are generally compiled on different definitions to the visible exports and imports figures shown in the balance of payments section. Definitions of the statistics shown are given on the relevant page or in the glossary on page 246. Figures may not add exactly to totals, or percentages to 100, because of rounding or, in the case of GDP, statistical adjustment. Sums of money have generally been converted to US dollars at the official exchange rate ruling at the time to which the figures refer. Energy consumption data are not always reliable, particularly for the major oil producing countries; consumption per head data may therefore be higher than in reality. Energy exports can exceed production and imports can exceed consumption if transit operations distort trade data or oil is imported for refining and re-exported.

Abbreviations bn CIS

billion (one thousand million) Commonwealth of Independent States EU European Union kg kilogram km kilometre GDP Gross domestic product GNI Gross national income

GNP GRT ha m PPP trn …

Gross national product Gross tonnage Hectare million Purchasing power parity trillion (one thousand billion) not available

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World rankings

14

WORLD RANKINGS

Countries: natural facts Countries: the largesta ’000 sq km 1 Russia 2 Canada 3 China 4 United States 5 Brazil 6 Australia 7 India 8 Argentina 9 Kazakhstan 10 Sudan 11 Algeria 12 Congo 13 Saudi Arabia 14 Greenland 15 Mexico 16 Indonesia 17 Libya 18 Iran 19 Mongolia 20 Peru 21 Chad 22 Niger 23 Angola 24 Mali 25 South Africa 26 Colombia 27 Ethiopia 28 Bolivia 29 Mauritania 30 Egypt

17,075 9,971 9,561 9,373 8,512 7,682 3,287 2,767 2,717 2,506 2,382 2,345 2,200 2,176 1,973 1,904 1,760 1,648 1,565 1,285 1,284 1,267 1,247 1,240 1,226 1,142 1,134 1,099 1,031 1,000

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Tanzania Nigeria Venezuela Namibia Pakistan Mozambique Turkey Chile Zambia Myanmar Afghanistan Somalia Central African Rep Ukraine Madagascar Kenya Botswana France Yemen Thailand Spain Turkmenistan Cameroon Papua New Guinea Sweden Morocco Uzbekistan 58 Iraq 59 Paraguay 60 Zimbabwe

945 924 912 824 804 799 779 757 753 677 652 638 622 604 587 583 581 544 528 513 505 488 475 463 450 447 447 438 407 391

Mountains: the highestb Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Everest K2 (Godwin Austen) Kangchenjunga Lhotse Makalu Cho Oyu Dhaulagiri Manaslu Nanga Parbat Annapurna I Gasherbrum I Broad Peak Xixabangma (Gosainthan) Gasherbrum II

Location Nepal-China Pakistan Nepal-Sikkim Nepal-China Nepal-China Nepal-China Nepal Nepal Pakistan Nepal Pakistan-China Pakistan-China China Pakistan-China

a Includes freshwater. b Includes separate peaks which are part of the same massif.

Height (m) 8,848 8,611 8,586 8,516 8,463 8,201 8,167 8,163 8,125 8,091 8,068 8,047 8,046 8,035

COUNTRIES: NATURAL FACTS

15

Rivers: the longest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Name

Location

Nile Amazon Yangtze Mississippi-Missouri system Ob’-Irtysh Yenisey-Angara Hwang He (Yellow) Congo Parana Mekong

Africa South America Asia North America Asia Asia Asia Africa South America Asia

Length (km) 6,695 6,516 6,380 6,019 5,570 5,550 5,464 4,667 4,500 4,425

Deserts: the largest Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sahara Arabia Gobi Patagonian Great Victoria Great Basin Chihuahuan Great Sandy

Location Northern Africa SW Asia Mongolia/China Argentina W and S Australia SW United States N Mexico W Australia

Area (’000 sq km) 8,600 2,300 1,166 673 647 492 450 400

Lakes: the largest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Name Caspian Sea Superior Victoria Huron Michigan Aral Sea Tanganyika Great Bear

Location Central Asia Canada/US E Africa Canada/US US Central Asia E Africa Canada

Area (’000 sq km) 371 82 69 60 58 34 33 31

Islands: the largest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Name Greenland New Guinea Borneo Madagascar Baffin Sumatra Honshu Great Britain

Location Area (’000 sq km) North Atlantic Ocean 2,176 South-west Pacific Ocean 809 Western Pacific Ocean 746 Indian Ocean 587 North Atlantic Ocean 507 North-east Indian Ocean 474 Sea of Japan-Pacific Ocean 227 Off coast of north-west Europe 218

Notes: Notes: Estimates of the lengths of rivers vary widely depending on eg, the path to take through a delta. The definition of a desert is normally a mean annual precipitation value equal to 250ml or less. Australia (7.69 sq km) is defined as a continent rather than an island.

16

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: size and growth Largest populations Millions, 2004 1 China 2 India 3 United States 4 Indonesia 5 Brazil 6 Pakistan 7 Bangladesh 8 Russia 9 Japan 10 Nigeria 11 Mexico 12 Germany Vietnam 14 Philippines 15 Egypt 16 Ethiopia 17 Turkey 18 Iran 19 Thailand 20 France 21 United Kingdom 22 Italy 23 Congo-Kinshasa 24 Myanmar 25 Ukraine 26 South Korea 27 South Africa 28 Colombia 29 Spain 30 Argentina 31 Poland 32 Tanzania 33 Sudan

1,313.3 1,081.2 297.0 222.6 180.7 157.3 149.7 142.4 127.8 127.1 104.9 82.5 82.5 81.4 73.4 72.4 72.3 69.8 63.5 60.4 59.4 57.3 54.4 50.1 48.2 48.0 45.2 44.9 41.1 38.9 38.6 37.7 34.3

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 66

Kenya Algeria Canada Morocco Peru Uganda Uzbekistan Venezuela Iraq Nepal Afghanistan Malaysia Saudi Arabia North Korea Taiwan Romania Ghana Yemen Australia Mozambique Sri Lanka Syria Madagascar Côte d'Ivoire Cameroon Netherlands Chile Kazakhstan Cambodia Angola Burkina Faso Mali Ecuador

32.4 32.3 31.7 31.1 27.6 26.7 26.5 26.2 25.9 25.7 24.9 24.9 24.9 22.8 22.7 22.3 21.4 20.7 19.9 19.2 19.2 18.2 17.9 16.9 16.3 16.2 16.0 15.4 14.5 14.1 13.4 13.4 13.2

Largest populations 1950 1 China 2 India 3 United States 4 Russia 5 Japan 6 Indonesia 7 Germany 8 Brazil 9 United Kingdom 10 Italy 11 Bangladesh France 13 Pakistan Ukraine

Millions 555.0 358.0 158.0 103.0 84.0 80.0 68.0 54.0 50.0 47.0 42.0 42.0 37.0 37.0

2050 1 India 2 China 3 United States 4 Pakistan 5 Indonesia 6 Nigeria 7 Brazil 8 Bangladesh 9 Congo-Kinshasa 10 Ethiopia 11 Mexico 12 Philippines 13 Uganda 14 Egypt

Millions 1,592.7 1,392.3 395.0 304.7 284.6 258.1 253.1 242.9 177.3 170.2 139.0 127.1 127.0 125.9

POPULATION: SIZE AND GROWTH

17

Fastest growing populations Total growth, 2004–50, % 1 Uganda 2 Niger 3 Afghanistan 4 Burundi 5 Congo-Brazzaville 6 Chad 7 Guinea-Bissau 8 Congo-Kinshasa 9 Benin 10 Mali 11 Angola 12 Liberia 13 United Arab Emirates 14 Burkina Faso 15 Yemen

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

West Bank and Gaza Togo Guinea Sierra Leone Eritrea Kenya Mauritania Iraq Madagascar Malawi Ethiopia Senegal Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Qatar

173.0 170.0 167.4 165.4 160.5 156.5 150.0 145.9 143.0 139.8 135.1 124.3 117.0 114.1 110.0

-45.2 -41.2 -34.6 -29.3 -26.6 -26.1 -24.7 -23.8 -23.5 -23.3 -21.5 -20.0 -19.4 -17.4 -16.7

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Croatia Estonia Hungary Kazakhstan Slovakia Andorra Cuba Japan Martinique Italy Lesotho Serbia Netherlands Antilles Macedonia Swaziland

-15.9 -15.4 -15.3 -14.9 -14.8 -14.3 -14.2 -12.2 -11.4 -11.2 -11.1 -10.5 -10.3 -9.5 -9.1

511.5 147.4 131.0 122.9 100.3 98.0 97.8 93.2 79.0 72.4 72.4 62.0 52.5 50.7

Largest fall 1 Russia 2 Ukraine 3 Japan 4 Poland 5 Italy 6 Romania 7 Germany 8 South Korea 9 Belarus 10 Bulgaria 11 Kazakhstan 12 Georgia 13 Czech Republic 14 Cuba

375.7 304.8 290.8 263.4 260.5 253.9 253.3 225.7 220.3 213.4 208.5 205.7 193.5 191.8 187.4

Slowest growing populations Total growth, 2004–50, % 1 Ukraine 2 Georgia 3 Bulgaria 4 Belarus 5 Virgin Islands 6 Latvia 7 Romania 8 Bosnia 9 Lithuania 10 Moldova 11 Russia 12 Slovenia 13 Armenia 14 Poland 15 Czech Republic

Population change 2004–50, millions Largest increase 1 India 2 Pakistan 3 Nigeria 4 Congo-Kinshasa 5 Uganda 6 United States 7 Ethiopia 8 Bangladesh 9 China 10 Afghanistan Brazil 12 Indonesia 13 Egypt 14 Kenya

-30.6 -21.8 -15.6 -6.7 -6.4 -5.5 -3.7 -3.4 -2.9 -2.7 -2.3 -2.1 -1.7 -1.6

18

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: matters of breeding Fertility rates, 2000–05 Highest av. no. of children per woman 1 Niger 7.91 2 Afghanistan 7.48 3 Guinea-Bissau 7.10 Uganda 7.10 5 Mali 6.92 6 Burundi 6.80 Liberia 6.80 8 Angola 6.75 9 Congo 6.70 10 Burkina Faso 6.67 11 Chad 6.65 12 Sierra Leone 6.50 13 Somalia 6.43 14 Congo-Brazzaville 6.29 15 Yemen 6.20 16 Malawi 6.10 17 Guinea 5.92 18 Equatorial Guinea 5.89 19 Benin 5.87 Ethiopia 5.87

Lowest av. no. of children per woman 1 Macau 0.84 2 Hong Kong 0.94 3 Ukraine 1.12 4 Czech Republic 1.17 5 Slovakia 1.20 6 Slovenia 1.22 7 Moldova 1.23 South Korea 1.23 9 Belarus 1.24 Bulgaria 1.24 11 Greece 1.25 12 Latvia 1.26 Poland 1.26 Romania 1.26 15 Spain 1.27 16 Italy 1.28 Lithuania 1.28 18 Hungary 1.30 19 Bosnia 1.32 Germany 1.32

Births to women under 20, 2000–05 Highest, % 1 Bangladesh Congo Liberia Nicaragua Niger 6 Guinea 7 Equatorial Guinea Mali Uganda 10 Brazil Chad Côte d'Ivoire Nepal Sierra Leone Zimbabwe 16 Central African Rep Costa Rica Dominican Republic Gabon Guinea-Bissau Jamaica Nigeria Venezuela

Lowest, % 25 25 25 25 25 24 23 23 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1 China Japan Netherlands South Korea Switzerland 6 Algeria Belgium Denmark Hong Kong Italy Libya Luxembourg Norway Singapore Slovenia Sweden Tunisia 18 Cyprus Finland Greece Israel Macau Qatar Spain

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

POPULATION: MATTERS OF BREEDING

19

Crude birth rates Average no. of live births per 1,000 population, 2000–05 Highest Lowest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Niger Angola Somalia Uganda Congo Liberia Guinea-Bissau Mali Sierra Leone Chad Burkina Faso Afghanistan Yemen Malawi Burundi Congo-Brazzaville Rwanda Equatorial Guinea Guinea Ethiopia Zambia Mauritania Madagascar Benin

55.2 52.3 52.1 50.7 50.2 50.0 49.9 49.9 49.6 48.4 47.8 47.4 45.0 44.6 44.2 44.2 44.0 43.1 42.9 42.5 42.2 41.8 41.6 41.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 8

11

16 17 18 19 20

23

Latvia Bulgaria Slovenia Ukraine Hong Kong Austria Russia Estonia Germany Switzerland Belarus Czech Republic Hungary Italy Lithuania Greece Japan Spain Poland Armenia Bosnia Macau Singapore Slovakia

7.8 7.9 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 10.2 10.2

Most male populations

Most female populations

Number of males per 100 females 1 United Arab Emirates 214 2 Qatar 206 3 Kuwait 150 4 Bahrain 132 5 Oman 128 6 Saudi Arabia 117 7 Greenland 113 8 Jordan 108 9 Afghanistan 107 Andorra 107 Brunei 107 Faroe Islands 107 Libya 107 14 China 106 Pakistan 106 Papua New Guinea 106 17 French Polynesia 105 Guinea 105 India 105 New Caledonia 105 Niger 105 Taiwan 105

Number of males per 100 females 1 Latvia 84 2 Estonia 85 Ukraine 85 4 Armenia 87 Lesotho 87 Lithuania 87 Russia 87 8 Belarus 88 9 Hong Kong 89 Netherlands Antilles 89 11 Aruba 90 Georgia 90 Martinique 90 14 Hungary 91 Virgin Islands 91 16 Kazakhstan 92 Moldova 92 Puerto Rico 92 19 Croatia 93 Guadeloupe 93 Macau 93 Swaziland 93

20

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: age Highest median agea Years, 2005 1 Japan 2 Italy 3 Germany 4 Finland 5 Switzerland 6 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia 10 Slovenia 11 Sweden 12 Channel Islands Greece 14 Denmark Latvia 16 Portugal 17 France Netherlands 19 Czech Republic Ukraine United Kingdom 22 Estonia Hong Kong 24 Hungary 25 Canada Spain

Lowest median agea 42.9 42.3 42.1 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.2 40.1 39.7 39.7 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.3 39.3 39.0 39.0 39.0 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.6 38.6

Highest population aged 60 and over %, 2005 1 Japan 2 Italy 3 Germany 4 Sweden 5 Greece 6 Austria 7 Latvia 8 Belgium Bulgaria 10 Portugal 11 Croatia 12 Switzerland 13 Estonia 14 Spain 15 Finland 16 United Kingdom 17 Denmark France

Years, 2005 1 Uganda 2 Niger 3 Mali 4 Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau 6 Chad Congo-Kinshasa Congo-Brazzaville Liberia Malawi 11 Yemen 12 Angola 13 Afghanistan Zambia 15 Burundi 16 West Bank and Gaza 17 Eritrea 18 Ethiopia Nigeria Rwanda 21 Benin Equatorial Guinea 23 Mozambique 24 Madagascar 25 Kenya Somalia Togo

14.8 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.7 17.0 17.1 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.9 17.9

Highest population aged 0–14 26.3 25.6 25.1 23.4 23.0 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.1

%, 2005 1 Uganda 2 Niger 3 Mali 4 Guinea-Bissau 5 Chad Congo-Kinshasa Malawi 8 Burkina Faso 9 Congo-Brazzaville Liberia 11 Afghanistan Angola 13 Yemen 14 Zambia 15 West Bank and Gaza 16 Burundi 17 Eritrea 18 Ethiopia

a Age at which there are an equal number of people above and below.

50.5 49.0 48.2 47.5 47.3 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.1 47.1 46.5 46.5 46.4 45.8 45.5 45.0 44.8 44.5

POPULATION: MIGRANTS

21

Population: migrants International migrantsa m, 2005 1 United States 2 Russia 3 Germany 4 Ukraine 5 France 6 Saudi Arabia 7 Canada

38.4 12.1 10.1 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.1

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

20.2 6.4 5.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2

India United Kingdom Spain Australia Pakistan United Arab Emirates Hong Kong

5.7 5.4 4.8 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.0

8 9 10 11 12

India United Kingdom Spain Australia Pakistan United Arab Emirates 14 Hong Kong

3.0 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6

23.3 11.5 7.4 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.9

8 9 10 11

Saudi Arabia Canada Australia Iran United Kingdom 13 Kazakhstan 14 Hong Kong

4.7 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6 2.2

15.0 7.4 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.8

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Saudi Arabia Canada Australia Iran United Kingdom Kazakhstan Hong Kong

3.1 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.4

9.7 9.1 5.2 5.1 3.3

6 7 8 9 10

Russiab United Kingdom Germany Australia Argentina

3.1 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.3

11.9 11.2 6.4 6.3

5 6 7 8

Canada Russiab United Kingdom Germany

4.0 3.8 3.6 3.2

% of world's total, 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

United States Russia Germany Ukraine France Saudi Arabia Canada

m, 1990 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

United States Russia India Ukraine Pakistan France Germany

% of world's total, 1990 1 2 3 4 5 6

United States Russia India Ukraine Pakistan France Germany

m, 1970 1 2 3 4 5

United States India France Pakistan Canada

% of world's total, 1970 1 2 3 4

United States India France Pakistan

a Residing in a country other than where they were born. b Soviet Union.

22

WORLD RANKINGS

Refugees and asylum seekersa Largest refugee nationalities ’000, 2004 1 Afghanistan 2,084.9 2 Sudan 730.6 3 Burundi 485.8 4 Congo-Kinshasa 462.2 5 Somalia 389.3 6 West Bank and Gaza 350.6 7 Vietnam 349.8 8 Liberia 335.5 9 Iraq 311.8 10 Azerbaijan 250.6

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Serbia Bosnia Angola Croatia Turkey Myanmar China Eritrea Iran Sri Lanka

237.0 229.3 228.8 215.5 174.6 161.0 134.7 131.1 115.1 114.1

Countries with largest refugee populations ’000, 2004 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Iran Pakistan Germany Tanzania United States China United Kingdom Serbia Chad Uganda

1, 046.0 960.6 876.6 602.1 420.9 299.4 289.1 276.7 259.9 250.5

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Saudi Arabia Kenya Armenia Congo-Kinshasa Zambia Algeria India Sudan Canada France

240.6 239.8 235.2 199.3 173.9 169.0 162.7 141.6 141.4 139.9

Origin of asylum applications to indust. countries ’000, 2004 1 Russia 2 Serbia 3 China 4 Turkey 5 India 6 Nigeria 7 Pakistan 8 Iran 9 Iraq 10 Congo-Kinshasa

30.6 22.4 20.1 15.9 12.0 11.8 11.0 10.5 9.9 9.2

Somalia 12 Afghanistan Georgia 14 Algeria 15 Haiti 16 Colombia 17 Bangladesh 18 Moldova Sri Lanka 20 Bosnia

9.2 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.3 7.6 6.4 5.6 5.6 5.4

Asylum applications in industrialised countries ’000, 2004 1 France 2 United States 3 United Kingdom 4 Germany 5 Canada 6 Austria 7 Sweden 8 Belgium 9 Switzerland a As reported by UNHCR.

58.6 52.4 40.6 35.6 25.8 24.6 23.2 15.4 14.3

Slovakia Cyprus Netherlands Italy Poland Norway Czech Republic Spain 18 Ireland 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

11.4 9.9 9.8 9.7 8.1 8.0 5.5 5.5 4.8

CITY LIVING

23

City living Biggest citiesa Population m, 2005 1 Tokyo, Japan 35.3 2 Mexico City, Mexico 19.0 3 New York, USA 18.5 4 Mumbai, India 18.3 Sao Paulo, Brazil 18.3 6 Delhi, India 15.3 7 Kolkata, India 14.3 8 Buenos Aires, Argentina13.3 9 Jakarta, Indonesia 13.2 10 Shanghai, China 12.7 11 Dhaka, Bangladesh 12.6 12 Los Angeles, USA 12.1 13 Karachi, Pakistan 11.8 14 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11.5 15 Osaka, Japan 11.3

16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30

Cairo, Egypt 11.1 Lagos, Nigeria 11.1 Beijing, China 10.8 Manila, Philippines 10.7 Moscow, Russia 10.7 Paris, France 9.9 Istanbul, Turkey 9.8 Seoul, South Korea 9.6 Tianjin, China 9.3 Chicago, USA 8.7 Lima, Peru 8.2 Bogota, Colombia 7.6 London, UK 7.6 Tehran, Iran 7.4 Hong Kong, Hong Kong 7.2

Fastest growing citiesb Average annual growth, 2005–10, % 1 Niamey, Niger 5.71 2 Kabul, Afghanistan 5.39 3 Ghaziabad, India 5.28 4 Surat, India 5.08 5 Sana'a, Yemen 4.87 6 Lagos, Nigeria 4.63 7 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 4.56 Lubumbashi, Congo-Kinshasa 4.56 9 Bamako, Mali 4.52 10 Faridabad, India 4.46 11 Kinshasa, Congo 4.32 12 Chittagong, Bangladesh 4.29 13 Toluca, Mexico 4.12 14 Luanda, Angola 4.11

15 16 17 18 19

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Santa Cruz, Bolivia Nairobi, Kenya Kampala, Uganda Nashik, India Conakry, Guinea Dhaka, Bangladesh Maputo, Mozambique Patna, India Antananarivo, Madag. Rajkot, India Jaipur, India Freetown, Sierra Leone Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Delhi, India

4.03 4.00 3.91 3.88 3.76 3.76 3.76 3.69 3.61 3.59 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.46

Slowest growing citiesb Average annual growth, 2005–10, % 1 Dongguan, China -2.75 2 Datong, China -0.92 3 Riga, Latvia -0.87 Tbilisi, Georgia -0.87 5 Chelyabinsk, Russia -0.85 Ekaterninburg, Russia -0.85 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia -0.85 Novosibirsk, Russia -0.85 Omsk, Russia -0.85 Perm, Russia -0.85 Samara, Russia -0.85

15

20 21 22

Saratov, Russia -0.85 Ufa, Russia -0.85 Voronezh, Russia -0.85 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine -0.64 Donetsk, Ukraine -0.64 Kharvov, Ukraine -0.64 Odessa, Ukraine -0.64 Zaporozhye, Ukraine -0.64 Taipei, Taiwan -0.61 Yerevan, Armenia -0.56 Seoul, South Korea -0.48

a Urban agglomerations. Data may change from year-to-year based on reassessments of agglomeration boundaries. b Urban agglomerations of more than 750,000.

24

WORLD RANKINGS

Population living in urban areas Highest, %, 2005 1 Bermuda Cayman Islands Hong Kong Singapore 5 Guadeloupe 6 Macau 7 Puerto Rico 8 Belgium 9 Kuwait 10 Martinique 11 Virgin Islands 12 Guam 13 Iceland Uruguay 15 Australia 16 Luxembourg 17 Qatar Réunion 19 Malta 20 Israel 21 Andorra 22 Argentina 23 Bahrain 24 Bahamas 25 United Kingdom 26 Germany Saudi Arabia 28 Venezuela 29 Lebanon 30 Chile

Lowest, %, 2005 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 98.9 97.5 97.3 96.4 96.2 94.1 94.0 93.0 93.0 92.7 92.4 92.3 92.3 92.1 91.7 91.3 90.6 90.2 90.0 89.2 88.5 88.5 88.1 88.0 87.7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Bhutan Burundi Uganda Papua New Guinea Nepal Ethiopia Malawi Lesotho Burkina Faso Cambodia Eritrea Sri Lanka Laos Rwanda Niger Swaziland Tajikistan Afghanistan Bangladesh Chad Gambia, The Yemen Vietnam Madagascar India Channel Islands Myanmar Thailand Congo-Kinshasa Namibia

9.1 10.6 12.4 13.2 15.8 16.2 17.2 18.2 18.6 19.7 20.8 21.0 21.6 21.8 23.3 23.9 24.2 24.3 25.0 25.8 26.1 26.3 26.7 27.0 28.7 30.5 30.6 32.5 32.7 33.5

Highest proportion of a country's population residing in a single citya %, 2005 1 Hong Kong, Hong Kong100.0 Singapore, Singapore 100.0 3 San Juan, Puerto Rico 60.2 4 Beirut, Lebanon 49.9 5 Kuwait City, Kuwait 45.9 6 Tel Aviv, Israel 45.3 7 Montevideo, Uruguay 39.1 8 Tripoli, Libya 36.3 9 Yerevan, Armenia 35.0 10 Santiago, Chile 34.7 11 Buenos Aires, Argentina 34.0 12 Dubai, UAE 33.0 13 Riga, Latvia 31.7 14 Ulan Bator, Mongolia 31.6 a Urban agglomerations over 750,000.

15 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz. 29.4 Panama City, Panama 29.4 17 Auckland, New Zealand 29.3 18 Lima, Peru 29.2 19 Asunción, Paraguay 28.4 20 Tokyo, Japan 27.6 21 Athens, Greece 27.5 22 Vienna, Austria 27.0 23 San José, Costa Rica 26.5 24 Dublin, Ireland 25.6 25 Port au Prince, Haiti 24.5 26 Amman, Jordan 22.5 27 Baghdad, Iraq 22.3 28 San Salvador, El Salv. 21.9

CITY LIVING

25

Highest quality of lifea New York=100, Nov. 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20

Zurich, Switzerland 108.0 Geneva, Switzerland 108.1 Vancouver, Canada 107.7 Vienna, Austria 107.5 Auckland, New Zealand 107.3 Dusseldorf, Germany 107.2 Frankfurt, Germany 107.0 Munich, Germany 106.8 Bern, Switzerland 106.5 Sydney, Australia 106.5 Copenhagen, Denmark106.2 Wellington, New Zealand105.8 Amsterdam, Netherlands105.7 Brussels, Belgium 105.6 Toronto, Canada 105.4 Berlin, Germany 105.1 Melbourne, Australia 105.0 Luxembourg, Lux. 104.8 Ottawa, Canada 104.8 Stockholm, Sweden 104.7

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 33 34 35 36 37 39 40

Perth, Australia Montreal, Canada Nurnberg, Germany Dublin, Ireland Calgary, Canada Hamburg, Germany Honolulu, USA San Francisco, USA Adelaide, Australia Helsinki, Finland Brisbane, Australia Oslo, Norway Paris, France Singapore, Singapore Tokyo, Japan Boston, USA Lyon, France Yokohama, Japan London, UK Kobe, Japan

104.5 104.3 104.1 103.8 103.6 103.4 104.3 103.2 103.1 103.1 102.8 102.8 102.7 102.5 102.3 101.9 101.6 101.6 101.2 101.0

Lowest quality of lifea New York=100, Nov. 2005 1 Baghdad, Iraq 14.5 2 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz.30.3 3 Bangui, Cen. Afr. Rep 30.6 4 Khartoum, Sudan 31.7 5 Pointe Noire, Congo-Brazzaville 33.9 6 Ndjamena, Chad 37.2 7 Sana'a, Yemen 38.2 Port Harcourt, Nigeria 38.2 Nouakchott, Mauritania38.2 10 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 40.5 11 Kinshasa, Congo-Kinshasa 40.7 12 Port au Prince, Haiti 41.1 Niamey, Niger 41.1 Antananarivo, Madagascar 41.1 15 Conakry, Guinea 41.2 16 Dhaka, Bangladesh 41.5 17 Lagos, Nigeria 41.8 18 Tashkent, Uzbekistan 43.0 19 Luanda, Angola 43.4

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Bamako, Mali 43.9 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 44.2 Lome, Togo 44.3 Baku, Azerbaijan 44.8 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire 46.0 Kazan, Russia 47.0 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 47.4 Novosibirsk, Russia 48.2 Havana, Cuba 48.7 Maputo, Mozambique 48.7 Douala, Cameroon 48.9 Yangon, Myanmar 49.3 Minsk, Belarus 49.5 Almaty, Kazakhstan 49.8 Yaoundé, Cameroon 51.1 San Pedro Sula, Honduras 51.3 Tirana, Albania 51.7 Algiers, Algeria 52.6 Tripoli, Libya 53.5 Tehran, Iran 54.1 Cotonou, Benin 54.2

a Index based on 39 factors ranging from recreation to political stability.

26

WORLD RANKINGS

The world economy Biggest economies GDP, $bn 1 United States 2 Japan 3 Germany 4 United Kingdom 5 Francea 6 China 7 Italy 8 Spain 9 Canada 10 India 11 South Korea 12 Mexico 13 Australia 14 Brazil 15 Russia 16 Netherlands 17 Switzerland 18 Belgium 19 Sweden 20 Taiwan 21 Turkey 22 Austria 23 Indonesia 24 Saudi Arabia 25 Norway

11,711.8 4,622.8 2,740.6 2,124.4 2,046.6 1,931.7 1,677.8 1,039.9 978.0 691.2 679.7 676.5 637.3 604.0 581.4 579.0 357.5 352.3 346.4 305.3 302.8 292.3 257.6 250.6 250.1

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Poland Denmark South Africa Greece Finland Ireland Portugal Iran Hong Kong Thailand Argentina Malaysia Israel Venezuela Czech Republic Singapore United Arab Emirates Hungary New Zealand Colombia Pakistan Chile Algeria Philippines 50 Egypt

242.3 241.4 212.8 205.2 185.9 181.6 167.7 163.4 163.0 161.7 153.0 118.3 116.9 110.1 107.0 106.8 104.2 100.7 98.9 97.7 96.1 94.1 84.6 84.6 78.8

Biggest economies by purchasing power GDP PPP, $bn 1 United States 2 China 3 Japan 4 India 5 Germany 6 United Kingdom 7 France 8 Italy 9 Brazil 10 Russia 11 Spain 12 Mexico 13 Canada 14 South Korea 15 Indonesia 16 Taiwan 17 Australia 18 Turkey 19 Netherlands 20 Thailand

11,651.1 7,642.3 3,737.3 3,389.7 2,335.5 1,845.2 1,769.2 1,622.4 1,507.1 1,424.4 1,069.3 1,017.5 999.6 985.6 785.2 615.2 610.0 556.1 517.6 515.3

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Argentina South Africa Iran Poland Philippines Pakistan Saudi Arabia Colombia Belgium Egypt Ukraine Sweden Austria Bangladesh Malaysia Greece Switzerland Vietnam Algeria Hong Kong

Note: For list of all countries with their GDP see pages 248–252. a Includes overseas departments.

510.3 509.3 504.2 495.4 376.6 338.4 331.1 325.9 324.1 305.9 303.4 265.6 263.8 260.4 255.8 245.5 244.1 225.5 213.7 212.1

THE WORLD ECONOMY

27

% annual growth 1999–2004 World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

4.0 2.4 2.2 1.9 7.5 2.4 5.9 5.0 4.2

Regional GDP $bn, 2004 World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

41,250 32,430 25,970 9,600 3,470 2,020 1,810 840 690

Regional purchasing power GDP, % of total World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

100.0 54.6 43.0 15.3 24.6 7.5 7.2 2.8 3.3

$ per head World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

8,920 31,580 33,430 27,960 4,560 7,980 8,630 6,340 2,390

No. of countriesc Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

29 7 12 23 33 28 14 48

Regional population % of total (6.4bn) Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

15.4 11.4 4.9 52.1 8.5 7.4 4.0 12.5

Regional international trade Exports of goods and services, % of tot. Advanced economies 71.6 G7 42.3 Euro area 31.3 Asiaa 11.1 Latin America 4.2 Eastern Europeb 7.0 Middle East 3.9 Africa 2.2

Current account balances, $bn Advanced economies -283.9 G7 -438.8 Euro area 75.2 Asiaa 94.7 Latin America 17.7 Eastern Europeb 3.2 Middle East 103.4 Africa 0.9

a Excludes Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. b Includes Russia and other CIS, Turkey and Malta. c IMF definition.

28

WORLD RANKINGS

Living standards Highest GDP per head $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Luxembourg 69,420 Bermudaa 69,230 Channel Islandsab 61,900 Norway 54,360 Switzerland 49,660 Ireland 45,410 Denmark 44,710 Iceland 41,910 United States 39,430 Sweden 38,920 Japan 36,170 Austria 36,090 United Kingdom 35,760 Finland 35,750 Netherlands 35,740 Belgium 34,210 France 33,890 United Arab Emirates 33,610 Germany 33,220 Qatar 33,000 Cayman Islandsa 32,350 Australia 32,030 Canada 30,850 Italy 29,280 Aruba 26,410 Andorraa 26,290 New Zealand 25,370 Spain 25,300 Singapore 24,840 Hong Kong 22,960 Virgin Islandsac 22,940 Kuwait 21,430 Faroe Islandsad 21,280 Greenlandad 19,640 Cyprus 19,080

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Bruneiab 18,690 Greece 18,660 French Polynesiaab 18,470 Israel 17,710 Puerto Rico 17,410 Portugal 16,610 Bahamas 16,590 Slovenia 16,090 Martiniqueab 15,490 Netherlands Antillesa 15,470 Macau 15,200 Guama 15,150 Bahrain 14,900 South Korea 14,160 New Caledoniaab 13,550 Taiwan 13,450 Malta 13,430 Czech Republic 10,490 Barbados 10,320 Hungary 10,270 Saudi Arabia 10,060 Trinidad & Tobago 9,650 Estonia 8,650 Oman 8,370 Guadeloupeab 7,930 Croatia 7,800 Slovakia 7,610 Lithuania 6,550 Mexico 6,450 Equatorial Guinea 6,380 Poland 6,280 Réuniona 6,270 Latvia 5,900 Chile 5,880 Lebanon 5,880

11 12 13 14

Afghanistan Madagascar Niger Nepal Uganda Gambia, The Bhutan Tanzania Mozambique Tajikistan

Lowest GDP per head $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Burundi Ethiopia Congo-Kinshasa Liberia Malawi Myanmara Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Eritrea Rwanda

a Estimate. b 2003

90 110 120 140 150 160 190 210 220 220

c 2002

d 2001

16 17 19 20

230 240 250 260 260 280 290 290 320 330

LIVING STANDARDS

29

Highest purchasing power GDP per head in PPP (USA = 100) 1 Luxembourg 176.3 2 Bermudaa 174.5 3 Channel Islandsab 156.0 4 United States 100.0 5 Ireland 97.9 6 Norway 96.9 7 Iceland 83.3 Switzerland 83.3 9 Cayman Islandsa 81.5 10 Austria 81.3 11 Denmark 80.4 12 Netherlands 80.1 13 Canada 78.8 14 Belgium 78.4 15 Hong Kong 77.7 United Kingdom 77.7 17 Australia 76.4 18 Finland 75.5 19 Sweden 74.5 20 France 73.8 21 Japan 73.7 22 Germany 71.3 23 Italy 71.0 24 Singapore 70.8 25 Taiwan 68.3 26 Andorraa 66.3 a 27 Qatar 65.8 28 Spain 63.1 29 Puerto Ricoc 62.8 30 Israel 61.5 31 United Arab Emirates 60.6 32 New Zealand 59.0 33 Virgin Islandsad 57.8 34 Cyprus 57.5 35 Greece 56.0

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Macaua Aruba Faroe Islandsac Slovenia Bahrain South Korea Greenlandac Portugal Czech Republic Kuwait Equatorial Guineac Malta Bruneiab French Polynesiaab Bahamas Bahamasd Hungary Barbados Martiniqueab Netherlands Antillesa Oman Guama Slovakia Estonia Saudi Arabia New Caledoniaab Argentina Lithuania Poland Croatia Trinidad & Tobago Mauritius Latvia South Africa Chile

55.4 54.9 53.6 52.8 52.3 51.7 49.5 49.5 48.9 48.9 48.7 47.6 47.1 46.5 44.2 43.0 42.4 40.9 39.0 39.0 38.5 38.2 36.9 36.7 34.8 34.2 33.5 33.0 32.7 30.7 30.7 30.3 29.4 28.2 27.4

11 Madagascar Yemen 13 Liberiaa 14 West Bank and Gazaab Zambia 16 Congo-Brazzaville Eritrea Mali 19 Benin 20 Central African Rep

2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 67 68 69 70

Lowest purchasing power GDP per head in PPP (USA = 100) 1 Somaliaa 1.2 2 Sierra Leone 1.4 3 Malawi 1.6 4 Burundi 1.7 Tanzania 1.7 6 Congo-Kinshasa 1.8 Guinea-Bissau 1.8 8 Ethiopia 1.9 9 Afghanistan 2.0 Niger 2.0

Note: for definition of purchasing power parity see page 247. a Estimate. b 2003 c 2001 d 2002

30

WORLD RANKINGS

The quality of life Human development indexa Highest 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Australia 4 Canada Luxembourg Sweden 7 Switzerland 8 Ireland 9 Belgium 10 United States 11 Japan Netherlands 13 Denmark Finland 15 United Kingdom 16 France 17 Austria 18 Italy 19 New Zealand 20 Germany 21 Spain 22 Hong Kong 23 Israel 24 Greece 25 Singapore 26 Portugal Slovenia 28 South Korea 29 Cyprus 30 Barbados

96.3 95.6 95.5 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.7 94.6 94.5 94.4 94.3 94.3 94.1 94.1 93.9 93.8 93.6 93.4 93.3 93.0 92.8 91.6 91.5 91.2 90.7 90.4 90.4 90.1 89.1 87.8

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Czech Republic Malta Brunei Argentina Hungary Poland Chile Estonia Lithuania Qatar Slovakia United Arab Emirates Bahrain Kuwait Croatia Uruguay Costa Rica Latvia Bahamas Cuba Mexico Bulgaria Panama Trinidad & Tobago Libya Macedonia Malaysia Russia Brazil Romania

87.4 86.7 86.6 86.3 86.2 85.8 85.4 85.3 85.2 84.9 84.9 84.9 84.6 84.4 84.1 84.0 83.8 83.6 83.2 81.7 81.4 80.8 80.4 80.1 79.9 79.7 79.6 79.5 79.2 79.2

Mozambique Congo-Kinshasa Zambia Malawi Tanzania Côte d'Ivoire Benin Eritrea Angola

37.9 38.5 39.4 40.4 41.8 42.0 43.1 44.4 44.5

Human development indexa Lowest 1 Niger 2 Sierra Leone 3 Burkina Faso 4 Mali 5 Chad 6 Guinea-Bissau 7 Central African Rep 8 Ethiopia 9 Burundi

28.1 29.8 31.7 33.3 34.1 34.8 35.5 36.7 37.8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

a GDP or GDP per head is often taken as a measure of how developed a country is, but its usefulness is limited as it refers only to economic welfare. In 1990 the UN Development Programme published its first estimate of a Human Development Index, which combined statistics on two other indicators – adult literacy and life expectancy – with income levels to give a better, though still far from perfect, indicator of human development. In 1991 average years of schooling was combined with adult literacy to give a knowledge variable. The HDI is shown here scaled from 0 to 100; countries scoring over 80 are considered to have high human development, those scoring from 50 to 79 medium and those under 50 low.

THE QUALITY OF LIFE

31

Economic freedom indexb 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

12 14 15 16 18 19

Hong Kong Singapore Ireland Luxembourg Iceland United Kingdom Estonia Denmark Australia New Zealand United States Canada Finland Chile Switzerland Cyprus Netherlands Austria Germany Sweden

1.28 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.74 1.74 1.75 1.78 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.90 1.95 1.96 1.96

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

30

33 34 36 37 38 39 40

Czech Republic Belgium Lithuania Malta Bahrain Barbados Armenia Bahamas Japan Botswana Norway Portugal Spain El Salvador Slovakia Israel Taiwan Slovenia Latvia Hungary

2.10 2.11 2.14 2.16 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.33 2.35 2.35 2.36 2.38 2.41 2.43 2.44

Gender-related development indexc 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 16 17 18 19

Norway Australia Iceland Sweden Canada Switzerland Luxembourg United States Belgium Finland Ireland Netherlands Denmark Japan United Kingdom France New Zealand Italy Austria Germany

96.0 95.4 95.3 94.7 94.6 94.6 94.4 94.2 94.1 94.0 93.9 93.9 93.8 93.7 93.7 93.5 92.9 92.8 92.6 92.6

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Spain Hong Kong Israel Greece Slovenia Portugal South Korea Cyprus Barbados Czech Republic Hungary Malta Poland Argentina Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Chile Kuwait

92.2 91.2 91.1 90.7 90.1 90.0 89.6 88.4 87.6 87.2 86.0 85.8 85.6 85.4 85.2 85.1 84.7 84.6 84.3

b Ranks countries on the basis of ten indicators of how government intervention can restrict the economic relations between individuals. The economic indicators, published by the Heritage Foundation, are trade policy, taxation, monetary policy, the banking system, foreign-investment rules, property rights, the amount of economic output consumed by the government, regulation policy, the size of the black market and the extent of wage and price controls. A country can score between 1 and 5 in each category, 1 being the most free and 5 being the least free. c Combines similar data to the HDI (and also published by the UNDP) to give an indicator of the disparities in human development between men and women in individual countries. The lower the index, the greater the disparity.

