Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 20 The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 20: April 1791 to August 1791 9780691185262, 0691046867

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THE PAPER S O F

T H O M A S JEFFERSO N

T H E PAPER S O F

Thomas Jefferson Volume 2 0 l Apri l t o 4 August 179 1 JULIAN P . BOYD , EDITO R RUTH W . L E S T E R , ASSISTAN T EDITO R

PRINCETON, NE W JERSE Y PRINCETON UNIVERSIT Y PRES

1982

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Copyright © 198 2 b y Princeton Universit y Press Published b y Princeto n Universit y Press , 41 Willia m Street, Princeton, New Jerse y IN T H E UNITE D KINGDOM :

Princeton Universit y Press , Guildford, Surre y All Right s Reserved L.C. CAR D 50-748 6

This boo k has been composed in Linotron Monticello Clothbound editions of Princeton Universit y Pres s books are printe d on acid-free paper , and binding material s are chose n for strength an d durability

Printed in the Unite d State s of America by Princeton Universit y Press , Princeton, New Jerse y ISBN-13: 978-0-691-04686- 0 (cloth ) ISBN-10: 0-691-04686- 7 (cloth )

D E D I C A T E D T O T H E MEMOR Y O

ADOLPHS

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PUBLISHER O F T H E NE W YOR

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S K TIME

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1896-1935 WHO B

Y T H E E X A M P L E O FA

RESPONSIBL

PRESS E N L A R G E D AN D FORTIFIE T H E JEFFERSONIA N CONCEP O FA

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D

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ADVISORY COMMITTE

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FRANCIS L . B E R K E L E Y , JR . WILLIAM G . BOWE N L. H . B U T T E R F I E L D HENRY S T E E L E COMMAGE

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HAROLD W . DODD S LUTHER H . EVAN S ROBERT F . GOHEE N ARCHIBALD MACLEIS H DUMAS MALON E RICARDO A . MESTRE S DATUS C . SMITH , JR . I P H I G E N E OCH S S U L Z B E R G E R LUCIUS WILMERDING , JR .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As INDICATE D i n the firs t volume, thi s edition wa s mad e possibl e b y a grant of $200,000 fro m th e Ne w Yor k Time s Company to Princeto n University . Since this initia l subvention, it s continuance ha s been assured by additiona l contributions fro m the Ne w Yor k Time s Company; by the gran t of the For d Foundation t o th e Nationa l Archive s Trus t Fun d Boar d a s explaine d i n Volume 17 ; b y th e Fellowshi p bestowe d on th e Edito r b y th e Joh n Simo n Guggenheim Memoria l Foundation ; an d b y othe r benefaction s fro m th e Charlotte Palme r Phillips Foundation, Tim e Inc., and from suc h loya l sup porters o f the enterpris e a s James Russel l Wiggins an d David K. E. Bruce . In commo n wit h other edition s of historical documents, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson i s a beneficiary o f the goo d offices o f the Nationa l Historica l Publications an d Records Commission , tendered i n man y usefu l form s throug h its officer s an d dedicate d staff . Fo r these an d othe r indispensabl e aid s gen erously give n b y librarians , archivists , scholars , an d collector s o f manu scripts, th e Editor s record their sincer e gratitude .

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N T H E las t month s o f hi s life , Julia n Boy d concentrated o n com pleting th e Editoria l Not e tha t h e title d "Fixin g th e Sea t o f Government," which he referre d to a s the L'Enfan t note . Although thi s note appear s first i n th e volume , h e lef t i t fo r las t becaus e h e con sidered i t th e mos t difficul t an d time-consuming . H e ha d begu n drafting th e conclusio n fo r i t and , i n fact , ha d stoppe d i n mid sentence to tak e a telephone cal l o r ponder hi s choic e o f words. H e was neve r abl e t o retur n to it . T h e L'Enfan t note , printed here essentially a s drafted, never benefited fro m M r. Boyd's scrupulou s re-examination and possible cor rections, but his conclusion about the roles of Jefferson and L'Enfan t in preparin g a pla n fo r th e ne w capita l o f th e natio n i s clear . Hi s final note s revea l a concer n fo r wha t Fisk e Kimbal l correctl y de scribed a s th e apotheosi s o f Pierr e L'Enfan t mor e tha n a centur y after hi s employment . Eve n a s the y praise d hi s geniu s a s a cit y planner, th e architects , historians , an d head s o f governmen t plan ning agencies wh o thought the y had resurrected his reputation iron ically denie d hi m th e on e clai m L'Enfan t hope d woul d wi n hi m fame an d fortune: that o f originality, of envisioning som e innovativ e departure fro m th e Ol d Orde r exemplifie d i n Europea n cities. I nstead, hi s advocate s found , hi s pla n fo r th e sea t o f governmen t re flected hi s Europea n training in ar t and engineering . I t i s no t sur prising that the effort s t o trace European influence s i n his plan were carried to historicall y inaccurate extremes, no r can it be denie d tha t the apotheosi s had its utilitaria n objects. I n his Editoria l Note , M r. Boyd attempte d t o restor e balanc e t o th e evaluatio n o f L'Enfant' s contribution an d t o sho w tha t "Jefferson' s impres s upo n th e pla n for th e capita l is fa r greate r tha n ha s bee n realized. " At on e point , whil e reflectin g o n th e significanc e o f th e devel opment o f th e capita l rathe r tha n o n th e mytholog y surroundin g L'Enfant an d hi s rol e i n it , M r . Boy d wrot e wha t perhap s bes t represents his final conclusion: "Like the nation itself, appropriately, the capita l o f thi s 'Gran d Empire ' o f L'Enfant' s visio n wa s viewe d in idealisti c terms b y those who founde d i t - a s something triumphing ove r th e Gothi c decadence o f corrupt Europe, becomin g nobl e in simplicity and grandeur as in Rome and Athens and in Jefferson' s view lookin g fa r beyond. Bu t in actuality, as proved by a history of nearly tw o centuries , it , lik e th e nation , exhibite d it s conflicts , it s corruptions, its mistakes, its human errors of judgment an d attempt s [ vi i ]

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at justification. I t i s perhap s i n thi s sens e a bette r reflectio n o f th e character o f th e peopl e tha n an y symboli c pla n o f beaut y an d re publican utilit y that eve n Jefferson , muc h less L'Enfant , coul d have devised." This , w e believe , i s ho w h e woul d hav e ende d hi s essa y had h e bee n abl e t o d o so . Several question s an d note s writte n throughou t th e manuscrip t over the pas t fe w year s required our attention an d led to som e small changes i n th e origina l annotation . Whil e scannin g thi s material , we foun d evidenc e t o sugges t tha t Mr . Boyd migh t hav e intende d to brin g together another grou p o f related letters. A n essay entitle d "Sources o f Foreig n Intelligence " woul d hav e introduce d si x doc uments: Secretar y o f Stat e t o Gouverneu r Morris, 2 6 Jul y 1791 ; Secretary o f Stat e t o th e President , 2 7 Jul y 1791 ; T h e Presiden t to the Secretar y of State, 28 Jul y 179 1 ; Secretary of State to Willia m Short, 2 8 Jul y 1791 ; Secretar y of Stat e t o th e President , 3 0 Jul y 1791; an d T h e Presiden t t o th e Secretar y of State , 3 0 Jul y 1791 . We hav e separate d thes e letter s an d printe d them i n chronologica l order. Julian Boy d lef t a scholarly legac y tha t wil l b e lon g appreciate d by the practitioner s of the craf t of historical editing . Mos t historians who bega n editin g afte r 195 0 starte d in Princeton, asking for advice on settin g u p a projec t an d compilin g material s fo r printing . T h e "Boyd method " o f accessionin g document s an d transcribin g them lives o n i n dozen s o f location s throughou t th e country . Hi s ne w method o f transcription was called to the attention o f a wide audienc e when th e editor s o f th e Encyclopedia of American History include d a sectio n o n it . Nevertheless , th e editor s o f tha t book , an d mos t historical editors , hav e faile d t o realiz e tha t th e ne w method s an d high standard s tha t hav e mad e thes e volume s famou s wer e estab lished b y M r . Boyd specifically for Thoma s Jefferson' s papers . H e did no t believ e tha t ever y collectio n o f paper s o f ever y historica l figure warrante d th e sam e treatment , althoug h h e believe d tha t i f one intende d t o transcribe papers for letterpress publication , the job should b e don e wit h accurac y an d fidelity. I t wa s hi s overridin g concern tha t th e paper s o f Thoma s Jefferso n - on e o f fou r o r five collections o f paper s h e considere d fundamentall y importan t i n th e history of our nation - b e prepared and published in a comprehensive edition o f suc h hig h standard s tha t late r edition s woul d b e unnec essary. H e woul d wan t t o b e remembere d fo r that, an d Volumes 1 20 o f The Papers of Thomas Jefferson ar e a proper monument t o hi s achievement. Our preparatio n for publicatio n o f thi s las t numbe r ha s required [ vii i ]

