Patrios Nomos: Public Burial in Athens during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., Parts i and ii: The archaeological, epigraphic-literary and historical evidence 9781407390970, 9781407390987, 9780860542056, 9781407330877

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Patrios Nomos Public Burial in Athens during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.

The archaeological, epigraphic-literary and historical evidence Christoph W. Clairtnon.t

Part i

BAR International Series 161(i) 1983

B.A.R. 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A • R • Hands, B.Sc • , M •A., D • Phil • D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. S161 (I), 1983: 'Patrias Nmnos: Public Burial in Athens during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. ' Part I

© Christoph

W .Clairmont, 1.983.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407390970 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407390987 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860542056 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407330877 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542056 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

" Bu t w hen t he a nimals s aw t he g reen f lag f lying , a nd h eard t he g un f iring a gain - s even t imes i t w as f ired i n a ll - a nd h eard t he s peech t hat N apoleon m ade , c ongratulating t hem o n t heir c ond uct, i t d id s eem t o t hem a fter a ll t hat t hey h ad w on a g reat v ictory . T he a nimals s lain i n t he b attle w ere g iven a s olemn f uneral . B oxer a nd C lover p ulled t he w agon w hich s erved a s ah earse , a nd N apoleon h im self w alked a t t he h ead o f t he p rocession . T wo w hole d ays w ere g iven o ver t o c elebrations . T here w ere s ongs, s peeches, a nd m ore f iring o f t he g un , a nd a s pecial g ift o f a n a pple w as b estowed o n e very a nimal, w ith t wo o unces o f c orn f or e ach b ird a nd t hree b iscuits f or e ach d og . I t w as a nnounced t hat t he b attle w ould b e c alled t he b attle o f t he W indm ill, a nd t hat N apoleon h ad c reated a n ew d ecoration , t he O rder o f t he G reen B anner , w hich h e h ad c onferr ed u pon h imself . I n t he g eneral r ejoicings t he u nfortunate a ffair o f t he b anknotes w as f org otten" .

G eorge O rwell , A nimal F arm .

o r öv C i y vw c s co c • r pa r t .6 )T r i ä pxatas x a t y eas EXXi c6cK

i v

TA BL E O F CO NT ENTS V O L

U M E

O N E

P REFACE L IST O F A BBREVIATIONS C HECK L IST O F M ONUMENTS G LOSSARY L IST O F F IGURES A ND P LATES

PA R T

ON E

I NTRODUCTION

1- 6

UBLIC B URIAL : T HE P ATRIOS N OMOS C HAPTER 1 P

7- 1 5

C HAPTER 2 B URIAL P RACTICES A S AR ESULT O F W ARFARE

1 6 -2 1

C HAPTER 3 T HE E PITAPHIOS AWN

2 2 -2 8

C HAPTER 4 T HE D EMOSION S EMA

2 9 -4 5

C HAPTER 5 T HE C ASUALTY L ISTS :SUMMARY O F T HEIR P HYSICAL A SPECTS

4 6 -5 9

C HAPTER 6 F ORM A ND S TRUCTURE O F A THENIAN P OLYANDRIA

6 0 - 7 3

HE D EMOSION S EMA A ND A THENIAN C HAFTF I Z 7T V ASE-PAINTERS

PA R T TH E

7 4 -8 5

TW O

TE S T I M O N I A

C HAPTER 1 B efore 4 90 B .C . A . A thenian P olyandria

8 7 -9 1

B . S econdary T estimonia

9 1 -9 4

C HAPTER 2 T he P ersian W ars(490-478 B .C .) A . A thenian P olyandria B . S econdary T estimonia

9 5 -1 05 1 06 - 1 23

C HAPTER 3 T he Y ears o f K imon (476-450 B .C .) A . A thenian a nd n on-Athenian P olyandria i n t he D emosion S e na

1 24 - 1 48

B . S econdary T estimonia

1 49 - 1 57

C HAPTER 4 T he Y ears o f P erikles(449-431 B .C .) A . A thenian P olyandria

1 58 - 1 80

B . S econdary T estimonia

1 80 - 1 81

C HAPTER 5 T he P eloponnesian W ar (431-403 B .C .) A . A thenian a nd n on-Athenian P olyandria i n t he D emosion S ema

1 82 - 2 08

C HAPTER 6 T he F ourth C entury (400-322 B .C .) A . A thenian P olyandria

2 09 - 2 19

B . S econdary T estimcmium

2 19 - 2 21

C HAPTER 7 N on-Athenian P olyandria d uring t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies B .C .

2 22 - 2 43

C HAPTER 8 U ncertain c lassification

2 43 - 2 45

A ddenda e t C orrigenda t o V olume 1

V O L U M E

2 46

T W O

N OTES

2 48 - 3 22

A PPENDICES 1 . P rosopography o f A thenian C asualties

3 23 - 3 63

2 . P ausanias ' D escription o f t he D emosion S ema (1.29 .2-16)with t he T estimonia o f P art T wo a nd t heir d ates i nserted i n t he t ext

3 64 - 3 69

3 . P olyandria o utside o f A thens d ocumented i n P ausanias

3 68 - 3 72

4 . S ynopsis o f p roveniences o f C asualty L ists a nd E pigrams

3 72 - 3 74

5 . C oncordances o f I G 12 , I G 13 , B radeen , P eek (GV ) a nd t he C atalogue o f T estim onia i n P art T wo

3 75

B IBLIOGRAPHY

3 79 - 3 94

v i

3 78

I NDICES G eneral G eographic A ncient A uthors I nscriptions M useums a nd C ollections S ampling o f G reek W ords a nd S entences

3 95 4 03 4 04 4 06 4 08

A ddenda e t C orrigenda t o V olume 2

4 15

A . B . C . D . E . F .

F IGURES 1 - 8 P LATES

-4 02 -4 04 -4 06 -4 07 -4 13

4 14

a t e nd o f v olume 2

1-8 6

v ii

PR E F A C E

M y i nterest i n A thenian p olyandria d ates b ack t o t he l ate s ixties w hen I f irst b ecame a cquainted w ith s ome o f t he e pigrams c omposed f or p ublic m emorials. O ther d uties, h owever, m ade i t i mpossible f or m e u ntil 1 973 t o b egin a n i n-depth s tudy o f t he s ubject m atter o f t he P atrios N omos. D uring t he S ummer o f 1 975 I e xamined t he c asualty l ists i n t he A thens E pigraphical M useum a nd i n t he s torerooms o f t he A gora M useum. I n t he S ummers o f 1 976 a nd 1 977 I m ade t rips t o v arious o ther m useums i n G reece a nd i n c entral E urope w here m onuments o f i nterest t o m e a re p reserved. I t hen v isited a lso m any o f t he b attle s ites i n m ainland G reece. Iw rote d own a f irst d raft o f t he P atrios N omos i n 1 9771 978 w hile o n l eave o f a bsence a nd i n r esidence a t t he A merican A cademy i n R ome. P rofessor R .S. S troud v ery k indl y a greed t o r ead i n 1 980 t his v ery d raft. Ih ave p rofited e normously f rom h is a stute c riticism a nd m y i ndebtedness t o h im i s v ery g reat i ndeed f or i mproving t his d raft i n n umerous w ays. S ince t hen, w hile t he c ore o f t he m anus cript r emained u nchanged, e ach c hapter w as r ewritten s eve ral t imes n ot o nly w ith a v iew t o s hortening b ut a lso t o i ncorporate c riticism w hich I r eceived f rom a dditional r eade rs, f rom P rofessor P eter S iewert(Vienna) a nd a n a nonymous r eader. I n 1 981 I w as i nvited t o l ecture o n t he t opic o f t he P atrios N omos a t t he I nstitute f or A dvanced S tudy i n P rincet on, a t t he U niversities o f B ern, H eidelberg, L ausanne, T übingen, a nd W ürzburg. N eedless t o s ay t hat I l earned m uch f rom t he d iscussions f ollowing t he l ectures a nd, o n a m ore p rivate l evel, f rom c onversations w ith c olleagues b oth i n A merica a nd i n E urope. I s hould l ike t o t hank m y c oll eagues w armly f or t heir h ospitality a t t he r espective i nstitutions: C . M rard, U . H ausmann, T . H ölscher, H . J ucker a nd U . W illers, E . S imon, a nd H .A. T hompson . M ajor r evisions o f m y m anuscript i n f ormat, n ot i n c ont ent w ere e ventually s uggested t o m e i n t he S pring o f 1 982 b y C h. H abicht o f t he I nstitute f or A dvanced S tudy i n P rincet on. I g ladly a ccepted h is w ise s uggestions f or t he r evis ion b ecause I h ad m yself r ealized t hat t he d iscussion o f t he i ndividual t estimonia h ad b ecome t oo i nvolved a nd d em anding f or t he r eader. M oreover, w hat w as o nce P art T wo h as b ecome P art O ne(and v ice v ersa). C hapter 7 i n P art T wo w as e xtracted f rom t he o ld c hapters 1 -6. E xcept f or s cholars t horoughly i nterested i n t he m inutiae o f p ublic m emorials P art T wo, t he c atalogue o f t estimonia, s hould b e c onsulted b ut s hould n ot b e r ead. T he p lates

v iii

m ay s tir s ome c uriosity i n t he s cholar i n t he C lassics a s m ay t he c heck-list o f M onuments(pp.xvi f f.) a nd i nduce h im t o p ick t he r aisins o ut o f t he c ake. T he d etailed I ndices a re a lso i ntended a s a g uide f or t he r eader t o c hoose f rom w hat, I a m a fraid, m any w ill c onsider a m ega b iblion a nd w ill e agerly e xclaim w ith V oltaire:" L e s ecret d 'etre e nn uyeux, c 'est d e t out d ire". I h ave h ardly b een s uccessf ul i n s triking a h ealthy b alance b etween g iving a nd w ithh olding i nformation n or t o e radicate m any o ddities a nd i nc onsistencies t hroughout t he t ext. H aving d ealt w ith A thenian c asualties f or a d ecade, I f ear I s hall b e f ound t o b e a l ess h eroic c asualty o f m y l ack o f p rinciple a nd o ther i ndiosyncrasies f or w hich I a ssume, o f c ourse, f ull r esponsibility. M y t rip t o G reece i n t he S ummer o f 1 975 w as s upported b y a g rant-in-aid o f t he A merican C ouncil o f L earned S ocieties w hich I d eeply a ppreciate. R utgers U niversity a nd t he R esearch C ouncil h ave v ery g enerously h elped m e i n m y s tudy a nd w ork n ot o nly b y g ranti ng t he l eave o f a bsence i n 1 977-1978 a nd a o ne s emester l eave i n 1 981 b ut a lso b y m aking a vailable o n a y early b asis f unds t o c over e xpenses f or p hotographs, x eroxing, a nd s ecreterial a ssistance o f g raduate a nd u ndergraduate s tud ents f or t he t yping o f t he m anuscript a t v arious s tages a nd a lsofor t aking c are o f o ther o dds a nd e nds. M y i ndebte dness t o R utgers, T he S tate U niversity o f N ew J ersey f or c ontinuous s upport a nd i nterest i n m y w ork i s i ndeed v ery g reat. A m ost c ordial w elcome w as g iven t o m e a t t he E pigraphical M useum i n A thens b y D r. D ina P eppas-Delmouzou . W ithout h er d edicated h elp I c ould n ever h ave s tarted o n t he p roject a nd m y i ndebtedness t o h er i s b eyond w ords. T he h ours w hich I s pent i n t he M useum w ere n ot o nly e ndless b ut s everal a ssista nts r ather t han j ust o ne w ere o ften n eeded t o t urn h eavy s tones u pside d own a nd i n a ll p ossible d irections f or e xami nation. L ast b ut n ot l east, M rs. P eppas-Delmouzou h ad a ll t he p hotographs o f t he s tones i n t he E pigraphical M useum m ade a nd s he g enerously p ermitted m e t o p ublish t hem i n t his m onograph. I f I a m i n a p osition t o p resent t he r eader w ith a p rett y c omplete p hotographic c orpus o f A thenian c asualty l ists, i t i s a lso d ue t o t he k indness o f P rofessor L eslie S hear, J r., w ho a s D irector o f t he A gora E xcavations n ot o nly f acil itated t he s tudy o f t he c asualty l ists i n t he A gora M useum b ut a lso p ermitted r eproductions o f t he p hotographs. I o we t hanks f or p hotographs t o P .Amandry, H .E.Frenkel, H .Immerwahr, D .Kemp, U .Knigge, J .-J.Maffre, A .Pasquier a nd t o t he c ourtesy o f t he a uthorities o f v arious M useums a ck nowledged i n t he L ist o f P lates(p.xxv ) . C oncerning p roblems o f m utual i nterest w ith r espect t he P atrios N omos I p rofited f rom d iscussion o r b y w ay o f e xc hange o f l etters f rom U .Knigge, J .-J.Maffre, J .BinderP erlzweig, A .Pasquier, A .R.Raubitschek, N .Robertson, P .S ie -

i x

w ert, R .Stupperich, H .A.Thompson, S .Walker, a nd G .Woodhead.

J .Travlos,

E .Vanderpool,

P rofessor D .M .Lewis p atiently a nswered l etters f ull o f q uerries w ith r espect s pecific d etails i n c asualty l ists. H e v ery k indly p rovided f or t he c oncordance(pp.375-378) t he n umbers o f t he c asualty l ists i n o ne o f t he f orthcoming f ascicules o f I G 13 . W armest t hanks g o t o P rofessor F . E ckstein f or l ending m e a c opy o f h is p upil's N orio N akayama's d issertation o n t he t ypes o f g ravestones d epicted o n w hite-ground l ekyt hoi. Ih ave p rofited m uch f rom M r. N akayama's d issertat ion b ut r ealize t hat m y a pproach t o t his c lass o f v ases i n c hapters 6 -7 o f P art O ne i s o f a k ind n ot e nvisaged s o f ar b y e xperts. I n t he m eantime D r. N akayama h ad t he k indness t o s end m e a c opy o f h is d issertation n ow p rinted ( Freiburg i /Br.1982). U ntil t he e nd o f 1 982 I m ade a n e ffort t o r ead n ew p ubl ications a nd w ith k eeping t rack o f a rticles i n J ournals w hich c ould b e o f i mmediate i nterest t o m y s ubject m atter . Iw as g ratified t o s ee i n s ome r ecent m onographs t hat w hen a uthors d iscuss i ssues a lso o f c oncern t o m e o pinions s eem t o b e b asically i n a greement. Ih ave i n m ind J .E.Ziolkowsk i's T hucydides, M .W .Taylor's T yrant S layers, F .Kolb's A gora und T heater, a nd P .Siewert's T rittyen(for f ull t itles s ee t he B ibliography p p.379ff). I c onsider i t a s troke o f g ood f ortune t hat t he l ate D .L.Page's F urther G reek E pigrams c ame t o m y a ttention i n t he S pring o f 1 982. W hat P age h as t o s ay o n ' Simonides' i s n ot o nly m ost r efreshing a nd s timu lating b ut a lso i n t he b est h umanistic t radition o f B riti sh s cholarship. I f Id isagree w ith P age i t i s b ecause h e t ends t o n eglect t o t ake i nto c onsideration a rchaeological d ata w hich m ay a ffect t he e ntire a rgument. W hile w riting t his m onograph M me.N .Loraux p repared(and h as n ow p ublished)a s tudy o f t he E pitaphioi L ogoi. T his a llowed m e t o d ispense w ith a d iscussion o f t he c omplex i ssues r elated t o t he F uneral O rations, a f ield a lso q uite o utside m y o wn c ompetency. M y r eading o f M me.Loraux ' m onog raph i n t he m anuscript i n 1 980 t hrough t he k indness o f m y f ormer R utgers c olleague F roma Z eitlin p roved v ery r ewarding. L oraux ' d ating o f t he i ntroduction o f t he E pitaphios L ogos a nd t he v iew w hich I h ad f ormed m yself a bout t his p roblem a re, a s f ar a s I c an s ee, i n a greement. M any t opics w hich M me.Loraux t ouches u pon h ave a lso b een d ealt w ith b y m yself. S ince w e a pproach t he s ubject m atter f orm d ifferent a ngles t opics, e ven t hough i dentical,have r eceived d ifferent e mp hasis. I r egret t hat P .A.Hansen 's C armina e pigraphica G raeca s aeculorum a .Chr.n. h as n ot r eached t he P rinceton L ibraries i n t ime s o t hat I c ould p rofit f rom t his s tudy f or my m onograph. D uring t he a cademic y ear 1 977-1978 I e njoyed t he h osp itality o f t he A merican A cademy i n R ome, i ts D irector, P rofessor J ohn D 'Arms, a nd i ts L ibrary s taff u nder t he

d irection o f R . S cudder. T hanks t o t he e fficiency o f t he L ibrary s taff b ooks n ot y et o rdered w ere p romptly p urchased a nd t hose m isplaced s peedily l ocated a nd m ade a vailable, t hus r educing t o a n a bsolute m inimum t he t ime w asted f or t he s earching f or b ooks. I n a ddition t o t he h ospitality o f t he A merican A cademy n o o ther c ity b ut R ome p rovides i n c losest p roximity t o o ne's d esk t he p asseggiata d el G ianic olo w ith i ts s tupendously r elaxing v iew o f t utta R oma d av anti a s e t o t he w eary e yes a nd s trained f ingers a t t he e nd o f a w orking d ay. T he d edication t o t he u nknown s oldier o f G reece, a ncient a nd m odern, o f a w ork w hich d eals w ith p roblems m ost c ent ral t o t he h eydays o f c lassical A thens a nd w hich n o m odern s tate c an e scape o f g iving i ts a ttention i s a n e xpression o f m y g ratitude a nd m y s ympathies f or m y G reek f riends. A s ojourn i n D elphi i n 1 948, i n a s olitude a nd A pollinian c alm u nmatched b y a ny l ater v isits a nd w hich e ven t he t hreat o f t he a ndartes o n M ount P arnassos c ould n ot d isturb a nd, d ays l ater, t he b oarding o f a R ed C ross t rain i n A mphikleiat he o nly m eans o f t ransportation t hen a vailable - w hich b rought b ack t o A thens w ounded s oldiers f rom t he N orth, i mpressed u pon m e s trongly a nd u nforgettably t he t wo s ouls t hat d well, a las, i n t he b reast o f G reece. M rs. S heila D 'Atri a nd M r.W . M iserendino d eserve h ighest p raise f or h aving c arefully r ead t he t ypescript i n i ts f inal s tage a nd f or h aving s aved m e f rom m any t ypographical e rrors. F or a ny t hat r emain I a m f ully t o b e b lamed. T o D r. A .R. H ands g o m y w arm t hanks f or h is k ind a nd p rompt c ooperation a nd f or a ccepting t he P atrios N omos i n t he B .A .R.

S pring e quinox 1 983

R utgers. T he S tate U niv ersity o f N ew J ersey

x i

L IST O F A BBREVIATIONS * B radeen

B radeen 1 964 B radeen 1 967 B radeen 1 968 B radeen 1 969 B radeen 1 973 B rueckner C lairmont,GaE

C onze D avies D eane 1 972 D iepolder F airbanks

1 907, 1 914

F elten

F riedländer

G auer,Weihges chenke G G G omme,Commentary

G V H iller 973 H ölscher 1 J acoby

D .W.-, I nscriptions, T he F unerary M onuments. T he A thenian A gora,vol.XVII ( 1974). D .W.-, " Athenian C asualty L ists", H esp eria 3 3,1964,16-62. D .W.-, " The A thenian C asualty L ist o f 4 64 B .C.", H esperia 3 6,1967,321-328. D .W.-, " New F ragments o f C asualty L ists", H esperia 3 7,1968,237-240. D .W.-,"The A thenian C asualty L ists", C IO 1 9,1969,145-159. D .W.- & M .F.McGregor, S tudies i n F ifthc entury A ttic E pigraphy(1973). A . , " Kerameikos-Studien",AM 3 5,1910, 1 83-234. C . ,Gravestone a nd E pigram. G reek M emorials f rom t he A rchaic a nd C lassical P eriod(1970). A .-, D ie a ttischen G rabreliefs I -IV ( 1893-1922). J .K.-, A thenian P ropertied F amilies. 6 00-300 B .C.(1971). P h.-, T hucydideseDates 4 65-431 B .C.(1972) H .-, D ie a ttischen G rabreliefs d es 5 . u. 4 .Jahrhunderts v .Chr.(1931). A .-, A thenian W hite L ekythoi 1 (1907), 1 1(1914). F .-,Thanatos und K leophonmaler. W eissg rundige u nd R otfigurige V asenmalerei d er P arthenonzeit(1971). P .-& H .B.Hoffleit, E pigrammata. G reek I nscriptions i n V erse f rom t he B eginn ings t o t he P ersian W ars(1948). W .,Weihgeschenke a us d en P erserkrieg en,IstMitt,Bh 2 (1968) . . W .P eek, G riechische G rabgedichte ( 1960) A .W.-,A H istorical C ommentary o n T hucydi des. T h 1 (1945), T h.I1-111(1956,1), T h.Iw-V.25(1956,2), T h.V.25-VI1(1970). W .Peek, G riechische V ers-Inschriften I ( 1955). H .-, I onische G rabreliefs d er e rsten H älfte d es 5 .Jahrhunderts v .Chr.(1975). T .-, G riechische H istorienbilder d es 5 . u nd 4 .Jahrhunderts v .Chr.(1973). F .-,"Patrios N omos:State B urial i n A the ns a nd t he P ublic C emetery i n t he K eram eikos",JHS 6 4,1944,37-66.

* For a bbreviated t itles

s ee a lso t he B ibliography p p.379ff.

x ii

Jaboy,Epigrams Jeffery Johansen Knigge,Siidhiigel Koenigs,Rundbauten Kurtz Kurtz-Boardman Lewis 1979 Loraux ML Mikalson 1975 Nakayama Page PECS Pfohl,Geschichte und Epigramm Pfohl,Epitaphs Pope

Pritchett 1965 Pritchett 1969 Pritchett 1971 Pritchett 1980,1 Pritchett 1980,2

F.-, "Some Athenian Epigrams from the Persian Wars", Hesperia 14,1945,157-211. ·1 L.H.-, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece(1961). K.F.-, The Attic Grave Reliefs of the Classical Period(1951). U.-, Der Siidhilgel. Kerameikos Band IX (1976). W.-,"E:in archaischer Rundbau", in:Die Rundbauten,Kerameikos Band XII(l980) 1..'..55. D.C.-, Athenian White Lekythoi(1975). D.C.-& J.Boardman, Greek Burial Customs (1971). D.M.- & D.W.Bradeen,"Notes on Athenian Casualty Lists", ZPE 34,1979,240-246. N.-, L'invention d'Athenes. Histoire de l'oraison funebre dans la,cit.e c 1 assi que,( 1981). R.Meiggs & D.Lewis,A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions(1969). J.D.-, The Sacred and Civic Calendar of the Athenian Year(1975). N.-, Untersuchung der auf weissgrundi­ gen Lekythen dargestellten Grabmaeler (Dissertation Freiburg i.Br�,19J6). D.L.-, Further Greek Epigrams(1981). [Page followed by Roman Numerals refer to epigrams by 'Simonides'. All other authors are specified]. Princeton Encyclopedia·of Classical Sites(1976). G.-, Geschichte und Epigramm. Der alt­ sprachliche Unterricht. Beilage zu Rei­ he VIII, Heft 2,1964. G.-, Greek Poems on Stones,vol.I. Epi­ taphs from the Seventh to the Fifth centuries(196 7) H.-, Non-Athenians in Attic Inscrip­ tions(1935).[I quote after this and not the 1947 ed. of Foreigners in Attic In­ scriptions because the latter does not have the Prolegomena of the 1935 ed. pp.11-80]. W.K.-, Studies in Ancient Greek Topo­ graphy. Part 1(1965). W.K.-, Studies in Ancient Greek Topo­ graphy. Part II(Battle Fields,1969). W.K.-, Ancient Greek Military Practices. Part 1(1971). W.K.-, The Greek State at War.Part III. Religion(1980). W.K.-, Studies in Ancient Greek Topo­ graphy. Part III. Roads(1980). xiii

R aubitschek,DediA .E.-& L .H .Jeffery, D edications f rom c ations t he A thenian A kropolis(1949). R idgway 1 981 B .S.-, F ifth C entury S tyles i n G reek S culpture(1981). R obertson M .-, A H istory o f G reek A rt(1975). S EG S upplementum E pigraphicum G raecum. S tupperich R .-, S taatsbegräbnis u nd P rivatgrabmal i m K lassischen A then(Dissertation,Westf älische W ilhelms-Universität z u M ünster , 1 977). T ravlos J .-, P ictorial D ictionary o f A ncient A thens(1971). W illemsen F .,"Zu d en L akedämoniergräbern i m K eram eikos",AM 9 2,1977,117-157. W olters P .-, " Eine D arstellung d es a thenischen S taatsfriedhofs", S b.Bayr.Akad.d.Wiss., P hil-hist.K1.1913,5,3-13. W ycherley,TestiR .E.-, L iterary a nd E pigraphical T estim onia m onia. T he A thenian A gora,vol.III(1957). Z iolkowski,ThucydJ .E.Ziolkowski, T hucydides a nd t he T radii des t ion o f F uneral S peeches a t A thens(1981).

N OTE T O T HE R EADER I n a ddition t o t he L ist o f A bbreviations a nd t he a bbrevia ted t itles f rom t he B ibliography t he f ollowing a bbreviat ions w ill b e u sed: a .y. c. s. c ol. ‚ cols. r .h.s.s. 1 .h.s.s. f r.,frr. 1 ,11. n .,nn. n o.,nos. V ., n .v. v s.

a rchon y ear c ampaigning s eason c olumn(s)of c asualties i n c asualty l ists r ight h and s mall s ide(of a s tele) l eft h and s mall s ide f ragment(s) l ine(s) n ote(s) n umber (s) v idi, n on v idi v ersus

T he m easurements o f a ll t estimonia a re i n m eters, e .g. 0 .68(with t he m (eter)omitted t hroughout). T he f irst r efe rence i s t o H eight, t he s econd t o W idth, t he t hird t o T hickness(of s telai)or D epths(of b ases). W hen d eemed n ece ssary H .,W.and T h.are a dded t o t he m easurements. A ll t estimonia a re r eferred t o i n t he t ext i n s quare b racke ts. A c heck l ist o f t he T estimonia, t heir d ates a nd s ign ificance, i ntended f or q uick r eference w ill b e f ound o n p p.xvi-xxiii. A ll d ates a re B .C. u nless s pecified b y A .D. x iv

The following information introduces the Testimonia in Part Two: A. Present whereabouts. In casualty lists comprising many fragments, the Museum reference to the fragments is not repeated unless the Museum changes. This applies in principle to the EM(Epigraphical Museum, Athens) and the Agora Museum,Athens. B. Provenience. C. Type of Monument. D. Marble(kind of). Instead of marble one may find in D Epigram, literary evidence, in case a monument is no longer preserved. The literary evidence and the sources are found in G, in the Bibliography quoted. E. Measurements. F. Date of Testimonium. G. Primary Bibliography. It contains references to IG, GV, Page, ML and other corpora or first publications. References .to authors cited in the works of the primary Bibliography are omitted from the H. Secondary Bibliography. Monographs and articles are in chronological order. H does noc claim completeness. The goal for H was shortness but it could not always be realized. In the text to the individual Testimonia au­ thors both from G and its references and H are cited if they express views which are crucial to the discussion. But rather than quoting these views at length, I pre­ sent my conclusions either concurring with or differing from them and, in the latter case, proposing an alto­ gether new opinion.

In anticipation of IG r 3 , nos.114 3 ff. the texts of the casualty lists are omitted but the stones illustrated. The Prosopography(App�ndix l)gives all Athenian casualties from the lists. In discussing the casualty lists refer­ ences to individual lines follow IG 1 2 and Bradeen. The numbering of single fragments of individual casualty lists likewise follows IG r2 and Bradeen. With respect to some casualty lists I have expressed doubts that the sequence in which Bradeen arranged the fragments is correct. But I have kept his numbering of fragments(a,b,c,etc.)to avoid confusion and not because I necessarily agree with Bradeen.

xv

CHECK LIST OF MONUMENTS IN PART TWO CAT. NO. Chapter 1 2 2A-B 3

3A 3B 3C 4 5

PAGE REF. 12 ( & 87 88 91

DATE

OCCASION FOR ATI-IENIAN rc)LYANDRIONl

7) 11 11c.S00? unknown 507/6 Euripus? 507-&. c.455-50 c.500-494 Lemnos 89 490's 92 490's 93 93 before 493 early Sc. 90 222 early Sc.

Chapter 2 ( & 7) 6a 490 Marathon 95 6b 490 99 6A 106 4786B 111 460 and lat·er 6C 112 late 470's? 6D 113 after 490 7a-b Aegina war 101- 491/90? 102 487/6? 8a 222 4808b 223 480Be 224 480224 480-

Be BA

8B 9A 10a 10b 10c 10A 10B lOC

11a

11b 11c 11d 11e

480480440479480 Salamis 480 480-78 480119 before 471 119 c.400? Plataea 479 103 479 479 228 (480)-478 229 479

225 114 115 116 102 225 227 117

OCCASION FOR NON-A'IHENIAN POLYANDRIA ( Chapte r 7)

Selinus �1arathon,Plataeans?

Thennopylae,Spartans II ,Peloponnesians II ,Thespians II ,Opuntian Lokrians II ,Megistias

Salamis,Korinthians II

II

Plataea,Spartans II ,other Greeks II ,Megarians in Megara II ,Korinthians in Korinth

11A 121 4791 or non-Athenians buried in Demosion Serna in Athens. 2 All catalogue nos are[ ] in the text. A dash(-)after a date means 'or somewhat later'. xvi

C AT. O CCASION F OR C OM MEMORATIVE N O. M ONUMENTS A ND M NEMATA

V OTIVE O FFERINGS , T ROPAIA ,etc .

2 A-B

E uripus,4-horse c hariots

3 A 3 B 3 C

L emnos ‚ helmet L emnos?,

4

I onic r evolt?

6 A 6 B

M arathon E pigrams

6 C 6 D

M nema o f M iltiades

8 A 8 B 9 A

L eonidas ' Lion M onument S parta ,Leonideion A rtemision ,Stelai

1 0A 1 0B 1 0C

1 1A

! V

M arathon T ropaion

M arathon ,h elmet

S alamis, T ropaia S hrine o f A rtemis A ristoboule T omb o f T hemistokles

P lataea ,Altar o f Z eus E leut herios

C HECK L IST O F M ONUMENTS (ctd .) C AT . N O .

1B 1 2

P AGE R EF .

1 22 2 29

D ATE

O CCASION F OR A THEN IAN P OLYANDRION

O CCASION F OR N CN-ATHEN IAN POLYANDR IA ( Chapter 7 )

4 794 80/79? 460

T hessaly

C hapter 3 1 3A 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 7A 1 8 1 8a 1 9 2 0a 2 0b 2 0A 2 0B 2 1a 2 1b 2 1c 2 1d 2 1e

1 49 2 30 1 24 1 25 1 25 1 54 1 27 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 35 1 56 1 57 1 36 1 38 1 38 1 39 1 40

2 2a 2 2b 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8

1 41 1 41 1 43 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 46 1 47

2 9 3 0

1 47 1 48

4 764 73/2 4 73-70 1 470 4 69? ‚ 466? 4 694 64 4 60 's 4 64(60 ) 4 59? ‚ 458? I t

I t

H ellespont u nknown E urymedon R iver D Tabeskos u nknown u nknown E gypt&other s ites I t

I t

I t

4 604 60-456 4 58 T anagra ,Argives 4 58 , Kleoneans 4 58 , Athenian h orse I t , Ionian a llies 4 58 I t , Melanopos & l ate 4 50 's M äkartatos K ypros 4 50 4 50 4 50 's u nknown 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's ‚ Ionian c asual4 50 's t ies ± 450 4 50 's

C hapter 4 3 1a 3 1b 3 1A 3 2a-b 3 2A 3 3 3 4 3 5a-b 3 6 3 7

1 58 1 59 1 80 1 64& 1 65 1 80 1 69 1 70 1 71f 1 71 1 71

T ega

4 47/6 4 47/6 4 47/6 4 47/6 4 21 4 50-440 4 40 's 4 40 's 4 40 's 4 40(30 )

K oroneia (?) K oroneia M egara ,Chersonnese , B yzantium u nknown t

x viii

C AT . N O .

O CCASION F OR C O MEMORATIVE M ONUMENTS A ND M NEMATA

1 1B

1 3A

V OTIVE O FFER INGS , T ROPAIA ,etc .

T ropaia

E ion H erms

1 7A

S amos,Statue o f M aiandrios

2 0A 2 0B

S amos,statue (?)of H egesagoras S amos,statue o f L eokritos

C hapter 4

3 1A

3 2A

O lympia ,helmet

M emorial f or P ythion

x ix

C HECK L IST O F M ONUMENTS (ctd .) C AT . N O .

P AGE R EF .

3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2a 4 2b 4 3

1 72 1 73 1 73 1 74 1 77 1 78 1 78

D ATE

O CCASION F OR A THEN IAN P OLYANDRION

O CCASION F OR N ON -ATHEN IAN POLYANDRIA ( Chapter 7 )

4 40(30 ) 4 40(30 ) " 430 's" 4 32 4 31 4 31 4 35? . 431?

u nknown

P eloponnese?Chalkid ike? K aria ,Lykia u nknown ,f or L emnians f rom M yrhina u nknown ,f or L emnian k leruchs? D elion ,Athenians

P otidaea T hessalian h orse A thenian h orse T hrace ,Sinope

C hapter 5 ( &7 ) 4 4

1 82

4 29?

4 5 4 6

1 84 1 84

4 29/8 4 28-22?

4 7

1 85

4 28-22?

4 8a 4 8b 4 8c 4 8d 4 9

1 86 2 30 2 31 2 34 1 86

4 24 4 24 4 24 4 24 4 24&423

5 0a 5 0b 5 1a 5 1b 5 2a 5 2b 5 2c 5 3

1 88 1 89 1 89 2 34 1 89 1 90 2 35 1 91

4 22? 4 22 4 18 4 18 4 15/4 4 13

5 4 5 5a

1 91 1 92

5 5b 5 6 5 7 5 8a 5 8b 5 8c

1 93 1 95 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 01

5 9 6 0a 6 0b 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4

2 02 2 03 2 05 2 05 2 06 2 06 2 07

D elion ,Tanagraeans? ‚ Thespians , Thespians? N orthern G reece , P ylos A mphipolis? A mphipolis M antinea

M antinea ,Arkadians?

S icily S icily ?,Argives

S icily ,C retan a rchers 4 13-11? S icily E ast G reece (Chios 4 12/11 & Euboea ) E ast G reece? 4 12-10 K ynosema? 4 11/10 E ast&North G reece 4 10/09 H ellespont 4 09/8 H ellespont 4 09/8 rginusai?,Aegospo4 13-11 o r A t amoi?,Notium ?,Mykale? l ater? nknown l ate 5 c . u P iraeus,Lakedaemonians 4 03 P iraeus 4 03? nknown l ate 5 c . u l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c .

4 13

XX

C AT . N O .

O CCASION F OR C OMMEMORATIVE M ONUM ENTS A ND M NF 1 4ATA

xxi

V OTIVE O FFERINGS, T ROPAIA ,e tc.

C HECK L IST O F M ONUMENTS (ctd .) C AT . N O .

6 5 6 6

P AGE R EF .

2 07 2 08

D A 1E

O CCASION F OR A THEN IAN P OLYANDR ION

l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c .

u nknown

u nknown K orinthian W ar , B oeotia K orinthian W ar , K oroneia

O CCASION F OR N ON-ATHEN IAN P OLYANDRIA ( Chapter 7 )

C hapter 6 ( & 7 ) 6 7 6 8a

2 09 2 09

e arly 4 c . 3 9 4 /3

6 8b

2 12

3 94/3

6 8c 6 8A 6 9 7 0 7 1a

2 36 2 19 2 14 2 15 2 37

3 95/4 3 94/3 c .400-380 e arly 4 c . 3 68-62?

7 1b

2 38

3 62

7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5

2 38 2 39 2 39 2 15

7 6 7 7a 7 7b 7 7c 7 7d

2 16 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 40

3 60 's? 3 62? 3 52? m id 4 c ., 3 62? 3 49 3 38/7 3 38/7 3 38? 3 38

7 7e

2 42

3 38

7 8 7 9

2 19 2 42

3 2 2 /1 3 50-300

H aliartos,Nemea R iver u nknown f l T egea ,"tearless b att le ,Kromnos,Mantinea? T egea ,unknown b attle T egea ,u r iknown b attle M antinea ,unknown b attle b attle a t T elphusa u nknown O lynthus C haeroneia C haeroneia C haeroneia

A bydos ,Amorgos

C haeroneia ‚ Lion M onu ment (sacred b and?) C haeroneia ,Makedonian b urial K orinth ,unknown b att le .

C hapter 8 8 0-84 :M onuments o f u ncertain c lassification ,s ee p p .243 245 .

C AT . N O .

O CCASION F OR C O MEMORATIVE M ONUMENTS A ND M NEMATA

6 8A

K enotaph f or D exileos

V OTIVE O FFERINGS, T ROPAIA ,etc .

GL O S S A R Y

A gon(Epitaphios)

C ontest ( Funeral G ames)

A ndres g enomenoi a gathoi W arriors h eroized a fter d eath i n b attle

a v8pc5 y ev6µevoL a yaeoC D emosion S ema

P ublic C emetery,State C emetery

D ipylon

D ouble G ate(leads f rom A thenian A gora t o D emosion S ema)

D romos

R oad,Portion o f P anathenaic W ay i n A thenian A gora

E nagisma(ta)

O ffering(s)to t he d ead

E pitaphia

F uneral G ames

E pitaphios

' on'or'over','at'the t omb

K enotaph

S epulchral m onument t o a p erson w ho i s b uried e lsewhere

L arnax(pl:larnakes)

B ox,chest f or t he a shes a nd b ones o f t he w ar c asualties

L ogos(Epitaphios)

O ration(Funeral O ration)

M arathonomachai

A thenian f ighters a t M arathon

M nema(pl:mnemata)

M emorial, k enotaph)

P atrios N omos

' ancestral l aw ', i n 5 th c . A thens p rocedures f or p ublic b urial

P olyandreion

S tate C emetery(see D emosion S ema)

P olyandrion(p1:-ia)

C ommunal g rave,mass g rave o f s oldiers

S ema

G rave,

S oros

U rn, c ontainer h olding human r emains; b urial m ound o f M arathonomachai[6a].

m onument(often a

t omb

L IST O F F IGURES A ND P LATES * F igure 1

T he D emosion S ema t o 4 86 B .C .

F igure 2

T he D emosion S ema 4 85-464 B .C .

F igure 3

T he D emosion S ema 4 63-429 B .C .

F igure 4

T he D emosion S ema 4 28-400 B .C .

F igure 5

T he D emosion S ema 3 99-322 (146) B .C .

F igure 6

E xcavations o n t he A cademy a nd W agon R oads.

F igure 7

E xcavations 2 --200m t o t he E ast a nd W est o f t he A cademy a nd W agon R oads.(Figs.1-7, c opyright t he a uthor ).

F igure 8

L ocation 3 o n t he A cademy R oad (Kerameikou-Plateon S treets).

P late 1

P aris, L ouvre M useum , C ampana 1 0793. M useum .

P late 2

A thens, N M 2 744 .

P late 3 a

A thens, N M 7 54 .

P late 3 b

N ew Y ork , M MA 2 9 .47 . P hoto c ourtesy T he M etropolitan M useum o f A rt , F letcher R ind , 1 929 .

P late 3 c

A msterdam , A llard P ierson M useum , n o .2455 . P hoto c ourtesy A llard P ierson M useum a nd P rofessor H . I mmerwahr .

P late 4

L ondon , B M 9 8 .7-16.6 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f t he B ritish M useum .

P late 5 a

B oston , M FA 1 3 .169 . B oston .

P late 5 b

L ondon , B M 1 928.2 -13 .1 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f t he B ritish M useum .

P late S c

A thens, A gora E xcavations, P 1 0507 . P hoto c ourtesy A gora E xcavations .

P late 5 d

L ondon , B M E5 86. P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f t he B ritish M useum .

P late 6

A thens, K erameikos. A usgrabungen .

P late 7

B altimore , W AG 2 3 .185 .

P late 8 a

M ainz , A rchäologisches I nstitut d er U niversität . P hoto c ourtesy A rchäologisches I nstitut.

P hoto c ourtesy L ouvre

P hoto A thens, D AI 3 862 . P hoto A thens, D AI 6 195.

P hoto c ourtesy T he m useum o f F ine A rts,

P hoto A thens, D AI , c ourtesy K erameikos P hoto c ourtesy W alters A rt G allery .

P late 8 b

A thens, K erameikos M useum i nv .3842 . P hoto A thens, D AI K er . 8 799 , c ourtesy K erameikos A usgrabungen . V or p age r eferences t o t he m onuments p ls.1-8 s ee t he I ndex , M useums a nd C ollections. T estimonia a re i n [ ]. I n o rder t o f ind t he p age r eferences t o t he T estimonia t urn t o t he c heck-list o n p p .xviff o r t o t he I ndex , M useums a nd C ollections ( under I nscriptions). F or " ex A gora" s tones n ow i n t he E M , s ee t he e nd o f t he I ndex , M useums a nd C ollections. X XV

P late 9

[ 1]

A thens, E M 4 20

[ 4 ]

A gora I 5 55

P late 1 0

[ 6A ]

I3 03a I4 256

P late 1 1

[ 6A ]

I6 739

P late 1 2

[ 6A ]

I6 739

P late 1 3

[ 7b ] I6 963 [ 11A ] P lataea , E xcavations o f A ltar o f Z eus E leutherios. P hoto WC .

P late 1 4

[ 10b ] A thens, E M 2 2

P late 1 5

[ 18 ,(a )]

P late 1 6

[ 18 ,(e )] [ 19 ]

P late 1 7

[ 20a ] P aris , L ouvre M useum M ä 8 63 . P hoto c ourtesy M useum .

P late 1 8

[ 20a ] P aris , L ouvre M useum M ä 8 63 . P hoto c ourtesy M u seum . [ 20b (c )] A gora , I3 769

P late 1 9

[ 16] [ 20b (a-b )]

P late 2 0

[ 21a (a-b )]

P late 2 1

[ 21a (c ,d ,g )] L ondon , B M B4 909 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T ru stees o f t he B ritish M useum . A thens, E M 1 0275 a nd 1 3306

P late 2 2

[ 21a (c ,f )]

P late 2 3

[ 21a (i,j )]

E M 1 3310 , 1 3308

P late 2 4

[ 21a (k ,1 )]

E M 1 3309 , 1 3307

P late 2 5

[ 21a (m )]

E M 1 3313

P late 2 6

[ 21a (n )]

E M 1 3311

P late 2 7

[ 21a (h )] [ 21d (a )]

E M 1 3305 A gora , I8 95b

P late 2 8

[ 21d (b ,d )] [ 24 (a )]

P late 2 9

[ 21d (c )] [ 21e]

P late 3 0

[ 24 (b ,d ,e )]

I9 53b , 9 53d , 9 53e

P late 3 1

[ 24 (c ,f )]

I9 53c , 9 53f

P late 3 2

[ 25 (a ,d )

P late 3 3

[ 25 (b )]

E M 1 0262

P late 3 4

[ 25 (c )‚ 26 (b )]

E M 1 0271

P late 3 5

[ 26 (a-b )]

E M 1 0235 , 1 3377

E M 1 9232 A gora , I7 009 I6 882

I3 923 I3 842a-b A thens,EM 1 0276 1 0274

L ondon , B M B4 909 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f t he B ritish M useum A thens, E M 1 3312

I8 95a , I6 992 I9 53a M 5 164 A thens, E A gora , I1 898

M 1 0233 , 1 0273 A thens, E

xxvi

I1 207 (= E M 1 3377 o n p 1 .35 )

P late 3 6

[ 27 ]

A thens, E M 1 0272

P late 3 7

[ 28 ] [ 29 ]

P late 3 8

[ 30 (a )]

P late 3 9

[ 30 (b )] [ 23 ]

P late 4 0

[ 31a (a )]

E M 1 0279

P late 4 1

[ 31a (b-d )]

E M 1 2883 , 1 3344 , 1 3356

P late 4 2

[ 31b (a-b )]

E M 1 2746 , 1 2745

P late 4 3

[ 31b (b-c )]

E M 1 2745 , 1 2747

P late 4 4

[ 31b (a-c )]

E M 1 2745-12747

P late 4 5

[ 32b ]

E M 1 0618

P late 4 6

[ 32b ]

E M 1 0618

P late 4 7

[ 33 ]

E M 1 0261

P late 4 8

[ 34 (a )]

E M 1 0265

P late 4 9

[ 34 (b )]

E M 1 0267

P late 5 0

[ 36 (a ,b ,d )]

P late 5 1

[ 36 (c ),39]

E M 6 71 ,10234

P late 5 2

[ 37 (a ,d )]

E M 1 0277

P late 5 3

[ 38 ] [ 37 (b )] [ 40 (cd )]

E M 1 0278

P late 5 4

[ 37 (c )] [ 40 (a ,e )]

P late 5 5

[ 41 (a )]

A gora , I2 608 I7 098 E M 1 0269 I5 901 I5 891

A gora I 1 955 , 9 20 , 3 047

A gora , I6 514 I3 333 I2 378b , I2 124 I4 193 I3 694 , 2 424

[ 41 (b )]

M I3 7 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f t he L ondon , B B ritish 'M u seum A gora , I2 277

P late 5 6

[ 43 (a )]

M 2 657 A thens, E

P late 5 7

[ 43 (b-d )] ( c )

P late 5 8

[ 44 (a-b )]

P late 5 9

[ 32A (a b )]

E M 8 887 , 1 3357

P late 6 0

[ 46 ]

E M 1 0270

P late 6 1

[ 49 ]

M I3 8 . P hoto c ourtesy T he T rustees o f L ondon , B t he B ritish M useum .

P late 6 2

[ 50a (a )]

M 1 0268 A thens, E

P late 6 3

A gora I 8 88a-b [ 50a (b-c )] erameikos I 6 6 [ 43 (e )] A thens , K

P late 6 4

[ 55b (a )]

E M 1 0617

P late 6 5

[ 55b (b )]

E M 1 3190

P late 6 6

[ 55b (c )]

E M 1 3304

A gora , I3 181a+b , 6 523 E M 2 492 I4 168 , 6 964

xxvii

P late 6 7

[ 56]

P aris, L ouvre M useum M a 8 64 . M useum .

P late 6 8

[ 57 (a-c )]

A thens, E M 1 0231, 1 3376 , 1 3378

P late 6 9

[ 57 (b ,d )]

E M 1 3376 , 1 0230

P late 7 0

[ 57 (c ,e )]

E M 1 3378 , 1 3375

P late 7 1

[ 58b (a )]

E M 1 0257

P late 7 2

[ 58b (b ,c )]

P late 7 3

[ 58b (d ,k )]

P late 7 4

[ 58b (e )]

E M 1 0256

P late 7 5

[ 58b (f )]

E M 1 0259

P late 7 6

[ 58b (h )]

P late 7 7

[ 58b (i )]

P late 7 8

[ 58b (g ,m )]

P late 7 9

[ 61]

P late 8 0

[ 62]

P late 8 1

[ 63 (b ,a )]

E M 1 0258

P late 8 2

[ 63 (c-d )]

E M 1 0264 , 1 837

P late 8 3

[ 64 ]

E M 5 578

P late 8 4

[ 77a ]

E M 8 829

P late 8 5

[ 67 , 7 7c]

P late 8 6

C haeroneia , L ion M onument .

P hoto c ourtesy

A gora , I6 959 , 6 959a I1 008b , 1 008c

I1 008a E M 1 0266 I2 149 , 1 539 E M 1 0263 I7 061 I4 127

I9 86 , 6 953 P hoto WC .

I NTRODUCTION T he c lassical s cholar w ho i s f amiliar w ith t he w ork b y t he l ate D . B radeen a nd t he r ecent s tudy b y R . S tupperich m ight w ell a sk w hy a nother b ook o n P ublic B urial i n c lassic al A thens. O ur i ndebtedness t o D . B radeen f or h is s tudy o f A thenian c asualty l ists i s g reat. F amiliar a s h e h ad b ecome o ver t he y ears w ith w ell o ver s eventy f ragments d isc overed i n t he A thenian A gora, h e n ot o nly i ncreased t he number o f c asualty l ists s ignificantly b y j oining f ragments t hat b elonged t ogether b ut h e a lso a dded t o s ome o f t he l ists a lready k nown. M eticulous s tudy o f t he e pigraphical c haracter o f t he l ists t hemselves, a s harp e ye f or p ossible j oins a nd, i n a g eneral w ay, t horough f amiliarity w ith t he e pigraphy d uring t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies c ontributed i n a l arge m easure t o B radeen 's a dmirable a chievement. C asua lty l ists c annot b e d ealt w ith w ithout c onstantly k eeping i n m ind t he h istorical e vents w hich a re, o f c ourse, t he p rimary r eason f or w hich c asualties w ere r ecorded i n i nscript ions. H ad B radeen l ived l onger h e m ight w ell h ave p lanned t o p lace t he c asualty l ists i n a w ider c ontext s uch a s t he t opography o f t he D emosion S ema a nd t he c onstitution o f t he P atrios N omos. H e c ould t hen n ot h ave o verlooked t he a rtif acts, t hat i s s culpture a nd v ase-paintings. E ven t hough t he l atter w ill n ot o ften p rovide a nswers t o q uestions a sked, t hey c an n evertheless i lluminate p roblems w hich h ave r emained i n t he d ark s o f ar. T o b e s ure, i n a f ield o f i nvestigation w here c omplete m onuments a re t he e xception, f ragments t he r ule, f irm c ontentions c an h ardly b e a dvanced a nd m ost s urm ises must r emain h ypothetical. I t i s m y c onviction, h owe ver, t hat o nly b y t rying t o p iece t ogether t he e vidence w hich c omes f rom d ifferent s ources c an w e h ope t o m ake s ome p rogress a t a ll, h ypothetical a s t he r esults m ay b e. T hus, w hile B radeen w as p revented f rom g iving u s t he m uch n eeded s ynthesis,' a y oung G erman s cholar h as a ttempted t o d o t his i n h is S taatsbegräbnis u nd P rivatgrabmal i m ' K lassischen A then(1977). B uilding o n B radeen a nd h is p redecessors, R . S tupperich h as t aken f ully i nto c onsideration a nd h as d ili gently c ombined t he e pigraphical t exts w ith t he h istorical a nd l iterary s ources o n t he o ne h and w ith t he a rchaeologic al d ocuments o n t he o ther. T he l atter h ave l ong s ince b een k nown b ut h ave n ever b efore b een r elated t o t he f ormer i n s uch a w ide c ontext. O n e very p age t he a uthor g ives p roof o f h is a cquaintance w ith t he B ibliography w hich h e j udiciously e xploited f or h is s ubject m atter. Ib egan c ollecting m aterial f or t he p resent s tudy i n t he e arly s eventies. W hen I b ecame f amiliar w ith S tupper ich 's M agister A rbeit o n t he s ubject o f t he S taatsbegräbn is p ublished i n 1 975, a p ublication w hich t he a uthor v ery

1

k indly s ent t o m e, I d ecided t o c ontinue w ith m y o wn i nvest igation b ecause I f elt t hat d espite t he f act t hat o ur g oals s eemed i dentical, o ur a pproaches d iffered g reatly. W hen l ate i n 1 977 S tupperich s ent m e h is e nlarged t hesis, a t a t ime w hen I h ad a lmost f inished w riting a f irst d raft o f w hat i s n ow P art T wo, m y b elief w as c onfirmed t hat, a s t he s aying h as i t, i f t wo p eople d o t he s ame, i t i s n ot t he s ame. W hat I f ound m ost l acking i n S tupperich's d issertation i s t he p rovision o f ac oherent o verview . T o a chieve t his a d et ailed d iscussion o f i ndividual t estimonia i n c onjunction w ith t he o lder a nd m ore r ecent e xcavations i n t he D emosion S ema a s w ell a s w ith t he a rchaeological d ocuments w ould h ave b een n ecessary. 2 I n c hapter 1 o f P art O ne o f t he p resent s tudy I a ttempt t o d emonstrate t hat t he P atrios N omos w hich T hukydides d es cribes i n 2 .34 i s a n i nstitution w hich d ates o nly f rom t he s econd q uarter o f t he 5 th c entury. T he c eremonies w hich c onstitute t he P atrios N omos a re n ot a ttested t o i n A thens i n t heir t otality p rior t o t hat d ate. A f oremost c haract eristic o f t he P atrios N omos i s t hat i t i s a p ublic a ffair, t he c ity-state t aking f ully t he c harge o f p roviding b urial f or t he w ar c asualties. S ince t his w as n ot t he c ase b efore t he c onstitution o f t he P atrios N omos, w e a ssume t hat i ndiv idual f amilies c ared f or t he b urial o f t he s ons w ho d ied i n w arfare. H owever, i n e xceptional c ases t he c ity-state c ould g ive p ublic b urial t o p rivate c itizens w hose a ccomp lishments w ere c onsidered e xtraordinary. T his i s c onfirmed i n t he c ases o f S olon, T ellus, a nd H armodios a nd A ristogeit on. T he c ustom c ontinued i nto t he 5 th c entury f or a lien r esidents i n A thens w hose a mbassadorial o r o therwise m erit orious s tatus w as t he f oremost r eason f or p ublic h onours. T he n ames o f P ythagoras f rom S elymbria, t he K orkyrean a mbass adors, a nd t he g eneral P ythion c ome t o m ind. I t w ill b e s uggested i n c hapter 1 t hat t he c onstitution o f t he P atrios N omos a nd o f t he D emosion S ema i s d ue t o K im on. T he v ery n otion o f r eturning t he a shes a nd t he b ones o f A thenian c asualties t o A thens c an b e i deologically c onn ected w ith t he r eturning b y K imon o f T heseus' b ones f rom t he i sland o f S kyros s aid t o h ave o ccurred i n 4 75. A lthough T heseus' A thenian g rave a nd h ero-shrine r emain t o , be d isc overed, t he m ere f act t hat t he m ythical k ing o f A thens e v entually f ound a l ast r esting p lace i n A thens e xercised a p rofound i mpact u pon t he g rowth o f A thenian h ero-cults a nd t he e mergence o f p ublic b urial i n A thens. H armodios a nd A ristogeiton r eceived h ero-cult b ecause o f t heir d eed w hich l iberated A thens f rom t he r ule o f t yrants. T he w orship o f A thenian c asualties a s h eroes o f t he c ity-state a ppears t o f ollow n aturally f rom t hese p remises. A s c ompared w ith o ther G reek c ity-states, h ero-cult i n A thens w as j ealously p rot ected f rom m isuse a nd e ncroachments u ntil t he f irst h alf o f t he 4 th c entury w hen, d ue t o t he g rowth o f i ndividualism, n ew c oncepts o f h ero w orship t ook f irm r oot a nd d eveloped. W hereas b urial a t t he S tate's e xpense t ook p lace i n o r n ear t he b attlefield i n t he p eriod f rom 5 07 t o t he e nd o f t he 7 0's o f t he 5 th c entury, t he D emosion S ema w hich s tretches f rom

2

t he D ipylon G ate t o t he g rounds o f t he A cademy s eems t o h ave f irst b een u sed w ith t he d istinct n otion o f b eing p ublic b urial g round f or A thenian c asualties i n t he y ears b etween 4 75 a nd 4 70. T he t omb f or t he A thenian c asualties w ho f ell i n w arfare a gainst A egina b etween c .495 a nd 4 87 h appens t o b e s ituated m idway i n t he D emosion S ema b ut t his t omb c an i n n o w ay b e r elated t o t he f ormal d esignation s ome f ifteen y ears l ater o f t he a rea a s p ublic b urial g round. Ih ave g one m uch b eyond S tupperich a nd a nyone b efore h im i n s crutinizing t o t he u ttermost i n c hapter 4 t he e vidence f rom c hapter 2 9 o f P ausanias' B ook 1 a nd f rom t he e xcavat ions d uring t he l ast t wo d ecades i n t he D emosion S ema a nd i ts v icinity. W ith s o m any p ublic t ombs i n t he D emosion S ema a lready d estroyed i n l ater a ntiquity a nd t he i ncomplete d escription o f P ausanias, i t i s d ifficult t o s peak i n t erms o f a s ystematic d istribution o f t ombs i n t he D emosion S ema. H owever, I s hall n ote t hat i t i s p erhaps n ot e ntirely m ere c hance t hat t wo o f t he e arliest p ublic t ombs d ating f rom 4 69 a nd 4 64 r espectively a re l ocated a t o pposite e nds d elimi ting a t erritory o f a bout f our-fifth o f t he D emosion S ema a s a w hole. T he t erritory i n b etween t hese t ombs w as u sed e xclusively, s o i t s eems, f or A thenian c asualties a nd t heir a llies i n w arfare. N on-Athenians, e nemies r ather t han a ll ies, a nd s pecial g raves a re f ound c loser t o t he D ipylon G ate, t hat i s i n t he r emaining f ifth p art o f t he t erritory. H ere s pace w as a lso p rovided j ust o utside t he D ipylon G ate f or t he l ying-in-state o f t he l arnakes, t he g athering o f t he r elatives o f t he d eceased, a nd t he s peaker's p latform f rom w hich t he d esignated s peaker p ronounced t he E pitaphios L og os. W hereas p ublic t ombs f orm a n a lmost c ontinuous s eries d uring t he 5 th c entury t here i s a d rastic c hange i n t he 4 th c entury. T here i s n o l ack o f p olyandria b ut s o f ar t here e merge c learly o nly t hree p eriods f or w hich t hey a re d ocum ented: T he y ear 3 94, t he m id-4th c entury, a nd f rom t he b att le o f C haeroneia t o t hat o f L amia i n 3 22. V ictories o r d ef eats h ave l eft h ardly a ny t race i n s econdary t estimonia a nd t his s tands i n a n oteworthy c ontrast t o t he 5 th c entury. A s i f t o c ompensate f or t he l ack o f A thenian p rimary t estimonia, p olyandria a re m ore a bundant f rom c ity-states o ther t han A thens. T ogether w ith a ll 5 th c entury n on-Athenian p olyand ria o utside o f A thens t hese a re d ealt w ith i n c hapter 7 o f P art T wo. 3 F rom a n a nalysis o f t he l ocation o f i ndividual p olyandria w hich a re m entioned b y P ausanias, i t a ppears t hat t ombs w hich a re t he r esult o f i mportant b attles w ere l ocated i n c lose p roximity t o t he e ntrance o f t he A cademy w here t here w as a ls o t he t omb ( or k enotaph?) o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton. W hatever t he s ignificance o f t his f inding, t he s acrality o f t he D emosion S ema i n i ts t otality a s a p lace w here h eroes w ere b uried i s u nquestionable. T his m ay h ave e ncouraged m any p rivate c itizens a nd p erhaps f oremost r elatives o f t he d ec eased w arriors t o s eek a l ast r esting p lace i n t he v icinity o f t he D emosion S ema. I t i s a lmost p aradoxical t hat r ecent e xcavations y ielded s o m any p rivate t ombs n ear o r e ven o n t he p ublic b urial g round. B ut i t m ust b e k ept i n m ind t hat 3

t hese t ombs b ecome m ore p lentiful o nly i n t he H ellenistic a nd R oman p eriods w hen t he D emosion S ema a s p ublic b urial g round h ad u ndergone f undamental c hanges d ue t o A thens' p ol itical d evelopment. M oreover, o nly s ystematic e xcavation o f t he w hole l ength o f t he D emosion S ema - a t hing h ardly e ver t o h appen, a las! - c ould p rovide a m ore r eliable p ict ure t han w e h ave a t p resent o n t he b asis o f P ausanias, s ome r ather h aphazard e xcavation, a nd t he f inds m ade i n t he t err itory o f t he D emosion S ema d uring t he 1 9th a nd e arly 2 0th c enturies o f o ur e ra. A s a gainst s ome a ttempts t o l ocate t he D emosion S ema e lsewhere t han i n t he t erritory p roposed i n c hapter 4 , t he p rovenience o f s everal m onuments a ttesting t o p ublic b urial w hich w ere f ound i n s itu i n t he D emosion S ema m akes a ny s hift o f l ocation o f t he l atter a d angerous i f n ot a a p rio ri d oomed u ndertaking. T he E pitaphios A gon w ill b e d iscussed i n c hapter 3 . F un eral G ames c an b e s aid t o h ave f ormed a n i mportant a spect o f t he w orship o f h eroes. A thletic c ontests a nd t he t orch r ace p rofited f or t heir p erformance f rom t he o pen s pace j ust o utside t he D ipylon G ate a s w ell a s f rom t he e ntire l ength o f t he D emosion S ema o r A cademy r oad a nd t he s o-called D rom os a t t he n orth s ide w ithin t he A gora t erritory. L ack o f s ystematic e xcavation i n t he D emosion S ema i s t he c ause f or a lmost t otally i gnoring t he a rchitectural f orm a nd/or s tructure o f t he p olyandria. H owever, t his s tudy i s a ttempting i n c hapter 6 t o v isualize s everal p ossible s tructures o f p olyandria b y p iecing t ogether s eparate e lem ents t hat h appen t o s urvive a nd b y s crutinizing t he m inor a rts, e specially v ase-painting, f or c lues t hat m ay l ead t o s ome r econstruction o f t he p ublic m emorials. A lthough A then ian p ainters o f w hite-ground l ekythoi a nd t o a l esser e xt ent o f r ed-figured v ases p rovide g raves i n p lenty, t heir f orms a re g enerally s implified. S ince t he e rection o f p riv ate t ombs w as d efinitely n ot f avored i f n ot f orbidden i n t he p eriod f rom a bout 4 90-430 w hen m any o f t hese v ases w ere p ainted, i t i s a rgued i n c hapters 6 a nd 7 t hat p olyandria s erved a s i nspiration f or t he v ase-painters. O ne w onders h ow s ome v ase-paintings w ith u nusually c omplex t omb s truct ures c an b e e xplained u nless o ne a ssumes s ome i nfluence f rom p ublic t ombs. B ut t o c laim i dentity b etween f orms o f t ombs o n w hite-ground v ases a nd p olyandria w ould b e r ather d aring n ot o nly b ecause o f t he v ery s parsity o f p olyandria s o f ar e xcavated b ut a lso b ecause t he v ase-painters' d ep ictions a re n otoriously a m ixture o f r eality a nd p ure i magi nation. T his d oes n ot, h owever, p revent u s f rom p ostulat ing f or s ome w hite-ground a nd r ed-figured v ase-paintings a g reater i mpact f rom t he D emosion S ema u pon A thenian a rti sts t han h as b een a ccounted f or i n p revious s cholarship. I t w as s aid t hat p ublic b urial i s a ttested t o c ontinuousl y f rom a bout 4 70 t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury. T hus, i n P art T wo t he m onuments w hich c onstitute t he t estimonia f or t he P atrios N omos i n t he b roadest s ense o f t he t erm a re

4

d iscussed. T he d ivision o f t he t estimonia i nto s ix c hapters w as d etermined b y t he c ourse o f d evelopment w hich G reek h ist ory t ook i n t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies. C asualty l ists o f A thenian d ead a nd e pigrams f rom p olyandria f orm t he c ore o f t he d iscussion. M any o f t hese t estimonia a re d ealt w ith i n s ome d etail. T he s tudy o f t he c asualty l ists a s e pigraphic al m onuments h as l ed m e t o s ee m any s tones i n a n ew l ight, s o t hat I m ust c hallenge a t t imes t he r esults o f i nvestigat ion o f my p redecessors a nd n otably B radeen. My o bservat ions r egarding l etter f orms o r t he t reatment o f t he s tones c an b e c hecked o n t he p lates. W hen r eferr ing t o s pecific l ines o r d etails i n t he c asualty l ists I h ave a dded o n t he p lates t he r eferences n eeded. I h ave a lso a ttempted t o g ive i n m ost c ases a b rief o ver a ll d escription o f t he c asualty l ists e mphasizing h ere a nd t here s pecific d etails w hich, u nless m entioned, g et e asily l ost. N ot a ll o bservations c an b e c hecked o n t he p lates t hemselves. T his i s t rue i n p articular f or t he s mall a nd b ack s ides o f s telai. A dding v iews o f t hese t o a n a lready g reat n umber o f p lates w ould h ave i ncreased c onsiderably t he c ost o f t he p ublication. I n t he f irst t hirty y ears o f A thenian D emocracy w hen p ubl ic b urial w as o n-the-spot, t hat i s o n t he b attlefield, c omm emorative m onuments a nd v otive-offerings c ould b e e rected i n A thens i tself t o g lorify t he d eeds o f t he h eroes. T hese m onuments, a t f irst q uite c ommon b ecome m uch s carcer b y t he m iddle o f t he 5 th c entury. T he m agnificent a chievements o f t he G reeks d uring t he P ersian W ars l ed a lso t o t he e rection o f s ignificant c ommemorative m onuments o utside o f A thens and t hey w ere d edicated e xclusively b y A thenians, b y o ther G reek c ity-states o r b y t he G reeks a s a w hole. T hese c omm emorative m onuments a nd v otive o fferings a re d ealt w ith i n s ections B o f P art T wo a nd t hey a re s pecified b y c apital l etters f ollowing t heir n umbers w hich r elate t o t he p rimary t estimonia b y o rder o f d ate. T he s econdary, c omplementary t estimonia a re c hosen o n a s elective b asis, t he m ore s o s ince W .Gauer h as r ecently d ealt w ith t he v otive-offerings f rom t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars. 4 D ecisive f or m y c hoice w as t he d egree o f r elevance o f t he c omplementary t estimonia f or t he p rimary m onuments. O nly t he t otality o f t he t estim onia, p rimary a nd s econdary, a nd t he p olitical i mplications due t o w hich t he m onuments w ere e rected v ery o ften m any y ears a fter t he e vent f ully i lluminate t he s ignificance o f h istorical p eriods a nd s pecific a ttitudes o f p eople o r i nd ividuals. T he p oint m ay b e i llustrated b y r eference t o [ 20A], a d edication o f S amians t o t heir m ost s uccessful g ene ral w ho f ought t ogether w ith t he A thenians i n t he P hoenic ian-Egyptian c ampaign o f 4 60/59 f or w hich w e h ave i n A thens o nly a c asualty l ist[20a]. H ere t he r adical d ifference i n c ommemorating w arfare i s p articularly i n e vidence a nd i ns tructive, n amely b etween h onours b estowed u pon a n i ndividu al h ero i n S amos w hich w ould n ever h ave b een a cceptable t o t he A thenians a nd w as, i n f act, v igorously r ejected b y t he A thenian D emos s ome y ears e arlier w hen t he K imonian H erms [ 13A]were e rected.

5

I n c hapter 7 o f P art T wo a re g athered a ll n on-Athenian p rim ary t estimonia t o t he e xclusion o f a llies o r e nemies o f t he A thenians w ho f ound a l ast r esting p lace i n t he D emosion S ema. E ven t hough w e c oncentrate o n t he P atrios N omos o f A thens, t he i nclusion i n t his m onograph o f n on-Athenian p olyandria n eeds h ardly a ny j ustification. P olyandria h ave e xisted o utside o f A thens l ong b efore t he 5 th c entury. T he l iterary e vidence f or t hese p olyandria h as b een c ollected f rom P ausanias' D escription o f G reece i n A ppendix 3 . M ore i mportant t han t hese p redecessors i s t he f act t hat s ome o f t he n on-Athenian p olyandria, b eing b etter p reserved t han a nything w e h ave i n A thens, h elp u s v isualize w hat A thenian p olyandria m ay h ave l ooked l ike. M oreover, m any o f t he n onA thenian p olyandria a re l inked t o A thenian o nes t hrough c omm on w arfare, b ecause t he A thenians w ere t he f oes o f t hose w ho f ound a l ast r esting p lace i n a n on-Athenian p olyandrion . T he b urial o f t he T hespians i n 4 24 a fter t he b attle o f D el ion i s a p rime e xample[48c]. T he r eader m ight b e c aught b y s urprise t o f ind i n t his m onograph a l engthy d iscussion o f s ome w ell-known t opics, s uch a s t he S oros a t M arathon[6a], t he K imonian H erms[13A] o r, much l ater, t he L ion M onument i n C haeroneia[77d]. S ome s cholars m ight h old t he o pinion t hat t urning t o t he P rincet on E ncyclopedia o f C lassical S ites w ill g ive t hem i n a s uccinct w ay a ll t he i nformation t hey w ant. B ut t hey w ill f ind o ut a ll t oo s oon t hat v ery l ittle i nformation c an b e g athered w ith r espect t he S oros a t M arathon i n t he v olume c ited a nd t hat m istaken i nformation i s p erpetuated i n i t w ith r egard t he L ion M onument. T hus, o ne h as n o c hoice t han t o g o b ack t o t he f irst p ublications f or s ound i nform ation a nd f or t he b asic f acts. A s f or t he M arathon E pigrams[6A], M eiggs-Lewis a nd m ore r ecently D . L . P age h ave g iven e xcellent s ummaries w ith r espect t he h istorical s etting o f t he E pigrams. T o b e s ure, M eiggs-Lewis a nd P age's p urpose w as n ot t o d well c ritically o n a ttempts o f o thers w ho t ried t o f ind s ome c larification a bout t he f orm o f t he m onument, a t ask b y w hich t his a uthor f elt c hallenged. T hat t he K imonian H erms[13A] a re l ikely t o p rovoke r enewed d iscussion i s p rimarily t he P an P ainter 's r esponsibility s ince h e h as l eft u s w ith ' a c hallenging d epiction o f t hree h erms o n a n u nfortunately f ragmentary p elike i n t he L ouvre.

6

PART ONE

C HAPTER 1

P UBLIC B URIAL:

T HE P ATRIOS N OMOS

T he n otion w hich c lassical s cholars h ave a bout p ublic b urial i n t he p eriod f rom b efore t he 5 th c entury i s l argel y d etermined b y t he l iterary t radition. H omer f oremost, t o a l esser e xtent e xcavations i n G reece a nd G reek A rt c an b e c onsidered a s t he m ain s ources b ehind o ur n otions. T he A chaeans b efore t he w alls o f T roy g ive t heir d ead c omradesa t-arms p roper b urial, c remation b eing p referred f or o bvio us r easons. D epending o n t he p erson w ho d ied, w hether o r n ot h e i s a mong t he p rimary c haracter 's i n H omer's p oem , b urial a nd t he d escription o f i t w ill v ary. T he b urial o f P atroklos c an c ertainly n ot b e c onsidered r epresentative f or t he n ormal t ype s ince v ery s pecial h onours a nd s acrif ices a re i nvolved. T he e xceptional t raits a re d ue t o t he f act t hat P atroklos w as A chilleus' f riend a nd t he f ormer's d eath i s c rucial f or t he s ubsequent d evelopment o f t he w ar. F or t he b urial o f m any A chaeans w e c an p resume s imple b urial r ites t o h ave b een p erformed. I nterment o n-the-spot i s o ne p ossibility b ut t he b ones c ould a lso b e b rought h ome " to t he l and o f o ur f athers" a s w e a re t old i n B ook 7 ,334f. o f t he I liad. F unerary G ames f ormed a n i mportant p art o f t he b uri al a nd w ere w idely p ractised t hroughout t he a rchaic p eriod. F or H omer w riting a t t he d awn o f G reek c ivilization f uneral c ustoms w ere d eeply e mbedded i n t he a ncestral t radition o f t he H eroic A ge. A s c ompared w ith t he i mpact u pon o ur n otions t hat s tems f rom e pic s ources a nd w hich g ive u s s uch a v ivid p icture o f b urial c ustoms, t he w ritten ,sources o r t he a vailability o f s ignificant m onuments a re s canty f or t he a rchaic a ge. A tt ic g eometric v ase-painting d epicts t he l ying-in-state a nd t he e kphora a nd s o d oes A ttic b lack-figure. A ctual r emains o f p olyandria f or t he c asualties i n w arfare, h owever, a re t otally l acking. R eferences i n P ausanias' D escription o f G reece s uggest t hat p olyandria h ave e xisted(see A ppendix 3 ). T he f ind o f a r ather p uzzling i nscription i n w hich r ef erence i s m ade t o a k enotaph[84]may p oint t o a p olyandrion. B ut n either t he s oil o f A ttica n or t hat o f S parta h as y ielde d a ny a ctual e vidence. T he b urials d escribed i n H omer a nd t he v ase-paintings d ep icting s ome o f t he c ore a ctions a re p ublic a ffairs o nly i n a s f ar a s t he m ale c ommunity i s i nvolved. I n c ontrast, t he p rivate r ealm o f a n i ndividual f amily o r c lan c an a lso c learl y b e g rasped i n A ttic b lack-figure v ase-painting o f t he 6 th c entury. H owever, w hat i s l acking i n b oth i nstances i s t he i nvolvement o f t he c ity a s a g overnmental i nstitution. T herefore, i t s eems t o u s t hat t he i nsight i nto w ho w as i nv olved i n t he o bservance o f t he b urial r ites i s c rucial f or

7

t he u nderstanding o f p ublic b urial p er s e. T he f inds o f a rchaic A ttic g ravestones a nd o f s tatues o f k ouroi a s w ell a s m any e pigrams e ither p reserved o n s tone o r i n t he l iterary t radition c onfirm t hat b y a nd l arge p ubl ic b urial w as unknown a t t he t ime. K roisos d ied i n w arf are a s h is e pigram t ells u s. Y et, h is s tatue s tood i n t he f amily g rave p recinct i n t he c ountryside. A ristion i s d ep icted a s a w arrior w ith l ance, h elmet, c uirass a nd g reaves a nd w e c an p resume t hat h e t oo d ied i n w arfare. H is b urial i n t he c ountryside, w here t he w ell-known s tele w as f ound i s p rivate n ot p ublic. 1 F or t he c asualties i n w arfare d uring t he a rchaic a ge w e must a ssume t herefore t hat t he s oldiers w ho s urvived t ook c harge o f t he d ead r emoving t hem f rom t he b attlefield a nd c arrying t he c orpses b ack h ome i f t hat w as a t a ll f easible. T hen t he d ead w ould b e g iven t o t he i ndiv idual f amilies f or f ulfillment o f t he b urial r ites x aTä T . & n aT i nc t , i n a ccordance w ith a ncestral c ustoms. I t s eems t o u s a lso t hat t he l ack o f t he i nvolvement o f t he c ity a s g ove rnmental i nstitution i n t he b urial i s d ue i n A thens f orem ost t o p olitical c ircumstances, n amely t he s trong e mphasis o n t he s ocial h ierarchy. I f t he w ealthy w ere b uried i ndiv idually, t here w as h ardly o ny c hance f or t he p oor m en t o b e h onoured b y p ublic b urial a s l ong a s t he a ristocrats rule d. I t i s l ikely t hat i n S parta t he s ocial a nd p olitical c ond itions w ere m ore c onducive t o p ublic b urial a s c ompared w ith A thens. T hese c onditions w ould l ead q uite n aturally t o a n i nvolvement o f t he c ity w ith w omen j ust a s much c onc erned a s m en. T he f amous s aying o f a S partan w oman t o h er d eparting s on t hat h e s hould r eturn w ith o r o n t he s hield m ay i llustrate t he p oint. B ut a s w as s aid e arlier, a ctual e vidence f or p ublic b urial i n S parta d uring t he a rchaic a ge i s t otally l acking. T hat t he e xceptions - a nd v ery s pecial o nes a t t hat c onfirm t he r ule c an c learly b e d emonstrated i n c ase o f A the ns. F or S olon a nd T ellus p ublic b urial i s c onfirmed b y l iterary e vidence. T he s ources u se t he t erm öm locau f 6 n 4o «t a t, 8 1 40a 4 1 , According to one version, Solon's ashes were s cattered o ver t he i sland o f S alamis. 2 I f t he s tory i s t rue, t he t omb o f S olon i n f ront o f t he D ipylon G ate r eferred t o b y A elian c an o nly h ave b een a k enotaph.J A ccording t o,Herodo tus T ellus &n2eave x &xxt, Ta z x a i . µ tv ' A enyaTot v igoou TE t t .aq )av a üToU n Ep e neae t at L ulg l ic lav p xyaK c og.4 T he d ate ro f~ T ellus' d eath f alls i nto t he 6 th c entury. T he f ormula a uTou n ep Z ne e e xemplified o n-the-spot b urial and o ne s hould l ike t o know w hether T ellus w as t he o nly c asualty i n t he w arfare(against E leusis?, M egara?)and/or w hether h is b rave ry w as s uch - p robably i ntimated i n A nLaave x &XKLeTa t hat t he A theniaps , found r ea „ son t o " honour h im g reatly" a ft er d eath. T he E Ttglaav g eyaXws s uggests a n e arly c ase o f p ublic h ero-worship i n t he h istorical p eriod, c ommonly a tt ested t o i n G reek e pic, b ut b ecoming a s tate c oncept o nly w ith t he c asualties a t M arathon. 5

, r

8

T he e arliest l iterary r eference t o A thenian s oldiers h aving b een b uried p ublicly o utside o f A thens i s f ound i n [ 2], d ating f rom 5 07/6. N eedless t o s ay t his t estimony i s o f t he g reatest i mportance e specially s ince i t c omes d uring K leisthenes' i ncipient a ctivity a s r eformer. W e c an o nly g uess w hat t he f orm o f b urial w as. I nhumation c ould b e p oss ible s ince t he c asualties w ere s upposedly b uried w here t hey f ell. B ut s ince t he b urial w as i n f oreign t erritory, o ne c ould a lso c onjecture t hat c remation w as p erformed. T he e pi gram w as n o d oubt e ngraved u pon t he s tele w hich s tood o ver t he p olyandrion. T he e xplicit r eference t o a p ublic b urial c ould p ermit u s t o a ssume t hat i n t he w ake o f t he K leistheni c r eforms a l ist o f c asualties c ould h ave f ormed p art o f t he m emorial, t he c ity r ecording f or t he f irst t ime a s i t w ere t he n ames o f t he d ead i n w ar. B e t his a s i t m ay, t he c ity c ommemorated t he v ictory i n a s plendid f ashion w ith a v otive-offering o n t he A thenian A kropolis[2A], t he s urvival o f w hich c an b e t raced l ate i nto t he 5 th c entury[2B]. W hether o r n ot t he s pottily a ttested p ublic b urials i n t he a rchaic p eriod w ere r eferred t o b y t he c ity i n t erms o f a f ulfillment o f t he P atrios N omos i s c ontroversial. M any s cholars b elieve t his t o h ave b een t he c ase. B ut t he o bject ions a gainst t his v iew a re s trong a s w e s hall p resently s ee. I f w e f ollow P ausanias' d ecription o f t he D emosion S ema ( 1.29.7)the t omb o f t he A thenians w ho f ell i n b attle a gainst t he A eginetans[7a]is s ituated i n t he t erritory o f t he D emos ion S ema. H owever, i t i s o ur b elief t hat a t t he t ime o f e recting t he p olyandrion t he a rea h ad n ot y et b een d esign ated i n t he o ffical t erms a s D emosion S ema. T hukydides ( 2.34), w riting l ate i n t he 5 th c entury, r efers t o t he t omb o f t he M arathonomachai i n M arathon a s a n e xception t o t he g eneral r ule o f b urial i n A thens. W e k now t hat t he h istor ian m ade a b lunder b ecause, a fter 5 07, i n a ddition t o [ 2], t he A thenians w ho d ied a t S alamis a nd a t P lataea w ere b uried w here t hey f ell[10a.11a]. M oreover, t he c asualties i n t he n aval b attles a t A rtemisium a nd l ater a t M ykale a nd S estos w ere m ost p robably c remated i n s itu(cf.[9A]), e ven t hough f or t he l atter t wo s ites w e a re n ot i n a p osition t o s upport o ur s urmise b y t extual e vidence. 6 O ne o f t he m ost h otly d ebated p roblems a mong s cholars, i s h ow t he o bviouly m istaken s tatement o f T hukydides c an b e m ade c onsonant w ith t he r est o f 2 .34, t he i ntroductory c hapt er t o t he m ost f amous o f E pitaphioi L ogoi. I n 2 .34 T hukydi des d escribes i n w hat t he P atrios N omos c onsisted: ' Ev n T Wc z r3 x ctk I nt ' Ae l ivarot t a Tpt c l i v ö l ly x r4µ evot 8 94oc i , c 1,Ta c pag L cotr iaavTo T WV EV ' A I 0 5E T W U OXEM ) n pWTWV a noeavovTwv j pöny T 9t pc. T a c k l EV ö cTa n poTte cvTat VV A noye ngeve tv n poTptTa a xlvr iv n ott icavicc, x at t I ctTi vt T 9 aUTOt ntaQT0g liv T L E nct8 2 cv n l i e xc pop c i c X c ipvsmas x unaptactvag a youctv l aeat,. eXtN e xa c m5 µ Lay. e veort 6 1 ,v 1 O C YTa o-r pwµie xactog,T iv y ukli. Ng ta x Xi .v1 x eyf i p ep Ta t t v f l TWV a t a v pd apEeMOIV E g a vatp p-t v. c p a ev, o Z uvEx c pipEt n p oukogevoe x at a cTMv x at E VWV , a L

i

9

y uvatxeg n &I D ELaLv a t n ?o c eoucaL T öV T &90V Ö X O T Ue04EVaL. T te a C YLV o uv 5 g T ö 6/ 14a Lov c i te, L CTLV E n i . T ot x akXi .aTou n 9oaaTELou T e ig n oXewg, x a t , a Lei a üT t i i e C cnTouc . y oüg E X T t r iv n oX µwv, n X; Iv y e TO g E V ApaeMV I .• E X E L V W V 6 L a n p e n l C T E T ? I v x p l . v a v T e g • $ • a uTot •T OV T UW, OV4 e n ov r I c a y . e n eu 5 a v 6 e p u d ) w a L • y V, kr i lp ; I pngevog u no, . C5 n öXewg ; ö g y vwµ 0 ,T 5 . 8 ox i i u n l zuvETog e tvaL x atat t ,wceL n por lxv, k eye l . E n a uTöig e naLvov t oy ndnovTaV , ETä 8 a Tat ( ) C r nepxovTaL. W 8E e &nTOUCLV• x at 8 La n avTög T OV n oX24ou, ö nöTE 1 4 1 ( 3atT I a üTotg, t x 4vTo . 7 ( 7 v öw e . e nt 8 'oüv t Otc nAT OL T ora f t f l e f itxXlg ö E aveZnnou ; ! g al XL y5Lv. n a t . E neL8f i x aL dg E X ( i dave, n eoeXe v a nö t ot cp laTog c i tt f 3 14a 4nKöv n eno oldvov, ow ng L ioüoLTo ( 1 ) g E nt nX era T ov T ot A PAXOU, b tEyE T OL aE. I t w as n ot u ntil 1 944 t hat t he c omplexity o f t he p roblem w as f ully t reated i n a n i lluminating a rticle b y F elix J acob y t itled " Patrios N omos: S tate B urial i n A thens a nd t he P ublic C emetery i n t he K erameikos". 7 T o b e s ure, J acoby 's a rguments, c ritically e xamined b y o thers f rom a ll p ossible a ngles, w ere e ither a ccepted o r r ejected. 8 W hile I b elieve t hat J acoby 's a rguments w ere s ound a nd a re, i n f act, s till t enable, I d iffer f rom h is i nterpretation o f d etails a nd I w ill a dduce f urther a rguments w hich, h ad J acoby u sed t hem, w ould h ave m ade h is c ase e ven s tronger t han i t a lready w as. I n a ll f airness t o J acoby i t m ust b e s aid t hat o ur a dvant age c ompared w ith s cholars w ho w rote a lmost f orty y ears a go i s t hat, due t o e xcavations i n t he A gora, t he K erameik os a nd f urther b eyond t owards t he A cademy, w e w ere l ed t o r e-examine o ur v iews c oncerning P ausanias a nd t he r elevant c hapters i n h is d escription o f a ncient A thens. O ne c annot a ny l onger s hare w ith J acoby t he p redominantly n egative a ttitude a gainst t he p eriegete. M oreover, B radeen's t horough s tudy o f c asualty l ists h as g reatly c ontributed t o t he b ett er u nderstanding o f o ne a spect o f p ublic b urial. F inally, t he s tudy o f 5 th c entury G reek h istory h as o pened n ew i ns ights i nto G reek p olitical d evelopment. I n o der t o p lace c orrectly t he i nstitution o f t he P atrios N omos, w e h ave t o d raw l argely o n m aterials s upplied b y v ery d ifferent f ields. T hree i ssues, r ather t han j ust o ne a re a t ' s take w ith t he i nstitution o f t he P atrios N omos. 1 . W hen w as a P atrios N omos i nstituted? 2 . W hen d id t he P atrios N omos(Thuk.2.34)for t he f irst t ime a pply t o t he c eremony i n t he D emosion S ema? 3 . I s t here a ny p ossibility o f e xplaining T hukydides' b lunder? 9 I w ill d eal f irst w ith t he t hird i ssue. M . O s wald s uge ested r ecently t hat " the I C i n t he e xpression n k t iv y e T OU E V M apae l l Ivt i s i n i tself s ufficient p roof t hat T hucydides h ad n o i ntention o f g iving a c omplete l ist o f e xceptions". 1 0 B ut i f T hukydides h ad d ecided t o l ist m ore t han o ne e xcept ion, w ould h e h ave l isted a ny b attle b efore M arathon? I n a sking t his 9 uestion, w e s imply t ry t o j ustify n ot o nly T hukydides ate l , b ut w e a lso t ry t o d iscover w hether o r n ot

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T hukydides h as i n m ind t he u se o f t he D emosion S ema a s a b urial p lace a lready d uring t he a rchaic p eriod. R egarding t he D emosion S ema, J acoby p oints o ut t hat " Thucydides' s weeping s tatement a bout t he u se o f t he K erameikos a s t he b urial-p ace f or" t he A thenian w ar d ead " is u ntenable". 1 1 A s f or ULEI , o pinions d iffer . O stwald a sserts t hat " Thucydi des i s n ot i nterested i n t he d ate o f i ts(i.e.Patrios N omos) o rigin a t a ll, b eyond s aying t hat i t h as b ecome a t raditiona l p ractice(so r ightly J acoby 3 9-40 a nd 5 8,... T he u pper l imit f or t he i nstitution o f t he P atrios N omos w as f or m any S olon . S ince S olon i s c redited w ith h aving i ntroduced l aws c oncerning p rivate a nd p ublic b urial, t he i nception o f t he P atrios N omos w as l oosely t ied t o h is n ame. M ore c onservative a re t hose s cholars w ho t hink o f K leisthen es. I f w e c an b elieve C icero, d rastic c hanges r egarding p rivate b urial c ame a bout a t t he e nd o f t he 6 th c entury. 1 3 T he t erm P atrios N omos i s a ccording t o J acoby a n " entirely v ague e xpression w hich o nly m eans ' an o ld l aw ','a l aw f rom t he t ime o f o ur f athers'", a nd h e r ejects t he n otion t hat i t c ould b e p araphrased a s " sacred l aw". 14 T he e xpression m ay b e v ague b ut t he n otion o f a ncestral c ustom i s n evert heless s trong. 15 I t i s a t t his p oint t hat t he d istinction b etween a P atrios N omos a nd t he P atrios N omos b ecomes r eall y c rucial. A P atrios N omos e xisted i n A thens e ver s ince a nd e ven b efore S olon. I t i s n ot m entioned i n a ny l iterary e vidence b ut w e m ust s urmise t hat t he s oldiers w ho f ell i n w arfare w ere t aken c are o f b y t heir c omrades-at-arms a s h as a lready b een s uggested a nd t hat e ither t heir c orpses o r t heir a shes a nd b ones w ere b rought h ome i n u rns f or p rivate b urial. E xpenses f or b urial a nd t he s etting u p o f g rave m onuments w as p aid f or b y i ndividual f amilies. T he s tate, a s a g overnmental i nstitution d oes n ot e nter h ere. T he f ulf illment o f t his e arly f orm o f a P atrios N omos w as t he f ulf illment o f a n u nwritten l aw . I t w as f ulfillment o f t he a ncestral c ustoms, x a l4 T2( n4TPk g 5 which are deeply rooted i n t he e pic t radition t o w hicn n as b een r eferred t o e arlier i n t his c hapter. I n t his s ense w e m ust t hink o f t he P atrios N omos a s " sacred". I n t he c ase o f T ellus, t he p ublic b urial p robably c onsisted p rimarily i n t he e rection o f t he a ctual t omb. P ublic b urial t hen b eing u nknown, t he s tate n eeded s ome s pecific r eason - T ellus' e xceptional b ravery? - t o h onour h im t he w ay i t d id, p erhaps t ogether w ith s ome o ther s oldiers w ho d ied w ith T ellus. I n c ontrast t o a P atrios N omos, T hukydides d escribed i n 2 .34 i n s ome d etail w hat t he P atrios N omos c onsisted o f : t he s tate b urial t akes p lace a t a s pecific t ime o f t he y ear. 16 T he b ones l ie i n s tate f or t hree d ays. A t ent i s e rected f or t his p urpose. T he r elatives b ring o fferings t o t he d ead. T here a re t en l arnakes o f c ypress w ood f or t he b ones(and a shes), o ne f or e ach t ribe. A n e leventh l arnax i s p rovided f or t hose c asualties w hose b odies c ould n ot b e r ecovered. Anyone m ay t ake p art i n t he h ommage t o t he d ead, c itizens a nd f oreigners. W omen r elated t o t he d ead m ake l amentations. A fter t he l arnakes a re b uried a m an c hosen b y t he c ity-state p ronounces t he E pitaphios L ogos. A fter t hat a ll d epart. A t t he b eginning o f 2 .35 w e a lso l earn t hat t he c hoice o f

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a m an b y t he c ity-state t o p ronounce t he E pitaphios w as a dded t o t he P atrios N omos b y a " law-giver". U nfortunatel y T hukydides d oes n ot m ention t he n ame o f t he p erson r es ponsible f or i t. 17 I t i s b elieved t hat T hukydides w rote t he p assage a bout t he P atrios N omos a t t he v ery e nd o f t he P eloponnesian W ar , t hat i s, s ome s eventy t o e ighty y ears a fter t he P ersian W ars. I t i s i mpossible t o i magine t hat T hukydides w as n ot f ully a ware o f t he a ncestral c ustoms c oncerning b urial, c ustoms o bserved l ong b efore t he f ounding o f D emocracy. B ut t he P atrios N omos i s c onstituted b y a ll t he e lements w hich h e d escribes i n 2 .34. T he c hronological c ontext f or a LEL i n T hukydides i s n ot t ime i mmemorial b ut r efers t o t he r elatively r ecent f ounding o f A thenian D emocracy. T he f rame-work w hich m ade t he P atrios N omos p ossible a re t he K leisthenic r eforms. 18 O ne t elling d etail i n t his c ontext a re t he t en l arnakes w hich f urnish a t erminus p ost q uem f or t he f ully s tructured P atrios N omos: t his d isposition t aken f or t he b urial o f t he c asualties c annot d ate f rom b efore K leisthenes' d ivision o f t he p opulation o f A ttica i nto t en t ribes. I t i s s till o ur t ask t o t ry t o e stablish m ore p recisely t he d ate w hen t he P atrios N omos w as f irst a pplied t o t he D emosion S ema. I b elieve t hat T hukydides 2 .34 c an g ive u s a ll t he n ecessary c lues. W ith t he P ersian W ars a s a m ajor c onflict o n t he o ne h and a nd t he t erminus p ost q uem i mposed b y t he K leisthenic r eforms f or t he P atrios N omos, o n t he o ther, T hukydides c ould n ot h ave c onsidered t he w ar a gainst C halkis a nd E uboea(507/6), n or a ny o f t he w ars o f t he s ubs equent f ifteen y ears(Ionic r evolt i n t he 4 90's,cp.[4]; A egina, c p.[7a-b])worth m entioning a s e xceptions. H is l ist o f e xceptions b egins w ith M arathon, t he i nitial e ncounter w ith P ersians o n G reek s oil, a nd, i f w e a ccept O stwald's a rgument q uoted e arlier, a ll b attles d uring t he P ersian W ars d own t o 4 79 a re i ncluded i n t he l ist, a s must h ave b een t he b attles a t E ion[13A] a nd a t B yzantium[15]. T here i s n o e vidence f or A thenian c asualties h aving b een b uried i n A thens u ntil t he l ate 7 0's w ith e xception o f t he A eginetan c asualties[7a-b]. T his b urial c onfirms t he r ule a s t he e xception. T he c asualties i n t his " undeclared w ar" w hich p resumably o ccurred o n l and a nd a t s ea w ere b rought b ack t o A thens, a n o bvious s olution i n v iew o f b oth t he l ocation o f A egina a nd t he p olitical t ension b etween A egina a nd A thens. I t must b e s trongly e mphasized, t herefore, t hat t his b urial c annot p rove a nything r egarding t he d esignation o f t he D emosion S ema a s t he A thenian s tate c emetery n or t he d ate w hen t he u se o f t he D emosion S ema p roper b egan . I f a nything a bout t he l ocation o f t he t omb o f t he A eginetan c asualties i s t elling, i t i s i ts p roximity t o t he t omb o f K leisthenes w hich i s r oughly i ts c ontemporary. 19 I f t he e pigram[16]could b e d ated t o t he l ate 4 70's o r e arly 4 60's a nd w as i nscribed o riginally o ver a c asualty l ist, w e w ould h ave t ogether w ith [ 15], a f ragmentary e pit aph, t he f irst s ecure t estimonia o f b urial o f c asualties i n A thens. 20 T his i s f ollowed i n 4 69?,466? b y t he b urial o f t hose w ho f ell i n K imon's c ampaign a t t he E urymedon R iv-

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e r. W hile t he b urial i n t he D emosion S ema i s a ttested i n P ausanias, t he e pigram e ngraved a bove t he c asualty l ist(?) i s p reserved o nly i n t he l iterary t radition[17] . 21 A s o ne o f h is a rguments f or d ating t he P atrios N omos t o t he m id 4 60's, J acoby u ses t he f act t hat t he c asualty l ists d o n ot b egin i n A thens b efore 4 65/4. 22 T his d ate c an n ow b e r aised t o t he l ate 4 70's b ecause [ 16] a nd v ery l ikely [ 17]support t he s etting-up o f c asualty l ists i n A thens a lr eady d uring t hat t ime. J acoby a ppears m istaken i n p lacing u ndue e mphasis o n t he m emorial f or D rabeskos[18], b ecause h e t ook t he n gTot i n P ausanias 1 .29.4 t o h ave c hronologic al i nstead o f t opographical m eaning. 23 T hus, h e u nduly n eglected t he e vidence i n P ausanias t hat q uite a part f rom t he c asualties i n A egina[7a-b]there a re t he c asualties a t t he E urymedon R iver[17]who w ere t he f irst o nes t o b e g iven a m emorial i n t he D emosion S ema. 24 A bout t he c asualty l ists p roper w e c an s ay t hat o utside A thens t hey a re a tt ested i n t he l iterary e vidence f or M arathon[6a]and, v ery p robably, t hanks t o a c lue i n a p assage o f H erodotus, f or t he c ontingent o f 3 00 S partans w ho f ell a t T hermopylae[8a]. W hile t he l atter e xample i s n on-Athenian, i t s eems n evert heless p ossible t o c laim t hat, i n a ddition t o M arathon, c asualty l ists c ould a lso h ave b een s et u p f or t hose A then ians b uried f rom 4 80-477 o utside o f A thens o n t he b attle s ites. I n s ummary w e c onclude t hat t he a rchaeological e vidence f rom A thens a s c ompared t o w hat w e k now a bout t he b urial o f A thenian c asualties o utside o f A thens, f avours t he a ssumption t hat b urial o f A thenian c asualties i n t he D emosion S ema a nd t he c oncomitant c ustom o f h onouring t he d ead o n t heir m emor ials w ith e pigrams a nd l ists o f n ames b egan i n t he l ate 4 70's o r t he e arly y ears o f K imon's r ule. W ith t he b urial n ow t aking p lace i n A thens, t he e lements w hich c onstitute t he P atrios N omos a s d escribed b y T hukydides, b ecame f ully e nforced, e xcept t he s till l ater a ddition o f t he E pitaphios L ogos. I t h as b een c laimed t hat E pitaphioi L ogoi d ate b ack t o t he 6 th c entury. N one o f t he p resumed s peeches h ave s urvived. I t m ay w ell b e t hat s ome f orm o f l audation o f t he d ead w as m ade, p erhaps, a s y et s till m ade o n t he b attlef ield. O r, p ossibly i t w as p rivately h eld w hen i ndividual c asualties w ere g iven b urial. J ust a s t he P atrios N omos d ep ends o n t he c reation o f A thenian D emocracy, E pitaphioi, s uch a s h ave b een p reserved, a re u nthinkable m uch e arlier t han t he 4 60's. I t h as b een p ointed o ut, c orrectly, i n m y v iew t hat n either t he t opic o f a utochthony o f t he A thenian p eople a nd t he l audes A tticae, n or t he c atalogue o f d eeds o f b rave A thenians a gainst o ther G reeks o r b arbarians w ould m ake s ense i n a ny f uneral o ration b efore t he c onclusion o f t he P ersian W ars. T he P ersians a re t he l iving p aradigm o f a nd t herefore a nalogous t o t he b arbarians i n m ythology. B ut o ne w ould d o w ell t o a llow a d ecade o r m ore f or t he e xp erience i n t he P ersian W ars t o s ettle u ntil i t r e-emerges a s a l iterary t opic. 25 T he f oundation o f t he D emosion S ema a nd t he i ntroduction o f t he T hukydidean P atrios N omos d uring t he e arly y ears o f K imon's r ule f inds s upport i n o ther c onsiderations. T he

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r eturning o f t he b ones o f T heseus f rom S kyros t o A thens i n 4 75 t ook p lace t hrough K imon 's i nitiative. S ome s cholars h ave u sed t his e vent t o e xplain c ertain e lements i nherent i n t he P atrios N omos. J acoby r ejects t he c onsideration o utr ight. 2 6 H owever, i t s eems t o m e t hat t he e vent w hich h ad w ider r epercussions i n A thens t han w e c an e ver h ope t o c omp rehend i s t he p erfect m ythic p rototype a nd c ould b est e xp lain w hy t he A thenians d ecided t o b ring h ome a nd b ury i n A thens t he b ones a nd a shes o f t heir c asualties a nd t o h ono ur t hem i n t he w ay w e l earn f rom T hukydides. 27 M oreover, o ne c annot p lace e nough e mphasis o n t he f act t hat T heseus w as a h ero a nd t hat a ll w ar d ead w ere r aised a s w ell t o t he s tatus o f h eroes. W hat t he E pitaphioi r egarded i n t he r etr ospective a ccount o f A thenian h istory a s s upreme a risteia, n amely t he v ictory o f t he M arathonomachai w ho s uccessfully l ived u p t o t he s tandards o f t heir a ncestors, t his s ame n ot ion i s h ere t ransfered t o a d ifferent p lace: t hat o f d eath a nd h eroization. J ust a s T heseus' b ones a re b rought eck t o A thens, s o a re t hose o f t he d ead i n w ar, v ôpcc y cvogcvo l . & yaeoC. 28 M oreover, i t i s i mpossible t o l eave o ut o f t he p icture H armodios a nd A ristogeiton w ho c ontributed s o much t o t he n ew p olitical e ra w hich w e c all D emocracy. T heir h ero c ult i s n ot m otivated b y w arfare b ut b y a p olitical d eed. I t i s t his p olitical m otivation o f h eroization w hich i s n ew. A nd s ince t he d eed o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton f or t he s ake o f a bolishing t yranny i s o f c rucial s ignificance, i t i s m y c ontention t hat t he a chievements o f A thenian w ar h er oes d uring t he e stablished D emocracy a re c omprehended n ow f oremost a s p olitically m otivated a cts r ather t han w arfare c onducted f or m ilitary p rowess a nd g lory w hich p lay a p rom inent r ole i n e pic p oetry. T he h eroization o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton s ignals a n ew c oncept a s t hese h eroes f ulf ill t he r ole o f a L eitbild f or t he h eroization o f A thenian w ar h eroes. T his b ecomes c lear a lso f rom t he f act t hat t he p olemarch w as i n c harge, d uring t he 5 th c entury, o f s acrif icing t o b oth t he t yrannicides a nd t he c asualties i n w arf are a s t o h eroes. T he f ulfillment o f t he L eitbild i s f urt her e mphasized i n m y v iew i n t hat t he p olyandrion w ith t he c asualties a t t he E urymedon R iver[171was p laced i n c lose p roximity t o t he t omb o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton, n earest t he e ntrance t o t he A cademy. F inally, D r. P . S iewert p ointed o ut t o m e t hat, i n h is b elief, t he l ocation o f t he t omb o f H armodios a nd A ristog eiton s hould a lso b e c onsidered i n t he l ight o f t he u se o f t he a djacent g rounds a s g ymnasium a nd m ilitary t raining g round. E ven t hough t he a ltar o f E ros, w hich w as l ocated n ear t he t omb o f t he t yrannicides, p recedes t heir d eath i t d oes h ave b earing o n t he t omb o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton o n t he o ne h and a nd t he r ole w hich E ros p layed i n G reek m ili tary p ractices. C oncerning a ll t hese a spects, t he r eturn o f T heseus' b ones, H armodios' a nd A ristogeiton 's s tatus a s h eroes, t he a ltar o f E ros, a nd t he g ymnasium, o ne m ust c onc lude t hat a v ery p recise c oncept, n ot t he c aprice o f a ny i ndividual's i magination, w as a d etermining f actor w ith r es pect t he c onstitution o f t he D emosion S ema a nd t he c eremony

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o f t he P atrios N omos. O ne m ight w onder w hether t he l ocation o f t he p olyandrion f or t he c asualties a t D rabeskos[18]is n ot t he r esult o f t he b asic n otions w hich g uided K imon i n t he c hoice o f t he e arlier b urial p lace f or t he c asualties a t t he E urymedon R iver[17]. F or w hile[17]is n ear t he e nt rance t o t he A cademy a t t he f ar e nd o f t he A cademy r oad, [ 18]was p laced n ot f ar a way f rom i ts b eginning a s o ne c omes f rom t he D ipylon G ate. T hus, t he t wo m emorials c ould b e c ompared t o t he m etae i n a R oman c ircus i n t hat t he t wo p oly andria, s eparated f rom e ach o ther b y o nly a f ew y ears a nd w ith n o o ther c asualties h aving b een b uried i n t he m eantime, d elimit t he s acred a rea w ithin w hich t he h eroized A thenian w ar d ead w ere h enceforth b uried. 29 A ll o f t he s pecial g raves a re o utside t his a rea a nd s o a re t he m ajority o f t he a llies' t ombs. T hat t he t omb o f K leisthenes a nd t hat o f t he d ead i n w ar a gainst A egina[7a-b]came t o l ie w ithin t he a rea i s n o l onger f ortuitous o nce t he s ite f or [ 18]had b een d etermined. 3 0 I t hink i t i s n ecessary t o r aise a f inal c onsideration, n amely t he p olitical c limate w hich, b eside t he p ersonal i nitiative o f K imon, m ust b e r egarded a s a f actor g reatly c ontributing t o t he c onstitution o f t he D emosion S ema a nd o f t he T hukydidean P atrios N omos. C learly , n either t he p er iod o f t he K leisthenic r eforms i tself 31 n or t he e ra o f t he P ersian W ars f urnished a c limate s uitable f or t he c onstitut ion o f e ither. B urial a t p ublic e xpense o f t he c asualties a t t he E uripus [ 2], a nd t he d edication o f a v otive-offering o n t he A kropolis[2A], w as a s pontaneous r esponse o f t he A t henian D emocracy, t hen t wo y ears o ld. T he c hange o f t he s ocial s tructure i n A thens, h owever, w as s low . S o w as a da ptation t o n ew c ustoms a nd r enunciation o f v ery o ld t rad itions, a ccording t o w hich p rivate, n ot p ublic, b urial w as t he s acred r esponsibility o f e ach f amily a nd c lan , a t radit ion a ttested t o b y t he m any g rave m emorials a nd e pigrams t hroughout t he 6 th c entury. O nly i n a n e ra d uring w hich t he d uty a nd l iberty o f t he i ndividual b ecame t he f oremost i nterest o f t he s tate, a nd a t t he t ime w hen g roup s olidarit y a nd p rosperity e merged f rom t he s trong e motional a ttachm ent o f t he i ndividual t o h is f amily a nd c lan, o nly s uch c onditions c an b e s aid t o f orm t he s uitable b ackdrop b efore w hich t o p lace t he c eremony o f t he P atrios N omos a s d escribed b y T hukydides. 3 2

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C HAPTER 2

B URIAL P RACTICES A S A R ESULT O F WARFARE

H istorians w riting i n t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies d o n ot, u nfortunately t ell u s m uch a bout b urial p rocedures a fter i ndividual b attles. M oreover, m odern s cholars h ave b een g enerally v ague r egarding s ome p ractical c oncerns c aused b y t he d eath o f s oldiers i n a reas s ome d istance a way f rom t heir h ome c ity. T he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars i s n ot o nl y t he p eriod o f i n s itu b urial, b ut P anhellenic e nthusia sm g oes s o f ar a s t o h ave c ity-states b ury t heir d ead t og ether, i f i n s eparate t ombs. T he b ones a nd a shes o f t he K orinthians w ho d ied a t S alamis w ere b uried w here t hey f ell a s [ 10b]demonstrates, e ven t hough K orinth w as n ot v ery f ar a way f rom t he s ite o f b attle.' W ithout p arallel a re t he k enotaphs a t P lataea e rected b y t hose w ho d id n ot j oin i n t he f ight a gainst t he P ersians a nd w ere s o a shamed o f h aving m issed a c hance t o g ive t heir s upport t o t he P anhellenic c ause t hat a k enotaph s omewhat s olved t heir b ad c onscience a nd r eputation(see H erodotus 9 .85). C onditions o f t ransport, a nd m ost o ften t he s eason - t he s ummer m onths - f orbade t he c arrying o f c orpses o ver a ny b ut a s hort d istance. T he p olyandrion o f t he T hespians, e rected a fter D elion[48c]consists o f m ostly c remations b ut s ome i nhumations a lso. F or t he l atter i t h as b een s uggested t hat t hey a re t he c orpses o f w arriors w ho d ied f rom t heir w ounds s ometime a fter t he b attle. C onsidering t he d istance f rom D elion t o T hespiae o ne m ight p erhaps a lso s urmise t hat t hese m en w ere q uickly r emoved f rom t he b attlefield i n a n e arly s tage o f t he b attle a nd t heir c orpses c ould t hus b e p reserved f or i nhumation. , E xcept f or p olyandria w ith i nhumation b urials i n s itu [ 6b,77d]or v ery c lose t o t he b attle-ground[60a-b]inhumation i s a lso a ttested t o b y a p olyandrion a t T egea[71a]. I ts d ate i s u ncertain. N one o f t he b attles i n w hich t he s old iers m ight h ave f ound t heir d eath w as f ought c lose t o T eg ea. T hus t he c asualties m ust h ave b een ô arried o ver s ome d istance i n o rder t o b e i nhumed i n T egea. I n b oth t he c ase o f D elion-Thespiae a nd T egea, l ocal c ustoms m ay h ave d iff ered f rom t he c ustom o f c remation p revalent a mong A thenia ns. E ven t he M arathonomachai a nd o ther c asualties o f t he P ersian W ars w ere c remated i n s itu . A s pecial a nd r ather p uzzling c ase a bout w hich w e r ead i n X enophon(3.5.24)concerns t he e vents a t H aliartus i n 3 95. A mong t he c onditions f or t he L akedaemonians t o r eceive t heir d ead a fter t he b attle, t he T hebans d emanded t hat t hey l eave B oeotian t errit9ry. T hus, t he L akedaemonians p icked u p t heir d ead a nd a eop 14 a nraay. W e h ear n othing m ore. T o b e s ure, t he d ead c ould n ot h ave b een c arried back t o S parta f or i nhumation. I nhumation o r c remation m ust h ave b een c arr ied o ut b y t he S partans o n t he w ay h ome w ith t he s ubsequent

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b urial o f b ones a nd a shes f orm o f b urial c hosen . 2

i n S parta i f c remation w as t he

S ome r eports o n t he c asualties i n i ndividual b attles c all f or d iscussion. I n t he b attle o f E phesus(409) t he A thenian d ead w ere r ecovered b ut n ot b uried i n s itu. A s X enophon n arrates(He11.1.2.11), t he A thenians " took t heir d ead t o N otium a nd h aving t hem b uried t hem t here s ailed a way t o L esb os a nd t he H ellespont". T wo c asualty l ists f rom 4 09/8 a re p reserved[58a-b]. T here w ere m any o ther e ngagements d uring t his y ear. 3 I n E phesos a lone 3 00-400 A thenians a re s aid t o h ave d ied. 4 T here i s n o t elling w hether o r n ot t he A thenia ns b uried i n N otium w ere i ncluded i n t he c asualty l ist s et u p i n t he D emosion S ema(cp.[58c]). T he b ones a nd a shes o f s oldiers w ho f ell i n o ther e ngagements d uring t he c ampaigni ng y ear c ould h ave f illed t he t en l arnakes. T he e leventh l arnax o f w hich T hukydides s peaks(2.34)could w ell h ave c omm emorated t he c asualties a t E phesos f or w hom a k enotaph i n t he D emosion S ema s hould a lso b e c onsidered. F urthermore, t he f act t hat s everal c asualty l ists[61-65]and e pigrams[666 7]of t he l ate 5 th c entury c annot b e a ttributed t o s pecific y ears a nd/or b attles l eaves o pen t he p ossibility t hat o ne o f t hese m emorials s tood o ver t he p resumed k enotaph. W e m ust d efinitely a ssume a k enotaph i n t he D emosion S em a f or t he c asualties a t t he A rginusai(406). I t i s u nlikely t hat t he A thenian s tate d id n ot h onour t hese d ead i n d ue f ashion, a fter a ll t he e xcitement a nd o utburst o f a nger a b out t he g enerals' n eglecting t o p ick u p t he s hipwrecked. 5 I n t his c ontext t he f ull m eaning o f t he t erm a Tapog i n D iod orus i s v ividly a nd f orcefully b rought h ome oa s,is t he s ev erit; 7 o f t he a ccusation t hat o t a zpc ,e rnyot o ux a v aXo w ro • T Ag a ptaToug u ncp rç n aTpLöog y cvo l lcvoug. O ne o f t he c asu alty l ists f rom a mong[61-65]or t he e pigrams[66-67]should t hus b e c onnected w ith t he k enotaph o f t he d ead a t A rginusai i n t he D emosion S ema. 6 T he l osses a t A egospotamoi(405)create p roblems t oo. P ausanias c laims t hat t he d ead w ere l eft u nburied 7 a s w ere t he p risoners w hom L ysander e xecuted. T he n umber o f p riso ners a nd c asualties e xceeded f our t housand. I t i s u nlikely t hat t he d ead o f t his b attle w ere n ot r ecorded i n s ome w ay i n t he D emosion S ema. I t c an o nly h ave b een a k enotaph w ith a s ummary c asualty l ist a nd/or a n e pigram. T he m atter o f t he c asualties f rom t he S icilian c ampaign i s c omplex a nd c annot b e s atisfactorily r esolved u nless a dd itional a rchaeological m aterial b earing o n l iterary t estim onies i s f ound. P ausanias(1.29.13)refers t o a p olyandrion [ 52a]in t he D emosion S ema w hich d ates f rom 4 15/4.[52a]may g o t ogether w ith [ 52b], t he e pigram b y E uripides. P ausania s r efers(1.29.11ff.)to a s econd p olyandrion f or t he c asu alties s uffered i n S icily[54]. T his t omb i s p resumably t o b e c onnected w ith t he y ear 4 13, t he y ear o f t he d isastrous d efeat a s c an b e g leaned f rom t he p eriegete w ho m entions t he f act t hat t he g enerals' n ames w ere e ngraved q p a , t ele w ith e xception o f t he n ame o f N ikias c onsidered o ux aw lp n oXcpe

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n pEn c ov. T he c asualty l ist u sually t hought t o b e ' a' o r ' the' S icilian c asualty l ist[55b]must b e d efinitely d isassociated f rom t he f atal y ear 4 13. N o s cholar h as e ver s eriously c ons idered w hat i t w ould m ean t o e nter t he n ames o f w ell o ver 1 0,000 c asualties o n s telai. I c ontend t hat i t i s p hysic ally i mpossible, a nd t here i s n ot a s crap o f e vidence a s p roof a gainst t his c ontention. W e c an e xpect a s ummary r efe rence, p erhaps, t o t he n umber o f c asualties i n e ach t ribe, a nd t he n aming o f t he g enerals. B e t his a s i t m ay, t he g ene ral s ilence a bout t he f ate o f t he A thenian c asualties i n S icily i s t ell t ale. T he S yrakusans, w e a re t old, b uried t heir o wn d ead p ublicly. 8 O ne m ight a ssume t hat t he A thenia n p risoners b uried t heir c asualties b efore b eing t aken t o ; he , s tole ‘q uarries,t4e rgselv9s. , Thukydides(7.87)says t hat o Xtyot . a no n o U n e n o Lxou a nevoctnc ray.9 I t i s n ot l ikely t hat t hese o r a ny o f t hose w ho r eturned l ater b rought t he r emains o f t he d ead b ack t o A thens. T hus[54]was m ost p roba bly a k enotaph a nd l acked a c asualty l ist w ith t he u sual f ull l isting o f a ll t he n ames. T he f ate o f t he P ersian c asualties a t M arathon a nd P lataea f orms a n i nteresting c ontrast. A fter t he b attle o f M arathon t he s oldiers o f n ine t ribes r eturned h urriedly t o A thens t o d efend t he c ity. A risteides, s o t he s ources t ell u s, w as l eft b ehind w ith t he s oldiers o f h is t ribe A ntiochis t o g uard t he p risoners a nd t he s poils. 1 ° P repar ation f or t he c remation o f t he A thenian c asualties m ust h ave b egun i mmediately b y A risteides a nd h is m en. H owever, t he c orpses o f t he g reat m ass o f P ersian c asualties - a bout 6 ,400 - p robably l ay u ncovered f or a n umber o f d ays. T hey c ould s till b e s een b y t he S partans w ho a rrived a t t he s cene o f t he b attle a d ay l ate. D uring t he s ucceeding d ays P ersian p risoners m ust h ave d ug t he t renchef i rTo w hich t he e nemies' c orpses w ere l iterally t hrown c o s T uxoLev .11 A lthough m asses o f b ones w ere p reserved u ntil t he 1 9th c ent ury i n a p lace w here t he P ersians c ould h ave i n f act b een b uried, P ausanias h imself c ould n ot f ind a ny t omb, " not e ven a ' tumulus' n or a ny o ther e vidence w as t here t o b e s een". I t i s n ot d ifficult t o i magine t he r ather a wkward s ituation t he A thenians w ere f aced w ith a fter t he b attle, b oth i n M arathon i tself a s w ell a s w ith t he P ersian f leet w hich s ailed t o P halerum. T he t hreat c aused b y t he m ovem ent o f t he P ersian f leet w as g rossly b ut u nderstandably m isjudged b y t he A thenians. A s t he i mminent d anger w as a v erted i n t wo o r t hree d ays, t he A thenians c ould t hen d eal e ffectively w ith t he s ituation i n M arathon. T hus, f ull f uneral c eremonies, t he b eginnings o f t he h eroic c ult o f t he ä vöpeg y evögevot h aeoL t ook p lace s ome d ays a fter t he b attle. I t i s n ot d ifficult t o i magine t hat m any A thenians u ndertook t he p ilgrimage t o M arathon a nd g ot a t aste o f b oth t he c eremonies a nd t he b attlefield, s aw t he c orpses o f P ersians a nd o f h orses, a nd P ersian a rmour a nd g ear. F or m any A thenians t here h ad n ever b een b efore a nd a fter s uch c lose c ontact w ith t he N ear E ast.