32

WORLD RANKINGS

Economic growth Highest economic growth, 1994–2004 Average annual % increase in real GDP 1 Equatorial Guinea 20.9 2 Bosnia 17.4 3 Liberia 12.8 4 Rwanda 10.2 5 China 9.1 6 Myanmar 8.2 7 Mozambique 8.0 8 Ireland 7.9 9 Armenia 7.6 10 Angola 7.4 11 Vietnam 7.3 12 Chad 7.0 13 Cambodia 6.9 14 Uganda 6.7 15 Bhutan 6.6 United Arab Emirates 6.6 17 Azerbaijan 6.3 18 Laos 6.2 Sudan 6.2 20 India 6.1 21 Estonia 6.0 Mongolia 6.0 23 Albania 5.9 Georgia 5.9 25 Botswana 5.8

27 28 29 30 32 34

38

41

46

49

Mali Latvia Trinidad & Tobago Lithuania Dominican Republic Yemen Bangladesh Belize Ethiopia Malaysia Singapore Tanzania Benin Mauritius South Korea Bahrain Belarus Luxembourg Mauritania Tunisia Burkina Faso Chile Egypt Malawi Senegal

5.8 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6

Lowest economic growth, 1994–2004 Average annual % change in real GDP 1 West Bank and Gaza -2.8 2 Zimbabwe -1.9 3 Sierra Leone -0.8 4 Congo-Kinshasa -0.7 5 Turkmenistan -0.4 6 Burundi -0.1 Guinea-Bissau -0.1 Haiti 0.1 9 Papua New Guinea 0.4 10 Barbados 0.8 Jamaica 0.8 Uruguay 0.8 13 Venezuela 1.0 14 Argentina 1.1 Ukraine 1.1 16 Japan 1.2 17 Central African Republic 1.3 18 Moldova 1.4 Switzerland 1.4 20 Germany 1.5 Macedonia 1.5

Paraguay 23 Italy New Caledonia 25 Bulgaria 26 Austria Colombia Côte d'Ivoire Denmark Eritrea Macau 32 Bahamas Belgium Gabon 35 France French Polynesia 37 Brazil Ecuador Fiji Netherlands Romania

1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

ECONOMIC GROWTH

33

Highest economic growth, 1984–94 Average annual % increase in real GDP 1 China 10.3 2 Thailand 9.0 3 South Korea 8.5 4 Botswana 8.1 5 Taiwan 8.0 6 Belize 7.9 7 Singapore 7.7 8 Chile 7.4 9 Macau 7.2 10 Indonesia 7.0

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Malaysia Bhutan Swaziland Mauritius New Caledonia Hong Kong Vietnam Luxembourg Cyprus Papua New Guinea

7.0 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.6

Lowest economic growth, 1984–94 Average annual % increase in real GDP 1 Liberia -20.6 2 Georgia -13.9 3 Tajikistan -8.1 4 Moldova -7.9 5 Rwanda -6.2 6 Latvia -4.5 7 Congo-Kinshasa -3.7 8 Estonia -3.5 9 Romania -2.6 10 Haiti -2.0 Sierra Leone -2.0

12 Nicaragua 13 Albania Cameroon 15 Angola 16 Trinidad & Tobago 17 Hungary 18 Slovakia 19 Bulgaria 20 Congo-Brazzaville 21 Suriname 22 Central African Rep

-1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.0 -0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.2

Highest services growth, 1994–2004a Average annual % increase in real terms 1 Bosnia 20.2 2 Georgia 14.1 3 Armenia 10.5 4 Rwanda 10.0 5 China 9.6 6 Equatorial Guinea 9.4 7 India 8.4 8 Burkina Faso 8.2

9 Uganda 10 United Arab Emirates 11 Iran Mauritania 13 Ethiopia Laos 15 Albania 16 Cambodia

7.8 7.7 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.6

Lowest services growth, 1994–2004a Average annual % increase in real terms 1 Congo-Kinshasa -10.2 2 Central African Rep -5.1 3 Zimbabwe -2.2 4 Turkmenistan -1.5 5 Burundi -0.6 6 West Bank and Gaza -0.2 7 Ukraine 0.2 8 Paraguay 0.4

9 Bulgaria 10 Papua New Guinea 11 Uruguay Venezuela 13 Argentina 14 Haiti 15 Brazil Switzerland

0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3

a Or nearest available years. Note: Rankings of highest industrial growth 1994-2004 can be found on page 46 and highest agricultural growth on page 49.

34

WORLD RANKINGS

Trading places Biggest exporters % of total world exports (visible & invisible) 1 Euro area 17.03 23 2 United States 12.06 24 3 Germany 9.33 25 4 United Kingdom 6.20 26 5 Japan 5.91 6 China 5.33 28 7 France 5.08 29 8 Italy 3.85 30 9 Netherlands 3.49 31 10 Canada 3.21 32 11 Belgium 2.69 12 South Korea 2.43 34 13 Spain 2.35 35 14 Switzerland 1.99 36 15 Russia 1.69 37 Taiwan 1.69 38 17 Mexico 1.63 39 18 Ireland 1.53 40 19 Sweden 1.52 41 20 Austria 1.42 42 21 Singapore 1.22 43 22 Malaysia 1.16 44

India Saudi Arabia Australia Denmark Hong Kong Norway Thailand Brazil Luxembourg Poland United Arab Emirates Turkey Indonesia Finland Czech Republic Hungary South Africa Portugal Puerto Rico Israel Greece Iran

1.14 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.88 0.85 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.62 0.53 0.47 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.38

Most trade dependent

Least trade dependent

Trade as % of GDP a 1 Aruba 2 Iraq 3 Liberia 4 Equatorial Guinea 5 Malaysia 6 Singapore 7 Swaziland 8 Lesotho 9 United Arab Emirates 10 Suriname 11 Puerto Rico 12 Belgium 13 Belarus 14 Congo-Brazzaville 15 Czech Republic 16 Vietnam 17 Bahrain 18 Estonia 19 Faroe Islands 20 Qatar 21 Malta

Trade as % of GDP a 1 North Korea 2 Somalia 3 Rwanda 4 United States 5 Japan 6 Central African Rep 7 Bermuda 8 Cuba 9 Brazil 10 Euro area 11 Hong Kong 12 Australia Niger 14 Greece 15 Pakistan 16 Uganda 17 Tanzania 18 Peru 19 Burkina Faso 20 Cameroon 21 Colombia

152.0 151.4 115.3 102.0 95.4 84.9 80.4 76.5 73.9 68.6 68.5 68.3 65.3 64.7 62.9 62.7 62.5 61.9 61.8 59.0 58.5

4.9 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.2 10.3 11.0 11.7 13.2 14.1 14.5 15.1 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.7 16.9

Notes: The figures are drawn from balance of payment statistics and, therefore, have differing technical definitions from trade statistics taken from customs or similar sources. The invisible trade figures do not show some countries due to unavailable data. For Hong Kong and Singapore, domestic exports and retained imports only are used.

TRADING PLACES

35

Biggest visible traders % of world visible exports 1 Euro area 15.61 2 Germany 10.11 3 United States 9.02 4 China 6.60 5 Japan 5.99 6 France 4.68 7 Italy 3.92 8 United Kingdom 3.89 9 Canada 3.67 10 Chile 3.56 11 Netherlands 3.38 12 South Korea 2.87 13 Belgium 2.73 14 Mexico 2.09 15 Spain 2.05 16 Russia 2.04 17 Taiwan 1.92 18 Switzerland 1.54 19 Malaysia 1.41 20 Saudi Arabia 1.40 21 Sweden 1.39 22 Austria 1.25 23 Ireland 1.11

24 Singapore 25 India 26 Brazil Thailand 28 United Arab Emirates 29 Australia 30 Norway 31 Poland 32 Denmark 33 Indonesia 34 Czech Republic Turkey 36 Finland 37 Hungary 38 Puerto Rico 39 South Africa 40 Iran 41 Philippines Venezuela 43 Israel 44 Portugal 45 Argentina 46 Ukraine

1.10 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.91 0.83 0.80 0.74 0.74 0.68 0.62 0.61 0.54 0.49 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.37

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

1.00 0.98 0.92 0.78 0.68 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24

Biggest invisible traders % of world invisible exports 1 Euro area 19.26 2 United States 18.30 3 United Kingdom 11.12 4 Germany 6.98 5 France 5.68 6 Japan 5.36 7 Netherlands 3.54 8 Italy 3.48 9 Switzerland 2.92 10 Spain 2.90 11 Hong Kong 2.65 12 Belgium 2.43 13 Ireland 2.40 Luxembourg 2.40 15 China 2.11 16 Canada 1.96 17 Austria 1.72 Sweden 1.72 19 Singapore 1.44 20 South Korea 1.27 21 Denmark 1.25 22 India 1.17 23 Taiwan 1.04

35 36 38 39 40 42 43 45 46

Australia Norway Greece Russia Turkey Thailand Portugal Malaysia Finland Indonesia Mexico Israel Brazil Poland Egypt Czech Republic Hungary South Africa Lebanon Croatia Kuwait Saudi Arabia New Zealand

a Average of imports plus exports of goods as % of GDP.

36

WORLD RANKINGS

Balance of payments: current account Largest surpluses $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Japan 172,060 Germany 103,770 China 68,659 Switzerland 60,246 Russia 59,935 Saudi Arabia 51,488 Norway 34,445 Singapore 27,897 South Korea 27,613 Sweden 27,485 Netherlands 23,172 Canada 22,000 Kuwait 18,884 Taiwan 18,658 Hong Kong 16,357 Malaysia 14,770 Belgium 14,011 Venezuela 13,830 Nigeria 12,264 Brazil 11,738 Algeria 11,120 United Arab Emirates 10,096 Qatar 7,552 Finland 7,529 Thailand 7,080

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Ukraine Denmark Macau Iran Egypt Brunei Libya Argentina Indonesia Luxembourg Philippines Israel Dominican Republic Chile Uzbekistan Trinidad & Tobagoa Morocco Austria Angola Gabona Namibia Kazakhstan Botswana Oman Bahrain

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Bulgaria Serbiaa Bosnia Latvia Croatia Lithuania Slovakia Estonia Ireland Guatemala Panama Iceland Belarus Colombia Cuba Cyprus Sudan Costa Rica Pakistan Nicaragua

6,804 5,941 4,163 3,989 3,922 3,879 3,705 3,353 3,108 2,709 2,080 1,474 1,399 1,390 989 985 922 765 686 575 573 533 483 443 415

Largest deficits $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

United States Spain United Kingdom Australia Turkey Italy Greece India Portugal Iraq Poland Hungary Mexico South Africa New Zealand Czech Republic Romania France Lebanon Azerbaijan

a 2000

b 2002

-668,070 -49,225 -41,880 -39,658 -15,543 -15,137 -13,148 -12,948 -12,682 -12,218 -10,357 -8,812 -7,409 -6,892 -6,199 -5,595 -5,589 -4,830 -4,797 -2,589

-2,053 -2,005 -1,918 -1,673 -1,641 -1,590 -1,447 -1,432 -1,423 -1,188 -1,104 -1,055 -1,043 -952 -915 -915 -871 -832 -808 -772

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: CURRENT ACCOUNT

37

Largest surpluses as % of GDP % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25

Macau Brunei Qatar Kuwait Singapore Saudi Arabia Nigeria Switzerland Norway Algeria Libya Venezuela Malaysia Ukraine Russia Hong Kong Namibia United Arab Emirates Luxembourg Uzbekistan Gabona Sweden Trinidad & Tobagoa Dominican Republic Taiwan

61.5 56.7 37.0 33.9 26.1 20.5 17.0 16.9 13.8 13.1 12.7 12.6 12.5 10.5 10.3 10.0 10.0 9.7 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.5 6.1

26 27 28 29 30 31

34 35 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 48 50

Botswana Egypt Swaziland Thailand South Korea Belgium Finland Netherlands Eritrea Bahrain Germany Japan China Angola Bolivia Denmark Philippines Iran Argentina Canada Côte d'Ivoire Brazil Morocco Oman Yemen

5.4 5.0 4.8 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7

Bulgaria Serbiaa Zimbabwe Bhutan Georgia Benin Panama Togoa Macedonia Portugal Romania Lithuania Madagascara Sierra Leone Chad Greece New Zealand Australia Burkina Fasoc Cyprus

-8.5 -8.4 -8.3 -8.2 -8.2 -8.1 -8.0 -7.9 -7.7 -7.6 -7.6 -7.1 -7.1 -6.9 -6.8 -6.4 -6.3 -6.2 -6.0 -5.9

Largest deficits as % of GDP % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Iraq Mauritania Azerbaijan Bosnia Lebanon Equatorial Guineaa Nicaragua Belize Estonia Suriname Latvia Barbados Gambia, The Malawib Malta Mozambique Ethiopia Hungary Nigera 20 Iceland

a 2003

b 2002

c 2001

-96.9 -36.2 -30.4 -22.5 -22.0 -21.9 -17.0 -16.7 -12.7 -12.4 -12.3 -12.0 -11.3 -10.7 -10.3 -10.0 -9.4 -8.8 -8.8 -8.6

21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

38

WORLD RANKINGS

Workers’ remittances $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Indiaa 21,595 Mexico 16,613 Philippines 8,961 Spain 5,189 China 4,627 Morocco 4,221 Pakistan 3,943 Bangladesh 3,572 Egypt 3,341 Colombia 3,170 Portugal 3,032 Guatemala 2,551 El Salvador 2,548 Brazil 2,459 Poland 2,347 Nigeria 2,273 Dominican Republic 2,200 Jordan 2,059 Indonesia 1,700 Ecuador 1,604 Sri Lanka 1,564 Jamaica 1,466 Tunisia 1,432

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Sudan Bosnia Yemen Honduras Peru Russia Greece Croatia Haitia Turkey Nepal Albaniaa Syria Austria Japan Nicaragua France Senegala Uganda Costa Rica Italy Argentina Tajikistan

1,401 1,312 1,283 1,135 1,123 1,098 894 851 811 804 793 778 690 641 600 519 510 448 306 302 283 266 252

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Poland 36,773 Indonesia 36,310 Canada 34,478 Saudi Arabia 29,304 Czech Republic 28,451 Israel 27,094 Sweden 24,740 Venezuela 23,408 Netherlands 21,052 Spain 19,761 Argentina 19,659 United Arab Emirates 18,530 Nigeria 17,257 Morocco 16,647 Philippines 16,234 Romania 16,095 Chile 15,997 Hungary 15,951 Egypt 15,338 Slovakia 14,912 South Africa 14,884 Belgium 13,992 Colombia 13,537

Official reservesb $m, end-2004 1 Japan 2 China 3 Taiwan 4 South Korea 5 United States 6 India 7 Russia 8 Hong Kong 9 Singapore 10 Germany 11 France 12 Switzerland 13 Malaysia 14 Mexico 15 Italy 16 Brazil 17 Thailand 18 United Kingdom 19 Algeria 20 Norway 21 Denmark 22 Turkey 23 Australia

844,666 622,953 242,476 199,196 190,466 131,631 126,258 123,569 112,232 97,169 77,353 74,568 66,896 64,202 62,387 52,937 49,847 49,738 45,690 44,308 39,960 37,304 36,924

a 2003 b Foreign exchange, SDRs, IMF position and gold at market prices.

EXCHANGE RATES

39

Exchange rates The Economist’s Big Mac index Big Mac prices in local in $ currency

Implied PPPa of the $

Actual $ Under (–)/ exchange over (+) rate valuation against $, % Countries with the most under-valued currencies, May 2006 1 China 10.50 1.31 3.39 8.03 -58 2 Macau 11.12 1.39 3.59 7.99 -55 3 Malaysia 5.50 1.52 1.77 3.63 -51 4 Argentina 4.75 1.55 1.53 3.06 -50 Hong Kong 12.00 1.55 3.87 7.75 -50 Thailand 60.00 1.56 19.35 38.45 -50 7 Indonesia 14,600.00 1.57 4,709.68 9,325.00 -49 8 Philippines 85.00 1.62 27.42 52.63 -48 9 Egypt 9.50 1.65 3.06 5.77 -47 Paraguay 9,000.00 1.63 2,903.23 5,505.00 -47 11 Ukraine 8.50 1.68 2.74 5.05 -46 12 Moldova 23.00 1.75 7.42 13.16 -44 13 Russia 48.00 1.77 15.48 27.06 -43 Uruguay 42.28 1.77 13.64 23.93 -43 15 Dominican Rep 60.00 1.84 19.35 32.60 -41 16 Sri Lanka 190.00 1.85 61.29 102.96 -40 17 Honduras 35.95 1.90 11.60 18.90 -39 18 Bulgaria 2.99 1.94 0.96 1.54 -37 Slovakia 57.98 1.97 18.70 29.50 -37 20 Macedonia 95.00 1.98 30.65 47.90 -36 Countries with the most over-valued or least under-valued currencies, May 2006 1 Norway 43.00 2 Iceland 459.00 Oman 2.46 4 Switzerland 6.30 5 Denmark 27.75 6 Sweden 33.00 7 Euro areab 2.94 8 Jordan 2.59 United Kingdom 1.94 10 Canada 3.52 11 Chile 1,560.00 12 Peru 9.50 13 Morocco 24.54 14 Brazil 6.40 15 Aruba 4.95 New Zealand 4.45 Slovenia 520.00 18 Hungary 560.00 Turkey 4.20

7.05 6.37 6.39 5.21 4.77 4.53 3.77 3.66 3.65 3.14 2.94 2.91 2.82 2.78 2.77 2.75 2.76 2.71 2.72

13.87 148.06 0.79 2.03 8.95 10.65 1.05c 0.84 1.60d 1.14 503.23 3.06 7.92 2.06 1.60 1.44 167.74 180.65 1.35

6.10 72.04 0.39 1.21 5.82 7.28 1.28c 0.71 1.88d 1.12 529.95 3.26 8.71 2.30 1.79 1.62 188.58 206.34 1.54

+127 +106 +106 +68 +54 +46 +22 +18 +18 +1 -5 -6 -9 -10 -11 -11 -11 -12 -12

a Purchasing-power parity: local price divided by price in United States ($3.10, average of four cities). b Weighted average of prices in euro area. c Dollars per euro. d Dollars per pound.

40

WORLD RANKINGS

Inflation Consumer price inflation Highest, 2005, % 1 Zimbabwea 140.1 2 Dominican Republicb 51.5 3 Angolac 23.0 Suriname 23.0 5 Madagascar 18.5 6 Zambia 18.3 7 Venezuela 16.0 8 Haiti 15.7 9 Malawi 15.4 10 Jamaica 15.3 11 Ghana 15.1 12 Gambia, Theb 14.2 13 Costa Rica 13.8 14 Nigeria 13.5 Ukraine 13.5 16 Iran 13.4 17 Mongolia 13.0 18 Mozambiqueb 12.7 Russia 12.7 20 Burundib 12.6 21 Mauritania 12.1 Sierra Leone 12.1

Lowest, 2005, % 1 Chadb 2 Libyab 3 Central African Repb 4 Japan 5 Macedonia 6 Gabon 7 Panamab 8 Singapore Sweden 10 Armenia 11 Saudi Arabia 12 Finland Guinea-Bissaub 14 Morocco Syriaa 16 Hong Kong 17 Oman Switzerland 19 Congo-Brazzaville Israel 21 Norway

-5.4 -2.2 -2.1 -0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5

Inflation, 2000–05 Highest average annual consumer price inflation, % 1 Zimbabwed 106.0 2 Angola 79.2 3 Congoe 60.9 4 Belarus 30.9 5 Myanmare 28.4 6 Turkey 26.9 7 Surinamef 25.3 8 Dominican Republice 21.9 9 Venezuela 20.6 10 Ghana 20.2 11 Haiti 20.0 12 Zambia 19.2 13 Romania 18.3 14 Nigeria 15.7 15 Russia 14.8 16 Malawi 14.7 17 Iran 14.0 18 Mozambiquee 12.9 19 Ecuador 12.0 20 Yemenf 11.7 21 Costa Rica 11.2 Sierra Leone 11.2

a 2002

b 2004

c 2003

d 2000–02

Lowest average annual consumer price inflation, % 1 Libyae -5.8 2 Hong Kong -1.3 3 Japan -0.4 4 Oman -0.1 5 Saudi Arabia 0.1 e 6 Bahrain 0.6 Singapore 0.6 8 Taiwan 0.7 10 Lithuania 0.8 Panamae 0.8 Switzerland 0.8 13 Guinea Bissaue 0.9 14 Gabon 1.0 15 Chinae 1.2 Finland 1.2 17 Morocco 1.4 18 Senegal 1.5 Sweden 1.5 20 Germany 1.6

e 2000–04

f 2000–03

INFLATION

41

Lowest inflation, 2005 Consumer price inflation, % 1 Libyaa 2 Guinea-Bissaub 3 Chadb 4 Malib 5 Togob 6 Burkina Faso Hong Kong Israel Macedonia Oman 11 Japan Senegalb 13 Finland 14 Niger 15 Saudi Arabia Sweden 17 Gabonc Norway 19 Switzerland 20 Syriaa 21 Chile Kuwait 23 Bahraina Chinab Denmark Lithuania

-9.8 -3.5 -1.9 -1.4 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

29 30 31 33 35 37 38 39

43

46

52

Moroccob Netherlands Panamab South Africa Beninb Malaysia Barbadosb Bhutanb Germany Singapore Canada Netherlands Antillesb Austria Belgium Euro area France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Albania Australia Cyprus Jordanb New Zealand Qatarb Portugal

1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4

Qatare Germany Malaysia Senegale Belizee Israel Moroccoe Niger Sweden Barbadose Burkina Faso Cameroond Finland Jordane Thailand France

1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9

Lowest inflation, 2000–05 Average annual consumer price inflation, % 1 Libyad -7.2 2 Hong Kong -2.3 18 3 Omane -0.8 4 Japan -0.5 5 Saudi Arabia -0.2 21 6 Syriad 0.0 7 Bahraind 0.3 Chinae 0.3 9 Lithuania 0.5 Taiwan 0.5 26 11 Singapore 0.8 12 Switzerland 0.9 13 Panamae 1.0 14 Congo-Brazzaville 1.1 15 Cambodia 1.4 Kuwait 1.4 32

a 2002 b 2003 c 2000 d 1999–2002 e 1999–2003 Notes: Inflation is measured as the % change in the consumer price index. The five-year figures shown are based on the changes in the average level of the index during the relevant years

42

WORLD RANKINGS

Debt Highest foreign debta $bn, 2004 1 China 2 Brazil 3 Russia 4 Argentina 5 Turkey 6 South Korea 7 Indonesia 8 Mexico 9 India 10 Poland 11 Taiwan 12 Israel 13 Hong Kong 14 Hungary 15 Philippines 16 Malaysia 17 Thailand 18 Czech Republic 19 Chile 20 Colombia 21 Nigeria 22 Pakistan 23 Venezuela 24 Kazakhstan

248.93 222.03 197.34 169.25 161.60 144.81 140.65 138.69 122.72 99.19 81.89 75.78 67.86 63.16 60.55 52.15 51.31 45.56 44.06 37.73 35.89 35.69 35.57 32.31

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Croatia Peru United Arab Emirates Egypt Romania South Africa Singapore Lebanon Slovakia Algeria Ukraine Syria Bangladesh Sudan Tunisia Vietnam Morocco Ecuador Serbia Bulgaria Slovenia Iran Latvia Uruguay

31.55 31.30 30.65 30.29 30.03 28.50 23.64 22.18 22.07 21.99 21.65 21.52 20.34 19.33 18.70 17.83 17.67 16.87 15.88 15.66 14.81 13.62 12.66 12.38

Highest foreign debt As % of exports of goods and services, average, 2002–04 1 Burundi 3,069 21 Uganda 2 Liberia 1,891 22 Laos 3 Rwanda 964 23 Uruguay 4 Sierra Leone 903 24 Madagascar 5 Guinea-Bissau 791 25 Mozambique 6 Congo-Kinshasa 765 26 Cameroon 7 Central African Rep 730 27 Nicaragua 8 Malawi 584 28 Bolivia 9 Zambia 530 29 Benin 10 Mauritania 526 30 Zimbabwe 11 Sudan 478 31 Eritrea 12 Lebanon 470 32 Mali 13 Ethiopia 460 33 Syria 14 Nigeria 452 34 Peru 15 Argentina 451 35 Latvia 16 Burkina Faso 432 36 Togo 17 Bhutan 431 37 Kyrgyzstan 18 Guinea 416 38 Brazil 19 Gambia, The 398 39 Myanmar Tanzania 398 40 Congo-Brazzaville

379 365 338 330 310 296 283 275 268 264 260 251 250 245 243 242 240 239 233 230

a Foreign debt is debt owed to non-residents and repayable in foreign currency; the figures shown include liabilities of government, public and private sectors. Developed countries have been excluded.

DEBT

43

Highest foreign debt burden Foreign debt as % of GDP, average, 2002–04 1 Liberia 674 23 2 Guinea-Bissau 331 24 3 Burundi 227 25 4 Congo-Brazzaville 214 26 5 Congo-Kinshasa 208 6 Malawi 188 28 7 Gambia, The 186 29 8 Sierra Leone 177 30 9 Zambia 170 31 10 Mauritania 161 11 Argentina 141 33 12 Nicaragua 127 13 Estonia 116 35 Lebanon 116 36 Sudan 116 37 16 Kyrgyzstan 114 Mongolia 114 18 Croatia 113 40 19 Latvia 112 20 Kazakhstan 107 21 Togo 106 43 22 Uruguay 104

Syria Laos Guinea Belize Bhutan Mozambique Ethiopia Rwanda Ghana Honduras Central African Rep Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Mali Bulgaria Cameroon Moldova Cambodia Gabon Hungary Jamaica Tunisia

102 101 100 99 99 98 97 96 95 95 91 91 90 83 81 81 81 80 80 80 79 79

Highest debt service ratiosb %, average, 2002–04 1 Burundi 2 Lebanon 3 Belize 4 Brazil 5 Kazakhstan 6 Guinea-Bissau 7 Turkey 8 Poland 9 Ecuador Uruguay 11 Colombia 12 Argentina Croatia 14 Chile 15 Hungary Zambia 17 Indonesia Latvia 19 Mexico 20 Bolivia Pakistan Philippines

195 92 65 58 52 46 45 44 42 42 38 33 33 32 31 31 26 26 25 23 23 23

23 Algeria Bulgaria Romania Uzbekistan 27 Peru 28 Cameroon Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Slovakia Venezuela 34 Angola Papua New Guinea 36 Kyrgyzstan Lithuania 38 India Jamaica Morocco Panama Paraguay Tunisia

b Debt service is the sum of interest and principal repayments (amortisation) due on outstanding foreign debt. The debt service ratio is debt service expressed as a percentage of the country’s exports of goods and services.

22 22 22 22 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 18 18 16 16 16 16 16 16

44

WORLD RANKINGS

Aid Largest bilateral and multilateral donorsa $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

United States Japan France United Kingdom Germany Netherlands Sweden Canada Italy Spain Norway Denmark Saudi Arabia

19,705 8,906 8,473 7,883 7,534 4,204 2,722 2,599 2,462 2,437 2,199 2,037 1,734

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Switzerland Belgium Australia Portugal Austria Finland Ireland Greece South Korea Taiwan Turkey Luxembourg New Zealand

1,545 1,463 1,460 1,031 678 655 607 465 423 421 339 236 212

Largest recipients of bilateral and multilateral aid $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Iraq Afghanistan Vietnam Ethiopia Congo-Kinshasa Tanzania China Poland Egypt Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Russia Madagascar Nicaragua Mozambique Serbia Uganda Angola West Bank and Gaza Zambia Senegal Romania Sudan Bolivia Cameroon Morocco India Bosnia Honduras Kenya Bulgaria South Africa Burkina Faso

4,658 2,190 1,830 1,823 1,815 1,746 1,661 1,525 1,458 1,421 1,404 1,358 1,313 1,236 1,232 1,228 1,170 1,159 1,144 1,136 1,081 1,052 916 882 767 762 706 691 671 642 635 622 617 610

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68

Jordan French Polynesia Nigeria Mali Niger New Caledonia Sri Lanka Colombia Peru Israel Cambodia Malawi Rwanda Philippines Nepal Benin Albania Sierra Leone Ukraine Burundi Tunisia Chad Georgia Algeria Hungary Malaysia Brazil Czech Republic Guinea Laos Papua New Guinea Kazakhstan Lebanon Mongolia

581 580 573 567 536 525 519 509 487 479 478 476 468 463 427 378 362 360 360 351 328 319 315 313 303 290 285 280 279 270 266 265 265 262

AID

45

Largest bilateral and multilateral donorsa % of GDP 1 Norway 2 Denmark 3 Luxembourg 4 Sweden 5 Netherlands 6 Saudi Arabia 7 Portugal 8 Belgium France Switzerland 11 Ireland 12 United Kingdom 13 Finland

0.87 0.85 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.63 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.39 0.36 0.35

14 15 16 17 18

21 22 23 24 25 26

Germany Canada Australia Spain Austria Greece New Zealand Japan Iceland United States Italy Taiwan Czech Republic

0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.11

Largest recipients of bilateral and multilateral aid $ per head 1 French Polynesia 2,416 2 New Caledonia 2,386 3 West Bank and Gaza 337 4 Nicaragua 225 5 Iraq 189 6 Bosnia 175 7 Bahrain 146 8 Serbia 144 9 Macedonia 121 10 Albania 114 11 Jordan 109 12 Barbados 108 13 Mongolia 106 14 Swaziland 105 15 Zambia 104 16 Senegal 103 17 Estonia 101 18 Netherlands Antilles 98 19 Honduras 92 20 Bhutan 90 21 Namibia 89 22 Bolivia 87 23 Angola 85 24 Armenia 83 25 Bulgaria 80 26 Cyprus 78 27 Fiji 76 28 Afghanistan 73 Lithuania 73 Madagascar 73 31 Israel 72 32 Latvia 71 33 Georgia 69

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49

52 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Sierra Leone Ghana Mozambique Mauritania Liberia Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Lebanon Lesotho Benin Rwanda Suriname Guinea-Bissau Kyrgyzstan Burkina Faso Burundi Mali Tanzania Laos Papua New Guinea Cameroon Niger Uganda Gambia, The Slovakia Malawi Romania Poland Tajikistan Chad Cambodia Guinea Congo-Kinshasa

a China also provides aid, but does not disclose amounts.

67 66 65 63 62 61 59 59 57 56 56 54 51 51 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 46 46 44 44 43 42 40 38 37 36 35 34

46

WORLD RANKINGS

Industry and services Largest industrial output $bn 1 United Statesa 2 Japana 3 China 4 Germany 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 France 8 Canada 9 Spain 10 South Korea 11 Brazil 12 Russia 13 India 14 Mexico 15 Saudi Arabia 16 Netherlands 17 Australiaa 18 Indonesia 19 Taiwan 20 Norway Sweden 22 Austria 23 Belgium 24 Switzerlandb 25 Thailand

2,271 1,308 893 721 496 417 399 285 274 247 211 182 171 162 147 132 124 113 90 87 87 81 80 76 70

26 27 28 29 30 31

Poland Iran South Africa Malaysia United Arab Emirates Irelanda Turkey Denmark Argentina Finland Algeria Greece Venezuelaa Nigeria Portugal Chile Czech Republic Singapore Colombia Egypt Philippines New Zealand Kuwaita Romania

33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

47 48

69 67 61 60 57 56 56 51 50 50 44 42 41 40 39 38 37 35 27 27 27 25 24 24

Highest growth in industrial output Average annual real % growth, 1994–2004c 1 Equatorial Guinea 36.8 2 Mozambique 16.5 11 3 Georgia 15.6 12 4 Bosnia 15.3 13 5 Cambodia 15.3 6 Rwanda 12.0 15 7 Laos 10.7 Vietnam 10.7 17 9 China 10.5 18

Myanmar Bhutan Uganda Albania Azerbaijan Angola Mongolia Trinidad & Tobago Eritrea

10.5 10.3 10.0 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.1 7.6

Lowest growth in industrial output Average annual real % growth, 1994–2004c 1 West Bank and Gaza -8.8 2 Zimbabwe -5.0 12 3 Congo-Kinshasa -3.6 13 4 Moldova -2.4 14 5 Tajikistan -1.9 6 Papua New Guinea -1.5 16 7 Burundi -0.8 17 8 Lebanon -0.4 18 9 Venezuela -0.3 10 Bulgaria -0.1

Uruguay Jamaica Haiti Germany Japan Turkmenistan Colombia Iran Switzerland United Kingdom

-0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

INDUSTRY

47

Largest manufacturing output $bn 1 United Statesa 2 Japana 3 China 4 Germanya 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 France 8 Canada 9 South Korea 10 Spain 11 Russia 12 Mexico 13 India 14 Taiwan 15 Indonesia 16 Netherlandsa 17 Australiaa Brazil 19 Thailand 20 Switzerlandb

1,523 894 889 495 319 295 255 177 174 153 138 111 101 78 73 68 57 57 56 53

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 36 38 39

Belgiuma Austriaa Swedenb Irelanda Poland South Africa Malaysia Turkey Argentina Finlanda Denmarka Singapore Czech Republic Saudi Arabia Portugala Philippines Romania Norwayb Greecea Iran

49 45 44 42 41 38 37 35 34 32 29 29 25 25 22 20 20 19 18 18

Largest services output $bn 1 United Statesa 2 Japana 3 Germany 4 France 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 China 8 Canada 9 Spain 10 Mexico 11 Netherlands 12 Australiaa 13 South Korea 14 India 15 Russia 16 Brazil 17 Belgium 18 Sweden Taiwan 20 Switzerlandb 21 Austria 22 Turkey 23 Denmark 24 Poland 25 Hong Konga

7,807 2,920 1,729 1,391 1,371 1,045 786 672 630 426 370 341 335 326 310 261 230 210 210 182 175 163 151 136 134

a 2003 b 2002 c Or nearest available years.

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

44 45 46 47 49 50

Norway Greece South Africa Finland Indonesia Portugal Saudi Arabia Iran Irelanda Argentina Thailand Singapore New Zealand Czech Republic Colombia Hungary Malaysia Pakistana Philippines Chile United Arab Emirates Egypt Peru Venezuelaa Romania

130 127 124 106 105 101 93 77 77 76 75 65 64 56 51 47 47 47 46 45 44 36 36 35 32

48

WORLD RANKINGS

Agriculture Most economically dependent on agriculture % of GDP from agriculture 1 Guinea-Bissau 2 Sierra Leonea 3 Congo-Kinshasab 4 Myanmara 5 Central African Rep 6 Burundi 7 Ethiopia 8 Laos 9 Chadc 10 Tanzania 11 Cameroon 12 Liberiab 13 Togo 14 Rwanda 15 Nepal 16 Nigerc 17 Sudan 18 Malawi 19 Ghana 20 Benin 21 Kyrgyzstan 22 Mali 23 Bhutanc

62.6 58.4 58.3 57.2 55.6 51.5 46.9 46.8 45.6 44.8 44.2 42.7 41.2 40.5 40.3 39.9 39.3 39.1 37.9 36.9 36.6 35.6 33.2

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Cambodia Uganda Gambia, The Uzbekistan Burkina Faso Papua New Guineac Madagascar Haiti Paraguay Kenya Guinea Albania Tajikistan Armenia Syria Guatemala Pakistan Côte d'Ivoire Vietnam Mozambique Moldova India

32.9 32.2 32.0 31.1 30.8 29.0 28.8 27.4 27.2 26.8 24.9 24.7 24.2 23.4 23.0 22.5 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.3 21.1

Least economically dependent on agriculture % of GDP from agriculture 1 Hong Kongc Singapore 3 Kuwaitc 4 Luxembourg 5 Puerto Ricod 6 Trinidad & Tobago 7 United Kingdom 8 Germany 9 United Statesc 10 Japanc 11 Belgium Switzerlandb 13 Norway 14 Taiwan 15 Sweden 16 Austria Oman 18 Canadad 19 Denmark 20 Netherlands 21 France 22 Botswana Italy a 2000

b 2002

c 2003

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6

d 2001

24 Irelandc Sloveniac United Arab Emirates 27 Jordan 28 Czech Republic 29 Finland 30 Hungaryc 31 Australiac Poland South Africa 34 Spain 35 Slovakia 36 Portugal South Korea 38 Chile 39 Saudi Arabia 40 Latvia Mexico 42 Estonia 43 Venezuelac 44 French Polynesiaa 45 Russia 46 Barbadosc

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.4

AGRICULTURE

49

Highest growth Average annual real % growth, 1994–2004a 1 Angola 11.7 10 2 Kuwait 10.3 11 3 Rwanda 9.7 12 4 Malawi 9.0 5 United Arab Emirates 8.5 14 6 Sudan 7.9 15 7 Mozambique 7.0 16 8 Cameroon 6.5 17 Equatorial Guinea 6.5 18

Dominican Republic Yemen Algeria Myanmar Benin Kyrgyzstan Bulgaria Gambia, The Belize

6.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.5 4.9 4.7

Lowest growth Average annual real % growth, 1994–2004a 1 West Bank and Gaza -7.1 9 2 Georgia -5.2 10 3 Haiti -4.1 4 Eritrea -2.7 12 5 Chile -2.6 13 Jamaica -2.6 14 7 Switzerland -2.5 15 8 Japan -2.4 16

Singapore Kazakhstan Luxembourg Trinidad & Tobago Barbados Zimbabwe Taiwan Estonia

-2.1 -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.4 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5

Biggest producers ’000 tonnes Cereals 1 2 3 4 5

China United States India Russia France

413,166 389,066 232,360 76,231 70,534

6 7 8 9 10

Indonesia Brazil Canada Germany Bangladesh

74,306 38,891 19,919 6,798 6,255

6 7 8 9 10

India Spain Mexico Russia Canada

83,238 47,031 36,015 30,197 17,922

6 7 8 9 10

Spain Mexico Indonesia Iran Philippines

16,687 14,759 14,748 13,143 12,372

423,395 80,529 39,185 25,235

5 6 7 8

Italy Egypt Russia Iran

16,355 15,900 15,504 13,495

65,314 63,812 52,684 51,097 41,044

Meat 1 2 3 4 5

China United States Brazil Germany France

6,032 5,531 5,040 4,981 4,592

Fruit 1 2 3 4 5

China India Brazil United States Italy

Vegetables 1 2 3 4

China India United States Turkey

a Or nearest available years.

50

WORLD RANKINGS

Commodities Wheat Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 EU25 2 China 3 India 4 United States 5 Russia 6 Canada 7 Australia 8 Pakistan 9 Turkey 10 Ukraine

136,100 91,000 72,100 58,700 45,300 25,900 22,600 19,000 18,000 16,500

Top 10 consumers ’000s tonnes 1 EU25 2 China 3 India 4 Russia 5 United States 6 Pakistan 7 Turkey 8 Egypt 9 Iran 10 Ukraine

117,200 104,300 71,900 38,000 31,900 20,400 17,700 14,900 13,800 12,300

125,363 85,310 34,250 25,600 22,716 17,070 9,570 9,445 8,996 7,944

Top 10 consumers ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 Bangladesh 5 Vietnam 6 Philippines 7 Myanmar 8 Thailand 9 Brazil 10 Japan

135,100 82,510 35,850 26,900 18,250 10,400 10,300 9,480 9,001 8,300

28,248 21,843 14,432 10,912 7,647 7,462 5,672 5,530 4,481 2,740

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 India 2 EU25 3 China 4 Brazil 5 United States 6 Russia 7 Mexico 8 Pakistan 9 Indonesia 10 Egypt

19,858 17,691 11,613 10,857 8,994 6,700 5,300 4,004 3,915 2,600

319,500 150,500 139,700 37,800 32,000

Top 5 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 EU25 3 China 4 Brazil 5 Mexico

240,200 142,000 135,700 43,600 38,900

Ricea Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 Bangladesh 5 Vietnam 6 Thailand 7 Myanmar 8 Philippines 9 Brazil 10 Japan

Sugarb Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Brazil 2 EU25 3 India 4 China 5 United States 6 Thailand 7 Mexico 8 Australia 9 Pakistan 10 Colombia

Coarse grainsc Top 5 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 EU25 3 China 4 Brazil 5 India

COMMODITIES

51

Tea Top 10 producers ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Kenya 4 Sri Lanka 5 Indonesia Turkey 7 Japan 8 Vietnam 9 Argentina 10 Bangladesh

835 820 325 308 165 165 100 95 63 56

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 India 2 China 3 Russia 4 Turkey 5 Japan 6 United Kingdom 7 Pakistan 8 United States 9 Iran 10 Egypt

671 558 171 165 155 129 120 99 84 72

2,357 831 684 443 300 231 222 204 165 155

Top 10 consumers ’000s tonnes 1 United States 2 Brazil 3 Germany 4 Japan 5 Italy 6 France 7 Spain 8 United Kingdom 9 Poland 10 Indonesia

1,255 929 595 428 335 305 177 133 130 120

1,407 737 430 180 163 162 117 47 44 39

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 Germany 3 France 4 United Kingdom 5 Russia 6 Japan 7 Italy 8 Brazil 9 Spain 10 Canada

775 289 230 220 177 163 101 94 90 72

Coffee Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Brazil 2 Vietnam 3 Colombia 4 Indonesia 5 Ethiopia 6 India 7 Guatemala 8 Mexico 9 Uganda 10 Honduras

Cocoa Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Côte d'Ivoire 2 Ghana 3 Indonesia 4 Nigeria 5 Brazil 6 Cameroon 7 Ecuador 8 Dominican Republic 9 Mexico 10 Papua New Guinea

a Milled. b Raw. c Includes: maize (corn), barley, sorghum, rye, oats and millet.

52

WORLD RANKINGS

Copper Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Chile 2 United States 3 Peru 4 Australia 5 Indonesia 6 Russia 7 China 8 Canada 9 Poland 10 Kazakhstan

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 Italy 7 Taiwan 8 France 9 Russia 10 Mexico

3,364 2,410 1,279 1,100 940 715 690 536 526 475

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 China 3 Germany 4 South Korea 5 Japan 6 Italy 7 United Kingdom 8 Mexico 9 Spain 10 France

1,480 1,399 396 358 291 275 261 254 226 189

2,024 1,334 1,209 791 739 444 424 361 341 197

Top 10 consumersc ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 Belgium 7 Italy 8 India 9 Taiwan 10 Spain

2,551 1,097 621 549 420 404 389 353 342 253

118.2 78.4 41.6 18.1 12.5

Top 5 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea

92.9 53.6 33.1 20.3 16.2

5,413 1,160 1,036 854 842 767 742 563 531 468

Lead Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Australia 3 United States 4 Peru 5 Mexico 6 Canada 7 Ireland 8 Sweden 9 Poland 10 India

944 678 445 306 117 77 66 54 53 51

Zinc Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Australia 3 Peru 4 Canada 5 United States 6 Ireland 7 Mexico 8 Kazakhstan 9 India 10 Sweden

Tin Top 5 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Indonesia 3 Peru 4 Bolivia 5 Brazil

COMMODITIES

53

Nickel Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Russia 2 Canada 3 Australia 4 New Caledonia 5 Indonesia 6 China 7 Cuba 8 Colombia 9 Brazil 10 South Africa

289.2 186.7 185.0 118.2 96.6 75.6 75.5 48.8 47.4 39.9

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 Japan 2 China 3 United States 4 South Korea 5 Germany 6 Taiwan 7 Italy 8 Finland 9 Spain 10 Belgium

194.9 143.9 129.4 122.6 94.5 91.4 69.5 59.4 48.3 43.4

6,689 3,594 2,592 2,517 1,895 1,457 1,322 864 861 683

Top 10 consumerse ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 Russia 7 Italy 8 India 9 Canada 10 France

6,043 5,800 2,319 1,795 1,118 1,020 987 861 761 749

340.4 259.0 258.0 194.4 180.5 173.2 164.4 130.7 86.0 73.5

Silver a Top 10 producers tonnes 1 Peru 2 Mexico 3 Australia 4 China 5 Chile 6 Canada 7 Poland 8 United States 9 Kazakhstan 10 Bolivia

3,060 2,531 2,183 2,000 1,360 1,338 1,330 1,246 690 413

154.6 26.4 10.6

Palladium Top 3 producers tonnes 1 Russia 2 South Africa 3 North America

127.5 78.1 32.2

Aluminium Top 10 producersd ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Russia 3 Canada 4 United States 5 Australia 6 Brazil 7 Norway 8 South Africa 9 India 10 United Arab Emirates

Precious metals Gold a Top 10 producers tonnes 1 South Africa 2 Australia 3 United States 4 China 5 Russia 6 Peru 7 Indonesia 8 Canada 9 Uzbekistan 10 Papua New Guinea Platinum Top 3 producers tonnes 1 South Africa 2 Russia 3 North America

a Mine production. b Refined consumption. c Slab consumption. d Primary refined production. e Primary refined consumption.