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few correction s or revisions; in all cases o f doubt w e hav e attempte d to presen t th e materia l i n accordanc e wit h Mr . Boyd' s styl e an d principles of editing. H e believe d tha t each scholar must d o his ow n editing an d expecte d tha t futur e volume s woul d necessaril y reflec t differences. Thi s twentiet h volum e i s vintag e Boyd , however , an d it i s satisfyin g t o hav e ha d a hand i n presentin g i t a s such. C H A R L E S T . C U L L E N

10 November 1980

[ix]

GUIDE T O EDITORIA L APPARATUS 1. TEXTUAL DEVICES

T h e followin g device s ar e employed throughou t th e wor k to clar ify th e presentatio n o f th e text . [ . . . ] , [ . . . . ] On e o r two word s missin g an d not conjecturable . [. . .][. . . .] Mor e tha n tw o word s missin g an d no t conjectur able; subjoine d footnot e estimate s numbe r o f words missing . [ ] Numbe r o r par t of a number missin g o r illegible , [roman] Conjectura l reading for missing or illegible matter . A questio n mar k follow s whe n th e readin g i s doubtful. [italic] Editoria l commen t inserte d i n th e text . (italic) Matte r deleted i n the M S bu t restore d in our text. I ] Recor d entry fo r letter s no t found . 1

2. DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

The followin g symbol s ar e employe d throughou t th e wor k t o describe th e variou s kind s o f manuscrip t originals . Whe n a serie s of version s i s recorded , the first to be recorded is the version used for the printed text. Dft draf

t (usuall y a composition o r rough draft ; later drafts, whe n identifiabl e a s such , ar e desig nated " 2 Dft, " &c.) Dupl duplicat e M S manuscrip t (arbitraril y applie d t o mos t docu ments othe r tha n letters ) N note , note s (memoranda , fragments , &c. ) PoC polygrap h cop y P r C pres s cop y R C recipient' s cop y S C stylograp h cop y Tripl triplicat e

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. On th e othe r hand , th e followin g type s o f [xi]

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manuscripts ar e assume d not t o b e i n th e han d o f th e author , an d exceptions wil l b e noted : F C fil

e cop y (applie d to al l forms o f retained copies , such a s letter-book copies , clerk' s copies, &c. ) T r transcrip t (applied to bot h contemporary and later copies; perio d of transcription, unles s clea r by implication, wil l b e give n whe n known ) 3. LOCATION SYMBOLS

T h e location s o f mos t document s printe d i n thi s editio n fro m originals in private hands, from originals held by institutions outsid e the Unite d States , an d fro m printe d source s ar e recorde d i n self explanatory for m i n th e descriptiv e not e followin g eac h document . T h e locatio n symbol s B L and P R O are used fo r document s i n th e British Librar y an d th e Publi c Recor d Offic e i n London , respec tively. T h e location s o f document s printe d fro m original s hel d b y public institution s i n th e Unite d State s ar e recorde d b y mean s o f the symbol s use d i n th e Nationa l Unio n Catalo g in th e Librar y o f Congress; (explanatio n o f ho w thes e symbol s ar e forme d i s give n above, Vol . 1 : xl). T he symbols D L C an d M Hi by themselves wil l stand fo r th e collection s o f Jefferson Paper s proper in these repos itories; whe n text s ar e draw n fro m othe r collection s hel d b y thes e two institutions , th e name s o f the particula r collections wil l b e added. T h e lis t o f symbol s appearin g i n eac h volum e i s limite d t o th e institutions represente d by document s printe d or referred to i n that and previou s volumes . B L Britis h Library , Londo n C L S U Universit y o f Souther n Californi a Library , Los Angele s C L U Willia m Andrew s Clar k Memoria l Library , University o f Californi a a t Lo s Angele s C S M Colonia l Societ y o f Massachusetts, Bosto n C S m H Henr y E . Huntington Library , Sa n Marino , California Ct Connecticu t State Library , Hartfor d C t H i Connecticu t Historical Society , Hartfor d C t Y Yal e Universit y Librar y D e H i Historica l Societ y o f Delaware , Wilmington D L C Librar y o f Congress D N A Th e Nationa l Archives , wit h identification s [xii]

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of serie s (precede d b y recor d grou p num ber) a s follows : A L America n Letters C D Consula r Dispatche s D C I Diplomati c an d Consular Instructions D D Diplomati c Dispatche s D L Domesti c Letter s F L Foreig n Letter s L A R Letter s o f Applicatio n an d Rec ommendation M L R Miscellaneou s Letter s Receive d M T A Miscellaneou s Treasur y Account s N L Note s fro m Legation s N W T Northwes t Territor y Papers P C Proceeding s o f Board of Commissioners fo r th e Distric t o f Co lumbia P C C Paper s o f th e Continenta l Con gress P D L Printin g an d Distributio n o f th e Laws S D C Stat e Departmen t Correspond ence SDR A Record of the Reports of Thomas Jefferson, Secretar y of Stat e fo r the Unite d State s o f America S W T Southwes t Territor y Papers G - A r Georgi a Departmen t o f Archive s an d His tory, Atlant a I C H i Chicag o Historica l Society, Chicag o I H i Illinoi s Stat e Historica l Library, Springfiel d I M u n S St . Mar y o f the Lak e Seminary , Mundelein , Illinois I n H i Indian a Historical Society, Indianapoli s M B Bosto n Publi c Library , Bosto n M B A Archives , Stat e House , Bosto n M B A t Bosto n Athenaeum , Bosto n M d A A Marylan d Hall o f Records , Annapoli s MdAN U.S . Nava l Academ y Library , Annapoli s M d H i Marylan d Historical Society, Baltimor e M e H i Main e Historica l Society, Portlan d C xii i ]

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M H Harvar d Universit y Librar y M H i Massachusett s Historica l Society , Bosto n M H i : A M Adam s Manuscripts , Massachusett s Histor ical Societ y M i U - C Willia m L . Clements Library , Universit y o f Michigan M o S H i Missour i Historica l Society , St . Loui s M W A America n Antiquaria n Society , Worcester , Massachusetts N A Ne w Yor k Stat e Library , Alban y N B u Buffal o Publi c Library , Buffalo , Ne w Yor k N c D Duk e Universit y Library , Durham , Nort h Carolina N c U Universit y o f Nort h Carolin a Library, Chapel Hill N h D Dartmout h Colleg e Library , Hanover , Ne w Hampshire N h H i Ne w Hampshir e Historical Society, Concor d N H i New-Yor k Historical Society, Ne w Yor k Cit y N j H i Ne w Jerse y Historica l Society , Newar k N j M o W Morristow n Nationa l Historica l Park , Mor ristown, N . J . N j P Princeto n Universit y Librar y NK-Iselin Letter s t o an d fro m Joh n Ja y bearin g thi s symbol ar e use d b y permissio n o f th e E s tate o f Eleano r Jay Iselin. N N Ne w Yor k Publi c Library , Ne w Yor k Cit y N N C Columbi a Universit y Libraries , Ne w Yor k City N N P Pierpon t Morga n Library , Ne w Yor k Cit y N N S Ne w Yor k Societ y Library , Ne w Yor k Cit y O Ohi o Stat e Library , Columbu s O C H P Historica l and Philosophical Societ y o f Ohio, Cincinnati O H i Ohi o Stat e Archaeologica l an d Historica l Society, Columbu s P B L Lehig h Universit y Librar y P H C Haverfor d Colleg e Librar y P H i Historica l Society o f Pennsylvania, Philadel phia P H M C Pennsylvani a Historica l an d Museu m Com mission, Harrisbur g P P Fre e Library , Philadelphi a [xiv]

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P P A P America

n Philosophica l Society , Philadel phia P P L Librar y Compan y o f Philadelphi a P R O Publi c Recor d Office , Londo n P U Universit y o f Pennsylvani a Librar y P W W Washingto n an d Jefferso n College , Wash ington, Pennsylvani a R P A Rhod e Islan d Departmen t o f State , Provi dence R P A B Annmar y Brow n Memoria l Library , Provi dence R P B Brow n Universit y Librar y V i Virgini a State Library , Richmon d V i : U S C C Ende d Cases , Unite d State s Circui t Court , Virginia Stat e Librar y V i H i Virgini a Historical Society , Richmon d V i R V a l Valentin e Museu m Library , Richmon d V i U Universit y o f Virgini a Librar y V i U : M c G McGrego r Library , Universit y o f Virginia V i U : T J M F Manuscript s deposite d b y th e Thoma s Jef ferson Memoria l Foundatio n i n th e Uni versity o f Virgini a Librar y V i W Colleg e o f Willia m and Mar y Librar y V i W C Colonia l Williamsburg , Inc. V t M C Middlebur y Colleg e Library , Middlebury , Vermont V t M S Secretar y o f State , Montpelier , Vermon t W H i Stat e Historica l Societ y o f Wisconsin , Mad ison 4. OTHER SYMBOLS