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A fter t he b attle o f P lataea t he b odies o f t he P ersian d ead, - t here w ere m any m ore t han a t M arathon , w ere l eft e xposed. T he P lataeans w ho c ollected t he c orpses, p robably f or b urial i n t renches a s a t M arathon, m ad i nteresting o bs ervations r egarding t he s kulls a nd j aws. 1 L O therwise, i nf ormation r egarding t he b urial o f t he P ersian c asualties a t P lataea i s v ery m eagre i ndeed, e ven c ompared t o M arathon. W hereas i t w as a ssumed t hat c asualties i n t he a rchaic p eriod w ere h anded o ver t o t he i ndividual f amilies f or p riv ate b urial, p ublic a nd p rivate b urial o f i ndividuals i s a ttested t o f or t he p eriod f rom 4 30 o nwards. S ince t o e rect m emorials f or p rivate i ndividuals w as a pparently n ot l egitim ate f rom a bout 4 90 - 4 30, d ouble b urial c annot h ave e xisted. T he r e-emergence o f p rivate m emorials i n a bout 4 30 p uts a n e nd t o t he p urely p ublic h onouring o f w ar c asualties. I n f act, t he s harpening d ichotomy b etween t he d emands o f t he c ity-state a nd t he e ver i ncreasing l iberation o f t he i ndiv idual i ntensified t he w ish o f a f amily t o c laim a p lace f or t he d ead i n i ts o wn t omb a s w ell a s b urial i n t he c ommunal t omb. T he m ost f amiliar c ase i n p oint, e arly i n t he 4 th c entury, i s t he k enotaph o f D exileos[68A]. F or t he l ast t hree d ecades o f t he 5 th c entury s everal o ther e xamples a re k nown. I n t his c ontext o ne m ay s peak o f p rivate a s o pposed t o p ublic k entaphs. 13 I n t he 4 th c entury t he e xamples a re m ore l ikely m ore n umerous. I t i s r easonable t o c laim t hat f uneral m onuments, t hat i s g ravestones, s tone l ekythoi a nd l outrophoroi a s w ell a s t rapezai w ith d epiction o f w arriors w ere e rected a s p rivate m emorials o ver t he k enotaphs o f w ar c asualties w ho w ould a lso h ave b een r ecorded i n t he c asualty l ists. T he p resent l ack o f c asualty l ists d ating f rom t he 4 th c entury e xcludes t he p ossibility t o c onnect t he w arriors w ho a re d epicted a nd n amed o n p rivate m emorials w ith a ny s pecific w arfare i n w hich t hey d ied. T he m atching o f n ames p roves p ossible i n a f ew c ases i n t he l ate 5 th c entury, b ut i dentifying t he n ames o f t he p ersons i s c omplicated b y t he l ack o f p atronymics a nd/or d eme r eference i n t he c asualty l ists 1 4 I n a r ecent p aper M me. L oraux e xpressed t he v iew t hat t he c remation o f t he M arathonomachai i s a n e xpression o f a s pecific f unerary i deology . 15 I t b ecomes c lear f rom h er r emarks t hat s he d oes n ot c onsider t hat a ny p ractical a sp ects m ay h ave b een t he r eason f or c remation, b ut t akes i t t o b e s olely t he r esult o f a s pecific f unerary i deology. A s o pposed t o M me. L oraux, I b elieve t hat t he p ractical a sp ects a re o f o verriding i mportance, n ot o nly i n t he c ase o f t he M arathon b urial b ut a lso i n a ll o ther c ases i n w hich c remation w as p ractised. W ith t he b urial o f t he M arathonom achai i n t he S oros[6a], c remation w as a n e xpedient f orm o f b urial. A ny f ear f or t he v iolation o f t he t omb w hether c remation o r i nhumation c an b e d iscounted b ecause M arathon i s c lose e nough t o A thens t o h ave s ome g uarantee a gainst t he v iolation o f t he b urial. T hus, i n t he c ase o f M arathon, i nhumation w ould h ave b een p ossible. I n f oreign t erritory, h owever, t here w as n o s uch g uarantee. M oreover, s ince t he

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d ead c ould n ot b e b rought b ack t o t he c ity a s c orpses f or r easons s tated e arlier, o nly c remation g ave a ssurance t hat t he b ones a nd a shes w ere r eturned f or i nterment i n t he D em osion S ema. T he r eason f or w hich i nhumation w as n ot c hos en i n t he c ase o f M arathon i s l argely d ue i n my v iew , b es ide e xpediency, t o a s pace p roblem . T o p roperly i nhume 1 92 c orpses a s urface o f s ome 1 63m 2 i s r equired, a llowing f or e ach b urial a t rench m easuring 1 .70m b y 0 .50m, b ut n ot a llowing f or s paces b etween t he i ndividual b urials n or a ny a rea w hich w ould h ave s erved t he g rave c ult a nd t he w orship o f t he w ar h eroes s pecifically a ttested t o f or M arathon. T hus, a n a rea o f + 200m 2 w ould b e r equired f or i nhumation a t M arathon a nd t he e stimate i s m odest a t t hat. T o b e s ure, t he d eceased c ould h ave b een b uried i n c rowded c onditions, i n l ayers, s uch a s t hose w hich w ere f ound i n t he L ion M onum ent i n C haeroneia[77d]. B ut i t w ould b e h azardous t o c omp are a b urial f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he 4 th c entury (and a T heban b urial)with A thenian p ractices o f 4 90. 16 F inally a w ord a bout t he t iming o f t he e ngraving o f c asu alty l ists. T he e arliest r eference t o a c asualty l ist i n P ausanias 1 .32.2 r elates t o t he S oros o f M arathon[6a]. F rom t he f act t hat s laves a mong A thenian c asualties h ad a lso b een r ecorded i n a l ist b efore o r s hortly a fter 4 90[7a-b], M aelz er c oncluded " also g ab e s f rüher s chon i n S tein g ehauene V erlustlisten v on B ürgern". 17 T his i s p ossible i ndeed b ut t he e vidence i s t enuous a nd, m oreover, t he a rgument t hat t he u se o f t he d emonstrative p ronoun i n e pigrams n ecessit ates a s ubsequent l ist i s w eak . 18 P erhaps t he f undamental q uestion i nvolved d oes n ot c oncern s o m uch t he d ate w hen t he f irst c asualty l ist w as e ngraved b ut w ho h ad i t e ngraved. T hose w ho f ell i n E uboea w ere b uried p ublicly[2]. L ist[3] f or A thenian k leruchs f rom L emnos i s n ot a n A thenian e xamp le, s trictly s peaking. S ince o ur e arliest a ttested l ist r elates t o M arathon o ne s hould c onclude t entatively t hat t he e recting o f c asualty l ists a nd p ublic b urial o utside o f A thens i s c ontemporary w ith t he r ise o f A thenian D emocracy. J ust a s t he c ity-state n ow t akes t he c harge u pon i tself t o p rovide p ublic b urial i t a lso s hares t he r esponsibility t o h ave t he c asualty l ists e ngraved. O nce t he P atrios N omos w as f ully c onstituted, c asualty l ists s hould i deally h ave b een e ngraved f or t he p ublic c erem ony a t t he e nd o f t he c ampaigning y ear. T o b e s ure, w e h ave n o r eference w hatsoever i n a ncient s ources t o a ny o f t he p ractical a spects, e xcept w hat w e c an g lean f rom t he c asualty l ists t hemselves. T hus . 1 l ater a ddition o f n ames i s a ttested t o f or s everal l ists 19 , t hat i s c asualties r ep orted l ate o r d eath o f w arriors w ho, s eriously w ounded d ied s ome t ime a fter t he b attle w as f ought. I a rgue l ater t hat s ome l ists m ay c over t wo c ampaigning s easons. I f f ighting c ontinued l ate i n o ne c ampaigning s eason a nd i f t he c asualties o ccurred f ar a way f rom A thens, t he a ctual r ecording o f t heir n ames o n s tone m ight h ave b een p ostponed u ntil t he e nd o f t he f ollowing c ampaigning s eason w hen, v ery l ikely, a dditional c asualties w ould h ave o ccurred a nd w hen

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a f inal l ist c overing t wo y ears w as c ompiled. H owever, t his d oes n ot p reclude t he p ossibility t hat f ull h onour o f b urial c eremonies w as g iven t o t he c asualties d uring t he a nnual p ubl ic b urial, t hat i s, a t t he e nd o f t he c ampaigning s eason i n w hich t he m ajority o f s oldiers h ad d ied. W hatever t he s ources f rom w hich c asualty l ists w ere c omp iled, s uch a s l ists k ept i n t he o ffice o f t he p olemarchos o r s trategeion o r l ists k ept b y t he i ndividual t ribes, i t s hould n ot h ave b een t oo d ifficult t o e xtract f rom t hese l ists t he n ames o f t he c asualties r elatively s peedily. E ven w ith a l arger n umber o f c asualties, s uch a s f or i ns tance i n t he c ase o f D elion[48a], o ne c ould i magine t hat t he e ngraved s labs w ere r eady w hen t he p ublic b urial t ook p lace. T he c loser t o t he d ate o f t he c eremonies o f t he P atrios N omos t he b attles w ere f ought, t he l ess l ikely i s i t t hat t he p ublic m emorial w as c ompleted. M odern e xperie nce s hows t hat t he d esignation o f t he l ocation o f a w ar c emetery i s a ll i mportant b ut t hat i t t akes y ears t o e rect t he m emorials. T his i n e ssence m ay a lso h ave b een t rue f or t he D emosion S ema, w ith t he a ctual b urial p lace t o b e d ec ided u pon v ery s oon a fter t he b attle h ad t aken p lace a nd a fter t he a pproximate n umber o f c asualties b ecame k nown. 2 ° W ith e xcessively l arge n umbers o f c asualties t he s ituation b ecame m ore c omplicated. B ut f ortunately t here i s o nly o ne s uch o ccasion :the d isaster i n S icily i n 4 13. I t h as b een a rgued a lready a nd w e b elieve t hat i t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat t here w ere n o d etailed c asualty l ists f or t his y ear a nd t hat t he w hereabouts o f m any A thenians, w hether d ead o r i mprisoned, m ay n ever h ave b een k nown i n A thens. T hetes w ere p resumably i ncluded i n t he l ists a s w ere s laves. S pecial m onuments w ere e rected o nly f or t he c avalr y[21e,42b,68b]and t hey w ere e ssentially p ublic. I t s eems d ifficult t o t hink t hat t he p olyandrion f or t he h orse a t w hich P erikles h eld h is E pitaphios L ogos i n 4 31 w as n ot a p ublic m emorial. B ut t he g rave f or t he A thenian c avalrists w hich d ates f rom 3 94(and i n w hich D exileos w as b uried)may h ave b een m ade a t p rivate e xpense b y t he f amilies o f t he t hirteen c asualties i nvolved [ 68b]. S tupperich s uggested r ecently 21 t hat ' a ncient h istorians m ay h ave b ased t he n umber o f c asualties t o w hich t hey r efer o n t he c asualty l ists w hich t hey s aw a nd r ead. I b elieve, h owever, t hat t he n umber o f c asualties m ust h ave b ecome c ommon k nowledge a fter e ach c ampaign. I t i s q uite a d iff erent m atter a s t o h ow c onstant t he n umber r emained. D iscrepancies i n h istorians w ith r espect t he f igures o f c asualties s uggest t hat t hese f igures w ere h andled q uite f reely. T hough A thens'soldiers o r h er m ercenaries w ere i nvolved i n f ighting t hroughout t he 4 th c entury, t he l ack o f c asualty l ists i s a p henomenon w hich p erhaps o nly f utwre a rchaeologi cal f inds o r o ther t estimonies m ay c larify .L 2

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C HAPTER 3

T HE E PITAPHIOS A GON

T he e arliest l iterary e vidence f or a gones b y w hich t he d eceased i n w ar w ere h onoured b y t he c ity-state i s f ound i n P lato's M enexenos a nd A ristotle's A thenaion p oliteia. 1 T he r eference i n t he M enexenos i s t o g ymnic a nd h ippic a gones a s w ell a s t o µ ouc rL A l u lar l . A ristotle, w ithout s peci fying t he e vents, s imply r efers t o t he E pitaphios A gon f or t he w ar d ead l inking, h owever, t he a gon w ith s acrif ices t o A rtemis A grotera a nd E nyalios o n t he o ne h and a nd w ith e nagismata t o H armodios a nd A ristogeiton o n t he o ther. M oreover, a ccording t o A ristotle, i t i s t he p olemarch w ho i s r esponsible f or t hese c ult a ctions. 2 W e c an a ssume t herefore t hat, w hen t he M enexenos a nd t he A thenaion p olit eia w ere w ritten t hese a gones h ad b een i n e xistence f or s ome t ime a lready. T his i s i ndeed c onfirmed b y D iodorus 3 w ho, i n s peaking o f t he h onouring o f t he d ead b y t he A then ian s tate a dds t hat t he E pitaphios A gon w as " then", t hat i s d uring t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars, h eld " for t he f irst t ime", TOTE n p nov. 4 O ther 4 th c entury a uthors b eside P lato a nd A ristotle a re f amiliar w ith a gones o f v arious s orts f or t he d ead i n w ar.5 W hile t here i s n o r eference t o t he p lace w here t he a gones w ere h eld n either i n t he 4 th c entury a uthors n or i n D iodorus, l ater a uthors s pecify, h owever, t hat t he A c ademy w as t he p lace o f a ction o r, a t a ny r ate, t he p lace f rom w here t he a ction s tarted. 6 T his i s c orroborated b y i nscriptional e vidence 7 w hich, b y a dding a r eference t o t he P olyandreion p er s e s uggests t hat, s tarting a t t he A cademy, t he a gones t ook p lace a long t he D emosion S ema p robably a s f ar a s t he D ipylon G ate b ut i t i s n ot e ntirely i mpossible t hat t he c ompetitions e xtended t o t he D romos o f t he i nner K erameikos o r t he A thenian A gora. 8 T he e arliest r eferences t o E pitaphia a s o pposed t o E pit aphios A gon d ate o nly f rom t he 2 nd c entury a nd a re f ound i n E phebic i nscriptions. 9 T wo p oints a re o f i nterest i n t hese i nscriptions. F irstly, t he E pitaphia a re u sually c onnected w ith t he T heseia, t he l atter a lways p receding t he f ormer i n t he t exts. 10 A s f ar a s t he i nscriptional e vidence i e p reserved, t he T heseia a lone a r m entioned o nce o nly, 1 1 t he E pitaphia s imilarly o nce. 14 S econdly, a t t he T heseia a nd t he E pitaphia t here t akes p lace a n a n6-

8 e gLg t v T otg ö nXoLg 13 ( variant: ..µ5X2T i ly t 2 Totg ö nXotg & ne6eCZavTo... 14 ) ,whereas a 8 poµog e v o nXoLg s eems t o h ave b een a s pecific e vent a t t he E pitaphia o nly. 15 O ne s ingle i nscription s o f ar r efers g enerally s peaking t o a gones w hich w ere h eld a t t he T heseia a nd E pitaphia. 16 T o t he C o 166e g t .g v e rg ö nKots w e m ay a dd a s a c ompetitive

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e vent t he l ampadedromia i n b oth t he T heseia a nd E pitaphia. A lso p erformed i n t he f ormer w ere h ippic a nd g ymnic a gones b eside t he t orch r ace a s w e g lean f rom i nscriptional e vid ence. 18

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I t i s o f i nterest t hat i n o ne E phebic i nscription r efere nce i s m ade t o a p ompe f or A rtemis A grotera " in a rms". M oreover, i n a S alamis d ecree h onouring e phebes, t he f ollowi ng e vents a nd c ult a cts a re m entioned i n s uccession : C o t68 E gt , t v Te l% & i tXoi .ç a t t he T heseia a nd E pitaphia a nd s acr ifices t o Z eus T ropaios a t S alamis-Psyttaleia. I n a s eco nd i nscription t here i s r eference t o a m ock s hip b attle, a4 ax Ag 8 1 pö l log, a nd e ventually s acrifices f or A jax a nd A sk lepios. 1 9 A t t he A ianteia i n S alamis, A jax w as h onoured b y a g ymnic a gon. 20 H e c ould b e h onoured a lso b y a c ombinat ion o f c ontests, a l ampadedromia a nd a m ock s hip b attle, f ollowed b y s acrifices t o A jax a nd A sklepios. 21 F inally, a t a nother f estival c onnected w ith t he P ersian W ars, t he E leutheria a t P lataea, a g ymnic a gon a nd a h oplitodromos t ook p lace. 22 A lthough t he l iterary a nd i nscriptional e vid ence f or t he E leutheria(as i n t he c ase o f t he T heseia a nd E pitaphia) i s l ate, t he g ames a t P lataea c ould n evertheless h ave b een i nstituted v ery s oon a fter 4 79. A nd e ven i f t hey c ould n ot r egularly h ave b een h eld, e specially d uring t he 5 th a nd t he e arly 4 th c enturies, a dverse p olitical c ircums tances w ould h ave b een t he f oremost r eason. F rom t he l iterary a nd i nscriptional e vidence c onsidered s o f ar, - a nd t he H ellenistic d ate o f t he l atter i s o f n o c oncern i n t he p resent c ontext, t here c learly e merge s evera l f estive c ult a cts w hich h ave m any t raits i n c ommon. B es ide g ymnic a gones p er s e, t he I möbett4g t v Te l% ö nXots p layed a m ajor r ole a s d id t he l ampadedromia. T he h onouring o f A rtemis A grotera a nd E nyalios, o n t he 6 th o f B oedromion, w as i n c ommemoration o f t he b attle o f M arathon, c elebrating a s i t w ere t he f irst m ajor v ictory o ver t he P ersians. 23 T he A ianteia, w hich p redate t he b attle o f S alamis, e xperie nced a m ajor r evival a nd e mbellishment a fter t he b attle. T he A eakidai T elamon a nd A jax h ad b een i nvoked t o g ive t heir s upport t o t he G reek f ighters. 24 A nd s ince t his b attle w as a n o verwhelming v ictory, t he s ignificance w hich a ccrued t o t he A ianteia a fter 4 80 m ust b e s een a s a t hanksgiving f or t he h elp b y w hich t he a utochthonous h eroes h ad e ncouraged a nd f urthered t he c ause o f t he S alamis f ighters . A s w e s aw e arlier, A rtemis A grotera a nd E nyalios a re a ls o m entioned b y A ristotle i n r eference t o s acrifices c arried o ut b y t he p olemarch. T he m ention o f t he d ivinities p rec edes t hat o f t he E pitaphios A gon a nd i s i n t urn f ollowed b y t he m entioning o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton, b oth b eing w orshipped a t t heir t omb(kenotaph?)as h eroes. 25 B ut w e k now t hat a ll t hose w ho d ied i n w ar w ere r aised t o t he s tat us o f h eroes a nd w orshipped a s s uch. 26 T hus, w hile t he r eference t o A rtemis A grotera a nd E nyalios a lludes s pecif ically t o M arathon, t he A ianteia t o S alamis, a nd t he E leut heria t o P lataea, t he E pitaphios A gon w as h eld i n c ommemo-

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r ation o f t hose b uried i n t he D emosion S ema. S ince t he m em orials d id n ot b egin t o b e e rected i n t he D emosion S ema b efore t he l ate 4 70's, t he t estimony i n D iodorus c annot b e c ounted o n t o g ive u s a p recise d ate w hen t he f irst E pit aphios A gon w as h eld b ut m erely c ircumscribes w ith t he g ene ral r eference t o t he P ersian W ars a n a pproximate i nitial d ate o f t he s tate i nstitution o f t he a gon. B eside t he l iterary s ources i mportant e vidence f or t he e xistence o f f uneral g ames i n h onour o f t he w ar c asualties i n A thens o f t he c lassical p eriod c omes f rom t hree i nscribed b ronze v essels: t wo l ebetes a nd a h ydria. 27 T he l ebetes d ate e arlier t han t he h ydria, n amely r oughly f rom t he 2 nd q uarter o f t he 5 th c entury, t he h ydria f rom a bout 4 50 o r s hortly t hereafter . A ll t hree b ear t he i nscription : ' Ae e_ v aroL: l i eXa t n i , T ots t v t ot n oNIµot. T he s pecific o ccasion w hen t he p rize w as w on i s n ot r ecorded. T he l ebetes w ere f ound i n M arathon a nd A mbelokepi r espectively . T he M arathon l ebes w as u sed f or a b urial, s upposedly t he o wner's ( =winn er 's)ashes. T he h ydria c omes f rom a s f ar n orth a s t he o uts kirts o f S alonika. W hile t he l ebetes w ere p robably w on i n c ompetition b y r esidents o f A ttica, t he h ydria m ax h ave b een c arried o ff a s a p rize v essel b y a n on-Athenian. 2 ö B ut w hich w ere t he a thla? A mandry a rgues u nconvincingly , e spec ially o n t he b asis o f t he o ccurrence o f ' Athenians' i n t he i nscriptions, t hat t hey c ould n ot h ave b een d istributed a s a r esult o f v ictory i n t he g ames w hich t he A thenians t hems elves o rganized i n t heir o wn c ity. I nstead, h e p ostulates t hat t he f ormula i ndicates a v ictory w on o utside A thens. 29 F or A mandry, t he m ost l ikely c ompetition w as t hat o f t he H erakleia a t M arathon. H e s tates 3 ° t hat A ristotle d oes n ot p recisely • s ay " ni o ü n i q uand s e t enait l 'epitaphios a gon". H owever, i f t he H erakleia a re e liminated a s a c andidate, o ne m ust c ome b ack t o t he n otion t hat t he a thla w hich a re r ef erred t o i n t he i nscriptions a re i dentical w ith t he E pit aphios A gon w hich w as h eld .in A thens i tself. T he c lose a ssociation o f t he E pitaphios A gon w ith t he s acrifices t o H armodios a nd A ristogeiton c annot l eave much d oubt a bout t he s pecific p lace o f a ction, t hat i s t he D emosion S ema i ts elf. T he d ate o f t he i nscription o n t he M arathon l ebes, ' around o r s hortly a fter 4 80" - c orroborates n ot o nly D iod orus a pproximate d ate f or t he i nstitution o f t he E pitaphios A gon b ut a lso t he f oundation o f t he D emosion S ema. T he l ater p rize v essels c onfirm g enerally s peaking t he f act t hat E pitaphioi A gones c ontinued t o b e h eld b ut t hey c an n ot, o f c ourse, t hrow a ny l ight o n t he q uestion w hether o r n ot t hese w ere a y early i nstitution o r s trictly s peaking t ied t o t he o ccasion o f t he b urial o f c asualties i n w ar , w hich, i n c ertain p eriods a t l east, w as n ot a n a nnual o ccurr ence. S cholars w ho h ave d ealt w ith t he t hree p rize v essels h ave s o f ar n ot c onsidered t he q uestion o f t he s pecific e v ent i n t he E pitaphios A gon f or w hich t he v essels w ere d is tributed a s p rizes. W hereas t here i s n o m eans t o s uggest a ny s pecific e vent f or t he l ebetes, t here i s a c hance t hat

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h ydriai w ere p rizes f or v ictory i n t he l ampededromiai. A b rone hydria i s m entioned s pecifically a s a p rize v essel i n t he l ampadedromia a t t he P anathenaia. 31 L ampadedromiai w ere a lso h eld a t t he H ephaestia a nd P romethia. 32 A lthough s everal r ed-figured v ase-paintings d epict t orch r aces a nd d ivinities i n w hose h onour t hey w ere h eld, i t h as p roven d ifficult t o i dentify t he l atter. T his h olds t rue f or t he v olute-krater b y P olion, 33 t he b ell-krater i n t he m anner o f t he P eleus P ainter, 34 a nd t he b ell-krater b y t he N ikias P ainter. 35 T he b ell-krater(n.34)shows a h ydria n ext t o a n a ltar, c learly t o b e g iven a s t he p rize v essel t o t he w inner i n t he L ampadedromia. T hus, I b elieve t hat t he e vidence f rom t he P anathenaia i nscription(see n .31), f rom t he b ellk rater i n t he m anner o f t he P eleus P ainter a nd l astly f rom o ther b ronze hydriai w ith i nscriptions a ttesting t o t heir u se a s p rize v essels s trongly s upport t he n otion t hat t he h ydria f ound n ear S alonika w as g iven a s p rize i n t he l ampad edromia o n t he o ccasion o f t he E pitaphios A gon a round o r a fter 4 50. B esides t he t hree i nscribed b ronze v essels o ther a rchaeol ogical e vidence a ttesting t o t he e xistence o f t he E pitaphios A gon i s e xtremely s carce. T he p ossibility o f r elating v asep aintings d epicting g ymnic a nd h ippic a gones, h oplitodromoi o r t he a n ac gLg c v o tç ö nÄotg a nd t orch r aces t o t he E pit aphios A gon i nstead o f t o o ther a gones, w ould d epend e nt irely o n i nscriptions w hich c ould r elate a s cene m ore s pecif ically t o a n a gon k nown f rom l iterary-inscriptional e vid ence. B ut s ince i nscriptions a re l acking a nd s ince t he a gones w ere m any, t he c hoices a re s imilarly m anifold . 3 6 R enewed a ttention must t herefore b e g iven a w hite-ground l ekythos o n w hich a n aked y outh w ith a h uge t orch i n h is r ight h and a nd a d iscus i n h is l eft r uns p ast a g ravestone. T he l ekythos d ates f rom a bout 4 40-(430). 3 / N ot o nly i s t he t ype o f v ase s pecifically r elated t o t he r ealm o f t he d ead b ut t he v ase-painter w ould h ardly h ave c hosen t he w hite-ground l ekythos i n a ssociation w ith t he a ttributes o f t orch a nd d iscus o n t he b ackground o f t he t omb s etting u nless h e w ere f amiliar w ith t he g eneral m eaning o f t he E pitaphios A gon w hich h onours c asualties i n w arfare. I f o ne i s t o d eny t his a ssociation, h e w ill h ave t o p rove t hat i t w ould b e p ossible w ithout k nowledge o f t he E pitaphios A gon. 3 8 I n c onclusion, w e must c ome b ack t o t he d ate o f t he i ns titution o f t he E pitaphios A gon, a s w ell a s i ts c onnection w ith t he E pitaphia. M oreover, w e must c onsider a c alendar f or t he P atrios N omos. F uneral g ames o rganized b y a c itys tate a re, a s f ar a s t he e vidence g oes, n ot a ttested b efore t he P ersian W ars. H owever, f uneral g ames a s s uch a re a n a ge-old i nstitution. 39 C ompetitors w on p rize v essels a nd t ripods. A lthough o ur k nowledge a bout f unerary c ustoms i n A thens d uring t he 6 th c entury i s s light, i t i s m ore t han l ikely t hat i n t he c ase o f p rivate b urial o f a m ember o f a w ealthy A thenian f amily f uneral g ames, m ostly h orse r aces,

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w ere h eld t o p ay d ue h onour t o t he d eceased. I f h e w ere a c asualty i n w arfare, t he d eceased c ould b e c onsidered t o h ave b ecome a h ero. 41 E arly i n t he 5 th c entury t he s acrifices t o A rtemis A grot era a nd t o E nyalios a nd t he c elebration o f t he v ictory a t M arathon w hich i s a ssociated w ith t hese s acrifices, t he H erakleia a t M arathon, t he A ianteia a t S alamis, a ll t hese c ult f estivals a re o bviously c onnected w ith t he s uccesses i n t he P ersian W ars a nd A thens h ad a ssumed t he r esponsibili ty t o c elebrate t hem a s i t c elebrated t he L ampadedromia i n h onour o f P an w hich w as i nstituted a fter t he b attle o f M arathon. E ven i f w e h ad n o r eference t o t he P ersian W ars i n D iodorus r egarding t he i ntroduction o f t he E pitaphios A gon i n A thens, w e c ould n ot e scape d rawing t he c onclusion t hat f rom t he m oment t he A thenians b egan t o b ury t heir c asu alties i n a p ublic c emetery, t he D emosion S ema, t hey m ust h ave b egun t o c elebrate w hat a uthors i n t he 4 th c entury c alled t he E pitaphios A gon. J acoby o nce a sked w hether t he E pitaphios A gon w as " an i ndependent c eremony, a p articular f estival o f t he w ar d ead, t he f estival p erhaps w hich i n t he l ate e phebic i nscriptions i s c alled E pitaphia, o r w as i t p art a nd p arcel o f a g eneral f estival o f t he d ead?". 42 I b elieve t hat t he E pitaphios A gon, w hich I d o n ot h esitate t o e quate w ith t he E pitaphia, i s, i f a nything, " part a nd p arcel" o f t he P atrios N omos a s a w hole. T he E pitaphios A gon h as n othing t o d o w ith t he " State f estival o f t he G enesia" a s J acoby t hought i t d id, 43 s imply b ecause t he G enesia w ere c elebrated o n t he 5 th o f B oedromion, 44 t hat i s a bout o ne m onth e arlier t han t he T hes eia w hich a re a ssociated c onstantly w ith t he E pitaphia i n t he E phebic i nscriptions. I t i s t his a ssociation o f T heseia a nd E pitaphia w hich I b elieve s uggests t he s olution f or t he c orrect u nderstanding o f t he l atter f estival. I t w as p ointed o ut e arlier 45 t hat t he r eturn o f t he b ones o f T heseus t o A t hens w as a n e vent w ith i mportant r epercussions i n A thens, l eading t o t he f oundation a fter 4 75 o f t he D emosion S ema a nd t o t he i nstitution o f t he P atrios N omos. T he T heseia w ere c elebrated o n t he 8 th P yanopsion , " the d ay o f t he l arg est s acrifice t o T heseus". " N o d oubt t he f unerary s ignifi cance o f t he f estival w as c onditioned b y t he r eturn o f t he h ero's b ones a nd t heir i nterment i n A thens. R eturn , i nterm ent a nd h ero w orship s tand i n p erfect p arallel t o t he r et urn t o A thens o f t he b ones a nd a shes o f t he c asualties i n w ar, t heir i nterment i n t he D emosion S ema, a nd t heir h ero w orship. W hat t he E phebic i nscriptions i n t heir a ssociat ion o f T heseia a nd E pitaphia a ttest t o i s s imply t hat t he E pitaphia(or t he E pitaphios A gon)were n ot o nly c losely m ode lled o n t he p rototype o f t he T heseia b ut t he l atter w ere t he i nspiration f or t he E pitaphios A gon a s " part a nd p arc el" o f t he P atrios N omos. I t i s m ore t han l ikely t hat w e h ave h ere f unerary f estivals w hich w ere c onceived e ven b y m any c ontemporaries a s p arallel f estivals, p erhaps t o t he p oint w here t hey t ended t o m erge o r, a t a ny r ate, w ould c ons tantly b e a ssociated w ith e ach o ther . T his i s p lausible e nough o n a ccount o f t he s imilarity o f t he e vents c elebrated

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i n b oth t he T heseia a nd E pitaphia.

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T he t erminus p ost q uem f or t he T heseia i s 4 75. I f t he P atrios N omos w as i nstituted i n e ssence i n t he l ate 4 70's, o ne o f t he f irst p ractical a pplications m ay h ave b een m ade a t t he b urial o f t he c asualties a t t he E urymedon R iver[17] i n e ither 4 69 o r 4 66. 48 A nd a s t he E pitaphios A gon w as " part a nd p arcel" o f t he P atrios N omos, i t f ollows t hat t he A gon c annot b e e arlier t han t he l ate 4 70's, c losely f ollowi ng t he d ate o f t he i nstitution o f t he T heseia. B ecause o f t he e xistence o f t he T heseia, w hich e mphasized t he g ene ral n otion o f t he r eturn o f t he b ones a nd t heir i nterment i n A thens a nd b ecause o f t he f act t hat t he T heseia w ere a n a nnual c elebration, I d o n ot b elieve t hat t he E pitaphios A gon w as a lso a n a nnual f estival. T he E pitaphios A gon w as c elebrated i n y ears w hen t he n ecessity a rose t o o bserve t he P atrios N omos, t hat i s, w hen t here w ere c asualties i n w ar w ho w ere g iven p ublic b urial a nd p ublic h onours i n t he f orm o f f uneral g ames. 49 I t i s v ery p ossible t hat i n a y ear w hen t he P atrios N omos w as o mitted d ue t o l ack o f c asualties i n w arfare, t he T heseia, a n a nnual f estival, s atisfied t he n eed f or c ommemoration o f A thenian w arriors w ho d ied i n p rev ious y ears a nd w hose f ate a nd s tatus w as s o m uch l ike t hat o f T heseus. T he s ignificance o f t he E pitaphios A gon i n t he A thenian c onstitution o f t he P atrios N omos, t he s ources f rom w hich i t o riginated, a nd t he c ircumstances u nder w hich i t w as c rea ted l eave n o d oubt t hat t he E pitaphios A gon i s s ynonymous w ith E pitaphia, t he H ellenistic t erm h aving r eplaced t he e arlier o ne. S ince n o e vidence i s a vailable f or t he f unct ioning o f t he P atrios N omos i n t he H ellenistic p eriod, i t m ay w ell b e t hat t he E pitaphia w ere a y early f estival i n c ommemoration o f w ar c asualties, a ssuming, a s i t w ere, t he r ole w hich t he T heseia c ould p lay i n a n A thenian w ar-less y ear a s s uggested e arlier. T his c ould e xplain t he c lose a ssociation o f t he T heseia w ith t he E pitaphia i n t he H ell enistic i nscriptions m eaning a s m uch a s t hat t hey w ere t wo i ndependent f estivals a nd s trictly o bserved a s s uch. 5 ° F inally, a s f or t he d ate e arly i n t he w inter f or t he c elebration o f t he P atrios N omos, c ould n ot t he d ate o f t he T heseia, n amely t he 8 th P yanopsion, i ndicate a n a pproximate d ate f or t he o bservance o f t he P atrios N omos? T he o nly t ime r eference r egarding t he c elebration o f t he P atrios N om os i s i n T hukydides w ho p laces i t i n g eneral t erms " in t he w inter". 51 D eubner t hought t hat t his r eference " weist v ielmehr v on d em 8 . P yanopsion f ort", b elieving t hat t he m onth P yanopsion i s n ot r epresentative o f t he w inter . 5 2 T his o pinion s tands a gainst t hat o f M ommsen w ho p ut t he T heseia o n t he 6 th t o t he 1 1th P yanopsion, t he E pitaphia w ith t he l ampadedromia o n t he f ollowing 1 2th . 53 S erious d oubts a rise a bout t he p racticality o f t his c alendar b ec ause o f another i mportant t hree-day f estival, t he T hesmop horia w hich b egan o n t he 1 1th P yanopsion. I f eel t hat n either t he T heseia n or t he E pitaphia a nd, i n f act, t he P atrios N omos c ould n or s hould c oincide w ith t he T hesmopho-

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n a. M oreover, T hukydides s peaks o f t he c ustom o f t he A t henians, n amely t hat t he b ones a nd a shes o f t he d eceased a re s et f orth f or t hree s uccessive d ays. S ubsequently, o n t he 4 th d ay, t he b ones a nd a shes w ere b uried a nd t he s peake r d elivered t he E pitaphios L ogos. S tupperich e xpressed t he o pinion t hat t his w as n ot t he d ay o n w hich t he E pit aphios A gon c ould b e h eld b ecause t he s peaker a sked t he r elatives o f t he d eceased t o d epart t o t heir h omes. 54 H ence t he E pitaphios A gon c ould h ave b een c elebrated o n t he 5 th d ay o f t he P atrios N omos. I f t he c lose a ssociation o f T heseia a nd E pitaphios A gon i s o f a ny s ignificance a lso f or t he c alendar f ixation o f t he l atter , one c ould s uggest t ent atively t he f ollowing c alendar f or t he P atrios N omos: 6 th-8th P yanopsion :Lying-in-state 8 th P yanopsion

: Theseia

9 th P yanopsion

: Burial a nd E pitaphios L ogos

1 0th P yanopsion

: Epitaphios A gon

l lth-13th P yanops ion

: Thesmophoria

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C HAPTER 4

T HE D EMOSION S EMA (Figs.1-8)

V arious t erms a re u sed i n a ncient G reek t o d esignate t he A thenian s tate c emetery o r D emosion S ema. T hukydides t he e arliest a nd i n m any r espects m ost i pportant s ource b eside P ausanias s peaks(2.34)of t he 8 1. 1 µoctov c e iµa. P ausanias, s ome 6 00 y ears l ater, r efers(1.29.4)to t he * T ac t , g ega ' Aecvai .oLg. A lthough t here a re m any, a nd b y n o m eans o nly, p ublic t ombs t he t erms µeµa, a f lga, n oXuavö perov, e ven T405, s eem t o a lways a ppear i n t he s ingular t o d esignate t he a rea a s s uch, i rrespective o f t he n umber o f t ombs. 1 A ny d iscussion o f t he D emosion S ema w ill h ave t o t ake t wo m ajor s ources i nto c onsideration : P ausanias, 2 a nd t he e xcavations c arried o ut i n t he a rea s ince t he m iddle o f t he 1 9th c entury . P ausanias i s, a nd w ill p robably r emain, t he o nly l iterary s ource f rom w hich w e g ather t he m ost v alu able i nformation r egarding t he p ublic t ombs i n t he D emos ion S ema. A s c ompared w ith o ther b rief a llusions t o m ere h ints a t t he D emosion S ema i n o ther G reek a nd R oman a uthors t he m ass o f s ound i nformation i n P ausanias, t hough o ften c hallenged i n m odern t imes, i s o verwhelming. T he m ore s o, b ecause t he a rea, o nce s aid t o b e l ocated " in t he m ost b eautiful s uburb o f t he c ity % w as d estined t o f all i nto e arly n eglect a nd i nto w orse. 3 T hus, i f G omme c haracterizes P ausanias' d escription a s " haphazard a nd i ncomplete" t his n eed n ot s urprise u s. 4 P ausanias w rote n ot o nly s ome 5 00 t o 6 00 y ears a fter t he c limactic p eriod o f d evelopment o f t he D emosion S ema, b ut a lso a fter t be s tate c emetery h ad b een s everely d amaged, t wice b y w ard a nd o ther d epredations. 6 W hat s hould r eally s urprise u s i n t he f inal a nalysis i s t hat P ausanias s aw a s m uch a s h e d id, u nless o ne b elieves w ith J acoby t hat h e m erely e xcerpted f rom h is p redecessors, a n o pinion w hich I f ind u ntenable. I n t he c hapter p receding 2 9 P ausanias d escribed t he s anctuary o f t he F uries(28.6f.), r eferred t o s everal l aw c ourts(28.8-11), a nd f inally i n 2 9.1 h inted b riefly a t t he s hip w hich i s u sed i n t he P anathenaic p rocession a nd w hose l ocation(while n ot i n u se) i s " near t he h ill o f A res". I n 2 9.2 P ausanias t urns t o t he " sanctuaries a nd t he t ombs o f h eroes a nd m en" w hich a re l ocated " outside t he c ity i n t he d emes a nd a long t he r oads". A s o ne f ollows f rom t he s anct uary o f t he F uries a p ath t hrough t he w estern h alf o f t he A gora i t b ecomes c lear f rom t he s entence f ollowing t he r efe rence t o t he " sanctuaries a nd t he t ombs o f h eroes a nd m en"

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w hich a re l ying " closest t o t he A cademy" t hat P ausanias p assed t hrough t he D ipylon G ate a nd t hen b egan h is i nspect ion o f t he m onuments s ituated o n t he r oad t o t he A cademy. D espite r ecent a ttempts(a§ y et u npublished)to l ocate t he D emosion S ema o n t he r oad/ w hich b ranches o ff t he s treet t hat l eads f rom t he E rian g ates t o t he K olonos H ippios ( at t he p resent d ay o dos K onstantinopolis) - a nd w ould t hen r un p arallel w ith t he A cademy r oad, s everal s ources b eside P ausanias a nd a ctual f inds a ttest t o t he l ocation o f h e P olyandreion i n t he t erritory l ong s ince e stablished.° P roceeding o n t he r oad t o t he A cademy, P ausanias m ent ions t he s mall s anctuary o f A rtemis A riste a nd K alliste a nd a nother " small s hrine" o f D ionysos o f E leutherae(?, s ee F ig.1). I n 3 P ausanias b egins w ith t he r eference t o t he t ombs o f f amous A thenian c itizens. T he f irst m entioned i s t hat o f T hrasyboulos(died c .388)whom P ausanias r emembers a s h aving p ut a n e nd t o t he t yranny o f t he T hirty. T here f ollow t he t ombs o f P erikles(d.429), C habrias(d.357), a nd P hormion(d.after 4 29)[cp. F igs.3-5]. F rom s ources o ther t han P ausanias w e g ather t hat t he t omb o f t he S kythian h ero T oxaris w as l ocated o n t he l eft o f t he r oad a s o ne w alks t owards t he A cademy 9 ( Fig.1). A ll o f t hese t ombs a re t o b e p laced i n t he a rea b etween t he D ipylon G ate a nd t he s anct uary o f A rtemis, v ery l ikely o n e ither s ide o f t he A cademy r oad w hich P ausanias r efers t o i n 4 b y t he s imple w ord 6 86 g . 10 R egarding t he t ombs o f f amous c itizens a long t he A cademy r oad a nd a lso t hose i n t he a rea t o t he s outh-west, a long t he s o-called s acred r oad, e xcavations h ave a mply a ttested a s eries o f t ombs e rected e ither f or A thenians o r f oreigners w ho h eld h igh g overnment p ositions a nd w ho u pon d ying w ere h onoured b y t ombs i n a p rominent l ocation i rrespective o f t he c ircumstances o f t heir d eaths. 11 B ec ause o f t he f act t hat m ost o f t hese m emorials w ere e rected a t t he s tate's e xpense, t he a rea c an b e d esignated a s p ubl ic b urial g round. P ausanias n otes i n 4 t hat t he c asualties b uried i n t he D emosion S ema o ccurred i n l and a nd i n s ea-battles, b ut h e s tates w rongly t hat t he n ames o f t he c asualties w ere e ng raved o n t he s telai o gether w ith t he r eference t o t he d eme o f e ach v ictim. 1 L C asualty l ists a re d istinct f rom o ther t ypes o f l ists i n t hat t hey o mit n ot o nly t he d emes b ut a lso t he p atronymics. I nstead, t he g rouping o f c asu alties i s b y t he A thenian t ribes. I mmediately t hereafter, P ausanias t urns t o t he f irst p olyandrion h e e ncounters o n h is w ay t o t he A cademy, t he s tate m emorial f or t he c asualt ies w ho f ell i n 4 64 a t D rabeskos i n n orthern G reece[18, F ig.2]. I t i s u nfortunate t hat P ausanias a lmost e ntirely o mits d irections i n h is d escription 2 f t he D emosion S ema. H e i ses n either r ight n or l eft. e gnpoaecv o ccurs o nce(6); e vTa na, t hat i s w here h e j ust s tands, t hree t imes(7,10,14); au i .ç w ith t he m eaning t hereafter, m oreover, o nce(6), a nd gc tä 8 £ a lso o nce(11). I n 1 4, w ith r eference t o t he p olya ndrion o f 4 47/6[31] a nd T olmides, a bout w hose a chievements

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P ausanias s peaks a t l enAth i n 1 .27.5, w e f ind t he r ather u nexpected s tatement: 1 .0T W ô p aov t . tcvOuc c p C 7 x aTä T f iv 4 öv T UUTT IV. U nexpected, b ecause w here e lse b ut i n t he D emosion S ema c ould t he c asualties o f K oroneia b e g iven p ublic b urial? 5 i s a n a mplification o n t he f irst s tate m emorial, b y i ntroducing t he n ames o f t he t wo s trategoi w ho f ought a t D rabeskos, n amely L eagros a nd S ophanes. I t i s a lso a n e xc ursus r egarding m ilitary c ampaigns w hich l ed A thenians b ey ond t he b orders o f G reece p roper. A t t his p oint P ausanias s eems t o h ave t aken a f ew s teps b ackward f rom w here h e j ust s tood. T hus, i n 6 , t hat i s, i n f ront o f t he m onument o f D rabesk os[18], P ausanias r efers t o w hat B rueckner l ong a go t ermed " Sondergräber" - s pecial g raves - f or A thenian a nd n on-At henian c asualties. 13 P ausanias h ere m entions t he t omb o f M elanopos a nd M akartatos[21e, F ig.3]who f ell i n 4 58 i n o ne o f t he e ncounters o f t he S partan-Boeotian a lliance a gainst t he A thenians. A r elief o n t he s tele d epicted a c avalry b attle a ccording t o P ausanias. 14 T here f ollows i n P ausanias t he p olyandrion f or t he T hessalian h orse v ictim i n t he f irst y ear o f t he A rchidamian W ar[42a,Fig.3]. N earby w as t he m em orial f or t he C retan a rchers p robably t o b e d ated i n c onj unction w ith t he S icilian c ampaign[53,Fig.4]. L astly, t he p eriegete m entions t he t omb o f K leisthenes a nd t he m emorial f or t he A thenian h orse[42b,Fig.3]who w ere a lso c asualties i n 4 31. T heir t omb, t herefore, i s c onnected w ith t hat o f t he T hessalians[42a]who j oined t he A thenian r anks a gainst t he i ncursions o f t he P eloponnesians. 15 T he d iscovery o f t he p olyandrion o f t he L akedaemonians [ 60a,Fig.4]dating f rom 4 03 a nd t he r eference i n P ausanias 3 &6 t o g raves o f f amous m en a nd m emorials p redominantly f or n on-Athenian c asualties s uggest, a s B rueckner h ad s urm ised, t hat a n i nitial p ortion o f t he A cademy r oad w as s et a side f or t he b urial o f f oreign c asualties a nd must t heref ore b e s eparated f rom t he D emosion S ema p roper. 16 A dmitt edly, B rueckner's s urmise i s h ypothetical b ecause t he c ont ext o f m any p olyandria i n t his i nitial s ection c an n o l onger, b e a scertained, t hat i s A thenian p olyandria m ax h ave b een m ore p lentiful t han s uggested b y P ausanias.'' H owever, i t m ay b e s aid i n f avour o f B rueckner's t hesis t hat o nce w e h ave r eached t he b urial o f D rabeskos[18]from t hen o n A thenian p olyandria a re l ikely t o h ave p redominated e xceptiones[21a-b]probantes r egulam. 18 I n s ummary, 3 -6 g ive a n a ccount o f t he i nitial s ection a long t he A cademy r oad w ith m emorials f or f amous m en, f or f oreigners, t hat i s a llies(Cretan a rchers[53], T hessalian h orse[42a]i, a nd e nemies a like(memorial f or t he S partans [ 60a]), a nd t here a re s pecial g raves[21e,42b]for A thenians. A ll g raves c an b e d ated e xcept o ne, t his b eing t he t omb o f K leisthenes. W e h ave n ot t he s lightest i dea w hy i t w as p laced h ere a nd t o s uggest a ny e xplanation i s o bviously

3 1

p ure s peculation. B e t hat a s i t m ay , t he e arliesttomb onthe r oad t o t he A cademy d ating i n o ur v iew f rom b efore t he c ons titution o f t he P atrios N omos, 19 i s m entioned i n 7 , n amely t he m emorial f or t he A thenians ( and s laves?) w ho f ell i n t he w ar(s) a gainst t he A eginetans e ither j ust b efore t he b attle o f M arathon o r s ome y ears a fter 4 90[7a,Fig.1]. T he d ate o f K leisthenes' d eath i s u nknown b ut g enerally a ssumed t o h ave o ccurred a round 4 90. T hus, I w ould l ike t o a rgue t hat t he s tateman 's t omb s tands i n t opographical r elation t o [ 7a]not p rimarily b ecause o f t heir q uasi c ontemporanei ty, t hough t his m ay h ave p layed s ome r ole t oo, b ut b ecause o f t he w ider s ignificance o f t he t wo r espective t ombs i n a h istorical c ontext. T he m ilitary r eforms o f K leisthenes a fter 5 08/7 a re w ell d ocumented.L 0 A nd s o a re t he c ontinu ed s kirmishes b etween A thens a nd A egina f rom t he e nd o f t he 6 th c entury o nwards. S urely, K leisthenes w as h eavily i nvolved i n t his w arfare b efore a nd a fter t he t urn o f t he c entury . K leisthenes' r eforms c ould a lso h ave s hown s ome g eneral c oncern f or t he s laves w ho p articipated i n t he w arf are. H owever, i t i s b elieved t hat i n t he l ate 4 90's a nd e specialy i n t he e arly 4 80's, w hen t he w ar c ame e ventually t o a n e nd, i t w as T hemistokles w ho w as i nstrumental i n h aving t he s laves' n ames e ngraved u pon t he s tate m emorial [ 7a] A fter t he p assage w hich r elates t o t he c asualties i n t he A eginetan w arfare t here f ollows a h iatus i n P ausanias' t ext w hich s eparates a ll t hat h as b een s aid s o f ar (3-7)from w hat f ollows i n t he r emainder o f 7 a nd 8 -14 a s i s c learly m arked b y t he s entence: g aTL ô x at A v8 4v O vegaTa

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B efore c ontinuing w ith t he a nalysis o f P ausanias' t ext i t m ight b e u seful t o b ring u p b riefly t he q uestion w here o n t he A cademy r oad t he t ombs w ere p laced, e specially s ince t he p eriegete h imself o mits d irections a nd s pecifications a s w e p ointed o ut e arlier. T he h ypothesis f irst p roposed b y B rueckner 22 a nd h eld b y s ome l ater s cholars t hat t he t ombs w ere p laced i n t he c enter s ection o f t he r oad a nd t hat t he t orch r acers i n t he E pitaphios A gon w ould c ircle a round t he t ombs w as a bandoned l ater a s u nlikely. 23 B rueckner's n otion i s d isproved e ntirely b y t he i nitial, e xcavated s ection o f t he A cademy r oad b etween t he D ipylon G ate a nd t he s o-called t omb o f C habrias, a s w ell a s b y t he e xcavations b eyond a nd s ome s tretches o f t he r oad i tself . O ne c an t hus c onclude t hat t he p olyandria l ay m ost l ikely o n t he r ight a nd l eft h and s ide o f t he A cademy r oad. T he c enter o f t he r oad, a t l east 2 0m w ide, w as s upposedly l eft f ree a nd u nobstructed. T wo s cholia o n A ristophanes' B irds ( 395) a nd K nights(722)in a 3 rd c entury w ork t itled R cp t . A el V MV b y M nesikles a nd lor K allikrates l end s upport t o t he s uggested l ocation o f t he t ombs, e specially n oting t he g veev x at Z ybEv. 2 4 A s w e r eturn t o P ausanias' t ext, t he p eriegete p roceeds t opographically b ut t he p olyandria a re n ot l aid o ut i n a ny

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c hronological o rder, a s w e h ave s een a lready. T hus t he t omb[7a] o f 4 91/90? o r 4 87/6 w as f urther a way f rom t he s tarting p oint o f P ausanias(the D ipylon G ate)than [ 18], t he t omb o f t he c asualties o f 4 64. E ven e arlier i s t he p olya ndrion o f t he c asualties a t t he E urymedon R iver[17,Fig.2]. T his t omb l ies a t t he o pposite e nd o f [ 18]. T he p olyandria w hich P ausanias r efers t o i n t he f ollowing p aragraphs(7end-14)form s eparate g roups c omprising b urials o f d ifferent d ate. I n 7n ear t he e arliest p olyandrion[7a], P ausanias r ecords t he m emorials f or t he c asualties o f 4 28 [ 45,Fig.4] a nd 3 49[76,Fig.5]. I n 8 t hose o f 4 58[21a,Fig.3], a nd i n 1 0 a re r ecorded t wo o f t he l atest p olyandria, f rom t he 3 rd c entury. 2 5 I n 1 0 i s a lso m entioned t he g rave o f E ubuleus(d.c.343,Fig.5). I n 1 1 ( see F ig.5) f ollow t he m em orials f or t he c asualties i n S icily i n 4 13[54], C hios-Sam os i n 4 12/10[55a-b], i n A sia i n 4 11-410[56]and t he N emea R iver i n 3 94[68a-b]. 1 3 t urns o ut t o b e p erhaps t he m ost i mpressive c oncentration o f p olyandria(see F igs.3-5). P ausanias r eports t he b urials o f t he c asualties o f K ypros i n 4 50[22a], o f t hose i n N orthern W ars a nd i n M egara i n 4 47/6[32a-b], i n D elion i n 4 24[48a], i n A mphipolis i n 4 22 [ 50b], i n M antinea i n 4 18[51a], i n S icily i n 4 15/4[52a], i n t he H ellespont i n 4 09/8[58a-b], i n C haeroneia i n 3 38 [ 77a-b], a nd i n t he L amian W ar o f 3 2 2 /2 1 [78]. F rom t he 3 rd c entury d ates t he m emorial f or t he m en w ho f ell f ighting a t t he s ide o f O lympiodorus a gainst t he M akedonians. F inally, i n 1 4, a fter E urymedon[17,Fig.2], f ollows a r eference t o t he b urial o f t he c asualties i n K oroneia i n 4 47/6[31,Fig.3]and o nly o ne o ther p olyandrion o f m uch l ater d ate i s m entioned, d ating f rom 1 49-46 w hen A thenians l ost t heir l ives f ighting a gainst K arthaginians(see F ig.5). W hatever p olyandria P ausanias m ay h ave m issed, h is l ist o f m emorials i s i mpressive i ndeed. T o b e s ure, o ne m ight w onder a bout c ertain o missions, t he m ore s o s ince m any c asualty l ists w hich c an b e r elated t o s pecific c ampaigns h ave t urned u p i n m odern t imes. H owever, t he m emorials t o w hich t hese l ists b elonged a re n owhere m entioned i n P ausan ias. M emorials b oth p reserved i n s tone a nd r eported b y P ausanias m ake a t otal o f t hirteen(seven o f w hich a re d oubtf ul). 26 T here a re a s m any a s f orty-five m emorials n ot r ep orted b y P ausanias b ut p reserved e ither i n t he f orm o f a c asualty l ist(a), o r i n e pigrams o n s tone(b), o r i n t he l iterary e vidence(c). 27 A mong t hese t estimonia s till p res erved a re p rominent o nes s uch a s [ 20a,Fig.3], t he b urial o f t he c asualties o f 4 59?,458? i n E gypt a nd o ther t heaters o f w ar. T he m emorial o f P otidaea o f 4 32[41,Fig.4]goes u nm entioned i n P ausanias a s w ell. I n o rder t o e xplain t he o missions, I b elieve i t i s s afer t o s ay t hat t he m emorials i n q uestion h ad a lready d isappeared w hen P ausanias v isited t he D emosion S ema t han t hat P ausanias, p ace J acoby, e xcerpt ed h is p redecessors i n a p iece-meal f ashion. T he f irst a lternative s eems t o b e m ore l ikely b ecause P ausanias i s n ow t he o nly s ource f or t he v aluable e vidence c oncerning t welve m emorials: t he A thenians w ho f ell i n t he A eginetan 3 3

w ar[7a], t he K leoneans w ho f ell i n T anagra[21b], t he T hessal ian a nd A thenian h orse[42a-b], t he c asualties i n D elion [ 48a], t he c asualties i n M antinea[51a], t he C retan a rchers [ 53], t he f inal y ear o f t he S icilian c ampaign[54], t he c asu alties i n O lynthus[76], a nd t he c asualties i n t he L amian W ar[78]. I t w as s aid e arlier t hat t he t otal l ength o f t he r oad f rom t he D ipylon G ate t o t he A cademy w as c .1478m l ong. A t t he A cademy e ntrance P ausanias r efers t o t he a ltar o f E ros d edicated b y C harmos a s o ne l earns f rom t he e pigram . 28 C lose t o t he a ltar w as t he t omb(kenotaph?)of H armodios a nd A ristogeiton a s P ausanias r eminds u s i n 1 5(see F ig.1). I t i s m ore t han l ikely t hat t his m emorial w as e rected a t p ublic e xpense a nd s hould t herefore b e a dded a s p ublic b uri al t o t hose o f S olon a nd T ellus. P ausanias a lso r efers i n 1 5-16 t o t he t ombs o f K onon(d.after 3 92), o f T imotheos ( d.354) 29 , o f Z enon(d.262/1), o f C hrysippos f rom S oloi(d. 2 08), o f N ikias, s on o f N ikodemos(d.at t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury,for a ll t ombs s ee F ig.5), o f E phialtes(d.461, s ee F ig.3), a nd o f L ykourgos, s on o f L ykophron(d.324, s ee F ig. 5 ). F or s everal r easons, n otably a thletic c ontests a nd t orch r aces 30 a s w ell a s t he c ult a nd c eremonies i n w hich H armodios a nd A ristogeiton w ere w orshipped a s h eroes 3 1 , i t i s a ssumed t hat h ere t oo, a s i n f ront o f t he D ipylon G ate, t here w as s ome o pen s pace o r s quare w hich p ermitted t he g athering o f c rowds a nd a thletes. T he a ltar o f E ros ( Fig.1)was d efinitely a f ocal p oint a s w as i ntimated e arl ier . A mong t he t omb o f f amous m en - n ot h eroes i n t he p roper s ense - t he t omb o f E phialtes w as e rected 5 3 y ears a fter t hat o f t he t ryannicides. W e m ay a sk, c an i t b e p ure c hance t hat t his t omb w as s o c lose t o t hat o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton? E phialtes'partisans m ust h ave s trongly f elt t hat h is m urder b y t hose w ho w ere d iscontent w ith E phialt es' a bolishment o f t he A reopagus w as a p arallel i n p olitic al t erms t o t he k illing o f the t yrannicides. T he h ero H ekademos w as w orshipped t hroughout t he a rchaic p eriod, i f n ot e arlier i n w hat w ere t o b e i n a l ater p eriod t he A cademy g rounds. 32 A b lack-figured f ragment f rom a bout 5 70-560 f rom t he A gora e xcavations b ears t he i nscription H EKA [ ABM0E (see P late. 5a). T he y outhful m ale f igure " holding o ut h is c loak" c ould w ell f orm p art o f a p rocession, a w ors hipper c oming u p t o t he h ero w ho w ould b e s eated t o t he l eft i n t he l ost p ortion o f t he f ragment. 33 N ear t he n orthe ast c orner o f t he c onfines o f t he l ater A cademy, a H oros s tone d ating f rom a bout 5 00 w as f ound i n s itu, t hus i ndic ating t he e xtent o f t he H ekademeia a lready i n t he l ate 6 th c entury. 34 N ext t o n othing i s k nown a bout H ekademos h imself. T hat t he w orship c entered u pon a t omb i s f airly o bvious. H owever, o f g reater i mportance a re t he r emains o f a n e arly H elladic a psidal h ouse i n t he w estern p art, b eyond t he p rec inct w all o f H ipparchos(?)which e nclosed t he A cademy . N ear i t, b uilt i n t he g eometric p eriod w as a nother, l arger h ouse w hich i s t hought t o h ave b een a g athering p lace f or t he c ult c ommunity w hile t he a psidal h ouse w as c hristened

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t he h ouse o f H ekademos(see F ig.1). 35 N ear t he w all o f H ipp archos, a s mall p ortion o f w hich w as p rovisionally i dentif ied a nd f urther b eyond, i n a w estern d irection, w ere f ound m any t ombs f rom t he g eometric t o t he a rchaic p eriod w hich d eserve f urther s tudy36 e specially t he t ombs o f a gonothetai. I t m ight b e u seful a t t his p oint t o t urn t o t he e xcavat ions i n t he D emosion S ema a nd f irst o f a ll t o t hat a rea w hich s tretches f rom t he D ipylon G ate t o t he s o-called t omb o f C habrias o r r ound t omb, 3 / w here t he A cademy r oad d isapp ears u nder t he m odern P iraeus s treet. W ith t he A cademy r oad m easuring a t otal l ength o f c .1478m, r oughly a t enth i s v isible t oday b ut n ot w holly e xcavated a nd t he r oad n ot a ctually p reserved. 38 F or t his i nitial a rea o f t he A cademy r oad t he G erman e xcavations h ave y ielded r elevant r esults: w hile t he w idth o f t he r oad d uring t he m id-5th c entury w as 3 0-35m, i t r eached 3 7-39m a t t he e nd o f t he c entury. T his l atter w idth r epresents a lmost t wice t he w idth o f t he o uter p ortion o f t he D ipylon G ate. 39 H oros s tones i n s itu, i ndic ating t he e dge o f t he l eft-hand(south-western) s ide o f t he r oad, s tand i n f ront o f t he t omb o f t he S partans[60a] a nd t he r ound t omb r espectively. A t hird H oros s tone w as p laced i n f ront o f t he T hemistoklean w all. I t i s u ncertain w hether t he b edding f or a c orresponding H oros s tone i ndicating t he r ight(eastern)edge o f t he A cademy r oad a t t he D ipylon G ate a ctually c ontained o ne. 40 A t rench o pened b y D r. O hly i n 1 961 t hrough t he w idth o f t he r oad r esulted i n t he r ecogn ition t hat a fter C haeroneia, a s a r esult o f t he r emoval o f s tones f rom t he t ombs t o i mprove t he f ortifications n earby a nd t he d epositing o f r ubble a nd e arth t he e ntire l eft-hand p ortion o f t he A cademy r oad w as c overed a nd t he t ombs t hat h ad b een e rected h ere d isappeared f rom s ight. 41 I n H elleni stic t imes a t omb, p erhaps a p olyandrion, w as p laced i n t he c enter o f t he r oad i n a bout p arallel l ocation t o [ 60a]. T his t omb c ould i ndicate t he n ew, H ellenistic l eft-hand s ide o f t he r oad t he w idth o f w hich w ould h ave s hrunk t o h alf o f i ts o riginal s ize. W hile t he t omb o f t he S partans[60a]thus e ndured f or s ome s eventy y ears, t he r ound t omb e xisted f or h ardly o ne g enera tion. I n t he s pace b etween [ 60a] a nd t he r ound t omb, e xc avations h ave r evealed s everal g raves a nd p ossibly t wo k enotaphs. T he a ccompanying f inds, e specially a rrows, i nd icate t hat t hese t ombs w ere o ccupied b y w ar c asualties, b ut t heir o rigin r emains u nidentified d ue t o l ack o f e vid ence. O ne m ight s urmise t hat t hey w ere n on-Athenians. 42 J ust b ehind t hese b urials t he e xcavations r evealed p ott ers' s hops. T he o ccupation o f t he a rea s hows a h ighly c omplex p attern, b ut t he p otters' s hops p redate t he u se o f t he a rea f or t ombs. O nce t he l atter w ere p laced h ere, t hey c oexisted w ith t he a rtisans' a ctivities. 43 T he a rea i mmediately i n f ront o f t he D ipylon G ate and t he i nitial s ection o f t he A cademy r oad f ormed a f airly l arge o pen s pace a s h as b een m entioned e arlier. I n t rying

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t o e xplain t his s pace a nd t he w idth o f t he g ate i tself, a rchaeologists h ave a rgued c onvincingly t hat s uch a s pace w as n eeded f or t he o rganization o f t he P anathenaic p rocess ion o n t he o ne h and a nd f or t he c eremony o f t he P atrios N omos o n t he o ther. T he s uggested u se o f t he a rea h as f ound s upport i n numerous p ost h oles d istributed i n f ront o f t he g ate a nd a long t he e dges o f t he r oad. T he p ost h oles s erved f or t he e rection o f e phemeral s tructures o n t he o ccasion o f t he P anathenaic p rocession(and p erhaps t he f eeding o f t he p opulace a fter t he d istribution o f t he H ekatombe)as w ell a s o n t he o ccasion o f t he s tate b urial. T he s tructures m ight h ave b een t ents o r s tands. P erhaps o ne c ould l ocate h ere t he b ema, t he s peaker's p latform, f rom w hich t he E pitaphios L ogos w as p ronounced. 44 I t i s b elieved t hat t he u se o f t his s quare i n f ront o f a g ate e arlier t han t he D ipylon G ate t hus a lso p redated t he P ersian W ars. 45 T his s urmise f inds s ome s upport i n t he d iscovery o f a rchaic l ayers o f t he r oad, t his b eing t he r esult o f e xcavations c onducted b y t he G reek a rchaeologists i n a n a rea b eyond t he t erritory o f t he G erman e xcavations. 46 A rchaic l ayers o f t he A cademy r oad h ave b een d etermined i n f ive p laces, l ocations 3 ,8,9,10 a nd 1 4(see F ig.6 f or a ll l ocations o n o r n ear t he A cademy a nd W agon r oads. F or t he k ey t o t he l ocations s ee p p.266f ) .4 7 I n l oc.8 t he a rchaic r oad, 1 .85m b elow t he p resent s urface, i s c omprised o f f our l ayers w ith t he s urprising d epth o f 2 .50m r esting o n v irgin s oil. I n t he s ame l oc. a nother p atch o f t he r oad c ame t o l ight. T he d iscovery i s s ituated s ome 3 00 t o 3 20m f rom t he r ound t omb. I n l oc.3, f our t o f ive l ayers w ith a d epth o f 2 .20m r each t o t he v irgin s oil a nd r epres ent t he a rchaic t o t he H ellenistic l evels o f t he r oad. T he l atter a re 1 4m w ide a nd c ome f rom t he w estern h alf o f t he r oad, i ncluding i ts e gde. I n l oc.9&10 t he v irgin s oil f orms t he a rchaic r oad l evel. A bove t he l atter f ollow i n l oc.9 t en l ayers o f t he c lassical A cademy r oad, 1 .50m d eep a nd 2 .50 b elow t he p resent s treet l evel. A c onduit o f t ria ngular s ection s et i n v irgin s oil i n b oth l oc.9&10 a nted ates t he c lassical r oad l evel. A c onduit o f t he c lassic al p eriod i n t he c onstruction o f w hich c ircular p ipes w ere u sed w as s et a bove t he e arlier, a rchaic o ne. T he a rchaic c onduit i s a ttested a lso i n l oc.8 a nd o ther s pots. I t e v entually r eaches t he a rea c lose t o t he D ipylon G ate. T hus i t r uns u nderneath a nd p arallel w ith t he A cademy r oad. 48 I n l oc.14 t he e xcavator b elieves t hat s he h as f ound t he e astern e dge o f t he r oad o n a ccount o f t he t ombs l ying a dj acent t o t he r oadway. A s t o o ther f inds o n o r n ear t he A cademy r oad i n t he p er iod b efore t he P ersian W ars, w e c an s ummarize a s f ollows. I n l oc.8 g eometric s herds w ere f ound i n-between t he t wo l ayers w hich r epresent t he r emains o f t he a rchaic r oad. I b elieve t hat t he s tructure i n l oc.5(see F igs.1&6)of w hich t here r emains a l owermost s tep(platform)which i s s et u pon a r ubble f oundation t hat l eaves a h ollow s pace i n i ts c ent er m arks a b urial o f s ome i mportance. T he m emorial w as c omprised o f a t l east t wo s teps w ith a s tele(?)placed o n t op. I n t he s pace r eserved f or t he b urial w as f ound a s tone k alpe(quoting t he e xcavator's w ord)which c ontained s ome

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b ones. T he d ate o f t he m nema c ould w ell b e f rom a round 5 00. T he t omb c ame t o l ie a t t he w estern e dge o f t he A cade my r oad a nd i t l ies i n t he a pproximate a rea i n w hich t he t omb o f K leisthenes i s t o b e l ocated a ccording t o t he l ite rary e vidence. 49 O ne c ould t herefore c onsider t he p ossib ility t hat t he s tructure i s i dentical w ith t he t omb o f K leisthenes. N o a rchaic f inds e xcept t he r oad l ayers a re r eported f or l oc.9&10. I n l oc.11 a v ariety o f f inds d ate f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he 6 th c entury t o t he R oman p eriod, i ncluding s culpture, b lack-figured a nd r ed-figured v ases, 50 g lassv essels, a n i nscribed s tele, t wo m arble l outrophoroi a nd n ine k ioniskoi. T he b lack-figured a nd r ed-figured s herds w ere f ound i n l ater f ills. T he l oc. w as d efinitely a b uri al g round i n t he H ellenistic a nd R oman p eriods. I t i s m erely a g uess t hat e arlier b urials p receded. W hatever t he c ase m ay b e, t he q uality o f t he A ttic p ottery i ndicates a l oc. o f m ajor i mportance p receding t he P ersian W ars a nd u sed c ontinually t hereafter. I n l oc.14 w ere f ound s everal e arlier a nd l ater t ombs. T ombs I V a nd V y ielded a s ubstantial n umber o f b lack-figu red l ekythoi, s ome o f w hich a re p ublished, a s w ell a s a n egro a labastron. N ot o nly t he q uality o f t he l ekythoi b ut t he s ubject m atter a s w ell - s ymposia, d eeds o f H erak les, p attern l ekythoi - a re p aralleled b y f inds m ade i n t he S oros o f M arathon[6a]and i n t he t umulus o f t he P lataea nd[6b]. T herefore, a d ate i n o r a round 4 90 i s s trongly i ndicated. W hile t he s ingle b urial i n l oc.5 m ay b e p ublic, t he t wo b urials i n l oc.14 a re, I b elieve, p rivate a nd c ont emporary w ith M arathon a s s uggested. 51 M eagre a s t he r es ult m ay b e, w e m ay s ay i n c onclusion t hat s ome r oadway i s a ttested i n t he l atter p art o f t he 6 th c entury. T he l ate a rchaic l evels o f t he A cademy r oad s hould b e i nterpreted o n t he b asis o f t he i ncreased a ctivity t hat d eveloped i n t he a rea o f t he A cademy, t he w orship o f t he h ero H ekademos, t he w orship o f s everal l esser d ivinities f or w hich a ltars a re a ttested, a nd t he w orship o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton a s h eroes. T he t horough p lanning a nd t he s ystematic u se o f t he A cademy r oad b egan o nly i n t he 5 th c entury w hen a n arrower, p arallel r oad w as a lso b uilt a t a d istance o f c . 5 5m t o t he w est t o w hich w e s hall h enceforth r efer a s t he W agon r oad. A s t o f inds o ther t han t he r oadway, s ome l oc. w hich w ere e xamined y ielded c lues f or t he e xistence o f b uri als w hich a re a bout c ontemporary w ith t he e arliest p olya ndrion[7a]and w ith t he t omb o f K leisthenes. T he e xistence o f t he A cademy r oad i n t he c lassical p erio d - t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies - h as b een a ttested i n m any l ocations b y r ecent G reek e xcavations. A w idth o f a bout 3 0m, w hich r epresents a m aximum, w as r evealed i n l oc.18. H ere t he W agon r oad h as a lso b een a ttested f or a w idth o f 7 m i ncluding s ome o f t his r oad's f oundation w alls. B eing a s econdary r oad, t he W agon r oad w as a pparently u sed f or w heeled t raffic t hus k eeping f ree t he A cademy r oad f rom b ec oming t oo m uch o f a t horoughfare. T his l atter n otion i s

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p erfectly a ppropriate, h owever,

f or t he W agon r oad.

I n l oc.26&27 t he A cademy r oad i s a ttested f or a w idth o f 2 4m a nd 2 1.60m r espectively w ith t en l ayers i n t he f ormer, s ix l ayers i n t he l atter. I n l oc.26 t he W agon r oad w as a ls o f ound w ith a w idth o f 6 m. L esser w idths o f t he A cademy r oad, t hat i s p lus o r m inus 1 4m, a re a ttested w ith v arying n umbers o f r oad l evels i n l oc.3,9,10,14,21,23,24,31,32,33, a nd 8 5. W idth o f 6 m o r l ess w as r evealed i n l oc.8&29 w ith f our a nd s even r oad l evels r espectively. F or l oc.22,32,and 8 9 t he e xcavation r eports d o n ot i ndicate a ny m easurements f or t he w idth. F or o ther l ocations(25,30,87)the d ate o f t he l ayers i s n ot g iven. I n l oc.6,7, a nd 1 6 t he A cademy r oad w as d estroyed b y t he b uilding o f R oman t ombs, e spec ially w hen t hese c ame t o l ie a t t he e dge o f t he r oad a s i n l oc.7&16. F inally, i n a ddition t o l oc.18 a nd 5 9, t he W ago n r oad w as a lso f ound i n l oc.11,12,17,22,and 3 4, i n l oc. 2 2 o nce m ore t ogether w ith t he A cademy r oad. L oc.12,17,80, a nd 8 6 a re o f p articular i nterest b ecause s ome o f t he i sod omic c onstruction o f s upporting w alls f or t he W agon r oad's e astern e dge t urned u p. 5 z I n l oc.12 t he t wo r ows o f s tones p reserved t wo c ourses h igh a re s et i n v irgin s oil. A n a dd itional f eature o f i nterest i s a r ectangular p latform o f i sodomic c onstruction a nd t he r emains o f a s imilar p latform a bout 2 m t o t he n orth. T he e dge o f t he r oad, t he p latforms, a nd s ome t ombs t o t he e ast, t hat i s b etween t he A cademy a nd W agon r oads, d ate f rom t he c lassical p eriod. B y f ar t he l ongest s tretch o f t he W agon r oad, t ogether w ith a g reat n umber o f t ombs, h as b een d iscovered t o t he w est o f t he c hurch o f H agios G eorgios. 53 T here a re n umerous c lassical a nd l ater f inds f rom t he e dges o f t he A cademy a nd W agon r oads a s w ell a s t he a reas i mmediately a djacent. A ll o f t hese f inds, l ike t he a rchaic r emains, m ust b e s crutinized f or t he b earing t hey m ight h ave o n t he D emosion S ema. T ombs I I a nd V III i n l oc.3 d ate f rom t he l ater 5 th c ent ury . T omb I I i s o n t he A cademy r oad, t omb V III j ust b ey ond i ts w estern e dge. W hite-ground l ekythoi, m iscellaneo us v ases a nd b ronze o bjects w ere f ound i n t he t ombs. S till o ther t ombs(III-V )are s ituated o n t he A cademy r oad, b ut d ate f rom t he H ellenistic p eriod w hen a w all w as b uilt s eparating t he t ombs f rom s ome t renches n earby w hich w ill b e d iscussed s hortly. T he b urial p lot w as s till u sed i n R oman t imes. F rom t he R oman f ill c omes a h ead v ase d ating f rom a bout 4 90. A ll t ombs, a s f ar a s i s k nown, c ontained p rivate b urials. W hat i s t heir r elationship t o t he A cademy r oad a nd t o t he t en t renches i n t his l ocation? I d o n ot b elieve w e h ave a n a nswer e xcept t hat i f t he t en t renches h ave a nything t o d o w ith p ublic b urial a s I s hall h ypothetize, t hese t renches c oexisted w ith p rivate b urials a nd t hese i n t urn m ay b e h ere b ecause t here w as p erhaps s ome m utual r elationship b etween s tate a nd p rivate b urials. I n l oc.4, a djacent t o l oc.3, s arcophagus(early 4 th c entury),

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w as f ound a l ate c lassical c ontaining o ne b urial a nd

a l ate r ed-figured(patterned)squat l ekythos, t he l ate 5 th c entury.

p erhaps o f

T hirteen R oman t ombs h ave e ncroached u pon t he A cademy r oad i n l oc.6 a nd h ave d estroyed e arlier r emains. A mong t he m arbles a re a k ioniskos a nd a h erm w ith a f emale h ead. H ere w as f ound t he r eused b lock w ith t he f ragmentary e pig ram[75]. I t i s n ot s urprising t o f ind t hat R oman t ombs e ncroach u pon t he A cademy r oad w hich b y 1 46 a nd l ater h ad l ost i ts f ormer s plendor. A nother c lassical t omb i s i n l oc.10, but i t r emained u nexcavated o n a ccount o f i ts " dang erous L ocation". F ourteen R oman t ombs a re s ituated j ust e ast o f t he A cade my r oad i n l oc.15. T he t ombs y ielded s everal h andsome g lass v essels f rom t he i st c entury A .D. Two b ases w ere d iscovered a bove t ombs X a nd X III, p robably r eused i n s ome c ontext which i s n ow d ifficult t o u nderstand. B ut t he t wo b ases, o ne w ith a c ircular b edding f or t he f oot o f a l ekyt hos o r l outrophoros, t he o ther w ith a b edding f or a s tele, d ate, i f n ot f rom t he a rchaic p eriod, d efinitely f rom t he c lassical e ra(after 4 30 a nd f rom b efore t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury). T he b ases must h ave b een o riginally u sed n ear t he l ater R oman t ombs. T his s eems t o m e t he m ost o bvious i nterpretation o f t he f ind. L ocation 1 8, t o t he e ast o f t he A cademy r oad y ielded r em ains o f a H ellenistic h ouse w ith s everal r ooms. F urther w est, b eyond t he A cademy r oad, a re t ombs o f R oman d ate. T omb I II e ncroaches u pon t he W agon r oad. A m arble l outrophoros b earing a r elief s cene c omes f rom l oc.19 o n t he A cademy r oad. I t w as f ound 1 .30m d eep i n a f ill. T he r elief s cene i s u nusual:Two p airs o f f igures a re d epicted b ack t o b ack, i n e ach c ase, a m ale and a f emale f orm a g roup. O ne o f t he m ale n ames r eads E uthippos. A n E uthippos i s k nown f rom a c asualty l ist o f 4 09/8[58b,line 2 24]. T he p olyandrion o f 4 09/8 w as much c loser t o t he A cade my t han l oc.19 i s. A nd e ven t hough t he n ame o f E uthippos i s v ery c ommon i n A thens, o ne c an n ot e xclude t he p ossibilit y t hat t he l outrophoros o nce a dorned t he f amily p lot o f a n E uthippos I I w ho m ight h ave b een a d escendant o f E uthippos I w ho d ied i n 4 09 a nd w hose p rivate a s o pposed t o p ublic burial a nticipated t he l ocation t o t he e ast o f t he A cademy r oad i n w hich t he l ater b urial o f h is s on(?) o r g randson(?) w as a lso p laced. T wenty-one R oman t ombs a re a ttested i n l oc.80. A ccordi ng t o t he b lack-glazed f ragments o f a p yxis a nd a n a ryball os, t ombs i n l oc.81 d ate f rom t he H ellenistic p eriod. I n l oc.85 l ate R oman t ombs w ere dug i nto t he A cademy r oad. F inally, i n l oc.86, t he s upporting w all o f t he W agon r oad f ormed p art o f a p eriobolos w all f or l ate R oman t ombs. H owever, t here a re t ombs w hich p recede t hese a nd w ith o ne o f t hem w e must c onnect a n i nscribed s tele o f a p roxenos n amed S imias, s on o f D onax . U nfortunately w e i gnore w hethe r t his w as a p ublic o r p rivate t omb. L ikewise f rom t his

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l ocation c omes a m ost i nteresting l ate 4 th c entury g rave s tele, a c ompanion p iece t o t he s tele f rom t he I lissos, w ith t he h ead o f a s leeping n ot a d ead b oy(as 0 . A lexandri w rites) a nd t he f oot o f a s tanding m ale b elonging n o d oubt t o t he f igure o f t he d eceased. G raves i n l oc.88 a re n ot d ated, n or a re t he l ekythoi w hich w ere f ound b y t he e xcav ator d escribed i n a ny d etail. G raves i n l oc.90 c ould d ate f rom t he 5 th-4th c entury a s i s i ndicated b y t he f ind o f a r ed-figured p almette-lekythos. T o t he e ast o f t he A cademy r oad i n l oc.28 w ere f ound t hree c ist g raves. T hey h ave n ot b een a ssigned a d ate b y t he e xcavator. R ecovered f rom t he f ill w as a g rave s tele ( H .1.04m)from t he s econd q uarter o f t he 4 th c entury d epict ing a y oung n aked a thlete h olding a h eavy c loak o ver h is r ight a rm w hich a p ais i s a bout t o r emove f rom h is m aster 's a rm . T he w orkmanship i s e xcellent a nd t he s ubject m atter h as p arallels a mong o ther 4 th c entury g ravestones. O ne c annot e xclude t he p ossibility t hat t he p rivate t omb w as e rected a s a k enotaph b y r elatives o f t he d eceased i n t he v icinity o f t he p olyandrion i n w hich h e a ctually w as b uried l ike D exileos w hose p ublic a nd p rivate t omb(=kenotaph)are k nown(see [ 68b68A]). T he t wo e xamples j ust m entioned i ndicate t hat p rivate b urial o f c asualties o n o r a djacent t o t he A cademy r oad i n p roximity t o p ublic b urial i s n ot a n i mpossibility i n t he l ate 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies. B ut w e d o n ot h ave e nough e vid ence t o s ay a nything m ore p recisely a bout t he r elationship o f t hese p rivate b urials t o t he p ublic b urials, a nd t heref ore o ur s urmises a re s peculative. I t i s a lso w orthwhile t o g ather s ome d ata f rom t he a rea 2 00m e ast a nd w est o f t he A cademy r oad(see F ig.7). W hile o nly l oc.54 r evealed f inds f rom t he M ycenean t hrough t he R oman p eriods, t he a rchaic f inds a re s parsely r epresented. C lassical t ombs i n l oc.75 y ielded b lack-figured, r ed-figu red, a nd b lack g lazed v ases. S ixteen l oc.have c lassical, s even H ellenistic, f ourteen R oman r emains. M any l oc.cover a ll t hree p eriods, b ut t he l oc. w ith o nly R oman r emains a re e qual i n n umber t o t hose w ith e xclusively c lassical r em ains, e ight i n e ach c ase. I n o ther w ords; t here i s a d rop i n t he o ccupation o f t he a rea i n t he H ellenistic p eriod a nd a c onsiderable p ick-up i n R oman t imes. I n c lassical a nd R oman t imes b urial p recincts p redominate c ompared t o o ther s tructural r emains. T he t omb p eribolos i n l oc.69 i s u nique. I t y ielded a w ealth o f r ed-figured v ases a nd w hiteg round l ekythoi a s w ell a s s culptures a nd s tatues o f p hil osophers.D 4 I n l oc.70, w hich i s o n t he r oad t o t he K olonos h ill, w ere f ound n inety-six c lassical t ombs. T his l ocation s hould p erhaps r ather b e i ncluded w ith t he n ecropolis w hich s tarts a t t he E rian g ates a nd e mbraces b oth s ides o f t he r oad w hich l eads f rom t hese g ates t o t he K olonos h ills-5 5 I n a ny e vent, f or t he a pproximately t wo d ozen c lassical t ombs t he q uest ion m ust b e a sked: i s t here a ny r elationship b etween p ri-

4 0

v ate a nd s tate b urials? I f s o, t he e xplanation must l ie i n t he c asualties b uried b y t he s tate w hich m ade t heir f amilies c hoose b urial p lots a d m artyras s o t o s peak, t hat i s a s c lose a s p ossible t o w here t he h eroes w ere b uried. A c ase i n p oint, i n a ddition t o t he o ther e xamples m entioned p rev iously, i s a lso t he t rapeza-shaped b ase w ith t hree v ery s imilar r eliefs d epicting i n e ssence t he c omposition a tt ested f or t he r elief o f D exileos. T his b ase w as f ound c lose t o t he A cademy r oad a nd c ould h ave b elonged t o t he k enotaph o f e . c avalrist b uried i n a p olyandrion i n t he D em osion S ema. 36 I n a ddition t o t he f inds a lready d escribed, t he s ignifi cance o f w hich h as m ore g eneral c haracter, t here a re a f ew o thers w hose b earing i s d irectly r elated t o t he D emosi on S ema. O ne m ight b e i nclined t o f eel t hat t hese f inds c ontribute d isappointingly l ittle t o t he D emosion S ema, e specially w hen c onsidering t hat t he i nterpretation o f s ome o f t hem h as a h ypothetical c haracter a s w e s hall p resently s ee. B e t hat a s i t m ay, s carce a s t he e vidence i s, i t i s a bsolutely c rucial, n ot o nly f or t he g eneral p lacing o f t he D emosion S ema i n j ust t his a rea but a lso b ecause t he f inds a s s uch y ield p recious i nformation. 1 . A v ery f ragmentary e pigram i nscribed o n s tone[75,p. 2 19 t he t ext o f w hich l eaves l ittle d oubt t hat i t b elonged t o a p olyandrion w as d iscovered i n l oc.6. I t d ates f rom t he m id-4th c entury. A lthough i ts t ext i s t oo f ragmentary t o s uggest a ny s pecific h istorical b attle i t m ay r ecall t he e vents o f 3 62. 57 2 .[41,p1. 55 ]is r ecorded b y F auvel t o h ave b een d iscovered n ear t he e ntrance t o t he A cademy. A lthough P ausanias o mits m entioning t he p olyandrion o f t hose w ho d ied i n P otidaea, I b elieve w hat F auvel h as t ransmitted i s t o b e t aken s eriousl y i nto a ccount f or s ituating t his p articular t omb w ithin t he D emosion S ema. O ther r eflections s oon t o b e m ade s upp ort t he s uggested l ocation. 58 3 . I n l oc.1(see F ig.6), a t t he w estern e dge o f t he A cade my r oad, f ragments o f m arble h orse l egs . f rom t he c lassical p eriod w ere d iscovered. T he e xcavator c orrectly s uggested t hat t hey b elonged a s d o o ther f ragments o f h orses d iscove red i n t he K erameikos t o o ne o f t he m emorials e rected f or t he h orse o f t he A thenians a nd/or t heir a llies. 59 4 .[68a-b,p1s.2.3a]are s aid t o h ave b een f ound i n t he i ni ntial p ortion o f t he A cademy r oad. T hough n either i dent ical w ith [ 21e] o r [ 42a], t he p roximity o f t he l atter t o [ 68a-b] a nd t o l ocation 1 j ust d iscussed s uggests t hat t here m ay h ave b een a s ection i n t he D emosion S ema w here c avalrists w ere e specially h onoured b y m emorials. 5 . I n l oc.3(see F ig.6)the A cademy r oad, i ncluding i ts w estern e dge, w as f ound t o b e s ome 1 4m w ide. A bout 6 m i ns ide t he e dge, o n t he r oad p roper, t he e xcavator d iscovered

4 1

o n a s urface o f a bout 5 b y 7 m t en r ectangular t renches, t wo o f t hem e ach a rranged i n p airs, t wo t hree's p laced p arallel t o e ach o ther. T he t renches m easure 1 .10-1.35 b y 0 .35-0.65 b y 0 .80-1.05m. O . A lexandri w as r eminded o f t he f oundations f or b ases i n t he a rchaic p eriod a s t hey h ave b een f ound i n t he K erameikos. T he t renches a re s unk i nto t he g round p erp endicular t o t he A cademy r oad. W hy t en a nd w hy s o c lose t ogether? T hey c ould i ndeed b e t renches f or f oundations o f s telai. A nd w hy n ot n ot f or t he s telai w ith t he c asualty l ists o f t he t en t ribes? F urther d own i n t he t renches c ould h ave b een b uried t he t en l arnakes w hich c ontained t he b ones a nd a shes o f t he d eceased. T he s telai w ere t hen p laced o n t op o f t he l arnakes, t he f ormer f irmly e mbedded i n t heir f oundations(see t he r econstruction i n F ig.8). T he h ypothesis h ere s ubmitted m ay b e b old b ut n ot a ltogether i ncredible. 60 F or t he t ime b eing I s hould l ike t o r etain a s i mportant f or f urther d iscussion t he f act t hat t he t renches e ncroach u pon t he A cademy r oad f or a w idth o f a bout 1 1.50-12m f or t he w este rn e dge. M oreover, t he n umber a nd t he d isposition o f t he t renches c annot b e s heer c oincidence. 6 . I n l oc.11(see F ig.6)the e xcavator f ound a p it m easuring 2 .75 b y 3 .25m dug i n v irgil s oil. F rom t he p it w ere r ecove red n ine K ertsch v ases, f our b lack-glazed k raters, t wo P ana thenaic v ases, b lack-glazed p inakes, k antharoi, v arious o the r t ypes o f v essels a nd f igurines. A lthough t he e xcavator d oes n ot t ell u s, t he f ind c omes f rom t he A cademy r oad o r v ery n ear i t. I n o ther w ords, I b elieve t he f inds f rom t he p it r epresent b urial o fferings t o t he c asualties o f s ome w ar w hose p olyandrion m ust b e n ear b y. A part f rom t he f inds, P al isanias l ocates t he m emorial f or t he A thenians w ho f ell i n O lynthus i n 3 49[76]in a bout t he s ame a rea w here t he p it w as d iscovered. T he d ate a nd t he t ypes o f v ases d iscovered i n t he p it f it p erfectly a nd a re c losely r elated t o t he k ind o f v ases u nearthed i n O lynthus t o w here t hey h ad b een i mported f rom A thens. Are t he v ases f rom t he p it a s hipment i ntended f or O lynthus w hich n ever r eached i ts d estination b ut b ecame a f uneral o ffering i nstead? A ll i n a ll, s ix t estimonia w ere e numerated w hich d o s eem t o h ave s ome s pecific b earing o n t he a rea c onjectured t o b e i dentical w ith t he D emosion S ema. I t i s w ell w orth m ent ioning t hat s o f ar n ot a s ingle s crap o f a c asualty l ist w as d iscovered i n s itu. T hough f uture e xcavations m ay s till y ield t he d esirable e vidence, o ne c an b est e xplain t he p hen omenon f or t he t ime b eing o n a ccount o f t he u sefulness o f c asualty l ists a s b uilding m aterial. B egun t o b e r emoved p robably a lready i n t he H ellenistic p eriod, v ery d efinitely d uring t he R oman p eriod t hey w ere p redominantly t aken t o t he A thenian A gora a nd n earby a reas. F inally, a fter p erusing P ausanias'text a nd n izing t he f inds m ade i n t he D emosion S ema, I r eturn t o t he l ayout o f t he P olyandreion a s a 1 -5 w hich i llustrate g raphically i ts g rowth). o f m emorials p reserved i s m uch l arger f or t he t han t he 4 th c entury. F rom 4 70 t o t he e nd o f

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a fter s crutis hould l ike t o w hole(cp. F igs. T he n umber 5 th c entury t he 5 th c en-

t ury m ost m ajor c ampaigns a re m atched e ither b y a r eference i n P ausanias t o a p olyandrion o r t he a ctual d iscovery o f a d atable c asualty l ist, o r a n e pigram o n s tone o r i n t he l ite rary t radition. T he m ajor e xceptions f or w hich l ittle t est imony i s a vailable a re: t he S amian W ar o f 4 40/439; y ears 3 t hrough 6 o f t he P eloponnesian W ar(428-425)excepting [ 46,47]; t he y ears f rom 4 21 t o 4 16 w ere o n t he w hole p eacef ul but f or s mall s kirmishes r elated b y T hukydides a nd D iod orus. Y et e vidence f or m emorials i s l acking e xcept t hose A thenians w ho f ell i n M antinea i n 4 18[51a]. T he y ears 4 154 08 a re a mply c overed a nd s tand i n s harp c ontrast t o 4 074 04 i n w hich d ecisive b attles w ere w on w on a nd l ost. T here i s n o w ay t hough t o c onnect a ny c asualty l ist w ith, l et u s s ay, e ither t he d efeat o f A rginusai o r a t A egospotamoi. F or a ll t he b attles f ought b y A thenians a nd t heir m ercenari es a fter 3 92 t here i s l ack o f e vidence u ntil 3 62[75?]and 3 49[76]respectively . T here i s o nly s light e vidence t herea fter f or m ajor b attles, and n one f or t he s maller s kirmishes n or f or any o f t he f ighting o f A thenian m ercenary t roops a broad. Agreeing t hat P ausanias l eaves m uch o f t he t opographical s etting o f t he D emosion S ema i n t he d ark, I n evertheless b elieve t hat a n e ffort t o t ry t o p lace c ertain p olyandria w hose l ocation i s n ot g iven i n t he l iterary e vidence i s n ot a n e ntirely w asted e ffort. A l ook a t t he d istribution o f t ombs w ill s how t hat s ome s tretches i n t he D emosion S ema w ere l ess d ensely u sed t han o thers. P ausanias' p aragraph 1 3 w as c haracterized e arlier a s a g athering o f m ost p romin ent t ombs. E lsewhere s till m emorials a re a ttested b ut w e k now t hat t hey w ere n ot t he o nly o nes f rom t hat p articular y ear. T hus, f or a t entative a ssignment o f t ombs t o s pecifi c l ocations, t he c ategory l ast m entioned p resents a r elat ively e asy c ase. S ince b oth t he p olyandria o f t he A rgives a nd K leoneans[21a-b], a llies o f A thens a t T anagra, a re l oc ated b y P ausanias, o ne w ould i magine t hat t he m emorial f or t he A thenian c asualties i n t he s ame b attle w ere c lose t o t heir a llies' t ombs o n a nalogy o f t he A thenian a nd T hessal ian h orse[42a-b]. B oth a n e pigram a nd a c asualty l ist f rom t he m emorial o f t he A thenians a re p reserved[21c-d]. I p lace [ 21c-d]then t entatively w ith [ 21a-b, s ee F ig.3]. M emorials f or n on-Athenians t urned u p i n t he i nitial s tretches a long t he A cademy r oad, f or i nstance t he p olyand rion o f t he S partans[60a]. I n t he c ase o f a llies, m emor ials a re f ound f urther a long t he r oad, a s t hat o f t he C ret an a rchers[53]and t he Argives a nd K leoneans j ust m entioned. T he c asualty l ists o f L emnian K leruchs[46,47]could b e p laced t entatively w ith o ther A thenian a llies(see F ig.4). I w ond er whether s ome o f t he E gyptian l ists f rom p olyandria [ 20b, 2 5-27,and 2 9]dating f rom ? 460-454 c ould n ot g o t ogether w ith p olyandria f or c asualties i n b attles i n w hich t he A thenians s uffered a c rushing d efeat? T he m emorials f or D rabeskos [ 18]and f or K oroneia[31a-b]are c ases i n p oint, a s a re t hose o f D elion, A mphipolis, and S icily. O n t he b asis o f t his c ommon f eature o f d efeat, I s hould l ike t o p lace t he E gypt ian l ists c lose t o t he e ntrance o f t he A cademy(see F ig.3). F inally, a s f or p rominence o f b attles and t he p rominence

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o f e pigrammatic c ommemoration o f t he c asualties, [ 77c] s hould g o t ogether w ith [ 77a-b]. E ven i f t he hypothesis c oncerning t he E gyptian l ists c annot b e p roven n or a ny o f t he p revious s urmises c oncerning t he t entative p lacing o f t ombs, i t i s f airly c lear t hat t he m ost i mportant s tate m emorials w ere i n c lose p roximity t o t he e ntrance o f t he A cademy, t hat i s a long t he l ast 2 00-300m o f t he A cademy r oad. 6 i I n c onclusion i t m ust b e e mphasized t hat t he s tudy o f t he l ayers o f t he A cademy r oad a nd t he f inds m ade a long and n ear t he r oad s uggest f irst, t hat t he r oad's b eginning a nd t he u se o f t he a rea f or b urials g oes b ack t o t he l ate 6 th c entury(loc.5,11,14). P rominence a mong e arly t ombs h as a ttained t hat o f H armodios a nd A ristogeiton a t t he e ntrance t o t he p recinctof t he h eros H ekademos. T he l ocation o f t he t omb(kenotaph?)of t he t yrannicides i ndicates t he p oint f urt hest a way f rom t he D ipylon G ate. S econd, t he f irst p olya ndrion e rected o n t he r oad i s t hat o f A thenians a nd s laves w ho d ied i n t he A eginetan W ar[7a]but t he a rea w as t hen n ot y et d esignated t he D emosion S ema. T his p olyandrion i s r oughly c ontemporary w ith t he t omb o f K leisthenes, a nd i t w as s uggested t hat t he p roximity o f t he b urials i s n ot t o b e e xplained a s b eing s heer c oincidence. T he s econd o ldest p olyandrion f or w hich e vidence e xists d ates f rom t he l ate 4 70's[16]. I t i s f ollowed b y [ 17], t he m emorial h aving b een p laced c losely t o t he t omb o f t he t yrannicides f or r easons d iscussed e arlier. A t t his t ime, t he c oncept o f t he D emos ion S ema h ad b een b orn. T he p olyandrion w hich f ollows n ext c hronologically i s t hat o f t he c asualties a t D rabeskos [ 18]. I t w as p laced f urthest a way f rom t he A cademy, s ome 2 50-300m f rom t he D ipylon G ate. A s o ne c omes f rom t he D ipyl on G ate a nd w alks t owards t he A cademy,[18]could r ightly b e c alled b y P ausanias t he " first"memorial f or A thenian c asualt ies w hich h e e ncountered. P ausanias d oes n ot s peak i n c hronological t erms. I n f act, t here i s n 9 c hronological o rder t o t he t ombs i n t he D emosion S ema. 6 L B urials o f t he 5 th c entury a re m ixed w ith t hose o f t he 4 th c entury . B uri als o f A thenians a nd t hose o f t heir a llies a re f ound n ext t o e ach o ther e xcept i n t he a rea u ncovered i n p art b y t he G erman e xcavators w here e nemy c asualties w ere h onoured b y t ombs a s i n t he c ase o f t he S partans[60a]: B ut t his a rea i s o utside t he D emosion S ema p roper. O ne o f t he u ndeniable f acts w hich e merges f rom t he s tudy o f t he D emosion S ema i s t hat t he a rea w as n ot e xclusively u sed f or p ublic b urial. E arlier s tudies b y B rueckner a nd o thers, w ho w rote w hen t he t erritory h ad a s y et b een l eft u ntouched b y e xcavations c ould n ot f ully c omprehend t he s itu ation, n amely t he t horough m ixture o f p ublic and p rivate t ombs. I d o n ot b elieve w e c an g o a ny f urther i n e nvisa ging t he p hysical a spects o f t he c emetery b ut i t i s a l ikely g uess t hat t he p recincts o f p ublic g raves o utshone b y t heir s ize, m agnificence, a nd a s p laces w here t he c ommunity g athered, t he p rivate t ombs w hich w ere m ore m ode st.

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H owever, o ne a spect o f t he D emosion S ema i s p articularl y c lear: t he w hole a rea f rom t he A cademy t o t he D ipylon G ate w as c harged w ith h eroic s acrality . H armodios a nd A r istogeiton w ere b uried a t t he e ntrance t o t he p recinct o f t he H eros H ekademos. T heir d eed f or t he s ake o f l iberating A thens a nd e stablishing d emocracy a nticipated s uccess a nd d efeat o f A thenian w arriors d uring t he e stablished d emocrac y. T he p rivate b urials a long t he A cademy r oad m ake m e b el ieve t hat f or A thenians o f t he c lassical p eriod b urial i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f t he D emosion S ema w as m ost d esira ble. A nd e ven t hough t he f ame o f t he D emosion S ema w aned i n t he H ellenistic a nd R oman p eriods, t he m emory o f t he s plendour o f f ormer d ays w as n ever e ntirely w iped o ut. I t w as s till w orthwhile, s o o ne m ight s ay, t o b e g iven a l ast r esting p lace i n p roximity t o t he h eroes. T he C hristian n otion o f b urial a d m artyras m arks t he d irect c ontinuation o f t he p henomenon w hich w e b elieve c an b e s een i n t he j uxt aposition o f p ublic a nd p rivate b urial i n t he D emosion S ema.

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C HAPTER 5

T HE C ASUALTY L ISTS:SUMMARY O F T HEIR P HYSICAL A SPECTS

T his c hapter m akes a n a ttempt t o s ummarize.physical a nd o ther a spects o f t he c asualty l ists. S ince t he A thenian c asualty l ists a re i n t he m ajority, t hey y ield t he b ulk o f i nformation. N on-Athenian l ists v ery o ften f orm a n i ntere sting c ontrast b ecause o f p eculiarities o therwise n ot a tt ested. 1 M OULDINGS. T he m ost e laborate m oulding a nd f inial s o f ar a ttested o n a ny c asualty l ist i s t he m emorial f or t he A rgives[21a]. A bove t he m oulding t here i s a p ediment. T he c entral a nd s ide a kroteria a re v ery l ikely r estorations. M oreover, a kroteria a nd p ediment a s w ell a s t he m oulding m ay h ave h ad p ainted d ecoration. 2 S traight m ouldings, 0 .06m+ h igh, p rojecting a bove t he s lab h ave b een p rone t o d amage a s i n [ 30, 3 1a, frr .b-c,44,fr. a ,51b a nd 5 5b], a ll o f w hich d ate f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he 5 th c entury. I n [ 52c] t he f irst t wo l ines o f t he i ns cription a re e ngraved o n a r aised b and p ossibly t he h oriz ontal f rame o f a p ediment t hat c rowned t he s tele. [ 71a], d ating f rom c . . 36 . 5 ,is i nteresting b ecause s everal f ragments p reserve a m oulding w ith c onvex s tep-like m ember w hich c rowned t he s lab w hile o ne f ragment s hows a b ase-like p roj ection a t t he b ottom o f t he s lab. [ 72] a lso p reserves a m oulding i n s everal r ecessed s teps a nd i s, l ike [ 71a], a c ausalty l ist f or t he T egeatans. W ith [ 77c] f rom 3 38 w e a re b ack i n A thens. T he s traight m oulding f ollows e arlier A ttic e xamples e xcept f or a g roove w hich s eparates t he m oulding f rom t he s lab. I n s ummary i t m ay b e s aid t hat t he m ore c omplex m ouldings, r ounded o r i n s everal d egrees, a re s o f ar o nly a ttested t o i n n on-Athenian m emorials. T he p olyandria w ith r elief f riezes [ 59,68a,69] a nd t he A nthemion f rieze [ 68b] f orm a g roup w hich h as t o b e d isting uished f rom t he s labs l acking a dditional d ecoration . T he d esire t o s eparate b y a m oulding t he r elief f rieze f rom t he s lab w hich b ears t he c asualty a s i n [ 59&68a] i s u nderstanda ble f rom a s tylistic p oint o f v iew . M oreover, t he v ertical s traight p ortion o f t he m oulding i n [ 68a-b] s erves a s s urf ace f or t he i nscription. N o g eneral c onclusions c an b e d rawn f rom t he p resence o f m ouldings o n s ome A ttic c asualty l ists b ecause a f ew s labs w hose t ops a re i ntact l ack m ouldings [ 33,46,56,58b]. T his t ype a s w ell a s s telai c rowned w ith m ouldings a nd p ediments a re d ocumented o n w hite-ground . lekythoi f rom 4 70-430 w hen

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g ravestones f or A thenian c itizens d id n ot e xist i n A thens. I t i s p ermissible, t herefore t o s urmise t hat s tate m emoria ls m ay w ell h ave i nfluenced t he d epiction o f g ravestones o n t he l ekythoi. 3 I n s um, w e m ay n ote t hat s labs w ith c asualty l ists o f A thenians c ould e ither b e p lain o r c rowned b y a n arrow m oulding. C asualty l ists o f P eloponnesians(Argives, M ant ineans, T egeatans) a re c haracterized b y m ouldings. T he B oeotian c asualty l ists [ 48b-c] s eem t o h ave f ollowed t he A ttic p rototypes b ut [ 68c] h as a p ediment c rowning t he s lab, t he f ormer b eing s eparated f rom t he l atter b y m eans o f a h orizontally i ncised l ine. S UNKEN C HANNELS. I n o ne t ype o f p olyandrion s everal, a t l east t wo, s telai w ith c asualty l ists c ould b e e rected o n a c ommon b ase. T he s telai c ould b e f ree-standing o r c ont iguous. I n t he l atter c ase a s tepped r ecess h ewn i nto t he v ertical e dge o f e ach s lab f rom t op t o b ottom c aused t he w all-like s urface o f c ontiguous s telai t o b e i nterrupted a t r egular i ntervals b y d epressions t apering t owards t he t op. T hese m ay b e r eferred t o a s s unken c hannels. T heir t ape ring h as a p arallel i n f ree-standing i ndividual s telai a mong c asualty l ists, s uch a s [ 20a] a s w ell a s i n m any o the r i nscribed s telai. 4 M oreover, t he s unken c hannels e voke t he i mpression t hat e ach s tele w as f ree-standing r ather t han c ontiguous d espite t he f act t hat s ome s urface o f t he s mall s ides i n f act j oined. B radeen d eserves c redit f or e xamining t he p roblem o f s unken c hannels v ery c arefully a nd e xhaustively. I n o ne c ase [ 31al c hannels n ot o nly s epar ate o ne s tele f rom t he n ext b ut e ach i ndividual s lab h as a n a dditional c hannel i n o rder t o s eparate t he l ists o f c asualties o f t wo t ribes i nto t wo d istinct c olumns. T he f inal r esult i n [ 31a-b] i s t en i ndividual c olumns o n f ive s telai. S unken c hannels a re a ttested f or t he f irst t ime o n [ 26, f r.a] d ating f rom b efore 4 50. T here f ollow [ 31a ;frr .a-c], [ 39 , f r.a, 3 8, 4 3, 4 8,fr.c,d a nd 6 2] f rom t he l ate 5 th c entury . P AINTED D ETAILS. T races o f r ed p aint f or l etters a re m ost c learly s een i n [ 1], f rom t he a rchaic p eriod. T his i s i n k eeping w ith n umerous a rchaic i nscriptions i n w hich t races o f r ed c olour a re s till v isible. I a m n ot c ertain w hether r ed c ould h ave b een u sed f or t he l ettering i n [ 57] w hich d ates f rom t he l ate 5 th c entury, t he p aint h aving b y n ow a ssumed a y ellowish t inge d ue t o w eathering(?). P ainted d ecoration h as b een s urmised f or t he p ediment a nd p ossibly a lso f or t he m oulding o f [ 21a]. S ee a lso [ 32b]. I NCISED L INES. T he a rchaic c asualty(?)list [ 1] i s o nce m ore a p rime e xample f or t he u se o f a v ertically i ncised ( guide-?)line i n A ttica, s eparating f rom e ach o ther t wo c olumns o f n ames. I ncised, m ostly h orizontal g uide-lines

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a re o ften e ncountered i n a rchaic i nscriptions, h aving b een c ollected b y J effery a nd o thers.

e xamples

T he m eaning o f t he h orizontally e ngraved l ine i n [ 31a-b, f r.d ] i s u nclear. T oo l ittle o f t he s tele t o w hich t he f ragment b elongs s urvives t o m ake s ense o f t he l ine, u nique a mong A thenian c asualty l ists o f t he c lassical p eriod. A h orizontal l ine i n [ 68c](non-Attic)divides t he p ediment f rom t he l ist o f c asualties, t hus a ttesting a s lightly d iff erent u se. V ertically i ncised l ines o n A ttic c asualty l ists a re v ery r are. T here a re o nly t wo e xamples [ 20a,27]. B ut l ike t he m ouldings t hey s eem t o b e s tandard i n n on-Attic l ists, t he f irst e xample o f w hich [ 48b] e ven h as a d ouble v ertical l ine i nstead o f j ust o ne l ike [ 51b8 c68c]. I n [ 51b], i n a dd ition t o t he v ertical l ines t he f irst n ame i n e ach c olumn i s e nclosed b y l ines, p erhaps d istinguishing s trategoi o f t wo d ifferent c ontingents f rom t he n ames o f s oldiers w hich f ollow. T he s carcity o f n ames i n t he l eft h and a s c ompared t o t he r ight h and c olumn i s t roublesome i n [ 68c]. A re t he f ew c asualties i n t he l eft h and c olumn d ifferent i n m ilit ary r ank f rom t hose r ecorded i n t he r ight h and c olumn? I f t he s uggestion o f r ank d istinction i n [ 51b&68c] i s a cc eptable, w e w ould h ave s ome p arallel t o A ttic c asualty l ists w ith r espect t o r eferences t o m ilitary t itles a nd s pecial m ilitary u nits. I f a ny g uide-lines f or t he s toichedon w riting o n c asualt y l ists w ere u sed, n one o f t hem h ave s urvived s ince a n e asily e rasable c olouring w ould h ave b een u sed o n t he s tone.

P UNCTUATION. I t i s v ery r are i ndeed a s c ompared w ith a rc haic i nscriptions. I t o ccurs o nly t wice i n p airs a nd t hree's [ 20a-b}, i n [ 20a] b etween h eadings a nd n ames, i n [ 20b] b etween n ames.

O IAE A f lE6ANON EN T Q f l OAEMQ. T he f ormula s erves u sually a s a g eneral h eading o ver numerous c asualty l ists. T he h eadi ng i s s ometimes c oupled w ith a r eference t o s ites a t w hich t he w ars w ere f ought a nd w here t he c asualties o ccurred. I n t he e arliest i nstance [ 20a], t he h eading i s r elegated t o l ine 2 , b eing p receded b y t he t ribe r eference. T his i s e xceptional a nd i s d ue t o t he s imple r eason t hat a n e ntire s tele w as n eeded t o e ngrave t he h eavy c asualties s uffered b y t his p articular t ribe. H ence t he t ribe d esignation a ss umed f irst i mportance a s c ompared t o t he h eading. B ut i n c ontrast t o o ther c asualty l ists s uch a s [ 32b&41], t he g ene ral h eading o n [ 20a] i s i mmediately f ollowed b y t he n aming o f t he s ites w here t he c asualties o ccurred. I f, a s w e s upp ose o ther t ribes h ad a lso s uffered c asualties i n t hese t heaters o f w ar, t he a rrangement m ay h ave b een u niform o n a ll t en s telai o f [ 20a]. I n [ 52c] t he f ormula i s f ollowed

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b y t he . r eference t o a p robasileus, i areus i n f our i ndividual l ines.

m antis,

s trategos,

a nd

T he h eading i s b ased l argely o n r estoration i n [ 30]. I n [ 321 )&41] i t f ollows t he r eference t o t he s ite. M oreover, A thenians a re s pecified e xplicitly a s t hose w ho h ave d ied.5 S ince t here a re s everal o ther e xamples i n w hich t his i s t he c ase [ 44,58,68a], f ollowed b y b attle s ites i n[68a], a re w e t o a ssume t hat d oubts t hat a p olyandrion w as t he b urial o f A thenians c ould a rise d uring t he h eyday o f t he D emosion S em a a nd t hat s uch s pecification w as n ecessary f or t he v isit or o f t he s tate c emetery? T he r eference t o A thenians i s o mitted i n [ 38&65]. I n [ 68h] a nother s pecification, O IAE M I ME w as l ogical a s a n e xplanation f or w hom t his s pecial m emorial w as e rected. I b elieve t hat t he T heban c asualty l ist [ 68c] a dopted t he h eading f rom t he A thenian p rototype. T he u se o f t he d emonstrative p ronoun i n e pigrams w ill b e d iscussed l ater. I t i s e xtremely c ommon i n f unerary e pigrams p reserved b oth i n t he l iterary t radition a nd o n s tone. 6 F ollowing t he e vidence f rom M arathon [ 6a], o ne m ay a ssume t hat i n A thens t he d emonstrative p ronoun a lways r ef ers t o t he c asualties w hich f ollow, 7 b ut w e d o n ot k now w hether o r n ot t his w as a c ustom a dopted b y a ll G reek c itys tates [ cp.5,8c-d,12,14,71b-c,74]. B e t hat a s i t m ay, o ne c annot e xclude t he p ossibility t hat t he d emonstrative p ron oun r efers d irectly t o t he c asualties b uried i n t he t omb o ver w hich t he f unerary e pigram w as p laced. L ast, t he E ion E pigrams [ 13A] r efer n either t o c asualties n or t o a c asualty l ist b ut c ommemorate t he b rave d eeds o f A thenian w arriors, a s d o t he M arathon E pigrams [ 6A] w hich w e m ay h ypothetic ally c onnect w ith a s culptural g roup p laced a bove t he c omm emorative e pigrams. C ITIES A ND C OUNTRIES. R eferences t o t heaters o f w ar o n c asualty l ists a re f airly c ommon. T hey b egin a s e arly a s 4 80, w ith [ 10a]. T he b attle - S alamis - i s i mplied i n t he e pitaph. T he w arriors a re b uried w here t hey f ell. I n [ 18] f our s ites a re m entioned:Sigeion(twice), K ardia, E ion, a nd T hasos. [ 20a&49] w ith s ix s ites l ist t he m aximum o f b attlef ields e ver r eferred t o. I n [ 20a] a re listed K ypros, E gypt, P hoenicia, H alieis, A egina, a nd M egara. I n [ 49] a re l isted P otidaea, A mphipolis, T hrace, S ermylia, S ingos, w hich a re a ll t o t he n orth o f G reece a nd, s ixth , P ylos i n t he P eloponn ese. I n [ 32b] t he r eference i s t o t he C hersonnese a nd B yz antium i n t he g eneral h eading. I n t he e pigram b elow t he c asualty l ist t he r eference i s t o t he H ellespont. T his c ase i s u nique, t he o nly o ne w ith t he t wofold s ite-reference, s pecific f irst, c omprehensive(for m etrical r easons)second. I n [ 41] w e a re r eferred t o P otidaea a nd i n [ 43] t o S inope(?) a nd T hrace. [ 68a-b] s pecify K orinth a nd B oeotia a nd K orinth a nd K oroneia r espectively. T he P eloponnese i s r estored h yp othetically i n [ 44]. I t i s s triking t hat, w ith t he e xception o f c ertain s ites i n [ 20a,49 a nd 6 8a-b], n orthern t heaters o f w ar a re p redo-

4 9

m inantly r ecorded, a nd w ith a stonishing e mphasis o f d etail. T hat m ay, o f c ourse, b e s heer c hance a nd d epend o n t he i ns criptions p reserved. H owever, i n t rying t o s eek a n e xplan ation f or t his p henomenon, I i magine t hat g enerally s peaki ng f ar o ff s ites a s i n [ 20a&49](beside l ess d istant o nes, w hich a re i n t he m inority i n [ 49]) a nd t he n orthern s ites s pecifically w ere r ecorded o n t he o ne h and f or t he v ery d istances t hat w ere i nvolved, a nd o n t he o ther f or t he d ang ers a nd o ther c ircumstances w hich s uch c ampaigns p resented. T he r eference t o s ites i n e pigrams p reserved i n t he l ite rary t radition c omplete t he p icture. A s i n [ 10a], b attle g round a nd l ocation o f t omb a re i deally i dentical i n [ 2], w hen A thenians w ere b uried f ar f rom h ome. B urial i n A thens i tself i n t he m id 4 70's i s l ikely f or [ 15]. I t i s d efinitel y e stablished f or E urymedon [ 17] a nd a ll l ater c ampaigns f or w hich t he b ook-epigrams y ield t he s ite r eference:[22& 5 2b]. T he l ast t wo m emorials f or K ypros a nd S yrakuse r es pectively c omplete t he e vidence w ith r espect t o t he f ar d istant s ites w hich h as b een g leaned e arlier f rom t he t est imony o n s tone. A LLIES. T he a llies o n c asualty l ists a re f ew. M adytians a nd B yzantians a re n amed o n [ 18]. C retan a rchers a nd P lat aeans a re k nown f rom t he l iterary t radition o nly [ 53&54]. T he L emnians, A thenian k leruchs w ho f ought t ogether w ith t he A thenians, w ere g iven b urial i n t he D emosion S ema [ 46& 4 7] a s w ere i ndividual c asualties r esident i n o ther c ities: [ 32b] l ists a m an f rom E leutherae, [ 25] p robably l ists a m etic f rom K ea, a nd [ 48b], a T anagrean c asualty l ist, i nc ludes t wo c asualties f rom E retria. T he f oreigners - Z tvot - i n A ttic c asualty l ists c ould b e m etics, A thenian a llies, o r m ercenaries(?), w hose h omes a re n ot s pecified. 8 R eferences t o t hem a re f ound e arliest i n [ 43] a nd o ccur t hereafter i n [ 49&56]. B arbarian a rchers ( Skythians?) a re l isted a mong A thenian c asualties [ 40,43, 5 6 a nd 5 7]. T wice a r eference o nly t o a rchers o cccurs [ 20a & 49]. S ince a rchers w ere f ully i ncorporated i nto t he A t henian a rmy, o ne c annot r eally c ount t hem a mong t he a ll ies, e ven t hough l egally s peaking t hey w ere n ot A thenian c itizens. T he r eference t o a t nnoT gov ng in [ 57] i s a n u n ique o ccurrence. 9 T he t erm Nypapo t . i n [ 49] i s h ighly d isp uted. S tupperich t hinks " es k önnte s ich v ielleicht n ur u m e ine O rtsangabe h andeln", i .e. p reposition+site r efere nce. 1 0 T RIBES. O n t he e arliest k nown c asualty l ist [ 3] A thenian k leruchs w ho m ade t heir h ome i n L emnos w ere l isted a ccordi ng t o t ribes. S ince t he c asualty l ist i s v ery f ragmentary, a r eference t o o nly o ne t ribe(VIII)is p reserved. T he s econd t estimony f or t he l isting o f t ribes i s l iterary [ 6a] a nd r efers t o A thenians s pecifically. T he c asualty l ists i n w hich t ribes a re p reserved a re s o m any t hat w e c an s peak o f t his a s a s tandard f eature i n c asualty l ists.

5 0

A thens: [ 11a], l iterary e vidence, s ee c atalogue). [ 18:VI], [ 20a:I], [ 29:I?], [ 3 Ia :VIII], [ 32b:all t en t ribes,most o f t hem t hree t imes, s ome t wice o nly], [ 34:111,VII], [ 37: I X,X], [ 38:VIII?], [ 39:X], [ 43:VII?], [ 44:II,III,VI], [ 46: I ,II,VIII,IX], [ 47:VIII], [ 49:V-X, m ore t han o nce], [ 50a-b : ? one o r s everal], [ 56:III-X], [ 58:II-IV,VI], [ 64:X], [ 65: I I], [ 68a:V-X], [ 77c:VI]. N on-Athenian : [ 21a&52c:Argive t ribes a nd p hratries i n 5 2c o nly . [ 51:Arkadian t ribes, M antinea], [ 71a:Arkadian t ribes, T egea],[72:same], [ 73:Arkadian t ribes, M antinea], [ 79:Kori nthian t ribes, K orinth]. T he t ribes a re u sually i n t he g enitive c ase e xcept i n [ 3] a nd p ossibly i n [ 38]. T he o ccurrence o f t ribes m ore t han o nce i n a c asualty l ist i s d ue t o t he f act t hat c asualt ies i n s everal d ifferent b attles a re r ecorded. T he p rime e xample i s [ 32b]. O thers a re [ 49&56]. [ 79], t he K orinthian c asualty l ist i s u nique i n t hat b esides t he t ribe r eference t here s eems t o b e s ome i ndicat ion o f s ubdivision w ithin e ach t ribe, p robably t wo o r p oss ibly t hree s ubdivisions. M ILITARY P ERSONNEL A ND O THER P ROFESSIONALS. P robasileus. T he o ccurrence i s u nique o n t he n ewly f ound A rgive l ist [ 52c]. T he i nterpretation i s d ifficult. O nly t he l ast t hree l etters o f t he o fficial's n ame a re p reserved . S trategos. T he e arliest r eference t o s trategos i n t he g enit ive p lural, i .e. ' of s trategoi'(died)..., o r,to b e u nders tood a s p articiple(line 5 ) a nd o ccurring i n t he s ingular ( line 6 2) i s i n [ 20a]. O ther e xamples a re [ 32b,singular], [ 68a,twice, s ingular], a nd [ 78, s ingular], t he l atter t wo c asualty l ists d ating f rom t he 4 th c entury. I n e ach c ase e xcept [ 32b], t he g enerals a re f rom a mong c asualties o f a s pecified t ribe. T he o nly n on-Athenian m ention o f s trategos o ccurs i n t he A rgive l ist [ 52c]. T he s u neral's n ame i s f ragmentarily p reserved:] a p oc T paTayo5. P olemarchos.

T here i s b ut o ne r eference i n [ 60a].

T rierarchos. T he s pecification o ccurs r ather f requently b ut n ot b efore t he l ate 5 th c entury w hen f ighting a t s ea w as h eavy:[55, 5 6(twice), 5 7, 5 8(twice) a nd 6 5] a re e xamples. P hrourarchos. O ne d oubtful e xample c ould b e [ 20a,line 4 9], t he t itle b eing f ollowed b y a n ame. O ther e xamples, n amely [ 56](?) a nd [ 57], a re m uch l ater. 11 P hylarchos. B oth o ccurrences a re l ate, i n [ 56,1ine 1 80)] a nd i n [ 68b,line 2 ]. D ependinn o n t he r estoration i n l ine 7 o f [ 20a], a r eading m y b e 0 1 4uKapixoe-. K ybernetes. T he t itle o ccurs o nly o nce m ostly r estored. P eripolarchos.

[ 55h]

i n

[ 55 1 3] - b ut i t i s

i s o ur o nly e vidence f or t he t itle.

5 1

T achsiarchos. [ 55b]gives t estimony a lso f or t his t itle a s d oes [ 58b] w hich i s c losely r elated i n d ate. T ochsarchos.

T here i s o nly o ne o ccurrence i

1 [ 55b].

A rchon t ou n autikou . T here a re o nly t wo e xamples i n [ 58h] w hich, l ike [ 55b] i s r ich i n r eference t o m ilitary p ersonn el. H ippeis. F or t his t itle t he r eference i n o f n ecessity.

[ 68b]

i s a lmost

H oplitai. T hey a re m entioned o nly o nce s o s pecifically i n [ 58b]; t he n ames t hat f ollow a re e xtremely f ragmentary. M antis, H ieropoios. T hese t itles o ccur i n e arly c asualty l ists, t he f ormer i n [ 20a], t he l atter i n [ 27], i n e ach c ase f ollowed b y t heir n ames o f w hich i n [ 27] o nly t wo l etters s urvive. T he n ew l ist f rom A rgos [ 52c] r efers t o a m antis ( name m issing)and t o a L ap a5 w ith t he l ast t wo l etters o f h is n ame p reserved. I atros, P hysikos. t a ] wA cK i s t entatively r estored i n [ 29], p erhaps f ollowing t he n ames i n l ine 5 . W e h ave n o c ertainty a nd t he r estoration m ust b e c onsidered h ypothetical. T he t itle(?) p hysikos i s f ollowed i n [ 56,1ine 1 53] b y a n ame, b ut p hysikos h as a lso b een t aken t o b e a p ersonal n ame a nd t hus t he c ase i s d isputed. T herapontes. T hese a re d ocumented o nly o nce i n l owed b y o nly t wo n ames . 12

[ 18]

f ol-

O ther s pecifications. I n t he c asualty l ist o f t he T hespians w ho d ied a t D elion [ 48c] a re l isted a n O lympionika a nd a P ythionika. I t i llustrates t he T hespians'pride o f t he a thl etic a chievements o f t wo o f t heir c asualties. A rchers. N ot n ecessarily A thenian c itizens, t hey h ave b een d iscussed i n c onnection w ith a llies(above p .50). C p.[20a, 4 0, 4 3, 4 9, 5 6, 5 7] a nd[53] f or C retan a rchers. S ee a lso [ 57] f or a h ippotoxotes. O ther r eferences. ' In t he s ame y ear ': T here i s o nly o ne c asualty l ist [ 20a] i n w hich t his t antalizing r eference i s f ound. S ee t he c ommentary t o [ 20a]. P atronymics. T hey a re a bsent f rom A thenian c asualty l ists a nd t his i s i ndeed a c haracteristic f eature a s c ompared t o o ther A ttic n ame-lists. T he o nly t wo c asualty l ists w ith p atronymics f ollowing t he n ames o f c asualties a re o f M ant inean a nd K orinthian o rigin [ 73&79]. F or S amian c asualt ies i n 4 94 H erodotus(6.14)refers t o p atronymics f ollowing t he n ames o f t he d ead. P atronymics a re a ttested t o b y t he l iterary e vidence i n T hasos. 13 V aria.

C asualty l ists

s how,

o n t he w hole,

5 2

c onsistent r egu-

l arity i n t hat t he n ames a re e ngraved i n c olumns. W hen t he s toichedon s tyle i s a dhered t o r egularity i s o bvious. I rregu larity i n t he c olumns o ccurs w hen o ne l ine c ontains t wo n ames o r a n ame a nd s ome s pecification. I n t he f ormer c ase, t he s econd n ame m ight b e a l ater a ddition. I n t he l atter c ase, t here w as r oom e nough f or a dding t he s pecification w hile i n o ther e xamples a s pecification c ould a lso f ollow b elow t he n ame. E xamples o f a n ame p receded o r f ollowed b y a s pecification a re t he f ollowing:[18,1ine 3 5], [ 26,1ine 1 3], [ 32b ,line 4 ], [ 56,1ines 3 .42], [ 57,1ines 8 .34]. T wo n ames o ccur o n o ne a nd t he s ame l ine i n [ 18, l ines 2 2.24.28], [ 20b, l ines 5 -6], [ 25, l ine 5 5, t he s econd n ame i s a l ater a ddition], [ 32b , l ine 7 6], [ 35a-b, l ines 2 .3.5.6], a nd [ 49 l ines 3 9.54; s ee c ommentary i n 4 9]. T here a re f ew e xamples i n w hich n ames a re e ngraved o n t he s mall s ides o f c asualty l ists or a dded v ertically w ritt en o n t he m ain f ace a s o n [ 18(a),11.39-40,p1.15]. O n t he s ame s tone t he r .h.s.s.preserves 1 3 1 1., 2 c asualties,a s ite r eference, a nd 1 0 c asualties. S ome l etters v ertically w ritten a re l ikewise p reserved i n [ 27] a t t he u pper r ight. T he s ame i s t rue f or [ 38], i n w hich t hree l etters a re p res erved a t t he u pper r ight e dge. 14 L etter f orms. T he f ollowing t able i llustrates t he m ajority o f l etter f orms i n A thenian c asualty l ists a nd i n e pigrams t hat s upposedly b elong t o c asualty l ists a nd/or p ublic m em orials f rom a bout 4 70 t o C haeroneia. P rior t o 4 70 t he d ocu ments a re f ew a nd n ot e xclusively f rom p ublic m emorials s uch a s [ 6A]. T he l atter a nd c omparable m onuments h ave b een i ncluded p rimarily f or t he s ake o f c ontrast b etween 6 th a nd e arly 5 th c entury l etter f orms a nd t hose i n u se f rom t he l ate 4 70's o nwards. A lso i ncluded a re l etter f orms o f t he K orinthian a nd A rgive a lphabets [ 10b,21a] a nd o f c asualty l ists w hich n ame I onians [ 21d,28]. I n c omposing t he t able t he w riter b ecame f ully a ware o f t he i ntricacy o f r endering i n h is o wn h and t he l etter f orms i n t he i nscriptions. Q uite a side t he l etter f orms t hemselves, e .g. t hree s troke a s c ompared t o f our s troke s igma, a lpha w ith h orizontal o r s lanting c rossbar , o ne c an n ote f rom i ns cription t o i nscription a b asically d ifferent f ormat o f l etters. I h ave m ade a n a ttempt t o c atch t hese d ifferences w hich, w ith w ords, c ould b e c haracterized a s t all, n arrow ( therefore t aller l ooking l etters)as c ompared w ith a m ore s quarish l ook o f l etters. T his a pplies i n p articular t o E , K , N , U, P, a nd E. I n t he t all r ectangular t ype o f E t he h orizontal b ars a re u sually v ery s hort a s a re t he b ars i n t he t all r ectangular K a ndE. D ifferent r enderings o f s ing le l etters s uch a s N , P ,E ,Y, a nd 0 i n o ne a nd t he s ame i nscription c an s ometimes b e e xplained a s l ater a dditions. A g ood c ase i s p rovided b y [ 20a]. T he d uctus o f a n i ndividual l etter i n o ne a nd t he s ame i nscription c an s how i nfinitesimal v arieties. A c ase i n

5 3

p oint i s t he l etter E . A n e ngraver m ay c arve t his l etter i n a n i nscription f airly c onsistently w ith a c entral b ar t hat i s s horter t han t he t op a nd b ottom b ar. B ut t here m ay b e o ne o r t wo e xceptions i n w hich a ll b ars h ave t he s ame l engths. O r t he d iagonal b ars w hich a re a ttached t o t he v ertical b ar i n K m ay n ot j oin i n t he m ajority o f K 's i n a s ingle i nscription s ave a gain t he f ew, p erhaps o nly o ne e xception w here t hey d o. T he l etter f orms w hich a re g iven i n t he t able a re t he p reponderant o nes i n e ach i nscription . I n s peaking o f [ 21a] R aubitschek c oncluded: " Dieses s chöne D enkmal d er f ünfziger J ahre l ehrt u ns w enig ü ber d ie E ntwicklung d er B uchstabenformen, a ber v iel ü ber d ie S orgf alt, m it d er d ie ö ffentlichen G efallenenlisten a ufgezeichn et w urden. E s i st d emnach g estattet, d ie w iedergefundenen S telen u nd S telenfragmente s o a nzuordnen w ie e s e ine n atürl iche E ntwicklung d er B uchstabenformen e rfordert. W ie d iese E ntwicklung i m e inzelnen a ussah, m uss m an j edoch v on D enkm älern a blesen, a uf d enen j ährlich n eue E intragungen g em acht w urden , d eren e pigraphische B esonderheiten d iese E ntw icklung g ut z u z eigen g eeignet s ind". 15 W ith B radeen 's s ystematic a ssembling o f t he c asualty l ists a s o ne g roup o f p ublic d ocuments a nd w hat c an b e d educed f rom t hem f or l ett er f orms, R aubitschek m ay h ave b een s lightly t oo o ptimistic. N ot o nly d o w e n ot h ave a nnual c asualty l ists, n or a re t he " epigraphische B esonderheiten" a s s pecific a s t o a llow u s t o d emonstrate " Entwicklung", i n p articular a fter 4 50. A t a ny r ate, t here i s m uch l ess " Entwicklung" i n t he l etter f orms t han, f or i nstance, i n t he s tyle o f A ttic r ed-figure v asep ainting f rom d ecade t o d ecade f rom a bout 4 80-430. Ib el ieve t hat a g lance a t t he t able w ith t he l etter f orms w ill p rove t his c ontention. H owever, t he t ime w ill n o d oubt c ome w hen s cholars w ill a ttempt m ore f requently t han h as b een t he c ase s o f ar t o p in d own i ndividual h ands f or g roups o f m ore o r l ess c ontemporary i nscriptions. T he p ersonal d uctus o f h and-writing i s d ifficult t o c atch i n a t able. F or t his t ask t he o riginal s tones h ave t o b e c onsulted. B ut a t able l ike t hat w hich f ollows, b eside c learly s howing s ome d evelo pment, c ould b e h elpful i n a n a ttempt t o e stablish a s omew hat n arrower d elimitation o f d ates f or u ndated i nscriptions a s w ell a s f or g rouping i nscriptions t ogether o n t he b ase o f s ome m arked " Besonderheiten" w ith r egard t o i ndividual l etter f orms.

5 4

T ABLE W ITH L ETTER F ORMS(table r eads a cross p p. 5 6-57) C AT. 1 D ate 1 A B r ä E Z H O I C A M N E 0 N O. 1 4

e arly 5 c .

6 A

4 78-

1 0b

4 80

1 6

± 470

1 8

4 64

2 0a

4 59? 4 58?

2 1a

4 58

A

2 1d

4 58

A

2 1e

4 50's A

1 , -/A L t ' \N e t 9 , K

ADE

4 50's

A

2 4

4 50's

A

2 5

4 50's

A

2 6

4 50's

A

2 7

4 50's

A

2 8

4 50's

A

2 9

± 450

3 0

4 50's

3 1b

4 47/6

A

3 2b

4 47/6

A

3 2A

4 21-

A

3 3

4 50-40

A

3 4

4 40's

3 6

4 40's

3 7

4 40-(30)

3 8

4 40-(30)

3 9

4 40-(30)

4 0

" 430's" / A

4 1

4 32

4 3

4 35? 4 31?

4 4

4 28

A

4 6

4 28-22

/ X

4 24&423

N

E I B

r

B A

B A

H

E

E E E

A -

e K

E -

2 3

4 9

1 ,

I

A A

A i % N 1 4 40

K A M N I r i \ K O f < / % \ M

eK

Hoi
v y

Y ,Y c k c b,X X I nscription o f I onians H i n

N

[ . ]Tphog

( in h eading)

0 i n

nt aT 6 v b y m istake

3: R emarkably b ig 0 ; 3 -stroke E , 3rd s troke n ot p reserved. 3 4; s ome N w ith v ery s light s lant

Pe f )e

1 D Y e

L emnian c asualty l ist

5 7

C AT . N O.

1D ate l

A

5 0a

4 22?

A

5 5b

4 12-10

5 6

4 11/10

5 7

4 10/09

5 8b

4 09/8

A

/ X B A B A B

6 1

l ate 5 c. I \

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C HAPTER 6

F ORM A ND S TRUCTURE O F A THENIAN P OLYANDRIA

T he t erm p olyandrion i s u sed h ere w ith a c omprehensive m eaning. A n i ndividual p olyandrion i s m ade u p o f s everal p arts. A mong t hese, s telai w ith c asualty l ists a re b est k nown, t hough, o n t he w hole, t hey a re p oorly p reserved. A dditional d ecoration o f p olyandria i n f orm o f r eliefs o r s tatues i s s carce a nd h ypothetically a ssumed t o h ave e xi sted. B ases u pon w hich s telai w ere e rected, a nd o ther a rchitectural m embers w hich c ould n ot h ave b een l acking i n w hat w e c onsider t o h ave b een t omb p recincts a re e xtremely r are t oo. W orst o f a ll i n A thens i tself t he a ctual b urials o f A thenian c asualties, t hat i s m ounds, t hekai a nd l arnakes h ave n ot s o f ar b een r ecovered.' W hat t he m emorials i n t he D emosion S ema c ould h ave l ooked l ike m ay b e e nvisaged, b ut o ne w ill h ardly g et f ar b eyond h ypothetical s urmises. D espite t he s carcity o f a rchaeological r emains o ne c an a ssert t hat t here w as n ot o ne s tandard p olyandrion t ype but p erhaps h alf a d ozen t ypes w ere i n u se t hrough 1 50 y ears, s ome h aving b een i ntroduced e arlier t han o thers. T he c hoice o f a t ype o f p olyandrion m ay b e s aid t o d epend p rim arily o n t he number o f c asualties. S ince t he c asualties h ad b een c remated o n t he b attlefield a nd s ince o nly a shes a nd b ones w ere s ubsequently b uried i n A thens, t he s pace n eeded f or t he b urial p roper w as n egligible a s c ompared w ith t he n umber o f s telai t hat m ay h ave b een r equired f or t he e ngraving o f t he c asualties' n ames, t he h eaping u p o f a m ound, o r t he c onstruction o f a g rave p recinct. S ize a nd number o f t he l arnakes w ere d etermined b y t he n umber o f d ead a nd t he f act t hat e ach t ribe d id n ot n ecessarily h ave c asualties i n s ome w arfare. 2 T hus, t he number o f l arn akes m ay h ave b een l ess t han e leven. T here i s o nly o ne f ully p reserved c asualty l ist[32b] w hich p ertains t o t he t en t ribes. A s econd w ell p reserved s tele[20a]records t he c asualties o f o nly o ne A thenian t ribe. E ven t hough t he f irst m entioned m onument i s i n i tself o nly p art o f a p olyandrion, i t i s r epresentative o f o ne t ype o f s tate m emorial. [ 32b]is a s ingle s tele g iving u s a ll t he i nformation w hich i deally w ould h ave b een o n e ach c asualty l ist, w hethe r a s ingle s tele o r a s eries o f s telai. [ 32b]is c rowned b y a m oulding w hich c ould h ave h ad s ome p ainted d ecoration. The c asualty l ist i tself i s w ritten i n t wo c olumns p receded b y a r eference t o t he b attle s ites w ith t he f ormula no 5c r • a nceavov. C asualties a re l isted b y t ribes. S ince c asualt ies h ad b een f ew n ot a ll t he s pace o n t he s tele h ad b een

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i nscribed. H owever, s ince ' other w ars' h ad o ccurred, a dd itional c asualties w ere a dded i n s maller s cript i n t he a vailable s pace, a s w as t he e pigram i n f our v erses a t t he b ottom o f t he s tele. T his p lacement o f t he e pigram i s u nu sual. 3 [ See p 1.45] W hat w as t he m emorial i tself l ike? T he t otal n umber o f c asualties w as 5 9. T ribe K ekropis s uffered 1 1 c asualties i n t hree t heaters o f w ar, P andionis 8 , a ll o ther t ribes 7 a nd l ess, A kamantis o nly 2 . T he l arnakes f or t he a shes a nd b ones n eed n ot h ave b een v ery l arge, a nd t he b urial o f t hese c ontainers c ould e asily b e a ccommodated i n a s pace o f 3 x3m. I b elieve i t i s p ossible t o s uggest a r econstruction o f t he p olyandrion b ased o n a c omparison w ith a c ontemporary m emorial: t he t omb o f t he a mbassador P ythagoras w hich w ould h ave b een w ell-known t o m ourners i n t he K erameikos c emetery. I t i s o ne o f s everal a mbassadors'tombs w hich h ave s urvived. 4 F or P ythagoras a s tele o f P entelic m arble l acking a ny m ouldi ng w as e rected o n a p oros b ase o r t opmost s tep. T he l att er r ested o n t hree s teps w hich i ncrease i n s ize t owards t he f oundation w hich c onsisted o f s ix l arge b locks, t he t op e dge o f t hese b locks b eing j ust v isible. T he c omparison o f t he s ize o f t he m emorial f or P ythagoras w ith t hat f or t he c asualties i n 4 47/6 i s o f s ignificant i nterest: [ 32b H eight o f s tele W idth o f s tele T hickness o f s tele U ppermost s tep F oundation

p ls .4 5-46 ]

1 .67m 0 .47m( a verage ) 0 .17m

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I n t he a mbassador's m emorial a h ollow s pace w as n oted e nclosed b y t he s econd a nd t hird s tep f rom t he t op i n w hich a n u rn m ay h ave b een b uried. 5 A f our-line 9 pigram w as e ng raved o n t he b ase w hich c arries t he s tele.° T he e pigraphic al n ature o f t he i nscription w as a nalyzed b y U . K nigge. 7 I t w ould b e d ifficult n ot t o a ccept h er c onclusion t hat t he i nscription d ates f rom t he m iddle o f t he . 5 th c entury. I n o ther w ords, t he t omb w as e rected s oon a fter P ythagoras' d eath w hich w e k now t o h ave t aken p lace i n 4 51. T he a mbassador's n ame i s e ngraved a pproximately 0 .25m b elow t he t op e dge o f t he s tele. O therwise t he s tele d oes n ot s how a ny d ecoration a t t he p resent. I f t here w ere a ny d ecoration i t c ould o nly h ave b een p ainted. V arious s ugg estions h ave b een m ade t o t his e ffect. 8 I t i s p ractically c ertain t hat t he m emorial f or P ythago ras i s a t rifle e arlier i n d ate t han [ 32b]. T he c losely r elated s ize o f b oth s telai a nd t heir q uasi c ontemporaneit y s uggest t hat t he s tepped b ase o f t he m emorial f or P yt hagoras c ould h ave i nspired t he s etting o f [ 32b], t he b ase o f w hich i s u nfortunately n ot p reserved. O ne m ight a sk w hy

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t he s cribe o f[32b]placed t he e pigram n ot o n t he b ase a s i s a ttested f or m any o ther p olyandria, b ut e ngraved i t i n v ery s mall l etters o n t he b ottom o f t he s tele.' O ne m ay s urmise f rom t he p ositioning o f t he e pigram o n[32b]that t he e ngraver p robably w as g iven t he t exts t o b e e ngraved a t s hort i ntervals. I t w as l eft u p t o h im t o a rrange t he m at erial a s b est a s h e c ould. I n o ther w ords, s tele a nd s tepp ed b ase w ere e xecuted i ndependently b y d ifferent w orkmen, w hereas a m ore c lose c ollaboration b etween w orkmen c an b e a ssumed t o h ave t aken p lace i n t he e xecution o f t he m emor ial f or P ythagoras i n w hich t he i nscriptional m aterial p lays a m inor r ole. R ows o f s telai u pon w hich t he c asualty l ists w ere i ns cribed w as p robably a q uite c ommon t ype o f s tate m emorial i f w e j udge b oth f rom t he e vidence o f p reserved c asualty l ists a s w ell a s f rom o ne r ed-figured a nd a nother w hiteg round v ase-painting b oth o f w hich s eem t o r eflect t his v ery t ype. T o b e s ure, t he s telai w hether i n s tone o r i n p ainti ng, f orm o nly o ne e lement o f t he p olyandrion a s a w hole. W e d o n ot k now w hat t he m emorials w ould h ave l ooked l ike i n t heir f inished s tate. F or t he r estoration o f s telai i n a r ow , t he f ragment f rom a r ed-ground(?)loutrophoros(?)in A msterdam(See p 1.3c )is t aken b y s cholars a s p rime e vidence 10 b eside t hat w hich c omes f rom t he m arble s telai t hemselves. " T he s telai o n t he v ase f ragment a re n ot c ontiguous b ut p res umedly t hey s tand o n a c ommon b ase. I f W olters i s c orrect i n b elieving t hat t he w hite c olour b etween t he s telai i ndic ates a t ymbos i n t he b ackground r ather t han b eing d ue t o t he t echnique o f a w hite-ground v essel w e h ave a n i mportant d etail f or t he r econstruction o f t his t ype o f p olyandrion . I f t he w hite i s a n a spect o f t he t echnique i n i mitation o f t he w hite-ground l ekythoi, t hen w e c an b e s ure t hat t he d estination o f t he l outrophoros(?)was f unereal i n n ature. 12 T he v ase i s u nfortunately v ery f ragmentary a nd t he i nscript ions o n t he s telai a re l ikewise t antalizing. T he v asep ainter d id n ot s eem t o w ant t o w rite o ut t he n ames o f t he t wo s ites c ompletely, e ven t hough h e w ould h ave h ad p lenty o f r oom t o d o s o. T he r estored r eadings tk ig SKet i[ecpev] a ndiv B uCav[zi , ( A et ]can s carcely b e d isputed. I l owever f ragment ary, t he i nscriptions m ake p erfect s ense i f w e c ompare t hem w ith t he e ntries o n [ 32b] i n w hich b oth s ites a re a lso f ound. W hether o r n ot [ 32b] y ields a t erminus p ost q uem f or t he f ragment i n A msterdam , i t i s d ifficult t o s ay b ec ause [ 32b] c onsists o f a s ingle s tele w hereas t he v asep ainter d efinitely h ad t he r endering o f a d ifferent t ype o f p olyandrion i n h is m ind. A l ikely e xplanation i s t hat t he v ase-painter t ransferred t he n ames o f s ites w hich a ppeared o n a p olyandrion r ecently e rected t o a t ype o f p olyandrion w hich s truck h is i magination m uch m ore v ividly, a nd w hich w as, p erhaps , e rected a t t he e nd o f t he p revious c ampaigning s eason. T his i s t he p olyandrion w hich h onours t he c asualt ies o f K oroneia [ 31a-b]. I t p robably c onsisted o f f ive c ontiguous s telai. H ardly m ore t han f ive s telai w ere d ep icted o n t he l outrophoros w hen i ntact. B e t hat a s i t m ay, [ 31a-b] g ives u s a t erminus p ost q uem f or t he v ase f ragment a nd s o d oes [ 32b] f or t he s pecific s ites m entioned.