54

WORLD RANKINGS

Rubber (natural and synthetic) Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Thailand 2 United States 3 Indonesia 4 China 5 Japan 6 Malaysia 7 Russia 8 Germany 9 India 10 France

3,114 2,325 2,051 1,964 1,616 1,189 1,112 905 837 776

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 India 5 Germany 6 Brazil 7 South Korea 8 France 9 Russia 10 Malaysia

4,068 3,050 1,961 968 867 712 691 650 614 542

Raw wool Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Australia 2 China 3 New Zealand 4 Argentina 5 India 6 United Kingdom 7 Uruguay 8 South Africa Turkey 10 Iran

335 171 167 43 38 31 29 27 27 24

Top 10 consumersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Italy 4 Turkey 5 United Kingdom 6 Japan 7 Russia 8 Iran 9 Belgium 10 New Zealand

358 120 110 69 31 30 29 26 25 23

Cotton Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 India 4 Pakistan 5 Brazil 6 Uzbekistan 7 Turkey 8 Australia 9 Greece 10 Syria

6,320 5,060 4,130 2,480 1,300 1,130 900 660 390 330

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Pakistan 4 Turkey 5 United States 6 Brazil 7 Indonesia 8 Thailand 9 Mexico 10 Bangladesh

8,330 3,300 2,340 1,550 1,460 900 490 470 450 380

94,850 56,584 53,660 44,070 25,370

Top 5 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 EU25 4 Brazil 5 Argentina

76,705 60,315 35,879 34,356 32,682

Major oil seedsb Top 5 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 Brazil 3 China 4 Argentina 5 India

COMMODITIES

55

Oilc Top 10 producers ‘000 barrels per day 1 Saudi Arabiad 10,584 2 Russia 9,285 3 United States 7,241 4 Irand 4,081 5 Mexico 3,824 6 China 3,490 7 Norway 3,188 8 Canada 3,085 9 Venezuelad 2,980 10 United Arab Emiratesd 2,667

Top 10 consumers ‘000 barrels per day 1 United States 2 China 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 Russia 6 India 7 South Korea 8 Canada 9 France 10 Mexico

20,517 6,684 5,288 2,625 2,574 2,555 2,280 2,206 1,975 1,896

Top 10 consumers Billion cubic metres 1 United States 2 Russia 3 United Kingdom 4 Canada 5 Irand 6 Germany 7 Italy 8 Japan 9 Ukraine 10 Saudi Arabiad

646.7 402.1 98.0 89.5 87.1 85.9 73.3 72.2 70.7 64.0

Natural gas Top 10 producers Billion cubic metres 1 Russia 2 United States 3 Canada 4 United Kingdom 5 Irand 6 Algeriad 7 Norway 8 Indonesiad 9 Netherlands 10 Saudi Arabiad

589.1 542.9 182.8 95.9 85.5 82.0 78.5 73.3 68.8 64.0

Coal Top 10 producers Million tonnes oil equivalent 1 China 989.8 2 United States 567.2 3 Australia 199.4 4 India 188.8 5 South Africa 136.9 6 Russia 127.6 7 Indonesiad 81.4 8 Poland 69.8 9 Germany 54.7 10 Kazakhstan 44.4

Top 10 consumers Million tonnes oil equivalent 1 China 956.9 2 United States 564.3 3 India 204.8 4 Japan 120.8 5 Russia 105.9 6 South Africa 94.5 7 Germany 85.7 8 Poland 57.7 9 Australia 54.4 10 South Korea 53.1

Oilc Top 10 shares of proved reserves % of world total 1 Saudi Arabiad 22.1 2 Irand 11.1 3 Iraqd 9.7 4 Kuwaitd 8.3

5 United Arab Emiratesd 6 Venezuelad 7 Russia

8.2 6.5 6.1

a Clean basis. b Soybeans, sunflower seed, cottonseed, groundnuts and rapeseed. c Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and natural gas liquids. d Opec members.

56

WORLD RANKINGS

Energy Largest producers Million tonnnes oil equivalent, 2003 1 United States 1,631.4 2 China 1,380.8 3 Russia 1,106.9 4 Saudi Arabia 533.7 5 India 453.1 6 Canada 385.3 7 Iran 265.4 8 Australia 253.5 9 Indonesia 250.0 10 United Kingdom 246.1 11 Mexico 242.5 12 Norway 233.2 13 Nigeria 214.6 14 Venezuela 179.6 15 Brazil 171.1

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Algeria United Arab Emirates South Africa France Germany Kuwait Kazakhstan Japan Argentina Malaysia Poland Libya Ukraine Colombia Iraq

163.3 159.2 154.5 136.0 134.5 120.7 105.5 84.6 84.3 83.8 80.0 77.5 75.5 74.4 68.4

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Spain Ukraine Saudi Arabia South Africa Australia Nigeria Poland Thailand Netherlands Turkey Pakistan Argentina Belgium Malaysia Venezuela

136.1 132.6 130.8 118.6 112.6 97.8 93.7 88.8 80.8 79.0 69.3 59.9 59.2 56.7 54.2

Largest consumers Million tonnnes oil equivalent, 2003 1 United States 2,280.8 2 China 1,409.4 3 Russia 639.7 4 India 553.4 5 Japan 517.1 6 Germany 347.1 7 France 271.3 8 Canada 260.6 9 United Kingdom 232.0 10 South Korea 205.3 11 Brazil 193.2 12 Italy 181.0 13 Indonesia 161.6 14 Mexico 160.0 15 Iran 136.4

Energy efficiencya Most efficient GDP per unit of energy use, 2003 1 Peru 11.3 2 Hong Kong 10.9 3 Uruguay 10.5 4 Bangladesh 10.4 5 Morocco 10.2 6 Colombia 10.1 7 Costa Rica 9.9 Namibia 9.9 9 Ireland 9.3 10 Sri Lanka 8.8 11 Italy 8.2 a PPP$, per kg of oil equivalent.

Least efficient GDP per unit of energy use, 2003 1 Uzbekistan 0.8 2 Trinidad & Tobago 1.2 3 Nigeria 1.3 Tanzania 1.3 Turkmenistan 1.3 6 Zambia 1.4 7 Kuwait 1.8 8 Kazakhstan 1.9 Moldova 1.9 Russia 1.9 Ukraine 1.9

ENERGY

57

Net energy importers % of commercial energy use, 2003 Highest 1 Hong Kong 100 2 Singapore 99 3 Moldova 98 4 Israel 96 4 Lebanon 96 5 Jordan 95 7 Morocco 94 8 Jamaica 88 9 Ireland 87 10 Belarus 86 11 Italy 85

Lowest 1 Congo-Brazzaville -1,078 2 Norway -899 3 Gabon -637 4 Angola -457 5 Kuwait -427 6 Algeria -395 7 Oman -379 8 Libya -331 9 Saudi Arabia -308 10 United Arab Emirates -306 11 Yemen -284

Largest consumption per head Kg of oil equivalent, 2003 1 United Arab Emirates 2 Kuwait 3 Trinidad & Tobago 4 Canada 5 United States 6 Finland 7 Sweden 8 Belgium 9 Australia 10 Saudi Arabia 11 Singapore

9,707 9,566 8,553 8,240 7,843 7,204 5,754 5,701 5,668 5,607 5,359

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Norway Oman Netherlands France Russia New Zealand Czech Republic South Korea Germany Austria Japan

5,100 4,975 4,962 4,519 4,424 4,333 4,324 4,291 4,205 4,086 4,053

Sources of electricity % of total, 2003 Oil 1 Yemen 2 Iraq 3 Benin 4 Jamaica 5 Cuba

100.0 98.5 97.4 96.9 94.3

Gas 1 Turkmenistan 100.0 2 Trinidad & Tobago 99.7 3 United Arab Emirates 99.4 4 Algeria 96.8 5 Belarus 95.5

Hydropower 1 Paraguay 2 Nepal 3 Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Mozambique

100.0 99.8 99.7 99.7 99.7

Nuclear power 1 Lithuania 2 France 3 Slovakia 4 Belgium 5 Sweden

Coal 1 Poland 2 South Africa 3 Estonia 4 China 5 Hong Kong

95.1 93.5 92.2 79.4 77.7

82.2 78.5 57.7 56.7 49.7

58

WORLD RANKINGS

Workers of the world Highest % of population in labour force 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11

14 16 17 18 19 20

Cayman Islands Bermuda China Switzerland Thailand Canada Denmark Iceland Norway Netherlands Brazil Portugal Singapore Hong Kong Japan Macau New Zealand United States Australia Sweden

68.9 59.4 57.8 57.5 55.7 55.4 54.4 54.0 52.9 52.6 52.4 52.4 52.4 52.0 52.0 51.8 51.7 50.9 50.8 50.7

Most male workforce Highest % men in workforce 1 Pakistan 2 West Bank and Gaza 3 Algeria 4 Oman 5 Syria 6 Bahrain 7 Egypt 8 Bangladesh 9 Guatemala 10 Tunisia 11 Turkey 12 Morocco 13 Malta Nicaragua 15 India 16 Sri Lanka 17 Honduras 18 Costa Rica Mauritius 20 Malaysia 21 Mexico 22 Chile 23 Suriname 24 Panama 25 Philippines

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40

Russia Slovenia Czech Republic United Kingdom Finland Cyprus South Korea Slovakia Ecuador Austria Latvia Turkey Germany Estonia Ghana Belgium Spain Ireland Bahrain Brunei

50.6 50.5 50.3 50.2 50.0 49.9 49.7 49.4 49.3 49.0 49.0 48.7 48.5 48.6 47.8 47.6 47.6 47.5 47.4 47.3

Most female workforce 83.9 83.4 83.0 81.6 80.6 78.3 78.1 77.7 77.4 74.3 73.7 72.9 69.2 69.2 68.4 66.5 66.3 65.4 65.4 65.3 64.5 64.4 63.1 62.7 62.2

Highest % women in workforce 1 Belarus 53.3 2 Benin 53.1 3 Moldova 51.0 Mongolia 51.0 Tanzania 51.0 6 Malawi 50.2 7 Cayman Islands 49.7 8 Ghana 49.6 9 Armenia 49.5 Madagascar 49.5 11 Bahamas 49.4 Estonia 49.4 13 Guadeloupe 49.1 Lithuania 49.1 Russia 49.1 16 Kazakhstan 49.0 17 Ukraine 48.9 18 Barbados 48.7 Latvia 48.7 20 Bermuda 48.5 21 Zimbabwe 48.2 22 Papua New Guinea 47.9 Sweden 47.9 24 Azerbaijan 47.7 Finland 47.7

WORKERS OF THE WORLD

59

Lowest % of population in labour force 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13 14 15 16 17 18 20

West Bank and Gaza Algeria Syria Pakistan Egypt Congo-Brazzaville Armenia Suriname Bangladesh Botswana Guatemala Tunisia Nicaragua Puerto Rico Oman Morocco India Georgia Mongolia Malta

21.9 27.6 29.3 29.6 30.5 32.3 32.4 34.6 34.7 35.0 35.0 35.0 36.5 37.0 37.3 37.4 39.1 39.3 39.3 39.5

21 Moldova 22 Chile 23 El Salvador Sri Lanka 25 Croatia 26 Honduras Macedonia 28 Malaysia 29 Zimbabwe 30 Mexico 31 Hungary 32 Israel 33 Italy 34 Costa Rica 35 Albania 36 Argentina Bulgaria Greece 39 Luxembourg 40 Poland

39.6 39.7 40.1 40.1 40.8 40.9 40.9 41.3 41.5 41.7 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.7 42.7 42.7 43.0 44.1

26 Georgia 27 Kyrgyzstan 28 Iran Panama 30 Nicaragua 31 Bulgaria 32 Morocco 33 Syria 34 Yemen 35 Jamaica 36 Egypt Germany Spain 39 Philippines 40 Bahamas 41 Israel 42 Puerto Rico 43 Peru 44 Latvia Trinidad & Tobago 46 Turkey 47 France 48 Barbados 49 Brazil Estonia

12.6 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.0 11.9 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.3 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7

Highest rate of unemployment % of labour forcea 1 Macedonia 2 Namibia 3 South Africa 4 West Bank and Gaza 5 Guadeloupe 6 Ethiopia 7 Martinique 8 Botswana 9 Poland 10 Dominican Republic 11 Slovakia 12 Algeria 13 Uruguay 14 Venezuela 15 Argentina 16 Albania Serbia 18 Netherlands Antilles 19 Tunisia 20 Burundi Suriname 22 Croatia 23 Colombia 24 Jordan 25 Lithuania

a ILO definition.

37.2 33.8 27.1 26.7 24.7 22.9 22.4 19.6 19.0 18.4 18.1 17.7 16.9 15.8 15.6 15.2 15.2 15.1 14.3 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.2 12.8

60

WORLD RANKINGS

The business world Global competitiveness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Overall United States Hong Kong Singapore Iceland Denmark Australia Canada Switzerland Luxembourg Finland Ireland Norway Austria Sweden Netherlands Japan Taiwan China Estonia United Kingdom New Zealand Malaysia Chile Israel Germany Belgium India Czech Republic Thailand France Spain South Korea Slovakia Colombia Hungary Greece Portugal South Africa Slovenia Jordan Bulgaria Philippines Turkey Brazil

Government Hong Kong Singapore Denmark Iceland Finland Australia Ireland Switzerland Canada Norway Estonia New Zealand Chile United States Austria Luxembourg China Netherlands Malaysia Thailand Sweden Slovakia Taiwan United Kingdom South Africa Japan Israel Germany Czech Republic India Colombia Belgium Jordan Spain Hungary Portugal Bulgaria Russia Philippines Greece South Korea France Slovenia Mexico

Infrastructure United States Japan Denmark Switzerland Singapore Sweden Finland Norway Germany Iceland Canada Austria Belgium Hong Kong Israel Netherlands Australia Taiwan France Luxembourg United Kingdom South Korea New Zealand Ireland Czech Republic Spain Malaysia Hungary Greece Portugal Estonia Slovenia China Italy Jordan Colombia Slovakia Chile Poland Bulgaria Argentina Thailand Croatia Russia

Notes: Rankings reflect assessments for the ability of a country to achieve sustained high rates of GDP growth per head. Column 1 is based on 259 criteria covering: the openness of an economy, the role of the government, the development of financial markets, the quality of infrastructure, technology, business management and judicial and political institutions and labour-market flexibility. Column 2 looks at the extent to which government policies are conducive to competitiveness. Column 3 is based on the extent to which a country is integrated into regional trade blocks.

THE BUSINESS WORLD

61

The business environment 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

2006–10 score 2001–2005 score Denmark 8.82 8.69 Finland 8.70 8.55 Canada 6.86 8.63 Singapore 8.66 8.62 Ireland 8.65 8.44 Netherlands 8.65 8.51 United Kingdom 8.64 8.59 United States 8.63 8.56 Switzerland 8.60 8.45 Hong Kong 8.57 8.50 Sweden 8.49 8.29 Australia 8.44 8.14 New Zealand 8.36 8.18 Germany 8.33 7.95 Belgium 8.23 7.89 Norway 8.21 7.82 Austria 8.16 7.81 France 8.16 7.83 Taiwan 8.08 7.52 Estonia 7.93 7.65 Spain 7.87 7.45 Chile 7.81 7.64 Israel 7.79 6.84 Slovakia 7.54 6.77 Malaysia 7.46 7.34 South Korea 7.46 7.10 Czech Republic 7.45 6.92 Japan 7.41 6.95 Portugal 7.35 6.75 Slovenia 7.35 7.16 United Arab Emirates 7.35 6.71 Qatar 7.30 6.90 Hungary 7.29 6.72 Latvia 7.17 6.69 Lithuania 7.16 6.60 Bahrain 7.15 6.98 Poland 7.14 6.64 Italy 7.07 6.45 Cyprus 7.01 6.73 Thailand 6.98 6.66 South Africa 6.92 6.14 Mexico 6.88 6.46 Bulgaria 6.77 5.87 Greece 6.75 6.25 Brazil 6.74 6.37 Kuwait 6.65 6.32

2001–2005 ranking 1 6 2 3 10 7 4 5 9 8 11 13 12 14 15 17 18 16 21 19 22 20 30 31 23 25 28 27 32 24 35 29 34 36 39 26 38 41 33 37 45 40 49 44 42 43

Note: Scores reflect the opportunities for, and hindrances to, the conduct of business, measured by countries’ rankings in ten categories including market potential, tax and labour-market policies, infrastructure, skills and the political environment. Scores reflect average and forecast average over given date range.

62

WORLD RANKINGS

Business creativity and research Innovation indexa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

United States Finland Taiwan Sweden Japan Israel Switzerland South Korea Germany Denmark Canada Norway

6.66 6.43 6.19 5.89 5.74 5.38 5.37 5.29 4.92 4.70 4.69 4.62

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Singapore Iceland Australia United Kingdom Netherlands New Zealand Belgium France Austria Ireland Slovenia Greece

4.47 4.45 4.36 4.35 4.33 4.22 4.20 4.05 3.97 3.82 3.60 3.54

Information and communications technology indexb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Denmark Iceland United States Sweden Finland Taiwan Netherlands Singapore Australia Hong Kong South Korea 12 Switzerland

5.90 5.88 5.72 5.66 5.61 5.51 5.43 5.40 5.27 5.23 5.23 5.21

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Luxembourg Norway United Kingdom Canada Japan Austria New Zealand Germany Estonia France Israel Ireland

5.19 5.12 4.98 4.89 4.75 4.74 4.71 4.63 4.56 4.46 4.37 4.33

9.00 8.88 8.81 8.74 8.64 8.60 8.55 8.50 8.37 8.36 8.35 8.34 8.24 8.19

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

New Zealand Ireland Belgium South Korea France Bermuda Japan Israel Taiwan Spain Italy Portugal Estonia Slovenia

8.19 8.09 7.99 7.90 7.86 7.81 7.77 7.59 7.51 7.34 7.14 7.07 6.71 6.43

E-readinessc Score out of 10, 2006 1 Denmark 2 United States 3 Switzerland 4 Sweden 5 United Kingdom 6 Netherlands 6 Finland 8 Australia 9 Canada 10 Hong Kong 11 Norway 12 Germany 13 Singapore 14 Austria

a The innovation index is a measure of the adoption of new technology, and the interaction between business and the scientific sector. It includes measures of the number of patents granted and higher education enrolment rates. b The information and communications technology (ICT) index is a measure of ICT usage and includes per capita measures of telephone lines, internet usage, personal computers and mobile phone users. c E-Readiness measures how amenable a country is to internet-based business. The factors considered include broadband and mobile-phone penetration, as well as government regulation.

BUSINESS CREATIVITY AND RESEARCH

63

Total expenditure on R&D % of GDP, 2003 1 Israel 2 Sweden 3 Finland 4 Japan 5 Iceland 6 South Korea 7 United States 8 Switzerland 9 Denmark 10 Germany 11 Taiwan 12 Belgium 13 France 14 Austria 15 Singapore 16 Netherlands United Kingdom 18 Canada 19 Luxembourg 20 Norway 21 Australia 22 Slovenia 23 China

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

4.35 4.27 3.44 3.12 3.10 2.64 2.59 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.45 2.33 2.26 2.17 2.13 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.71 1.67 1.59 1.50 1.31

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46

Russia Czech Republic New Zealand Ireland Italy Brazil Spain Hungary Portugal India Estonia South Africa Chile Malaysia Turkey Greece Hong Kong Poland Slovakia Venezuela Colombia Mexico Argentina

1.28 1.26 1.25 1.13 1.11 1.04 1.02 0.95 0.94 0.84 0.83 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.46 0.40 0.40 0.39

Patents No. of patents granted to residents Total, 2002 1 Japan 110,053 2 United States 86,551 3 Taiwan 26,964 4 South Korea 24,984 5 Germany 19,593 6 Russia 14,454 7 France 10,737 8 China 5,913 9 United Kingdom 4,452 10 Netherlands 2,929 11 Italy 2,298 12 Sweden 1,795 13 Switzerland 1,746 14 Spain 1,564 15 Australia 1,415 16 Austria 1,349 17 Canada 1,193 18 Poland 875 19 Belgium 783 20 Romania 696

a 2001

b 2000

c 1997

d 1998

No. of patents in force Per 100,000 people, 2002 1 Luxembourg 5,804 2 Switzerland 1,152 3 Sweden 1,105 4 Singapore 864 5 Japan 860 6 Belgium 851 7 Taiwan 834 8 Ireland 831 9 Netherlands 776 10 Denmark 701 11 France 602 12 Canada 554 13 United Kingdom 551 14 South Korea 516 15 United States 511 16 Australia 502 17 Germany 457 18 Finland 394 19 Spain 377 20 Portugal 281

e 1996

64

WORLD RANKINGS

Business costs and FDI Office rents Occupation costa, $ per square metre, August 2005 1 London (West End), UK 1,923 15 Frankfurt, Germany 684 2 Tokyo (Inner Central), 16 Bristol, UK 680 Japan 1,411 16 Glasgow, UK 680 3 Tokyo (Outer Central), 18 Paris (La Defense), France 679 Japan 1,328 19 Seoul, South Korea 665 4 London (City), UK 1,282 20 Milan, Italy 656 5 Paris, France 964 21 Aberdeen, UK 617 6 Moscow, Russia 918 22 Munich, Germany 615 7 Dublin, Ireland 874 23 Mumbai, India 607 8 Edinburg, UK 816 24 Geneva, Switzerland 599 8 Hong Kong 816 25 Luxembourg City, 10 Manchester, UK 796 Luxembourg 588 11 Leeds, UK 748 26 Jersey, UK 583 12 Zurich, Switzerland 731 27 New York 13 Birmingham, UK 728 (MT Manhattan), US 578 14 Dubai, UAE 704 28 Madrid, Spain 569

Employment costs Pay, social security and other benefits, $ per hr. worked for a production worker 1 Norway 37.33 11 Australia 24.88 2 Denmark 34.51 12 France 24.70 3 Germany 32.52 13 United States 24.42 4 Finland 31.96 14 Canada 23.87 5 Netherlands 31.25 15 Ireland 23.08 6 Switzerland 30.77 16 Japan 21.67 7 Belgium 30.73 17 Italy 21.17 8 Austria 28.94 18 Spain 17.70 9 Sweden 28.78 19 New Zealand 15.44 10 United Kingdom 25.54 20 Singapore 7.92

Foreign direct investmentb Inflow, $m, 2004 1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 China 4 Luxembourg 5 Australia 6 Belgium 7 Hong Kong 8 France 9 Spain 10 Brazil 11 Italy 12 Mexico 13 Singapore 14 Russia 15 Ireland 16 Japan 17 South Korea 18 Chile

95,859 78,399 60,630 57,000 42,594 34,366 34,035 24,318 18,361 18,166 16,815 16,602 16,060 11,672 9,120 7,816 7,687 7,603

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Canada Poland India Romania Austria Azerbaijan Finland Malaysia Switzerland Czech Republic Kazakhstan Argentina Hungary Bermuda Cayman Islands Colombia Turkey Bulgaria

6,293 6,159 5,335 5,174 4,865 4,769 4,648 4,624 4,478 4,463 4,269 4,254 4,167 3,800 3,000 2,739 2,733 2,488

BUSINESS BURDENS AND CORRUPTION

65

Business burdens and corruption Number of days taken to register a new company Highest 1 Haiti 2 Laos 3 Congo 4 Mozambique 5 Brazil 6 Indonesia 7 Angola 8 Venezuela 9 Azerbaijan 10 Botswana 11 West Bank and Gaza 12 Peru 13 Zimbabwe 14 Namibia 15 Lesotho 16 Eritrea

203 198 155 153 152 151 146 116 115 108 106 102 96 95 92 91

Lowest 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Denmark Iceland United States 6 Singapore 7 Afghanistan Puerto Rico 9 France 10 Jamaica Turkey 12 Hong Kong Morocco Netherlands Romania 16 New Zealand

2 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 11 11 11 11 12

Corruption perceptions indexc 2005, 10 = least corrupt Lowest 1 Iceland 2 Finland New Zealand 4 Denmark 5 Singapore 6 Sweden 7 Switzerland 8 Norway 9 Australia 10 Austria 11 Netherlands United Kingdom 13 Luxembourg 14 Canada 15 Hong Kong

Highest 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3

1 Bangladesh Chad 3 Haiti Myanmar Turkmenistan 6 Equatorial Guinea Ivory Coast Nigeria 9 Angola 10 Congo Kenya Pakistan Paraguay Somalia Sudan Tajikistan

1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

7 Nigeria Tunisia 9 Algeria Kenya Paraguay 12 Pakistan

84 84 83 83 83 82

Business software piracy % of software that is pirated, 2004 1 Vietnam 92 2 Ukraine 91 3 China 90 Zimbabwe 90 5 Indonesia 87 Russia 87

a Total rent, taxes and operating expenses. b Investment in companies in a foreign country. c This index ranks countries based on how much corruption is perceived by business people, academics and risk analysts to exist among politicians and public officials.

66

WORLD RANKINGS

Businesses and banks Largest businesses By sales, $bn 1 Wal-Mart Stores 2 BP 3 Exxon Mobil 4 Royal Dutch/Shell Group 5 General Motors 6 DaimlerChrysler 7 Toyota Motor 8 Ford Motor 9 General Electric 10 Total Fina Elf 11 ChevronTexaco 12 ConocoPhillips 13 AXA 14 Allianz 15 Volkswagen 16 Citigroup 17 ING Group 18 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone 19 American Intl. Group 20 IBM 21 Siemens 22 Carrefour 23 Hitachi 24 Assicurazioni Generali 25 Matsushita Electric Industrial 26 McKesson 27 Honda Motor 28 Hewlett-Packard 29 Nissan Motor 30 Fortis 31 Sinopec 32 Berkshire Hathaway 33 ENI 34 Home Depot 35 Aviva 36 HSBC Holdings 37 Deutsche Telekom 38 Verizon Communications 39 Samsung Electronics 40 State Grid 41 Peugeot 42 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 43 Nestlé 44 U.S. Postal Service

United States United Kingdom United States United Kingdom/Netherlands United States United States Japan United States United States France United States United States France Germany Germany United States Netherlands Japan United States United States Germany France Japan Italy Japan United States Japan United States Japan Netherlands China United States Italy United States United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany United States South Korea China France United States Switzerland United States

288.0 285.1 270.8 268.7 193.5 176.7 172.6 172.2 152.9 152.6 148.0 121.7 121.6 118.9 110.6 108.3 105.9 100.5 98.0 96.3 91.5 90.4 84.0 83.3 81.1 80.5 80.5 79.9 79.8 75.5 75.1 74.4 74.2 73.1 73.0 72.6 72.0 71.6 71.6 71.3 70.6 70.2 69.8 69.0

Notes: Industrial and service corporations. Figures refer to the year ended December 31, 2004, except for Japanese companies, where figures refer to year ended March 31, 2005. They include sales of consolidated subsidiaries but exclude excise taxes, thus differing, in some instances, from figures published by the companies themselves.

BUSINESSES AND BANKS

67

Largest banks By capital, $m 1 Citigroup 2 J.P. Morgan Chase 3 HSBC Holdings 4 Bank of America Corp 5 Crédit Agricole Groupe 6 Royal Bank of Scotland 7 Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group 8 Mizuho Financial Group 9 HBOS 10 BNP Paribas 11 Bank of China 12 Santander Central Hispano 13 Barclays Bank 14 Rabobank Group 15 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group 16 Wells Fargo & Co. 17 ING Bank 18 Wachovia Corporation 19 UBS 20 ABN-Amro Bank 21 Deutsche Bank 22 Groupe Caisse d'Epargne 23 Société Générale 24 Crédit Mutuel 25 China Construction Bank 26 Lloyds TSB Group 27 Credit Suisse Group 28 UFJ Holdings 29 HypoVereinsbank 30 Banca Intesa 31 MetLife 32 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 33 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria 34 Fortis Bank 35 Norinchukin Bank 36 Groupe Banques Populaires 37 Agricultural Bank of China 38 Washington Mutual 39 UniCredit 40 National Australia Bank 41 Dexia 42 Sanpaolo IMI 43 US Bancorp 44 Nordea Group 45 Commerzbank 46 Scotiabank

United States United States United Kingdom United States France United Kingdom Japan Japan United Kingdom France China Spain United Kingdom Netherlands Japan United States Netherlands United States Switzerland Netherlands Germany France France France China United Kingdom Switzerland Japan Germany Italy United States China Spain Belgium Japan France China United States Italy Australia Belgium Italy United States Sweden Germany Canada

74,415 68,621 67,259 64,281 63,422 43,828 39,932 38,864 36,587 35,685 34,851 33,259 32,178 30,810 30,389 29,060 28,792 28,583 27,440 26,993 25,507 25,056 25,008 24,773 23,530 22,644 21,736 21,550 21,412 21,199 20,968 20,170 20,033 19,489 18,493 18,280 16,670 16,368 16,175 15,044 15,014 14,792 14,720 14,432 14,279 14,135

Notes: Capital is essentially equity and reserves. Figures for Japanese banks refer to the year ended March 31, 2005. Figures for all other countries refer to the year ended December 31, 2004.

68

WORLD RANKINGS

Stockmarkets Largest market capitalisation $m, end 2005 1 United States 16,997,982 2 Japan 4,736,513 3 United Kingdom 3,058,182 4 France 1,710,029 5 Canada 1,480,891 6 Germany 1,221,250 7 Hong Kong 1,006,228 8 Spain 960,024 9 Switzerland 938,624 10 Australia 804,074 11 Italy 798,167 12 China 780,763 13 Netherlands 727,515 14 South Korea 718,180 15 Saudi Arabia 646,104 16 South Africa 565,408 17 India 553,074 18 Russia 548,579 19 Taiwan 485,617 20 Brazil 474,647 21 Sweden 403,948 22 Belgium 327,065 23 Mexico 239,128 24 United Arab Emirates 225,568 25 Finland 209,504 26 Singapore 208,300

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Norway Malaysia Denmark Turkey Greece Chile Kuwait Austria Thailand Israel Ireland Poland Qatar Indonesia Egypt Portugal Argentina Luxembourg Colombia Pakistan New Zealand Philippines Iran Czech Republic Jordan Peru

190,952 181,236 178,038 161,537 145,013 136,446 130,080 126,324 123,539 120,114 114,134 93,873 87,316 81,428 79,672 66,981 61,478 51,254 46,016 45,937 40,620 40,153 38,724 38,345 37,639 35,995

Highest growth in market capitalisation, $ terms % increase, 2000–05 1 Macedonia 2 United Arab Emirates 3 Ameniaa 4 Romania 5 Qatar 6 Georgia 7 Russia 8 Ukraine 9 Kyrgyzstan 10 Saudi Arabia 11 Bulgaria 12 Kazakhstan 13 Jordan 14 Serbiab 15 Pakistan 16 Iceland Kuwait 18 West Bank and Gaza 19 Sri Lanka 20 Iran

9,129 3,839 2,050 1,826 1,595 1,379 1,309 1,228 950 862 724 684 661 637 598 526 526 483 433 427

21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Lithuania Kenya Colombia Croatia Ecuador Nigeria Latvia Oman Austria South Korea Thailand Zambia Trinidad & Tobago India Jamaica Slovakia Czech Republic Peru Barbados Papua New Guineaa

415 398 381 371 357 357 349 341 322 319 319 319 292 274 264 261 249 241 226 220

STOCKMARKETS

69

Highest growth in value traded $ terms, % increase, 2000–05 1 United Arab Emirates121,194 2 Serbia 13,220 3 Qatar 11,639 4 Saudi Arabia 6,274 5 Jordan 5,623 6 Bulgaria 2,293 7 Kuwait 2,133 8 Colombia 1,503 9 Barbados 1,433 10 Romania 1,340 11 Ecuador 1,209 12 Georgia 1,167 13 Kazakhstan 1,110 14 West Bank and Gaza 1,008 15 Kenya 974 16 Papua New Guineab 750 17 Sri Lanka 690 18 Russia 684 19 Lebanon 683 20 Estonia 660 21 Iran 659 22 Nigeria 637

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Iceland Czech Republic Oman Jamaica Austria Trinidad & Tobago Ghana Ireland Pakistan Croatia Thailand Morocco Lithuania Norway Chile Belgium Indonesia Bahrain El Salvador Argentina Australia South Africa

626 524 481 466 389 364 350 348 328 324 284 279 267 224 210 199 193 188 181 176 172 159

Highest growth in number of listed companies % increase, 2000–05 1 Serbia 14,300.0 2 Macedonia 5,600.0 3 Uzbekistan 2,180.0 4 Kazakhstan 260.9 5 Spain 223.8 6 Slovenia 205.3 7 Canada 162.4 a 8 Uganda 150.0 9 Croatia 126.6 10 Armeniaa 88.6 11 Kuwait 85.7 12 Ukraine 59.0 13 Tanzania 50.0 14 United Arab Emirates 46.3 15 United Kingdom 44.9 16 Hong Kong 44.5 17 Qatar 40.9 18 Bolivia 38.5 19 Iran 38.2 20 Trinidad & Tobago 37.0 21 Ghana 36.4 22 Singapore 33.3 Zambia 33.3 24 Taiwan 31.5 a 2001–05

b 2002–05

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Malta Papua New Guineaa Malaysia Japan China South Korea Australia Barbados Jordan Thailand Cyprus Russia Bangladesh West Bank and Gaza Indonesia Zimbabwe Botswana Bahrain Poland Nigeria New Zealand Ecuadorb Fiji 48 Norway

30.0 28.6 28.3 28.0 27.7 23.9 23.5 23.5 23.3 22.8 20.0 18.9 18.6 16.7 15.5 14.5 12.5 11.9 10.2 9.7 8.5 6.7 6.7 5.8

70

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: roads and cars Longest road networks Km, 2003 or latest 1 United States 2 India 3 China 4 Brazil 5 Canada 6 Japan 7 France 8 Australia 9 Spain 10 Russia 11 Italy 12 Sweden 13 Poland 14 United Kingdom 15 Indonesia 16 South Africa 17 Turkey 18 Mexico 19 Kazakhstan 20 Pakistan

6,378,154 3,851,440 1,809,829 1,724,929 1,408,900 1,177,278 891,290 811,601 666,292 537,289 479,688 424,981 423,997 387,674 368,360 362,099 354,421 349,038 258,029 254,410

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Bangladesh Germany Vietnam Argentina Philippines Romania Nigeria Iran Ukraine Hungary Congo-Kinshasa Saudi Arabia Belgium Austria Czech Republic Netherlands Greece Colombia Algeria Bulgaria

239,226 231,581 215,628 215,471 200,037 198,817 194,394 178,152 169,739 159,568 157,000 152,044 149,757 133,718 127,672 116,500 116,470 112,988 104,000 102,016

Densest road networks Km of road per km2 land area, 2003 or latest 1 Macau 20.3 2 Malta 7.1 3 Bahrain 5.1 24 4 Singapore 5.0 5 Belgium 4.9 26 6 Barbados 3.7 7 Japan 3.1 28 8 Netherlands 2.8 9 Puerto Rico 2.6 10 Luxembourg 2.0 31 11 Slovenia 1.9 12 Bangladesh 1.7 33 Denmark 1.7 34 Hong Kong 1.7 Hungary 1.7 36 Jamaica 1.7 Switzerland 1.7 18 Austria 1.6 39 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.6 Italy 1.6

Trinidad & Tobago United Kingdom Slovakia Sri Lanka Ireland Poland Cyprus Estonia Spain India Lithuania Latvia Mauritius South Korea Bulgaria Greece Sweden Israel Portugal Romania

1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

TRANSPORT: ROADS AND CARS

71

Most crowded road networks Number of vehicles per km of road network, 2003 or latest 1 Hong Kong 286.7 26 Tunisia 2 Qatar 283.6 27 Guatemala 3 Germany 206.0 28 Greece 4 Singapore 181.8 29 France 5 Macau 181.2 30 Ukraine 6 Kuwait 178.7 31 Belgium 7 South Korea 150.0 32 Serbia 8 Brunei 135.6 33 Cyprus 9 Malta 112.1 United States 10 Israel 110.4 35 Spain 11 Malaysia 87.6 36 Austria 12 Bahrain 76.9 37 Poland 13 United Kingdom 75.6 38 Denmark 14 Italy 73.3 39 Czech Republic 15 Mauritius 72.1 40 New Zealand 16 Jordan 71.1 41 Cambodia 17 Portugal 65.7 42 Finland 18 Japan 63.0 43 Honduras 19 Barbados 62.6 44 Panama 20 Luxembourg 59.7 45 Chile 21 Mexico 58.9 46 Norway 22 Netherlands 57.9 47 Moldova 23 Switzerland 57.1 48 Bulgaria 24 Croatia 50.3 49 Swaziland 25 Russia 47.3 50 Slovenia

45.5 44.8 41.1 40.0 39.1 36.5 36.2 36.1 36.1 34.4 33.0 31.9 31.7 31.3 31.0 30.9 30.0 28.4 27.1 26.9 26.2 25.9 25.7 25.6 25.5

Most used road networks ‘000 vehicle-km per year per km of road network, 2003 or latest 1 Hong Kong 5,888.0 16 Pakistan 2 Indonesia 5,741.9 17 Switzerland 3 Singapore 5,097.6 18 Luxembourg 4 Germany 2,759.7 19 South Korea 5 Bhutan 2,651.4 20 Greece 6 Israel 2,220.4 21 Japan 7 Puerto Rico 1,666.1 22 Denmark 8 Bahrain 1,528.0 23 United States 9 Portugal 1,322.5 24 Finland 10 United Kingdom 1,250.3 25 Croatia 11 Malta 1,245.8 26 France 12 Belgium 1,045.9 27 Cambodia 13 Tunisia 1,012.3 28 Chile 14 Kuwait 1,000.0 29 China 15 Netherlands 943.8 30 Ecuador

921.8 829.1 781.2 691.7 681.5 671.7 647.5 647.3 636.6 633.3 615.8 585.1 482.4 464.7 453.8

72

WORLD RANKINGS

Highest car ownership Number of cars per 1,000 populationa 1 New Zealand 619 2 Luxembourg 574 3 Canada 564 4 Iceland 557 5 Italy 547 6 Germany 546 7 Switzerland 521 8 Malta 518 9 Austria 500 10 France 492 11 Belgium 473 12 United States 468 13 Sweden 458 14 Spain 455 15 Slovenia 445 16 United Kingdom 439 17 Portugal 437 18 Finland 434 19 Japan 432 20 Norway 430 21 Qatar 383 22 Ireland 382 23 Cyprus 379 24 Netherlands 376 25 Lithuania 370

26 Czech Republic Denmark 28 Brunei 29 Estonia 30 Greece 31 Bahrain 32 Kuwait 33 Barbados 34 Croatia 35 Bulgaria 36 Poland 37 Netherlands Antilles 38 Latvia 39 Hungary 40 Slovakia 41 Israel 42 Malaysia 43 South Korea 44 Belarus 45 Macau Serbia 47 Russia 48 Romania 49 Mexico 50 Brazil

358 358 353 334 331 327 312 305 294 292 291 285 282 281 251 241 225 215 167 143 143 142 138 131 130

Lowest car ownership Number of cars per 1,000 populationa 1 Ethiopia 1 2 Sierra Leone 2 West Bank and Gaza 2 4 Bolivia 3 5 Bhutan 4 6 India 6 Gambia, The 6 8 Pakistan 7 9 Kenya 8 10 Philippines 9 11 China 10 12 Syria 12 13 Sri Lanka 13 14 Nicaragua 16 15 Cambodia 22 16 Mongolia 24 17 Peru 30 18 Botswana 36 19 Kyrgyzstan 37

a Latest available year between 1999 and 2003.

20 21 22 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Swaziland Namibia Morocco Azerbaijan Zimbabwe Albania Ecuador Georgia Moldova Tunisia Jordan Turkey Panama Kazakhstan Chile Mauritius South Africa Costa Rica Singapore

40 42 43 44 44 47 47 50 59 60 65 66 73 75 89 90 93 98 99

TRANSPORT: ROADS AND CARS

73

Most injured in road accidents Number of people injured per 100,000 populationa 1 Qatar 9,681 27 Chile 2 Kuwait 2,155 28 Sri Lanka 3 Rwanda 1,764 29 Iceland 4 Costa Rica 1,438 30 Israel 5 Saudi Arabia 1,353 31 Peru 6 Panama 1,262 32 New Zealand 7 Jordan 1,023 33 Mongolia 8 Barbados 763 34 Botswana 9 Japan 749 35 Czech Republic 10 United States 704 36 Malta 11 Serbia 638 37 Spain 12 Slovenia 600 38 United Arab Emirates 13 Austria 543 39 Bahrain 14 South Korea 517 Nicaragua 15 Canada 509 41 Hong Kong 16 Swaziland 501 42 Bolivia 17 Belgium 461 43 Lesotho 18 Oman 434 44 Latvia Namibia 434 45 Greece 20 Germany 432 46 Sweden 21 Italy 412 47 Malaysia 22 Portugal 408 48 Netherlands 23 Croatia 385 49 Hungary 24 United Kingdom 375 50 Mauritius 25 Switzerland 334 Norway 26 Cyprus 310

291 290 284 282 278 277 275 273 266 261 249 244 237 237 232 230 221 217 212 207 204 200 194 178 178

Most deaths in road accidents Number of people killed per 100,000 populationa 1 Botswana 30 South Korea 2 South Africa 29 Tunisia United Arab Emirates 29 23 Croatia 4 Malaysia 28 Greece 5 Oman 25 Jordan 6 Russia 24 Kazakhstan Swaziland 24 Kyrgyzstan 8 Gabon 23 Poland 9 Latvia 21 Portugal Saudi Arabia 21 United States 11 Lithuania 20 31 Belgium 12 Qatar 19 Czech Republic 13 Belarus 18 Panama Kuwait 18 34 Algeria 15 Colombia 17 Egypt Lesotho 17 Hungary Mongolia 17 Mauritius Namibia 17 Morocco 19 Suriname 16 Puerto Rico 20 Jamaica 16 Spain a Latest available year between 1999 and 2003.