AND

ABBREVIATIONS

T h e followin g symbol s an d abbreviations ar e commonly employe d in th e annotatio n throughou t th e work . Second Serie s T h e topica l serie s t o b e publishe d a s par t o f thi s edition, comprisin g thos e material s whic h ar e bes t suite d t o a topical rathe r than a chronological arrangemen t (se e Vol . 1 : xvxvi) T J Thoma s Jefferso n T J Editoria l File s Photoduplicate s an d othe r editoria l material s in th e offic e o f The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeto n University Librar y T J Paper s Jefferso n Paper s (applie d t o a collection o f manuscript s

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when th e precis e locatio n o f a give n documen t mus t b e fur nished, an d always preceded b y the symbo l fo r the institutiona l repository; thus " D L C : T J Papers, 4:628-9" represent s a document i n the Librar y o f Congress, Jefferson Papers , volume 4 , pages 62 8 an d 629 ) R G Recor d Group (use d in designating th e locatio n o f document s in th e Nationa l Archives) S J L Jefferson' s "Summar y Journa l o f Letters " writte n an d re ceived (i n D L C : T J Papers) S J P L "Summar y Journal o f Public Letters," an incomplete lis t of letters writte n by TJ from 1 6 Apr . 1784 t o 31 Dec . 1793 , wit h brief summaries , i n a n amanuensis ' han d excep t fo r si x page s in T J ' s han d listing and summarizing official report s and communications b y hi m a s Secretar y of State , 1 1 Oct . 178 9 t o 3 1 Dec. 179 3 (i n D L C : T J Papers, at en d o f S J L ) V Ec u f Flori n £ Poun d sterlin g o r livre , dependin g upo n contex t (i n doubtfu l cases, a clarifying note wil l b e given ) s Shillin g or sou . (Als o expresse d a s / ) d Penn y o r denie r +t Livr e Tournoi s ^ Pe r (occasionall y use d fo r pro , pre) 5 . SHORT TITLES

The followin g lis t include s onl y thos e shor t title s o f work s cite d with grea t frequency , an d therefor e i n ver y abbreviate d form , throughout thi s edition . Thei r expande d form s ar e given her e onl y in th e degre e o f fullnes s neede d fo r unmistakabl e identification . Since i t i s impossibl e t o anticipat e al l the work s to b e cite d i n suc h very abbreviated form, the lis t is appropriately revised from volum e to volume . Adams, Works Charle s Franci s Adams , ed., The Works of John Adams, Boston , 1850-56 , 1 0 vols . Adams, Diary Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed . L . H . Butterfield an d others , Cambridge , 1961 , 4 vols . AHA America n Historical Association AHR American Historical Review, 1895 Ammon, Monroe Harr y Ammon , James Monroe, Ne w York , 1971 [ xv i ]

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Annals Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States ... Compiled from Authentic Materials by Joseph Gales, Senior, Washington , Gales & Seaton , 1834-56 , 4 2 vols . Al l editions ar e independ able an d paginatio n varie s fro m on e printin g to another . T h e edition cite d here has this caption on both recto and verso pages : "History o f Congress. " Another printing , wit h th e sam e title page, ha s "Gale s & Seatons History " on vers o an d "of Debate s in Congress " o n rect o pages . Thos e usin g th e latte r printin g will nee d t o emplo y th e dat e or , wher e i t i s lacking , t o ad d approximately 5 2 t o th e pag e number s o f Annals a s cite d i n this volume . ASP American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Execu tive, of the Congress of the United States, Washington , Gale s & Seaton, 1832-61 , 3 8 vols . Atlas of Amer. Hist. Jame s Truslow Adams and R. V. Coleman , eds., Atlas of American History, Ne w York , Scribner , 194 3 Bear, Family Letters Edwi n M . Bett s an d James A . Bear , J r ., eds., Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson, Columbia , Missouri , 1966 Bemis, Jay's Treaty Samue l Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy, Ne w Haven , 1962 , rev . edn . Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty Samue l Flagg Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty: America!s Advantage from Europe''s Distress, 1783-1800, rev . edn., Ne w Haven , 196 0 Betts, Farm Book E d w i n M . Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book, Princeton , 195 3 Betts, Garden Book E d w i n M . Betts , ed. , Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book, 1766-1824, Philadelphia , 194 4 Beveridge, Marshall Alber t J. Beveridge , The Life of John Marshall, Boston , 191 6 Biog. Dir. Cong. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1949, Washington , 195 0 B.M. Cat. Britis h Museum , General Catalogue of Printed Books, London, 1931- ; als o The British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books, 1881-1900, An n Arbor , 194 6 B.N. Cat. Bibliothèqu e Nationale , Catalogue général des livres imprimés. . . . Auteurs, Paris , 1897-195 5 Brant, Madison Irvin g Brant , James Madison, Indianapolis , 1941 61, 6 vols . Bryan, National Capital W . B . Bryan , History of the National Capital, Ne w York , 1914-1916 , 2 vols . [ xvi i ]

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Burnett, Letters of Members Edwi n C . Burnett , ed. , Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Washington , 1921-1936 , 8 vols . Butterfield, Rush Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed . L . H. Butterfield, Princeton , 1951 , 2 vols . Cal. Franklin Papers I . Minis Hays, ed. , Calendar of the Papers of Benjamin Franklin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia , 1908 , 6 vols . Carter, Terr. Papers The Territorial Papers of the United States, ed. Clarenc e E. Carter, Washington , 1934-62 , 2 6 vols . Cutler, Cutler Willia m Parke r Cutler , Life, Journals, and Cor respondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, Cincinnati , 1888 , 2 vols . CVSP Willia m P . Palme r and others , eds. , Calendar of Virginia State Papers ... Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, Richmond, 1875-1893 DAB Alle n Johnso n an d Duma s Malone , eds. , Dictionary of American Biography, N . Y . , 1928-193 6 D A E Si r Willia m A . Craigi e an d Jame s Hulbert , eds. , A Dictionary of American English, Chicago , 1938-194 4 DAH Jame s Truslo w Adams , ed. , Dictionary of American History, N . Y ., 1940, 5 vols. , an d inde x DeConde, Entangling Alliance Alexande r DeConde, Entangling Alliance; Politics & Diplomacy under George Washington, Dur ham, N . C . , 195 8 D N B Lesli e Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., Dictionary of National Biography, 2 d ed. , N . Y . , 1908-190 9 Dumbauld, Tourist Edwar d Dumbauld , Thomas Jefferson American Tourist, Norman , Oklahoma , 194 6 Elliot's Debates Jonatha n Elliot , ed. , The Debates of the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . . . together with the Journal of the Federal Convention, 2 d ed. , Phil adelphia, 1901 , 5 vols . Evans Charle s Evans , comp. , American Bibliography, Chicago , 1903-1955 Fitzpatrick, Writings Joh n C . Fitzpatrick, ed. , The Writings of George Washington, Washington , 1931-44 , 3 9 vols . Ford Pau l Leiceste r Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition , N . Y . , 1892-1899, 1 0 vols . Freeman, Washington Dougla s Southal l Freeman , George Washington, N . Y . , 1948-1957 , 6 vols. ; 7t h volum e b y J . A . Carroll an d M. W . Ashworth , New York , 195 7 Fry-Jefferson Ma p Duma s Malone , ed. , The Fry & Jefferson [ xvii i ]

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Map of Virginia and Maryland: a Facsimile of the First Edition, Princeton, 195 0 Gottschalk, Lafayette, 1783-89 Loui s Gottschalk , Lafayette between the American and the French Revolution (1783-1789), Chicago, 195 0 Greely, Public Documents Adolphu s Washingto n Greely , ed. , Public Documents of the First Fourteen Congresses, 1789-1817: Papers Relating to Early Congressional Documents, Washington , 1900 HAW Henr y A . Washington , ed. , The Writings of Thomas Jef ferson, N . Y . , 1853-1854, 9 vols . Hening Willia m Walle r Hening , ed., The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond , 1809-1823 , 13 vols . Henry, Henry Willia m Wir t Henry , Patrick Henry, Life, Correspondence and Speeches, N . Y . , 1891, 3 vols . Humphreys, Humphreys F . L . Humphreys, Life and Times of David Humphreys, Ne w York , 1917 , 2 vols . Hunt, Madison Gaillar d Hunt , ed., The Writings of James Madison, Ne w York , 1900-1910 , 9 vols . JCC Worthingto n C . Ford an d others, eds. , Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 , Washington , 1904-1937 , 3 4 vols . Jefferson Correspondence, Bixby Worthingto n C . Ford , ed. , Thomas Jefferson Correspondence Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, Boston , 191 6 Jenkins, Records Willia m Sumne r Jenkins , ed. , Records of the States of the United States of America (Librar y o f Congress and University o f Nort h Carolina , 1950 ) J E P Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States . . . to the Termination of the Nineteenth Congress, Wash ington, 182 8 J H D Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia (cite d b y sessio n an d date o f publication ) J H R Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Washington, Gale s & Seaton , 1826 J S Journal of the Senate of the United States, Washington , Gales , 1820-21, 5 vols . J S H Journal of Southern History, 1935 Ketcham, Madison Ralp h Ketcham, James Madison, Ne w York , 1971 Kimball, Jefferson Mari e Kimball , Jefferson, Ne w York , 1943 1950, 3 vols . [ xix }