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T he w hite-ground l ekythos i n C hicago d ating f rom a bout 4 50 d epicts t hree s telai s tanding o n a c ommon b ase. 13 T he s lend er s labs a re e ach c rowned b y a n a nthemion, b elow w hich a k ymation i s p ainted. T he a nthemia p roject i nto t he m eander f rieze a bove. I n t he v acant s pace b etween t wo o f t he t ape ring s telai a nd t o t he r ight o f t he t hird s tele t hree n ames a re i nscribed v ertically a s f ollows:-..] X0E, A PIETI ME, A IOIA0E. T he r elationship o f t he n ames t o t he s telai d epicted i s n ot e asy t o e xplain, b ut t he f ollowing i nterpretations a re p ossible. F irst, t hat t he s telai a re t he i ndividual t ombs o f t he t hree g entlemen n amed. S econd, t hat w e h ave t he d ep iction o f a p olyandrion w hich c onsisted o f a r ow o f s telai, t hat t he t hree g entlemen w ere a mong t he c asualties, a nd t hat t heir n ames a re r emembered h ere. I f t he l atter i nterp retation a pplies(and I b elieve i t i s t he o nly a cceptable i nterpretation b ecause t here a re n o m emorials f or p rivate A thenian c itizens a t t he t ime t he l ekythos w as p ainted), t hen t he l ekythos w as p robably p rivately c ommissioned. T his i n t urn d emonstrates t he c urious a nd s ignificant m ing ling o f t he p ublic w ith t he p urely p rivate r ealm i n p aying t ribute t o t he d eceased. W e s hall n ote t his a gain i n s ome f unerary w hite-ground l ekythoi. A lthough t here i s a c asualt y n amed D iphilos o n [ 56] a nd a n A rist[... o n [ 57], b oth c asualty l ists d ate f rom t he l atter p art o f t he P eloponnes ian W ar, t oo l ate t o b e i dentified w ith t he c asualties n amed o n t he C hicago l ekythos. W hether o r n ot t hese w ere m embers o f t he s ame o r o f s everal r elated f amilies e scapes o ur knowledge. I t i s t empting, h owever, t o a ssume t hat s eve ral m embers o f o ne f amily d ied i n t wo o r t hree c ampaigning y ears, p erhaps i n t he u nfortunate E gyptian c ampaign o f t he e arly 4 50's w hich i s t he d ate o f t he l ekythos. S telai a rranged i n a r ow a re d ocumented b y a n umber o f c asualty l ists. 14 T he s telai a re c ontiguous i n s ome a nd i n o thers d ivided f rom e ach o ther b y s unken c hannels. S till o thers a re f ree-standing a s o n t he v ases. W e c an a ssume t hat t he s telai s tood o ften i f n ot a lways o n a c ommon b ase. C rowning m ouldings a re a ttested f or s ome s telai. I f c ont iguous t he s telai f ormed a w all-like s tructure w hich m ay h ave t urned a t r ight a ngles a t e ach e nd w ith a dditional ( uninscribed)slabs c ontinuing t he w all. T hus, a p recinct w ould h ave b een f ormed e nclosing p erhaps a t ymbos a s W olt ers h ad a ssumed f or t he f ragment i n A msterdam a nd a s w as a ctually t he c ase i n t he p olyandrion a t T hespiae[48c]. M oreover , w e c an a ssume t hat t he f ront w all f ormed b y s tel ai f aced t he r oadway(as i n T hespiae). T he b urial p recinct w ould t hen h ave b een s ituated n ear t he e dge o f t he A cademy r oad, o ccupying a s quare o f 5 t o 6 m eters. I t w ould b e t empting t o r estore, o n t he b asis o f v ase-paintings, a s mall s tele o n t op o f t he t ymbos. 15 S ome t ime a go M rs. K arouzou i ngeniously s uggested t hat t he o riginal s tatue o f t he s o-called H ermes L udovisi s tood i n t he r ole o f H ermes P sychopompos o n t he p olyandrion w hich

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h onoured t he c asualties o f K oroneia[31a-b] .16 T he s uggestion w as n ot u nanimously a ccepted b ecause o f t he d ifficulty i n v isualizing t he s tate m emorial a s a w hole. M rs. K arouzou b elieved t hat H ermes s tood o n t op o f a m ound w hich f ormed p art o f t he t omb. A ll t hat i s p reserved o f [ 31a-b] a t t he p resent i s t he b ase w ith t he e pigram a nd s everal f ragmentss ome c ontiguous - o f a t l east t wo o ut o f f ive s labs w ith t he c asualty l ist. A m oulding w hich c rowns o ne s lab i s p reserved. M rs. K arouzou d id n ot f ail t o m ention a w hiteg round l ekythos i n B onn w hich i s c rucial f or t he hypotheti cal r econstruction o f a t ype o f p olyandrion c rowned w ith s tatue(s). 17 W ith t he l ack o f a dditional e lements a vaila ble w e c annot h ope t o r estore [ 31a-b] i n f ull. I t i s n eve rtheless w orth w hile c onsidering s everal p ossible r econs tructions b ased o n o ther w hite-ground l ekythoi which g ive a dditional s upport t o t he c ontention t hat s tatues c ould h ave b een e ssential i n t he s culptural d ecoration o f o ne t ype o f p olyandrion. A c ase i n p oint i s a w hite-ground l ekythos i n B erlin. 18 O n a n arrow s lab a round which a r ibb on i s w ound s tands t he b lack s ilhouetted f igure o f a w arr ior, f ully a rmed w ith l ance, s hield , a nd h elmet. O n t he l eft w e s ee a y outh w earing a c hiton a nd c hlamys, a rmed w ith a s word, l ance i n h is l eft and a h elmet i n h is r ight h and. H is g aze i s d irected a t t he s tele i n f ront o f h im. T he r elationship b etween t he t wo w arriors - t he L eonidast ype w arrior o n t he s tele a nd t he y oung m an w ho h as l ost h is l ife i n t he b attle - i s o bvious. S ince p rivate m emor ials f rom t he t ime w hen t he l ekythos w as p ainted a re n ot e xtant, o ne i s t empted t o s ay t hat t he t omb d epicted i s a p ublic m emorial, n ot a c omplete r endering o f o ne, b ut a n a bridged a nd s ketchy v isualization o f s uch a p olyandrion. T wo l ekythoi i n B oston a re a lso i nstructive. 19 O ne i s b y t he T hanatos P ainter, t he s econd " has a g ood d eal i n c ommon w ith v ases b y t he T hanatos P ainter". B oth v ases s how a ltarl ike s tructures i n t he f oreground w ith b eautiful p almette f inials. T he f ormer v ase d epicts, i n a ddition t o t he a ltar , a s tele o n t wo s teps o n t op o f t he a ltar(or b ehind i t?). T he i conography o f b oth l ekythoi i s f unereal. O n t he f irst o f t he t wo v ases a h andsomely built y oung m an, holding two l ances a nd e quipped w ith a s word s tands b eside t he g ravea ltar. H is h ead i s t urned i n p rofile t o t he r ight. O n t he r ight s ide i s a y oung w oman w ith a d iptych and a s megm atotheke. T he d iptych i s d ifficult t o i nterpret i n a f une rary c ontext b ut i t c ould h ave b elonged t o t he y oung m an a nd h is s ister(rather t han h is w ife?)could n ow b e o ffering i t a s a f arewell g ift a t t he t omb. A lthough t he s cene a s a w hole s eems t o b e w ell s uited t o t he d epiction o f t he p rivate r ealm o f t wo c lose r elatives, t he s tatuesque a pp earance o f t he y oung m an a nd t he i mportance g iven t o t he a ltar e voke t he r ealm o f a s tate burial. T hus, p rivate and p ublic r ealm a re c uriously i ntermingled. T he evocation o f t he p ublic r ealm i s r einforced b y t he s econd l ekythos w ith s tatues o f y ouths s tanding o n t op o f t he a ltar and s upporti ng t hemselves b y l ances. O ne o f t he y ouths a lso h olds a s trigil. A l yre and a d isk h ang i n t he b ackground t o t he

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r ight a nd l eft o f t he s tatues r espectively. A y outh o n t he r ight, f ully d raped i n a m antle, i s t he d eceased. H is f at her h as c ome t o t he t omb: h e c rouches o n t he l eft, r ight k nee o n t he l ower o f t wo s teps, l ooking u p a t t he s tatues w hich t o h im e voke t he i mage o f h is s on w hile a live. T he a ttributes a lready d escribed a nd t he b lack s ilhouetted d es ign o f t wo b oxers i n t he a ltar p ediment h int a t b asic n ot ions o f A thenian e ducation a nd o f k alokagathia. T he s tatu es t hemselves u nderline t hese n otions. I p ropose t hat t he a ltar-like s tructure w ith t he s tatues c ould r eflect a n A t henian s tate m emorial. T hree m ore l ekythoi e voke t he n otion o f w arfare a nd t he p ossible s culptural d ecoration o f p olyandria i n t he D emosion S ema. O n a l ekythos i n B erlin t he g roup o f H ypnos a nd T han atos c arrying S arpedon i s p laced a s a s tatue g roup o n t op o f a s tele. T he d eceased i s n ot S arpedon b ut i s a f emale. 20 O n a s tele o f a nother w hite-ground l ekythos i n A thens 21 a l ion c rouches, l ike o ne o n a r ed-figur p i a mphora n eck(or l outrophoros n eck?) f rom t he K erameikos.LL(See p 1.6) L ions w ere p laced a s g uardian a nimals o n p rivate t ombs s ince t he 7 th c entury b ut t heir p resence i n c ontext o f p olyandria i s a lso w ell a ttested. 23 O n t he w hite-ground l ekythos i n A thens, a w oman b rings a s acrificial b asket f ull o f o fferi ngs t o t he t omb. L ikewise, o n t he a mphora n eck a m an a nd t wo w omen a re d epicted w ith o fferings a t t he s tele. O n t he o bverse o f t he l atter v ase a f ight i s d epicted. A n u nhelmeted w arrior h as a ttacked a nother w arrior w ho i s a rmed w ith s hield, p ilos, a nd a l ance. O bverse a nd reverse a re c learly r elated. T he s cene w ith t he f ight i s o bviously p ubl ic, b ut i s t he m emorial o n t he r everse a p olyandrion o r a p rivate t omb? T he f ormer i nterpretation i s w orthwhile c ons idering. I a m i nclined t o t hink t hat t he s tele d epicts a p olyandrion n ot o nly b ecause o f t he c rouching l ion, b ut a ls o o n a ccount o f t he t hree f igures w hich a re c oncerned w ith s acrifice a t t he t omb. I t i s n ot t he u sual f amily g atheri ng a t t he t omb b ut A thenians w ho h ave c ome t o t he p olya ndrion i n t he D emosion S ema t o h onour t heir d eceased s ons. F inally, t he w hite-ground l ekythos i n H ouston s hows a s tele w ith a h elmet t hought t o b e o f b rof ize o n t he t op. 2 4 I f w e r ecall t he d edications o f h elmets i n s anctuaries a ft er s uccessful m ilitary c ampaigns s uch a s [ 3A-C ,6D,31A],this p iece o f a rmour w ould a ppear a s a v ery s uitable d ecoration -f or a s tate m emoriql, n eatly e mphasizing t he p ublic c haract er o f t he b urial. W hile t he l ekythoi w ith s tatues i n B onn a nd B oston i mm ediately s trike o ne a s e xceptional, t here a re s till o ther w hite-ground l ekythoi f rom t he 2 nd q uarter o f t he 5 th c ent ury w ith t ombs t hat d o n ot f it t he n orm c urrent i n t he o euvres o f t he f oremost w hite-ground l ekythoi p ainters i n t he l ate s evere s tyle p eriod a nd i n t he e arly 4 40's s uch a s t he S abouroff, T hanatos, T ymbos a nd I nscription P ainter. A re t hese t ombs t he r esult o f t he p ainters'imagination, o r

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a re w e t o b elieve t hat s tone p rototypes e xisted? T he t ombs c onsist o f e ither a l ow a nd b road a ltar-like s tructure o r a t all s tele t he w idth o f w hich i s o ne h alf(if n ot m ore)of t he t otal h eight. B oth h ave i n c ommon a s uperstructure c onsisting o f s everal s teps(omitted i n o ne e xample)upon w hich s tands a s tele w hose p roportions a pproximate 1 :3 w idth t o h eight a nd w hich p rojects i nto t he s houlder z one o f t he l ekythos. 26 T he l ekythos i n A thens(see n .26,no.1) d epicts a n a ltar-like s tructure. A w oman p resents a l ekyt hos a nd a s ash a s f uneral g ifts, a y outh o ffers a l aurel(?) w reath. O n t he l ekythos i n L ondon(see n .26,no.2, h ere p l. ) a t ymbos w hich r ests o n a k repis i s d epicted b ehind t he s tele. A w oman o n t he l eft i s a bout t o p lace a s ash o n t he s tepped s uperstructure. O n t he l ekythos i n B oston(see n . 2 6, n o.3) t he l ow s lab i s d ivided h orizontally i nto f ive c ompartments. 27 T he s tele a bove h as t wo a nthemia. A w oman o n t he l eft c arries a b asket f illed w ith t wo l ekythoi a nd s ashes. T he i conography o f a ll t hree v ases i s c learly f une rary e ven t hough n o.2 c omes f rom G ela. 28 A s f or t he m emor ials d epicted, I p ropose t hat a n e arly p olyandrion c ontemp orary w ith t he w hite-ground l ekythoi w hich d ate f rom a bout 4 70-(460)could h ave i nspired t he v ase-painters. T he s labs i n n os.28 ,3 y ield t he n ecessary s urface f or t he e ngraving o f t he c asualty l ists i n a p ublic m emorial. T he t aller a nd m ore n arrow s telai a bove o r b ehind(?) 29 t he s labs, a s w ell a s t he t ymbos i n n o.2, e voke a f unerary c ontext p er s e, d ist inguished a s t hese s telai a re f rom t he s labs w ith t he c asu alty l ists. A s f or t he t ymbos i n n o.2, c omparison w ith o ther t ymboi d epicted o n w hite-ground l ekythoi s hows t hat t he r endering o f a k repis i s n ot c ommon. 3 u M oreover, t he d istinction o f t he m ound f rom t he s tone k repis i s ( fairly) u nique s uggesting s trongly t hat a n e arly t ype o f p olyandrion, c ontemporary w ith K imon, e ssentially c onsisting o f t he t ymb os o n a s tone k repis, t he s tele u pon w hich t he c asualty l ist w as e ngraved, a nd t he g ravestone p roper m ay h ave i ns pired t he p ainter. 31 I n t he a nalysis o f t he f inds o n t he A cademy r oad I h ave s uggested t hat t en t renches d iscovered i n a r elatively s mall a rea a nd a rranged i n p airs a nd t hree's m ight h ave s erved f or t he b urial o f t he t en l arnakes, a nd t he e rection o f t en s telai w ith c asualty l ists i ndividually p laced. 32 T he a rr angement o f t he t renches i s u nique. T he i nterpretation p roposed i s h ypothetical, b ut b etter t han n one. 33 M oreover , I a m e ncouraged i n m y i nterpretation b y w hat K urtz r efers t o a s " shadow-monuments" o n s ome w hite-ground l ekythoi. 34 O n t hese o ne p rincipal m onument i s d epicted. A s econd s tel e a ppears b ehind t he f irst a nd t here c ould s till b e f ound a n a dditional t rapeza, l ower t han b oth t he p rincipal a nd t he " shadow-monument". 35 I a gree w ith K urtz t hat t he v asep ainters i ntended t o g ive a c emetery v iew, s everal m onuments b eing " kaleidoscoped" b ut w hy i t s hould b e a " labor-saving v ersion o f t he c emetery" I f ail t o u nderstand. I t i s o ne p ossible w ay t o r ender a c emetery. O n v ases o ther t han l ekythoi, t he r endering o f s everal s telai s ide b y s ide i s a s econd p ossible w ay . i 6 T he c entral p ositioning o f t he

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" shadow-monuments" r eveals t heir s ubordinate p osition c omp ared t o t he p rincipal t omb i n t he f irst p lane, b esides g iving u s a " view" o f t he c emetery. 37 T he " kaleidoscoped" r endering o f t rapezai a nd s telai o n w hite-ground l ekythoi i s r eminiscent o f t he a rrangement o f t he t en t renches o n t he A cademy r oad. I t m ight b e p ermissible i n a f inal r ec onstruction o f t his s tate m emorial n ot a ttempted i n o ur F ig.8, t o s urmise t hat a g rave a ltar - a t rapeza - w as e r ected i n f ront o f t he s telai w ith t he c asualty l ists. T he s etting a s a w hole w as t hen a s mall, w ell-defined p rec inct. 3 8 I n t he d ecoration o f g rave p recincts o f s tate m emorials a rchitectural t erracottas m ay h ave p layed a r ole. T his h as b een s uggested i n c ase o f a n a kroterion a nd a l ateral p alm ette-volute c omposition. 39 I t m ay b e t hat t hese e lements b elonged t o a g rave a ltar. A w hite-grounl l ekythos t o b e d iscussed m ore f ully l ater c omes t o m ind. " T he t ype o f p olyandrion w hich c onsisted o f r ows o f s telai w hich f ormed t he f ront s ide o f a s mall p recinct w ith a dditional s labs o n t he s ides a round a c entrally p laced t ymbos m ay h ave b een d ecorated w ith a s ima o n t op o f t he s telai a nd t he l ateral s labs. O ne o f t he s imai i s d ated b y H übner t o t he 4 79's a nd s pecifically c onnected b y h er w ith a p olyandrion. 41 T he e arly c lassical s ima w ith v egetal d ecoration, v ery l ikely f rom a p olyandrion, h as a d escendant i n t he m arble a nthemion f rieze w hich c rowns t he c asualty l ist f or t he d ead i n t he K orinthian W ar o f 3 94[68b]. B efore t urning t o t he u se o f r elief d ecoration i n p olyandria, t he t ypes o f p olyandria c onsidered s o f ar c an b e s ummarized a s f ollows. A s ingle s tele e rected u pon a b ase m arked t he m emorial[32b]. S mall p recincts w ere f ormed b y r ows o f s telai i n t he f ront a nd a dditional w alls a t t he s ides a nd i n t he b ack. S culptural d ecoration i n-the-round m ay b e e nvisaged e ither s tanding o n b locks w hich t opped t he s telai, i n t he c enter o n a t ymbos w hich w as e nclosed b y t he s telai a nd t he w alls, o r o n g rave a ltars w hich f ormed p art o f t he t omb c omplex. S telai m ay h ave b een s et u p i n a s mall p recinct i ndividually t ogether w ith a g rave a ltar . E xcept f or t he f irst t ype o f p olyandrion ; t he h ypothetical r econstruction o f t he p recinct t ype o f s tate m emorial i s b ased u pon t he c ombination o f t he e vidence f rom c asualty l ists a nd s culpture o n t he o ne h and a nd w hite-ground a s w ell a s r ed-figure v ase-paintings o n t he o ther. T here a re o nly t wo v ery f ragmentary s culpted f riezes w hich w e c an r elate t o s tate m emorials. 42 T hese f riezes n ot o nly d raw w ithin t heir o rbit m any a spects o f w arrior i conography i n A ttic a rt d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 5 th c entury, b ut t hey a lso d irect o ur a ttention t o r eliefs w hich w e c an c onsider a s h aving b elonged a s d ecorations t o p olya ndria. T he r elief, w ith a b attle s cene o f c avalry a nd f oot s oldiers w hich i s p laced a bove t he i nscription f or t he c asualties i n t he K orinthian W ar o f 3 94 i s t oo w ell k nown

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t o n eed f urther d iscussion h ere[68a]. S tupperich h as r ec ently a dded t o t his t estimony a f ragmentary r elief i n Oxf ord[59]which p recedes[68a]by 1 0 t o 1 5 y ears. 43 T wo o ther r eliefs m ost l ikely b elonged a s s culptural d ecoration t o p olyandria: t he s o-called r elief A lbani[42b]and a r elief i n t he M etropolitan M useum i n N ew Y ork[69]. B oth d epict c ombat s cenes, e ach c omprising t wo f igures. T he s ame i s t rue f or t he r elief o f D exileos[68A]which i n i ts t urn w as i nspired b y a r elief i n B erlin w hich i s 1 5 t o 2 0 y ears e arl ier. 44 T he B erlin r elief a nd t he r elief o f D exileos w ere u sed i n t he c ontext o f p rivate m emorials a s t he i nscriptions a nd t he p laces o f d iscovery a ttest. T hey a re r eplicas o f a r elief w hich w e m ay c all t he p rototype a nd w hich i n my b elief a dorned a s tate m emorial p robably e rected d uring t he s econd p art o f t he P eloponnesian W ar. T he s culptor o f t he p rototype l earnt h is t rade i n t he a telier o f P heid ias. M any s cholars t ake t he r elief i n t he V illa A lbani t o b e a n o riginal o f t he e arly 4 20's. I t c ould h ave b el onged t o[42b]which P ausanias s aw i n t he D emosion S ema. O ther s cholars a re m ore s ceptical a bout t he l ate o f t he r elief a nd t he c ontext i n w hich i t w as u sed. 45 T he c ompos ition o n t he B erlin r elief a nd t hat o f D exileos e njoyed g reat p opularity a mong t wo f igure r eliefs. T he s ame c omp osition, s ometimes a mplified b y a dditional,figures, o cc urs i n o ther r eliefs a nd i n v ase-painting. 4 ° I h ave s uggested e lsewhere t hat s everal o ther c ombat s cenes o n p rivate g ravestones m ight d erive f rom b attle f riezes o f p olyandria r eliefs n ot p reserved. 47 T he s ame m ay b e t rue f or w arriors s hown s ingly b ut i n c ombat p osit ion, e xcerpts, a s i t w ere, f rom b attle c ompositions o n s tate m emorials. 48 R elief s culpture d ecorating A ttic t ombs i s a ttested s ince t he a rchaic p eriod. I t i s u nfortunate t hat, w ith t he e xception o f a b urial p recinct o f t he 4 th c entury , s uch d ecoration h as n ot b een f ound i n c onnection w ith t he a ctual t ombs. H owever, f rom t he r eliefs t hemselves o ne c an i nfer t hat t hey f ormed p art o f t he t omb s tructure, b elonging a s f riezes t o t he d ecoration o f w alls a nd p ediments. " T he s tele w ith t wo w arriors i n C openhagen i s t hought b y s ome t o h ave d ecorated a p olyandrion. T he r elief i s c alled A ttic b y H . H iller, I onian b y D espinis. 50 S ince t here w ere n o p olyandria i n t he 6 th c entury, t he r elief c ould h ave b een s et u p o ver t wo c asualties b uried i n a p rivate t omb. 51 F our m arble s labs w hich d ate f rom t he l ate a rchaic p erio d a nd w hich w ere r ecovered f rom t he T hemistoklean w all a re b elieved t o h ave b elonged t o s ome t omb. 52 O nly H ermes P sychopompos a nd a r ider c an c learly b e i dentified o n t he s labs. T he i nterpretation o f t he r emaining f igures i s v ery d ifficult o n a ccount o f t he s tate o f p reservation o f t he r eliefs. N M 2 826 s hows n o a nathyrosis o n t he s mall s ides. N M 2 823 h as a nathyrosis o n t he r ight h and s mall s ide a s d oes t he l eft h and s mall s ide o f N M 8 9(its r ight h and s mall s ide i s b roken). E ven w ithout e xamining t he

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s mall s ides i t i s o bvious f rom t he f igures w hich s urvive t hat t he o riginal number o f s labs must h ave b een m ore t han t hree. U se o f t he s labs i n a p ublic m emorial i s f urther e xcluded b ecause o f t heir d ate. A r elief d ating f rom t he l ate 5 th c entury m ay p ossibly h ave f ormed p art o f a f rieze c rowning s labs w ith c asualty l ists o r a nother p ortion o f t he p olyandrion s tructure. T his h as b een s uggested s ince 1 942 b y G ebauer w ho r eported o n t he e xcavations i n t he K erameikos. T he r elief s hows a c hariot d rawn b y h orses(of w hich l ittle r emains), t he c hari ot b eing o ccupied b y t wo m ale f igures, o ne o f w hich i s d epicted m ourning(veiled). T he o blong o bject i n t he c hari ot m ay b e a l arnax a bout t o b e b rought t o t he l ying-ins tate o r t o t he t omb s ite. T he i nterpretation o f t he r el ief and a ny c onnection o f i t w ith t he D emosion S ema n atur ally d epends o n t hat v ery o bject. 53 T he p rivate t omb f ound i n t he 1 960's i n K allithea w as d ecorated w ith a f rieze w hose s ubject w as a n A mazonomachy. 54 T his s ubject m atter o ccurs a lso o n a s lab i n t he N ational Museum i n A thens, s aid t o c ome f rom a t omb. 55 B oth m onum ents d ate f rom t he m id-4th c entury. T his i s a lso t he a pp roximate d ate o f a m etope a nd t riglyph f rieze i n t he N ationa l Museum i n A thens. 56 D epicted o n a m etope a re t hree w ome n i n d eep m ourning, t wo o f t hem d ejectedly v eiling t heir h eads w ith t heir m antles. T he s orrowful t ogetherness o f t he w omen i s b eautifully c onveyed t o t he b eholder. T he s culptor m ay h ave w itnessed s uch m ourning a t p rivate t ombs a nd a t public m emorials. I f w e o nly h ad s ome o f t he o ther m etopes i t w ould b e e asier t o t ell w hether w e a re d ealing w ith t he a rchitectural r emains o f a p rivate o r p ublic m em orial. I n t he l atter c ase t he m etopes c ould h ave b een p laced o n t op o f a w all w hich w as f ormed b y s labs w ith c asu alty l ists. T his o r a s imilar u se m ay a lso b e c onsidered f or a f rieze f rom t he m id-4th c entury i n t he W alters A rt G allery i n B alt imore, M aryland, w hich h as r eceived l ittle a ttention s o f ar. 57 T he f rieze i s d ecorated w ith g roups o f t wo t o t hree f igures i n c ompositions w ell known f rom c lassical A ttic g ravestones(see p l. 7 ). N o w arriors a re . d epicted a nd t he m ajority o f t he f igures a re m iddle-aged, s ix m en a nd t wo w omen, a ll i nscribed o n t he m oulding a bove t he r elief. B rueckner n oted t hat t he g roups s how a w ider s pacing b etw een t he f igures, e specially g roup 1 f rom t he l eft a nd t he w oman i n g roup 4 a t t he e xtreme r ight. T he f rieze i s b rok en a t t he l eft. F or h ow f ar i t c ontinued w e c annot t ell t herefore. T he m inimum l ength i s 1 .80m. C omparisons o f t he B altimore r elief w ith t rapezai m ade b y s everal s cholars a re r eally unsuitable. M oreover, w hat g oes u nmentioned l b y a ll s cholars w ho h ave d ealt w ith t he m onument i s t hat t he t op s hows t hree h oles a long t he b ack e dge o f t he s lab f or f airly r egularly p laced T -clamps, a nd t he b ottom o f t he s lab h as a nathyrosis. H ence t he f ragment c omes f rom a n architectural s etting, a t omb p eribolos o r t he l ike.

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B rueckner h ypothetized o n t he b asis o f t he n ames t hat t here w as a f amily r elationship b y i ntermarriage o f s ome o f t he f igures d epicted. I b elieve B rueckner p ointed i n t he r ight d irection b ut i nstead o f f amily r elationship I c ould e nvisa ge t hat t he f igures a re r elated b ecause t hey b elong t o o ne a nd t he s ame t ribe. T hus, i t i s c onceivable t hat w e h ave h ere a g athering o f t he m embers o f a t ribe w ho m ourn t heir c asualties i n w arfare. T he d ate o f t he f rieze i s t he l ate 2 nd q uarter o f t he 4 th c entury. T his p oses p roblems a s s o v ery f ew p olyandria a re k nown t o h ave e xisted t hen. O r i s i t j ust b ecause o f t his t hat w e c an p ostulate a " Sonderg rab" f or c asualties w hich o ccurred a t s ome d istance f rom A thens a nd w hich w ere r eco r dedin t he D emosion S ema? W hate ver e xplanation f or t he u se o f t he f rieze o ne m ay p ropose, i f i t b elonged t o a p rivate t omb o ne c an h ardly g ive t he a rtist m uch c redit f or a s triking s pirit o f i nvention. I f w e p lace t he f rieze i n c ontext o f a p olyandrion, d epicting f amilies c ommemorating t he d ead o f t heir t ribe, t he d ecor ation m akes m ore s ense e ven t hough I w ill n ot d eny a f eeli ng o f m onotony w hich p ervades t he w hole a nd t he f act t hat t he l ack o f w arriors i s n ot e xactly w hat w e e xpect f rom A ttic i conography i n s uch a s pecific t ype o f m emorial. O ther r eliefs, t hough u sed f or p rivate t ombs, s eem n eve rtheless t o h ave b een c opied f rom p olyandria r eliefs. T he s ubject m atter o f t hese i s w arriors i n s till s cenes, e ither r epresented a lone o r i n s mall g roups. L ike b attle s cenes o n p rivate m emorials w hich a re d erived f rom p rotot ypes i n p olyandria d ecorations o ne m ay e nvisage t hat t he s till s cenes o riginated i n t he d ecoration o f p ublic m emor ials. I f v irtually t he s ame c omposition w ith o nly s light v ariations, p rimarily d ue t o t he e xecuting a rtists, r ecurs o n h alf a d ozen o r m ore r eliefs, o ne c an a ssume w ith a f air d egree o f c ertainty t hat t he s culptors w ho c arved t hese r eliefs w ere i nspired b y a r elief o n a s tate m emorial. T his h olds t rue, f or i nstance, f or t he c omposition o f t wo w arriors w ho, c onfronting e ach o ther , s hake h ands. 58 T he w arriors a re u sually a rmed b ut n ot a lways f ully. S hields a re c ommon a s a re p iloi w hich o n v ases a nd i n r elief s culpt ure a re a s p opular a s a ny o ther t ype o f h elmet f rom t he m iddle o f t he 5 th c entury o nwards. T he s tele o f L ykeas a nd C hairedemos i s b elieved t o d ate f rom a bout 4 10. L ykeas, i t h as l ong b een s uggested, c ould b e i dentical w ith t he t rierarch w ho f ell i n 4 11 i n I onia. 59 I f t he t rierarch l isted i n[56]and t he L ykeas o n t he P iraeus r elief a re t he s ame, t he m emorial w hich a lso d epicts h is b rother(?)or a f riend n amed C hairedemos, w hose n ame o ccurs i n a nother c asualty l ist[58b]was t hus p laced o n a p rivate t omb s hortly a fter C hairedemos'death . I f o ur a ssumption o f t he i dentity o f C hairedemos l isted i n[58b]with t he C haired emos s culpted o n t he s tele i s a cceptable, i t f ollows t hat t he s tele d ates f rom 4 09 o r s hortly t hereafter. T he r emi niscence o f t he D oryphoros o f P olykleitos i n t he f igure o f C hairedemos, t he s adly t ranquil p oses, t he b are h eads, t he p rofile-view o f L ykeas'head c ompared t o t hat o f C haire-

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d emos w hich i s r endered i n t hree-quarter v iew a re d Atails w hich c ontribute t o m aking t he s tele a m asterpiece o f G reek s culpture. 6 0 A mong o ther p eculiarities w e m ay n ote t he p ose o f L ykeas, w ith t he s hield a t h is l eft s ide, t he l eft h and s howing a t t he g rip n ear t he r im, w hile h is r ight h and h olds o n t o t he s auroter o f t he l ance w hich i s o nly d epicted i n p art, c ont inuing , a s i t w ere, b eyond t he m oulding o f t he r elief. L ykeas'left l eg i s f ully r elaxed. T his s tance, w ith t he w arrior e ither t urned t o t he l eft o r t o t he r ight, i s s een o n o ver a d ozen p rivate m emorials. D etails, a s o ne m ight e xpect, a re d ifferently r endered. T he w arriors w ear m ostl y p iloi. T he w arriors w ho a re t urned t o t he l eft a re u s ually e quipped w ith t he s hield b ut h ave n o l ance. D exios is i s a c ommon m otive. T he s hield m ay b e c arried b y s quires. T he g rouping w ith o ther f igures i s m anifold. T here a re f athers o r w ives w ho c onfront t he d eceased w arr ior - s on a nd/or h usband r espectively. C hildren , m ostly q uite y oung, m ay b e p resent s o t hat o ne c an s peak o f a f ami ly g athering a s o n m any w hite-ground l ekythoi. 61 E xamples o f a rmed w arriors s tanding n ext t o t heir t ombs o n w hite-ground l ekythoi w ill b e d iscussed l ater . T hese a re o n t he w hole e arlier t han t he r eliefs m entioned i n n . 6 1. D exiosis i s n ot a t heme o n w hite-ground l ekythoi, t he d eceased b eing s imply s hown w ith o ne o r m ore r elatives. E ven t hough t he p ictorial r epresentations t hus d efinitely p recede t he r eliefs c hronologically, t his d oes n ot i mply t hat t he r eliefs a re i nspired b y t he v ases. A s culptor i n t he l ast t hree d ecades o f t he 5 th c entury c ould i ndeed h ave d ecorated a s tate m emorial w ith a f igure o f a n a rmed w arrior i n r estful p ose, a c omposition e minently s uited f or t he p urpose, a s i s t hat o f t he w arriors w ho s hake h ands. B oth o f t hese c ompositions c ould b e c onsidered a s h aving s erved a s p endants t o r elief s cenes w ith a b attle. F or t he t heme o f t he s ingle w arrior t he s tele i n W orcest er, M assachusetts c ould c orroborate t he n otion t hat t he m otif o riginated i n t he s culptural d ecoration o f a p olya ndrion. 6 L T he w arrior i s r endered i n a s tance i dentical t o t hat o f C hairedemos. T he m ajor d ifference b etween t he t wo w arriors i s t hat t he o ne i n W orcester w ears a n e xomis ard h olds a p ilos i n h is l owered r ight h and, , w hile t he c orres ponding h and o f C hairedemos i s e mpty. 63 H owever, b oth w arr iors h ave a c hlamys d raped o ver t heir l eft s houlders a nd i n b oth c ases i ts l ength, f alling b elow t he l eft k nee, i s n oteworthy. W hile t he s trap o f t he s word a round t he c hest o f t he W orcester w arrior i s r endered s culpturally, t he s ame d etail i n t he f igure o f C hairedemos w as a dded i n p aint. T he a ttribution b y D iepolder o f b oth s telai t o t he s ame s culptor d oes n ot c onvince m e. E ven i f t he a ssumption o f a s ingle e xecuting h and w ere c orrect, t he c lose c orresponde nce o f d etails i n b oth f igures o n t he o ne h and a nd t he s ignificant d ifferences o n t he o ther l eave, i n m y v iew, l ittle d oubt t hat t he s culptors a re i ntroducing v ariants

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t o a p rototype w hich t hey b oth h ave c opied. W ith r egard t o t he W orcester w arrior D iepolder o bserved t hat " der K rieger(ist)...in d er s tarken W endung a us d er B ildfläche h eraus r epräsentativer g efasst a ls i rgend e in a ttisches D enkmal d ieser Z eit". T his n otion o f t he r epres entative s eems t o m e t he c lue f or u nderstanding t he p ublic b ackground o f a c reation t ransposed t o a p rivate m emorial. T he s ame r epresentative n otion i s e qually s trong i n t he P iraeus r elief, b ut t he m ore r educed t he s ize o f t he m emor ials, t he m ore t he n otion l oses i ts v igor. I f o nly t he e nigmatic o bject, a n e schara(?), i n t he l ower r ight h alf o f t he W orcester r elief w ere m ore c ompletely p reserved, w e c ould o btain t he f inal a nd c onclusive c lue f or t he s urmise t hat t he W orcester w arrior a nd h is c ompanion o n t he P iraeus r elief o r, f or t hat m atter, t he P iraeus s tele a s a w hole, d evolve f rom t he s culptural d ecoration o f a p olyandrion d ating f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he P eloponnesian W ar .64 L ost w orks o f t he f irst r ank i n a rtistic q uality a re o ft en r eflected a nd a vailable i n s eemingly i nsignificant o bj ects s uch a s ,f or i nstance, a c lay i mpression f rom t he A thenian A gora. T he o riginal b ronze r elief b elonged t o a b uckle o f a " belt a bout s even c entimeters w ide w ith t wo l oose r ings f or t ying". 65 A w eary l ooking b earded w arrior s its o n a r ock t o t he l eft. H is c hlamys i s s pread o ver t he s eat a nd t he r im o f t he s hield. T he l ance g ives t he w arr ior's r ight h and w h ich i s h eld a gainst h is f ront s ome s upp ort. H is l eft a rm r ests o n t he s hield w hose g orgoneion h as a n a stonishingly f riendly l ook. A p ilos i s r esting o n a r ocky o utcrop. A b aldric p asses d iagonally o ver t he w arr ior's c hest. T his i s n ot a h ero o f G reek m ythology, b ut s imply t he i mage o f a n A thenian w arrior. N or c an t he t heme a s s uch b e t he b ronze w orker 's o wn i nvention. E ven t hough t he d ate o f t he o riginal b ronze r elief i s a bout 4 10, t he s tyle h arks b ack t o P heidias. T he s ignificance o f t his p iece i s n ot o nly d ue t o i ts a rtistic p erfection b ut a lso t o t he b lending o f r ealistic t raits w ith a s upreme d ignity o f e xpression. T he t otally d ejected m ood o f o ur w arrior b rings v ividly t o m ind t he e nd o f t he S icilian c ampaign a nd r ecalls t he w arriors o n w hite-ground l ekythoi o f G roup R w ho a re s eated a t t heir t ombs. T he c lay i mpression a nd t he v ases a like e voke h istory a nd i ts f atal t urn o f e vents. B ut t he d ignity o f e xpression i n t he s tyle a nd c omposition, w hether i n t he c lay i mpression o r t he w hite-ground l ekythoi, c onsole o ne a gainst w hat i s f atally d ecreed. I h ave n ot t he s lightest p roof o r e vidence t hat t he b ronze r elief d erives f rom a p olyandrion d ecoration. I n s ubject m atter, h owever , i t w ould n ot o nly b e e minently s uitable f or a p olyandrion d ecoration, b ut i n s pirit a lso t he w arrior i s a v isual c ounterpart t o t he f amous e pigram b y E uripides s aid t o h ave b een e ngraved o n t he s tate m emorial f or t he c asualties i n S icily a t t he c onclusion o f t he f irst t wo y ears o f t he c amp aign[52b] . 66 I t m ay b e f itting t o c lose t his c hapter w ith t he w ell-

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k nown r elief o f t he s o-called ' Mourning A thena' i n t he A k ropolis M useum. T he i nterpretation o f t his d elightful ( votive)relief h as v aried c onsiderably . Im yself h ave n ot c ome t o a ny s pecific c onclusion b ut I must a dmit t hat t he i nterpretation w hich a lledges t hat A thena, i n c ontemplating t he p illar, r eads o ver a c asualty l ist o f A thenians, i s a ttractive. T his i nterpretation s eems c ertainly a s g ood a nd a s p lausible a s a ny o f t he o thers, e ven t hough p arall els f or a p illar-like f orm o f c asualty l ists a re l acking a mong A thenian c asualty l ists o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he 5 th c entury, t he d ate o f t he ' Mourning A thena'. A c lose o r e ven a n e xact r endering o f a n A thenian c asualty l ist m ay n ot h ave i nterested t he s culptor. I f h e m eant t o r epresent a c asualty l ist, h owever, i s t he p illar t o b e t hought o f a s p ars p ro t oto o f a p olyandrion o r a s ingle s tele f rom a mong a r ow o f s telai? I f t he l atter a lternative w ere a cc eptable, i s i t t hen p ossible t hat o ne o f t he A thenian t ribes w hich s uffered c asualties d edicated t he r elief t o A thena o n t he A kropolis n ot b ecause A thena w as t he p atron g oddess o f t he c ity w hich l ost t he m en b ut f or s ome o ther r eason w hich n ow t otally e scapes u s? 67

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C HAPTER 7

T HE D EMOS I ON S EMA A ND A THENIAN V ASE-PAINTERS.

I t i s w ell k nown t hat t hemes i n 5 th c entury v ase-painti ng w hich d eal w ith t he d aily l ife o f t he A thenians a re n umerous b ut m any o f t hem a re s till u nexplained. W hile m ythological s cenes, e ven i f l acking i nscriptions, c an u s ually b e i dentified b y m eans o f t he d ivinities p resent, o r b y t he f igures t hemselves, o r a ttributes a nd o bjects, s cenes r eflecting w hat w e m ight c all d aily a ctivities c an o nly w ith d ifficulty b e r elated t o a nd i dentified w ith s pecific c onc erns o f A thenian c itizens. O ne c an s peak r oughly o f p ubl ic a nd p rivate a ctivities. A mong t he f ormer w e c an r ange a g reat v ariety o f s cenes s uch a s p ertaining t o cult a nd r itual, s cenes l ocated i n t he p alaestra, g athering a t b anq uets, o r s uch s pecific r epresentations w hich a ttest t o t he D okimasia. 1 Among t he p rivate c oncerns a re s cenes w hich r elate t o a n i ndividual f amily o r c lan, t he t heme o f t he d eparture o f a w arrior(or h is r eturn) a nd w edding s cenes, b ut a lso t he d epiction o f a n a rtist's w orkshop w ith t he a rtisans, o r a v endor's s hop w ith t he m erchant a nd t he c lie nt. I n t he l atter c ases, t he p ublic a nd p rivate r ealms c an b e s aid t o b e e ffectively m erged. B ut d espite a ll t he w ealth o f A ttic v ase-painting, m any a ctivities, e specially t hose r elated t o p ublic c oncerns, m ay h ave b een t he s ubject o f v isual a rt i n t he 5 th c entury a nd b eing s till p reserved, a re u nrecognized a nd a wait e xplanation. T he w ealth o f i nformation t hat w e c an g lean f rom A then ian w hite-ground l ekythoi, u sed t o h onour t he d eceased a t t he t omb, i s r emarkable. T o b e s ure, i t i s n ot s o m uch t he v ariety w hich i s a stounding b ut t he c onsistency o f i conog raphy w hich w e f ind o n t hese l ekythoi. T he g eneral a nd e ssential m eaning o f t he i conography h as ‚ been w ell e xp lained b y R iezler, B uschor, a nd B eazley. A g reat d eal o f w ork r emains t o b e d one f or d etails, e specially s ince m any hundred l ekythoi a re n ow k nown, e ven t hough m any a re n ot e asily a ccessible, i f a t a l1. 2 T he m ajority o f w hite-ground l ekythoi a re b elieved t o r eflect t he p rivate r ealm o f m ourning, r elatives w hich m ourn t he d eath o f o ne o f t heir k in. T here a re s erious o bj ections t o t his o ne-sided a pproach t o w hite-ground l ekyt hoi b ecause o f t he s imple f act t hat o n t he m ajority o f t hese v ases g ravestones a re d epicted. A s w e know f or c ert ain a nd a s e xcavations i n t he K erameikos 3 h ave i rrevocably p roven n o m arble s telai w ere p laced o n p rivate t ombs o f A thenian c itizens i n t he p eriod f rom a bout 4 90-430, n ot e ven t he m ost s imple o f s labs d estitute o f a ny s culptural o r o ther d ecoration. 4 T hus, s telai e rected p ublicly i n

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t he d ecades a fter 4 70 a ssume m ajor s ignificance a s s ource o f i nspiration f or t he v ase-painters i n g enera1. 5 T he m em orial f or P ythagoras a nd [ 32b] a re o f c rucial i mportance.6 T hese t wo a nd o ther e ither e arlier o r l ater s tate m emorials a s w ell a s t he f ew s telai e rected f or f oreigners b etween 4 80 a nd 4 30 i nspired t he v ase-painters t o a dopt f or t heir v ases t he t ypology a nd s etting o f s telai w hich w eTe r ead ily a vailable a nd v isible i n t he D emosion S ema. 7 S telai o n w hite-ground l ekythoi a re f requently c rowned b y n arrow m ouldings a s o n [ 32b] w hich i s a p oint o f c ontact w ell w orth m entioning. 8 F urthermore, s telai o n v ases a re a lways s et o n b ases c omprised o f t wo t o f our s teps. T his r elates t hem t o t he m emorial o f P ythagoras. 9 M ock i nscript ions o n p ainted s telai a re r are b ut c orrespond t o i nscript ions e ngraved o n s tone s telai w hether t hey a re c asualty l ists o r o ther i nscriptional s tones. 10 I f o ne a ccepts t he c ontention t hat p ublic m emorials i nfluenced t he v ase-painte rs, t hen t here i s i n t hese e arliest w hite-ground l ekythoi d own t o 4 30 a p ublic c onnotation w hich i s e nmeshed w ith t he o therwise p urely p rivate r ealm. T he m ediating r ole p layed b y t he w hite-ground l ekythoi i s g iven a dded s ignificance b y t he w arrior t ypology o n m any l ekythoi i n t he p eriod f rom 4 60 t o 4 30. T his t ypology m ani festly r eveals f oremost t he p ublic c onnotation n ot o nly b ecause p rivate m emorials d o n ot e xist a t t his t ime b ut a ls o b ecause w hat r eally m atters i n 5 th c entury A thenian D em ocracy a re p ublic h onours f or t he w ar d ead. T he i nvolvem ent o f t he c ommunity i n p ractising t he P atrios N omos i s s ignificant e ven t hough i t d oes n ot w holly r eplace h onours b estowed p rivately u pon i ndividual c asualties. A c ase i n p oint i s t he k enotaph o f D exileos[68A]and o ther p rivate t ombs w hich w ere a dorned b y r eliefs s till p reserved. 11 W e h ave b oth s till a nd a ctive s cenes o n w hite-ground l ekythoi w ith w arriors. I n t he f ormer u sually o ne, m ore s eldomly t wo w arriors e re g athered a round a t omb w ith h is o r t heir r elative(s). 1 L T he a ctive s cenes s how a f ight i n f ront o f a t omb. R are a s t his t ype o f s cene i s, i ts s ignifi cance i s n ot d ifferent f rom t he f ighting t hat t akes p lace i n f ront o f s telai o n t he s o-called b attle-loutrophoroi w hich w ill b e d iscussed h ereafter. 13 A v ery s pecial c ase i s o ffered b y t he v ases d ecorated b y t he I nscription P ainter . 14 S everal o f h is v ases a re r ep resentative e xamples o f w arrior t ypology. 15 H e i s c alled t he I nscription P ainter " from t he r ows o f s hort s trokes, i ndicating a n i nscription, o n t he s telai"... O n t wo o f h is v ases t he s ubject i s " two w omen a t t omb" a nd w arriors a re l acking. O n b oth s telai a re f ive l ines o f i nscription. T his r epresents a m aximum. S everal l ines o f i nscription b ecome c ommon a fter 4 30 w hen e pigrams a re i scribed o n c lass ical A ttic g ravestones f dr p rivate c ititzens. 16 N ames u s ually d o n ot t ake u p a s m any a s f ive l ines e xcept o n s tel ai w hich l ack r elief d ecoration b ut s how r osettes i nstead

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a nd r efer t o n ames o f s everal d eceased f amily m embers w ho d ied i n s uccessive y ears o r d ecades. 17 S uch s telai a re p red ominantly o f 4 th c entury d ate. B ut w ith t he I nscription P ainter w e a re i n t he m id 5 th c entury . I f w e c all h is i ns cription " mock i nscriptions" w hat d o t hey m ock? T he "r ows o f s trokes" c an e ither r efer t o e pigrams o n p olyandria o r, a nd t his s eems m uch m ore l ikely t o t his w riter, t he p ainter i ntended t o r eproduce c asualty l ists. T o s ay t hat o ne w ould h ave e xpected t he p ainter t o c ontinue w ith t he "r ows o f s trokes" o ver t he e ntire s tele i s b eside t he p oint, b ecause f irstly, a rtists a re n ot s lavish c opyists a nd s eco ndly, b ecause n ot e ven c asualty l ists c over n ecessarily t he a vailable s urface o f t he s tele. M uch t hat w ill b e s aid o n t he p ages t hat f ollow i s h ypot hetical a nd s peculative. Iw ish t o e mphasize t hat w e c ann ot e xpect f rom A thenian v ase-painters a d epiction o f t he D emosion S ema i n t erms o f r ealism. I n t he 5 th c entury G reek A rt i s, g enerally s peaking, s till f ar f rom h aving r eached t he d evelopment w hich c an c laim t o r ender s cenes t rue i n t erms o f h istorical o r t opographical f acts. I f i t w ere n ot t otally c ontrary t o t he v ery e ssence o f G reek a rt, h ow m uch w ould o ne w ish t o h ave h ad a n a rtist a ctive i n t he 5 th c entury l ike P iranesi i n I taly d uring t he 1 8th c entury ! I t w ould m ean t o w ish t he i mpossible. H owever, I w ould b e i nclined t o c ompare i n v ery b road t erms t he v ase-paintings d iscussed i n t his c hapter t o g enre s cenes o f t he R oman C ampagna b y 1 7-18th c entury p ainters. J ust a s a v iaduct, a h erdsman, a nd s heep a re s tock e lements i n t his p articular g enre,so t he g ravestones, t he s oldiers a nd t he m ourners e ncompass s ome o f t he e lements w hich a re c haracteristic o f t he P atrios N omos. W hat w e h ave t o s upply i n o ur i maginat ion i s a t opographical s etting, t hat i s t he D emosion S ema w hich, i n o rder t o c ling t o o ur c omparison, c orresponds t o t he g enre c oncept i n t he p aintings o f t he R oman C ampagna. W hatever t he v alidity o f t he i nterpretation o f t he v asep aintings t hat f ollows, t he a ttempt t o e nvisage a t opographi cal s etting v ery f amiliar t o t he A thenian a rtists b ut a bout w hich w e a dmittedly k now v ery l ittle a nd t he a ttempt t o r el ate t his s etting n ot e xclusively t o t he p rivate b ut p rep onderantly t o t he p ublic r ealm o f A thenian f unereal p ract ices s eemed w orthwhile e ven i f s peculative. S ome o f t he m onuments w hich w ill b e d iscussed h ereafter h ave a lready b een c onnected w ith t he D emosion S ema. H owe ver, s ome o f m y i nterpretation w ill b e n ovel. O ther v asep aintings I t ry t o i nterpret m ore s ignificantly i n l ight o f t heir p ublic c onnotation, a p rocedure w hich a s n ot b een a ttempted a s f ar a s I c an s ee. S imilarly a s i n t he w hiteg round l ekythoi w ith t he t heme o f w arriors w e c an d ivide t he b attle-loutrophoroi i nto t wo g roups w ith s till a nd a ct ive s cenes r espectively. E arly r ed-figured b attle-loutrophoroi a re mythological. A v ase i n E rlangen d epicts a " scene d oubtless l aid a t T roy,

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a nd t he n egroes a re t he f ollowers o f M emnon"(Beazley). T he v ase a lso s hows a c avalcade a nd v alediction. A s econd l outrop horos i n L ouvain h as a n A mazonomachy a nd a s econdary f rieze w ith G reeks f ighting O rientals. 18 I n p ictures o f b attles a gainst P ersians a nd i n t he m ythological b attles t he G reeks n ever l oose t he u pper h and a lthough c asualties a mong t hem d o o ccur. M oreover, t he G reeks a re u sually o n t he o ffensive. T his h olds t rue a lso f or t he t heme o f b attle i n p olyandria r eliefs a nd r elated m onuments n otably t he r elief i n V illa A lbani a s w ell a s t hat o f D exileos[68A]. T hey a ll d epict t riumph, n ot d efeat, e ven t hough t hese r eliefs w ere e rected a s m emorials o ver w ar d ead. T he b eholder i s m ade t o b elieve t hat s uccess w as o n t he G reek s ide a nd d efeat f ell t o t he o pponent. M any m ore l outrophori d ate f rom t he e arly c lassical p er iod a nd s till m ore p lentiful a re t hose f rom t he c lassical p eriod. M ost v essels h ave c ome d own t o u s i n a v ery f ragm entary c ondition. T he p urpose o f m any h aving b een f uner eal, t hey w ere p robably s mashed a t t he t ombs b y t he r elat ives o f t he d eceased i n c ompliance w ith t he d ictates o f c ertain r ites. I n b oth t he e arly c lassical a nd c lassical p eriods w edding s cenes a re m ost f requent. A s f or p rothesis a nd v alediction, t here i s a n oteworthy d ecrease i n t he c lass ical c ompared t o t he e arly c lassical p eriod. 19 I n t he l ate 5 th c entury p rothesis, v alediction a nd c avalcade, f ightinga nd g rave s cenes d isappear a lmost e ntirely. 20 W edding s cenes s urvive a nd a re f rom a r estricted c ircle o f p ainters, t he l eader o f w hich i s t he M eidias P ainter. 21 A lthough a f ighting s cene o ccurs o n a n e arly c lassical l outrophoros, 22 m ost b attle-loutrophoroi d ate f rom t he c lass ical p eriod o r l ater a nd a re d one b y a f ew p ainters, a mong w hom t he K leophon P ainter a nd h is s chool i s e specially p rom inent. O ne m ay c hoose t he l outrophoros i n A msterdamL 3 a s a t ypical e xample o f t he g roup a s a w hole, c ombining a s i t d oes a ll t hose e ssential e lements p reserved s o much m ore f ragmentarily o n o ther s pecimens. T here a re w arriors o n h orseback a nd o n f oot(some m ay b e d epicted o n a l ower l eve l). T he s oldiers a re f ully a rmed. O ne h orseman w ears a p etasos, t he o thers, A ttic a nd K orinthian h elmets. S ome w arriors a re n aked, o thers w ear c hiton and c hlamys. S ince t he v essel i n A msterdam i s f ragmentary, w e c annot s ay f or c ertain w hether t he g ravestone w hich i s d epicted i n t he b ackground f ormed t he c enter o f t he c omposition, b ut i t i s l ikely t hat i t d id b ecause t he a dversaries c ome f rom o ppos ite s ides a nd e ngage i n c ombat i n f ront o f t he s tele.' 4 O nly f ragments f rom t wo o ther l outrophoroi i n O xford a nd o f o ne i n t he K erameikos Museum i n A thens s how t he s telai s o n t he f ragment i n A msterr endered w ith w hite c olour, a n b oth t hese f ragments a re d am 25 ( see p 1.8b ) T he s telai o e c annot t ell w hether t hey h ad f ragmentarily p reserved a nd w oulding a nd f inial a s o n t he s uch an e laborately p ainted m T he s tele o n t he f ragment f rom l outrophoros i n A msterdam. teps. A t ymbos o ccurs o n a t he K erameikos r ests o n t wo s he T ab s P ainter. 26 H orsemen f ragment s tylistically n ear t

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t ogether w ith h oplites a re s tandard o n b attle l outrophoroi. T he v ariety o f a rmament, o f d ress, a nd o f h elmet t ype i s p articularly n oteworthy.

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L ong a go B eazley g ave t he a ppropriate i nterpretation o f t he c onflict d epicted o n b attle-loutrophoroi:"Sometimes a t omb i s d rawn i n t he b ackground: t his d oes n ot m ean t hat t he f ight i s t hought o f a s t aking p lace a t a t omb: i t o nly s ays ' one i s b uried, o r c ommemorated, h ere'; and t he r est o f t he p icture a dds'who f ell i n b attle f or h is c ountry '". 2 8 A lthough n o p olyandrion w ith a s tele o f t he t ype d epicted o n t he Amsterdam f ragment i s a ctually p reserved - o nly[32b] m ay b e s aid t o b e s omewhat r elated - o ne c annot d oubt t hat t he s telai o n t he b attle-loutrophoroi a re m eant b y t he p ainte rs t o r epresent p olyandria. T he s implified d etail o f t he t omb i s u nderstandable. O ne m ight s peculate t hat p ainters o f r ed-figured b attle-loutrophoroi w ho w ere n ot a t t he s ame t ime a lso p ainters o f w hite-ground l ekthoi, w ere s atisfied w ith c opying w hat t hey c ould f ind i n t he p aintings o f t he l atter r ather t han s eeking f irst-hand i nspiration i n t he D emosion S ema. T he s cene a t t he t omb, i n w hich t he d eceased i s j uxtapo sed w ith h is r elatives, i s t he v ery r aison d 'être o f t he c lassical w hite-ground l ekythoi. T he i mportance o f t he r ed-figured l outrophoroi w ith t he s till s cenes i s t hat t hey s pontaneously e voke b y t heir s etting a v isualization o f t he D emosion S ema. T hus t heir i ntrinsic m eaning h as a p ublic c onnotation w hich i s d ifferent f rom t he p rivate r ealm o f t he g atherings s hown o n t he w hite-ground l ekythoi. T he n arrative e lement i n s cenes a t t he t omb i s s trong. I n t his r espect t he r ed-figured l outrophoroi h ave n oteworthy p redecessors i n s ome l ate a rchaic b lack-figured vases i n w hich a s m any a s t hree d ifferent s cenes a re d epicted - e kp hora, t he t omb w ith m ourners, a nd a d ance i n a rmour p erf ormed b y s everal m en, p robably c omrades-at-arms o f t he d ec eased. 29 T hese s cenes w hich a re f illed w ith a ction a nd f orm a c oherent w hole b y m eans o f t he s ubject matter o f b uri al a nd g rave c ult, y ield i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 5 th c entury t o m ore s tatic s cenes i n w hich a ll t he e lements o f t he c omposition a re r elated t o o ne f ocal point i nstead o f b eing j uxtaposed i n c ontinuous n arrative. T he u nfortunately f ragmentary l outrophoros A thens-Berlin r epresents a k ey m onument a mong t he r ed-figured v ases w ith s cenes o f A thenians i n t he D emosion S ema. 3 u T he c omposition i s r emarkable a s i t c omprises t wo g roups o f f igures w hich a re c onnected t o e ach o ther f rom a c ompositional p oint o f v iew. O ne f igure e ach f orms a s mooth t ransition b etween b oth g roups b y i ts s tance a nd g esture. T he m ain f igures a re a y outh o n h orseback(with p etasos, s word, and l ance)to t he r ight o f a s tele, a nd a y oung w arrior s tanding f rontally, h ead t urned t o t he l eft, w ith t wo l ances, s word and p etasos. B oth w ear s imilarly p atterned c hitons a nd a b lack b elt. B oth t heir h eads a re c rowned w ith l aurel w reaths. T o t he l eft o f t he r ider, b ehind t he h orse, a y outh a dvances t o

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t he r ight c arrying o ver h is l eft s houlder a d ead h are a tt ached t o a p ole. H e w ears a p etasos, c hlamys, a nd b oots. T o t he r ight o f t he s tanding w arrior a re t wo f emale f igures, o ne o f w hom c arries a b asket. T he f irst g roup o f r elated f igures i s t hus c omprised o f f ive f igures. T he s econd g roup c onsists o f t wo f igures: a w arrior w ith p ilos, s hield a nd a l ance b y w hich h e s upports h imself a s h e s tands i n t hreeq uarter v iew t o t he l eft. A b earded, w hite-haired m an f aces t he w arrior a nd s upports h imself w ith a s taff a nd h e g estures e xpressively w ith h is h ands. T he t ransitional f igures b etween o bverse a nd r everse a re, o n t he r ight, a y outh w ith c hlamys a nd o ne l ance, w ho s tands f rontally b ut t urns h is h ead t o t he l eft. H is y outhful a ppearance - h e i s p robably s till e n e phebe - a nd h is d ress l ink h im t o t he y outh w ho c arries t he h are, b ut t he t urning o f h is h ead a ls o r elates h im t o t he r ider-hoplite-group. O n t he o ther s ide a f emale f igure i s s eal i n t hree-quarter v iew t o t he l eft, h ence e stablishing a l ink t o t he f emale f igure p rec eding h er o n t he l eft, but t he g esture o f h er r ight h and a nd t he f act t hat h er h ead i s t urned t o t he r ight r elates h er t o t he w hite-haired o ld m an. I t h as l ong b een r ecognized t hat t he r ider w hose h orse i s r endered i n w hite, a s i s t he b ase u pon w hich t he h orse i s p laced, i s c onceived a s a m arble s tatue, a R eiterstandb ild. T o m y k nowledge, h owever, a ll a uthors w ho d ealt w ith t his l outrophoros t ake o nly t he r ider t o r epresent t he d ec eased. I dentity o f d ress a nd a rmour a nd, m ost i mportantly t he l aurel w reaths, a s w ell a s t he c entral c omposition a r ound t he m arble s tele l ead t o t he i nevitable c onclusion t hat b oth t he r ider a nd t he h oplite a re d eceased. N ot i n a r eal b ut i n a p urely c onceptual s ense a re t hey p laced i n f ront o f t he p olyandrion. T heir c lose r elatives a nd a y ounger c ompanion h ave c ome t o t he D emosion S ema t o p erform t he r ites a t t he g rave, a s i s i ndicated b y t he b roken w hiteg round l ekyhtoi w hich l ie o n t he s teps u pon w hich t he p ubl ic m emorial h as b een e rected. T he t heme o f t he d eparture o f a w arrior w hich i s c ommon e nough i s e voked b y t he r em aining f igures. A w arrior i s s hown i n p resence o f h is f at her, m other a nd, p erhaps a y ounger b rother. W hile t his s cene r elates m ore t o t he p rivate r ealm o f a f amily g athering w ith a s on w ho i s l eaving f or a m ilitary c ampaign, t he m ain f igures r elate t o t he p ractice o f p ublic b urial. T he c asu alties i n w arfare a re p ersonified b y t he t wo m ilitary c ate gories, c avalrist a nd h oplite, i n f ront o f t he p olyandrion T hey a re i v8pE y cv6µEvot A ya*ot , t hat i s, t hey a re h eroi zed a nd A thenians p ay t hem t heir l ast h onours. F or t he r ider o ne i s r eminded n ot o nly o f t he s lightly l ater f rieze d ating f rom 3 94[68a]but a lso o f t he r ole t he c avalry p lays o n o ther p ossibly p ublic m emorials a nd t heir d erivatives s uch a s t he D exileos[68A] 31 , n ot t o m ention t he h orse l egs t hat w ere f ound i n t he D emosion S ema. 32 T he h oplite i s i conographically r elated t o t he s tele i n W orcester w hich w e d iscussed i n c hapter 6 . E ven t hough h e i s t urned i n a d ifferent d irection a nd l acks a s hield, o ur h oplite i s n eve rtheless c losely r elated t o L ykeas o n t he P iraeus r elief

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w ho w as p robably a c asualty i n t he l atter p art o f t he P elop onnesian W ar.33 T he s tele i tself h as a p ediment w ith a p almette f inial a nd s ide a kroteria. I n t his r endering o ur p ainter f ollows t he c onvention. N o p olyandrion h as s urv ived w ith a ny s ort o f f inial. O nly t he n on-Attic s telai h ave p ediments[21a,68c]. T he A mazonomachy d epicted i n a s mall s ubsidiary f rieze s uggests t he a ctual r eason f or d eath i n b attle a nd p ossibly a gainst a n on-Greek a dversary. O ne m ay a lso n ote t hat A maz onomachies a re a p rincipal s ubject m atter o n r ed-figured l outrophoroi i ndicating, I b elieve, t hat v ases d ecorated w ith t his t heme e voked e mphatically a nd s pecifically a f ate c ommon f or A thenian s oldiers. C losely r elated t o t he A thens-Berlin l outrophoros i s a c ontemporary l outrophoros i n t he L ouvre w hich i n m y v iew h as b een i nterpreted i ncorrectly s o f ar.34 S imilarly a s i n t he s ale c atalogue o f M ünzen u nd M edaillen, L .Kahil a nd S tupperich d istinguished s ide A f rom s ide B . H owever, i n t his w riter 's v iew t he s cene i s u nified a nd i s a n e vocation o f t he D emosion S ema w ith t wo c asualties g rouped a round a s tele, o ne s eated, t he o ther s tanding a nd a rmed, t he s eated f igure b eing, m oreover, s pecifically r elated t o h is c omradea t-arms i n t hat w ith h is l eft h and h e t ouches t he l ance o f h is f riend. C lose r elatives, t hat i s, t wo w omen, a pproach t he s tele f rom e ither s ide. A nother c ouple o f A thenians, a w oman a nd a b earded m an, i n w alking s olemnly t oward t he s tele p ass b y a t ymbos, m ore l ikely a s econd p ublic m emor ial r ather t han b eing p art o f t he p olyandrion a t w hich t he c asualties a re d epicted. T he r elatives a nd m ourners h old v arious o bjects b ut o nly a s acrificial b asket c an c learly b e r ecognized a t p resent. S omewhat d ifferent i s a t hird l outrophoros i n A thens. 3 5 T hree s telai, p ossibly t hree p olyandria, a re d epicted. T here a re t hree c asualties. E ach, o ne c ould s uggest, r el ated t o o ne o f t he t hree s telai: a f ully a rmed h oplite w ith A ttic h elmet, a s econd f ully a rmed h oplite w ith p ilos, a nd a y outh, w earing h elmet a nd c hlamys, h olding t wo l ances a nd l eading a h orse. F acing o ne o f t he w arriors t here i s a n o ld m an, l eaning o n h is s taff, l eft h and o n h ip, h is r ight h and i n a m ourning g esture a t h is h ead. L . K ahil i s c orr ect w hen, a ccepting t he i nterpretation o f W eisshäupl w hich d ates f rom 1 893, s he s peaks o f a r epresentation o f " des j eunes g ens m orts a u c ombat e t h onor s d ans l e P olyandrion d e l ' tat". 36 I t i s p robably p ossible t o t ake a nother v ery f ragmentary r ed-figured l outrophoros b y t he K leophon P ainter a s d epict ing a s cene i n t he D emosion S ema. 3 7 O nly t he u pper p art o f a w oman w ith a s acrifical b asket, a s econd w oman, a nd a n o ld m an i n d eep m ourning a re p reserved. T he s hape o f t he v essel a nd t he c oupling o f c ertain a spects o f f igure r ep resentation w ith t hat o f t he v ases d iscussed p reviously, s uggest a s cene a t a p olyandrion a s s ubject m atter.

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S everal f ragments o f l outrophoroi f ollow s uit. T he f irst t wo, i n O xford, a re r eminiscent o f t he T ab s P ainter. 38 T hey d epict a w arrior s eated t o t he r ight( a t a s tele?), a s econd m ale f igure i n t hree-quarter v iew t o t he l eft a nd a w oman w ith s acrificial b asket f ollowing b ehind h im. T his c omposition i s a lmost a r eplica o f t he m ain f igures o n t he A thens-Berlin l outrophoros e xcept o f c ourse f or t he m otive o f t he r ider. B ut t he w arriors w ear s imilar e laborately p atterned c hitons. O ther f ragments o f l outrophoroi w ith s cenes s ituated i n t he D emosion S ema(as I b elieve)are i n A thens, H eidelberg, M ainz(see p 1.8a ), N ew Y ork, a nd T übingen, a nd a re p redomin antly b y t he h and o f t he K leophon P ainter, l ike t he l outrop horos i n A thens d iscussed p reviously, o r i n t he p ainter's m anner. 3 9 S ome s tandard s ize w hite-ground l ekythoi a nd t he " huge" l ekythoi, w ith s cenes o f v isits i n t he D emosion S ema s hould b e c onsidered n ext. T he f ormer c an o nly f ully b e u nderstood a fter h aving d ealt w ith r ed-figured v ases w ith s cenes i n t he D emosion S ema. A n e arly w hite-ground l ekythos i n N ew Y ork 40 d epicts t wo s telai w hich s tand a pparently o n s ome b ase. A f emale a nd a y oung m ale a pproach t he s telai f rom t he l eft a nd r ight r espectively a nd a re a bout t o d eposit s ashes. A l ate 5 th c entury l ekythos i n c ollection S choen(Munich, A S)and o ne i n B asel a re r elated t o t he r ed-figured l outrop horoi i n a d ifferent w ay. T he f ormer b y t he number o f f our m ourners, most e xceptional f or w hite-ground l ekythoi c rowding a round t he w arrior, w ho s its a t t he t omb t o t he l eft. H e i s f ully a rmed, b ut h is A ttic h elmet i s h eld b y h is w ife ( or m other?)who s tands a t t he e xtreme l eft b ehind t he f ather o f t he d eceased. T he s oldier a ppears a s C c Ap y evögEvo y aeög , a s h e i s m ourned b y t he c ommunity, n ot o nly b y h is c losest f amily m embers. I n t he l ekythos i n B asel 42 a y oung m an l ooking u p, w earing a p etasos a t h is n eck s its o n a l ows tepped p odium i n f ront a nd t o t he l eft o f a s tele. H e i s c onfronted b y a y oung m an h olding a K orinthian h elmet i n h is r ight h and a nd a s hield a t h is l eft a rm. A t hird m an i s t o t he l eft, s upporting h imself w ith a s taff. T he g rouping o f t he t wo f igures a t a s tele i s r eminiscent o f t he c omposition o n r ed-figured l outrophoroi a nd i t i s n ot w hat o ne e xpects t o f ind o n w hite-ground l ekythoi. T he c onnotation i s t hat o f a p ublic r ather t han a p rivate s cene. An u nusual c omposition i s f ound o n a l ekythos i n L ond on. 43 A m ale f igure, s eated a t a s tele, c rowned w ith a n a kanthus f inial, i s a ccompanied o n t he r ight b y a w arrior i n t hree-quarter v iew t o t he r ight, w ith c hiton, c uirass, a nd h olding a s hield a t h is l eft a rm . H ermes a pproaches f rom t he l eft w ith c hiton, c hlamys, p etasos a nd t he k eryk eion i n t he r aised l eft h and. B ehind H ermes i s a f igure o f N ike w earing a p atterned c hiton. H er l arge, b eautiful w ings a re w ell p reserved. S he r aises h er h and i n e xaspera-

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t ion, a nd a s ad, c oncerned l ook i s o n h er f ace w hich i s r endered i n t hree-quarter v iew. T he e pigram w hich w e a sc ribe t o a p olyandrion i n A thens o f 4 13[52b]comes t o m ind. I n " eight n ikai"the A thenians t riumphed o ver t he S yrakusans a s l ong a s t he F ates w ere e venly d istributed f or b oth p art ies. T he w hite-ground l ekythos i ndicates b oth v ictory s ymbolized b y N ike - a nd s ubsequent d efeat i n h er s ad l ooks. H ermes i s a bout t o c onduct t he c asualties i nto t he N etherw orld. A mong t he f ive s o-called " huge l ekythoi" t wo a re r elated t o s cenes i n t he D emosion S ema b y t he number o f f igures d ep icted w hich c an h ardly b e t aken t o r efer t o t he p rivate r ealm o f a f amily g athering a t t he t omb. 44 T he " huge" l ek ythos f ormerly i n S tift N euburg 45 s hows t wo s eated f igures a t t he t omb, o ne m ale, t he o ther f emale, a ccompanied b y o ne s tanding m ale a nd t wo s tanding f emales r espectively, t he w omen b ringing g ifts t o t he t omb. T he s econd l ekythos i n P aris 46 d epicts f ive f emales, t wo o f w hich a re s eated b ack t o b ack a t t he t omb, o ne o f t hem, a ccording t o C ollignon, 47 o n a d iphros. O n b oth v ases A thenian c itizens g ather a t a p olyandrion. T he f act t hat t wo o f t he f igures a re s eated d oes n ot s peak a gainst t his i nterpretation. S eated f igu res a lternate w ith s tanding o nes o n a g reat m any l ekythoi, s mall o r " huge". B e t hat a s i t m ay, o ne w ould s till h ave t o s how t hat, o n t he B asel a nd t he L ouvre l ekythos, n one o f t he f igures a re t aken t o b e d ead w hich, f or t his t ype o f v ase, o ne t akes a s g ranted f or a t l east o ne f igure. U ltim ately d ecisive f or t his q uestion i s n ot o nly t he t omb i ts elf b ut a lso t he d epiction o f t he s eated w omen o n t he P ari s l ekythos. C onsidering t he p oor p reservation o f t he vase C ollignon h as g iven a s c omplete a d escription o f t he P aris l ekythos a s p ossible. 48 T he t omb i s d rawn i n p erspective. I t i s l ow a nd b road, t he r ight h and s mall s ide i s v isible t o t he r ight o f t he w oman s eated o n t he r ight and t he l eft h and s mall s ide t o t he l eft o f t he f igure s eated c orrespondi ngly o n t he l eft. T he t omb i s r ichly d ecorated w ith a p atterned m oulding, p robably a ' Zahnschnitt' o r a r elated p attern. 9 'A bove f ollows a p ainted c entral p almette a krot erion f lanked b y k alyx-shaped d esigns w hich i n t urn a re f ollowed b y h alf-palmette a kroteria o ver t he c orners o f t he t omb. A kanthus p lants p roject a bove t he s mall s ides. 50 T he e laborate t ombs d epicted o n t he t wo " huge"lekythoi a re h ardly p rivate b ut r ather p ublic t ombs. T erracotta t iles s imilar t o t he d ecoration j ust d escribed h ave p revio usly b een a ttributed t o p olyandria. 51 T he a uthor w ho publ ished t he t iles a nd s uggested t heir r elation t o p olyandria d ecoration d id n ot u se t he e vidence w hich i s available i n t he B asel a nd t he P aris l ekythos, p erhaps b ecause o f t he d ifference b etween t he t ime p eriods i nvolved. T hat t he a ctual t iles a nd t he d ate o f t he " huge"lekythoi a re s ome f ifty y ears a part s hould n ot n ecessarily b e a m atter o f c oncern t hough. 52 A s f or t he s eated w omen o n t he P aris l ekythos, I f ail t o s ee t hem a s t wo d eceased f emales s eated b ack t o b ack, b ut c an r esolve t his g roup a s a g athering o f

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w ives w ho a re a ccompanied b y t heir f riends a nd/or s ervants a nd w ho m ourn t he d eaths o f t heir h usbands, c asualties i n w arfare, a t a p ublic m emorial. A nother p iece o f e vidence f or a n e vocation o f t he D emos ion S ema m ay b e f ound, s urprisingly e nough, o n a n e arly S outh-Italiote v ase o f a bout 4 10 b y t he S arpedon P ainter .53 T rendall a nd F elten a ssume t hat, i n o rder t o m ake t he p ict ure c omprehensible t o t he S outh-Italiote b eholder , t he p ainter m ixed t he A ttic i conography o f t he d eceased w ith w omen a t t he t omb w ith mythological s ubject m atter , i n t his p articular c ase t he C hoephoroi. I d o n ot b elieve t hat t his i nterpretation i s a cceptable. T he t omb s tands o n t hree s teps i n t he r ight h and h alf o f t he c omposition : i t i s a c olumn e rected o n a b road p edest al r endered i n p erspective. D epicted o n t he f ront o f t he p edestal i s a d uel(between t wo w arriors). T his i s n o d oubt m eant t o b e r elief d ecoration r ather t han a p ainting o n s tone. B ehind t he c olumn t here i s t he s tatue o f a b earded, m iddle-aged w arrior f ully a rmed w ith a w hite-painted p ilos, s houldering a l ance, a nd h olding a s hield. T he w arrior s tands i n a r elaxed p ose, t he l eft b eing t he f ree l eg. A y outhful w arrior w ith a l ong s leeved c hiton a nd c hlamys, p etasos, t wo s hort s pears a nd a ccompanied b y a h orse s tands w ith h is r ight l eg o n t he s econd s tep o f t he t omb, h aving p laced h is r ight h and o n t he s hield o f t he g rave s tatue. I t ake t he y oung m an t o r epresent a n i mage o f t he d ead s old ier w ho s tands i n f ront o f t he t omb w hich i s n ot h is p riv ate b ut a p ublic t omb a s t he e mphasis o n w arrior i conograp hy s uggests. T wo d ifferent r ealms a re e ntwined o n t he S outh-Italiote v ase: t he t omb a nd t he r ecollection o f a s cene f rom l ife. B ut t he p eculiarity o f t his s cene l ies i n t he mutual b earing o f t he t wo d epictions s ince t he y outh t ouches t he g rave s tatue's s hield. T he l eft s ide o f t he v ase-painting d epicts f our w omen a bout t o g ather a t t he t omb, a ll c arrying a n o bject(hydria, l ekythos, s acrificial b asket, a nd a s ort o f c ontainer). A round t he t omb s tand s everal o ther v ases a nd s ashes a re s pread o ver t he s teps, o ne o f t hem b eing w ound a round t he c olumn. A n oteworthy d etail a re t he s tones t o t he r ight o f t he t omb w hich c annot b ut r epresent t he p ath w hich l eads t o a nd p asses b y t he t omb a nd w hich m ay c all t o m ind t he A cademy r oad i n t he D emosion S ema. R ather t han b elieving t hat t he S arpedon P ainter r ep roduced a t omb w hich h e s aw i n S outh I taly, I b elieve i t t o b e m ore l ikely t hat h e r eminisced s ome p olyandrion w hich h e m ight h ave s een A thens. M uch o f t he ' Beiwerk'is c onc eived i n t ruly I taliote f ashion. T he t omb, h owever, h arks b ack t o a t radition t hat i s m ore l ikely t o b e c haracteristic o f m ainland G reece t han o f S outh I taly, e specially w hen c ons idering t he d ate t he v ase w as p ainted I n c oncluding t his c hapter, o ne m ay b e t empted t o s pecul ate and a sk:when d id A ttic v ase-painters f irst d epict t heir ( spiritual)awareness o f t he D emosion S ema, o r, m ore c orrectl y, o f p ublic b urial? I v enture t o s ay t hat i t i s n ot s urp rising t hat t his a rtistic v isualization i s c ontemporary

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w ith t he g reat e mphasis w hich t he y oung A thenian D emocracy p laced o n p ublic b urial. T he p roblem t ouched u pon h ere m ay b e t horny b ut w orth w hile t o c onsider. A n a skos o f a bout 4 80 i n B oston 54 ( see p 1.5c) d epicts a " bearded h ero w ith s pears a nd s hield r ising o ut o f a l arge m ound:attached t o t he m ound, a nd l eaning a gainst i t, a d iskos, a p air o f h alt eres, t wo f illets, a nd t hree a kontia...". D id t he p ainter h ave t he S oros o f M arathon[6a]and t he h eroization o f t he M arathonomachai o r a nother c ontemporary p ublic m emorial o uts ide o f A thens i n m ind w hen p ainting h is v ase? S till e arl ier i s t he f ragment o f a p elike i n O xford 55 w hich h as: " on t he r ight, a g rave m ound d ecked w ith f illets a nd w reaths, a nd a p airs o f s pears o r a contia. T he a rms o f o ne s tanding a t i t a nd g reeting i t". I ts l ate a rchaic d ate c ould h ardly f it t he d ate o f M arathon b etter. T his i s a lso t rue f or a f ragment i n a p rivate o cllection i n B oston w hich d epicts " part o f a t omb m ound w ith a f ine h elmet, s hield , b ow , g raves, s pear a nd c orselet f astened t o i t a nd s tanding b efore i t. P robably b y t he K leophrades P ainter, a nd, g iven t he p rominence o f t he a rmour, p ossibly A chilles'tomb". 3 6 W hatever t he c orrect i nterpretation o f t hese s cenes a t t he m ounds m ay b e, I c annot i magine t hat t hey c ould h ave b een p ainted s olely a fter t he e pic t radition s uch a s t he m ound o f P atroklos o r A chilles, 37 a nd w ithout t he c ontemp orary r eference t o f amous t umuli l ike M arathon a nd t he h eroes b uried i n t hem[6a-b]. O n t hree r ed-figured l ekythoi o f a bout 4 60-450, N ikai a re e ither f lying t owards o r s tanding i n f ront o f m ounds, p robably h olding s ashes i n t heir h ands w ith w hich t hey d ecorate t he m ounds o r t hey a re a bout t o m ake s acrifice. 58 ( see p 1.5d ) O n s till a nother r ed-figured l ekythos a w oman a bout t o m ake a s acrifice w ith p hialai s tands a t a m ound r ather t han a n a ltar. 59 I s i t p ossible t o e nvisage i n t hese i mages t he b estowal o f h onours o n t he d eceased a t p ublic m emorials b y N ike a nd a m ortal? Iw ould n ot e xclude t his p ossibility a mong o ther i nterpretations, h ypothetical a s t hey m ay b e. M uch a do h as b een t aken i n t his c hapter t o s how t hat A t henian w hite-ground l ekythoi p ainters h ave d erived i nspirat ion f or t heir p aintings f rom t he p resence o f t he S tate C eme tery i n A thens. T here e xists a v ery u nique s tone l ekythos d ating f rom t he e nd o f t he 5 th c entury f or w hich I p roposed n ot l ong a go a n i nterpretation w hich, r elated a s i t i s t o t he s ubject m atter o f w hite-ground l ekythoi, a lso d epends o n i mpressions r eceived i n t he D emosion S ema. 60 T he p rese nce o f w arriors o n t he s tone l ekythos i s c omparable t o t he w arrior t ypology o n t he c lay l ekythoi. H owever, s ince s tone m emorials d epict v ery r arely g ravestones a s t hey t hemselves a re g ravestones, 61 t he s haking o f h ands, t he D exiosis b ec omes a k ey e lement i n t he d epiction o f t he n otion o f f arew ell a t t he m oment o f a l ast r eunion. T he s ingle h orseman o n t he s tone l ekythos i s c losely p aralleled p x f igures o n w hite-ground l ekythoi w ho r ide p ast a s tele. ° L T he s ingu-

8 4

l arity o f t he s tone l ekythos c onsists i n t he g roup o f t wo w omen, o ne m iddle-aged, t he o ther q uite y oung, w ho a re o nl ookers, a ttendants a t t he p ublic f uneral, r elegated a s i t w ere t o t he m iddle g round i n t he c omposition. W hile t he w arriors e mbody i n s ymbolic t erms t he v ision o f w arfare, t he w omen o nlookers i ncorporate a r eal e vent n amely, b y t heir p resence a t t he b urial, t he p ractices k nown f rom t he P atrios N omos.

8 5

PART TWO

TH E C HAPTER 1

TE S T I M O N I A

B efore 4 90 B .C.

T he r easons f or t he a lmost t otal l ack o f c asualty l ists d uring t he a rchaic p eriod h as b een d iscussed i n t he w ider c ontext o f t he c reation o f a n i nstitution b y w hich a c itys tate p aid p ublic h onour t o w arriors w ho f ought a nd d ied f or t heir m other c ity. T he A thenians s uccinctly r eferred t o t his i nstitution, w hich w as c omprised o f s everal a ctions, a s t he P atrios N omos. 1 T he l ack o f a f ormally c onstituted P atrios N omos i n A thens b efore t he P ersian W ars c ould e xp lain, a mong o ther r easons, t he p aucity o f t he t estimonia. T he d istinction b etween m ere n ame l ists a nd c asualty l ists i s c rucial f or t he p eriod p receding 4 90. [ 1] h as b een c alled a n u nspecified l ist o f n ames b ut i t m ay w ell b e, a nd i t i s t aken h ere t o b e a c asualty l ist. [ 3] f alls d ef initely i nto t his c ategory. A .

A THENIAN P OLYANDRIA.

1 .

A THENS, E M 4 20 ( v.). P 1.9 " Found b y t he s laughterhouses o n S ikelia h ill, a bout 6 00 m etres s outh o f t he s outh-west g ate"(Jeffery, B SA 5 7,128). S tele?, f ragment w ith c asualty l ist. P oros S tone. 0 .127; 0 .17; 0 .05 " c.500?"(Jeffery,58). P eek, p 1.3;

A M 6 7,1942,13,no.11,p1.8,3; J effery 7 4.78,no.28, J effery B SA 5 7,1962,128,no.20.*

T wo c ols.with t hree n ames e ach. I n t he 1 .h.col. f inal l ett ers o f t hree n ames i n t he n ominative, i n t he r .h.col. t he i nitial l etters o f n ames. B etween t he c ols.a d eeply e ng raved v ertical l ine. P eek n oted t races o f r ed c olour i n t he l etters. I n h er c omment i n 1 962 J effery f avoured o ver o ther p ossib ilities t he n otion t hat t he n ame l ist m ight b elong t o a "g ravestone ..erected o ver a c enotaph b y a f amily t o c omm emorate s ome o f t heir m embers" o r t hat [ 1] b elonged t o a " polyandrion m ade o n t he f ield a fter s ome b attle i n t he s outh-western a pproaches t o t he c ity" a dding, h owever, q uestion m arks a fter h er s entences. O bviously t he f ragment * Works w hich a re c ited i n t he B ibliography o f i ndividual t estimonia a re r eferred t o a s o p.cit.in t he N otes.

8 7

i s t oo s mall t o p ermit a ny d efinite c onclusions. I f [ 1] i s a c asualty l ist t he b attle i n w hich t he A thenians d ied e scapes u s, n or c an w e s ay w hy i f a t a ll t he c asualty l ist w as e rected t o t he s outh-south-west o f t he c ity w alls. I t m ay b e t hat t he b attle w as f ought n earby, a s J effery s ugg ested, o r b ecause i n t he 6 th c entury t he s ite w as t hought t o b e a n a ppropriate o ne f or a p olyandrion, much l ike t he D emosion S ema i n t he 5 th c entury w hich t hen b ecame t he s ite f or p ublic m emorials. 2 I f [ 1] i s a c asualty l ist, i t i s d efinitely t he e arliest A ttic o ne e xtant.

2 .

E uboea, n ear t he E uripus(?). P olyandrion E pigram, l iterary e vidence. 5 07/6. C V 1 ;

P age I .

A tpi lvog t 8 de l lgev i.i t ' vuxç' a lga 8 ' 4 19 1gtv t yyvecv B üpLnou 8 igoaZa s . x exuTat. 1 OUX

P

•

aUxwg.

5 paTnZ ) y ap & nwXiaagev v eöT T ra, T Metav n oXegou 8 Etagcvot , v e9 alv. 3 S chlatter,Salamis 3 5; P eek,WSt 7 9,1966,227; E pitaphs n o.54; L oraux,AncSoc 6 ,1975,19f.,n.78; 2 06.221.

P fohl, S tupperich

T he l ate D .L.Page i s ( to m y k nowledge) t he l ast t o h ave r aised t he i ssue f or w hom t he e pigram w as c omposed. S ince I d o n ot c oncur w ith P age's v iew, n amely t hat [ 2] w as w ritt en f or t he ( defeated) E uboeans, l et m e g ive t he r easons f or w hich I b elieve t hat t he e pigram w as i nscribed o n t he p olyandrion o f t he A thenians. O f t he " uncommonly c andid" ( Page) i s 5gfeEµEv i t i s b elieved t hat t he A thenians w ould n ot h ave e xpressed t hemselves t hus b ecause t hey w ere v ictor ious. H owever, t he A thenians w ho l ay b uried i n t he t omb n ear t he E uripus(?) h ad b een d efeated. W hy n ot a dmit t his "c andidly" i n t he e pigram w hich h onours c asualties? T hat i t w ould n ot b e d one s o " candidly" i n t he ' 5 th c entury i s a nother m atter: w ith [ 2] w e d eal w ith a ' First' a s w ill b ecome c lear i n o ther r espects. T he c onnection w hich s cholars s o f ar h ave f ailed t o m ake a nd w hich s ets t ö de r i lcv i nto t he r ight p erspective i s, o f c ourse, t he 6 aa xc l aw re5 i n [ 2A,B]. O n a ccount o f t he u se o f t his v erb i n b oth t exts, I d o n ot b elieve t hat [ 2] i s i ndependently c onceived f rom t he c ontemporary [ 2A]. D efeat, i ts a cknowle dgment, a nd b urial a way f rom h ome i s e xpressed i n [ 2], g lorification o f v ictory i n [ 2A]. T he ö lgoaZa t , i n v erse 2 i s u nique. I t i s j ust w hat o ne e xpects t he p oet t o h ave b een ' dictated' b y t he o fficials o f t he D emocracy w hich i n i ts i nfant s tage w as p roud t o g ive A thens ' c asualties f or a f irst t ime i n i ts h istory

8 8

p ublic b uria1. 4 I f o ne d oes n ot b elieve t hat t he e pigram w as w ritten f or A thenian c asualties, h e w ill h ave t o s how t hat f irst, E uboeans h onoured t heir c asualties b y e pig rams a nd s econdly, t hat p ublic h onour w as a n otion w hich t hey c herished a nd d uly e mphasized.5

3 .

L ost. L emnos, f rom H ephaistia. P illar-stele, f ragment, w ith c asualty l ist. G rey l imestone. 0 .18; 0 .23; 0 .09 a nd 0 .13(right a nd l eft r espectively). c .500-494. I G X II,fasc.8(supp1)337;

J effery 2 99.307,no.59.

P icard, B CH 3 6,1912,330-338; B erve,Miltiades 5 1f; B engtson, E inzelpersönlichkeit 1 7f.40ff; G raham, H istoria 1 2,1963,127f; G raham, C olony 1 74ff; M eiggs, E mpire 4 24f; S tupperich 2 07,n.2; L anzilotta, M ilziade, p assim.

T hree s ides(A-C) o f t he p illar-stele a re i nscribed, t he b ack i s b lank . W e b egin w ith P icard s ide B (1.h.side, P ic ard o p.cit. 3 31,fig.16). S toichedon, r emains o f s even n ames. T hree n ames p reserve f our l etters e ach. S ide A (Picard o p.cit. 3 30,fig.15). N on-stoichedon, o ne n ame f ollowed b y a nnoeo wag(tribe V III). F our n ames t herea fter. S ide C (r.h.side,Picard o p.cit. 3 33,fig.17). N on-stoiched on. T hree h opelessly f ragmentary n ames. C asualties t otal f ifteen a s f ar a s p reserved. T he f irst n ame o n s ide A , p rec eding t he r eference t o t ribe V III, i s p resumably a c asualty o f t ribe V II. T he r eference t o A thenian t ribes i s o f s pecial i nterest i n t his e arly c asualty l ist, f rom o utside A thens. O ne c an s urmise t hat t he c asualties w ere i nscribed o n s everal p illars telai, e ach p illar-stele e ncompassing p erhaps t he n ames o f t he d ead f rom t wo o r t hree t ribes. T hese p illar-stelai c ould h ave b een e rected o n a p olyandrion, a nd, s ince t he b ack s ide o f [ 3] i s l eft b lank, i t c ould h ave f aced t ogether w ith i ts c ompanion p ieces a r oad w hich p assed i n f ront o f a t omb. T he t hesis o f P icard(and R einach) t hat t he i nscription o n B i s e arlier t han t hose o n A a nd C h as n ot f ound a ny s upport i n l ater s cholarship. H owever, t heir s uggestion t hat t he l ettering o n A a nd C r esembles t he ' Hekatompedon ' i nscription h as g enerally b een a ccepted. S cholars a lso a gree a bout t he o ccasion w hich c aused t he e rection o f a c asualty l ist o f A thenians o n L emnos. 6 T he m ajor h istorical s ource i s H erodotus(6.137-140). T he r efe rence t o A thenian t ribe(s) i n [ 3] d oes n ot c oncern A then ian s ettlers i n t he C hersonnese n or A thenian k leruchies e stablished o n L emnos a fter t he c apture o f t he i sland b y

8 9

M iltiades, b ut a " detachment o f t roops f rom A thens, w ho s hared i n t he s poils a nd w hose d ead w ere b uried o n t he i sl and, w ith a f uneral s tele c ut b y a n A ttic m ason". 7 T his e xplanation f or [ 3] f inds s upport i n t he t wo d edications [ 3A-B]. 8 [ 3] i s t he e arliest e xtant t estimony i n a c asualty l ist t o t he t ribal d ivisions i ntroduced b y K leisthenes. B y 4 90, i n [ 6a], t he p ractice w as f ully e stablished .

4 .

A thens, A gora I 5 55 ( v.). P 1.9 A gora, f rom i n t he f ill b elow a l ate B yzantine f loor" ( Oliver). B ase, f ragment w ith r emains o f a n e pigram, p robably f rom a c ommemorative m onument. P entelic m arble. 0 .16; 0 .24; 0 .22. E arly 5 th c entury. G V 2 . $ 5 ,EXC IC CTO - % / % • 2

y a [ ta

Li .

NM

a w 5 ( ipeov a -

O liver, H esperia 4 ,1935,53f,no.15; R aubitschek , A JA 4 4,1940,58f; J acoby 4 8,n.57; A mandry 1 960,3.5.fig.3; G aue r, W eihgeschenke 1 .9.,n.1; S tupperich 2 07,nn.3-4. T he f ragmentary i nscription c auses s everal p roblems. O liver r ightly a ssumed f rom t he b and o f a nathyrosis o n t he 1 .h.s.s. o f t he b ase t hat a nother b lock j oined i t h ere. O liver a lso c laimed t o h ave s een " a h orizontal s troke, b el onging t o a l etter o n t he b lock t o t he l eft". A fter c aref ul e xamination t he " stroke" a ppears t o m e t o b e a n a ccid ental c ut. M oreover, t he " stroke" d oes n ot h ave t he f ini sh o f t he o ther e ngraved l etters w hich i s a r ather s pecif ic o ne. 9 L ine 2 o f t he i nscription i s d ivided b y s ome s cholars a s f ollows(replacing T b y s ) :. c caL A aptöv & 1 0 O thers p refer: TE C YLÖC WEOV & 1 1 T he s econd s olution m ust b e f avored b ecause t he n ame r eference t o D arius i s u nlikely o n a p ublic m onument. A s f ar a s o ur e vidence g oes, t he f oe o f t he G reeks w as d esign ated i n g lobo b y t he t erm ' the M edes' a nd i n i nscriptions a fter t he 5 th c entury a lso b y ' the b arbarians'. 12 M ost s cholars d ate [ 4] t o t he e arly 5 th c entury . T he o ccasion f or e ngraving t he i nscription c ould t hus b e c onn ected w ith t he A thenian p articipation i n t he I onic r evolt a nd w ith t he d efeat w hich t he G reeks s uffered n ear E phesos i n 4 98(Herodotus 5 .98ff.). F or w hich p urpose w as t he i nscription e ngraved? R aubits chek p laces t he e pigram o ver t he g rave o f " those w ho d ied i n t he b attle i n E phesus" a nd " were b uried i n t he K erameik os". 13 T his i s h ighly u nlikely. I f i t w ere a g rave a t a ll i t c ould o nly h ave b een a k enotaph. M oreover, t he u se

9 0

o f t he K erameikos a s a b urial p lace f or c asualties o f w ar e arly i n t he . 4h c entury i s, a t b est, h ypothetical, a s w as s een e arlier. 14 F or t his r eason, n ot b ecause t he i nscript ion w as f ound o n t he A gora, 15 I b elieve w ith J acoby t hat t he i nscription b elongs t o a c ommemorative m onument f or t he d ead w hich w as d edicated a nd e rected i n t he A thenian A gora. T hat i t w as " demolished i n 4 80/479 B .C." ( Jacoby) i s p robable, s ince t races o f w hat m ay b e a s corching b y f ire a re s till r ecognizable o n t he b ack o f t he s tone.

B . 2 A.

S ECONDARY T ESTIMONIA. A thens, E M 6 286(v.). A thens, A kropolis. B ase o f v otive o ffering f or a f our-horse c hariot, m ent. G rey E leusinian s tone. 0 .30; 0 .49; 0 .36. 5 07 o r s omewhat l ater. I G 12 3 94

M L n o.15A;

f rag-

P age I I

[ AE 040 1 , „ , E V a xvuevTt

a L8epiot Z a r ieaav,h 4 ]pLv n a ne[g ' At tevaZov Z pygaatv t µ n oXeµo] [n evea B otoTev x at X aXx alov 6 apAaavTegp l T ev Knnog ö rex&Tev I l i cXha f t T& J8 Ueeaav]. R aubitschek, D edications 1 91,no.168; J effery 7 5.78 ‚ no. 4 3,p1.4; S iewert, E id 7 4; K ron, P hylenheroen 1 8,n.22.

2 B.

A thens, E M 6 287,8287,12410(v.). " Place o f d iscovery u nknown"(Raubitschek), p robably A t henian A kropolis. B ase o f v otive o ffering f or a f our-horse c hariot, f ragm ents. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.12; 0 .12; 0 .15. ( b-d)0.175; 0 .61; 0 .41. c .455-450. I G 12 3 94;

M L n o.15B.

( see A ddendum p .246)

[nE e tvea B otoTev x at X aXxL6iov 6 a4C c ]c sav [Tc 0 p ta njeg ' At tevaZov Z pyµa[atv t µ n oX24o ] [ 8eaµot e v a xvüevTt a töepiot Z aße ]aav V I 4ptvie [ T] n , h Cnno 6 ex 4Tev I gaXain T & c s eeeeaav]. R aubitschek, D edications 2 01,no.173; i dem , " Bemerkung en z u d en B uchstabenformen d er g riechischen I nschriften d es f ünften J ahrhunderts", i n G .Pfohl, D as S tudium d er g riec hischen E pigraphik(1977)69. S ee a lso t he B ibliography u nder [ 2A]. L ittle c an b e a dded t o t he d etailed d iscussion o f t he d edications b y R aubitschek a nd M eiggs-Lewis. T here i s s ome d isagreement a mong t hese s cholars, h owever, r egarding t he

9 1

p ositioning o f [ 2B] i n o r a fter 4 55, w hen i t w as d edicated. W ith H erodotus(5.77) i . c rpç x e t p ä s a c r u p t c ) n g T a t a töv, e g T & nponiAaLa T2C EV Tb axpon6 4, Meiggs-Lewis believe t hat t he b ronze f our-horse c hariot w as p laced " outside t he p re-Mnesikelan P ropylaia"because H erodotus' P ropylaia c an o nly m ean t he m ain g ate a t t he w estern e dge o f t he p lateau , a nd n ot a ny s econdary g ate o n t he p lateau i tself(see R aubits chek, D edications 2 04). " Later", s ay M eiggs-Lewis, " either w hen M nesikles' P ropylaia w ere b uilt o r m uch l ater, i n t he H ellenistic o r e arly R oman p eriod(the m onument)was r eturned t o t he o riginal s ite", w hich s ite w as n ear t he A thena P rom achos. C onsidering t he s pace a vailable o n t he w estern e dge o f t he p lateau, i t i s v irtually i mpossible t hat t he d edication c ould h ave r emained s tanding w here H erodotus p laced i t w hen t he M nesiklean P ropylaia w ere b eing e rected. 1 6 T hus, t his d edication w as i n t his s pot f or a v ery s hort t ime, a m aximum o f o nly t wenty y ears. R aubitschek b elieved(Dedications,193f.)that t he m aterial f or t he a ctual v otive-offerings w as m ost p robably o f b ronze. H e a dduces, h owever, e vidence o f " two m arble p rotomes o f h orses" w hich w ere t hought b y S chuchhardt t o b elong t o t he f our-horse c hariot o f [ 2A], a nd w hose d imensions " would a a gree w ell w ith t hose o f t he b ase a nd a lso w ith t he d imens ions o f t he r ock-cuttings t hat w ere a ssigned b y S tevens t o t he e arlier m onument". 17 B esides t he c rucial e vidence o f t he r ock-cuttings, a nd q uite a part f rom t he s urvival o f t he m arble h orse p rotomes, i t m ay b e s aid t hat o ur p resent k nowledge o f b ronze a nd m arble s culpture a t t he e nd o f t he 6 th c entury m akes a m arble g roup a p riori m uch m ore l ikely . W ith o nly t he " front p art o f e ach h orse, t o t he e nd o f t he b elly"(Raubitschek,Dedications 1 94)represented i n t he vot ive o ffering, t he u se o f b ronze w ould s eem t o b e o ut o f t he q uestion m ainly o n t echnical g rounds.

3 A.

A thens, N M 1 5189(v.). F rom O lympia. H elmet o f K orinthian t ype, p reserved. B ronze. 0 .255; c .0.22(depth). 4 90's.

a d edication,

f ragmentarily

K unze, W affenweihung 7 -21; J effery 3 00; K inzl, M ilt iades 7 9; G auer, W eihgeschenke 2 2f.with n .67; S chuller, H errschaft d er A thener 1 6f.

' e tevato t N t lev y A il l y [o ( ) K unze b elieved t hat t he h istorical, a rchaeological, and i nscriptional e vidence i s i n a greement t o s uch an e xtent t hat w e m ay c onsider t he h elmet a s a d edication t o Z eus o f O lympia b y A thenian c olonists, s ettled i n L emnos, w ho f ought f or M iltiades o n L emnos i n t he 4 90's. T heir c omr ades-at-arms f rom A thens w ho d id n ot s urvive a re c ommemo-

9 2

r ated i n

3 B.

[ 3].18

A thens, E M 7 322(v .). A thens, A kropolis. H elmet o f K orinthian t ype, B ronze. 0 .18(max.length). 4 90's.

a d edication ,

f ragment.

I G 12 4 53. E - - - ? l xv eca l av B ather 1 28, J effery 3 00.

n o.48,

p 1.6;

A 4 p . v o?

K unze,

W affenweihung 2 1;

T he h elmet c ould h ave b een a v otive-offering t o A thena, d edicated, l ike [ 3A], b y A thenians f rom L emnos i n t heir o r iginal h ome c ity. C onceivably, t he h elmet w as d edicated f or t he s ame r eason a s [ 3A].

3 C.

O lympia, M useum i nv.B 2 600(v.). O lympia, f ound i n 1 940 i n t he " Anschütttung d es S üdw alls". H elmet o f K orinthian t ype, a d edication, f ragmentarily p reserved. B ronze. 0 .187; 0 .28(depth). L ate 6 th c entury(the h elmet), t he d edication m ade p roba bly b efore 4 93.

m t .x • ra x8gs I4ve [ e ]

r s tev [ P r1 S t . ä t

K unze, V . B ericht ü ber d ie A usgrabungen i n O lympia 6 97 4; H ampe, G ymnasium 6 6,1959,41; J ucker,MusHelv 2 1,1964, 1 85f; G auer, W eihgeschenke 2 2f; S chuller, H errschaft d er A thener 1 6 w ith n .40. K unze s uggested t hat t he d edication i s t o b e d ated b ef ore 4 93/2 a nd n ot t o b e c onnected w ith M iltiades, t he v ict or a t M arathon. H e a rgues t hat i f t he l atter w ere t he c ase, t he e thnic ' the A thenian ' c ould n ot h ave b een o mitted b y M iltiades " ohne s ich e rneut d em V erdacht t yrannischer H altung a uszusetzen". 19 H ampe w ho f avoured t o c onnect [ 3C] w ith t he b attle o f M arathon c ited, i n s upport o f h is v iew, t he d edication b y M iltiades o f a s tatue o f P an i n w hich t he e thnic r eference w as l acking. T he d istich o f t his l atter d edication i s a scribed u sually t o S imonides(Page V ): T öv T payö ruvt d,f lava, T öv µ ET ' Aelvatwv

ry ' Ap t aa, T öv x cra c M f le x ov av r i c laTo M I ,XTti c6r )

T hough H ampe r ecognized t hat t he c ircumstances w hich l ed t o t his d edication a re r eferred t o i n t he e pigram , t here

9 3

w as o bviously n o n eed f or t he e thnic o n a ccount o f t his. B esides, t he s tory o f P heidippides w as u ndoubtedly l ively i n t he m inds o f t he A thenians. W hat c ould, t herefore, p lease t he A thenians m ore a nd a t t he s ame t ime c ontribute t o i ncrease M iltiades' r eputation t han t he d edication o f a s tatue t o P an? C ompared w ith t he d edication t o P an , t hat o f t he h elmet h as a m uch m ore p rivate c haracter e xpressing, a s b oth K unze a nd H ampe c ontend, M iltiades' p ersonal g ratit ude t o Z eus f or t he g od's p rotection i n w arfare. T he s elfr eliant n ote w hich c haracterizes t he d edication K unze m aint ains, m akes f or a d ate b efore M arathon, a nd i ndeed b efore 4 93, m ore l ikely t han a ny l ater d ate.

9 4

C HAPTER 2

T he P ersian W ars(490-479).

T he i mpact w hich t he P ersian W ars h ad u pon t he s piritual a nd a rtistic d evelopment o f G reece i s a much d iscussed t opi c. I n l ittle o ver a s ingle d ecade w arfare s hook t he G reek e xistence t o i ts f oundation. T he l osses i n t he I onian r ev olt d uring t he p revious d ecade a lready h ad a s obering e ff ect o n t he G reeks. T his i s n ot t o s ay t hat t he G reeks w ere u nused t o w arfare a mong t hemselves b ut t he m agnitude o f t he e nemy a rmies, t he v ery c ontact w ith t he M edes a nd t heir e rratic b ehaviour a stonished t hem. I t w as a ltogether d ifferent t o m eet t he b arbarians o n t he b attlefield i nstead o f i n M editerranean t rading p osts, w here t he e xchange o f g oods c ould b e h andled w ith f riendliness, a nd p erhaps e ven w ith m utual c onfidence. 2 500 y ears l ater w e a re s till o verwhelmed b y t he G reek a chievement. A td s o a re w e b y t he t estimonia c ollected i n t his c hapter. N o o ther p eriod o f G reek h istory h as y ielded t he w ide v ariety o f e pitaphs, c ommemorative e pigrams, a nd d edications i n t hankfulness f or s uccesses a nd a ccomplishm ents. T he d ecades w hich f ollowed t he P ersian W ars r eveal t he p olitical d ominance o f A thens. M onuments r elated t o w arf are t hus r eflect L the v ictory o r t he d efeat o f t he c itys tate. M ore i mportantly, p ublic r espect f or t he c asualties i n w arfare w ould n ot t ake d eep r oot i n o ther c ities e xcept A thens. H er d emocratic i nstitutions f avoured t he c oncept o f t he P atrios N omos w hich s lowly e merged d uring t he P ers ian W ars a nd g rew s teadily i n i mportance. B ecause t he c oncept o f p ublic f uneral w hich c onsisted o f a s eries o f c eremonies i s a lmost u niquely a n A thenian d evelopment, t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars i s t he o nly t estimony, a nd a n e loquent o ne f or t hat m atter, o f t he P anhellenic a pproach t o d ealing w ith c asualties. T he m ultiplicity o f m onuments r eflects t he p olitical c onditions o ver a ll G reece. H owe ver, t he m onuments, e ither o n s ites w here f ierce b attles w ere f ought, o r i n P anhellenic s anctuaries, m ake o ne a ware o f h ow m uch t he c ommon c ause w as a t s take, a nd w hat p osit ive r esults e merged d ue t o t he c losing o f t he r anks.

A .

A THENIAN P OLYANDRIA.

6 a.

M arathon, i n s itu. P olyandrion o f t he A thenians, 4 90.

9 5

t he s o-called S oros.

T hu edides ,2.34.5, a te t t V a tI . Je e &nTOUCL T OÜg E X T WV n oXeµwv n X i iv y E T OÜg t V M apae4 51 .e xci ,vwv e Lcoyene T f iv x pi ,vavteg a ? r rot x ai T öv v ipov e no o laay . r au2an 4s 1 .32. . T4 Dog t V T r i ) n e6i .w PA e t Ivcawv E CTLV, e nt ö c c u rq aeXaL ö vö w c ra e1 / & n0eaV6VTWV x cra c p uV r eg b t&azwv g xouc raL,... S tais, A D 1 890,123-132; S tais, A M 1 8,1893,46-63; A ndrotsopoulou 1 949-1951, p assim; P ritchett 1 965, 9 2; K urtz-Boardman 2 47; S tupperich 2 07f . w ith n n.; B urn, o graphical N otes 9 0ff; T hemeli, A D 2 9,1974(1977)235; m anudis A AA 1 1,1978,237-242.

T opK u-

T he f irst t ime t he S oros a t M arathon w as t he o bject o f s ome e xcavation w as -S chliemann 's w ork i n 1 884 w hen h e o p ened a t rench i n t he n orthern s ection o f t he m ound. T he e xcavation w as n ot s uccessful p rimarily b ecause o f t he s eas on, t he p eriod i mmediately f ollowing t he w inter r ains. T he r ains c aused s uch a n a bundance o f s tagnant w ater t hat S chliemann 's w ork w as g reatly h ampered. H e c ould n ot r each, f or e xample, t he c rucial l ayer o f b ones, t hree m eters b elow t he p resent-day s urface l evel. H owever, o n t he b asis o f p ieces o f o bsidian w hich t he e xcavator f ound i n t he t umulus p roper, h e w rongly c oncluded a nd m aintained t hat t he b urial s ite d ated f rom a m uch e arlier p eriod. H e e ven s earched f or t he A thenian p olyandrion e lsewhere o n t he p lain o f M arat hon. 1 S tais b egan e xcavation i n 1 890. H e e xperienced s imilar d ifficulties a s S chliemann, b ut t he t rench w hich h e d ug i nt o t he t umulus f rom t he s outh e ventually y ielded t he h opedf or r esults:mixed w ith b ones, S tais f ound s ome 3 0 b lackf igured l ekythoi, b oth i ntact a nd f ragmentarily p reserved. 2 R esuming e xcavations i n 1 891, S tais m ade d iscoveries o f m ajor i mportance i n a n ewly o pened t rench r unning S E-NW, 3 0m l ong, a nd 5 m w ide. 3 M idway b etween t he p eriphery a nd t he c enter o f t he t umulus, a t a d epth o f u p t o t hree m eters f rom g round-level, a nother l ayer o f b ones m ixed w ith f ragm ents o f l ekythoi, s pread u pon a p latform-pavement(26m b y 6 m), w as d iscovered. S till c loser t o t he c enter o f t he t umulus(Gamma i n t he s ketch), a m ud-brick b ench c ame t o l ight, w hich, s ince i t c ontinued i n a n orth-easterly d ir ection, l ed t o t he w idening o f t he t rench t owards t he e ast. T he b ench m easures 5 m b y 1 m, a nd t he i ndividual b ricks u sed i n i ts c ostruction, 0 .37m b y 0 .10m(depth ). O n b oth s ides o f t he b ench n arrow b othroi h ad b een d ug a nd e xc avations h ere y ielded a dditional v ases. S tais c oncluded f rom t his a nd o ther e vidence u nearthed b y h im i n A ttica ( Vourva, V elanideza)that t he b rick b ench o r t ray c arried t he f unerary m eal w hich w as e aten a t t he t omb o f t he d ec eased o n t he d ay o f b urial. T he t umulus w as t hen r aised o ver t he b ones a s w ell a s t he b ench. T he v essels, S tais c laims, w ere u sed i n t he f uneral r ites. 4

9 6

S everal s ources a ttest t o t he f act t hat t he M arathonom achai s pawned a n h eroic c ult a fter t heir d eath. F unerary r ites w ere i nstituted a fter 4 90 a nd h eld e ach y ear . 5 S tais c onnects a n a dditional b ench a nd b othros, f ound l m b elow t he p resent l evel o f t he s oil a t t he e dge o f t he , t umulus(E i n h is s ketch), w ith t he h eroic c ult. T his b othros y ielded f ragments o f v ases a nd b ones o f s acrificial a nimals, t hus s howing t hat i t w as u sed f or s acrifices t o t he d eceased i n s ubsequent y ears. 6 H erodotus p uts t he n umber o f c asualties i n M arathon a t 1 92 a s o pposed t o 6 ,400 P ersians. 7 T he d iscussion o f t he t opography o f t he b attle w as o pen-ended f or a l ong t ime. I t w as b elieved, f or i nstance, b y m ore t han o ne s cholar t hat t he r ecent ( 1970) d iscovery o f t he t umulus o f t he P lataeans [ 6b] w ould l ead t o a n ecessary r eevaluation o f t he d ebate. 8 H owever, t he d iscovery o f a n i nscription f rom c .475-450, w hich c ontains a r eference t o a d edication o f a n a galma t o H erakles, i n a ddition t o t he e arlier d iscovery i n t he g eneral a rea o f t he s mall m arsh ' Brexisa' o f a n e arly 5 th c entury i nscription r elated t o t he H erakleian G ames, s ett les o nce a nd f or a ll t he m uch d isputed l ocation o f t he H erakleion w hich i s c rucial f or t he p ositioning o f t he A t henian t roops p rior t o t he b attle. 9 W hile H erodotus i s c ontent t o m ention t he n umber o f t he d ead i n t he t wo c amps, P ausanias i s m ore e loquent a bout t he t omb i tself. O f p articular i nterest t o u s i s h is s tatement r egarding s telai w ith t he c asualties' n ames. T he l atter w ere l isted i n a ccordance w ith t he t ribes. T hough [ 3], s ome y ears o lder t han [ 6a], p roved t o b e v ery f ragmentary, i ts m ajor i mportance l ies i n t he f act t hat a r eference t o t ribe V III i s p reserved o n i t. E ven t hough t he r eference t o t he c asualty l ist o f M arathon i s b ased o n l iterary e vid ence o nly, w e m ust n evertheless a ssume t hat b y 4 90 t he p ractice o f l isting A thenian c asualties b y t ribe w as f ully e stablished i n o n-the-spot b urial o r c remation b oth i n A tt ica a nd o utside o f A ttica. 10 P ausanias d oes n ot r efer t o a ny e pigram w hich m ay h ave a ccompanied t he c asualty l ist. N or d oes h e m ention a ny s culptural d ecoration. A s f or e pigrams, w e h ave t he e arl ier t estimonies o f [ 2] a nd [ 5]. W e h ave o ther p olyandria w ith e pigrams f rom t he t ime o f t he P ersian W ars a s w ell a s c ommemorative m onuments. I t i s n ot f ar-fetched, t herefore, t o a ssume t hat a n e pigram c ould h ave a ccompanied t he c asualt y l ist. T hough t he a ttribution o f e pigrams t o S imonides b y l ater t han 5 th c entury s ources i s h ighly d ebatable, a nd o ther e pigrams a re o ften s imply c lassified a s l ater i mitat ions i n t he s tyle o f t he 5 th c entury a nd o f S imonides, t here i s s ome l ikelihood t hat o ne e pigram i n p articular c an b e c onsidered a s b elonging t o t he M arathon p olyandrion : ' EXkf ivwv n po l iaxotyTe ' Aeivaro t , M apae t l ivt X puc royöpwv 1 4 18wv t aTöpcaav b üvapAv.11

9 7

T he a ttribution o f t he e pigram t o t he M arathonomachai i s, o f c ourse, n ot n ew. H iller a nd S hefton a re a mong t hose w ho s upport t he a ttribution. 12 H owever, t he m ajority o f s cholars f inds i t u ntenable. A side f rom o ther r easons which I w ill t ake u p p resently, t he m ain a rgument i s t hat P ausan ias d oes n ot r efer t o a n e pigram, a lthough h e m entions t he s telai. 13 O ther a rguments e xpress t he v iew t hat t he e pigram i s n ot, s trictly s peaking, c ontemporary. 14 I n o ther w ords, i t w as w ritten t o b e a dded t o t he p ainting o f t he b attle o f M arathon i n t he S toa P oikile, a nd d ates t herefore f rom a b out 4 60. 15 B owra c alled t he e pigram " quite p lainly a l at er i nvention". 1 6 J acoby e mphasised o ne p oint p articularly i mportant t o h im s tating " the e pigram i s c learly n ot a n e pitaph...nor c an i t h ave s tood o n t he m ound o f M arathon , b ecause i t d oes n ot r efer t o t he l ist o f n ames w hich a dorned t he g rave". 1 7 J acoby f orgot, h owever, t hat t he e pigram w as r ead i n s itu a nd t hat t he p articiple o f t he v erb i n v erse 1 i s j ust a s s uggestive o f t he n ames o f t he c asualty l ist(which d efi nitely d id f ollow) a s i s t he d emonstrative p ronoun 01 1 : 8E w hich u sually s tands a s a p art o f a n i ntroductory h eading a bove c asualty l ists. f l poia otvtcc c ontains t he r eference t o t he d ead w hich J acoby m issed. B esides a r ow o f t en s lab w hich f orm a ' wall' o f s telai, t he G reek S ervice o f A ntiquities r ecently a lso p laced a c ast o f t he s tele o f A ristion a t t he f oot o f t he S oros. T his g ravestone i s n ot c ontemporary w ith M arathon b ut s hould p erhaps s imply s uggest t hat c asualty l ists c ould b e a ccomp anied b y s ome s culptural d ecoration. T his w ould n ot b e i mpossible, b ut t he e vidence f or M arathon i s l acking. 1 8

A PPENDIX A L ist o f V ases

f rom t he P olyandrion a t M arathon

1 .

N eck-amphora, A thens,NM 1 03( ?, A BV 3 8,2 ( Sophilos),c.5805 70. 2 . H ydria, A thens, N M 1 037, A BV 3 93,18 ( Nikoxenos P t.),c. 5 00. 3 . P lemmochoe, A thens, N M 1 039, C V p 1.10,15. 4 . L ekanis, A thens, N M 1 043, C V p l. 1 2,1-2. 5 . T ripod-pyxis, A thens, N M 1 040, C V p 1.10,7-8. 6 . B lack-glazed c up, A thens, N M 1 041, C V p 1.13,3. 7 . S mall p yxis, A thens, N M 1 042, C V p 1.13,4. 8 . S torage b in, A thens, N M 1 038, C v p l. 1 1,7, E retrian? 9 . R ed-figured c up, f ragmentary, A thens, N M 1 044, C V p l. 1 3,5. 1 0.Lekythoi A ) A ttributed: A thens,NM 1 017, A BV 4 98,9 ( The C lass of A thens 5 81). F rom t he s ame C lass w ithout N M n os: B eazley,Paralipomena 2 42, C V p 1.10,4; P aralipomena 2 43, C V p 1.10,2.3.13; P aralipomena 2 33, M anner o f t he P aimon P t., N M 1 018,1022,1024,1025,1032 a nd 1 034. B ) N ot a ttributed: N M 1 011-16, 1 019-21, 1 023,

9 8

1 026-1031.1033.1035 a nd 1 892, C V p 1.11,9. W ith r egard t o N M 1 033 s ee K nigge, S üdhügel 3 6:"Wurde s ie t atsächlich m it d en a nderen L ekythen d er F orm I II z usammen g efunden, d ann b leibt n ur d er S chluss, d ass z wischen d er B estattung d er G efallenen u nd d er A ufs chüttung d es g rossen H ügels e ine g eraume Z eit v erg angen i st". L ekythoi N M 1 016.1029 h ave b een a ttributed b y H aspels, A BL(1936)221f. t o h er M arathon P ainter. F or t he s ubject m atter o n t he M arathon v ases s ee t he A ppendix t o [ 6b].

6 b.

M arathon, i n s itu, i n t he a rea k nown a s V rana. P olyandrion o f t he P lataeans(?) a nd o f A thenian s laves(?). 4 90.

J acoby 4 3,n.25; M arinatos, A AA 3 ,1970,153-166 a nd 3 49-366; M arinatos, P raktika 1 970(1971)20-28,p1s.26-39; K urtz-Boardman 1 99.247; C allipolitis-Feytmans, AAA 4 ,1971, 9 9-101; H ammond, S tudies 1 97f; S chuchhardt, " Der K nabe v on M arathon", AAA 6 ,1973,127-129; C allipolitis, L es p lats a ttiques 1 30, n o.30bis; 1 88,no.65; B urn, T opographical N otes 9 1f; T hemeli, AD 2 9,1974(1977)244; K umanudis, AAA 1 1,1978,237-242. P ausanias

1 .32.3.

..

BO IA A JT › m et . 5 oüXot . z öTe n p t hov.

a t

l i Tcpog(T

4og) M aTaLetaL

t gax2aavTo y ap ma

S o not ,

T he r ecent d iscovery o f w hat t he l ate M arinatos c onside red t o b e t he t umulus o f t he P lataeans a nd t he A thenian s laves h as a dded l uster t o t he a lready f amous s ite o f M arat hon. T he a rea known a s V rana w as a pparently a lready a s ite f or p rehistoric i nhumation b urials. 19 T he t umulus [ 6b] i s l ocated f urther a way f rom t he p lain c lose t o a nd b etween t he K otroni a nd A greliki m ountains. P erhaps t he s ite w as c hosen e ither w ith t he c amp o f t he P lataeans and t heir p osition a t t he e xtreme l eft w ing o f t he G reek b attle l ine o r w ith t he e arlier b urials i n m ind. 20 W e c an f orm a g ood i dea o f t he b urial, w hich w as e xcav ated a nd p ublished p romptly i n p reliminary r eports b y M ar inatos. I n c ontrast t o [ 6a] w e h ave i nhumation b urials ), w ith t he e xception o f t wo. T he b odies a re l aid i n p its,L 1 d ug i nto t he s urface s oil a bout 1 .50m d eep. T races o f b urnt o fferings w ere f ound, p robably m ade b efore t he p its w ere f illed w ith e arth a nd s tones. M arkers w ere p laced i n an u pr ight p osition o n s ome o f t he b urials a nd s acrifices c ont inu t o b e m ade a s i n t he c ase o f [ 6a]. A mong t he e leven d ead '- t he m ajority w ere 2 0-25 y ears o ld. O ne b urial ( no. 9 ) i s o f s pecial i nterest. I t i s t hat o f a m an a bout 4 0 y ears o ld. H e i s t he o nly o ne o f t he d ead w ho w as h onoured b y g ifts: a k otyle a nd a b owl. A fter i nhumation h is h ead w as p rotected b y a s tone s lab. M oreover, t he o nly i nscribed

9 9

m arker b elongs t o h is b urial. T he n ame i nscribed r eads: A PXIA. 23 I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his b urial i s t hat o f a n o fficer o f t he P lataean c ontingent w hose c asualties f ound t heir l ast r esting p lace i n t he t umulus. 24 T he b urial o f a t en y ear w ith l arge p ithoi f ragments M arinatos s uggests t hat t he t he t wo w ings o f t he a llied

o ld b oy w hose b ody w as c overed w as u nexpectedly u nearthed. b oy w as a m essenger b etween a rmy p resent a t M arathon. 25

T he f uneral g ifts c onsisted o f b lack-figured v ases. I n q uality a nd s hape t hey r esemble t he f inds m ade i n [ 6a]. N ot f ound i n [ 6a] i s t he s hape o f l outrophoros, n ow a mong t he v ases i n [ 6b]. O f i nterest a re t wo d ishes, u nparall eled a mong t he f inds i n [ 6a] . 26 T he t erminus a nte q uem p rovided f or t he d ishes f rom [ 6b], w hich a re b oth o f t ype A , c onfirms t hat t he f inal p hase o f p roduction o f t his t ype f alls b efore 4 90. C allipolitis-Feytmans r eached t his c onc lusion i ndependentlx o n t he b asis o f s hape a nd s tyle o f c omparable m e . erial.L/ T he m ajority o f t he v ases i n [ 6b] a re l ekythoiLc a s i n [ 6a]. A mong t he r emaining vases f rom [ 6b] a re t wo s mall c ups, o ne c up-skyphos, o ne s kyphos, and o ne u ndecorated l arge d ish w hich I t ake t o b e A ttic, e ven t hough t he h andles a re r eminiscent o f B oeotian s pecimens. 29 F inally, w e s hould n ote t hat i n [ 6b] n ot a s ingle v ase o f B oeotian f abric w as f ound w hich o ne m ight e xpect i n a b uri al o f P lataeans. W ith t he d iscovery o f [ 6b] o ne p roblem r emains u nsolved. W ere t he A thenian s laves b uried t ogether w ith t he P lataeans? M arinatos p poses t heu i dea, g oing s o f ar a s t o s ay, e mending P ausanias'ETepog t o c zepot t hat t his w ould " relieve t he A thenians o f t he U P L 5 of burying their s laves t ogether w ith t he d ead o f t heir m ost l oyal a llies". 30 W ithout g oing i nto t he e mendation, w e m ay a ssume t hat P ausanias d id n ot e xpress h imself c learly i n r eference t o M arathon. S laves c ould b e b uried s eparately a nd h ave t heir o wn c asualty l ist, a s h e h imself k new(1.29.7), e ven t hough h e d oes n ot t ell u s w hen s laves w ere f irst g iven t his h onour. 31 A PPENDIX T he s ubject m atter o n v ases

f rom

[ 6a-6b]

T he s tudy o f t he s ubject m atter o f t he v ases f rom [ 6a] h as n ot b een m ade t o t he b est o f m y k nowledge. 32 W ith t he v ases f rom [ 6b] n ow b eing a vailable a c omparison o f t he t wo l ots i s o f s ome i nterest. T he p reservation o f s ome l ek ythoi i s u nfortunately e xtremely b ad, t hey b eing w orn b ey ond e xact r ecognition o f t he s ubject m atter. H owever, v ases f rom [ 6b] d o n ot s eem t o h ave b orne a ny mythological s cenes. I n [ 6a] t here a re a t l east t en s uch d epictions. N o.5 i n o ur l ist o n p .98 h as t hree d ifferent mythological s cenes i nvolving d eities. O n t he l ekythoi w e f ind H eraklesK erberos, T heseus-Minotauros, A thena-Giant, H erakles-Erym antian b oar(perhaps t wice), H erakles Lion, D ionysos-Ariad-

1 00

n e, a nd t he A mazons. I n b oth [ 6a] a nd [ 6h] l ekythoi w ere f ound w ith c hariot s cenes a nd w ith D ionysiac s ubject m att er, a t l east t hree i n [ 6a] a nd t he h ydria n o.2(p.98). O ne o f t he d ishes i n [ 6b] h as s atyrs a nd a m aenad. T he s econd d ish a ppropriately d epicts f ighting w arriors. I n [ 6a] a l ekythos s hows t he t heme o f a w arrior o n a c hariot. I n t he l ekythoi w hich i nvolve d eities s truggling w ith a dversaries o ne c an r ecognize a n a llusion t o t he s truggle b etween t he G reeks a nd t heir b arbarian f oe. T he d ionysiac t hemes m ay w ell h ave e schatological s ignificance i n r eferring t o t he b liss o f t he e xistence i n t he E lysian F ields. 33 M ost a pp ropriate f or t he b urial i s t he l outrophoros i n [ 6h] w ith o n i ts b ody a p rocession o f w omen c arrying w reaths a nd a c hariot s cene w ith l yre p layer w hile o n t he n eck t here i s a nother g roup o f w omen w ith w reaths. I n s ummary, w hile o nly t he l outrophoros i s s trictly s peaking a f unereal v essel, t he v ases w ith s truggles b etw een d ivinities a nd h eroes r eflect t he t heme o f b attle p er s e, t hus a lluding i ndirectly t o M arathon b ut d irectly p erh aps t o t he h eroization o f a ll t hose w ho s uccumb i n w arfare. T he d ionysiac t heme c an b e r elated s ignificantly t o t he b lissful a fterlife o f i ndividuals.

7 a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 91/90?, 4 87/6? P ausanias 1 .29.7. n ptv c r upaTctaaL

x at T &Tog, o t z öv M 18ov t noX o laav n pög Av yLv;y rag.

J effery, A JPh 8 3,1962,44-54; W elwei, U nfreie 2 ,91.

S tupperich 2 08 a nd n .7;

T he p assage i n P ausanias r efers t o t he e arliest p ublic b urial i n t he a rea k nown a s t he D emosion S ema. I t d ates f ifteen t o t wenty y ears f rom b efore t he s econd p ublic b uri al i n t he s ame a rea. N o s pecial s ignificance c an b e a tt ached t o t he l ocation o f [ 7a] w ithin t he D emosion S ema n or c an w e a ccept t he s urmise t hat t he d ate o f [ 7a] i ndicates t he b eginning o f t he c eremony o f t he P atrios N omos f or A t hens.-5 4 T he b urial o f A thenians i n A thens w as e xceptiona l d uring t he e ra o f t he P ersian W ars. A s a n e xception [ 7a] c onfirms t he r ule a nd w e c an e xplain, I b elieve, w hy t he e xception a rose. I f t he A thenians s uffered l osses o n t he i sland o f A egina, i t a ppears p lausible t hat t he c asualt ies w ere r emoved f rom e nemy t erritory a nd b rought b ack t o A thens. A s f or t he c asualties a t M arathon a nd i n t he b attle o f S alamis, t hey o ccurred o n A ttic t erritory a nd w ere t hus b uried o n-the-spot. A s f or T hermopylae a nd f or P lataea, a ll w ho d ied a nd f rom w hatever c ity-state t hey c ame, w ere b uried w here t hey f ell. I t w as c onsidered a n h onour t o h e b uried t ogether w ith a nd a mong t he m embers o f t he P anhellenic l eague w ho d ied f or t he c ommon e ffort.

1 01

T he n umber o f A thenian c asualties b uried i n [ 7a] i s u nk nown. N or h ave a ny r emains o f [ 7a] b een f ound. T here i s a s light p ossibility t hat [ 7b] o riginally f ormed p art o f [ 7a]. I f t his w ere t he c ase, [ 7a] i s n ot o nly t he f irst p ublic b urial i n A thens b ut [ 7b] t he f irst e pitaph o f i ts k ind r ecorded f or A thens.

7 b.

A thens, A gora I 6 963(v.) P 1.13 [ Formerly i n t he l ibrary o f H adrian. T he p resent w hereabouts w as k indly p ointed o ut t o m e b y E . V anderp ool]. B ase(?), r eused a s a t hreshold, 35 f ragmentary e pigram. P entelic m arble. 0 .11; 0 .18; 0 .24. 4 91/90? , 4 87/86? n e J Coi . ' r e ' . t at 4 [ LT E T EZ 1 0 v L YotE- - -

P eek, S tudies R obinson 3 05-312,p1s.69c.70a; M eritt, E pigrams, 2 78; J effery, A JPh 8 3,1962,passim; M L 5 7; W elwei, H istoria 1 9,1970,301; S tupperich 2 09. P eek's d aring s peculations a bout t he p resent f ragment h ave b ecome untenable s ince t he p ublication o f t he 4 th c entury c opy o f [ 6A]I. P eek c onsidered [ 6A] I and I I t o r efer t o M arathon e xclusively. H e s uggested t hat t he p rese nt f ragment [ 7h] w as o ne o f t wo e pigrams c ommemorating S alamis a nd P lataea. T hus h e c oncluded:"Wir h aben a lso e in D enkmal f ür d ie S chlachten v on S alamis und P lataiai g ewonn en, d as o ffensichtlich i n A nlehnung a n d as f ür d ie S chlacht v on M arathon u nd a ls G egenstück z u d iesem g eschaffen w orden i st". 36 T he s tate o f p reservation o f [ 7b] o ffers t he o ption t hat i t w as e ither e ngraved u pon a c ommemorative m onument o r u pon a m emorial f or t he d ead. I f avor t he l atter p ossibil ity. F ragmentary a s t he t ext i s, t hree f acts e merge: a r eference t o f oot-soldiers, t o t he h orse, a nd t o a n i sland. A s S alamis must b e e liminated a s a c andidate f or t he i sland, A egina c an b e c onsidered s trongly. T here i s n o r eason n ot t o b elieve t hat t he h orse w as u s 0 . a t s ome p oint i n t he f ighting a gainst t he A eginetans.-" S ince A thens' r elations hip w ith A egina w as t ense f or m ore t han t wo d ecades(late 6 th c entury t o t he 4 80's), i t i s m ore l ikely t hat [ 7b] i s t o b e c onnected w ith t his e pisode w hich i nvolved A thens a gainst i ts c losest i sland n eighbour.

1 0a.

S alamis, i n s itu(?, n .v.). P olyandrion. I nscriptional e vidence d ating f rom t he H ellenistic p eriod a nd a ctual r emains(?). 4 80

1 02

I G 1 12 1 035(and o ther i nscriptions) ; S EC › ONI.1 21 . 1 .33

v , 4 9 0Ü X erTUL TÖ f 3 cµta]T[ox]X2out T e[önat ] 9y x aTi c a p ev x cd . n oXimv8pctov T a lv [ Culley ,Hesper ia 4 4 ,1975 ,213 ]

T sountas, A rchEph 1 884,166-172; H ammond, J HS 7 6,1956, 3 4,n.3; P ritchett 1 965,95f.p1.89a; H ammond, S tudies 3 08f; S tupperich 2 12; C ulley, H esperia 4 6,1977,285.293.297f. T he p olyandrion i s m ost l ikely o n C ape K ynosura w hich t o t he s outh-east o f t he t own o f S alamis p rojects t oward t he e ast a t t he h eight o f t he i sland o f P syttaleia(Leipsok outali). A t umulus a t t he l ocation M agoula w as n oticed l ong a go b ut, e xcept f or a t rench r ecently d ug b y T siriv akos w hich y ielded n o r esults, w as n ever f ully e xcavated. 38 U nfortunately, w e a re n ot t old w ho w as b uried i n t he p olya ndrion. T he A thenian c asualties c ould h ave b een b rought t o A thens w hich i s c lose e nough f or t he p urpose o f b urial. H owever, o ne i s s omewhat r eluctant t o a ssume a t ransfer o f t he d ead b ecause n either t he c asualties o f M arathon, o f A rtemision, n or t hose o f P lataea w ere g iven b urial i n A t hens. M oreover, i f o ur i nterpretation o f [ 6A]I a s b eing a c ommemorative m onument f or S alamis i s c orrect, w e h ave o ne m ore r eason t o b elieve t hat t he a ctual b urial p lace o f t he A thenian c asualties i n t he n aval b attle l ay o n t he i sl and o f S alamis. C asualties o f a llied c ity-states w ere b uried s ide b y s ide w ith t he A thenians a s i s s uggested b y [ 10b]. I n s upport o f t he a ssumption t hat t he t ext q uoted a bove r efers t o t he p olyandrion o f t he A thenians, o ne c ould p oint n ot o nly t o t he t estimony o f h eroic h onours p aid b y t he A thenians t o A jax o n t he i sland o f S alamis i n t he f estival w hich i s k nown a s T & A ti cvTeta, b ut a lso t o t he p roximity o f t he T ropaion o f T hemistokles[10B]. T he w orship o f t he h ero A jax , w hom t he A thenians i mplored t ogether w ith h is a ncest ors f or h elp p rior t o t he b attle 39 w as o bviously c onnected w ith ; I le h eroization o f t he A thenian c asualties a t S alamis. 4 ° T he ÄL aVTEL K w ere c omprised o f a g ymnic a gon(dromos, t orch r ace, m ock s ea f ight) i n w hich t he A thenian e phebe$ p artic ipated 41 a nd a s acrifice t o T M I , A LL I ML T ponaimL. 42

l la-c.