16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

74

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: planes and trains Most air travel Million passenger-kma per year 1 United States 1,148,383 2 Japan 243,982 3 United Kingdom 182,401 4 China 151,962 5 Germany 127,382 6 France 90,496 7 Hong Kong 83,733 8 Australia 76,159 9 South Korea 72,935 10 Canada 70,937 11 Singapore 70,030 12 Russia 62,417 13 Netherlands 56,056 14 Italy 54,035 15 Malaysia 52,206

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Spain 50,299 Brazil 47,986 Thailand 36,828 Belgium 31,408 South Africa 31,171 Saudi Arabia 29,217 United Arab Emirates 29,135 Switzerland 29,087 Mexico 28,197 New Zealand 24,323 India 23,850 Turkey 20,051 Austria 19,895 Ireland 19,471 Indonesia 19,306

Busiest airports Total passengers, m 1 Atlanta, Hartsfield 85.9 2 Chicago, O'Hare 76.5 3 London, Heathrow 67.9 4 Tokyo, Haneda 63.3 5 Los Angeles, Intl. 61.5 6 Dallas, Ft. Worth 59.1 7 Paris, Charles de Gaulle 53.8 8 Frankfurt, Main 52.2 9 Las Vegas, McCarran Intl. 44.3 10 Amsterdam, Schipol 44.2 11 Denver, Intl. 43.3 12 Madrid, Barajas Intl. 41.9

Total cargo, m tonnes 1 Memphis, Intl. 3.60 2 Hong Kong, Intl. 3.44 3 Anchorage, Intl. 2.61 4 Tokyo, Narita 2.29 5 Seoul, Inchon 2.15 6 Frankfurt, Main 1.96 7 Los Angeles, Intl. 1.93 8 Shanghai, Pudong Intl. 1.86 9 Singapore, Changi 1.85 10 Louisville, Standiford Fd.1.81 11 Paris, Charles de Gaulle 1.77 12 Miami, Intl. 1.76

Average daily aircraft movements, take-offs and landings 1 Atlanta, Hartsfield 2,686 11 Paris, Charles de 2 Chicago, O'Hare 2,664 Gaulle 3 Dallas, Ft. Worth 1,950 12 Detroit, Metro 4 Los Angeles, Intl. 1,783 13 Charlotte/Douglas, 5 Las Vegas, McCarran Intl. Intl. 1,658 14 Washington, Dulles 6 Houston, George Bush Intl. Intercont. 1,542 15 Cincinnati, Intl. 7 Denver, Intl. 1,532 16 Frankfurt, Main 8 Phoenix, Skyharbor 17 London, Heathrow Intl. 1,521 18 Salt Lake City 9 Philadelphia, Intl. 1,468 19 Newark 10 Minneapolis, St Paul 1,458 20 Amsterdam, Schiphol

1,432 1,430 1,430 1,396 1,360 1,343 1,309 1,248 1,198 1,152

a Air passenger–km data refer to the distance travelled by each aircraft of national origin.

TRANSPORT: PLANES AND TRAINS

75

Longest railway networks ‘000 km 1 United States 2 Russia 3 India 4 China 5 Canada 6 Germany 7 Argentina 8 France 9 Mexico 10 Brazil 11 Ukraine 12 Japan South Africa 14 Poland 15 United Kingdom 16 Italy 17 Spain 18 Kazakhstan 19 Pakistan 20 Romania

21 Sweden 22 Australia Czech Republic 24 Turkey 25 Hungary 26 Iran 27 Austria 28 Finland 29 Belarus Sudan 31 Egypt 32 Cuba 33 Congo-Kinshasa North Korea 35 Bulgaria Philippines 37 Indonesia 38 Norway Serbia Uzbekistan

9.9 9.5 9.5 8.7 8.0 6.4 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

1,897 1,672 1,418 1,219 1,099 1,098 1,021 865 852 826

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Italy Kazakhstan Hungary United Kingdom Sweden Finland Czech Republic South Korea Egypt Luxembourg

797 783 731 709 701 645 642 593 552 532

Million tonnes-km per year 1 United States 2,427,268 2 China 1,828,548 3 Russia 1,664,300 4 India 381,241 5 Canada 338,661 6 Ukraine 233,961 7 Kazakhstan 163,420 8 South Africa 106,549 9 Germany 77,640 10 Poland 47,847

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

France Australia Belarus Japan Italy United Kingdom Austria Uzbekistan Iran Latvia

45,121 42,300 40,331 22,200 21,579 20,700 19,047 18,428 18,182 16,877

231.2 85.5 63.2 61.0 57.7 34.7 34.2 29.3 26.5 22.1 22.0 20.1 20.1 19.6 16.5 16.2 14.4 13.8 11.5 10.8

Most rail passengers Km per person per year 1 Japan 2 Switzerland 3 Belarus 4 France 5 Russia 6 Ukraine 7 Austria 8 Netherlands 9 Germany 10 Belgium

Most rail freight

76

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: shipping Merchant fleets By country of registration, gross tonnage, million 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Panama Liberia Bahamas Singapore Greece Hong Kong Malta China Cyprus Norway

141.8 59.6 38.4 31.0 30.7 29.8 23.0 22.3 19.0 17.5

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Japan Italy Germany United Kingdom United States South Korea Russia Denmark India 20 Bermuda

12.6 11.6 11.5 11.2 11.1 9.3 8.3 8.1 8.1 7.3

Merchant fleets By country of ownership, gross tonnage, million 1 Greece 95.6 11 Denmark 2 Japan 89.3 12 Singapore 3 Germany 54.4 13 Russia 4 China 41.5 14 Italy 5 United States 36.0 15 Switzerland 6 Norway 33.4 16 India 7 Hong Kong 26.4 17 Malaysia 8 United Kingdom 22.1 18 Turkey 9 South Korea 19.3 19 Belgium 10 Taiwan 16.1

15.2 14.3 13.0 12.3 9.6 8.3 7.5 6.9 6.8

Crude oil capacity By country of registration, gross tonnage, ’000 1 Panama 24,735 11 2 Liberia 21,708 12 3 Greece 14,136 13 4 Singapore 12,489 14 5 Bahamas 12,100 15 6 Hong Kong 5,312 16 7 Malta 4,980 17 8 India 3,767 18 9 Norway 3,655 19 10 Iran 3,067 20

France Cyprus China Japan Belgium United States Malaysia Kuwait Italy Taiwan

2,093 2,065 1,872 1,704 1,594 1,479 1,458 1,443 997 809

Fish catching capacity By country of registration, gross tonnage, ’000 1 Russia 1,822 2 United States 711 12 3 Japan 429 13 4 South Korea 411 14 Spain 411 15 6 Norway 362 16 7 Argentina 205 17 8 Chile 193 18 9 Belize 187 19 10 Netherlands 179

Peru Iceland United Kingdom Panama China Philippines Canada Honduras Denmark Ukraine

179 172 162 161 154 141 139 133 127 127

TOURISM

77

Tourism Most tourist arrivals Number of arrivals, ‘000 1 France 2 Spain 3 United States 4 China 5 Italy 6 United Kingdom 7 Hong Kong 8 Mexico 9 Germany 10 Austria 11 Canada 12 Turkey 13 Malaysia 14 Ukraine 15 Poland 16 Hungary 17 Thailand 18 Portugal 19 Netherlands

75,121 53,599 46,077 41,761 37,071 27,755 21,811 20,618 20,137 19,373 19,150 16,826 15,703 15,629 14,290 12,212 11,651 11,617 9,646

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Russia Saudi Arabia Macau Croatia Ireland South Africa Belgium Japan Czech Republic Tunisia South Korea Morocco Indonesia Finland Brazil Norway Puerto Rico Dominican Republic

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Austria Canada Hong Kong Spain Denmark South Korea Sweden Norway Switzerland Australia

13,152 12,734 11,707 9,683 9,015 8,949 8,608 8,576 7,976 7,205

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Greece Canada Japan Mexico Switzerland Netherlands Thailand Belgium Hong Kong Malaysia

12,872 12,843 11,202 10,753 10,413 10,260 10,034 9,185 9,007 8,198

9,164 8,580 8,324 7,912 6,982 6,815 6,710 6,138 6,061 5,998 5,818 5,501 5,321 4,875 4,725 3,600 3,541 3,450

Biggest tourist spenders $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Germany United States United Kingdom Japan France Italy China Russia Netherlands Belgium

67,198 60,592 55,347 28,415 27,191 24,122 19,862 17,927 16,797 14,477

Largest tourist receipts $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

United States Spain France Italy Germany United Kingdom China Turkey Austria Australia

74,481 45,247 40,842 35,656 27,657 27,299 25,739 15,888 15,351 12,952

78

WORLD RANKINGS

Education Highest primary enrolment Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Brazil 147 17 2 Uganda 141 3 Malawi 140 19 4 Gabon 132 20 5 Equatorial Guinea 126 21 Lesotho 126 Suriname 126 8 Cambodia 124 Dominican Republic 124 10 Belize 122 26 Rwanda 122 27 12 Togo 121 28 13 Madagascar 120 14 Argentina 119 Nepal 119 Nigeria 119

Peru Russia Ecuador Laos Aruba Bolivia China Portugal Syria Libya El Salvador Indonesia Israel Panama Philippines

118 118 117 116 115 115 115 115 115 114 113 112 112 112 112

Lowest primary enrolment Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Niger 44 15 2 Burkina Faso 46 16 3 Congo-Brazzaville 50 17 4 Mali 58 5 Sudan 60 19 6 Eritrea 63 7 Central African Rep 66 21 8 Saudi Arabia 67 22 9 Pakistan 68 10 Ethiopia 70 24 Guinea-Bissau 70 25 12 Papua New Guinea 75 26 13 Chad 76 27 14 Burundi 77 28

Côte d'Ivoire Sierra Leone Congo-Kinshasa Senegal Guinea Oman Zambia Ghana Yemen Gambia, The Moldova Mauritania Georgia Turkey

78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 83 85 86 88 90 91

Latvia Lithuania Russia Slovenia Denmark Estonia United Kingdom Iceland

73 72 69 68 67 66 64 63

Highest tertiary enrolmenta Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Finland 88 2 South Korea 85 11 3 Sweden 83 12 United States 83 13 5 Macau 81 14 Norway 81 15 7 New Zealand 77 16 8 Greece 74 17 9 Australia 73

Notes: Latest available year 2000–04. The gross enrolment ratios shown are the actual number enrolled as a percentage of the number of children in the official primary age group. They may exceed 100 when children outside the primary age group are receiving primary education.

EDUCATION

79

Least literate % adult literacy rate, latest year 2000–04 1 Burkina Faso 12.8 2 Niger 14.4 3 Mauritania 15.2 4 Mali 19.0 5 Chad 25.5 6 Sierra Leone 29.6 7 Benin 33.6 8 Senegal 39.3 9 Bangladesh 41.1 10 Ethiopia 41.5 11 Mozambique 46.5 12 Côte d'Ivoire 48.1 13 Central African Rep 48.6 Nepal 48.6 15 Pakistan 48.7 16 Yemen 49.0

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Morocco Haiti Togo Ghana Egypt Liberia Papua New Guinea Burundi Sudan India Rwanda Malawi Congo-Brazzaville Angola Nigeria

50.7 51.9 53.0 54.1 55.6 55.9 57.3 58.9 59.0 61.0 64.0 64.1 65.3 66.8 66.8

Highest education spending % of GDP 1 Yemen 2 Cuba Mongolia 4 Lesotho 5 Denmark 6 Malaysia 7 Sweden 8 Barbados Iceland Norway 11 Israel

9.5 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5

12 13 14 15 16 17

Namibia Swaziland Kenya New Zealand Morocco Finland Tunisia 19 Belgium Bolivia Cyprus

7.2 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3

Papua New Guinea 15 Bangladesh 16 Albania Togo Uruguay 19 Lebanon 20 Andorra Gambia, The Laos Macau Rwanda Tajikistan

2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8

Lowest education spending % of GDP 1 Equatorial Guinea 2 Ecuador 3 Indonesia 4 Myanmar 5 United Arab Emirates 6 Cambodia Guinea Pakistan 9 Zambia 10 Botswana Georgia 12 Dominican Republic Niger

0.6 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3

a Tertiary education includes all levels of post-secondary education including courses leading to awards not equivalent to a university degree, courses leading to a first university degree and postgraduate courses.

80

WORLD RANKINGS

Life expectancy Highest life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Japan 3 Hong Kong 4 Iceland 5 Switzerland 6 Australia 7 Sweden 8 Canada Macau 10 Israel Italy 12 Norway 13 Spain 14 Cayman Islandsa France 16 New Zealand 17 Austria 18 Belgium 19 Martinique Singapore 21 Finland Germany Virgin Islands 24 Cyprus Faroe Islandsa

83.5 82.8 82.2 81.4 81.1 81.0 80.8 80.7 80.7 80.6 80.6 80.2 80.1 80.0 80.0 79.8 79.7 79.6 79.4 79.4 79.3 79.3 79.3 79.2 79.2

Guadeloupe 27 Arubaa Luxembourg Malta United Arab Emirates 31 Channel Islands Netherlands United Kingdom 34 Costa Rica 35 Greece 36 Chile Cuba 38 Ireland 39 South Korea 40 Portugal United States 42 Bermudaa Denmark 44 Kuwait 45 Taiwan 46 Slovenia 47 Brunei 48 Netherlands Antilles 49 Puerto Rico 50 Barbados

79.2 79.1 79.1 79.1 79.1 79.0 79.0 79.0 78.8 78.7 78.6 78.6 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.9 77.8 77.8 77.6 77.3 77.2 77.1 76.9 76.8 76.4

9 Canada Switzerland 11 Norway 12 New Zealand 13 Singapore 14 Italy 15 United Arab Emirates 16 Cayman Islandsa

78.2 78.2 77.8 77.7 77.6 77.5 77.4 77.3

Virgin Islands 11 Canada 12 Sweden 13 Arubaa Belgium Faroe Islandsa Macau 17 Cayman Islandsa Israel

83.2 83.1 83.0 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.6 82.6

Highest male life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Iceland 3 Hong Kong 4 Japan 5 Macau Sweden 7 Australia 8 Israel

80.6 79.5 79.3 79.1 78.6 78.6 78.5 78.4

Highest female life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Japan 3 Hong Kong 4 Spain Switzerland 6 Italy 7 France 8 Australia 9 Iceland a 2005 estimate.

86.6 86.4 85.1 83.8 83.8 83.6 83.5 83.4 83.2

LIFE EXPECTANCY

81

Lowest life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Botswana 3 Lesotho 4 Zimbabwe 5 Zambia 6 Central African Rep 7 Malawi 8 Equatorial Guinea 9 Mozambique 10 Angola Sierra Leone 12 Liberia 13 South Africa 14 Nigeria 15 Chad 16 Rwanda 17 Congo-Kinshasa 18 Niger 19 Guinea-Bissau 20 Burundi 21 Namibia 22 Côte d'Ivoire 23 Cameroon 24 Tanzania 25 Afghanistan

29.9 33.9 34.3 37.3 39.1 39.5 41.1 41.5 41.8 41.9 41.9 42.5 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.6 44.7 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.9 46.2 46.3 46.6 47.7

26 Ethiopia 27 Somalia 28 Burkina Faso Mali 30 Kenya 31 Uganda 32 Gabon 33 Congo-Brazzaville Haiti 35 Guinea 36 Mauritania 37 Togo 38 Benin 39 Eritrea 40 Madagascar 41 Laos 42 Sudan 43 Papua New Guinea Senegal 45 Gambia, The 46 Cambodia 47 Ghana 48 Iraq 49 Myanmar 50 Yemen

48.5 48.8 49.3 49.3 50.3 52.1 53.3 53.5 53.5 54.4 54.5 55.8 55.9 56.0 56.2 56.5 56.9 57.1 57.1 57.7 58.0 58.1 61.0 61.8 62.7

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Mozambique Liberia Rwanda Chad Congo-Kinshasa Nigeria South Africa Guinea-Bissau Burundi Niger

41.7 41.9 43.1 43.3 43.6 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.5 45.4

Liberia Sierra Leone Angola South Africa Nigeria Namibia Chad Niger 18 Congo-Kinshasa

43.1 43.3 43.4 43.8 44.3 45.1 45.4 45.4 45.8

Lowest male life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Lesotho 3 Botswana 4 Zimbabwe 5 Central African Rep 6 Zambia 7 Angola Sierra Leone 9 Equatorial Guinea 10 Malawi

30.8 34.2 35.0 38.2 39.0 39.6 40.5 40.5 41.4 41.6

Lowest female life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Botswana 3 Lesotho 4 Zimbabwe 5 Zambia 6 Central African Rep 7 Malawi 8 Equatorial Guinea 9 Mozambique

29.2 32.7 34.3 36.3 38.6 40.0 40.6 41.6 41.9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

82

WORLD RANKINGS

Death rates and infant mortality Highest death rates Number of deaths per 1,000 population, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 31.2 49 Laos 2 Botswana 28.4 Togo 3 Lesotho 26.4 51 Madagascar 4 Zimbabwe 23.0 Serbia 5 Sierra Leone 22.5 53 Czech Republic 6 Central African Rep 21.8 54 Kazakhstan 7 Zambia 21.2 55 Portugal 8 Angola 21.1 Sudan 9 Equatorial Guinea 20.9 57 Gambia, The 10 South Africa 20.6 Moldova 11 Liberia 20.3 59 Germany 12 Malawi 19.9 North Korea Mozambique 19.9 Senegal 14 Chad 19.5 62 Denmark Niger 19.5 Italy 16 Congo-Kinshasa 19.2 64 Greece 17 Guinea-Bissau 19.0 65 Slovenia 18 Nigeria 18.4 66 Ghana 19 Afghanistan 18.0 67 Belgium 20 Burundi 17.9 United Kingdom Rwanda 17.9 69 Cambodia 22 Ukraine 16.9 Eritrea 23 Cameroon 16.8 Poland 24 Côte d'Ivoire 16.7 Sweden 25 Mali 16.4 73 Bosnia Namibia 16.4 74 Austria 27 Tanzania 16.3 Finland 28 Somalia 16.1 Slovakia 29 Russia 16.0 77 Armenia 30 Burkina Faso 15.8 France 31 Ethiopia 15.4 Papua New Guinea 32 Belarus 15.0 80 Channel Islands 33 Bulgaria 14.5 81 Myanmar 34 Kenya 13.8 Norway 35 Estonia 13.6 83 Netherlands Latvia 13.6 Spain 37 Uganda 13.5 85 Uruguay 38 Gabon 13.0 86 Macedonia 39 Guinea 12.9 87 Japan 40 Hungary 12.9 Switzerland 41 Mauritania 12.8 89 Faroe Islandsa 42 Haiti 12.7 90 Trinidad & Tobago 43 Romania 12.6 91 Iraq 44 Congo-Brazzaville 12.2 Malta Lithuania 12.2 United States 46 Croatia 12.1 94 India 47 Georgia 11.8 Puerto Rico 48 Benin 11.6

11.3 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3

Note: Both death and, in particular, infant mortality rates can be underestimated in certain countries where not all deaths are officially recorded. a 2005 estimate.

DEATH RATES AND INFANT MORTALITY

83

Highest infant mortality Number of deaths per 1,000 live births, 2005–10 1 Sierra Leone 159.8 21 Central African Rep 2 Niger 145.4 22 Ethiopia 3 Afghanistan 141.9 23 Cameroon 4 Angola 141.6 24 Mozambique 5 Liberia 132.0 25 Zambia 6 Mali 125.8 26 Mauritania 7 Burkina Faso 115.6 27 Togo 8 Côte d'Ivoire 113.8 28 Cambodia 9 Somalia 113.1 29 Tajikistan 10 Congo-Kinshasa 112.5 30 Iraq 11 Rwanda 112.3 31 Laos 12 Chad 111.5 32 Senegal 13 Guinea-Bissau 111.0 33 Uganda 14 Nigeria 108.1 34 Turkmenistan 15 Tanzania 104.0 35 Azerbaijan 16 Malawi 102.6 36 Madagascar 17 Burundi 98.9 37 Pakistan 18 Benin 97.6 38 Congo-Brazzaville 19 Guinea 96.7 Gambia, The 20 Equatorial Guinea 94.5 40 Myanmar

93.2 90.9 90.7 90.6 88.4 88.1 87.5 87.3 85.2 81.5 79.6 77.2 76.6 74.7 72.2 71.2 70.5 68.0 68.0 66.4

Lowest death rates

Lowest infant mortality

No. deaths per 1,000 pop., 2005–10 1 United Arab Emirates 2 Kuwait 3 Brunei Oman 5 Qatar 6 Bahrain Syria 8 Saudi Arabia West Bank and Gaza 10 Jordan 11 Costa Rica Libya 13 Mexico 14 Malaysia Nicaragua 16 Cayman Islandsa Macau Paraguay Philippines 20 Algeria 21 French Polynesia Guam New Caledonia Panama Venezuela

No. deaths per 1,000 live births, 2005–10 1 Singapore 3.0 2 Iceland 3.1 Japan 3.1 4 Sweden 3.2 5 Norway 3.3 6 South Korea 3.6 7 Finland 3.7 Hong Kong 3.7 9 Andorraa 4.1 Belgium 4.1 11 France 4.3 Germany 4.3 Switzerland 4.3 14 Austria 4.4 Netherlands 4.4 Spain 4.4 17 Australia 4.6 18 Denmark 4.7 19 Canada 4.8 Israel 4.8 21 Cuba 4.9 22 Italy 5.0 Luxembourg 5.0 New Zealand 5.0 United Kingdom 5.0

a 2005 estimate.

1.3 1.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

84

WORLD RANKINGS

Death and disease Diabetes

Heart disease

% of population aged 20–79, 2003 1 United Arab Emirates 20.1 2 Cuba 13.2 Puerto Rico 13.2 4 Kuwait 12.8 5 Singapore 12.3 6 Oman 11.4 7 Mauritius 10.7 8 Germany 10.2 9 Bulgaria 10.0 Dominican Republic 10.0 11 Latvia 9.9 Spain 9.9 13 Egypt 9.8 14 Estonia 9.7 Hungary 9.7 Ukraine 9.7 17 Austria 9.6 Bosnia 9.6 Slovenia 9.6

Deaths per 100,000 population, 2002 1 Ukraine 686 2 Belarus 601 3 Georgia 503 4 Russia 468 5 Estonia 466 6 Moldova 435 7 Latvia 426 8 Lithuania 423 9 Kazakhstan 336 10 Bulgaria 329 11 Hungary 297 12 Armenia 277 13 Romania 271 Slovakia 271 15 Azerbaijan 269 16 Croatia 263 17 Czech Republic 253 18 Turkmenistan 243 19 Finland 240

Maternal mortality rate

Tuberculosis

Deaths per 100,000 live births, estimates, 2000 1 Sierra Leone 2,000 2 Afghanistan 1,900 3 Malawi 1,800 4 Angola 1,700 5 Niger 1,600 6 Tanzania 1,500 7 Rwanda 1,400 8 Mali 1,200 9 Central African Rep 1,100 Chad 1,100 Guinea-Bissau 1,100 Somalia 1,100 Zimbabwe 1,100 14 Burkina Faso 1,000 Burundi 1,000 Kenya 1,000 Mauritania 1,000 Mozambique 1,000 19 Congo-Kinshasa 990 20 Equatorial Guinea 880 Uganda 880 22 Benin 850 Ethiopia 850

Incidence per 100,000 population, 2004 1 Swaziland 1,226 2 South Africa 718 3 Namibia 717 4 Lesotho 696 5 Zambia 680 6 Zimbabwe 674 7 Botswana 670 8 Kenya 619 9 Cambodia 510 10 Mozambique 460 11 Sierra Leone 443 12 Malawi 413 13 Somalia 411 14 Uganda 402 15 Côte d'Ivoire 393 16 Congo-Brazzaville 377 17 Rwanda 371 18 Congo-Kinshasa 366 19 Togo 355 20 Ethiopia 353 21 Tanzania 347 22 Burundi 343 23 Afghanistan 333

Note: Statistics are not available for all countries. The number of cases diagnosed and reported depends on the quality of medical practice and administration and can be under-reported in a number of countries.

DEATH AND DISEASE

Measles immunisation

DPTa immunisation

Lowest % of children aged 12–23 months, 2004 1 Central African Rep Nigeria 3 Laos 4 Somalia 5 Liberia 6 Papua New Guinea 7 Côte d'Ivoire 8 Haiti 9 Gabon 10 Chad India 12 Senegal 13 Madagascar Sudan 15 Afghanistan 16 Angola Bolivia Cameroon Congo-Kinshasa Mauritania Sierra Leone

Lowest % of children aged 12–23 months, 2004 1 Nigeria 2 Somalia 3 Liberia 4 Gabon 5 Central African Rep 6 Haiti 7 Laos 8 Papua New Guinea 9 Chad Côte d'Ivoire 11 Sudan 12 Angola 13 Madagascar Sierra Leone 15 Niger 16 Congo-Kinshasa India 18 Pakistan 19 Afghanistan 20 Congo-Brazzaville 21 Guinea

35 35 36 40 42 44 49 54 55 56 56 57 59 59 61 64 64 64 64 64 64

85

25 30 31 38 40 43 45 46 50 50 55 59 61 61 62 64 64 65 66 67 69

HIV/AIDS

AIDS

Prevalence among population aged 15–49, %, 2005 1 Swaziland 33.4 2 Botswana 24.1 3 Lesotho 23.2 4 Zimbabwe 20.1 5 Namibia 19.6 6 South Africa 18.8 7 Zambia 17.0 8 Mozambique 16.1 9 Malawi 14.1 10 Central African Rep 10.7 11 Gabon 7.9 12 Côte d'Ivoire 7.1 13 Uganda 6.7 14 Tanzania 6.5 15 Kenya 6.1 16 Cameroon 5.4 17 Congo-Brazzaville 5.3 18 Nigeria 3.9 19 Guinea-Bissau 3.8 Haiti 3.8 21 Angola 3.7 22 Chad 3.5

Estimated deaths per 100,000 pop., 2005 1 Swaziland 1,455 2 Zimbabwe 1,395 3 Lesotho 1,278 4 Botswana 1,000 5 Zambia 899 6 Namibia 850 7 Mozambique 729 8 South Africa 708 9 Malawi 634 10 Central African Rep 615 11 Kenya 432 12 Côte d'Ivoire 385 13 Tanzania 371 14 Uganda 341 15 Gabon 336 16 Congo-Brazzaville 289 17 Cameroon 282 18 Rwanda 247 19 Angola 213 20 Equatorial Guinea 197 21 Belize 192 22 Haiti 190

a Diptheria, pertussis and tetanus

86

WORLD RANKINGS

Health Highest health spending

Lowest health spending

As % of GDP 1 United States 2 Switzerland 3 Germany 4 Cambodia 5 Iceland 6 Norway 7 Lebanon 8 France 9 Canada Greece 11 Netherlands Uruguay 13 Portugal Serbia 15 Australia Bosnia 17 Belgium Jordan Sweden 20 Malawi Malta 22 Denmark 23 Argentina Israel 25 Slovenia 26 Hungary Italy South Africa 29 El Salvador Gambia, The New Zealand

As % of GDP 1 Congo-Kinshasa 2 Pakistan 3 Somalia 4 Iraq Madagascar Qatar 7 Angola Myanmar 9 Bhutan Burundi Indonesia 12 Laos Oman Philippines 15 Thailand United Arab Emirates 17 Bangladesh Papua New Guinea 19 Bermuda Brunei Kazakhstan Kuwait Sierra Leone Sri Lanka 25 Azerbaijan Côte d'Ivoire 27 Fiji Mauritius 29 Malaysia 30 Trinidad & Tobago Turkmenistan

15.2 11.5 11.1 10.9 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.1

2.0 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9

Highest pop. per doctor

Lowest pop. per doctor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Congo-Kinshasa Malawi Tanzania Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi Liberia Niger Sierra Leone Chad Togo Benin Rwanda Papua New Guinea Lesotho Eritrea Bhutan

71,958 46,241 45,864 37,397 37,354 35,500 33,981 32,891 30,952 25,797 22,222 22,186 21,197 21,091 20,225 20,000 19,492

Cuba Estonia Belarus Belgium Greece Russia Italy Georgia Turkmenistan Lithuania Israel Uruguay Bulgaria Iceland 15 Switzerland 16 Armenia Kazakhstan

170 212 220 223 229 234 238 243 245 249 269 275 277 277 278 282 282

HEALTH

87

Most hospital beds Beds per 1,000 pop. 1 Japan 2 Belarus 3 Russia 4 Germany 5 Czech Republic Ukraine 7 Lithuania 8 Austria Azerbaijan 10 Luxembourg 11 Hungary Latvia 13 France Kazakhstan 15 Australia

14.3 11.3 10.5 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.4

16 Finland Slovakia 18 South Korea 19 Belgium 20 Moldova 21 Romania 22 Bulgaria Taiwan 24 Israel New Zealand Tajikistan 27 Croatia Estonia Serbia Switzerland

7.2 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Obesitya Men, % of total population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 29 30

Lebanon Qatar Kuwait Panama United States Cyprus Saudi Arabia West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Albania England Germany Scotland Ireland Israel Mexico Australia United Arab Emirates Wales Oman Slovenia Turkey Lithuania Canada Peru Luxembourg Sweden Portugal Switzerland Mongolia

Women, % of total population 36.3 34.6 32.8 27.9 27.7 26.6 26.4 23.9 23.3 22.8 22.7 22.5 22.3 20.1 19.9 19.4 19.3 17.1 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.5 16.2 16.0 16.0 15.3 14.8 14.5 14.1 13.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Qatar Saudi Arabia West Bank and Gaza Lebanon Panama Albania Bahrain United States Egypt United Arab Emirates Iran Kuwait Turkey Mexico Scotland Israel Mongolia Jamaica England Cyprus Germany Oman Peru Australia Morocco Russia Trinidad & Tobago Fiji Mauritania Wales

Note: Data for these health rankings refer to the latest year available, 1999–2003. a Defined as body mass index of 30 or more – see Glossary, page 246.

45.3 44.0 42.5 38.3 36.1 35.6 34.1 34.0 32.4 31.4 30.0 29.9 29.4 29.0 26.0 25.7 24.6 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.3 23.1 23.0 22.2 21.7 21.6 21.1 19.3 19.2 18.0

88

WORLD RANKINGS

Marriage and divorce Highest marriage rates Number of marriages per 1,000 population 1 Cyprus 15.0 2 Bermuda 13.8 3 Barbados 13.1 4 Vietnam 12.1 5 Bangladesh 11.2 6 Egypt 11.0 7 Iran 10.2 8 Fiji 9.9 9 Cayman Islands 9.6 10 Sri Lanka 9.3 11 Albania 8.8 Mauritius 8.8 13 Jamaica 8.5 Turkey 8.5 15 Guam 8.2 United States 8.2 17 West Bank and Gaza 7.5 18 Iraq 7.3 19 Taiwan 7.2 20 Macedonia 7.1 21 Aruba 6.9 Belarus 6.9 Moldova 6.9 24 Kyrkyzstan 6.8 Uzbekistan 6.8 26 Australia 6.7 27 Philippines 6.6 28 Mexico 6.5 Puerto Rico 6.5 Thailand 6.5

31 Portugal 32 Singapore South Korea 34 Belize China 36 Brunei Croatia 38 Costa Rica Denmark Tajikistan 41 Malta 42 Bahamas Greece Mongolia 45 Bahrain Channel Islandsa Japan Ukraine 49 Algeria Serbia 51 Guatemala 52 Bosnia 53 Ireland Romania Trinidad & Tobago Turkmenistan 57 France Netherlands Norway United Kingdom

6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2

Slovenia 14 Argentina Bulgaria Martinique 17 El Salvador Hong Kong 19 Czech Republic Guadeloupe Nicaragua 22 New Caledonia Peru 24 Sweden

3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1

Lowest marriage rates Number of marriages per 1,000 population 1 Andorra 2.8 Dominican Republic 2.8 3 Georgia 2.9 Macau 2.9 Saudi Arabia 2.9 6 Latvia 3.0 7 Panama 3.1 United Arab Emirates 3.1 9 Estonia 3.2 Poland 3.2 11 Belgium 3.5 Qatar 3.5

a Guernsey only Note: The data are based on latest available figures and hence will be affected by the population age structure at the time. Marriage rates refer to registered marriages only and, therefore, reflect the customs surrounding registry and efficiency of administration.

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

89

Highest divorce rates Number of divorces per 1,000 population 1 Aruba 5.3 2 United States 4.8 3 Belarus 4.5 4 Guam 4.3 5 Uruguay 4.2 6 Moldova 4.1 7 Puerto Rico 3.7 8 South Korea 3.5 9 Ukraine 3.4 10 Czech Republic 3.3 Lithuania 3.3 New Zealand 3.3 13 Estonia 3.2 14 Bermuda 3.0 Cuba 3.0 Netherlands Antilles 3.0 Russia 3.0 United Kingdom 3.0 19 Channel Islandsa 2.9 20 Australia 2.8 Denmark 2.8 Switzerland 2.8 23 Finland 2.7 24 Hungary 2.6 25 Latvia 2.5 26 Belgium 2.4 Germany 2.4 Norway 2.4 29 Canada 2.3

32 34

38 40

44

48 49 50 52 53

Kazakhstan Luxembourg Austria Japan Guadeloupe Israel Romania Sweden Netherlands Taiwan France Hong Kong Iceland Singapore Bahamas Portugal Slovakia Suriname Cayman Islands Egypt Barbados Kuwait Bulgaria Albania Jordan Martinique Tunisia Turkmenistan

2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Lowest divorce rates Number of divorces per 1,000 population 1 Belize 0.2 Colombia 0.2 3 Libya 0.3 4 Georgia 0.4 Mongolia 0.4 Tajikistan 0.4 7 Bosnia 0.5 Brazil 0.5 Chile 0.5 Mexico 0.5 Vietnam 0.5 12 Armenia 0.6 El Salvador 0.6 Jamaica 0.6

a Guernsey only

Nicaragua Panama Turkey Uzbekistan 19 Azerbaijan Ecuador Ireland Macedonia 23 China Italy Spain 26 Greece Venezuela

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

90

WORLD RANKINGS

Households and prices Biggest number of householdsa m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

China India United States Indonesia Russia Brazil Japan Germany Nigeria United Kingdom Bangladesh France Vietnam Mexico

378.09 202.88 110.24 57.41 52.88 51.61 48.48 39.17 26.10 25.26 25.11 24.88 24.67 24.16

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Italy Pakistan Ukraine South Korea Congo Thailand Philippines Egypt Turkey Spain Ethiopia Poland Myanmar Iran

23.03 21.53 19.76 17.04 16.92 16.90 16.76 15.54 15.13 15.04 14.44 13.51 13.33 12.67

Biggest householdsa Population per dwelling 1 Congo-Brazzaville 2 Pakistan 3 Kuwait United Arab Emirates 5 Gabon Guinea 7 Cambodia Réunion 9 Algeria

8.1 7.2 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1

Sudan 11 Bangladesh Saudi Arabia 13 French Polynesia Uzbekistan 15 Jordan Kyrgyzstan 17 Guinea-Bissau

6.1 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6

Sweden Netherlands Singapore United States Russia Italy New Zealand Spain Côte d'Ivoire Luxembourg 26 Canada 27 Taiwan Turkey 29 Israel

105 104 103 100 98 97 96 95 94 94 92 88 88 86

Highest cost of livingb Autumn 2005, USA=100 1 Norway 2 Japan 3 Iceland 4 France 5 Denmark 6 United Kingdom 7 Switzerland 8 Finland 9 Austria 10 South Korea 11 Hong Kong 12 Australia Ireland 14 Germany 15 Belgium

140 136 135 130 127 125 116 115 113 110 109 108 108 106 105

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

a Latest available year. b The cost of living index shown is compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit for use by companies in determining expatriate compensation: it is a comparison of the cost of maintaining a typical international lifestyle in the country rather than a comparison of the purchasing power of a citizen of the country. The index is based on typical urban prices an international executive and family will face abroad. The prices

HOUSEHOLDS AND PRICES

91

Smallest number of householdsa m 1 Virgin Islands 2 Bermuda 3 Aruba Guam 5 French Polynesia New Caledonia 7 Netherlands Antilles 8 Barbados 9 Bahamas Brunei 11 Suriname 12 Cayman Islands 13 Martinique 14 Belize Guadeloupe

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11

16 Equatorial Guinea Malta Réunion 19 Iceland 20 Macau 21 Fiji Luxembourg Qatar 24 Bahrain 25 Swaziland 26 Gabon 27 Mauritius 28 Cyprus Guinea-Bissau Trinidad & Tobago

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.27

Norway 9 Austria Belgium Estonia France Ukraine United Kingdom

2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

Smallest householdsa Population per dwelling 1 Germany Sweden 3 Denmark Finland Switzerland 6 Iceland Netherlands

2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3

Lowest cost of livingb Autumn 2005, USA=100 1 Iran 2 Philippines 3 Pakistan 4 Paraguay 5 India Libya 7 Bangladesh 8 Costa Rica 9 Argentina Kazakhstan Uzbekistan 12 Algeria Syria 14 Egypt Sri Lanka 16 Venezuela

33 39 43 45 47 47 48 53 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 58

17 Cambodia 18 Bulgaria 19 Peru Serbia Thailand 22 Brunei 23 Ecuador Indonesia Uraguay 26 Kuwait Malaysia Panama Romania 30 Kenya Oman

59 60 61 61 61 62 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 66 66

c are for products of international comparable quality found in a supermarket or department store. Prices found in local markets and bazaars are not used unless the available merchandise is of the specified quality and the shopping area itself is safe for executive and family members. New York City prices are used as the base, so United States = 100.