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K i n g , King C . R . K i n g , ed. , The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents, and His Speeches, 1755-1827, Ne w York , 1894-1900, 6 vols . L & B Andre w A . Lipscom b an d Alber t E . Bergh , eds. , The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Washington , 1903-1904,2 0 vols . L . c . Cat. A Catalogue of Books Represented by the Library of Congress Printed Cards, An n Arbor , 1942-1946 ; als o Supplement, 1948 Library Catalogue , 178 3 Jefferson' s M S list of books owne d o r wanted i n 178 3 (origina l in Massachusett s Historica l Society) Library Catalogue , 181 5 Catalogue of the Library of the United States, Washington , 181 5 Library Catalogue , 182 9 Catalogue: President Jefferson's Library, Washington , 182 9 Loubat, Medallic history J . F. Loubat , The Medallic History of the United States of America, 1776-1876 , Ne w York , 1878 , 2 vols. Maclay, Journal Edga r S . Maclay , ed., Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791, Ne w York, 189 0 Madison, Letters and Other Writings Jame s Madison, Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, Philadelphia , 186 5 Malone, Jefferson Duma s Malone , Jefferson and his Time, Bos ton, 1948-1981 , 6 vols . Mason, Papers Rober t A. Rutland, ed., Papers of George Mason, 1725-1792, Chape l Hill , 1970 , 3 vols . Mathews, Andrew Ellicott Catharin e Va n Cortland t Mathews, Andrew Ellicott, his life and letters, New York , 190 8 Mayo, British Ministers Bernar d Mayo, ed., "Instructions to th e British Minister s to th e Unite d State s 1791-1812, " America n Historical Association , Annual Report, 193 6 Mays, Pendleton Davi d John Mays , ed. , Letters and Papers of Edmund Pendleton, 1734-1803, Charlottesville , 1967, 2 vols . Miller, Hamilton Joh n C . Miller , Alexander Hamilton Portrait in Paradox, Ne w Yor k 195 9 Mitchell, Hamilton Broadu s Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton, Ne w York 1957 , 1962 , 2 vols . M V H R Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1914 Notes, ed . Pede n Willia m Peden , ed. , Notes on the State of Virginia, Chape l Hill , 195 5 NYHS, Quar. New-Yor k Historical Society Quarterly, 1917 [xx]

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NYPL, Bulletin Ne w Yor k Publi c Librar y Bulletin, 1897 O E D Si r Jame s Murra y an d others , eds. , A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Oxford , 1888-193 3 Padover, National Capital Sau l K . Padover , éd. , Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital, Washington , 194 6 Peterson, Jefferson Merril l D . Peterson , Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, Ne w York , 197 0 PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1877 Randall, Life Henr y S . Randall , The Life of Thomas Jefferson, N . Y . , 1858 , 3 vols . Randolph, Domestic Life Sara h N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences by His Great-Granddaughter, Cambridge , Mass., 193 9 Rowland, George Mason Kat e Maso n Rowland , Life of George Mason, 1725-1792, Ne w York , 1892 , 2 vols . Sabin Josep h Sabi n and others, comps. , Bibliotheca Americana. A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, N . Y . , 1868-1936 St. Clair , Narrative Arthu r St . Clair , A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign against the Indians . . . was Conducted . . . , Philadelphia , 181 2 St. Clair , Papers Willia m Henr y Smith , ed. , The St. Clair Papers. The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair, Cincinnati , 1882, 2 vols . Setser, Reciprocity Verno n G . Setser , The Commercial Reciprocity Policy of the United States, Philadelphia , 193 7 Shipton-Mooney Inde x Cliffor d K . Shipto n an d Jame s E . Mooney, comps. , National Index of American Imprints through 1800, The Short-Title Evans, 1969 , 2 vols . Sowerby E . Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952-1959 , 5 vols . Sparks, Morris Jare d Sparks , Life of Gouverneur Morris, Bos ton, 1832 , 3 vols . Swem, Index Ear l G . Swem , comp. , Virginia Historical Index, Roanoke, 1934-193 6 Swem, "Va . Bibliog. " E a r l G . Swem, comp. , " A Bibliography of Virginia History, " Virginia Stat e Library , Bulletin, vni (1915) , x (1917) , an d xn (1919 ) Syrett, Hamilton The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed . Harol d C . Syret t an d others , Ne w York , 1961-1979 , 2 7 vols . T J R Thoma s Jefferson Randolph , ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Char lottesville, 1829 , 4 vols . [ xx i ]

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Tucker, Life Georg e Tucker , The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Philadelphia, 1837 , 2 vols . Turner, CFM F . J. Turner, "Correspondenc e o f Frenc h Min isters, 1791-1797, " AHA , Ann. Kept., 1903 , n U . S . Statute s a t Larg e Richar d Peters , ed. , The Public Statutes at Large of the United States . .. 1789 to March 3,1845, Boston , 1855-1856, 8 vols . Van Doren , Franklin Car l Va n Doren, Benjamin Franklin, Ne w York, 193 8 Van Doren , Secret History Car l Va n Doren, Secret History of the American Revolution, Ne w York , 194 1 V M H B Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893 WMQ William and Mary Quarterly, 1892 -

[ xxi i ]

CONTENTS Academy o f Sciences , repor t to , o n uni t o f measure , 35 4 Adams, Abigail , lette r from , t o Marth a Washington, 27 8 (note ) Adams, John , lette r from , 305 ; letter s to, 11 7 (note) , 302 , 31 0 American Consu l at London , Editorial Note, 482-504; documents concerning , 504-22; William Green to th e Secretar y of State, 504 , 519 ; Joshu a Johnso n to th e Secretar y o f State , wit h enclosures , 50 5 Anmours, Charle s François d \ lette r from , 32 5 Appleton, Thomas , lette r from , 16 1 (note ) Arnoux an d Chalut , Abbés, lette r from , 42 3 Auldjo, Thomas , dispatc h from , 607 ; circula r letter to , 40 4 (note ) Bache, Benjami n Franklin , lette r to , 24 6 Barclay, Thomas , lette r from , 239 ; officia l instruction s for , 397 ; confidentia l instructions for , 40 0 Barrett, Nathaniel , lette r from , 701 ; circula r letter to , 40 2 (note ) Barton, Benjami n S. , an d others , lette r to , 39 5 Batavia, declaratio n t o Governo r Genera l an d Counci l of , b y Samue l Shaw , 631 (note) ; lette r t o Shabande r of , fro m Samue l Shaw , 63 1 (note ) Beckwith, George , memorandu m o f conversation wit h Henr y Knox, 13 5 (note) ; and wit h Jame s Madison , 14 7 Bell, Thomas , lette r to , 75 8 Blackden, Samuel , lette r from , 43 0 Blount, William , letter from , 639 ; repor t from , 68 1 Boiling, Mar y Jefferson, lette r from , 15 6 Bourne, Sylvanus , dispatc h from , 588 ; lette r from , 324 ; circula r letter to , 40 3 (note); lette r from , t o Henr y Remsen , J r . , 627 Brown, James , repor t from , b y Rober t Coventry , 57 3 (note ) Brown, William , letter to , 9 8 Bruce, Peter , lette r to , 15 1 Bruce, Robert , lette r to , 15 1 Brush, Ebenezer , circula r letter to , 40 2 (note ) Bulkeley, John , & Son, lette r to , 62 2 Burwell, Nathaniel , lette r to , 71 0 Carey, John , lette r from , 59 6 Carmichael, William , letters to , 203 , 417 , 563 ; lette r to , wit h enclosure s o n case o f cutte r Dover, 20 3 (note ) Carnes, Burrill , lette r to , 60 0 Carr, Peter , lette r from , 330 ; lette r to , 37 8 Carrington, Edward , lette r from , 9 9 Carroll, Charles , letter from , 174 ; letter s to, 100 , 21 4 Carroll, Daniel , letter s from , 84 , 593 , 701 ; letter s from , t o Jame s Madison , 20 (note) , 8 4 Carter, Charles , letters from , 473 , 639 ; letter s to, 613 , 70 5 Cathalan, Stephen , J r . , dispatch from , 600 ; letter s from , 476 , 547 ; circula r letter to , 40 3 (note) ; abstrac t o f letter to , fro m Richar d O'Bryen , 601 (note )