P lataea. P olyandria, t he s ite y et t o b e d iscovered. ( a)of t he A thenians, ( b)of t he S partans,(c)of o ther G reeks. L iterary e vidence. 4 79 P ausanias 9 .2.5. K aT c l ô T f lv g ao8ov T f iv E Xi c, T atav T apot z 1 , 2 4v I c pös e oug g axcaagcvwv 5 ta L T ots • s r , µ cv o u vn otnoti EGTL V E VO IC YL 1 . 04 14a XOLVOV . AC I ME6a 1 .µov v n w in A elva imv T ors n caotatv 1 8 4 T 2 e tatv

1 03

o t T i t pot x at ~ a uTotg.

t key ni c

YL

E tµwvi .8ou y eypaµµ va

D iodorus 1 1.33.1 T ot aTov 7 2Pc £S I lg 4 i0Mi k e430a rg ; o v wE X ?y r iveg T oüg n ec rovTcK t e c4av, o vTag n XeLoug T t Ä lv g uptwv. S trabo 9 .4.2 T O 3d ,TE 8 co tvuTa t . T EXEUT I 1GiVTWV AV 'el l a nT(1 . C p. a lso H erodotus t eides 1 9.5-7.

f twoc ri .a T t l 5v

9 .69.70.85 a nd P lutarch,Aris-

T he l iterary s ources d o n ot a gree a bout t he n umb lpr o f c asualties i n t he b attle n or t he n umber o f t ombs m aae f or t he d ead. I t i s t herefore p robably b est t o i llustnate s ynoptically t he c onflicting e vidence f or t he c ity-states i nvolved.

' Number o f f ighti ng s oldiers T he G reek A rmy

A thenians S partans

H erodotus 9 .28f . ( cp .9 .61 )* 8 .000 1 0 .000 (15 .000 )*

C asualties

9 .69f . P lutarch ,Ar- H erod . P ausan . i st .19 ,5-7 9 .85 9 .2 .5 5 2

5 2

1 91

1 9 1

1 600

P hliasians

I3 .000 I1 .000

T egeatans

11 .500 (3 .000 )*

16

M egarians

N umber o f T ombs

* **

1

1

3

1 (?)

1

1 600 * * . j

N ot s pecified

1

1

16 1 201

T otal

12 3 .500 (30 .000 )

H elots

13 5 .000

1 759

1360

1

6

1

3

* * 6 00 e ach k illed i n a n e ngagement b y t he T heban c avalry * ** f rom t ribe I X T he number o f u nspecified c asualties i n P lutarch i s l arge a nd c ontrasts s harply w ith t he t otal b lank i n t his c ategory i n H erodotus' a ccount. O ne e xplanation i s p erhaps t hat P lutarch c ounts t hrough a m istake o r o versight t he 6 00 P hliasians a s w ell a s M egarians a mong t he u nspecified c asu alties. O n t he a ssumption t hat P lutarch g ives u s t he c orr ect t otal n umber o f c asualties 43 a mong w hich 1 201 a re u ns pecified a nd i n H erodotus 6 01 u naccounted f or, o ne m ust a sk w hich c ity-state(s) s uffered t he u nspecified/unaccounted f or l osses? A thenians a re h ere c onsidered f irst. I f P lut arch i s c orrect, 5 2 c asualties c ome f rom t ribe I X a lone. T here m ust h ave b een c asualties f rom t he r emaining n ine t ribes a s w ell. T he n umber o f c asualties a mong t he S par-

1 04

t ans w ho f urnished t he l argest c ontl _ngent o f s oldiers a nd w ho w ere i nvolved i n h eavy f ighting " i s p robably t oo l ow a lso. M oreover, e xcepting t hose c ity-states w hose s oldiers w ere r eally n ever i nvolved i n f ighting, t here m ust h ave b een o ther c ities w ho h ad a t l east m inor l osses b esides t hose w hose c asualties a re l isted. M egara s hould b e c onsidered a mong t hese. B eside t hose M egarians w ho w ere k illed b y t he T heban c avalry a nd w ho w ere b uried i n P lataea, t here w ere o ther M egarians w ho r eceived b urial i n M egara a s i s a ttested b y [ 11d]. P erhaps o ne s hould a lso c onsider K orinth w hich e rected a k enotaph o n t he I sthmus t he e pigram o f w hich [ 11e] c ommemorates t he c asualties o f t he P ersian W ars i n g eneral, n ot o nly t hose o f t he b attle o f S alamis f or w hich w e h ave [ 10b]. B ut t here i s l ittle d oubt t hat t he m ajority o f t he c asualties n ot a ccounted f or f alls t o t he S partans a nd t he A thenians. A s f or t he t ombs, n on e o f w hich h as b een l ocated s o f ar, t he l iterary e vidence c an b e g leaned f rom t he t able o n t he p revious p age. O f p articular i nterest a re t he S partan t ombs m entioned b y H erodotus f or t p s vag, E napTL1T«L a nd e tkuncg a bout w hose e xistence P ausanias i s s ilent. A t T hermopylae t he d ead o f t he p articipating c ities w ere b uried a t t wo d ifferent s ites. T hat t he A thenians a nd S partans w ere b uri ed s eparately a t P lataea i s s uggested a lso b y P ausanias. B ut h e a scribes o ne t omb t o t he r emainder o f t he G reek c asu alties w hile H erodotus h as a s eparate t omb f or t he T egeat ans a nd o ne f or t he u nfortunate 6 00 P hliasians a nd M egar ians. I t i s v ery l ikely t hat t he l atter w ere b uried o n t he s pot w here t hey f ell i n g reat n umber h aving b een c aught i n " total d isorder", a n e asy p rey f or t he o nslaught o f t he T heban h orse. O ne m ight i magine t hat t he r eason f or w hich H erodotus o mitted a ny r eference t o a µO lga x o l ,v6v(as P ausan ias h as i t) i s t hat h e c oncentrated p rimarily o n t he s ix i ndividual t ombs a r il r eport 0 o n I s . enotap l , is o f s ome c ities w hich e rected t hem E ntyLvoµevwv EL VEXCV a vepwnwv , "ashamed o f h aving t aken n o p art i n t he b attle". 45 T hese k enotaphs a re u nique, a s i s t he r emark o f H erodotus o n a k enotaph o f t he A eginetans b uilt t en y ears a fter t he b attle. " O nly P ausanias r efers i n 9 .2.5. t o e legies b y S imonides e ngraved u pon t he t ombs o f t he S partans a nd A thenians. A ncient s ources s uggest a nd s ome m odern a uthors b elieve t hat P age X VIII n at f tg ' Aelvatwv 1 pc i v T paTbv t eoXieavTeg t ipxcaav hyaKilv n aTpCöt 8 ouXoc yüvT lv. m ight s uit t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars e ither a t M arat hon o r P lataea. 47 T he l oss o f f irst-hand e vidence c onc erning t he e legies w hich P ausanias m entions i n c onnection w ith t he t ombs a t P lataea m akes o ne a ware o f h ow s adly p rec arious i s t he t radition r egarding t he p oems b y o r a scribed t o S imonides a nd t heir d istribution o n t he m onuments o f t he P ersian W ars.

1 05

B .

S ECONDARY T ESTIMONIA.

6 A.

E pigrams c ommemorating t he b attles o f M arathon(I1)and S alamis(I). T he i nscription i s c omposed o f t wo f ragm ents(a,b). ( c), o f l ater d ate, s upplements p resumably s ome p ortion m issing i n ( a,b) f or ( I). a .Athens,Agora I 3 03(v.). P I.10 A gora, f ound i n t he w all o f a m odern h ouse. B ase, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .215; 0 .281; 0 .177. T wo i nscriptions(I,II). I i nscribed p robably i n 4 78, I I, i f n ot c ontemporary w ith I , o nly a l ittle l ater. I s toichedon, I I n on-stoichedon.

b .Athens, E M 6 739(now o n e xhibition i n t he Agora Museum ( v.). P 1.11 F rom H adrian S treet, f ound i n t he c ourtyard o f a m odern h ouse. B ase, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .46; 0 .21; 0 .18. T wo i nscriptions a s i n ( a). S toichedon a nd n on-stoiched on a s i n ( a). c .Athens, A gora I 4 256(v.). P 1.10 " Embedded i n a m odern w all, e ast o f t he t emple o f A res ( L 7 )" ( Meritt,Epigrams). L ate 4 th c entury, b ase f r. 3 P entelic m arble; 0 .095; 0 .355; 0 .20. I G 12 7 63; M L n o.26; P age X X a ,b; S EG X XVIII.29.

i t v8göv T öv8' heze[ ....9 .... o g aet ,Tov ] , atei ,{. .... N Ai loa t . e Coti]l E GX0V y i cp n eCo l . T E[ m d ai . ö s tunöpov çi t L v eölvi h cKki[8a µ ] eaav 8 oCALo[v Z gap ‘ 82vi 1 I I

k v a pa T otaC'&8av [ a a Tiaag n p6aec n uKöv 4 )[ l x vxia4o4 n piaat , e[ g u m ) f 3 i .a, R epaöv x ktvaµcvo[L---

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I . The f ourth -c entury c opy(v.si i p.)has:

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b a tgwat , ] Ixonöpwv t nt v l -Pv J o y f i gap t ö nv. ( ML) B ibliography a fter M L(1969): W est, C lPh 6 4,1969,10f. w ith n .19; W elwei, H istoria 1 9,1970,295f; W est, G RBS 1 1, 1 970, p assim; K urtz-Boardman 2 57; S EC X XV.55; S iewert, E id 5 5.74; P odlecki, E pigraphica 3 5,1973,37-39; H ammond, S tudies 1 91f; L oraux, R EA 7 5,1973,25; L ang, P horos 8 0; S tupperich 2 09-211.

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F ew m onuments w hich c oncern t he P ersian W ars h ave b een s o h otly d ebated a s t he s tone w ith t he M arathon-Salamis e pig rams. M eiggs-Lewis e xcellently s ummarize t he"work o n t he m onument" w hich a ccording t o t hem " falls i nto t hree p hases". S ome o f t he p roblems w hich w ill b e r aised h ere w ill m ake i t c lear t hat t he l ast w ords o n t he M arathon-Salamis e pigrams a re f ar f rom h aving b een s aid. A fter 1 969, t he B ibliography b ecomes s canty a nd i t i s d ealt w ith o nly b riefly h ere. A mong t he v arious s uggestions c oncerning w hich b attles I a nd I I r efer t o, W elwei a nd S iew ert a ssume t hat b oth e pigrams d eal w ith M arathon(as h ave o ther s cholars b efore t hem, a nd m ost t enaciously M eritt). W est a nd P odlecki a dhere t o t he S alamis(I) - M arathon(II) t hesis, w hich i s a lso t he o ne a ccepted b y M eiggs-Lewis, F inally, H ammond i s i n c omplete a greement w ith A mandry " w ho h eld t he v iew t hat I n ot o nly r efers t o S alamis b ut, g enerally s peaking t o t he y ears 4 80-479, t hat i s t he " seco nd P ersian w ar" w hich i s c omprised o f t he b attles o f S alam is, A rtemision, a nd P lataea. 49 M abel L ang r ecently a ttempted a r estoration f or I ,line 1 , i .e. t he m issing p ortion b etween f ragments ( a) a nd ( b), a nd f or t he e nd o f t he s ame d istich o n ( b) p receding ( c). E ver s ince t he d iscussion o f t he M arathon e pigrams w as l aunched b y t he d iscovery o f ( a), s ome 8 0 y ears a fter t hat o f ( b), a n umber o f h ypotheses c oncerning t his m onument h as b een f ormulated. S ince w e " have v ery l ittle t o g o o n" 50 t he h ypotheses a re h ighly s peculative. H ereafter I h ope t o s how t hat s ome o f t hese h ypotheses, a ttractive a s t hey m ight a ppear t o b e, m ust b e a bandoned. T he f ollowing d iscussion i s b ased o n t he a ssumption t hat I r efers t o S alamis a nd t o o ther b attles o f t he y ear 4 80-479 a nd I I t o M arathon . D id I I e xist b efore 4 80, t hat i s, w as t here a M arathon m onument 51 i n A thens w hich s uffered d estruction b y t he P ers ians i n 4 80? O r w as I I, n on-existing b efore 4 80, a dded t o I a fter t his d ate a nd i f s o w as t he a ddition m eant t o f ulf ill a s pecific p urpose? A m inority o f s cholars f avours t he f irst o ption. 52 E ven f wer b elieve t hat I a nd I I d eal e xclusively w ith M arathon. J3 O liver a ssumed 54 t hat b efore 4 80 t here e xisted t wo s eparate s tones: t he o ne w ith I , c omp osed b y S imonides, t he o ther w ith I I c omposed b y A eschylus. A fter 4 80 I a nd I I w ere c ombined o n o ne s tone, o f w hich o nly f ragments ( a) a nd ( b) s urvive. B ut w hy I I s hould h ave b een i nscribed b y " a d ifferent a nd i nferior h and...chronologically n ot f ar s eparated f rom t he f irst, i f a t a ll" O liver d oes n ot t ell u s. 55 I t w ould s eem t hat i f t here e xisted t wo d ifferent s tones(before 4 80), a nd i t w as d ecided a fter 4 79 t o r eplace t he e arlier m onuments b y c ombining t he t wo i nscriptions o n a s ingle b ase, t hey s hould n ot o nly b e c ontemporary, b ut a lso b y t he s ame h and. 56 N one o f t he a uthors, e xcept O liver, w ho b elieve i n a p re4 80 M arathon m onument h ave c ommitted t hemselves t o a ny s pe -

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c ific s tatement a s t o w hat t ype o f m onument i t w as. 57 O liv er 's n otion o f a n e pigram o ver a k enotaph i s c ertainly w rong. T here w as n o n eed f or a k enotaph i n A thens s ince t he M arathonomachai w ere b uried i n M arathon a nd w ere d uly h onoured t here a s h eroes. T he e pigram w as m ost l ikely i ns cribed o n a m onument w hich c ommemorated t he v ictory a t M arathon w hich r ules o ut t he p ossibility t hat I I h as a nyt hing t o d o w ith a n e pitaph. T he e pigram a ddressed i tself t o t hose w ho h ad s urvived a s w ell a s t o t he m emory o f t he 1 92 w ho f ell i n b attle. S cholars h ave n oted t hat t he l etter s tyle o f I i s t he s ame A . s t hat i n t he H ekatompedon i nscription o f 4 85-484 ( IG I J 3 -4). T hus, b oth i nscriptions a re a ttributed t o t he s ame h and. I f I r efers t o S alamis i t i s o bviously 6 -7 y ears l ater t han t he H ekatompedon i nscription. I n t his r ela tively s hort s pan o f t ime t he l etter s tyle m ay n ot h ave b een s ubject t o a c hange s harp e nough t o w arant a d isclaimer o f c ommon a uthorship. T hough I I w as e ngraved b y a d ifferent h and, i t i s n evert heless c ontemporary w ith 1 . 58 T he n otion t hat I I c ould h ave b een e ngraved a s m any a s 1 5 y ears l ater t han I , w hich h as f ound a stonishingly m any s upporters i s u nacceptable b ec ause i t i s n ot b ased o n t he s tylistic x idence o f t he i ns criptions b ut o n a p olitical a rgument. ' T his a rgument a ssumes t hat K imon, b y a dding I I, h oped t o r edress t he w rongs d one t o h is f ather w hose f ame h ad b een e clipsed a fter 4 80, d ue o n t he o ne h and t o T hemistokles' v ictory a t S alamis a nd o n t he o ther t o t he u nfortunate o utcome o f t he P arian e xpedition. T he f act t hat K imon h ad m uch m ore e ffective m eans o f r estoring h is f ather 's f ame a t h is d isposal i s d emo nstrated b y t he M arathon p ainting i n t he S toa P oikile a nd t he M arathon d edication i n D elphi. T his s hould b e e nough t o d issuade a nyone f rom c onnecting I I w ith a p olitically m otivated e ndeavour o f K imon. 60 I n s ummary, I h old t hat I I, t he M arathon e pigram, w as i nscribed b y a l esser h and q uasi c ontemporary w ith I , t he S alamis e pigram. T he q uestion o n w hat t ype o f m onument I a nd I I w ere e ng raved l eads t o t wo c onsiderations. T he f irst i s, s trictly s peaking, l inguistic a nd h as t o d o w ith t he e pigrams. T he o ther i s o f a n a rchaeological n ature a nd d epends u pon t he i nterpretation o f w hat s cholars r efer t o a s a " cutting" i n t he t op s urface o f ( b). A s I I w as i nscribed o n a p re-480 m onument, w e r uled o ut t he p ossibility t hat t his w as a k enotaph i n f avour o f a m emorial w hich c ommemorated t he A thenian v ictory a t M arat hon, a nd a ddressed i tself t o b oth t he l iving a nd t he d ead. I f, a s I b elieve, I I w as a dded t o Iv ery s hortly a fter 4 79, t he p urpose o f I c ould n ot h ave b een d ifferent f rom t hat o f I I, u nless o ne a ssumes t he u nlikely s urmise t hat I I h ad u ndergone a c hange o f p urpose. W e m ay n ote i n t his c ontext t hat, l ike t he c asualties a t M arathon, t he c asualties o f S alamis, P lataea, a nd m ost l ikely t hose o f t he s ea b attle

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a t A rtemisium, w ere b uried o n o r n ear t he b attlefield (see [ 9A,10b,and 1 1a]). A s f or t he l inguistic a spect o f b oth e pigrams, w hich h as d ominated t he d iscussion o f t he r ole a nd t he r econstruction o f t he m onument, i t i s t he d emonstrative p ronouns w hich a re c ontested i n b oth e pigrams. J acoby h as m ost e loquently s et f orth t he s ignificance o f t he d emonstrative p ronouns w ith r espect t o o ther k nown t estimonia. E ven t hough h e a dmits t hat t he M arathon e pigrams b i eve t he c haracteristic l anguage c ommonly f ound i n e pitaRhs,° 1 i n t urning " to t he f actual s ide o f t he q uestion", 6 L J acoby e ventually d ecides a gainst e pitaphs, b ut f or a m onument " set u p t o c ommemorate t he v ictory a nd i n p raise o f t he v ictors". 63 C rucial t o h is d ec ision - k eeping m ind t hat J acoby c onnects b oth I a nd I I w ith M arathon - i s t he f act t hat t he M arathonomachai w ere b uried a t M arathon a nd t hat " it i s i nconceivable t hat t hey" - t he A thenians- " could h ave b uried t hem i n t wo p laces a t t he s ame t ime, a nd c alled o ne o f t he g raves a c enotaph". 6 4 B ut J acoby's e xamination o f t he l inguistic a spect o f t he d emonstrative p ronouns r aises a nother c omplex i ssue. J ac oby s ays:"The u se o f t he d emonstrative p ronouns i s n ever p roof o f t he e xistence o f a l ist o n t he s ame m onument; t here r emains a lways t he a lternative t hat t he d emonstrative r ef ers e ither t o t he e pigram i tself o r t o t he d edicatory p rose i nscription o n t he m onument". 65 B ecause J acoby f inds t he f irst p ossibility o f h is a lternative i n I a nd I I, h e p roposes t hat t he s econd a lternative i s t here a s w ell. T hus h e a ssumes t hat a p rose d edication w as p resent a nd f ormed p art o f t he M arathon m onument. 66 J acoby f ully r ealizes t hat t here i s n ot a s crap o f a p rose i nscription t o s upport h is t hesis. N or d oes h e a sk h imself w hether h is a ssumption o f a p rose i nscription c oupled w ith t wo e pigrams i s l ikely a t a ll i n t he f irst h alf o f t he 5 th c entury. A nd i f i t i s, w hether o r n ot t here i s a ny e vidence f rom k nown p ublic m onu ments t o s upport t he a ssumption. N ot o nly i s t he c ombinat ion a p riori u nlikely, b ut t here i s t otal l ack o f e vidence. J acoby's s uggestion o f a p rose i nscription o n t he M arathon m onument i s u nacceptable. 67 I n t urning f rom t he l inguistic t o t he a rchaeological a spect o f a c utting o n ( b), m y o wn i nvestigation o f t he o r iginal h as c onfirmed w hat h as l ong b een s aid. T here i s n ot t he s lightest b it o f e vidence t o s upport t he t hesis t hat t he c utting w as m ade t o r eceive h erms o r s telai o r w hatever(p1 .12 ). T he c utting s o t otally l acks d efinition t hat o ne m ight w ell a gree w ith O liver t hat t here i s"no w ay t o t ell" e ven w hether t he c utting w as " ancient o r m edieval". 68 I t f oll ows t hat w e m ust r eject a ny a ttempted r econstruction o f t he m onument , w hether i n t he f orm o f s telai w ith a l ist o f n ames o r i n t he f orm o f o ne o r t wo h erms t hought t o h ave b een e rected o n t he b ase. 69 T he r econstruction w ith h erms h as b een t enaciously m aintained p rimarily b ecause o f t he l ater K imonian v ictory m onument'of t he h erms 1 [ 13A]which w ould t hen h ave a c onvenient " precedent". 70 J acoby h imself d id n ot s eriously p ursue t he a rchaeological r estoration o f t he m onument a nd t he q uestion o f t he h erms i s b arely h inted

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a t b y h im. H owever, t he r igours t hrough w hich h e p ut t he e pigrams b y a ssociating t hem w ith a p rose t ext l ed M eritt t o b elieve t hat t his t ext w as " on t he h erms t hemselves". 7 1

H ow d oes J acoby v isualize t he m onument? E ssentially i t c onsisted o f t he t wo e pigrams a nd t he " dedicatory i nscript ion" o f t he " dedicating c ommunity", t he f ormer(i.e. t he e pigrams)"detached f rom t he l atter(the p rose i nscription) a nd " therefore much m ore i mpressive". 7 L I t i s c urious t hat e ven t hough J acoby m entions [ 2A-B] s ide b y s ide w ith t he M arathon m onument, h is v isualization o f t he l atter s hould h ave b een s o m odest a nd c olourless. I a m n ot t he f irst t o s uggest t hat t he v ictory m onument w ith t he e pigrams c elebrating t he P ersian W ars f rom 4 90 t o 4 79 d id, i n f act, b ear s ome s culptural r epresentation. 73 I d o n ot f eel t hat t he h ypothesis, l ikely a s i t i s, h as f ound t he s upport i t r eally d eserves. O ne s hould r emember t hat d edications a nd c ommemorative m onuments i n t he a rchaic p eriod a nd i n t he 5 th c entury r arely i f e ver c onsist o f a t ext a lone. A n o bject, a f igure c omposition i s t he n ecess ary c omplement t o t he t ext. ' Bild u nd W ort' g o t ogether a nd t he G reeks w ere v ery f ond o f t he c ombination. T he M arathon m onument n eed n ot h ave s tood o n t he Akropolis. T he A thenian A gora w as a s uitable p lace f or t he w ar m onum ent. I n f act, k eeping i n m ind f or w hich p urpose t he P ers ian W ars w ere f ought, o ne c ould e asily i magine t hat t he c ommemorative v ictory m onument w as s tanding i n t he v icinit y o f t he T yrannicides, t he n ew s et o f s tatues w hich w ere e rected s hortly a fter 4 79. I t i s w orth w hile t o r emember t hat t his a nd t he f ollowing d ecades s aw t he e rection o f c ommemorative w ar m onuments i n p lenty. 74 I f t he b ase w ith t he e pigrams a nd s everal a djacent b locks c arried s culptures, t he d emonstrative p ronouns c annot b ut r efer t o t he f igures. T here c ould h ave b een t wo g roups o f t wo f igures,one o f a G reek a nd a P ersian i ndicating d efeat o f t he l atter, another w ith t he c omposition r eversed. I s i t l ikely a t a ll t hat t he " Marble T orso o f a F allen W arrior" r ecently p ublished b y E .Vanderpool r epresents o n o f t he f igures f rom t he M arathon m onument? 75 W ith t wo g roups o f t wo w arriors e ach, t he s culptural c omposition w ould r eflect t he c ontent o f t he e pigrams w ich r efer n ot o nly t o t he d ec eased o r t o t he v ictorious b ut t o a ll w ho t ook p art i n t he f ighting. I n t his s ense, t he m onument c ommemorates b oth t he v ictory a nd t he t ragic l oss o f A thenian c itizens. 76 W e c an n ow b riefly s ummarize t he r esults o f o ur d iscuss ion. 1 . I n 4 90 a v ictory m onument c elebrating t he b attle o f M ara thon w as e rected i n A thens. I t b ore a n e pigram(II). I t i s l ikely t hat i t a lso b ore s ome r elief s culpture(s) o n t he b ase. T his m onument w as d estroyed i n 4 80 d uring t he s ack o f A thens b y t he P ersians. 2 . I n 4 79, a fter t he s uccessful o utcome o f t he P ersian W ars t he A thenians s et u p a v ictory m onument w hich c elebrated

1 10

3 .

4 .

6 1 3.

i n a n e pigram b y S imonides(?, Uthe b attle o f S alamis o r,more l ikely, t he t hree m ajor b attles o f 4 80-479. T he b ase w ith t he e pigram v ery l ikely b ore a s culptural g roup o f G reek a nd P ersian w arriors i n c ombat. E pigram I I f rom t he e arlier M arathon m onument w as a dded b elow I s hortly a fter t he d edication o f t he m onument i n t he A gora. A fter 4 79, w hen t he m onument w as c ommissioned n either S alamis n or M arathon c ould b e r egarded a s i sol ated e vents i n t he e leven y ears s truggle, h enceforth c onceived a s t he P ersian W ars. T he a ddition o f I I t o I w as i n t his a uthor's v iew n ot m otivated b y p olitical f actors b ut e xpressed r ather t he p ride o f t he M arathon omchai w ho d eservedly r ecovered t hereby, i f n ot t he m onument d estroyed b y t he P ersians, a t l east t he r ecogn ition o f t heir g lorious a chievement. A t t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury I h ad a pparently t o b e r enovated. I n t he f ragmentary t ext ( c) i s p resumably p reserved a c opy o f I . T hough w e h ave n ot t he s lighte st i dea h ow t o e xplain t his r enovation, i t i s l ikely t hat t he d edication w as c opied i n i ts e ntirety.

M arathon, n ear t he C hurch o f P anagia M esosporitissa, i n s itu(v .). S everal f ragments o f a n I onic c apital, o f c olumn d rums, o f a s culpture, o f o rthostate- a nd s tep b locks, a nd o f a n i nscription. 77 P entelic m arble(capital, c olumn d rums, s culpture). A bout 4 60 a nd l ater. P ausanias 1 .32.5 A ristophanes, X o.

n enoi . l izat ô

E quites

a t

1 321ff.

x ar .p 7 ) ß aatXct ¶ My

' EXXf ivwv•

i l P •ETS• e ig y &p n öKewg C c Zta x at T ot T ponaZo l ). V anderpool, 1 967,108-110; 7 -19.

T pöl tavov X Zeou XE UXOV.

x at a ot

t uyx«Zpoµcv

' y M apaeMvt

H esperia 3 5,1966,93-106; H ammond, J HS 8 8,1968,23;

i dem, W est,

H esperia 3 6, C lPh 6 4,1969,

T he f ollowing m ajor f acts c oncerning t he M arathon t rop aion s eem t o b e w ell e stablished. T he a rchitectural e lem ents p robably d o n ot b elong t o t he s ame p eriod, b ut t o t he 4 60's a nd t o a n e mbellishment o f t he 4 th c entury. A t rop aion w hich w as s upposedly e rected i mmediately a fter t he b attle o f M arathon w as o f n on-durable m aterial. A g enerat ion o r s o l ater a m arble t ropaion e f ragments o f w hich s urvive, r eplaced t he e arlier o ne. 1 8 T his v ictory m onument o f t he 4 60's w as a c olumn m onument, c .10m h igh, t he c olumn b eing c rowned w ith a s tatue, p robably a f igure o f N ike. W hether o r n ot t he N ike w as s hown h olding a t rophy i s d ifficult t o a scertain. E ven t hough t he s ubject

1 11

m atter i s d epicted o n v ases(as V anderpool r eminds u s), t he s culptor m ay n ot h ave f ound i t p ossible t o r ender a N ike i n-the-round, h olding a t rophy, a nd p erched o n t op o f a c olumn. M oreover, W est e mphasizes t hat t he c olumn m onument c an n o l onger b e c alled a t ropaion. I t i s r ather a m onument c ommemorating a v ictory, a m onument i n w hich t he e lements c haracteristic f or t ropaia h ave b een d iscarded. H owever, t he o riginal d esignation o f t he m onument w as r etaingd, a s b ecomes c lear f rom b oth A ristophanes a nd P ausanias./ 9 I f t he m arble t rophy i n t he B ritish Museum, 80 s aid t o c ome f rom M arathon, r eally d oes c ome f rom t here, i t m ay b e s ome l ater, H ellenistic o r e arly I mperial d edication, p oss ibly e rected n ear t he c olumn m onument. I f t he p rovenience i s c redible a t a ll t he t rophy m ay c ommemorate s ome s pecific o ccasion i n l ater h istory, t he n ature o f w hich e scapes u s. F inally, i t i s i nteresting t hat i n t he g eneral a rea o f t he c olumn m onument " great m asses o f b ones" w ere f ound". 8 1 T he b ones c ould o nly b e t hose o f t he P ersians, o ver w hom t he A thenians a ppropriately e rected t heir t ropaion, b oth o f n on-durable a nd d urable m aterial. [ 6 1 1] a nd t he b urial g round o f t he P ersians a re c losely a ssociated i n P ausanias 1 .32.5: M eoug ' Ae r lyato l . iy XL youctv n &vTwg 3 aLov & vepwnou v expov e x ei x IAL, o ü f tve t e l ' )pery e EOUVa4T IV . 0ÜTE y ap ) 0 1 54a OUTE aXXO 6T41ErOV T 1 V t8 erV, " e• m e g o puyga OE pEpOVTEg (Nag W g T UXO L EV eac'n paAov.

TOÜ

F or t he f irst t ime i n t heir h istory t he A thenians h ad t o u ndertake t he b urial o f c asualties o f a n e nemy w ho c ould n ot r eturn t o t he b attlefield t o c are f or h is d ead. I f w e c an b elieve H erodotus t he n umber o f P ersian d ead w as 6 .400. T he A thenians t hen f aced a b ewildering t ask . A v ast a rea m ust h ave b een d ug u p t o b ury t he c orpses o f m en a nd h orses. I n P ausanias' w ords t hey w ere t hrown i n ( 4 TÜXOLEV. O ne c an a ssume w ith c onfidence t hat t he P ersian p risoners ( and p erhaps A thenian s laves) w ere e mployed t o a ccomplish t his t ask.ö 2

6 C.

M arathon, o nce i n s itu. A M nema f or M iltiades. L iterary e vidence. I n t he l ate 4 70's(?). P ausanias 1 .32.4 a t C c vöp6 ( . 7 , E C T LV t8 4 4014a M aTt aou T ot K igwvo , a uµe& TK ü cy ccp9v O t T i % T E X EUT e% n&p9U V E a µapTovTL x at a uTo c x pLaLv ' AervaLotg x aTacTavTL.

V anderpool, H esperia 3 5,1966,101; G auer, W eihgeschenke 1 3f n .17; W elwei, H istoria 1 9,1970,303; H ammond, S tudies 1 98; B eister, " Ein t hebanisches T ropaion b ereits v or B eginn d er S chlacht b ei L euktra", C hiron 3 ,1973,69,n.18.

1 12

T here i s s ome c onfusion r egarding t he M nema o f M iltiad es. F irst o f a ll M nema c ould m ean m emorial e ither i n t he s ense o f t omb o r c ommemorative m onument. S ome m odern a ut hors t ake t he l atter m eaning f or t he c orrect o ne h ere b ut r eplace M nema b y t ropaion o n t he b asis o f t he s tory i n P lut arch's V ita o f T hemistokles i n w hich w e a re t old t hat T hemistokles l ay a wake a t n ight e nvious o ver t he t ropaia o f M iltiades. 83 B ut P ausanias n owhere r efers t o a t ropaion o f M iltiades, o nly t o a t ropaion o f w hite m arble w hich i s [ 6B]. B y t he i mproper c ombination o f t he e vidence f ound i n a ncient t exts m odern a uthors h ave c reated a t ropaion o f M iltiades w hich n ever e xisted. 84 A M nema o f M iltiades m ay w ell h ave e xisted b ut i ts f orm e scapes u s a s i t i s y et t o b e d iscovered. V anderpool s tates ( op.cit) t hatuthe p yrgos s ome 6 00 m eters n orth o f t he S oros h as s ometimes b een t aken f or t he m onument o f M iltiades, o r a t l east a s m arking i ts p osition". E xcavation o f t he p yrgos o r f uture f inds i n t he M arathon p lain m ay y ield n ew e vidence c oncerning t he m emorial. W e k now t hat M iltiades d ied i n A thens. T he f amily t ombs o f t he P hiliadai l ay o utside t he M elite g ate. 85 P ausanias i s o ur o nly s ource f or a M nema o f M iltiades. S ince i t i s l ikely t hat K imon e rected [ 6B] i t m ay b e t hat h e h ad h onoured h is f ather b y a M nema a t M arathon s omewhat e arlier . H owever d isastruous M iltiades' P arian e xpedition w as, h is f riends i n t heir d efense o f t he s ick g eneral w ho d id n ot a ppear i n t he c ourt h imself r eminded t he j udges eg µ ixrg TE c t v M apa nv s , yE v oµivrg. M arathon w as M iltiades' g lory f orever . T hus a m emorial f or M iltiades a t M arathon - a nd w hether i t w as h is t omb, a k enotaph, o r a c ommemorative m onument a grees w ith K imon 's p olicy o f g lorifying n ot o nly t he r emote p ast o f A thens a s i n t he r eturn o f T heseus' b ones b ut a lso i ts r ecent s uccesses o ne o f w hich i s t ied t o t he n ame o f M iltiades.

6 D .

O lympia M useum, I nv. B 5 100(v.). O lympia, w ell n o.34, o n t he s lope o f t he K ronion h ill. H elmet o f N ear E astern t ype. B ronze. 0 .231; D .at l ower e dge 0 .205-0.207. A fter 4 90 A tt . legvaTot . N i nny K ap6w rcg

K unze,"Ein B ronzehelm a us d er P erserbeute", ü ber d ie A usgrabungen i n O lympia(1961)129-137; J ucker , M usHelv 2 1,1964,185; G auer ,Weihgeshcenke 2 2f.42.134, T 1 . K unze d eclares t hat t he h elmet i s o f A ssyrian t ype. J ucker c hallenged t his, b elieving r ather i n t he N orth S yrian o rigin o f t he h elmet. A s s poils f rom t he b attlefield, i t w as a s uitable d edication t o Z eus a t O lympia. T he h elmet c ame i nto t he w ell i n t he 4 50's. I f, a s K unze t hinks,

1 13

t hat t he h elmet i s f rom t he s poils o f M arathon, t he d edicat ion h ad b een v isible i n O lympia f or a r elatively s hort s pan o f t ime. T he v ictory a t M arathon h ad l ong l asting r epercussions. W e h ave d iscussed b eside t he p olyandria [ 6a-b] o nly a s elect ion o f c ommunal a nd i ndividual m onuments w hich, e xcept f or t he M nema o f M iltiades [ 6C], r eflect a n i mmediate r esponse t o t he e vent t hat b ecame c rucial f or t he f uture h istory o f A thens. " F rom 4 79 t o 4 50, t he y ear o f K imon 's d eath, s ome o ther w ell-known m onuments o f d ifferent c haracter k ept a live t he m emory o f t he s uccess o f 4 90. T o t his c ontext b elongs t he s tatue o f A thena, k nown a s t he b ronze A thena o r A thena P rom achos, 87 t he M arathon m emorial i n D elphi w ith s tatues b y P heidias, t he S toa P oikile w ith t he p ainting o f t he b attle o f M arathon, a nd t he d edication o f a t emple o f E ukleia. 88 I n t he s econd h alf o f t he 5 th c entury, w hen t he b attle o f M arathon l ay a lready t wo-three g enerations i n t he p ast, t he b attle p roper w as t he s ubject m atter o f o ne o f t he f riezes o n t he t emple o f A thena N ike. 89 T he r ecent a ttempt b y B oardman t o c onnect t he h eroes o f M arathon t o t he w est a nd n orth f riezes o f t he P arthenon e quals a t ransfiguration o f t he h istorical e vent i nto t he i deal s etting o f t he P art henon s culptures. T hough B oardman 's i nterpretation i s y et " Another V iew" - a nd t o b e s ure h as b een c hallenged a lready - i t c an n ot b e t aken l ightly i f w e c onsider s ome o f t he o ther i nterpretations w hich h ave b een p roposed. "

8 A.

T hermopylae. L ion M onument f or L eonidas. L iterary e vidence. A fter 4 80. H erodotus 5 X O U

c p.

V UN)

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M quignon, R A 1 934, 2 2ff.figs.4-5; U quignon, L a v al Ue...,239-243; M eyer,AM 7 1,1956,102; P ritchett, A JA 6 2,1958,212; V ermeule, A JA 7 6,1972,passim; R itti 6 43f. N o r emains o f t he L ion M onument h ave c ome t o l ight s o f ar a nd a ttempts t o c onnect s ome t ower-like s tructure w ish t he b ase f or t he L ion M onument h ave n ot b een c onvincing. ‚1 W e c annot s ay f or s ure w hether o r n ot t he e pigram, a ttrib uted t o S imonides, w as a ctually e ngraved u pon t he L ion M onument. R itti, t aking n ote o f t he p assage i n H erodotus i n w hich a ny s pecific r apport b etween l ion a nd L eonidas i s n ot e stablished,points o ut t hat s uch a r apport i s " conson ant w ith t he G reek m entality i n t he f irst h alf o f t he 5 th

1 14

c entury". T he l ion o ccurs a s a g uardian animal o n t ombs s ince t he a rchaic p eriod. T he m emorial f or M enekrates o f K orkyra w as e rected b y t he D emos. I t i s t hp . e arliest e xamp le o f h onouring a m an w ith t he l ion i mage.' /2 T hough t he l ion i mage m ight s uggest a t omb, w e h ave n o w ay o f s aying(nor d id H erodotus s eem t o h ave k nown)whether t he m onument i n h onour o f L eonidas a lso s erved a s a t omb. I t w ould b e u nwise t o b e t oo d ogmatic i n a n a ttempt t o s olve t his m atter. T he e xact p lace o f b urial b ecomes o bsolete i n v iew o f b oth [ 8a] a nd [ 8A] b ecause t hey b oth c onveyed t o t he m inds o f a ncient v isitors t he n otion t hat t his w as t he g eneral a rea w here L eonidas d ied a nd w here h e m ay h ave b een p rovisionally b uried, a nd t hus h onoured b y a m onument.

8 B.

S parta. Mnema(Heroon)for L eonidas, L iterary e vidence. P robably a fter 4 40.

t he L eonideion.

T O / D e a CT PO U . 5 1 k n a VT LXpÜ I M U C J aV [ ,OU MaT e xtectv mic raµivou p AM4 c 1 LY T L , T Ö 6 1 t repov - x ca . X öyoug x era t E T CK t xactov t n'auTorg X iiouaL ' t en T Leie taLv 4 y e i iva, e v l af iv E napTLe cu l 5v a XXy y e o ux g atLy I c ywvi ,Ceaea t , - T & o aTa c on A ewvi . s bou Tu raa rm ixow ra g TE C YLV U cTepov I t veXo i levou t x 8 epµonuX n n a t iC raVt0U. P ausanias

T O t

J acoby 4 3,n.23; C orbett, H esperia 1 8,1949,104-107; S chaefer, C harites E .Langlotz(1957)223-233; S chaefer, P robleme d er a lten G eschichte(1963)164; K ierdorf, E rlebnis 2 4f; G auer, W eihgeschenke 1 3, n .17; C ummer, A M 9 3,1978,41, n .15; C onnor, T APA 1 09,1979,21-27; F uqua, G RBS 2 2,1981, 2 15-226. T he M nema w hich P ausanias m entions w as p robably b uilt a round 4 40. H erodotus w ho v isited S parta a d ecade e arlier d oes n ot r efer t o a ny s uch M nema(Heroon) a s h e m ight w ell h ave d one i f i t h ad e xisted a lready. T he r eason w hich l ed t o t he b uilding o f t he H eroon i s u sually c onnected w ith t he t ransfer o f L eonidas' b ones f rom t he T hermopylae t o S parta b y K ing P ausanias I I. T he t ext o f P ausanias, t he p eriegete,is r ejected b y J acoby a s c orrupt. 93 S chaefer, w ho d oes n ot a gree i n p rinciple w ith J acoby's r ejection o f t he t ext a nd h ence t he t ransfer o f t he b ones, s uggests t hat a n e idolon o f L eonidas m ay h ave b een b uried i n S parta i nstead o f t he a ctual r emains o f t he h ero. W hichever i nterpretation o r a ssumption w e f ollow, t he Mnema w as m ost l ikely a s mall s hrine, a H eroon. B eside t he b uilding o f t he s hrine i n a bout 4 40 o ne c an s afely a ssume t hat v ery s oon a fter 4 79 a h eroic c ult g rew a round L eonidas a nd t he t hree hundred. 94 T here i s n o c itys tate i n G reece w hich h as y ielded a nything c omparable t o t he number o f a rchaeological a nd l iterary t estimonia f or t he c ult o f h eroes w hich i s a ttested f or S parta. A lthough

1 15

t he a rchaeological t estimonia a re p redominantly f rom t he a rchaic p eriod, i t i s i mpossible t hat t he v igour o f t hese c ults h ad e ver d iminished d rastically i n t he c lassical p er iod. 95 I n a ddition t o t hese p re-classical t estimonia, s upport f or h eroic h onours p aid t o L eonidas a nd t he t hree h undred s oon a fter 4 79 c an b e d erived f rom t wo d ata. T he f irst i s t he t hrenos(or e nkomion?)which w as c omposed b y S im onides f or t he c asualties o f T hermopylae a nd w hich w as s ung i n S parta p robably f or t he f irst t ime i n 4 79-478.96 F or t he o ftep c ited p assage i n v erse 2 o f t he t hrenos, n amel y f i 4 04 , 5 ö T a c p cK, w e g ather a d irect h int a t t he r itual w ors hip o f h eroes a t a p rovisional M nema a fter t he P ersian W ars a nd a t t he M nema o f L eonidas a fter 4 40, t he c ult b eing e ssentially s imilar t o t hat w hich i s a ttested t o b y t he a ctual f inds a t t he S oros o f M arathon. 97 T he s econd t estimonium c onsists o f f ragments o f s culpt ures o ne o f w hich i s w ell k nown u nder t he n ame o f L eonid as. 98 Q uite a part t he n aming o f t he s culptures, t wo f acts s hould b e c onsidered. F irst, m ore t han o ne f igure w as d ep icted a nd b eside t he s o-call L eonidas t he a dditional f ragments b elong t o w arriors. " T hus w e c an t hink i n t erms o f a g roup o f a t l east t wo f igures e ngaged i n c ombat. S ec ond, t here i s n o e vent w hich c an s uitably b e c onnected w ith t his g roup i n S partan h istory s hortly a fter 4 80 o ther t han t he h eroic d efense o f t he S partans a t T hermopylae. A lthough t he d ate o f t he s culptures i s d isputed, a s m ight b e e xpected, t here i s n o r eason w hy o ne s hould n ot f avour t he t erminus p ost q uem d ate w hich s uits t he h istorical e v ent r ather t han o ne w hich d epends o n t he s ubjectivity o f t he a nalysis o f s culpLural s tyle. 100 T he g roup o f f igures i n c ombat c ould h ave b een e rected o n o r n ear a p rovisional M nema w here t he h eroes w ere w orshipped a nd w here t he s telai w ith t he c asualty l ists w ere p laced. T his p lace o f w ors hip m ay h ave b een c lose t o o r i dentical w ith t he l ater H eroon o f L eonidas. T hat t he g eneral o f t he S partans w as i n f act d epicted i n t he ' Leonidas' o r i n o ne o f t he o ther f igures i s a l ikely a ssumption. S ince P ausanias t he p erie gete a lso r efers t o t he M nema o f K ing P ausanias, o ne m ight t hink i n t erms o f a p recinct 101 r eserved f or t he w orship o f t he c asualties o f t he P ersian W ars i ncluding t heir f oremost S partan l eaders. I f o ther m emorials w ere a dded i n d ue t ime, w e c ould h ave s ome p ublic b urial g round t hat h as i ts c orres pondence i n t he A thenian D emosion S ema.

9 A .

A rtemisium i n E uboea. S telai a nd/or S emata(?)in c ommemoration o f t he s ea b att le. L iterary e vidence. A fter 4 79. P lutarch, T hemistokles 8 ,4f. " EaTt , Ô lg E 4otag T b ' ApTcµZaLov ü nep ' BaTi ,a pv a tytaXbg E tc f i o dav c l van enTa42vog, & VTLTEZVEL ö 'auT t p p IXLaTa ü nb e tkoxT TI 1 y EvoµivrN x j )pas ' OXACWv. 2 xcL ô v abv o u µ iyav ' ApT2µt-

1 16

8 og t ntxXlaLv r i poap : 2a , x at 8 iv8pa n Ept n i c puxE x at ae lKaL x üxX (*)X teov X EUXOt n Ed liaatv. ö Ö X i .eog T r i X CL O . T pLf 3ö4Evo x at x pöav x at o a dv x poxtCovaav 0 a va8t8 eLv. E v 44 8 1 eV Q T TN I /V t KEye rov vT öf t yr ypa4µEvov. H avTo8anOv&v8pr iv y evE2 c ' Aaias j u tb x c lpa H ar .8E ' AenvaZwv 0 7 :481 n oT'Ev n Ek&yEL v au4axZat a c , ' t ; nEt a TpaTög UETo 1 4 ; p 5 t ov dwaTa ' me t E eeaav f l apeivwL ' Apzi4 1 .8t. G auer, W eihgeschenke 1 17-120.134, T 1 5; P odlecki, E pig raphica 3 5,1973,35; P odlecki, T he L ife o f T hemistocles ( 1975)176; S tupperich 1 3. F or t he e pigram P age X XIV. G auer h as d iscussed t he e vidence a nd h e d ealt w ith t he m odern c ommentators o n t he l iterary t radition. T he s telai i n t he t emenos o f A rtemis a re r eminiscent o f t he s telai a t T hermopylae [ 8a-e]. I f w e a ccept P lutarch's d escription t hey w ere a rranged i n a c ircle. N ear t he s hore, p robably i n a s lightly d ifferent l ocation b ut o ne w hich c an n ot h ave b een f ar a way, P lutarch r efers t o a " dark a shy p owder, w hich s eems t o h ave b een p roduced b y f ire, a nd i t i s b el ieved t hat t he w recks a nd d ead b odies w ere b urned h ere".102 T he e pigram w hich P lutarch q uotes i s n ot a n e pitaph. T he s tele u pon w hich i t w as i nscribed i s h ere t aken t o h ave a ssumed b oth t he r ole o f a c ommemorative m onument a s w ell a s a d edication t o A rtemis. O ne s hould l ike t o k now w hat w as o n t he r emaining s telai t o w hich ' Simonides' r efers t o b y s emata i n v erse 4 . I f a b urial g round w as n earby, c asualty l ists a re n ot e ntirely e xcluded. H owever, o ther e pigrams c ould h ave b een e ngraved o n t he s labs. C ould p erhaps t he h ymn i n h onour o f B oreas w ho g ave t he G reeks s o much h elp i n t heir s ea-battle i n t he E uboean w aters h ave b een i nscribed o n o ne o f t he s telai?' "

1 0A.

( a)

S alamis, o n C ape K ynosura(a)and o n t he i sland o f P syttaleia(b). T ropaia I nscriptional a nd l iterary e vidence a nd s ome a rchaeolog ical r emains. 4 80I G 1 12 1 028,27(and o ther e phebic i nscriptions,e.g. I G 1 12 1 006,30-32.71-74; 1 008,17f.22-24.75f; 1 011, 1 6-18.53-55; 1 032,8-9.

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9 ,2

öy ap n X acToi w 4t i cµög eV V E C 5V x at T Ig µ axrg T ö x aeTcp6TaT9v E O LXE n cpi . E by T önov E X ETVOV y eviceat. & to x at T ponatov Z O T t IKEV t V T uTTakcta.

P ritchett 1 965,94ff; W allace A JA 7 3,1969,293-303; H amm ond, S tudies 3 04ff; C ulley, H esperia 4 6,1977,285.294ff; S tefanini,CalStClassA 1 0,1978,160( I o we t his r eference t o t he k indness o f R .S.Stroud). I n t he l iterary t estimonia t here a re r eferences t o t wo t ropaia. O ne d edicated b y T hemistokles, w hich i s p robably i dentical w ith t hat o f ' Zeus o f t he T ropaion(see a ). A ccord ing t o ( a) a nd r elated t exts, A thenian e phebes s ailed f rom t he t own o f S alamis t o t he t ip o f c ape K ynosura w here t hey m ade a n o ffering a t t he t ropaion w hich i s p resumably n ot f ar f rom t he p olyandrion o f t he A thenians[10a]. A t n early t he v ery e nd o f c ape K ynosura W allace a nd V anderpool, f oll owing o bservations m ade b y e arlier t ravellers, f ound a "c utting i n t he b edrock" a nd " a w orked b lock". T hey s uggest t he t rophy o f T hemistokles m ay h ave s tood w here t hese r em ains a re s till t o b e s een. 1 °4 T he s econd t ropaion i s v ery l ikely a ttested t o b y r em ains o n t he w estern s ide o f P syttaleia(Leipsokutali). O bs ervations a lso m ade b y e arlier t ravellers a nd r ecently b y W allace a nd V anderpool a re f ully r ecorded b y t he f ormer . T he r emains o f t he a ncient m onument c onsist o f " exposed s tones" l ying " with a r egularity s uggesting a f oundation". T hese r emains p robably b elong t o t he s econd t rophy w hich i s m entioned i n ( f). T his t rophy w as t hus e rected a lmost o pposite t he t rophy o f T hemistokles. H ammond w ho d isagrees w ith o ther s cholars a bout t he t op ography o f t he b attle o f S alamisl° 5 b elieves t hat t here w ere n o l ess t han t hree t rophies: o ne o n P syttaleia(which i s H ammond's i sland o f H agios G eorgios), t he s econd o n t he n orth c oast o f K amatero,that i s t o t he n orth o f t he t own o f S alamis, a nd t he t hird o n c ape K ynosura. I t i s t o b e h oped t hat f uture e xcavations w ill s hed m ore l ight o n b oth t he p olyandria [ 10a-b] a nd t he t ropaia [ 10A].

1 18

1 0B.

A thens, N eleos a nd H erakleidon S treet(v.). S hrine a nd a ltar o f A rtemis A ristoboule, r emains o f c .6.30 b y 4 .40. D edicated b y T hemistokles b efore 4 71. P lutarch, T hqmistokl s 2 2

i l yt .a c se 8 E T oug n oXhoug µ Eyo5, ; I v ' . i kpLaTopoiAr ly n oXEL t at T otg "War ) T e ig o txZag X aTEGXEü ( WEV

a t v be ig A p . 5 µ 1 .6og 4pby acn ep ly n poanyopEuaEv, w g,äptaTa 9 p s ouXEuaa ley c ig, n KnaLoy E v M EXZTI ) T O L Epöv.

G auer, W eihgeschenke 1 22,no.7; T ravlos 1 21-124,figs. 1 64-167; L enardon, T he S aga o f T hemistocles(1978)100f.figs. 2 5-26. T he s hrine o f Artemis A ristoboule w as a s mall s hrine i n a ntis. V otive d eposits i ndicate t hat t he b uilding d ates f rom t he l ate 4 70's. S ince t he f oundations d ating f rom t his v ery p eriod a re f ew, i t i s t hought t hat t he t emple f ell i nto r uin o r w as d estroyed a fter T hemistokles w ent i nto e xi le. I n a bout 3 30 t he s hrine w as r ebuilt a ccording t o a n i nscription w hich w as f ound i n s itu.

1 0C.

P iraeus, A kti M iaouli(v.). T omb o f T hemistokles, r emains o f a c ircuit w all, w ay, a nd c olumn. c .400(?). P apsan g i as

1 ,1,2.,

P lutarch,

T hemistokles

w alk

V E9g x a t , e g T may on to t . > t at n pög v g ETZQTy XL e iVL T a t pOg 8 54LCTOXX OUg. p a y & f i s p ET eEXIaaL T ny 8 EµLaToRAEa ‚A vaLo i . t a w g o t , n poarp tovTEg t & O CTe x op .i .c ratEv E X M ayvnaLag a veköv rEg. 3 2.5f.

N A L68wpog 8 P ö nuv e r y tf ig pt v t ot 5 H Ept er re&Twy E L p r p t ey w 5 u novonv p . aXXoy 9 y Lvwaxwv, O T L nt p t T O V µ iyav X iµ Eva T O T , H ELpatig a wo t ot x atC c T o y AXxidlov a x i iwTt lpi .ou n p6xEtTai t ic O L OV hejA ), > t at x 4 Pavz t . T O ZTOV E vTog, T ö UnEUeLOV tc 4aXaTT/ 15, x pnntg E G T LV E üeEyieng x at T ö n Ept a uTny ( 3 wpoeu 5g T apog T oV O eptaToxXEoug ; o UET a t . 8 E x at H X&Twva T öV X ( OpAl töV a uzQ µ aptvpEty E y t oy' 0 a bg

T o i %

T ü dog

x ak t i S * Exwapivog

4 . 1Apol ,g n p6ap vtg E aTaL n ayTaxot, ' c oür T E xnXEovTag E t s C r elOVTag Tt4ETUL,

t x wnoTav ( 1 1 4 1Aka T I I 5V V E n 8 EL YETat.

G omme, C ommentary(1945)445f; W allace, H esperia 4 1,1972, 4 51-462; P odlecki, T he L ife o f T hemistokles(1975)177f; L enardon, T he S aga o f T hemistocles(1978)205f. W allace h as f ully d escribed t he r emains i n b oth A kti M iaouli and K ayos K rakari. N ot o nly t he l iterary e vidence

1 19

b ut a lso a n i nscription i n t he " second c ourse o f t he w est w all o f t he t omb" 1 U6 w hich r eads 84 11 ,0 -r oxXlg No t6xXeog O peappLoG g ive s trong s upport t o t he i dentification o f t he t omb a t Akti M iaouli w ith t hat o f t he v ictor o f S alamis. T hat T hemistokles s hould h ave b een b uried i n t he v icinity o f h is g reatest t riumph a nd t hat h e s hould c ome t o f inal r est a t t he s hore o f t he s ea r ather i n t he d usty p lain o f t he M aeander v alley s eems o nly p roper u pon c onsidering h is c ontribution t o A thenian h istory. B eside t he A thenian t ropaia [ 10a] a nd T hemistokles' d edic ation o f a s hrine t o A rtemis A ristoboule [ I0B] , t he s ucc ess o f t he P anhellenic e ffort i n t he b attle o f S alamis i s w ell a ttested b y numerous d edications w hich w ere s ent t o G reek s anctuaries a nd b y w hich v arious d ivinities w ere h onoured. I t d oes n ot c ome a s a s urprise t hat t he v otive o fferings i nvolve s hips and n aval e quipment a lluding e ither i n a s ymbolic w ay t o t he n aval b attle, o r r ealistically d isplaying t he c onquest o f e nemy s hips. A pollo i n D elphi w as h onoured w ith a s tatue b y t he P ep arethians, t he r esult o f t heir h aving c aptured t wo K arian s hips. 1 07 A s hip o ffering o n t he A kropolis b y t he A thenians m ay r efer t o t he s uccesses i n t he b attle o f S alamis o r t o a ll t he s uccesses w on f rom 4 80-478 o n t he s ea. T he c ables f rom t he b ridge a t S estos w ere a lso e ventually d isplayed o n t he A kropolis.' " T he s tatue o f A pollo w ith a n a phlaston i n D elphi w as a d edication f rom t he s poils o f t he b attles a t A rtemisium a nd S alamis a nd o ne t hat w as m ade b y t he G reeks i n c omm on. 1 " P hoenician t riereis w ere d isplayed o n t he K orinthian I sthmus, i n S union, a nd i n S alamis. 11 ° W hile t he f irst t wo w ere t o h onour P oseidon, t he t hird t rieres i s c onnected w ith A jax o f S alamis, w hose r ole i n t he l atter b attle h as b een m entioned e arlier. 111 A mong t he w estern G reeks o nly t he K rotoniatai w ith o ne s hip u nder t he l eadership o f t he f amous a thlete P hayllos j oined t he G reeks a t S alamis. 112 A f ragmentary d edication f rom t he A thenian Akropolis c ontains a r eference t o P hayll os a thletic s uccess(es) i n t he P ythian a nd o ther g ames. 113 B ut t his c annot h ave b een t he o nly r eason f or t he d edication. H is l eadership a nd c ontribution a t S alamis i s p robably e q ually r esponsible f or P hayllos' d edication " to t he g ods". F inally t he c rewmen o f a c ertain t rierarch n amed D iod oros d edicated " mnamata" a fter t he s ea-battle a gainst t he M edes t o t he g oddess L eto i n K orinth . 114

1 20

1 1A.

( a)

P lataea, t o t he n orth-east o f t he m odern v illage(v.). A ltar o f Z eus E leutherios(remains o f ? ). P I.13 L iterary a nd a rchaeological(?)evidence. 4 79T hukydides

2 .71.2

f l auaavLai y c le ö l aEo dpöTou, A axE8aLµövLog, b •EueEpWa ag T ; 1V E ),‘ AC C8a & la ) T a lV 1 4 ; 18WV 4 ET C 1 ‘ EX V IVWV T r i lV t e ex T174Twv u vapaae c it T öv x Zv8uvov, -Mg µ ir ng n a i i'hµtv E yEyETo, 5 1X Yag E V T V f i kaTatZV a yopl L epä A LL E XEue Epto i . ( b)

P ausanias

9 .2.5f.

9 ? ) 7 t Opp t

ô C u tö T O x otvot tv ' EXX4 )vwv A Lög L I YTLV A EUeEptOU f 3 ( 4 4 12 2 T OUTOV 4 48i 1 3 00 e0t, T ot A tbg T OV T E f 3 w i löv x a t , T Ö a yaKµa E nOLTTEV XE UX0 . 0 K te0U. y ouat x ai v üv A yn c x i 5 La c iouç I t4 , 90U T a

i

U T L

E KEueipta l E v j 2 ,4EytaTa y Epa n poxELTat 8 pgµov• e iouct 8 1 c o nXtagevot n pö t ot ß wgot. ( c)

P lutarch,

A risteides

1 9.5f.

x at T o üx ö v , p w 4 v a v • t l epa c kav o uTwg, E t µ övaL T p ag n ökEtg n y t ovv yavTo, T t l IV a XXwv c hpiga x ae « iogivwvT öv8E n 9e «E XX l iveg v txag x paTEL, e pyy ' Aef log, 1 4aa5 E ZEXi taavTEg t XE t ie2pc% c‘ EXXa sh X OLVOV L 8pucavTo A Lög NµöveXeueEpLou. 1 15 ( d)

S trabo 9 .4.2 t 8ptg lavt6 T E'EXEueEp i , ou A Lög,tEp6v x at i l yMva y ugv o töv a TE9av i :T l iv & ni8E gav, tE XEueEpta n poaayopEüeavTEg.

S pyropoulos AD 2 7,1972(1977) C hr. 3 18-319; S pyropoulos, AD 2 8,1973(1977) C hr.267-269; S pyropoulos A AA 6 ,1973,3753 79; W est G RBS 1 8,1977, p assim; R upp, H esperia 4 8,1979, 6 9. R ecent f inds i n P lataea a re o f t he h ighest s ignificance. C lose t o a n a ncient r oadway, e ast-north-east o f t he m odern v illage, a s tructure 1 5m x 4 m w as u ncovered w hich i s p roba bly i dentical w ith t he a ltar d edicated t o Z eus E leutherios. A c ist g rave f ull o f b ones a nd s kulls f ound i n t he e xcavat ion c ould c ome f rom a b urial o f c asualties w hose h ome t own i s u nknown. O ther t ombs d ating f rom e arly I mperial t imes t o t he 5 th c entury A .D. c ame t o l ight i n t he v icinity o f t he a ltar. 116 M oreover, i n 1 971 a n i nscription 117 d ating f rom t he e arly 3 rd c entury w as d iscovered 2 00m f rom t he a lt ar f rom w hich w e q uote t he f ollowing l ines: 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4

; lacy x at T e jv e U KC CV T ot A LCK T [0 1 5] E XE(t eEptou x at T Ug x at T öv a y na o v j telaatv o t " EXA T IvEg E nt T otg 4 v8pactv T 0 1% h ae07 ,5 x at i ywv taagevotg ndg T oi )g,papßapoug u nEp T f lg T r OV IE XX ; ) VWV rX EveEptag,

a uv n[ü]-

[ Etienne-Pi rart]

1 21

T he a uthor w ho f irst p ublished t he i nscription g iving a n a ccount o f h is e xcavation c orrectly a ssumed t hat t he s tone w ith t he i nscription h ad b een m oved f rom i ts o riginal l ocation, p robably t he a ltar i tself. 118 T o b e s ure t he d ate o f t he l atter a nd t hat o f t he t ombs n eed f urther a nd t hor ough i nvestigation. C onsidering t he v icissitudes o f t he c ity o f P lataea d uring t he l ate 5 th a nd e arly 4 th c enturies, t he a ltar m ay h ave b een r epaired a nd lor r estored m ore t han o nce. B ut t he f oundations p robably r emained t he s ame a nd t hey m ay i ndeed g o b ack t o s oon a fter 4 79. W hatever f uture e xcavations m ay y ield, i f t he p reliminary i dentification o f t he s tructure w ith t he a ltar o f Z eus E leutherios t o w hich w as a ttached i n t he 4 th c entury t he c ult o f H omonoia i s c orr ect, w e h ave r eclaimed a s ignificant k ey t o t he h istory o f P lataea a fter t he P ersian W ars. T he e stablishment o f t he c ult o f Z eus E leutherios w as n ot l imited t o P lataea. T estimonia a ttribute a c ult o f t he s ame d ivinity t o A thens l ater i n t he 5 th c entury. 1 19 T hat t he d ead o f P lataea s hould h ave r eceived h eroic w ors hip i s o nly n atural. W orship o f o ther o lder h eroes p rec eded t heir c ult. 12 ° T he s urvival o f t hese e arlier c ults a nd r eferences t o t hem e xplain t he i mportance which t he c elebration o f t he E leutheria a s w ell a s y early o fferings f or t he d ead a ssumed a fter 4 79. T hukydides, P ausanias a nd P lutarch a re e loquent w itnesses. 121 C onsidering t he t roub led h istory o f P lataea i t i s p erhaps n ot s urprising t hat w e l ack a ny t angible t estimonia f or t he E leutheria a t t he s ite i tself. T heir e xistence i n t his p eriod h as, i n f act, m et w ith s cepticism b y m any s cholars w hich m ay p rove t o b e u njustified n ow t hat w e h ave r emains o f t he a ltar o f Z eus E leutherios. T he f irst d ocuments f or t he E leutheria d ate f rom t he 3 rd c entury. T here a re m any e specially i n t he 2 nd c entury A .D. 122 T he g ymnic a gon w as c omprised o f s eve ral e vents b ut b y f ar t he m ost r enowned w as t he h oplitod romos o ver 1 5 s tadia f rom t he ' Tropaion' t o t he a ltar o f Z eus E leutherios. 123 T he v ictor i n t his h oplitodromos w as a ccorded h onours g reater t han t hose b estowed u pon v ictors i n a ny o f t he o ther a thletic events.

1 1B.

P lataea. T ropaia. L iterary e vidence. 4 79P ausanias

9 .2.6

T pönaLov 8 2, 3 -C i5 4 &xns T 15 MaTaL/cLv a vEeEc sav O L E XX T IvEg, n EvTExaL8Exa a Ta6Lotg l a &XLaTa Z aT l ixEv a nwTgpw n 6XEwg. 9

P lutarch,

A risteides

2 0.4

UT W 8 1 ö taKKay vTEg A Ze nov ö yöof IxovTa T &XavTa T ors MaTaLEVaLv, W i nv T ö T 9 1 ' Ae o vag e t vyxo664r icav t Epöv x at T ö nog g OT TWaV x at y pa c patg TÖV v ev 8 LExöc l i ar c iav, a t p .xpt v tv c l xµC icovaat ö Laplvovatv,gazraav ö c T pö l taLov

1 22

L 8 4 dv A cmc6a 4 .8vtoL,

W est,

x wpts 8"At t l ivarot—

C lPh 6 4,1969,17.

J udging f rom t he t exts a t l east t wo t ropaia w ere e rected a fter t he b attle o f P lataea, o ne b y t he G reeks i n c ommon, a s econd b y t he S partans. S o f ar n o r emains o f t ropaia h ave b een f ound. T he t ropaion m entioned i n P ausanias i s c learly t he o ne w hich r elated t o t he h oplitodromos o f f ift een s tadia f rom t he t ropaion t o t he a ltar o f Z eus E leut herios[11A]. V otive-offerings, c elebrating t he v ictory o ver t he P ers ians, w ere n umerous a fter 4 79. D elphi h ad a l arge s hare i n t hese m onuments. T he f oremost m onument t hat h as P anh ellenic c haracter i s, o f c ourse, t he g ilded b ronze t r ipod a nd b ronze s erpent c olumn d edicated t o A pollo b y t hirty-one p articipants i n t he b attles o f t he P ersian W ars. E lements o f t he s erpent c olumn a nd a s nake h ead s urvive i n I stanb ui.124 O ther v otives a re l ess f amous b ut n evertheless i mportant f or t he i ndividual c ities w hich h ave d edicated t hem. I n t his c ategory f alls t he B ull o f t he P lataeans. 125 A s tatue o f P oseidon o n t he I sthmos a s w ell a s o ne o f Z eus i n O lympia(Herodotus 9 .81.1)are P anhellenic d edications. B y f ar t he m ost r emarkable d edication p robably c onnected w ith t he f inal p hase o f t he P ersian W ars i s t he S toa o f t he A thenians i n D elphi w ith t he h opla a nd a kroteria w hich w ere c aptured f rom t he e nemy a nd d edicated t here: k tevatoL g i viecaav T EV C TOC CV x at T & h önX[a x ]ai , T &xpoTip La h aövTeg T ÖV n oXe[µCo]v. 1 26 A mandry i dentified t he h opla w ith t he c ables o f t he P ers ian b ridge o ver t he H ellespont o n t he b asis o f H erodotus' u se o f t he w ord a nd t he a kroteria w ith t he d ecorative p arts o f t he s hips t hemselves. 127 M eiggs-Lewis a re f ar f rom c onvinced o f A mandry's t hesis f or s everal r easons, p rimarily b ecause o f t he w ording h el ontes i n r eference t o t he c ables, a nd b ecause o f t he u se p olemioi r ather t han t he ' Medes'. T hey a lso c laim t hat "n o o ther s urviving A thenian p ublic i nscription, w hich c an b e d ated, h as , a fter 4 90 , . 12b T hese m atters m ay p erhaps n ot b e s o c rucial t han t he f act t hat t he A thenians d ecided t o d edicate t he h opla a s a n o ffering i n t heir s anctuaries a nd t hat w e a re l eft t heref ore w ith n o c hoice b ut t o i dentify t hese s anctuaries. 129 A mandry c ould p oint c onvincingly t o h oles f or p egs a t r egul ar d istances f rom e ach o ther o n t he b ack w a Us o f t he S toa a t w hich t hese c ables w ere s upposedly h ung. l i " T his e vid ence c an n ot e asily b e d iscarded. 131

1 23

C HAPTER 3

T HE Y EARS OF K IMON(476-450)

T he m ost i mportant d evelopment r egarding p ublic f uneral i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he 5 th c entury w as t hat a shes and b ones o f A thenian c asualties w ere n ow b uried i n A thens. T heir m emorials, t he p olyandria, w ere e rected i n t he D emos ion S ema. S ome w ho f ought a s a llies o f t he A thenians w ere a lso b uried i n t he P olyandreion a s t heir m emorials d em onstrate. P ublic o r p rivate c ommemorative d edications c elebrating v ictory b ecome m ore s carce c ompared t o t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars. M ore s triking a re, i n c ontrast, t he S amian d edications w hich h onour i ndividual h eroes[17A,20A1 1]. T hese d edications w iden o ur p erspective, d rawing t he I onian w orld i nto t he o rbit o f t hat o f t he m ainland s ince t hey c ommemorate w arfare i n w hich m ainland G reeks w ere t he p rinp al p articipants. B y f ar t he m ost c hallenging m onument o f t he e ra o f K imon a re t he s o-called K imonian H erms[13A]. K imon's w arfare c omp rises a s eries o f s uccessful c ampaigns a mong which t he b attles a t E ion a nd a t t he E urymedon R iver a nd h is f inal c ampaign i n K ypros a re b est r emembered. M any f ragments o f c asualty l ists f or w hich p roper c ont exts a re u nfortunately l acking a ttest t o t he s evere l osses w hich t he A thenians s uffered i n t he 4 50's w hile K imon h ad b een o stracized. T he e pigram w hich h onours t he c asualties i n K ypros h as a s ignificantly r etrospective c haracter i n t elling u s t hat • o u f tv 7 t ( ) x idAtov E ntleovi .wv y iveT a v8pMv/gpyov T his c ould h ardly h ave b een w ritten w ithout t he k nowl edge o f K imon's d eath and w hose l ast c ampaign i s t hus p art icularly g lorified. A .ATHENTAN AND N ON-ATHENIAN P OLYANDRIA I N T HE D emosion S ema 1 5.

A thens. P olyandrion(Kenotaph?). L iterary e vidence. 4 73-470. G V 1 2;

TE

p uoµEvot

P age X XXVIII.

B u5C rvT l ttov ö aot e i tvov, t xevöcaaav x wpav, ä v8pc ä pf ltt root.

1 24

B usolt, G riechische G eschichte 9 5ff; W olters 5 .12f, P fohl, E pitaphs n o.84; M eiggs, E mpire 7 1-73.465-468. T he s econd d istich o f t he e pigram i s p reserved. T he r eference t o B yzantium g ives u s a c lue t o w here t he c onflict i s t o b e s ituated. A s econd r eference t o a s ite i n t he g eneral H ellespontine r egion i s s uspected t o h ave b een p res ent i n t he f irst d istich. P erhaps t he r eference w as t o S estus w hich m ay h ave b een c aptured b y t he A thenians f or a s econd t ime a bout 4 70 i n c onnection w ith K ing P ausanias' e xpulsion f rom B yzantium a nd i ts v icinity.' T he s tele w ith t he e pigram a nd a c asualty l ist s tood e ither o ver a k enotaph o r m ore l ikely o ver t he f allen s oldiers a shes a nd b ones w hich c ould h ave b een b rought b ack t o A thens i n c onformity w ith K imon's n ew p olicy w hich l ed t o t he f oundation o f t he D emosion S ema.

1 6.

A thens, A gora I 3 923(v.). P 1.19 F rom n orth o f t he H ephaesteion(modern f ill). C asualty l ist?, f ragment. P entelic m arble; t he f ragment i s b roken o n a ll s ides a nd v ery w eathered. 0 .15; 0 .09; 0 .042. ± 470 B radeen n o.3. M eritt,

T ribute L ists

I I1,159f;

T here a re w ide s paces(0.015-0.022)between t he i ndivid ual l etters. L .5 i s o ut o f t he p attern a s c ompared w ith 1 1.1-4. T he n u i n 1 .2 i s s lanting b ut n ot t he n u i n 1 .5. J udging b y t he s igma i n 1 .4 t he e arly 2 nd q uarter i s a l ikel y d ate f or [ 16]. B radeen a ssumed t hat 1 1.1-4 m ight b e t he r emains o f a n e vi vam w hich p receded a h eading i n 1 .5, p ossibly O LÖE a nCealVO[V t V, w hich i n i ts t urn w ould h ave b een f ollowed b y a c asualty l ist. H ypothetical a s t he i nterpretation o f t he f ragment a s a w hole i s, i f i t f ormed p art o f a c asualty l ist, i t w ould b e a mong t he e arliest a ttested m emorials i n t he D emosion S ema a ntedated o nly b y t he p olyandria m entioned i n t he l iterary s ources [ 7a], by [ 15], a nd b y t he e pigram pb] w hich h owever m ay n ot b elong t o a b uria1. 2

1 7.

A thens. P olyandrion(kenotaph?) L iterary e vidence. 4 69?466? G V 1 3;

G G 8 ;

P age X LVI.

0 78E n ap'E 49µ aoveino VäyKabv ( ; Xecav µ apvaµEvot M n8wv v go c popwv n poµaxotS,

1 25

7 ) P r iv

•

•

c qX4 Tr cat z c x aL u n kunopwv E nt ,v nMv. mAXtatov 8 a pu t f% µ04 1 g XLnov 9 44 tevoL. •

F riedländer, E pigrammata 1 05f; J acoby,Epigrams 1 73 ; M eritt , T ribute L ists 1 11,160; G omme, C ommentary(1945)286-289; S hefton,"The D edication o f C allimachus(IG 12 6 09)", B SA 4 5, 1 950,153; M eritt,Epigrams 2 73; H ausmann, C harites E .Langl otz 1 50f; P ritchett 1 971, 6 7; M eiggs, E mpire 7 4ff; P ritchett, T he G reek S tate a t W ar, P art I 1(1974),279,n.14. T he e pigram w as o nce h eavily c riticized f or l ack o f o rig inality a nd f or a w rong c aesura i n v erse 1 . A t p resent s cholars a gree t hat t he p oem i s a n e pitaph f or t he c asualt ies i n t he b attle a t t he E urymedon R iver. P ausanias s aw t he m emorial i n t he D emosion S ema(1.29.14). T he n oT& h as b een t hought t o i mply t hat t he m emorial w as e rected s ome ( or e ven a c onsiderable)time a fter 4 69? o r 4 66?, t he p res umed y ear o f t he b attle. 3 A s f or t he b attle i tself, a nc ient a uthorities s peak o f a l and a nd s ea b attle. M eri n f eels t hat t he e pigram d oes n ot c ommemorate t he s ailors w ho my h ave d ied O n t he b attle b ecause t he t exts r efers t o a Lxµ T ITai , o nly. 4 B ut P ritchett i s p robably r ight i n c alling t he a txµr y tai , " hoplite-marines", s oldiers w ho f ought o n s hip b oard a s w ell a s o n l and a nd w ho w ere e ulogized f or t heir a ction i n t he e pigram. 5 T he b attle w as f ought i n a s ingle d ay. T he P ersian b oats w ere b arely o ut o f t he r iver's m outh a nd a n a ttack o n b oth t heir l and f orces a nd t heir s hips t ook p lace i n a s hort p eriod o f t ime. S hefton h as s uggested a v ery u nlikely i nterpretation o f v erse 4 o f t he e pigram. H e b elieves t hat m nema, w hich h e t ranslates w ith ' memorial' o r ' monument' m eans t he c asualty l ist i tself :"What t he p oet w anted u s t o k now i s t hat t hrough t heir d eath i n b attle t hese c itizens h ad l eft b ehind, i n t he c asualty l ist o ver t he p ublic g rave, a m emorial m ore h onora ble a nd g lorious( x &XXLaToN e t han a ny p , "u x o f t heir a rete t hat t hey c ould p ossibly h ave d edicated o r o btained i n a ny o ther w ay". 6 I b elieve t hat t his i nterpretation o f m nema a retes i s n ot t o t he p oint. T he r epetition o f t he n otion o f d eath t r ic p4i .p .Evo t , ( verse 4 )was n ecessary b ecause t his l ine i ntroduces a n ew t hought, n amely t hat i n h aving f ought f earlessly a nd v aliantly t he s oldiers a ccept d eath w illingl y. B y t his a ttitude o f t heir's, t hey l eave b ehind a " most b eautiful m emorial o f t heir v irtue". S chauenburg h as p ublished r ecently a n i nteresting r edf igured o inochoe d epicting a n i thyphallic b earded G reek a dv ancing t owards a P ersian w ho b ows f orward, h is h ead i n f rontal v iew. H e h olds h is h ands a t t he l evel o f h is e ars w ith t he f ipgsrs s pla rd , in a g esture o f t error. T he i ns cription E u r avp ,e6ov c Lµ[L] x v f 3 c lec E U TEXa , g ives a c lue t o t he u nderstanding o f t he s cene:The G reek i s a bout t o s exu ally a buse t he P ersian, a n e xpression o f m ilitary t riumph a nd o f " Vorstellungen, w onach h omosexuelle H andlungen a n

1 26

S traffälligen u nd G efangenen d er V erspottung u nd E ntehrung d ienten". 7

1 8.

A thens,(a)EM 1 0232; ( b-d)frr. n ow l ost; ( e)Agora I 7 009 ( v.). P ls.15.16 . ( a)Athens, A gias K yras, n ear t he m onument o f L ysikrates; ( b-c)seen n ear S pata, c hurch o f P anagia M esosporitissa; ( d)seen n ear S pata, c hurch o f E vangelistria; ( e)from a bove S outh S toa I , i n t he f oundation o f a m odern h ouse. ( a) a nd ( e)Pentelic m arble, p robably t he s ame f or ( b-d). ( a)0.73; 0 .26; 0 .09. ( b-d)Dimensions u nknown. ( e)0.33; 0 .235; 0 .163-0.16. 4 64/3 ( a.y.), 4 64(c.s.). I G I2 9 28;

B radeen n o.1.

K olbe, " Diodor's W ert f ür d ie G eschichte d er P entekontae tie", H ermes,72,1937,248-254; J acoby, C lQ 3 8,1944,44,n.85; M eritt, T ribute L ists 1 11,108-110.170; G omme,Commentary ( 1945)297; H arrison, A gora X I ,115 ,n .58 ; P ritchett 1 965,43; K ierdorf, E rlebnis 6 6; B radeen 1 967,321-328; B radeen 1 969, p assim; K leine, U ntersuchungen,79f; J ordan , A thenian N avy 2 63,n.70; W elwei, U nfreie 2 ,92; M ilton, H istoria 2 8, 1 979,passim. T he f ragmentary s tate o f t he c asualty l ist m akes a m ore d etailed d escription n ecessary. ( a)The s tone w as r eused a s b ecomes c lear f rom t wo p ivot(?) h oles a t t he l eft e dge o f t he f ront f ace. L 1.1-31:casualt ies. L .32:reference t o t he c ity o f S igeion, w here o ne c asualty o ccurred(1.33). L .34: H eading MA L ITYTIOlwritten i n l arger l etters a nd r eferring t o A thenian a lies. L 1.35-36: t wo c asualties, t he s econd n ame r etaining o nly t he f inal n u, w ith r eference t o t he c ity o f K ardia. F or 1 .37, w ritt en i n l arger l etters, t he r estoration [ iv B to]vt , w as s ugg ested. 8 L .38:fragmentary n ame b elow w hich t he s tone b reaks o ff. ( a)is e xceptional i n t hat a dditional n ames a re e ngraved o n t he r .h.s.s. M oreover, t wo n ames a re v ertically e ngraved ( 11.39-40)on i ts l eft e dge r eading u pwards a nd p laced p erh aps b etween t wo c ols. o f n ames. A s f or t he r .h.s.s., c ar f ully s moothed t hroughout ,below a s urface,meas ,uring 0 .15 .Y a re f ound t wo n ames(11.41-42) f ollowed b yev e ag[ot ( 1.43). T en n ames t hen f ollow(11.44-53). 1 ° T he l ast t hree n ames a re w ritten b y a d ifferent h and. T he l etters a re m ore w idel y s paced a nd l ess d eeply e ngraved. T he t wo r hos i n t he l ast n ame a re d efinitely r ounded. R ounded a nd a ngular r hos a re f ound i n t he p receding n ames. I n s ummary, t here a re 5 0 c asualties o n ( a). H ow much o f ( a) i s l ost a t t he t op a nd b ottom i s d ifficult t o e stimate. M y g uess w ould b e t hat 0 .50-0.70 i s m issing, t he i ntact s tele h aving m easured b etween 1 .30-1.50. T he n ames o n t he r .h.s.s. b elong p robably t o t he h eading i n 1 .37.

1 27

T hree c asualties i n T hasos(11.51-53)were r eported l ate a nd h ence a dded l ater. W e a re a t a t otal l oss h ow t o e xplain t he t wo n ames a t t he l eft e dge ( 11.39-40), e specially s ince t here w as p lenty o f r oom t o a dd t hem a bove o r b elow 1 .41 a nd 5 3 r espectively o n t he r .h.s.s. F ragments(b-d), b elonging t o o ne s tele, a re k nown o nly f rom 1 9th c enutry A .D . t ranscripts. T hat t he s tones s hould h ave t raveled a s f ar a s S pata t o b e r eused e ventually a s " building m aterial " i s m ost p uzzling. T he c asualties a re a rranged i n t wo c ols. o n t he f ront f ace a nd o n t he r .h . s .s. i n o ne c ol. a s o n ( a). T he h eading O I [Nä ]IE m akes t he a ttribution o f ( b-d) t o t ribe V I p ossible. T he n ames o f 6 3 A thenian c asualties a re v ery f ragmentary(11.55-117). T en a llies f rom B yzantium w ho d ied i n S igeion(1.119)are i ns cribed i n 1 .12Off, t wo o f t hem w ritten v ertically (11.1281 29). F our c asualties f rom T hasos(1.130)are e ngraved o n t he r .h.s.s.(11.131-134), w ith t he n ames s tarting a pparently h igh u p o n t he s tone, d ifferently f rom ( a), 1 1.44-43. I n a nalogy t o 1 1.39-40 o n ( a), 1 1.128-129 w ere p robably e ng raved a long t he e dge o f t he s tele. T he s mall f ragment ( e) n amps 4 c asualties(11.135-138). I n 1 .139 t he h eading i s [ . ]Epano w rcg , f ollowed b y p r ie n ame ( 1.140). A fter a v acat o f 0 .015 t he h eading t [v] Cov i . s tands o ver t hree c asualties. I t i s t o b e n oted t hat E ion i n c ontrast w ith 1 .37 o n ( a) i s h ere w ritten i n t he s ame l etter h eight a s t he n ames a nd t he h eading i n 1 .139. B radeen d istinguished t hree d ifferent h ands i n e ):(a) 1 1.135-137.139-140; ( ß)1.138; a nd ( y)11.141-144. 1 2 H e n otes t he d ifference b etween r ounded a nd a ngular r ho(1.138 v s. 1 1.139 a nd 1 42) w hich c ould p oint t o t wo d ifferent h ands. I n F r.(a), h owever, a ngular a nd r ounded r hos a re b y o ne s ingle l etterer. T he t hird h and(11.141-144) i s a pparent i n t he d ifferently r endered e psilon(as c p.to 1 .137)and t he n ons toichedon w riting. T he n ame i n 1 .138 w ould h ave b een a dd ed b y t he s ame h and a s 1 1.51-53, w hich l ines w ere l ater a dditions a lso. R eadings a nd i ndividual n ames. L .21: F ischer-Heetfeld r ecently s uggested t hat E picharinos i n t his l ine m ay b e i d entical w ith E picharinos w ho d edicated a s tatue o n t he A kropolis, t he w ork o f K ritios a nd N esiotes. 13 L .35: R ead K caXix tg, n ot K aXXCa[g]. L .51: F or T hymoc .hares s ee D ayies 5 24. L .140: R ead [ A , ] AaS, n ot g rf lukag.14 B radeen h as r econstructed a p olyandrion w hich w ould h ave c onsisted o f t en s telai, o ne f or e ach t ribe. H e c ompared t he f ragmentary v ase-painting i n A msterdam 15 ( see p 1.3c) w ith t he " practice o f c utting s loping c hannels a long t he e dges o f c ontiguous s telai t o g ive t he i mpression o f s ep arate t apering s telai f or e ach p hyle". 16 O n a nalogy w ith t he v ase f ragment B radeen a ssumed t hat t he " stelai s tood s ide b y s ide o n a c ommon b ase". 17 T his m ay b e s o b ut,

1 28

s ince t he r .h.s.s. o f ( a) w as i nscribed w e w ould h ave t o a ssume a t l east s ome 0 .40+ b etween t his a nd t he n ext f oll owing s tele o n t he r ight i n o rder t hat t he n ames c ould b e r ead, u nless ( a)happens t o h ave b een t he l ast s tele i n a r ow a nd t he r .h.s.s. w as t herefore f reely a ccessible. T he ' side b y s ide' c oncept i s a lso u nlikely b ecause t en s telai a nd s ome r oom b etween t he s telai w ould r equire a " common b ase" o f a t l east 1 0 m eters. I n f act, I s uggested r ecently q uite a d ifferent f orm o f p olyandrion. 18 [ 18] i s b elieved b y m yself t o b e t he p ublic m emorial f or t he c asualties a t D rabeskos. T he g eographic t erm d oes n ot o ccur a s p lace n ame o n [ 18] a s f ar a s p reserved. S cholars w ho b elieve t hat [ 18] c annot i nclude c asualties f rom D rabeskos h ave p roffered a s t heir m ain r eason t he o rd er o f e vents i n 4 65-464 o n t he o ne h and, a nd t he t ime o f t he y ear w hen t he p ublic f uneral w as h eld i n A thens o n t he o ther. 19 T he l atter d ate,early w inter , w ould h ave e xcluded i ncorporating t he c asualties f rom D rabeskos o n [ 18] b ecause t his b attle c ould n ot h ave b een f ought i n t he s ame y ear a s t he " operations i n t he H ellespont" a nd t he " fighting i n T hasos". 20 H owever, t he c rucial q uestion w ith r egard t o [ 18] i s s till w hat w as t he n umber o f t he c asualties i n a ll t hree t heaters o f w ar, n amely t he H ellespont, T hasos, a nd D rabeskos? I b elieve [ 18] g ives t he a nswer . W e h ave r eferences t o S igeion, K ardia, a nd T hasos w ith c asualties t otalling 2 5. A s l esser c asualties t hey f ollow t he much h eavier l osses w hich n umber 1 02. S ince t he l esser c asualties a re m entioned i n g eographical t erms, t he h eavy c asualties w hich a re n ot r eferred t o i n g eographical t erms ( though t his i nformation w as p robably o n t he l ost p ortion o f t he s tone(s)!)occurred m ost l ikely a t D rabeskos a s B rad een h ad a lready s uggested i n 1 967. 21 W hatever t he n umber o f l osses 22 t he h igh f igure o f 1 0.000 c reates p roblems w ith r espectthe e ngraving o f n ames o n t en s telai. T hese p roblems h ave n ot b een e nvisioned b y s cholars w ho a ccept t he h igh f igure. O nly a bout 2 .000 n ames o f a n a rmy o f 1 0.000 c ould h ave b een e ngraved o n t en s telai s uch a s B radeen p ostulated f or [ 18]. I f w ith ( a) i s p reserved a bout a f ourth o f o ne s tele t he t otal n umber o f c asualties i nscribed o n o ne s tele c ould h ave r eached ± 2 00. I f t he a vailable s urface o n t en s telai w ere f ully i nscribed t he h igh t otal o f c asualties f rom a ll t heaters o f w ar , i ncluding A thenian a llies a nd s laves, c ould h ave r un t o ± 2 .000. T his i ndicates h eavy l osses. T he r eference t o t he s ite o f D rabeskos w here t he m ajority o f t he l osses o ccurred m ay a lso h ave b een c ontained i n a n e pigram n ow u nfortunately l ost. F or t he c hronology o f [ 18] i t i s m y b elief t hat i t s hould n ot b e p ressed t oo h ard. C ould t he c asualties o f c .s.465 ( Chersonnese, T hasos) a nd o f t he e arly w inter o f a .y. 4 65/4 h ave b een b uried a t t he e nd o f c .s. 4 64, i n a .y. 4 64/3? S ince [ 18] i s f oremost t he p olyandrion f or t he c asualties o f D rabeskos, I t hink t hat t he l atter d ate i s m ore t han l ikely

1 29

f or t he h onouring a lso o f t he e arlier c asualties. T his w ould h ave g iven t he A thenians p lenty o f t ime t o p repare t he s ite o f t he t omb, t o e ngrave t he t en s telai, a nd t o a dd i n t ime, t hat i s b efore t he p ublic f uneral, t he n ames o f t he c asualties r eported l ate. W hat w e h ave t hen i n [ 18] i s t he o nly p ublic m emorial f or t he c asualties o f c .s. 4 65 a nd 4 64 w ith t he b urial c eremony h aving t aken p lace a t t he e nd o f c .s. 4 64 i n a .y.464/3.

1 8a.

O nce i n A thens, n ow l ost. S een b y G . W heler i n a p rivate h ouse. B ritish M useum A dd. M S 3 5334. 4 60's. M eritt,

H esperia 2 5,1956,355-357;

B radeen 1 967,327.

C aution i s i n o rder i n c onnecting w ith [ 18] a c asualty l ist [ 18a] k nown o nly f rom a t ranscript b y W heler. T here w ere t wo c ols. o f n ames o n t he f ront s ide a s o n [ 18(b-d)] a nd t wo n ames f ollow e ach o ther i n 1 1.22.24 and 2 8. T he " form o f t he m onument", t hat i s t he u se o f t wo c ols.as s uch, i s n ot s ufficient e vidence t o m ake [ 18a] p art o f [ 18]. T he p eculiarity o f t wo n ames f ollowing e ach o ther i n t he s ame l ine d oes n ot h ave a n e xact p arallel o n a ny o f t he f ragments o f [ 18] e xcept t hat i n 1 .35 o n ( a) a c asualty 's n ame f ollows t he g eographic r eference t o K ardia. M ore t han o ne n ame t o a l ine i s a ttested f or [ 20a-b]. A s l ong a s t he o riginal l ist [ 18a] d oes n ot t urn u p, a ny c onnection w ith a nother l ist i s f utile. [ 18a] c ontained a t otal o f 6 1 c asualties. 23

1 9.

A thens, A gora I 6 882(v ) A gora, s outh o f E leusi C asualty l ist, f ragmenc. P entelic m arble. 0 .26; 0 .27; 0 .135. 4 64-(60). B radeen 1 964,

1 6,

n o.1;

1 6b. _ te f ill.

PI

B radeen n o.2

S even c asualties, t he n ames b eing v ery f ragmentarily p reserved. A s s tated e arlier (n.23), I e xclude t he p ossibil ity t hat t his l ist b elongs t o [ 18]. W e c annot r elate [ 19] t o a ny s pecific w ar o r d ate, b ut i t b elongs n ear [ 18] a nd [ 20].

2 0a.

P aris,Louvre M a 8 63("The N ointel M arble") ( v.) P1s.17 .18 . A thens, f ound i n 1 674 i n t he c hurch o f t he c rucifixion. S tele w ith t he c asualty l ist o f t he t ribe E rechtheis. V ery w ell p reserved. M issing a p iece a t t he l ower r ight c orner. C hipps o ff a t t he e dges a nd a t t he t op. P entelic m arble. 1 .44; 0 .63(bottom)-0.57(top); 0 .075. 4 59?, 4 58?

1 30

I G 12 9 29;

M L n o.33

P ope 7 7; K olbe, H ermes 7 2,1937,267; A ustin, S toiched on S tyle 6 5; P ritchett,"Greek I nscriptions", H esperia 9 , 1 940,98,n.3; R aubitschek, " Creek I nscriptions", H esperia 1 2, 1 943,43; G omme, C ommentary(1945)310f.411f; M eritt, T ribute L ists I I1,10f.174f; B arns, H istoria 2 ,1953-54,174; S almon, L a p olitique e ' gyptienne 1 56ff; J effery, B SA 5 0,1965,55ff; K ierdorf, E rlebnis 1 9, n .3; M eiggs, J HS 8 6,1966,89; B ert elli 5 2ff; G uarducci 1 969, 1 69; B radeen 1 969,146.1481 50.153; F ornara, T he A thenian B oard 4 4-46; D eane 1 972, 3 4-35.137; B icknell, S tudies 1 06f; S chreiner, V estigia 1 7, 1 973,426-427; D aux, P horos 4 0-42; W albank, P horos 1 61,n.1; D aux, B CH 9 9,1975,150-154; M omigliano, " La S pedizione A te n iese i n E gitto", Q uint° C ontributo a lla s toria d egli s tudi c lassici e d el m ondo a ntico(1975)211-228; J ordan,Athenian N avy 2 04; S chreiner, S ymb0s1 5 1,1976,19-63; i dem , S ymb0s1 5 2,1977,19-36; S tupperich, p assim; D avies, W ealth ...,passim. D aux d eserves m erit f or wggesting r ecently s ome n ew r ead ings o f l etters a nd n ames. 44 .H aving m yself h ad t he o pport unity t o s tudy i n d epth t he c asualty l ist i n t he L ouvre, I o ffer s ome a lternate r eadings a nd i nterpretation o f d etail. D aux s tated c orrectly t hat i t i s"incompre 'hensible q ue c e d ocument n 'ait j amais é té r evu d ans l e df tail d epuis F roehn er". Y et, e ven t o t his d ay t he p hysical d escription o f t he s tele h as b een t otally n eglected. S ince F roehner t he w idth o f [ 20a] i s g iven a s 0 .59. H owever, t he s tele t apers s o c onsiderably t owards t he t op t hat i t b ecomes d e r igueur t o r efer t o e ither a m edian w idth o f 0 .59 o r t o a t op a nd b ottom w idth o r a ll t hree. T he t hickness o f t he s tele i s n ever m entioned b y a uthors. T he f act t hat i t i s o nly 0 .075 i s w orth w hile n oting i n c omp arison w ith o ther c asualty l ists m ost o f w hich e xceed t he t hickness o f 0 .12. 25 [ 20a] w as p robably c rowned b y a s imple m oulding. W hat n ow r emains o f t he t op s urface i s s moothly p olished a s a re t he s mall s ides a nd t he b ase. T hus, t he s tele w as e rected i ndividually, n ot i n a c ontinuous r ow. V ertically i ncised l ines a re t o t he l eft o f c ols.II a nd I II w hich t erminate a t 1 .126 a nd 1 85 r espectively. T hese l ines a re u nique i n a n A ttic c asualty l ist. 26 C uriously, t he l i nes a re n ot r eally v ertical b ut i nstead f ollow t he t apering b orders. A nd t he i ncised l ine p receding c ol.III t apers m ore s trongly t han t hat p receding c ol.II. A f urther r esult i s t hat t he i nitial l etters i n c ol.III a re n ot v ertically a rr anged a s e xpected b ut g radually m ove t o t he r ight p arallel w ith t he t apering i ncised l ine. I n c ol. I I t he i nitial l ett ers a dhere t o t he v ertical a rrangement m ore s trictly w ith t he r esult t hat t he d istance b etween t hem a nd t he p receding i ncised l ine g rows t owards t he b ottom. 27

1 31

W hat i s t he s ignificance o f t he i ncised l ines? T he f act t hat t hey t erminate a t 1 1.126 a nd 1 85 r espectively s uggests t hat t he e ngraver c arefully p lanned t he d isposition o f a ll t he d etails w hich h e w as t o e nter o n t he s tone:the r eference t o t he t ribe, t he g eneral h eading, t he t heaters o f w ar, t he r eference t o t he ' same y ear ' ‚ and e ventually t he n ames o f t he c asualties. H owever, t he e ngraver d efinitely c ould n ot k now i n a dvance t hat a dditional c asualties r eported l ate h ad t o b e e ntered. T hese a dditions(11.70-72.127-129)upset t he c aref ul i nitial p lanning, t he p rincipal a im o f w hich c onsisted i n b alancing t he c ols. w ith r egard t o t heir l ength a nd t o s top e ngraving w ell a bove t he b ottom e dge o f t he s tele. T he a nalysis o f t he p rocedure b y w hich t he l ist w as e ng raved w illrow b e n ecessary b earing a s i t d oes o n s ome s upp ositions c oncerning t he l ate a dditions. T he e ngraving i s c omprised o f t hree s teps: 1 . L ight i ncision o f t he l etters. L .70 s hows t his s tage.2 . D eepening o f t he l ight i ncision w ith a p ointed i nstrument a t s hort i ntervals. T his r esults i n c reating h oles w ith b ridges b etween. 3 . W ith a b roader c hisel t he l ightly i ncised l ines(step 1 ) a re d eepened s o t hat m ore o r l ess r egular h astae a re t he r esult. T he t races o f t he p ointed i nstrument, t hat i s t he h oles, a re n ot e ntirely e rased. C lear t races o f t hem s urvive. T he o nly r eason f or w hich 1 .70 r emained a t s tep 1 i s e xp lained i n m y v iew b y t he f act t hat t he s tele w as a lready e rected o n i ts b ase. T he e ngraver c ould n ot h andle t he t ools n ecessary f or s teps 2 a nd 3 b ecause o f l ack o f s pace a t t he b ottom o f t he s tele. T his i s a lso t he r eason w hy t he n ame o f afourth a rcher w as a dded i n 1 .67 a fter " r oxaoTo c i . b ut s eparated f rom t his s pecification b y " trois p oints e n l igne v erticale". 29 E verybody s eems i n a greement t hat 1 1.62-70.127-129 w ere a dded l ater b y a s econd h and. S ome a uthor e ven b elieve t hat a t hird h and i s r esponsible f or 1 .67.i° T o b egin w ith 1 .127. E gypt i s t he o nly t heater o f w ar w hich i s m entioned t wice(11.2-3 a nd 1 .127). T he a dditional e ight c asualties c onsist o f a s trategos, t hree c itizens, t hree a rchers, a nd a s eer. F rom t he s ize o f t he l etters i n 1 1.127-129 i t b ec omes e vident t hat t he s econd m ention o f E gypt a nd t he n ame a nd t itle o f t he s eer w ere g iven s pecial e mphasis f or r eas ons w hich n ow e scape u s. A s p ointed o ut e arlier, t he d isp osition o f t he p rincipal t ext w as c arefully p lanned b efore b eing e ngraved. T hat a dditional n ames w ere t o b e e ntered w as n ot c onsidered i n t he p lanning s tage. T hus, t he s pace w hich w as s till a vailable f or t he l ate a dditions h ad t o b e u sed w ith p rudence. I b elieve t hat t he p oints o f s eparation b etween 1 1.62-65 a nd 1 27-129 r espectively w hich w ere c aref ully a nalyzed b y D aux w ho a sked h imself w hat t heir p urpose m ight h ave b een w ere i n m y v iew l ike a m emento f or t he e ng raver f or w hat h ad t o b e i ncised i n l arger a s c ompared t o s maller l etters(11.127-129 a s c ompared t o 1 1.62-66). I

1 32

p ropose,

t herefore,

t hat

1 1.62-66.127-129 w ere c ontinuously

e ngraved w ith t he p oints o f s eparation a s g uide. T here f oll ows 1 .67 w ith t he s pecification ' archers' a nd 1 1.68-70 w ith t hree n ames.3 1 T he u nanimous o pinion c oncerning t he s econd h and r espons ible f or t he e ngraving o f 1 1.62-70.127-129 i s b ased o n t he l etter f orms w hich a re d ifferent f rom t hose i n t he p rincipal t ext. I n 1 .62 w e h ave r ho " nettement p ointu" b ut d gpourvu d e q ueue"(Daux ,PCH 9 9,152). W e h ave r ounded r ho(11.67-69). B eside u psilon w ith t wo h astae(1.64)there i s u psilon w ith t hree h astae(11.65.68)which o ccurs a lso i n t he p rincipal t ext. 32 E xcept o ne f our s troke s igma(1.67)all o thers h ave t hree s trokes. I n t he l ines w hich i nterest u s t here i s a p hi a bout w hich D aux w rites(op.cit.153):"Phi c lassique a vec u ne h aste d gpassant e n h aut e t e n b as l a b oucle, o vale e t n on p lus r onde". F rom t he a bove l etter f orms i t s eems t o t his a uthor t hat t he f ollowing c onclusion s hould b e d rawn: t hey b elong t o a p hase o f t ransition, s ome o f t hem i n u se b efore 4 60, o thers b ecoming f ully a ccepted o nly a fter 4 50. I s ee n o r eason t o a ssume t hat a t hird e ngraver w as e ngaged w hose h and c ould e xplain t he c lassical p hi a nd t he f our s troke s igma i n 1 .67. S ince t he n ame i s a v ery l ast a ddition, I b elieve t he s eco nd h and c opied t his n ame f rom a t ext w hich h e w as g iven , t ranscribing t he p rogressive l etter f orms w ithout c aring f or w hat h e w as u sed t o. T he g eneral d uctus o f w riting a nd t he b asic s imilarity o f t he l etters w ritten l arge o r s mall i s s uch t hat 1 1.62-70.127-129 a re b y o ne h and o nly, t he s eco nd h and, p ossibly a c ollaborator a nd p upil o f t he f irst h and w hich e ngraved t he p rincipal t ext. R eadings o f n ames. L .17: [A u ] x 6 c ppov ( as M L). L .53(for D aux 1 .54 r ead 1 .53). D aux :"pas d e d gsaccord a vec M eiggs-Lewis" f or t his a nd o ther 1 1. H owever, M L r ead M ve[q . ] C 94Xog , D auxMve [ a] L pLXoc . I f ollow M L. L . 7 4: I . X [x]t .nno ( ML) L 1.75.78: T he u psilon a nd t he s igma(1.75)as w ell a s t he k app a(1.78)are p erfectly c lear . T he g ypsum w hich w as u sed t o f ill t he h oles l eaves t he o utlines o f t he b astae c learly v isible. H ence(1.75):Auc LA US a nd ( 1.78) , UxaX0S(ML). L .82: [ Tt)µeateeog. L .160: Matmov. [ 20a] i s s o p recious b ecause i t g ives a w ealth o f i nform ation n ot e asily p aralleled i n o ur s adly f ragmentary m at erial. T he b attle s ites a re s ix(11.2-3): K ypros, E gypt, P hoenicia, H alieis, A egina a nd M egara. 33 T he c asualties o ccurred ' in t he s ame y ear'(1.4). A mong t he g enerals w ho f ell t here w as P hrynichos ( 4,[dvOxo 0 4 A nother g eneral w as H ippodamas(11 d2-63). T he s eer T elenikos d ied i n E g ypt(11.127-129). ." T he c asualties t otal 1 77, i ncluding g enerals, a rchers, a nd t he s eer. A nd y et,

w ith a ll t his

i nformation,

1 33

t he d ating o f t he

s tele i s a ll b ut s ettled. T he u sual d ate g iven f or t he c asualty l ist i s 4 60 o r 4 59. F ew s cholars o pt f or 4 58. 3 6 T here i s g eneral d isagreement a bout w hat e xactly ' in t he s ame y ear' r efers t o. I s i t t he a rchon y ear o r t he c amp aigning s eason? 37 T he c hoice o f e ither w ill r eflect i ts elf i n t he d ate s uggested. I n d iscussing t he d ate o f [ 20a] i t i s n ecessary t o c ons ider t he s evere c riticism w hich w as p ronounced r ecently b y S chreiner a gainst t he c hronology o f t he y ears 4 60-454 i n T hukydides. S chreiner p roposes t o s horten t he E gyptian c ampaign b y t hree y ears. T he A thenians w ould h ave r eturned f orm E gypt t o A thens b efore t he b attle o f T anagra i n 4 58 ( or 4 57). E ven i f o ne i s n ot p repared t o a ccept t his s hort er c hronology, h e s hould c onsider t he p roblems w hich a re r aised b y t he r efernce t o ' the s ame y ear ' i n [ 20a]. W hate ver i ts i nterpretation, c ampaigning s eason o r a rchon y ear, t he e xpression l imits t he d ating s pecifically. E vents i n G reece a nd K ypros c ould h ave o ccurred ' in t he s ame y ear'. A s f or t he e vents i n E gygt a nd P hoenicia, h owe ver, o ne must a ssume a p rolonged a ctivity w hich l asted t hrough t he w inter(cp. T hukydides 1 .106.3). T his m eans t hat t he c ampaigning s eason o f e ither 4 60 o r 4 59 i s e xceeded. E vents, h appening a t s ummer 's e nd, a lso e xceed t he a rchon y ear o f e ither 4 61/60 o r 4 60/59. Q uite a part f rom t hese c onsiderations, o ne h as t o t ake i nto a ccount t he n umber o f c asualties o n [ 20a] w hich i s h igh f or o ne s ingle t ribe a nd w hich m ay h ave b een h igh f or a ll t en t ribes. W hile t he l osses d uring t he f irst p hase o f t he E gyptian c ampaign a nd t he e vents i n P hoenicia a re n ot r ecorded, t he A thenians s uffered h eavy l osses i n t he s econd, l ater p hase o f t he c ampaign a ccording t o T hukydides. 38 F ollowing t he c onventional c hronology t he b attles o f T anagra a nd O enophyta w ere f ought i n 4 58 f alling b etween t he f irst a nd t he s econd p hases o f t he E gyptian c ampaign . A s f or c asualty l ists, w e d o n ot h ave a ny o ther l ist s o f ar w hich c an b e c onnected w ith A thenian c asualties d uring t he y ears o f t he s econd p hase, i f [ 20a] i s b elieved t o c over t he c asualties o f o ne y ear o f t he f irst p hase. M oreover, t here i s o n [ 20a] t he l isting o f a dditional c asualties f rom E gypt. W hatever t he e xplanation f or t hese l ate e nt ries m ay b e, t he c onsiderable d istance b etween E gypt a nd A thens w ith r eports t ravelling s lowly c an e asily a nd p laus ibly e xplain t hem. I c ontend t hat [ 20a] l ists c asualties o f t he a rchon y ear 4 60/59 c overing t wo c ampaigning s easons w hich e xceed t he a rchon y ear, t hat i s t he ' same y ear ' a t e ither e nd b y a t otal o f 5 -6 m onths. T hus, t he e arliest p ossible d ate f or [ 20a] i s 4 59 b ut t he a lternate d ate 4 58 f or t he h onouring o f t he c asualties a t t he p ublic f uneral i s s trongly t o b e c onsidered a nd p ossibly t o b e g iven p ref erence t aking a ll a bove f actors i nto a ccount. I f o ne f ollows S chreiner a nd a ccepts h is s hort c hronology f or t he E gyptian c ampaign, w hich h e b elieves w as e ssentially

1 34

o ver b y 4 58, t hat i s b efore t he b attle o f T anagra w as f ought, o ur l ist w ould b e t he o nly s urviving 6 . e le 39 o f a c omprehensive l ist o f t he c ampaign a s a w hole. 4 ° W e c an p lace [ 20a] o nly h ypothetically i n t he D emosion S ema. P ausanias d oes n ot m ention t he l ocation o f t his v ery p olyandrion. B ut i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he p olya ndria o f t hose c ampaigns w hich e nded i n d isaster t end t o h e l ocated i n t hat p ortion o f t he D emosion S ema w hich l ay c lose t o t he e ntrance o f t he A cademy. 4 1 L ike [ 18], [ 20a]was c omprised o f t en(?)individual s telai. T here a re o ther s imilarities b etween t he t wo m emorials: t he h eavy c asualties w ere s uffered i n b arbarian t erritory, t he l esser c asualties o ccurred o n b attlefields i n G reece. [ 18] p recedes [ 20a] b y 5 t o 6 y ears. I t i s n ot t o b e e xcluded t hat t he d isposition o f t he i ndividual s telai o f [ 20a] i n t he D emosion S ema r esembled t he o ne w hich w e h ave h ypothet ically s uggested f or [ 18](see F ig.8).

2 0b.

A thens, ( a-b)Agora I 3 842, ( c)3769(v.). P ls.18.19. ( a) N orth o f c entral p art o f S outh S toa I I; ( b)Center o f S outh S toa I I; ( c)late f ill, n ear c enter o f S outh S toa I I. C asualty l ist, f ragments, b roken o n a ll s ides. P entelic M arble. ( a)0.07; 0 .11; 0 .057; ( b)0.26; 0 .15; 0 .12; ( c)0.20; 0 .12; 0 .07. 4 59?, 4 58?

B radeen 1 964,58-60, 1 969,155.

n o.17a-b;

S EG X XI.98;

B radeen

( a) O ne f ragmentary n ame ] ( DIA0 [. T he l etters a re f airly w idely s paced. B elow t he n ame a v acat 0 .047. A t t he u pper e dge, b etween p hi a nd i ota p ossibly t he r emains o f a v ertic al h asta. ( b) F our f ragmentary n ames. F inal s igma o f a f ifth n ame ( 1.3). ( c) F our v ery f ragmentary n ames. B radeen s uggested t hat ( a) a nd ( b) m ight b elong t ogether a nd t hat t he c ombination o f t he t wo f ragments m ight r ead [ NO ] OIA0 [. T here i s p unctuation b etween n ames i n 1 1. 5 -6 o n ( b). W hatever t heir m eaning, o f B radeen's t wo s urm ises o nly t hat w hich s uggests t hat " two e x x-a n ames w ere f itted i n b eside s hort o nes" i s a cceptable. ' T he s urmise o f p atronymics d ivided f rom t he n ames b y p unctuation i s o ut o f t he q uestion. I t h ink o n t he w hole w e a re d ealing w ith l ate a dditions t reated s imilarly a s i n [ 20a] w here p unctuat ion a lso o ccurs. T he a ttribution o f t he f ragment t oa c asualty l ist w as q uestioned b y B radeen. 43 B ut t here i s n o d oubt t hat t he f ragments a re c ontemporary w ith [ 18,19 a nd 2 0a]. T here

1 35

a rises t he q uestion w hether o r n ot [ 20b] r epresents a nother o r e ven t wo E gyptian s telai. T he p unctuation o n [ 20b(b)] s uggests a r approchement o f t he l atter t o [ 20a] s ince i t i s a lso f ound i n 1 1.62-65 o f [ 20a] t wo w ith t hree, t wo w ith t wo d ots e ach. 44 S ince p unctuation i s v ery r arely f ound i n c asual y l ists, i ts o ccurrence i s o f t he g reatest s ignific ance. 3 qI f w e t hen t urn t o t he s ize a nd f orm o f t he l ett ers, w e b ecome a ware t hat t he s imilarity i s s uch a s t o v irt ually e xclude t he p ossibility t hat t wo d ifferent h ands e ng raved [ 20a] a nd [ 20b]. Iw ould c ompare i n p articular t he c hi i n 1 .67 a nd 7 0 o n [ 20a], w hich l eans h eavily t o t he l eft, w ith t he c hi i n 1 .4 o n [ 20b]. T he r ounded u psilon i n 1 .2 o n ( b) o f [ 20b] i s p aralleled i n [ 20a], 1 .67 a nd 1 . 1 27. F urther c omparisons m ay b e m ade b etween t he s igmas, n us, a nd o mikra. O r, o ne m ay c ompare [ 20a] 1 1.95-97, e ach n ame b eginning w ith c nt , w ith [ 20b]fr.(a),1.4 w hich h as l ikew ise a n i dentically w ritten o i l ,. I a lso c an d iscern o n [ 20b](a-c) t he s ame p rocedure o f e ngraving l etters a s i t w as a nalyzed f or [ 20a], n amely f or p hi, i ota, o mikron i n f r.(a), n u a nd u psilon i n ( b) a nd ( c) r espectively . A c omp arison o f t he u se o f b lank s paces y ields s urprising r es ults : t he v acat o n [ 20 1 31(a-b) b etween 1 .1 a nd t he s urface a bove i s 0 .045. T he v acat o n [ 20b](c) i s 0 .035. O n [ 20a], c ol.I, t he v acat b etween 1 1.61-63 i s 0 .037. I n c ols.II-III b etween 1 1.126-127 a nd b elow 1 .185 r espectively t he v acat a verages 0 .048. L astly, t he s urface c orrosion o f t he m arble i n [ 20b] i s t he s ame a s i n [ 20a]. T he c orrespondences a re s o m any t hat w e m ay c onclude u nh esitatingly t hat [ 20b](a-b)comes f rom t he l owermost p ortion o f a s econd E gyptian s tele a nd [ 20b1(c)from a t hird s uch s tele, l ikewise f rom i ts b ottom p ortion. U nlike [ 20a], s tele I (Erechtheis), t he f ragments f rom t he a dditional t wo s telai o f t he s ame p olyandrion a re u nfortunately t oo p oorl y p reserved t o e nable u s t o c onnect t hem w ith a ny o f t he n ine r emaining t ribes. B radeen's " ante 4 64" d ate f or [ 20b] 46 c annot b e m aint ained. E ven i f o ur h ypothesis t hat [ 20a] a nd [ 20b] b elong t o o ne m emorial s hould n ot b e a cccepted, B radeen 's d ate w ould s eem s omewhat t oo e arly i f w e c ompare t he l etter s tyle o f [ 20a] w ith t hat o f [ 20b].

2 1a.

A thens, E M ( a)10276, ( b)10274, ( c)London ,BM B 4 909, ( d) E M 1 0275, ( e) A thens,private, ( f)EM 1 3312, e x A g ora I 2 006b, ( g)13306, e x A gora I 5 51a, ( h)13305, e x A gora I 3 9, M 13310, e x A gora I 2 006a,(j)13308, e x A gora I 5 51b, ( k)13309, e x A gora I 4 893, ( 1)13307, e x A gora I 3 285, ( m)13313, ( n)13311, e x A gora 2 006c. ( a)from t he A kropolis; ( c-e)provenience u nknown; ( f) s outhern p art o f O deion; ( g)south-west c orner o f t emple o f A res; ( h)east o f s outhern p art o f M etroon; ( i) s outh-west o f T holos; ( j)south o f w est e nd o f M iddle S toa; ( k) s outh o f E leusinion; ( 1)east e nd o f S outh S toa; ( m)from K erameikos; ( n)to t he s outh o f t he H oly A postles. 1 36

C asualty l ist, 1 4 f ragments, P entelic m arble. P ls.20-27.

s ome o f w hich

j oin.

( a)0.15; 0 .24; 0 .155; ( b)0.31; 0 .145; 0 .155; ( c)0.325; 0 .345; 0 .085; ( d)0.27; 0 .20; 0 .107; ( e)0.16; 0 .19; 0 .055; ( f)0.245; 0 .305; 0 .177; ( g)0.18;0.12;0.12; ( h) 0 .085; 0 .075; 0 .055; ( i)0.28; 0 .31; 0 .225; ( j)0.22; 0 .19; 0 .06; ( k)0.115; 0 .151; 0 .075; ( 1)0.212; 0 .165; 0 .075; ( m)0.195; 0 .235; 0 .29; ( n)0.36; 0 .35; 0 .16. 4 58 I G 12 9 31-932;

[ Toi ,

B radeen n o.4;

M L n o.35;

G V 1 5.

' epye[töv]. We Cavov T av]aypaL A co sje6aLµolyZöv h unb ic pa]t n iv46[g 6 '- - i t çjpt a pvap[cv5v].

T hukydides

1 .107.6

•

c eon4nc rav t i c ta üToi ) a ' Ae lvato l . n av81 1µct x at A pyetwv x tXtot x at vv Z mwv Z f l i chwv C o g n ta cr rov P ausanias 1 .29.8 Lu lTraav

t a i .

augga m 1aaw rig n oTe

' ApycZwv.

P ope 7 8; A ustin, S toichedon S tyle,33; P eek, K erameikos 3 4-40, n o.29; M eritt, H esperia 1 4,1945,134-147; M eritt, H esperia 2 1,1952,351-155; J effery 1 64.169,no.30,p1.29; D uncan , B SA 5 6,1961,186f; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.87; S tupper ich 2 47; R aubitschek,"temerkungen ..."in G .Pfohl, D as S tudium d er g riechischen E pigraphik (1977)66; P eek, Z PE 3 0,1978,18-19; S EG X XVIII.30. T he c orrect p lacing o f s ome o f t he f ragments a nd t hus t he r estoration o f a bout o ne f ouT-0 o f t he c asualty l ist o f t he A rgives i s d ue t o M eri n.'" T he f orm o f t he s tele w ith a p ediment i s d ifferent f rom t he e arliest k nown A t henian c asualty l ists[18,20a]. T he s lab i s s eparated f rom t he p ediment b y a n e laborate m oulding. 48 T he s ide a kroteria a s r estored a re v ery l ikely a nd t here m ay h ave b een a c ent ral a kroterion. T he e pigram i s e ngraved i mmediately b elow t he m oulding. M eritt c orrectly s aid t hat t he e ngraver p lanned t he a vail able s pace p oorly b ecause t he e pigram c ontinues v ertically d ownwards a t t he r ight e dge o f t he s tele. M eritt a lso w ond ered w hy t he s cribe d id n ot e ngrave t he w ord ' of t he A T.g ives' " on t he f ascia a bove t he c yma r eversa m oulding". 49 P ediment a nd m oulding w ere p robably p ainted a nd p erhaps d ecorated w ith p atterns. T his m ay e xplain w hy a ll i nscript ions w ere p laced o n t he s tele p roper. T he s tele w as c omprised o f f our c ols.of n ames. C ol.I i s p receded b y t he r eference t o t he t ribe o f H yllees. R ef erences t o a ny o f t he o ther t hree A rgive t ribes a re n ow n ot p reserved. T here a re 8 1 c asualties, s ome o f t heir n ames v ery f ragmentarily p reserved. T he t otal n umber o f

1 37

c asualties m ay h ave r eached ± 400 a ccording t o M eritt.

5°

T he p olyandrion o f t he A rgives i s, b eside t hat o f t he K leoneans a nd t hree o ther t ombs, o ne o f t he m emorials f or f oreigners i n t he D emosion S ema. W hy w ere t he A rgive c asu alties n ot b rought b ack t o A rgos? S ince o nly t heir a shes a nd b ones w ere b uried i n A thens, t hese c ould j ust a s w ell h ave b een b rought t o A rgos f or b urial. C ould t he b urial o f t he A rgives i n A thens b e i nterpreted a s a p olitical g est ure t owards A rgos p aralleled b y p olitical c oncerns w hose s pokeman i s A eschylus i n t he E umenides? T he p erformance o f t he O resteia a nd t he b urial o f t he A rgives a re p robably o nly a f ew m onths a part.

2 1b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion o f t he K leoneans. L iterary e vidence. 4 58 P ausanias 1 .29.7 e vTaela ' t at n ewvatot x ervTaL, T f iv ' Av r od iv b teöyzeg.

µva c

' ApyeLwv e g

M eritt h as c onclusively s hown t hat t he K leoneans c ould n ot h ave b een b uried t ogether w ith t he A rgives a s h ad b een s urmised. 51 I n P ausanias' t ext t he t omb o f t he K leoneans i s c learly s eparated f rom t hat o f t he A rgives b y s everal o ther t ombs.

2 1c.

A thens, n ow l ost. A thens, f rom H agia I rene(odos M ousaiou ). E pigram f rom p olyandrion, f ragmentarily p reserved. P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. 4 58 I G 12 9 46; G V 1 4; G G 9 ; P age X LIX. [ XatpeTE C e ptaTZeg, n oKiµo µ iya] x V8o[g g xo w teg] [ xöpot . 'W EvaZöv i g xaoxot h tnnlo Ava r tl. [ h0i , U OTE m aXX‘ ppo n ept n aT]pt8og ö [Xcaate Af ir tv], [ nXetaTotg A cXXav i 5v Aw rta p ] apv ( 1µe[vot].

W ilhelm, O eJh 2 ,1899,221ff; P ope 7 5; G omme, C omment ary(1945)316; J acoby,Epigrams 1 73 ; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.86; B ertelli 5 2ff. e specially 8 5-97; M eiggs, E mpire 4 17f; L or aux, A ncSoc 6 ,1975,19,n.75; S tähler A A 1 976,69,n.49; S tupperich 1 9, n .3. T he s mall f ragment, w hich i s n ow l ost, w as r ecognized b y W ilhelm a s p reserving s ome l etters(in f our l ines)which f orm p art o f a n e pigram t hat i s k nown f rom t he A nthologia P alat ina. T here i s l ittle a greement a bout t he d ate o f t he e pigram 1 38

a nd t he i nscription f or w hich t he d ates 4 58/7 a nd 4 31/30 r espectively w ere s uggested. T hose i n f avour o f a m emorial f or T anagra a nd i n p articular f or t he c asualties a mong t he h orse, h ave e mphasized t hat v erse 4 s uits t his b attle r ather t han t he e ngagement w ith o nly S partans i n 4 31 w ho r epresent n ot a " multitude o f H ellenes". 5 / - T hose i n f avor o f a l ater d ate c laim t hat a f our s troke s igma i s i mpossible a t s o e arl y a d ate. 53 T o j ustify t he o ccurrence o f t he f our s troke s igma, P eek s uggested t hat t he pemorial m ight h ave b een e r ected s ome y ears l ater a nd n o re i n t he e pigram m ight, i n f act, s upport t his c ontention. 54 F inally, R aubitschek s urm ised t hat t he p oem r efers t o a ll l osses i n 4 31, n ot t hose o f t he h orse a lone, b ut a lso t o t he o nes w hich o ccurred i n t he r aids b y t he A thenian f leet, w hich p roceeded a gainst a " multitude o f H ellenes". 55 T he f our s troke s igma a llows f or t he e arlier d ate. B es ides t he f our s troke s igma i n [ 20a, l ine 6 7], o ne m ore o ccurrence f rom 4 52 h as r ecently b een t abulated b y W albank. I t i s t he f ormer e xample w hich r esembles t he f our s troke s igma i n [ 21c], i f o ne c an t rust t he r endering o f t he l ett er f orm i n I G(loc.cit). T hus, g iven t he o ccurrence o f t he f our s troke s igma i n t he d ecade 4 60-450, e ven t hough i t i s r are, w e w ould h ave t o a dd [ 21c] t o t he o ther t wo e xamples.

5 6

T he m emorial m ay w ell h ave b een e rected t herefore i n 4 58. O ne s hould a lso c onsider t he p ossibility t hat [ 21c] i s a m emorial f or t he A thenian h orse, n ot o nly f or t hose w ho f ell a t T anagra b ut a lso f or t hose w ho f ought w ith M yronides t wo m onths l ater a t O enophyta. 57 T he o mission o f a ny r ef erence i n P ausanias o r a ny o ther s ource t o a b urial o f A thenian c asualties s uffered i n T anagra i s p articularly s triking s ince P ausanias m entions t he t ombs o f t he A thenian a llies ( cp. a lso [ 21d]).

2 1d.

A thens, A gora ( a) I 8 95b, ( b) I 8 95a, ( c) E M 5 164; ( d) A gora I 6 992. ( a) N ortheast o f O deion; ( b)to t he s outh o f t he L ibrary o f P antainos, ( c) u nknown; ( d) n orth o f E leusinion. C asualty l ists, f ragments. P ls.27-29. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .22; 0 .15; 0 .125; ( b) 0 .295; 0 .11; 0 .16; ( c)0.16; 0 .14; 0 .10; 58 ( d) 0 .175; 0 .068; 0 .10. 4 58

M eritt, H esperia 1 5,1946,169-171; B radeen n o.9.

B radeen,

1 969,149;

O n[21d] t here o ccur l etters o f t he I onic a lphabet. T here a re f our s troke s igmas. O n ( d) B radeen n oted a s hape o f u psilon w hich " indicates a n e arlier d ate" - e arlier, t hat i s, t han t he A rchidamLan W ar. B radeen s uggested t hat t he c asualties - 2 5, w ith i : heir n ames a rranged i n t wo c ols.w ere " Ionian a llies w ho d ied h elping A thens". 59

1 39

2 1e.

A thens, A gora I 1 898. P 1.29. A gora, s outh o f O deion. M emorial, i nscribed f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .223; 0 .39; 0 .16. l ate 4 50's. G V 3 8 [

M ax&pTaTc ] [

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T O T

( ?)

A.

p r i [ .

.

M ax&pTaTe] x at M EXavwne [ Meritt,

P ausanias

EC T L

H esperia 1 6,1oc.cit.

1 .29.6

ô c Z gneoaecv T ot p ) 4aTog c r Tf )Xn pxogevoyg Z xouaa t nn e r g M .ü ‘avu inög a ptatv E aTt . t at M axapTaTog o vö pTa, o üg x aTeXaßcv & noeavetv e vavTCa A axebatgovi .wv x at B otw ev T cTay42voug, Z v a T e ig ' EXewvi .ag e tat x j )pag n pög T avaypaLoug ö poL. B rueckner 1 91; C onze n o.1156; M eritt, H esperia 1 6, 1 947,147f.no.36; J ohansen 4 9.121; B ertelli 7 1.74. a nd e specially n .84; H ölscher 1 973, 1 10f.264,n.578; B radeen 8 9, n o.375; S tupperich 1 6,n.1; S tupperich, B oreas 1 ,93,n.25. A fter h aving m entioned t he p olyandrion o f 4 64[18], P aus anias s eems t o h ave t aken a s tep b ackwards a s h e a pproaches [ 21e] w hich l ies " in f ront o f" [ 18]. P ausanias s till l oc ates t his t omb i n t he ' private'sector o f t he D emosion S ema, t hat i s [ 21e] f ollows c losely t he t ombs o f T hrasyboulos, P erikles,Lakrates ( ?),and P hormion. T hat o ur m emorial h as p rivate r ather t han p ublic c haracter b ecomes c lear f rom P aus anias: t he t wo h orsemen w ere h onoured f or t heir u nusually v alorous a chievement. 6 ° P ausanias d escribes t he r elief o n t he m emorial a s f ighting h orsemen. T his i n i tself d oes n ot s peak a gainst i ts d ate i n t he 4 50's. T he c omposition w ould h ave s hown t he v ictors o n h orseback a nd p erhaps o ne o r t wo o f t heir o pponents p robably o n f oot. 61 T he d ating o f t he i nscription f rom t he A gora i s q uite a d ifferent m atter. M eritt h as r ejected a n e arly d ate f or [ 21e] . 62 T o b e s ure, t he c asualties m entioned o n t he s tone a nd i n P ausanias a re t he s ame, b ut P ausanias i s s aid t o g ive u s m istaken i nformation a bout t he c ontext i n w hich M akartat os a nd M elanopos d ied. A s urprisingly g reat n umber o f s cholars h ave a ccepted a d ate i n t he 4 50's, a fter t he b att le o f T anagra,for t he i scription. 63 H owever, w e s hould c ons ider t he p ossibility t hat [ 21e] r eplaces a t t he e nd o f t he 5 th c entury a m emorial w hich w as f irst e rected i n t he 4 50's. I n t his c ase P ausanias s aw t he r eplacement b ut a lso k new

1 40

t he c ircumstances w ith r espect t he o riginal e rection o f t he m emorial. B etween t he b attles o f T anagra-Oenophyta a nd K oroneia ( 447) f all s everal c asualty l ists w hich c annot b e d ated m ore p recisely. T he c asualties i n t he f inal p hase - i f t here e ver e xisted s uch a p hase - o f t he E gyptian c ampaign w ere h eavy. S ome o f t he c asualty l ists d iscussed h ereafter m ay r efer t o t he d ead i n t his u nfortunate w ar . T he i nclusion o f I onian n ames i n s ome l ists i ndicate t hat t he c asualties o f A thenian a llies w ere a pparently h onoured b y b urial i n t he D emosion S ema(cp.[21d]). C onsidering t he d ifficulties o f d ating w hich i s c aused b y c ertain l etter f orms i n t he d ecade f rom 4 60 t o 4 50, t he e pigram f or t he c asualties i n K ypros f or w hich w e h ave a f irm d ate i s p laced a t t he h ead o f c asualty l ists[24-30] a s i s a v ery f ragmentary e pigram[23].

2 2a.

A thens,Demosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 50. 64 P ausanias 1 .19.13

ki c e praay...xat o t n XcüaavTeg t g K ünpov K Cµwvt.

oioV

T here a re s o f ar n o r emains o f t his p olyandrion b ut w e know t he e pigram w hich h onoured t he c asualties[22b].