92

WORLD RANKINGS

Consumer goods ownership TV Colour TVs per 100 households 1 Belgium 99.6 United States 99.6 3 Taiwan 99.4 4 Finland 99.3 Ireland 99.3 6 Hong Kong 99.1 7 Japan 99.0 8 Saudi Arabia 98.9 9 Canada 98.8 10 Netherlands 98.7 Singapore 98.7 12 Spain 98.5 13 United Kingdom 98.2 14 Portugal 98.1 15 New Zealand 98.0 16 Austria 97.6 17 Germany 97.3 18 Sweden 97.1 19 United Arab Emirates 97.0 20 Switzerland 96.9 21 Israel 96.6 22 Italy 96.0 23 France 95.9 24 Venezuela 95.1 25 South Korea 93.6

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Norway Jordan Slovenia Denmark Australia Czech Republic Greece Kuwait Argentina Tunisia Mexico Malaysia Hungary Croatia Brazil Colombia Estonia Poland Slovakia Thailand Belarus Ukraine Lithuania Russia Algeria

93.5 93.0 92.6 92.5 92.0 91.9 91.7 91.4 91.2 90.7 90.5 90.3 89.2 89.0 87.5 86.7 86.2 85.6 84.0 83.9 80.4 76.9 76.7 75.2 74.3

23 24 25 26 27

Faroe Islands Guadeloupe Netherlands Norway Belgium Ireland Austria Italy New Zealand Japan Greenland Finland Martinique Bahamas Israel Singapore Croatia Spain Réunion Slovenia Portugal Macau

49.8 48.7 48.4 47.2 46.4 46.4 46.2 46.2 46.1 46.0 45.7 45.4 44.5 44.1 43.7 43.2 42.7 41.5 41.0 40.7 40.3 37.4

Telephone Telephone lines per 100 people 1 Bermuda 86.2 2 Luxembourg 79.8 3 Sweden 71.5 4 Switzerland 71.0 5 Iceland 66.4 6 Germany 66.2 7 Denmark 64.5 8 Canada 64.3 9 Virgin Islands 63.9 10 United States 60.6 11 Taiwan 59.6 12 Australia 58.6 13 Greece 57.8 14 United Kingdom 56.4 15 France 56.0 16 South Korea 55.3 17 Hong Kong 54.4 18 Andorra 52.3 19 Cyprus 51.8 20 Malta 51.6 21 Guam 50.9 22 Barbados 50.1

29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

CONSUMER GOODS OWNERSHIP

93

CD player CD players per 100 households 1 Norway 90.1 2 Denmark 90.0 3 Netherlands 87.8 4 New Zealand 87.6 5 Germany 87.1 6 United Kingdom 86.8 7 Australia 85.0 8 Sweden 84.3 9 Canada 81.1 10 Taiwan 70.6 11 Austria 70.5 12 Japan 68.5

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Belgium Finland Switzerland United States Hong Kong Singapore Portugal Ireland Spain Peru Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates

68.0 64.8 59.8 59.6 57.7 56.6 44.7 42.1 41.7 35.1 33.1 31.1

82.3 76.2 76.1 73.4 69.8 68.9 68.5 65.5 62.2 62.1 60.5 60.0 57.8 57.6 54.5 54.2 52.8

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Bermuda Ireland New Zealand France Germany Finland Estonia Iceland Réunion Slovenia Belgium Saudi Arabia Malta Italy Cyprus Slovakia Macau

52.3 49.7 49.3 48.7 48.5 48.2 47.4 47.1 36.3 35.5 35.1 34.0 31.5 31.3 30.9 29.6 29.0

138.2 118.8 108.5 108.2 105.6 105.3 103.6 102.2 100.5 100.3 99.3 99.0 98.4 97.4 96.0

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Finland Denmark Ireland Andorra Macau Netherlands Bahrain Netherlands Antilles Singapore Spain Aruba Belgium Germany Hungary Faroe Islands

95.6 95.5 93.5 93.4 92.9 91.2 90.6 90.1 89.5 89.5 89.4 88.3 86.4 86.4 85.8

Computer Computers per 100 people 1 Switzerland 2 United States 3 Sweden 4 Israel 5 Canada 6 Australia 7 Netherlands 8 Denmark 9 Singapore 10 Luxembourg 11 Hong Kong 12 United Kingdom 13 Norway 14 Austria 15 South Korea 16 Japan 17 Taiwan

Mobile telephone Subscribers per 100 people 1 Luxembourg 2 Hong Kong 3 Sweden 4 Italy 5 Czech Republic 6 Israel 7 Norway 8 United Kingdom 9 Slovenia 10 Taiwan 11 Lithuania 12 Iceland 13 Portugal 14 Austria 15 Estonia

26 27 28 30

94

WORLD RANKINGS

Books and newspapers Cultural goodsa Exports, 2002, $m 1 United Kingdom 2 United States 3 Germany 4 China 5 France 6 Ireland 7 Singapore 8 Japan 9 Canada 10 Austria 11 Netherlands 12 Spain 13 Switzerland 14 Italy 15 Mexico 16 Belgium 17 Sweden 18 Hungary 19 Hong Kong 20 Denmark 21 South Korea 22 Russia 23 Australia 24 Finland 25 India 26 Czech Republic 27 Malaysia 28 Poland 29 Portugal 30 Israel

8,548.8 7,648.4 5,788.9 5,274.9 2,521.3 2,276.9 2,001.0 1,805.1 1,577.2 1,561.1 1,546.4 1,532.7 1,383.9 1,380.7 1,244.4 1,130.0 875.3 719.5 577.9 498.8 388.4 347.1 317.7 290.2 284.4 218.6 215.9 209.3 158.0 155.0

Imports, 2002, $m 1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Germany 4 Canada 5 France 6 Switzerland 7 China 8 Japan 9 Italy 10 Belgium 11 Spain 12 Netherlands 13 Australia 14 Mexico 15 Austria 16 South Korea 17 Sweden 18 India 19 Singapore 20 Ireland 21 Norway 22 Denmark 23 Portugal 24 Russia 25 Finland 26 South Africa 27 New Zealand 28 Czech Republic 29 Poland 30 Brazil

15,338.6 7,871.9 4,162.1 3,829.9 3,406.8 2,466.0 2,189.2 2,014.2 1,819.4 1,510.7 1,484.6 1,425.5 1,210.0 1,149.4 1,078.0 1,021.0 830.1 803.6 639.5 574.8 552.4 514.4 394.0 372.9 344.4 309.4 301.7 287.4 260.9 235.5

Daily newspapers Copies per ’000 population, latest year 1 Iceland 548 2 Norway 528 3 Sweden 492 4 Finland 428 5 Bulgaria 390 6 United States 381 7 Denmark 369 8 Switzerland 346 9 Austria 316 10 United Kingdom 311 11 Germany 269 12 Netherlands 257 13 Singapore 249 14 Luxembourg 246 15 Hong Kong 213

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Turkmenistan Estonia New Zealand Slovenia South Africa Latvia Czech Republic Hungary Italy China Belgium Ireland France Australia Croatia

200 192 190 174 166 165 163 151 142 141 140 132 129 126 116

MUSIC AND THE INTERNET

95

Music and the internet Music sales: Total $m, 2005 1 United States 2 Japan 3 United Kingdom 4 Germany 5 France 6 Canada 7 Australia 8 Italy 9 Spain 10 Netherlands

12,269 5,448 3,446 2,211 1,990 732 674 669 555 431

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Mexico Brazil Russia Austria Switzerland Belgium South Africa Norway Sweden Denmark

412 394 388 285 267 262 254 253 240 180

6 7 8 9 10

Italy Canada South Korea Australia Netherlands

16 15 12 7 5

Music sales: Digital downloads Trade revenues, $m, 2005 1 United States 2 Japan 3 United Kingdom 4 Germany 5 France

636 278 69 39 28

Internet hosts By country, January 2006 1 United Statesb 246,745,030 2 Japan 24,903,795 3 Argentina 14,664,719 4 Italy 11,222,960 5 Germany 9,852,798 6 Netherlands 7,258,159 7 France 6,863,156 8 Australia 6,039,486 9 United Kingdom 5,778,422 10 Brazil 5,094,730 11 Taiwan 3,943,555 12 Poland 3,941,769 13 Canada 3,622,706 14 Sweden 2,817,010 15 Mexico 2,555,047 16 Belgium 2,546,148 17 Finland 2,505,805 18 Spain 2,459,614 19 Denmark 2,316,370 20 Switzerland 2,125,269 21 Norway 2,109,283 22 Austria 1,957,154 23 Russia 1,628,987 24 Portugal 1,378,817 25 Israel 1,212,264

Per 1,000 pop., January 2006 1 United States 830.8 2 Iceland 660.4 3 Finland 481.9 4 Norway 458.5 5 Netherlands 448.0 6 Denmark 429.0 7 Argentina 377.0 8 Sweden 316.5 9 Australia 303.5 10 Switzerland 295.2 11 Estonia 273.1 12 New Zealand 249.2 13 Belgium 247.2 14 Austria 241.6 15 Italy 195.9 16 Japan 194.9 17 Cayman Islands 190.3 18 Singapore 187.0 19 Israel 183.7 20 Luxembourg 183.2 21 Taiwan 173.7 22 Bermuda 156.0 23 Andorra 151.2 24 Portugal 136.5 25 Aruba 135.8

a Includes art, antiques, books, newspapers, music and cultural services. b Includes all hosts ending “.com”, “.net” and “.org”, which exaggerates the numbers.

96

WORLD RANKINGS

Nobel prize winners: 1901–2005 Peace 1 2 3 4 5

United States United Kingdom France Sweden Belgium Germany 7 Austria Norway South Africa 10 Argentina Egypt Israel Russia Switzerland

Economicsa 17 11 9 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

Literature 1 2 3 4 5 6

France United States United Kingdom Germany Sweden Italy Spain 8 Norway Poland Russia

7

10 12 14

United States United Kingdom Germany France Netherlands Russia Japan Sweden Switzerland Austria Italy Canada Denmark Colombia India Ireland Pakistan Poland

29 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Physiology or medicine 14 12 10 7 6 5 5 3 3 3

Physics 1 2 3 4 5

1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Norway Sweden 5 France Germany Israel Netherlands Russia

1 2 3 4 5

United States United Kingdom Germany Sweden France Switzerland 7 Austria Denmark 9 Australia Belgium Italy

49 21 14 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 3

Chemistry 47 19 18 8 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

United States United Kingdom Germany France Switzerland Sweden Canada Japan 9 Argentina Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland Israel Italy Netherlands Norway Russia

41 22 14 7 6 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a Since 1969. Notes: Prizes by country of residence at time awarded. When prizes have been shared in the samefield,onecreditgiventoeachcountry.Onlytoprankingsineachfieldareincluded.

OLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERS

Olympic medal winners Summer games, 1896–2004 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

United States Soviet Uniona United Kingdom France Italy Germanyb Germany (East) Hungary Sweden China Australia Finland Japan Romania Netherlands Russiac Poland Germany (West) Cuba Canada

Gold 895 440 180 173 172 162 153 148 138 112 100 100 98 74 60 59 56 56 56 52

Silver 690 357 233 187 136 191 129 130 154 96 106 80 97 86 65 53 72 67 46 79

Bronze 604 325 225 203 153 205 127 154 171 78 131 113 103 106 84 47 113 81 41 99

Silver 117 102 63 81 64 32 57 38 37 31 26 24 30 8 10 5 16 3 1 0

Bronze 93 75 67 59 70 34 52 44 43 33 21 32 23 6 13 15 13 0 1 2

Winter games, 1924–2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Germanyb Norway Soviet Uniona United States Austria Sweden Finland Canada Switzerland Italy Russia France Netherlands South Korea Japan United Kingdom China Croatia Estonia Australia

Gold 129 96 87 78 50 46 42 38 37 36 35 25 25 17 9 8 4 4 4 3

a 1952-1992. b Germany 1896-1936, unified teams in 1956-64, then since 1992. c Russia 1896-1912, then since 1996. Note: Figures exclude mixed teams in 1896, 1900 and 1904 and Australasia teams in 1908 and 1912.

97

98

WORLD RANKINGS

Drinking and smoking Beer drinkers

Wine drinkers

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Czech Republic 81.7 2 Germany 69.2 3 Venezuela 67.7 4 Denmark 66.6 5 Austria 66.3 6 Australia 66.1 7 Finland 63.3 8 United States 62.7 9 Slovakia 56.6 10 New Zealand 54.6 11 Netherlands 54.2 12 Canada 52.4 13 Russia 51.8 14 Hungary 51.4 15 Poland 48.9 16 Belgium 45.0 17 Bulgaria 42.0 18 Romania 41.1 19 Mexico 39.9 20 Sweden 39.7 21 South Africa 39.2 22 Norway 37.9 23 Japan 37.2

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Portugal 31.5 2 Switzerland 30.1 3 Italy 29.1 4 Argentina 28.2 5 France 28.0 6 Denmark 24.9 7 Hungary 24.0 8 Germany 21.9 9 Belgium 19.1 Netherlands 19.1 11 United Kingdom 16.9 12 Australia 16.7 New Zealand 16.7 14 Austria 16.5 15 Chile 15.2 Sweden 15.2 17 Spain 12.8 18 Iraq 12.4 19 Norway 11.2 20 Finland 10.1 21 Czech Republic 10.0 22 Greece 9.0

Alcoholic drinks

Smokers

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Germany 99.0 2 Czech Republic 96.4 3 Denmark 95.6 4 Australia 93.9 5 Finland 90.5 6 Austria 87.3 7 Hungary 79.3 8 New Zealand 78.0 9 Russia 77.6 10 Netherlands 77.3 11 United States 74.9 12 Venezuela 70.8 13 Slovakia 67.5 14 Belgium 67.2 Canada 67.2 16 Portugal 65.8 17 United Kingdom 64.9 18 Poland 63.6 19 Argentina 63.0 20 Sweden 62.9 21 Switzerland 61.9 22 France 57.0 23 Norway 53.7 24 Japan 53.4

Av. ann. consumption of cigarettes per head per day 1 Greece 2 Bulgaria 3 Macedonia 4 Japan Spain 6 Bosnia Russian 8 Czech Republic Ukraine 10 Serbia 11 Cyprus Moldova Poland Slovenia Switzerland 16 Belgium Taiwan 18 Belarus Kazakhstan 20 South Korea

8.5 6.8 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.6

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

99

Crime and punishment Police

Crimea

Total police personnel per 100,000 pop. 1 Mauritius 756 2 Italy 560 3 Barbados 516 4 Portugal 491 5 Hong Kong 487 6 Macedonia 482 7 Kazakhstan 464 8 Czech Republic 445 9 Latvia 436 10 Thailand 355 11 Malaysia 354 12 Slovakia 347 13 Lithuania 345 14 Singapore 324 15 Slovenia 318 16 Moldova 314 17 Ireland 307 18 Spain 293 19 Germany 292 20 Hungary 289

Tot. recorded crimes per 100,000 pop. 1 New Zealand 11,152 2 Finland 10,243 3 United Kingdom 9,767 4 Denmark 9,450 5 Chile 9,276 6 Netherlands 8,212 7 Canada 8,041 8 South Africa 7,997 9 Germany 7,621 10 Norway 7,350 11 France 6,404 12 Swaziland 4,803 13 Hungary 4,501 14 Estonia 4,222 15 Barbados 4,085 16 Italy 3,823 17 Czech Republic 3,801 18 Switzerland 3,774 19 Portugal 3,634 20 Slovenia 3,401

Prisoners Total prison pop., latest available year 1 United States 2,135,901 2 China 1,548,498 3 Russia 828,900 4 Brazil 336,358 5 India 322,357 6 Mexico 201,931 7 Ukraine 170,057 8 Thailand 168,264 9 South Africa 156,175 10 Iran 135,132 11 Rwanda 87,000 12 Pakistan 86,000 13 Poland 85,048 14 United Kingdom 84,945 15 Indonesia 84,357 16 Germany 80,413 17 Japan 76,413 18 Bangladesh 74,170 19 Colombia 68,545 20 Philippines 67,968 21 Ethiopia 65,000 22 Egypt 61,845 23 Spain 61,333

Per 100,000 pop., latest available year 1 Rwanda 1,024 2 United States 719 3 Russia 582 4 Belarus 530 5 Virgin Islands 524 6 Belize 495 7 Bermuda 490 8 Cuba 487 9 Cayman Islands 468 10 Turkmenistan 449 11 Suriname 439 12 Bahamas 417 13 Barbados 369 Puerto Rico 369 15 Panama 362 16 Netherlands Antilles 355 17 Ukraine 353 18 Singapore 350 19 South Africa 346 20 Estonia 343 21 Kazakhstan 342 22 Botswana 339 23 Aruba 330

a Including attempted crimes. The definition of offences, the proportion of crimes reported and the efficiency of police administration systems differ so numbers may not be strictly comparable.

100

WORLD RANKINGS

Stars… Space missions Firsts and selected events 1957 Man-made satellite Dog in space, Laika 1961 Human in space, Yuri Gagarin Entire day in space, Gherman Titov 1963 Woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova 1964 Space crew, one pilot and two passengers 1965 Space walk, Alexei Leonov Computer guidance system Eight days in space achieved (needed to travel to moon and back) 1966 Docking between space craft and target vehicle Autopilot re-entry and landing 1968 Live television broadcast from space Moon orbit 1969 Astronaut transfer from one craft to another in space Moon landing 1971 Space station, Salyut Drive on the moon 1973 Space laboratory, Skylab 1978 Non-Amercian, non-Soviet, Vladimir Remek (Czechoslovakia) 1982 Space shuttle, Columbia (first craft to carry four crew members) 1983 Five crew mission 1984 Space walk, untethered Capture, repair and redeployment of satellite in space Seven crew mission 1985 Classified US Defence Department mission 1986 Space shuttle explosion, Challenger Mir space station activated 1990 Hubble telescope deployed 2001 Dennis Tito, first paying space tourist 2003 Space shuttle explosion, Columbia. Shuttle programme suspended China’s first manned space flight, Yang Liwei 2004 SpaceShipOne, first successful private manned space flight 2005 Space shuttle, resumption of flights

Space vehicle launches By host country 2002 1 Russia 2 United States 3 France 4 China 5 Japan 6 India Israel 2004 1 United States 2 Russia 3 China France 5 India Sweden

23 18 11 3 2 1 1

21 17 2 2 1 1

2003 1 United States 2 Russia 3 China 4 France 5 India Japan

24 19 6 4 2 2

2005 1 Russia 2 United States 3 France 4 China 5 Japan 6 India Sweden

21 15 5 3 2 1 1

STARS AND WARS

101

…and Wars Defence spending As % of GDP 1 North Korea 2 Oman 3 Eritrea 4 Myanmar 5 Saudi Arabia 6 Israel 7 Jordan 8 Kuwait 9 Syria 10 Qatar 11 Vietnam 12 Burundi 13 Armenia 14 Yemen 15 Zimbabwe

25.0 10.0 9.2 9.0 8.8 8.2 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.2 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.2 5.9

16 17 18 19 20

Brunei Uzbekistan Singapore Egypt Angola Bahrain Russia 23 Botswana Colombia Cuba 26 Belarus Ethiopia 28 Tanzania United States

5.6 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8

Armed forces ’000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Regulars Reserves China 2,255 800 United States1,433 1,140 India 1,325 1,155 North Korea 1,106 4,700 Russia 1,037 20,000 South Korea 687 4,500 Pakistan 619 513 Turkey 514 378 Vietnam 484 4,000 Myanmar 482 Egypt 468 479

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Iran Syria Thailand Brazil Indonesia Taiwan Germany France Japan Colombia UK

Regulars Reserves 420 0 307 354 306 200 302 1,340 302 400 290 1,657 284 358 254 21 239 44 207 60 205 272

Current UN peacekeeping missionsa Military Middle East (May 1948) India/Pakistan (January 1949) Cyprus (March 1964) Syria (May 1974) Lebanon (March 1978) Western Sahara (April 1991) Georgia (August 1993) Kosovo (June 1999) Congo-Kinshasa (November 1999) Ethiopia and Eritrea (July 2000) Liberia (September 2003) Côte d'Ivoire (April 2004) Burundi (June 2004) Haiti (June 2004) Sudan (March 2005)

152 44 854 1,123 2,030 225 122 36 15,748 3,359 15,037 6,897 5,323 7,519 10,000

Civilian Staff Fatalities police 0 222 44 0 69 11 69 143 176 0 141 43 0 401 256 0 224 14 12 290 10 3,303 3,434 32 1,072 2,275 83 0 409 13 1,028 1,393 68 697 786 15 87 707 20 1,776 971 17 715 3,641 1

a March 2006. Dates in brackets refer to missions’ start dates.

102

WORLD RANKINGS

Environment Environmental performance indexa Highest 1 New Zealand 2 Sweden 3 Finland 4 Czech Republic 5 United Kingdom 6 Austria 7 Denmark 8 Canada 9 Ireland Malaysia 11 Portugal 12 France 13 Iceland 14 Japan 15 Costa Rica 16 Switzerland 17 Colombia 18 Greece Norway 20 Australia 21 Italy 22 Germany 23 Spain 24 Slovakia Taiwan 26 Chile 27 Netherlands 28 United States 29 Cyprus 30 Argentina 31 Russia Slovenia 33 Brazil Hungary 35 Trinidad & Tobago 36 Lebanon 37 Panama 38 Poland 39 Belgium 40 Ecuador

88.0 87.8 87.0 86.0 85.6 85.2 84.2 84.0 83.3 83.3 82.9 82.5 82.1 81.9 81.6 81.4 80.4 80.2 80.2 80.1 79.8 79.4 79.2 79.1 79.1 78.9 78.7 78.5 78.4 77.7 77.5 77.5 77.0 77.0 76.9 76.7 76.5 76.2 75.9 75.5

Lowest 1 Niger 2 Chad 3 Mauritania 4 Mali 5 Ethiopia 6 Angola 7 Pakistan 8 Burkina Faso 9 Bangladesh 10 Sudan 11 Nigeria 12 Yemen 13 Mozambique 14 Guinea-Bissau 15 Congo-Kinshasa 16 India 17 Tajikistan 18 Madagascar 19 Mongolia 20 Haiti 21 Guinea 22 Congo-Brazzaville 23 Sierra Leone 24 Cambodia 25 Liberia 26 Burundi 27 Senegal 28 Gambia, The Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 31 Togo 32 Laos 33 Swaziland 34 Cameroon 35 Vietnam 36 Zambia 37 Syria 38 Papua New Guinea 39 Azerbaijan 40 China

25.7 30.5 32.0 33.9 36.7 39.3 41.1 43.2 43.5 44.0 44.5 45.2 45.7 46.1 46.3 47.7 48.2 48.5 48.8 48.9 49.2 49.4 49.5 49.7 51.0 51.6 52.1 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.8 52.9 53.9 54.1 54.3 54.4 55.3 55.5 55.7 56.2

a Score ranges from 0–100 based on six policy categories: environmental health; air quality; water resources; biodiversity and habitat; productive natural resources; sustainable energy.

ENVIRONMENT

103

Environmental health scoresa Highest 1 Sweden 2 France 3 Australia 4 United Kingdom 5 Finland Iceland Norway 8 Germany 9 Canada Ireland 11 Denmark 12 Switzerland United States 14 New Zealand 15 Austria 16 Japan 17 Portugal 18 Czech Republic Slovenia 20 Netherlands 21 Spain 22 Belgium 23 Slovakia 24 Greece 25 Israel 26 Italy 27 Poland 28 Hungary 29 Trinidad & Tobago 30 Ukraine

99.4 99.2 99.0 98.9 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.7 98.6 98.6 98.5 98.3 98.3 97.9 97.7 97.6 97.4 97.3 97.3 97.1 97.0 96.6 96.4 96.3 95.9 95.3 95.0 94.2 94.1 93.8

Lowest 1 Chad 2 Niger 3 Angola 4 Mali 5 Burkina Faso 6 Ethiopia 7 Congo-Kinshasa 8 Mozambique 9 Guinea-Bissau 10 Guinea 11 Cambodia 12 Congo-Brazzaville 13 Sierra Leone 14 Laos 15 Nigeria 16 Liberia Madagascar 18 Zambia 19 Sudan 20 Central African Rep 21 Togo 22 Mauritania 23 Malawi 24 Swaziland 25 Burundi 26 Rwanda 27 Cameroon 28 Uganda 29 Benin 30 Papua New Guinea

0.0 1.0 7.8 8.6 9.9 10.4 12.8 16.7 17.1 17.2 18.3 19.4 20.4 21.4 23.0 23.3 23.3 24.0 24.5 26.6 28.3 28.4 29.6 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.5 31.7 33.1 34.2

Population with access to improved water source Lowest, % 1 Afghanistan 2 Ethiopia 3 Somalia 4 Cambodia 5 Papua New Guinea 6 Mozambique 7 Laos 8 Equatorial Guinea 9 Madagascar 10 Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Niger 13 Mali 14 Angola

13 22 29 34 39 42 43 44 45 46 46 46 48 50

15 Burkina Faso Guinea Togo 18 Swaziland 19 Zambia 20 Mauritania Uganda 22 Eritrea Romania Sierra Leone 25 Tajikistan 26 Guinea-Bissau 27 Nigeria

51 51 51 52 55 56 56 57 57 57 58 59 60

a A score ranging from 0-100 based on: child mortality; indoor air pollution; drinking water; sanitation; urban air particulates.

104

WORLD RANKINGS

Air quality scoresa Highest 1 Uganda 2 Gabon 3 Rwanda 4 Burundi 5 Ghana 6 Kenya 7 Liberia 8 Tanzania 9 New Zealand 10 Congo-Kinshasa Togo 12 Central African Rep 13 Malaysia 14 Malawi 15 Benin 16 South Africa 17 Ecuador 18 Venezuela 19 Côte d'Ivoire 20 Sierra Leone 21 Mozambique 22 Trinidad & Tobago 23 Swaziland 24 Madagascar 25 Papua New Guinea Suriname

98.0 96.1 91.1 90.9 87.3 87.0 86.5 86.2 83.7 82.3 82.3 80.1 79.8 79.2 78.9 78.6 78.3 76.9 76.2 75.5 74.6 74.4 74.3 74.2 73.7 73.7

Lowest 1 Bangladesh 2 Pakistan 3 Albania 4 Egypt 5 Mali 6 China 7 Niger 8 Chad 9 Sudan 10 Indonesia 11 Myanmar 12 Oman 13 India 14 Mongolia 15 Saudi Arabia 16 Mauritania 17 Iran 18 Syria 19 Turkmenistan 20 Guatemala 21 Azerbaijan 22 Georgia 23 Mexico 24 Nepal 25 Uzbekistan 26 Armenia

6.9 8.2 14.4 14.8 21.2 22.3 22.9 24.4 24.9 25.1 27.4 28.1 28.4 28.5 30.2 30.9 31.1 31.8 32.4 32.6 32.7 33.2 34.6 35.9 36.4 37.8

Highest concentration of ozone Parts per billion 1 Belize 2 Guatemala 3 Mexico 4 China 5 Mongolia 6 Australia 7 Bhutan 8 Nepal 9 United States 10 Afghanistan 11 Iran 12 Turkmenistan 13 Honduras 14 Bahamas 15 El Salvador 16 Haiti 17 Cuba Dominican Republic Myanmar

64.5 64.4 64.2 63.4 60.9 60.6 58.9 58.6 57.5 57.3 55.1 55.0 54.8 54.2 53.9 53.4 52.8 52.8 52.8

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Bangladesh French Polynesia India Indonesia Pakistan North Korea Portugal South Korea Puerto Rico Tajikistan Spain Cayman Islands Canada Virgin Islands Japan Russia Bermuda Morocco 38 Kyrgyzstan

52.7 52.6 52.1 51.0 50.6 50.3 50.2 50.1 49.8 49.2 49.0 48.7 48.5 48.4 48.3 48.0 47.9 47.9 47.6

a A score ranging from 0–100 based on particulate concentration in urban areas and regional ozone levels.

ENVIRONMENT

105

Forests Hectares, m 1 Russia 2 Brazil 3 Canada 4 United States 5 China 6 Australia 7 Congo-Kinshasa 8 Indonesia 9 Peru 10 India 11 Sudan 12 Mexico 13 Colombia 14 Angola 15 Bolivia 16 Venezuela 17 Zambia 18 Tanzania 19 Argentina 20 Myanmar 21 Papua 22 Sweden

808.8 477.7 310.1 303.1 197.3 163.7 133.6 88.5 68.7 67.7 67.5 64.2 60.7 59.1 58.7 47.7 42.5 35.3 33.0 32.2 29.4 27.5

23 Japan 24 Central African Rep 25 Congo-Brazzaville Finland 27 Gabon 28 Cameroon 29 Malaysia 30 Mozambique 31 Paraguay 32 Spain 33 Zimbabwe 34 Chile Laos 36 France 37 Suriname 38 Thailand 39 Ethiopia 40 Vietnam 41 Madagascar 42 Mali 43 Botswana Chad

24.9 22.8 22.5 22.5 21.8 21.2 20.9 19.3 18.5 17.9 17.5 16.1 16.1 15.6 14.8 14.5 13.0 12.9 12.8 12.6 11.9 11.9

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

52.8 51.7 51.5 51.4 49.0 48.8 48.4 47.9 47.4 47.4 47.2 47.1 46.8 46.7 46.5 46.0 45.6 45.3 45.0 43.9 43.1 42.7 41.7 41.5 41.3

Forests As % of total land 1 Suriname 2 Gabon 3 Finland 4 Guinea-Bissau 5 Belize 6 Laos 7 Japan 8 Bhutan 9 Sweden 10 Congo-Brazzaville 11 Papua New Guinea 12 Malaysia 13 South Korea 14 Slovenia 15 Cambodia 16 Congo-Kinshasa 17 Colombia 18 Equatorial Guinea 19 Panama 20 Brazil 21 Zambia 22 Bolivia 23 Venezuela 24 Estonia 25 Peru

94.7 84.5 73.9 73.7 72.5 69.9 68.2 68.0 66.9 65.8 65.0 63.6 63.5 62.8 59.2 58.9 58.5 58.2 57.7 57.2 57.1 54.2 54.1 53.9 53.7

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Brunei Fiji Bahamas North Korea Myanmar Indonesia Cayman Islands Russia Angola Latvia Guadeloupe Guam Costa Rica Austria Paraguay Puerto Rico Cameroon Zimbabwe Senegal Martinique Bosnia Nicaragua Gambia, The Honduras Portugal

106

WORLD RANKINGS

Biggest loss of forested land Average annual change 2000–05, hectares ’000 1 Brazil -3,103 15 Ecuador 2 Indonesia -1,871 16 Australia 3 Sudan -589 17 Paraguay 4 Myanmar -466 18 Philippines 5 Zambia -445 19 Honduras 6 Tanzania -412 20 Argentina 7 Nigeria -410 21 Ethiopia 8 Congo -319 22 Malaysia 9 Zimbabwe -313 23 Papua 10 Venezuela -288 24 North Korea 11 Bolivia -270 25 Angola 12 Mexico -260 26 Botswana 13 Cameroon -220 27 Ghana 14 Cambodia -219 28 Mali

-198 -193 -179 -157 -156 -150 -141 -140 -139 -127 -125 -118 -115 -100

Biggest loss of forested land Average annual change 2000–05, % 1 Burundi -5.2 2 Togo -4.5 3 Mauritania -3.4 4 Nigeria -3.3 5 Afghanistan -3.1 Honduras -3.1 7 Benin -2.5 8 Uganda -2.2 9 Pakistan -2.1 Philippines -2.1 11 Cambodia -2.0 Ghana -2.0 Indonesia -2.0 14 North Korea -1.9

15 Liberia Virgin Islands 17 Ecuador El Salvador Zimbabwe 20 Armenia Sri Lanka 22 Myanmar Nepal 24 Guatemala Nicaragua 26 Ethiopia Tanzania

-1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.1 -1.1

Biggest gain in forested land Average annual change 2000–05, hectares ’000 1 China 4,058 17 Tunisia 2 Spain 296 Uruguay 3 Vietnam 241 19 New Zealand 4 United States 159 Norway 5 Italy 106 Uzbekistan 6 Chile 57 22 Lithuania 7 Cuba 56 23 Côte d'Ivoire 8 Bulgaria 50 24 Hungary 9 France 41 25 Ukraine 10 Portugal 40 26 Ireland 11 Greece 30 27 Bhutan 12 India 29 Latvia 13 Algeria 27 Sweden Poland 27 30 United Kingdom Rwanda 27 31 Belarus 16 Turkey 25 Serbia

19 19 17 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 11 11 10 9 9

Country profiles

108

COUNTRY PROFILES

ALGERIA Area 2,381,741 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Algiers Algerian dinar (AD)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

32.3m Life expectancy: men 70.9 yrs 13.6 women 73.7 yrs Adult literacy 69.9% 1.51% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.5 29.6% Urban population 60.0% 6.5% per 1,000 pop. 102 Crude birth rate 22.8 72.2 Crude death rate 4.9

The economy GDP AD6,100bn GDP per head $2,620 GDP $84.6bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 16.6 GDP 1994–2004 3.8% Economic freedom index 3.46 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 10 57 7 34

% of total 41.2 14.8 29.8 38.8 -24.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 21 Unemployed 2004 17.7 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 26.7 55

Energy m TOE 163.3 Net energy imports as % 33.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-395

1,036

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.6% Narrow money (M1) 19.6% 2.7% Broad money 20.0% 2.01%

Exchange rates AD per $ AD per SDR AD per 7

end 2005 73.38 Effective rates 104.88 – nominal 86.33 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 89.10 85.15

ALGERIA

109

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 11.6 4.4 4.2 32.2

Crude oil Natural gas Condensate Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy United States France Spain

$bn cif 4.1 2.6 2.2 19.4

Capital goods Food Semi-finished goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 21.4 16.3 10.8 9.5

France Italy Spain Germany

% of total 32.3 8.8 6.9 5.8

Balance of paymentsb, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balancec Overall balancec

18.7 -12.0 6.7 2.2 -5.4 1.1 4.6 8.2 -2.0 5.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

10.2 45.7 20.8 5.6 22.0 33 83 22

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.1 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 109 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.1 secondary 80 Improved-water source access, tertiary 21 % of pop. 87

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003 b 2002 c 2001

5.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 6.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 55 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

74.3 7.1 14.5 0.9 …

110

COUNTRY PROFILES

ARGENTINA Area 2,766,889 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Buenos Aires Peso (P)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

38.9m Life expectancy: men 71.6 yrs 14.1 women 79.1 yrs Adult literacy 97.2% 0.98% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 26.4% Urban population 90.6% 13.9% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 19.0 86.3 Crude death rate 7.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

P447bn GDP per head $3,930 $153bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 33.5 1.1% Economic freedom index 3.30

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.5 35.8 24.2 53.7

% of total 62.8 11.1 19.0 25.3 -18.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agricultural Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2003 15.6 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 16.2 78

Energy m TOE 84.3 Net energy imports as % 59.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head kg oil equivalent

-41

1,575

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 9.6% Narrow money (M1) 20.7% 10.1% Broad money 9.0% 3.23%

Exchange rates P per $ P per SDR P per 7

end 2005 3.01 Effective rates 4.30 – nominal 3.54 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

ARGENTINA

111

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 11.9 9.5 6.8 6.2 34.6

Agricultural products Manufactures Primary products Fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations Brazil Chile United States China

$bn cif 8.6 5.4 2.5 1.0 22.4

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Fuels Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 17.7 11.3 10.7 8.8

Brazil United States Germany Italy

% of total 27.7 16.7 5.5 4.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

34.6 -21.3 13.2 8.6 -19.2 0.7 3.4 2.2 -10.4 -7.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.5 19.7 5.8 1.8 169.3 141 451 33

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.9 Education spending, % of GDP 4.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.8 Enrolment, %: primary 119 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.1 secondary 100 Improved-water source access, tertiary 60 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

10.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 54 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

91.2 22.8 35.4 8.0 37.6

112

COUNTRY PROFILES

AUSTRALIA Area 7,682,300 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 6 Currency

Canberra Australian dollar (A$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

19.9m Life expectancy: men 78.5 yrs 2.6 women 83.4 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 1.11% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 19.6% Urban population 92.7% 17.3% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 12.3 95.5 Crude death rate 7.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

A$867bn GDP per head $32,030 $637bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 76.4 3.7% Economic freedom index 1.84

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP % of total 8.3 Private consumption 11.4 Public consumption 80.3 Investment Exports Imports

Agriculture & mining Manufacturing Other

% of total 61.4 18.2 25.0 19.1 -25.0

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 5.6 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 75

Energy m TOE 253.5 Net energy imports as % 112.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-125

5,668

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.7% Narrow money (M1) 14.1% 3.0% Broad money 9.4% 5.50% Household saving rate, 2004 -3.0%

Exchange rates A$ per $ A$ per SDR A$ per 7

end 2005 1.36 Effective rates 1.95 – nominal 1.60 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 118.0 125.3

AUSTRALIA

113

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 39.5 19.8 18.9 8.8 86.6

Minerals & metals Rural goods Manufacturing goods Other goods Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan Aseana China United States EU25

$bn cif Intermediate & other goods 37.1 Consumption goods 33.3 Capital goods 25.2 Fuels and lubricants 9.3 Total incl. others 109.5 Main origins of imports

% of total 18.9 11.7 9.3 8.1 11.2

Aseana United States China Japan EU25

% of total 16.4 14.5 12.6 11.8 23.7

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

87.1 -105.2 -18.1 39.5 -60.7 -0.3 -39.7 -6.2 41.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

1.2 3.7 36.9 2.7 2.6 1.46 0.25

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.5 Education spending, % of GDP 4.9 2.4 Enrolment, %: primary 104 7.4 secondary 156 tertiary 73 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

7.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.0 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 58.6 6.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.8 per 100 pop. 82.8 Computers per 100 pop. 68.9 108 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 303.5

a Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.

114

COUNTRY PROFILES

AUSTRIA Area 83,855 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Vienna Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

8.1m Life expectancy: men 76.9 yrs 96.6 women 82.4 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.23% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 15.5% Urban population 65.8% 22.7% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 8.6 93.6 Crude death rate 9.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7235bn GDP per head $36,090 $292bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 81.3 2.1% Economic freedom index 1.95

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.2 31.8 … 66.0

% of total 55.8 17.8 21.2 50.6 -45.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 4.9 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.0 65

Energy m TOE 10.0 Net energy imports as % 33.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

70

4,086

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Deposit rate, h’holds, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.3% Euro area: 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 1.70% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 8.3%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 104.7 99.9

AUSTRIA

115

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 51.6 31.3 14.5 7.1 6.1 112

Consumer goods Investment goods Intermediate goods Raw materials (incl. fuels) Food & beverages Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Eastern Europe Italy United States EU25

$bn cif 48.7 28.0 14.5 13.8

Consumer goods Investment goods Raw materials (incl. fuels) Intermediate goods

113

Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 32.3 18.7 8.6 5.9 71.8

Germany Eastern Europe Italy France United States EU25

% of total 42.9 14.5 6.8 4.0 3.3 77.1

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

112.1 -109.0 3.0 67.7 -67.2 -2.8 0.8 0.3 -2.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.8 -0.5 12.2 0.8 9.9 0.68 0.23

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.7 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 103 8.3 secondary 100 tertiary 49 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

3.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.6 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 46.2 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.2 per 100 pop. 97.4 Computers per 100 pop. 57.6 113 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 241.6

116

COUNTRY PROFILES

BANGLADESH Area 143,998 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 61 Currency

Dhaka Taka (Tk)

People Population 149.7m Life expectancy: men 63.8 yrs Pop. per sq km 1,039.6 women 65.8 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 41.1% in pop. 2000–05 1.91% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.3 Pop. under 15 35.5% Urban population 25.0% Pop. over 60 5.7% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 104 Crude birth rate 28.9 Human Development Index 52.0 Crude death rate 7.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Tk3,330bn GDP per head $56.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 5.2% Economic freedom index

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$380 4.7 3.88

Components of GDPa % of total 21 27 16 52

% of total 76.5 5.0 23.2 13.3 -18.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 66 Unemployed 2003 4.3 10 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 2.7 24

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

17.5 Net energy imports as % 21.7 of energy use

19

159

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2004 Av. ann. inflation 2000–04 Deposit rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.2% Narrow money (M1) 11.8% 3.5% Broad money 15.3% 8.81%

Exchange rates Tk per $ Tk per SDR Tk per 7

end 2005 66.21 Effective rates 94.63 – nominal 77.89 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

BANGLADESH

117

Trade Principal exportsb

Principal importsb $bn fob 4.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 5.9

Clothing Fish & fish products Jute goods Leather Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Germany United Kingdom France Italy

$bn cif 2.7 2.4 1.0 0.5 10.0

Capital goods Textiles & yarn Fuels Cereal & dairy products Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 25.7 16.7 12.9 8.0 4.6

India China Singapore Kuwait Japan

% of total 15.5 12.8 7.8 5.7 5.4

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

8.2 -11.2 -3.0 1.2 -2.4 4.0 -0.3 -0.5 0.8 0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.6 3.2 2.9 0.1 20.3 37 179 6

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.4 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.3 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 75

2.4 96 47 6

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

25.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 11.2 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 48 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Fiscal year ending June 30 2003. b Fiscal year ending June 30 2004.

2.7 0.6 2.0 1.2 …

118

COUNTRY PROFILES

BELGIUM Area 30,520 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 27 Currency

Brussels Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

10.3m Life expectancy: men 76.5 yrs 337.5 women 82.7 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.22% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 16.8% Urban population 97.3% 22.4% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 10.8 94.5 Crude death rate 10.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7284bn GDP per head $34,210 $352bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 78.4 2.2% Economic freedom index 2.11

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.0 24.8 … 74.2

% of total 54.0 22.7 16.7 83.7 -80.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2003 8.2 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 8.3 73

Energy m TOE 13.4 Net energy imports as % 59.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

77

5,701

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.8% Euro area: 2.1% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.02% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 10.7%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 106.2 112.5

BELGIUM

119

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 69.4 42.2 39.6 26.0 306.9

Chemicals Transport equipment Machinery Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany France Netherlands United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif 60.6 38.6 30.6 23.1 285.7

Chemicals Machinery Transport equipment Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 20.0 17.3 11.9 8.7 77.3

Germany Netherlands France United Kingdom EU25

% of total 18.5 17.0 12.5 6.8 73.6

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

245.5 -235.7 9.7 95.5 -84.5 -6.6 14.0 4.0 -2.1

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.0 -0.5 14.0 0.5 8.3 1.46 0.41

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.4 Education spending, % of GDP 6.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.5 Enrolment, %: primary 105 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.9 secondary 161 Improved-water source access, tertiary 61 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

4.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.6 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 46.4 3.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.4 per 100 pop. 88.3 Computers per 100 pop. 35.1 105 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 247.2

120

COUNTRY PROFILES

BRAZIL Area 8,511,965 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Brasilia Real (R)

People Population 180.7m Life expectancy: men 68.2 yrs Pop. per sq km 21.2 women 75.7 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 88.6% in pop. 2000–05 1.39% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 Pop. under 15 27.9% Urban population 84.2% Pop. over 60 8.8% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 97 Crude birth rate 19.7 Human Development Index 79.2 Crude death rate 6.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

R1,767n GDP per head $3,340 $604bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.7 2.4% Economic freedom index 3.08

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.1 38.9 … 51.0

% of total 56.7 19.9 19.8 16.4 -12.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 20 Unemployed 2002 9.7 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 8.3 58

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

171.1 Net energy imports as % 193.2 of energy use

11

1,065

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 6.9% Narrow money (M1) 16.1% Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 8.7% Broad money 12.4% Money market rate, 2005 19.12%

Exchange rates R per $ R per sdr R per 7

end 2005 2.34 Effective rates 3.34 – nominal 2.75 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

BRAZIL

121

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob $bn cif Transport equipment & parts 14.3 Machines & electrical Metal goods 9.8 equipment 14.4 Soyabeans etc. 9.8 Chemical products 11.1 Chemical products 1.7 Oil & derivatives 10.3 Transport equipment & parts 6.5 Total incl. others 96.5 Total incl. others 62.8 Main export destinations United States Argentina Netherlands China

Main origins of imports % of total 21.1 7.6 6.1 5.6

United States Argentina Germany China

% of total 18.3 8.9 8.1 5.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

96.5 -62.8 33.7 15.8 -41.0 3.3 11.7 1.9 -3.0 6.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

3.6 52.9 6.1 0.5 222.0 44 239 58

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 147 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.7 secondary 110 Improved-water source access, tertiary 21 % of pop. 89

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

51.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 68 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

87.5 23.5 36.3 10.7 28.2

122

COUNTRY PROFILES

BULGARIA Area 110,994 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 30 Currency

Sofia Lev (BGL)

People Population 7.8m Pop. per sq km 70.3 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.69% Pop. under 15 13.8% Pop. over 60 22.4% No. of men per 100 women 94 Human Development Index 80.8

Life expectancy: men 69.8 yrs women 76.3 yrs Adult literacy 98.2% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 Urban population 70.5% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 7.9 Crude death rate 14.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

BGL38.0bn GDP per head $3,090 $24.1bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.4 1.7% Economic freedom index 2.88

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.9 30.0 … 59.1

% of total 68.1 18.7 23.5 58.4 -68.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 10 Unemployed 2004 12.0 33 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 15.2 57

Energy m TOE 10.1 Net energy imports as % 19.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

48

2,494

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate 2005

av. ann change 1999–2004 5.0% Narrow money (M1) 20.6% 5.3% Broad money 22.5% 2.03%

Exchange rates BGL per $ BGL per SDR BGL per 7

end 2005 1.66 Effective rates 2.37 – nominal 1.95 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 110.51 121.29

BULGARIA

123

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.9 1.0 0.9 0.6 9.8

Clothing Iron & steel Other metals Chemicals Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy Germany Greece Turkey

$bn cif 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.0 14.4

Mineral fuels Textiles Machinery & equipment Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 13.1 10.3 10.0 9.9

Germany Italy Russia Greece

% of total 14.7 12.7 9.9 5.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

9.8 -13.2 -3.4 4.5 -4.3 1.1 -2.1 -8.5 3.1 1.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.5 9.3 6.4 1.3 15.7 81 139 22

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.5 Education spending, % of GDP 3.6 3.6 Enrolment, %: primary 100 6.3 secondary 98 tertiary 39 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.3 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 60 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

64.3 35.1 60.9 5.9 20.7

124

COUNTRY PROFILES

CAMEROON Area 475,442 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Yaoundé CFA franc (CFAfr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.3m Life expectancy: men 45.8 yrs 34.3 women 46.7 yrs Adult literacy 67.9% 1.88% Fertility rate (per woman) 4.7 41.2% Urban population 52.9% 5.6% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 35.4 49.7 Crude death rate 16.8

The economy GDP CFAfr7,602bn GDP per head GDP $14.4bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 4.5% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$880 5.5 3.46

Components of GDP % of total 41.5 28.6 … 29.9

% of total 67.8 8.0 27.1 20.7 -23.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 70 Unemployed 2004 … 13 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 … 17

Energy m TOE 12.1 Net energy imports as % 6.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-80

429

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2002 Av. ann. inflation 2000–02 Deposit rate, 2005

av. ann. change 1999–2004 2.8% Narrow money (M1) 9.1% 3.7% Broad money 11.4% 4.92%

Exchange rates CFAfr per $ CFAfr per SDR CFAfr per 7

end 2005 556.04 Effective rates 794.73 – nominal 654.16 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 108.6 109.6

CAMEROON

125

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.3 0.2 0.2 2.6

Crude oil Cocoa Cotton Total incl. others Main export destinations Spain Italy France United Kingdom

$bn cif 0.4 0.4 0.3 2.4

Capital goods Intermediate goods Minerals & raw materials Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 16.5 13.5 10.0 9.8

France Nigeria Belgium United States

% of total 27.1 9.6 7.3 4.7

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

2.4 -2.1 0.2 0.4 -1.1 0.2 -0.3 -2.4 0.2 0.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.2 0.8 2.9 0.0 9.5 81 296 20

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.2 Education spending, % of GDP 3.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.2 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 31 Improved-water source access, tertiary 5 % of pop. 63

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003

4.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

2.3 0.6 9.4 1.0 …

126

COUNTRY PROFILES

CANADA Areaa 9,970,610 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 5 Currency

Ottawa Canadian dollar (C$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

31.7m Life expectancy: men 78.2 yrs 3.2 women 83.1 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 1.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 17.6% Urban population 81.1% 17.9% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 10.3 94.9 Crude death rate 7.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

C$1,272bn GDP per head $30,850 $978bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 78.8 3.4% Economic freedom index 1.85

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 2.2 Industry, of which: 29.1 manufacturing & mining 21.0 Services 68.7

% of total 55.9 19.3 19.3 38.2 -33.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2004 7.2 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 8.1 75

Energy m TOE 385.3 Net energy imports as % 260.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-48

8,240

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.2% Narrow money (M1) 9.4% 2.3% Broad money 8.6% 2.66% Household saving rate, 2004 2.4%

Exchange rates C$ per $ C$ per SDR C$ per 7

end 2005 1.16 Effective rates 1.66 – nominal 1.36 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 123.7 107.5

CANADA

127

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 70.6 69.5 59.7 53.2 30.2 304.5

Machinery & equipment Motor vehicles and parts Industrial goods Energy products Forest products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan China United Kingdom EU25

$bn fob 79.8 59.5 56.5 36.7 19.2 273.1

Machinery & equipment Motor vehicles & parts Industrial goods Consumer goods Energy products Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 85.1 2.1 1.6 1.6 5.1

United States China Japan Mexico EU25

% of total 58.9 6.8 3.8 3.8 11.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

330.1 -279.4 50.7 77.1 -106.0 0.3 22.0 2.2 -20.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-2.8 -1.8 34.5 1.1 0.1 2.60 0.27

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.9 Education spending, % of GDP 5.2 2.1 Enrolment, %: primary 101 3.7 secondary 105 tertiary 58 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Including freshwater.