[ xxii i ]

C O N T E N T S Causin, lette r from , 35 2 Ceracchi, Giuseppe , letter from , 70 2 Chalut an d Arnoux, Abbés, lette r from , 42 3 Charming, William , lette r from , 68 1 Chantrot, lette r from , 66 3 Chester, John , lette r from , 21 5 Chiappe, Francisco , lette r to , 40 0 Chipman, Nathaniel , letter to , 62 7 Church, Edward , lette r from , 681; circula r lette r to , 40 2 (note ) Clark, Georg e Rogers , letter from , 58 3 Commissioners o f Federal District , letter s from, to Washington , 1 1 (note) , 3 3 (note), 5 2 (note) ; lette r from , to L'Enfant , 1 7 (note ) Condorcet, lette r from , 35 3 Consuls an d vice-consuls, circula r to , 40 1 Coventry, Robert , report from, for James Brown, 57 3 (note ) Coxe, Tench , letter s from, 215, 232 , 234 , 244 , 563 , 589 , 591 , 623 , 646 , 647 ; letters to , 234 , 244 ; remark s by , o n layin g ou t th e federa l city , 1 0 (note) ; plan for a manufacturing establishment, 21 6 (note) ; Editoria l Not e and documents concernin g seekin g offic e a s Comptrolle r of th e Treasury , 219-32 ; letter from , t o President , 234 ; lette r from , enclosin g remark s o n consula r return, 246 ; petitio n by , fo r Willia m Pearce , 320 (note ) Currie, James , letters from , 161 , 211 , 675 ; letter s to , 331 , 411 , 61 3 Cutting, Nathaniel , letters from , 240, 70 2 Danican (Philidor) , Françoi s André , lette r from , 37 1 Davis, Augustine, letter to, 664; letter from, enclosing proposal for establishing cross post s i n Virginia , 71 1 Deakins, William , J r . , letter from , t o Washington , 7 (note) ; letter s to , fro m Washington, 1 3 (note) , 73 , 78 , 7 9 Delamotte, Picquet . See Picque t d e L a Motte. Demarais, Barbier , lette r from , 37 7 Derieux, J . P. P. , letter from , 253; lette r to , 37 9 Digges, Thomas , lette r from , 313 ; descriptio n by , o f invention s b y Willia m Pearce, 31 5 (note ) Dobson, John , letter s to , 597 , 66 6 Donald, Alexander , letter from , 601; lette r to , 40 4 Dover, cas e o f cutter , 205-08 (notes ) Drayton, William , lette r to , 33 2 Dumas, C . W. F . , dispatches from , 168 , 478 , 560 , 619 , 712 ; circula r lette r to, 40 4 (note ) Edwards, Jonathan , letters from , 598, 59 9 (note) ; lette r to , 62 8 Edwards, Pierpont , letter from , 326; lette r to , 38 8 Eppes, Elizabet h Wayles , letter from , 157 ; lette r to , 41 3 Eppes, Francis , letter s from , 151 , 313 ; lette r to , 41 2 Ewell, Maxcey , letter to , 38 0 Federal city , agreemen t o f landowner s of , 8 5 (note) . See also Fixin g th e sea t of government , Editoria l Note . Federal Distric t Commissioners . See Commissioner s of Federa l District .

[ xxi v ]

C O N T E N T S Fenwick, Joseph , letter s from , 262 , 632 ; circula r lette r to , 40 3 (note ) Fixing th e sea t o f government , Editoria l Note , 3-72 ; document s concerning , 73-88; Willia m Deakins , J r . , to Washington , 7 (note) ; Alexande r Conte e Hanson t o Washington , 9 (note) ; Tenc h Coxe' s remark s on layin g ou t th e federal city, 1 0 (note); Commissioners to Washington, 1 1 (note); Washingto n to Willia m Deakins , J r . , and Benjami n Stoddert , 1 3 (note) , 73 , 78 , 79 ; Commissioners t o L'Enfant , 1 7 (note) ; Danie l Carrol l t o Jame s Madison , 20 (note) , 84 ; Jonatha n William s to Henr y Knox , 2 1 (note) ; L'Enfan t t o Washington, 2 6 (note) ; Jefferso n t o Washington , 74 , 87 ; L'Enfan t t o Jef ferson, 76,81,83; Washingto n to Jefferson, 78,79,81 ; Jefferso n to L'Enfant , 80, 86 ; Danie l Carroll t o Jefferson , 84 ; agreemen t o f landowners, 8 5 (note ) France, th e deb t to , Editoria l Note , 175-97 ; document s concerning , 198-203 ; Montmorin t o Loui s Guillaum e Otto , 19 0 (note) ; Jefferso n t o Hamilton , 198; Loui s Guillaum e Otto t o Jefferson , 198 ; Hamilto n t o Jefferson , 199 , 200; Jefferso n t o Loui s Guillaum e Otto, 20 3 Franchi, Pete r de , lette r from , t o Rober t Morris , 62 8 Franklin, Willia m Temple , lette r from , 15 8 Freneau, Philip , founding o f National Gazette by , Editoria l Note , 718-53; doc uments concerning , 754-59 ; Frenea u to Jefferson , 754 , 757 ; prospectu s fo r National Gazette, 754 ; appointmen t o f Freneau as clerk, 756; Gabrie l Henn o to Jefferson , 756 ; Jefferso n t o Gabrie l Henno , 757 ; Jefferso n t o Freneau, 758; Jefferso n t o Thoma s Bell , 758 ; resignatio n o f Frenea u a s clerk , 75 9 Froullé, Jea n François , lette r from , 64 7 Gilmor, Robert , & Company, letter from , 33 3 (note) ; lette r to , 33 3 Godin, P . N . , lette r from , t o Rober t Morris , 58 1 Gore, Christopher , letter from , 56 5 (note) ; lette r to , 56 4 Gorham, Nathaniel , lette r to , 10 0 (note) ; lette r to , an d Olive r Phelps , fro m Robert Morris , 12 6 (note ) Grand, Ferdinand , extract o f lette r from , 25 6 (note ) Green, William , letter s from , 504 , 519 ; estimat e o f damages sustained , du e t o detention o f Rachel, 52 2 (note ) Griffin, Joh n Tayloe , lette r from , 16 2 (note ) Guide, Pierre , letter s from , 322 , 372 , 685 ; letter s to , 333 , 41 8 Hall, John , letter to , fro m Thoma s Paine , 30 9 (note ) Hamilton, Alexander , letter s from , 199 , 200 , 213 , 377 , 546 ; lette r to , 198 ; extract o f lette r to , fro m Rufu s King , 146 ; lette r to , fro m Willia m Short , 173 (note) ; lette r from , t o Willia m Short , 17 4 (note ) Hanson, Alexande r Contee , lette r from , t o Washington , 9 (note ) Hanson, Richard , lette r from , 326 ; lette r to , 15 3 Harison, Richard , lette r to , 8 8 Harrison, Benjamin , Jr., lette r from , 52 3 Harvie, John , J r . , lette r to , 16 2 Hawkins, Benjamin , letter from , 360 ; lette r to , 8 9 Hay, William , lette r to , 41 8 Henno, Gabriel , lette r from , 756 ; lette r to , 75 7 Hessian fly , T J ' s notes on , 456 , 46 1 (note ) Hopkins, Samuel , lette r from , 58 0 Humphreys, David , dispatches from , 168 , 327 , 361,421 , 474 , 538 , 556 , 592 ,

t xxv ]