2 2b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. E pigram, l iterary t radition. 4 50 G V 1 6;

P age X LV.

t Z o ir) ,y'Rüpjmnv 84a n övTo5 Z V E L4 E > c at n oktag pe vnTra e otpog A p 1 15 t e5nct o uöcv n w x a ?Atov t ntxeovi .wv,yevET S v8pMv I& Z eyov t v . hcZewt x at I t aTa t n ovTov e ga. o t8c,yap c v K unpwt M f iöwv n c ikXoüg o XcaavTcg p otvtxwv b taTbv v atg Uov c v n cX ,C cyct a vöpt 3v 1 0 ,o leoüaag. µ iya 6Pg 6TEVEV ' Aatg ü n ta üT v , l anye rg'am poTipatg x cpat x p&Tct n oXiµou. J acoby,Epigrams 1 72; G omme,Commentary(1945)329-331; B arns, H istoria 2 ,1953-54,168ff; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.89; M L 2 83; P ritchett 1 971,67; M eiggs, E mpire 1 25-127; S chreiner, V estigia 1 7,1973,426-427; B adian-Buckler, " The W rong S alamis?", P hl 1 18,1975,236. A p erusal o f t he B ibliography w ould s how t hat t he e pig ram h as b een t he o ccasion o f h eated d ebates a nd o f t he

1 41

e xpression o f a w ide v ariety o f v iews. T his i s p rimarily d ue t o t he l iterary t radition w hich i s c ontradictory i n s everal p oints. N ot o nly h as t he e pigram b een r elated t o t he b attle a t t he E urymedon R iver [ 17] b ut E phoros a lso c onnected t he p oem w ith a v otive-offering r ather t han w ith a n e pitaph i nscribed u pon a t omb, a s d oes, f or i nstance, t he l emma i n t he A nthologia P alatina. T he m ajority o f s cholars b elieve t hat t he e pigram w as a n e pitaph f or t hose w ho d ied i n t he K ypros c ampaign i n 4 50, f rom w hich K imon h imself d id n ot r eturn a live t o A thens. T he v ery f act t hat K imon d ied i n K ypros m ay e xplain t he f irst f our v erses o f t he e pitaph w hich s erve a s a n i ntrocution t o t he r emainder o f t he p oem . S ome s cholars e xpressed c oncern a bout t he l ength o f t he e pigram. B ut i f o ne c onsiders t hat t he K ypros c ampaign w as, f or t he t ime b eing, a f inal p hase o f w arfare o f A thenians a nd t heir a llies a gainst t he P ersians o n l and a nd b y s ea o ne c an u nderstand a nd a ppreciate w hat s ome h ave c alled t he u nwarranted e xtension o f a n e pitaph w hich, l ike o ther e pitaphs,really b egins w ith o röcin v erse 5 . T he e xt ension o r i ntroductory v erses, h owever, p oint t o t he p rot racted w arfare b etween E urope a nd A sia w hich w as s uccessf ully b rought t o c lose b y t he v ictory o f K imon 's t roops. I t w as t his g eneral's c rowning a chievement a nd, i n t he p oe t's w ords, i t c ompares e xtremely w ell w ith a ll t he e arlier g pya o f m ilitary s uccess. T he d iscussion c oncerning t he m eaning o f t he t erm ; I i ta t .p cn h as b een r estricted, i n m y v iew, t oo s pecifically t o t he s ites E urymedon a nd K ypros f or w hich d isagreeing s cholars p leaded i n t heir d eliberations. T he a µa c ertainly i ndicates a c ombined s ea a nd l and b attle. B ut h ave n ot a ll b attles a gainst t he P ersians b een c haracterised g rosso m odo b y f ighting o n o r c lose t o s hips a s w ell a s o n l and(Marathon, S alamis,Mykale,etc) a s c ompared t o l and b attles p er s e o f G reeks a gainst G reeks, s uch a s T anagra? I f w e c omprehend v erse 4 i n t his m ore g eneral, n ot q uite s o s pecific s ense, i ts r eal m eaning w ould b e t hat t he K ypros c ampaign w as n ot o nly a m ore r emarkable a chievement t han a ny o f t he b attles f ought a gainst t he P ersians w hich i nvolved f ighting o n l and a nd b y s ea, b ut i t w ould a lso c ontain a s ignificant f lashb ack t o v erse 1 i n w hich t wo p owers i n c onflict w ith e ach o ther - E urope a nd A sia - a re j uxtaposed. I n t he f inal a nalysis, I b elieve w ith W eber° 5 t hat t he r eader o f t he p oem m ust t ry t o v isualize t he u nity w hich p oem a nd p olyandrion f orm . I f i t i s c onceived a s a u nity, s ome o f t he p eculiarit ies o f t he e pigram b ecome m ore c omprehensible. P eculiarit ies w hich h ave l ed s ome t o s uppose w rongly t hat t he p oem c onsists o f t wo a ltogether s eparate p arts, v erses 1 -4 a nd 5 -8 r espectively, a nd o thers t o o bserve t hat t here i s, i n v erses 5 -8, a n e ulogy o f t he v ictors r ather t han o f t hose w ho d ied. A nd t hat w e l ack, t herefore, a n a dequate e xpress ion o f m ourning. B ut i nherent i n t he n otion o f t riumph i n w arfare, i s t he k nowledge o f t he d eath o f h uman b eings. T his k nowledge w ould b e c onveyed, t herefore, n ot s o m uch

2 3.

A thens,Agora I 5 891(v.). A thens, H ermes s treet. E pigram, f ragment, f rom b ase? P entelic m arble. 0 .085; 0 .28; 0 .205. 4 50's.

- _] ( : 4 —— ] T o Le

P 1.39. o r s tele?

Tz 2v 8 E

x a t , K Euxaa[nL - - ]v ccg x e f ta t p o[

t am

« .•

B radeen n o.13. B radeen's a ssumption t hat, b ecause o f i ts t hickness, t he f ragment c omes f rom a b ase r ather t han a s tele i s u nfound ed. T he f ragment i s a t rifle t hicker t han o ther s telai, e .g. [ 24(a,b,e,f; 2 9, 3 0b] a nd t he e xceptional[21a(m)]. B radeen b elieves h e f inds s upport f or h is h ypothesis i n t he i rregular c utting o f t he l etters " with m ost s trokes s howing m ore t han o ne c hisel m ark", a nd h e c oncluded t hat " this m ay i ndicate t hat t hey(sc. t he l etters)were i nscribed a fter t he m onument h ad a lready b een e rected". B ut t here m ay h ave b een o ther r easons f or t he p eculiarity o f t he c hisel m arks. I t w as p erhaps a n a ttempt a t i mproving t he l etters a nd u sin3 a d ifferent, b roader c hisel i n t he p rocess o f c utting. I 0 7 A d ate a fter t he m iddle o f t he 5 th c entury, a lso m aint ained b y B radeen, h as n ot b een u nanimously a ccepted. 68 I t i s a p ity t hat a n i mportant c lue i n t he e pigram, t he f act t hat w arriors a re a pparently e quipped w ith w hite s hields, c an n ot b e i nterpreted m ore p recisely b ecause o f t he u tterly f ragmentary s tate o f t he e pigram. H owever, I f eel t hat s ome g uesses m ight b e u seful. F irstly, T rojans, K arians a nd M akedonians a re 2 • quipped w ith w hite s hields a ccording t o s everal s ources. 6 I n 5 th c entury t ragedians t he A rgives e xclusively c arry t his s pec ific t ype o f s hield w hatever i ts m aterial m ay h ave b een t hat w as c overed w ith w hite. 7 ° S econdly, a h ero b y t he n ame o f L eukaspis i s k nown. H e i s c ommonly r eferred t o a s S ik anian a nd s aid t o h ave f ought t ogether w ith f our o ther h eroes a gainst H erakles i n S icily. L aukaspis i s d epicted a s w arrior i n a f ighting p ose t hat d erives f rom t he r epert ory o f l ate 5 th c entury G reek A rt o n 5 th a nd 4 th c entury S yrakusan c oins, h is n ame b eing i nscribed. 71 T he v ery f act t hat L eukaspis t o w hom i s s acrificed a r am o ccurs i n t he c alendar o f t he A ttic D eme E rchia m akes i t u nlikely t hat t he p ostulated S ikanian o rigin o f t he h ero c an b e u pheld. 72 T here i s s ome s light p ossibility t hat L eukaspis i s r eferred t o i n a n i nscription f ound o n S amos. L ast n ot l east, A nak reon p raises w ith h is t wenty-stringed L ydian m agadis a y outh n amed L aukaspis. 73 R eturning t o t he e pigram w e c an r estore m ost l ikely a

1 43

p lural e nding i n ] I i rotg; t his a id t he x at s uggest t hat t here m ay h ave b een w ritten o riginally X euxi ta[nLat. F or t he f oll owing l ine t r avö] v reg i s a p ossible r estoration. W e s hould t herefore e nvisage a p lurality o f s oldiers e quipped w ith w hite s hields w ho a re a mong t he c asualties. I s uggest t hat t he e pigram, r oughly c ontemporary w ith A eschylus' S even w hich a re o ne o f t he s ources f or A rgives w ith w hite s hields, m akes m ention o f t he c asualties o f A rg ives a t T anagra i n s ome o ther c ontext t han [ 21a]. S ince w e h ave f ragments o f t he s tele w hich s tood u pon t he p olya ndrion o f t he A rgives [ 21a], a ny d irect i dentification o f [ 23] w ith t he b urial o f t he A rgives i s o bviously e xcluded. B esides t he l iterary r eference t o t he p olyandrion o f t he K leoneans [ 21b], w e a lso h ave t he e pigram [ 21c] w hich h ono urs m ost l ikely t he A thenian h orse w hich w as d efeated a t T anagra a nd O enophyta. M oreover, w e m ay h ave f ragments o f a c asualty l ist o f I onians [ 21d] w ho l ikewise d ied a s a llies i n t he f amous b attle. B ut s o f ar w e l ack a ny e vidence f or a f uneral m onument o f A thenian t roops a t l arge. Ih old i t n ot e ntirely i mprobable t hat a n e pigram l ike [ 23], h onouring A thenian c asualties, c ontains a r eference t o A rgives w ith w hite s hields e specially w hen c onsidering t he p olitical r app rochement b etween A thens a nd A rgos i n t hese v ery y ears a nd t he e xceptional s tatus t he A rgives(and K leoneans) w ere g rant ed w ith a b urial i n A thens. T he p arallel w hich o ne c an d raw b etween m yth a nd h istory i s a ll t oo o bvious. T he A rgive S even f ought a gainst T hebes w ith t heir w hite s hields, t he w hite-shielded A rgives o f 4 58 d ied i n B oeotian T anagra. I t i s p articularly d eplorable t hat [ 21c] i s l ost. I t, t oo, l ike [ 23] h ad a f our s troke s igma. I ts p resence i n [ 21c] h as l ed t o d ifferent o pinions a bout t he d ating. I p ersonally f avour a n e arly d ating i n t he 4 50's a s n oted e arlier. M y o pinion w ith r espect t o t his i ssue i s s trengthened c onsiderabl y b y t he f our s troke s igma i n [ 23]. I f t he m iracle w ere t o h appen t hat [ 21c] w ould t urn u p s ome d ay , t he f ragment m ay y ield t he e vidence c rucial f or t he c laim t hat [ 21c] a nd [ 23] a re n ot o nly c ontemporary a nd p erhaps e ngraved b y t he s ame l etterer b ut t hat t hey h ave t o b e c onsidered j ointly a s m emorials f or t he A thenian h orse a nd t he A thenian t roops a t l arge a nd i n c ontext a lso o f t he n on- A thenians b uried t ogether w ith A thenians i n t he D emosion S ema. 74 L ess p robable i s a nother i nterpretation o f [ 23], n amely t hat w e s hould r estore A ct rx&o. E r t6t , t he d ative o f L euka spis, t he h ero, a nd t hat t he r eference t o h im i s d ue t o h is a spect a s w ar h ero i n a c ontext o f A ttic mythology n o l onger d iscernible t o u s.

2 4.

A thens, A gora I 9 53a-f(v.). P ls.28.30-31. ( a)above c enter o f S outh S toa I I; ( b) s outh o f m arket s quare, m odern h ouse; ( c-)south o f w est e nd o f S outh S toa I I(all i n K 1 6). C asualty l ists, f ragments. P entelic m arble.

1 44

( a)0.315; 0 .15; 0 .185; 0 .24; 0 .18; ( d) 0 .10; ( f) 0 .32; 0 .26; 0 .185. 4 50's.

( b)0.412; 0 .156; 0 .183; ( c)0.30; 0 .08; 0 .05; ( e) 0 .45; 0 .15; 0 .19;

B radeen n o.6 S toichedon " with a f ew e xceptions"(Bradeen). T he l ist i s c omprised o f 5 4 c asualties. S ome n ames a re v ery f ragmentary, e specially o n ( a). R eadings. ( b),1.28: t he d otted r ho h as t o b e d eleted. I c an o nly s ee a d eep g roove b ut i t i s n ot i dentical w ith t he r ounded p ortion o f t he l etter, h ence [84]Late Wce ]. ( e), 1 1.49.52: t he v acat a re 0 .041 a nd 0 .03 r espectively. I n t he f ormer o ne l ine o f w riting i s p ossible l eaving a s pace o f 0 .011. I n t he l atter v acat o ne l ine f ills t he s pace. P erhaps t he f irst s pace a fter 1 .48 i s m ore s ignif icant, t hat i s i ndicating s ome s eparation o f A thenian c asu alties f rom n on-Athenians ( xaivot?).

2 5.

A thens, ( a) E M 1 0233, ( b) 1 0262, ( c)10271, ( d)10273(v.) ( a) o nce n ear t he c hurch o f H ypapante; ( b)provenience u nknown; ( c) f rom t he t ower o f A ndronikos; ( d) f rom n ear t he c hurch o f H agios E leousis. C asualty l ist, f ragments. P ls.32-34. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.59; 0 .20; 0 .12; ( b) 0 .30; 0 .16; 0 .08; ( c) 0 .19; 0 .12; 0 .06; ( d) 0 .18; 0 .15; 0 .12. 4 50's. I G 12 9 33.

P ope 7 8; M eiggs, J HS 8 6,1966,94; B radeen 1 969,145,n.4; U hitehead, T he I deology o f t he A thenian M etic(1977)83,n.107. ( a) B roken o n t he r ight, t op, a nd b ack. S ome o f t he 1 .h.s.s. a nd t he o riginal b ottom a re p reserved. T he 1 .h. s .s. s hows a s mooth b and, t hen a s lightly r ounded r ecess, f inally a f latti§h s urface, n ot n ecessarily a ncient b ut c ut i n m odern t imes./ 5 B elow 1 . 3 4, t he l ast l ine o n ( a), t here c omes a v acant s pace w hich c ould w ell i ndicate t he l owerm ost p art o f t he s tele. W ith t he p resent h eight o f 0 .59 w e p robably h ave l ess t han h alf o f t he o riginal h eight o f t he s tele a nd v ery l ikely o ne o f t wo o r t hree c ols. o f n ames. ( d) T he 1 .h.s.s. h as a b and o f a nathyrosis. 0 .06 w ide f ollowed b y a r ough p icked s urface. T his l eads o ne t o c onc lude t hat ( a) a nd ( d) c ome f rom d ifferent s telai. T he d ifference i n t reatment o f t he s .s. i n ( a) a nd ( d) f urther s uggests t hat ( d), a s s een b y t he b eholder, w as e rected t o t he l eft o f ( a) a nd t hat t he r ecess o n ( a) h as t o d o w ith t he e rection o f a r ow o f s telai, t he l atter b eing s epa rated f rom e ach o ther b y s unken c hannels. A s f or 1 .13 o n ( a), D elodotos t he K ean , P ope b elieved t hat h e w as a m etic " at f irst i ncluded a mong t he c itizens 1 45

b y m istake" T he a ddition o f Ka « w ould s upposedly h ave c orrected t he m istake. B ut i f D elodotos i s a m etic, t he e thnic i s o nly n atural a nd t here i s n o r eason n or a ny e xa mple f rom e xtant l ists t hat m etics w ere g rouped a fter t he l isting o f A thenian c itizens l ike t he ' xenoi', ' tochsotai' ' barbaroi', e tc. C onsidering t hat w e p robably h ave a g reat number o f c asualties, I f avour t he n otion t hat [ 25] w as e rected i n o r a fter 4 54, p ossibly a t t he c lose o f t he E gyptian c ampaign(?).

2 6.

A thens, ( a) E M 1 0235, ( b)13377 ( ex A gora I 1 207)(v .). ( a) A thens, A kropolis, n ear t he P arthenon; ( b)southern p art o f t he M arket s quare. C asualty l ist, f ragments. P ls.34-35. P entelic m arble. ( a+b) 0 .39; 0 .20; 0 .185. 4 50's. B radeen n o.8;

I G 12 8 51

( =a).

E leven c asualties, f our n ames o f w hich v ery f ragmentary. S ome o f t he n ames a re n on-Athenian a nd o ne n ame(1.5) i s u n ique: b aX[.]c oßae[cC]. T he l ettering i s b y a s killed e ng raver. T he l etters a re n eatly a nd, e specially t he r ounded p ortions o f r ho a nd b eta, c arefully e ngraved. O ne c haract eristic c an b e n oted: t he v ertical h astae d o n ot m eet a n i deal g roundline. T hus, t he p lacement o f t he l etters f orms a n u ndulating l ine.

2 7.

A thens, E M 1 0272(v .). P 1.36 A thens, o nce i n t he c hurch o f H ypapante. F ragmentary s tele w ith c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .56; 0 .30; 0 .10. 4 50's. 76 I G 12 9 39.

T he p resent s hape o f t he s tele i ndicates t hat t he o rig inal r ectangular b lock w as s ubsequently ' rounded o n b oth s ides. F rom t he o riginal s urface, e xcept o n t he l owermost p ortion o f t he s tele, 0 .008-0.01 w as c hiselled a way s o t hat t he c entral p art i n f ront a nd b ack a ppears a s r aised s urf ace. B etween t he b ase a nd t he r ounded s ides t here i s a c onvex m oulding w hich g ives t he s ides t he a ppearance o f h alf-columns r esting o n a t orus w hich i n t urn i s s upported b y t he b ase. T he c olumn-like s ides i ndicate a r euse o f t he s tele i n t he B yzantine p eriod a s a w indow- o r d oor f rame. 77 T he b ottom i s r ough-picked. T he t op d oes n ot p res erve t he o riginal s urface. T he b ack i s r oughly f inished. T he f ront f ace i s c overed w ith t he l ist o f n ames w hich, a s B radeen s uggested, a re i n t wo c ols. 78 T he f irst e ntry o n t he l ist b egins 0 .02 b elow t he t op e dge.

1 46

R eadings. T he f irst f ew 1 1. p resent d ifficulties s ince t he s tone i s n ot o nly e xtremely w orn b ut t he l etters a re o nly v ery l ightly e ngraved. T here a re c onsiderable g aps b etween 1 1.11 a nd 1 5. O f t he i ota i n 1 .1, n oted i n I G, t here i s i n m y o pinion n o t race. I n 1 .2, e psilon i s d oubtf ul,but ,o mikron m ay b e p receded b y i ota. L .4 r eads h t[e]do ] noto [ g ], p receded a t t he s uggestion o f L ewis b y K.IKPAT [ K], n ot N ... o tp c IT[ “] ( as i n I G). T he s pecificat ion i n 1 .4 i s i nteresting a nd h as a p arallel i n [ 20a], 1 . 1 29. 79 T he l ist t otals 2 7 c asualties n ot c ounting t he p ossible r emains i n t he 1 .h.col. T o t he r ight o f t he r .h.col. t hree l etters a re p laced v ertically ( see I G). T he o ccurrence o f t he t hree s troke s igma i ndicates a d ate i n t he l ate 4 50's f or [ 27] r ather t han t he 4 40's.

2 8.

A thens, A gora I 2 608(v.). P 1.37. A gora, w est o f S toa o f A ttalos. C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .385; 0 .325; 0 .158. 4 50's. B radeen n o.7 M eritt,

H esperia 2 9,1960,65,no.114;

B radeen 1 969,149.

1 3 c asualties, t heir n ames a re w ritten i n I onic l etters. A n e xamination o f t he b ack o f t he s tone r eveals a s mooth , t rodden s urface. " A p ivot h ole ( 0.05 i n d iam Jnear t he r ight u pper c orner s uggests t hat t he b lank s urface o f t he s tone w as r eused a s a t hreshold. 81 T he r .h.s.s. i s s mooth. T his m ay s uggest t hat w e h ave a t erminal s tele f rom a r ow o f s telai. M eritt n oted t hat s ome n ames a re o f I onic o rigin w hile o thers a re p erfectly A thenian. A s f or t he b attles i n w hich t he c asualties o ccurred M eritt s uggested E urymedon a nd K ypr os, 82 b ut t he f ormer i s h ighly u nlikely. T he I onians m ight h ad b een a llies o f t he A thenians i n t he E gyptian c amp aign a nd t he c asualties c ould h ave o ccurred i n i ts ' second' p hase.

2 9.

A thens, A gora I 7 098(v.). P 1.37. A thens, " southern r etaining w all o f A steroskopeion s treet( E 1 6) ' : C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .38; 0 .095; 0 .183. 4 50's. B radeen n o.10.

1 47

T he n ame o f a t ribe(?) a nd t he n ames o f 1 1-12 c asualties a re p reserved. T he p eculiarities o f t he l ettering w hich B rad een n oted s uggest a t ransitional s tyle o f l ettering w ith o ld a nd n ew f orms c ombined. I t i s a n eat w riting, b ut t he l etters t end t o l ean t o t he r ight: t au a nd p hi i n 1 .4, mu i n 1 .8, a nd r ho i n 1 .9. T he i deal h orizontal g round-line i s n ot o bserved, c reating a n u ndulating w riting p attern . B radeen a ssumed f or 1 .1, w ith t he t heta"slightly o ut o f t he s toichedon p attern", a h eading, p ossibly[ 'Epex ].[Ei .6 «] w hich h e p referred t o t he l onger [ h tomdelo w ri o 5o5. L .6 w ith [ . ]Tphog i s n oteworthy . P ossibly, a ccording t o B radeen , [ LaTTpho5 i s a s pecification f ollowing t he n ame i n 1 .5.

3 0.

A thens, ( a)EM 1 0269, ( b) A gora 5 901(v.). P ls.38-39. ( a)from n ear t he c hurch o f M egali P anagia, ( b)from n ear t he c hurch o f H ypapante. C asualty l ist, t wo f ragments. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.32; 0 .16; 0 .125; ( b)0.39; 0 .13; 0 .185. 4 50's I C 12 9 59(a),

9 41(b);

B radeen n o.11.

( a)The t op s hows a r ough-picked s urface, 0 .095 b y 0 .04. A m oulding, 0 .062 h igh c rowned t he s lab. L .1,in l arge l ett ers, r estored b y B radeen t o th r T [ot n oX 4 ,ot , i nstead o f N T [t6ogas i n I G. I f t he r estoration i s c orrect o tbe C o ti— , , avov w ould h ave p receded ' in t he w ar'. I n m edium l etters i n 1 .2 f ollows t he n ame o f t he t ribe, b ut o nly ] o g r emains, i .e.C . 5]og. I f B radeen 's c onjecture f or 1 .1. i s c orrect, t his c ould i ndicate t hat w e h ave t he m iddle o f t hree c ols., a nd t hat t he t ribe's n ame w as r ather s hort, e ither A cowa6log ( IV ) o r O tvci . Co5 ( VI) .83 T he f our s troke s igmas, e specially i n 1 1.2-3, a re p oorly e ngraved. A s o ne l ooks a t t he r emaining s igmas, o ne n otes d ifferent r enderings o f t his l etter . I t d oes n ot s eem f ar f etched, t herefore, t o s ay t hat t o t his e ngraver t he f our s troke s igma w as a n ovelty a nd t hat w e c an w itness h ere a ttempts a t f irst e ngraving i t. T he s ame h olds t rue f or t he s igmas i n ( b). T he t ranscription o f 1 1.23-24 o n ( b) b y B radeen m ust b e c orrected a s f ollows, t he s toichedon p attern b eing a lso s trictly o bserved f or t he f irst t hree l etters o n t he l eft.

c ]LatxXeL[6eg x o l i r

( a)

a nd

( b)

l ist

a t otal o f 2 2 c asualties.

1 48

B .

S ECONDARY T ESTIMONIA.

1 3A.

A thens, A gora, n orth-west a rea("of t he H erms"). T hree H erms, e ach i nscribed w ith a n e pigram c elebrating t he v ictory a t E ion i n T hrace. L iterary e vidence. 4 76J acoby,

H err n A (III)

E pigrams

1 85-211 2 ;

8 4

P age X L.

me x

n oTc T la f t n öV nog I VATp5e8pat M cv m ed iS u yEtTo C & I >cov T ewiköv c g n c6tov, o v n ot r "Ogrupg cr a vaMv n üxa O wp1xTi cwv x og pr ep c k e x ix9g c to nv ö vTa g oXetv. 4 a[ouTwg o u f tv a ctx g e elvaZot 9 x aXcraeat 4 b x 0a4 / 1Tatg n oX2gou T 'apet x ai r vopiT 15].

H err n B (I)

; i v a ea x iv ictvo a Xax&p& o 9 t n oTc l ewv n atgtv i t H ovL , E Teugo ng h t4ov T a Z4wva x pucpov T c ni ty9vTeg A pla n4Tot S uaµcviwv c üpov 4 .1xavtiv.

H err n C (II)

p cµovcact g ta Av ' A evaTot T& 6"auxav a v T' eücpyeaCl ig x at µ cy&Xwv a yae@v. g akX6v T tg T e x i 5 P( 0 5Wv x at t neaaogivwv t eckf lact & g od , n cpt t i votg n p c iyµaat 8 1ptv I xetv. [ Jacoby,

E pigrams,186f.]

G omme, C lRev 6 2,1948, 5 -7; M eritt, T ribute L ists I II 1 58-160; P eek, S tudies R obinson 3 01f; M eritt, E pigrams 2 73ff; W ycherley, T estimonia 1 03-108; d e l a G eniere, R EA 6 2,1960,249-253; H arrison, A gora X I 1 10ff; F ollmann , D er P an-Maler(1068)58.69.75; W elwei, H istoria 1 9, 1 970,304f; W ebster, P otter a nd P atron(1972)137ff; H ölscher, 1 953, 5 7; H ereward, MusAfr 3 ,1974,44-46; T homas, M ythos u nd G eschichte 6 1f; K ron, P hylenheroen n .1145(p.235); P ritchett 1 980,1,170. I n h is e poch-making a rticle J acoby h as c onclusively s hown t hat t he o rder o f t he e pigrams o n t he H erms e rected a fter t he b attle o f E ion c annot h ave b een t he o ne w hich A eschines ( and f ollowing h im P lutarch)transmitted. T he f irst p oem ( on H err n A ) w ith r eference t o e vents i n t he e pic p ast s erves a n a n i ntroduction t o t he p oems o n H erms B a nd C w hich d eal w ith t he p resent e voking t he s ite o f t he b attle a nd t he c ons equences i t h ad f or t he e nemy. T hese t wo p oems a lso c ont ain a t ribute t o t he g enerals t o w hose l eadership t he s ucc ess w as d ue; t hey e ventually e ncourage t he c ommunity a t i t m ay a ccomplish e qually v alorous d eeds i n t he f uture.c 3 T here c an b e l ittle d oubt ,t hat t he H erms w ere e rected s oon a fter t he c onclusion o f t he c ampaign, t hat i s i n t he W inter o f 4 76 o r a t t he l atest i n 4 75 d uring t he a rchonship

1 49

o f P haidon . W e a re t old t hat t he A thenian D emos g ave i ts p ermission t o e rect t he c ommemorative m onument b ut d id n ot a llow t he g enerals t o h ave t heir n ames e ngraved u pon t he m onument a s t hey o riginally i ntended. E ach o f t hree g enera ls w as r esponsible f or s etting u p o ne H err n . W e d o n ot k now w here e xactly t he H erms s tood. T hey w ere n ot o riginally i n t he S toa o f t he H erms a s A eschines t ells u s b ecause t he S toa d id n ot e xist i n 4 76-475. N evertheless, t he r eference i n A eschines i s u seful b ecause h e m ay b e rAfering i n b roader t erms t o t he g eneral a rea w here m any h erms s tood p rior t o t he b uilding o f t he S toa o f t he H erms. T hat a gea e xtended " from t he R oyal S toa t o t he P ainted S toa". " T he E ion H erms h ave e ntered a n ew a nd s ignificant s tage o f c onsideration w ith t he p yblication o f a p elike i n t he L ouvre b y t he P an P ainter .°' S tylistically t he v ase-painti ng i s d efintely l ater t han 4 76-475. I t d ates f rom a bout 4 70. 88 T hus, I b elieve d e l a G eniere w as r ight i n s uggesting t hat t he P an P ainter d epicted g rosso m odo t he E ion m onument a nd a s f ar a s I a m a ware s cholars h ave a ccepted h er t hesis. 89 I f w e p ostulate t hat t he c ontemporary e vent w as n ot t he s ole r eason f or t he P an P ainter t o c hoose t he h erm m onument f or d epiction, w hat c ould h ave b een h is p rimary i ntention? T he s ubject m atter p er s e s uited t he a rtist w ell. D e l a G eniere a pprehends t he p ainter's i nterest i n s cenes o f d aily l ife: c hoisit u ne s cene d e r ue, d e b ergerie; i l s urprend v olontiers l es f emmes ä l a l essive, l e Ocheur g uettant l e p oisson, o u l e c ommissionaire p ortant s on p aquet ä l a v ille... i l a g voque p ar s es g roupements d 'hermes, l 'Agora p opuleuse e t e ncombrge". O ne c ould n ot a gree m ore. M oreover , w hat e merges f rom r ecent s tudies o f t he P an P ainter 's o euvre s hows c learly t hat t he a rtist i s n ot o nly a m ost g ifted d raughtman b ut h is p ersonality r eveals m any d ifferent and u nique f acets. B eazley s aid t hat " he l ikes o ut-of-the-way s ubjects". " O ne m ight a dd t hat s ince t his i s s o, h e i s a k een o bserver. L astly, h is c haracter h as a d efintely humouro us t wist a nd t his o f c rucial s ignificance t o h is w orks. T aking a ll o f t his i nto a ccount, I p ropose t o t ake a f resh l ook a t b oth t he p elike i n t he L ouvre(see p 1.1) a nd t he K imonian H erms. T he p rimary q uestion i s w hy t he g enerals c hose t o d edic ate H erms. W e c annot e xpect A eschines o r P lutarch t o t ell u s. S urprisingly e nough, t he q uestion h as n ever b een p osed b y m odern s cholarship. Ih ave p ointed o ut e arlier (p.109) t hat t he s urmise t hat [ 6AI-II]were e ngraved o n h erms i s t o b e r ejected. T he c reation o f a d edicatory p rose i nscription a nd t he e mbarassment a bout a ' cutting' nursed t he s uggestion w hich w as d oomed a p riori. T he K imonian H erms h ave n o known p recedent w hich w ould o nly b e a f ew y ears o lder. T wo g enerations e arlier t he h erms o f H ipparchos t he P eis istratid s erved a p ractical p urpose b ut o ne c an n ot d eny t hat a s h erms, a s c ult o bjects, t hey p rimarily s erved t he

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p opular r eligion i n c onveying t o b eholders t he n otion o f m agic f ertility a nd a s tate o f b lessedness:'Epµes x otvög .9 1 F rom t he m iddle o f t he 6 th t o t he f irst h alf o f t he 5 th c entury w e a lso h ave t hree i thyphallic h erms w ith i nscript ions. T he e arliest o f t hese, f rom T rachones, i s c learly p redominantlx r eligious i n p urpose d edicated a s i t i s t o t he E uphronidai. ‚2 O n t he h erm f rom M arkopoulo, d edicated b y L eokrates s on o f S troibos t o H ermes, i t i s w ritten t hat " the b eautiful-haired G races w ere" n ot " heedless o f i t n or j oyous A cademe, i n w hose b osom I t ell o f t hy b eneficence t o a ll w ho a pproach". 93 F inally, t he h erm f rom C haidari,whose i nscription i s m ore d ifficult t o i nterpret, c an h ardly b e c omprehended u nless o ne a ssumes t hat i t w as e rected f or a s pecific r eligious p urpose.94 I n b lack-and r ed-figured v ase-paintings o f t he l ater 6 th a nd f irst h alf o f t he 5 th c entury h erms a s a r ule a re d ep icted i thyphallic. O ffferings w ere d eposited a t h erms o r w orshippers s tand i n f ront o f t hem m aking g estures o f a dorat ion a nd o f p rayer , c rowning t he c ult o bjects w ith w reaths o r h anging t hem a t t he h erms'shoulder p egs o r t heir p halloi. I n s ummary, s tone h erms a nd h erms d epicted i n v ase-paintings c learly s how t hat t heir s ignificance i s r eligious a nd t hat h erms a re c ult o bjects. K eeping t he f amiliarity o f t he A thenians w ith h erms i n m ind, w as i t a ppropriate t o c hoose t hem f or c ommemorating v ictory? T he e pigrams e ngraved u pon t hem c elebrated t he d im a nd n ot s o d im p ast, t hat i s t he v ictory j ust w on, a nd a dmonished t he p resent g eneration t o f ollow i n t he f oots teps o f i ts f orefathers. D ivested a s t he K imonian H erms w ere o f t he p rimary r eligious c onnotation i nherent i n t he t ype o f c ult o bject, t hey n ow s erve a s a n e ffective m eans o f p olitical p ropaganda. T he h erms o f H ipparchos r eminded t he A thenians o f t he p olitical p resence o f t he s ons o f P eisistratos i n t he c ity-state. B ehind t he E ion H erms s tands t he f orceful p ersonality o f K imon. H e h ad r ecently t aken h old o f t he r eins t o r ule A thens. H is s tart w as p rom ising c rowned a s i t w as w ith s uccess. H e n ot o nly a imed a t s trengthening h is o wn p osition b ut f ormeost i n h is m ind w as t he c onsolidation o f A thens a s a n e ffective m ilitary p ower i n t he G reek w orld a fter t he P ersian W ars. T he H erms w hich w ere e rected i n t he c ivic c enter o f A thens c ould w in h im t he k ind o f p opularity w hich t he h erms o f H ipparchos m eant t o p ropagate f or t he s ons o f P eisistratos. C an o ne g o f urther b y s aying t hat K imon, t he u ltra a rist ocrat, c hose t he H erms c onscioulsy n ot o f c ourse t o e mulate a s a P hilaid t he h erms o f H ipparchos b ut a s a s trategic m ove a gainst t he f ollower o f T hemistokles. T he v ictor o f S alamis m ust h ave p ushed v igorously t he e rection i n A t hens o f t he c ommemorative m emorial u pon w hich t he S alamis e pigram w as e ngraved[6A, I ]. I n c ontrast t o o ther s cholars Id o n ot b elieve t hat K imon w as i nstrumental i n t he e ngravi ng o f t he M arathon e pigram o n [ 6A]. I c onceive r ather o f

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a h ard c ore o f M arathonomachai w ho, d eploring t he d estruct ion o f t he f irst M arathon m onument b y t he P ersians, w ere e ager - a nd u nderstandably s o - t o s ee t he e arlier m onument r estored b y t he a ddition o f ' their' e pigram t o t he S alamis e pigram. K imon d oes n ot e nter h ere. B ut h e d oes w ith t he E ion H erms. A s c learly a s t he e pigrams r eveal i n t heir m ixt ure o f t he e vocation o f h eroic d eeds a nd f actual s tatement o f p resent a ccomplishment t he s ame g eneral t endency w hich w e c an a lso s ee i n t he r eturning o f T heseus' b ones a nd t he f oundation o f t he D emosion S ema, t here i s a p olitical c lue t o t he H erms. I b elieve w e c an p ostulate t hat t he t rue D emocrats, t he f ollowers o f T hemistokles a nd a ll t hose w ho a bout t hirty y ears l ater w ere t o e merge a s f ollowers o f P erikles a nd E phialtes, w ould h ave d espised u sing h erms f or a p urpose b y w hich t heir d eclared o pponents, i n t he w ake o f P eisistratos, h is s ons a nd t heir f ollowers h ad a sserted t heir v ery p recepts a nd g oals. B ut i f K imon r eaches b ack t o t he h erms o n b asis o f h is s piritual k inship w ith a ristoc ratic i deals h e d rives h ome h is p oint. T he m essage w hich h is H erms c onvey c annot b e m issed, s triking a nd u nexpected a s i t must h ave b een t o m any o f K imon 's c ontemporaries, t he p ost-Marathon g eneration. 95 O ne c an h ardly d oubt t hat t he K imonian H erms w ere i thyp hallic e ven t hough t he c onnotation o f c ult o bjects i s n o l onger t heir p rimary o bjective. I f o ne w ere t o r aise t he q uestion o f d ecorum a t t his p oint a nd w ere t o a sk w hether h erms o f a c ommemorative m onument l ike t he K imonian H erms c ould i ndeed h ave b een i thyphallic, h e s hows a p uritanical b ent w hich i s n ot o nly i ncompatible w ith t he G reek s pirit b ut i s a lso a gainst t he v ery n ature o f h erms. 96 W e m ust n ow r eturn t o t he P an P ainter. T o c ite B eazley o nce m ore: " The p ainter l oves h erms:the s tock o f s tone, s ensitised a t t he t op i nto a m onstrously v ivid humanity t hat i s s uch a b lend o f c ontrasts a s h e d elights i n". 9 / T here a re s ix v ases s howing h erms i n t he p ainter's o euvre. 98 O n t he B oston b ell k rater t he h erm i s r ather n arrow a nd s mall , b ut i ts p hallus i s e normous a nd P an 's p hallus i s s uperbly r endered i n c ontrast. 99 T he h air o f t he h erms i s e ither r endered i n t he c olor o f t he s haft, s uggesting I p resume, m arble a s i ts m aterial, o r i t i s p ainted b lack. 1° ° I d oubt t hat t he p ainter e ver i ntended a w hite-haired H erm es o n t he f our v ases i n w hich t he h air i s i n t he c olor o f t he s haft. 1 °1 B eazley n otes t hat t he H ermes - P riapus o n t he B oston k rater " views t he s cene w ith a r ound, b ewildered e ye". 102 O n t he o ther v ase-paintings b y o ur p ainter t he e yes o f t he h erms a re g azing p lacidly a nd c ontentedly a t t he a ctions o f t he h umans. O ne c annot s ee a ny o ther s pecif ic r eflection c oncerning t he a ctivities p erformed i n t heir p hysiognomies. T he p elike i n t he L ouvre, h owever, i s a n e xception a s i s t he B oston k rater. T he c entral H err n h as a b road g rin o n i ts f ace w hich i s r eminiscent o f a n a rchaic s mile. I t i s u nfortunate t hat t he e yes i n t his h ead a re d amaged. T he p upil o f t he l eft-hand H err n i s n ear t he u pper e ye-lid s uggesting t hat t his f igure l ooks a t h is c ompanion w hom i t f aces. T he p upil o f t he e yes o f t he r ight-hand

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H err n i s a t t he i nner c orner s uggesting t o t his i t l ooks a t i ts c ompanion i n t he c enter r ather H err n w hich i t f aces. O ne c annot h elp b ut f eel o f h ilarity w hich i s p rovoked b y t he e rections H erms' m utual s haring o f t his s ensation. 103

a uthor t hat t han a t t he a s trong n ote a nd t he

W e h ave s een t hat h erms c an c onvey a m essage o f e thic c ontent l ike t he h erms o f H ipparchos w hile s till r etaining t heir s ignificance a s c ult o bjects. A s f or t he w orshippers, t hey s tand i n f ront o f t he h erms, p aying t hem t ribute a s c an b e s een i n n umerous v ase-paintings. T he L ouvre p elike i s a dmittedly s mall. T here w ould h ave b een n o r oom o n t he o bverse f or t he t wo f igures w hich a re d epicted o n t he r ev erse o f t he v ase. Z anker has t ried t o e xplain t he s eparat ion o f t he H erms a nd w orshippers a s f ollows: " Aber h ier h at d er M aler d en O pferzug a uf d ie R ückseite d es G efässes v erbannt, d ie e igentliche H andlung z urücktreten l assen, u m d ie d rei H ermen, d enen d ie V erehrung g ilt, a uf d er V orders eite a llein u nd s o m achtvoll w ie m öglich d arzustellen"... " Wir g lauben ...dass d er H andlungszusammenhang z urücktritt u nd d er B etrachter d irekt a ngesprochen w ird". 1 04 I b elieve t hat t he s pace p roblem i s n ot f ully t aken i nto a ccount i n t his e xplanation n or i s t he r elationship b etween r everse a nd o bverse s atisfactorily e xplained. T he r everse s hows b oth f igures i n m ovement. T hey a re s triding t o t he l eft. S ome y outh, a bout 1 6 y ears o ld, i s a bout t o l ift o nto h is s houlders a h ydria. A g irl, y ounger t han h er c ompanion, c arries t he k anoun o n h er h ead a s s he w alks i ntently . I n o ther w ords t his i s n ot t he u sual s cene o f w orshippers s tanding i n f ront o f t he h erms. O ur f igures a re o n t heir w ay t o t he H erms. A nd w ho a re t hey i f n ot A thenian p eople a t l arge? H ere, i n m y v iew , t he i rony w ith r espect t he P an P ainter's K imonian H erms r uns f ull c ircle. T hrough a g rotesque m isunderstanding o f t heir p urpose, p ious a nd i nn ocent A thenians a re a bout t o w orship t he H erms! T he i rony i s t hat K imon a nd h is t wo c ompanion g enerals s ought t his w orshipful a ttitude a nd g lorification w hich t he A thenian D emos w ould n ot g rant b y p ermitting t hem t o e ngrave t heir n ames u pon t he m onument. M oreover, t he P an P ainter r eacted w ith a mazement a t t he e recting o f t he K imonian H erms b ec ause t heir e xpressed p urpose i s t oo t horoughly p olitical, t hus a lienating t hem t oo c ategorically f rom t heir o riginal o bjective a s c ult o bjects. T he P an P ainter's c omprehension o f h erms i n t he p opular r eligion l ed h im t o p ortray t he K imonian H erms h ighly a mused. T hey w ere s tupefied b y t heir r ecussitated r ole t hat s macked o f t he h erms o f H ipparchosa nd s o w as t he P an P ainter. T hus, t he v ase-painting b y t he P an P ainter b ecomes a p olitical c artoon. A h ealthy s arcasm , r eflecting a n u nengaged a rtist's f eeling, e manates f rom i t. T here s till r emain t wo m inor p roblems, t he a rrangement o f t he H erms a nd o f t he p lacement o f a d edicatory i nscript ion. I n t he P an P ainter 's r endering t he H erms a re a rranged i n a t riangle, t he H err n i n t he m iddle b eing s et b ehind t he o ther t wo H erms. T his s etting w as s uggested b y R ichter,

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S chmidt, a nd P reger l ong b efore t he v ase-painting b ecame k nown . I s ee n o r eason n ot t o b elieve t hat t he P an P ainter p recisely r enders t he o riginal s etting o f t he K imonian H erms. B ut t he a nswer t o t he v exing q uestion o f w hich e p igram s tood o n w hich H err n t otally e scapes u s. 106 H erms a lways s tand o n a t l east o ne s tep. I t c ould h ardly h ave b een o therwise w ith t he K imonian H erms b ut w e l ack i nf ormation c oncerning t his d etail b ecause t he v ase-painting i s d estroyed i n i ts l ower p art. T hat a ( prose) i nscription w as a dded b y t he c ity a nd w as w ritten o n o ne o f t he t hree H erms t o s tate t he p urpose o f t he m onument a s h as b een s uggested i s h ighly u nlikely . T he b asis o r s teps u pon w hich t he H erms w ere e rected w ould h ave b een t he p roper p lace f or s uch a d edicatory i nscription, r unning t he f ull w idth o f o ne o f t he s teps, p erhaps b elow t he c entral H err n t hus f acing t he b eholder a s h e a pproached t he m onument.

1 7A.

T igani(Samos), M useum(v.). S amos, H eraion, o utside t he n orthwest c orner o f t he B yzantine c hurch(L 9 ). D edication. B lock o f b luish m arble, b roken a t s ides, a bove a nd b elow. 0 .43; 0 .65; 0 .21. 4 69[ epe5 v e l Iv E eµC c ov],MaLive iptog, EÜT t nt m a n c aTlaavTo g av iv B upuµe89 NTL x Xx v iv 1 . ap -t xetvnt raw 8 1 1 6Xt5 T tp lacv- a p },c u ac y v augaxi .m n avwwv t Xeoc tUT a t&y[aTov . [ 8 (16exa v lag Ucv M aw lv]epuog, I v (W bu laT15 &mac n püµvav Z xc l , xe tp T 'üno8ct[agiv t i] . [ -a cg ô a eüg T T 1XxxXe]v t&5 u ncôE atO n övzog x pue4eZaas 1 1 1 ;8wv a uµµax[LöcK ( 1 ) apI cewt]. [ Klaffenbach i l T he n ames o f t he d edicat ors i n t he 5 th c entury i nscription

' ApT 4 .wvo A ir iµoxetTo B ]1 ro tpaT[og ' HpaxXEZ6 mg ' AXt V cv8po[c

K laffenbach, A M 5 1,1926,26-28; B uschor, P hilologus 8 6,1931,424-426; W ade-Gery, J HS 5 3,1933,97-101; W ilhelm, G edichte 1 17; P eek, S tudies F erguson 1 16-120; W elles, A JPh 6 9,1944,89(reviewing S tudies F erguson); H ausmann, C harites E .Langlotz 1 49f; J effery 3 31.342,no.20; G auer,Weigeschenke, 1 24; G auer, J d1 8 3,1968,147; D unst,AM 8 7,1972,149; P ritc hett, T he G reek S tate a t W ar,Part 1 1(1974)279; M itchell, " Herodotus a nd S amos", J HS 9 5,1975,75ff. T he m onument o f M aiandrios e mbraces t wo h undred y ears f rom t he b attle a t t he E urymedon R iver t o t he 3 rd c entury.

1 54

S till p reserved o n t he s tone i s a l ist o f n ames w hich b el onged t o t he o riginal 5 th c entury d edication. F ive, o rigi nally p robably m ore n ames a ppear n ow o n t he t op s urface o f t he r eused s tone. T hey c ould f ormerly b e r ead o n t he l ateral s ide o f t he d edication. T he l atter m ay h ave b een t riangular, l ike t he k eel o f a s hip. T he o riginal e pigram i s l ost a s p robably i s a p rose i nscription w hich m ay h ave r eferred t o t he d onors o f t he d edication, m ost l ikely p rom inent i ndividuals o r t he D emos o f S amos. T he p resent f ront s ide r esults f rom t he o riginal b lock h aving b een c ut h orizontally i nto t wo. T he f ront b ears a n e pigram c onsisting o f f our d istichs. T he b eginning a nd e nd o f t he l ines a re m issing. T he f irst t wo d istichs a re e ng raved o n a s lanting s urface 0 .117 h igh. T his s urface i s t he r esult o f t he r asura o f a p rose i nscription w hich w as f ollowed b y d istichs 3 a nd 4 . T he r eason w hy t he p rose i nscription w as e rased a nd r eplaced b y d istichs 1 a nd 2 i s u nknown, b ut i t i s l ikely t hat d istichs 1 a nd 2 i nco u9rate s ome o f t he c ontent o f t he e rased p rose i nscription .lu T he e pigram, l ike t he s tatue w hich w as s tanding o n t he b ase, i s b elieved t o b e a n e arly H ellenistic r econstruct ion o f t he 5 th c entury m onument. T he g eneral M aiandrios' g reat t riumph i s c elebrated b y h is c ompanion-at-arms w ho m ay b e i dentical w ith t he n ames i n t he n ame-list m entioned e arl ier. A ccording t o t he 3 rd c entury e pigram M aiandrios p erf ormed e xtraordinarily b rave d eeds b y c apturing t he p rymnai ( aphlasta) o f e ight o r t welve(?) P ersian s hips w hich h e a lso s unk. A s tatue o f M aiandrios h imself i s b elieved t o h ave b een s tanding o n t he 5 th c entury b ase a s i t p robably w as i n t he l ater d edication. S cholars d iffer o n t he n umber o f s hips c aptured. I p refer e ight(with K laffenbach). I n r ef erence t o t he s tatue B uschor c ited t he N ew Y ork ' Protesil aos' s aying:"Wie e ine i onische S eeheldenstatue a us d er M itte d es V .Jahrhunderts a ussah, k ann d er N ew Y orker ' Prot esilaosr v eranschaulichen". 108 T here i s s ome q uestion w hether e ight a phlasta w ere d epicted o n t he s hield o f M aiand rios(cp. v erse 6 ) o r w hether e ight s hields w ere a ctually s tanding o n t he b ase b eside t he s tatue. M aiandrios h imself h eld a s hield a nd a n a phlaston i n h is r ight h and. 109 R enewal o f e arlier, c lassical, m onuments i n t he H elleni stic p eriod i s a ttested e lsewhere. B ut w e a re u nable t o t ell w ho i nstigated t he r enewal a nd w hy. T he m ost i nteresti ng a spect o f t he 5 th c entury d edication i s t he e xtolling o f t he i ndividual h ero M aiandrios. T his s tands i n s harp c ontrast t o t he g eneral a nonymity o f i ndividuals i n p ublic A thenian m emorials a nd d edications w hich w as t o l ast t hrougho ut t he 5 th i nto t he 4 th c entury. T he S amian d edication t hus s tands c learly i n t he e astern t radition a nd e xemplifies a t rend w hich h ad s trongly d eveloped b y t he s econd h alf o f t he 5 th c entury i n I onia a nd a djacent t erritories s uch a s L ycia. 110

1 55

2 0A .

T igani I 1 66 ( v.). S amos, f rom n ear t he H eraion. B ase o f a s tatue, f ragment. W hite m arble. 0 .165; 0 .44; 0 .32. 4 60M L n o.34

[ Teo' ] g py9 neXot n eez [Ap . 51 14 , e üT Unt N ciAwt] [ Me l l] eo5 4 19 c pa c v f ivatv c f lie g i cr Iv] u te]?pog " A vg Mewv TE > t at E c ipAot { v & c O cnv i .xwv ,n Ev a rc TE xc d 8 . [E1 ( e Xov]. U ANA' VHylca[y]opnv Z w i .Lkö T ö x at [ Peek,p.306,except f or t he p atronymic a nd z ö i n 1 .5] P eek,

K lio 3 2,1939,289-306;

D unst,

A M 8 7,1972,152-

1 53. T he c rucial r econstruction i n v erse 2 ,[ Mig ]enog, h as b een a ccepted b y M eiggs-Lewis w ho, f ollowing P eek, b riefly d iscuss t he h istorical c ontext i n w hich t he S amian H egesag oras, s on o f Z oilos t riumphed b y c apturing f ifteen P hoenic ian s hips. 111 H owever, a s econd c ommemorative i nscription f rom S amos [ 20B] s hows t hat H egesagoras w as n ot t he o nly i ndividual t o b e h onoured b y t he S amians f or v aliant d eeds. W e d o n ot k now w hat p osition H egesagoras h eld i n t he S amian n avy. A t a ny r ate, P eek 's c ontention t hat h e w as t he l ead er o f t he S amian c ontingent i s n o l onger a cceptable, a s D unst h as s hown w hen h e p ublished [ 20B]. B ut [ 20A] i s n o l ess i nteresting a m onument b ecause t here c omes t o t he f ore o nce m ore t he n otion o f t he e mphatic p raise o f t he i ndivid ual w hich i s s o t otally a lien t o t he A thenians i n t his v ery p eriod u nless s omeone l ike t he T yrannicides h ad d one a d eed w hich m erited h eroic w orship. I t i s v ery l ikely i ndeed t hat H egesagoras w as h onoured w ith a s tatue b y t he S amians w hile h e w as s till a live. [ 17A] a nd [ 20A-B] t hus f orm a c losely k nit g roup o f m onuments, r elated a s t hey a re b y t he s ame c oncepts b ehind t heir c reations.

2 0B.

S amos, ( a)Heraion N 1 48, ( b)Berlin,Staatliche M useen S K 1 754(n.v.). S amos, ( a)from H eraion, s outh-east p eribolos w all, ( b) n ot r ecorded. B asis f or a s tatue, t wo f ragments. D ark b lue m arble. ( a) 0 .32; 0 .25; 0 .14; ( b)0.543; 0 .435; 0 .19. 4 60-456. D unst,

A M 8 7,1972,153-155(XXIV ).

1 56

# i v a p w5 T o rf f l T c4 [ 6 ,

cç AtyünT10

f l actXcüg, A cwxptTwt " I9Le[65. E aµt i ot, TOt% v a]üTnLa i .v Tr x /V c r ugg hwv 4[EaTeth t , v acat C c ]p . LaT iov

.

[ Dunst] I naros, K ing o f t he L ibyans, w ho h ad p roclaimed h imself K ing o f E gypt a fter h aving b een s uccessful i n o ccupying t he c ountry, a ppears i n t he i nscription a s t he d onor o f t he s tatue o f L eokritos, s on o f I phiades. D unst h as s hown t hat L eokritos w as i n c harge o f t he c rews o f t he S amian c onting ent w hich c ame t o E gypt a s a n a lly o f t he A thenians. T he s uccess o f L eokritos a s a l eader w as i n t he b eginning o f t he E gyptian c ampaign w hen t he G reeks a nd t he t roops o f I naros t riumphed o ver t he P ersians. T he g eneral m eaning o f t he d edication i s p aralleled b y t hat o f [ 20A] e xcept t hat t he d onor o f [ 20B] i s n ot h imself a G reek b ut n o l ess t han I naros, K ing o f t he L ibyans.

1 57

C HAPTER 4

T HE Y EARS O F P ERIKLES(449-431)

T he r oughly t wo d ecades o f P erikles' r eign y ield t hree m emorials o f m ajor i mportance: t he e pigram f or t he d ead a t K oroneia[31b] a nd f ragments o f a c asualty l ist[31a]that m ay b elong t o t he s ame p olyandrion; t he l ist o f c asualties i n s everal t heaters o f w ar i n t he N orth a s w ell a s n earer A thens(Megara)[32a-b]. T his i s t he m ost c omplete s tele n ot o nly w ith r espect t he p reservation o f t he m emorial p er s e, b ut a lso r egarding t he r eference t o t ribes, b attle s ites, a nd t he o ccurrence o f a n e pigram; f inally, [ 41] w ith t he l ong e pigram f or t hose w ho d ied i n P otidaea. F rom a l itera ry p oint o f v iew t his e pigram f orms a n i nteresting c ontrast t o t he e pigram w ritten f ifteen y ears e arlier[32b]. B etween t he y ears 4 49 a nd 4 31 f all s everal v ery f ragment ary c asualty l ists w hich a re d ifficult t o p lace. C asualty l ists h ave b ecome f airly s tandardized b y n ow. R eferences t o t ribes a re p reserved i n s everal l ists, a s a re g eographic h eadings. C asualties u nder t he t ribe h eadings m ay b e v ery f ew o r o nly o ne a s a n e ntry o n [ 32b]attests. D etailed i nf ormation i s g athered f rom r eferences t o f oreigners a nd b arb arian a rchers o n [ 43]. A c asualty f rom t he t own o f E leut herae o n [ 32b] i s c onsidered a n A thenian c asualty, t hough c itizens o f t his t own w ere n ot i ncluded a mong t he A thenian t ribes. T he m emorials o f t his p eriod a lso l ead o ne t o c onc lude t hat a t t he e nd o f a c ampaigning y ear t he P atrios N omos c ould a pply t o m ore t han o ne t omb s ite:[31a-b] i s v ery l ikely c ontemporary w ith [ 32a-b] a nd [ 42a-b] m ay g o t ogether w ith [ 43]. T he a lmost c omplete l ack o f c ommemorative m onuments a nd v otive o fferings i n t his a s i n t he p revious p eriod f orms a s trong c ontrast t o t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars. A nd r ather t han c elebrating c ontemporary e vents, d edications m ade i n t his a nd t he p revious p eriod h ark b ack t o t he d ecade f rom 4 90 t o 4 80(cp.pp.120.123).

A .

A THENIAN P OLYANDRIA.

3 1a.

A thens,EM ( a)10279, ( b)12883, ( c)13344, ( d)13356(ex A gora I 6 962) ( v.). P ls.40-41. ( a-c) P rovenience u nknown, ( d)from t he T ower o f t he W inds. 1 F our f ragments o f a c asualty l ist; ( c) c omprises t wo c ontiguous f rr; ( b)joins o ne o f t he f r. o f ( c). P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .25; - ; 0 .185; ( b)0.31; 0 .21; 0 .185; ( c)0.43; 0 .34; 0 .19; ( d) 0 .15; 0 .11; 0 .10.

1 58

4 47/6. I G 12 9 42;

u nder

B radeen 1 964,21-29;

P eek, A M 6 7,1942,14 n o.13(c). [ 31b].

B radeen n o.5(d). S ee a lso t he B ibliography

( a)(- I G 12 9 42): b roken o n t op, a t t he r .h.s.s., a nd t he b ottom. T he b ack i s r ough-picked. T he 1 .h.s.s. s hows a p ort ion o f a s unken c hannel. T his a nd t he r emaining t reatment o f t he s .s. i ndicate t hat t he f ragment b elonged t o t he l eft h alf o f a s tele. B radeen d escribed t he t reatment o f t he I .h.s.s. a s " anathyrosis". 2 S ix n ames o f c asualties a re f ragmentarily p reserved. ( b-c):The f rr. h ave b een f ully d escribed b y P eek a nd B radeen. T he f act t hat t hey a re n ow e mbedded i n a c ast m akes i t i mpossible t o v erify t he c hannel a t t he 1 .h.s.s. o f ( b) w hich i s c rucial f or t he r estoration o f t he i ndivid ual s telai o f t he m emorial. A ccording t o t his r estoration B radeen s urmises t hat " the c hannel o n t he l eft...was c omp lete a nd n ot, a s a ll o thers k nown, r eally a h alf c hannel s plit b y a j oint. I t m ust h ave b een c ut u p t he c enter o f a s tone t o s eparate t he c asualties o f t wo d ifferent p hylai a nd t o g ive t he i mpression t hat e ach h ad i ts o wn t apered s tele". 3 T he c ombined f ragments ( b-c)preserve 2 5 n ames i ncluding a g eneral(?). A bove t he l atter i s t he r eference t o t he t ribe H ippothontis(VIII). T he c utting f or a T -clamp o n t he u pper s ide o f t he m oulding w hich c rowns t he s lab i s a p rec ious i ndication o f h ow t his s tele w as j oined t o t he n ext s tele o n i ts r ight. ( d)is n ow i nserted i n t he s ame c ast a s ( b-c) T hree n ames a re p reserved v ery f ragmentarily. T here i s a h orizontally e ngraved l ine b etween t he f irst a nd s econd n ame. I t i s u nique a nd i ts m eaning c an n ot b e u nderstood u nless a ddit ional f ragments t urn u p w hich c ould g ive m ore o f t he i ns cription, o r u nless a b etter p reserved m emorial i s f ound i n t he f uture. I t h as b een t hought t hat [ 31a] g oes t ogether w ith [ 31b]. T he c hances t hat i t d oes a re g reat. T he p roblem o f t he a ssociation o f [ 31a] w ith [ 31b] w ill b e f ully d iscussed n ext.

3 1b.

A thens, E M 1 2745-12747(a-c) ( v .). P ls.42-44. F rom O dos D ipylou, a djacent t o t he E rian g ate. T hree b ase b locks i nscribed w ith a n e pigram. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.20; 2 .08; 0 .43; ( b)0.20; 1 .47; 0 .43; ( c)0.20; 1 .93; 0 .43. 4 47/6. C V 1 7;

G G 1 0;

P eek,

A M 5 7,1932,142-150.

1 59

T Xtµ cpcg, h oZov h öva g er eg T EXiC raVTEg & an[To] 9 7uxag 8 aLµovZög 6 , XiaaT c µ n oXi g o P o u s t aT& 8 ruai l lcvc[o]v a vi8]pav a eivog,&XXA T tg h u g c h Egteiöv O cZav [ eXuai]v a vTti caag p Ka t pacv n pöfp i 5v• [ npoaiveuec] 8 1 8 üaµaxov a ypav c ze tpol : 4 E9cuaa5. [ xat T ö g cv h ]vecTcp5t a uv x axöt e xacTeXcaac z ß goTotat,8c n aat X otnöv 9 p&Ccaeat K oyi5v n taTov Eeb te Ta og. P ausanias

1 .29.14

T oXut8ou 8 1 x at T Mv c j a üT t ; 8 c8f iXer rat 4 1v U 8 , 1 µ ot T a c pya x at 0 V T p6nov E TEXcuTnaay. n YTW O TW KO V X EL P IV005 e ag x aTa t T 7 1%, Ub v T aüT l iv . J udeich, T opographie(1931)409,n .6; R einhardt, H ermes 7 3,1938,234-237; B owra, C lQ 3 2,1938,80-88; C ameron,Hary T heolRev 1 940,97-130; P eek, A M 6 7,1942,13-15; J acoby, E pigrams 9 4, n .73; G omme, C ommentary(1945)339; K arouzou , A M 7 6,1961,103-106; M attingly , H istoria 1 2,1963,261f; B radeen 1 964,21-29; B owra, P indar(1964)156f; N eumann, G esten u nd G ebärden ... ( 1965)16; Z anker, H ermesgestalt 1 19; M attingly, C lQ 1 6,1966,176f; K umanudis,ArchEph 1 964(1967) 8 3-86; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.90; S 2hf lardi, A rchEph 1 968(1969) C hr.36; B radeen 1 969, 1 45.152-154.157; B ura, P laton 2 5, 1 973, 1 92-195; S äflund, O puscRom 9 , 1 973;14ff; G ronewald , Z PE 1 9,1973,82-84; S tupperich 5 ,n.8.8,n.2.16. C ases i n w hich a p olyandrion m entioned b y P ausanias c orr esponds t o a ctual r emains, e ven i f n ot f ound i n s itu, a re f ew. [ 31b] i s o ne o f t hese c ases. A lthough s ome s cholars t enaciously h old t o t he b elief t hat t he e pigram e ngraved o n t he b locks b elongs t o t he m emorial f or t he c asualties o f e ither D elion(424)or S icily(413), t he m ajority o f s chola rs r elates t he b ase t o t he m em9rial e rected f or t he c asualt ies i n t he b attle o f K oroneia. 4 A s triking f eature o f t he b ase b locks i s t heir u nequal l ength. T he m iddle b lock(b), e ven i f n ot f ully p reserved, w as s horter t han ( a) a nd ( c). ( c) i s s horter t han ( a) a lt hough B radeen w as o f t he o pinion t hat ( c) w as t rimmed s oon a fter t he m emorial w as e rected. 5 T he e pigram i s n ot c ontinuously e ngraved o ver t he t otal l ength o f t he t hree b locks. T he f irst c ouplet i s i nscribed o n ( a). T he s econd r uns f rom ( a) t o ( b). T he t hird f rom ( b) t o ( c). T he f ourth i s p laced o n ( c). T his s hows t hat t he e pigram w as e ngraved w hen t he b locks, w hich a re h eld t ogether b y T -clamps, h ad b een p laced o n t he s ite o f t he m emoria1. 6 A lthough t he s paces b etween t he r espective c oup lets v ary s lightly o ne c annot d eny t he f act t hat c onside rable p lanning w ent i nto t he d isposition o f t he e pigram o n t he t hree b locks. T he e ngraved l ines a re p laced c lose b el ow t he u pper e dge o f t he b locks.

1 60

O n t he t op s urface o f ( a-b)stelai o nce s et o n t he b locks h ave l eft c lear t races, t hat i s, t he s urface c overed b y t he s telai a ppears l ess w eathered o r m ore w hitish t han t he r est o f t he s tone. T he d epth o f t he w hitish a rea i s 0 .19. 7 O n b lock ( c) a s tele h as l eft t races ( 0.18 l ong)slanting t owards t he f ront e dge o f t he r ight h alf o f ( c). A s econd s tele t o t he l eft o f t he s tele j ust m entioned h as l eft t races o f i ts f ront e dge i n d irect a lignement w ith t he a dditional s telai o n ( a) a nd ( b), w hile t he t races o f i ts b ack e dge o n ( c) i ndicate a s lant c omparable t o t he f irst s tele o n ( c). O n t he e vidence o f t hese w hitish t races o n b lock ( c) a nd e sp ecially t he s lant o f t he f irst s tele B radeen s uggested t hat t he t rimming o f b lock ( c) a t i ts r .h. e nd(see n .5)occurred s imultaneously w ith t he t rimming o f t he s tele i tself and t hat t his w as n ecessitated b ecause " a n ew m onument w as c rowde d i n", w hich p resumably c ame t o l ie n ext t o [ 31b]. I t i s t his t rimming w hich B radeen h olds r esponsible f or t he s lant o f t he w hitish s urface o n ( c) a s i t a ccounts f or t he " disp lacement o f t he f irst s tele". B radeen r ealizes t hat t his " displacement m ust h ave c ome e arly i n a ntiquity, a s t here i s n o t race o f w hat must h ave b een t he s tele's o riginal s traight p osition". 8 L ater, t he s tele w as r emoved a ltogethe r. A t t he t ime o f t he r emoval, t he s econd s tele " was w renched s lightly a skew. T here a re v isible b oth t he o rigi nal s traight t rack a nd t he s lanting l ater o ne". 9 S ince I d o n ot a ccept B radeen's a rgument o f t he i nitial t rimming, I c annot a ccept t he c onclusions w hich h e d erives f rom t hat s upposition. T o l eave s urface t races a s u niform a s t hey a re, t he f irst t wo s telai m ust h ave s tood t ogether w ith t he r emaining s telai f or a c onsiderable t ime, t hat i s, t he s urface t race o f s tele I a nd I I i ndicate t he o riginal a nd n ot a s econdary p osition o f s ome l ater t ime, h owever s mall t he t ime-lapse b etween a p resumed o riginal a nd a s econdary p osition m ight h ave b een. T he e xplanation f or t he s lanting t races o f s tele I i s, i n m y v iew,due t o t he f act t hat s oon a fter i ts h aving b een s et u pon t he b ase, i t w as " wrenched s lightly a skew" a s s ome s tructure w as p laced a top i t. M oreover, t he p ortion i n t he b ack o f t he s telai m ight h ave b een b uilt u p a nd f illed i n i n t he f inal e xecution o f t he m emorial a s a w hole, a nd i t i s e ither t he f irst o r t he s econd o r b oth a ctivities t ogether w hich c aused t he s tele t o b e p ushed o ut o f i ts p osition o f a lignement. My i nterpretation o f t he t races o f s tele I I o n ( c) i s a lso a t v ariance w ith t hat o f B radeen. T he f ront e dge i s i n a lignement w ith t he r emaining s telai o n ( a-b). T he s lanting b ack e dge w ould s uggest t hat w hen s tele I w as p ushed o ut o f i ts a ligned p osition, s tele I I w as v ery m ini mally l ifted f rom t he b ase a t i ts b ack e dge. T hus, t he w eathering c ould p enetrate i nto t he g ap b etween t he b ottom o f t he s tele a nd t he b ase b lock. " T he e vidence s uggests t hen t hat p ractically n o t ime l apsed b etween t he p lacing o f s telai I a nd I I i nto t heir n ormal, e xpected p osition a nd t heir b eing p ushed o ut o f t he a lignement(stele I )or b eing m inimally l ifted f rom t he b ase b lock(stele I I). O n t op o f t he b ase b locks a re v isible n ot o nly T -clamps, b ut

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t races o f p ry-and p eg h oles a s w ell. T he f ormer h ave b een c onvincingly c onnected b y B radeen w ith t he s etting u p o f t he s telai f rom " right t o l eft". 11 B ut a dditional i nterp retation o f t he p ry-and e specially t he p eg h oles b y B radeen d oes n ot c onvince m e. O n t he b asis o f t hese B radeen a ssumed t hat t he s telai w ere o f e qual w idth , w hereas t he e vidence o f t hese h oles s eems t o s uggest t hat t he s telai l ike t he b ase b locks w ere o f u nequal w idth a s f ollows(from r ight t o l eft): I : c .1.14-(1.16); I I:c.1.05; I II:c.1.20; I V :c.1.08; V :c.1.25. T he t otal l ength o f t he s telai w all i s 5 .62. B radeen 's m em orial(as r econstructed)shows ' five s telai o f c .1.09 w ith t wo c ols. o f c asualties e ach. H owever, s tele I a nd V w ere 0 .22 w ider t han t he o thers a nd, a ccording t o B radeen, s tele V "w as f astened b y m eans o f a t enon a t i ts b ack l eft c orner w hich f itted i nto a m ortise c ut i nto t he b ase". 1 2 S everal p roblems a rise w ith t his r estoration. F irst, I a m n ot c onvinced t hat t he m ortise i s f rom t he m id-fifth c entury, t hat i s, c ontemporary w ith t he e rection o f t he m emorial. B radeen r egards t he 1 .h.s.s. o f ( a)as a n " unp olished f inish...not m eant t o b e s een". 13 T o b e s ure, i t i s " unpolished" b ut n ot a s a n u nfinished s urface w hich c ould n ot b e s een . I n f act, t here a re m any m ore " unpolished" s urfaces w hich w ere s een. T hus, n either f rom t he m ortise n or f rom t he 1 .h.s.s. c an a ny s ignificant c onclusions b e d rawn. 14 I n a ssuming t hat v ertical c hannels w ere c arved t o s eparate t he t ribes a nd t heir r espective c asualties, a nd b y f urther a ssuming a n e qual w idth f or t he s telai, s tele I a nd V a re g iven p illar-like e nds m easuring 0 .22 i n w idth . B radeen a ssumed t hat t his w idth w as u ninscribed " since t he c ut o n t he r ight a nd t he b eginning o f t he e pigram o n t he l eft a re a t p oints w hich l eave, f or t he t wo p hylai o n e ach s tone 2 t he s ame s pace a s t hat o n t he t hree i nterior s tel ai". 1 5 I n s ummary t hen , B radeen's r estoration o f t he m emorial i s s trictly s peaking s ymmetrical. T he s ymmetry e xtends t o t he p lacement o f t he e pigram, l eaving a ccording t o B radeen a t t he e nd o f v erse 7 (in t he o riginal s tate o f p reservation o f b lock(c) 0 .22 a s i n v erse 1 o n b lock ( a). B radeen 's r estoration o f t he m emorial i s n ot c onvincing, n ot o nly b ec ause i t i s t oo n eat t o b e t rue b ut a lso .and f oremost b ec ause s ome o f h is s uppositions a re n ot s upported b y a ny e vidence t hat s urvives. F or i nstance, t he c hannels p rec eding c o1.1 o f t he c asualties o f t ribe I a nd f ollowing c o1.10 o f t ribe X , a nd w hich l ead t o t he c reation o f t he p illar-like e nds, l ook n ice i n t he d rawing f or t he s ake o f s ymmetry b ut h ave n o s upport w hatever b y e vidence. 16 A nd t he a ssumption t hat t here f ollowed 0 .22 t o t he r ight o f v erse 7 o n ( c) i s g ratuitous s ince v erse 8 (the p entameter) w ould t hen b e a bout 0 .72 d istant f rom t he r .h. e dge o f t he b lock, m uch m ore t han i s n ecessary, o r t han o ne w ould e xpect. B radeen d oes n ot g o b eyond t he r econstruction o f t he s tel ai w all o r f ront f acade o f t he m emorial. O ther s cholars g o f urther. P eek c onceived o f t he b locks w ith t he e pigram a s s erving a s " obere D eckschicht d er G rabterrasse". T he

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l atter " war a us a nderem M aterial". F urthermore, t o t he l eft o f ( a) " fehlt n ichts; r echts h at, w ie d ie A nathyrose z eigt, e in g leichartiger B lock r echtwinklig a ngestossen, m an e rhält a lso d en ü blichen T errassenverband: 1 f l". T he s etting r eminded P eek o f t he t omb o f t he L akedaemon ians w ho d ied a nd w ere b uried i n t he i nitial p ortion o f t he A cademy r oad i n 4 03[60a]. B ut I s uspect t hat P eek i nferred f rom t his l atter t omb w hat [ 31b]could h ave b een l ike. 17 S .Karouzou a ccepts t he n otion o f " steinerne E infriedung" a nd i n t he f inal a nalysis s he a lso r eferred t o t he t omb o f t he L akedaemonians, f ollowing s ome s uggestions m ade b y K übl er. 18 T o b e s ure, P eek, K übler, a nd K arouzou i ndicate a d irection t hat m ay, e ven i f h ypothetically, l ead t o a v isu alization o f t he m emorial a s a w hole. I t i s t o t his p robl em t hat w e t urn o ur a ttention n ow . B locks ( a-c)are p robably o ne o f s everal s teps - t he u ppermost o f p erhaps t hree s teps. I p ropose t hat t he s telai w hich h ad b een p laced o n t he u ppermost s tep w ere c rowned b y a s ingle l ow c ourse o f b locks w hich w ere s eparated f rom t he s telai b y a m oulding w hich i s p reserved i n [ 31b(c)]. I v isualize s ide w alls w hich d eparted f rom b oth t he r ight a nd l eft e nd o f b locks ( a) a nd ( c)respectively a nd w ere j oined i n t heir t urn b y a w all i n t he b ack, w hich r an p arall el t o t he s telai w al1. 19 T here i s n o w ay o f t elling w hethe r t he t hree s teps a lso c ontinued a round t he s ides a nd t he b ack w all b ut i t m ay w ell b e p ossible. I a ssume t hat w ithin t he p recinct t here w as a r eal t ymbos m ade o f s olidly p acked e arth w hich w as h eaped o ver t he e leven l arnakes. Ih old i t n ot e ntirely i mpossible t hat, w hile t he t ymbos w as m ade, s tele I w as p ushed o ut o f i ts a lignment w ith t he o ther s tel ai a nd s tele I I w as m inimally l ifted f orm i ts p osition o n t he b ase. T he t ymbos r ising b ehind t he s telai w all m ay h ave r eached a t otal h eight o f c .2.50. O n t op o f i t c ould h ave s tood t he s tatue o f H ermes P sychopompos w hich K arouzou c onn ected w ith t he p olyandrion o f K oroneia. 2 ° I f t he s o-called H ermes L udovisi i s i dentical w ith t he H ermes P sychopompos, t he i nclination o f t he h ead s uggests t hat h e s tood i n a n e levated p osition a s K arouzou i ntimated, n ot h owever " auf e her h oher a ls n iedriger B asis n ahe d er M itte d es G rabhüg els", b ut i n t he v ery c enter o n t op o f t he t ymbos a nd c ent rally a lso w ith r espect t o t he f acade o f t he t ombs. T he e pigram h as g iven r ise t o p enetrating a nalyses. 21 O nce t he a ttribution o f t he e pigram t o S ophokles h ad b een p roposed(chiefly b y P eek)scholars s eemed t o c ling t o t he p roposition. C ameron b rought P erikles i nto p lay a s w ell, b ecause t he l atter h ad o pposed T olmides a nd h is i nvasion o f B oeotia w here, i n t he b attle o f K oroneia, t he g eneral e ventually m et h is d eath. T he e pigram c onveys t he n otion t hat8atµovt iög t he " unhappy o nes" h ad s uccombed t o d eath . A n o racle w rongly i nterpreted m ade t hem 8 1 ' )aµaxov a ypav • E x4potg . T he e pigram i s l iterally l oaded w ith t he n otion t hat e verything t urns o ut t o t he d isadvantage o f t hose w ho m isunderstand a n o racle. W eight i s a dded t o t his b y t he

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r eference t o t he y et u nidentified H emitheos(verse 4 ). 22 T he h idden i mpact o f t he d aimon u pon h uman a ctions a nd t he n eglect t o c larify t he t rue m eaning o f o racles, a re i n e ss ence S ophoklean n otions. C ompared t o e arlier e pigrams, e specially t hose b y S imonides o r t hose i nspired b y h im, o ne c an f eel a d ifferent t emper p ermeating t his e pigram. T he a ddress i n v erse 1 ,zXAµoveg m ay s how t he i nfluence f rom t he s tage. A nd a s c haracteristic a s i s t he o ccurrence o f o t f or s ome e arlier e pigrams, o ne c ould s ay t hat i ts o miss ion i n t he p resent e pigram s t jould b e g iven s pecific a ttent ion a s t he t elling s tamp o f a s tyle w hich i s d ifferent f rom t hat o f e arlier e pigrams. 23 F inally, d o [ 31a] a nd [ 31b] r eally b elong t ogether? B radeen a ddressed h imself t o t his q uestion. T o b e s ure, t he t hickness o f [ 31a(a-c)]corresponds t o t he t hickness o f t he w hitish s urface o n t he b ase b locks[31b(a-c)]. T he s eco nd a rgument i n f avour o f t heir b elonging t ogether i s t he d ate o f [ 31b] w hich i s f rom a fter 4 50. F urthermore, f rom t he p oint o f v iew o f m ilitary e vents i n t he e arly 4 40's, K oroneia's c asualties a re a s trong c andidate f or i dentific ation w ith a l ist d atable a fter 4 50, e specially s ince o n [ 32h] t he t heaters o f w ar a re s pecified a nd o ther l ists [ 37ff] d ate p robably o nly f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he 4 40's. B radeen 's a rguments a re s trong a nd o thers m ore h ypothetical. E ven i f " we k now n ext t o n othing " c oncerning t he " casualt ies i ncurred d uring K imom 's e xpedition t o K yrpos i n 4 50 , 24 i t i s n ot e ntirely i mpossible t hat [ 31b] i s a c asualty l ist o f t hat e xpedition. A s f or K oroneia B radeen c omputes t hat t wo c olumns c ould h ave b een f illed w ith t he n ames o f 8 5 c asualties a nd h e m ult iplied t his f igure b y tu t f or a " maximum f or t he y ear o f 8 50 f or a ll t en t ribes"." JH e r eckons t hat a s m any a s t hat ( or l ess, i f w e h ave c asualties f rom o ther t heaters o f w ar) m ay h ave d ied a t K oroneia. H owever , t he a rgument b ecomes c ircular w hen B radeen c oncludes f rom [ 31b] t hat t here m ust h ave b een f ive s telai w ith a d epth o f 0 .185-.19, a nd t hat s ome o f t hese s telai i s p reserved i n [ 31a(a-c)] a nd, v ice v ersa, a ssumes t hat [ 31a] l ists t he c asualties f rom K oroneia a nd t hat t he f ragments o f t he s telai 0 .185-.19 d eep m ust t herefore b elong t o [ 31b]. Iw ill c oncede t hat t he l ikelih ood t hat [ 31a] a nd [ 31b] b elong t ogether i s v ery g reat i ndeed b ut w e l ack a bsolute p roof f or t his a ssumption . 26

3 2a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 47/6 ( a.y.) 4 47 a nd 4 46(c.s.)? P ausanias

1 .29.13

e tat E x . DA T) aTi l e x at a O pixnv x at t v M ey&pots...

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p axEc ri tµEvot, n ePt

A lthough M egara i s n ot s pecifically m entioned o n [ 32b], t he l atter, w ith t he r eference t o c asualties i n t he C hersonn ese a nd B yzantium i s o ne a nd t he s ame s tele a s [ 32a] t hat P ausanias s aw i n t he D emosion S ema. P ausanias p laces [ 32a] c lose t o t he e ntrance o f t he A cademy.

3 2b.

A thens, E M 1 0618(v.). P ls.45-46. P rovenience u nknown. S tele w ith c asualty l ist. M inor d amages i n t he m ouldd ing, f ront f ace, l eft h and e dge; t he b ottom i s f ragm entary; t he r .h. a nd 1 .h.s.s. a re s mooth; T he b ack i s r ough-picked. P entelic m arble. 1 .67; 0 .47(average); 0 .17. W idth o f m oulding 0 .51. 4 47/6 o r 4 46/5(a.y.), 4 47 a nd 4 46 ( c.s.) I G 12 9 43; G V 1 8; G G 1 1; M L n o.48

h oZ6c n ap 'Ac Utanow rov l o t t 5Xcaav C o (Kabv A f f 3Ev ß apv i µ Evot, eczipe s 5'cüxXiLaag n aipt8a. W eaT E x.pbs a Tcvaxeµ n okiµo b 2eo E xx ol Aaav T a5 , a uT cag ec leavaTov µ vt2t cpc .a5 c eeaay . R eitzenstein, E pigramm u nd S kolion 1 09f; C onze n o. 1 427, p 1.293A(with a d rawing o f t he m oulding i n t he t ext); P ope 7 8; Austin, S toichedon S tyle 6 5; J acoby, E pigrams 1 73; L ewis, H istoria 1 2,1963,30,n.81; B radeen 1 964,29, n .25.34.39; B radeen 1 967,325; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.92; B radeen 1 969,146f.152.156; G uarducci 1 969,165ff.figs.40ac ; D avies 4 37; M eiggs, E mpire 1 88-194; L oraux, A ncSoc 6 , 1 975, 1 9,n.74.24,n.101; S iewert, A rktouros 2 83,n.19. [ 32b] i s t he m ost c omplete m emorial t hat h as s urvived f rom t he D emosion S ema. A ll c asualties a re l isted w ithin t ribes a s f ollows: c asualties E rechtheis A igeis P andionis L eontis A kamantis O ineis K ekropis H ippothontis A iantis A ntiochis

7 6 8 4 2 5 1 1 5 6 4

n umber o f e ngagements 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2

A mong t he c asualties i s a g eneral b ut h is t ribe i s n ot s pecified. A nother c asualty c omes f rom t he c ity o f E leut herae. T hus t he t otal n umber o f c asualties i s 5 9. T he m oulding c onsists o f a f ascia, t he r ecessed p art o f w hich i s f ollowed b y a r aised e dge w hich i n i ts t urn f orms t he t ransition t o t he s tele i tself. T he f ascia w as p ainted

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w ith a m eander n ow h ardly v isible. T he f irst l ine o f l ett ers i n b oth c ols. o f t he i nscription a lmost t ouches t he e dge o f t he m oulding. C o1.1,11.1-40, L ist I r efers t o A thenian s oldiers w ho d ied i n t he C hersonnese a s t he h eading i ndicates(11.1-3). E piteles, t he s trategos i s m entioned f irst(1.4) .2 7 T ribe V i s o mitted h aving h ad n o c asualties. T he m aximum n umber o f c asualties p er t ribe i s s ix (Kekropis). T hree t ribes h ave o ne c asualty e ach(Pandionis,Leontis,Aiantis). T he t otal n umber o f c asualties i n l ist I i s 2 7. B ut s everal o f t he n ames a re l ater a dditions, o ne i n t ribe 1 1(1.15). T he o nly c asualty i n t ribe V I w as a dded l ater (11.18-19)as i s t rue f or t he o ne c asualty i n t ribe I X(11.35-36). W hile t he n ames o f t he t ribes w hich w ere i nscribed f irst a re i n l arge l etters, e ven s lightly l arger t han t he r eference t o t he t heater o f w ar, t he n ames o f t he t ribes a dded s ubsequently a re a pproxim ately o f t he s ame l etter h eight a s t he n ames o f t he c asualt ies. M oreover, t ribe I X,1.35 i mmediately f ollows t he l ast n ame o f t ribe V II1,1.34 w ithout t he u sual v acat b etween t he i ndividual t ribes. T urning t o c o1.2, 1 1.49-73, L ist I I, w e l earn t he n ame o f a s econd t heater o f w ar , B yzantium. A s i n c o1.1, t ribes a re i n c onsecutive o rder a nd a ll t ribes h ave h ad t heir l oss es, m ost o f t hem o nly o ne c asualty e xcept t ribes I a nd V II. I n t ribe V II t he s econd c asualty i s a l ater a ddition(1.67). S trangely e nough, t he o ne c asualty i n t ribe V III(1.69)is w ritten w ith v ery l arge l etters e qualling t he l etter h eight o f t he n ames o f t ribes i n c o1.2. A s t he n ame i tself i s c omp rised o f o nly s ix l etters w hich a re w ell s paced, t he l etters s eem n aturally e ven l arger. F inally, t here i s r eference t o c asualties " in t he o ther w ars"(List I II). T his l ist b egins i n c o1.1,11.41-44. A v acat h as b een l eft b etween t he l ast c asualty i n c ol 1 a t t he e nd o f l ist 1 (1.40)and t he h eading o ver l ist 1 11(11.414 2). L ist I II c ontinues i n c o1.2, 1 1.74-97. B etween t he l ast c asualty o f l ist I I(I.73)and 1 .74 t here i s a v acat s imilar t o t he o ne j ust m entioned. W hile t he h eading o ver l ist 1 11(11.41-42) i s w ritten i n l etter h eight a pproximately e qual t o t hat o f t he t ribes i n l ists I a nd I I, t he t ribes a nd c asualties o f l ist I II a re w ritten w ith v ery s mall l ett ers. T he e ngraver m ust h ave b een t he s ame m an w ho m ade t he a dditions t o l ists I a nd I I. T ribes i n l ist I II a re i n c onsecutive o rder. A t t he v ery e nd o f l ist 1 11(11.96-97), i s m entioned a s oldier f rom t he t own o f E leutherae n amed S emichides. S emichides, n ot b eing a m ember o f a ny o f t he A thenian t ribes, c ould n ot h ave b een l isted a mong t hem . I n 1 .76 a s econd n ame w as a dded n ext t o a n a lready e ng raved n ame. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat a ll n ames i n l ist I II h appen t o b e c omposed o f e ight o r n ine l etters. T he n ame w hich h ad t o b e a dded w as c omprised o f n ine l ett ers a lso s o t hat t he s pace f or t he a ddition b ecame v ery c ramped i ndeed. T he e ngraver c hose t he b est s pot, t hat i s h e a dded t he n ame A rchepolis n ext t o t he s econd n ame i n t he

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t ribe,

c omposed o f o nly e ight l etters(Aischylos).

F inally, b elow c ols.1 a nd 2 , t hat i s b elow a ll t hree l ists, f ollows t he f our l ine e pigram, e ach v erse f illing a f ull l ine(11.45-48), t he l etters b eing e xtremely t ight. W hile v erse 1 i s r eminiscent o f e arlier e pigrams, v erse 2 i ntrod uces a n ote o f s trong c ontrast b etween f ierce s truggle a nd t he g lory w hich t he c ity-state r eaps f rom s uccessful b attle. V erse 3 , a n e xceptionally b eautiful l ine, t urns t o t he e nem ies a nd t heir h arvest i n t he w ar w hich t hey c arry t o t he g raves. W ith v erse 4 w e t urn `back t o t he A thenian c asualt ies a nd t heir " undying m emory o f v irtue", a n otion w hich i s f airly c ommonplace. B eside s ome n ovel t raits, t he e pigram m oves w ithin t raditional g uidelines. D espite t he f act t hat [ 32b] d oes n ot s eem t o r aise a ny p articular p roblems, t here a re n evertheless s everal d ebated p oints. O ne p oint h as n ot b een s o m uch a m atter o f d ebate b ut o f u nanimous j udgment, n amely t hat t he n ames a dded l ater, t he w hole l ist I II t hat i s, a nd t he e pigram w ere e ngraved b y a s econd h and. 28 B radeen e ven b elieved i n a t hird h and f or 1 .15. 29 T he o nly s cholar w ho d isbelieved m ore t han o ne h and w as P ritchett. 3 u I m yself a m c onvinced t hat t here w as o nly o ne l etterer . D ow h ad a lready s uggested t hat t he e ng raver l eft s ome e mpty s paces f or a dditions. 31 H e c learly d id s o b etween 1 1.17 a nd 2 0. I n f act, h e l eft t oo m uch s pace b ecause t here w as e ventually o nly o ne c asualty i n t ribe I V (list 1 ,11.18-19). I t i s m ore d ifficult t o s ay w hether o r n ot t he e ngraver w as a lso a sked t o l eave s pace f or l ist I II, 1 1.41-44 & 7 4-97. I t m ay w ell h ave b een t hat a n e pigram w as p lanned f rom t he b eginning a nd t hat i t w ould h ave b een a dded b elow l ists I a nd I I i n l arger l etters t han i t w as e ventually i nscribed w ith. I n t he m eantime, t here o ccurred a t hird t heater o f w ar a nd r oom h ad t o b e f ound f or t his l ist 1 11. 32 H ence t he e pigram h ad t o c omply w ith t his n eed a nd w as p laced a t t he v ery b ottom o f t he S tele. I n t urning n ow t o t he l etter s tyle o r t he g raphological e vidence, s cholars h ave n ot r ealized ( except P ritchett) t hat t o e ngrave w ith l arge a s o pposed t o s mall l etters l eads t o d ifferences a nd t he k ind o f e ffect w hich w e f ind i n l ist I II a nd t he e pigram. A s c ompared w ith n eat, b ig l etters, w e h ave a m uch m ore c ursive w riting. Iw ould g o a s f ar a s t o s ay t hat o ur e ngraver w as p articularly a t e ase w ith l arge l etters ( tribes'names, h eadings) b ut h e c ould n ot k eep u p t he s tandard o f c larity a nd e ase w hen h e h ad t o e ngrave i n s mall p rint. I f o ne a pproaches t he t ext f rom t his a ngle h e w ill i mmediately r ealize t hat t here i s o nly o ne h and a t w ork h ere. E ven t he s lanting n us i n 1 .15 - B radeen 's t hird h and - r eturn i n t he f irst n u o f l ist 1 11,1.74. O r, t ake t he e psilons, w hether l arge o r s mall, s ome(not a ll)show s light s lanting h orizontal b ars. C ompare c ol. 2 ,11.50-51 w ith 1 .91, a nd i n t he e pigram 1 .46, t he s econd e psilon i n E tn actaaµ. C onsider t he f act t hat i n b oth l arge a nd s mall l etters w e a lso f ind e psilons w ith p erfectly h orizontal b ars:compare 1 .20 w ith 1 .43. O ne c ould c ontinue t o c ompare

1 67

s mall w ith b ig l etters a nd w ould a rrive a t t he s ame c onclus ion : t he e ngraver o f a ll o f t hem w as o ne s ingle m an . M uch m ore c omplex i s t he q uestion o f t he d ate o f t he s tel e, t hat i s t he c asualty l ist. T he d ates 4 47/6 a nd 4 40/439 a re d isputed among s cholars.33 L et u s r eview s ome o f t he a rguments. T he 4 40/439 d ate i s t he y ear o f t he r evolt o f S amos a nd i t w as b elieved t hat t he c asualties " in t he o ther w ars"(list I II) r efer t o t his c ampaign. W ith r espect t o t he w ar a gainst S amos T hukydides(1.115 a nd 1 17) r efers b riefly t o t he B yzantines a nd'their r evolting f rom A thens b ut h e m entions a lso t hat t hey c ame t o t erms w ith A thens e ventually a nd r emained s ubjects a s b efore. T hus l ist I I c ould r efer t o t his c onflict. T his l eaves l ist I u nexp lained, b ut i t i s a ssumed t hat o ther c ities i n t he C hersonn ese, f ollowing t he e xample o f B yzantium, w ere e ngaged i n w arfare w ith A thens a t a bout t he s ame t ime. L astly o ne c onc ludes f rom t he n ames(11.29 a nd 7 9)Karystonikos a nd N axiades t hat t hey w ere g iven t o m en b orn i n 4 72 a nd 4 69, t hat i s a ft er A thens' w ars w ith K arystos a nd N axos r espectively . H ence, t he b earers o f t hose n ames w ere o ld e nough t o h ave b een s oldiers a nd t o h ave d ied i n t he w ar o f 4 40/439. 34 T he m ain l iterary s ource f or t he 4 47/6 d ate a nd t he f ighting i n t he C hersonnese(list I ) i s P lutarch, P erikles 1 9. M eiggs-Lewis c onnect t he c asualties i n B yzantium(list I I)"with f ighting T hracians t hreatening t he t own o r i n c rushing a r evolt". A ccording t o t he s ame a uthors t he " other w ars" r efer t o " minor a ctions...at v arious p oints i n t he A egean".35 B ut M egara s hould a lso b e i ncluded i n t he " other w ars" i f P ausanias i s c orrect t hat o n [ 32a]were c ombined c asualties f rom T hrace a nd i n M egara. T he s trongest a rgument o f M eiggs-Lewis a gainst t he 4 40/ 4 39 d ate i s t hat c asualties i n S amos c ould n ot v ery w ell h ave b een r eferred t o i n s uch s imple t erms a s " in o ther w ars". M oreover, i t b ecomes e vident f rom r eading P lutarch, P erikles 2 5-28 t hat c asualties i n S amos w ere h eavy a t a ny r ate n umbering m ore t han 1 9 w hich i s t heir number i n l ist I II. O ne m ay a lso r emember t hat a t t he p ublic b urial i n 4 39 P erikles d elivered h is f irst E pitaphios L ogos(Plutarch, P erikles 2 8). W as i t i n f ront o f [ 32b] o r a nother l ater m emorial, n amely a S amian p olyandrion w hich i s n ot p res erved? O ne a rgument i n f avour o f t he e arlier d ate w hich n either h istorians n or e pigraphists h ave u sed i s t he v ase f rAgment i n A msterdam. 36 ( see p l. :t ). I d isagree w ith B radeeni/ t hat 9 CXg E X E U [ eC OV a nd E A / B uCav[Ttot w ritten o n t wo o f t he s telai i n t he v ase-painting c annot b e " coincidence". R ather I t hink t hat o ur v ase-painter r ecalls o r, a t a ny r ate, knew a bout t he c asualties i n t he t heaters o f w ar a nd o f t he o ne c asualty f rom t he c ity o f E leutherae(1.95f.). H owever, t he v ase-painting c annot b e a s l ate a s 4 39. I t i s e arlier and i ts d ate c oincides w ith t he e arly d ate o f 4 47/6. E ven i f t he v ase-painter u ses a t hree s troke s igma,it i s t o b e r em embered t hat v ase-painters d o n ot f ollow t he c hanges o f

1 68

l ettering w hich w e o bserve i n s tone i scriptions. W hat w e h ave i n t he v ase-painting, u nfortunately s o f ragmentary, i s a r apid s ketch b y a v ase-painter o f a v ery r ecently e r ected m emorial f orming a w all o f s telai w hich r eminds o ne r ather o f [ 31b] t han [ 32b]. T he c onflation o f t he t wo d iff erent b ut a lmost c ontemporary m onuments i n t he v ase-painti ng i s n ot s urprising i n t he s ketch-like r endering o f a p olyandrion i n t he D emosion S ema. L astly, s ince t he e xact d ate o f t he b attle o f K oroneia i s d ebated, w e m ight s ay w ith r eference t o t he y ear o f p ublic b urial t hat [ 31b] i s e ither o ne y ear e arlier o r c ontempor ary w ith [ 32b] , t hat i s 4 47 o r 4 46. I f f ighting i n t he C hersonnese d ragged i nto t he w inter o f 4 47/6(a.y), t hen t he p ublic f une .ral f or t he w ars i n t he n orth i s t o b e d ated t o 4 46/5(a.y.)-5 8 T his y ear i s f or s ome a uthorities a lso t he o ne i n w hich t he c asualties o f K oroneia w ere h onoured. I n o ther w ords, w e m ay a ssume t hat a t t he o ccasion o f t he P atrios N omos i n a .y . 4 46/5(at t he e nd o f t he c .s.446)casu alties w ere h onoured a t t wo d ifferent t ombs w hich, i t s o h appens, w ere i n c lose p roximity(see f ig.3). T he f irst y ears o f P erikles' r ule w ere c haracterized b y a s eries o f a lmost c ontinuous c onflicts. T hese a re r eflected i n t he r emains o f c asualty l ists [ 33-40], f ragmentary a s t hey m ay b e.

3 3.

A thens,EM 1 0261(v .). P 1.47. P rovenience u nknown. F ragments o f e pigram(s)on a b ase f or t he e rection o f a s tele. P entelic m arble. 0 .22; 0 .33; 0 .15. 4 50-440.

I G 12 9 35; G V 1 9;

P fohl,

E pitaphs n o.93.

o t6 UpETty t ye d ev ex iCeae[aL T he t op o f t he f ragment i s s mooth, a nd p art o f i t s hows t he o riginal s urface, 0 .09 w ide. B roken o n a ll s ides. T he b ottom i s f lat b ut h ardly o riginal. A t t he l eft t op e dge, t he r emains o f t he l owermost s troke o f a s igma, p robably t he f inal l etter o f a w ord i n a l ine w ith t he h exameter. 0 .032 b elow t he s igma t he l etters ] TA. T hese c ould b e t he f inal t wo l etters i n a t hird l ine o f a s econd h exameter. 0 .045 f urther b elow, b ut m ore t o t he r ight, t he v ery f ragmentary b eginning o f t hree l ines o f a n e pigram . L ewis r eports: 3 9 " Bradeen t hought t hat t he p rincipal e pigram s tood t o t he l eft, w ith o nly s igma s urviving f rom l ine 1 a nd f rom l ine 3 . H e t hought t hat t he b etter p reserved

1 69

t ext, w ith i ts b ad, a l ater a ddition".

3 4.

s hallow l ettering a nd I onic g amma, w as

A thens, ( a)EM 1 0265, ( b)10267(v .). P ls.48-49. F ound n ear t he c hurch o f C orgopico(or t he l ittle M etrop olis c hurch). T wo f ragments o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .41; 0 .21; 0 .26; ( b)0.20; 0 .23; 0 .24. 4 40's. I G 12 9 40;

B radeen 1 969,

1 47,n .1.

B oth f ragments a re v ery w orn, e specially ( a) w hich i s b roken o n a ll s ides b ut p reserves s ome s mooth s urface o n t he 1 .h.s.s., a long 1 1.5-8(9). T he b ack i s r ough-picked a nd g ives t he o riginal s urface. ( b) h as o riginal, s mooth r .h.s.s. a nd r ough-picked b ack, v ery s imilar i n t reatment t o ( a) b ut n ot i dentical. T he f ragments p reserve s ome r eference t o t ribes, o n ( a) i n 1 .17 t o t ribe I II(Pandionidos), o n ( b) t o t ribe V 1I(Kekropidos, 1 .24)both w ritten w ith l arger a nd m ore w idely s paced l etters t han t hose o f t he n ames o f c asualties. T hese t oal 2 7. I s ee n o e vidence f or B radeen 's c laim t hat a ny n ames w ere a dded l ater o n ( b). L ewis m aintains t his f or 1 .23 w ithout e xplanation. 40 T he n ames b elow t he t ribal h eading i n 1 .24 a re w ritten m ore n arrowly t han t hose a bove 1 .24 a nd t hose o n ( a). T his m ay i ndicate t hat t hese n ames w ere c loser t o t he b ottom o f t he s tele a nd t hat t he e ngraver c leverly r ecko ned w ith t he s pace a vailable. L ewis b elieves t hat t he c asualties o f a ll t en t ribes w ere e ngraved o n o ne s tele, ( a)belonging t o c o1.1, ( b)to c ols.3-4. T he t hickness o f t he f ragments a nd t he s omewhat d ifferent t reatment o f t he b acks p recludes i n m y o pinion t his s urmise. T hus, w e h ave a t l east t wo s telai, p erhaps s tele I w ith t ribes I -V , s tele I I w ith t ribes V I-X. A s f or 1 .25, L ewis(see n .40)says:"The f irst l etter o f e vopoXEglies t o t he l eft o f t he c olumn a nd, s ince n o n ame e nds t hus, i t s eems l ikely t hat t his l ine t oo, w hatever i ts i nterpretation, s pread a cross t wo c olumns".

3 5a.

A thens,now l ost. F rom t he n orth w est f oot o f t he A kropolis, c hurch o f t he H oly A postles. C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. 4 40's. I G 12 9 37; B radeen 1 969,145,n .4; e nd l ine 1 5.

1 70

D avies

t hen a t t he

1 12,3568,at

1 6 c asualties. I n 1 1.2.3.5. a nd 6 , a fter t he n ames, o ne l etter e ach. T hese a re t he f irst l etters o f a dditional n ames o n t he s ame l ines, b ringing t he t otal n umber o f c asu alties t o 2 0(?).

3 5b.

A thens, n ow l ost. F rom t he n orth w est f oot o f t he A kropolis, c hurch o f t he H oly A postles. C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. 4 40's I G 1 2 9 38;

t hen a t t he

B radeen 1 969,145,n.4.

A ccording t o P ittakis a nd R anga M t his a nd [ 35a] b elong p erhaps t ogether . [ 35b] l ists 1 4 c asualties. I n 1 .14 t hree l etters A EN, c onsidered b y L ewis t o b e " either P ittakis' e rror o r t wo n ames a s i n ( IG 1 3)1150.1156". A bout t he a ssociation o f [ 35a-b] w ith [ 25], f irst s uggested b y P ittakis, L ewis t hinks t hat i t i s " probable". 41

3 6.

A thens, A gora ( a) I 1 955, ( b) I 9 20, ( d) I 3 047, ( c) E M 6 719f 3(v). P ls.50-51. ( a-b)south w est o f L ibrary o f P antainos, ( d) w est o f S toa o f A ttalos, ( c)provenience u nknown . C asualty l ist, f our f ragments. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .39; 0 .09; 0 .11; ( b) 0 .18; 0 .12; 0 .08; ( c ) 0 .16; 0 .11; 0 .07; ( d) 0 .095; 0 .042; 0 .035. 4 40's. B radeen n o.

1 2;

S EC 1 9,41.

B eautiful, w idely s paced l ettering. F r.(a) i s u nfortun ately v ery w eathered. T he a rrangement o f t he f rr. b y B radeen i n t he o rder ( a),(b),(c), a nd ( d) i s h ypothetical. T o p retend t hat " the s hape o f t he f ragments s uggests t hat a ll a re f rom o ne c olumn o f n ames" i s t o a void t he r eal i ssue, n amely t hat t he f ragments h ave n o ' discernible s hape w hatsoever . 4L E xcept f or t he f ront, t hey a re b adly b roken o n a ll s ides. T heir t hickness, w hich i s f ar f rom u niform m akes a ny a ttempt o f a ttribution t o " one c olumn" u tterly h opeless. I n ( a) l ine 1 t here i s a h eading i ndicated b y a t aller l etter. 3 1 c asualties a re l isted i n e xtremely f ragm entary c ondition.

3 7.

A thens, ( a) E M 1 0277, ( b) A gora I 3 333, ( c) I 4 193, ( d) I 6 514 ( v.). P ls.52-54. ( a) f rom A thens, ( b) n orth e nd o f t he g ymnasium , ( c) n orth o f O deion, ( d) s outh o f c hurch o f H oly A postles. C asualty l ist, f our f ragments. P entelic m arble.

1 71

( a)0.37; 0 .27; 0 .105; ( b) 0 .065; 0 .09; 0 .092; 0 .105; ( d) 0 .195; 0 .165; 0 .143. 4 40-(30). I G 12 9 58(=a);

0 .062;

( c)

0 .085;

B radeen n o.15.

B radeen 1 964,30-34; 4 77.

B radeen 1 969,145,n.6.

1 57;

D avies

B radeen h as a ssigned t he , f ragments c autiously t o o ne a nd t he s ame c asualty l ist, i f n ot f rom o ne " certainly f rom a s eries o f a t l east t hree s imilar o nes"(Bradeen 1 8). O n t he r .h.s.s. o f ( a)is p reserved t he r ecess i ndicating a s unken c hannel. O n 1 .6 o n ( a) t he r eference t o t ribe I X, e ceded b y 5 (+X) c asualties o f t ribe V III. I n 1 .12 w e r ead k, onco[xt]80[g], t ribe X , ( b) p roviding ] , 50 [ .43 O ne c asu alty f ollows. T hus, w e h ave a t otal o f 1 1 c asualties. S ince w e a re d ealing w ith t he l ast t hree t ribes, o ne w ould n ot e xpect o n t he r .h.s.s. a s unken c hannel, b ut a s traight s mooth s urface, t his b eing t he l ast s tele i n a r ow(?). S ince ( a) a nd ( b) h ave s unken c hannels, t hey m ust c ome f rom a l ist r eferring t o a s pecific t heater o f w ar w ith o ther c asual ges f rom o ther b attles r eporte g l o n a nother s tele d e s uite. " ( c) l ists t hree c asualties. 45 ( d) p rovides t he r eference t o a nother t ribe a nd l ists o ne c asualty. I t h as s mooth r .h.s.s.. T hus ( d) i s p erhaps t he l ast o f s everal(?) s telai. T he c asualties o n ( a-d) t otal 1 5.

r

3 8.

A thens, E M 1 0278(v.). P rovenience u nknown. C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .24; 0 .16; 0 .07. 4 40-(30).

P 1.53.

o b e c orrected I G 12 9 65(the r eference t o E M 1 0279 i s t t o 1 0278). B radeen 1 964,33f;

B radeen 1 9;

S tupperich 6 ,n.l.

I n 1 .1 a l arge w ritten n u , p ossibly t he l ast l etter o f [ o ne C o gieavo]v. T his h eading w ould h ave r un o ver a t l east t wo c ols. o f n ames j udging f rom t he s even c asualties f oll owing b elow 1 .1. I n 1 .8 t here i s a b reak i n t he s toiched on p attern. B radeen t akes t he s lightly l arger l etters i IE t o r efer t o a t ribe w hich c ould n ot h ave b een i n t he g enitive c ase. 46 A t t he r .h.s.s. a s unken c hannel i s f oll owed b y a nathyrosis a nd a c ontiguous r ough-picked s urface. A t t he r ight o f 1 1.1-2, t hat i s a t t he e dge, w ritten v ert ically f rom t he t op t he l etters än. T otal o f 7 (?) c asu alties.

1 72

3 9.

P 1.51. A thens, E M 1 0234(v.). P rovenience u nknown. C asualty l ist, f ragment. P entelic m arble. 0 .248; 0 .135; 0 .12. I G 12 9 66.

4 7

B radeen 1 964,

3 3f;

B radeen 1 9.

I n 1 .1 t he n ame ' Ovtaavöp «, f ollowed b y a v acat o f 0 .08. I n 1 .2, i n s lightly l arger l etters ' A hyi[L ] oxi .80[s ] (tribe X ) f ollowed b y t wo n ames, t he s econd v ery f ragmentary a nd n ow i nterpreted b y L ewis a s [ no]Nu [ x]E w ho a lso n otes t hat t he l etter f ollowing t he d otted l ambda " could b e u psilon a s w ell a s c hi". 48 S mooth r .h.s.s., n o a nathyrosis. B ack i s r ough-pi a-g d. O therwise b roken o n a ll s ides. [ 39] r epres ents e ither t he r .h.s.s. o f a s ingle s tele o r t he l ast o f s everal s telai i n a r ow.

4 0.

A thens, ( a) A gora I 3 694, ( b) I 2 378a, ( c) I 2 378b, ( d) I 2 124, ( e) I 2 424 ( v.). P ls.53-54. ( a) n orth e ast o f O deion, ( b)east o f O deion, ( c)north e ast c orner o f O deion, ( d) e ast o f n orthern p art o f O deion, ( e) s outh p art o f O deion. C asualty l ist, f ragments. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .132; 0 .135; 0 .063; ( b) 0 .24;0.11;0.165; ( c) 0 .514; 0 .083; 0 .102; ( d) 0 .15; 0 .085; 0 .09; ( e) 0 .295; 0 .11; 0 .105. " 430's". B radeen,

n o.14.

4 9

T here a re s ix f rr. i n a ll. ( c) i s c omprised o f t wo f rr. ( d) j oins ( c) a t t he l ower r ight. T he f rr . a re b roken, h aving b een u sed a s b uilding m aterials i n l ater t imes. O bv iously, t he o riginal s tele w as s mashed i n t he v icinity o f t he O deion w here a ll t he f rr. w ere f ound i n o nly s lightly d ifferent l ocations. B radeen s uggested t hat a r ough-picked a rea o n t he b ack o f ( b), m easuring s ome 0 .065 b y 0 .02 i s p robably f rom t he o riginal b ack, t hus g iving u s t he t hickness o f t he s tele, a t 0 .165. T he n ames o f 2 9 c asualties a re p reserved. O n ( e), 1 .35, B radeen r estores P r oxo l y ra L Apßapot . T he s urfaces o f ( a) a nd ( e) a re v ery w ell p reserved a nd g ive t he b eholder a n i dea o f t he b eautiful a nd c lear l ett ering. B radeen s uggested a d ate i n t he 4 30's f or t he l ist. F or a g eneral c omment o n [ 38-40] s ee B radeen 1 964,31-34.

1 73

4 1.

L ondon, ( a) B M I 3 7, ( b) A thens, A gora I 2 277(v.). ( a) f rom n ear t he e ntrance t o t he A cademy, ( b) e ast e nd o f M iddle S toa,in t he w all o f a m odern h ouse. B ase b lock, o ne l arge(a), o ne v ery s mall f ragment. w ith e pigram e ngraved o n f ace. P 1.55. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.311; 0 .877; 0 .15-0.18; ( b)0.107; 0 .44; 0 .14. 4 32. I G 12 9 45;

G V 2 0;

G G 1 2;

B radeen n o.16.

( a )

' EM U O tEL6atat , ' Aecvatov h ot f t & nieavov] ' Aei cvaTou ee[vo a ceatvev C i peT[cv x a t , IPOVONOEOENEE[ 5 N AXEV e unöKegoe g e t i' b taßop , p e[d . tevot]. A te1P 4 14 c p cu ng ü nce haw ro, a yaTa 8 k x ebv] e v8e. H oTeL6aLai e au c pi , n i AsK c X[üecv]• h eP 3 v e a g ev e xoa t , T a n e pos, h 9 [L 8 1 pUyÖVTES] v ctxoc n taToTaTcv h ant8 C eEVTO [to]. ( 10) wA v6pcK n öKtg h i f t w eer x at n[405 'E PEXeeg], n daec n oTcu 5ata5 h ot e i tvov i g ,n p[o]u hot .5 b . n a n u 'Aecyc itov- c p c su Ag S 'I cyT lip p9[n]a 4 : s ly -mg • c [XX]axaavl. a pcT v x a t , n aTe[L8 ] euxX[g]iaey. [ Bradeen n o.16]

N ewton, T he C ollection o f A ncient G reek I nscriptions i n t he B ritish M useum. P art 1 . A ttika(1874),no.37; R eitzens tein, E pigramm u nd S kolion 1 10; J aeger, S bPreussAkadWiss 2 3,1932,563; M ondolfo, L 'Infinto d el p ensiero d ell'antic hitä c lassica(1934)218.318f.322f; J acoby, E pigrams 1 67, n .37; G omme, C ommentary(1945)220; D uncan, B SA 5 6,1961,186; J .A. A lexander, P otidaea. I ts H istory a nd R emains(1963) 6 7ff; P fohl, G eschichte u nd E pigramm n o.29; P fohl, E pit aphs, n o.94; B radeen 1 969, 1 46.148.152; H ölscher , 1 953 ( H istorienbilder )104; L oraux , A ncSoc 6 ,1972,26-28; S tupper ich 1 7, n .1; S tupperich, B oreas 1 , 9 2f. F ragment ( a) a nd ( b) a lmost j oin. T here i s o ne l etter e ach m issing i n 1 1.11-13, t he l ast l ines o f t he e pigram. F rom t he s mooth t op o f ( a)only a t iny s ection i s p reserved i n t he c enter o f t he s tone.50 I t c annot b e s een i n p hotog raphs t aken f rom t he f ront. T he r .h.s.s. o f ( b) h as a long t he v ertical e dge a s mooth b and 0 .04 w ide, s omewhat d iffere nt f rom t he u sual b and o f a nathyrosis w hich i s f ollowed b y a r ough-picked s urface. T he 1 .h.s.s. o f ( a) h as a nathyros is e nclosing a r ough-picked s urface. 51 R aubitschek h as c orrectly e stimated a t otal l ength o f 1 .34 f or t he b ase. H e s urmised 52 t hat t he e pigram w as p laced f airly s ymmetric ally o n t he s tone. H e m easured 0 .18 f rom t he l eft h and e dge o f ( a) t o t he b eginning o f v erse 1 o f t he e pigram(=1.2). T here i s s omewhat l ess , n amely 0 .125 f rom t he l eft e dge o f ( a) t o t he h eading a bove t he e pigram(=1.1). T he d istance f rom e ivle5 i n 1 .12 t o t he r ight h and e dge o f ( b)is c .0.27. L .8 w hich h as 3 9 l etters i nstead o f o nly 3 6 i n 1 .12 w as c . 0 .065 l onger o r, t he d istance b etwen t he l ast l etter i n 1 .8 t o t he r ight h and e dge m ay h ave b een c .0.20. T herefore,

1 74

t he d ifference i n t he m easurement o f e mpty s paces t o t he l eft a nd r ight o f t he e pigram a mounts t o c .0.02. T he b ack o f ( a) s hows a v ery s moothly p olished s urface f ollowed b y a s harply a rticulated h orizontal r idge w hich i n t urn i s f ollowed b y a b and o f a nathyrosis. T he r idge i s e xactly a t t he h eight o f t he l ast l ine o f t he e pigram o n t he f ront f ace. I t i s g enerally h eld t hat p art o f t he b ack w as s awn o ff t o f acilitate t ransport a nd t hat t he p olished s urface n ow v isible i s due t o t he p olishing o f t he s tone i n t he 1 9th c entury . 53 B oth O liver a nd R aubitschek b elieve t hat ( a) a nd ( b) b elonged t o a r ectangular b ase o n t he f ront f ace o f w hich w as e ngraved t he e pigram. O n t he p art o f t he b ase n ow l ost(sawn o ff) w as, a ccording t o t hem , a c utting f or t he s etting u p o f a s tele w ith t he n ames o f t he c asualt ies. T his s tele s upposedly a lso c ontained t he r elief d ep icting t hree w arriors f ighting. W e o nly k now t he r elief f rom t he d escription o f B oeckh w ho 4 » n t urn d escribes a d rawing s ent t o K oehler b y F auve1. 54 W hile m any s cholars o nce b elieved t hat t he e pigram a nd t he r elief b elong t ogethe r, i t h as o ften b een p ointed o ut t hat p roof f or t his s uppos ition i s e ntirely l acking. T hat i s, t he t ranscript o f t he P otidaea e pigram a nd t he d rawing o f t he r elief m ay h ave c ome t ogether b y c hance i nto K oehler 's h ands m aking B oeckh a nd o thers b elieve t hat t hey o riginally b elonged t ogether. C onze s earched t he F auvel p apers i n t he B ibliotheque N ationale i n P aris f or a nother d rawing o f t he c ombat r elief b ut w as u nsuccessful i n f inding i t. H e d id r eport, h owever, t hat t here e xisted i n t hese p apers a t ranscript o f t he e pig ram. I n o ther w ords, t here w ere o riginally t hree t rans cripts o f t he e pigram : t wo i n K oehler's p ossession, t he t hird s till p reserved. T he e xistence o f t his t hird t rans cript s eems t o h ave e scaped m ost s cholars w riting a fter C onze. 55 S everal p roblems a rise w ith t he t hird t ranscript. F irst, i s i t t he o riginal o r a c opy o f t he t ranscripts i n K oehlers's p ossession? O ne w ould a ssume t hat, i f t he s tone w ith t he e pigram a nd t he m arble w ith t he c ombat r elief h ad a ctually b een f ound a nd b elonged t ogether, F auvel w ould a lso h ave g iven i n h is p apers a d rawing o f t he l atter t ogether w ith t he e pigram. S ince t his i s n ot t he c ase a nd s ince F auvel's p apers w ith t he d rawings o f m any a ntiquities a nd c opies o f d ozens o f i nscriptions must, i n m y v iew, b e c onsidered o rigi nals r ather t han c opies t he t hird t ranscript i s i ndeed t he o riginal. T he a sssociation o f e pigram a nd c ombat r elief t hus l ooses a ny b asis o f s upport.D 6 F auvel p robably g ave K oehler s ome c opies o f h is o wn d rawings o f a ntiquities i n w hich t he G erman s cholar w as i nterested. B ut t his d oes n ot p rove t hat t he e pigram a nd t he c ombat r elief b elong t ogether. F or o bvious r easons, i t m ay h ave b een t empting t o a ssociate t he t wo. S econdly, t he p lace o f d iscovery o f t he P otidaea e pigram i s o f s ome c oncern. R aubitschek d iscussed t he c ontradictory

1 75

e vidence. 57 [ 41] w as n ot f ound b y F auvel i n 1 797 b ut b y L ord E lgin i n 1 802. A ccording t o t he l etters o f J .C. H obhouse t he p lace o f d iscovery w as t he " Ceramicus w ithin t he c ity". I n a l ater, s econd e dition o f H obhouse l etters, t he p lace o f d iscovery i s l ocated n ear t he A cademy. T his s pot i s n ow f ully c onfirmed b y t he n ote i n F auvel's p apers w ritten b y h imself a bove t he t ranscript(cp.end o f n .55). W e d o n ot k now, o f c ourse, w hether t he l ost K oehler d rawings h ad a s imilar h eading a s t he o riginal i n P aris. T he n ote w ould a lso i n m y o pinion c onfirm t he f act t hat F auvel w as n ot t he o ne w ho f ound t he e pigram. I f h e h ad, t he n ote m ay h ave b een m ore p ersonally p hrased. T hirdly a nd l astly, c oncerning t he t ranscripts t hemselves. T he o riginal a nd t he l ost t ranscripts a re n ot i dentical but a s c ompared w ith t he p reserved s tone a ll t ranscripts a re u niform i n g iving s everal m ore l etters i n v erses 1 -4 w hich w ere l ost f rom t he t ime o f t he d iscovery o f [ 41] a nd i ts a rrival i n E ngland. A s I h ave d iscussed t he v ariants i n t he t hree t ranscripts i n a r ecent p aper, I r efer t he r eader t o t his d iscussion. 58 I t h as b een n oted e arlier t hat b oth O liver a nd R aubitschek d iscussed t he f orm o f t he o riginal m emorial. T heir r estorat ion i s p ossible b ut d oes n ot d o j ustice t o t wo a spects. T he a nathyrosis o n t he 1 .h.s.s. o f ( a) a nd t he p eculiar t reatment o f t he r .h.s.s. o n ( b) d o n ot n ecessarily m ean t hat [ 41] w as p laced i n b etween t wo o ther m emorials. 59 R aubitschek a sked h imself w hat t he s ize o f t he t omb c ould h ave b een . C onfining h imself t o a " tomb t he f ront l ength o f w hich w as c a.1.34m" h e c ame t o t he o bvious c onclusion t hat " it w as h ardly p ossible t o b ury 1 50 b odies". 60 T he a ssumption t hat t he t he A thenians w ould e ver h ave t ransp orted 1 50 b odies f rom P otidaea t o A thens i s n ot o nly i llc onceived b ut e ven f or a b urial o f e leven u rns a n a ssumed s quare o f 1 .34 i s n ot l arge e nough. L ike [ 31b], [ 41] p roba bly f ormed a s mall p recinct. T he a nathyrosis o n t he s .s. o f ( a) i s d ue n ot t o a djacent m emorials b ut t o b locks w hich b elonged t o t he p recint w all w ithin w hich t he t omb w as p laced. O n o ne s uch b lock t he e pigram w as e ngraved. D id t he b lock c arry a s tele? O r w as i t, a s t he s mooth t op o f ( a)would s uggest, p ossibly a c rowning b lock a bove o ne o r s everal s telai w ith t he n ames o f t he c asualties? I f t his s olution w ere c hosen, t hen t he h eading a nd t he e pigram w ould p recede t he l ist o f c asualties w hich p resents t he s tandard s olution. I f, h owever, t he c asualty l ist w as e rected o n t op o f ( a) a nd p ossibly a djoining b locks, t he h eading w ould f ollow t he c asualties w hich w ould b e u nique. T he e pigram, b ut n ot t he h eading, i s p laced b elow t he c asualty l ist o n [ 32b]. I p ersonally w ould g ive p reference t o t he s olution i n w hich [ 41] i s a c rowning b lock. N ot o nly t he h eading, b ut a lso t he w ording i n t he e pigram w ith t he r ecurrence o f o t i n v erses 8 a nd 1 1 f avour t his s olution a s d oes t he s mooth t op o f ( a). I t i s n ot

s urprising t hat t he e pigram h as r eceived a

1 76

g reat d eal o f a ttention. T he p reservation o f t he s tone d efies r estoration o f t he f irst t hree l ines o f t he e pigram. N eedless t o s ay, m any a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o r ecapture t he e ssential m eaning o f t hese l ines. T he v ery s triking v erse 5 h as i nduced s cholars t o n ote t hat [ 41] i s t he f irst m onument t o m ake u se o f a n e schatol ogical m otive w hich b ecomes h ighly s ignificant i n s ubseq uent d ecades a nd r eturns, f or i nstance, a s l ate a s t he e pig ram f or t he f allen a t C haerpneia [ 77b]. 61 M any s cholars s eem t o a gree t hat t he n ew t enor a nd c ertain l inguistic a spects a s w ell p ossibly p oint t o E uripides a s t he a uthor o f t he e pitaph . 6L O ld, f amiliar f ormulas i n g rave p oetry a re c ombined w ith n ew o nes. 63 M oreover, o ne a lso n oted a r elationship b etween t he e pigram a nd A thenian E pitaphioi L ogoi w ith r espect t he r eference t o natg, n pöyovot, a nd P • a P e T n• 6 4 L astly, o ne d id n ot f ail t o o bserve s imilarities b etween t he e pigram a nd P erikles' E pitaphios o f 4 31. 65 T he b attle o f P otidaea o pens a c rucial p hase f or t he h istory o f A thens t o w hich t he f ollowing m onuments b elong.

4 2a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 31. P ausanias 1 .19.6

x at O saaaXMv T &TOi t aTtV t nni f l x am l n aKatav c patav W 6 V TW V , O T E A V PA pXtbi t e na0nOVW FK ILOL naTOV L aißaX0V T 1V ' ATTL AV C TpaT ep...

T he t omb i s n ot p reserved. I t w as s een b y P ausanias a mong t he f irst m emorials a s h e b egan t o w alk t oward t he A cademy. 66 T hukydides a lso r efers t o t he T hessalians ( and B oeotians) w ho v ipported t he A thenian c avalry. 67 A ccording t o T hukydides o v n oXXot o f b oth A thenians a nd T hessalians f ell a nd w ere r ecovered t he s ame d ay. T he d iscovery o f s ome m arble f ragments o f h orses' l egs i n a n a rea w hich c oi ncides a pproximately w ith t he b urial g round i n t he D emosion S ema i s o f s ome i nterest(cp. F ig.3). C ould t hese f ragments h ave b elonged t o a s culpture-in-the-round o f f ighting c ava lrymen p laced, a s i t w ere, o n t he m emorial o f t he T hessal ians? 6ö

4 2b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 31. P ausanias 1 .29.6

t at t nneV onv ä noeavoUatv h vExa q uvEncX 4ovTo

1 77

o t O ca c iaXot T a x tv8üvou.

T here c an b e n o d oubt t hat t his m emorial d ates f rom t he b eginning o f t he P eloponnesian w ar a nd i s a d ifferent o ne f rom [ 42a]. H owever, t his a nd [ 42b] w ere s ituated c lose t ogether a s m ight b e e xpected. A fter m entioning [ 42a], P ausanias r efers o nly t o a t omb o f C retan b owmen [ 53], t he t omb o f K leisthenes, a nd i mmediately a fter t his t o [ 42h]. I t i s t his m emorial w hich w as p robably a dorned w ith e ither t he r elief A lbani i tself o r, i f t he l atter s hould d ate o nly f rom l ate i n t he 5 th c entury, w ith a n o riginal r elief o f w hich t he r elief A lbani i s a s lightly l ater r eplica. 69

4 3.

A thens, ( a) E M 2 657,70 ( b )Agora I 3 181, ( c)EM 2 492, ( d) A gora I 6 523, ( e) K erameikos I 6 6. P ls.56-57.63. ( a)Akropolis o f A thens, ( b)east e nd o f S outh S toa, ( c) P rovenience u nknown, ( d) n orth o f t he c hurch o f t he H oly A postles, ( e) K erameikos. C asualty l ist, f ragments. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .21; 0 .26; 0 .15; ( b) 0 .495; 0 1112; 0 .25; ( c) 0 .08; 0 .08; 0 .07; ( d) 0 .27; 0 .275; 0 .062-0.13; ( e)0.147; 0 .073; 0 .098. 4 35?, 4 31? I G 12 9 44(=a)

;

B radeen n o.17

P ope 7 8; S iewert,Eid 6 2; N ew l ight 1 23-126.

( without e ).

S tupperich 1 9,n.3;

C lairmont,

W ith t he d iscovery o f a n a dditional f ragment i n t he s torerooms o f t he K erameikos M useum i n 1 978, t he t ext - o n ( a) a nd ( e) c ombined - h as t o b e r estored a s f ollows: ( e)Ker I 6 6

E M 2 657(a)

O I E E EN [ EIN] 0 [ LEI A [01 :]0 8E O E X E N0 I EIN IA E N 0 EM ON E YP O T[ T he r eading " in S inope" ( 13) a nd o f D orotheos(1.5) h ad a lready b een s uggested i n 1 931 b y H ondius a nd i s n ow c onf irmed p retty d oubtlessly b y t he n ewly d iscovered f ragment 9 e). T he c asualty l ist i s r emarkable f ör i ts r eference t o g eographic s ites a nd o ther d etails. T he l ettering i s b eaut ifully c lear a nd n eat.

1 78

I n 1 .5 o n ( a)the r ubric x cAvot i s f ollowed b y t hree n ames, O n ( d) a fter [ tut] O pa o tt , i s f ound t he e ntry ( 11.26-27) [ ß]cppapot . [ z]oxa6Tat f ollowed b y t wo n ames. O ther a ttempted r estorations a re m ore d oubtful. O n ( c) 1 .24 B radeen w ould l ike t o r estore [ Ke i t ip]ou[t8og]. S ince n o o ther t ribal h eadi ngs a re p reserved, w e c annot t ell w hether t hey w ere w ritt en w ith l etters l arger t han t hose o f t he n ames(as i s u sual). H owever, t he p roposed h eading o n ( c) s hows l etters o f t he s ame h eight a s t he n ames a nd ' Bradeen 's p roposition i s o nly b ased o n t he " spacing(of t he l etters)and t he l ine b eing o ut o f t he p attern". I n t he r .h. s econd c ol. o n ( d) B radeen w ould l ike t o r ead ( 1.30) p ra dapot , b ecause t he b eta p roj ects a s c ompared w ith w hat m ay h ave f ollowed(no o ther l ett ers b eing p reserved). B ut i n t he 1 .h. c ol. t he h eading b arb arians(1.26) i s n ot p rojecting. T his w eakens B radeen 's c ontention. F inally, f or ( b), 1 1.17 a nd 2 0, w ith t he e psila i ndented f rom t he n ames b elow, B radeen s uggested t [v] o r t [nt] r espectively, f ollowed b y a g eographic h eading. T his r estoration i s n ow c onfirmed b y ( e) a nd t he f act t hat ( a) a nd ( e) g o t ogether. F ragmentary a s t he e vidence i s, w e f ind n evertheless i nteresting i nformation w ith r espect t o f oreigners, b arbari an a rchers, T hrace, a nd t he c ity o f S inope. I t i s i mposs ible t o s ay h ow m any s telai t he c asulaty l ist c omprised. T he c asualties t otal 2 1. ( c) a nd ( e) h ave a nathyrosis o n t he 1 .h.s.s., a s w ell a s t he s unken c hannel w ith t he u pward t aper w hich w as n oticed i n e arlier l ists a lready. T his w ould p oint t o a m emorial w ith a t l east t wo s telai, p erhaps m ore, e specially i f ( b) a nd ( a+e)respectively c ome f rom t he 1 .h. l ower p ortions o f t wo d ifferent s telai a s o ne m ay s urmise o n a ccount o f t he g eographical h eadings w hich h ardly f oll owed e ach o ther. T he a ssumed r eference t o S inope s uggested t o H ondius f or [ 43] a d ate o f 4 35 a t t he c onclusion o f P erikles' P ontic e xpedition. C asualties o f t his y ear w ere n ot v ery m any, h owever, a nd o ne must e xclude t he p ossibility t hat t wo o r m ore s telai c ould h ave b een e rected i n 4 35 u nless l osses o f p revious y ears w ere c ommemorated b elatedly. R aubitschek s trongly f avoured a d ate o f [ 43] i n 4 31 a nd h e b elieved t hat i t w as t he l ist o f t he f irst y ear o f t he A rchidamian W ar . 71 AUEHors w ho a ccepted f or 1 .3 o n ( b) t he r estoration p roposed b y W ilhelm " in A lope" c ould b ut d ate [ 43] t o 4 31(cp. T hukydides 2 .26). W hile t he l osses i n A lope w ere n o d oubt m inor, t he m ajority o f t he c asualties, s o i t w as b elieved, h ad o ccurred a s a r esult o f t he f irst y ear o f t he Archidamian W ar c lose t o A thens, t he M egaris(Thukydides 2 .31) a nd m ore d istant p laces(idem , 2 .23.25f.30). E ven w ith t he v ery l ikely r eading " in S inope", t here i s n o n eed t o r efute t he d ate o f 4 31 f or [ 43] a s l ong a s o ne a llows f or b elated e ntry o f t he c asualties w hich h ave o ccurred i n S inope a nd o n o ther s ites i n t he N orth d uring P erikles' P ontic e xp edition. I n o ther w ords, [ 43] l ike [ 20a] a nd s ome o ther l ate 5 th c entury c asualty l ists, i s a m ultiple y ears c as-

1 79

u alty l ist, t hat i s c asualties o f s everal c ampaigning s eas ons h ave b een e ngraved o n a t l east t wo s telai w hich w ere e rected i n t he y ear 4 31. F or t he s ame y ear w e h ave t he m emorials f or t he A thenian a nd T hessalian h orse [ 42a-b].

B .

S ECONDARY T ESTIMONIA.

3 1A.

A thens, N M 1 5155 ( v .). O lympia, r iverbed o f K ladeos. B ronze h elmet, a d edication. 0 .23. 4 47/6. O ikonomos,

A rchEph 1 925-26,

ZPX, oµevt .o t , a ysecaay

8 7-94.

T o t . AL T OL ' 0Xvn to t .

9 opövekg[ecv].

[ Jeffery]

R obert,Bull.1930, p .196; S EC X I.1208; P apajannopoulouP alaiou, P olemon 6 ,1956-57,3-6; R obert , B ull1960.84; S EC X VII, 2 05; J effery 9 3.95,no.11; D ull, C lPh 7 2,1977,308. T he t op t he h elmet i s m issing. A long t he e dges i t i s p erforated w ith h oles. T he i nscription r uns a long a r ow o f p unched h oles o n t he c heek p ieces a nd t he p rotection f or t he n eck. I n T hukydides(1.113.2) t he " exiles f orm O rchom enos" a re m entioned f irst a mong t hose w ho h ave a ttacked t he A thenians a t K oroneia. A lthough t he d edication o f t he h elmet t o Z eus a t O lympia i s n ot u nanimously c onnected b y s cholars w ith t he O rchomenians f orm B oeotia, t heir v ict ory o ver t he A thenians h as b een t aken b y o ther s cholars t o b e c ommemorated b y t he h elmet. 72 B eside t he m ore f am ous h elmets o f M iltiades [ 3C] a nd [ 6D], t his d edication i s v ery p recious t o u s f rom a h istorical p oint o f v iew b ecause i t c omes f rom a l esser k nown c ity w hich c elebrated i ts s uccessful w arriors.

3 2A.