11.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.8 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 64.3 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.3 per 100 pop. 46.7 Computers per 100 pop. 69.8 92 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 114.3

128

COUNTRY PROFILES

CHILE Area 756,945 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Santiago Chilean peso (Ps)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.0m Life expectancy: men 75.5 yrs 21.1 women 81.5 yrs Adult literacy 95.7% 1.12% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 24.9% Urban population 87.7% 11.6% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 18.2 85.4 Crude death rate 5.4

The economy GDP 57,357bn pesos GDP per head $5,880 GDP $94.1bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 27.4 GDP 1994–2004 4.7% Economic freedom index 1.88 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 6.3 46.6 32.4 47.1

% of total 57.7 11.6 19.5 41.0 -31.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 14 Unemployed 2004 7.8 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 63

Energy m TOE 8.3 Net energy imports as % 26.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

68

1,647

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.1% Narrow money (M1) 11.0% 2.6% Broad money 4.8% 3.48%

Exchange rates Ps per $ Ps per SDR Ps per 7

end 2005 514.21 Effective rates 734.94 – nominal 604.55 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 104.3 102.2

CHILE

129

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 14.4 2.0 1.6 32.0

Copper Fruit Paper products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan China South Korea Netherlands

$bn cif 14.4 4.7 4.0 24.9

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 14.3 11.5 10.0 5.6 5.2

Argentina United States Brazil China Germany

% of total 17.7 14.1 11.2 7.1 3.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

32.0 -23.0 9.0 7.5 -16.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 -0.5 -0.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.2 16.0 4.9 0.0 44.1 58 145 32

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.1 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.6 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 95

4.1 98 91 45

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

4.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 70 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

62.6 21.5 62.1 13.9 28.9

130

COUNTRY PROFILES

CHINA Area 9,560,900 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 15 Currency

Beijing Yuan

People Population 1,313.3m Pop. per sq km 137.4 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 0.65% Pop. under 15 21.4% Pop. over 60 10.9% No. of men per 100 women 106 Human Development Index 75.5

Life expectancy: men 70.8 yrs women 74.6 yrs Adult literacy 90.9% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 Urban population 40.5% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 14.5 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP Yuan15,988bn GDP per head $1,470 GDP $1,932bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 14.9 GDP 1994–2004 9.1% Economic freedom index 3.34 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 15.2 52.9 46.0 31.8

% of total 41.4 11.6 44.2 38.1 -35.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 49 Unemployed 2004 4.2 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.3 29

Energy m TOE 1,380.8 Net energy imports as % 1,409.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

2

1,094

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Deposit rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.9% Narrow money (M1) 16.2% 1.4% Broad money 16.2% 2.25%

Exchange rates Yuan per $ Yuan per SDR Yuan per 7

end 2005 8.07 Effective rates 11.53 – nominal 9.49 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 98.23 95.83

CHINA

131

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 87.1 68.5 61.9 59.5 33.4

Office equipment Telecoms equipment Apparel & clothing Electrical machinery Textiles Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Hong Kong Japan South Korea Germany

$bn cif 110.5 44.5

Electrical machinery Petroleum products Professional & scientific instruments Office equipment Other machinery 593 Total incl. others

33.3 29.6 26.3 561

Main origins of imports % of total 21.0 17.0 12.4 4.7 4.0

Japan Taiwan South Korea United States Germany

% of total 16.8 11.5 11.1 8.0 5.4

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

593.4 -534.4 59.0 83.0 -96.2 22.9 68.7 3.6 110.7 206.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

206.7 623.0 11.9 19.3 248.9 15 48 5

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.6 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.0 Enrolment, %: primary 115 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.5 secondary 70 Improved-water source access, tertiary 16 % of pop. 77

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

378.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 83 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

Note: Data excludes Special Administrative Regions ie, Hong Kong and Macau.

46.4 24.0 25.8 4.1 0.2

132

COUNTRY PROFILES

COLOMBIA Area 1,141,748 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 2 Currency

Bogota Colombian peso (peso)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

44.9m Life expectancy: men 70.3 yrs 39.3 women 76.3 yrs Adult literacy 92.8% 1.59% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.6 31.0% Urban population 77.4% 7.5% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 22.2 78.5 Crude death rate 5.4

The economy GDP 256,862bn pesos GDP per head $2,180 GDP $97.7bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 18.3 GDP 1994–2004 2.1% Economic freedom index 3.16 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 12.5 33.8 15.9 53.7

% of total 63.0 19.9 18.2 21.2 -22.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 22 Unemployed 2004 13.6 19 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 14.7 59

Energy m TOE 74.4 Net energy imports as % 28.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-162

642

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 5.1% Narrow money (M1) 16.7% 6.5% Broad money 14.4% 6.18%

Exchange rates Peso per $ Peso per SDR Peso per 7

end 2005 2,282 Effective rates 3,262 – nominal 2,685 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 101.2 109.3

COLOMBIA

133

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 4.2 Intermediate goods & 1.8 raw materials 0.9 Capital goods Consumer goods 16.7 Total

Oil Coal Coffee Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Ecuador Venezuela Peru

$bn cif 8.0 5.5 3.2 16.7

Main origins of imports % of total 42.2 6.1 5.4 3.1

United States Brazil Mexico Venezuela

% of total 29.6 6.0 5.8 5.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

17.2 -15.9 1.4 2.9 -8.9 3.7 -1.0 -1.0 3.1 2.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.6 13.5 6.6 0.3 37.7 45 189 38

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.6 Education spending, % of GDP 5.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.3 Enrolment, %: primary 110 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.1 secondary 71 Improved-water source access, tertiary 24 % of pop. 92

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

11.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers 0.2 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 70 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

86.7 17.1 23.0 5.5 9.8

134

COUNTRY PROFILES

CÔTE D’IVOIRE Area 322,463 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Abidjan/Yamoussoukro CFA franc (CFAfr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.9m Life expectancy: men 45.6 yrs 52.4 women 47.0 yrs Adult literacy 48.7% 1.63% Fertility rate (per woman) 5.1 41.9% Urban population 45.8% 5.3% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 35.5 42.0 Crude death rate 16.7

The economy GDP CFAfr8,175bn GDP per head GDP $15.5bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 2.1% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$920 3.9 3.14

Components of GDP % of total 23 23 … 54

% of total 65.3 14.5 10.7 49.4 -39.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2004 … … Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 … …

Energy m TOE 6.7 Net energy imports as % 6.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-2

374

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. change 1999–2004 3.9% Narrow money (M1) 1.7% 3.2% Broad money 2.9% 4.95%

Exchange rates CFAfr per $ CFAfr per SDR CFAfr per 7

end 2005 556.0 Effective rates 794.7 – nominal 654.2 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 111.6 114.2

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

135

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.2 1.0 0.3 0.2 6.9

Cocoa beans & products Petroleum products Timber Coffee & products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Netherlands France Italy Belgium

$bn cif 1.2 0.9 0.9

Capital equipment Foodstuffs Fuel & lubricants

5.7

Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 11.1 9.8 9.1 5.3 4.5

France Nigeria China Italy Belgium

% of total 23.6 18.7 4.0 3.7 3.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

6.9 -4.2 2.7 0.9 -2.9 -0.5 0.3 2.0 -1.1 -0.8

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.4 1.7 2.9 0.0 11.7 91 172 8

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.6 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 84

4.6 78 26 7

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

3.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 94 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

28.0 1.4 9.1 1.6 0.1

136

COUNTRY PROFILES

CZECH REPUBLIC Area 78,864 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 40 Currency

Prague Koruna (Kc)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

10.2m Life expectancy: men 73.1 yrs 129.3 women 79.4 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% -0.09 Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 14.6% Urban population 74.5% 20.0% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 8.8 87.4 Crude death rate 11.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Kc2,750bn GDP per head $10,490 $107bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 48.9 2.5% Economic freedom index 2.10

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.1 38.1 … 58.8

% of total 50.1 22.7 27.0 71.7 -72.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 8.3 40 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.7 56

Energy m TOE 33.0 Net energy imports as % 44.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

25

4,324

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.8% Narrow money (M1) 18.0% 2.2% Broad money 9.1% 2.17%

Exchange rates Kc per $ Kc per SDR Kc per 7

end 2005 24.59 Effective rates 35.14 – nominal 28.93 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 127.96 127.69

CZECH REPUBLIC

137

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Chemicals Raw materials & fuels Total incl. others

33.9 15.4 4.2 3.8 67.2

Main export destinations Germany Slovakia Austria Poland United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Chemicals Raw materials & fuels Total incl. others

28.4 14.3 7.6 6.9 68.2

Main origins of imports % of total 36.3 8.5 6.0 5.2 4.7 86.0

Germany Slovakia Italy China Austria EU25

% of total 31.4 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.1 72.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

66.9 -67.8 -0.9 12.4 -17.4 0.2 -5.6 -5.2 6.6 0.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.5 28.5 4.0 0.4 45.6 53 73 13

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.5 Education spending, % of GDP 4.4 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.5 Enrolment, %: primary 102 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 8.8 secondary 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 36 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

3.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 91.9 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 33.6 3.9 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.3 per 100 pop. 105.6 Computers per 100 pop. 21.6 83 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 97.4

138

COUNTRY PROFILES

DENMARK Area 43,075 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 53 Currency

Copenhagen Danish krone (DKr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.4m Life expectancy: men 75.5 yrs 125.4 women 80.1 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.34 Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 18.8% Urban population 85.5% 21.1% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 11.8 94.1 Crude death rate 10.6

The economy GDP DKr1,447bn GDP per head $44,710 GDP $241bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 48.9 GDP 1994–2004 2.1% Economic freedom index 1.78 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.3 24.9 … 71.5

% of total 47.9 26.5 20.0 43.4 -38.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2004 5.6 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.6 73

Energy m TOE 28.5 Net energy imports as % 20.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-37

3,853

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.8% Narrow money (M1) 7.0% 2.0% Broad money 3.8% 2.20% Household saving rate, 2004 2.9%

Exchange rates DKr per $ DKr per SDR DKr per 7

end 2005 6.32 Effective rates 9.04 – nominal 7.44 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 106.7 111.0

DENMARK

139

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 56.8 Intermediate goods 7.4 Consumer goods 6.3 Capital goods 75.6 Total incl. others

Manufactured goods Agric. products Energy & products Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Sweden United Kingdom United States Norway Netherlands EU25

$bn cif 28.3 19.4 9.1 66.9

Main origins of imports % of total 18.0 13.3 8.7 5.7 5.4 5.1 69.8

Germany Sweden United Kingdom Netherlands France Norway EU25

% of total 22.2 13.4 6.1 6.0 4.8 4.5 72.5

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

75.1 -65.5 9.5 49.1 -48.5 -4.2 5.9 2.5 -19.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

11.6 2.0 40.0 4.2 2.0 2.04 0.85

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.0 Education spending, % of GDP 8.5 2.9 Enrolment, %: primary 104 4.0 secondary 129 tertiary 67 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.5 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 64.5 6.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.8 per 100 pop. 95.5 Computers per 100 pop. 65.5 127 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 429.0

140

COUNTRY PROFILES

EGYPT Area 1,000,250 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Cairo Egyptian pound (£E)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

73.4m Life expectancy: men 68.9 yrs 73.4 women 73.5 yrs Adult literacy 55.6% 1.91% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.3 33.6% Urban population 42.3% 7.1% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 26.6 65.9 Crude death rate 5.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

£E485bn GDP per head $1,070 $78.8bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 10.6 4.7% Economic freedom index 3.59

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 13.9 33.0 18.2 53.1

% of total 71.3 12.2 16.5 30.5 -30.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 27 Unemployed 2004 11.0 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.6 52

Energy m TOE 61.0 Net energy imports as % 52.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-17

735

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.9% Narrow money (M1) 12.9% 5.1% Broad money 14.6% 8.57%

Exchange rates £E per $ £E per SDR £E per 7

end 2005 5.73 Effective rates 8.19 – nominal 6.74 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

EGYPT

141

Trade Principal exportsb

Principal importsb $bn fob 5.3 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.2 6.3

Petroleum & products Cotton yarn & textiles Metals Agricultural products Pharmaceuticals Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy United States United Kingdom France

$bn fob 6.8 4.9 4.0 3.2

Intermediate goods Investment goods Fuels Consumer goods

11.1

Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.8 11.6 7.3 4.9

United States Germany Italy France

% of total 12.5 6.8 6.8 5.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

12.3 -18.9 -6.6 14.8 -8.8 4.6 3.9 5.0 -4.5 -0.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.7 15.3 6.6 2.4 30.3 36 123 9

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.8 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.2 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 98

… 97 85 29

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Year ending June 30, 2005. b Year ending June 30, 2004.

15.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 11.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 56 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

51.1 13.5 10.9 3.3 1.2

142

COUNTRY PROFILES

ESTONIA Area 45,200 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Tallinn Kroon (EEK)

People Population 1.3m Pop. per sq km 28.8 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.55% Pop. under 15 15.2% Pop. over 60 21.6% No. of men per 100 women 85 Human Development Index 85.3

Life expectancy: men 67.0 yrs women 78.0 yrs Adult literacya 99.8% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 Urban population 69.6% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.7 Crude death rate 13.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

EEK142bn GDP per head $8,650 $11.2bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 36.7 6.0% Economic freedom index 1.75

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.3 28.9 … 66.8

% of total 56.0 19.0 31.2 78.4 -86.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 6 Unemployed 2004 9.7 33 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.7 61

Energy m TOE 3.7 Net energy imports as % 4.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

26

3,631

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.1% Narrow money (M1) 15.9% 3.5% Broad money 17.2% 2.38%

Exchange rates EEK per $ EEK per SDR EEK per 7

end 2005 13.22 Effective rates 18.90 – nominal 15.55 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

ESTONIA

143

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 5.9

Machinery & equipment Wood & paper Clothing & footwear Food Furniture Total incl. others Main export destinations Finland Sweden Germany Latvia Russia EU25

$bn cif 2.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 8.4

Machinery & equipment Transport equipment Metals Chemicals Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 23.1 15.3 8.4 7.9 5.6 80.0

Finland Germany Sweden Russia Lithuania EU25

% of total 22.2 12.9 9.7 9.2 5.3 77.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

6.0 -7.9 -2.0 3.3 -2.9 0.2 -1.4 -12.7 1.8 0.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.4 1.8 2.0 0.0 10.0 116 138 20

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.3 Education spending, % of GDP 5.7 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.7 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.0 secondary 96 Improved-water source access, tertiary 66 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2000

0.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 86.2 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 34.0 3.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.2 per 100 pop. 96.0 Computers per 100 pop. 47.4 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 273.1

144

COUNTRY PROFILES

FINLAND Area 338,145 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Helsinki Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.2m Life expectancy: men 76.0 yrs 15.4 women 82.4 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.28% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 17.3% Urban population 60.9% 21.3% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 10.8 94.1 Crude death rate 9.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7150bn GDP per head $35,750 $186bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 75.5 3.6% Economic freedom index 1.85

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 3.2 Industry, of which: 29.1 manufacturing & mining 22.7 Services 67.7

% of total 52.4 22.3 18.5 37.3 -30.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 6 Unemployed 2004 8.8 26 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.9 68

Energy m TOE 16.0 Net energy imports as % 37.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

57

7,204

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 0.9% Euro area: 1.2% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.18% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 2.7%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 107.8 109.7

FINLAND

145

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Electrical & optical equipment 22.1 Metals, machinery & transport equipment 16.5 Paper & products 3.8 Chemicals 3.5 Total incl. others 60.9 Main export destinations Sweden Germany Russia United Kingdom United States Netherlands EU25

Raw materials Consumer goods Capital goods Energy

$bn cif 15.7 5.1 5.0 4.9

Total incl. others

50.7

Main origins of imports % of total 11.0 10.7 8.9 7.1 6.4 5.1 57.9

Germany Sweden Russia China France United Kingdom EU25

% of total 14.7 13.2 10.9 4.9 4.6 4.5 67.3

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

61.1 -48.3 12.8 20.1 -24.4 -1.0 7.5 4.0 -6.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

0.9 1.8 13.0 2.1 1.6 0.66 0.35

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.4 Education spending, % of GDP 6.4 3.2 Enrolment, %: primary 102 7.2 secondary 128 tertiary 88 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.3 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 45.4 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.7 per 100 pop. 95.6 Computers per 100 pop. 48.2 115 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 481.9

146

COUNTRY PROFILES

FRANCE Area 543,965 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 34 Currency

Paris Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

60.4m Life expectancy: men 76.6 yrs 111.0 women 83.5 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.41% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 18.2% Urban population 76.7% 21.1% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 12.8 93.8 Crude death rate 9.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

71,648bn GDP per head $33,890 $2,047bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 73.8 2.3% Economic freedom index 2.51

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.5 21.7 … 75.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

% of total 55.3 24.2 19.5 25.9 -25.4

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 9.9 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.7 74

Energy m TOE 136.0 Net energy imports as % 271.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

50

4,519

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 1.8% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 1.9% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% Deposit rate, households, 2005 2.47% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 11.8%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 106.9 104.4

FRANCE

147

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 126.9 Intermediate goods 94.7 Capital goods Consumer goods 65.8 Motor vehicles & other 63.2 transport equipment 36.5 Energy 416.7 Total incl. others

Intermediate goods Capital goods Motor vehicles & other transport equipment Consumer goods Food & drink Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Spain United Kingdom Italy Belgium-Luxembourg EU25

$bn cif 131.9 91.4 73.3 51.0 49.6 439.6

Main origins of imports % of total 15.0 10.0 9.4 9.3 8.2 65.0

Germany Italy Belgium-Luxembourg Spain United Kingdom EU25

% of total 17.4 9.0 7.8 7.4 6.5 69.0

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

421.1 -429.1 -7.9 223.3 -198.4 -21.8 -4.8 -0.2 7.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

4.1 6.6 77.4 1.5 96.0 8.47 0.41

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 10.1 Education spending, % of GDP 5.6 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 104 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.7 secondary 109 Improved-water source access, tertiary 56 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

24.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 95.9 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 56.0 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.8 per 100 pop. 73.7 Computers per 100 pop. 48.7 130 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 113.6

148

COUNTRY PROFILES

GERMANY Area 357,868 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 34 Currency

Berlin Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

82.5m Life expectancy: men 76.4 yrs 230.5 women 82.1 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.08% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.3% Urban population 88.5% 25.1% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 8.7 93.0 Crude death rate 10.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

72,207bn GDP per head $33,220 $2,741bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 73.8 1.5% Economic freedom index 1.96

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.1 29.0 … 69.9

% of total 59.2 18.6 17.2 38.0 -33.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 11.0 32 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.3 66

Energy m TOE 134.5 Net energy imports as % 347.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

61

4,205

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 2.0% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 1.6% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% Deposit rate, households, 2005 1.98% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 10.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 108.3 97.5

GERMANY

149

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 167.3 127.1 117.4 45.0 44.8 911.6

Road vehicles Machinery Chemicals Telecoms technology Electricity devices Total incl. others Main export destinations France United States United Kingdom Italy Netherlands Belgium EU25

$bn cif 78.7 73.9 48.7 48.1 34.5 718.0

Chemicals Road vehicles Fuels Machinery Computer technology Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.3 8.9 8.3 7.2 6.2 5.6 63.9

France Netherlands United States Italy United Kingdom China EU25

% of total 9.0 7.8 7.3 6.1 6.1 4.9 60.0

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

909.5 -719.5 190.0 274.7 -325.7 -35.2 103.8 3.8 -138.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.8 0.3 97.2 1.1 110.4 7.53 0.28

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

11.1 Education spending, % of GDP 4.8 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 99 8.9 secondary 100 tertiary 51 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

39.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.3 2.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 66.2 5.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.4 per 100 pop. 86.4 Computers per 100 pop. 48.5 106 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 119.4

150

COUNTRY PROFILES

GREECE Area 131,957 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 21 Currency

Athens Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

11.0m Life expectancy: men 76.1 yrs 83.4 women 81.3 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.26% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.3% Urban population 61.4% 23.0% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 9.1 91.2 Crude death rate 10.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7165bn GDP per head $18,660 $205bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 56.0 3.6% Economic freedom index 2.80

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 7 23 12 70

% of total 66.8 16.4 25.8 20.5 -29.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 15 Unemployed 2003 8.9 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 10.3 62

Energy m TOE 9.9 Net energy imports as % 29.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

67

2,709

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.6% Euro area: 3.4% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.3% Broad money 6.9%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 104.0 116.3

GREECE

151

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.9 2.6 2.1 15.0

Machinery Food Transport equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Italy United Kingdom France EU25

$bn cif 10.7 7.3 7.1 51.6

Machinery Chemicals & plastics Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.6 10.5 7.0 4.2 54.8

Germany Italy France Netherlands EU25

% of total 12.3 12.0 6.5 5.1 57.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

15.7 -47.4 -31.6 36.2 -22.2 4.5 -13.1 -6.4 9.5

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-3.3 -3.1 2.7 0.5 3.5 0.46 0.23

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.9 Education spending, % of GDP 4.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.4 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.7 secondary 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 74 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

3.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 85 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

91.7 57.8 84.7 9.0 45.8

152

COUNTRY PROFILES

HONG KONG Area 1,075 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 5 Currency

Victoria Hong Kong dollar (HK$)

People Population 7.1m Life expectancy: men 79.3 yrs Pop. per sq km 6,604.7 women 85.1 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 93.5% in pop. 2000–05 1.18% Fertility rate (per woman) 0.9 Pop. under 15 14.4% Urban population 100.0% Pop. over 60 15.4% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 89 Crude birth rate 8.5 Human Development Index 91.6 Crude death rate 5.9

The economy GDP HK$1,270bn GDP per head $22,960 GDP $163bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 77.7 GDP 1994–2004 3.5% Economic freedom index 1.28 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0 11 4 89

% of total 59.1 9.8 22.1 189.7 -180.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 0 Unemployed 2004 6.8 17 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.1 83

Energy m TOE 0.05 Net energy imports as % 16.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

100

2,428

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.1% Narrow money (M1) 15.1% -1.3% Broad money 4.6% 4.25%

Exchange rates HK$ per $ HK$ per SDR HK$ per 7

end 2005 7.75 Effective rates 11.24 – nominal 9.12 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

HONG KONG

153

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal imports $bn fob 8.1 Raw materials & semi-manufactures 1.7 Consumer goods 0.8 Capital goods 0.7 Food 0.4 Fuel 20.0 Total incl. others

Clothing Electrical machinery & apparatus Jewellery Textiles Printed matter Total incl. others Main export destinations China United States Japan Germany

$bn cif 103.4 81.1 72.6 7.7 6.2 271.0

Main origins of imports % of total 44.9 16.0 5.5 3.1

China Japan Taiwan United States

% of total 43.5 12.1 7.3 5.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

260.3 -269.6 -9.3 104.2 -76.6 -2.0 16.4 10.0 -14.2 3.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.2 123.6 4.3 0.1 67.9 41 19 2

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

… Education spending, % of GDP 4.4 … Enrolment, %: primary 107 … secondary 80 tertiary 31 …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.1 3.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 54.4 3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.8 per 100 pop. 118.8 Computers per 100 pop. 60.5 109 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 112.8

a Domestic, excluding re-exports. Note: Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China on July 1 1997.

154

COUNTRY PROFILES

HUNGARY Area 93,030 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 50 Currency

Budapest Forint (Ft)

People Population 9.8m Pop. per sq km 105.3 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.25% Pop. under 15 15.7% Pop. over 60 20.8% No. of men per 100 women 91 Human Development Index 86.2

Life expectancy: men 69.8 yrs women 77.7 yrs Adult literacy 99.1% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 65.9% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.8 Crude death rate 12.9

The economy GDP Ft20,414bn GDP per head $10,270 GDP $101bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 42.4 GDP 1994–2004 3.8% Economic freedom index 2.44 Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.3 27.5 … 69.2

% of total 68.4 10.4 23.9 64.3 -68.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 6.1 34 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.3 61

Energy m TOE 10.4 Net energy imports as % 26.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

60

2,600

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.6% Narrow money (M1) 11.3% 5.9% Broad money 12.8% 7.0%

Exchange rates Ft per $ Ft per SDR Ft per 7

end 2005 213.58 Effective rates 305.26 – nominal 251.27 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 108.9 130.0

HUNGARY

155

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 34.1 15.1 3.3 1.2 54.9

Machinery & equipment Other manufactures Food, drink & tobacco Raw materials Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Austria France Italy EU25

$bn cif 31.7 20.2 4.3 2.1 59.6

Machinery & equipment Other manufactures Fuels Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 31.1 6.7 5.6 5.6 79.4

Germany Austria Russia Italy EU25

% of total 28.8 8.2 5.6 5.4 71.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

55.4 -58.3 -2.9 11.4 -17.5 0.2 -8.8 -8.8 10.8 2.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

3.2 16.0 2.5 0.1 63.2 80 115 31

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.4 Education spending, % of GDP 5.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 100 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.8 secondary 106 Improved-water source access, tertiary 51 % of pop. 99

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003

3.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.6 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 74 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

89.2 35.4 86.4 14.6 91.3

156

COUNTRY PROFILES

INDIA Area 3,287,263 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 54 Currency

New Delhi Indian rupee (Rs)

People Population 1,081.2m Pop. per sq km 328.9 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 1.55% Pop. under 15 32.1% Pop. over 60 7.9% No. of men per 100 women 105 Human Development Index 60.2

Life expectancy: men 63.2 yrs women 66.7 yrs Adult literacy 61.0% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.1 Urban population 28.7% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 23.8 Crude death rate 8.3

The economy GDP Rs31,055bn GDP per head GDP $691bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 6.1% Economic freedom index Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$640 7.9 3.49

Components of GDPa % of total 21.5 27.0 16.0 51.5

% of total 61.6 10.6 24.8 19.1 -16.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 60 Unemployed 2000 4.3 17 Av. ann. rate 1995–2000 3.0 23

Energy m TOE 453.1 Net energy imports as % 553.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

18

520

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Lending rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.2% Narrow money (M1) 13.9% 4.0% Broad money 15.2% 10.8%

Exchange rates Rs per $ Rs per SDR Rs per 7

end 2005 45.07 Effective rates 64.41 – nominal 53.02 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

INDIA

157

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 16.4 13.7 12.6 7.6 6.0 79.6

Engineering goods Gems & jewellery Textiles Agricultural goods Chemicals Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China United Arab Emirates United Kingdom

$bn cif 29.9 12.8 10.8 9.6 9.4 107.3

Petroleum & products Capital goods Gold & silver Electronic goods Gems Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 19.8 8.3 8.0 5.1

United States Belgium China Singapore

% of total 6.9 6.0 6.0 4.7

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

82.2 -118.8 -36.6 56.0 -45.4 20.8 -5.4 -1.9 16.7 31.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

27.9 131.6 12.5 11.5 122.7 21 106 16

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.8 Education spending, % of GDP 4.1 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.6 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.9 secondary 53 Improved-water source access, tertiary 12 % of pop. 86

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Year ending March 31, 2005.

202.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 47 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

35.1 4.1 4.4 1.2 0.8

158

COUNTRY PROFILES

INDONESIA Area 1,904,443 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 12 Currency

Jakarta Rupiah (Rp)

People Population 222.6m Life expectancy: men 67.0 yrs Pop. per sq km 116.9 women 70.5 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 90.4% in pop. 2000–05 1.26% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 Pop. under 15 28.3% Urban population 47.9% Pop. over 60 8.4% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 100 Crude birth rate 20.7 Human Development Index 69.7 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP Rp2,303trn GDP per head $1,160 GDP $258bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 9.1 GDP 1994–2004 3.0% Economic freedom index 3.71 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 16.2 46.1 29.9 37.7

% of total 66.5 8.2 22.8 30.9 -26.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of total 43 Unemployed 2002 9.1 13 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 5.9 44

Energy m TOE 250.0 Net energy imports as % 161.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-55

753

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 10.5% Narrow money (M1) 16.5% 9.3% Broad money 10.0% 6.78%

Exchange rates Rp per $ Rp per SDR Rp per 7

end 2005 9,830 Effective rates 14,050 – nominal 11,565 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

INDONESIA

159

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 7.9 7.7 7.7 71.6

Petroleum & products Garments & textiles Natural gas Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan United States Singapore China

$bn cif 36.2 6.5 3.8 46.5

Raw materials Capital goods Consumer goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 24.3 15.2 10.2 8.8

Japan China Singapore Thailand

% of total 21.6 12.6 11.7 7.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

72.2 -50.6 21.6 18.9 -38.5 1.1 3.1 1.2 3.0 0.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.1 36.3 4.9 3.1 140.6 63 181 26

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.1 Education spending, % of GDP 1.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary 112 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 61 Improved-water source access, tertiary 16 % of pop. 78

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

57.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 64 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

51.9 4.5 13.5 1.4 0.7

160

COUNTRY PROFILES

IRAN Area 1,648,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Tehran Rial (IR)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

69.8m Life expectancy: men 70.1 yrs 42.4 women 73.4 yrs Adult literacy 77.0% 0.93% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.1 28.7% Urban population 68.1% 6.4% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 20.3 73.6 Crude death rate 5.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

IR1,408trn GDP per head $2,340 $163bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 19.0 4.3% Economic freedom index 4.51

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 13.7 46.2 … 51.8

% of total 45.2 12.5 39.3 28.0 -25.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2002 12.3 … Av. ann. rate 2000–2002 12.4 …

Energy m TOE 265.4 Net energy imports as % 136.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-95

2,055

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 13.4% Narrow money (M1) 21.0% 14.0% Broad money 24.5%

Exchange rates IR per $ IR per SDR IR per 7

end 2005 9,091 Effective rates 12,993 – nominal 10,695 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 80.50 136.16

IRAN

161

Trade Principal exports

Principal importsb

$bn fob Oil & gas 36.8 Chemicals & petrochemicals 1.4 Fruits 0.8 Total incl. others 44.4

$bn cif Transport, machinery & tools 7.6 Chemicals & pharmaceuticals 2.4 Food & animals 2.1 Total incl. others 17.6

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Japan China Italy Netherlands South Korea

% of total 18.5 9.6 6.0 5.8 5.8

Germany France Italy China United Arab Emirates

% of total 12.3 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.3

Balance of paymentsc, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflowsd Invisibles outflowsd Net transfersd Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balanced Overall balanced

28.2 -23.8 4.4 1.9 -2.9 0.6 4.0 2.4 -10.2 1.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

… … … … 13.6 10 33 5

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.5 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.6 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 93

4.9 92 78 21

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a b c d

12.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 10.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 33 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

Iranian year ending March 20, 2004. 2001 Iranian year ending March 20, 2003. Iranian year ending March 20, 2002.

9.5 22.0 6.2 10.5 …

162

COUNTRY PROFILES

IRELAND Area 70,282 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Dublin Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.0m Life expectancy: men 75.9 yrs 56.9 women 81.1 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 1.75% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 20.2% Urban population 60.4% 15.1% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 14.4 94.6 Crude death rate 7.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7146bn GDP per head $45,410 $182bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 97.9 7.9% Economic freedom index 1.58

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.5 45.6 … 49.9

% of total 45.4 14.4 25.1 80.2 -64.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 7 Unemployed 2004 4.4 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.2 65

Energy m TOE 1.9 Net energy imports as % 15.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

87

3,777

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 2.4% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 3.5% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% Money market rate, 2004 2.21% Broad money 6.9% Deposit rate, households, 2005 2.00% Household saving rate, 2004 9.9%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 111.37 …

IRELAND

163

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 46.5 Machinery & transport equipment 28.1 Chemicals 14.3 Food, drink & tobacco 12.3 Fuels 105 Total incl. others

Chemicals Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured materials Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main export destinations United States United Kingdom Germany France EU25

$bn cif 27.0 8.7 4.7 0.6 64

Main origins of imports % of total 19.7 17.8 7.7 6.0 62.6

United Kingdom United States Germany Japan EU25

% of total 31.1 13.8 7.6 4.3 63.6

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

98.7 -60.2 39.5 94.5 -135.8 0.4 -1.4 -0.8 4.4

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.4 -1.2 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.61 0.39

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.3 Education spending, % of GDP 4.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.8 Enrolment, %: primary 106 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.3 secondary 107 Improved-water source access, tertiary 52 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

1.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.0 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 108 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

99.3 49.9 93.5 49.7 60.2

164

COUNTRY PROFILES

ISRAEL Area 20,770 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 16 Currency

Jerusalem New Shekel (NIS)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

6.6m Life expectancy: men 78.4 yrs 317.8 women 82.6 yrs Adult literacy 97.1% 2.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.9 27.8% Urban population 91.7% 13.3% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 19.8 91.5 Crude death rate 5.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

NIS524bn GDP per head $17,710 $117bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 61.5 3.4% Economic freedom index 2.36

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.8 35.3 24.3 59.3

% of total 59.2 28.6 17.7 44.0 -49.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2003 10.7 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 8.7 75

Energy m TOE 0.8 Net energy imports as % 20.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

96

3,086

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.3% Narrow money (M1) 11.8% 1.7% Broad money 5.5% 4.3%

Exchange rates NIS per $ NIS per SDR NIS per 7

end 2005 4.60 Effective rates 6.58 – nominal 5.41 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 81.25 78.02

ISRAEL

165

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob Diamonds 10.6 Diamonds Chemicals 5.7 Machinery & equipment Communications, medical & Fuel scientific equipment 5.7 Chemicals Electronics 2.6 Total incl. others 33.8 Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Belgium Hong Kong United Kingdom Germany

$bn fob 9.2 4.9 4.5 2.7 40.4

Main origins of imports % of total 41.9 8.6 5.6 4.3 4.0

United States Belgium Germany Switzerland United Kingdom

% of total 15.2 10.2 7.7 6.7 6.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

36.6 -38.5 -1.9 17.2 -20.0 6.2 1.5 1.3 -3.6 -1.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.8 27.1 5.6 0.0 75.8 65 134 11

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

8.9 Education spending, % of GDP 7.5 3.7 Enrolment, %: primary 112 6.1 secondary 93 tertiary 57 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.6 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 43.7 4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.1 per 100 pop. 105.3 Computers per 100 pop. 73.4 86 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 183.7

166

COUNTRY PROFILES

ITALY Area 301,245 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 27 Currency

Rome Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

57.3m Life expectancy: men 77.5 yrs 190.2 women 83.6 yrs Adult literacy 98.4% 0.13% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.0% Urban population 67.5% 25.6% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 8.8 93.4 Crude death rate 10.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

71,351bn GDP per head $29,280 $1,678n GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 71.0 1.6% Economic freedom index 2.50

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.2 28.7 … 69.1

% of total 59.8 19.7 19.5 25.9 -25.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2003 8.7 32 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 10.6 63

Energy m TOE 27.7 Net energy imports as % 181.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

85

3,140

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.0% Euro area: 2.4% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.18% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 11.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 106.5 123.3

ITALY

167

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 89.1 47.8 39.1 33.8 19.3 354

Engineering products Textiles & clothing Transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany France United States Spain United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif 72.2 49.9 47.4 36.5 24.1 355

Engineering products Transport equipment Chemicals Energy products Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 14.1 12.5 8.3 7.1 7.1 59.3

Germany France Netherlands United Kingdom United States EU25

% of total 18.1 11.4 5.8 4.8 3.9 59.9

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

352.2 -341.3 10.9 136.9 -153.4 -9.6 -15.1 -0.9 10.8

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-2.8 -0.9 62.4 1.5 78.8 2.46 0.15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.4 Education spending, % of GDP 4.7 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.2 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.4 secondary 99 Improved-water source access, tertiary 57 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

23.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.0 2.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 44.8 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. 108.2 Computers per 100 pop. 31.3 97 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 195.9

168

COUNTRY PROFILES

JAPAN Area 377,727 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 12 Currency

Tokyo Yen (¥)

People Population 127.8m Life expectancy: men 79.1 yrs Pop. per sq km 338.4 women 86.4 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 99.0% in pop. 2000–05 0.17% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Pop. under 15 14.0% Urban populationa 65.7% Pop. over 60 26.3% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 96 Crude birth rate 9.2 Human Development Index 94.3 Crude death rate 8.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

¥500trn GDP per head $36,170 $4,623bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 73.7 1.2% Economic freedom index 2.26

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.3 30.4 20.8 68.3

% of total 56.5 17.6 23.9 13.1 -11.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 4.7 29 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.4 66

Energy m TOE 84.6 Net energy imports as % 517.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

84

4,053

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 -0.3% Narrow money (M1) 9.6% -0.4% Broad money 2.0% 0.00% Household saving rate, 2004 6.9%

Exchange rates ¥ per $ ¥ per SDR ¥ per 7

end 2005 117.9 Effective rates 186.6 – nominal 139.0 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 80.6 69.6

JAPAN

169

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 132.8 130.4 116.5 48.3 37.5 566

Electrical machinery Transport equipment Non-electrical machinery Chemicals Metals Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong

$bn cif 142.3 98.5 48.9 35.2 28.3 455

Machinery & equipment Mineral fuels Food Chemicals Raw materials Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 22.4 13.1 7.8 7.4 6.3

China United States South Korea Australia Taiwan

% of total 20.7 13.7 4.8 4.3 3.7

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

539.0 -406.9 132.1 210.9 -163.1 -7.9 172.1 3.7 17.7

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

160.9 171.1 844.7 17.8 24.6 8.91 0.19

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.9 Education spending, % of GDP 3.6 2.0 Enrolment, %: primary 100 14.3 secondary 102 tertiary 51 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003

48.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.0 2.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 46.0 5.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.2 per 100 pop. 71.6 Computers per 100 pop. 54.2 136 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 194.9

170

COUNTRY PROFILES

KENYA Area 582,646 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 8 Currency

Nairobi Kenyan shilling (KSh)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

32.4m Life expectancy: men 51.1 yrs 55.6 women 49.4 yrs Adult literacy 73.6% 2.20% Fertility rate (per woman) 5.0 42.8% Urban population 41.6% 4.1% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 32.5 47.4 Crude death rate 13.8

The economy GDP KSh1,274bn GDP per head GDP $16.1bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 2.7% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Other

$500 2.9 3.20

Components of GDP % of total 27.5 … 13.3 59.2

% of total 74.7 17.0 17.4 28.0 -37.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2004 … … Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 … …

Energy m TOE 13.5 Net energy imports as % 16.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

17

494

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 10.3% Narrow money (M1) 13.9% 7.8% Broad money 8.9% 8.43%

Exchange rates KSh per $ KSh per SDR KSh per 7

end 2005 73.4 Effective rates 103.4 – nominal 86.3 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

KENYA

171

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $m fob 499 456 88 53 2,685

Horticultural products Tea Coffee Fish products Total incl. others Main export destinations Uganda United Kingdom United States Netherlands

$m cif Industrial supplies 1,380 Machinery & transport equip. 651 Consumer goods 331 Food & drink 182 Total incl. others 4,557 Main origins of imports

% of total 13.1 11.3 10.4 8.0

United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia South Africa United States

% of total 12.7 9.8 6.5 4.4

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

2.7 -4.3 -1.6 1.5 -1.0 0.6 -0.4 -2.4 0.2 0.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.0 1.5 3.5 0.0 6.8 47 185 10

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.3 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 62

7.0 92 33 3

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

7.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 66 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

11.9 0.9 7.9 1.4 0.4

172

COUNTRY PROFILES

LATVIA Area 63,700 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 29 Currency

Riga Lats (LVL)

People Population 2.3m Pop. per sq km 36.1 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.57% Pop. under 15 14.7% Pop. over 60 22.5% No. of men per 100 women 84 Human Development Index 83.6