C O N T E N T S 604, 620 , 656 , 677 ; lette r from , 539 ; letter s to , 209 , 210 , 345 , 406 , 565 , 624, 677 ; lette r from , t o Washington , 36 2 (note) ; presentatio n speec h t o Queen o f Portugal , 421 (note ) Hylton, Danie l L . , letter s from , 214, 478 ; letter s to , 154 , 414 , 61 4 Indian affairs , unofficia l diplomac y on , Editoria l Note , 104-41 ; document s concerning, 141-51 ; Willia m Stephen s Smit h to President , 115 (note) ; Secretary o f Stat e to Joh n Adams, 11 7 (note) ; Rober t Morris to Olive r Phelp s and Nathanie l Gorham, 12 6 (note) ; memorandu m of conversation betwee n Henry Kno x an d George Beckwith , 135 (note) ; Presiden t to Secretarie s of State, Treasury, and War, 141 ; President to Secretary of State, 143; Secretary of Stat e t o President , 144 ; extrac t o f lette r fro m Rufu s Kin g t o Alexander Hamilton, 146 ; memorandu m of conversation betwee n Jame s Madison and George Beckwith , 14 7 Innes, Harry , lette r from , 48 0 Inns, rating s of, b y T J , 47 1 Irvine, William , an d John Kean , lette r from , 608; lette r to, 62 1 Jefferson, Mary , letter s from , 238 , 335 , 479 , 633 ; letter s to , 250 , 380 , 462 , 571, 70 6 Jenkins, Seth , letter from , 601; lette r to , 55 9 Johnson, Joshua , dispatches from , 594 , 615 ; letter s from , 101 , 237 ; circula r letter to , 40 3 (note) ; repor t o n brigantin e Rachel, wit h enclosures , from , 505-19. See also America n Consu l a t London , Editoria l Note . Kean, John , an d William Irvine , lette r from , 608; lette r to , 62 1 Keith, Georg e Skene , letter from , 59 2 King, Rufus , extrac t of letter from , to Alexande r Hamilton, 14 6 Knox, Henry , lette r from , 647 ; letter s to , 646 , 658 ; lette r to , fro m Jonathan Williams, 2 1 (note) ; memorandu m of conversatio n wit h Georg e Beckwith, 135 (note ) Knox, William , lette r from , 241; circula r lette r to , 40 3 (note ) Lackington, James , letter to , 40 8 Lafayette, Marqui s de , lette r from , 53 9 Lagrenade, Louis , an d others, lette r from , to President , 55 1 L a Rochefoucaul d d'En ville, lette r from , 52 4 Lear, Tobias , letter from , 39 7 (note) ; letter s to , 25 2 (note) , 377 , 569 ; lette r from, to L'Enfant , 4 1 (note) ; letter to, fro m L'Enfant, 7 0 (note) ; letter from, to Washington , 274 (note) ; transmitta l of letters by , 61 2 Lee, Henry , lette r from , 59 5 Leiper, Thomas , letter from , 712 ; letter s to , 387 , 42 3 L'Enfant, Pierr e Charles , letter s from , 76, 81 , 83 ; letter s to , 80 , 86 ; lette r to , from Commissioners , 17 (note) ; letter s from , to Washington , 26 (note) , 3 0 (note), 34 (note) , 36 (note) , 60 (note) ; letter to, from Tobias Lear, 41 (note) ; letter to, fro m Washington, 51 (note) ; letter from, to Tobias Lear, 7 0 (note ) Lewis, Nicholas , letter s to , 102 , 419 , 57 1 Lewis, William , lette r from , 90; lette r to , 15 5 Lindsay, Adam , lette r from , 166 ; lette r to , 21 8 Lindsay, William , lette r from , 21 1 [ xxv i ]

C O N T E N T S Linn, William , letter from , 646 ; lette r to , 70 6 Littlepage, Lewis , letter to , 70 3 London, American Consul at. See American Consul at London, Editorial Note. Lyle, James , lette r to , 38 8 Lyons, James , lette r from , 40 8 McAllister, Matthew , lette r to , 15 5 McClurg, James , lette r to , 33 9 McHenry, James , lette r to , 70 7 (missing ) Macpherson, John , lette r from , 685 ; lette r to , 68 6 Madison, James , letter s from , 294 , 298 , 335 , 566 , 581 , 592 , 616 , 667 , 678 , 683 (note) , 707 , 717 ; letter s to , 293 , 560 , 582 , 602 , 615 , 657 , 666 , 682 , 686, 715 ; letter s to , fro m Danie l Carroll , 2 0 (note) , 84 ; memorandu m o f conversation wit h Georg e Beckwith , 147 . See also Norther n journey o f Jef ferson an d Madison , Editoria l Note . Mail, contract s fo r carrying , 666 (note ) Marks, Peter , lette r to , 66 9 Marshall, John , lega l opinio n by , wit h Andre w Ronald , 16 7 (note ) Martin, Alexander , lette r to , 59 4 Maury, James , letter s from , 567 , 621 , 704 ; lette r to , 339 ; circula r letter to , 403 (note ) Maxwell, James , lette r from , 94 ; lette r to , 38 9 Mazzei, Philip , lette r to , 71 3 Monroe, James , letter s from , 303 , 556 ; letter s to, 234 , 29 6 Montgomery, John , lette r from , 66 9 (note ) Montgomery, Robert , letter s from, 640 , 669 , 67 8 Montmorin, letter s from, t o Loui s Guillaume Otto, 19 0 (note) , 660 ; letter s to , from Willia m Short, 37 1 (note) , 53 6 Morgan, Georg e C , lette r from , 42 1 Morocco, Empero r of, lette r to , fro m Washington , 39 9 (note ) Morris, Gouverneur , lette r to , 680 ; letter s from, t o President , 694 , 697 , 698 , 699 Morris, Robert , lette r from , t o Olive r Phelp s an d Nathanie l Gorham , 12 6 (note); lette r to , fro m P . N . Godin , 581 ; lette r to , fro m Pete r d e Franchi , 628; note s o n commerc e by , 71 0 Moustier, lette r from , 26 3 Murray, William , letter from , 39 5 National Assembl y o f France , letter fro m Presiden t of , wit h enclose d report , 524 National Gazette, prospectu s for , 754 . See also Freneau , Philip. Nelson, William , letter to , fro m Willia m Short, 26 6 (note ) Nicholson, John , lette r from , 71 7 Northern journey of Jefferson an d Madison, Editorial Note, 434-53; documents concerning, 453-71 ; Jefferson's journa l o f the tour , 453; Jefferson' s note s on the Hessia n fly, 456; Jefferso n t o Henr y Remsen, J r ., 462; Jefferso n t o Mary Jefferson, 462 ; Jefferso n t o Marth a Jefferson Randolph , 463 ; Jefferso n t o Thomas Man n Randolph , J r . , 464; Jefferso n t o Georg e Washington , 466 ; Jefferson's vocabular y o f th e Unquacho g Indians , 467 ; Jefferson' s tabl e o f distances an d ratin g o f inns , 47 1

[ xxvi i ]

C O N T E N T S O'Bryen, Richard , abstrac t of letter from, to Stephe n Cathalan , J r . , 60 1 (note ) Osmont, Louis , lette r to , 61 7 Otto, Loui s Guillaume , letter s from , 198 , 325 , 659 ; lette r to , 203 ; letter s to , from Montmorin , 190 (note) , 66 0 Paine, Thomas, letters to, 308 , 312 ; letter from, to John Hall, 30 9 (note) . See also Rights of Man, Editoria l Note . Pearce, William , invention s of , describe d by Thomas Digges, 31 5 (note) ; pe tition for , b y Tenc h Coxe , 320 (note ) Pearson, Eliphalet , lette r from , 59 9 Pemberton, John , lette r from , 633 ; lette r from , wit h enclose d boo k list , t o Isaac Zane , 63 4 (note ) Pendleton, Edmund , lette r from , 625; lette r to , 66 9 Peters, Richard , lette r from , 573; lette r to , 59 0 Phelps, Oliver , lette r to , an d Nathanie l Gorham , fro m Rober t Morris , 12 6 (note) Philadelphia, Mayo r of, lette r to , 41 4 Philidor. See Danican , Françoi s André . Picquet d e L a Motte, Touissant-Guillaume , Comte , letter s from , 249 , 675 ; circular lette r to , 40 4 (note ) Pintard, Joh n M ., circular lette r to , 40 3 (note ) Pio, Chevalie r de , lette r from , 66 2 Porter, Elias , lette r from , 59 9 Portugal, appointment s o f vice-consuls for , 262; presentation speec h t o Queen of, b y Davi d Humphreys , 421 (note ) Potts, Richard , lette r to , 15 6 Prince, William , lette r to , 60 3 Rachel, cas e o f brigantine . See America n Consu l a t London , Editoria l Note . Randolph, Beverley , lette r to , 340 ; lette r from , t o Davi d Stuart , 2 8 (note) ; letter to , fro m Davi d Stuart , 2 8 (note ) Randolph, Marth a Jefferson , lette r from , 477; letter s to , 236 , 381 , 463 , 568 , 618, 67 0 Randolph, Thoma s Mann, letter s to , 340 , 40 9 Randolph, Thoma s Mann , J r . , letters from , 327 , 605 ; letter s to , 160 , 295 , 341, 414 , 464 , 640 , 67 1 Read, George , J r . , lette r from , 91 (note) ; lette r to , 9 1 Remsen, Henry , Jr. , lette r from, 555; letter to, 462; T J ' s instruction s for, 419; letter to , fro m Sylvanu s Bourne, 62 7 Rights of Man, Editoria l Note , 268-90 ; document s concerning , 290-313; T o bias Lea r t o Washington , 274 (note) ; Jefferson t o Jonathan B. Smith, 290 ; Jefferson t o Washington , 291 ; Jefferso n t o Jame s Madison , 293 ; Jame s Madison t o Jefferson , 294 , 298 ; Jefferso n t o Thoma s Mann Randolph , Jr., 295; Jefferso n t o Jame s Monroe, 296; Jefferso n t o Joh n Adams, 302, 310 ; James Monro e t o Jefferson , 303 ; Joh n Adam s to Jefferson , 305 ; Jefferso n to Thoma s Paine, 308, 31 2 Rittenhouse, David , lette r from , 383; lette r to , 38 2 Ronald, Andrew , legal opinio n by , wit h John Marshall , 16 7 (note ) Ross, David , lette r to , 37 3 Rutledge, John , J r . , lette r from , 55 0