A thens. ( a) E M 8 887, ( b) 1 3357(ex A gora I 2 057)(v .). A thens, n ear t he A charnian g ate(early i n t he 1 9th c entury), t hen l ost; ( a)came t o t he E M, ( b) w as r ed iscovered i n t he A gora e xcavations n ear F auvel's h ouse; ( b)is n ow a dded t o ( a), ( b) p reserving t he u pper l eft c orner o f t he s tele. P 1.59. G ravestone o f P ythion. P entelic m arble. ( a+b) 0 .58; 0 .42-0.45; 0 .088. T he o riginal h eight i s u nknown, t he s tdhe h aving b een c ut o ff i n antiquity(?) a t b oth t he u pper a nd t he l ower e dge. 4 21 I G 12 1 085;

M L n o.511

G V 6 30.

g vega T [66't wet]nt a cp e gaT t . x etµevov Z w8pbg htaTo. n uetwv yM cy&pw4e8atea5 b ra e v v 6pag,

1 80

bru l Ö k & no9p igpas X l§yxag ,tvt a i e laTk t l ictvwv

aKeTo' ray a eczav , n aTcpa e vx 1XetCwv e vt 8 f iµw L. ( 5 ) a r ros L4 19, o g Ze iwtacv ' Aenvatwv. z ,ogg 9 1A4g r E X n alav a Tar Iv 8 L . 1 BO LWTS 3 V

Eg

A enVa5,

c uxXlEtc re A v8ex pav bu ixtNitg a v8panobotaLv. o ü b g v a I n n d v a g e n t x e o v t w v a v e rh nwv I e g A t o 5a x aTiea n ac t .v g aIxapLaTäg ta c yeaL. paat an'etaLv. f l av Uovtg, K cxp iontg, [ Peek]* J udeich, T opographie(1931)409,m.7; P ope 7 5f; P fohl, G eschichte u nd E pigram n o.91; F ornara, T he A thenian B oard 4 7; M eiggs, E mpire 1 77f; L egon, M egara, 1 95-197. O nly a m aximum o f t welve l etters i n n ine l ines a t t he l eft e dge o f t he s tone a re n ow p reserved. T he r emainder o f t he i nscription w hich r an f rom e dge t o e dge i s f aintly v isi ble u nderneath t he p resent s urface w hich s hows t reatment w ith a r ough c law-chisel. I n t he p resent s tate o f p reservat ion t he i nscription, w hen i ntact, w ould h ave c overed a bout o ne s ixth o f t he s urface o f t he s lab. I f t he s tele w ere t aller o riginally, t here m ay h ave b een s ome e mpty s pace a bove a nd s ome p ainted d ecoration b elow t he e pigram. 73 T he g ravestone o f P ythion r ecalls t he c .s. 4 46 w hen t he s oldiers o f t hree t ribes w ere s ent a gainst M egara w hich h ad r evolted a gainst A thens. 74 P ythion b elonged t o a f action i n M egara t hat w as f riendly t o t he A thenians. H e a nd o thers j oined t he A thenian s oldiers i n t he f ight a gainst M egara b ut h ad t o w ithdraw t o P agae(1.6)because o f t he a rrival o f t roops w ith K ing P leistoanax f rom S parta. S ince t he d irect r oad f orm P agae t o A thens w as c ut o ff b y P leistoanax a t E leus is, P ythion l ed t he A thenians t hrough B oeotia b ack t o t heir c ity. N ot o nly d oes t he e pigram p raise h is r ole a s g uide, t hus s aving t he A thenians f rom a w orse f ate, b ut i t a lso s tresses P ythion's b ravery i n w arfare(11.2-4) a nd t he c apt ure o f 2 .000 s laves a s t hey m arched t hrough B oeotia. W e a lso l earn f rom t he l ast l ine o f t he e pigram w hich o f t he A thenian t ribes w ere i nvolved. P ythion d ied i n A thens, b ut t he d ate o f h is d eath i s u nk nown. T he i nscription s uggests t hat t he M egarian l eader m ay h ave d ied i n t he l ate t wenties o f t he 5 th c entury. 75 W e d o n ot k now w here t he g ravestone w as e rected. I t i s p ossible, h owever, t hat i t w as p laced i n t he g eneral a rea o f t he a mbassadors' s telai a rclose t o t he P olyandrion o f t hose w ho d ied i n M egara(cf.[32a-b]). B e t hat a s i t m ay, P ythion's g ravestone m ust h ave s tood i n a p rominent p osit ion i n t he D emosion S ema o r c lose b y. * I n v .7

I G l oc.cit h as

6 LaxtX( Ootg.

1 81

C HAPTER 5

T HE

P ELOPONNESIAN

W AR (431-403)

T he p eriod i s c haracterized b y s ome v ery l ong c asualty l ists. U nfortunately m any o f t he l ists a re d ifficult t o d ate p recisely. T he u ps-and-downs o f A thenian w arfare a re w ell r eflected i n t he c rowding o f t he l ists b etween 4 304 22 a nd 4 15-408. B ut n one o f t hese l ists e xcept [ 49b,58b] a re s pecific e nough t o i ndicate t hat i ndividual m emorials c an b e c onnected w ith s pecific t heaters o f w ar l et a lone p recise c ampaigning y ears. I t i s n ot i mpossible t hat i n s ome y ears m ore t han o ne p ublic m emorial w as e rected n or i s i t i mpossible t hat s ome c asualty l ists s tretch o ver t wo c amp aigning y ears. W arfare d uring t his p eriod w as c arried o ut i n l ocations f ar f rom A thens(Thrace, t he H ellespont, A sia M inor, S icily), a f act w hich a dds a nother d ifficulty t o t hose a lready m ent ioned i n a ssigning t he l ists. D etailed r eferences t o p ers onnel(trierarchs, t axiarchs, a rchon o f t he n avy, e tc.) a re c ommon i n m any l ists. I t d oes n ot c ome a s a s urprise t hat b y f ar t he b est p reserved p olyandrion i s o utside o f A thens, n amely t he m emorial f or t he T hespians w ho d ied a t D elion [ 48c]. N or c an w e b e s urprised a bout t he l ack o f a S icilian l ist w hich h onours t he m any t housand c asualties o f t he y ear 4 13.(see [ 52b]). I t i s m y c ontention t hat t he c asualties w ere t oo m any - m aybe o ver 1 8,000 - t o b e r ecorded o n s tone. T o b e s ure, t here m ust h ave b een s ome k ind o f m emorial b ut w ith t he l ack o f a ny p ertinent m aterial i t i s d ifficult t o v isualize i ts p hysical a ppearance. A lthough t here w ere p lenty o f e ngagements i n t he l ast t en y ears o f t he 5 th c entury, c asualty l ists a re v ery f ragment ary [ 61-65] a s i s t he o ne e pigram [ 66]. O ne c an p erhaps f ind s ome c onsolation f or t his l ack i n t he d iscovery s ome f ifty y ears a go o f t he t omb o f t he L akedäemonians [ 60a] w ho w ere r espectfully b uried b y t he A thenians o utside t he D emos ion S ema p roper b ut i n a s pot w hich i s n evertheless v ery p rominent i ndeed, n amely a t t he s tart o f t he r oad w hich l eads t o t he A cademy(see F ig.5) A . 4 4.

A thenian a nd n on-Athenian P olyandria i n t he D emosion S ema. A thens, A gora ( a) 4 168, ( b) 6 964 ( v.). P 1.58 ( a) A thens, e ast o f a ltar o f A res, ( b) T ower o f t he W inds. F ragments o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic M arble. ( a) 0 .25; 0 .20; 0 .205; ( b) 0 ;32; 0 .285; 0 .22. 4 29/8(a.y.); 4 29?(c.s.). B radeen n o.18

T he f ragments w ere f ound 2 5 y ears a part, 1 936 a nd 1 961 r espectively. T hough t here i s n o j oin, B radeen c ontends t hat

1 82

t he f ragments b elong t o t he s ame m emorial. H e b ases h is c ontention o n t he l etters i n b oth f ragments a nd n otes i n p articular t he " tall, n arrow e psilon". 1 T he r estoration o f t he m emorial a ttempted b y B radeen i s h ypothetical. 2 ( a) M eritt m entioned t he m oulding n ow b roken o ff a bove t he h eading. 3 T his i s a p recious d etail a lready k nown f rom s everal o ther m emorials. I n t he h eading(1.1) t hree l etters 91 / 1 a re t o b e r estored t o h] 9 6 [ E. F urther b elow f ollow t he t antalizing r emains(11.2-3 ] 6 1 , x at[ ] on o vv [ t he l etters a re a t rifle s maller t han t hose i n 1 .1. L .3 m ay b e r estored n eX]onövv [ Eaov p robably w ith n ept T kv p receding b ut 1 .2 d efies a ny a ttempt a t r estoration. I t i s c lear, h owever, t hat w e h ave h ere s ome r eference t o s pecific t heaters o f w ar. S ince i n 1 .4 t here f ollows t he r eference t o t ribe V I O tv [ ET .8 (n ]4 w ith t wo c asualties t hereafter(11.5-6), w e v ery l ikely h ave h ere c o1.2 o f a l ist o f c asualties w hich w as p receded b y c ol. 1 w hich i n t urn w as p laced u nder t he n 9w m issing l etter h a nd o o f t he h eading. 5 A dding a s w e m ust a nieavov a fter 12tejc, ' there i s r oom f or a dditional c ols - t hree a ccording t o B radeen - f or t he c asu alties i n a nother ( or o ther) t heater(s) o f w ar. T his i s w here ( b)might c ome i n. ( b) i s b roken o n a ll s ides e xcept t he r .h.s.s. w hich s hows a s mooth s urface 0 .083 w ide f ollowed b y a r ough-picked s urface w hich i s v ery p roba bly d ue t o l ater c utting. A t t he l eft e dge a re t he r emains o f t hree l ines o f n ames, t o t he r ight, t he r eference t o t ribe I I(1.11)with o ne c asualty a nd t o t ribe I II(1.13)with f our c asualties. S ince t here f ollows a v acat o f 0 .02, o ne m ay a ssume t hat t here w ere n o o ther c asualties i n t he l att er t ribe. B radeen t akes i t f or g ranted t hat ( b) i s t he r .h. p ort ion o f t he l ast o f a r ow o f s telai, c ontaining e ither p c ol. 5 o r 8, d epending o n t he r estoration w ith o r w ithout Af tv atov i n 1 .1 o f ( a). M oreover, s ince ( b) c omes f rom t he l ast s tele, t he c asualties i n n ine t ribes(tribe I I a nd I II p reserved)have t o b e p laced i n c ols. 5 o r 8 . T his i s o f c ourse p ossible e specially s ince c asualties s eem t o h ave b een l ight a nd s ome t ribe ( tribe I ?) h ad n one a t a ll. B ut i t t akes f or g ranted t he c onjunction o f ( a) a nd ( b) " and t his i s o pen f or d ebate". 6 B radeen d ated h is ' last' s tele o f [ 44] t o 4 30. 7 E xpedit ions a round t he P eloponnese ( 1.3?) t ook p lace i n c .y. 4 31 ( Thuk.2.23), i n t he w inter o f a .y. 4 30-439(Thuk.2.69), a nd a gain i n t he l ate s ummer o f c .y. 4 29(a.y.429-428, T huk.2. 8 3ff.) A lso i n 4 31 t here w as r avaging o f M egarian t errit ory(Thuk.2.31). I n c .y. 4 29 f ighting a nd c asualties w ere r eported i n t he C halikidike(Thuk.2.79). 1 f ind n o e vidence f or 4 30 a s " a y ear w hen t here wre r elatively l ight c asualties i n s everal a reas"(my e mphasis). I t s eems t o m e t hat, w hethe r o r n ot t he s tele w as e ngraved w ith 5 o r 8 c ols, c asualt ies w ere n ot " relatively l ight" o r t o p ut i t i n d ifferent t erms, o ne c ampaigning s eason c ould n ot w arrant t he e rect ion o f a s tele t o w hich [ 44] o riginally b elonged. 8 A lt hough t he s oldiers o f M elesandros w ho d ied i n K ania a nd

1 83

L ykia a re s aid t o h ave b een b uried i n a m emorial o f t heir o wn ( see [ 45]), t he p ossibility t hat [ 44] m ight f orm p art o f i t c annot b e e xcluded. I n s ummary, [ 44] c ould r epresent t he p olyandrion f or t he y ear 4 29, f ollowing [ 43] o f t he y ear 4 35?, 4 31? a nd c ommem orating t he c asualties i n K aria a nd L ykia(a.y. 4 30/429), i n t he C halkidike i n t he s ummer o f a .y. 4 29/428 a nd t he f ighting l ater t hat s ummer " around t he P eloponnese"(Thuk.2. 8 3ff.). T he p ublic b urial o f t he c asualties b othin t he G reek a nd E ast G reek t heaters o f w ar, w ould t hus h ave t aken p lace i n a .y. 4 29/428.

4 5.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. P aus. 1 .29.7. a .y.

4 29/428.

EC T L ô xat &v.5 0 5v µ vk laTa C aXwv, Sa xpopa d i a ptat x wpta e v M cV 6aav8pog t g tv v w K aptav v auatv ä vanXcimag 6 La t T o t , M aa tv6pou... T his c ampaign i n K aria a nd L ykia t ook p lace i n t he w inter o f a .y. 4 30/429 a ccording t o T hukydides 2 .69. M elesandros h imself w as s lain i n L ykia " and p art o f t he a rmy w as a nnih ilated, c onquered i n b attle". T he c asualties m ay h ave b een h onoured t ogether w ith t hose i n o ther G reek t heaters o f w ar. T hus, t he c asualty l ist [ 44] h as t entatively b een a ssigned t o t his p ublic m emorial, e ither a s a w hole o r ( a) o r(b).

4 6.

A thens, E M 1 0207. P 1.60. A thens, f rom t he s lope o f t he A reopagus. F ragment o f a c asualty l ist, t he r ight h alf p ortion n ow m issing. P entelic m arble. 0 .49; 0 .23; 0 .11. 4 28-422? I G 12 9 47 W eber, P hilologus 8 4,1929,42.44; B erve, M iltiades 1 5; M ustilli 1 48-159; W ade-Gery J HS 7 1,1951,212ff; W ill, E volution 4 39-449; G schnitzer, A bhängige O rte 1 02,n.3; G raham, C olony 1 74ff; K inzl, M iltiades 7 6; D avies 4 74 ( for 1 .22); M eiggs, E mpire 4 24f; M eritt, P horos 3 4,n. 3 9(Bradeen). S ee a lso t he B ibl. i n [ 3].

T he a lready f ragmentary c asualty l ist h as s uffered e ven m ore r ecently; a t l east 0 .25 i s m issing o n t he r .h.s. s ince e arly i n t he 1 9th c entury. 9 T he 1 .h.s.s. i s s mooth. B oth e dges, a nd i n p articular t he e dge w hich f orms t he t ransition t o t he b ack a re r ounded. T he s tele s eems t o h ave b een t ape ring. T he b ack i s w orn, n ot b roken. T he t op i s r oughp icked. T he b ottom i s b roken a s i s t he r .h.s.s. s ince t he

1 84

r ecent d amage o ccurred. T he h eading, 0 .14 b elow t he t op o f t he s tele r efers t o L emnians f rom ( the t own o f) M yrhina. 1 0 T he c asualties a re d istributed a mong t he A thenian t ribes I , I I, V III, a nd I X a nd l ist a t otal o f 1 9, t wo n ames b eing v ery f ragmentary. T he m emorial c onsisted v ery l ikely o f o ne s tele w ith t wo c ols. o f n ames e ngraved i n t he r .h.(now l ost)col. a t t he l eve l o f t ribe I . T he c asualties o f t ribes I II t hrough V II m ust h ave b een e ngraved o n t he 1 .h.s. i n t he l ower p art o f t he s tele(if i ndeed a ll t hese t ribes h ad c asualties). T he p resent h eight o f t he s tele w ould s uggest t hat s ome 0 .50-1.00 w as a vailable f or t his p urpose a s s telai d o n ot u sually e xc eed a t otal h eight o f 1 .50-1.60. T he a mple s pacing b etw een t ribes o n [ 46] c orroborates t he n otion t hat s ome o f t he t ribes I II-VII m ay h ave v ery f ew o r n o c asualties. A s f or t he r .h. c ol. t here m ay h ave b een c onsiderable s pace f or t he c asualties f rom t ribe X . T he c asualty l ist s hows a n eat d istribution o f t he h eading w ith t he c asualties f oll owing b elow . 11 T he e arly d ate a ssigned t o [ 46] b y B radeen i s h ardly a cceptable s ince i t i s b ased o n a m istaken p rem is e . 12

4 7.

A thens, n ow l ost. A thens, f rom t he s outh s lope o f t he A kropolis. F ragment o f a c asualty l ist. P robably P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. 4 28-422? I G 12 9 48.

F or t he B ibl.

s ee

[ 3]

a nd

[ 46].

T he s mall c asualty l ist r aises c omplex i ssues. I n [ 46] t he m ain h eading ' Lemnians f rom M yrhina' p receded t he t ribal d ivisions o f t he c asualties. I n [ 47] t he p rincipal h eading r efers t o t ribe V III a nd t he s econdary h eading t o ' Lemnians', f ollowed b y f our c asualties(as p reserved). T he p roblem a t h and i s t he p olitical s tatus o f t he c asualties o n [ 47] a s c ompared w ith [ 46]. T here d oes n ot s eem t o b e m uch a greem ent a mong s cholars. W ere t he L emnians o f [ 46] a utonomous, y et c losely a llied w ith A thens a nd a lso p reserving t he K leist henic t ribal d ivisions e ven i f i t i s a ssumed t hat t hey h ad n ot r etained A thenian c itizenship? T hus, w ere t hese L emn ians ' colonists' a nd a re t hey t o b e d istinguished f rom ' kleruchs' o n L emnos w ho f ormed a c ontingent o f s oldiers, c asualties o f w hom a re l isted i n [ 47]? A s ' kleruchs' t hey r etained t heir A thenian c itizenship a nd t heir t ribal d ivis ions. F ollowing M eigg's c ontention, t he c asualties i n [ 47] c ould c ome f rom a mong ' kleruchs' w ho c ame t o L emnos b etween 4 51 a nd 4 46, " a f resh i nfusion o f A thenian s tock". 13 T hese ' kleruchs' c ould b e i dentical a lso w ith t he o nes w ho d edic ated P heidias' L emnian A thena o n t he A thenian A kropolis. T he L emnians f ought o n t he s ide o f t he A th 4 3nians o n s eve ral o ccasions d uring t he P eloponnesian W ar, t he e arliest

1 85

b eing 4 28 i n t he w ar a gainst L esbos(Thuk.3.5). T he l ater o ccasions d ate f orm 4 25(Pylos, T huk.4.28), 4 22(Amphipolis, T huk.5.8.) a nd 4 15-413(Sicily, T huk.7.57). T he c hoice o f p ossibilities m akes t he d ating o f [ 46] a nd [ 47] d ifficult. F or [ 46] W eber s uggested 4 22 w ithout g iving h is r easons. I n 4 28 s ide. I n P ylos a nd a mong t he h ave b een

t here w ere s everal a llies b eside L emnians o n A thens' 4 25, K leon t ook L emnians a nd I mbrians w ith h im t o a lso a b ody o f t roops f orm A enos. T he l osses A thenians w ere f ew(Thuk.4.38). T he L emnians c ould h onoured i n e ither [ 46] o r [ 47].

A t A mphipolis t here w ere w ith t he A thenians A rpvt t ov • at I dpimv T ö x pi cTLaTov ( Thuk.5.8.). J udging f rom t he c ourse w hich t he b attle t ook, t he c asualties o n t he A thenian s ide w ere h eavy. T hose w ho s urvived f led t o E ion(Thuk.5.10). T he d ead w ere " despoiled". T he p olyandrion o f t he A thenians w as s een b y P ausanias ( see [ 50b]). T o b e s ure, P ausanias d oes n ot s peak o f t he A thenians s pecifically b y n ame, b ut s imply s ays a g eTe r n iwvo5...aTpaTeüaavTeg . T hus t he p olyandrion c ould h ave i ncluded L emnians a nd I mbrians. I t hink i t l ikely, h owever, t hat e ither [ 46] o r [ 47] w as e recte d f or t he L emnian a llies i ndependent o f t he A thenian m emo rial. B e t hat a s i t m ay, i t i s f airly o bvious t hat b oth [ 46] a nd [ 47] s hould b e d ated t o t he y ears 4 28-422.

4 8a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 24 P ausanias

1 .29.13.

,

ua r laav ô x at...ot T E EV 4 61Xtie eTavaypatwv TeXEuT r iaavTeg. W e a re n ot i n t he p osition t o a ssign a ny c asualty l ist a ny o ther r elic(epigram, s culpture, e tc.) t o t his p olyand rion.

4 9.

L ondon, B M I 3 8(v.). P rovenience u nknown. S tele w ith c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .91; 0 .55; 0 .095.

P 1.61.

4 24&423 I G 12 9 49 N ewton, B ritish M useum 1 03,no.38; S chenke, W St 2 ,1880, C lerq, L es M Ateques 4 4; W eber, P hilologus 8 4,1929,43; P ope 7 8f; R obinson, O lynthus I X(1938)313; B radeen 1 969, 1 48.155f; M L 1 28; D avies 3 45.347; S troud,CalStClAnt 4 , 1 971,247; Z ahrnt, O lynth 6 4.216; B radeen 2 3; J ordan, A t henian N avy 2 04; S tupperich 1 1,n.6. T he

s tele t apers s harply.

B oth s .s.

1 86

s how a nathyrosis

1 4

s uggesting t hat t he s tele s tood i n s ome a rchitectural c ont ext. T he b ack i s r ough p icked. O n t he b ottom t wo m odern c ircular c uts. A t hird c ut, o blong a nd i n t he a pproximate c enter o f t he s tele, i s p robably a ncient. T he t op s hows a n o blong c ut i nwards f rom t he b ack e dge, 0 .05 l ong a nd a t o ne e nd 0 .03 d eep. I t m ust b e m odern b ecause, w hen t he i ns cription w as f irst c opied, 1 1.1-9 o f t he 1 .h.col. w ere t hen s till p reserved. T he f irst t ribe-name o nce p reserved i n 1 .1 o f t he 1 .h. c ol. i s t hat o f A kamantis(V ). T here f ollow t he r emaining f ive t ribes w ith a t otal o f 3 4 c asualties. T he l ast c asualt o i n t his w arfare(1.39), t he s ite o f w hich m ust h ave b een g iven i n t he n ow l ost p ortion o f t he s tele, w as a dded l ate r. 15 T he l etters i n 1 .39 a re t aller a nd I onic H i s u sed: A vT 4C cvlg. S ince s ome s pace i s u sually l eft e mpty b efore a n ew t ribal h eading(see 1 1.20,30.32), A ntiphanes w as d ef initely a m ember o f t he t ribe A ntiochis a t t he e nd o f w hich h is n ame i s t ucked i n i n w hat w as s upposed t o b e a n e mpty s pace b efore a n ew h eading(1.40). 16 C o1.2 b egan a t t he t op u nder t he h eading o f a s econd t heat er o f w ar . T he s ame t ribes a re p reserved, V -X, w ith 1 8 ( ?19)casualties. 17 E mpty s paces b efore n ew t ribal h eadings a re a lso r espected i n c o1.2. S everal o ther t heaters o f w ar f ollow i n c o1.1 a fter A ntip hanes(1.39), b eginning w ith ' i n P otidaea '(1.40) w ith 3 c asu alties. T hereafter f ollows ' i n A mphipolis'(1.44), 1 c asu alty, ' in T hrace'(1.46), 1 c asualty, ' in P ylos'(1.48), 1 c asualty ( with t he n ame c orrected:'Eycatag i nto ' Eytas. T here i s o ne c asualty e ach ' in S ermylia'(1.50) a nd ' in S ing oi'(1.52). I t h as b een n oted t hat d iphthongs a re u sed i n 1 1.48.50 a nd 5 2 a nd t hat i n t his l ine t he e ngraver w rote t g i nstead o f t v. T he b ottom o f c o1.1 i s u ninscribed, s howi ng a v acat o f c .0.19. I n c o1.2, a v acat f ollows a fter t he l ast c asualty o f t ribe X , 1 .75. W e t hen h avet le h eading gw ypa k po t , ( 1 .76) , f ollowed b y t wo n ames. 18 F inally i n 1 .79 z oxa6Tat w ith 9 c asualties, a nd e ventually x aivot . ( 1.89)with 6 c asualties. C o1.2 t akes u p o ne m ore l ine a t t he b ottom a s o pposed t o c o1.1 w hich l eaves a v acat o f ± 0 .175 f rom l ine 9 5 t o t he e dge o f t he s tele. W ith B radeen a nd o thers I b elieve t hat t he f ew c asualties o n s ix d ifferent s ites ( 11.40ff.76ff.)must b e d istributed a mong a ll A thenian t ribes a nd c annot b e f rom t ribe X a lone u nder w hich t hey h appen t o b e e ngraved. 19 L ikewise t he a rche rs a nd t he f oreigners d ied i n s everal, t hat i s 8 (-9)theat ers o f w ar, i f o ur a ssumption i s c orrect t hat e ach c ol.of c asualties w as p receded b y t wo p rincipal t heaters o f w ar. T he f oreigners h ave b een t hought t o b e m ercenaries o f a ll ied c ities a nd t he a rchers m ercenary a rchers w ith n o c iti zen r ights. 20 C omparison w ith t he s ize o f o ther c asualty l ists s uggests t hat s ome 1 25 c asualties w ere e ngraved o n [ 49]. O f t he s ix s ites m entioned i n 1 1.40ff, a ll a re l ocated i n n orthern G reece e xcept P ylos. F ighting i n t he n orth i s a ttested b y

1 87

T hukydides f or t he l ate s ummer o f 4 24(4.75) a nd f or t he w int er o f a .y. 4 24-423 i n A mphipolis(4.102ff.), i n T orone(4.1101 13), i n M ende,Potidaea, a nd S kione(4.121.129.-131). I n c .s. 4 25, a fter t he b attle o f P ylos, A thenians w ere i nvolved i n a w ar a gainst t he K orinthians a t t he v illage o f S olygeia 0.43). , A t t his s ite t he c asualties o f t he A thenians w ere ai .yy e X6 caaoug n e wap tovTa(4.44). 21 I t h as b een s uggested t hat c o1.2 o f [ 49] c ould l ist t he c asualties a t t his l ast s ite. W hile i t i s b elieved t hat t he c asualty i n P ylos(1.48) w as a b elated e ntry o f t he l osses s uffered i n c .s.425, t he b eginning o f c o1.1 o f [ 49] c ould a pply t o o ther b attles f ought a round t he P eloponnese ( Thuk .4.53ff.), i n t he M egar id(4.66ff.), a gainst A ntandros a nd i n t he P ontus(4.75), a nd e ventually a t S ikyon(4.101) a ll o f w hich d ate o f c .s. 4 24. 22 T he p roblem w ith t hese t heaters o f w ar i s t hat t hey s tretch o ver t wo c .s. H owever, f or w hat a ppears t o h ave b een a b elated b urial o f c asualties o f t wo c .s., w e m ight p erhaps f ind t he e xplanation i n t he c atastrophe a t D elion i n 4 24 w here a ccording t o T hukydides(4.101)the A thenian l osses n umbered 6 Xtyy b ti cac ioug 1 0 ,X[wv a mong t hem t he s trate gos H ippokrates b ut n ot i ncluding c p ai va m et a xevo96p c ov n a in htegin w ho a lso d ied a t D elion. E xcept f or t he d efeat a t K oroneia, t he A thenians h ad n ever s uffered a s m any c asualties s o c lose t o h ome d uring t he 5 th c entury. E ven s o, i t m ay h ave t aken t he A thenians s ome t ime t o c ope w ith t he t ransfer o f t he. r emains o f t he D elion c asualties a nd t heir s ubsequent b uria1. 23 C ompared t o t he l osses a t D elion, t hose f rom t he o ther t heaters o f w ar d uring c .s. 4 24 a nd 4 23 a ppear v ery s mall. T his c ould b e r eason e nough f or a p ostponement o f e recting t he m emorial f or c asualties m ost o f w hich h ad o ccurred a t a g reat d istance f rom A thens. I n c onclusion,1 b elieve t hat t here w as a p olyandrion f or c asualties a t D elion [ 48a] e rected i n 4 24 a nd a s econd p olyandrion f or t he c asualties o f(425)424&423 e rected i n t he e arly w inter o f a .y. 4 23-422 a nd o f w hich [ 49] i s t he s ole t estimony. 2 4

5 0a.

A thens, ( a) E M 1 0268, ( b-c) A gora I 8 88a-b(v.). A thens, ( a) H ermes S treet, ( b-c) S W a nd W o f L ibrary o f P antainos. F ragments o f a c asualty l ist. P ls.62-63. P entelic m arble. ( a)0.21; 0 .34; 0 .245; ( b-c) 0 .50; 0 .55; o .245. 4 22?

( Amphipolis?)

1 G 12 9 56

;

B radeen n o.19.

T he l ower b reak o f f ragment ( a) j oins f or s ome s hort d ist ance t he t op o f ( b) b etween t he c ols. o f n ames. T he l ower r ight o f ( b) a lmost j oins w ith ( c) i n t he r .h.col.of n ames ( 1.48)[Bradeen c ombines f rr.b-c u nder o ne f r. o nly= b ]. O n ( a) a nd ( b-c) s ome o f t he r ough-picked b ack i s p res erved t hus i ndicating t he t hickness o f t he s tele. F r.(c)

1 88

h as

s mooth r .h.s.s. T he t otal n umber o f c asualties i s 5 5. B radeen n oticed t he v acat a fter 1 .35 o n ( a) a nd s uggested t hat 1 .36 i s a t ribal h eading. O nly t iny r emains o f a v ertical h asta s urv ive. B radeen t hought o f t ribe V III,"as t his t ribe i s e ighth i n t he u sual o rder a nd t his i s t he l ast c olumn". 25 C asualt ies r un f or 1 3 l ines(11.1-13), 26 f or 1 2 l ines(11.17-28), a nd f or 2 3 l ines(11.37-59) w ithout b eing i nterrupted b y t ribal h eadings. 2 7 T he h eavy l osses r ecorded o n [ 50a] s uggest t o m e t hat w e c ould h ave h ere a r emain o f t he m emorial o f t hose w ho p eri shed w ith K leon i n A mphipolis(see [ 50b]).

5 0b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 22 P ausanias 1 .29.13

t ti mpav ô x at...ot µ ET& l aiwvog E g ' A lu pt i toX‘v c mpaTEüaavTeg. N o t races o f t his p olyandrion h ave b een f ound. [ 50a] m ay b e a r emnant o f t he s telai w ith t he c asualty l ists. T hukydides r eports t hat a bout 6 00 A thenians w ere k illed i n A mphipolis. 28

5 1a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 18 P ausanias 1 .19.13 9

•

•

E Lat 6 E E e aUr a Tf iX T 1 a t o t exEca vvot... 'evi .xa ' Apx&6 ag t oc t v M av e rtveZa x at lnetoug EnEL GEV Ax 01 .6 161g A axE6aLgov imv l o too r iV,a L. T hukydides r ecords ( 5.62ff.)the b attle(summer o f 4 18) o f t he A thenians a nd t heir a llies a gainst t he S partans a nd t heir c onfederates. I n c h.74 w e a re t old t hat t he A thenians, i ncluding A thenian c olonists f rom A egina, l ost 2 00 m en a nd t he t wo g enerals.

5 2a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. c .s.415 a nd 4 14?, 4 14/3.

a .y.

4 15/4 a nd 4 14/3;

1 89

b urial a .y.

P ausanias

1 .29.13

i tat ô e t ietaAn a tf iX 1 1...xat o t n ptv t 5 E o teXtav a p tAfaeat A lgobeiv i lv 'Eupaxoua twv x paTraaw res . C asualties f rom t he e arly f ighting b etween t he A thenians a nd t he S yrakusans a re r eported b y T hukydides(6.71). W e a re t old t hat a bout 5 0 A thenians i ncluding a llies w ere s lain. A ccording t o t he h istorian t he d ead w ere p laced o n a p yre. A fter c remation t hey t ook u p t he b ones a nd a shes a nd r et urned f or w inter q uarters t o C atana. I t i s u ncertain w hether o r n ot t he p ublic f uneral i n A t hens c ould h ave t aken p lace i n c .s. 4 15. I t m ay b e t hat w e h ave t o p lace t he c eremony a t t he e nd o f c .s. 4 14, a .y. 4 14/3. T o t he c asualties o f c .s. 4 15 m ay h ave b een a dded t hose f rom c .s. 4 14. T he A thenians h ad s uffered c ontinuous l osses during t hat y ear a s T hukydides o nce m ore a ttests ( 6.100-103; 7 .3). 29 T herefore I b elieve t hat t he p olya ndrion w hich P ausanias s aw w as e rected f or t he c asualties i n S icily d uring c .s. 4 15 a nd 4 14 o r, a s P ausanias p uts i t, b efore D emosthenes a rrival(Thukydides 7 .42).

5 2b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 13 G V 2 1;

G G 1 3;

P age,

E uripides

I .

af t E upaxoa tous ö nT1 y t ac f y maav a vöpes, ö z lv T a e EMV f Z r aou a gpozipo l .s. Z uretti, U n E picedio 5 27; W eber, P hilologus 8 4,1929, 4 8f; J acoby, E pigrams 1 73,n.61; S tevens J HS 7 6,1956,90; P fohl n o.4; P fahl, E pitaphs n o.103; H eitsch, P hilologus 1 11, 1 967, 2 1-26; B radeen 1 969,158; P age, E pigrammata, E urip ides I I. T he e pigram b y E uripides h as f ound m any i nterpreters a mong w hom Z uretti f or i nstance d wells o n t he e ight v ict ories a nd t heir c orrespondence i n Thukydides b ooks 6 -7. T he e ight v ictories c ontrast i mpressively w ith t he o verwhelming d efeat i n 4 13, n ews o f w hich p robably r eached t he A thenians s imultaneously w ith t he s omewhat e arlier n ews c oncerning t he d ebacle o f t he f leet. O ne w ould i magine t hat E uripides w as a lready f amiliar w ith t he f inal o utcome o f t he S icil ian c ampaign w hen h e w rote t he e pigram. T he v ictories a re d ue t o t he g ods f avouring t he A thenians, t he d efeat w as p ossible b ecause t he g ods h ad a bandoned A thens. T he t erminus p ost q uem f or t he e ngraving o f t he e pigram w ould t herefore f all i n t he l ate s ummer o f 4 13. Ih old i t f or m ost p robable t hat [ 52a] a nd [ 52b], t hat i s t he c asualty l ists a nd t he e pigram o n s tone, w ere p laced i n o ne b urial p recinct.

1 90

5 3.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 15-413 P ausanias

1 .29.6

( xat O eaaa n 5v T oZ6Tatg

T 405

P

•

E I S TTLV

t nngwv)... x at n X i latov

T his p olyandrion i s a mong t he f irst t o w hich P ausanias r efers i n h is d escription o f t he D emosion S ema. I t w as l oc ated c lose b y t he b urial o f t he c asualties o f y ear 1 o f t he P eloponnesian W ar [ 42a]. T he p olyandrion i s t o b e c onn ected w ith t hose C retan a rchers w ho s ailed t o S icily w ith t he A thenian t roops i n 4 15(Thuk.6.43). T hukydides s pecified t hat a mong 4 89 a rchers t here w ere 8 0 C retans. W e a re n ot t old h ow m any o f t hese w ere k illed i n t he S icilian c ampaign . W e a ssign t he p olyandrion a d ate t hat c overs t he f ull l ength o f t he c ampaign. 30

5 4.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion . L iterary e vidence. c .s.

4 13;

P ausanias

b urial a .y.

4 12/11?

1 .29.11f.

ô TOli e c i moeavövTag t v K ovtvew a Tf iXlv t nt T ota f t e av ivat T f iv a üTe lv a lgatve t T & e Xeyera, T ot% 4 1v .. T o in 8 1 ..8tapeaplvat 8 7 1Xot, oc 8 1 t v E txeXie . y eypaµgivot 8 e e tatv o r T e a TpaTiyot n Xf iv N tx[ou, x at T Mv a TpaTtw ev c l goU T ot5 C l aTotg MaTatetg. N txtag 8 1 tnt ' e5E n apeter4 y papw 8 1 o u8kv 8 t 4opa ; 1 '4 4Xta Tog, ö g ; 91 A i l loaeivry g ev a nov Ai e0 eaCleaL TOti aXXOLg n Xe iv a üToV x at 1 5 f ) XCaxeTo a uTbv e ntx E t petv a noxTervat, N tx 4 8 1 T Dv n apaboatv t eeXov i l y evgaeat. T o kwv t vexa o üx e veyp&91 U txtag T V a Tf iXp z x aTa rwaeetg a txg &XwTog t eeXovTf ig e Lvat x at o üx & yip n oXe le n pinwv. 4t / 1 ET2 t

T he d isaster o f t he A thenian a rmy a t t he r iver A ssinarus i s t oo w ell k nown t o n eed d iscussion h ere. H owever , t he r eports a bout t he r ole o f N ikias i n t he f inal d ays o f t he b attle v ary g reatly. W hatever m ay b e t he r easons w hich l ed t o t he o mission o f N ikias' n ame f rom t he c asualty l ist, a c rucial q uestion a rises r egarding t he l ist o f n ames o f A t henian s oldiers. T hukydides, m editating u pon t he t otal l osses i n t he S icilian c ampaign, s ays i n c onclusion : xat • • • • P P I 0

atyot a no n oXXwv e n o txou a nev6aTnaay. P

( 7.87)

W hile t he c asualties o f c .s. 4 15-414 w ere honoured i n a nother p ublic b urial [ 52a-b], t he p resent p olyandrion t akes

1 91

i nto a ccount t he c asualties o f 4 13 o nly . E xcepting t he p risoners, m any o f w hom w ere s old i nto s lavery s ubsequently, e xcepting a lso t hose A thenians w ho e scaped a fter h aving b een m ade s laves(Thuk.7.85), t he l osses a t t he r iver A ssinarus a lone w ere b etween 1 5 a nd 2 0,000. 31 T aking t hese f igures a s m inimal f igures o f c asualties w hich h ad t o b e r eported f or t he c .s. 4 13, o ne w onders i ndeed h ow t hat m any n ames c ould e ver h ave b een e ngraved o n s tone w ithout h eavily s training t he r esources w hich e ven A thens h ad a t i ts d isposal f or s uch a t ask. I t i s r elatively e asy t o e nvisage c asualty l ists w ith 8 t o 1 0 s telai l isting a t otal o f s ome 2 000 n ames. B ut i f t he t otal n umber e xceeds s even t o t en t imes t his f igure, t he s heer p racticality o f t he t ask i s c alled i nto q uestion. A lthough w e a re n ot g iven a ny h int b y a ncient a uthorities, w e m ust t ake i nto a ccount t he p ossibility t hat b eside a s pecific r eference t o t he g enerals o f t he A thenian a rmy , t here w as i n f act a m ore s ummary r eference t o s oldiers t han P ausanias i ntimates i n h is t ext i n w hich h e a lso r efers t o w arriors f rom P lataea. 32 [ 54] w as a p olyandrion d ifferent f rom [ 52a-b]. T o b e s ure, t hey l ay c lose t o e ach o ther a s w ould s eem o nly n atural i n c ase o f p olyandria w hich i nvolve o ne a nd t he s ame w arf are.

5 5a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion . L iterary e vidence. c .s.

4 12&411,

P ausanias gva t

a .y.

4 11/10.

1 .29.11

ô ? ,' r oc I l uoeavövTag t v K optvew a Tf iXnv t ut 4TT&VaL T f iv a üTf iv C ilgatVel . Ta t bz ycra , T otg vE u r ioCc i x at X te TacuTf iaaa t,...

TO V ME

p ly

S everal b attles w ere f ought b etween A thenians a nd t heir e nemies i n C hios a nd v icinity. F or c .s. 4 12 T hukydides r ep orts o n t hese b attles(8.24f.34.55). F igures o f c asualties a re n ot g iven b ut t he A rgives w ho f ought w ith t he A thenians a gainst t he M ilesians a nd t heir a llies l ost c lose t o 3 00 m en, a ccording t o T hukydides(8.25). T hus, t he A thenians w ho w ere v ery a ctive t hroughout t hat y ear c annot h ave g one u nscathed. I n 4 11 f ighting i n E ast G reece a nd a s f ar n orth a s B yzantium r esumed(Thuk.8.71f.80). E ventually t he C ouncil o f t he 4 00 t ook o ffice i n A thens b ut g overned o nly u ntil S eptember w hen, a fter t he A thenians h ad l ost a naval b attle o ff t he c oast o f E uboea a nd l ost t he c ity o f E retria, E ub oea r evolted(Thuk.8.95). I t i s t o t he l osses i n t hese v ari ous b attles t hat t he s tele w ith t he e pigram r efers. P ublic b urial i n 4 12 m ay h ave b een d eferred t o a .y. 4 11/10 b ecause o f t he c ontinuance o f t he f ighting. 3 3

1 92

5 5b.

A thens, E M ( a) 1 0617, ( b)13190, ( c) 1 3303(v.) P ls.64-66. ( a) p rovenience u nknown; ( b-c) P eristeri(Bournazi), h ouse o f D . K obani. T wo s telai w ith c asualty l ists, f ragmentarily p reserved; o ne b ase b lock. P entelic m arble. ( a) 1 .556; 1 .037-1.034; 0 .155; ( b) 1 .555; 1 .024; 1 .022; ( c) 0 .23; 0 .825; 0 .817. c .s.

4 12&411;

1 G 12 9 55=(a);

a .y.

4 11/410.

S EG X IX.42.

B rueckner 2 16; R aubitschek, H esperia 1 2,1943,37-48; M astrokostas, A rchEph 1 955(1961)180-202; R obert, B ull.1962, 9 9; 1 968,203; K umanudis , A rchEph 1 964(1967)83-86; B radeen 1 969,156ff ;Jordan, A thenian N avy 2 22; K roll, H esperia 4 9, 1 980, 8 8,n.2. T wo s telai o f a lmost e qual s ize e xcept f or t heir t hickn ess. B oth ( a) a nd ( b) w ere c rowned b y a m oulding, a bout 0 .07m h igh. 34 I n ( a) a re m issing t he c orners a t t he t op. A c utting f or a c lamp i s b arely v isible o n t he r .h.s.s.. O n t he 1 .h.s.s. a re s ome t races o f a nother c lamp a nd o f t he i ron o f t he o riginal c lamp i n t he c utting i tself, n ow f aintly p reserved. T here i s a nother c utting s lightly o ff c enter, i nw ards f rom t he h ack s ide. F inally o n t he b ottom r .h.s., c loser t o t he b ack t han t o t he f ront e dge, t here i s a v ert ical c utting f or a c lamp 0 .056 d eep. A s imilar c utting o n t he b ottom 1 .h.s.s. i s n ow m ostly f illed w ith g ypsum. O n ( b) t he c lamp c uttings o n t he t op, a djacent t o t he s .s., a re w ell p reserved. A s o n ( a) t here i s a s mall c utt ing i nwards f rom t he b ack e dge o n t he b ottom r .h.s.; a s imilar c utting m ay h ave l eft v ery f aint t races o n t he 1 .h. s. s. T he s .s. o f ( a) a nd ( b) s hows b ands o f a nathyrosis, o .0350 .04 w ide o n ( a), 0 .04-0.055 o n ( b). T hese b ands e nclose a r ough-picked s urface. T he b ack o f b oth s telai i s r oughp icked a nd s hows t he o riginal s tate. ( a) a nd ( b) a re e ach i nscribed w ith 5 c ols. b eing b etter p reserved t han ( a).

o f n ames,

( b)

( a): O f t he h eading o ne l etter 4 i s p reserved a ccording t o M astrokostas. 35 T races o f n ames o nly a re v isible i n c ol. 2 ; c ols. 3 - 4 a re b etter p reserved. C ol. 5 p reserves t wo n ames a nd s ome f ragmentary l etters o f f our a dditional n ames. T hree q uarters o f t he s tele a re l eft b lank. 2 5 n ames a re p reserved i ntact, e xcept f or a n o ccasional m issing l etter. A nother 1 5 n ames c annot b e r estored. ( b) F rom t he h eading o ver c o1.1 i s p reserved ]vz1 .8og, w hich g oes w ith h tnnoeo] o n t he a djacent 1 .h. s tele n ot n ow p reserved. T hus, c ol. 1 o n ( b) c ontinued t he c asualties o f t ribe V III f rom t he p revious s tele. C ol. 1 , t he l ongest c ol. o n ( b) m easures 0 .75. C ols. 2 - 3 r efer t o t ribe I X; t hey a re o f u nequal l ength w ith 2 9 a nd 2 7 c asualties r espec-

1 93

t ively; c ols. 3 -4 r efer t o t ribe X a nd l ist 4 2 c asualties; t he c ols. m easure o nly 0 .447m e ach. T he d isposition o f t he e ngraving o f t he c asualties o f t ribes V III-X r esults i n t hat t he l ower h alf o f ) b) i s l eft b lank. ( b) i s m ore i nteresting f or d etails a s c ompared w ith ( a). A t t he e nd o f c o1.1, f ollowing 3 2 n ames , 1 1.33-35 a re r es tored a s f ollows: - T pLjipapxog - xupepvi]Teg n ep tjxöXapxog

b y

C o1.2, 1 .1 b egins w ith V AXEZ8eg T axatapxog ' Ia88 o tog T öxaapxog.

,f ollowed

T he t otal n umber o f c asualties o n b oth s telai i s 1 72 [ or 1 75 w ith 1 1.33-35 i n c ol.I o n ( b)].3 6 T he t op o f b ase b lock ( c) h as t wo T -clamp c uttings(a- ), e ach 0 .115-0.122 a nd 0 .085 l ong. V iewing t he t lw i n s uch a w ay t hat t wo G reek l etters T a nd X r ead u pright -", t he T c lamp c uttings a re p laced o n t he w est- a nd n orth e dge. A n a lmost s quare a rea e nclosing b oth c lamps w hich s hows r ough m arks o f a c law c hisel a nd w hich i s d elineated b y a p unct ures l ine a t t he e ast i s c learly d istinguished f rom a s mooth s urface 0 .355 w ide. T he l atter r uns p arallel w ith t he s outh a nd e ast e dges, t hus s urrounding t he s quare w ith t he c lamps o n t wo s ides. W ithin t he s quare t he u se o f t he c law c hisel h as l eft s lightly d ifferee m arks, a d eeper s ort o f c utting w hich r uns p arallel w ith t he s outh a nd n orth e dges a nd i s t hus s et o ff f rom t he r est o f t he s quare s urf ace. M oreover,a s eries o f p unch h oles f orming a n a lmost c ontinuous l ine d elimit t his r ectangular b and o n t he e ast. T he b ack s ide o f ( c), b elow t he n orth e dge, h as a b and o f a nathyrosis a long t he t op a nd r ight h and e dge. T he r em ainder i s r ough-picked. A nathyrosis i s a lso p resent o n t he 1 .h.s. o f ( c). I t r uns a long t he t op a nd t he 1 .h. e dge a nd e ncloses a r ough-picked s urface. T he r emainder t wo s ides o f ( c) a re s mooth . F inally, t o t he r ight o f c lamp a, o n t he s mooth s urface, t he l etter ! i s e ngraved. T he l etter X i s e ngraved b elow c lampß , a lso i n t he s mooth s urface. A s f or t he p olyandrion a s a w hole I b elieve t hat w e o bv iously h ave i ts l ast s tele ( b) w ith t ribes V III-X. W e a lso h ave i n ( a) e ither t he f irst s tele w ith t ribes I -III, c ol. 1 o r t he s econd s tele w ith t ribes I II,co1.2 t o t ribe V . I b elieve t hat t he f irst a lternative i s m ore l ikely. S urmising 2 c ols e ach f or o ne t ribe o r 5 c ols. p er o ne s tele, w e t hus l ack t he c asualties o f t ribes I II,co1.2 t hrough t ribe V III, c ol t. T hat i s, w e l ack t he t wo c entral s telai o f t he m emoria1. 38 I t r emains p uzzzling t hat o n b oth ( a) a nd ( b) s o m uch r oom s hould h ave b een l eft b lank s ince o bviously t he t otal n umber o f c asualties a s p reserved c ould e asily h ave b een e ngraved, f or i nstance, o n a s ingle s tele. T his m uch a mount O f b lank s pace i s u nique a nd w e h ave n o e xplanation f or i t, u nless t he s labs w ere p repared f or a much l onger c asualty l ist b ut r emained u nused f or s ome r eas on t hat e scapes u s. 1 94

T hat ( c) c omes f rom a c orner b lock i s f airly c lear f rom t he t reatment o f t he s .s. d escribed e arlier . B oth c lamps m ust h ave s erved t o j oin ( c) t o o ther b locks i n b ack a nd t o t he l eft. T he d escription o f t he m arkings o n t he s urface o f ( c) r eveals t hat s telai w ere p laced o n t op. W hatever t he i nterpretation o f t hese m arkings, t he w idth o f t he r ougher c law c hisel a rea i s a bout 0 .40-0.45 a nd t oo w ide t herefore f or e ither ( a) o r ( b), u nless t hey w ere j oined b y a nother o rthostate a t t he b ack w hich c ould e xplain t he c entral c utt ings n oted e arlier o n t op o f s telai ( a) a nd(b). S telai a nd o rthostate b locks c ould h ave s upported c rowning s labs o r m ouldings, i f n ot s ome m ore e laborate n arrow f rieze, o rnamental o r a r elief f rieze. W ith t he s telai a nd o rthos tates e rected o n a b ase c onsisting o f 2 -3 s teps a nd t he f ront w all o f s telai j oined b y w alls o f s labs o n t he s ides a nd i n t he b ack, [ 55b] c ould h ave r esembled c losely t he m emo rial f or t he c asualties o f K oroneia [ 31b] I a gree w ith t he d ating o f t he c asualty l ist b y M astrok ostas a nd o thers t o t he y ears a fter 4 13. B radeen c orrectly n oted t hat [ 55b] i s n ot t he S icilian l ist. 39 Im yself d o n ot e ven b elieve t hat i t- T g. a S icilian l ist! T he d esignation o f a f ew c asualties i n t he f ist a s o fficers i nvolving l and a nd s ea f orces ( which c ould s urely b e s uitable f or S icily) n evertheless s uggests t o m e b ecause o f t he r elatively s hort l ist o f 3 00-400 c asualties t hat i t c ould r efer t o t he d ead i n C hios a nd E uboea a s w ell a s t he o ther t heaters o f w ar s uch a s E ast G reece a nd t he H ellespontine r egion w hich w ere m ent ioned i n c ontext o f [ 55a]. T he c asualties o f t wo c .s. w ere c ombined i nto o ne m emorial a s w e s uggested e arlier.

5 6.

P aris, L ouvre M a 8 64(v .) P 1.67. F ragmentary s tele w ith c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 1 .545; 0 .83; 0 .075. 40 c .s.

4 11;

a .y.

4 11/410.

I G 12 9 50 N esselhauf, U ntersuchungen 1 36f; P ope 7 9; B radeen 1 964, 2 4, n .11, 3 4,n.35, n o.13,41f,p1.7; B radeen 1 969,147.153. 1 58; D avies 6 7.344.471.559; B radeen,Studies 3 8; D aux, B CH 9 9, 1 975, 1 54-156,fig.4; J ordan , A thenian N avy 6 3.135.104. 2 22; G ehrke, P hokion 2 ; S tupperich 5 .11,n.4; W hitehead, T he I deology 1 04,n.107(for 1 1.13-14); L ewis 1 979, 2 45, I G 13 1 190(for s ome i mproved r eadings); S iewert, A rktouros 2 83, n .19. T he 1 .h.s.s. o f [ 56] h as a nathyrosis r unning a long a r oughp icked s urface. S ome 0 .40 f rom t he t op t here i s a b edding f or a c lamp 0 .01-0.02 d eep. T he r .h.s.s.is s mooth b ut c ons iderably s cratched. T he b ottom o f t he s tele i s b roken u ne venly f rom l eft t o r ight b ut o ne c an c learly p erceive t he h orizontal e dge w hich i ndicates t he j uncture a t w hich t he s tele w as e mbedded i n i ts b ase. A long t he r ight v ertical 1 95

e dge r uns a l ine f orming a n arrow f rame-like b and w hich i s l ess c learly v isible v ertically a long t he l eft e dge. I t i s n ot e xcluded t hat t his n arrow b and w as p ainted o riginally w ith t he i ntention o f i ndicating a f rame(which i n i ts c olourl ess s tate c an b est b e p erceived b y t he n aked e ye i n t he p hotograph i n D aux ,loc.cit.) T he t op o f t he s tele i s l ost. H owever, a t iny s ection t hat i s p reserved s uggests t hat i t w as s mooth. D ue t o t he d amage s ome e ntries o f n ames a re m issing. C o1.2, 1 .73, w ith O pö [ papxog ]? 41 c ould a lso i nd icate t hat w e d eal w ith a t itle w hich h eaded t he c ol. H owever, w ith t he p resent s tate o f p reservation o f [ 56], t he q uestion w hether o r n ot c ols.1 a nd 2 l isted t he n ames o f t ribe X o nly o r o f t ribes I X a nd X i s d ifficult t o d ecide. I d o n ot t hink t hat t he m atter c an b e s olved b y o cher " known p arallels" i n w hich e ach t ribe i s g iven t wo c ols. 42 [ 56] l ists ± 1 50 n ames i n c ols.1-2. I f t hey a re t he c asu alties o f o ne t ribe, t his c ould m ean t hat a ll t en t ribes h ad s ome ± 1 500 l osses w hich i s a v ery h igh f igure f or a ny y ear a fter 4 13 b ut t oo s mall a f igure f or a S icilian l ist. S ince I b elieve t hat 1 .73 r efers t o t he t itle p hrourachos, I s uggest a n a nalogous h eading a bove 1 .1 i n c oh ,l, w ith m en i n a l eadership p osition b eing r ecorded f irst.'" I n 1 .3 w e h ave t he r eference t o a t rierarch, r epeated i n 1 .42 w ith 3 8 a nd 2 0 c asualties r espectively f ollowing t hese n ames. I t ake t hese c asualties w ith J ordan 44 t o b elong t o t wo s hips u nder t he c ommand o f t wo t rierarchs, a ll b elon4ing t o t he s ame t ribe. I n 1 1.13-14 i s l isted a K i W ttnog E pETpte k. A t t he e nd o f c o1.1 ; a fter e v acant s pace f ollowing 1 .64 a re p erhaps l isted T oxaoTat x c levoL w ith 7 c asualties, s ome o f t he n ames b eing v ery f ragmentary. 45 T he v ery b ottom p ortion o f t he s tele s eems t o h ave b een l eft b lank b ut i t i s d iffic ult t o s ay j ust h ow f ar d own t he n ames r eached b ecause o f t he s tate o f p reservation o f t he s tone. C o1.2 b egan w ith t he l isting o f c asualties o f t ribe X w ith 6 1(62)casualties, d epending o n t he i nterpretation o f 1 .74(cp . n .41). F ollowing a v acat a fter 1 .135, b arbarian a rchers a re l isted w ith f our c asualties i n 1 1.136-141. T he b lank s pace a t t he b ottom o f c o1.2 s eems g reater t han t hat i n c o1.1, t hough t he p reservation o f t he s tone m akes j udgment d iffic ult. " W ith c o1.3 w e b egin a new : c asualties o f a ll t en t ribes a re l isted(tribes I -II l ost). I t w as t hought t hat i n 1 .153 a p hysician ( 9vaL l tög)named D iokles i s l isted, b ut m ore r ecently i t w as s aid t hat p uatxös s tands f or a n ame a nd t hat D iokles w as a dded a fter P hysikos b ecause o f t he s hortness o f t he n ame, s horter t han a ny o ther n ame i n t he t ribe a nd h ence f itt ing i n n icely, a s olution w hich h as b een u sed i n o ther c asu alty l ists Y H eading t he c asualties o f t ribe V III i s a p hyl archos(1.180). T he n umber o f c asualties p reserved i n c o1.3 i s 4 8. T he t otal n umber m ay h ave r eached 5 6-60. C o1.3 d es cends l ower t han e ither c o1.1 o r 2 . S ince t he h eading i n c o1.3 i s l ost w e c annot t ell w hether o r n ot t he c asualties o ccurred i n t he s ame b attle a s t hose i n t he p rincipal l ist o r w hether t hey a re c asualties r eported

1 96

l ate. I f w e a ccept t hat o ne c ol. c overed o ne t ribe, t he m emo rial w ould h ave c onsisted o f n o m ore t han f our s telai w ith, t heoretically s peaking, o ne c ol. l eft o ver . B radeen 's p rop osal o f t wo c ols. p er t ribe w ould r esult i n s even s telai, f airly f ully e ngraved. W hatever t he n umber o f s telai i n [ 56], i ts s mooth r .h.s.s. p roves d efinitely t hat t he s tele w hich s urvives w as a t erminal s tele o f s everal, a f act w hich i s a lso c onfirmed b y t he l isting o f a ll t en t ribes i n c o1.3. [ 56] i s u sually t aken t o r epresent t he p ublic m emorial f or t he d ead i n t he b attle o f K ynosema i n 4 11, i n w hich t he A t henians a re s aid t o h ave l ost 1 5 s hips. 4 ö T hukydides d oes n ot i ndicate a ny m ore c oncrete f igures b eside t he 1 5 s hips. T he e ntire c rew m ay n ot h ave g one u nder , even t hough t he s hips w ere l ost. 49 T o b e s ure, c asualties h onoured b y [ 56] w ere h igh, p robably a bout 6 00-700 i f w e a ccept t he l isting o f t ribes i n o ne c ol.each a nd a n e leventh c ol.with a dditional c asualties o f a ll t en t ribes. A s w e s aw e arlier, i t i s p ossible t hat w e h ave t wo p ublic m emorials f or t he y ear 4 11. W hereas [ 55b] r efers t o s everal b attles, [ 56] w ould b e m ore s pecifically t he c asualty l ist r ecording t he l osses a t K ynosema a s h as l ong s ince b een s ugg ested. 5 u T he i nclusion o f t he t rierarch P hokion i n 1 .3 a nd o f E upolis i n 1 .52 w ho i s p robably i dentical w ith t he c omic p oet a nd b oth o f w hom a re s aid t o h ave d ied i n t his v ery b attle c an o nly s upport t he i dentification. 51

5 7.

A thens, ( a)EM 1 0231, ( b)13376(ex A gora I 4 031), ( c)13378 ( ex A gora I 5 013), ( d) 1 0230, ( e)13375 ( ex A gora I 5 065) ( v.). ( a) o nce a t H agias P araskevis; ( b)E o f E leusinion; ( c)W o f E leusinion; ( d)once a t t he c hurch o f H ypapante; ( e) S o f m arket S quare. C asualty l ist, t wo s telai(a) a nd ( b-d) a nd a s ingle f ragm ent ( e). P ls.68-70. P entelic m arble. ( a) 0 .72; 0 .49; 0 .10; ( b) 0 .187; 0 .183; 0 .103; ( c) 0 .25; 0 .215; 0 .105; ( d) 0 .56; 0 .51; 0 .11; ( e) 0 .38; 0 .34; 0 .108. c .s.

4 10;

a .y.

I G 12 9 51-952;

4 10/409. B radeen n o.22.

D avies 2 90.398, c ommenting o n 1 1.11 a nd 3 4; t henian N avy 6 3.135.222.

J ordan,

A -

T hough ( a) i s s omewhat h igher t han ( b-d), n either i ts o r iginal t op n or b ottom i s p reserved. T he r .h.s.s. i s c omp letely c hipped. T he 1 .h.s.s. s hows a nathyrosis i dentical i n e xecution t o t hat o n ( d). T his i s a lso t rue f or t he t reatm ent o f t he b ack. T rierarchs a re m entioned i n 1 1.8 a nd 3 4. T he d esignation f ollows t he n ame. T here a re 8 7 c asualties, s ome n ames o f w hich a re v ery f ragmentary. ( b-d ) has t wo c ols. o f n ames. A p hrourarch, E [ µ0xptag

1 97

i s l isted i n 1 1.123-124.

5 2

( e): i ts s urface i s w ell p reserved. T he 1 .h.s.s. s hows r eworking i nto a w edge-shaped d ouble b and. T he o ne w hich a djoins t he f ront s ide, i s 0 .05 w ide a nd v ery s mooth , t he o ther s mooth-picked a nd 0 .08 w ide. T he r .h.s.s. i s b roken . T he t reatment o f t he b ack i s i dentical t o t hat i n ( a,b-d). ( e) i s c haracterized b y a l arge v acant s pace b elow t he n ames. T hus ( e) m ight b elong t o t he b ottom o f a t hird(?) s tele w hich c oncluded t he c asualty l ist. T he s uggestion m ay f ind s upport b y t he l isting o f b arbarian a rchers i n c o1.2, 1 1. 1 -2(= 1 1.152-153) a nd o f ah t .nno[Toxa Cy reg] i n 1 .158. I t h as b een n oted t hat t he n ames a ppearing u nder t he b arbari an a rchers a re n o b arbarian s ounding. T he l ist c onsists o f 1 1 c asualties. 5 i B radeen a nd h is p redecessors w ere c ertainly c orrect i n b elieving t hat ( a-e) b elong t o t he s ame m emorial d espite d ifferent r enderings o f t he l etter p hi. I n a ddition , t o t he s imilarities n oted b y B radeen f or a ll f ragments, 54 w e s hould l ike t o m ention t he t reatment o f t he s .s. a nd t he b ack s ides o f ( a,b-d) w hich r eveals t he w orkmanship o f o ne m ason. M oreover, t he g eneral r esemblance o f t he l ettering i n [ 57] a nd [ 55b] c annot b e f ortuitous. B oth m emorials a re c lose t o e ach o ther i n t ime. T he f act t hat m embers o f t he n avy a nd a rmy a re c ommemorated i n t he p resent c asualty l ist m ay p oint t o t he e nd o f c .s. 4 11 a nd p rimarily t o t he t heaters o f w ar i n I onia(Ephesos)and t he n orth 55 d uring c .s. 4 10. T he p olyandrion w ould h ave b een e rected i n a .y. 4 10/409. I t w as s maller t han [ 55b], c onsisting p robably o f o nly t hree s telai.

5 8a.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. c .s.

4 09;

P ausanias

a .y.

4 09/408.

1 .29.13

& r c ir laav 8 k x at o t n cpt T öv ' EXXf i c snow rov v augar imaw rcg. T he y ear i n w hich A lkibiades w as h eavily i nvolved i n w arf are i n t he H ellespontine r egion a nd I onia(Ephesos,Samos) w as c .s.409. H e t hen m ade a t riumphal r eturn t o A thens i n t he S pring o f a .y. 4 09/408. X enophon, D iodorus, a nd P lutarch d escribe t he e vents i n 4 09. 56 T hus, i t i s v ery l ikely t hat P ausanias r efers t o t he p ublic m emorial w hich h omours t he c asualties f rom t he n orthern t heaters o f w ar a nd w hich w ould h ave b een e rected a t t he e nd o f t he c .s. 4 09 o r i n a .y. 4 09/ 4 08. T he c asualt y l ist i s p reserved i n [ 58b].

1 98

5 8b.

A thens, ( a) E M 1 0257, ( b) A gora I 6 959b, ( c)6959a, ( d) I 1 008b, ( f) E M 1 0259, ( g) A gora I 2 149, ( h) I 1 008a, ( i) E M 1 0266, ( j) R oman A gora 1 265,20, ( k) A gora I 1 008c, ( 1) L eningrad, H ermitage, ( m) A gora I 1 539.(v .except j ,l) ( a,e,f) f rom t he S toa o f A ttalos; ( b) H adrian S treet; ( c) A rea o f E leusinion; ( d) N o f E leusinion; ( g) S E o f O deion; ( h) S o f A ltar o f t he T welve g ods; ( i)unknown; ( j) S W c orner o f R oman A gora; ( k) W o f P anathenaic w ay; ( 1) " haud p rocul p ortae M inervae A rchegetidis"; ( m) W o f E ast S toa. T hirteen f ragments o f a c asualty l ist; j oins b etween ( c) a nd ( d), ( j) a nd ( i). P entelic m arble. P ls.71-78. ( a) 0 .45; 0 .28; 0 .15; ( b) 0 .195; 0 .24; 0 .08; ( c) 0 .37; 0 .30; 0 .15; ( d) 0 .36; 0 .28; 0 .15; ( e) 0 .31; 0 .18; 0 .15; ( f) 0 .40; 0 .33; 0 .15; ( g) 0 .185; 0 .11; 0 .08; ( h) 0 .30; 0 .33; 0 .15; ( i) 0 .28; 0 .24; 0 .15; ( j) 0 .304; 0 .263; 0 .145; ( k) 0 .30, 0 .24; 0 .145; ( 1) 0 .275; 0 .325; 0 .04 ( m) 0 .29; 0 .18; 0 .15. c .s.

4 09;

a .y.

I G 12 9 54(1); 9 57 n o.23 ( a-m). 57

4 09/408. ( i);

9 64A

( a);

9 64B

( e);

9 64C

( f);

B radeen

R aubitschek, H esperia 1 2,1943,37-48; B radeen 1 964,435 5; J ordan ,TAPA 1 01,1970,234; D avies 2 07.468; W ebs ter, P otter a nd P atron 4 8; J ordan, A thenian N avy 1 191 30.132. 2 27f; S tupperich 7 .9.12,n.4(for 1 .107); K oen en, S tudia P apyrologica 1 5,1976,55f.60 v ith gr eference t o P asiphon a nd e specially t o t he t itle e eµovE5 ( not a TpaTlyot ) i n t he p apyrus; L ewis, S parta a nd P ersia 1 ,n.1 B radeen d iscussed [ 58b] a t g reat l ength a nd p laced t he l ist, c onvincingly i n m y v iew, i n a .y. 4 09/408, a t t he e nd o f c .s. 4 09. W e n eed n ot d well t herefore o n t he h istory o f t his a nd t he f ollowing y ears w hich, i n f act, l ed B radeen t o e liminate a s p ossibilites f rom 4 09-404 a ll y ears, b ut t he e nd o f c .s. 4 09. 58 H aving t aken a c loser l ook a t t he f ragments ( except jel ) m y o bservations o f d etails d iffer f rom t hose o f B radeen a nd o thers. 59 F ragments ( b) a nd ( c) b elong d efinitelx t o s tele I , l isti ng b elow t he h eading [ HOIG IE ]A8 [ E MT 6u t he f irst f our t ribes b ut o nly t he c asualties o f t ribes I I-IV a re p reserved a nd t he f ew o f t ribe I I v ery p oorly. I n ( b) t he s moothly p icked t op i s p reserved. T hus, t he s tele w as n ot c rowned w ith a m oulding, n or d id i t h ave a ny p articular f inish . I n ( c) t he t op i s f airly s mooth s howing c hisel m arks. 0 .11 f rom t he r .h.s.s. i s a c utting 0 .023 d eep, 0 .015 w ide. A gainst B radeen i t m ust b e s aid t hat t his i s n ot f or a T c lamp b ut s hows r e-use o f t he s tone i n l ater t imes a s d oes t he h orizontal c utting a t t he b ack 0 .155-0.16 f rom t he t op, w hich c utting r educes t he w idth o f 0 .15 o f ( c) t o o nly 0 .09-

1 99

0 .11 a t t his p oint. T he r .h.s.s. s hows a nathyrosis t hus a ttesting t hat ( c) w as c ontiguous w ith s tele I I. O n b oth ( b) a nd ( c) t here o ccur o ver a d ozen t rierarchs, t wo t axiarchoi(11.111.113)as w ell a s t he t itle a pxov T S v aw ro t8 ( 11.105-106.108-109. B radeen h as d ealt a t g reat l ength w ith t hese a nd t he p uzzling h onX[ V ra i , ( 1.60).° 1 T he r eference t o P asiphon ( 1.107) a s apX0V TÖ v atr r od i. „ i s c rucial f or t he d ating o f t he c asualty l ist t o 4 09.°L ( d) t ribes

j oins

( c)

c ontinuing t he l ist o f c asualties o f ( d) i s b roken o n a ll s ides.

T wo m ore f ragments ( a&e) c an b e p laced w ith c ertainty i nto s tele I . ( a) c omes f rom t he l ower h alf o f t he s tele g iving u s c ols. 1 a nd 2 . T he l atter c omes t o s top m uch a bove t he p resumed b ottom. 63 F urther p roof f or ( a) a s b elonging t o s tele I i s t he s mooth 1 .h.s.s. ( e) h as a nat hyrosis o n t he r .h.s.s. a nd t hus w as p robably c ontiguous w ith s tele 1 1. 64 T he t hree f ragments ( c,d e), e ither a ll w ith c ols.3 a nd 4 o r c o1.4 o nly , g ive u s a h eight o f c . 1 .04. T his w ould p robably r epresent t wo-thirds o f t he t ot al h eight o f t he s tele w hile i ts w idth w ould h ave b een a bout 0 .72-0.80. 65 F ragment ( g) c an s afely b e p laced a t t he t op o f s tele I I. T he " smooth-picked" t reatment(Bradeen) c overs o nly p art o f t he t op. T here i s a b and 0 .03-0.04 w ide w hich i s t reated l ike b ands o f a nathyrosis. T he r est o f t he s urface s hows r ather r ough c hisel m arks. T he h eading f rom s tele I ( b-c) i s c ontinued o n ( g) p reserving t he e psilon o f W g [eavov. T he I .h. l ist o n ( g) r epresents c o1.2 o f s tele I I. T he r estoration i n 1 .96 [ Otvet 16og i s p lausible. T his w ould g ive u s t ribe V I a nd i n c o1.3 t ribe V II. B radeen a ttributes ( f) t o s tele I I. I ts 1 .h.s.s. h as o nly o ne b and o f a nathyrosis ( not t wo a s o n c a nd e ) . 66 ( f) l ists n ames o f t ribes V -VI i n c ols.' a nd 2 , b ut i ts e xact p lace i n s tele I I i s b y n o m eans c ertain . 67 I f ind n o e xplanation f or t he g reater s pacing b etween t he f irst t wo l etters i n e ach l ine o f c o1.1 o n ( f) a nd b etween t he s econd a nd t hird l etter i n s ome l ines(11.172-175.188-190). T wo m ore f ragments ( i&h)are t o b e p laced i n s tele I I. ( i) i s b roken o n a ll s ides a nd c ontains o ne c ol. o f n ames. ( i) i s b adly c orroded, r ather l ike ( g) i n a ppearance. " ( h), w ell p reserved, w ith t wo c ols. o f n ames, h as t he r .h. s .s. i ntact w ith t wo b ands o f a nathyrosis. T hus, i t w as c ontiguous w ith e ither s tele I II o r, i f i t d oes n ot b el ong t o s tele I I, i t b elongs t o s tele I a nd w as c ontig uous w ith s tele I I. I f ( h) s hould b elong t g s tele I I, t he l ist o f c asualties r efers t o t ribe V III. 1 0 F inally, s tele I II w ould h ave l isted i n c ols.1-2 t he c asualties o f t ribes I X a nd X . ( i) a nd ( k) j oin m aking a t otal h eight o f 0 .60. ( j) w hich i s s aid t o h ave a nat hyrosis o n t he " left s ide" 71 w as m ost l ikely c ontiguous w ith s tele I I. F ragment

( 1)

i n L eningrad i s " broken o n a ll s ides". 2 00

6 8

I ts i mportant f eature i s 1 .382 i n w hich t ribe X i s m entioned f ollowed b y f our n ames a nd a b lank s pace t hereafter. T he f ragment c omes v ery l ikely, t herefore, f rom t he l owermost p art o f s tele I II. T he c ol. l isted e ither c asualties r ep orted l ate o r t he c asualties o f a n e ngagement o ther t han t hat i n t he m ain l ist. 72 S ince w e l ack a h eading o n s tele I II, w e c annot k now i f t he r .h.col. o n ( 1) o r c o1.4 o n s tele I II l ists c asualties f rom a ll t en t ribes. 73 T here r emains t o b e d iscussed f ragment ( m), b roken o n a ll s ides, w ith t he n ames o f 8 c asualties. T o B radeen t he " horiz ontal s pacing" ( Bradeen 3 3) i ndicates t hat ( m) b elonged e ither t o s tele I o r I I. S ince t here i s a b lank s pace b elow t he l ast l ine, ( m) c omes f rom t he b ottom o f a c ol. I n t he s tyle o f l ettering a nd a lso w ith r egard t he p itted w eathering i t i s m y i mpression t hat ( m) g oes t ogether w ith ( g) a nd ( i), t hat i s, w ith s tele I I, r äther t han w ith s tele I . T he p rov enience o f ( m) a nd ( g) - A gora N 14 a nd N O12 r espectivelyl ends s ome s upport t o t his h ypothesis. T he s tele w as s mashed u p i n t his g eneral a rea a nd r eused i n m odern h ouses i n t he l ocations c ited. I n s ummary t here a re t hree s telai e ach e ngraved w ith 4 c ols.(except f or s tele I II?), e ach c ol. c ontaining t he c asualt ies o f o ne t ribe. I n c o1.12 ( or 1 1?) a re l isted u nder t rib al h eadings e ither c asualties r eported l ate o r c asualties i n a nother s mall e ngagement d ifferent f rom t he m ain e ngagement. F our i ndividual f ragments c an b e s ecurely p osited i n e ither o f t he t hree s telai(frr.c-e,g). F ive f ragments(a,b,f,h,j) c an a lso b e p laced i n e ither o f t he t hree s telai b ecause o f t he p reservation o f t heir r .h. o r 1 .h.s.s. F our f ragments f loat. T he t otal n umber o f c asualties i s 3 52. R eferences t o v ariuos t itles a bound, s uch a s t rierarchs, t axiarchs, a nd a rchons o f t he n avy.

5 8c.

O nce A thens, n ow l ost. P rovenience u nknown, b ut t he s tones w ere c opied i n A thens. F ragments w ith c asualty l ists, t wo s telai(?). P robably P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. c .s. I G 13

4 13-411 o r l ater(?). 1 193.

R aubitschek, H esperia 1 2,1943,43-48; 1 964, 4 4f; L ewis 1 979, 2 45, I G 13 1 193; 4 0, 1 980, 1 09-210.

S EG X .424; B radeen T hompson, Z PE,

A lready m entioned b y S pon, t he c asualty l ists w ere c opied b y W heler a nd a re o nly k nown f rom h is t ranscripts. R aubits cheks f r. K ( op.cit.43) i s a l ist o f c asualties f rom t ribe P andionis, f r. L ( op.cit.45) f rom t ribe L eontis w ith 5 5 a nd 7 7 c asualties r espectively , a rranged i n t hree c ols. T he t rib al h eadings a re w ritten i n l arger l etters a bove t he c ols.

2 01

w ithout c overing t he e ntire w idth o f t he l atter(so i t s eems f rom t he t ranscripts). T he l etter s tyle, " thickness o f t he s telai a nd q uality o f t he m arble" a re c losely r elated t o t he " inscription r ecording t he s ale o f t he c onfiscated p roperty o f t he H ermokopidai". 74 H ence R aubitschek h as i nferred a n a pproximate d ate o f c .413 f or t he l ists a nd h e t hought t hat [ 58c]and p arts o f [ 58b] b elonged t o t he S icil ian l ist. J udging b y t he t ribal h eadings, [ 58c f-r i a c asu alty l ist d ifferent f rom [ 58b]. I f t he t ranscripts d erive f rom t wo d ifferent s telai - a nd t his d oes n ot b ecome c lear n either f rom S pon n or W heler - r ather t han j ust f rom o ne, 75 t he c asualties m ay h ave b een c onsiderable. 7 1 0 B ut a l ist e ven w ith 2 ,500 c asualties i s s till n ot e nough f or t he l osses i n S icily. K eeping i n m ind t he u ncertainty a bout t he n umb er o f s telai a nd h ence t he n umber o f t otal c asualties, c ould [ 58c] p erhaps b e c onnected w ith s ome l esser d isaster t han S icily i n t he y ears 4 09-404, f or i nstance t he d efeat a t t he A rzinusai o r i n A egospotamoi, o r a t N otium a nd M ykale i n 4 06? 7 /

5 9.

O xford, A shmolean M useum. ( v.) F rom A thens, e xact p rovenience u nknown. F ragment o f a r elief f rom a p olyandrion . P entelic m arble ( ?). 0 .42; 0 .28; 0 .115. L ate

5 th c entury

S tupperich,

2 63,

B oreas

1 ,

8 7-93.

M ichaelis, A ncient M arbles n .540; S tupperich 1 6f.

5 61, n o.85;

H ölscher 1 973,

T he p itifully f ragmented r elief i n O xford d ates f rom a fter t he S icilian d isaster, n amely t he p eriod o f t he f riezes f rom t he t emple o f A thena N ike. T he f ew l etters t hat s urvive a nd t he s ubject m atter i ndicate t hat [ 59] b elonged t o a p ublic m emorial i n t he D emosion S ema. 78 A p lain f ascia b ears t he l etters N A , p robably f rom 'Ae T I] v a [ Tot o r p ossibly f rom Pl i e l ivatw ] v& [ n ieavov 7 9 A bove t he f ascia f ollows a m oulding w ith c oncave-convex m ember. T his i n t urn s upports t he r elief. T wo f igures a re d efinitely d epicted. T he o ne o n t he l eft h as s uccumbed t o h is e nemy. H e s its o n t he r ocky t errain t o t he r ight. T he r ight l ower l eg i s f olded b ackwards u nder t he r ight t high. T he h ead i s n ot p reserved. B oth a rms a re h anging d own a nd t he u pper b ody i s s lightly b ent f orward. T he muscles o f t he c hest a nd t he l ower a bdomen a re c learly d elineated i n a d ry, t aut s tyle, w ith t he f lesh a dhering f irmly t o a b ony s tructure. T he h ead m ay h ave b een r aised t oward t he e nemy j udging f rom t he m uscles o f t he n eck j ust v isible a t t he b reak. T he f igure o n t he r ight s trides v igo rously t o t he l eft w ith t he r ight l eg a dvanced a nd t he f olds o f t he c hiton f airly t ightly d rawn o ver a nd b etween

2 02

t he t highs( t he l eft t high i s n ot p reserved, h owever). T his f igure m ay h ave h eld a s hield w hich m ust h ave b een d epicted f urther t o t he r ight. B etween t he t wo f igures i s d epicted a s hield. I t i s t his p iece o f a rmour w hich c reates a p roblem o f i nterpretation. I t c annot b e h eld b y t he f allen s oldier b ecause b oth h is a rms h ang d own, t he r ight o ne b ackward, t he l eft o ne f orw ard. 8 ° T wo p ossible i nterpretations o ffer t hemselves i n m y o pinion . F irstly, t he s hield b elongs t o a t hird f igure b ehind t he f allen w arrior. 81 I n t his c ase, t he t hird f igure's l eft l eg m ust b e h idden b y t he f allen w arrior's t orso. I t w ould m ean t hat t he s triding s tance o f t his w arrior s howed t he l egs w idely a part a nd t hat t he l eft a rm w as e xtended f ar t o t he r ight, h olding t he s hield c lose t o a nd o ver t he f allen s oldier i n o rder t o p rotect h im p erh aps f rom f urther b lows o f h is e nemy. T he n otion o f p rot ection c ould e xplain w hy t he s hield a ppears s o m uch t o t he r ight c onsidering t he p osition o f t he o ther t wo f igu res. S econdly, t he f allen w arrior h as h eld t he s hield a bove h is h ead t o p rotect h imself. B ut h is o pponent h as s eized t he s hield w ith h is l eft h and b y t he r im i n a n e ffort t o p ull i t a way. H e h as l ifted i t h igh a bove h is e nemy w hose l eft h and h as l ost t he g rip o n t he s hield s o t hat i t f alls d own a longside h is b ody. T hus, h is b ody i s e xposed t o t he e nemy w ho s trikes t he b low w ith t he w eapon i n h is r ight h and a bove h is h ead i n a f amiliar g esture o f a ttack . I f avour t he f irst i nterpretation o f t he c omposition o ver t he s econd w hich i s r ather c omplex. T he r elief i s s tylistically r elated t o t he f riezes o f t he t emple o f A thena N ike. O ur s culptor c ould h ave b een o ne o f t he a rtists w ho c arved s ome o f t he p ortions o f t he f rieze o f G jölbaschi, i n a l ater s tage o f h is c areer. N oteworthy i n p articular a re t he c haracteristic s parse f olds o f t he c hiton b etween t he t highs, a h allmark i n f igu res o f s triding w arriors i n t he L ykian f rieze. T he d ate o f [ 59] f alls i nto t he l ast d ecade o f t he 5 th c entury. [ 59] c ould h ave b elonged t o a ny o f t he p ublic m emorials e rected a fter 4 13 w hich w ere t hen v ery n umerous. L ikewise, s ome o f t he c asualty l ists d iscussed h ereafter c ould b e c onsidered a s h aving p ossibly c omprised s ome r elief d ecoration. 6 0a.

A thens, D emosion S ema, i n s itu(v .). P olyandrion o f t he L akedaemonians. A rchitectural r emains(a) a nd a f ragmentary c rowning b lock w ith i nscriptions(b). M arble. ( a) L .12.38; ( b) 0 .175; 2 .10; 0 .41. 4 03 I G 1 1/111 2 1 1678

2 03

B rueckner 1 97f; K aro A A 4 5,1930,90-92,fig.5(p.102); V an H ook, A JA 3 6,1932,290-292; T od, G reece a nd R ome 2 ,1932, 1 08-111; P ope 8 0; J effery 1 85f.202,no.61; P apajannopoulou, P olemon 8 ,1965-1966,67-69; S tupperich 2 9,n.4; W illemsen , p assim. 84 3paxog n oXigapxog ( NB:

T he o riginal

AX atpov n oXigapxo5

A

M

i nscription r eads f rom r ight t o l eft).

I n r eporting t he b attle b etween A thenians a nd L akedaemon ians i n t he P iraeus i n 4 03 X enophon w rote(Hell. 2 .4.33): e vTaVea x at c l noevf iaxeL X at ev TE x at O tßpaxog, a g e n oXe dp w, I c ed , A axpi mg 6 a ugutovtxrK t at a XXot o t T ceagggvo l , A axe8atgovtwv ' KA n a@v t v K cpagEtxe . T he m arble b lock w hich p reserves t he n ames o f t he t wo p olemarchs, a f ragmentary t hird n ame b eginning w ith M , a s w ell a s t he g eneral h eading AA [ KBAAIMONIOI ] w as d iscovered i n 1 9 3 0 .8 2 The block was found 4 .50 t o t he e ast o f o ne o f t he t wo H oros s tones e ach i nscribed ö pog K epageo c a which were p laced i n t he e arly 4 th c entury t o t he N NW o f t he D ipylon G ate. T he o ne n earer t he g ate w as i n f act p laced i n f ront o f t he g rave e nclosure o f t he L akedaemonians o f w hich s ubs tantial r emains s till s urvive. I n e xcavating t he p olyandrion , 13 s keletons c ame t o l ight. I n a c entral l ocation o f t he g rave ,3 .skeletons w ere m ore s paciously a nd p erhaps m ore c arefully b uried. T hese a re m ost l ikely t he b odies o f t he p olemarchs, t wo o f w hom a re m entioned b y X enophon a nd w hose n ames h appen t o b e p res erved i n t he i nscription a s w ell. S ome s keletons s till s howed t he w ounds w hich t he m en h ad s uffered a nd t he w eapons ( iron h ead l ance,arrows)which h ad c aused t hem w ere r ecovered w hile o ther f inds w ere s carce. 83 A s f or t he l ocation o f t he p olyandrion w hich P ausanias d oes n ot m ention b ecause i t w as d efinitely n o l onger v isible a t h is t ime, i t i s s ituated w ell b efore t he s eries o f p olya ndria l isted b y t he p eriegete. A lthough n on-Athenian s old iers h ad b een b uried i n t he D emosion S ema o n a n e arlier o ccasion [ 21a-b], t he s ituation i s s omewhat d ifferent b ecause t he A rgives a nd t he K leoneans w ere A thenian a llies a nd t hus d eserved t his h onour. P erhaps, a s h as b een s uggested 84 , t he ' Ten ' p romised t he L akedaemonians b urial i n A thens a nd t he D emocrats " may w ell h ave h esitated t o r isk i ncurring P ausanias' d ispleasure b y r efusing a p rivilege a ccorded b y t heir p olitical o pponents". S ince t he b uilding o f t he e nc losure t ook s ome t ime, t here m ay h ave b een a t emporary b urial o f t he d ead s omewhere e lse. O nce a n a greement w as r eached t he c hoice o f t he l ocation o f t he t omb m ay h ave b een i nfluenced m ore b y t he n otion o f f oreigners p er s e t han t hat o f t he e nemies o f t hä A thenians i n w arfare. T hus, t he t omb i s n ot i n t he D emosion S ema p roper b ut i n a g eneral a rea i n w hich f oreigners c ould b e b uried h onourably i n t he v icinity o f t he A thenians. 85

2 04

6 0b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 03 W illemsen 1 39f.151-156. L ysias,

E pitaphios

6 1-66

C oncerning t he c atalogue o f t he m ilitary a chievements o f t he G reeks a nd t he A thenians i n p articular L ysias r ecalls ( 61) t he e vents i n t he P iraeus. I n ( 63) h e m entions t hat t he s uccessful d emocrats T pönatov xv vv t oXc& v g aTT Iaav, g aeTupa5 ô c .0 15 ,a b ev C c pc .0 15 t yyt )5 ö vTa5 T oV8c T ot , µ vf lgaTo5 T ou5 A axe8atµovtwv T r Ipoug n ap hovTat. I n h is r ecent s tudy W illemsen p roposed t hat t o t he n orth o f [ 60a] t here w ere t ombs o f S parta's a llies, t hree c ult c hambers, a nd t he p olyandrion o f t he A thenians, w ho f ought o n K ing P ausanias' s ide. E ventually h e p roposed i dentif ication o f t he c o-called t omb o f C habrias w ith t hat o f L akrates, t he O lympionikes. W illemsen d oes n ot t ake L ysias' t ext i nto c onsideration, b ut t here i s l ittle d oubt t hat h is s tructures V I-VII a re i dentic 4 . w ith t he b urial w hich L ysias r ecalls i n h is E pitaphios. " L ysias p ronounced h is E pitaphios o n t he o ccasion o f t he b urial o f t he s oldiers w ho d ied i n t he K orinthian w ar i n 3 94. W hen h e s peaks o f t he e arlier e vents i n 4 03, h e i s l ed t o d raw t ogether , a lmost i n a b ird's e ye v iew , m onum ents w hich l ie n ot n ext , b ut c lose tyyüg- t o e ach o ther . F rom P ausanias w e k now r oughly t he l ocation o f t he t omb(s) o f 3 94. A t l east f ourteen o ther t ombs l ay b etween t he l atter a nd [ 60a-b]. T he t ropaion i n t he P iraeus c ould n ot b e s een b y L ysias' a udience b ut i ts e xistence c ould b e e v oked i n t heir m inds. 87 I n t hus c ondensing t he t opography, i n m aking h is a udience b elieve t hat t hey c ould e mbrace [ 60a-b] i n o ne v iew a nd a ls o v isualize t he t ropaion, L ysias a rtfully d ramatizes t he s uccesses o f t he A thenian w arriors a nd e mphasizes t he s ignificance o f t he h eroic d eeds t o t hose w ho h ave c ome t o m ourn t he c asualties i n t he w ar o f 3 94.

6 1.

A thens, E M 1 0263.(v.). P 1.79 A thens, P laka a rea, e xact l ocation n ot r ecorded. F ragment o f c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .21; 0 .31; 0 .14. L ate 5 th c entury I G 12 9 61. B radeen 1 964,40f.

2 05

B roken o n a ll s ides. T he n ames o f s ix c asualties a re f ragmentarily p reserved. A bove 1 .1, L ewis n oted " an o mik ron o r t heta i n s lightly l arger l etters a nd n ot i n s toic hedon o rder, i t m ay b elong t o a r ubric". 88 [ 61] g oes p osssibly t ogether w ith [ 62]. 6 2.

A thens, A gora I 7 061(v.). A thens, f rom t he S toa B asileios F ragment o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .183; 0 .285; 0 .15.

P 1.80

L ate 5 th c entury. B radeen n o.20. T o t he d escription g iven b y B radeen w e s hould a dd t hat s ome o f t he t op - a s mooth b and 0 .06 w ide, 0 .034 l ong- i s p reserved, t hus i ndicating t hat w e h ave t he u ppermost p art o f t he s tele. T he r .h.s.s. h as a b and o f a nathyrosis a nd t he " sunken c hannel" n oted b y B radeen . H owever, t he d iff erence i ndicated b y B radeen f or t he w idth o f t he c hannel a t l ines 2 a nd 7 r espectively i s h ardly c orrect. N ot o nly i s t he d ifference o f 0 .004 b etween 5 l ines t oo much, b ut t he c hipped e dges o f t he s tone r ender s uch m easurements h azardous. T here a re t wo c ols. o f n ames. C o1.1 l acks t he i nitial l etters, p robably 3 -4 l etters i n e ach l ine. I n c o1.2 t he n ames a re f ully p reserved e xcept o ne ( 1.16). T he c asualties t otal 1 6. S ince w e h ave t he t op p art o f t he s tele b ut l ack a ny r eference t o t ribes, e tc. t his m ay i ndicate t hat w e a re d ealing w ith a s ubstantially l ong l ist, a s i s a lso s uggested b y t he c hannel w hich p oints t o a t l east t wo o r s everal s telai i n a r ow. B radeen ( p.23) c orrrectly a ssumed t hat b ecause o f t he s imilarity b etween t he " shapes a nd s ize o f t he l etters a nd t he s toichedon a rr angement" [ 61] a nd [ 62] m ight w ell g o t ogether. 6 3.

A thens, ( a) A gora I 4 127, ( b) E M 1 0258, ( c) 1 0264, ( d) 1 837. P ls.81-82. ( a) N e nd o f S toa o f A ttalos, ( b)"olim i nter r udera F ori n ovicii", ( c)Athens, s mall m etropolis, ( d)unknown . F our f ragments o f a c asualty l ist, n o j oins. 89 ( a) 0 .251; 0 .144; 0 .186; ( b)0.36; 0 .16; 0 .18; ( c) 0 .42; 0 .21; 0 .19; ( d) 0 .16; 0 .11; 0 .13. L ate 5 th c entury. I G

1 2 9 68(d),

9 63(b),

H ondius, N ovae 1 969, 1 45, n .6. E xcept f or

( d),

9 60

( c);

I nscriptiones

1 17

B radeen n o.21. ( for f r.d);

t he b ack o f w hich i s

2 06

s awn o ff,

B radeen

t he f rr.

a re r emarkable f or t heir t hickness. A ll f ragments a re b roken o n a ll s ides e xcepting p erhaps a t iny b it o f a n e dge o n t he r .h.s.s. o f ( d), a t B radeen 1 .41. 90 ( c) i s v ery l ikely f rom t he b ottom o f t he s tele n ot o nly b ecause o f t he a dded n ames ( 11.31-33) w ith I onic e ta, w ritten i n c onsiderably l arger l etters t han t he r emaining n ames b ut a lso b ecause o f a l arge v acat b elow 1 .33. F or t he c onjunction o f ( a-d) a nd p ossibly [ 61] a s w ell, B radeen n oted ( p.25) t he l etter s ize a nd s paci ng. H owever , h e a lso n oted t he s light d ifference i n t he s toichedon p atterns. 4 4 c asualties a re r eported w ith 1 7 n ames v ery f ragment arily p reserved.

6 4.

A thens, E M 5 578. P I.83 P rovenience u nknown. F ragment o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .42; 0 .26; 0 .15. L ate 5 th c entury. B radeen 1 964,

2 9,

n .6.

S EG X XI.133. T he s tele w as r eused a s a t hreshold. T he c ircular h ole ( D : 0 .085) f or t he d oor p ost i s p reserved i n t he u pper r ight; t he h ole h as o bliterated t he n ames i n 1 1.3-4 a s w ell a s t he t ribe h eading i n 1 .6 -'AvTtox[ f o 5od - w hich c omes a fter a v acat o f 0 .015. T he r .h.s.s. i s much w orn. N o t races o f a nathyrosis a re v isible. W ith t ribe X w e o ught t o h ave t he l ast s tele, p erhaps o f s everal s telai. T he c asualties t otal 1 8. S ome o f t he n ames a re v ery f ragmentary d ue t o t he s urf ace c ondition o f t he s tone w hich r enders r eading d ifficult.

6 5.

A thens, n ow l ost. " Olim a d a edem H ypapantes" ( IG 12 ) F ragment o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .34; 0 .21; 0 .08 ( after I G 12 ) L ate 5 th c entury

9 1

P ritchett, H esperia 1 1, A thenian N avy 6 3.135.

t ers

1 942,

2 38;

D avies

5 84;

J ordan,

T he f ragment h as a h eading i n t wo l ines i n l arger l ett han t he r est o f t he i nscription:

[ hot] f t A fter t he t ribe D epending p robable"

tv

n o

[ Xggot I r g]ie[a]y[ov].

a v acat f ollows l aw ros T pLipapxog. T hereafter h eading ' Ep] Exeete [ og ] w ith 4 o r 5 c asualties. o n t he r estoration i n 1 .8 [ Atyct ] 1 5og i s " quite a ccording t o L ewis. 92

2 07

6 6.

A thens, n ow l ost, o nce i n t he s mall m etropolis. P rovenience u nknown. F ragment o f b ase, f rom a p olyandrion? P entelic m arble. 0 .11; 0 .28; 0 .17. L ate 5 th c entury. I G 12 9 62 G V 2 2;

P fohl,

E pitaphs n o.95;

8 Egog ' EpexecL e [v

—

V ‘ o

S tupperich 2 60, % . #

—

V

n .4.

•

U nfortunately p oor r emains o f t he b eginning o f a n e pigram . S tupperich p roposes a d ate i n t he m id-4th c entury a s a gainst t he e arlier d ate a dopted h ere.

2 08

C H AP TE R

6

T HE

F OURTH

C ENTURY

( to 3 22 B .C.)

P ublic m emorials d uring t he 4 th c entury a re s pottily p res erved. T hey a re c lustered a round s pecific w ars c entral t o t he p olitical h istory o f G reece. T hus, w e l ack t he c ontinui ty w hich c haracterized t he e rection o f p ublic m emorials i n t he 5 th c entury. A mong t he w ars i s t he K orinthian o f 3 94 w hich g ave o ccasion i n A thens f or p ublic a nd p rivate b urial o f i ts c asualties. [ 68a-b] h ave b ecome e xemplary t ypes o f t he d ecoration o f p olyandria b ecause c omparable m onuments, w hich n o d oubt e xisted cp. [ 59] - h ave u nfortunately n ot s urvived. T he m id-4th c entury m emorials, b eing p rimarily n on-Athenian a re t reated i n c hapter 7 a nd w ill t ake u s t o B oeotia a nd A rkadia. I n A ttica, [ 75] d ates f rom t his p eriod. B ut w e a re n ot i n t he p osition t o c onnect t he e pigram, w hich i s v ery f ragmentary f or t hat m atter, w ith a ny d ated p olyand rion. T he l ast g roup o f p olyandria d raws M akedonia w ithi n t he o rbit o f G reece: t he G reek a llies w ho f ought a nd l ost a t C haeroneia s aw t he e nd o f t heir p olitical i ndependence a pproaching.

A .

A thenian P olyandria i n t he D emosion S ema.

6 7.

A thens, A gora I 9 86(v .) P 1.85 A thens, W o f L ibrary o f P antainos(Panathenaic w ay). F ragment f rom a b ase(?)of a p olyandrion. P entelic m arble.' 0 .175; 0 .40; 0 .265. E arly 4 th c entury. B radeen n o.24;" S tupperich 6 ,n.3

T he l etters o f t he i nscription a re i n t wo l ines d ivided 0 .043 f orm e ach o ther. T he r estoration i s d ifficult. B rade en t hought i n t erms t hat [ 67] i s " copying" a n e arlier i ns cription a nd h e c ompared [ 21c] a nd [ 78].

6 8a.

A thens, N M 2 744(v.). P 1.2 A thens, 2 00m t o t he N E o f t he D ipylon G ate, f ound i n a m odern c ontext. F ragment o f a r elief a nd a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .59; 0 .68; 0 .19; h . o f f rieze i ncluding u pper m ould ing 0 .48. c .s.

4 94;

I G 1 1/111

a .y. 2

3 94-393.

5 221.

2 09

S üsserott, G riechische P lastik p 1.2,2; R ichter, C atalogue 4 9; S chlörb, U ntersuchungen 4 2; P ritchett, S tudies T opograp hy I 1(1969)73-95(for t he b attles); G uarducci 1 969,168,fig. 4 1; T ravlos f igs.422-423(the l atter t ogether w ith [ 68b]); L angenfass-Vuduroglu, M ensch u nd P ferd 1 1,no.13, 1 9.120; C hilds, P rolegomena 1 08; H ölscher 1 973, 1 05-107, n .543; L oraux, A ncSoc 6 ,1975,26f; S tähler, A A 1 976, 6 7; C hilds, R A 1 976,289; S tupperich 1 7,n.3; S tupperich, B oreas 1 ,91,n.17. P ausanias 1 .29.11

x e rw rat 8 4 x a t o t / r cp t . K öpLveov n ea c iw res . P ausanias h as o nly f ew w ords f or t he c asualties w ho f ell i n 3 94. T he m emorials h e r efers t o a re [ 68a-b], b ut t he p eriegete o mits a ny r eference t o t he s econd b attle f ought i n B oeotia, K oroneia b eing m entioned i n [ 68b1. L ysias s poke h is E pitaphios o n t he o ccasion o f t he p ublic b urial a nd a ddress es t he d ead a nd t he r elatives(ch.67ff.)while s tanding c lose t o t he m emorials. T he r ight t op a nd t he r .h.s.s. o f [ 68a] a re i ntact w ith t he e dges s lightly c hipped. T he 1 .h.s.s. i s b roken , s howing d eep c hisel m arks p robably d ue t o t he c utting u p o f t he s tone i n a ntiquity(?). 3 T he f rieze o f w arriors i s f ramed b y a m oulding a bove a nd b elow. T hree f igures a re p reserved. A w arrior w ith c hiton, c hlamys, h elmet, s word, s hield a nd l ance i n h is l eft h and g rasps w ith h is r ight h and(now m iss ing)the h air o f a n o pponent w ho h as f allen t o t he g round i n f ront o f h im. T his w arrior i s c ompletely n aked, h is h ead i s t urned a way, t o t he r ight, h is l eft h and h olds a s hield w hich r ests u pright o n t he g round g iving h is s tance s ome s upp ort. W ith h is r ight h and h e m akes a n e ffort t o p ush a side t he r ight l eg o f t he a ttacker w hose l eft k nee i s s temmed a gainst t he f allen w arrior's n eck, t hus e mphasizing v igoro us o nslaught. A w arrior o n h orseback a pproache f rom t he r ight. H e w ears a c hiton, c hlamys, a nd p etasos. 4 H e i s a rmed w ith a s word a nd h is r ight h and h olds a s hort(?) l ance. T he h orse h as i ts f orelegs r aised, p artly o verlapp ing t he s hield o f t he f allen w arrior. T he a ttitude o f t he l eft a rm o f t he h orseman w hich h olds t he r eigns s ugg est t hat t he r ider i s a ttempting t o k eep t he h orse i n c heck f rom m oving f urther t o t he l eft. W ere i t n ot f or t he u pturned h ead o f t he f allen s oldier a nd t he g aze o f h is e yes w hich m eets t hat o f t he r ider 's i nclined h ead, t he h orseman w ould b e a r ather i solated f igure. H e c annot b e m eant t o a ttack t he f allen s oldier u nless o ne a ssumes t hat t he w arrior o n t he l eft w ho d oes n ot r eally t hreaten h is o pponent w ith a ny w eapon, h olds h im a s i f i t w ere a p rey a gainst w hich t he h orseman a ims h is l ance. 5 I f t his i nterp retation i s c orrect w e h ave a r ather l oosely c omposed t hree-figure g roup i n w hich s oldier a nd h orseman a ttack a t hird f igure. T he d eath o f t he f allen w arrior i s i mminent b ut n ot a ctually s hown. W e a re s imply p repared t o a ccept i t a s a f act w hich l ies i n t he i nstantaneous f uture. A t t he l eft h and e dge o f t he f rieze t he t ail o f a s econd h orse i s p reserved. A nother t hree-figure g roup w as n o d oubt

2 10

d epicted h ere o r, c onsidering t hat t he l ength o f t he f rieze m ay n ot h ave e xceeded a t otal o f 1 .05, t here w as r oom f or o nly o ne m ore h orse a nd r ider. 6 O n t he m oulding b elow t he f rieze i s e ngraved i n l arge l etters:

[ 'Ae l iva imv one ä niea

l v ov

vK optvewL x aL t µ B ou i r rot [g]

B elow t he m oulding f ollows e ngraved i n m uch s maller l ett ers t he r eference t o t he t ribes, o nly t ribes V -X b eing p res erved. I n t he c ols. b elow t he i ndividual t ribes a re f irst l isted t wo s trategoi ( of t ribes V I a nd I X), w hile u nderneath t he o ther t ribes' n ames a re l isted t he c ommon s oldiers. S ince t he s tone i s b roken i mmediately b elow t he s econd l ine o f t he l ist o f c asualties a nd s trategoi, n ot o ne n ame i s f ull y p reserved. [ 32b], l ist I II, p rovides a p arallel f or t he n ames o f t ribes h aving b een e ngraved c onsecutively o mitting v acant s paces i n b etween t he c ols., w ith t he c asualties e ngraved v ery d ensely a nd w ith s maller l etters t han u sual. B rueckn er s urmised t hat 1 00 c asualties m ay e asily h ave b een c rowd ed i nto o ne c ol., t hus m aking t he t otal h eight o f t he s tele a lone(without t he f rieze) r each 1 .60. 7 J udging f orm t he r ep orts o f h istorians, o ne i s i nclined t o b elieve t hat t he c asualties m ay w ell h ave e xceeded o ne t housand. 8 I t i s n ot q uite c lear i n w hat c ontext t he s tele p roper s tood. O n i ts t op, a t t he r .h.s. i s t he c utting f or a c lamp 0 .065-0.07 f rom t he f ront a nd a t 0 .098 f rom t he b ack s ide. T he c utting i tself i s 0 .085 l ong a nd 0 .028 d eep. T he r .h. s .s. h as w ide b ands o f a nathyrosis e nclosing a r ough-picked a rea. C lose t o t he b reak o n t he l eft a nd a gain o n t op, i s a nother c utting f rom t he b ack s ide i nto t he d epth o f t he s tele. I t c ould b e a n a ncient c utting, p erhaps f or f asteni ng t he s tele t o s ome s lab(orthostate) o r t o s ome a rchitect ural s etting. T he c lamp d escribed f irst p robably s erved a s imilar p urpose. 9 H ölscher 's r ecent d iscussion o f t he s ignificance o f t he f rieze p recludes t he n ecessity o f m ore e xtensive c omments. H e n ot o nly e mphasizes t he " ethos o f a nonymity" o f t he f ighters b ut a lso p oints o ut t hat, a lthough t he A thenians s uffered m any c asualties i n b oth b attles, t hey a re n evert heless d epicted a s v ictorious, a s i s o nly n atural i n a p ubl ic m emorial. S ince t he f rieze i n e ssence d epicts t he r eali ty o f t he b attle a s s uch a nd d isregards t he a ctual h istori cal o utcome o f t he e ngagements, H ölscher i s u ndoubtedly c orrect i n d enying t he r elief a ny h eroizing c haracter .lu T he s tylistic q uality o f t he r elief i s h igh. E xcellent c raftmanship i s c ombined w ith a k nowledge o f s tock f igures i n c ombat. T hus, t he i ndividual f igures p resent h ardly a ny n ovelty. P oses i ndentical t o t hose o f t he a ttacking a nd t he f allen w arrior a re f amiliar f rom b attle-scenes i n s culpt ure a nd v ase-painting o f t he l ate 5 th c entury. T he r ider h arks b ack t o t he P arthenon f rieze. 11 S ince t he r elief

2 11

f rieze i s n ot f ully p reserved, t he m erits o f t he c omposition.

i t i s d ifficult t o d iscuss

T he i mportance o f [ 68a] i s t hreefold. A lthough [ 59] antic ipates t he t ype o f p ublic m emorial d ecorated w ith a s culpt ured f rieze, [ 68a] p reserves n ot o nly t he g reater p ortion o f t he f rieze, b ut a lso r efers t o t he s ites w here t he e ng agements t ook p lace, t he n ames o f t he t ribes, t he n ames o f s trategoi, a nd e ventually l ists t he c asualties.

6 8b.

A thens, N M 7 54 ( v .) P 1.3a. A thens, N . o f H agia T riada, o n D emosion S ema g rounds. A nthemion f rieze f rom a p olyandrion d ecoration. P entelic m arble. M ax.1.2.24; h . o f A nthemion 0 .415. c .s.394;

a .y.

3 94-393.

I G 1 1/111 2 5 222.

8 ff;

H ölscher 1 973, 1 08,n.565; S tupperich, B oreas 1 , 9 2;

T ravlos f ig.421; S tupperich L oraux, M ourir 8 05.

[ 68b] s tood n ext t o ] 68a] b ut f ormed a s eparate m onum ent s pecifically h onouring t he h orsemen w ho d ied i n 3 94. [ 68b] s tood m ost p robably o ver a k enotaph. T he a nthemion f rieze i s c omposed e ssentially o f f our s ymm etrically a rranged f lorals; a c entral p almette a nd f ollowi ng t o l eft a nd r ight a t riple l otus f lower c omposition, a r osette, a nd f inally a h alf-palmette. A ll e lements a re j oined b y s crolls t erminating i n v olutes u pon w hich t he f lor als s it. O n t he f ascia b elow t he f rieze, p laced o n i ts l eft h and s ide a nd p rojecting o nly s lightly t o t he r ight o f t he c entral p almette a re t wo l ines o f i nscription(in l arge l etters f or a ): ( a)

o r f t t nn &N C o tgeavov t v K optvewt

B elow t his i n s maller l etters: ( b)

9 fAapxos

' Av ueavig

T o t he r ight o f ( a), w ritten i n t wo l ines, l etters o f e ach n ame i n a lignement: ( c) M a l l IaLag ed cyyeXog

PO viToptölg

O t tvng

w ith t he i nitial

A vateco5 f l i cvenog No tögaxo A lgoxXelg A ct aiwg wE v81Xog

F inally, i mmediately t o t he r ight o f t he l ast t wo n ames ( c) t here i s t he f ollowing e ntry i n t wo l ines:

i n

( d) t v K op c ovelat N coxXct b ig T o m y k nowledge t here i s n o d escription a nywhere o f t he s .s. a nd t he u nderside o f t he a nthemion b lock. T he r .and 2 12

a nd 1 .h.s.s. s how c hisel m arks a t t he h eight o f t he f ascia. A t t he h eight o f t he a nthemion t here a re l ightly e ngraved v ertical s triations. T he t op i s b roken. T he b ack r oughp icked. O n t he u nderside a b and o f a nathyrosis 0 .018-0.02 w ide, r uns a long b oth s mall - a nd t he f ront s ide. C loser t o t he b ack t han t o t he f ront s ide o f t he a nthemion a re n arrow c uttings. S ome r emains o f t he m etal w hich f illed t he c uttings a re s till v isible. T hese c uttings w ere c learl y d esigned f or f astening t he a nthemion f rieze o n t op o f a s lab. N o o ther m eans o f a ttachment a re v isible o therwise a nd t he e xisting c uttings a re s urprisingly i nsignificant f or t he s ize ( and s heer w eight) o f t he a nthemion. 12 B rueckner w as n o d oubt c orrect i n s urmising t hat t he h eight o f t he s lab w hich w as c rowned b y t he a nthemion m ust h ave c orresponded r oughly t o i ts w idth, r eaching s ome 2 2 .20. 13 R ather u nfortunate, h owever, i s B rueckner 's h ypot hesis 14 t hat t he r elief w hich d ecorated t he s lab c onsisted s o t wo s peak o f t wo h alves: o n t he l eft, b elow t he h orsemen 's n ames, t he A thenian w arriors w ere s upposedly d epicted i n t wo r ows o f f igures, w hereas t heir e nemies o ccupied t he r ight h alf. B rueckner b ased h is v isualization o f t he c omp osition o n t he b attle-scene i n t he w ell-known v otive r el ief i n E leusis w here i ndeed t here o ccurs s ome d ivision b etw een c avalry o n t he r ight- a nd f oot s oldiers o n t he l eft h alf. 15 S ince t he E leusis r elief i s f ragmentary, o ne s hould p erhaps a void u sing i t a s a p rototype a nd h ypothesize t oo e loquently f rom t he c omposition a s p reserved. M oreover, t here m ight h ave b een s ome v ery c ogent r eason f or w hich o n [ 68b] t he c asualties a nd t he s ites o f w arfare w ere e ngraved o n t he l eft h and s ide o f t he f ascia o nly. R oom w as p erhaps l eft f or a n a dditional e pigram, a lbeit n ever e ngraved. T o m ake, a s B rueckner d oes, t he c omposition o f t he r elief d ep endent o n t he p osition o f t he n ames o f t he c asualties, i s n ot a h appy s olution. A ll w e c an s urmise w ith B rueckner i s t hat [ 68b] c rowned a s lab. T he l atter c ould h ave b een d ec orated w ith a r elief w hich c ould h ave d epicted, l ike t he r elief i n V illa A lbani, a m onumental g roup o f t wo f igures, a v ictorious c avalrist a nd a d efeated h oplite. I mportant i n t his c ontext i s t he l ength o f [ 68b] ( 2.24) a nd t hat o f t he r elief i n V illa A lbani w hich m easures " at l east" 2 .30. T he r elief i s n ow f ramed w ith a p laster(?) f rame. I c ould n ot f ind a ny d escription o f t he t op o f t he m arble s lab. T herefore, w e d o n ot k now w hether o r n ot i t s hows a ny c uttings f or s ome p iece w hich w ould h ave s at o n t op. I f e ver t he f rame a round t he r elief i n V illa A lbani s hould b e r emoved a nd i f t hen c uttings w ere r evealed c uttings w hich i n a ny w ay c orrespond t o t hose o n t he u nders ide o f [ 68h], i t o bviously f ollows t hat o ne w ould h ave t o c onsider t he p ossibility t hat [ 68b] a nd t he r elief i n V illa A lbani o r a r eplica o f i t g o t ogether. E ven i f i t m ight n ot b e w ise t o l ower t he d ate o f t he r elief i n V illa A lbani t o t he 3 90's, a r eplica m ight h ave s erved f or t he p urpose, j ust a s t he p rivate g ravestone i n B erlin a nd t he r elief f or D exileos [ 68A] a re r eplicas o f a r elief w hich I s urmised d ecorated a s ta te memoria1. 16

2 13

S trong s upport t hat [ 68a a nd b ] w ere e rected n ot o nly s imultaneously w ithin t he s ame p recinct b ut w ere a lso c omm issioned t o a nd e xecuted b y o ne w orkshop c omes f orm t he f act t hat t he i nscriptions o n t he r espective m onuments a re b y t he s ame h and. A c omparison o f t he l ettering i n e avov i n [ 68a] a nd [ 68b] l eaves n o d oubt a bout t he v alidity o f t his c ontention.

6 9.

N ew Y ork, M etropolitan M useum o f A rt 2 9.47 P 1.3b. F ormerly i n t he K lügmann c ollection, R ome. P robably b rought t o R ome f rom G reece i n a ntiquity(?). F ragmentary r elief f rom a p olyandrion(?). P entelic m arble. 0 .57; 0 .38; 0 .063. c .

4 00-380.

R ichter, C atalogue n o.81, p 1.66a; S chlörb, U ntersuc hungen 4 1; G auer, B ildnisse 1 46f; C hilds, P rolegomena 1 10; H ölscher 1 973, 1 07f,p1.92; S tupperich, B oreas 1 , 9 1; A llentown 1 52f., n o.74. F ramed b y a m oulding o n t op a nd a p linth w hich s erves a s b ase, t he r elief s hows t hree f igures. T he r emains o f a f ourth f igure c onsist o f a l eft k nee s temmed a gainst t he m ids ection o f a w arrior w ho h as f allen o n h is k nees. A n aked f igure l ies i n a t wisted p ose o n h is b ack o n r ocky g round. H e i s n aked e xcept f or a c hlamys a round h is n eck. T he g arm ent i s s pread o ver t he g round u nderneath t he w arrior. T he o ther t wo u nbearded s oldiers, o ne r unning t o t he r ight w ith l ance ( originally p ainted ) i n h is l eft h and a nd t he o ther w arrior a lready m entioned a re w earing b elted c hitons a nd p il oi. T he f allen s oldier i s a rmed w ith a s hield h eld u p h igh b ehind h is h ead i n a g esture o f p rotection w hich h as b ecome u seless b ecause h e i s a bout t o r eceive t he c oup d e g race f orm h is o pponent w ho d rags h im b y t he h air a t t he n eck t owards h imself. N oteworthy i s t he s kin d raped a round t he l eft s houlder o f t he r unning w arrior. T here i s agood c hance t hat [ 69] o nce b elonged t o a n A t henian p olyandrion a s a r elief s lab c rowning, w hen i ntact, a c asualty l ist. H owever, t he d ate o f [ 69] c annot b e a s e arly a s R ichter a nd H ölscher t hought. G auer w ho s uggests a d ate i n t he s econd d ecade o f t he 4 th c entury a nd c loser t o 3 80 g ives p robably a m ore c orrect d ate. 17 I n b road t erms, [ 69] d ates f rom t he f irst q uarter o f t he 4 th c entury. H ölscher h as g one f urthest i n t rying t o i dentify t he n ationality o f t he f igures. H e s uggested t hat b ecause o f t he a nimal s kin a nd t he p iloi t he s uccumbing w arriors m ay b e L ykians. I n s upport o f t he a rgument t hat f oreigners a re d epicted, t he p iloi i n t hemselves a re a r ather w eak t estim ony s ince t his t ype o f h elmet r eached i ts g reatest p opul arity i n t he l ate 5 th a nd e arly 4 th c entury a s m any m onum ents a ttets. T he a nimal s kin p resents m ore c ogent e vi-

2 14

d ence f or a ssuming t hat f oreigners a re r epresented. I nd eed, t here w as n o l ack o f w arfare i n E ast G reek t erritory i n t he f irst t wo d ecades o f t he 4 th c entury w hich c ould j ustify t he d epiction o f f oreigners. T he s adly f ragmentary s tate o f p reservation a nd t he l ack o f i nscriptions o n [ 69] m ake o f c ourse a ny a ttempt a t i dentification o f t he f igu res h azardous.

7 0.

O nce i n A thens, n ow l ost. P rovenience u nknown. F ragment o f a b ase b lock(?). P entelic m arble. D imensions u nknown. E arly 4 th c entury(?). I G 1 1/111 2 5 223 C V 3 0;

S tupperich,

p assim.

[ o ne I ncrecüpux6pwv x [

M ]cyapl , o ök 8 . 5" gxpu « v ig eog l.

( Peek )

O nly t he f ragmentary e pigram i s p reserved f rom w hat m ust h ave b een a m emorial f or A thenian c asualties.

7 5.

A thens, T hird E phoreia(n.v.). D emosion S ema, i n s itu (odos S phakterias 2 3). B ase f ragment f rom a p olyandrion w ith e pigram. P entelic m arble(?). 0 .15; 0 .78; 0 .15. M id-4th c entury

( 3 62

AD 1 968, C hr. 9 4f. S EG X XVI11.240.

- -

n aTpit8o5

? ) .

p 1.53(alpha);

' Ma sh

S tuppperich 2 13;

d inCovTc r

1 . 1 10

O M .

I n h er e nthusiasm a bout t he d iscovery, M s.°. A lexandri d ated t he i nscription w hich u ses f our-stroke s igma, e ta a nd o mega m uch t oo e arly. T he i nscription i s f orm t he 4 th c ent ury, p erhaps f rom a bout 3 65-350. T he i mportance o f t he f ind i s t hat i t c omes f rom t he D emosion S ema p roper . T he s tone w as r eused i n t he b uilding o f a R oman t omb ( no. V III o f t he e xcavated t ombs). T he p itif ul p reservation o f t he t ext c an m erely s uggest t hat A then ian s oldiers b y t heir v alour(?) c ontributed t o t he s aving o f a ll G reece, n ot o nly(?) t o t hat o f t heir f atherland(?). T he p olyandrion f or t he A thenians f allen a t M antineia i s a l ikely c andidate. T his b urial d oes n ot s eem t o b e m ent ioned a nywhere, b ut a p ainting b y E uphranor c elebrating a n e arly e pisode o f t he b attle w as f amous a nd w as t o b e s een i n At hens. 18

2 15

7 6.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 3 49 P ausanias

1 ,29.7

EC T C ô md . c i v8pMv g vf i gaTa a XXwv, 6a ceopa 6 & aeat z a x wpta vv i r y( Aw c ov• x at y ap ev c i t 0 Xuveov e Xe 6v . rwv o t 6 oxtgjnazoL... I n 3 49, w hen t he n o r thern c ity o f O lynthus w as t hreatened b y t he M akedonians, a c ontingent o f 2 ,300 s oldiers - i ncludi ng 3 00 h orse - w ere s ent u nder t he c ommand o f C hares t o r elieve t he O lynthians. H owever, P hilip I I o f M akedonia w as s uccessful i n t he w arfare a nd m any A thenians d id n ot r eturn h ome a live.

7 7a.

A thens, E M 8 829(v .). P 1.84. A thens, f ound n ear t he t emple o f O lympian Z eus. F ragment o f a b ase w ith a n e pigram. P entelic m arble. 0 .293; 0 .155; 0 .173. c .s.

3 38;

a .y.

I G 1 1/111 2 5 226;

3 38/337. G V 2 7,

G G 1 5;

P age C XXVI n m iruse p d, g nn s" ) H ammond, K lio 3 1, 1 938, 2 16-218; P ritchett, A JA 6 3, 1 959, 2 59; L attimore, T hemes 2 39,n.190; B radeen 1 964, 5 7; P fohl, G eschichte u nd E pigram n o.38; N orden, K leine S chriften (1966) 5 55; V ermeule A JA 7 6, 1 972, 5 5; C lairm ont, N ew L ight 1 29-130.

X p6v]e, n avTotwv e vr r to[rg n aventaxone &a l loy] , l ayy Vdo h ecTip c ov l a cqt y evo t , n aeiwv] ; [ I s t ea t% ) a ünCeLv n el .pwµevo l . ' EXXi cem x wpav] [ Botw ev x XcLvot e vrtaxogev t v 8 an UoLs]. R ecent e xamination o f [ 77a] l ed t o s ome c orrection o f t he e vidence a s p resented b y P eek. 1 9 T he t op o f t he b lock i s s mooth, s howing s ome t races o f t he r asp . 0 .045 b elow t he t op e dge i s e ngraved t he f irst 1 . o f t he e pigram , 1 4 l etters b eing p reserved. T he d istance b etween 1 .1 a nd 1 .2 i s 0 .04 - 0 .042. 1 2 l etters a re p reserved i n 1 .2. P eek a ssumed t hat 1 1.3-4 w ere e ngraved o n a s econd, i .e. r ighth and b lock r ather t han b elow 1 .2 o f t he p reserved b lock . C areful e xamination o f [ 77a] r evealed, h owever, t hat 0 .041 b elow t he p i o f n aa [t i n 1 .2, t here a re t he r emains o f a v ertical h asta, a n i ota. T his i s n ot,in o ther w ords, o ne o f t he a ccidental s mall b reaks i n t he s tone. T he i ota i n 1 .2 i s t he 1 6th l etter i n t he l ine. I t s tands i n t urn u nd er t he e ta o f e v i lTo rk i n 1 .1, w hich i s t he 1 7th l etter

2 16

i n t hat l ine. I t f ollows t hat t he i ota i n 1 .3 m ust b e i d entical w ith t he f irst i ota i n i t e tay ,tvot which i s t he 1 7th l etter i n 1 .3. C omparison b etween t he c uriously t ria ngular s pout-like s hape o f t he t op o f t he h asta o f t he i ota w ith a n i dentical r endering i n t he s econd h asta o f t he n u ( 1.1, s econd n u i n n c or rot t uv ) c linches t he e vidence f or t he a ssumption t hat t he f our l ines o f t he e pigram w ere n ot w ritten b eside e ach o ther i n p airs b ut,instead, b elow e ach o ther. M ore t antalizing i s t he r .h.s.s.of [ 77a]. P eek s aid t hat a nathyrosis " ist d eutlich e rhalten". I c an s ee a s mooth s urface p assing o ver i nto a b reak. T here i s d efin itely n o a nathyrosis. A nd y et, t he e pigram m ust h ave c ont inued t o t he r ight. A s a s olution f or t he p uzzle I c an o nly s uggest t hat t he o riginal b lock w as t rimmmed d own f or s econdary u se a nd t hat t he r .h.s.s. w as s moothed o n t his o ccasion. B oth t he b ottom e dge a nd t he 1 .h.s.s. a re b rok en. I n s ummary, t here i s r eally n o e vidence f or P eek's r estoration o f t he m onument a s a w hole a s g iven i n h is s ketch. 20 I f f our l ines w ere i nscribed o n t he f ace o f t he b lock a bout 0 .80 l ong, i ts h eight c ould h ave r eached c a.0.280 .30, a llowing e qual s paces b etween e ach l ine a nd c . 0 .045 a bove 1 .1 a nd b elow 1 .4. S uch a b lock c ould h ave f ormed t he c entral e lement o f a b ase u pon w hich w as e rected t he s tele(or s telai) w ith t he l ist o f c asualties. M ore t han 1 ,000 A thenains w ere k illed a t C haeroneia. N o l ess t han 2 ,000 w ere m ade c aptives. 21 F rom o ther s ources w e k now t hat P hilip o nly s ome t ime a fter t he b attle p ermitted t he A thenians t o c ollect t he a shes a nd b ones o f t heir c asualties i n o rder t o c arry t hem b ack t o A thens f or b uria1. 22 T he b urial o f e leven l arnak es m ay h ave n eeded a 4 b y 4 m eters s pace u pon w hich t he p reserved b ase b lock t ogether w ith o thers w as p laced, t hus y ielding a f irm b ase f or t he s tele(stelai). T he e pigram h as b een t he s ubject o f f requent d iscussion. W hile t he r eference t o C hronos n aven taxonog reflects some o f t he p hilosophic ( 11 s ophistication c urrent i n t he 4 th c entury, i t h as b een p ointed o ut t hat 1 1.3-4 f orcefully c arry a cross t o t he r eaders' m inds t he t ragedy o f t he l oss o f f reedom f or G reece b ecause o f t he M akedonian c onquest. D emosthenes s poke h is E pitaphios i n f ront o f t his m emo rial. M ost l ikely P ausanias h ad i t i n m ind w hen b e writpe s i n 1 .29.13: e Ti maav ö k , x at...oao t , M axe8ovwv E vavTta a avTo c v XaLpwvete...

7 7b.

A thens, D emosion S ema. P olyandrion. L iterary t radition . 3 38 D emosthenes,

D e c orona 2 89;

2 17

P age C XXVI

( "anonymou s e pigrams" )

2 1,

C V 2 9, M athieu, 1 976, 9 7-115.

D emosthene 1 16,

n .1;

W ankel,

Z PE

one n &Tpag Z vexa neTipai e tg C iptv g eEVTO ö nXa x at C o PTkniamv u pptv a neaxiba c ray. µ apvi cgevot 8 he e lg x at 8 etgaTog o üx t a c iwaav ( 1 4 )xi cg, S c XX "Atö r )v x oLvbv Z eevTo ß paß 9 1, o Uvexev ' EXXf ivwv, 1 g A Cnöv a üxiv t , » ivTeg 8 o tAoaüvig a Tuye a cv & µ c ptg e x t e mv e ßptv. y ata 8 1 n aTetg f i ce t , x cp tnotg Tt i 3V ' A new x ag innwv o l4 tat' t t uct eV9TOT Ex A tög ; i 8e x ptaLg. v A6kv a gapTetv E GTL e eMv x at n avTa x aTope av e v p LoT i lt, g otpavö 'oeTL (me n / Z nopev.

o r 6 .

G enerally t aken t o b e a n e pitaph b ecause o f i n 1 .1, t he t en-verse p oem h as f ound m ore a stute c riticism t han a cc eptance a s a g enuine p oem . I t d oes n ot h elp s o s ay t hat [ 77b] i s t he " official"poem b ecause i t i s a ttested o n s tone. I t i s n ever, i n p rinciple, i mpossible t hat m ore t han o ne e pigram w as n ot o nly c omposed b ut a lso e ngraved o n s tone o n t he o ccasion o f p ublic b urial. O r, a s M athieu s uggested ( loc.cit.) i t m ay h ave b een a dded l ater o n t he o ccasion o f s ome p olitical e vent s uch a s t he " restoration o f t he d emoc racy" i n 3 07. P age d escribes [ 77b] a s " long, v erbose, l ifeless, i llp hrased, d ishonest". I n [ 77a] o t6E i s c onspicuously a bs ent. T he p oem h as t he t enor o f a s tate e pigram . L ength a nd v erbosity i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 4 th c entury p rove n othing a gainst [ 77b]. P age's o ther c haracterizations d o. P age b elieves t hat t here w as o ne p ublic m emorial w ith b oth [ 77a] a nd [ 77h] o n i t. L et u s d istinguish a nd s ay : t wo s telai w ith o ne e pigram e ach ( as t he s tone o f [ 77a] w ould s uggest) a nd b oth s telai s tanding i n t he s ame b urial p rec inct. P eek e ven b elieved t hat a t hird e pigram h onoured t he c asualties o f C haeroneia(see G G p .27 c ommenting o n G G 1 6= C V 2 8).

7 7c.

P 1.85. A thens, A gora I 6 953(v.). A thens, S E o f t he c hurch o f H oly A postles. F ragment o f a c asualty l ist. P entelic m arble. 0 .25; 0 .33; 0 .16. 3 38

?

B radeen n o.25. B radeen 1 964,

5 5-58,no.16,

p 1.6;

S tupperich 6 ,

n .3.

B radeen n oted t he s imilarity o f t he l etters i n [ 77c] t o t hose i n [ 77a] a nd b elieved t hat t he f ormer b elonged t o o ne o f t he s telai l isting t he c asualties i n t he b attle o f C haeroneia.

2 18

T he f ragment r efers t o t ribe V I. L .2 i s f ollowed b y a h opelessly d estroyed l ine w hich c ontained t he n ame o f t he g eneral a nd w hich p receded t he c asualties o f t he t ribe. 23 A bove 1 .1 t here i s a p lastic r idge, 0 .011 h igh, f orm ing a t ransition b etween a m oulding ( 0.11 h igh) w hich c rowns t he s tele p roper. T he r .h. a nd 1 .h.s.s. a re b roken a s i s t he b ottom. T he b ack, t hough m aking a f airly f lat a ppearance, i s b roken t oo. T he t op i s s mooth-picked. T o • i ts l eft a re r emains o f a T -clamp. O f t he v ertical b ar 0 .085 i s p reserved, o f t he h orizontal o ne 0 .055. 24 T he p resence o f T -clamps i ndicates t hat t he l eft e dge o f t he s tele i s m issing, t he b ar o f t he c lamp h aving r eached a n o riginal l ength o f a bout 0 .10. I t f ollows t hat t he o mikron i n 1 .1 w as e ngraved v ery c lose t o t he e dge. I f t he r estoration i n 1 .1 i s c orrect, [ 77c] c ould c ome f rom t he t hird s tele, c o1.1 o f t he c asualty l ist, e ach o f f our s telai h aving 5 c ols.

7 8.

A thens n ow l ost. O nce o n t he A kropolis, S tele w ith e pigram. P entelic m arble. c .s.322;

a .y.

T arn , , vol.

f ound i n 1 837.

3 22-321.

I G 1 1/111 2 5 225;

t e2

i n t he P ropylaea,

G V 2 6.

C AH v ol.V1(1927)458; B eloch, G riechische G eschichI V, 7 2f; A shton, B SA 7 2,1977,1-11.

02 )]ölv b teue vtag x pe rv c[ov n iKet ä v6pi catv t d e xot s] . p l os o g ,u f t i[g]evot e yl tjaxov e r n4 n aTet8os]

v a lyaxta5 e v a yMv[L. T ra c p[oi $ 593 v 8 1µ9g c ' euxev], WaCet x [at] n a T p War rig [ a mninet x aptaLv].

T he e pigram h as b een c onnected w ith t he s ea b attle n ear A bydos a nd A morgos i n 3 22 w hen t he M akedonian a dmiral K leit os w as v ictorious o ver t he A thenian n avy. T he l ocation o f [ 78] i n t he D emosion S ema i s o nly r oughly k nown . P aus anias m entions t he p ublic m emorial i n 1 .29.13: La c c imaav

. .xat 3 aoug c O e c raaNlav A e weivr ig

B .

y aye.

S econdary T estimonium.

6 8A.

A thens, K erameikos P 1 130. F ound i n s itu, i n t he p recinct o f t he f amily t omb. R elief s tele a nd b ase w ith i nscription. 1 .75; 1 .46; 0 .18. 25 c .s.

3 94;

a .y.394-393.

I G 1 1/111 2 6 217;

C onze n o.1158.