Life expectancy: men 67.2 yrs women 77.8 yrs Adult literacy 99.7% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 65.9% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 7.8 Crude death rate 13.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

LVL7.3bn GDP per head $5,900 $13.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 29.4 5.6% Economic freedom index 2.43

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4 23 13 73

% of total 62.4 20.0 33.3 44.1 -59.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 14 Unemployed 2004 10.4 27 Av. ann. rate 1996–2004 13.8 59

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

2.0 Net energy imports as % 4.4 of energy use

55

1,881

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 6.7% Narrow money (M1) 18.7% 4.0% Broad money 23.1% 3.49%

Exchange rates LVL per $ LVL per SDR LVL per 7

end 2005 0.59 Effective rates 0.85 – nominal 0.69 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

LATVIA

173

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 4.0

Wood & wood products Metals Textiles Machinery & equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations United Kingdom Germany Sweden Lithuania Estonia EU25

$bn cif 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 7.0

Machinery & equipment Mineral products Base metals Transport equipment Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.9 12.3 10.3 9.5 8.5 76.9

Germany Lithuania Russia Estonia Finland EU25

% of total 14.5 12.4 8.4 7.1 6.5 75.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

4.2 -6.9 -2.7 2.3 -1.9 0.7 -1.7 -12.3 2.1 0.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.5 2.0 2.7 0.2 12.7 112 243 26

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.4 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.0 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.8 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

5.8 94 95 73

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

0.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

74.0 28.5 67.2 21.9 39.3

174

COUNTRY PROFILES

LITHUANIA Area 65,200 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 47 Currency

Vilnius Litas (LTL)

People Population 3.4m Pop. per sq km 52.1 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.40% Pop. under 15 16.7% Pop. over 60 20.7% No. of men per 100 women 87 Human Development Index 85.2

Life expectancy: men 67.9 yrs women 78.6 yrs Adult literacy 99.6% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 66.6% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.8 Crude death rate 12.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

LTL61.9bn GDP per head $6,550 $22.3bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 33.0 5.4% Economic freedom index 2.14

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 5.9 32.9 … 61.2

% of total 64.6 17.5 21.8 52.4 -58.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 18 Unemployed 2004 12.8 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 14.8 54

Energy m TOE 5.2 Net energy imports as % 8.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

42

2,585

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.7% Narrow money (M1) 18.8% 0.8% Broad money 19.4% 1.97%

Exchange rates LTL per $ LTL per SDR LTL per 7

end 2005 2.91 Effective rates 4.16 – nominal 3.42 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

LITHUANIA

175

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.4 1.2 1.1 0.8 9.3

Mineral products Machinery & equipment Textiles Transport equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Latvia Russia France United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.0 12.4

Machinery & equipment Mineral products Transport equipment Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.2 10.1 9.3 6.3 5.3 66.4

Russia Germany Poland Netherlands Latvia EU25

% of total 23.0 16.9 7.6 4.0 3.8 63.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

9.3 -11.6 -2.3 2.9 -2.5 0.3 -1.6 -7.1 1.3 -0.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.1 3.6 3.0 0.2 9.5 53 95 18

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.6 Education spending, % of GDP 5.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.0 Enrolment, %: primary 98 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 8.7 secondary 102 Improved-water source access, tertiary 72 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

1.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.3 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

76.7 23.8 99.3 15.5 60.8

176

COUNTRY PROFILES

MALAYSIA Area 332,665 sq km Capital Kuala Lumpur Arable as % of total land 5 Currency Malaysiandollar/ringgit(M$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

24.9m Life expectancy: men 71.9 yrs 74.9 women 76.5 yrs Adult literacy 88.7% 1.95% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.9 32.4% Urban population 65.1% 7.0% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 22.6 79.6 Crude death rate 4.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

M$450bn GDP per head $4,750 $118bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 25.9 5.1% Economic freedom index 2.98

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 9.5 45.4 31.2 45.1

% of total 42.9 13.3 22.4 121.8 -100.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 15 Unemployed 2003 3.6 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 3.2 55

Energy m TOE 83.8 Net energy imports as % 56.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-48

2,318

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.1% Narrow money (M1) 8.6% 1.8% Broad money 9.2% 2.72%

Exchange rates M$ per $ M$ per SDR M$ per 7

end 2005 3.78 Effective rates 5.40 – nominal 4.45 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 97.9 97.9

MALAYSIA

177

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Electronics & electrical mach. 67.6 Chemicals & products 7.3 Petroleum & gas 7.3 Palm oil 5.3 Textiles, clothing & footwear 2.7 Total incl. others 126.5

Intermediate goods Capital goods & transport equipment Consumption goods Re-exports Total incl. others

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Singapore Japan China Hong Kong

% of total 18.8 15.0 10.1 6.7 6.0

Japan United States Singapore China Thailand

$bn cif 75.6 14.6 6.1 4.5 105.3 % of total 15.9 14.5 11.1 9.8 5.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balancea Overall balancea

126.6 -99.1 27.5 21.0 -29.9 -3.9 14.8 12.5 -3.2 10.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

21.9 66.9 6.2 1.2 52.1 52 42 7

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.8 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.6 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.9 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 95

8.1 93 70 29

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003

5.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 65 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

90.3 17.4 57.1 19.2 6.2

178

COUNTRY PROFILES

MEXICO Area 1,972,545 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Mexico city Mexican peso (PS)

People Population 104.9m Life expectancy: men 73.7 yrs Pop. per sq km 53.2 women 78.6 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 91.0% in pop. 2000–05 1.34% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 Pop. under 15 31.0% Urban population 76.0% Pop. over 60 7.8% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 96 Crude birth rate 22.4 Human Development Index 81.4 Crude death rate 4.5

The economy GDP 7,635bn pesos GDP per head $6,450 GDP $677bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 24.7 GDP 1994–2004 2.7% Economic freedom index 2.83 Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 4.1 Industry, of which: 26.4 manufacturing & mining 19.5 Services 69.5

% of total 68.5 11.7 21.8 30.1 -31.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 17 Unemployed 2004 2.5 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 2.5 58

Energy m TOE 242.5 Net energy imports as % 159.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-52

1,564

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.0% Narrow money (M1) 12.6% 4.9% Broad money 6.6% 9.59%

Exchange rates PS per $ PS per SDR PS per 7

end 2005 10.78 Effective rates 15.40 – nominal 12.68 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

MEXICO

179

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 172.5 87.0) 29.9 5.6 188.0

Manufactured products (Maquiladoraa Crude oil & products Agricultural products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Canada Japan Spain

$bn fob 149.3 68.6) 25.4 22.6 196.8

Intermediate goods (Maquiladoraa Consumer goods Capital goods Total Main origins of imports

% of total 87.5 1.8 1.1 1.0

United States China Germany South Korea

% of total 56.3 3.8 3.6 3.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

188.0 -196.8 -8.8 19.1 -34.7 17.0 -7.4 -1.1 12.3 4.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.2 64.2 3.3 0.1 138.7 22 69 25

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.2 Education spending, % of GDP 5.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.9 Enrolment, %: primary 110 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.0 secondary 79 Improved-water source access, tertiary 22 % of pop. 91

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

24.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 84 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Manufacturing assembly plants near the Mexican-US border where goods for processing may be imported duty-free and all output is exported.

90.5 17.2 36.6 10.7 24.4

180

COUNTRY PROFILES

MOROCCO Area 446,550 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Rabat Dirham (Dh)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

31.1m Life expectancy: men 68.8 yrs 69.7 women 73.3 yrs Adult literacy 52.3% 1.48% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.8 31.1% Urban population 58.8% 6.8% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 23.2 63.1 Crude death rate 5.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Dh444bn GDP per head $1,610 $50.0bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 10.9 3.0% Economic freedom index 3.21

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 15.3 29.8 17.5 54.9

% of total 61.4 19.8 22.7 26.3 -30.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 44 Unemployed 2003 11.9 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 15.6 36

Energy m TOE 0.6 Net energy imports as % 10.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

94

378

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.0% Narrow money (M1) 10.4% 1.4% Broad money 9.1% 2.78%

Exchange rates Dh per $ Dh per SDR Dh per 7

end 2005 9.25 Effective rates 13.22 – nominal 10.88 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 95.7 92.2

MOROCCO

181

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 9.9

Textiles Phosphoric acid Electrical components Phosphate rock Citrus fruits Total incl. others Main export destinations France Spain United Kingdom Italy

$bn cif 4.1 4.0 3.9 2.9 1.5 17.8

Semi-finished goods Consumer goods Capital goods Energy & lubricants Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 25.4 19.1 8.0 4.9

France Spain Germany Italy

% of total 20.3 14.9 7.0 6.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

9.9 -16.4 -6.5 7.2 -4.6 4.8 0.9 1.8 0.1 0.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.5 16.6 9.5 0.7 17.7 41 96 16

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.1 Education spending, % of GDP 6.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary 110 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.8 secondary 45 Improved-water source access, tertiary 11 % of pop. 80

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

5.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 73 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

48.1 4.4 31.2 2.1 8.0

182

COUNTRY PROFILES

NETHERLANDS Areaa 41,526 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 27 Currency

Amsterdam Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.2m Life expectancy: men 76.3 yrs 390.1 women 81.6 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.50% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 18.2% Urban population 66.8% 19.2% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 12.1 94.3 Crude death rate 9.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7466bn GDP per head $35,740 $579bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 80.1 2.4% Economic freedom index 1.90

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.7 24.1 … 73.2

% of total 49.4 23.5 19.7 73.9 -66.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2003 4.3 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 4.7 74

Energy m TOE 58.5 Net energy imports as % 80.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

28

4,982

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 1.7% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 2.5% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% Lending rate, 2004 2.75% Broad money 6.9% Deposit rate, households, 2005 3.18% Household saving rate, 2004 7.3%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 107.0 111.3

NETHERLANDS

183

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Fuels Total incl. others

103 54 46 29 318

Main export destinations Germany Belgium United Kingdom France EU25

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Fuels Total incl. others

108 36 33 26 284

Main origins of imports % of total 23.8 11.9 10.0 9.7 79.5

Germany Belgium United States United Kingdom EU25

% of total 19.6 11.1 8.0 6.5 52.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

304.3 -273.3 31.0 139.1 -137.9 -9.0 23.2 4.0 -13.3

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.0 -0.4 21.1 0.6 25.0 4.20 0.73

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.8 Education spending, % of GDP 5.1 3.1 Enrolment, %: primary 108 4.7 secondary 122 tertiary 58 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Includes water.

7.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.7 2.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 48.4 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.9 per 100 pop. 91.2 Computers per 100 pop. 68.5 104 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 448.0

184

COUNTRY PROFILES

NEW ZEALAND Area 270,534 sq km Capital Wellington Arable as % of total land 6 Currency New Zealand dollar (NZ$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

3.9m Life expectancy: men 77.7 yrs 14.4 women 82.0 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 1.07% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 21.3% Urban population 86.0% 16.7% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 14.0 93.3 Crude death rate 7.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

NZ$149bn GDP per head $25,370 $98.9bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 59.0 3.3% Economic freedom index 1.84

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP % of total 7.3 Private consumption 15.2 Public consumption 77.5 Investment Exports Imports

Agriculture & mining Manufacturing Other

% of total 58.7 17.8 24.0 29.2 -29.6

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 9 Unemployed 2004 3.9 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.8 69

Energy m TOE 13.2 Net energy imports as % 17.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

24

4,333

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.0% Narrow money (M1) 8.3% 2.5% Broad money 6.5% 6.76% Household saving rate, 2003 -6.5%

Exchange rates NZ$ per $ NZ$ per SDR NZ$ per 7

end 2005 1.47 Effective rates 2.10 – nominal 1.73 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 135.7 139.7

NEW ZEALAND

185

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 3.5 3.1 1.4 1.0 20.3

Dairy produce Meat Forestry products Fish Total incl. others Main export destinations Australia United States Japan China

$bn cif Machinery & electrical equipment Transport equipment Mineral fuels Total incl. others

4.6 3.6 2.4 23.2

Main origins of imports % of total 20.8 14.4 11.2 5.7

Australia Japan United States China

% of total 22.4 11.2 11.2 9.7

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

20.5 -21.9 -1.4 9.4 -14.2 0.1 -6.2 -6.3 9.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

0.6 0.4 5.3 1.8 0.0 0.21 0.23

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.1 Education spending, % of GDP 6.7 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.3 Enrolment, %: primary 102 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.1 secondary 120 Improved-water source access, tertiary 77 % of pop. 95

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

1.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.0 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 46.1 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.3 per 100 pop. 77.5 Computers per 100 pop. 49.3 96 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 249.2

186

COUNTRY PROFILES

NIGERIA Area 923,768 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 33 Currency

Abuja Naira (N)

People Population 127.1m Life expectancy: men 44.1 yrs Pop. per sq km 137.6 women 44.3 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 68.0% in pop. 2000–05 2.24% Fertility rate (per woman) 5.6 Pop. under 15 44.3% Urban population 48.3% Pop. over 60 4.8% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 102 Crude birth rate 39.1 Human Development Index 45.3 Crude death rate 18.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

N9,575bn GDP per head $72.1bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 3.8% Economic freedom index

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP % of total 34.8 Private consumption 4.6 Public consumption 60.6 Investment Exports Imports

Agriculture Manufacturing Other

$570 2.9 4.00

% of total 84.7 2.5 19.5 42.0 -48.7

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2001 3.9 … Av. ann. rate 1995–2001 3.7 …

Energy m TOE 214.6 Net energy imports as % 97.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-119

777

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 13.5% Narrow money (M1) 27.1% 15.7% Broad money 26.5% 7.63%

Exchange rates N per $ N per SDR N per 7

end 2005 129.0 Effective rates 184.4 – nominal 151.8 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 71.5 129.6

NIGERIA

187

Trade Principal exports Oil Gas

Total incl. others

Principal imports $bn fob 20.7 Manufactured goods 2.0 Chemicals Machinery & transport equipment Agric products & foodstuffs 31.1 Total incl. others

Main export destinationsa % of total United States 49.9 India 10.2 Spain 7.5 Brazil 6.9

$bn cif 4.4 2.8 2.8 1.1 14.2

Main origins of importsa United States China United Kingdom Netherlands

% of total 8.9 8.5 8.3 6.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

23.7 -11.1 12.6 3.5 -6.0 2.3 12.3 17.0 -4.5 -8.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

9.8 17.3 12.1 0.7 35.9 72 141 9

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.0 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.3 Enrolment, %: primary 119 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 36 Improved-water source access, tertiary 8 % of pop. 60

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Estimate.

26.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 82 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

53.1 0.8 7.2 0.7 …

188

COUNTRY PROFILES

NORWAY Area 323,878 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Oslo Norwegian krone (Nkr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.6m Life expectancy: men 77.8 yrs 14.2 women 82.5 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.52% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 19.6% Urban population 80.5% 20.0% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 12.0 96.3 Crude death rate 9.3

The economy GDP Nkr1,686bn GDP per head $54,360 GDP $250bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 96.9 GDP 1994–2004 2.9% Economic freedom index 2.29 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.9 39.9 … 58.2

% of total 44.8 22.0 19.0 43.7 -29.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 4.5 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.0 74

Energy m TOE 233.2 Net energy imports as % 23.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-899

5,100

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Interbank rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.5% Narrow money (M1) 6.6% 1.7% Broad money 6.9% 2.21% Household saving rate, 2004 10.2%

Exchange rates Nkr per $ Nkr per SDR Nkr per 7

end 2005 6.78 Effective rates 9.68 – nominal 7.98 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 110.3 127.5

NORWAY

189

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Oil, gas & products 64.2 Machinery & transport equip. 9.8 Manufactured materials 6.8 Food, drink & tobacco 4.5 Total incl. others 82

$bn cif Machinery & transport equip. 18.7 Manufactured materials 8.3 Misc. manufactures 7.6 Chemicals 4.7 Total incl. others 49

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United Kingdom Germany Netherlands France United States Sweden EU25

% of total 22.3 12.9 9.9 9.6 8.4 6.7 78.2

Sweden Germany Denmark United Kingdom United States Netherlands EU25

% of total 15.7 13.6 7.3 6.5 4.9 4.4 70.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

83.0 -49.4 33.6 38.5 -34.9 -2.6 34.4 13.8 -20.9

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

5.2 6.6 44.3 6.3 1.2 2.20 0.87

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

10.3 Education spending, % of GDP 7.6 3.1 Enrolment, %: primary 101 3.8 secondary 115 tertiary 81 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 93.5 2.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 47.2 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.4 per 100 pop. 103.6 Computers per 100 pop. 57.8 140 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 458.5

190

COUNTRY PROFILES

PAKISTAN Area 803,940 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 25 Currency

Islamabad Pakistan rupee (PRs)

People Population 157.3m Life expectancy: men 64.6 yrs Pop. per sq km 195.7 women 64.9 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 49.9% in pop. 2000–05 2.04% Fertility rate (per woman) 4.3 Pop. under 15 38.3% Urban population 34.8% Pop. over 60 5.8% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 106 Crude birth rate 35.9 Human Development Index 52.7 Crude death rate 7.5

The economy GDP PRs5,533bn GDP per head GDP $96.1bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 3.8% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP

$610 5.6 3.33

Components of GDPa

% of total Agriculture 21.6 Industry, of which: 25.0 manufacturing & mining 20.2 Other 53.4

% of total 80.0 7.8 16.9 15.3 -19.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 42 Unemployed 2002 8.3 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 6.4 37

Energy m TOE 55.5 Net energy imports as % 69.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

20

467

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 9.1% Narrow money (M1) 16.2% 5.1% Broad money 15.7% 6.83%

Exchange rates PRs per $ PRs per SDR PRs per 7

end 2005 59.83 Effective rates 85.51 – nominal 70.39 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 82.52 97.63

PAKISTAN

191

Trade Principal exportsa Cotton fabrics Knitwear Bedwear Cotton yarn & thread Rice Total incl. others

Principal importsa $bn fob 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.9 13.4

Main export destinationsa % of total United States 24.0 United Arab Emirates 7.6 United Kingdom 6.2 Afghanistan 5.2

$bn fob Machinery & transport equip. 6.0 Fuels etc 4.3 Chemicals 3.6 Manufactures 2.3 17.9

Total incl. others Main origins of importsa Saudi Arabia China United Arab Emirates United States

% of total 12.3 8.9 8.3 7.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

13.4 -16.7 -3.4 2.9 -7.9 7.5 -0.8 -0.8 -1.1 -1.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-1.1 10.7 5.2 2.1 35.7 44 194 23

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 2.4 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.7 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 90

1.8 68 23 3

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

21.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 7.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 43 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Fiscal year ending June 30, 2005.

38.3 3.0 3.3 … 0.4

192

COUNTRY PROFILES

PERU Area 1,285,216 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Lima Nuevo Sol (New Sol)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

27.6m Life expectancy: men 68.7 yrs 21.5 women 73.9 yrs Adult literacy 89.7% 1.50% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.9 32.2% Urban population 74.6% 7.8% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 23.3 76.2 Crude death rate 5.9

The economy GDP New Soles 234bn GDP per head $2,490 GDP $68.6bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 14.3 GDP 1994–2004 3.5% Economic freedom index 2.86 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 8.8 26.3 14.9 64.9

% of total 68.7 10.1 18.5 20.9 -18.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2004 10.5 20 Av. ann. rate 1996–2004 8.3 79

Energy m TOE 9.4 Net energy imports as % 12.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

21

442

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Deposit rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.6% Narrow money (M1) 1.3% 1.9% Broad money 1.5% 3.43%

Exchange rates New Soles per $ New Soles per SDR New Soles per 7

end 2005 3.28 Effective rates 2.10 – nominal 3.86 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

PERU

193

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.4 2.4 1.1 0.6 12.6

Copper Gold Fishmeal Zinc Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China United Kingdom Chile

$bn fob 5.4 2.4 2.0 0.1 9.8

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Other goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 29.0 9.3 7.5 5.0

United States Spain Chile Brazil

% of total 28.7 7.4 6.6 6.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

12.6 -9.8 2.8 2.2 -6.5 1.5 -0.0 -0.0 2.3 2.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.4 12.7 9.3 1.1 31.3 52 245 21

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.4 Education spending, % of GDP 3.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 118 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.4 secondary 90 Improved-water source access, tertiary 32 % of pop. 81

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

5.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 61 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

49.6 7.4 14.8 10.0 9.6

194

COUNTRY PROFILES

PHILIPPINES Area 300,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Manila Philippine peso (P)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

81.4m Life expectancy: men 69.5 yrs 271.3 women 73.8 yrs Adult literacy 92.6% 1.84% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.2 35.1% Urban population 62.6% 6.1% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 25.3 75.8 Crude death rate 4.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

P4,739bn GDP per head $1,040 $84.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 11.6 4.0% Economic freedom index 3.23

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 15.2 31.9 23.1 52.9

% of total 69.3 10.2 17.1 50.6 -50.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 37 Unemployed 2004 10.9 16 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.2 47

Energy m TOE 22.5 Net energy imports as % 42.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

47

525

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 7.6% Narrow money (M1) 7.5% 5.4% Broad money 7.1% 7.31%

Exchange rates P per $ P per SDR P per 7

end 2005 53.07 Effective rates 75.85 – nominal 62.44 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 80.5 98.6

PHILIPPINES

195

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Electrical & electronic equipment Semiconductors Clothing Coconut products Petroleum products Total incl. others

26.6 18.6 2.2 0.6 0.4 39.6

Main export destinations Japan United States Netherlands Hong Kong China Singapore

$bn fob Semi-processed raw materials 13.7 Telecom & electrical machinery 8.7 Electrical equipment parts 6.2 Chemicals 3.2 Crude petroleum 2.5 Total incl. others 42.3 Main origins of imports

% of total 20.1 17.9 9.1 7.9 6.7 6.6

Japan United States China Singapore Taiwan South Korea

% of total 19.8 13.7 7.7 7.4 7.0 5.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

38.7 -45.1 -6.4 7.7 -8.8 9.6 2.1 2.5 -3.0 -1.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.8 16.2 3.6 7.1 60.6 71 120 23

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.2 Education spending, % of GDP 3.1 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary 112 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.0 secondary 84 Improved-water source access, tertiary 30 % of pop. 85

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

16.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.6 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 39 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

67.4 4.2 39.9 4.5 1.3

196

COUNTRY PROFILES

POLAND Area 312,683 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 41 Currency

Warsaw Zloty (Zl)

People Population 38.6m Pop. per sq km 123.4 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.06% Pop. under 15 16.3% Pop. over 60 16.8% No. of men per 100 women 94 Human Development Index 85.8

Life expectancy: men 71.2 yrs women 79.0 yrs Adult literacy 99.7% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 62.0% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.6 Crude death rate 10.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Zl885bn GDP per head $6,280 $242bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 32.7 4.4% Economic freedom index 2.49

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3 33 20 64

% of total 63.2 18.8 20.0 37.6 -39.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 18 Unemployed 2004 19.0 29 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 15.4 53

Energy m TOE 80.0 Net energy imports as % 93.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

15

2,452

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.1% Narrow money (M1) 10.6% 2.8% Broad money 7.2% 5.3%

Exchange rates Zl per $ Zl per SDR Zl per 7

end 2005 3.26 Effective rates 4.66 – nominal 3.84 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 108.7 110.3

POLAND

197

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured goods Other manufactured goods Agric. products & foodstuffs Total incl. others

28.6 17.6 11.3 5.8 73.8

Main export destinations Germany Italy France United Kingdom

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured goods Chemicals Mineral fuels Total incl. others

34.0 18.6 12.6 8.1 88.2

Main origins of imports % of total 29.5 6.0 5.9 5.4

Germany Italy Russia France

% of total 23.8 7.7 7.2 6.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

81.9 -87.5 -5.6 15.6 -26.0 5.6 -10.4 -4.3 9.2 0.8

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.8 36.8 3.9 3.3 99.2 47 126 44

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.6 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.5 Enrolment, %: primary 99 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 5.6 secondary 105 Improved-water source access, tertiary 60 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2002

13.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 85.6 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 31.9 3.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.1 per 100 pop. 59.9 Computers per 100 pop. 19.1 82 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 102.1

198

COUNTRY PROFILES

PORTUGAL Area 88,940 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Lisbon Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

10.1m Life expectancy: men 74.6 yrs 113.6 women 81.2 yrs Adult literacy 93.3% 0.52% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 15.9% Urban population 55.6% 22.3% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 11.0 90.4 Crude death rate 10.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7135bn GDP per head $16,610 $168bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 49.5 2.5% Economic freedom index 2.29

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.7 26.7 … 69.6

% of total 64.1 20.7 23.0 28.9 -36.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 13 Unemployed 2003 6.3 33 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 5.5 55

Energy m TOE 3.4 Net energy imports as % 25.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

83

2,469

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Deposit rate, h’holds, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.3% Euro area: 3.2% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 1.94% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 11.8%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 105.1 110.5

PORTUGAL

199

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 6.3 6.2 4.1 2.0 37

Transport goods Machinery Clothing Shoes Total incl. others Main export destinations Spain France Germany United Kingdom United States EU25

$bn cif 13.1 8.9 6.1 4.6 58

Machinery Transport goods Chemicals Agricultural goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 24.9 14.0 13.5 9.6 6.1 79.4

Spain Germany France Italy United Kingdom EU25

% of total 29.3 14.3 9.3 6.1 4.6 76.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

37.3 -55.4 -18.1 21.3 -19.3 3.5 -12.7 -7.6 12.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.9 -1.1 11.7 1.9 14.9 1.03 0.63

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.6 Education spending, % of GDP 5.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 115 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 3.6 secondarya 113 Improved-water source access, tertiary 56 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

3.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.1 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 40.3 6.4 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.7 per 100 pop. 98.4 Computers per 100 pop. 13.3 83 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 136.5

a Includes training for unemployed.

200

COUNTRY PROFILES

ROMANIA Area 237,500 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 41 Currency

Bucharest Leu (RON)

People Population 22.3m Pop. per sq km 93.9 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -0.37% Pop. under 15 15.4% Pop. over 60 19.3% No. of men per 100 women 95 Human Development Index 79.2

Life expectancy: men 68.7 yrs women 75.7 yrs Adult literacy 97.3% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 54.7% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 10.4 Crude death rate 12.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

L2,388trn GDP per head $3,280 $73.2bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 21.4 2.4% Economic freedom index 3.19

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 14.7 31.8 … 48.8

% of total 70.4 15.9 23.1 37.1 -46.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 35 Unemployed 2004 8.0 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 35

Energy m TOE 28.9 Net energy imports as % 39.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

26

1,794

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Bank rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 9.0% Narrow money (M1) 38.4% 18.3% Broad money 36.9% 9.6%

Exchange rates RON per $ RON per SDR RON per 7

end 2005 3.11 Effective rates 4.44 – nominal 3.66 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 58.09 121.31

ROMANIA

201

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 5.2 4.1 3.6 1.7 23.5

Textiles Machinery & equipment Basic metals & products Minerals & fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy Germany France EU25

$bn cif 7.8 4.4 4.1 2.6 32.7

Machinery & equipment Fuels & minerals Textiles & footwear Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 21.2 15.0 8.5 73.1

Italy Germany Russia EU25

% of total 17.2 14.9 6.8 65.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

23.5 -30.2 -6.7 4.0 -6.0 3.1 -5.6 -7.6 10.3 6.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

6.6 16.1 5.3 3.4 30.0 52 138 22

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.1 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.9 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.6 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 57

3.5 99 85 35

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

7.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.0 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 65 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

52.7 20.3 47.1 11.3 20.0

202

COUNTRY PROFILES

RUSSIA Area 17,075,400 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Moscow Rouble (Rb)

People Population 142.4m Life expectancy: men 58.7 yrs Pop. per sq km 8.3 women 71.8 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 99.4% in pop. 2000–05 -0.46% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Pop. under 15 15.3% Urban population 73.3% Pop. over 60 17.1% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 87 Crude birth rate 8.6 Human Development Index 79.5 Crude death rate 16.0

The economy GDP Rb16,752bn GDP per head $4,080 GDP $581bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 25.0 GDP 1994–2004 2.8% Economic freedom index 3.50 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 5.0 36.0 … 58.9

% of total 48.8 16.5 21.1 35.0 -22.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 10 Unemployed 2004 7.8 31 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.6 59

Energy m TOE 1,106.9 Net energy imports as % 639.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-73

4,424

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 12.7% Narrow money (M1) 40.1% 14.8% Broad money 39.8% 2.68%

Exchange rates Rb per $ Rb per SDR Rb per 7

end 2005 28.78 Effective rates 41.14 – nominal 33.86 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 96.55 151.94

RUSSIA

203

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 100.0 28.9 12.5 11.0 183.2

Fuels Metals Machinery & equipment Chemicals Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany China Netherlands United States

$bn fob 20.9 9.3 8.3 3.7 75.6

Machinery & equipment Food & drink Chemicals Metals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 7.9 6.1 6.1 5.7

Germany China Ukraine Italy

% of total 13.0 5.8 5.8 5.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

183.5 -96.3 87.1 30.7 -57.1 0.8 59.9 10.3 -4.9 46.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

47.8 126.3 9.9 12.4 197.3 45 117 13

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.6 Education spending, % of GDP 3.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.3 Enrolment, %: primary 118 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 10.5 secondary 95 Improved-water source access, tertiary 69 % of pop. 96

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Production based.

52.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.0 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 98 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

75.2 27.5 51.6 13.2 11.4

204

COUNTRY PROFILES

SAUDI ARABIA Area 2,200,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 2 Currency

Riyadh Riyal (SR)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

24.9m Life expectancy: men 71.1 yrs 11.3 women 75.1 yrs Adult literacy 79.4% 2.69% Fertility rate (per woman) 4.1 37.3% Urban population 88.5% 4.6% per 1,000 pop. 117 Crude birth rate 31.5 77.2 Crude death rate 3.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

SR940bn GDP per head $10,060 $251bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 34.8 2.6% Economic freedom index 2.84

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.0 49.2 5.5 46.8

% of total 30.1 23.2 19.0 52.7 -24.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2002 5.2 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 4.4 74

Energy m TOE 533.7 Net energy imports as % 130.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-308

5,607

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Deposit rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 0.7% Narrow money (M1) 11.0% 0.1% Broad money 10.0% 3.75%

Exchange rates SR per $ SR per SDR SRE per 7

end 2005 3.75 Effective rates 5.35 – nominal 4.41 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 93.3 84.4

SAUDI ARABIA

205

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Crude oil & refined petroleum Oil products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan South Korea China

$bn cif

Machinery & transport 77.8 equipment 15.6 Foodstuffs 126.0 Total incl. others

15.9 6.0 38.8

Main origins of imports % of total 18.5 15.2 10.1 5.7

United States Germany Japan United Kingdom

% of total 9.3 7.6 7.2 6.1

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

126.1 -40.8 85.2 9.7 -29.8 -13.7 51.5 20.5 -47.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

4.5 4.8 29.3 5.0 4.6 1.73 0.69

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.0 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.2 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

… 67 67 25

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

4.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 2.9 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 68 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

98.9 14.8 36.8 34.0 2.5

206

COUNTRY PROFILES

SINGAPORE Area 639 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 1 Currency

Singapore Singapore dollar (S$)

People Population 4.3m Life expectancy: men 77.6 yrs Pop. per sq km 6,729.3 women 81.3 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 92.5% in pop. 2000–05 1.48% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 Pop. under 15 19.5% Urban population 100.0% Pop. over 60 12.2% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 101 Crude birth rate 10.2 Human Development Index 90.7 Crude death rate 5.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

S$181bn GDP per head $24,840 $107bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 70.8 5.1% Economic freedom index 1.56

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0 32.9 27.1 67.1

% of total 42.2 10.6 18.3 223.2 -193.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 0 Unemployed 2003 5.4 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 3.8 76

Energy m TOE 0.1 Net energy imports as % 22.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

99

5,359

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 0.5% Narrow money (M1) 7.4% 0.6% Broad money 3.5% 2.28%

Exchange rates S$ per $ S$ per SDR S$ per 7

end 2005 1.66 Effective rates 2.38 – nominal 1.95 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 100.4 93.2

SINGAPORE

207

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 109.7 21.0 17.0 6.7 1.9 180

Machinery & equipment Chemicals Mineral fuels Manufactured products Food Total incl. others Main export destinations Malaysia United States Hong Kong China Japan Taiwan Thailand

$bn cif 96.2 12.2 11.0 10.6 3.4 164

Machinery & equipment Petroleum Manufactured products Chemicals Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 15.2 12.4 9.8 8.6 6.4 4.6 4.3

Malaysia United States Japan China Taiwan Thailand Saudi Arabia

% of total 15.2 12.5 11.7 9.9 5.7 4.1 3.4

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

197.3 166.1 31.2 56.6 -58.8 -1.1 27.9 26.1 -13.0 12.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

16.5 112.2 6.0 … 23.6 22 9 2

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.5 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.3 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.9 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

3.7 … … …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

1.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.7 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 43.2 6.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.8 per 100 pop. 89.5 Computers per 100 pop. 62.2 103 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 187.0

208

COUNTRY PROFILES

SLOVAKIA Area 49,035 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 30 Currency

Bratislava Koruna (Kc)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.4m Life expectancy: men 71.1 yrs 110.1 women 78.7 yrs Adult literacy 99.6% 0.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 16.7% Urban population 58.0% 16.2% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 10.2 84.9 Crude death rate 9.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Kc1,326bn GDP per head $7,610 $41.1bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 36.9 4.3% Economic freedom index 2.35

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.6 29.7 19.0 66.7

% of total 56.6 19.4 24.7 76.8 -79.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 6 Unemployed 2004 18.1 38 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 15.7 56

Energy m TOE 6.4 Net energy imports as % 18.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

65

3,443

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.7% Narrow money 21.5 5.9% Broad money 9.5% 3.02% Household saving rate, 2003 6.6%

Exchange rates Kc per $ Kc per SDR Kc per 7

end 2005 31.95 Effective rates 45.66 – nominal 37.59 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 113.94 134.86

SLOVAKIA

209

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Other manufactured goods Chemicals Fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Czech Republic Austria Italy EU25

$bn fob

Machinery & transport 12.7 equipment 6.5 Semi-manufactures 3.1 Fuels 1.5 Chemicals 1.4 27.6 Total incl. others

11.6 5.5 3.7 2.9 29.2

Main origins of imports % of total 28.7 13.3 7.8 6.4 85.2

United States United Kingdom Austria Denmark EU25

% of total 23.6 13.1 9.3 5.6 73.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

27.6 -29.2 -1.5 4.7 -4.8 0.2 -1.5 -3.5 3.3 1.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.8 14.9 5.3 1.1 22.1 68 87 20

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

5.9 Education spending, % of GDP 4.4 3.2 Enrolment, %: primary 101 7.2 secondary 92 tertiary 34 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

2.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.7 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

84.0 23.2 79.4 29.6 59.8

210

COUNTRY PROFILES

SLOVENIA Area 20,253 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 9 Currency

Ljubljana Tolars (SIT)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

2.0m Life expectancy: men 73.5 yrs 98.8 women 80.7 yrs Adult literacy 99.7% 0.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 13.9% Urban population 50.8% 20.5% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 8.3 90.4 Crude death rate 10.4

The economy GDP SIT6,191bn GDP per head $16,090 GDP $32.2bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 52.8 GDP 1994–2004 3.8% Economic freedom index 2.41 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.7 38.2 29.0 59.1

% of total 54.0 19.8 26.8 59.9 -60.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2004 6.1 38 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.9 54

Energy m TOE 3.3 Net energy imports as % 7.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

53

3,518

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.5% Narrow money (M1) 22.0% 5.5% Broad money 14.6% 3.73%

Exchange rates SIT per $ SIT per SDR SIT per 7

end 2005 202.4 Effective rates 289.3 – nominal 238.2 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

SLOVENIA

211

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 6.6 Machinery & transport equipment 5.9 Manufactures 2.1 Chemicals 0.3 Mineral fuels 15.6 Total incl. others

Manufactures Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food & live animals Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Italy Croatia Austria France EU25

$bn fob 5.8 5.7 2.2 1.4 17.2

Main origins of imports % of total 21.2 12.9 9.2 7.4 6.4 67.3

Germany Italy Austria France Croatia EU25

% of total 19.9 18.6 12.9 8.1 3.7 82.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

16.1 -17.3 -1.3 4.2 -3.6 0.0 -0.7 -2.1 0.5 -0.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.3 8.9 5.1 0.2 14.8 46 73 15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.8 Education spending, % of GDP 6.1 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.2 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 5.0 secondary 109 Improved-water source access, tertiary 68 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

0.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.6 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 40.7 3.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.0 per 100 pop. 100.5 Computers per 100 pop. 35.5 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 30.7

212

COUNTRY PROFILES

SOUTH AFRICA Area 1,225,815 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 12 Currency

Pretoria Rand (R)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

45.2m Life expectancy: men 44.2 yrs 36.9 women 43.8 yrs Adult literacy 82.4% 0.78% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.8 32.6% Urban population 57.9% 6.8% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 22.6 65.8 Crude death rate 20.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

R1,375bn GDP per head $4,710 $213bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 28.2 3.0% Economic freedom index 2.74

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.6 31.9 20.0 64.5

% of total 63.3 19.6 18.9 26.6 -28.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 10 Unemployed 2004 27.1 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 24.1 65

Energy m TOE 154.5 Net energy imports as % 118.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-30

2,587

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.0% Narrow money (M1) 10.3% 5.1% Broad money 14.5% 6.62%

Exchange rates R per $ R per SDR R per 7

end 2005 6.33 Effective rates 9.04 – nominal 7.45 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 111.9 113.8

SOUTH AFRICA

213

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 26.7 10.1 4.1 4.1 46.0

Manufactures Ores & metals Food Fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations United States United Kingdom Japan Germany

$bn cif 39.4 8.0 2.9

Manufactures Fuels Food

57.1

Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.1 9.1 8.8 7.0

Germany United States United Kingdom Japan

% of total 13.5 8.0 7.2 6.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

48.4 -48.5 -0.1 11.5 -16.9 -1.5 -7.0 -3.2 10.4 8.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

6.7 14.9 2.7 4.0 28.5 18 58 8

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.4 Education spending, % of GDP 5.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.8 Enrolment, %: primary 106 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 89 Improved-water source access, tertiary 15 % of pop. 87

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

12.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.0 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 74 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

65.6 10.4 43.1 8.3 11.0

214

COUNTRY PROFILES

SOUTH KOREA Area 99,274 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Seoul Won (W)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

48.0m Life expectancy: men 74.5 yrs 483.5 women 81.9 yrs Adult literacy 97.9% 0.4% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 18.6% Urban population 80.8% 13.7% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 11.9 90.1 Crude death rate 6.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

W778trn GDP per head $14,160 $680bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 51.7 4.9% Economic freedom index 2.63

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4 41 29 56

% of total 53.2 12.5 30.7 51.6 -48.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2004 3.7 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.8 64

Energy m TOE 36.9 Net energy imports as % 205.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

82

4,291

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.7% Narrow money (M1) 9.0% 3.3% Broad money 10.8% 3.33% Household saving rate, 2004 5.1%

Exchange rates W per $ W per SDR W per 7

end 2005 1,012 Effective rates 1,446 – nominal 1,190 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

SOUTH KOREA

215

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 87.8 24.6 22.6 20.5 18.6 253.8

Electronic products Motor vehicles Machinery Chemicals Metal goods Total incl. others Main export destinations China United States Japan Hong Kong Taiwan

$bn cif 50.0 29.9 28.2 23.6 11.6 224.5

Electrical machinery Crude petroleum Machinery & equipment Semiconductors Consumer durables Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 19.6 16.9 8.5 7.1 3.9

Japan China United States Saudi Arabia Germany

% of total 20.6 13.2 12.8 5.3 3.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

257.7 -219.6 38.2 51.1 -58.2 -2.5 27.6 4.1 8.3 38.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

43.7 199.2 8.6 0.5 144.8 21 47 6

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.6 Enrolment, %: primary 106 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.1 secondary 91 Improved-water source access, tertiary 85 % of pop. 92

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

17.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 110 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

93.6 55.3 76.1 54.5 5.2

216

COUNTRY PROFILES

SPAIN Area 504,782 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 28 Currency

Madrid Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

41.1m Life expectancy: men 76.5 yrs 81.4 women 83.8 yrs Adult literacy 97.9% 1.12% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.3% Urban population 76.7% 21.4% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 9.3 92.8 Crude death rate 9.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

7838bn GDP per head $25,300 $1,040bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 63.1 3.4% Economic freedom index 2.33

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.5 30.1 … 66.4

% of total 57.7 17.8 28.3 25.9 -29.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 11.0 31 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 16.2 64

Energy m TOE 33.0 Net energy imports as % 136.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

76

3,240

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.4% Euro area: 3.2% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.09% Broad money 6.9% Household saving rate, 2004 7.2%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 104.9 115.1

SPAIN

217

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Raw materials & intermediate products Consumer goods Capital goods Total incl. others

80.5 71.6 23.4 182.2

Main export destinations France Germany Italy United Kingdom United States EU25

$bn cif Raw materials & intermediate products (excl. fuels) 113.4 Consumer goods 73.7 Capital goods 42.0 Total incl. others 257.8 Main origins of imports

% of total 19.4 11.7 9.0 9.0 4.0 73.4

Germany France Italy United Kingdom United States EU25

% of total 16.1 15.2 9.1 6.1 3.6 67.7

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

184.3 -248.8 -64.5 114.2 -98.9 0.0 -49.2 -4.7 50.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-6.4 -7.1 19.8 0.7 16.8 2.44 0.24

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.7 Education spending, % of GDP 4.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.3 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 3.8 secondary 117 Improved-water source access, tertiary 62 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

15.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 95 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

98.5 41.5 86.5 25.4 59.8

218

COUNTRY PROFILES

SWEDEN Area 449,964 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Stockholm Swedish krona (Skr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

8.9m Life expectancy: men 78.6 yrs 19.8 women 83.0 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.37% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.6 17.5% Urban population 83.4% 23.4% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 10.3 94.9 Crude death rate 10.1

The economy GDP Skr2,546bn GDP per head $38,920 GDP $346bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 74.5 GDP 1994–2004 2.8% Economic freedom index 1.96 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.9 27.9 21.0 70.2

% of total 47.8 26.9 17.7 48.5 -40.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 5.5 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.9 75

Energy m TOE 31.7 Net energy imports as % 51.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

39

5,754

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Repurchase rate, end-2005

av. ann. increase 2001–04 0.5% Narrow money 9.3% 1.5% Broad money 3.4% 1.50% Household saving rate, 2004 8.6%

Exchange rates Skr per $ Skr per SDR Skr per 7

end 2005 7.96 Effective rates 11.37 – nominal 9.36 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 95.6 91.4

SWEDEN

219

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Wood & paper products Chemicals Manufactured goods Total incl. others

63.0 15.0 14.8 13.5 123

Main export destinations United States Germany Norway United Kingdom Denmark EU25

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Miscellaneous manufactures Chemicals Mineral fuels Total incl. others

45.5 19.6 12.1 9.6 101

Main origins of imports % of total 10.7 10.2 8.5 7.9 6.6 58.8

Germany Denmark United Kingdom Norway Netherlands EU25

% of total 18.9 9.2 7.7 7.6 6.8 73.1

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

125.2 -101.8 23.4 67.5 -58.6 -4.8 27.5 7.9 -34.7

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.1 2.6 24.7 1.9 6.0 2.72 0.78

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.4 Education spending, % of GDP 7.7 3.3 Enrolment, %: primary 111 3.6 secondary 139 tertiary 83 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

4.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.1 2.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 71.5 4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.1 per 100 pop. 108.5 Computers per 100 pop. 76.1 105 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 316.5

220

COUNTRY PROFILES

SWITZERLAND Area 41,293 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Berne Swiss franc (SFr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

7.2m Life expectancy: men 78.2 yrs 174.4 women 83.8 yrs Adult literacy 86.0% 0.24% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 16.5% Urban population 67.5% 21.8% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 8.7 94.7 Crude death rate 8.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

SFr445bn GDP per head $49,660 $358bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 83.3 1.4% Economic freedom index 1.89

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1 29 20 70

% of total 60.5 11.9 20.1 46.2 -38.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 4.3 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.4 72

Energy m TOE 12.0 Net energy imports as % 27.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

56

3,689

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.2% Narrow money (M1) 6.5% 0.8% Broad money 0.3% 0.63% Household saving rate, 2004 8.9%

Exchange rates SFr per $ SFr per SDR SFr per 7

end 2005 1.31 Effective rates 1.88 – nominal 1.54 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 107.5 115.1

SWITZERLAND

221

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn 39.9 27.0 9.0 8.9 8.1 114

Chemicals Machinery Watches & jewellery Metals & metal manufactures Precision instruments Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany United States France Italy United Kingdom Spain EU25

$bn 23.8 22.0 10.9 7.0 6.6 107

Chemicals Machinery Motor vehicles Textiles Precision instruments Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 20.6 10.1 8.6 8.5 4.8 4.1 59.5

Germany Italy France Netherlands Austria United States EU25

% of total 33.9 11.7 10.1 5.2 4.4 4.3 81.1

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

138.2 -122.5 15.7 114.9 -64.4 -6.0 60.2 16.9 -67.8

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

1.6 5.0 74.6 4.8 43.5 1.55 0.41

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

11.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.8 3.6 Enrolment, %: primary 108 6.0 secondary 98 tertiary 49 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a Latest available.