[ xxvii i ]

C O N T E N T S Schweitzer, Jeannere t & Cie, proposals of . See France , th e deb t to , Editoria l Note. Shaw, Samuel , lette r from , t o President , 630 ; declaratio n of , t o Governo r General an d Counci l o f Batavia , 63 1 (note) ; lette r from , t o Shabande r of Batavia, 63 1 (note ) Short, William, dispatches from, 170, 256, 363 , 384, 528 , 548 , 561, 573, 584 , 608, 648 , 672 , 683 ; letter s from , 265 , 345 , 541 , 546 , 641 ; letter s to , 91 , 254, 387 , 407 , 409 , 569 , 686 , 691 ; lette r from , to Hamilton , 17 3 (note) ; letter to , fro m Hamilton , 17 4 (note) ; lette r from , t o Willia m Nelson , 26 6 (note); letter s from , to Montmorin , 371 (note) , 53 6 Sinclair, Si r John, lette r from , 41 0 Sitgreaves, John , letter s to , 92 , 9 2 (note ) Skipwith, Fulwar , letter s from , 342 , 655 , 718 ; letter s to , 570 , 708 ; circula r letter to , 40 3 (note ) Skipwith, Henry , lette r from , 166 ; lette r to , 37 3 Smith, Daniel , lette r to , 39 0 Smith, Jonatha n B ., letter to , 29 0 Smith, William , letter s to , 323 , 63 6 Smith, Willia m Stephens , lette r from, to President , 11 5 (note) ; lette r to , from President, 62 6 Soderstrom, Richard , lette r to , 23 8 Stoddert, Benjamin , letter s to , fro m Washington, 1 3 (note) , 73 , 78 , 7 9 Strange, James , letter to , 39 0 Street, John , circula r lette r to , 40 2 (note ) Stuart, David , lette r from , t o Beverle y Randolph , 28 (note) ; lette r to , fro m Beverley Randolph , 28 (note) ; lette r from , to Washington , 42 (note ) Sullivan, James , letter from , 376; lette r to , 70 9 Sumter, Thomas , letter to , 41 0 Swan, James , letter from , 52 3 Thomson, Charles , lette r to , 24 4 United States : President: letter s from, 78, 79 , 81 , 143 , 212 , 387 , 550 , 557 , 579 , 622 , 693 , 705; letter s to , 74 , 87 , 95 , 144 , 251 , 342 , 558 , 685 , 704 ; lette r to, fro m William Deakins , Jr., 7 (note) ; lette r to, fro m Alexander Contee Hanson, 9 (note) ; letter s to , fro m Commissioners, 11 (note) , 3 3 (note) , 5 2 (note) ; letters from , t o Deakin s an d Benjami n Stoddert , 1 3 (note) , 73 , 78 , 79 ; letters to , fro m Pierr e Charle s L'Enfant , 2 6 (note) , 3 0 (note) , 3 4 (note) , 36 (note) , 6 0 (note) ; lette r to , fro m Davi d Stuart , 4 2 (note) ; lette r from, to L'Enfant, 51 (note) ; letter to, from William Stephens Smith, 11 5 (note) ; letter from, to Secretarie s of State, Treasury, an d War, 141 ; letter to, from Tench Coxe , 234; lette r to, fro m Tobias Lear, 27 4 (note) ; lette r to, from David Humphreys , 362 (note) ; lette r from, to Empero r o f Morocco, 39 9 (note); lette r to , fro m Loui s Lagrenad e and others , 551 ; lette r from , t o William Stephen s Smith , 626 ; lette r to , fro m Samue l Shaw, 630; letter s to, from Gouverneur Morris, 694, 697 , 698, 699 ; letter to, enclosing notes on Virgini a lands , 71 6 Secretary of State: letter s from , t o President , 74 , 87 , 95 , 144 , 251 , 558 ; letters to, fro m Pierre Charle s L'Enfant , 76 , 81 , 83 ; letters to, fro m Pres ident, 78 , 79 , 81 , 141 , 143 , 212 , 550 , 557 ; letters from, to L'Enfant , 80 ,

[ xxi x ]

C O N T E N T S 86; letter s to, fro m Danie l Carroll , 84 , 593 ; letter s to, fro m Joshua Johnson, 101 , 237 ; lette r from , to John Adams, 11 7 (note) ; dispatche s to , fro m David Humphreys , 168 , 327 , 361 , 421 , 474 , 538 , 556 , 592 , 604 , 620 , 656, 677 ; dispatche s to , fro m C . W. F . Dumas, 168 , 478 , 560 , 619 , 712 ; dispatches to , fro m Willia m Short , 170 , 256 , 363 , 384 , 528 , 548 , 561 , 573, 584 , 608 , 648 , 672 , 683 ; lette r from , t o Alexande r Hamilton , 198 ; letters to , fro m Loui s Guillaum e Otto , 198 , 325 , 659 ; letter s to , fro m Hamilton, 199 , 200 ; lette r from , t o Otto , 203 ; letter s from , t o Willia m Carmichael, 203, 417 ; letter s from, to Davi d Humphreys, 209,406; lette r to, from Tench Coxe, 232; lette r from, to Coxe, 234; letter s to, from Josep h Fenwick, 262 , 632 ; letter s to , fro m Fulwa r Skipwith , 342 , 655 , 718 ; circular from , t o consul s an d vice-consuls , 401 ; letter s to , fro m Willia m Green, 504 , 519 ; repor t to , wit h enclosures , o n brigantin e Rachel, fro m Joshua Johnson, 505 ; lette r to , fro m President o f National Assembly , wit h enclosed report, 524 ; letter s to, fro m Stephe n Cathalan , Jr. , 547 ; dispatc h to, fro m Sylvanu s Bourne, 588 ; dispatche s to , fro m Joshua Johnson, 594 , 615; dispatch to, from Stephen Cathalan , Jr., 600 ; dispatch to, from Thomas Auldjo, 607 ; transmitta l o f letters to, b y Tobia s Lear , 612 ; lette r from , t o Van Berckel , 629 ; repor t o n land s to , fro m Willia m Blount , 681 ; lette r from, t o President , enclosin g note s o n Virgini a lands, 716 ; appointmen t of Philip Freneau as clerk, by, 756 ; resignatio n o f Philip Freneau as clerk in offic e of , 75 9 Secretary of Treasury, lette r from, 377; letter to, 570 ; letter to, from President , 141 Secretary of War. lette r to , fro m President , 14 1 Unquachog Indians , T Ps vocabular y of , 46 7 Van Berckel , F. P., lette r to , 62 9 Van Rensselaer , Jeremiah , lette r to , 61 9 Vaughan, Benjamin , letter to , 39 1 Vaughan, John , lette r to , 42 0 Wadsworth, Jeremiah , lette r from , 245 ; lette r to , 39 2 Warren, Merc y Otis , lette r from , 17 5 Washington, George , lette r from , 93 ; letter s to, 291 , 416 , 46 6 Washington, Martha , letter to , fro m Abigai l Adams , 27 8 (note ) Willard, Joseph , lette r to , 43 2 Williams, Jonathan , lette r from , t o Henr y Knox , 2 1 (note ) Willink, Va n Staphors t & Hubbard , lette r from , 39 4 (note) ; letter s to , 392 , 394 (note) , 407 , 62 6 Wilson, Philip , lette r from , 637 ; petitio n fo r redres s fo r los s o f shi p Mentor, 638 (note ) Yard, James , lette r from , 482 ; circula r letter to , 40 2 (note ) Zane, Isaac, letter to, with enclosed book list, from John Pemberton, 63 4 (note )

[ XX X ]