2 19

J ohansen 4 8-50; S chlörb, Untersuchungen 4 2; E .Verm eule, J dI 7 6,1970,94-111; T ravlos f ig.411; H ölscher 1 973, 1 02-104, n .527; L angenfass-Vuduroglu, M ensch u nd P ferd, 1 1, n o.14,15-17;.120; R obertson 3 69, p 1.121c; S uter , D as H armodiosmotiv ( 1975) 6 2 a nd n .115; S tähler , A A 1 976,67; S tupperich N otes p .167, n o.266; C hilds, R A 1 976, 2 88 . T he i nscription i s o n t he c oncave f ront s ide o f t he b ase: A cZtX .Ewg A u c lavto e optx t .og ' Eyiv v ro t nt T eta&v8po i pxo w rog, ' A l t eave t i t'E l ' 4 3 0a8o ' By K optvewt T Mv 1 L VTE t nniwv. I t i s n ot t o t he p oint t o e nter h ere u pon a d iscussion o f t he r elief. W hatever D exileos' s pecific a chievements i n t he b attle o n t he N emea-River, h is r elatives w ished t o h onour h im b y a p rivate t omb a lthough h e w as a lso c ommemorat ed i n t he m emorial f or t he h orse [ 68b]. [ 68A] w as e rected o ver a k enotaph. A shes a nd b ones o f a ll c asualties i n t he K orinthian W ar w ere b uried i n t he g eneral p recinct o ver w hich s tood b oth [ 68a] a nd [ 68b]. 2 1 0 S ince t he p rivate b urial o f D exileos d id n ot p reserve h is b ody, t he m ore i mportant a re t he r ed-figured v ases w hich w ere f ound i n t he f amily p recinct. M rs. V remeule m akes a g ood c ase t hat t he v ases w ere m eant t o h onour t he m emory o f t he d eceased w ho a fter d eath w as n o d oubt c onc eived b y h is c lose k in a s ä vi ip y evö l lEvog a yaeög. T he n otion t hat D exileos h as b ecome a h ero i s v ery e loquentl y s tressed b y t he f act t hat h is r elatives c hose a s o ne o f t he f ive v ases o n o inochoe w hich d epicts t he T yrannicides. D exileos i s w orthy i ndeed o f t he t wo A thenian h eroes, v irt ually h is a ncestors w ith r egard t he s acrificing h is l ife f or t he f ather-city. I t i s n ot f or t he f irst t ime t hat a c asualty i n w arfare w as h onoured b y a p ublic m emorial a nd b y a p rivate t omb. T he f ragmentary r elief i n B erlin 27 w hich w as f ound i n C halandri, c omes f orm s uch a t omb. T he c omposition o f t he r elief, a p redecessor o f t he D exileos r elief, i s d erived f orm a s tate m emorial n o l onger p res erved. T he a ddition o f a n ow u nfortunately f ragmentary e pigram t o t he B erlin r elief c an h ardly b e c omprehended w ithout a ssuming t hat t he c ommissioners h ad k nowledge o f t he e xistence o f e pigrams o n p olyandria. T he B erlin r elief i s t o m y k nowledge t he e arliest e xample o f a p rivate m emo rial o ver a k enotaph b eside t he a ssumed e xistence o f a p ublic m emorial. B ut d ouble b urial m ust b e r eckoned w ith i n a ll t hose c ases i n w hich a g ravestone, l ekythos o r l outrophoros w ith r elief d ecoration d epicting a w arrior t heme w as d esignated a s p rivate m emorial. W hile [ 68A] i s a c lear c ase i n p oint, a ttested t o a s i t i s b y i nscript ions, o ther e xamples a re m ore d ifficult t o p in d own f or e ssentially t wo r easons. F irstly, A ttic c asualty l ists a re n ot o nly f ragmentary b ut s o f ar a re a lso i nextant i n t he 4 th c entury s o t hat n ames o n p rivate g ravestones h ave n o c orresponding c ounterpart. S econdly, p atronymics a re

2 20

l acking i n c asualty l ists w hile t hey a re o ften p reserved ( with t he d eme) o n p rivate m emorials. T hus, e ven i f i d entical n ames w ere t o o ccur b oth i n a c asualty l ist a nd o n a p rivate m emorial, t his d oes n ot n ecessarily m ean t hat w e a re d ealing w ith t he s a ne p erson. 28 O ne f inal p oint i s w orth c onsidering. I n t he r eliefs o n s tate m emorials [ 59,68a-b], t here i s n o i ndividualizat ion o f s oldiers. T here i s a nonymity. T here i s f or t he b eholder t he v aliant s acrifice o f t he w arriors' l ives i n t he d efense o f t he f ather-land a nd t he w arriors a re s hown v ictorious. W ith p rivate m emorials s uch a s [ 68A] t he s ituation c hanges. T o b e s ure, D exileos " ritterl iche T ätigkeit" i s h onoured. 29 B ut t he e vidence t hat c omes f rom t he r ed-figured o inochoe w ith t he T yrannicides p ermits o ne t o i nterpret t he r elief i tself f orm a n ew a ngle. D exileos w as n ot o nly c onceived b y h is r elatives a s & vi lp •ae ay ro g ,h e w as a lso d epicted i n t he r elief a s t he i ndiv idual h ero, s imilarly a s H armodios a nd A ristogeiton w ere i ndividual h eroes r emembered i n s tatue g roups b y t he A t henian s tate. T he d ifference l ies b etween h eroization b ased o n s tate c ult a nd h eroization f or w hich t he f amily o f D exileos t akes p rime r esponsibility. [ 68A] i ndicates a n i mportant s tage o f d evelopment i n t he h eroization o f p riv ate p ersons i n A ttica. T he c ondition p er s e w ich m ade h eroization p ossible w as d eath f or t he c ommunity i n w ar. B ut t he n otion t hat D exileos, i n t he e yes o f h is f amily, h as b ecome a h ero i s o nly p ossible i n t he 4 th c entury w ith t he p owerful g rowth o f i ndividualism. T he t riple h onouring o f t he d eceased i n c ase o f D exileos i llustrates s ome o f t he b asic e lements w ith r espect t he i ndividual's p osition i n A thenian s ociety o f t he p eriod: D exileos i s a m ember o f t he A thenian t roops a t l arge [ 68a], o f t he h orse [ 68b], and h e i s t he s on o f L ysanias f rom t he d eme o f T horikos, i ndiv idually h eroized a s o ne o f t he t en c avalrymen [ 68A]. 30

2 21

C HAPTER 7

N ON-ATHENIAN P OLYANDRIA D URING T HE 5 th A ND 4 th C ENTURIES B .C.

5 .

L ost, o nce i n S elinus, S icily. E pigram f rom a p olyandrion. L iterary t radition. E arly 5 th c entury. G V 2 3.

H olm, G eschichte S iciliens v ol.1,153.197.411; P reger, I nscriptiones 4 4; R eitzenstein, E pigramm u nd S kolion 1 10; S tauffenberg, T rinakria 1 52f.159f; P fahl, E pitaphs n o.171.

aEvvivt c xc i t ot aXe•

t oa

E EXtvoUvTo

T 2pavvtö c c.x c iaxeog " Aprs

8 'ag e n ie t cK c eavov.

O ur m ain s ource f or t he e vents w hich c aused t he e rection o f a mnema o ver t he c asualties i n S elinus i s H erodotus 5 .46. E uryleon, w ho h ad s ailed t o S icily w ith D orieus a s c omradei n-arms a nd h ad e scaped d eath i n b attle, h elped t he p eople o f S elinus i n t heir s truggle a gainst P eithagoras t he t yrant o f t hat c ity. P eithagoras w as e xpelled, w hereupon E uryleon s eized p ower h imself, e ventually t o s uffer t he s ame f ate a s P eithagoras a t t he h ands o f t he p eople o f S elinus. T he e pigram c ould r efer t o t hose w ho d ied f ighting a gainst P eithagoras. P reger r elates i t " ad i lium t umultum, q uo S el inuntii E uryleontem t yrannum e xpulerunt". D epending o n t he t ime e lapsed i n t he s uccession o f t hese events, i t i s n ot a ltogether f ar-fetched t o a ssume t hat t he e pigram c rowned t he p olyandrion i n w hich w ere b uried t he s oldiers w ho f ell a gainst b oth P eithagoras a nd E uryleon. T he e pigram r efers, g enerally s peaking, t o t yranny, n ot t o a t yrant o r t yrants w hich r ole b oth P eithagoras a nd E uryelon h ad p layed. T he e pigram i s t he e arliest n on-Attic t estimony o f p ublic b urial a nd t he p ublic r espect g iven t o c asualties(cp. howe ver [ 84] a nd b elow A ppendix 4 , p p. MT.

8 a.

T hermopylae. P olyandrion f or t he S partans. L iterary e vidence. 4 80G V 4 ;

P age X XIIb.

R eitzenstein, E pigramm und S kolion 1 12; G reek E legists(1938)192f; J acoby 4 3,n.23;

2 22

B owra, J acoby,

E arly E pigrams

1 72; F ränkel, D ichtung u nd P hilosophie 4 12; D ascalakis, P roblämes h istoriques 7 9; S chaefer, P robleme d er a lten G eschichte(1963)153ff; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.122; P odlecki, E pigraphica 3 5,1973,34f; L oraux, K tema 2 ,1977,109.114fff; L orenz, T hessalische G rabgedichte 7 3-84. 7 W

t er V 8 , h y akeLv A axe8atgovtot5 3tL T r8e x eid leea T org x etvwv A µaaL n eLeogevoL.

T here i s g eneral a greement t hat [ 8a] i s t he e pitaph i ns cribed o n t he p olyandrion o f t he ' Three H undred'. T he H erodotean v ersion A l lpaa l , w as c hanged a lready i n t he 4 th c entury t o v ogtgotg. 1 O f i nterest i s t he p assage i n S trabo(9.4.16) w ho r efers b oth t o a TIXat a t t he p olyandrion o f t he S partans a nd t o t he p resent e pigram. T he t opographical r eference t o t he b attlefield a nd h ence t he p olyandrion i s t o I t Ept 8 1 T t l e olyandrion o f t he O puntian L okrians a Tcyt t. C oncerning t he p [ 8d] S trabo s peaks o f o ne o f f ive s telai T IN n ept e epµonüX ag. ( 9.4.2). I f w e h ave t o a ccount f or t wo d ifferent b urial s ites, o ne o f t he S partan s telai m entioned b y S trabo w as p robably i nscribed w ith t he p resent e pigram. A s f or t he r emaining s telai H erodotus s trongly i nsisted i hat ; w ith r espect t he S partans w ho d ied w ith L eonidas ; E nUe0g 1 1V T 2 c v ögaTa, t nye k try 8 k x at C c nt xv - mv ' MN ; T ptaxoatwv. I n my o pinion o ne o f t he m ost l ikely s ources f or t he n ames w ere t he c asualty l ists i nscribed o n t he r emainder o f S trab o's s telai w hich w ere s et u p a t T A C I TEN4. 2 H erodotus w as e ither a cquainted w ith t he c asualty l ists t hemselves w itho ut r eferring t o t hem s pecifically o r k new o f t heir e xiste nce t hrough a c atalogue o f n ames t hat w ere a lso t o b e i ns cribed o n s tone i n S parta. T his c asualty l ist w as s till s een b y P ausanias ( 3.14.1) n ext t o t he L eonideion[8B]. I f w e a ssume t hat t here w ere t wo d ifferent b urial g rounds w ith s telai i n e ither p lace, w e c an a ccount f or o nly f our o f t he f ive s telai t hat s tood n ept e cpµonüXag, n amely [ 8b-e]. C ould t he f ifth s tele h ave b een i nscribed w ith a n e pigram f or t he S partans o ther t han t he ' Three H undred'? T he e pigram A nth.Pa1.7.301, c ertainly o f l ater d ate t han t he P ersian W ars, c ould b e a c andidate f or t he f ifth s tele, i nscribed p erhaps a s l ate a s t he 4 th c entury. 3 T he a uthorship o f [ 8a] i s d isputed. P odlecki r ecently a rgued t hat w hereas H erodotus s pecifically s tates t hat S im onides c omposed [ 8e]xaT i l t etvtiv , " this s uggests a n u nw illingness o n H erdotus' p art t o v ouch f or a uthorship o f a ny b ut t he M egistias p oem".

8 b.

T hermopylae. P olyandrion f or P eloponnesians. L iterary e vidence. 4 80-

2 23

G V 3 ;

P age X XIIa.

W ade-Gery, J HS 5 3,1933,72; F riedländer, E pigrammata 7 9; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.121; G auer , W eihgeschenke 1 18-120; L orenz, T hessalische G rabgedichte 6 9-72. 4 u9 a catv n c e r EX

e f t T ptixoatatg t µ ho w co

nEXOUOVV& UOU

V AL605Eg

TETOpEg.

T he c asualties a t T hermopylae w ere b uried w here t hey f ell a ccording t o H erodotus. T here i s n o r eason t o d oubt t his. 4 [ 8b] w as e ngraved f or t he P eloponnesian c asualties o n t he s tele w hich s tood a t t heir p olyandrion. W ade-Gery, F riedl änder, a nd G auer d o n ot t ake t he e pigram f or a n e pitaph b ut a s h aving b een i nscribed o n a m emorial - c e l lp ,a- w hich t he A mphiktyons e rected f or t he P eloponnesian c asualties a fter t he b attle. A s f or T r o • ri i n t he e pigram, t his d oes n ot n ecessarily i ndicate t hat i t w as i nscribed s ome t ime l ater. 5 U ltimately d ecisive f or t his a nd o ther e pigrams i s t he t opographical s etting. F or [ 8b] a nd a lso [ 8c-e H erodotus c learly t ells u s t hat t he s telai s tood o n t he r espective t ombs, t hat i s w here t he s oldiers f ell a nd w here t hey w ere b uried. H ence, t he c onclusion t hat t he p oems a re e pitaphs • 6

8 c.

T hermopylae. P olyandrion f or t he T hespians. L iterary e vidence. 4 80G V 5 ;

G G 2 ;

P age,

P hiliades

I .

J acoby, E pigrams 1 72; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.123; W adeG ery, J HS 5 3,1933,76; L orenz, T hessalische G rabgedichte 8 5-87; P ritchett 1 980,1,51. C PI CV 8 P e g,

X c zr i

W

e vatov ü l t ö xru l t pots ' EX o tnvo5, . 6 3v c d )xe r e cantag E up oposi

Tot

UOT

9

T his e pigram, n ot q uoted b y H erdotus, w as e ngraved u pon o ne o f t he f ive s telai m entioned b y S trabo. I t h onours t he T hespians, a llies o f t he S partans. T he e pigram i s a scribed t o P hiliades f rom M egara. 7

8 d.

T hermopylae. P olyandrion f or t he O puntian L okrians. L iterary e vidence. 4 80G V 6 ;

G G 3 ;

P age X XIII.

2 24

5 46;

J acoby, E pigrams 1 72; P fohl, A rchC1 2 5-26,1973-74, L orenz, T hessalische G rabgedichte 8 8-89.

z oGa6c n oT1 p etgivoug b ulp ' EXX&Sog Lr cta M fguy g iwpönoXtg A o l t rAv e üeuvögwv ' On6cLg. T he O puntian L okrians w ere a lso a llies o f t he S partans a t T hermopylae(Herodotus 7 .207). T he e pigram i s n ot, a s P eek s uggested, 8 a n " Ehreninschrift", b ut t he e pitaph f or t he c asualties.

8 e.

T hermopylae. T omb f or M egistias. L iterary e vidence. 4 80G V 9 4;

G G 7 6;

P age V I.

B owra, E arly G reek E legists(1938)201; J acoby, E pigrams 1 73; F ränkel, D ichtung u nd P hilosophie 4 13; K ierdorf, E rl ebnis 1 7f; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.120; L orenz, T hessalische G rabgedichte 6 3-68.

µAga z 66e x Xetvoto M eyunta i Ö V/ COTE M eOL EnEPXELÖV n oTa dv w re pav a 45 4 4 .e vot a tv e rtoi, ö g T öTc x epag e xcpxogevag a pa E tg )g am E TX T ) E napTag ee dva n p ati t ay. S imonides w rote t his e pigram f or M egistias x aT a c t etvtly. T he e pic t one o f t he e pitaph i s n oteworthy. I t i s h ardly n ecessary t o a ssume t hat b ecause o f UOTE -TÖTE s everal y ears e lapsed b etween M egistias' d eath a nd t he p lacing o f t he s tel e i n s itu m eaning, t o q uote W ade-Gery, t hat " the e vents h ad a lready f allen i nto p erspective". 9 T he e mphasis i n t he p oem o n t he d ecidedly f irm a nd v aliant s tand o f M egistias o n t he b attlefield a nd h is e nsuing d eath m ake h im t he e pitome o f t he h ero.

1 0b.

A thens, E M 2 2(v .). P 1.14 F rom A mbelaki, i sland o f S alamis, f ound i n 1 895. E pitaph f or t he K orinthians, f rom a s tele(?). M arble. 0 .455; 0 .79; 0 .06. 4 80I G 12 9 27;

G V 7 ;

G G 4 ;

M L n o.24;

P age X I.

J effery 1 15f.119f.127.129.132,no.29; B oegehold, G RBSt 6 ,1965,179-186; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.7; A rena, L e i scrizioni 1 36, n .109; G auer, W eihgeschenke 1 3; P odlecki, E piraphic a 3 5,1973,passim; S tupperich 2 12 w ith n .2.

2 25

[ 3 Eve, E ZAu s 5p löv n ox'tvatoueg &my 9 optveo. [ v i lv 8 'ha d l aa ]v rog [ vaaog e x ]c t . E [aXagtg]. t ve c i6c O otvtaaag v eag x at I l tpaag h6vTeg x at M i l8oug t ca cv ' EXX& Sa A u6µcea . T his e pitaph h onoured t he K orinthians w ho d ied i n t he b attle o f S alamis. T heir g rave w as o n t he i sland. T here w as a s econd e pitaph w ritten f or a k enotaph n earby t heir h ome c ity, a t t he I sthmus[10c]. [ 10a] w as r eused a s a t hreshold i n a m odern h ouse. I t h ad b een c ut f or t his p urpose o n t he l eft s ide w hich c aused t he l oss o f t he b eginning o f e ach v erse. I n t he s pace b etw een t he t wo l ines o f i nscription a nd a bove 1 .1 s ome l ett ers h ave b een a dded m uch l ater a nd h ave n othing t o d o w ith t he o riginal i nscription. 10 B oegehold's o bservations o n t he s tone a nd m y o wn e xamin ation c all f or s ome c omment o n d etails. T he m ost d isputed l etter i n t he i nscription i s t he q oppa i n eoptveo. S ome s cholars s urmised t hat t he s cribe f irst w rote a q oppa b ut s ubsequently c hanged t he l etter i nto k appa. I n s upport o f t his t hesis i t w as p ointed o ut t hat b elow t he c ircle o f t he q oppa t here i s a d iagonal h asta w hich b elongs t o t he k appa a ttached a s i t i s " near t he t ail o f t he q oppa". B oegehold a dmits t hat " someone .. m ay h ave s tarted t o c hange" t he q oppa " into a k appa, b ut o nly o ne s hort d iago nal s troke w as a dded..., a nd s o t he p utative c hange, i f i ndeed t he s troke i s n ot a ccidental, w as n ever e ffected". 11 B ut w hat a bout t he " top d iagonal s troke" o f t he k appa? B oegehold c laims t hat i t w as n ever c ut a nd r efers t he r eader t o h is p 1.6, f igs.3-4. 12 H owever , i n f ig.3 a nd i ndeed b ef ore t he o riginal i n t he E pigraphical M useum t he " top d iago nal s troke" i s p lainly v isible t o m e r unning t angential t o t he c ircle o f q oppa. T he p osition o f t he s troke s eems t o m e t o b e t he c rux o f t he m atter : t he c ircle o f q oppa a nd t he " top d iagonal s troke" o f k appa h ave t horoughly b lurred f orming a b road g roove. T he s cribe l eft i t b ecause t here w as n o r emedy . T o m ake t hings n ot w orse t han t hey a lready w ere h e a dded t he l ower d iagonal s troke n ot, a s o ne w ould h ave e xpected, j oining t he " top d iagonal s troke" a t t he t ail o f t he q oppa b ut s omewhat b elow . T his l ower s troke h as n ot b een g iven t he f inal f inish; i t h as t he e xpected l ength a nd c annot b e c alled " short"; i t i s d efinitely n ot " accid ental". T o r esume: t he q oppa w as c hanged i nto k appa a nd t he e nd r esult w as m ost u nsatisfactory b ecause o f t he e xi sting c ircle o f t he q oppa. T he l ower d iagonal s troke o f k appa w as n ever g iven t he f inishing t ouch. B ut w hy t he c hange o f q oppa i nto k appa? A s f ar a s Ik now, t he r eason f or t he c hange h as n ever b een s earched f or a nd y et i s c learly o btrudes i tself. T he o mikra, a nd e specially o mikron 2 a nd 3 (from t he b eginning o f t he l ine)are w ell b elow t he h orizontal u pper l ine w hich i s f ormed b y t he u pp er e nds o f h astae o f t he l etters. O mikron 4 w hich s tands n ext t o q oppa i n 9optveo, i s a n e xception. B ecause o f i na ttention t he s cribe s et o mikron 4 a t t he s ame h eight a s t he 2 26

c ircle o f q oppa w hich h e h ad j ust f inished i ncising. I t i s t his u nfortuante p airing o f c ircles w hich m ust h ave c aused t he c hange o f q oppa i nto k appa. E ither t he s cribe h imself w as d issatisfied w ith t his c lashing o f c ircles i n v isual t erms o r, m ore l ikely, t he c ommissioners f or t hese s ame r easons r ather t han t he u rge t o h ave a n o ld-fashioned l ett er r eplaced b y o ne m ore c ommonly a ccepted, a sked f or t he c orrection t o b e m ade, n ot r ealizing t he d ifficulties i nto w hich t he s cribe w ould r un a nd w hich i n f act c an s till b e g leaned f orm t he s tone. T he l ist o f s cholars w ho h ave r ejected 1 1.3-4 a s n ot b elonging t o t he o riginal p oem i s l ong. 13 I t i s n ot s o m uch a m atter o f t he r ubbing o ff o f t he s tone t hrough i t b eing t rod u pon w hich i s s aid t o a ccount f or t he l oss o f 1 1.3-4, n or t he " Doric s hortening" i n e aag(verse 3 ), b ut i t i s f ound t o b e a m atter o f s tyle. 1 B oegehold n otes t he a bsence o f c lamps a nd d owel h oles i n t he s tone a s p reserved(top a nd b ottom a re o riginal). T he l ack o f c lamps c reates p roblems c oncerning h ow t he s tone w as u sed i n c onjunction w ith t he p olyandrion i tself. R ather t han c onsidering a v ertical p ositioning o f t he s tone, o ne m ight c onsider [ 10b] a s h aving b een l aid h orizontally t og ether w ith o ther s tones o ver t he g rave, r are a s t his s ol ution i s o therwise. 15

1 0c.

I sthmus o f K orinth. K enotaph f or t he K orinthians w ho d ied i n t he b attle o f S alamis ( and, g enerally s peaking, i n t he P ersian W ars?) L iterary e vidence. ( 480)

4 79-

G V 8 ;

G G 5 ;

P age X II.

W ilamowitz, G öttNachr 1 897,309; W elwei, 1 970,299; P odlecki, E pigraphica 3 5,1973,28f.

& x

H istoria 1 9,

c maxutav nu . t up a ' EX V (8a n aaav T atg a i r tMv c p uxarg x ci ,µcea baagevot.

8 0nd koaüv -v. f l gpaats ô n cpt wcaL n hgata n i cvTa ›aecv,,apyaXtrK g vnµata v augaxtTK. Q azca 8 k ltv e xct E aKa lag. n aTpts 8 c K öpLveog 1 99 • a vT c ucpycatig µOW , EUC eptE T645E. 9

W elwei h as s uggested r ecently t hat, i f o ne e xcludes t he p ossibility ( as m ost s cholars s eem t o) t hat l ines 3 -6 b elong t o t he o riginal p oem , l ines 1 -2 m ight r efer t o t he K orinthian c asualties i n t he P ersian W ars a s a w hole, n ot j ust i n t he b attle o f S alamis. T he s uggestion i s a ttractive. T hat t he p oem w as a lso c ondemned a ltogether a s " literary f iction" i s n ot s urprising b ut h ardly a cceptable. 16 I n [ 10b] t he e mphasis i n o n t he c ontrast w here t he f allen s oldiers l ived a nd w here t heir b ones a re b uried. H owever, i n [ 10c], K orinth 's r ole a s t he s aviour o f H ellas s tands 2 27

p rominently i n t he f oreground. I t i s p ossible t hat t he • n otion a xµac...En t , u pot w as i nspired b y t he l ocation o f t he I sthmus w hich w es c hosen b y t he G reeks a s t he u ltimate p oint o f d efense i n case s uccessful P ersians s hould d ecide t o t urn a gainst t he P eloponnese. J ust a s I mgEg...tut Z up ot s uggests a l imited c hance o f e scape b efore t he h appy t urn o f e vents, t he n arrow t erritory o f t he I sthmus w ould h ave p roved c rucial f or t he d efense o f G reece.

1 1d.

M egara, u ntil r ecently n ear t he c hurch o f S t. A thanas ios i n P alaiochori(just o utside M egara), t ransferred t o t he s toreroom i n t he H igh S chool(Gymnasion)of t he c ity(n.v.) 17 S lab c rowned b y a m oulding, r eplacing a n e arlier i ns cription n ow l ost. T he o riginal i nscription i s t o b e c onnected w ith a h eroon i n M egara. D ark l imestone. 1 .75; 0 .925; 0 .225. ( 480)-478. I G V II

5 3;

G V 9 ;

G G 6 ;

P age X VI.

S hefton, B SA 3 5,1950,159 n .49; P fohl, G echichte u nd E pigramm n o.19; K ierdorf, E rlebnis 1 7 n .5; W elwei, H istor ia 1 9,1970,300 n .23; S EG X XIV.478; S iewert, E id v on P lat aiai 5 5; P odlecki, E pigraphica 3 5,1973,25-27; P iccirilli, M egarika 1 60; L egon, M egara 1 67ff.

' EXX&8 1 , x at M cyap aatv acüeepov & gap A iZEtv t ep .evo i . e avaTou g otpav tf tt c l i lcea. ( for t ines 3 ( 1 s ee b elow )

T he s lab t he i nscription o f w hich w as i nscribed i n t he 4 th-5th c entury A .D. h as b een k nown s ince t he 1 8th c entury. A fter h aving d ropped f orm s ight, i t w as r ediscovered b y W ilh elm i n 1 898. T wo m ajor p roblems a rise c oncerning t he i nscription. W hat w as t he n ature o f t he o riginal 5 th c entury t ext? W as i t e ngraved u pon a s tele(?)which w as e rected a t a k enotaph o r w as a s tele p laced i n o r n ear a h eroon? A s f or t he l atter P ausanias c ontends 1 .43.3: E tat ( q T&TOL tV T1

x at TOV 11V T01 % & noeavotaLv t n ancav x aTö t T f iv tv .g TpaTetav T O / 0 W I8ou, r 6 A ta f . 4 1vLov x aXo 1 5µEvov µAga h v x at ‚ r ot co hAwv. 3 5

' rot dv b leEüpoti c x at f l aKt y , vea x aXETTe i a yvag,'Aozigt8og TgoT6pov T wvog, Tot 8 t v o p, M otx&Xag, r ot 8 e v up oaecv E aXag avog, T ot 8 1 x at e v n at ay B o t .w .aw, o LTLveg Z TXav ie rpeg t le4ve rAnoug t un p i ixoug t ive. a aTo t . 8 1 a p .µ L . T 68c ( euvoy) y ipag 6 µ9aXM ( 1 4 19tg N cLagwv Z nopov X ao86xwv a yop i l.

2 28

I t h as b een s uggested a bove(p.105)that t he M egarians w ho f ell u nder t he o nslaught o f t he T heban c avalry w ere b uried i n P lataea i tself a s t heir n umber w as c onsiderable. 1 3 B ones a nd a shes o f o ther c asualties, h owever f rom b attles o f t he P ersian W ars o ther t han P lataea m ay h ave b een b uried i n P ausanias' A symnion i n M egara p roper. T hus, i t c ould n ot h ave b een a k enotaph a s s ome b elieved n or a h eroon f or t he c asualties o f P lataea a lone. M ost s cholars a re o f t he o pinion t hat t he o riginal 5 th c entury i nscription c omprised o nly t he f irst d istich. W ade-Gery t hought d ifferently a ccepting t he e ntire p oem a s o riginal a nd s uggesting t hat t he l ate i nscription w as c opied f orm a b ook w hich i ncluded t he r eference t o t he a uthorship o f S imonides. 19 M ore r ecently P odlecki s urmised t hat t he e pigram m ight h ave b een c opied n ot f rom a b ook b ut f rom "a n e arlier i nscription w hich h ad b ecome ' ravaged b y t ime' I n c opying a new t he o riginal 5 th c entury i nscription a s a w hole a nd " firmly a sserting" i n t he s tone c opy t hat S imon ides i s i ts a uthor, H elladius r endered a p ious s ervice t o t he d ead h eroes o f t he c ity. 2 °

l ie.

I sthmus o f K orinth. K enotaph. L iterary e vidence. S ee a bove

[ 10c]

S ince i t i s a ssumed t hat [ 10c] c ommemorates(over a k enotaph)the c asualties o f t he P ersian W ars a s a w hole, t he c asualties a t P lataea w ould a lso b e i ncluded a nd h onoured b y t he e pigram.

1 2.

T hessaly, l ocation u nknown. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 80-479? G V 1 0;

( -4600. P age,

E pigrammata,

A eschylüs

S hefton, B SA 3 5,1950,159; B iesantz, r eliefs 6 6; P eek, W St 7 9,1966,227,n.12; s che G rabgedichte 5 3-60.

1 .21 T hessalische G rabL orenz, T hessali-

x uavi) x at T oüa f t i l eveyxga5 U cccv ä v8pag M otpa, e oXüppnvov n aTpu 5a A uogivovg. C wöv e i k T eL dvwv n aETat O tio5 ; o t n oTE y utots T VIg o v es ' o c ra a tav 44 L i a avT o x o v tv . T he c ircumstances w hich l ed t o t he m aking o f t he T hessal ian p olyandrion a re u nknown. T he T hessalians s ubmitted t o X erxes w hen t he G reek c onfederates d ecided t o g ive u p t he d efense o f T empe a nd o ther T hessalian p asses w ithdrawing t o t he p ass a t T hermopylae.

2 29

H owever , a fter t he b attle o f P lataea s ome T hessalians m ight h ave b roken t heir a llegiance a nd e ngaged i n s kirmishes w ith t he r etreating P ersian a rmy. T he p olyandrion i n t he r egion o f M ount O ssa m ay b e t he r esult o f T hessalian c asualt ies s uffered i n t hese s kirmishes. T he e pitaph m ight h ave b een i nscribed s ome t ime l ater. P eek d oubts t hat i t i s a g enuine e pitaph f rom t he t ime o f t he P ersian W ars, m ainl y b ecause i t c onsists o f t wo d istichs. A d ate i n t he 4 60's, c ontemporary w ith t he E urymedon e pigram [ 17], c ould b e a p ossible a lternate d ate.

1 4.

T egea. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 4 73-472, C V 1 1;

r ather t han 4 79. G G 7 ;

P age L III.

B owra, E arly G reek E legists(1938)191-193; g rams 1 73; P fohl, E pitaphs n o.163; S iewert, t aiai 5 4 n .18; P odlecki, P P 1 84,1979,15.

J acoby , E piE id v on P la-

T i lv f t 8 L'C cve rAnov e pc -av o üx r xezo x auvög a tegpa 6 aLogevag c veux§ spou T eyiac. o t f 3 2GX .ovzo n öKkv e xv acuecpba t , T ceaXutav ‚ t a t , a t X t netv, a UrOL 8 'tv n po l laxoLa t , e avctv.

I t i s u ncertain f or t he c asualties i n w hich w ar t he e pit aph w as w ritten. S cholars h ave s uggested t hat i t r efers t o t he T egeatans w ho f ell a t P lataea. T he s pecific r efe rence t o t he c ity o f T egea, h owever , m akes i t m ore l ikely t hat t he e pitaph w as c omposed f or s oldiers w ho f ell a nte p ortas f ighting a gainst t he S partans i n 4 73-472. T hat S im onides i s t he a uthor o f t he e pita p* - " impeccable i n f orm a nd c ontent"-was a ccepted b y B owra.LL 4 8b.

T anagra Museum, i nv.271(v.). F rom T anagra. S tele w ith c asualty l ist. B lack m arble o f l ocal o rigin. 0 .834; 0 .814; 0 .314. 4 24 I G V II

5 85.

A D 1 917,174; K eramopoullos A rchEph 1 920, 1 9ff ; A ustin, S toichedon S tyle 7 5; V enencie, B CH 8 4,1960,611-616; J eff ery 9 4f.,p1.19b; G uarducci 1 969,165; H ölscher 1 973,109. T he a lmost s quare s tele i s e ngraved w ith f our c ols.of n ames. T hese a re e venly d istributed i n 1 1.1-15,18-32,35-49, a nd 5 0-64, w ith a t otal o f 6 0 n ames. I n 1 1.16-17 a re a dded

2 30

t wo c asualties f rom E retria a nd i n c o1.4 f ollows a l ast a ddition(1.65). T hus, t he c asualties r ise t o 6 3. T he n ames o f t he E retrians a re s eparated f rom t he e thnic b y p unctuation(three d ots i n v ertical r ow). W hile t he e thnic t hat g oes w ith 1 .16 i s w ritten i n c o1.2(as 1 .33), t he e thnic t hat g oes w ith 1 .17 i s ' ä c heval' b etween c ols.1 a nd 2 . W ere i t n ot f or t he p unctuation, o ne c ould a ssume t hat 1 .33 g oes w ith 1 .32. B etween a ll c ols . t here a re d ouble v ertical i ncised l ines f or s eparation, b ut o nly b etween c ols.3 a nd 4 a re t he l ines c arried t o t he b ottom o f t he s tele. O therw ise t hey s top a t t he l evel o f 1 1.32 a nd 4 9. T he E retrian e ntries a nd t he l ast c asualty a re b y a d ifferent h and t han t he r est o f t he n ames; t he l etters a re m ore d eeply a nd m ore c ursively e ngraved t han t he r est. K eramopoullos w as t he f irst t o n ote t hat m any n ames i n t he c asualty l ist a re a lso k nown f rom B oeotian t ombstones o f t he l ate 5 th c entury. O f p articular i nterest i s 1 .53 w ith E cor yivetg . T he s ame n ame E avyivE5 ( without t he i ota) a ppears o n a s tele 23 d epicting a w arrior, w earing o nly a l ight c hiton w hich l eaves m ost o f t he b ody n aked, h olding a s word i n h is r ight h and, a s hield i n h is l eft. T he i nside o f t he s hield b ears t he d ecoration o f a p egasos a nd t he c him aera. A b roken l ance l ies o n t he u neven, h illy g round w ith s mall s tones a nd p lants. T he p oint o f a l ance i n t he u pp er r ight e dge i s d irected a gainst o ur w arrior. S augenes w ears t he p ilos c ustomarily w orn b y w arriors i n t he 'late 5 th c entury. T he o live o r l aurel w reath a round t he p ilos m ay i ndicate t he h eroized s tatus o f t he d eceased. S augenes i s p robably a lso d epicted i n t he p ediment, r eclining o n a c ouch a nd a ccompanied b y h is w ife w hile a n ude s ervant s erves w ine. T he s cene i s c learly r elated t o t he h eroizat ion o f S augenes. A ll i n a ll, i t i s n ot unlikely t hat t he S augenes i n 1 .53 i s t he s ame a s t he w arrior o n t he s tele. W hile h is b ody w as p robably b uried i n t he p olyandrion a t T anagra, t he f amily o f S augenes m ay h ave e rected i n t he f amily p lot a s econd t omb o r k enotaph, w hich w as i dentified b y t he p ainted i nscribed s tele. [ 48b] w as w rongly t aken b y D ittenberger t o r efer t o a b attle b etween T anagraeans a nd A thenians i n 4 26(Thukydid es 3 .91). I n f act, a s K eramopoullos s uggested, i t i s m uch m ore l ikely t hat w e h ave h ere t he l ist o f c asualties w ho d ied i n t he b attle o f D elion i n 4 24. B oth T hukydides a nd D iodorus d iffer o n t he n umber o f A thenian c asualties. 24 F rom t he a ccount o f t he b attle i n T hukydides(4.96)it a pp ears t hat t he T hespians s uffered m any m ore c asualties t han t heir B oeotian a llies a nd t his f act i s c onfirmed b y [ 48c]. A s f or [ 48b] i t m ay w ell b e t hat t his w as n ot t he o nly s tele f or t he T anagraean d ead. B ut t here a re n o t races l eft o f o ther s telai n or o f t he p olyandrion i tself.

2 31

4 8c.

T hebes, M useum, i nv.2016-1023(n.v.). 25 F rom T hespiae, t he b urial g round o utside t he c ity. E ight s telai w ith c asualty l ists(a-h)and a s mall f ragment o f a n inth s tele(i). L imestone o f l ocal o rigin. ( a-h): 1 .05; 0 .42-0.45; 0 .16. 4 24 I G V I1,1888

S tamatakis, P raktika 1 882-83(1883)63-74; K eramopoull os, P raktika 1 911(1912)153-163; U re, B lack G laze P ottery f rom R hitsona i n B oeotia(1913)24,p1.11.4;37f; K eramopoull os,ArchEph 1 920,18ff; d e R idder, B CH 4 6,1922,253-259, f igs.33-36; K arusos, T o M useio t is T hibas. O digos(1934), 5 9ff; A ustin, S toichedon S tyle 7 4; L ullies, A M 6 5,1940, 8 -10; J effery 9 4f.no.19(a),p1.10. I t i s n ot s urprising t hat p olyandria o utside o f A thens a re b etter p reserved t han t he p ublic m emorials i n t he D emos ion S ema w hich w ere e xposed t o p illage f or m any h undred y ears. T he p olyandrion a t T hespiae a nd t he p olyandrion a t C haeroneia[77d]are i n f air p reservation e ven t hough t hey, t oo, h ave n ot e scaped d amage. T he T hespian s telai(a-h)were n ot f ound s tanding i n s itu b ut l ying o n t he r oad t hat p assed i n f ront o f t he p olyand rion a nd i ts e nclosure. T his w all, e xcavated f or s ome 3 2m, i s a bout l m d eep a nd w as e ssentially a s upporting w all f or t he t umulus(tymbos)erected b ehind i t. A w all o n t he e ast r unning p erpendicular t o t he l ong w all w as a lso f ound; i t m easures 2 3m a nd b elongs t o t he e nclosure o f t he t ymbos. P laced i n c entral p osition a long t he f ront w all w as d isc overed a f ragmentary s tatue o f a l ion w ith s ome o f t he p edestal. S tamatakis a ssumed i n 1 883 t hat t he s telai w ere e venly d istributed o n b oth s ides o f t he c entrally p laced l ion. T he p resent n umber o f e ight s telai c annot b e t he o riginal n umber. O f p articular i nterest a re s ome o bservations r egarding t he b urial o f t he c asualties. S ome probably t he d ead w ho a rrived o n t he b urial s ite f irst- w ere b uried i n a l ayer o f e arth l m t hick w hich l ies l ower t han a s lightly l ater l ayer i n w hich t here a re c remation b urials o nly. I t i s s uggested t hat t he t ransport o f t he c asualties t o T hespiae w as a d ifficult a nd l ong o ne. T he c orpses w hich a rrived f irst a nd s ome o f w hich, w hen u nearthed, r evealed t he w ounds o f d aggers, w ere s till i n a c ondition i n w hich t hey c ould b e i nhumed. N ot h owever, t he c orpses w hich c ame l ater . T hese, w hich h ad t o b e c remated, w ere p laced o n p yres. A s a r esult o f c remation t he a shes a nd b ones w ere i nters persed w ith m any f uneral g ifts w hich h ad a lso b een p laced o n t he p yre. T his l ayer y ielded o ther o fferings w hich w ere d eposited i n e nsuing y ears. E arth w as s ubsequently h eaped o n t op o f t he c remations. T he h undreds o f f inds, c onsisting m ostly o f v ases, h ave n ow b een s tudied i n g reat d etail. 26

2 32

A lthough M r.Schilardi c ould n ot b ecause o f t he l ack o f i nscriptions r eferring t o t he s ite o f t he b attle a dduce a ny d irect p roof t hat s telai a nd t ymbos a re i dentical w ith t he p ublic m emorial f or t he c asualties w ho p erished a t D el ion, t here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat t he i ndirect e vidence m akes t he i dentification a cceptable. T he s telai l ist a t otal o f 1 01 c asualties. S even s telai a re i nscribed w ith 1 2 n ames e ach, s tele ( g) w ith 1 0 n ames. ( 1) a dds a nother s even c asualties. W e k now - t he f act w as m entioned a lready - t hat t he l osses a t D elion w ere e spec ially h eavy f or t he T hespians. T he s ize o f t he t omb a nd i ts e nclosure s uggest t hat m ore t han 1 01 s oldiers w ere b uried h ere. T he f ront w all m ay w ell h ave b een p lanned w ith a v iew o f e recting s telai a long i ts e ntire l ength. S ubtracting t he p edestal f or t he l ion, a nd l eaving s ome s pace b etween t he i ndividual s telai a t otal o f ± 2 5 s telai c ould h ave b een e rected. I f a ll o f t hese w ere i nscribed l ike ( a-h), w e c ould h ave a s m any a s ± 3 00 n ames, a f igure w hich i s a cceptable i n v iew o f t he l ess t han 5 00 c asualties i n a b attle i n w hich t he T anagraeans a lso h ad t heir s hare. 27 M oreover, t he b urial g ifts a re o f s uch a g reat n umber t hat o ne c an h ardly b elieve t hat t he b urial w as o f m inor s ignificance. Q uite t he c ontrary, t he u nexpectedly h eavy l osses a nd w hat t hey m eant t o t he r elatives o f t he d ead b est e xplain t he g ifts b y w hich t he c asualties w ere h onoured d uring t he b urial a nd t he c remation c eremonies a s w ell a s i n s ubsequent y ears. I t i s p ossible t hat a t a c ertain j unct ure i n t he h istory o f T hespiae i n t he 4 th c entury w hen t he c ity r egained h er f reedom f rom T hebes t he h onours p aid t o t he m en w ho h ad b ecome a ncestral h eroes w ere r enewed a s t he 4 th c entury d eposits w hich w ere r ecovered i n t he t omb s uggest. T he s telai a re d ecorated w ith a D oric k ymation o n t op. T he n ames a re n eatly e ngraved, t o q uote J effery..."a g ood e xample o f t he f ine, s ophisticated w ork t hat c ould b e p rod uced f or a p ublic m onument b y a m ason w ith a n i ndividual s tyle" . 28 O f i nterest i n s tele ( b) a re t he a dditions i n 1 .9 a nd 1 .10 r espectively. T isimeneis i s P ythionika, P olynikos i s O lympionika. A ustin s tressed t he i mportance o f t he s toic hedon s tyle o f t he i nscriptions, p erhaps i nspired b y A thens. 29 O ne m ight w onder w hether m ore t han j ust t his i ns piration c ame f rom A thens. T he i dea o f s telai a rranged i n a r ow i n f ront o f t he t omb(Tumulus, t ymbos)may b e d er ived e ssentially f orm A thens. T hus, i t i s p ossible t hat t he m emorial w hen i ntact w as a lso c omprised o f a s tele w ith a n e pigram a nd a r eference t o t he t heater o f w ar. A s f or t he l ion, s everal A ttic e xamples o f t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies a ttest t hat l ions w ere u sed i n b urial c ont exts. T hey w ere v ery p opular e lsewhere t oo. T he n otion o f t he v aliant f ighters a s s ymbolized i n t he p owerful a nimal p robably d etermines, s ince t he d ays o f L eonidas, t he c hoice o f t he b east f or p ublic t ombs.

2 33

F inally, c lose t o t he p olyandrion w ere f ound s everal o ther t ombs o f i ndividuals. T his w ould s uggest t hat i n T hespiae a s i n A thens p ublic a nd p rivate m emorials m ingled w ith e ach o ther, t hough t he A thenians m ore s pecifically d esignated t he a rea a s a D emosion S ema w ithout s trictly a dhering t o i ts p urpose. 30

4 8d.

R ome, V atican M useum, i nv . n o.17(v.). F rom G reece, e xact p rovenience u nknown. B rought t o V enice i n 1 687 b y M orosini, e ntering t he G iustiniani c ollection. L ater b rought t o R ome. F ragment o f a r elief w ith t wo r iders. B lueish B oeotian l imestone(Thespian m arble). 0 .70; 0 .58. c .420. T he d ate 4 40-430 b y S child-Xenidou i s t oo e arl y. S chefold d ates [ 48d] e arly i n t he P eloponnesian W ar. H elbig 4 , n o.871(W.Fuchs).

D ohrn, A ttische P lastik 1 35; L anglotz, P hidiasprobl eme(1947)100 n .9; S chefold, M eisterwerke 8 3f; n o.304; S child-Xenidou B oiotische G rab-und W eihreliefs a rchaischer u nd k lassischer Z eit(1972)17. F uchs, S chefold, a nd S child-Xenidou s uggested t hat t he r elief b elonged t o a p olyandrion. I t w ould b e c orrect t o s ay t hat i f [ 48d] w ere a g ravestone o f a s ingle p erson, o ne r ider w ould b e s ufficient. H owever, w ith t wo r iders o ne h as t o t hink o f a d ifferent i nterpretation a nd t he " Ehrung v on G efallenen"(Schefold)suggests i tself p romptly. I t h as g enerally b een n oticed t hat t he s culptor o f [ 48d] l earnt h is t rade i n A ttica. T he i mpact o f t he P arthenon s culpture c an c learly b e g rasped. T he l ack o f a ction i n t he r elief w as n oted b y F uchs. T his s tands i n c ontrast t o t he r elief i n V illa A lbani, t he D exileos[68A]and r elated r eliefs[68a-b]. S ince t he a fore m entioned s cholars h ave n ot d ealt w ith p olyandria p er s e, i t s eems t o m e i nteresting t hat t he d ate o f [ 48d]is m ore o r l ess c ontemporary w ith t he p olyandrion o f t he T hespians w ho f ell i n D elion[48c]. F or [ 48c] I h ave s uggested t hat i t w as i nspired b y A thenian p rototypes i n t he D emosion S ema. I f, a s i s l ikely, A then ian p olyandria w ere d ecorated w ith r elief s culpture i n t he l atter p art o f t he 5 th c entury, t hen t he n otion o f s culptural d ecoration c ould h ave r eached B oeotia f rom A ttica. T his n otion i s s upported b y t he s tyle o f [ 48d] w hich s hows s trong A ttic i nfluence. B ut w e h ave n o i dea w hatsoever h ow t he r elief c ould h ave b een u sed i n c onnection w ith t he o r a B oeotian(Thespian?)polyandrion.

5 1b.

M antinea, n ear t he s anctuarycf P oseidon H ippios(n.v.) B uilt i nto t he w all o f a m odern, a bandoned h ouse. F ragment o f s tele w ith c asualty l ist. 2 34

G rey l imestone o f l ocal o rigin. 0 .90; 0 .55; 0 .23. 4 18 P ritchett,

S tudies T opography I I,

5 0-53,

p 1.38.

P ritchett h as g iven a f ull d escription o f t he c asualty l ist w hich w as d iscovered b y P rofessor S troud. T he f ragm entary s tele i s t opped b y a m oulding r eminiscent o f A ttic s telai. I mmediately b elow t he m oulding c omes t he r efe rence t o t he t ribe n oa aata, m embers o f w hich a re l isted i n t wo c ols. t hereafter. T he n ame o f t he t ribe i s e ngraved i n t he c enter a bove t he t wo c ols., n ot o ver o ne c ol. a s i n A ttic c asualty l ists. I t i s v ery l ikely t hat t he 1 .h. c ol. i s c lose t o t he 1 .h.s.s. a nd t hat t he s tele c omprised o nly t wo c ols. o f c asualties. T heir number i s 2 7. M ost n ames a re f ully p reserved i n c o1.2, m ore f ragmentary i n c ol. 1 . T here a re s everal i ncised l ines. T wo h orizontal l ines e nclose t he f irst n ame i n e ach c ol., p erhaps t he n ames o f g enerals(?). T hree v ertical l ines e nclose t he c ols.proper, t he w idth o f w hich i s 0 .241 a nd 0 .248 r espectively. P ritchett h as g iven g ood r easons t o d ate t he c asualty l ist i n t he l ate 5 th c entury, s uggesting t hat w e h ave h ere o ne o f s everal s telai w hich w ere e rected a s a p ublic m emor ial t o t he A rkadian (?) d ead i n t he w ar o f 4 18(cp.Thukydid es 5 .74.3).

5 2c.

A rgos, M useum, f ound i n 1 974(n.v.). F rom A rgos, o dos A treus 1 2, c .120m N E o f t he a ncient A gora. W hite l ocal " asbestolithos". C asualty l ist, f ragment. 0 .52; 0 .475; 0 .13-0.165. P ossibly s oon a fter 4 13(?).

K ritsas 1 979, 1 , 2 17,p1.154a; K ritsas 1 979, 2 , 4 972 28; R obert, B ulletin 1 980, 2 32; P i&rart, B CH 1 05,1981, 6 11-613; R obert, Bulletin 1 981,261. T his i s t he f irst c asualty l ist o f A rgives f orm A rgos i tself. S o f ar o nly t he l ist o f A rgive c asualties a t T anagra w ho w here b uried i n t he D emosion S ema i n A thens w as k nown [ 21a]. I t i s u nfortunate t hat t he p resent l ist i s f ragm entary e specially w ith r espect t o t he 1 .h. c ol. K ritsas s uggested t hat i n 1 .1 w e r estore [ cµ n oXgµ]0L r ather t han t he r eference t o a c ity w here t he c asualties o ccurred. U nknown f orm a ny o ther c asualty l ist i s t he r efe rence t o a n poßaa O teüg i n 1 .2. O nly t he l ast t hree l etters o f t he n ame t hat p receded t he s pecification a re p reserved. B oth 1 .1 a nd 2 a re e ngraved o n a r aised b and a bove w hich m ay h ave f ollowed a nother m oulding o r k ymation. A mong

2 35

K ritsas' s uggestions h ow t o i nterpret p robasileus t he c hoice i s d ifficult. 31 H owever, I a gree w ith h im t hat w e n eed n ot n ecessarily t hink i n t erms o f a c asualty b ut p erhaps o f a n e ponymous t itle. L 1.3-4 w ith r eference t o s trategos a nd m antis a re p aralleled b y s pecifications i n [ 20a.32b.68 a nd 7 8](for s trategos) a nd [ 20a](for m antis). I n [ 27]we h ave t he t itle h ieropoios. T he p resent l ist g ives u s i n 1 .5 f or t he f irst t ime t apein. T he f irst f ive l ines a re w ritt en w ith l etters w hich a re c . 0 .01 t aller t han t hose i n t he l ines t hat f ollow. K ritsas n oted t hat i n s ome i nstances I onic l etters w ere r eplaced b y l etters o f t he A rgive a lphabet, t he l atter h aving b een e ngraved o ver t he f ormer. H e s uggested t hat t his m ay p oint t o a w orkman o f I onian o rigin w ho w as i nitially a sked t o e ngrave t he l ist a nd h enceforth a lso t o r eplace t he I onian b y t he A rgive l etters. I n t he f irst 1 .h. c ol. w e l ack b oth t he r eference t o a t ribe a nd t he p hratry(or p hratries). I n c ols. 2 -4 t he r efe rences t o t ribes a nd p hratries a re i ntact(as f as a s t he c ols. a re p reserved) a nd a dd n ew e vidence(11.14.30). T hus, f or t he t hree t ribes i n c ols. 2 -4 w e h ave a t otal o f n ine p hratries l isted a nd p ossibly a t enth s uch r eference i n 1 . 1 6. E ach p hratry s uffered a t l east o ne o r a m aximum o f t hree c asualties,their t otal n umber b eing 3 0, w ith s ix n ames f ragmentarily p reserved. K ritsas b elieved t hat t he s tele w hen i ntact w as 1 .20-1.50 h igh a nd 0 .58-0.60 w ide. I t c ould a pproximately h ave l isted 1 00 c asualties. I t i s n ot p ossible t o r elate [ 52c]to a ny s pecific w arf are. T he f act t hat t here w as n o l ack o f o ccasion f or t he A rgives t o e rect a s tele f or c asualties w hich o ccurred b etw een 4 18 a nd 3 92 i s f ully d iscussed b y K ritsas. H owever, K ritsas c ould h ave c onsidered m ore e mphatically t hat [ 52c] m ight b e t he p olyandrion f or t he A rgives w ho d ied i n S icily. I t i s t he o nly p olyandrion w hich P ausanias m entions w ith r espect t he A rgives i n A rgos. 32 T his p olyandrion c ould h ave b een e rected a t t he e arliest i n 4 12. T hus, K ritsas ' d ating o f t he s tele i s c ompatible w ith t he h onouring o f t he s old iers w ho d ied i n S icily.

6 8c.

T hebes, M useum, i nv.1413(n.v .). F rom T hespiae. F ragment o f a s tele w ith c asualty l ist. L ocal m arble. 0 .43; 0 .29; 0 .145. c .s.395 a nd 3 94.

K eramopoullos, A rchEph 1 920,35,no.46,fig.14; S EG 1 1.186; P lassart, B CH 8 2,1958,117-119,no.65; T aillardatR oesch, R evPhil 4 0,1966,79. A bove t he i nscription i s a r ough p icked p edimentals haped s urface p robably p repared t o r eceive s ome p ainted d ecoration. T he p ediment(estim.width 0 .54)is d ivided f rom

2 36

t he m ain s urface o f t he s tele b y a n i ncised h orizontal l ine. L .1 [ o ne t v T ot]noXggot ,t i lni eavov i s e ngraved i mm ediately b elow t his i ncised l ine, t he u pper e nds o f t he l etters t ouching i t. A f aintly e ngraved v ertical l ine d ivides t he r .h. c ol. f rom t he 1 .h. c ol. O nly 3 n ames a re e ngraved i n t he l ocal a lphabet i n t he 1 .h. c ol.; t he l etters a re l arger a s c ompared w ith 1 0 c asualties l isted i n t he r .h. c ol.in t he A ttic a lphabet. T he r eason f or t his a rrangement i s n ot c lear, e ven i f o ne c onsiders t he d iff erence i n t he u se o f t he a lphabets. T he s uggestion t hat e ach c ol. g ives t he n ames o f c asualties w ho d ied i n t wo s eparate t heaters o f w ar i s a p ossible e xplanation. T aillardat-Roesch, f ollowing a s uggestion o f W ilhlem, c onn ect t he e ngagements w ith H aliartos 095) a nd t he b attle a t t he N emea-River(394) r espectively. 3 5 H owever, o ther a ut hors h ave t hought o f c asualties w hich o ccurred l ater i n t he 4 th c entury(sacred w ar o f 3 55-346 o r A lexander 's e xp edition i n A sia). 34 I w ould p refer a n e arly 4 th c entury d ate f or [ 68c]on e pig raphical g rounds, t hat i s t he g eneral a ppearance o f t he i ns cription. K aramopoullos d raws a ttention V o t he u se o f % ,(1.1) b eside A ( 1.9) a s w ell a s a i n n oXe l lot i n t he h eading w hich t estifies t o t he " stereotypical c opying o f s ome o lder s imilar m onuments". 35 T he t emporal p roximity o f [ 68c] t o t he g reat c asualty l ists o f t he e nd o f t he 5 th c entury i s o bvious.36

7 1a.

T egea, M useum, i n n o.1220a-o(v.). T egea, f rom n ear H agia K yriaki. T welve f ragments o f a c asualty l ist w ith e pigram. 37 L ocal m arble. ( a-d)0.41; + 1 .01; ( e-f) - ; 0 .20; ( k) 0 .27; 0 .13; 0 .27; ( 1) 0 .10; 0 .13; 0 .08; ( m) 0 .16; 0 .13; ( o) 0 .10; 0 .08; - . I G V 2 ,173;

C V 2 4.

3 68-362? M endel, B CH 2 5,1901;271f; L attimore, T hemes 2 39, n .190;

W ilhelm, A M 2 9,1904,108f; P eek, E pigramme 1 6, n o.6.

[ C teava niv T eyia[t ' r e] x at ' epx&aLv t ZiTL T [1]Xot f [ xiMog ape& mtwv n gimaTat a ye gv[wv][ o ne e enc]tyogevot n aTepwv x Xlos L a o v [ W ]a ea t . [ yutots t y]yatav c i µ c ptgaavTo n övtv. { y ç n ]ep o ne [ zgri E n]apTag X ov u «mob

[ TtXag ß tov D tec sa]v, C c v . rta W vzeg] [ 8i cLot5 ä v8pi caL x at p ß ]aabXe[t] K a c pe[o a cTU] 1 . 1« 1 «••

%..ge

••••••

••• =. 1 1 1

( Peek)

T wo e pigrams w ere p robably e ngraved s ide b y s ide a bove t he c asualty l ist i n w hich t he n ames w ere d istributed a mong

2 37

s everal t ribes. T he l ists c ontinued t o t he l eft a nd r ight o f b oth e pigrams. T he b lock w ith t he e pigrams h as a c onv ex m oulding a bove a nd a L esbian k ymation b elow. T he s urf ace o f t he i nscribed p ortion s hows a s light c onvexity. 38 A mong t he t ribes o ccur t he f ollowing: ' An O kAwviaTat . ( frr.c,d),Kpap I ATat . ( frr.e,f), ` InnoeotTat ( fr.m), e n "Ae avatav . 1 9 c asualties a re l isted s ome n ames o f w hich a re v ery f ragmentary. I t i s a p ity t hat d ue t o t he l ack o f p roper e xcavation r eports a nd c ontinued e xcavation o f w hat m ight h ave b een t he D emosion S ema o f T egea [ 71a] c an n ot b e p laced i n i ts p roper c ontext ( cp.[73]. A s f or t he d ating o f [ 71a] t hree p ossibilities h ave b een s uggested: 3 68, t he o ccasion o f t he " tearless b attle"; 3 65, t he b attle a t K romnos 39 , a nd 3 62, t he b attle a t M antinea. 3 62 w as f avoured b y H iller, P eek, a nd L attimore. T he e laborateness o f t he m emorial w ith t wo e pigrams a nd e specially t heir c ontent m ay w ell i ndicate t hat t he T egeatae h onoured w ith [ 71a] t he c asualties o f a b attle i n w hich t heir w arriors w ere a nything b ut s uccessf ul.

7 1b.

T egea. P olyandrion. L iterary e vidence. 3 62? P age L IV(for t he e pigram s ee p .246).

I t i s p ossible t hat b eside [ 71a] o ther c ommemorative m emorials w ere e rected o n t he p ublic b urial g round o f T egea a nd t hat [ 71b] b elonged t o o ne o f t hese.

7 2.

T egea, M useum i nv.no.1246(v.). T egea, f rom n ear H agia K yriaki. S tele w ith c asualty l ist. L ocal m arble. 0 .82; 0 .325; 0 .12. 3 60's

?

I G V 2 ,

1 74.

R homaios,

B CH 3 6,1912,367-370.

T he s tele i s c omplete w ith o nly m inor d amage a t t he u pp er l eft c orner a nd a t t he r ight e dge. T he s lab i s c rowned b y a d ouble m oulding a nd a f ascia w hich r uns a round t hree s ides b ut m ay h ave i ncluded t he b ack a lso. B oth s .s. a re s mooth. T he b ottom i s b roken . A s f or t he l ist,a r eference t o t he t ribe ' Ani0XXwvLaTa h , f ollow 4 c asualties. A fter s ome v acant s pace a s econd t ribe e n ' Aeavatav s uffered a lso 4 c asualties.

2 38

T he s tele w as f ound i n a s pot w ith a b urial i n w hich t en s keletons l ying p artly a bove e ach o ther, w ere d iscovered i n e xcavation. 40 T he p lace o f t he d iscovery i s c lose t o t he s pot w here t he f ragments o f [ 71a] w ere f ound. H ence t he c onclusions t hat b oth m onuments c ome v ery l ikely f rom t he p ublic b urial g round o f T egea. A ccording t o t he e xcavator o ne o f t he t en s keletons h eld h is l eft h and a gainst h is h ead. I t i s b elieved t hat t his g esture i s t he r esult o f h is h aving b een m ortally w ounded e xpressing a s i t w ere t he p ain w hich t he w arrior s uffered i n t he a gony o f d eath. H e w as b uried i n t his v ery p osition. T he s tele w as r eused i n l ater t imes. T he b ot om,of t he s lab b ears a n i nscription i n t wo l ines r eading: Euxpr ra I x c e rp e. T here i s n o w ay o f s aying w hether [ 72] i s c omplete i n i tself o r r epresents o ne o f s everal s telai. T he n umber o f c asualties r eferred t o i n [ 72] d oes n ot c orrespond t o t he number o f s keletons d iscovered. C asualties m ay h ave b een b uried i n s mall g roups w ith t he i ndividual s telai p laced b aove t he b urials. T hese t ombs m ay h ave b een e nc losed w ithin a s ingle p recinct. T he c asualties c annot h ave o ccurred f ar f orm T egea, o therwise t hey w ould n ot h ave b een i nhumed i n s uch a r emarkable s tate o f p reservation a s i s s uggested b y t he p osition o f o ne o f t he d ead d escribed e arlier.

7 3.

M antinea, n ow l ost(?). F rom t he a rea o f t he t emple o f P oseidon H ippios. S tele w ith c asualty l ist. D ark c oloured m arble. D imensions u nknown. 3 62 ? I G V 2 ,

2 71.

F oucart, BullEcFr 1 ,1868,no.5; g raphy 1 1,52.

P ritchett,

S tudies T opo-

R eference t o f ive t ribes e ach o f w hich i s f ollowed b y s ome c asualties. B ehind e ach n ame t he p atronymic w hich i s a bsent p f romp o thei c asu Aty l ists. T he n ames o f t he t ribes a re: E i taXcag, E vyak t ,ag, ' 070w8 gag, I l [o]aot Waa5, a nd

F avaxtata .

D espite t he p resence o f p atronymics e i t i s p ossible i nd eed t hat [ 73] p reserves p art o f a c asualty l ist o f s oldiers w ho f ought a t M antinea.

7 4.

P alaiobanaina, i n a m odern h ouse, p roperty o f V .Ch. K inti(n.v.). B ase w ith a c utting t o r eceive a s tele, p robably a c asualty l ist. M arble. 0 .785; 0 .785; 0 .475; t he c utting:0.60; 0 .15; 0 .03. 3 52

?

2 39

I G V 2 ,412; L eonardos,

G V 2 5; A D 1 890,

G G 1 4 1 47f.

kta aa , e4pouaa x at 1E XX ( 16os a vuaav Z pya g apr I nvoL n aTeLg one n eçi , anTipagf iyap e aw ,yuxTo5 n ugiTas u nep c pxea n üpywv ß avTa x aT a xpoTaTwv r I Xaaav c xTös " l ip ? ) ö uageviwv, n o Uo in 8 1 ö t'atgaTos t xTavüaavTe x i cTeavov, e üvogtav f l ua c lµevot n aTipwv . T he b ase w ith t he e pigram w as p robably p laced a t t he s ite o f t he p olyandrion . T he c utting f or t he s tele s uggests t hat i t w as i nscribed w ith a c asua lty l ist. D iodorus r eports a b attle o f T hebans a nd t heir a llies e gainst t he L akedaemon ians a t T elphusa i n t he y ear 3 52. 41 P4] h as b een d ated t entatively w ith r espect t o t his e vent. 42

7 7d.

C haeroneia, i n s itu(v .). P 1 .86 P olyandrion w ith l ion m onument. T he l ion o f g rey, B oeotian m arble. P recinct a pprox. 2 3.85 b y 1 4.75; t he l ion m onument: b ase 3 .00 h igh, 3 .70 b y 4 .96; l ion : 5 .50 h igh. 3 38

K astorchis, A thenaion 8 ,1879,486-506(diagram 4 88); K as torchis, A thenaion 9 ,1880,320-323; S tamatakis, P AE 1 880, 2 2-26; P hytalis, A thenaion 9 ,1880,347-352(plan b etween p p. 3 98-399); S otiriades, A M 2 8,1903,312ff; C ostanzi, R ivFil 6 1,1923,61-70; C rome, A M 6 3-64,1938,53; H ammond, K lio 3 1, 1 938,186-218; B roneer, T he L ion M onument a t A mphipolis ( 1941) 9 .46f.58f; P ritchett, A JA 6 2,1958,307-311; W illems en, O lympische F orschungen I V,49.52ff.58f; B udde, A ntP1 2 ,1963,67; N orden, K leine S chriften (1966)555; K irstenK raiker 1 967,242-246, e specially 2 45; V ermeule, A JA 7 2, 1 968,100; P apahadjis 1 969,V.235-245; J acob-Felsch, D ie E ntwicklung 1 36,n.41; V ermeule, A JA 7 6,1972,55; P ECS, s .v. C haironea(P. R oesch); K nig m i A M 9 1,1976,170,p1.62, 2 -3; M arkle A JA 8 2,1978,passim. 4 5 T he p recinct w all b uilt o f r egular c ourses o f s tones r eached a n o riginal h eight o f c . 4 .26m. T he e ntrance t o t he p recinct i s o n t he n orth, i mmediately t o t he l eft o f t he p edestal f or t he l ion 4 B uttresses a bout 1 .30-1.40m l ong p roject f orm t he N , E , a nd W w alls i nto t he p recinct. W ithin t he p recinct s everal s mall s oundings w ere m ade ( Phytalis, p lan y -C ) which y ielded l ittle e vidence. H owe ver, t o t he w est o f t he l ion p edestal a n a rea a bout 4 .55 b y 6 .30 w as d iscovered i n w hich l ay b uried 2 54 s keletons. 45 T he s keletons w ere a rranged i n t hree r ows a nd s even l ayers d eep. S ome s keletons w ere d eposited i n a m ore c rowded c ondition a s c ompared w ith o thers f or w hich m ore a mple s pacing i s a ttested. M any o f t he s keletons' b ones s till s howed t he w ounds r eceived i n b attle. I n f ront o f t he

2 40

l ion p edestal o utside t he p recinct l ay b uried t wo s kelet ons. J udging f rom t heir p osition i t l ooks a s i f t hey h ad b een buried a s t hey w ere f ound o n t he f ield a fter t he b att le. O ne i n a p osition w ith l egs d rawn u p t o t he l ower b ody, t he o ther m ore o r l ess s tretched o ut w ith t he r ight l ower a rm l ying o ver t he l ower b ody t o t he l eft s ide. C lose t o t hese s keletons a l ate R oman b urial w as a lso d isc overed. T races o f t hese l ater b urials w ithin a nd w ithout t he p recinct a re a ttested e lsewhere. T he e xcavators f ound n umerous s mall o bjects w ithin t he b urial a rea o f t he s kelet ons: v ases, m ostly p lain, s ome g lass-vessels(?), f ragments o f w eapons(daggers, s words, l ance-heads). C onsidering t he v icissitudes w hich t he l ion h as s uffered i t i s w ell p reserved. I t i s a n i mposing i mage o f p ride s eated o n a h igh p edestal w hich i s c omposed o f a l ower t wos tepped b ase, a m assive c entral p ortion o f f ive c ourses o f s tones h igh a nd a c rowning t hree-stepped b ase. T he l ion 's h ead i s s lightly t urned t o i ts r ight s ide. T he f orelegs a re s tiffly e rect a nd o f p owerful a ppearance a s t he e ntire b ody .46 I t i s s urely c orrect t o s ay t hat t he r ole o f t he l ion o n t his p olyandrion i s i n t he t radition o f a n i dea, t he c onception o f w hich g oes b ack t o t he p eriod o f t he P ersian W ars w ith t he p olyandrion o f t he S partans w ho f ell a t t he p ass o f T hermopylae[8A]. S cholars d o n ot a gree c oncerning t he i dentification o f t he c ity f rom w hich t he 2 5a 7 c asualties o riginated. O ne h as t hought o f M akedonians ,o f " all w ho f ell ' 4 8 a / 1 nd, f ollowing t he i mportant e vidence g iven b y P ausanias h imself, o f t he S acred B and o f t he T hebans. 49 T his l atter i dentif ication i s t he m ost l ikely. P ritchett i s n o d oubt c orr ect w hen s aying(against H ammond)that , even t hough t he M akedonian r uler m ay h ave h ad v ery h arsh f eelings a gainst t he T hebans, o ne c annot i magine t hat t hey w ere n ot p ermitt ed t o b ury t he m embers o f t he S acred B and i n t his d ignif ied m anner w hich p uts s o much e mphasis o n t heir v aliant a chievement a nd w hich r aises t hem t o t he s tatus o f h eroes. K nigge s uggested t hat, f or p olitical r easons, t he e rect ing o f t he l ion m ay n ot h ave o ccurred b efore 3 16.5 0 T his i s p ossible, b ut i n o rder t o e xplain t he s tyle o f t he l ion w hich i s t hat o f l ion i mages o f t he 3 rd q uarter o f t he 4 th r ather t han o f t he e nd o f t he c entury, K nigge h as t o c ons true t he h ypothesis t hat " der L öwe v on C haironeia a uf e ine f rühere S tilstufe z urückreift u nd b ewusst a ltertüml ich g estaltet i st". 51 T his h ypothesis i s d ifficult t o a ccept. W ith t he p olyandrion a t T hespiae [ 48c] t his i s t he s econd b est p reserved p olyandrion o utside o f A thens. T he s cale o f t he p recinct o f [ 77d], s maller t han t hat o f [ 48c], i s n evertheless c omparable t o i t. T he m ode o f b urial i s b asically d ifferent. T he e xplanation f or t his l ies i n o n-the-spot-burial v ersus c arrying t he d ead f rom s ome d ist ance(Delion)to t he b urial g round. W e l ack c asualty l ists f or [ 77d]. P ausanias n otes t he a bsence o f a n e pigram a nd t ries t o e xplain i t(cp.n.49). O ne i s p erhaps p ermitted t o c onclude t hat, s ince a n e pigram w as a bsent, P ausanias' a ttention w ould h ave b een c aught b y t he p resence o f c asualty

2 41

l ists i f a ny h ad b een p laced i n t he p recinct. E ven t hough w e l ack o ther B oeotian p olyandria b eside [ 48c], I w ould h azard t o s ay t hat t he l atter h ad a s trong i mpact u pon [ 77d].

7 7e.Chaeroneia, c . 2 .5 k ilometers t o t he e ast o f t he p res ent v illage(v .). P olyandrion i n s itu. 3 38 S otiriades, E rgon 1 902,58f; S otiriades, AM 2 8,1903,3013 06; K avvadia, E rgon 1 903, 1 8; S otiriades, E rgon 1 903,40; S otiriades, E rgon 1 904, 5 0; P ECS, s .v. C haironea; M arkle A JA 8 2,1978,325f. N either a p lan o f S otiriades' e xcavation o f t he t umulus ( polyandrion) n or a ny o f t he f inds e xcept o ne p late i llust rating i ron w eapons 3 L s eem e ver t o h ave b een p ublished. T oday, a ccess t o t he t umulus i s d ifficult w hen o ne a pproaches i t f orm C haeroneia b ecause o f t he l ack o f a p roper p ath a nd t he t hickly o vergrown f ields t hrough w hich o ne h as t o p ass. O ne = gain a g ood g eneral v iew o f t he t umulus f rom t he r ailr oad t racks. A lthough a g reat m any c ypress-trees h ave b een p lanted o n t he p olyandrion t o m ark t he s ite, i t i s l argely o vergrown w ith t horny b ushes. T he t rench d ug b y S otiriades f rom t he o utside i nto t he c enter i s s till v isible. S otiriades g ives t he h eight o f t he t umulus a s 7 m, i ts d iameter a s 7 0m. A t t he b ottom o f t he c enter t he e xcavator f ound a l arge c onical a rea, 1 0m i n d iamater a nd 0 .75 d eep, a pparently t he r emains o f a p yre w hich s erved t he c remation o f t he c orpses. M ixed w ith t he a shes a nd c harcoal w ere f ound b ones, l ance h eads, f ragments o f o ther w eapons, a s w ell a s v ases i n a f ragmentary s tate. S otiriades m entions i n p articular k antharoi o f t he B oeot ian(Kabirion) t ype a nd f ragments o f s ome b lack-figured l ekythoi o f t he 5 th c entury. T hat t he b urial i s i dentical w ith t hat o f t he M akedonians(who f ought o n t he l eft w ing?) i s, a s f ar a s I know, u nanimously a ccepted. T he w hole a rea i s r ich i n p rehistoric a nd l ater b urials. N ot f ar a way f rom t he t umulus S otiriades • found a nother b uri al w hich, j udging f rom t he n umber o f b ones a nd k antharoi, s uggested t o h im t he p ossibility o f a s econd p olyandrion ( ? c ontemporary w ith [ 77e]).53

7 9.

K orinth, M useum i nv.no.734(n.v.). 54 F ragment o f a s tele w ith c asualty l ist. B lueish m arble. 0 .35; 0 .30; 0 .128. 3 50-300. M eritt, p .11.

C orinth V III,

p art

1 ,

2 42

G reek I nscriptions n o.11

Dow, HSCP 1942,90-106; Wallace, Hesperia 16,1947,119, n.14; SEG XI.60; Stroud, CalStClAnt 1968,237f; SEG XXV. 329; Jones, TAPA 110,1980, passim; Siewert, Trittyen 144. The stone, the l.h.s.s. of which shows anathyrosis, was reused twice according to Dow. Ten names are preserved and patronymics follow the names. The casualties are listed according to tribes as well as two or three(?)subdivisions within the tribe. Scholars are not entirely in agreement concerning the single letter that follows a dash and the presumed tribe reference: pi and epsilon are certain, the digamma has been thought to be a mistake for epsilon. The disposition of the list of names with subdivisions with­ in the tribe is unique among the Greek casualty lists. It is fair to say that some scepticism has been voiced whether or not [79] is a casualty list or some other list. It would be the only casualty list attested so far for Korinth(cp. however [10b,10c,11e]).

CHAPTER 8

UNCERTAIN

CLASSIFICATION

80. Athens, Agora I 521(n.v.). S. of temple of Ares. Fragment with epigram. Hymettos marble. 0.22; 0.16; 0.065. "ca.400 B.C."(Meritt); "saec.V/IV a."(Bradeen). Meritt, Hesperia 15,1946,174,no.21;

Bradeen no.1079.

- - - - - agl. -

- - - - W'tEpa - - - - - - -

[ - '"'"" I - ] wv 1-&onpo [ s "Apns v '-' I - "'"'I - - J [-�..,I na-&pt loos I ly'1[s wvl- U'v I - J

(Meritt)

"These lines appear to be part of a public funeral epi­ gram".(Meritt). Bradeen classifies the inscription among the private funeral monuments. The very fragmentary epi­ gram makes any decision to which class of monuments it should belong difficult.1 81. Athens, EM (v.). Provenience unknown. Base with fragmentary epigram. Pentelic marble. After 450. IG I 490 and suppl.p.11; IG 12 735; 1173. 2 43

Lewis 1979,2 4, IG 13

Loeschke believed that the epigram belongs to a dedi­ cation. Kirchhoff in IG was of a different opinion:"versus hi fuerunt carminis, ut videtur, sepulcralis". Lewis "re­ jects Kirchhoff' s Cl.XaLOO' ]uve:t' since ao t rxpi r rEg ,or ''Aa l T v xp icr E g P ritchett 1 979 ,242 s uggests i n stead .

C HAV IER 1 2 3

6

I n c ontrast t o B radeen I d o n ot b elieve t hat t he b ottom i s " reworked" . N or c an I s ee a ny t race o f a" rough-picked t op" . S ee t he s cepticism e xpressed b y S troud , C lPh 7 3 ,1978 ,60 i n h is r eview o f B radeen , n o .24 . M iss P emberton i n A JA 8 4 ,1980 ,542 s peaks o f " true a nathyrosis" o n t he r .h .s.s . a nd " a c lamp c utting a t t he t op" w hich n ecessitate r econs truction o f aj oining s lab o r f rame ( Brueckner , A thMitt 3 5 [1910] 2 24 , f ig .6 )" . B ut n one o f t he c asualty l ists h ave f rames w hile m ouldings o n t op a re f requent . S ee a lso b elow n .9 . 3 16

N OTES t o p p .210-214

5

6

7 8 9

1 0 1

1 2

1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6

1 7

T hese p etasoi s hould h aveb een o f b ronze (?) s ince f ighting i s i nv olved . P iloi a re e ither o f f elt o r b ronze ; s ee C artledge , " Hopl ites a nd H eroes" , J HS 9 7 ,1977 ,11-17 , a nd e specially p .14 ,n .27 w ith r eferences t o J .K .Anderson . B rueckner 2 25 w rote :"Er ( i .e . t he r ider )holt w ohl a us m it d er L anz e , a ber s ie i st m it n ichten a uf d en w ehrlosen M ann g erichtet . D a z uzustossen w äre u nritterliches M orden" ; s ee a lso H ölscher 1 973 ,10 5 : " Offenbar s oll d er F eind n icht g etötet , s ondern g efangen w erden ,d e rn a uch d er s iegreiche h oplit b edroht i hn n icht m it d er W affe" . G aue r , B ildnisse 1 44 g ives a m istaken i nterpretation o f t he h oplite 's a ction . S ee B rueckner 2 20 ,fig .6 , r econstructing t he s tele . I f t wo f igures w ould b e d epicted , t he s econd f igure , ah oplite , " kann s ich n icht v or , s ondern n ur u nter d em T ier b efunden h aben" , s o H ölscher 1 973 , 1 05. T his c omposition p oints t o av ariation o f t he D exileos s chema s uch a s i s a ttested o n t he t rapeza A thens N M 3 708 . B ut s ee S tupperich 1 7 a nd e specially h is n .3 t o p .17 . B rueckner 2 21ff .and f ig .6 o n p .224 , i n w hich h e a ssumes 2 .02 f or t he t otal h eight o f [ 68a ], w hich m ay b e t oo h igh . F or t he n umber o f c asualties s ee e specially P ritchett , o p .cit .83 . 9 4 . S üsserott o p .cit .41,n .51 s peaks o f [ 68a ]as b eing " ursprünglich s eitl ich g erahmt" , b ut h e d oes n ot e xplain h ow h e v isualized t he f rami ng . H ölscher 1 973 ,n .555 . F or a d iscussion o f t he s tyle a nd c omposition o f [ 68a ] s ee p rimaril y S üsserott o p .cit .40-41; D ohrn , A ttische P lastik 1 31f ; C hilds , o p .cit . a nd a lso R A 1 976 , p assim . M y o bservation s w ith r espect t o t he t reatment o f t he s lab a lso d iffer f orm t hose o f M iss P emberton i n MA 8 4 ,1980 ,542 . S he w rites :...Athe ns N M 7 54 , h as o n i ts b ottom f ace n o a nathyrosis , a lthough t he d owel h oles a re e xtant" . B rueckner A M 1 4 ,1896 ,406 ; S ee a lso C onze n o .1157 . I bidem (n .13 ). F or t he r elief s ee H ölscher 1 973 ,p1.8 ,2 a nd p p .99-101 . S ee a lso a bove p .68 w ith n .45 , p .178 a s w ell a s b elow p .220 w ith n . 2 7 . F or a l ate 5 th c entury d ate o f t he r elief i n V illa A lbani s ee R obertson 3 68 .683 ,n .20 w ith r eference t o al ecture d elivered b y t he l ate D .L .Page o n S ophokles ' O edipus a t K olonus a nd i n p articular 1 1. 1 044-1095 w hich l ines a re b elieved b y P age t o h ave b een i nspired b y ac avalry b attle o f A thenians a gainst S partans i n 4 08 . R oberts on t hinks t hat t he r elief i n V illa A lbani m ight " have c ommemor ated t he s ame f ight a nd I d o n ot t hink i t s tylistically i mposs ible" . T his t hen i s y et a t hird a ttempt t o c onnect t he f amous r el ief w ith a h istorical e vent . C hilds o p .cit a lso c osiders a 4 th c entury d ate i f Iu nderstand c orr ectly t he c ontext i n w hich h e p laces t he r elief . T here i s ag ood d escription o f t he p reservation o f t he s lab i n A llentown ,loc .cit . P emberton i s s urely c orrect (AJA 8 4 ,1980 ,542)to r eject t he r estorat ion w ith " antae a nd a p edimental ( or f loral ) crown" . H owever , I c annot q uite f ollow P emberton 's s uggested r estoration o f t he s cene : " If o ne r estores a c entral c avalryman ( thus a ccounting f or t he h eadr oom o ver t he e xtant f igures ), a nd a f ighting g roup t o t he l eft o f h im , s imilar t o t he p reserved r elief , t he s tele w ould e xceed o ne

3 17

N OTES t o p p .215 - 2 23

1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7 2 8

2 9 3 0

m eter i n l ength" . B ut w e a lready h ave f our w arriors ! T hus, i f ac avalryman a nd h is o pponent w ould b e a dded f or t he s ake o f b ala ncing t he c omposition , a s P emberton s uggests, w e n eed f our m ore f igures i n t he ( lost ) h alf t o t he l eft o f t he " cavalr y m an" . S ee H ölscher 1 973 ,116-119 . F or E uphranor 's c avalry b attle s ee a lso V asiC , MA 8 3 ,1979 ,345-349 . P eek , A M 6 7 ,1942 ,89f .p1.17 ,3 . S ee C lairmont ,op .cit .129-130 . P eek ,op .cit .90 . D iodorus 1 6 .86 . P lutarch , Xo rat . v itae , 9 (Hyperides )9ff . Ih ave s ome d ifficulty i n s eeing t he l etters- s ome o f t hem d ottedw hich B radeen g ives i n h is r estored t ext . T his a pplies t o t he t au i n 1 .2 a nd t he i ota i n 1 .1 w hich , i n m y v iew , s hould f all e ntirely i nto t he c hipped a rea , a bout 0 .004 d eep a t t he l eft e dge u nless t he s tone i s n ow l ess w ell p reserved t han i t w as i n 1 964 . T he " slot f or a l ewis" m entioned b y B radeen 3 3 d ates p robably f rom al ater p eriod . T he m easurements w hich h e g ives a re c onfused a nd s hould r ead a s f ollows : l ength 0 .095 , w idth 0 .071, d epth 0 .015 . T he w idth g iven b y C onze a s 0 .46-0 .42 i s p uzzling . I G r epeats i t . A ll f our c lamp c uttings i n t he c oncave f ront a nd b ack o f t he b ase a re e xposed a gain (cf . C onze ). I n b ack o f t he b ase a re a lso t hree s mall s quare h oles w ith r emains o f m etal t o w hich c orrespond t hree i dentical h oles i n t he l ower h alf o f t he b ack o f t he r elief s lab . M etal r ods (?)may h ave b een p laced i n t he h oles t o k eep t he r elief i n av ertical p osition , b ut I a m n ot s ure w hether s uch a m eans o f s ecuring t he s lab i s a ncient o r m odern . M rs . V ermeule b elieves t hat D exileos " body" w as b uried i n t he D rom os , i .e . t he D emosion S ema , w hich c an h ardly b e t he c ase . S ee V ermeule , o p .cit 9 8 ,n .6 . C lairmont , G aE n o .28 ; H ölscher 1 973 ,102 a nd n .529 ; S tähler , A A , 1 976 ,67 . F or s ome o f t he p roblems i nvolved s ee C lairmont , G RBSt 1 3 ,1972 , 5 6f . a nd t he c omment b y H ölscher n n .528f . F or a f airly c omplete c ollection o f g ravestones w ith w arriors s ee S tupperich 1 62-199 a nd t he l ist N otes p p .154ff .nos .1-570 . H ölscher 1 973 ,103 . L angenfass-Vuduroglu , o p .cit .120 i nterprets t h3 r eli9f d ifferently b ut d oes n ot t ake i nto a ccount t he c oncept o f a vf ip a yaR tog w hen s aying :"Der G efallene (scil .Dexileos )ist g in t r iumphierender S ieger , a ber k ein H eros. D as D exileosrelief i st d eshalb e in L eb ensbild s chlechthin" ..."Hätte m an a n e ine H eroisierung d er T ot en g edacht , d ann w äre w ohl i n e inem d er B ilder e in H inweis d arauf e nthalten" .

C HAP IER 7 1

S ee e specially S chaefer , o p .cit o n t his a nd o ther t ransformations d own t o F riedrich S chiller . R eitzenstein , o p .cit .was t he f ir st t o s uggest t hat [ 8a ] w as d estroyed a nd t hat t he c hange f rom P f i l laa t , t o v op .i .p .o K o ccurred w hen t he o riginal s tele w as r eplaced o r r estored . P age X XII (b ) d oubts t hat [ 8a ] i s c learly r elated t o S parta . H e h as i t e ngraved r ather o n o ne o f t he f ive s telai T G 3v n ept e epp .oni )318

N OTES t o p p .223-229

2

3 4

5 6 7

8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8 1 9

X a5. J acoby 4 3 ,n .23 d iscounts t he e xistence o f ac asualty l ist a t t he T hermopylae " for S trabo 's t ime"; H erodotus " got t he n ames o f t he t hree h undred d oubtless i n S parta". G auer , W eihgeschenke 1 19 d istributes [ 8a-e] a mong t he f ive s telai m entioned b y H erodotus, o mitting t he e vidence f rom S trabo . A s d id W ade-Gery , l oc.cit . A ll t he e vidence i s a gainst h im a s b ecomes c lear a lso f rom r eading D ascalakis, P robl4mes h istoriques 2 0 . B ut s ee P age X LVI a nd h is c ommentary o n t he m eaning o f n or . T he l atter i s a lso d iscussed b y L orenz , o p .cit .55.70 .88 . P age X XIIa w ill n ot a ccept [ 8b ] a s e pitaph . P age 's c omment (p .78 ) t hat [ 8c ] i s " not a c omplete e pigram ; t here m ust h ave b een a s tatement t hat t he m en d ied a nd a re b uried h ere" i s n ot s atisfactory s ince t he T hermopylae a re t he b urial g round . N o s pecific s tatement s uch a s P age d esires i s d e r igueur a lthough i t c ould b e f ound i n a n e pigram . I n h is c ommentary G G 2 92. W ade-Gery , J HS 5 3 ,1953,72f ; c p . K ierdorf , E rlebnis 1 8 a nd n .l. S ee B oegehold , o p .cit .180,fig .l . B oegehold , o p .cit .181. I dem ,ibid .181. F or s ome o f t he s cholars w ho r ejected l ines 3 -4 s ee B oegehold , o p . c it .185 ,n .13 . S chwartz , H ermes 3 5 ,1900 ,119 :"Der S tein l ehrt , d ass e rst i n d er l itt erarischen U eberlieferung d as S tilkundigen s tets a nstössige z weite V erspaar z ugewachsen i st" . P age a ccepts t he s econd c ouplet f or t hree r easons t wo o f w hich , r eason o ne a nd t hree , a re n ot e ntirely c onv incing . F or t ve6c6E h e s uggests t he " trivial c hange t o g vec t ' VC

B oegehold h as i n m ind a v ertical o r h orizontal p osition w hen h e s peaks o p .cit .184 o f ..."one o f f our s imilar p laques w hich r evetted as quare o r r ectangular c ore o f s tones o r r ough m asonry" ... F or t rapezai, b lock m onuments, e tc . s ee K urtz-Boardman 2 37ff . P odlecki, o p .cit .following K eil. P age a ccepts t he f irst c ouplet a s o riginal f rom t he 5 th c entury . H is c alling [ 10c ] a" victory m onument" i s n ot v ery h appy . H e g oes i nto g reat p ains t o e xplaining t he u se o f x etp ,Eec i. I n J une 1 979 , Is earched i n v ain f or t he s tone i n t he c hurch o f H agios A thanasios. S hortly t hereafter , P rofessor C . E dmonson k indly t old m e t hat t he i nscription h ad b een m oved i n t he e arly 5 0 's t o as toreroom i n t he g ymnasium i n M egara . N one o f t he a uthors w ho d ealt w ith t he i nscription r ecently (including P eek )seem t o h ave b een a ware o f t he t ransfer . P rofessor E dmonson a lso m entioned t hat t he s lab h ad b een b roken i nto t wo p ieces s ince i t c ame t o t he p resent l ocation . Is hould l ike t o a dd t hat t he c hurch o f H agios A thanasios i s b uilt , w here v erifiable , e ntirely w ith G reek a nd R oman b uilding m aterials. I nto a p recinct a round t he c hurch a re b uilt l ate R oman c olumns . Am uch e arlier c olumn d rum o f i mpressive s ize l ies a band oned o n t he r oad t o H agios A thanasios a nd t he m onastery o f H agia B arbara r espectively . C p .however v erses 6 -7 o f t he e nlarged (?)version o f t he e pigram . W ade-Gery , J HS 5 3,1933 ,96. P age X VI b elieves t he a scription t o S imonides t o h e " fictitious", b ut a ccepts t he e ntire p oem a s o rig-

3 19

N OTES t o p p .229-237

2 0

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7 2 8 2 9

3 0 3 1 3 2

3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6

3 7

i nal : %Nbgarian m ight (for a ll w e k now )express h imself m ore f ully" . P odlecki p oints o ut t hat t his i s " the o nly o ccurrence o f t he p oet 's n ame o n s tone o utside t he m armor P arium (ep .54 )" . M y t ext t o [ 11d ] w as w ritten b efore t he p ublication o f L egon 's m onograph o n M egara c ame t o m y a ttention . If ind t hat h e , t oo , b elieves(p .172 ) t hat t he M egarians h ad m ade a t omb i n t he c ity i tself a lthough " it w as u nusual t o i nter t he d ead i nside t he c ity w alls o f aG reek c ity". L egon h as a c onfused n otion o f w hat a k enotaph i s : l iterally a n e mpty t omb , b ut n ot s omething t hat c an b e " re-erected" . L egon t akes t he e ntire p oem t o b e b y S imonides . T he l emma i ndicates t hat t he e pigram i s b y A eschylus E tg b tatpovg n po w ixoug 0 Ea c saX& Sv. B owra , l oc .cit . T hebes , M useum . K eramopoullos 1 920 ,p1 .2 . T huk .4 .101 ; D iodorus 1 2 .69f ; l ess t han o ne t housand i n T hukydides , w hile D iodorus, s peaking o f l ess t han 5 00 B oeotian d ead , c laims t he A thenians l ost i t oXXanKaatot T oir rwv. S ee a lso G omme , C ommentary ( 1956 ,2 )567f . w ho t hinks t hat D iodorus ' a ccount o f t he b attle f ollowed " Thucydides i n i ts a rrangement" . A ll a ttempts o n s everal o ccasions (!)to f ind t he e ight s telai i n t he T hebes M useum a nd/or s torerooms p rooved f ruitless n ot o nly t o m y a stonishment b ut a lso t o t hat o f t wo s ucceeding c urators o f t he M useum . Iw as p rivileged t o b e o ne o f f our r eaders o f t he P rinceton U niv ersity d octoral t hesis b y D .U . S chilardi t he t opic o f w hich w as [ 48c]. S ee t he d iscussion u nder [ 48b ]. J effery 9 4 . A ustin , S toichedon S tyle 7 5 s eemed s urprised a bout t his , c alling i t " remarkable t hat t he T hespians w ould a dopt s omething f rom t heir e nemies b y w hom t hey w ere k illed" . C p . B radeen , S tudies 9 2f . C p . t he d isucssion a bove p p. 45f . K ritsas 1 979 ,2 ,502-505 . S ee A ppendix 3 , n o .(11 ). F or t he p ossibilites o f t he i dentification o f t he p olyandrion s ee K ritsas 1 979 ,2 ,509 . H e c onsiders t he y ears 4 18 a nd 4 16 r espectively t oo e arly f or t he l etter-style o f t he i nscription . H e n ext s peaks o f t he l ast f ifteen y ears o f t he 5 th c entury a nd t he w arfare t hat o ccurred t hen . B ut I d o n ot b elieve t hat i t i s p ossible t o e xclude t he e arlier d ates a nd t o c oncentrate o n t he l ast f ifteen y ears f or w e c an h ardly t ell w hat t he l etters tyle w as i n 4 18 a nd 4 16 a s c ompared t o 4 15-400 . P idrart , o p .cit . m ust h ave m isread K ritsas ' s uggestions f or t he d ating o f [ 52c]. N owhere d oes K ritsas s uggest t hat " le m onument d ate d u d ébut d u I Ve s iècle" a s P idrart w rites . O p .cit .82f . W ith t he l atter c ampaign w e m ay c onnect t he e p igram A .P .6 .344 . K eramopoullos, o p .cit .36 . T he r eference t o w ar i n t he s ingular i s m eant t o r efer t o t he K orint hian w ar p er s e (so T aillardat-Roesch ,op .cit .85 )which c omprises m ore t han o ne t heater o f w ar , a nalogous t o A ttic i nscriptions. F ragment ( k )with a l etter-style d ifferent f rom t he o ther f rr .has b een e liminated b y P eek b ut i s i ncluded h ere . M easurements o f s everal f rr . w ere n ot o btainable w hile s tudying t hem i n T egea ( frr .g ,h ,i,n ).

3 20

b o l l s 3 8

3 9 4 0

4 1 4 2 4 3

4 4

4 5

4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9

5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4

t o p p . 2 38 - 2 42

T he p rofile d rawing i n P eek 1 971 , 1 8 , a bove ( o ). S everal f rr . s how a nathyrosis o n t he t op s urface (c ,f ,j ,m ); f r .b a nd o ne u nnumbered f r . s how r emains o f i ron c lamps a t t he b ack . T he u nderside o f t he m oulding a t t he l ower e nd o f t he s tele s hows t races o f t he r asp ( fr .b ). O ne f r . i s m uch t h icker a s c ompared w ith t he o thers ( 0 .315 ). B roken a ll a round , t he l etters a re n ot a s c arefully i nscribed a s o n t he o ther ' 1220 ' f rr . C ou ld t his f r . b elong t o a nother c asualty l ist? X enophon , H ell .7 .4 .22-25. T he A rkad ians w ere v ictorious a nd e rected at ropaion . I .G . l oc .cit . . ."inventum i nter f undamenta s epu lcri r ectanguli, q uod s eptem c apita c ontinebat" . W hy 7 i nstead o f 1 0 (=Rhomaios ) i s n ot c lear t o m e . 1 6.39 . S ee h owever P eek G G 2 95 , n o .14 . T he o n ly p lan o f t he p olyandrion p recinct e ver p ublished i s t hat i n P hytalis , o p .cit . t o w hich r eference i s m ade h ere . I t i s n ot m entioned i n t he P ECS . T he f irst t wo m easurements o f t he l ion p edestal g iven b y J acob-Felsch o p .cit . s hould b e i nverted , i f t he f irst m easurement , a ccording t o h er p .232 , i s " Il i r w", t he s econd " Tiefe" . T his i s t he s ide o f t he e ntrance f rom t he m odern h ighway . T he p lan g iven b y P hytalis a nd a utopsy s erve a s b asis f or t he p resent d escription . T he m easurements o f t his a rea i n t he P ECS a re i ncorrect . W hen t he a uthor w rites t hat " the w eapons h ad b een r emoved" i t i s n ot c lear t o t he r eader w hat h e m eans . T he p hrase i s o bv iously t aken f rom K irsten-Kraiker 1 967 ,245 :"Die W affen w aren d en T oten a bgeno rmen" , w hich s tands i n t he c ontext o f t he d escription o f t he b urial. K irsten-Kraiker a re t otally m isleading t he r eader i n w riting t hat t he 2 54 s keletons w ere b uried i n a" Grabbezirk" u nderneath t he l ion m onument i tself . T he m easurements o f t he " Grabbezirk" a re t hose f or t he b ase o f t he l ion (deriving f rom S tamatakis , 1 880 , or a n i ntermed iate s ource ). H owever , t hese m easurements a re n ot o nly w rong b ut a pply t o n either t he l ion b ase n or t he " Grabbewzirk" . T he a uthor i n t he P ECS c alls i t " a r eplica o f t he l ion o n t he p olya ndrion o f T hespiai" . T he t erm " replica" i s o bviously a m isnomer . H ammond a nd C ostanzi, o p .cit . V ermeuele , MA 7 6 ,1972 ,55 ; N orden , o p .cit .555 . P ritchett , A JA 6 2 ,1958 ,310f ; K nigge , o p .cit .170 ; R ahe , MA 8 5 , 1 981, a lso o pts f or t he S acred B and . P ausanias w rote a s f ollows 9 .40 .10 ): I l pocnöv wv 7 c 6Xet , n oXv iv8pLov 8 9 f 3atwv e aTtv E ViS nebi O atnnov'I ty@vt C omeavöv wv. e nty y panTaL dv 8 n cntypagga o Uiv, tnternla 8"incaTtv a ir q XL . ovp ipot 8" c iv e g T Mv l x v8pr ov a ataTa r ev e u dvL i tty pagµa a neaztv t µot & oxe n ) ö Tt , o ü . 5 t oo tina • o atxovoç h xoXoierpc. K nigge ,op .cit .170 . K nigge ,op .cit .171 . S otiriades , E rgon 1 903 ,p1 .41 . S otiriades , E rgon 1 904 ,50f . T his m onument c ame t o m y a ttention d ue t o t he k indness o f P . S iewert .

e, 6 x „

t .

3 21

N OTES t o p p . 2 43-245

C HAPTER 8

1

2

3

4

T he r estoration o f t he e pigram b y P eek w hich B radeen q uotes i n f ull c an h ardly s ettle t he c ase . I t w ould h ave b een b etter t o o mit P eek 's r estoration . T he p rovenience d oes n ot n ecessarily a ttest t o p rimary u se . T he s tone c ould h ave b een b rought t o t he A kropolis i n r elatively m ode r n t imes i f n ot a lready i n a lte a ntiquity i n c onnection w ith t he f ortifications t hen b uilt o n t he A cropolis . A s f or t he s hape o f [ 83] t he r eader m ay b e r eferred t o R .S . S troud 's r estored d rawing o f a nother g roup o f p ublic d ocuments, T he A xones a nd K yrbeis o f D ra l ion a nd S olon , U nivCalPub , C 1St 1 9,1979 , w ith t he d rawing o n p .58 ,fig .4 . [ 83 ]"could h ave r isen t o ah eight o f c a . 1 .50-1 .80 e , w hich i s w hat S troud s uggests f or t he K yrbeis . C p . P age , G aetulicus V .

3 22

A P P E N D I C E S APPENDIX 1

Prosopography of Athenian Casualties

A list of Athenian casualties was drawn up by S. Wenz in his study published in 1913. Hardly any justification is needed if, after almost 70 years, we present a new and ob­ viously enlarged list of Athenian casualties. The list claims completeness only in as far as fully preserved and reasonably restored names are concerned. Names which lack the last syllable, such as for instance -�o�, l�,etc. have been included. Though not entirely pre­ served, the chance of error with respect to the correctness of the full names is relatively small. But whenever several alternatives present themselves in the restoration of names, usually with respect to the first syllables, these have been omitted from the list (Example A[-----) XAE(OE� , which could be Aristokleides, Athenokleides, Agathokleides,etc.). The Prosopography is based mostly on IO 1 2 and Bradeen. Corrections ·to IG 12 or to Bradeen by later scholars are fully taken into account. Most of these corrections are also mentioned in the discussion of the individual casualty lists(pp.87ff). The most recent corrections are those by Lewis in ZPE 34,1979, 2 40- 2 46 which are referred to �n the 'Comments'as Lewis with IG 13 nos. The Prosopography includes Ionian(?) allies whose casualty lists turned up in Athens [ 2 1d, 2 8] and in whose names occur Ionian letters (H, Q ). Included are also the allies(?) who because of their names "do not appear to be Athenian" (e.g. [ 2 6,11.3.5 and 7]. But this does not mean that the casualties could not have been Athenian citizens. The pro­ sopography is comprised of the Lemnian kleruchs who fought as allies of Athens and who as kleruchs maintained their tribal membership in the casualty lists. Toxao�aL are in­ cluded in the main list; �€VOL and �a p �a p oL �oxao�aL are listed separately as non-Athenians at the end. A soldier from Eleutherae who belongs tq one of the Athenian tribes is included in the main prosopography. Whenever it is possible to ascertain the tribe member­ ship of a casualty the former is recorded. When the re­ storation of columns of names within tribes on stelai is hypothetical as ,for example, in [58b], stele II, cols.5 and 7-8, the tribe membership has been tentatively accepted but a caveat is in order. Whenever a column preserves the ref­ erence to a tribe and also shows names above that reference, it is taken for granted that the names above belong to the tribe which precedes the tribe recorded(Example:[34,11.116. 2 0- 2 4).

3 23

C asualties k nown t o h ave h eld a r ank a re l isted w ith t heir r espective t itles. I f n ames o ccur m ore t han o nce, t heir s equence i s c hrono logical a nd f ollows t he a rrangement o f t he m onuments i n P art T wo. h i s n ot i gnored i n a lphabetizing. A ll n ames u sing h f ollow t he l etter c hi. F or n ames b eginning w ith a , e ,L , u s ee a lso u nder h . K ey t o e ntries: 29-968 A rabic n umerals 9 receded b y B = A rabic n umerals p 5 221 a nd 5 222 1 9, 4 2 2 1, 1 23, .. ,

•

•

•

A 1 9a

I G 12 9 29-968 B radeen, n os.1-23 I C 1 1/111 2 5 221,5222 S EC 1 9, n o.42 S EC 2 1, n o.123 H esperia 1 2, 4 3f. H esperia 1 2, 4 5f. H esperia 2 5, 3 77

A ll R oman n umerals r efer t o t he A thenian t ribes a s f ollows: I I I II I V V V I V II V III I X X

E rechtheis A igeis P andionis L eontis A kamantis O ineis K ekropis H ippothontis A iantis A ntiochis

O ther s pecifications: I on ? n .A.?

a . T . v .

Vcp.Toxa.

e vyp. e cp&n.

ZE V .

a TpaT. T axa. T oxaap. T pt4p. p poup. 9 1 .A.

I onian a llies? n on-Athenian ? • • • • • • • • -

a eXwv T ot , v auTLxot , i e a dapo T oxaöT t Ig w e vyeapo e epanwv t nneug Af i lvL « Z iv cn u TpaTt ly6 T eXatapXos T oxgapxos

' 4 " .5 P a p x o g T eouPaPX0S

p uxapxos

( NB:for s ome a ddenda t o t he m ain l ist s ee p .363)

3 24

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

* APpov

B 2 3,178

V

' Ar leavevo [g ]

B 2 3,210

V I

' Ay&e o tog

B 2 2,28

' Arieov

B 2 2,19

' AyaatI t Ug

9 29,115

' Ayaa o aZg

1 9,42,12

V III

' Ayaa o arg

1 9,42,17

X

' Ay aa ot

B 6 ,21

p [aT _ _ ]

' Ayv6 .5ego5

9 29,42

' Ayvöbegog

1 9,42,25

I X

' Ayve taTpaTog

1 9,42,16

X

' A f ttgavzog

9 50,114

[ '

B 2 3,392

W etµavTog

' Ae teve r8eg ' Aeeve cbeg

1 9,42,10

X

A 6 7

I V

' Aeivio tno5

B 2 2,131

' Aeivt . Vag

9 33,22

' Aeevööopog

9 50,24

' Aeevööopog

B 2 2,3

' Aecv68opog

B 2 3,364

[ 'A ] »ev68o [sog]

9 40,3

I I

A tveatag

A 4 3

I V

A taLµt8eg

9 50,187

A taxiag

B 1 9,4

[ A ]taxcTe töcg

9 33,34

[ l itc] tveg

B 1 ,69

A taxtveg

2 1,123,11

A L[

9 49,4

V

A t xLvcc

9 49,35

X

A kXtVCc

1 9,42,11

[ ALax ] v c

9 55,19

A tYxtvcc

B 2 3,226

A

xLvcc

B 2 3,362

A taxpo [- ]

B 2 3,334

A taxpovt6e5

K 7 5

A cxuXtôec

B 1 ,28

x t]vcc g

V III

V I V III

V III

V I

X I II

3 25

R ANK

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

[ A]tax at f tg

B 6 ,26

A taxIAC6eg

9 50,91

A taxuX ôcc

B 2 3,174

A tax tAtov

9 37,11

A tax atov

1 9,42,21

A taxiAcK

9 43,76

A taxüX cn

9 38,8

A taxüXog

1 9,42,23

[ A]taXüXog

B 2 2,42

A LV ICa5

B 2 3,351

PA xc

9 29,109

ac

" AxpunTog

9 29,130

mA Xceog

1 9,42,4

' WeiXatag

9 29,85

' AXexatµaxog

9 29,70

T RIBE

R ANK

C OMMENTS

V

V III

I X

X

V III

I

T öxc s.

' AXexatµ [a]xo k]955,18 ' AXIxatnnos

9 50,164

' AXxatoc

9 55,20

' AXXa dvE5

9 50,93

' AXxag

9 29,116 L µog

1 9a,28

" AÄ N iLi tno5

9 39,74

' AXx i leov

9 29,135

Wcg]

[ 'A ]Xxµe L ovtbr ig

B 7 ,11

I on?

' AX ar mw

B 7 ,8

I on?

EtA W&T v ig

B 9 ,18

I on?

9 50,60

' AgetvoxXZg

9 49,34

X

' A ct .voxp&tcc

9 50,169

V I

' AgiMpinno

9 29,86

' Aµ c pa cvaX

9 50,25

' A lu pt8egt8e

B 2 3,4

' Ag exiSeg

9 29,60

' A tu pLxXe Wegi

9 29,176

[ 'i t ][ 1pL w rüov

B 2 2,125

' 4 4 .49tX0x05

B 2 3,110

" Aw inos

I V

1 9a,19

3 26

T axa.

C ASUALTIES

L IST

' Apptaonog

9 39,30

'A l l9LX&[Pcg]

9 39,19

' AvatTto

9 49,17

' AvaaxcTi o 5cg

1 9a,17

' AvaxaL6opo

9 29,138

' AvaxatXag

9 29,112

' AvaxaiAa

]

T RIBE

C OMMENTS

V II

'

9 29,142

' Av8ptaxo5

9 47,16

' Av6p6 f 3oXo

B 1 ,129

' Av6po O tei ,6[c

9 39,29

' Av8p wacC8[E5

B 2 2,57

' A { v ApoxXZ

B 2 2,58

' Ave spogive5

B 2 3,183

V

NA N8pov

1 9,42,16

I X

wA v6pov

9 50,5

I V

nA v8pov

R ANK

A 2 0

' AvSpoc regveg

9 29,66

' Avee l ltov

1 9,42,24

' Avzgvop

9 38,5

' AvTta5

1 9a,53

' AvTta5

9 50,185

' AvT 4tos

B 1 ,30

' Av rtyg c c

1 9a,41

' AvTt8o [ * ( : )]

B 1 ,131

' AvTC8oTo5

9 50,109

' AvTL O tet6c£

9 50,17

' AvT o t Ug

1 9a,10

V III

I V

I X

V III

V I

9 50,50

' A x eTt O tZg

K 4 9

' AvT o tpi c ceg

9 43,39

X

' AvTtxpe r reg

B 2 3,301

I X

' AvTtgaxos

B 1 ,3

' Awagaxog

1 9a,49

' AvTtgax[osi

9 40,6

' Avzi egaxo5

9 50,15

[ 'A] w rid laxog

B 2 2,111

[tA ]w rtgiveg

9 29,38

I II

I I

3 27

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,20.

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

[ 'i l]vttgiveg

B 2 3,182

V

[ 'Av]TtgivEg

B 2 3,389

V

' AvT]i -Xoxog

9 33,39

AV T

9 49,72

69E40 g

' AvTLazir reg

1 9,42,16

[ 'Av]T t . c pav[—]

B 1 0,4

' AvT t . c päve[g]

9 33,3

' AvTt , c p i tve

9 43,91

' Aw c t .p c iv[c ]

9 40,7

' Avz i . c pE cve

9 49,78

AV TL . CAVTI

9 49,39

ÄV T t eivr N

5 222

AV T tc p aw ro

9 50,53

I I V III

' Av c t .c pVv

A 4 5

' AvtLxi cpc

9 29,174

' Avztx&Pcg

9 50,123

' AvTLx&Pcg

A 1 8

I V

' A Tur röpt .o

B 2 3,216

V I

' A i toXX6 . 5opo

9 29,87

[' A ] n oXX66opog

9 29,18

' AnoXX68opog

9 39,24

' A i toXX66opo

1 9,42,13

' AnoXX6 . 5opo

9 50,57

[

n 2oTi cat .c r rog

" Apate

[ o s ]

rApa j o ipav6pog ' Apearvog A peoicr rpcu rog ' Api .

l ep .og

Zw yp. c p (A.

9 29,141

K 5 0

C OMMENTS

V III

' Avw t . c p 2 5v

A noXX66opog

R ANK

I V

X

I II

B 2 3,28 9 29,185 B 7 ,13

I on?

B 2 3,179

V

B 2 3,279

V III

B2 3 ,347

' Apt o rni cvyeXos

9 33,26

f 'Ap J ur rayöpa

9 39,10

X

' Apt c r tav8pog

B 2 2,60

' Aptcr rav8pog

K 5 4

I II

' Aptc r capxos

9 43,26

V II

3 28

C ASUALTIES A pLaTapxoS

L IST

TRIBE

9 43,29

V II

' Aptatapxo

9 50,44

' Api o zmapxoS

9 50,89

' Api .a .c apxo

9 50,127

p LaT[i]ag

R ANK

1 9a,51

[ ' i l]ptaTct6e.

9 29,34

[ 'A]ptaTet8[E ]

B 6 ,28

' ApLaTet s 5e

1 9,42,16

X

' ApL[C Y] -UigE

9 50,151

I V

[ 'Apt]aTtov

B 1 ,8

' ApLaTto[v]

9 33,55

' Aptcztov

A 7 3

' ApLaztovt8c

1 9a,13

[ 'Ap]LaT6 1 3oXo

B 2 3,82

' ApLaToy d .Tov

B 2 3,293

' ApLaToy veg

9 29,100

' ApLazoy2ve

2 1,123,18

' ApLaToyivcg

B 2 2,31

[ 'Apt] cr cö f tp .%

B 1 ,73

' Ap[t]aT68eµog

B 2 3,10

' ApLaT68 1 .xo

9 43,7

' ApLaz6 . 5opo

B 2 2,2

[ 'A]pu rnoxXxt6e

9 29,29

' ApLazoxXrg

9 50,56

' Apt .

oxX c

9 50,113

[ 'Ap ] t .o-r oxX [ - -

B 1 1,12

' A inaToxpiu reg

B 2 2,61

' Apt .cr roxpi c [ Tcs

9 50,86

' ApLaT64axog

B 2 2,32

' ApLaTi4 taxoG

B 2 2,298

I X

' AptaToµ28e

9 49,33

X

' AptaTogi f tg

9 50,47

' ApLaToµi8eg

B 2 2,6

' A p t . c r rop .2 [ —e s ]

B 2 2,52

' Apt .aTövego

9 49,3

' Apu rnövugo

9 50,31

' ApLazövugog

B 2 2,128

I V

I II I X

V III

V I

V

3 29

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

' Apt a ToTg X eg

1 9a,35

' ApLaToTiXcg

9 29,19

' AptaToTikeg

9 47,13

' ApL[a]Topi tvc[s]

9 29,159

' Ap,aiop&vEc

1 9,42,15

' ApLaTopi cvcg

B 2 2,7

' AptaTopaveg

B 2 3,283

V III

' AptaT69 0 tog

1 9,42,29

V III

' ApLaTo c p[- ]

B 2 3,332

X

' AptaTtAXog

9 50,38

' ApxcatXag

9 29,154

' Apxipov

K 5 6

' Apµovt8cg

1 9,42,13

' APX OL 0 5 töcg

K 4 2

I II

' APX 40Xog

B 2 3,273

V III

'A PXE 8 ( 1

9 50,154

1 1a S

' ApxL5L[x]o

B 2 2,66

' APX [.]eos

B 2 2,68

' Apxivcog

B 2 3,185

'A PXiXag

9 29,132

' ApxinokLg

9 29,143

' ApxinoK K

9 43,76

' ApxicmpaTog

9 50,59

' ApxiaTpaTo

B 2 2,5

' Ap

9 33,69

t[t os]

X

I II I X

I V

I II

[ 'Ap]x a te .cg

B 1 1,10

' Apxtag

9 47,7

9A PXtaS

9 49,43

'A PXta5

9 50,2

'A PXtaS

9 50,165

V

' Apxtag

9 50,177

V II

' Apxt8ag[o]c

1 9,42,4

I X

' Apx o ai[g]

9 33,2

' Apxi X c

9 50,28

[A p] ,xXZg

B 2 3,26

[ 'Ap]XL dVEg

B 2 3,85

' Apxtvcg

I I

I II

B 2 3,372

3 30

R ANK

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

' Apxrvog

9 29,55

' Apxovt8cg

B 1 9,22

' A[p]xatx U5

A 6 6

I V

" Aa [ av ] 6p [ og ]

A 5 2

I V

' Aaonödopo5

A 7 6

I V

' AaTui tvaX5

9 43,87

' ATapptov

A 7 1

"k rap f 3 [ og]

B 1 ,41

[ A CTöß a cn

B 2 3,158

Ar roxX!ç

B 1 9,8

dr coxpirmg

9 50,46

Aw ro w iet5

A 5 8

I V

A üzo i xt ee tn

9 50,160

V

A inogi6eg

B 2 3,256

V II

A üTogive5

B 2 3,300

I X

A 5 1

I V

i ar ro d

[ .

A üToetv

9 37,15

' Apaipc5

9 29,33

B aßüpT[eg]

9 39,18

B to cov

9 29,91

B toTT05

B 2 3,126

B taov

1 9a,18

B Xb ryp cn

1 9,42,17

B Xinup cn

9 50,9

[ i] n upog

C OMMENTS

I V

I V

B 2 2,15

[ ' . ,K] c paciAeg

B X

R ANK

I V

I X

B 2 3,9

B tAapX05

B 6 ,19

B p aez a c t 5eg

9 33,31

B püaov

B 2 2,138

r [X]auxtag

9 29,172

[ rA]aüxtnnos

9 33,57

M aüx orgo

B 1 9,19

M aüxov

9 29,136

M aüxov

9 29,139

I

Ma ib to[ ]

9 49,69

I X

3 31

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

C ASUALTIES r X axo5

L IST B 2 3,329

[ r] v e ieov

1 9a,22

K .T>vi tetog

1 9a,37

r opytag

E r] opyt

T RIBE X

R ANK

C OMMENTS

9 29,88 [ ac

9 40,13

I I

r opytKog

B 2 3,264

r öpyov

9 29,157

r öpyog

9 50,54

ä aLatag

1 9,42,30

I X

ä agaatag

1 9,42,13

V III

ä [ 6 (

9 50,64

ä etvtag

9 29,105

ä cLvtag

9 50,183

[ t i ] cLvtag

V II

V III

B 2 2,43

ä ctvö w cpaTog

A 4 8

I V

ä cgt cycTog . . A eg tveeg

1 9,42,7

X

B 2 3,258

A e l ltTp L og

1 9a,16

[ L ic ] giTp t og

T pLip.

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,48.

V II

1 9a,24

ä cgiTpLo [ g 1

9 29,153

ä cgiTp‘og

9 29,156

ä cgiTpLo [ g ]

B 6 ,13

äg liTpLog

9 50,162

V

A cµ kp t og

1 9,42,29

I X

ä cµö8oxog

1 9,42,14

X

t i c [ µ k l # 14 0 5eg • ä cgo O kc [ t8cg ]

B 2 2,121

A eµoxXci .8 [ cg ]

B 2 0,16

ä cgoxXt g

1 9a,33

[ 1]c oxX c

9 39,20

B 2 2,46

ä cw ivi .xog

9 29,137

A cgoaetve5 • • ä cgöcmpaT [ og ]

1 9,42,13

X

9 49,62

V I

B 2 3,191

V

[ A ] s dazpaTog A cgoT acg

9 43,67

ä cµoT acg

1 9,42,31

V II I X 3 32

C ASUALTIES

L IST

A egöTcg

1 9,42,9

A4>ply rt µog

1 9a,40

A cgo9ö tvcg

1 9,42,22

A cµox i ipcg

1 9,42,8

A cetXcwg

5 222

A exaavöpt [ 6cg I

B 6 ,16

[ A] ixaav6pog

9 48,3

A ixatog

9 49,82

A cx [ at ] q aog

9 47,20

A ixaov

1 9a,34

[ tog ]

[ A t ] ôGgapx [ og ] A t8o t itag

9 38,12

t un.

A f i l l • T öxc r.

[ At b iatpxog

I on?

n .A?

A toyetTov

B 2 3,176

A toyivcg

9 29,41

[ A] töyvv rog

V II

K 7 7 9 29,78

]

I V

9 50,174

A txcao g

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

t 1 t1 C.

A 1 1

A tetTpi c pcg

[ cc

I X

B 8 ,3 9 33,44

A toygv

V III

B 9 ,10

A t8uµtag A t8oµtag

C OMMENTS

I X

5 222

A lgoxXcf lg

R ANK

B 2 3,171

A cxatvogog

[ A] ng l izp

T RIBE

I II

I V

A 5 6 B 2 2,107

ä toyxLs

A 7 0

i t i t66opog

9 29,148

A t66opog

K 4 8

A tööozog

B 2 2,14

i l t66oToc

B 2 3,386

A toxXct8cg

9 50,168

A to [ x Mg

9 29,163

A toxX [ t g ]

9 50,153

I V

A toxV gg

A 2 9

I V

A to O ttg

1 9,42,9

I X

A tox Ug

1 9,42,14

I X

i togi8c [ g] A[ to i v

K 6 B 6 ,24

I V

I II

V I

I II

3 33

c p uatxög l:

C ASUALTIES At ov

L IST

T RIBE

K 5 7

R ANK

C OMMENTS

I II

[ AL] o v ie tos

B 1 1,21

[ e ] tov Los

B 2 3,192

A LovGa 0- ]

B 2 3,207

V I

A Lovinnog

B 2 3,221

V I

E A Lolvvao cAvEg

B 2 3,161

[ A]LonEteeg

B 2 2,12

Aar c i -µog

9 29,102

A Löttgog

B 2 3,214

A Lo cAvEg

9 50,87

Aug p i tvEg

K 3 4

A top i cve[s]

B 2 3,333

A L69aw rog

B 2 2,53

[ A ]i . .69avTog

B 2 3,187

V

A te at8[Eg]

B 2 3,383

X

A t c p aog

9 43,36

I X

A t c p aog

9 50,126

A öxLgog

B 6 ,20

A [oplöeEog

9 44,4

A opöeEog

9 48,5

ä opöeEog

9 50,176

A opöeeog

K 6 7

A paxaXtov

9 47,12

A ptmaXog

9 29,21

[ L ip ] a xovTt6eg

9 29,9

[ A ]paxovTi o 5eg

B 2 3,252

A po l lEüg

9 33,7

A pon lAtov

B 1 ,12

[4 ]8 oµtag

B 2 3,157

' Byiag

B 2 3,209

' Eyigaxog

B 2 2,36

' Eyig nog

1 9,42,32

' l eyeatag

1 9,42,12

' ByEatag

B 2 2,95

' EyEatag

B 2 3,169

V I

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

1 ; 14.

V

3 34

C ASUALTIES ' BecK6atog

L IST B 7 ,3

" Ex c pa[vT]og

9 55,24

' Egucötov

9 33,32

' Egneötov

K 7 2

[ 'Egn]eö walg

B 1 ,59

[ NE ]v8e l log

9 37,14

" EvörP tog

5 222

[ 'E]öpTtog

9 40,2

' EnatveTog

9 29,39

' Enatv v ros

9 33,15

' In ca

B 2 2,69

wE uatvog

C OMMENTS I on?

I II

L ewis 1 193,

V I

1 1,72.

t nn. I I

A 1 2

L ewis 1 193,

' Entyieeg

9 50,20

' Entyiveg

B 1 ,16

' EutygvE5

B 2 3,342

[ 'E ] i tt8Po l log

9 33,5

' B i ti o5pogog

9 50,41

[ 'e l t]txXcte .cg

B 1 ,76

V I

' BecxXet6eg

B 2 3,180

V

' Ent O ttg

1 9,42,21

X

' E[n]Lx ag

B 2 3,125

I V

' ExLxpt u reg

1 9,42,18

X

' Entx amEg

B 2 3,282

V III

' BuLX Imagevög

9 50,131

' Eutazigov

B 1 9,18

' Eu v r acg

9 29,150

' EutT aeg

9 43,4

' ] Ints.E XC8[E]g

9 49,73

X

' En u rLgtöcg

1 9,42,14

I X

lE n tou lpeg

9 29,110

[ 'E T E]tx . ipEg

9 29,169

[‚E in t,X &Peg

9 33,41

' EntX&Pcg

9 33,18

tE i ttx&pcg

9 43,11

I I

' E l t L ,X&PEc

1 9,42,15

X

['B il gt,X &Pc5

R ANK

B 1 ,19

` Exaz [ ato I c

] v ro [ g I

T RIBE

1 11,12.

X

c mpaT.

B 2 3,20 3 35

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

9emo capt6es

9 33,28

[ 'E]ntxapi ,[6cs]

B 1 0,9

' Entxaprvos

B 1 ,21

' Entxaptvog

9 37,5

' En[t]xap[tvo]5

9 55,22

' Epaat wn

B 2 3,260

R ANK

C OMMENTS

V II

[ 'Ep]a c itaTpap r.. ] B 1 1,14 ' E A[To]v

9 55,25

' Epi cTo[v]

K 6 2

' Epy ca cn

9 29,40

' Epyc e ro[ ]

9 33,65

] QXo[x]Xc

I II

B 2 3,27

' EpyoTi[Xe ]

9 29,183

' Epyort göcg

B 2 3,281

' Epy6T4un

9 50,39

' Epyiniµog

1 9,42,17

•

•

V III

X

•

[ 'B]PY0X&[Ple

B 2 3,21

' EpLygveg

9 29,173

' EpoxXct6c5

9 43,24

V I

[sE ]pxa i ,ec cn

K 7

I II

' Epxatµtve5

9 29,125

' Eato6og

B 2 3,346

' Xatoxog

9 50,103

B üC cyycXog

9 49,24

E ihyy 0 tog

B 2 3,170

V

E üE rye

1 9,42,15

V III

et ivy aog

9 33,27

emyöpog

1 9a,42

gav8po5

B 2 3,123

[ E ]tapxt6c

B 1 1,15

E t lf ito

1 9a,

getog

9 29,179

l etyletzov

9 29,73

[ E ]i r yetTov

B 6 ,34

E i r yEtTov

B 2 2,51

B eSego5

9 43,82

X

V III

I V

4

I V

3 36

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

[ B] 8cgog

B 1 5,2

E e8cgo

A 2 2

EUE l log

B 2 3,17

B 66< t> [ a ]v ros

A 4 7

I V

gi4 ,6ax[To ]

K 5 9

I II

Ektxt8c5

B 1 ,128

o tt 6[ Es ]

R ANK

C OMMENTS

V III I V

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,47.

9 39,17

B egLo[ ]

B 2 3,53

E [e]eexaog

9 29,170

I

E U8oxaog

9 43,40

X

E U6ox[a- - ]

B 2 1,17

[ E U]v i t aog

B 1 ,112

AcpyL6eg

9 50,30

B e Ennuos

B 2 3,224

V I

B Ueotvo

9 29,155

I

E i leotvo5

9 50,124

Wee6ek to

9 29,31

B ü [e ]üöcgo

9 29,77

E üefALxog

9 37,12

E beuxXet6c5

9 50,58

E beuxXX5 [ 1e E ]ü lnaZ

1 9a,15 Ku

I II

E l 'Aux Ug

B 2 3,295

I X

A euxp&Teg

9 29,133

I

[ E ] UuxpEt z lzeg

B 2 2,89

E beiv .axos

9 29,64

E üeGgaxog

9 49,74

X

E 4üµaxog

B 2 3,122

I V

E iAu dvec

B 2 0,15

E üeüpeTog

9 33,4

E üei f lov

1 9,42,21

d»act s 5c

B 1 ,27

EUXet6cg

9 29,147

I

E üxXeC6eg

1 9,42,1

I X

[3 ] W et [ 6 e5 1

9 40,12

I I

a xXt g

9 40,9

I I

E i»O tZg

9 40,23

V I

V I

X

3 37

z axa .

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

[ E]lmXtg

B 2 3,189

E üxpEmcg

9 43,30

E üxp E cTeg

1 9,42,10

I X

E üxpi cTeg

1 9,42,21

I X

E lmTgµov

9 37,10

B üw ciµov

K 4 4

E iX c x ntô€c

1 9,42,9

E üµaxtov

B 2 3,274

B üg aog

9 29,65

Ek i l)iv

Oog

9 29,65

A 0 16 1 1 5

B 7 ,12

E vv t ,xoc

B 2 3,328

g vo l log

9 33,8

gi g0X 1 ,5

9 50,52 i ES

C OMMENTS

V V II

I II X V III

1 9a,30

A givLo5

[V) ] Pix

R ANK

I on? X

9 55,10

E b I ATEZ

B 2 3,343

X

E upu oroc

9 43,22

V I

A püXcog

9 29,167

E * axo i ttôcc

9 39,22

E bI b teg

9 47,4

E ir r at6eg

B 2 2,27

E üT t . g .8c5

1 9,42,22

E& Tüxeg

9 48,4

B ü c pi cve

9 50,27

E iu ptXcroc

B 1 8,16

I II

B WAcTog

1 9,42,12

X

[ Be i ]c pCX .E uK

B 2 1,39

[ Be cOoptov

9 33,60

E 4paTos

A 3 2

I V

[ E6 ] 9Par 0 5

B 2 3,81

I II

B ü c pa tvop

9 38,10

B ü sp a tvop

9 50,45

E üepavo d6cg

9 50,18

E üppov

K 4 0

A ppövtog

B 1 ,11

E l fqt xpLaTo[g]

B 2 1,23

I X V III

s ee A dd . ( at e nd)

I II

3 38

C ASUALTIES

L IST

[ E ]üxc revi , [6c]

9 33,63

' B c ptCATEg

9 50,92

T RIBE

R ANK

C OMMENTS

B 2 2,4

' ExaexcaTt8c

B 2 3,280

' ExacxcaTt [8cg ]

B 2 3,345

[ 'Exa ] b tc;Tog

B 2 3,360

' Ex c lon a c6e

9 49,29

O cAtapxo[g]

9 29,145

O appEKEt6Eg

1 9,42,5

e aP [P]Za5

B 2 3,167

[ e ]aPPCa£

B 2 3,193

O c c iyyeX cn

5 222

[ O ]c il yeg

B 2 3,177

O e t .apxte se

B 2 3,273

[ Oe] O teto

K 6 0

I II

O c gaetog

B 1 8,14

I I

[ O ]cgtaTayöpag

V III

V III

V III

t un.

V III

A 2 1

I V

O [c h i t .c r [T]o[x ]X[r ] A 4 2

I V

1 9 coy ve

9 42,2

W oyi]veg

2 1,123,21

f a coy2vc

9 50,23

8 e6y[v ]cTo k]

B 2 2,67

1 9 e6yveTo

9 50,111

O iov K

1 9a,52

O ioyv t .

9 40,11

W

( 3 4 : 4yvt ,

B 2 3,175

0 £66opo

9 29,69

8 e6 [8]opo

9 29,166

1 9 e68opo

9 37,6

O cööopog

9 50,70

O cööopo

A 1 6

( 9 c66oTo

9 49,15

9 io6oTog

9 50,6

O co ›O tt

9 38,13

e coxXc [--]

B 2 2,72

0

4

l i köxptTog

V III

V II

9 50,106 3 39

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,16.

C ASUALTIES O cogibc

L IST B 2 3,211

8 e6µveaTog

9 43,28

8 e6µveaTog

1 9,42,14

[f tön]ogno[g]

9 55,13

8 c6no w tog

A 4

W

B 2 2,64

a to w cog

T RIBE V I

RANK

V II V III

I V

O cönponog

B 1 5,7

I X

8 gopog

1 9,42,22

I X

8 gopog

B 2 3,104

e COTL4t8E

B 1 9,25

O coTLµt8cg

B 2 2,13

O ci md log

9 49,21

O c[6] . rtgog

B 1 9.28

8 copi eveg

9 50,33

[ 8e]oxapt6e[g]

B 1 1,22

A gazLog

K 3 8

[ O]guXXog

9 33,62

8 66opo[g]

B 1 ,50

8 66opog

1 9,42,19

8 o8optöcg

B 2 2,98

8 o86aLog

9 37,7

8 otvtXog

1 9,42,11

I X

[ O]oxXet8Eg

B 2 3,181

V

[ O]oxv 5t8eg

9 29,30

I

8 oxu a f tg

9 50,4

[ 0]6 dpoTog

B 2 2,23

e oggv[eg]

B 1 ,49

0 6µop[os]

B 1 ,47

e oTtµt8eg

B 2 2,62

8 6Ttg[og]

9 47,22

I x

8 6TLµos

A 2 4

I V

[ 80] wae[ Umg]

5 221

I X

8 o cAves

K 3 5

I II

O opavt6eg

A 1 7

I V

[ 8]p&a[Lnulog

9 49,1

V

8 p6 caov

9 49,70

8 pa c iü8eµog

B 2 3,365

a .T.v.

V III

I II

3 40

V III

T pat.

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

e paa wact6e5

L IST

T RIBE

B 2 3,150

I V

f i paavxXZ

B 2 2,257

V II

1 9,42,7

V I

e pac e i Gp ,axog

9 49,26

I X

e pacu d6e

B 2 3,370

O pac ro g

1 9a,28

e

üpTov

C OMMENTS I on?

A 5 9

B 1 ,63

R ANK

I II

A 3 9

MEXa VZOV

Mt C y

TRIBE

a zpw r.

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

I I

V III

1 9a,45

3 47

C ASUALTIES

L IST

M üaxov

9 33,24

[ M ]i4 D4EXS

2 1,123,8

N a ux Ug

B 2 0,12

N aux Ug

B 2 2,141

N auxpt v reg

9 33,17

[ N]auxpaTt Mcg]

B 1 1,18

N aüµaxog

1 9a,44

N aü tnaxTog

9 49,81

N a t ia tAXIg

9 29,81

N auaLx Ug

A 6 8

N avaLxpaTeg

B 2 3,15

N avataTpaTog

1 9,42,18 5

[ N ]avataTpaTog N avataTpatog

K 6 3

N avatzgXE[g]

9 39,26

N avauxi cpcg

A

N aüTEg

B 2 2,34

N aüTeg

A 2 8

T RIBE

F L ANK

C OMMZNTS

V III

I V

I X I II I II

I V

5

z ptip. I V

N axati c8eg

9 43,79

I II

N eato

9 29,182

N eaTog

9 47,9

I I

N carog

1 9,42,5

I X

[ •]co sactöcg

1 9a,21

N coxXct8eg

9 50,101

N eox Ug

B 2 2,24

N coxXZg

B 2 2,134

N eox ,Jg •• N [E]o cAveg

1 9,42,12

X

A

I V

N txapxog

9 29,149

N Lxaatov

1 9,42,18

No cipaTo[g]

9 38,7

No cu i f tg

9 50,35

[ N ]txtag

9 29,47

N txtag

9 50,120

No tta

B 2 3,255

V II

N txtnnog

9 49,75

X

s ee A dd . ( at e nd)

6 5

X

3 48

C ASUALTIES

N i ,x68eµog

9 43,71

[ Ni tx [ 68 ] c og

N i [ xo ] xXics ] X ' g

7 7

No toxV g

9 50,157

N t .x6µaxoc

9 43,31

N t .x6µaxog

1 9,42,17

Nux6p ,axog

1 9,42,11

N t .x6p .axog

B 2 3,114

N t .x6 x cxog

5 222

N txov

9 29,126

N txov

9 33,55

N txov

1 9,42,18

N tx6o gpaTog

9 43,53

N t .x6a P cpcc ro

9 49,25

9 55,23

No tEx pe i log

9 33,30

N t .x6 c p aog

9 43,15

[ Ni ] xo c pg iv

B 2 2,83

[ N ] oip .ov

B 2 3,188

N o

vi oc

I X

I V

A 4 4

No to • riXe

N 6eog

C OMMENTS

B 1 1,19 9 33,46

1 4 6 4 >apxo

R ANK

9 33,52

N t .xoxXt

N t .x6cr tpw rog

T RIBE

B 2 2,39 A

N tx68c i . to

[ NL ] xox[

L IST

9 29,89

A 6 4 9 29,120

N 6p ,tog

B 1 ,6

N u [ µ l i p[ 680] ' ro[g

B 7 ,4

O tve l Gg

1 9a,39

O tvt ,C c [ 8e

B 1 ,44

O tv i ,C c e

B 6 ,8

O tvi ,Xo

2 1,123,12 V III

O tvontov

1 9,42,7

O tv c i c p aog

1 9,42,27

' 0 71 4ü / 4 l EL< >0g

1 9a,12

to X I Gµ I ttxos

9 47,17

I on?

X V III

V III

3 49

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

' O MA Inixo[g]

B 2 3,341

' 0[Xygn]Le xpaTog

9 29,51

' OXo

9 50,159

V

9 66,1

X

L&pa 'oc

' Ov a c tv8pgg

R ANK

C OMMENTS

X

Tha.