3.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.9 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 71.0 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.8 per 100 pop. 84.6 Computers per 100 pop. 82.3 116 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 295.2

222

COUNTRY PROFILES

TAIWAN Area 36,179 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 25 Currency

Taipei Taiwan dollar (T$)

People 22.7m Life expectancy:a men 74.5 yrs 627.4 women 80.3 yrs Adult literacy 96.1 0.60% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.6 21.0% Urban population … 12.1% per 1,000 pop. 104 Crude birth rate 13 … Crude death ratea 6.4

Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

The economy GDP T$10,206bn GDP per head $13,450 GDP $305bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 68.3 GDP 1994–2004 4.5% Economic freedom index 2.38 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.7 29.5 25.5 68.7

% of total 63.0 12.5 20.7 65.8 -62.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2004 4.4 36 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.3 56

Energy m TOE … Net energy imports as % … of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

…

…

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.3% Narrow money (M1) 10.3% 0.7% Broad money 5.3% 1.45%

Exchange rates T$ per $ T$ per SDR T$ per 7

end 2005 32.95 Effective rates 47.78 – nominal 38.76 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

TAIWAN

223

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & electrical equipment Base metals & manufactures Plastics and rubber products Textiles & clothing Vehicles, aircraft & ships

87.9 18.3 12.5 12.5 6.5 174.0

Total incl. others Main export destinations China Hong Kong United States Japan

$bn cif Machinery & electrical equipment 66.2 Minerals 23.0 Metals 18.4 Chemicals 17.6 Precision instruments, clocks & watches 12.5 Total incl. others 167.9 Main origins of imports

% of total 19.6 17.1 16.2 7.6

Japan United States China South Korea

% of total 26.0 12.9 9.9 6.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

173.2 -157.0 16.1 41.1 -34.7 -3.8 18.7 6.1 6.8 26.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

35.1 242.5 15.2 0.0 81.9 25 38 3

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

… Education spending, % of GDP … Enrolment, %: primary … secondary tertiary …

… … … …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2002 estimate.

7.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.4 3.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 59.6 7.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.9 per 100 pop. 100.3 Computers per 100 pop. 52.8 88 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 173.7

224

COUNTRY PROFILES

THAILAND Area 513,115 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 28 Currency

Bangkok Baht (Bt)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

63.5m Life expectancy: men 68.5 yrs 123.8 women 75.0 yrs Adult literacy 92.6% 0.89% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 23.8% Urban population 32.5% 10.5% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 17.3 77.8 Crude death rate 7.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Bt6,504bn GDP per head $2,550 $162bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.4 3.2% Economic freedom index 2.99

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 9.9 44.1 35.2 46.0

% of total 55.7 10.9 27.1 70.0 -65.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 45 Unemployed 2004 1.5 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 1.9 35

Energy m TOE 48.3 Net energy imports as % 88.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

46

1,406

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 4.5% Narrow money (M1) 5.1% 2.3% Broad money 3.8% 2.62%

Exchange rates Bt per $ Bt per SDR Bt per 7

end 2005 41.03 Effective rates 58.64 – nominal 48.27 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

THAILAND

225

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Machinery & mech. appliances 13.0 Integrated circuits 12.7 Computer parts 9.0 Electrical appliances 8.5 Total incl. others 96.2

$bn cif Capital goods 40.8 Raw materials & intermediates 26.5 Petroleum & products 10.2 Consumer goods 8.9 Total incl. others 94.4

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Japan Singapore China Hong Kong

% of total 15.9 13.9 7.2 7.1 5.1

Japan China United States Malaysia Singapore

% of total 23.6 8.6 7.6 5.8 4.4

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

96.1 -85.0 11.1 22.2 -28.4 2.1 7.1 4.4 0.7 5.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

7.7 49.8 5.3 2.7 51.3 36 52 12

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.3 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 85

4.6 97 77 39

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

16.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.0 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 61 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

83.9 11.0 44.2 6.0 12.4

226

COUNTRY PROFILES

TURKEY Area 779,452 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 30 Currency

Ankara Turkish Lira (YTL)a

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

72.3m Life expectancy: men 67.5 yrs 92.8 women 72.1 yrs Adult literacy 97.7% 1.40% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.5 29.2% Urban population 67.3% 8.0% per 1,000 pop. 102 Crude birth rate 20.9 75.0 Crude death rate 6.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

YTL431bn GDP per head $4,190 $303bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 19.5 4.1% Economic freedom index 3.11

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 11.3 28.6 … 60.1

% of total 66.6 13.3 26.0 29.1 -35.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 34 Unemployed 2004 10.3 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 8.2 43

Energy m TOE 23.6 Net energy imports as % 79.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

70

1,117

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 8.2% Narrow money (M1) 41.6% Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 26.9% Broad money 36.4% Money market rate, 2005 14.73%

Exchange ratesa YTL per $ YTL per SDR YTL per 7

end 2005 1.35 Effective rates 1.92 – nominal 1.59 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

TURKEY

227

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 17.8 8.8 6.8 3.9 63.2

Textiles Motor vehicles & parts Metals Machinery & equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany United Kingdom United States Italy France EU25

$bn cif 15.1 11.7 11.1 10.4 97.5

Chemicals & products Motor vehicles & parts Metals Machinery & equipment Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 13.9 8.8 7.7 7.3 5.8 54.6

Germany Russia Italy France United States EU25

% of total 12.9 9.3 7.1 6.4 4.8 46.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

67.0 -90.9 -23.9 26.7 -19.4 1.1 -15.5 -5.1 17.0 4.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.8 37.3 4.1 3.7 161.6 67 213 45

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.6 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.3 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.6 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 93

3.6 91 79 28

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

15.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 8.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.6 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 88 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a On January 1 2005 the currency dropped six noughts; L1,000,000 = YTL 1.

68.0 26.5 48.0 5.1 11.0

228

COUNTRY PROFILES

UKRAINE Area 603,700 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 56 Currency

Kiev Hryvnya (UAH)

People Population 48.2m Pop. per sq km 79.8 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 -1.10% Pop. under 15 14.9% Pop. over 60 20.9% No. of men per 100 women 85 Human Development Index 76.6

Life expectancy: men 60.7 yrs women 72.5 yrs Adult literacy 99.4% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.1 Urban population 67.3% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.4 Crude death rate 16.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

UAH345bn GDP per head $1,340 $64.8bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 16.1 1.1% Economic freedom index 3.24

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 12 37 23 51

% of total 66.5 6.9 18.8 60.9 -53.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 19 Unemployed 2004 8.6 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.6 51

Energy m TOE 75.5 Net energy imports as % 132.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

43

2,772

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 13.5% Narrow money (M1) 36.9% 8.0% Broad money 41.8% 4.16%

Exchange rates UAH per $ UAH per SDR UAH per 7

end 2005 5.05 Effective rates 7.22 – nominal 5.94 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 103.17 112.35

UKRAINE

229

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Metals 13.0 Machinery & equipment 5.5 Fuels & mineral products 4.1 Food & agricultural produce 3.5 Chemicals 2.8 Total incl. others 32.7 Main export destinations Russia Germany Turkey Italy

Fuels, mineral products Machinery & equipment Chemicals Food & agricultural produce

$bn cif 10.7 7.8 2.3 1.9 29.0

Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 18.0 5.8 5.7 5.0

Russia Germany Turkmenistan Italy

% of total 39.8 9.2 6.6 2.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

33.4 -29.7 3.7 6.7 -6.2 2.6 6.8 10.5 -4.2 2.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.6 9.5 3.2 0.5 21.7 42 70 14

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.7 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.0 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 8.8 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 98

5.4 93 97 62

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

19.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.4 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

76.9 25.2 28.5 2.8 4.0

230

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Area 83,600 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 1 Currency

Abu Dhabi Dirham (AED)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

3.1m Life expectancy: men 77.4 yrs 37.1 women 82.2 yrs Adult literacy 77.3% 6.51% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.5 22.0% Urban population 85.5% 1.6% per 1,000 pop. 214 Crude birth rate 16.7 84.9 Crude death rate 1.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

AED383bn GDP per head $33,610 $104bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 60.6 6.6% Economic freedom index 2.93

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 3 55 13 42

% of total 49.5 21.5 15.0 86.0 -72.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2001 2.3 33 Av. ann. rate 1995–2001 2.1 59

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

159.2 Net energy imports as % 39.2 of energy use

-306

9,707

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 6.0% Narrow money (M1) 21.7% 3.8% Broad money 17.7%

Exchange rates AED per $ AED per SDR AED per 7

end 2005 … Effective rates … – nominal … – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 93.6 …

UAE

231

Trade Principal exports

Principal importsa $bn fob 33.9 29.6 4.7 90.6

Re-exports Crude oil Gas Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan South Korea Thailand Iran

$bn cif Machinery & electrical equip. 9.2 Precious stones & metals 5.8 Transport equipment 5.8 Total incl. others 52.1 Main origins of imports

% of total 25.7 10.7 5.4 3.9

China India Japan Germany

% of total 10.3 8.9 6.8 6.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balanceb Overall balanceb

82.7 -54.2 28.5 6.7 -17.4 -5.1 12.7 9.7 -9.5 0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

3.4 18.5 2.7 0.0 30.1 30 33 2

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.3 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.9 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.2 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

1.6 97 79 35

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2003 b 1999

0.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 6.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 71 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

97.0 27.3 84.7 12.0 42.1

232

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED KINGDOM Area 242,534 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 23 Currency

London Pound (£)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

59.4m Life expectancy: men 76.7 yrs 244.9 women 81.2 yrs Adult literacy 99.0% 0.34% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 17.9% Urban population 89.2% 21.2% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 11.0 93.9 Crude death rate 10.2

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

£1,160bn GDP per head $35,760 $2,124bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 77.7 2.8% Economic freedom index 1.74

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0.9 26.0 15.0 73.1

% of total 65.1 21.3 17.0 24.7 -28.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2004 4.6 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.1 75

Energy m TOE 246.1 Net energy imports as % 232.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-6

3,893

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.8% Narrow money (M0) 6.3% 2.4% Broad money (M4) 9.0% 4.70% Household saving rate, 2004 4.4%

Exchange rates £ per $ £ per SDR £ per 7

end 2005 0.58 Effective rates 0.83 – nominal 0.68 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 96.5 97.0

UNITED KINGDOM

233

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Finished manufactured products 184.8 Semi-manufactured products 103.4 Fuels 33.2 Food, drink & tobacco 19.4 Basic materials 6.9 Total incl. others 350

$bn fob Finished manufactured products 259.2 Semi-manufactured products 109.9 Food, drink & tobacco 40.2 Fuels 30.5 Basic materials 11.7 Total incl. others 460

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Germany France Ireland Netherlands EU25

% of total 15.0 11.6 9.8 7.0 6.3 58.1

Germany United States France Netherlands Belgium-Luxembourg EU25

% of total 14.0 8.8 8.0 7.2 5.6 55.0

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

349.6 -456.9 -107.3 437.3 -352.3 -19.6 -41.9 -2.0 25.9

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

0.4 3.7 49.7 0.7 10.0 7.88 0.36

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.0 Education spending, % of GDP 5.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.2 Enrolment, %: primary 100 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.2 secondary 170 Improved-water source access, tertiary 64 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

25.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.2 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 56.4 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.0 per 100 pop. 102.2 Computers per 100 pop. 60.0 125 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 97.3

234

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED STATES Area 9,372,610 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Washington DC US dollar ($)

People Population 297.0m Life expectancy: men 75.2 yrs Pop. per sq km 31.7 women 80.6 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 99.0% in pop. 2000–05 0.97% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 Pop. under 15 20.8% Urban population 80.8% Pop. over 60 16.7% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 97 Crude birth rate 14.5 Human Development Index 94.4 Crude death rate 8.4

The economy GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

$11,712bn GDP per head $39,430 GDP per head in purchasing 3.3% power parity (USA=100) 100 Economic freedom index 1.84

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Servicesa

Components of GDP % of total 1.2 18.2 12.1 80.6

% of total Private consumption 70.1 Public consumption 18.6 Non-government investment 16.4 Exports 10.0 Imports -15.2

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 5.5 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.1 76

Energy m TOE 1,631.4 Net energy imports as % 2,280.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

28

7,843

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 3.4% Narrow money 5.6% 2.5% Broad money 6.1% 3.17% Household saving rate, 2004 1.8%

Exchange rates $ per SDR $ per 7

end 2005 1.45 Effective rates 1.18 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 85.1 93.0

UNITED STATES

235

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Capital goods, excl. vehicles 331.1 Industrial supplies 203.6 Consumer goods, excl. vehicles 102.8 Vehicles & products 88.2 Food & beverages 56.3 Total incl. others 819

$bn fob Industrial supplies 412.4 Consumergoods,excl.vehicles 373.2 Capital goods, excl. vehicles 343.8 Vehicles & products 228.4 Food & beverages 62.2 Total incl. others 1,470

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Canada Mexico Japan United Kingdom China EU25

% of total 23.5 13.7 6.7 4.6 4.3 21.4

Canada China Mexico Japan Germany EU25

% of total 17.4 13.3 10.6 8.8 5.2 19.1

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

811.0 -1,473.0 -661.9 720.0 -645.2 -80.9 -668.1 -5.7 580.1

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-2.8 6.4 190.5 1.0 261.6 19.71 0.17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

15.2 Education spending, % of GDP 5.7 2.5 Enrolment, %: primary 98 3.3 secondary 106 tertiary 83 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

110.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.6 2.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 60.6 8.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 4.8 per 100 pop. 62.1 Computers per 100 pop. 76.2 100 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.b 830.8

a Including utilities. b Includes all hosts ending “.com”, “.net” and “.org” which exaggerates the numbers.

236

COUNTRY PROFILES

VENEZUELA Area 912,050 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Caracas Bolivar (Bs)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

26.2m Life expectancy: men 70.9 yrs 28.7 women 76.8 yrs Adult literacy 93.0% 1.82% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.7 31.2% Urban population 88.1% 7.6% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 22.8 77.2 Crude death rate 5.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

Bs208trn GDP per head $4,200 $110bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 15.2 1.0% Economic freedom index 4.16

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 5.7 47.1 16.2 47.2

% of total 67.8 7.5 9.2 30.6 -15.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 11 Unemployed 2002 15.8 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 12.8 69

Energy m TOE 179.6 Net energy imports as % 54.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-231

2,112

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 16.0% Narrow money 34.2% 20.6% Broad money 30.6% 2.62%

Exchange rates Bs per $ Bs per SDR Bs per 7

end 2005 2,147 Effective rates 3,069 – nominal 2,526 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 31.2 70.5

VENEZUELA

237

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 27.9 Non-oil 7.5 Oil 35.4 Total incl. others

Oil Non-oil Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Netherlands Antilles Dominican Rep Canada

$bn fob 15.9 1.4 16.7

Main origins of imports % of total 67.6 5.8 3.4 2.9

United States Colombia Brazil Germany

% of total 31.5 6.0 5.2 3.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

38.7 -17.3 21.4 2.7 -10.2 -0.0 13.8 12.6 -8.7 2.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.6 23.4 10.2 11.5 35.6 38 106 20

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.5 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.8 Enrolment, %: primary 104 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.8 secondary 70 Improved-water source access, tertiary 40 % of pop. 83

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

5.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 58 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

95.1 12.8 32.2 8.2 1.8

238

COUNTRY PROFILES

VIETNAM Area 331,114 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 21 Currency

Hanoi Dong (D)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

82.5m Life expectancy: men 69.9 yrs 249.2 women 73.9 yrs Adult literacy 90.3% 1.37% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.3 29.5% Urban population 26.7% 7.5% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 20.2 70.4 Crude death rate 5.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

D713trn GDP per head $45.2bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 7.3% Economic freedom index

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$550 6.9 3.89

Components of GDP % of total 22 40 20 38

% of total 62.7 6.5 37.7 69.6 -76.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 60 Unemployed 2003 2.3 16 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 … 24

Energy m TOE 54.5 Net energy imports as % 44.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-23

544

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Treasury bill rate, Oct 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 8.3% Narrow money (M1) 23.7 4.5% Broad money 27.8 6.13%

Exchange rates D per $ D per SDR D per 7

end 2005 … Effective rates … – nominal … – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

VIETNAM

239

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 5.9 4.5 2.8 2.5 26.5

Crude oil Textiles & garments Footwear Fisheries products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan China Australia Singapore Germany United Kingdom

$bn cif 5.5 4.2 3.6 2.6 31.5

Machinery & equipment Textiles Petroleum products Steel Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 18.8 13.2 10.3 6.9 5.2 4.0 3.8

China Taiwan Singapore Japan South Korea Thailand Malaysia

% of total 13.9 11.6 11.3 11.1 10.4 5.8 3.8

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

16.7 -17.8 -1.1 3.1 -4.6 1.9 -0.6 -1.3 2.1 0.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import covera Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.8 7.2 2.6 0.0 17.8 45 75 3

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.4 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.4 secondary 72 Improved-water source access, tertiary 10 % of pop. 80

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a 2002

24.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 12.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 67 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

41.0 12.3 6.0 1.3 0.1

240

COUNTRY PROFILES

ZIMBABWE Area 390,759 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 8 Currency

Harare Zimbabwe dollar (Z$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

12.9m Life expectancy: men 38.2 yrs 33.0 women 36.3 yrs Adult literacy 90% 0.65% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.6 40.0% Urban population 35.9% 5.4% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 32.1 50.4 Crude death rate 23.0

The economy GDP Z$23,802bn GDP per head GDP $4.7bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1994–2004 -1.9% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$360 5.2 4.23

Components of GDPa % of total 18 23 14 60

% of total 112.6 2.2 -13.0 -1.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Net exports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 1999 6 … Av. ann. rate 1995–99 6.5 …

Energy m TOE 8.5 Net energy imports as % 9.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

12

752

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2002 Av. ann. inflation 2000–02 Interbank rate, Sep 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 140.1% Narrow money (M1) 186.6% 106.0% Broad money 187.5% 132.5%

Exchange rates Z$ per $ Z$ per SDR Z$ per 7

end 2005 77,965 Effective rates 111,432 – nominal 91,724 – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 … …

ZIMBABWE

241

Tradeb Principal exports

Principal imports $m fob 366 227 185 121 1,770

Gold Tobacco Ferro-alloys Platinum Total incl. others Main export destinations South Africa Switzerland United Kingdom China Germany

$m cif Fuels 413 Chemicals 401 Machinery & transport equip. 271 Manufactured products 269 Total incl. others 2,422 Main origins of imports

% of total 33.2 7.8 7.6 6.4 4.5

South Africa Botswana United Kingdom Zambia China

% of total 46.9 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.4

Balance of paymentsb, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Net invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balancec Overall balancec

1.7 -2.0 -0.3 -0.3 0.2 -0.4 -8.3 -0.4 -0.4

Change in reservesd Level of reservesd end Dec. No. months of import coverd Official gold holdings, m ozd Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 4.8 33 264 5

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.9 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.2 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 83

4.7 93 36 4

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a b c d

2003 Estimates. 2001 estimates. 2002

3.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

2.1 2.7 3.6 8.4 0.5

242

COUNTRY PROFILES

EURO AREAa Area 2,497,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 26 Currency

– Euro (7)

People Population 306.7m Life expectancy: men 76.6 yrs Pop. per sq km 122.7 women 82.8 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 98.3% in pop. 2000–05 0.4% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 Pop. under 15 16.2% Urban population 76.5% Pop. over 60 21.9% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 96 Crude birth rate 9.9 Human Development Index 93.2 Crude death rateb 10.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

77,652bn GDP per head $30,980 $9,500bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 70.9 2.2% Economic freedom index 2.26

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2 27 19 71

% of total 56.9 20.5 20.5 36.7 -34.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4.4 Unemployed 2004 8.9 31.2 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.3 64.3

Energy m TOE 445.2 Net energy imports as % 1,221.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

64

3,964

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 Repo rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 2.2% Narrow money (M1) 8.4% 2.2% Broad money 6.9% 2.10% Household saving rate, 2004 10.2%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2005 0.85 Effective rates 1.21 – nominal – real

December 2005 2000 = 100 116.7 117.8

EURO AREA

243

Tradeb Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Machinery & transport equip. 544 Manufactures 295 Chemicals 189 Energy and raw materials 62 Food & drink 60 Total incl. others 1,205

$bn cif Machinery & transport equip. 437 Manufactures 325 Food, drink & tobacco 282 Energy & raw materials 107 Chemicals 72 Total incl. others 1,284

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Switzerland China Russia Japan

% of total 24.2 7.7 5.0 4.7 4.5

United States China Russia Japan Switzerland

% of total 15.3 12.4 7.8 7.2 6.0

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

1,404.4 -1,277.2 127.2 757.5 -757.0 -67.0 58.7 0.6 -69.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-15.4 -4.8 382.1 2.3 390.0 30.2 0.32

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.81 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.9 Enrolment, %: primary 104 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.6 secondary 106 Improved-water source access, tertiary 54 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

127.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.0 2.41 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 53.0 5.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.6 per 100 pop. 89.7 Computers per 100 pop. 40.5 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 152.9

a Data refer to the 12 EU members that have adopted the euro. b EU25 data.

244

COUNTRY PROFILES

WORLD Area 148,698,382 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10.8 Currency

… …

People Population 6,377.6m Pop. per sq km 42.9 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2000–05 1.21% Pop. under 15 28.2% Pop. over 60 10.4% No. of men per 100 women 101 Human Development Index 74.1

Life expectancy: men 64.3 yrs women 68.7 yrs Adult literacy 79.0% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.7 Urban population 49.2% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 21.3 Crude death rate 8.9

The economy GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1994–2004

$41.3trn GDP per head $6,460 GDP per head in purchasing 3.0% power parity (USA=100) 22.5 Economic freedom index 3.21

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4 28 18 68

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

% of total 62 17 21 24 -24

Structure of employmenta Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 7.1 26 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.9 70

Energy Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

m TOE 10,672.0 Net energy imports as % 10,543.7 of energy use

-1

1,734

Inflation and financea Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2005 3.6% Narrow money (M1) 8.9% Av. ann. inflation 2000–05 3.7% Broad money 5.8% LIBOR $ rate, 3-month, 2005 3.56% Household saving rate, 2004 5.4%

WORLD

245

Trade World exports $bn fob 7,042 Ores & metals 732 Agricultural raw materials 640 Total incl. others

Manufactures Fuels Food Main export destinations United States Germany China France United Kingdom Japan

$bn fob 274 183 9,145

Main origins of imports % of total 15.7 7.7 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.5

Germany United States China Japan France United Kingdom

% of total 9.4 9.3 8.5 6.5 4.5 3.5

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

9,043 -8,990 53 3,981 -4,038 -25 -27 -0.1 -94

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid givenb – as % of GDPb

0 723 4,260 4 900.8 82.7 0.25

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 10.2 Education spending, % of GDP 4.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.5 Enrolment, %: primary 103 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 70 Improved-water source access, tertiary 24 % of pop. 82

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2005 New York = 100

a OECD countries. b OECD and Middle East countries.

… TVs per 100 households … Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

… 19.0 27.6 12.9 61.8

246

GLOSSARY

Glossary Balance of payments The record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world. The current account of the balance of payments consists of: visible trade (goods); “invisible” trade (services and income); private transfer payments (eg, remittances from those working abroad); official transfers (eg, payments to international organisations, famine relief). Visible imports and exports are normally compiled on rather different definitions to those used in the trade statistics (shown in principal imports and exports) and therefore the statistics do not match. The capital account consists of long- and short-term transactions relating to a country’s assets and liabilities (eg, loans and borrowings). The current account and the capital account, plus an errors and omissions item, make up the overall balance. In the country pages of this book this item is included in the overall balance. Changes in reserves include gold at market prices and are shown without the practice often followed in balance of payments presentations of reversing the sign. Big Mac index A light-hearted way of looking at exchange rates. If the dollar price of a burger at McDonald’s in any country is higher than the price in the United States, converting at market exchange rates, then that country’s currency could be thought to be overvalued against the dollar and vice versa. Body-mass index A measure for assessing obesity – weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. An index of 30 or more is regarded as an indicator of obesity; 25 to 29.9 as overweight. Guidelines vary for men and for women and may be adjusted for age. CFA Communauté Financière Africaine. Its members, most of the francophone African nations, share a common currency, the CFA franc, which used to be pegged to the French franc but is now pegged to the euro. Cif/fob Measures of the value of

merchandise trade. Imports include the cost of “carriage, insurance and freight” (cif) from the exporting country to the importing. The value of exports does not include these elements and is recorded “free on board” (fob). Balance of payments statistics are generally adjusted so that both exports and imports are shown fob; the cif elements are included in invisibles. Crude birth rate The number of live births in a year per 1,000 population. The crude rate will automatically be relatively high if a large proportion of the population is of childbearing age. Crude death rate The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population. Also affected by the population’s age structure. Debt, foreign Financial obligations owed by a country to the rest of the world and repayable in foreign currency. The debt service ratio is debt service (principal repayments plus interest payments) expressed as a percentage of the country’s earnings from exports of goods and services. EU European Union. Members are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom and, as of May 1 2004, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Effective exchange rate The nominal index measures a currency’s depreciation (figures below 100) or appreciation (figures over 100) from a base date against a trade-weighted basket of the currencies of the country’s main trading partners. The real effective exchange rate reflects adjustments for relative movements in prices or costs. Euro area The 12 euro area members of the EU are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,

GLOSSARY

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Their common currency is the euro, which came into circulation on January 1 2002. Fertility rate The average number of children born to a woman who completes her childbearing years. GDP Gross domestic product. The sum of all output produced by economic activity within a country. GNP (gross national product) and GNI (gross national income) include net income from abroad eg, rent, profits. Household saving rate Household savings as % of disposable household income. Import cover The number of months of imports covered by reserves, ie reserves ÷ 1 ⁄12 annual imports (visibles and invisibles). Inflation The annual rate at which prices are increasing. The most common measure and the one shown here is the increase in the consumer price index. Internet hosts Websites and other computers that sit permanently on the internet. Life expectancy The average length of time a baby born today can expect to live. Literacy is defined by UNESCO as the ability to read and write a simple sentence, but definitions can vary from country to country. Median age Divides the age distribution into two halves. Half of the population is above and half below the median age. Money supply A measure of the “money” available to buy goods and services. Various definitions exist. The measures shown here are based on definitions used by the IMF and may differ from measures used nationally. Narrow money (M1) consists of cash in circulation and

247

demand deposits (bank deposits that can be withdrawn on demand). “Quasimoney” (time, savings and foreign currency deposits) is added to this to create broad money. OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The “rich countries” club was established in 1961 to promote economic growth and the expansion of world trade. It is based in Paris and now has 30 members. Opec Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Set up in 1960 and based in Vienna, Opec is mainly concerned with oil pricing and production issues. Members are; Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. PPP Purchasing power parity. PPP statistics adjust for cost of living differences by replacing normal exchange rates with rates designed to equalise the prices of a standard “basket”of goods and services. These are used to obtain PPP estimates of GDP per head. PPP estimates are shown on an index, taking the United States as 100. Real terms Figures adjusted to exclude the effect of inflation. Reserves The stock of gold and foreign currency held by a country to finance any calls that may be made for the settlement of foreign debt. SDR Special drawing right. The reserve currency, introduced by the IMF in 1970, was intended to replace gold and national currencies in settling international transactions. The IMF uses SDRs for book-keeping purposes and issues them to member countries. Their value is based on a basket of the US dollar (with a weight of 45%), the euro (29%), the Japanese yen (15%) and the pound sterling (11%).

248

LIST OF COUNTRIES

List of countries Whenever data is available, the world rankings consider 183 countries: all those which had (in 2004) or have recently had a population of at least 1m or a GDP of at least $1bn. Here is a list of them. Population GDP

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan

m 24.9 3.2 32.3 0.1 14.1 38.9 3.1 0.1 19.9 8.1 8.4

$bn 5.8 7.6 84.6 1.8a 19.5 153.0 3.1 1.9b 637.3 292.3 8.5

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 800a 652 4,980 29 6,600 2,382 26,290a 0.4 2,180 1,247 13,300 2,767 4,100 30 21,800ab 0.2 30,330 7,682 32,280 84 4,150 87

Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi

0.3 0.7 149.7 0.3 9.9 10.3 0.3 6.9 0.1 2.3 9.0 4.2 1.8 180.7 0.4 7.8 13.4 7.1

5.3b 11.0 56.6 2.8 22.9 352.3 1.1 4.1 4.5a 0.7 8.8 8.5 9.0 604.0 6.8ab 24.1 4.8 0.7

17,520b 14 20,760 1 1,870 144 16,230a 0.4 6,970 208 31,100 31 6,750 23 1,090 113 69,230a 1 1,400ab 47 2,720 1,099 7,030 51 9,950 581 8,200 8,512 18,690ab 6 8,080 111 1,170 274 680 28

27.6 29.8 22.1 34.7 37.8 40.6 21.2 17.6 36.0 20.1 20.8 38.0 19.9 26.8 26.2 40.6 16.2 17.0

2,420 2,170 31,260 32,350a 1,090 2,090 61,900ab 10,870 5,900 7,260 710

20.3 18.8 38.6 34.0 18.1 16.3 39.7 30.6 32.6 25.4 16.3

Cambodia 14.5 4.9 Cameroon 16.3 14.4 Canada 31.7 978.0 Cayman Islands 0.0 1.4a Central African Rep 3.9 1.3 Chad 8.9 4.2 Channel Islands 0.1 6.2ab Chile 16.0 94.1 China 1,313.3 1,931.7 Colombia 44.9 97.7 Congo-Kinshasa 54.4 6.6

181 475 9,971 0.3 622 1,284 0.2 757 9,561 1,142 2,345

Median age years 16.7 28.3 24.0 37.0 16.6 28.9 31.7 34.0 36.6 40.6 27.5

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP m 3.8 4.3 16.9 4.4 11.3 0.8 10.2

$bn 4.3 18.5 15.5 34.3 32.5a 15.4 107.0

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 980 342 9,480 51 1,550 322 12,190 57 2,870a 111 22,810 9 19,410 79

5.4 8.9

241.4 18.7

31,910 7,450

Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia

13.2 73.4 6.6 0.5 4.3 1.3 72.4

30.3 78.8 15.8 3.2 0.9 11.2 8.0

3,960 4,210 5,040 19,300b 980 14,560 760

Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia

0.0 1.0ab 0.8 2.6 5.2 185.9 60.4 2,046.6c 0.2 4.6ab

21,300ab 6,070 29,950 29,300c 17,500ab

Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau

1.4 7.2 1.5 0.4 5.1 5.2 82.5 2,740.6 21.4 8.9 11.0 205.2 0.1 1.1 0.4 3.5 0.2 2.5 12.7 27.5 8.6 3.9 1.5 0.3

Congo-Brazzaville Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic

Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran

Median age years 16.3 26.1 18.5 40.6 35.6 35.3 39.0

43 48

39.5 23.3

272 1,000 21 28 117 45 1,134

24.0 22.8 23.3 17.6 17.4 38.9 17.5

1 18 338 544 3

34.0 24.5 40.9 39.3 26.9

6,620 268 1,990 11 2,840 70 28,300 358 2,240 239 22,210 132 19,640ab 2,176 7,930ab 2 15,150a 1 4,310 109 2,180 246 720 36

19.4 19.8 35.5 42.1 19.8 39.7 31.0 34.1 28.1 18.1 18.0 16.2

28 112 1 93

20.0 19.8 38.9 38.8

103 3,287 1,904 1,648

34.1 24.3 26.5 23.4

8.4 7.1 7.1 9.8

3.5 7.4 163.0 100.7

1,840a 2,880 30,820 16,810

0.3 1,081.2 222.6 69.8

12.2 691.2 257.6 163.4

33,050 3,140 3,610 7,530

249

250

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan

m $bn 25.9 12.6ab 4.0 181.6 6.6 116.9 57.3 1,677.8 2.7 8.9 127.8 4,622.8 5.6 11.5

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 2,400a 438 38,830 70 24,380 21 28,180 301

Median age years 19.1 34.2 28.9 42.3

4,160 29,250 4,690

11 378 89

24.9 42.9 21.3

Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan

15.4 32.4 2.6 5.2

40.7 16.1 55.7 2.2

7,440 1,140 19,380 1,940

2,717 583 18 583

29.4 17.9 29.5 23.8

Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg

5.8 2.3 3.7 1.8 3.5 5.7 3.4 0.5

2.5 13.6 21.8 1.3 0.5 29.1 22.3 31.9

1,950 11,650 5,840 2,620 900a 8,400a 13,110 69,960

237 64 10 30 111 1,760 65 3

19.1 39.5 26.8 19.2 16.3 23.9 37.8 38.1

Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar

0.4 2.1 17.9 12.3 24.9 13.4 0.4 0.4 3.0 1.2 104.9 4.3 2.6 31.1 19.2 50.1

6.8b 5.4 4.4 1.9 118.3 4.9 5.3 6.1ab 1.5 6.0 676.5 2.6 1.6 50.0 6.1 8.0a

22,000a 6,610 860 650 10,280 1,000 18,880 15,490ab 1,940 12,030 9,800 1,730 2,060 4,310 1,240 1,600a

0.02 26 587 118 333 1,240 0.3 1 1,031 2 1,973 34 1,565 447 799 677

36.6 34.2 17.8 16.3 24.7 15.8 38.1 36.4 18.4 30.4 25.0 33.0 23.7 24.2 17.7 25.5

5.7 6.7 579.0 2.8 3.2 98.9 4.6

7,420 1,490 31,790 15,470a 13,550ab 23,410 3,630

824 147 42 1 19 271 130

18.6 20.1 39.3 36.2 28.4 35.8 19.7

Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua

2.0 25.7 16.2 0.2 0.2 3.9 5.6

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Romania Russia Rwanda

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 780 1,267 1,150 924 1,750a 121 38,450 324

m 12.4 127.1 22.8 4.6

$bn 3.1 72.1 40.0 250.1

2.9

24.3

15,260

157.3 3.2 5.8 6.0 27.6 81.4 38.6 10.1 3.9

96.1 13.7 3.9 7.3 68.6 84.6 242.3 167.7 67.9b

0.6

20.4b

0.8 22.3 142.4 8.5

4.8ab 73.2 581.4 1.8

Median age years 15.5 17.5 31.1 38.2

310

22.3

2,230 7,280 2,540 4,810 5,680 4,610 12,970 19,630 24,920b

804 77 463 407 1,285 300 313 89 9

20.0 26.1 19.7 20.8 24.2 22.2 36.5 39.5 33.3

26,100a

11

30.9

6,270a 3 8,480 238 9,900 17,075 1,260 26

29.3 36.7 37.3 17.5

Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria

24.9 250.6 10.3 7.8 10.5 24.0 5.2 1.1 4.3 106.8 5.4 41.1 2.0 32.2 10.3 4.8ab 45.2 212.8 48.0 679.7 41.1 1,039.9 19.2 20.1 34.3 21.1 0.4 1.1 1.1 2.4 8.9 346.4 7.2 357.5 18.2 24.0

13,830 1,710 2,700a 560 28,080 14,620 20,940 470a 11,190 20,500 25,050 4,390 1,950 4,100a 5,640 29,540 33,040 3,610

2,200 197 102 72 1 49 20 638 1,226 99 505 66 2,506 164 17 450 41 185

21.6 18.2 36.5 18.4 37.5 35.6 40.2 17.9 23.5 35.1 38.6 29.6 20.1 25.1 18.1 40.1 40.8 20.6

Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand

22.7 6.3 37.7 63.5

27,100a 1,200 670 8,090

36 143 945 513

31.0 19.3 18.2 30.5

305.3 2.1 10.9 161.7

251

252

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Togo Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan

m 5.0 1.3 9.9 72.3 4.9

$bn 2.1 12.5 28.2 302.8 6.2

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 1,540 57 12,180 5 7,770 164 7,750 779 4,320 488

Uganda 26.7 6.8 Ukraine 48.2 64.8 United Arab Emirates 3.1 104.2 United Kingdom 59.4 2,124.4 United States 297.0 11,711.8 Uruguay 3.4 13.2 Uzbekistan 26.5 12.0

1,480 6,390 24,060 30,820 39,680 9,420 1,870

Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands West Bank and Gaza

26.2 82.5 0.1 3.7

110.1 45.2 2.5ab 3.5b

Median age years 17.9 29.4 26.8 26.3 23.3

241 604 84 243 9,373 176 447

14.8 39.0 29.0 39.0 36.1 32.1 22.6

6,040 2,750 22,940ab

912 331 0.4

24.7 24.9 35.0

950ab

6

17.1

Yemen

20.7

12.8

880

528

16.5

Zambia Zimbabwe

10.9 12.9

5.4 4.7

940 2,070

753 391

16.7 18.7

306.7 9,500.9

27,960

2,497

40.6

8,920 148,698

28.1

Euro area (12) World

a b c d

6,377.7 41,290.4

Estimate. Latest available year. Including French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. Populations less than 50,000.

SOURCES

253

Sources Airports Council International, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report

Financial Times Business Information, The Banker

BP, Statistical Review of World Energy British Mountaineering Council

The Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom

CB Richard Ellis, Global Market Rents Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook Centre for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Corporate Resources Group, Quality of Living Report Council of Europe The Economist www.economist.com Economist Intelligence Unit, Cost of Living Survey; Country Forecasts; Country Reports; Ereadiness rankings; Global Outlook – Business Environment Rankings; Quality of Life index ERC Statistics International, World Cigarette Report Euromonitor, International Marketing Data and Statistics; European Marketing Data and Statistics Europa Publications, The Europa World Yearbook Eurostat, Statistics in Focus FAO, FAOSTAT database; State of the World’s Forests

IMD, World Competitiveness Yearbook IMF, Direction of Trade; International Financial Statistics; World Economic Outlook International Cocoa Organisation, Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics International Coffee Organisation International Cotton Advisory Committee, Bulletin International Road Federation, World Road Statistics International Rubber Study Group, Rubber Statistical Bulletin International Federation of the Phonographic Industry International Grains Council, The Grain Market Report International Obesity Task Force International Sugar Organisation, Statistical Bulletin International Tea Committee, Annual Bulletin of Statistics International Telecommunication Union, ITU Indicators ISTA Mielke, Oil World Johnson Matthey Lloyd’s Register, World Fleet Statistics

254

SOURCES

Mercer Human Resource Consulting National statistics offices Network Wizards Nobel Foundation OECD, Development Assistance Committee Report; Environmental Data; Main Economic Indicators Space.com Standard & Poor’s Emerging Stock Markets Factbook Swiss Re, sigma Taiwan Statistical Data Book The Times, Atlas of the World Time Inc Magazines, Fortune International Transparency International UN, Demographic Yearbook; Global Refugee Trends; State of World Population Report; Statistical Chart on World Families; Survey on Crime Trends; Trends in Total Migrant Stock; World Contraceptive Use; World Population Prospects; World Urbanisation Prospects UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic UNCTAD, World Investment Report UN Development Programme, Human Development Report UNESCO, website: unescostat. unesco.org

Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, Statistiques Internationales des Chemins de Fer US Census Bureau US Department of Agriculture University of Michigan, Windows to the Universe website WHO, Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke; Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; Mortality Database; Weekly Epidemiological Record; World Health Statistics Annual; World Report on Violence and Health The Woolmark Company World Bank, Doing Business; Global Development Finance; World Development Indicators; World Development Report World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics World Economic Forum/Harvard University, Global Competitiveness Yearbook World Resources Institute, World Resources World Tourist Organisation, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics World Trade Organisation, Annual Report World Water Council World Wide Fund for Nature