9 49,86

' O[vcat c pLX]o

9 49,2

' Ovcrop ôcc

2 1,123,10 V III

' Ovnlop Uls

5 222

' O a &8tc

9 50,34

I l ayxpaTct6Eg

B 2 2,9

H aLövto5

9 47,10

H avataxcg

B 2 2,11

r l &voLoc

5 222

Haveot &K

B 7 ,7

I on?

[ Hav]Ti cyvwaTo[g]

B 9 ,17

I on?

W avT]aXiov

9 29,7

n ap [at] Awcg

9 50,152

I V

H api cµ [ovo ]

9 40,8

I I

napeivto5

B 7 ,2

f l apµov [t] f tg

9 29,90

R [ a ] a [ t x ]

B 2 2,49

E c tatTiXeg

1 9,42,4

• n

a

0 41

a L C

A

0 V

V

nu c.

I I V i o t.

I on?

X

• E

B 2 2,108

n aat ev

B 2 3,107

n aTpoxXci .8 [Eg]

9 29,134

H azpoxXli

B 1 9,3

I l [a]T;Cm Ug

B 2 2,94

n aTpoxXIg

B 2 3,220

n auaavtag

9 50,117

f l au ci ,&ôcç

9 49,11

f l avatag

9 49,63

I l [a ]v [a ]ta5

B 2 2,71

n cax iov

B 2 3,366

l côie c

1 9a,5

f l cteayöpag

B 1 8,15

[ n ]eteLc i8[E]5

B 2 2,110

V I

I II

3 50

C ASUALTIES

L IST

n etetas

B 2 3,7

n etaavbpog

B 2 2,55

I ctutnnos

9 47,5

I l etav gnog

1 9,42,2

[1 ] eta l . . [ 7 t • •

T RIBE

I X

B 2 3,24

I l eptav8pog

2 1,123,9

f l epLx Ug

9 50,108

1 E0 .9Gyov

9 33,12

[ 1i]zaXog

B 6 ,31

V III

I l teov

9 29,92

1 teov

9 33,16

I tv8apo[g]

9 50,83

E taTtag

1 9,42,2

I taTta

B 2 3,186

V

1 taz68egog

B 2 3,305

I X

1 LaTöxoevos

K 4 6

I II

1 t .T . taXog

B 2 3,348

X

B 2 3,160

I V

1 oXtTeg

9 43,23

V I

I l oXtTeg

1 9,42,24

1 6XXtg

9 33,10

I l oX iApaTo

B 2 0,11

f l oXuEi )xe5

1 9,42,23

hp]Xiµov

V III

V III

V III

[ 1 16X]vpo[s]

B 9 ,2

I [o] Vg aog

9 29,171

l oXiKeXo

B 2 3,213

I [o]Xtm Ug

9 29,84

f l oXoxpi tTeg

1 9,42,19

I X

f l o Mm ameg

9 50,156

I V

[ I 10]X tmpi r re[c]

B 2 1,38

f l oXyµ26e5

1 9,42,11

1 oXimpog

B 2 3,373

f l oXimTpazos

9 29,8

[ no]XüaTpa[T--]

B 2 1,37

I l oXuTtµt8eg

B 2 2,65

[ 1 1oX]uxapt8cg

B 1 ,57

1 oX I Gxasvo

9 29,124

V I

X

V I

3 51

R ANK

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

I l oaet Unnos

9 43,34

n oact ,6 1 .nnog

1 9,42,8

n oact Unnos

9 50,19

[ I l]ool ,6[etos]

TRIBE

R ANK

V III X

B 5 ,2

f l oTagoxXtg

K 6 8

H paxatov

B 2 1,28

n paxaLµiveg

B 2 3,270

n Paiatv o[osi

B 6 ,18

I ldnLg

9 33,23

R pox Ug

9 29,140

[ i]poxXZ

9 33,42

a l]po O tt

B 2 2,105

I II

V III

n P64aX05

9 50,178

V II

n P 64 aXog

9 50,189

V III

n pi r rapxog

9 43,84

V

n poTiag

1 9,42,19

X

R 1]poTteK

9 29,20

D a]p[0 9 ] aw rt6 E k]

B 2 2,97

n uc gov

1 9,42,28

n beapxog

B 2 3,296

n ueoygveg

B 2 0,13

n ueoygve

B 2 2,29

n ueoyiveg

B 2 3,352

l i ve68opog

9 33,29

H veööopog

9 43,6

n ueööopog

9 43,9

f l ueööopcn

9 50,62

n ue68opog

9 50,180

I l ueoxV U

B 1 9,20

n ueox Ug

B 2 2,30

I l leoxXtg

B 2 3,272

V III

1 1 )8oxXrg

B 2 3,299

I X

n veöxpt ,Tog

A 4 9

I V

I Geov

B 2 3,112

n opyZov

B 2 0,10

H üpcg

K 3 9

H üppav6pog

9 50,8

I X

T axa.

I II

3 52

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

a ppog

B 1 ,14

1 4P ;ig]

B 1 ,53

r I4Pos

9 38,11

/P tvov

T RIBE

9 50,163

V

9 43,21

V I

' Pö c Sov

A 8

I V

E i mpog

9 50,37

E e mpog

9 50,173

V II

E ctutXoxog

A 2 5

I V

E c ol c6Eg

B 2 0,9

E cgtxt6eg

9 43,97

E cµovC[8cg]

1 9a,36

E txavög

B 2 1.29

E ixov

9 29,59

Eaavög

9 50,186

E tgovt8cg

9 43,75

I II

E tv8pov

A 2 0

I V

E xupoxX7g

9 49,22

E [µL'xptag

B 2 2,124

[ E]g t .xotag

B 2 2,126

E go totov

9 43,77

E gtxpog

B 1 ,17

E gtxpo[g]

9 29,181

I

E gr"Npo]g

9 49,5

V

Egxpog

1 9,42,5

I X

E µLxuetov

B 1 ,22

E gtxueog

B 1 ,4

E gtxueog

9 29,106

E gtxueog

9 50,129

E oyivEg

B 2 3,16

E oLvgan[cg]

9 49,66

L oxXeC6sg

B 2 2,139

E oxXIg

9 39,25

[ E]oxpaTeg

B 6 ,32

E [ox]pe cTeg

1 9,42,4

P c8ox Ug

•

R ANK

C OMMENTS

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,8.

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,25.

I X

V III

V III

I II

I

V II

X

•

3 53

L ewis 1 193, 1 11,20

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

1 9,42,30

V III

B 2 3,253

V II

E oxpa

B 2 3,325

X

E oxpazt6e [ g

9 50,85

E 6Kov

9 47,3

E 6Xoy

B 2 2,20

E o c stag

B 1 ,31

E o c stag

9 29,54

E oxpi r teg [ E ] oxpe u rcg

[ E ] oatag

B 2 3,227

E octp ,axos

9 50,188

E 6ay smog

9 50,90

E ö c stz s zog

1 9,42,21

E ocr cpaTt6eg

B 2 2,16

E 6 cr rpaTog

9 29,94

E ö c szpa [ ' cog

9 33,67

E 6 cr tpaTo

9 50,26

E 6c r tpaT o g

9 50,138

I

E öc s . zpa [ Tog ]

9 50,148

I II

A 1 4

I V

E 6 cup w rog

1 9,42,26

I X

E o c Xeg

9 29,98

E o r Xeg

B 2 3,5

E oTeXt8cg

9 43,33

[ E ] ozE [ p I t[ 8cg ]

V I V III

I X

B 2 3,285

E öT t .p .og

9 50,55

E cn päveg

9 50,110

V III

V III

9 29,37

E 6 c pLX .og

B 2 3,120

I V

E o c p warg •• •• E o c pp6v t og

1 9,42,8

X

1 9,42,15

I X

E i teü c sov

9 50,184

E ncuaovt [ 6cg

9 38,9

[ E ] ntvea [ pog

s ee Add. ( at e nd)

B 6 ,37

E o • r pt .og

] 6 c p t -Xog

C OMMENTS

B 6 ,33

E o c so tXtg

[ E ] 6 c r cp er rog

R ANK

B 1 ,132

E nt .veapog

9 50,102

E i cößac r t .g

9 33,54

V III

V I

3 54

s ee Add. ( at end)

C ASUALTIES

L IST

E nou aag

1 9a,7

[ E]noudt[ag]

9 42,4

E nou6 t ag

9 49,9

E teatag

K 4 7

[E] < : e >

ee a vo

E T Uov

e >

T RIBE

I II

1 9a,27 I II

E Töt tEg

K 4 1

I II

E T AT [o] v

9 29,158

[ E] Ta cTov

B 6 ,7

[ E ] Tp&Tov

9 33,33

[ E ] Tp c iTov

9 39,9

E T ATov

9 39,23

E T ATov

B 2 3,327

[ ET 1 pi cTov

B 2 3,361

[ E ] vv f ;4pµtog

I

X

1 9a,6 9 29,46

E xotvox Ug

B 6 ,9

T aVpog

9 29,68

T etaavSpog

B 2 2,137

T etatag

1 9,42,20

I X

T EXEx Ug

K 7 1

I II

T EXEVLX0

9 29,128

I

T eXeciyopog

9 50,172

V II

T EXeceyoo [ -- ]

B 2 3,263

V II

T[ E ] Xecta [ g ]

9 55,17

T EXEco ektg

B 2 2,127

T EXEctxpaTe5

1 9,42,6

T EX & stnnog

B 2 3,13

T eXe cAveg

1 9,42,9

T aEpog

9 43,8

T axpog

B 2 3,208

T tgapxos

B 2 2,35

p r o

µ Ecteeog

C OMMENTS

V I

K 3 6

E Tpu(goY)ivEg

R ANK

I X

V III

V I

9 29,82

T tµoyet [ T oy ]

A5 7

Tt µoygvE

9 29,24

T tp .oAct it [ 8 Eg ]

9 49,65

V II 3 55

p l cv . rts

L ewis 1 193, 1 1,71.

C ASUALTIES

L IST 9 29,107

T1 , µ68r )[p .--]

B 2 1,31

T ( . 1 . 168Eµo

B 2 2,33

]

Tt . p .68ep ,c,

[ T ] t . p .66ep ,og [ T

[ 6 e ] c os

T RIBE

I

V II

9 50,10 B 2 3,251

V II

B 2 2,104

T t .p .6ecog

B 2 3,297

I X

T i .µoxpe r re

9 29,131

I

T LµoxpäTeg

9 50,105

T t . i loXEt [Eg ]

9 33,45

T tp ,ov

B 2 3,14

T t .p .ovi .8Eg

K 3 7

T tp .6voeos

9 43,90

TL , µ6x saevog

9 49,38

X

T t • rov

9 29,178

I

TÄCC : ftdIEVE

B 1 ,20

TX .CC rOVt6E

9 50,43

T oXp .ato

B 6 ,10

T p2µ ,nov

B 1 ,15

Z i cvEog

9 47,15

V III

c i e t .8 1 -µt .6cg

9 43,13

I I

O atSov

K 4 5

I II

e xt .8pta [ s

B 8 ,6

1 ) aL8pta

9 33,56

e D ävEg

9 33,6

I II V III

9 37,2

l a avtc t

9 43,73

. 1 > avta

9 49,27

c l evta

1 9,42,3

I X

O c cvi .a

1 9,42,15

I X

Z avi ,a5

B 2 3,262

V II

O c cvox ,Xet6eg

9 50,29

( D avox .XZ

9 50,181

Z avö l laxo

B 1 9,7

c D av6o rpaTo

9 29,164

[ 0]av6azpazog

X V III

V III

I

B 1 5,3 3 56

R ANK

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

Z ävuXXos

9 29,71

c D i t i iXXo

1 9,42,3

I X

[C D ]

9 40,5

I I

Z EL .8 .go rpazo

A9

I V

e ctöov

K 7 6

I II

( 1 ) cpcxXZ

9 49,10

V I

[]cpc [x Ip&vcç

B 2 2,150

O tXaYP05

1 9,42,8

O tkateog

9 29,96

6av . [t öcg ]

R ANK

C OMMENTS

V III

1 9a,9

( 2 > t ,X ag

9 50,94

O L .Xic c

9 50,122

Z t -X ag

B 2 3,384

c D t .X a t .o[

B 8 ,9

O L .X c lLog

B 2 2,145

O LX ,v ra i .pi ,8c

1 9,42,3

c l q . .X1 caLpog

9 29,97

O LX [ 4 1 7i vos

9 29,79

O t .XtvcK •

9 29,95

Z i -Xtvo

9 29,101

[ Z t . i XTvo i Xtvo

X

V III

I

9 42,1 B 2 2,41 B 2 3,156

I V

O L ,Xtvo

B 2 3,184

V

4 1 ,Xtov

1 9,42,1

c l ) t .Xtov

B 2 3,349

X

9 43,94

I X

0 1 .X o u r ctöeg

9 29,12

V I

Z i ,Xv i r r io5

9 49,80

O i -X o r i to

9 50,105

O r . XL i cnog

A 2 3

O L .Xi s taxog

B 2 2,133

0 1 . .X .LaTtSe

9 29,23

c l i t .Xt .o ct8c [ g

9 29,175

[ ( 1 )L ] Xtv [ c o k

X Loç

] O t t ,o - 8 [ cc

V III

Töxc r.

I V

B 8 ,4

Z t ,X t ,a rtöe

9 43,58

4 . 1 ,XXi6c

1 9a,46

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

I II

3 57

C ASUALTIES

[ Z] L X6Sep ,og ] X6Sep ,o [ s ] ( I p t .X68epjo

]

L IST

TRIBE

9 29,35 B 6 ,29 9 42,3

Z LX .68cp .o

1 9,42,5

Z LX66Ep ,o
LX6xaevo •[ LÄ .

X

9 29,146

Z LX3pyog

[ X] ox&pEg

X

I I

B 2 2,77 B 2 2,100 B 6 ,27 B 1 9,11 B 1 5,4

V III

3 58

RANK

C OMMENTS

C ASUALTIES

L IST

( D oxtov

9 29,184

Z oxtov

9 50,3

0 6XXo

9 49,19

e opµtaLog

B 2 3,354

[ Z]öpµog

B 2 2,149

c D o rAo l io

1 9,42,6

e opüaxo

1 9,42,20

0 < p>ac t ,x Ug

B 2 3,261

Z [p6p]aPXog

B 2 3,94

[1> P0 ]4aPXog

B 2 3,94

c D potpo

9 29,177

[ O ]povtov

B 2 2,148

e [püvL]xo

9 29,6

z piA )Lx0S

9 49,19

ZAZ hoy

1 9a,43

O pUvo

9 29,42

O pUvo

9 29,67

O pUvo

1 9,42,20

[ Z ]üpxov

K 9

[ ' Du ] P6 ( 11>aX [

1 9a,25

Z ypö l laxog c D üaLxo ( D va p o y j tôcc

1 9,42,10

X aLp ôc oc

B 1 ,23

C OMMENTS

Name o r R ank?

o zpaT.

T öxc s.

9 29,161

B 2 3,218

R ANK

' p i p.

9 50,153

X aL dag [ Xa]L dö g log

T RIBE

9 29,14

X aLp azµo

9 33,21

X a t , d8eµo

B 1 9,10

X aLpe8e4o

1 9,42,19

I X

[ Xa] i , pg8e4o

B 2 3,250

V II

X at ,p 1Z

9 43,19

I V

X aLp2cTpaTog

9 50,125

X aLpiaTpazog

9 50,133

X atpcp c ive

1 9,42,13

I X

[ XaL]pepaveg

B 2 3,83

I II

XaLpeTäve

B 2 3,350 3 59

X aLp 4ev

L IST 9 50,166

X aLpui f tg

9 50,99

X aLptag

9 29,113

X [a]Lptag

9 29,152

X aLptag

9 43,86

E Xa]tptag

B 2 3,84

C ASUALTIES

X aLptov [ X]arpLg X apt aeg

1 9,42,23

X ap a c6eg

9 50,11

X ap a r f tg

B 2 3,228

X aptag

9 49,23

X aptag

B 2 3,222

X apLyetTov

1 9,42,25

X apt8E l log

9 49,37

X aptAego[g

9 50,84

X apt8c4og

B 2 2,38

X ap o iXiEg

B 1 ,40

X apLkEt8eg

1 9a,56

X aptAXEt f tg

B 1 9,6

X ap o t[ Ug]

9 33,68

X ap o t Ug

K 2

X aptvog

9 50,118

X apLaavöptöcg

B 2 3,278

X aptaav8pog

9 29,25

X ap[ta]av ( S pog

9 29,50

e ep c in.

B 1 ,143

X apLxaevtöeg

B 2 2,129

X apµt8eg

K 1 0

X apµt8cg

B 2 1,24

X apont8eg

9 43,78

X tov t ,g

9 43,56

X öpov

B 6 ,11

X pöµov

B 1 9,24

X aavetag

COMMENTS

B 2 3,172

A 7 4

X [ p ö]vLog

R ANK

V

B 2 3,340

X ö cpeg

[ C} x 1PLXaevt[8cg]

TRIBE

s ee A dd. ( at e nd)

9 29,72 9 33,11

3 60

C ASUALTIES Xo 'vc cpxo ,

L IST A 3

Xa Ev68 o to

B 2 3,368

Xc 3 cvoxX ç

1 9,42,1

] Xç

B 2 2,140

Xc evox Ug

A 2

X cEvox d [ ov ]

B 6 ,14

X QEVO I 4p&TE

1 9,42,20

X acvöxpLTo

B 2 2,18

X ab )ov

B 2 2,73

I X

I V

I X

V

X acv69 9avTo

B 2 3,304

I X

X cevöytAo

9 29,121

I

X acv6c fmAo

B 2 3,374

XQEV O TtV

1 9a,3

XG EVO9 n

B 2 2,135

X acvoxi cpe

1 9,42,7

X aevox&pc

9 50,116

X oiv aX cn

9 29,61

h if f lpov

B 2 2,17

h ay[v]ö f tuo

9 29,162

h ayvöecog

K 4

h ayyöecog

A 6 1

h &yvov

9 29,123

h e cyvov

9 50,128

h ayv6o-r paTo

9 50,63

h atc sov

9 43,69

h ca ,[.](96 :8[E ]

B 8 ,5

[ h]app .68Lo

9 66

[ h]eßöopji ,a]

B 2 2,40

h epaxXet6eg

9 29,114

h epaxXet s5c

9 49,84

h cpaxXet8e[g]

B 2 1,30

1 2 epax[Xc]oyive[ ]

9 55,7

h cp466opog

B 1 ,18

I X

V III Io n? X

T6 x . z.

4

h epµ68opog

C OMMENTS

I V

B 2 3,190

0

R ANK

B 2 2,109

XcvoxX ç

U K ] ccv6T 4 to

T RIBE

B 2 2,106 3 61

C ASUALTIES

h epgöSoTog

L IST 2 2,26

[ hcp]µöXuxog

B 1 ,74

h epµoTtov

B 1 ,25

h epö c piXog

9 49,85

h cpaLaT[tov]

9 39,21

h tEpö: & .2og

B 2 3,265

T RIBE

T 6 x0.• V II

9 55,5

[ h]LcpoxXet f tg

B 2 3,6

h uep[o]x Us

9 49,87

I l LepoxXtg

B 2 2,54

h t .cpoxkZg

B 2 2,130

h Lipov

9 33,66

h t , pov

9 49,77

h Lepovt8eg

B 2 2,25

h Lepövuµog

2 1,123,19

l uxga[Log]

B 1 ,52

h t .nno8 c 1µag

9 29,63

h Ln[n]oxX i gg

B 2 2,10

h tµgö l laxog

B 2 3,225

h tnnov

9 50,61

Z vyp.

V III

a TpaT. V I s ee Add.

e epi tn .

( at e nd)

9 29,122

[ hun]Epet8eg B .

T 6x c s .

B 1 ,140

h ungp fhog

C OMMENTS

V I

[ h]Lepo[x]k[et8eg]

[ h]üXag

R ANK

N on-Athenians

' Aeevööopog

B 2 2,115 i n A thenian C asualty L ists. 9 49,90

Z gv.

A ELvtag

B 1 7,6

Z gv.

A cK UoTog

9 33,13

K etog

E 4patog

9 49,91

Z gv.

B 1 ,125

B uCi cvTLog

K a 'Atarg]

B 1 ,35

M a gTiog

K &XXLnno

9 50,13

' EpcTpLeüg

B 1 7,29

ß g cp.Toxa .

[ Zö]nupog

[ Ka ] XXtaTpaT [ - ] •

•

M gvov

9 49,94

g v.

N oggov

B 1 7,7

Z gv.

N oµgvLog

B 1 8,28

f 3 ap.Toxa .

f l oaet[ hjmnog

9 49,93

i v. 3 62

C ASUALTIES

L IST

T RIBE

R ANK

C OMMENTS

E öT tpaTo5

9 50,138

p e xp.Toxa.

E T ATov

9 49,95

Z iv.

[ Ink ] &pµo cno [ 5 ]

B 1 ,121

B uCi cvTLo5

W avo[g]

B 1 ,126

B uC c lyTto5

e tX3pyo[5]

B 1 ,127

B uC c ivtLog

X aLptyivE5

9 49,92

v .

C .Addenda

naimov

9 29,160

Üxat5

1 9a.38

[ A]Loxatgaxo5

B 1 5,5

' EpyöTLµo5

1 9,42,27

We iAcTog

9 50,27

K aNAtag

K 6 6

I II

K epLaopöv

B 2 3,116

I V

M veaLxp&Teg

B 2 3,302

I X

N eoxXxtörK

5 222

aaTpaTo5

A 7 2

E 69 1 ,Xo5

B 2 3,276

W avo5

A 1 2

I V

L ewis,1193,

B 2 3,173

V

1 11,12.

0 oxt6eg X apont6eg

B 2 2,45

h vßpt8c40[5]

B 2 1,27

V III I X

I V

3 63

V III

APPENDIX

2

PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF THE DEMOSION S EMA(1.29.2-16)WITH THE MONUMENTS O F PART TWO AND THEIR DATES I NSERTED I N THE T EXT.

2

' A vato,c 6 x at gc l ) n öKewi e v T ol% 8 f ip ,ot . x at x aTä t ac Uoüg ,e EMv E Q T LV L epä x at T pwwv x at A v8 4v T ö cp2L. E yy t iTälw ' Axa8 T IV .tat,4wp tov n oT C c v8poi t 8LwTou, y uµvi taLov 8 E L T LE got . x aTLoVaL 8 'tg a uTf iv n eptßoXög t aTIV ' AeTivt .8os x at g , ( 3ava ' Ap t c x at; K aXAtaTr y c µ Ev e y c l 8 oxM x at s poXoyet T ä E nn T a 1 49W, . 5 i 1g ' ApT e t tL885 e t .aLv e nLx V ic 9 ,g ATaL, X cyo t iEvov ô c a t C oaov E g a üTäg,X6yov e t .8 ( 1 )g ü nEpßf ia eaL. a t v abg o ü c yaç E C TTLV, c Ö VT O U A Lovuaou T ot ' EXeueepew ' r & yaX a a vä n ev g Tog x ogtCouaLv 3 c v T ET C,C yVIVal . Nepat ,. t epä p cv p La t . T a in n T oaatTa E QTL, e pacuß2 Uou tv n peT OV * L OU A ÜXOU ; a v 4b5 • TV T E u cTEpov x at ° cot , n pb a üTot i y eyovaaLv A envatoLg k 6y 4 t9 t , T ä n avTa C c ptaTou - n apivTL 8 i g ot , T a n XeLw T O Cn i f t gn taTtv C c pxiac t , T OV X 6you- T upavvt8a y t I cp e nauae T t 3V T pu ixovTa x aXoup .evwv a üv c i v8paaLv Zi p i xov T b x aT'c l ip xag ö tg t a T f l e x 1 907 )v, x at ' Ae9vatou L aCov ' rac 8 LaXXaylva t , x at a uve 5µEvoui e neLaE,µetvaL n p@T cn µ ev L7 T IV 0 i 5TO T apog, E nt 8 g aw e r i CeLXXXOU ' L E x at X aßptou 4 x a t . Z 0p4CWVO . Z UTL 8 E x at ea t , µ v a ' Ae T 1v atoLg b n6co noeavetv a uvinEaev E V T E v augaX ia K tt v µ axat . n eCatg n Xi lv 3 aoL M apae et . ava lv x h a yw vtaavTo. T OÜTOL y äp x aTä x t ' opav e Latv T & To L 8 L 'Av8pa re tav , o 8 c ( 1 XXoL ' MT& T ? )\ , 9 8bv xe rvTaL e g ' Axa8nµtav, x at a p t 5v Lr TeaLv E nt T ot . T i c c po t , a T i lXa t , T C C•o v64 aTa x at T bv 8 , 1µov • E xaaTou X ey9ucaL. n p@To t8E e TaTraav ° in E V O pgi c x r i n oTE e nux eToUvTa g expt , A p eaxot x ( 1 )p ag 9 1 . 1 8wvot WVEVOU C YLV a v anLaTo t . e nLee t levot . [ 18.18a] AiyETat . 8 x at ç x epauvot n ecoLEv k g 5 a uToü . a TpaT i m 8 k a XX01 i ' i cav x at A gay po , ( ; ) pULaTa e neTizpauToi l8üva l l t ,, x at &xcXcuc Zeg tvl ig, ö g T bv 'I p t . pyEtE iv n oTe n evTa eX0V N E4ELWV a VIW /W hOV V LI tnV anixTeLvev Eü— p 1 .4 3Cur qv ß cy geoVvTa A LyLvf )TaL . a TpaTbv 8 g Zw ' EXX ,ä8og ' Ae r Ivato t , T ptTov T o t ITov g aTELXay. E pu iwp µ Iv y äp x at T pwat n c ivTeg u EXX vcc j o rb x oLvot X 6you x aTiaTlaav c c naegov z A e l lyatoL t ota V . ET $ P I OX&OU ' y e t g E ap81 x aL 8 EuTEpav t s 7 f iv v tv I wvtav t aTp&TEuaav x at T ptTov 8 i ) T öTe 6 E c ' 7 ? )V ( 94x9v . g aTt , 8 g µ npoaeev T o e p . v1µaTo c r T X9 µ axoµevo tK g x9uaa L nnet5[21e].MeXi ivwnög a pLaLv C YT1 . x at M axapTaTo ö voµaTa ; u ç x aTeX aßEv A noeave ry t vavTLa A axe8aLgovtwv x at 3 64

4 64

4 50

7

8

9

1 0

B otwzMv t eTaygivou5, Z vea ' EXcwvtag e ta t x (pag I t pög T avaypaLoug 8 poL. x at 8 caca M 5v z aTog E CTtV t nnewv [42aj x aTä n aXaLav 9 LXtav a4 31 e övTwv, 5 rc a üv ' ApxL8agy E ckonovvf iaLot . n p ( 1 1Tov c acßaXov t g ' ATTlxf iv a Tp7TL1 x at n XnaLov Z özaLg K p T iatv[53]. a üeL5 8 E CTLV ' Aeuvatwv µ v r i- 4 13g aza K XcLae voug, ( 7 )T 2 c c g r &5 q ) uX&g a t . vv a eca zaaLv c üpgei, x at t nnetaLv a noeavoU ( YLv l ' ) vtxa a uvcncX&PovTo o t O caaaXot T oV x Lv g )vou[42b]. 4 31 c vTaVea x at l acwvaro t , xavTaL,,u .cTä ' Apyctwv e g T f iv ' Av ro tf i v ae 6vTcg[21b]. t c p,oTy 8 E, y p6 : ( 1 )w T o t 4 58 X 6you 4 9L x aTeXe6v rog t g z oüi A pyctoug. x at ' Aenv aLwv 8 g C T L T e c90g, o r n pi ,v r a TpaTcVagi T ö v M I8 ov t noX 4 .f laav n pög A tyLvr y ra d7a.b?] f i v 8 1 4 91/90? a pa x at 8 f igou axaLov ß oüXcuµa, c l , 8 f i x at 4 87/6? ' Ae l lvarot,geT28o c lav 8 oüXoLg 8 f lgoatq c z a evaL x at ö vogaTa t yypa evaL C T fe • 8 0Xor 8 1 a Y a e Ag p c VT t i 3 n oNlgy y eveaeaL n eQt 8 canöTag. E C TL 8 1 x at & v8pMv g y 4aTa aUwv, p . i9 opa a ptaL t & X WQ[a T M V a ywvwv. x at jap T M V E U O X UVe0V E Xe6VTWV o t , 8 ox td i x : y raTo 1 476 ] x aL M ckf i- 3 49 a av8pog c g T f iv a vw l i aetav v auatv I c va laeüaag 8 Le c T ot M aLi cv8pov [45 ] v ca cmcav 8 1 x at o t a uµµaxf i429/8 a avTgg n o re ' Apye mv[2t aL n paxe e lvaL 8 1 4 58 o ü cw a ptaL n pö5 ' Apy toy5 X eyouaL a uµµ a4tay. A axc8aLgovLo 1 ,5 ' U p n oXLv o t ) e E 0V a cLaavTog o t c rXwTeg e g ( ! cn T a T i laav, pecTnx6Twv 8 1 o t A axe8aLgövLot pß oneoüg x at a XXoug x at n ap& ' Aelv twv g czencµnovTo. o t 8 a c pLaLv t nLkixToug a v8pag ( I nocT aXouaL x at a TpaTnyöv K tgwva T ö v M IAT a c8ou. T otnou5 a non 4eouaLv o t A axe8a u lövLoL n pög ü n cy lnay. ' Ae r lyaLotg 8 1 dm i vexza ke ctvezo . n epL?pptceat, x at w 5 t xoplCovTo ö lnaw a vggaxtav t i ro o lcavTo A pyeLoLg A axE8aLgovtwv e xepotg T ö v a navTa ( AaL növov. u azcpov 8 1 µ cXXoüa l ig ' Ae r lvatwv t v T a nype yvccea I t pög B OLWTOtK x at A axe8 aLµovLoug g ax2g, a ptxovzo ' AeuvatoLg ' Apycrot ß one avzcg. x at a pauTtxa µ 1v c xovTag U X gOV T 0 i ) PA pyEt rg V üZ t neXeoVaa f i C pi .XETO T ö C a Cgg V [X T 1g, c 8 1 T ;IV ? ) aTcpatav u nl?ec x peTlaa t , A axc8aLgovtoLg O caaaXMv n po86vTwv A eaLoug. x aTaXilaL 8 i µ ot . x at T o a8c te lkeev, A n aX 68wpov g vwv ö g ' Ae r Ivarog 4 1v t xnc l apectg 8 1 u no A polTou c atpi cnou E q i‘ ' EXX T Ianövv p ( D py ytag,8LET tAaZe I l epivetoLg T1V n 8XLv t aßc p , + .nxoTog c g,Tnv n cpLvetav Z IAtnnou cpaTn . ( AT O TE E vTa t lea Tean r9 x at E vßou$ to5 ö ,EnLve&pou x at a v8peg o Ig a YaeOtg O inn V O U XE U T 1X0X0fAn a e . d )XT 1,XPlaV r ii T ors dv c luecµ voLg T upavvotvTL A axapeL, o t , 8 1 T OV f l eLp a ak x aTak i l ( I )v t f 3 0Xeuaav M axc8övwv,c peoup oüv . twv, I ptv 8 1 e Lpr iaea t , T ö g py0V u no T Mv 6 UVEL86TWV l a nvue vTe5 c i n UovTo. xavTaL 8 1 x at o t 9pt K öpLve r n caovzcg [ 6 8a-b .68Ale• t 8 5Xwas 3 94/3 8 1 o ux ; i xLc r ra o e cbg t vTa i lea x at a tALg E V A Eim3 65

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

T Oüi ü nö ' EX V 1vwv x aKov dvoug C t v8peCoug T O µ r ay a ye° e rvat, c 1 8 i 1 A axeSatgöytot, K optveCwv T öT ex at ' Aenvatwv, 2 Tt 8 1 x at ' Apy eCwv x at B otwTMv x paTf laavTe5, b aTEpov ü nö B otwT t i lv µ övwv I v A cüxTpotg I g T oaotTov I xax( üe r iaay. µ eT c l Ö T OiK C omeavövTai I v K opCvew a Tf )Xnv I nt T ota f t & iTC cvat T? 1 V a uTe )v a nµaCv t T ä I XEy na, T otg k t kv v, E u f 3oLc x at X ty T EXEUd ic saa t , [505 a-b ] ,T oug L i tt av iTotg T i lg ' A4 12-10 r i neZpou ö tapeaplvat 8 / 1X 01 7 [56] ' r o c 4 11/10 8 k I v E txEXCa[54]. y eypaµµivot ô E LC YLV o t 4 13 « . -11 T E ( Y TvaTnyot'nXe lv N txtou, x at T Mv a TeaTtwT t 5v Not T org V IT0 1% M aT7t ag. N txta 6 I nt TPE n ape ter ), y p c ipw ô o u s 5 v 8 te cTopa ne i A La T o s , ö s 4 '/ 1 A l l ioae h . n v tv a nov8ai n otf iaaaeat T ors T tL ä XXoLç n X i iv a üTot x at T I XtaxcTo a üTöv C c Lpctv A noxT avat, N i ,xL ô T f iv n ap&Soatv c eeKovTU y ev aeat. T 0üTWV ' j vexa o üx I vEyp c ip n N tx tas T U 6 Tf iX T I, x aTaivweetg a txplawTog e eekovTf i5 e Lvat x a 't o üx a vf i9 n okiµ9 ndnwv. e tat ö c e n'aX 4 a T 1 1 4 x at o t µ axcaa l lEvot n eet 8 pixr )v [ 32h] x at l v M Ey&poLg 32a] 4 47/6 x a i . h vtxa ' Apx ,i8a5 T oüg t v M avTtvete x at ' HXECoug Z netacv A Xxtßt6 c8 1 3 A axe8atgovCwv • • T & noaTIvaL[51a]xaL o t , u pt ,v e 5 E LxeXt9 :v a m4 18 t xic ie m , A ng00.4 &vnv E ueaxouaLwv x pc,m aavTEg . • L5 2a-b]. e Ta r laav S E x at o t n Ept T öv 4 15-13 E XXf ianow rov v augar f laavTcg[58a-b]xat & sot 4 09/8 M axE66vwv t vavTta h ywvtaavTo t v X aLpwveta 3 38 [ 77ab ]iat o t n iwvog t g ' AgptnoXLv a TpaTeüavaTEg[50 . 3 . -h ] ,o r T E A v A u gy 4 22 T avaypaCwv T EXeuTi laavTe [48a ] xal , o coug t g 4 24 O eaaaXCav A Ewae vrtI g e yayc[78] x at o t n Xeü3 22 o av' rcç cK ünpov i o K t .p ,wvi [22a-b i T E 4 50 a üv ' 0Xuµuto8C opw T r )v : . )0 0 kovTwv T ptZv x at 8b ia a v6pE po u n ketou . p act ô ' Aenv a nt , x at 11 2w e ‘o u ö µopöv T tva n oXcµoUct n öXcµov a TpaTtav o u n o ) ev n 4 c let, x at ü aTcp9v v c zvta ac ' l awµatwv i t poc K apxn8ovCou x tvogcv9g T ptlpev ; nevTe ' ATTtxat n aveygvovTo. E aTLV O UV x at T 0üTOL I vTa na a v8p&atv ö T &TO . TOX4t $50U x at T t i 5V A V a üT i p 8 c8f ik w cat µv ô r i g ot T ä Z pya x at ö v 5 pönov X Einnaay. L aTw ó 8 Tw c p tXov x eLµEvoug a cgg x aTä T f iv ö bbv T air uv [31a-b] xnvTat ó x at 447/6 o t a üv K Cµwvt T ö 4 5ya Z pyov n eCi l x at v aua tv a üenµceöv x pav navaTeg[17] • 4 69? ‚ 466? T eanTaL SE x at K övwv x at T tµöeco , ö eüTepot U ETä 1 . tXTti c s 5,9 v x at K Cµwva O T )TOL n aT . 4 x at n atg e pya a no f t gagevoL K aµnpe c. X ET :TaL 6 E x at Z f iv wv v Ta na 6M vaa ou x at 4 püatnno ö E oKein, N txta T E N ixoµ; 18oug a 4taTog y pi ( l )at T Mv c p a uTot, x at ' Apgööto x at A pLaToyeLTwv o t T OV I ELOICT OTOV n a na " Innap pv a noxTeCvavTE , 4Topi5 T E E T aay ng, c T ö : v oµtµa T ä I v ' Aeciw n ayy µ aXtaTa e Xu cyaTo ; x at A uxotpyog ö A uxoppov o. A u mApyy 8 E e nopLae l l µb . ) T öAavTa I g T ö

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A PPENDIX 3

P olyandria o utside o f A thens d ocumented i n P ausanias.

T he r eferences t o p ublic b urial o utside o f Athens and A ttica a re v ery s carce i n t he n ine b ooks o f P ausanias' D escription o f G reece. B efore q uoting t he t exts i t m ight b e i nstructive t o c ast a g lance a t w hat o ne c ould c all t he g roup b urials o f h eroes a nd mythological c haracters. T heir t ombs a re u sually i n c ities o r c lose t o s anctuaries. T he G reek t erm u sed w ith r espect t o t his t ype o f t omb i s n ever p olyandrion. M vIga(in t he s ingulav o r p lural)is f ound i n t he m ajority o f c ases(3.5.7.9). - B uried i n a c ommunal g rave" ( tv x oLvQ) o ccurs o nce(1)in l oose c onr j unction w ith µ eµa. H owever, t he c ombination µO lga e v x ot e4i2 f ound t wife(4.6., ). I n ( 8) P ausanias u se> t he v erb :*c -r a c imaav 8 1 a tr röe l . o . .n otnaagevok.. c mpaTetav ,...". T apog i s r eferred t o a s a lternate t erm t o µ Aga i n ( 2) a nd t o t v x ot e : i n ( 6), t he l atter b eing a s ubstitute t omb f or t he e arlier T i t c pog. T he r eferences t o t ombs i n t he h istorical p eriod c annot b e i dentified w ith any o f t he e xtant m onuments i n t he c atalogue e xcept t he L ion M onument i n C haeroneia [ 77d] a nd p ossibly a nother m emorial[52c]. T he t erm p olyandrion p redominates ( 11.12.17-19). T i c eg i s f requent(10.13.14). Ew p 6 g i s a s ingle r eference(15) a nd s o i s l a vi lp , c x ( 16) . By f ar t he e arliest a re t he p olyandria e rected a fter t he b attle o f H ysiae(12). T he c ommunal g raves ri cTot- n ext i n d ate(13) i nvolve o nce m ore S partans a nd A rgives. The A rkadian c asualties i n a l ate 6 th c entury b attle a gainst S parta's K ing K leomenes w ere b uried o n t he r oad b etween G ortyn a nd M egalopolis(16). T he µ v i lga w as g iven a s pecif ic n ame -napaLf iaatov - a s P ausanias t ells u s, t he n ame b eing d ue t o K leomenes having b roken a t ruce( n apeanövö rpcv ö n eo gv 1 15). I n t wo c ases w hich a re r elated t o A rkadian Orchomenos a nd P higalia ( 15.17), w e c annot d ate t he burials p recisely. B ut i t b ecomes c lear f rom P ausanias t hat t hey s tretch over a l ong p eriod o f t ime. T he O rchomenians b uilt s tone a wpot, a f orm o f g rave n ot o therwise a ttested. T he p olyandria i n P higalia a re s aid t o h ave b een o n t he A gora. O f l ate 5 th c entury d ate i s t he p olyandrion f or t he A rgives w ho d ied i n S icily( = ?[52c]). T his t omb was w ithin t he c ity l imits. F rom t he 4 th c entury d ate ( 18)[77d] a nd ( 19) and b oth a re t o b e c onnected w ith M akedonian w arfare, P hilip a nd A lexander r espectively. T he p olyandrion o f t he Thebans w ho f ell i n 3 35(19)was n ear t he g ate o f E lektra, o ne o f t he c ity g ates o f T hebes. * F igures i n r ound b rackets r efer t o t e t exts q uote h ereafter. 3 68

O utside t he G reek m ainland i s t he t omb o f t he K olophon ians ( 14) w ho l ay b uried a long t he r oad f rom K olophon t o K laros. T he t omb d ates f rom a bout 2 90. S ikyonians w ho d ied i n v arious b attles w ere b uried i n t he l ate 3 rd c entury v ery c lose t o t he c ity i tself(10). T his i s t he l atest r eference i n P ausanias t o p ublic t ombs o utside o f A ttica. A .

M ythical.

( 1)

2 .20.4: T ö n 9 .0 14a T Ö n XT 101 ,0V X opetag µ atvä8og o vo l laCouat A A tovuay N lyo w reg x at a XXag,yuvatxag rt, T air rnv c c, A pyog a uaTpaT d )aaaeat, I l epaea 8, ( 1 ) g c xpa' v c µ axng, p oveUcat T Mv y vvatxMv T äg n o Wg. ' t aç c v o üv X otnag e änTouatv E V x otvw, T ai r rn , 9 • , a ZtwµaTt y äp ô n poetxev - t ötc‘t T ö LV L e notnaay.

( 2)

2 .22.1: r k 6 «H pai ö v a c ' Aveetag t 6Tt T OU e pot A l lT0i% E V 8 E t1 x at n pö a üTot y u atxr 3v T &Tog. C r n e a v o nx al i uvatxeg t v v äx p n pbg v ' Apy Etoug ' r e x at R epola, C c no v f iawv T MV E V A tyatw A tov üaw a uveaTpaTeu vat. x at O t& ' AXtag 4a i )Täg # e novoµaCouatv. a vTtx9i ) ö T ot 4 \4 14a ng T MV y uvatxMv A f i l inTpö5 E CTLV t epöv e ntxXnatv n eXacy t eg C c no T ot t t öpuaaµe• vou f l eXaayoU T ot T ptöna, x at o u n öppw ' t ot t epou T apog I l eXaayot i.

( 3)

T f iv A x OnoXtv t O r[V LI T LV E V U ot T MV i tyi )nTou n at8wv x at T air rp x wptg l Av y ap a no T Mv a wµ&Twv t vza i lea a t x epaXat z x wptg n e v A gpvp ( 5 4 4 1aTa T ' 3 " , X otn c i. t v c pvp y ap x at ö p övog t ZELpyaCen T MV v eavtaxwv, • a noeavovTwv n A noT gvouatv a t y uvatxeg z ag x epaX äg A n UEL U ,v n pög T öv n aT pa I v & röXgraay.

( 4)

2 .25.7: ' Epx9µevotg n " Apyoug t g T f iv'Ent• • S auptay E C STLV O LX0 4 1 14a t V ( .4 1 n upagtöt µ C (Xto-T a P e txacµevov, g xet n a ant8ag a x? iµa ' ApyoXtxäg . r c etp 7 y aa dvag. \ ‚‚r aVea E potTy n cpt T i l5 ä px? Ig n pög ' Axpta tov µ c i cx l i y tvETat ; x at T eXog µ ev t aov ' G C ? C u evt c u v at p act x at ä n a u cop 6 taXXayag ü aTepov, w g o ix S T epot ß eßatw x paTetv t 8f )vavToa u deaketv n a pag Ä lyouatv P x antat n p t i lzov T ÖTE x at a Uoüi x at -th a TpaT Euµa C l uXta l ilvoug. T 01% n ea aatv,ap qxaT 4wv n oXZTat y äp x at a uyyevetg T ) aav - t notf ien T ai )TT I µ vi lµa # E V X OLVM . t

( 5)

6 .20.6: • , T otg . 5 1 T MV ' Apxä8wv a noeavotatv E V T 7 1 o • • 9 • 4 6 :In E CTL T O g v i lµa E nt T ot K öyou ö tapävTwv t hy nä8 ,c o 1 g t nt h Xtou 8 ua l a c ig.

2 .24.2: 9 a ptazepl

' F .4

3 69

( 6)

6 .21.9: H poeXeövTt 8 1 o ü n oXü xM I JA t 6TLV 1 1 41 1 6V, T V L I , V9GTfpWV T t e r )V ' Inno8a9 .eta T& pog. O tvoµaov µ1 v ( ) iv y E yyü ä XAf ikwv u punTetv y r j p ac itv , 9 • o ux E nupav ( 1% c py rou5. F l ao ( 1 ) 8 1 u aTEp9v py Iµa E V X OL e 6 yUC YLV E la µ Eya tU lpE T t le E g a uToüg x at ' Inno8aµEta u x aptTt, 8 ox av ö c µ ot x at ü nöµvf l e t S ' r ouç g nEtTa o awv T E x at o twv T in ) O tvögaov x paTnC aVTa t vi ,xnacv a üTö .

( 7)

8 .15.5: ‚E VTa na x at vv ' An aXwvt e evEaTat x at ' ApTiµt8t e üovatv, ' HuaxXia U .övTa ' I 1Xtv T Ö t Epbv X yov cc n otlaat. E GTL 8 1 a üTöet x at hp :my g vfi laTa, ö aot a üv ' 1 1paxXet a TpaTeta t nt ' HXEZo l . ) µ eTaaxövTeg o üx l e nEa tlenaav o txa f t t x rç w hng.

( 8)

9 .19.2: ' Ev ii onaav 8 1 a üTöet o t pµ eTä I t i tytaX L )g n otna ( iµEvot T oe A 8p&aToo T f iv c c e n f 3a5 a tpaTEi ,av, g t XXot T E ' ApyEtwv T t rA ) t V T iXEL x at E poi laxo 6n ap-

e evona imu .

( 9)

B .

1 0.36.10: " EaTL o ü n oXü c ' x vwT 4w T OU c p p aTo x te o Ls Te l% t ULTU V A C YLV ( P i mo8oµnµ vov T ae va, t e atv V T, C , d 5ea T OÜ $i ptTOU n at8c , T öv, µ ev a vaaweevTa c I Xt0V x at a noeavövTa e v T 3 o tx etq, E xe8ty ô c v v . 1v y t 7 T pw& h . T T 1V T EÄEUTf iV c oµ f Avat Ä lyouatv, a xe l Ivat 8 1 o t :xa8e x at T OÜTOU T & 6 Te. H istorical.

( 10)

2 .7.4: f l poEXeotat 8 1 t vTeteev T &Tog,Etxuwvtotg t GTi ,V, ö aot n ept 1001 4; / 1 v / iv x at * nv T nv A xatMv x at t v 1 ; l eyC e n öKet x at n Ept E EXkaatav t TEXEÜT T IGa W d t 8 1 e a uToüg a ayiaTepov t v t otc p eZe lg ö nV oaw.

( 11) c p. [ 52c]

2 .22.9: E enotrzaL , 8 , o ü n öppw T ot y oµvaatou n oXuäv8ptov T 01% µ ET& ' Aenvatwv n XEüaaatv ' Apyetoug t i lt x aTa8ouX t laet E upaxoua@v T e x at E txeXtag.

( 12) 6 69/8

2 .24.7 K at n oX i Av8pta t vTatea E GTLV ' ApyEtwv v t ,x9aC cv -r wv µ Axp A axe8atµovtoug n e f4 ' Yatg cg. T ÖV 8 1 a y lZva T aTov a uµp&vTa d etaxov A elyatotg l i pxovT og I l EtataTpaTou ; T ETipTy 8 e g T e L e i g 0 86µni x at , c o r? ic ' 0Xuµnta8og n v E pu o ' roc ' A vatoc E vtxa a T atov.

( 13)

2 .38.5

0

P 9 l ä vw n pb T i lV ; .1 c Etpov a n fa tye 9 W p1 .0V E GTLV, g Vea 8 n E µax & YavTo U n1p t c y i% T aüTTK X oy&Seg ' ApyEtwv T ptaxöatot i t poc a vôpac A axe8atµov i .wv ApLe dV T E a ouc x at t n i ,X1xTou ö p .otw . & noe avövTwv 8 1 & navTwv n Xi iv 1 vög E napTti cTou x at 8 votv ' ApyEi .wv, T o 1 7 . µ 1v C c noeavotatv h Acenaav t vTatea a T g cpot, T f iv x ( : )vav 8 1 o t A axe8atµövtot y Evoµ hou n av8 nµei , a Ttatv a yMvo5 n pög ' ApyEtoug xpaTf icavTe ß eßc ti ,w a üTot T E n apa t raxa t xapnotw ro x at i 5 aTEpov A tytvf i'

9

c p. [ 84]

j

•

I 6 V TL

•

3 70

T aLs g 8o av E XUE OUCLV üö n ' Aenvatwv ,b t . s P i V f iCOU. ta a 8 e Lna ' C Y e tg o t T ' 71 V upeäTLv t v µ o v To 'A pye T tot. ( 14)

7 .3.4:

2

K oXopwvtoLc 8 e ö n9s dv T i lV n 6XLv C UV-

ET U EQEV E pn l a e lVa , n poe8f iXwae 4 9u T ot , X 6you T C ' X t s

c. 290

A vol ,gaxov. e l taxecavTo 8 e A vaLuaxy x at M axe8 1 3aL K oX opwvLot . T l i lV a voLxLa . qyTwv t s E pecov dvoL, T ots 8 e A noeavo piv t v T 3 4 ar l ,K OXOTWVLWV T E U UT L I IV t at E µopvatwv E C YTtV Ö T apos I ovTL c c K käpoy c v A pLc yTepb 7 T ' f l ö 8oU.

( 15)

8 .13.3: w pot 8 e ü nö T f iv n 6XLv X tewv e tat 8 LeaTn$ x 6Te5 A nö A XXf ikwv, e i tevf iencav 6 v n oX 4 n ecoVaLv , T e a v6paaLv. 0 1 .5 T LO A , £ 1 EXOnOVVT IO U V e noXe oaav T Mv a hkwv 4 ' ) ' Apxa8wv a üT $ t 55 v 0 ÜTE t nLyp&µµaTa e nt T Ot% $ T apoLs E CT4 1 .2LVEV ATE O L O pX0 1 . 1VLOL l a VTWOVEÜOU C YLV.

( 16) l ate 6 c ?

8 .28.7: K aT& 8 k T f iv Ubv T f iv x r öpTuvos cMeyäX nv I 6XLv n enoti lTaL x v a ¶ otc & nOer IVOU C SLV E V 9 )ös K AE0dV T IV µhu. T O 8 e g em T OUT° Ö V0 1 .1COU6LV M eyaXono UTaL R apa g iaatov, o TL t s a üToüs n ape anöv8 l icev l aco dv / ig.

( 17)

8 .41.1:

~ Z LyaXeUaL 8 e• e nL• a yova s . t at n ayC t v pLov tv X o. ) 48wv tv ' 09Eceacnwv E GTt, x at t ' o s f i ip waLv a üTotg e vaytCovaLv a v& n aV g TO .

( 18)

9 .10.1:

3 35

7 QTL

( 19)

9 .40.10: E poaLövTwv ô ¶ naEL n oX Ix iv pLov e n, • ptwv E C -UV e v T u r2 i e t Unnov ,a yMvi,anoeavövTwv. E nLy yp erTaL g ev 8 f i u ntypc,t uga o u f tv, e nte r lµa , 57g 7 tE CTLV a uT [ p X wv. ppot . a v s tv Av8pMv µaLcTa tv e uµöv. t i ttypagga 6 c I nEcTLv t µot 6 o 3 tctv 8 TL o ü8e t oLx6 ra Ta4U a ytaL T a E X T ot 8 aLµovo h xoX oüenaE.

3 38 [ 77d]

I l Avav8pLov b e o ü g axp c lv C c r tb T E 5v i t uX v • t x etvTa ti 8 e o noaous ,x aT aaßev p& noeavetv A XEZ&v8ge x a t , M axe8öaL va vTLTeTaygevoys. *

3 71

A PPENDIX 4

S ynopsis o f p roveniences f or t he l ists a nd e pigrams

c asualty

I t w as h oped t hat s ome c larity c ould b e g ained w ith r espect t o t he o riginal l ocation o f c asualty l ist w ithin t he D emosion S ema o n t he b asis o f t heir p rovenience. But t he r esult o f t he i nvestigation t urns o ut t o b e t otally n egative. I n t he c ase o f [ 21a] w hich P ausanias r efers t o i n 1 .29.8 a nd w hich i s known f rom t en f ragments n ow p res erved, t hese h ave b een f ound i n d ifferent A gora l ocations i n m odern t imes a nd o ne e ven c omes f rom t he A kropolis. T hus, t hough t he l ocation o f t he p olyandria { 21c-d] w as t entatively s uggested t o h ave b een c lose t o [ 21a-b](see p .43), t he p rovenience o f t he f ragments o f [ 21c-d]can i n n o w ay s upport t he t entative l ocation o f t he l atter m emorials. I f t he s telai o f [ 21a-d]had b een r emoved f or r euse m ore o r l ess s imultaneously, o ne c ould e xpect t hem t o have t urned u p i n c lose p roximity w hich, h owever, i s n ot t he c ase. I s uspect t hat m any p roveniences, e specially t hose f rom t he B yzantine c hurches a nd o ther s pecific l ocations s uch a s H ermes s treet, t he T ower o f t he W inds, t he R oman A gora, a nd t he a rch o f M inerva A rchegetis, a re a ltogether s econdary p roveniences. T he o nly c asualty l ist, a nd a n i mportant o ne a t t hat, w hich h as b een r emoved t o t he w est o f t he D emosion S ema, t o P eristeri, i s [ 55b(b-c)]. A ll o thers h ave m oved e ast o f t he D emosion S ema. T he p rovenience f urthest a way i s S pata f or t he e qually i mportant l ist [ 18]. [ 18a] h as b een a bandoned i n H agias K yras n ear t he m onument o f L ysikrates. T he f act t hat t his c asualty l ist [ 18&18a] w as r eused i n Byzantine c hurches i s n oteworthy, e ven i f t he r espective c hurches a re a t a f ar d istance f rom e ach o ther. T he p reservation o f t he c asualty l ists s hows d ifferent d egrees o f w eathering. I t i s r ather r emarkable h ow m any o f t hem a re w ell p reserved. S ome o f t hem a re i n p ristine c ond ition, a lbeit f ragmentary. T o d raw c onclusions a bout t he r euse o f c asualty l ists f rom t heir s tate o f p reservation w ould b e d ifficult a nd p erhaps e ven d angerous c onsidering t he k nown f act t hat m onuments h ave e xtremely w ell s urvived f or h undreds o f y ears a nd h ave s uffered b adly i n o nly one o r t wo g enerations d ue t o e nvironmental c auses. T o b e s ure, t he r elatively g ood s tate o f p reservation o f c asualty l ists i s p robably d ue t o t heir h aving b een r eused e arly o n i n a ntiq uity, t hat i s t he H ell inistic a nd R oman p eriods. B ut o thers, n ot r eused, m ay h ave b een w ell p rotected b y s ome m eans which n ow e scapes u s. T he p roveniences a re l isted c lock-wise, s tarting f rom t he s outh s ide o f t he A gora a nd e nding a t t he E leusinion . There f ollow t he p roveniences f rom t he A kropolis, a nd t he q uarters c lose a round a nd t hose a t a f urther d istance f rom t he Agora.

3 72

A ll f ragments a re l isted i ndividually b ut s quare b rackets f or t he t estimonia h ave b een o mitted. T hus t he r eference 5 6b:e means: t estimonium 5 6b, f ragment e . S outh S toa, e ast e nd ,w est o f S toa I (above) I I(to n orth o f) ( center) ( west e nd) M iddle S toa(E e nd) ( W e nd) M arket s quare,to S .of S outhern p art T holos, S W o f M etroon S toa Basileios H ephaestieion T emple o f A res, S . o f S W c orner e ast o f A ltar o f A res,E o f A ltar o f T welve G ods O deion, E o f E o f n orthern p art S o f N E o f S E o f s outhern p art N o f N W o f N e nd P anathenaic W ay,W o f E ast S toa, W o f S toa o f A ttalos,W o f , N e nd , unspecified P antainos, L ib.of, S W , S o f ,W o f E leusinion, N o f , S o f , E o f ,W o f ,u nspecified P ropylaea A kropolis,NW f oot , S s lope , unspecified A reopagus,slope T ower o f t he W inds M inerva A rchegetis,gate o f R oman A gora, S W F orum N ovicium P laka H adrian S treet

2 1a:1; 4 3b 5 8b:m 1 8:e 2 0b:a 2 0b:b-c 2 4:c-f 4 1:b 2 2a:j 2 4:b; 5 7:e 2 6:b 2 1a:i 2 1a:h 6 2 1 6 8 0 2 1a:g 6 A:c 4 4:a 5 8b:h 4 0:b 4 0:d 2 1:e 2 1d:a; 4 0:a&c 5 8b:g 2 1a:f; 4 0:e 3 7:c 2 1d:a 3 7:b 5 8b:k 5 8b:m 2 8; 3 6:d 6 3:a 5 8b:a,e&f 3 6:a&b; 5 0a:b 2 1d:b 5 0a:c; 6 7 2 1d:d; 5 8b:d 1 9; 2 1a:k 5 7:b 5 7:c 5 8b:c 7 9 3 5:a&b 4 7 2 1a:a; 2 6:a, 4 3:a; 4 6 2 5:c; 3 1a:d; 4 4:b 5 8b:e 5 8b:j 6 3:b 6 1 5 8b:b

3 73

8 2(?)

H ermes S treet E rian G ate K erameikos S ikelia H ill A steroskopion S treet O dos S phakteriou A cademy, n ear e ntrance t o P eristeri O lympian Z eus, T emple o f S pata,Hagia M esosporitissa H agia E vangelistria H oly A postles, S o f ,N o f , S E o f H agia G orgopico H agia Hypapante H agia E leousis

2 3; 5 0a:a; 7 4:b 3 2b:a-c 2 2a:m; 4 3:e; 6 8:a 4 3 2 9 7 5 4 3:b 5 5b:b-c 7 8:a 1 8:b&c 1 8:d 2 2a:n; 3 7:d 4 3:d 7 7:b 3 4 2 5:a; 2 7; 3 0; 5 7:d; 2 5:d

H agia I rini H agia Kyras H agia P araskevi S mall M etropolis M egali P anagia C hurch o f C rucifixion

2 1

a c 1 5 7:a 6 3:c 3 0 2 0:a

P rivate H ouse,unspecified

1 8a

3 74

6 5

A PPENDIX 5 C ONCORDANCES O F I G I2 , I G I3 , B RADEEN , P EEK (GV ) A ND T HE C ATALOGUE O F M ONUMENTS I N P ART T WO . A .

I G I2

I G I3

7 35 9 27 9 28 9 29 9 30 9 31/2 9 33 9 34 9 35 9 36 9 37 9 38 9 39 9 40 9 41 9 42 9 43 9 44 9 45 9 46 9 47 9 48 9 49 9 50 9 51/2 9 53 9 54 9 55 9 56 9 57 9 58 9 59 9 60 9 61 9 62 9 63 9 64 9 65 9 66 9 67 9 68

1 173 1 143 1 144 1 147 181 1 149 1 150 s .IV ? 1 167 1 035 1 151 1 152 1 157 1 168 1 161 1 155/1163 1 162 1 180 1 179 1 181 1 164 1 165 1 184 190 1 192 1 166 1 191 1 186 1 185 1 191 1 175 161 187 1 188 1 174 187 191 177 176 187

B RADEEN

C ATALOGUE 8 1 1 0a 1 8 2 0a 2 1c 2 1a 2 5 3 3 3 5a 3 5b 2 7 3 4 3 0 3 1a 3 2b 4 3 4 1 2 1t 4 6 4 7 4 9 5 6 5 7 6 5 5 8a-b 5 b 5 0a 5 8a-b 37 3 0 6 3 6 1 6 6 6 3 5 8ä-b 3 8 3 9 6 3

1

4

1 1

1 7 1 6

2 2 2 3 1 9 2 3 1 5 1 1 2 1

2 1 2 3

2 1

D ATE 4 504 80 4 64 4 59?,458? 4 58 4 58 4 50 's 4 50/40 4 40 's 4 40 's 4 50 's 4 40 's ± 450 4 47/6 4 47/6 4 35? ‚ 431? 4 32 4 58 4 28-422 4 28-422 4 24+423 4 11/10 4 10/09 l ate S c . 4 09/8 4 12/11 4 22 4 09/8 4 40(30 ) ± 450 l ate S c . l ate S c . l ate S c . l ate S c . 4 09/8 4 40(30 ) 4 40(30 ) l ate S c .

* References t o t he p rospective p ublication o f I G I3 h ave b een k indl y p rovided b y D .M .Lew is . Ad ash () a fter a d ate m eans ' o r s omew hat l ater '.

3 75

B .

I G 13 1 143 1 144 1 145 1 146 1 147 1 148 1 149 1 150 1 151 1 152 1 153 1 154 1 155 1 156 1 157 1 158 1 159 1 160 1 161 1 162 1 163 1 164 1 165 1 166 1 167 1 168 1 169 1 170 1 171 1 172 1 173 1 174 1 175 1 176 1 177 178 1 179 1 180 1 181 1 182 183 1 184 1 185 1 186 187 1 188 189 190 191 192 1 193

I G 12 9 27 9 28

9 29 9 31/2 9 33 9 37 9 38 1 036 8 53a 9 39

9 41/959 9 43 9 42 9 47 9 48 9 53 9 35 9 40

7 35 9 62 9 58 9 66 9 65 1 1 25 220 9 45 9 44 9 30/946

B RADEEN

1 2 ( 1 ) 3 4

6 5

8 7 1 0 1 1

1 3 1 2 1 4

1 5

1 6 1 7

2 1 2 0

9 50 9 5 4 /57 /64 9 51/52

4 80 4 64 4 64(60 ) 4 60 's 4 59?,458? ± 470 4 58 4 50 's 4 40 's 4 40 's 4 50 's

3 1a 8 2 2 7 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 2b 3 1a 4 6 4 7 6 5 3 3 3 4

4 47/6 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 7 1' 4 50 4 50 's

4 1 4 3 2 1c 2 1d 4 4 4 9 5 0a 5 5b 6 3 6 1 6 2 5 6 5 8a-b 5 7 5 8c

1 9

2 3 2 2

3 76

D ATE

1 0a 1 8 1 9 1 8a 2 0a 1 6 2 1a 2 5 3 5a 3 5b 2 4

2 3 3 6 4 0 8 1 6 6 3 7 3 9 3 8

9 1 8 9 49 9 56 9 55 9 60/63/68 9 61

C ATALOGUE

27 7 %6 6 4 28-422 4 28-422 l ate 5 c . 4 50/40 4 40 's 4 50 's 4 40 's " 430 's" 4 50l ate S c . 4 40(30 ) 4 40(30 ) 4 40(30 ) 4 33/2 4 32 4 35? ‚ 431? 4 58 4 58 4 29/8 4 24+423 4 22 4 12/11 l ate S c . l ate S c . l ate S c . 4 11/10 4 09/08 4 10/09 4 13-411?or l ater?

C .

B RADEEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

D .

C ATALOGUE 1 0a 1 6 1 8 1 8a 1 9 2 0a 2 1a 2 1c 2 1d 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1a 3 1b 3 2b 3 2A 3 3 3 4 3 5a 3 5b

C ATALOGUE

I G 12

1 8 1 9 1 6 2 1a 3 1a 2 4 2 8 2 6 2 1d 2 9 3 0 3 6 2 3 4 0 3 7 4 1 4 3 4 4 5 0a 6 2 6 3 5 7 5 8 . 3 .-b 6 7 7 7c

9 28

9 31/2

9 41/59

9 45 9 44 9 56 9 60/63/68 9 51/52 9 54/57/64

I G 13

D ATE

1 144 1 145 1 148 1 149 1 155 1 153 1 159 1 158 1 182 1 160 1 161 1 171 1 170 1 172 1 175 1 179 1 180 1 183 1 185 1 189 1 187 1 192 1 191

4 64 4 64(60 ) 470 4 58 4 47/6 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 58 1 -4 50 4 50 's 4 40 's 4 50 's " 430 's" 4 40(30 ) 4 32 4 35? ‚ 431? 4 29/8 4 22 l ate S c . l ate 5 c . 4 10/09 4 09/08 e arly 4 c . 3 38

1 143 1 148 1 144 1 146 1 145 1 147 1 149 1 181 1 182 1 170 1 153 1 150 1 158 1 157 1 159 1 160 1 161 1 15 5 /6 3 1 163 1 162

4 80 ± 470 4 64 4 60 's 4 64(60 ) 4 59? ‚ 458? 4 58 4 58 4 58 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's 4 50 's ± 450 4 50 's 4 47/6 4 47/6 4 47/6 4 214 50/40 4 40 's 4 40 's 4 40 's

B RADEEN 9 27 3 1 ( 1 ) 2

9 28

9 29 9 31/2 9 30/46

4 9 1 3 6

9 33

8 9 39 7 1 0 1 1 5

9 41/59 9 42 9 43 1 055 9 35 9 40 9 37 9 38

3 77

1 167 1 168 1 151 1 152

C ATALOGUE 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 3 4 4 4 6 4 7 4 9 5 0a 5 5b 5 6 5 8ä-b

B RADEEN 1 2 1 5

1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8

1 9

2 3

I G 12 9 58 9 65 9 66 9 45 9 44 9 47 9 48 9 49 9 56 9 55 9 50 9 54/57 9 64

5 8c 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 7c 8 1 8 2 E .

9 61 2 0 2 1

9 60/63 9 68 9 53 9 62

I G 13 1 171 1 175 1 177 1 176 1 172 1 179 1 180 1 183 1 164 1 165 1 184 1 185 1 186 1 190 1 191

D ATE 4 40 's 4 40430 ) 4 40(30 ) 4 40(30 ) " 430 's" 4 32 4 35? ‚ 431? 4 29/8 4 28-422 4 28-422 4 24+423 4 22 4 12/11 4 11/10 4 09/08

1 193

4 13-411?or l ater? l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c .

1 188 1 189 1 187 1 166 1 174

2 4 2 5 7 35 8 53a

1 173 1 156

G V

C ATALOGUE

G V

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

2 4 8 b 8 a 8 c 8 d 1 0b 1 0c l td 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 1c 2 1a 2 2b 3 1b 3 2b

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 8 9 4 6 30

3 78

l ate 5 c . l ate 5 c . e arly 4 c . 3 38 4 504 50 's C ATALOGUE 3 3 4 1 5 2b 6 6 5 7 1a 7 4 7 8a 7 7a 7 7b (quoted u nd er ) 7 7b 7 0 2 1e 8 e 3 2A

BI B L I O G R A P H Y *

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I N D I

C E S

*

A . G ENERAL A cademy u sed a s g ymnasium ,milit ary t raining g round 1 4 A cademy r oad t ombs a long 2 9ff . A egina A thens 'war w ith 3 .12 p ol.of A thenians w ho d ied i n w ar 3 2 .[7a ] c olonists f rom 1 89 a fterlife b lissful e xiste nce o f h eroes 1 01 A gesilaos 1 7,n .2 A gesipolis 1 7,n .2 a gones h ippic 2 2f . h oplitodromos 2 3 m ock s hip b attle 2 3 s ee a lso A ianteia , E leutheria , H erakleia , E pitaphios A gon 3 5 A gonothetai,t . 2 3 .26.103 A ianteia 2 3 .103 .120 A jax 1 23& .127 a kroteria A lkibiades 1 98 s ee a lso P lutarch a llies o f A thenians 3 s ee a lso D emosion S ema a ltars 6 4ff . o n v ases 6 4f .&n .19 i n c ontext o f t . d ecorated w ith t erracotta t iles 6 7 A mazonomachy i n g rave c ontext 6 9&n .54 o n r .f .battle l outrophoroi 7 7 .80 *

a mbassadors i n A thens 2 t heir t ombs 3 0 ,n .11 A mphiaraos 1 64 ,n .22 A mphiktyons 2 24 A ndrogeos s on o f M inos 2 7,n .48 t omb o f 3 0 ,n .9 A ndrokrates 1 22 ‚ n .1 20 a nimal s kin 2 14 A nthemokritos a mbassador 3 0 ,n .11 m emorial o f 6 5 ,n23 ' anti-luxury ' d ecree 1 1 ,n .13 .74 ,n .4 A ntiochis t ribe 1 8 .25 ,n .35 t ribal h ero 2 5 ,n .35 a phlaston 1 55 A pollo i n D elphi,hono ured b y v otiveo fferings 1 20 a rchers 5 0 .52 .187 .196 b arbarian 1 98 C retan 5 0 .191 a rchon t ou n autikou 2 00 A reopagus a bolishment o f 3 4 A rgilos 1 88 ,n .20 A rgives 1 92 .204 .245 A rgos ( and A thens ) p olitical e ntente 1 38 .144 A risteides 1 8 s ee a lso P lutarch A ristion ,st .of 9 8 A ristogeiton , s ee H armodios A ristonos o f L arisa 1 77,n .67 a rmour i conography o n v ases 2 5 ,n .36 .65,n .24

A ll r eferences a re t o p p a nd/or t estimonia , t he l atter i n [ ] . P , n . r efers t o d iscussion i n an . t hat g oes w ith t he p . P .& n .refers t o d iscussion o n t he p . a nd s upporting e vidence i n t he n . A bbreviations u sed : p ol.= p olyandrion ; t .=tomb (of ...); i n P aus.= i n P ausanias; s t .=stele (of ...); r .f .=red f igure ; b .f .=black f igure . F or E nglish s pellings w ith C , s ee a lso u nder K .

3 95

a rmour (ctd .) d ance i n A rtemis A grotera A riste & K alliste A sklepios A symnion A thena N ike ,temple o f o n A kropolis,rec ipient o f d edic ations A thenian k leruchs o n L emnos A thens w ar w ith E leusis w ar w ith M egara a xones b attle o f c hampions N emea R iver " tearless" b attle-loutrophoroi r .f . b ema b .f . l ekythoi B oedromion ,5th o f 6 th o f B oeotian t ombstones ,ptd . B oreas s anctuary i n A thens h ymn t o B rygos (potter ) b ull o f P lataeans i n D elphi b urial c ustoms a rchaic p eriod e pic p oems b urial, p ublic i n A thens ,S c , 4c . e arliest r efere nce t o i n A then s o f A thenians i n w ar w ith A egina G reek t erminology b urial g ifts,vases e tc . B yzantians

7 8&n .29 2 6 2 2f . 3 0 2 3 2 29

u sed a s b uilding m aterial d iscrepancies i n n umbers o f d eath e arliest p ossible b efore 4 90 2 03 e ngraving o f i ncised l ines h eading :i n t he 9 3 s ame y ear l etter f orm s m ilitary p ersonel 2 0 m ou ldings 8 9 m u ltiple y ear c .l. 8 p ainted d etails p hysical a spects 8 w ith s ite r efer3 22,n .3 e nces s ources f or c omp iling 2 45 s unken c hannels 2 37 t ribes, r eference 2 38 t o c avalcade 7 5ff . o n r .f .battle l ou3 6 t rophoroi [ 6a-b ].242 c avalry ,memorials f or 2 6 C habrias ,tomb o f 2 3 2 31

1 17 ,n .103 1 17 ,n .103 8 4 ,n .57 1 23&n .125 7 7 3 3 9 9 8 2 41 5 0

c ables d edicated a fter P ersian W ars

c asualty l ists l ater a dditions

2 0 .53 .127f . 1 30 4 2 2 1 9 ? [1]. [ 3 ] 2 0 4 7 5 2 .133f . 5 3-59 5 1 4 6f . 1 79f . 4 7 4 6ff . 4 9f . 2 1 4 7 5 0 .89 .97

7 7& n .18 2 1 3 0&nn .9 .11 2 05 7 0f .200 ,n .70 2 16

C hairedemos C hares c hariot , f our-horse d edication { 2A-B ] C harmos 3 4 C himaera 2 31 C hronos 2 17 C hrysippos f rom S oloi t .of 3 4 c ombat , h orse+rider s culpture/reliefs 1 77 c avalry a nd h oplit e s 1 40 .175 . 2 11ff .234 C ouncil o f 4 00 1 92 c remation deoa s f unerary i l ogy 1 9 D aimon A gathos D arius d edications f or s uccess i n w ar D elodotos f rom K ea

1 20 ,123 3 96

1 22 ,n .119 9 0 1 20 1 45

d emonstrative p ronouns E kphora i n e pigrams 2 0 .49 o n b .f .vases D emosion S ema E leutheria g eneral 2 9ff . a t P lataea b .f .,r .f .,blackg laze v ases,from 4 0 e mbalmement b ronze o bjects 3 8 e ngraphoi b uild-up ,gradual 4 2f . E nyalios c lassical e pie phebic i nscript . g ram 4 1 475 ] E phialtes c lassical t ombs 4 0&n .55 d ispute c oncernt .of i ng i ts l ocation 4 E picharinos e arliest e vidence E pi g ra m ,a rchaic f or 4 4 E pitaphia e xcavations i n E pitaphios A gon r ecent y ears 3 5ff . d ate o f i ntrof ounding o f 3 c ution h ellenistic E pitaphios l ogos t ombs 4 o f P erikles : l imits o f 3 i n 4 39 l ocation o f t . 1 5 i n 4 31 l ocation o f p ol . 3 2 E piteles , g eneral M ycenean f inds 4 0 E retrian R oman t . v ase f rom [ 6a ] 4 .37 .39 s acrality w ith E retrian s r espect h ero E rgotimos w orship 3 .45 E ros, a ltar o f s arcophagus,clase schatology s ical p eriod 3 8 i n s ubject m att er o n v ases s culpture f rom i n e pigram n ear 4 0&n . 54 t .of a llies o f E uboeans A thenians 3 .43 . ubuleus ,t .of [21a-b ] E a nd A thenian v aseE ukleides ,taxiarch p ainters 7 4ff . E ukrita W agon r oad 3 7ff . E uphranor ,painter d epature o f w arrior 7 9 uphronidai D exileos 1 9 .21 .41 .68 . E 7 5 .77 .79 .211 , Eupolis ,comedian n .6 .213 .221& E uripus n .30 .234 E urygyes E uryleon d exiosis o n s t . 8 4 E uthippos D ipylon G ate 3 5f . D iodorus,Korinthian F auvel t rierarch 1 20 f uneral g ames,see D iokles 1 96 a gones,Epitaphios D ionysos o f E leutherae , A gon s hrine o f 3 0 d isk 4 6 D orieus 2 22 D oryphoros o f P olykleit os 7 0 D romos 3 0 ,n .10

7 7 8&n .29 2 3 .26 ,n .42 .27 . n .48 .122 1 7,n .2 5 0 2 2f .26 2 2 .26 1 2 ,n .17 .15 ,n . 3 2 3 4 1 28 8 .38 ,n .52 2 2 .25&n .32 4 .22ff .28 2 6 1 3 .28 1 68 1 77 1 66 9 8 ,no .8 1 96 .231 1 94 ,n .36 1 4 .34

1 01 1 77 8 8f . 3 3 1 95& n .36 2 39 2 14& n .18 . 2 15 1 51 1 97 8 8 2 7 ,n .48 2 22 3 9 1 75

g ravestones a rchaic 8 n on-extant f rom 4 90-430 7 4 & n .4

3 97

g ravestones f or f oreigners, m etics w ith r osette d ecoration G races G enesia G jölbaschi,frieze g lass v essels f rom D emos i on S ema o ther G reek A lphabet A rgive I onic l etters B oeotian l ocal s ee a lso l etter f orms

7 4f . 7 5f A n .17 1 51 2 6 & n .43 2 03 3 7 .39 2 41 2 36 2 36 2 37

H ipparchos (c td ) p recinct w all b uilt b y 3 4f .&n .35 H ippokrates,strategos 1 88 H ippomachos 2 00 ,n .67 h ippotoxotes 5 0 .198 h omosexual d ishono uring 1 26f . h opla 1 23 & nn .126 .127 h oplites 2 00 h oplitodromos 2 3 .122f . H oros s tones 3 5 & nn .40 .45 " huge" l ekythoi 8 1ff . h ydriai a s p rize 2 4f & n .36 v ases H ypnos (&Thanatos ) 6 5

i atros i kria H agios G eorgios 3 8 I l issos ,st .from c hurch o f I m b r i a n s H armodios&AristogeiI naros , K ing o f L ibt on , w orshipped a s y a n s h eroes 2 i nhumation t omb o f 3 .34 .44 2 2 0 f . o f s o ldiers h onours p aid t o 1 4 .22f .37. I n s c r i p t i o n P ainter 1 56[20A ] H egesagoras I p h i a d e s 3 4 H ekademeia I sodikos ,toyarchos 3 4 .37 H ekademos,hero H elladius 2 29 K allikrates,writer h elmets,dedication o f 9 2ff .180 K a l lithea. p rivate 1 64 H emitheos t . .r e l 'e fs f rom H ephaestia 2 5 V a r ' h a r o i . E c e o t i a n H erakleia 2 6 K a b i r io n E mpylia 9 7 & .9 K arthaginians 2 3,n .23.24 a t M arathon A thens ‚ war w ith i n T hasos 2 4 ,n .30 K a r y s t o n i k o s 1 64 ,n .22 H erakles K erykes,f w ily o f d edication t o 9 7 &n .9 K i m o n E mpylios 9 7,n .9 K imonian h erms 2 5,n .32 H ermeia K l e i s t h e n e s ,reformer 1 51 H ermes t . o f o n w hite-gr . l ekythoi 8 1f & n .43 t ribes 1 63 P sychopompos K l e i t o s ,a dmiral 2 02 H ermokopidai K l e o n h erms K leoneans 1 50f . o f H ipparchos K leophon P ainter 1 49ff . o f K imon k leruchs h eroization olonos h ippios 1 4f .23 .84 & K o f w ar d ead Konon ,t .of n .54 .211 .221 . K orinth i _an w ar 2 31 H ermolykos h eroon h ieropoios H ipparchos

9 ,n .5 1 15 .228 5 2.147.236 1 50f .

K orinthians K orkyra ,ambassadors f rom k repis,in t .context

3 98

5 2.148 (?) 3 6,n .44 4 0 1 86 1 57 1 6 7 5 &n .12 1 57 1 94 3 2 6 9 & n .54 2 42 3 3 1 68 3 0 ,n .11 1 5,n .32.141ff . 5 f .[13A 1 9 .11f .15 .89 1 2.31f .36f . & n .49 1 85 2 19 1 86 2 04 7 7 .81 2 0 .50 .185 3 0 3 4 2 05 .209.220 2 37,n .36 2 25ff . 2 6 6 & nn .30.31

K ritios & N esiotes K roisos, A thenian n oble k ouroi,archaic K ychreus,sanctuary o f k ymation , L esbian k yrbeis L akrates,t .of L akrates O lympionikes L akedaemonians L akonian c up w ith w arriors l ampadedromia l ampadias l andscape e lements i n R eed P t . i n P olygnotan p ainting i n V ergina ,t .II l arnakes L eagros,general l ebetes,prize v ases l ekythoi,see w hiteg round l ekythoi L emnian , k leruchs c olonists g eneral L eonidas t ypology o f w arrior s culpture o f L eonideia L eonideion L eokrates,son o f S troibos L eokritos,son o f I phiades L eto , h onoured i n K ori nth b y m namata l etter f orms t heta a fter 4 90 L eukaspis,Sikanian h ero l ions, i n f unereal c ontext

L isas,memorial o f L okrians (Opuntians) L ykeas,trierarch L ykian r eliefs L ykians L ykourgos,son o f L ykop hron ,t.of

1 28 8 8 1 03,nn .38 . 4 0 2 38 3 22,n .3

l yre L ysander ,general L ysanias ,father o f D exileos

6 4 1 7 2 20f .

M adytians 5 0 .127 [18 ] M aiandrios,Samian 1 54f . M akedonians, A thens a t w ar w ith ,3c 3 3 3 0 ,n .11.140 M akedonians 2 16 2 05 m antis 5 2 .236 [ 60a ].245 M antinea ,battle o f 2 38 M arkopoulo ,herm f rom 1 51 1 7,n .2 M akartatos,t .of 3 1 .[21e] 2 2f .25f .32 M arathon , S oros [ 6a ] 2 5,n .31 f inds a t , a rrows 9 6,n .1 7 5,n .13 m ycenean&geom etric s herds 9 6,n .1 7 5,n .13 o bsidian 9 6,n .1.97,n .6 7 5,n .13 v ases,b .f ., 1 1 r .f . 9 6ff . 3 1 d ishes 1 00 2 4f . an atural,not a rtificial m ound 9 7,n .6 4 3 .50 f uneral r ites 9 6f . 9 2 h eroic c ult 9 7f .&n .5 1 85 l outrophoros 2 23 .233 f rom [ 6h ] 1 00 m ythological 6 4 s ubject m atter 1 00f . 1 16 & nn .98f s ee a lso H erakleia 1 15,n .94 M arathon E pigrams 6 .[6A ] 2 23 M arathon P ainter 9 9 M arathon ,s laves ' 1 51 b urial 1 00 M egabyzus 1 33 ,n .33 1 57 M egistias 2 23 .225 M elanopos,t .of 3 1 .[21e] 1 20 & n .114 M elesandros 1 83f . 5 3ff . M enekrates o f K or1 23 6 5 ,n .23 .115 k yra &n .92 1 43f . 5 0 .187 m ercenaries 5 0 .145.187, m etics 6 5 & n .23 . n .20 1 14 & n .92 . M 1 92 ilesians 2 32f .24Jf . M 8 9 .93f . iltiades 6 8 ,n .48 2 M nesikles,architect 9 2 44f . 3 2 M nesikles,writer 7 0f .196 & 7 5 m ock i nscriptions n .44 6 4f .74f .78 m ourners a t t omb 7 0 & n .6) 1 39 M yronides 2 14 1 68 N axiades 3 4 3 99

N ike ‚ on w hite-ground l ekythoi N ikias,general N ikias,son o f N ikodemos t .of N ikoxenos P ainter O lympiodoros,general O lympionika O monoia O rchomenians O rientals f ighting a gainst G reeks,r .f . b attle l outrophoros O rion

8 1 & n .43 1 7.191 3 4 9 8,no .2 3 3 5 2 1 21f . 1 80

p ilos p inäkes,b .f . i n t . c ontext P iranesi P lataeans P leistoanax , k ing p olemarch

2 10&n .4 .214 . 2 31 6 8 & n .49 7 6 5 0 1 81 2 2f .25,n .35 . 2 04 . 2 9

P olyandreion p olyandria e arliest e vidence 3 5,n .42 i mpact u pon v ase7 7 p ainters 4 .75 & n .5 1 64 ,n .22 w ith s culpted f riezes 6 7f . 2 6 P an w ith s ingle s tele 6 1 9 3 s tatue o f w ith s telai i n a 6 .150ff . P an P ainter r ow 6 2ff . 2 5 ,n .32 .36 P anathenaea t entative p laceP asiphon 1 99f .&n .58 m ent i n D emosion 5 2.220 .243 p atronymics S ema 4 3f . P atrios N omos P olygonotan l andscape 2 5ff . c alendar f or p ainting 7 5,n .13 7 ff . c onstitution o f P oseidon , h onoured Off . d ate o f i nstitution 1 b y P hoenician t rie1 0 .29 & n .3 P ausanias,periegete r eis 1 20 P ausanias,Spartan K ing 1 25 P oseidon H ippios, 2 31 P egasos s anctuary a t 2 22 P eithagoras,tyrant M äntinea 2 34 .239 2 24 P eloponnesians P oseidon ,s tatue a t 1 82.185f . P eloponnesian W ar I sthmus 1 23 1 63 P erikles p ost h oles 3 6 &n .44 1 79 P ontic e xpedition p ottery ,f rom D emosion 3 0 .140 t .of S ema s ee a lso E pitaphios b .f . 3 7 &1 .50 2 27 P ersian W ars b lack g lazed 3 9 5 i mpact u pon G reece 9 g eometric 3 6 1 8 P ersians a t M arathon h ead v ase 3 8 1 8 a t P lataea k antharoi 4 2 G reeks f ighting K ertsch v ases 4 2 7 7 a gainst p inakes,black2 10 & n .4 4 2 p etasos l azed 1 50 7 P haidon ,archon n egro a labastron 3 1 20 0 P hayllos,athlete p almette l ekythoi 4 9 4 3 7 & n .50 P heidipppides r .f . 2 9 ,n .5 .216f . P hilip o f M akedonia w hite-ground 3 8 P hoenician t riereis v ases d isplayed a t K orw hite-ground 1 20 4 6 i nth l ekythoi 3 5 & n .43 3 0,n .11 P hoinix , t .of P otters 's hops 1 52 & n .99 1 97 P hokion ,trierarch P riapos,herm o f? 2 5 ,n .35 3 0.140 P hormion ,t .of P rometheus 5 1 .196f . 2 2 ,n .8 p hrourarchos a ltar o f 5 1.196 2 5 P romethia p hylarchos 5 2.196 7 p hysikds p rothesis

4 00

p rothesis (ctd .) s oros, s ee M arathon o n r .f .battle-loutros phinx (es ) o n t . p horos 7 7 & n .18 s oldiers ,foreigners P rotesilaos 1 55 S olon p unctuation i n i nt .of s criptions 4 8 .132 S ophanes ,general P yanopsion (month ) 1 1 S ophilos,Painter 8 th o f 2 6f . S ophokles 6 th-13th 2 7f . s telai , i nscriptional P ythagoras f rom S eS toa o f H erms l ymbria 2 S toa o f A thenians i n t .of 3 0 ,n .11 .61f . D elphi 7 5 & n .5 s trategos P ythion ,general 2 s trigil t .of 3 0 ,n .11 .[ 32A ] Sulla P ythionika 5 2 S yrakuse ,public b urial R .f .vases r eflecting S yrakusans p olyandria 6 4ff . r ider r elief , s ee T ab s P ainter c ombat T anagra ,battle o f r osettes o n s telai 2 44 T anagraeans t aphos 2 26f . S alamis , b attle t axiarchos 2 41 S acred B and T egeatans s acred r oad 3 0 T elamon 2 37 S acred W ar ,355-346 T ellus S amian g enerals , t erracotta ,architec5 .[17A ,20A , h onoured t ural i n p ol . 2 0B ] f igurines f rom 68 S amos ‚ war w ith A thens 1 D emosion S ema 8 3 & n .53 S arpedon P ainter T ettichos 6 5 S arpedon T hanatos ,s ee H ypnos 2 31 S a t igenes T hasos ‚ public b urial 2 23 ,n .1 S chiller ,F .T hemistokles s culpture f rom D emot ropaion 3 7 s ion S ema t .of h erm w ith f emale t herapontes 3 9 h ead T heseia 3 9f . g ravestones T heseus s culptural d ecoration r eturn o f b ones 6 3f .67ff . o n p olyandr ia T hesmophoria o n c ommemorative T hespians 1 10 [6A ] m onuments b uried a fter b at1 33 s eer t le o f D elion 2 9 s ema T hessalians S estos ,cables f rom 1 20 b ridge t hetes 6 6 f . s hadow m onuments T hracians 1 20 s hip ,dedication o f T hrasyboulos ,t .of 3 0 ,n .11 S ilenos ,t .of T he " Three H undred" S imias,proxenos,son T imotheos ,son o f K o3 9 o f D onax n on , t .of 5 0 S kythian a rchers T olmides , g eneral 7 4 ,n .4 s lanting n u T oxaris , t .of 2 1 t oxotes s laves

4 01

6 5 ,n .23 1 87 2 .8 .11 8 ,n .3 .30 ,n .11 3 1 9 8 ,no .1 1 63 7 5 ,n .7 1 50 & n .86 1 23 2 11 .236 6 4 .122 ,n .119 2 9 ,n .5 1 8 1 90 & n .29 7 8ff . 1 34 2 31 2 9 5 2 .200 2 30 2 3 2 .8 .11 6 7 & nn .39-41 4 2 9 ,n .5 1 2 ,n .17 1 51 1 03 [ 10C ] 5 2 .128 [18] 2 2ff .(-28 ) 2 1 4 2 7f . 2 24 .231 6 1 77 [42a ] 2 29f . 2 1 1 68 3 0 .140 2 23 3 4 3 0f ..163 3 0 1 96

T rachones, h erm f orm t rapeza t ribe , t en t ribes o n A thenian c asualty l ists n on-Athenian : ' AnoNAwyLäTat N ) uakiag E naKeag i t ' Aeavatav K paptATat (0 1 ao8µtag f l oao8ata l oaoL8Xtag ' InnoeorTaL F ava m o c sta5 t rierarchos t ripod , b ronze , i n D elphi t ropaion a t P lataaea T yrannicides, s ee H armodios

1 51 & n .92 4 1.66f .69 1 2 8 9 2 38 2 39 2 39 2 38 2 38 2 39 2 35 2 39 2 38 2 39 5 1 .196f .200 2 07 1 23 & n .124 2 05 & n .87 1 22

v alediction 7 7 v ases, a s g ifts i n b urial 2 32f . v ase-painting (s) s ee w hite-ground l ekythoi, M us eums 8 cC ollect ions b .f .vases w ith a rmed d ance 7 8 & n .29 b .f .with m ourn ers 7 8 & n .29 r .f .with G reeks f ighting P ers ians 1 10 ,n .75 r .f .loutrop horoi 7 7 r .f .loutrophor oi w ith b attle s cenes 7 5ff . r .f .loutrophor oi,narrative 7 8 e lement t hemes i n A ttic 5c entury 7 4 v iolation o f t omb 2 45

w edding s cenes o n r .f .loutrophor oi w hite-ground l ekythoi w ith b attles cenes b roken a t t omb f uneral g ifts G roup R " huge" i nscribed w ith e pigram I nscription P t. R ider r iding p ast s tele r eflecting A then ian p ol. s telai o n ,475 4 50 s telai o n ,about 4 50 s telai o n ,420b ases f or s telai w ith s telai t hat b ear m ock i nscr . n ruldings o f s telai w arrior t ypology o n w hite s hields w omen o nlookers a t P atrios n omos Z enon ,t .of Z eus E leutherios,altar o f Z eus a t O lympia ,recip ient o f d edicat ions Z eus, s tatue o f , i n O lympia Z eus S oter Z eus T ropaios Z eus o f t he t ropaion Z oilos

W ar , ' in t he o ther w ars ' 1 66 7 9 .122,n .19 w arrior ,departure o f s ingly r epres ented i n r e7 Off . l iefs 4 02

7

7 5 & n .13 7 9 7 4 7 2 8 1f . 7 5 ,n .16 7 5 & n .12 8 4f .&n .62 6 4ff . 7 5 ,n .7 7 5 ,n .7 7 5 ,n .7 7 5 ,n .9 7 5 ,n .16 7 5 7 5ff . 1 43 8 5 3 4 1 21ff .

9 2f .113 .180 1 23 1 22,n .119 2 3 1 03 .117 1 56

B . G EOGRAPHIC* A bydos A egina A egospotamoi A enos A lope A morgos A mphipoli s A ntandros A rginusai A ssinarus(river )

2 19 1 33f . 4 3 .202 1 86 1 79 2 19 1 86ff . 1 88 1 7 .43 .202 1 91f .

B yzantium

1 24f .128 .166

C atana C haeroneia

1 90 6 .217f .240 2 42 1 51 1 84 1 66.168 1 92.195

C haidari C halki c like C hersonnese C hios D elion D oros D rabeskos

1 50 .188 .231 2 33 .241 1 33 ,n .33 3 0 .[18]

E ast G reece E gypt E ion E leutherae E pipolai (Syrakuse ) E phesos E retria E uboea E urymedon (river )

1 95 1 33f . 1 27f .186 1 66 1 92,n .32 1 7.90 .198 1 42 .192 .231 1 92 .195 1 2 .125ff . 1 54f .

H aliartos H alieis H ellespont

1 6 .237 1 33f . 1 29 .195 .198

I sthmus (Korinth )

2 26f .

L emnos L esbos L ykia

2 0 1 86 1 84

M antineia M egara M egaris M ende M ykale

2 15 .234 .239 1 33f ..168 .181 2 28f . 1 79 .188 1 88 9 .202

N axos N emea (river ) N otium

1 68 2 20 1 7 .202

O enophyta O lynthus O rchomenos O ssa (mountain )

1 39 4 2 .216 1 80 2 30

P agae P eloponnese P hoenicia P lataea P lemmyrion (Syrakus e ) P ontus P otidaea P ylos

1 81 1 83f .188 1 33f . 1 22 .192 .229 1 92,n .32

S amos S elinus S ermylia S estos S icily S igeion S ikyon S ingoi S inope S kione S kyros S olygeia

K ardia 1 27 .129 K aria 1 83f . T anagra K arystos 1 68 T egea K ekryphaleia 1 33 ,n .33 T empe K orinth 2 42 T hasos K oroneia 1 60 .180 T helphusa K romnos 2 38 T hermopylae K ynosema 1 97 T hespiae K ypros 1 33 T horikos onuments p p .xvi )o ciii . * S ee a lso t he c heck-list o f M

4 03

1 88 1 74 .187f . 1 86ff . 1 98 2 22 1 87 9 .125 1 7 .160 .186 1 90 .236 1 27ff . 1 88 1 87 1 78f . 1 88 2 .14 1 88 1 34 .231 2 30 .237f . 2 29 5 2 .127f .129 2 40 2 22ff .229 .241 2 32 .236 . 2 21

I hrace T orone

1 79 .187 1 88

V ergina

7 5,n .13

C . A NCIENT A UTHORS A elian ,V .H .8 .16 A eschines, C tes . 1 83 A eschylus

8 ,n .2

D iodorus 1 3 .106 1 6 .39 1 6 .86

1 7 2 40 ,n .41 2 17 ,n .21

E upolis , c omicus E uripides P hoen .1099

1 97 1 77 .190 1 43 ,n .70

F avorinus n e d c P uYf Is

1 4 ,n .28 1 49,n .84 1 07.110 ,n .76 .229 G aetulicus & n .21 V 3 22 ,n .4 O resteia 1 38 S even 8 9 .142,n .70 H eliodor , P ersai,schoA ith .1.17 2 2,n .6 l ion t o 3 03 1 17 H erodotus A nakreon 1 43 1 .30 8 ,n .3 A nth .Pa1.6 .344 2 37 ,n .34 3 .12 1 8,n .I1 7 .301 2 23 5 .46 2 22 A ristophanes 5 .63f . 1 77,n .67 W asps 7 11 1 13 ,n .83 5 .77 9 2 K inghts,scho5 .98ff . 9 0 l ion t o 7 22 3 2 6 .14 5 2 B irds,scho6 .87-93 1 02,n .37 l ion t o 3 95 3 2 6 .103 1 13 & n .85 A ristotle , 6 .104 9 3 & n .19 A th .Po1 .58 .1 2 2 .34 ,n .31 6 .117 9 7 & n .7 6 .137-140 8 9 C icero 1 1 7 .189 1 17,n .103 T usc .Disp . 7 .207 2 25 4 .44 1 13,n .83 8 .16-18 9 ,n .6 8 .47 1 20 ,n .112 D emosthenes 8 . "t 4 2 3,n .24 .103 ,n . D e c orona 2 89 2 17 3 9 1 9 .280 2 3,n .25 8 .121 1 20 & n .109 6 0 .36 2 2,n .5 8 .122 1 20,nn .109f . E pitaphios 2 17 9 .61-63 1 05,n .44 D iodorus 9 .69f . 1 04 1 1.19.1 1 22 ,n .121 9 .81 .1 1 23 1 1.33 .1 1 04 & n .43 9 .83 1 9 1 1.33 .3 2 2 9 .85 1 6.104f .&nn . 1 2 .5 1 81 4 5f . 1 2 .60-72 1 88 ,n .22 9 .105 9 ,n .5 1 2.65 1 88 ,n .21 9 .121 1 23 ,n .129 1 2 .69f . 2 31 ,n .24 H esy c h i o s , s .v . t n i ' 1 3 .17 1 8 E upuyf r nt , ärp o v 2 7,n .48 1 3 .19 1 92,n .31 1 3 .29 1 8 I sokrates 1 3 .64 1 7,nn .3f . P aneg .155 1 0 ,n .15 1 3 .64f . 2 01,n .72 V 1II.68 1 29 ,n .22 1 3 .64ff . 1 98 ,nn .55f . 1 3 .65 1 7,n .3 K allikrates 3 2 1 3 .68-71 I 7,n .3 1 3 .97ff . 1 7,nn .3 .5

4 04

L ucian S kythes 1 -2 L ykourgos L eokr .

3 0 ,n .9 7 3

L ysias E pitaphios 6 1-66 8 0

2 10 3 1 ,n .17 2 05 2 2 ,n .5

M nesikles

3 2

P ausanias* 1 .1.2 1 .28 .6f . 1 .28 .8-11 1 .32 .2 1 .32 .3 1 .32 .5 1 .36.1 1 .43 .3 2 .7 .4 2 .20 .4 2 .22.1 2 .229 2 .24 .1 2 .24 .7 2 .25 .7 2 .29 .9 2 .38 .5 3 .14 .1 6 .20 .6 6 .21.2 6 .21.3 6 .21.9 7 .3 .4 8 .4 .9 . 8 .11.4 8 .13 .3 8 .15.5 8 .16.3 8 .28 .7 8 .41.1 9 .2 .5 9 .2.6 9 .10 .1 9 .19 .2 9 .32.9 9 .40 .10 1 0 .14 .5 1 0 .36 .10

19 2 9 2 9 2 0 1 00 ,n .31 1 8 ,n .11.97 ,n .5 1 03,n .38 .118 2 28 A pp .3 (10 ) A pp .3 (1) A pp .3 (2) A pp .3 (11 ) A pp .3 (3 ) A pp .3 (12 ) A pp .3 (4 ) 6 4 ,n .17 .66 ,n .31 A pp .3 (13 ) 2 23 A pp .3 (5) 6 4 ,n .17 6 6,n .31 A pp .3 (6) A pp .3 (14 ) 6 4 ,n .17 .66,n .31 6 6,n .31 A pp .3 (15 ) A pp .3 (7 ) 6 6,n .31 A pp .3 (16) A pp .3 (17 ) 1 03 .105 .121f 2 3 ,n .22.122 & n n .121.123 A pp .3 (18 ) A pp .3 (8 ) 1 7 A pp .3 (19) 1 20 & n .109 A pp ,3 (9 )

P hiliades, e pig rammatist P hilostratos V ita S oph .2 .30 P lato M enexenos 2 40D 2 42B 2 45A 2 49B P lato , c omicus P lutarch S olon A risteides 5 9 .2 1 6.4 1 9 .5-7 1 9 .5f . 2 1 T hemistokles 4 8 3 2 .5f . 3 4 K imon 5 7 .2 8 .1 P erikles 1 9 2 5-27 N ikias 2 9 A lkibiades 2 9-31

2 24 2 2,n .6 1 13 ,n .83 3 1,n .18 1 13,n .83 .118 2 2 1 19 8 ,n .1 9 7,n .6 1 18 1 13 & n .83 1 04 1 21 1 22 ,n .121 1 02 ,n .37 9 ,n .6.116f . 1 19 1 13 ,n .83 1 5,n .32 1 49,n .84 1 10 ,n .71 1 68 1 68 1 8 1 98 ,n .56

X .Orat .Vitae P ollux

9 (Hyper .)9ff . 2 17,n .22 8 .91 2 2

S imonides

' Simonides ' V [ Page ] V III I X X III X V X VIII X XI X XIV X LV X LVI X LVII

1 05 .107 .110 ,n . 7 6.111.115.116 . 2 23 ,225.229f . 9 3 1 05 ,n .47 1 05 ,n .47.116,n .96 1 20 & n .114 1 21,n .115 1 05 9 7 & n .11 1 17 1 41 1 26,n .3 1 26,n .3

F or P ausanias 1 .29 .2-16 s ee A ppendix 2 a s w ell a s t he p assages q uoted w ith t he t estimon ia . A pp .3 = A ppendix w ith t he r espective t exts i n U.

4 05

S ophokles A ntigone 1 06 C hoeph .106f . 0 .C .1044-1095 S trabo 9 .2.31 9 .4 .2 9 .4 .16

2 3 ,n .22 1 04 .121.223 2 23

T hukydides 1 .93 .2 1 .98 1 .104 1 .105ff . 1 .106 .3 1 .107 .5 1 .107 .6 1 .108 .2-3 1 .113 .2 1 .114 1 .115 1 .117 1 .131 2 .22 2 .23 2 .25 2 .26 2 .30 2 .31 2 .34 2 .34 .1 2 .34 .7 2 .35 2 .42 .4 2 .69 2 .71 2 .79 2 .83ff . 3 .5 . 3 .58 .4 3 .59 .2 3 .91 4 .28 4 .39 4 .43 4 .44 4 .53 4 .75 4 .96 4 .101 4 .101 4 .102 4 .102ff . 4 .121 4 .129-131 5 .8 . 5 .10

6 1,n .8 1 25 ,n .2 1 34 ,n .36 1 34 ,n .40 1 34 1 39 1 37 1 37 1 80 1 81 1 68 1 68 1 25 ,n .1 1 77 1 79 .183f . 1 79 1 79 1 79 1 79 .183 9 .12 2 7 ,n .51 2 7 ,n .49 1 1 8 ,n .4 1 83f . 1 21 1 83 1 83f . 1 86 1 22 ,n .121 1 22,n .121 2 31 1 86 1 86 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 88 2 31 2 31 ,n .24 1 88 1 29 ,n .22 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 86 1 86

1 43 ,n .70 1 16 ,n .97 2 13 ,n .16

T hukydides 5 .62 5 .74 .3 6 .43 6 .71 6 .94 6 .97ff . 6 .100-103 7 .3 7 .42 7 .57 7 .75 7 .85 7 .87 8 .24f . 8 .25 8 .34 8 .55 8 .71 8 .80 8 .95 8 .102 .2-3 8 .106

1 89 2 35 1 91 1 90 1 90 ,n .29 1 90 ,n .29 1 90 1 90 1 90 1 86 1 8,n .9 1 92 1 8.191 1 92 1 92 1 92 1 92 1 92 1 92 1 92 1 97 8 a 1 .49 1 97

X enophon H e11 .1 .2 .9 1 .2 .11 1 .3-4 1 .6 .33-1 .7 1 .7 .11 2 .1 .27-32 2 .4 .33 2 .4 .34f . 3 .5 .24 7 .4 .22-25

1 7 ,n .4 1 7 1 98 ,n .56 1 7 ,n .5 1 7 1 7 2 04 2 05 ,n .87 1 6 2 38 ,n .39

D .I NSCRIPTIONS* ( for * s ee n ext I G I3 61 I4 90 s uppl .p .110 4 62c V V V V

4 06

2 ,173 2 ,174 2 ,271 2 ,412

1 20 ,n .108 2 43 2 44 2 37 2 38 2 39 2 40

V I1,53 V I1,585 V I1,1888

2 28 2 30 2 32

X II,fasc .8 s uppl . 3 37

[ 3 ]

I nscriptions*(ctd .) I G 12 3 -4 3 94 4 53 6 55 7 63 8 20 8 34 1 002 1 034 I G 1 1 29 56 9 58 9 59 1 006 1 008 1 009 1 011 1 028 1 029 1 030 1 035 1 043 1 227 1 228 2 311 2 529 2 534-36 2 538 2 542 2 563 5 220 6 388 6 993

E .M USEUMS A ND C OLLECTIONS 1 08 9 1 9 3 1 20 & n .113 1 06 1 51 ,n .92 1 51 ,n .94 6 5 ,n .23 6 1

A miens M usee d e P icardie w hite-ground l ekyt hos 3 057 .172 .33 6 5 ,n .25 A msterdam A llard P ierson M useum r ed-ground (?) l outrophoros(?),fr . 2 455 6 2 r .f .loutrophoros,fr . 2 474 7,n .23

2 3 ,n .18 2 3 ,n .18 2 3 ,n .18 2 2 ,nn .7 .10 17 2,nn .10 ,13 . 2 3 ,n .19 .117 2,n .10 2 2,n .12 .23 , n n .17 .19 .21 . 2 2, n n .10 .14 . 17. 2 2,nn .10 .14 . 1 17. 2 2,nn .10 .24 . 2 3,n .17 8 ,n .5 .103 . 2 2,n .10 .15 . 1 6 . 2 3,n .20 . 1 03 ,n .41 . 2 5 ,n .31 . 3 5 ,n .40 . 3 5 ,n .40 . 3 5 ,n .40 . 3 5,n .40 . 8 8 ,n .2 . 3 0 ,n .11 . 8 8 ,n .2. 8 8 ,n .2.

A rgos , Museum i nscription

[ 52c]

A stros, M useum i nscription

2 45 [84 ]

A thens N ational M useum s culpture t orso 4 809

1 10 & n .75

r eliefs 8 9 1 26 1 688 2 823 2 826 3 614 g rave-reliefs 7 13 7 54 8 10 8 15 8 35

8 91 2 093 2 688 2 744 3 730 3 734 o f H ephaistes

I G 1/111 2 5 222 2 12 5 223 2 15 5 225 2 19 5 226 2 16 1678 2 03 I G I3 4 1 08 1 007 1 51,n .92 1 014 1 51,n .94 ( see a lso p p .375-378 a nd p .416 )

t rapeza 3 708

6 8 & n .52 2 5 ,n .37 6 9 & n .56 6 8 & n .52 6 8 & n .52 6 9 & n .55 7 4 ,n .2 6 8 ,n .43 .212 7 1 ,n .61 1 9 ,n .13 . 7 1,n .61 1 9 ,n .13 . 7 0 & n .58 . 8 4 & n .60 7 1 ,n .61 7 1,n .61 7 1,n .61 6 7 .209 7 1,n .61 7 0 ,n .58 7 4 ,n .2 4 1 & n .56 . 2 11,n .6 6 8 ,n .47

R oman s arcophagus B ronzes 1 5155 [ 31A ] 1 5189 1 3AI *F or i nscriptions s ee a lso I ndex E ,Museums a nd C ollections. I t e xtant, t hey a r alisted a t t he e nd o f i ndividual e ntries . F or I G 12 7 35 ,9279 68 a nd I G 1 3 1 143-1193 s ee A ppendix 5 , C oncordances p p .375ff .

4 07

A thens N ational M u seum,ctd . V ases b .f .loutrophoros 4 50 7 8 ,n .29 r .f .loutrophoroi 1 700 8 0 & n .35 1 7336 8 0 & n .37 7 8f . & n .30 p elike 1 5299 7 4 ,n .2 l ekythos 1 293 8 4 ,n .62 w hite-ground l ekythoi 1 761 7 5 ,n .12 1 815 6 5 ,n .25 1 816 7 5 ,n .12 1 825 6 6 & n .26 1 834 7 5 ,n .13 1 856 8 4 ,n .62 1 938 6 5 , & n .21 1 965 7 5 ,n .12 1 979 2 5 & n .35 2 026 6 3 ,n .13 6 7 ,n .37 3 146 6 6 ,n .35 3 882 6 6 ,n .30 1 2275 8 4 ,n .62 1 2745 7 5,n .12 1 2801 6 6,n .26 1 4517 7 5 ,n .13 1 7277 7 5 ,n .16 1 7294 7 5 ,n .16 1 7317 6 3 ,n .15 .64 , n .17 1 9345 6 7,n .37 A thens E pigraphical M useum i nscriptions 2 2 4 20 1 837 5 164

[ 10b ] [ 1] [ 63 ] [ 21d ]

5 578 6 286 6 287 6 719ß

[ 64 ] [ 2A ] [ 2B ] [ 36]

6 739 7 322 8 287 8 829 8 887 1 0207 1 0230 1 0231

[ 6A ] [ 3B ] [ 2B ] [ 77a ] [ 32A ] [ 46] [ 56] [ 57]

i nscriptions 1 0232 1 0233 1 0234 1 0235 1 0256 1 0257 1 0258 1 0259 1 0260 1 0261 1 0262 1 0263 1 0264 1 0265 1 0266 1 0267 1 0268 1 0269 1 0271 1 0272 1 0273 1 0274 1 0275 1 9276 1 0277 1 0278 1 0279 1 0617 1 0618 1 2410 1 2745-47 1 2883 1 3190 1 3304 1 3305 1 3306 1 3307 1 3308 1 3310 1 3312 1 3313 1 33 / 1 / 1 1 3356 1 3357

[ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 31a] [ 31a] [ 32A ]

1 3375 1 3376 1 3377 1 3378

[ 57] ] 57] [ 26] [ 57] [ 81]

A thens A gora M useum s culpture S2 11 S9 63

4 08

[ 18] [ 25] [ 39] [ 26] [ 58b ] [ 58b ] [ 63 ] [ 58b ] [ 82 ] [ 33] [ 25 ] [ 61] [ 63 ] [ 34 ] [ 58h ] [ 34 ] [ 50a ] [ 30 ] [ 25 ] [ 27 ] [ 25 ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 31a ] [ 55b ] [ 32h ] [ 2B] [ 31b ] [ 31a ] [ 55b ] [ 55b ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ] [ 21a ]

1 52 ,n .101 6 8 ,n .46

A thens A gora W iseum ,ctd . s culpture S2 456 v ases b .f .amphora ,fr . P1 0507 r .f .loutrophoroi P3 561 P1 8287 t erracotta T2 930 T3 393 i nscriptions I3 9 3 03 5 51a 5 21 5 55 8 59a ,b 8 88a ,b 9 20 9 53a-f 9 86 1 008a-c 1 207 1 539 1 898 1 955 2 006a-c 2 057 2 124 2 149 2 277 2 378a-b 2 424 2 492 2 608 2 657 3 047 3 181

A thens , A gora M useum ,ctd . i nscriptions 6 8 ,n .46 I6 514 [ 37 ] 6 523 [ 43 ] 6 882 [ 19] 3 4 6 953 [ 77c ] 6 959a ,b [ 58h ] 8 1 ,n .39 6 962 [ 31a ] 8 1,n .39 6 963 [ 7h ] 6 964 [ 44 ] 7 2 n .66 6 992 [ 21d ] 7 2 & n .65 .66 7 009 [ 18 ] 7 061 [ 62 ] [ 21a ] 7 098 [ 29 ] [ 6A ] 7 484 2 3 ,n ,21 [ 21a ] [ 80 ] A thens , [ 4 ] K erameikos M useum [ 21d ] s culpture [ 50a ] P7 98 6 8 & n .52 [ 36] P1 130 6 8 .291ff . [ 24 ] ( Dexileos ) [ 68A ] [ 67] r elief ,fr . 6 9 & n .53 [ 58b ] v ases [ 26] r .f .loutrophoroi [ 58b ] 3 234 7,n .18 [ 21e ] 3 235a-c 7,n .18 [ 36 ] 3 842 7 7 & n .25 [ 21a ] r .f .neck-amphora (?) [ 32A ] f r . 6 5 & n .22 [ 40 ] w hite-ground [ 58b ] l ekythos 3 146 7 5 & n .12 [ 41] i nscriptions [ 40 ] I6 6 [ 43 ] [ 40 ] [ 43 ] A thens , A kropolis M useum [ 28 ] r elief [ 43 ] ' Mourning A thena ' 7 3 & n .67 [ 36] v ases,r .f . [ 43 ] 4 34 ,cup ,frr . 1 22 ,n .119

3 285 3 333 3 694 3 769 3 842

[ 21a ] [ 37] [ 40 ] [ 20b ] [ 20b ]

3 923 4 031 4 127 4 168 4 193 4 256

1 6] [ 57] [ 63 ] [ 44 ] [ 37] [ 6A ]

4 983 5 013 5 065 5 891 5 901

[ 21a ] [ 57] [ 57 ] [ 23 ] [ 30 ]

A thens , T hird E phoria s culpture h orse l egs i nscription

4 1 [ 75]

w hite-ground l ekythos f rom L enormant S treet D1 6 6 ,n .30 r .f .kalyx-krater f r . A thens , R oman A gora i nscription 1 965 .20

4 09

3 7 ,n .50

[ 58h ]

A thens, K anellopoulos s culpture f r . , grave l ekythos v ases r .f .loutrophoros i nv .no .495 w hite- wound l ekythos

6 6,n .35

A thens,Mrs.Rosolimou r .f .loutrophoros

8 1,n .39

A thens,Vlasto w hite-ground l ekythos

7 5,n .12

A thens ‚ private g ravestone o f I naros w hite-ground l ekythos i nscription

7 1,n .61

8 1,n .39

7 4 ,n .2 6 6,n .30 [ 21a ]

B altimore , W alters A rt G allery s culpture r elief f rieze ,fr . 2 3 .185

6 9 & n .57

8 1 & n .42

B asle ‚ private w hite-ground ' huge 'lekythos

B ologona , M useo C ivico w hite-ground l ekythos P U 3 67 6 6 ,n .35 B onn , o nce i n B onn , U niversity w hite-ground l ekythos 6 4 ,n .17.65 B oston , M useum o f F ine A rts v ases r .f .bell-krater 1 0 .185 1 52 & n .98 r .f .askos 1 3 .169 8 4 & n .54 w hite-ground l ekythoi 0 0 .359 6 4 & n .19.65 0 1.8080 6 4 & n .19.65 8 1,n .39 1 0 .220 6 5,n .25 1 970 .428 6 6 & n .26 B oston , p rivate r .f .fragment

B asel ‚ Antikenmuseum w hite-ground l ekythos S M D1 8

B erlin M useums (east a nd w est )ctd . w hite-ground l ekythoi 2 677 8 4 ,n .62 3 262 6 5 ,n .25 3 293 6 4 & n .18 6 5 & n .20

8 2 & n .45

B erkeley ,U n iversity o f C alifornia w hite-ground l ekythos i nv .no .8/3310 6 6, n .35

8 4 & n .56

B rocklesbey P ark ,Worsley c oll ., g rave-relief (?) f r . 7 2,n .64 B russels, M usees R oyaux w hite-ground l ekythos A 1 24 7 5,n .122 C ambridge ‚ Engla n d F itzwilliam M useum g rave-relief 1 2 .1885

7 1,n .63

B erlin ,Museums (east a nd w est C ambridge ‚ Mass . s culpture F ogg A rt M useum g rave-reliefs v ases, r .f . K2 9 b ell-krater 2 5 ,n .34 1 9,n .13 .70 , n .58 c up ,1925 .30 .130 1 22,n .119 K3 0 6 8 .213 .220 C hicago , U niversity i nscription w hite-ground S k 1 754 [ 20B ] l ekythos 6 3 t erracotta i nv .6803 5 2,n .12 .67 ,Copenhagen ,National M useum n .37 g rave-relief 1 626 7 1,n .61 v ases.r .f . C openhagen ,Ny C arlsberg l outrophoros G lyptotek 7 8f . & n .30 3 209 s culpture ‚ relief f r . c olumn-krater I .N .2787 6 8 & n .50 3 206 1 52 & n .98

4 10

L ondon , B ritish M useum s culpture r elief f rom S igeion 7 89 6 9 ,n .57 g rave-relief 6 93 7 0 ,n .58 v ases b .f .neck-amphora B2 39 8 4 & n .57 r .f .bell-krater 9 8 .7-16.6 2 5,n .35 r .f .lekythos E5 86 8 4 & n .58 w hite-ground l ekythoi 6 5 ,nn .20 .25 D5 8 8 4 ,n .62 D6 3 6 6,n .30 D6 5 7 5 ,n .12 9 7.3-19 .1 6 6,n .35 1 905 .11-1.1 6 6,n .26 1 928 .2-13 .1 7 5 ,n .12 1 928 .2-13 .2 8 1 & n .43 1 928 .2-13 .3 i nscriptions [ 21a ] B4 909 [ 41] I3 7 [ 49] I3 8 L ouvain , U niversity r .f .loutrophoros , f rr .FM 1 55-155b , 1 56-156f . 7 7 & n .18

C openhagen ,Ny C arlsberg G lyptotek (ctd .) w h ite-ground l ekythos 2 793 6 3,n .15 E leu sis, M useum v otive r elief

2 13

E rlangen , U niversity r .f . l outrophoros f rr .526

7 6f .

F errara r .f .volute-krater T .127

2 5,n .33

G otha, M useum r .f .lekythos,25

8 4 & n .58

H eidelberg ,Archäologis ches I nstitut r .f .loutrophoros K1 3 8 1,n .39 w hite-ground l ekythos L4 1 6 6,n .35 H obart ‚ University o f T asmania w hite-ground l ekythoi 3 0a-b 7 5,n .13 H a custa l ,Museum o f F ine A rts w hite-ground l ekythos 3 7.7 6 5 & n .24 o n l oan 6 6,n .35 K oropi (?),from M erenta g rave l outrophoros

7 1,n .63

K yrene ,Museum g rave-relief ,f r . P ariben i n o .51

7 0 ,n .60

L aon , M usee v ases,r .f . n eck-amphora 3 7. 1023 1 50 ,nn .87 8 9.152,n .98 ( Nolan ) l ekythoi 3 7 .952 6 3 ,n .15 .66, n .30 3 7.955 6 6,n .30 3 7.959 8 1,n .39 L eningrad , E rmitage i nscription L eyden ‚ Muse u m g rave l ekythos R O 1A 5

M adrid ,Museo A rqueolög ico N acional ekythoi w hite-ground l 6 3 ,n .15 1 1178 6 3 ,n .15 1 1181 7 5 ,n .12 1 1184 7 5 ,n .12 1 1186 7 5,n .12 1 1191 6 5 ,n .25.75 , 1 9497 n .5 1 9501 7 5,n .12 M alibu , G etty M useum s culpture r elief ,fr . 7 9 .AA .1 6 8,n .51 M ainz ,Archäologisches I nstitut r .f .loutrophoros f rr .

8 1,n .39

[ 58b ]

M arburg ‚ University r .f .lekythos 1 749

8 4 & n .58

7 1,n .63

M unich ,A ntikensammlungen w hite-ground l ekythoi 7 5,n .12 8 1,n .41

4 11

N ewcastle-upon-Tyne , U niversity M useum r .f .loutrophoros,fr . 7 7,n .22 N ew Y ork ‚ Metropolitan M useum o f A rt s culpture 2 5 .116 2 9 .47 4 0 .11 .23 v ases,r .f . l outrophoros 0 7.286.52 l ekythos 0 7.286 .67 w hite-ground l ekythoi 0 7 .1 1 2 .229 .10 3 5.11.5 4 1.162 .11 4 1.162 .12 O lympia , M useum b ronzes B2 600 B5 100 O xford , A shmolean M useum s culpture r elief f r . v ases,r .f . l outrophoroi 1 921 .867 1 929 .11a-c 1 929 .12 k alyx-krater 1 942 .3 p elike 1 966 .854 c up 1 911.615 w h ite-ground l ekythoi 2 63 1 956 .14

1 55 2 14 [ 69]

8 1,n .39 2 5,n .36

P aris,Cabinet d es M edailles v ases,b .f . k antharoi 3 53 7 8& 11 .29 3 55 7 8 & n .29

6 6,n .35 6 5,n .25 6 7,n .37 P aris ,Platt (ex F euar8 1 & n .40 d ent ) 7 5,n .13 w hite-ground l ekythos 7 5 ,n .16 7 5,n .12 P hiladelphia ‚ University M useum r .f .loutrophoros [ 3c ] 7 8 & nn .27f . 3 0 .4 .1

[o ]

P hialdelphia ,Art m arket r .f .askos 6 8 ,n .43 [ 59] 8 1 & n .38 7 7 & n .25 7 7 & n .25 2 5,n .35 8 4 & n .55 8 4 ,n .57 8 4 ,n .62 6 6,n .30

P aestum ,Museum b .f .pelike

1 50 ,n .89

P aris,Louvre M useum g rave-relief 3 063

7 0 ,n .58

t erracotta (Melian ) r elief N 4 947 v ases,r .f . l outrophoros C A 4 194 c olumn-krater 6 356 h ydria N 3 368 p elike G 2 32

P aris ,Louvre M useum (ctd .) v ases,r .f . p elike G 2 34 1 52 , n. 1 01 p elike C 1 0793 1 50,n .87 o inochoe N 3 357 2 5,n .37 l ekythos G 3 81 2 5, n .3 6 w hite-ground l ekythoi C A 2 73 8 2 & n .46 C A 4 171 6 6,n .35 S1 161 7 5,n .13 i nscriptions M a 8 63 [ 20a] M a 8 64 [ 56]

5 6,n .12

8 5 ,n .57

P iraeus ‚M u se u m s culpture g rave-reliefs 1 9 ,n .13 .70 3 85 n. 6 0 .200 , n . ( Lykeas a nd C haire - & 7 0 d emos) 2 00 , n. 6 7 3 86 ( Hippomachos) [ 83] 2 575 r eliefs f rom K allithea t omb 6 9 & n .54 R avenna ,Museo C ivic° h erm o f M iltiades R ome,Vatian g rave-relief 8 71,inv .no .17 R ome ,Museo N azionale d elle T erme H ermes L udovisi R ome, V illa A lbani c ombat r elief

8 0 & n .34 5 2,n .12 2 5,n .36 2 5,n .36

4 12

1 10,n .71

7 2,n .64 .234 [ 48d ]

1 63 6 8 .77.178 2 13f .&n .16 . 2 34

S amos,Heraion i nscription N 1 48 m onument o f M äiand rios S amos , T igani M useum i nscription I 1 66 T anagra ,Mu seum i nscription i nv .2 71

[ 20B ] [ 17A ] [ 20A ]

T hebes ‚M use u m g rave-stele ‚ painted o f S augenes i nscriptions 1 413 2 016-1023 T ivoli ‚ Villa H adriana s culpture o f w arrior

1 26 & n .7

A rt M arket ,MuM b .f .kantharos ( Auktion 1 980 ,#72 )

7 8 ,n .29

A rt M arket w hite-ground l ekythos 6 4 ,n .17 ( Ars A ntigua 1 961,11 , n o .110 )

[ 48h ]

T aranto ,Museo N azionale w hite-ground l ekythos 4 566 6 5 ,n .23 S outh-Italiote b ell-krater 2 7 .41 8 3 & n .53 T egea , M useum i nscriptions i nv .1220a-o 1 246

P rivate c ollection r .f .oinochoe

I nscr iptions t ransferred f orm A gora M useum t o E pigraphical M useum e x A gora 3 9 5 51a 5 51b 1 207 2 006a 2 006b 2 006c 2 057 3 285 4 031 4 893 5 013 5 065 6 962

[ 71a ] [ 72]

2 31 & n .23 [ 68c] [ 48c ]

1 28 ,n .13

T übingen ,Archäologisches I nstitut r .f .loutrophoroi 7 7,n .22 E9 0 7 7 ,n .18 1 500 7 7 & n .26 1 568a-c 8 1 ,n .39 1 568e 8 1 ,n .39 1 568k 8 1.n .39 1 627 8 4 & n .59 Z1 19 V ienna ‚ Kunsthistorisches M useum v ases r .f .pelike 3 727 1 51,n .91 . 1 52 ,n .98 w hite-ground l ekyt hos 3 746 6 5 ,n .25 W arsaw ,N ational M useum w hite-ground l ekythos i nv .no .198 9 26 6 5 ,n .19 W orcester , M ass . ‚ Art M useum g ravestele w ith w arrior 7 0 & n .60 .71 , n n .62f .

4 13

n ow E M 1 3305 [21a ] 1 3306[21a ] 1 3308 [21a] 1 3377 [25] 1 3310 [21a ] 1 3312 [21a ] 1 3311 [21a ] 1 3357 [32A ] 1 3307 [21a ] 1 3376[57] 1 3309[21a ] 1 3378 [57] 1 3375 [57] 1 3356 [31a ]

F . S ampling o f G reek W ords a nd S entences. P assages f rom G reek a uthors q uoted i n t he t ext a re n ot e xcerpted h ere . R ather , t he s amplings r efer t o i ndividual w ords a nd s hort s entences s trewn i n i n t he t ext . T

0

•

P

a -9 .a : i t T oi . E V T OT : n oX p .ot A eü4ws C c e yav , . a tet , • , , a vf lp y cvo cvoc & yae6c v öpcc y evogEvot a yaeoi , a viu ) n oX 4 ly n dnwv (Ax...) A n eavE x ä Uto.T a P 0 P & i t 6 o c t ,t . c V Tol : i t Xot .c a apoc

3

i

7 a V eL 5 J

8 1 16

8 .35,n . 4 2.88

p ' inpoc cv

P ~ C V T a U ea

1 7 8 2 2f f . 1 7 3 0

a uToM 1 n ep g UEQE w i ç Yt&qoc , . r i p .oatn, ö n i loc 4 jnµoctat f , väyto-µ a E vypapot g veev x at

2 4 1 6 I Off . 1 4.I8.220f .

3 0

3 4,n .31

5 0.187 3 2 3 0 8 1 26

g VeEV

t Ttp .no.a v c yaXwc E upi jge8ov E tgt

e ucia t

3 4,n .31

t apcuc x aTä Ta n jr upta x eve&ptov x ua cbe g aTr ixa X Ev act tç 4. 0 8Et & 80 {EtTO 4 ETä , ~ o t A n eaVOV E V T ( 2 n OX 4 1 .y. n oTE ' r popaa tXcCc n p i T y 5ot C Y r oç T EXEuTi l...XaµnpoTäTn T öTE n p r i ltov 4 atpe ( ) . ) T i )XOLEV

2 36 I I 2 45 1 26 1 43 2 45 3 0

4 8 1 26, n .3.139.224,n. 5

2 35f. 1 3

1 16,n .101

8 ,n.5 2 2,n.4 2 39 1 8.112

4 14

A DDENDA E T C ORRIGENDA T O V OL.2 p .251:

n .27, a fter " Stoessl's c omment" a dd: i n G razer B eit räge 8 ,1979,57-73, " Die A nfänge d er T heatergeschicht e A thens".

p .256:

n .27,

a dd;

p .269:

n .17,

f or " Bonn" r ead " Once B onn".

p .277:

n .2. c oncerning t he p ublication o f D r. d issertation s ee p .x.

p .279:

n .12, 3 146.

p .365:

I n P ausanias 1 .29.8 a dd a fter M aLi cv8pou: t Tivraav a t o t T eXevTf iaavTeg n oXe l loUvTog K aacav8poU, d eletin ,5 .the f ollowing t z& r wav ô, a nd c ontinuing w ith x at o t.

p .375:

a dd t he f ollowing:

p .378

S EG X XV111.26.

i n f ourth b ut

I G 1 2

I G 13

8 53a 1 055

1 153

C atalogue

B radeen

5 7 p .383:

l ast

H auvette

2 2 i s

N akayama's

l ine a dd a fter K erameikos

C atalogue 8 2 3 2A I G 1 2

I G

9 51/2

13

1 192

t o f ollow H ausmann .

I ndex A : p .397: p .402:

a fter D emosion S ema a dd: B efore l etter Z a dd: x enoi 5 1.196 X erxes 2 29

D emosthenes,

g eneral

I ndex E : p .411: p .412:

t o M unich a dd : t o N aples

a dd:

g rave l ekythos D V 3 3

7 1,n.61

v ase, r .f. c olumn-krater

1 52 & n.98

4 15

1 90

486

B .C.

F IG.1

T HE D EMOSION S EMA l i g\

H OROS S TONE O F T HE A CADEIY

A CADEMY 1 1

A PSIDAL H OUSE 1(/ A LTAR O F P ROMETHEUS

G F _ ,O ti t ETR IC H OUSE

-N

A LTAR O F E ROS

' TOMB O F H ARMODIOS A RISTOGEITON

A CADEMY R OAD W AGON R OAD

L OC .14

L OC .11

4 91/90 ? t2 7 a :487/6 ?

L OC .5 [ TOMB O F K LEISTHEN ES 9 ] S HRINE O F D IONYSOS ?

T EMPLE O F A RTEMIS

T OMB O F T OXAR IS

z

‚

) D: P * * YLON

4 85-464 B .C.

F IG.2

T HE D EMOS I ON S EMA

A oP T oM&A 1 7 :469? ‚ 466?

7 a . 491/90? ' 487/6?

T oK N B t o f igs.2-5 :Polyandria e rected i n t he p revious t ime s pan a re e ntered i n in . N ewl y e rected p olyandria a re m arked r-1 . H ypothetically p laced p olyandria a re m arked . F or a bbreviated m onu ments i n f ig .2 s ee f ig .l. A ll t estimonia a re n umbered a nd d ated ,e.g .l8 :464 B .C .

L OC .3

T oT

t = 11 8 :464 S hoD ? T oA

4 63-429 B .C.

• I I .ST .

F IG.3

T HE D EMOSION Sag

A oP

T oH&A

A oE T omb o f E phialtes 4 1 :432 ----

2 0a :459? ‚ 458?

D 3 2a-b :447/6 3 1a-b :447/6 2 2a :450

e z i2la :458 2 1c-d :458 ci 2 1b :458 7 a :491/90? ‚ 487/6? 4 2b :431 4 4 :429?

4 3 :430 T oK S hoD ? T oA

T oT

4 2a :431

g a -18 :464 2 1e :458T omb o f P erikles

D IPYLON

4 28-400 B .C.

F IG.4

T HE D EMOSION S EMA

•H .ST.

A CADEMY

A oP T oH&A 1 7 :469?,466? A oE

o

4 1 :432E:: 3 1at x447/6 2 2a :450 4 8a :424 5 0b :422 5 5a-b :412/11

5 8a-b :409/8 5 1a :418 3 2a-b :447/6 5 2a :415/4 -------54 :413-11? 5 6 :411/10

4 6 :428-22 4 7 :428-22

4 5 :428 2 1a :458 7-1 2 1c-d :458 2 1b :458 7 a :491/90? ‚ 487/6?

n:

4 2b :431 5 3 :413

4 2a :431

13

4 4 :429?

4-

-I

T oK o a S hoD 2 T oA T oT 6 0b :403?

1 8 :464 2 1e :458T oPerikles 9 T omb o f P r mio wig

6 0a :403

1 D IPYLON

3 99-322(146)

i n

B .C.

H .St .

F IG.5

T HE D EMOS I ON S EMA

T oH&A dT .of K onon c 7 57-27 1 3T' o f T imotheus . T oE c T .of C hrysipposA g 7 :469? 4 66? T .of N ikias T .of A then .(vs .Karthag .,146 ) T .of L ykourgos O lympiodoros(vs.Maked .,286 ) CM -78 :323/22 4 1 :432 -5 8a-b :409/8 3 1a 1 2447/6„5: i 179 :322 l _ a :418 3 2a-b :447/6 7 7ab :338 5 2a :415/4 7 7c :338 5 4 :413-11 2 2a :450 5 6 :411-410 4 8a :424 5 0b :422 1 68a-b :394 5 5ab :412/11

8 0 :3 22 T .of E uboulos 0T .of A pollodoros

0

4 6 :428-22 4 7 :428-22

C D

T .of K assander 4 5 :428 2 1a :458

7 6 :349

2 1c-d .4 58 2 1b :458 • e s 7 a :491/90?487/6? __ Z ga :431 7 5 :362?

-

4 2b :431 4 1 5 3 :413 • 4 4 :429?

1 8 :464 2 1e :458

T oK

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T oPerikles a iToPhor r n ion

T oT T .of T hrasyboulos T .of " Chabrias" 6 0b :4Ö3? 6 0a :403

D IP YLON

F IG.6 E XCAVATIONS O N T HE A CADEMY A ND W AGON R OADS ( all n os.refer t o l ocations)

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