ILLUSTRATIONS Following Page 384 W I L L I A M SHOR T (1759-1849 ) A nativ e o f Surr y County , Virginia , an d a graduate i n 177 9 o f th e Colleg e of Willia m an d Mary , Shor t joine d Jefferso n i n Pari s i n Novembe r 1784 , becoming hi s private secretar y an d later secretar y o f legation. Whe n Jefferso n returned to th e Unite d State s i n 1789 , Shor t became charg é d'affaire s i n Paris . Disappointed tha t Washingto n name d Gouverneu r Morris ministe r to Franc e early i n 1792 , h e accepte d th e pos t o f ministe r a t The Hague . Portrait b y Rembrand t Peale; origina l i n the Colleg e o f William an d Mary . (Courtesy of the Frick Art Reference Library) JOSHUA JOHNSO N (1742-1802 ) Washington appointe d Johnso n U . S . consul i n Londo n in 179 0 afte r Johnson's busines s collapsed . I n Ma y 179 1 h e sen t report s o n th e statu s o f th e brigantine Rachel. Hi s daughter, Louis a Catherine , married John Quincy Adams in 1797 . Whe n President Adam s appointed hi m superintendent o f stamp s in 1800 , a tie vote at confirmation wa s broken by Jefferson i n favor of Johnson. Portrait by Edward Savage. (Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society) S K E T C H O F T H E F E D E R A L C I T Y , 179 1 A pres s cop y o f Jefferson' s suggestion s fo r layin g ou t th e federa l district , drawn between 1 0 and 21 Marc h 1791 . Th e original disappeared after Georg e Washington turne d i t ove r t o Pierr e L'Enfant . (Courtesy of the Library of Congress) L'ENFANT'S PLA N O F T H E S E A T O F GOVERNMENT , 179 1 After this plan was engraved and laid before Congress , Washington describe d it as containing Jefferson' s instruction s t o th e engraver . Th e pencilled change s made b y Jefferso n wer e directe d no t t o th e engraver , however , bu t t o Andrew Ellicott, wh o prepare d the final copy fo r the engraver . (Courtesy of the Library of Congress) T I T L E - P A G E AN D E N D O R S E M E N T O F PAINE' S "RIGHT S O F MAN " Jefferson wa s "thunderstruck " when h e sa w hi s lette r printe d o n th e vers o of th e dedicatio n pag e i n Samue l Harriso n Smith' s Philadelphi a editio n o f Paine's book . Withou t th e inferenc e o f endorsement , th e boo k migh t hav e received only passing interest. Wit h it, a national controversy developed. (Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society) "CONTRASTED OPINION S O F PAINE' S P A M P H L E T " This popula r cartoo n reflect s th e reactio n an d alar m arouse d i n Eng land - her e caricatured by George I I I , Pitt, and Queen Charlotte - b y the threat of subversion. (Courtesy of the Lewis Walpole Library, Farmington, Connecticut)

[ xxx i ]

I L L U S T R A T I O N S V O C A B U L A R Y O F T H E UNQUACHO G INDIAN S

Jefferson wrot e thi s list on an address leaf while interviewing the Unquacho g Indians o n Lon g Islan d during hi s norther n journey wit h Jame s Madiso n i n the sprin g o f 1791 . (Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society) G E O R G E B E C K W I T H (1753-1823 )

When Lor d Dorcheste r became Governor General of British North America, Beckwith joined hi m i n Canad a and mad e trip s t o Ne w Yor k t o obtai n infor mation fo r th e British . Jefferso n refuse d t o tal k wit h Beckwith , wh o the n established a continuing associatio n wit h Alexande r Hamilton . I n 179 1 Beck with relaye d informatio n o n India n affairs betwee n Hamilto n an d Dorchester . The portrai t b y S . W . Reynold s i s a mezzotint afte r J . Eckstein; original i n the Britis h Museum . (Courtesy of Newsweek Book Division)

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T H E PAPER

SO F

T H O M A S JEFFERSO N

Fixing th e Seat o f Government

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I. G E O R G E WASHINGTO N T O WILLIA M DEAKINS , JR . AN D BENJAMIN STODDERT , 3 FEB. 1791 II. THOMA S JEFFERSO N T O GEORG E WASHINGTON , 1 1 MARCH 179 1 III. PIERR E CHARLE S L'ENFAN T T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 1 1 MARCH 179 1 IV. G E O R G E WASHINGTO N T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 1 6 MARC H 179 1 V. G E O R G E WASHINGTO N T O WILLIA M DEAKINS , JR . AN D BENJAMIN STODDERT , 1 7 MARC H 179 1 VI. G E O R G E WASHINGTO N T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 1 7 MARCH 179 1 VII. THOMA S JEFFERSO N T O PIERR E CHARLE S L'ENFANT , 1 7 MARC H 179 1 VIII. PIERR E CHARLE S L'ENFAN T T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 2 0 MARCH 179 1 IX. GEORG E WASHINGTO N T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 3 1 MARC H 179 1 X. PIERR E CHARLE S L'ENFAN T T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 4 APRIL 1791 XL DANIE L CARROL L T O THOMA S JEFFERSON , 6 APRIL 1791 XII. THOMA S JEFFERSO N T O PIERR E CHARLE S L'ENFANT , 1 0 APRI L 1791 XIII. THOMA S JEFFERSO N T O GEORG E WASHINGTON , 1 0 APRI L 1791 E D I T O R I A L N O T

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We ar e about founding a City which will be one of the first in th e World , an d We are governed b y loca l and partial Motives. -John Adams , Diary, 2 3 Sep . 178 9 Adams' observation, ap t at the tim e an d prophetic of what wa s to come , wa s made durin g th e embittere d debate s o f th e Firs t Sessio n when , quit e unex pectedly, th e ol d and divisive issue o f fixing the permanen t sea t o f governmen t disturbed th e council s o f the ne w government . I n that contes t th e Nort h wa s pitted against the Sout h and the West against bot h in the struggle t o determin e whether th e nationa l capita l would b e situate d o n th e Delaware , the Susque hanna, th e Patuxent , o r the Potomac . Whe n the las t was chosen i n the famou s compromise of 1790, there followed a second conflict exhibiting local and partial motives amon g individual s and communities alon g th e rive r from tidewater t o Th e phrase is that of Washington himself, written after a decisive event in the history of the capita l (Washington to La Luzerne , 10 Aug. 1790, Writings, ed. Fitzpatrick, xxxi, 84). 1

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the Conococheague . Afte r Washington announce d b y proclamatio n the sit e o f the Federa l Distric t - a choice h e had made even befor e undertakin g a tour for the ostensibl e purpos e o f deciding amon g rival locations - a third opportunit y for the displa y o f interested motive s presente d itself . Th e competin g claim s of owners o f lan d from Carrollsbur g o n th e Easter n Branc h t o Georgetow n up river, togethe r with those lying between in the area of Funkstown or Hamburg, were not of such magnitude as to disrupt the nation or to divide it along sectional lines. But th e problem of accommodating thes e local rivalries to the publi c interest involved mor e tha n th e cos t pe r acr e o f land s neede d fo r th e Capitol , th e President's House , th e departmenta l offices , an d othe r publi c uses . Marylan d citizens o n who m Washingto n relie d fo r ai d i n solvin g th e proble m - Danie l Carroll, Willia m Deakins , J r . , and Benjami n Stoddert-had lon g sinc e bee n warned b y Jefferso n tha t th e opportunit y t o kee p th e Federa l Cit y o n th e Potomac migh t b e los t foreve r if lands , funds , an d building s fo r governmen t use wer e no t speedil y provided. Washingto n soo n adde d hi s ow n powerfu l promptings. A s h e wa s full y aware , man y hope d an d believe d tha t Philadelphia - lon g th e commercial , cultural, an d political cente r an d now designate d as th e temporar y capita l - woul d remain th e permanen t sea t o f government . Evidence o f this becam e publi c soon afte r passag e o f the Residenc e Ac t whe n the Cit y o f Philadelphia made know n its plans to erect public buildings for the accommodation o f the Presiden t an d Congress on a plan "equally super b and elegant wit h any . . . i n America." This, declare d a Philadelphia editor, woul d not onl y mea n importan t additon s t o th e cit y bu t woul d insur e that a t the en d of the ten-yea r period fixed by law "the ide a of moving th e sea t o f governmen t to th e Westwar d (alia s Connogochegue ) wil l b e rendere d trul y ridicu lous." Within two months the Mayor and Aldermen of Philadelphia had applied to th e Pennsylvani a legislature fo r fund s t o erec t a Federal Hal l rivallin g that of Ne w Yor k an d a President's Hous e commensurat e wit h th e dignit y o f th e office occupie d b y Washington. Again the Philadelphia editor exclaimed: "An d shall w e conside r a residenc e o f te n years , an d ver y probabl y a century , a s worth buildin g a Federa l Hal l for ? . . . Le t us therefor e joi n han d an d heart and se t abou t it." 2

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Pennsylvania leader s were mor e discree t tha n the journalist. Whil e keepin g their ultimat e aim s hidden , the y provide d immediat e accommodation s o n th e square where independence ha d been declare d and postponed publi c discussion of th e sensitiv e topi c unti l th e Presiden t ha d departe d o n hi s souther n tour . When i n th e las t day s o f th e sessio n a bil l wa s introduce d i n respons e t o th e Philadelphia petition , a n acrimoniou s debat e too k place . I n thi s contest , re vealing ye t anothe r exampl e o f contendin g loca l views , member s fro m th e western part s of the stat e were in the oppositio n whil e those from Philadelphia and the eastern counties presse d for immediate adoption. Alber t Gallatin charged Se e Editoria l Not e and group of documents o n locating the Federa l District , at 24 Jan. 1791 . TJ' s report of meeting with Carroll, Stoddert, and Deakins at Georgetown, [14 Sep. 1790], Document n in group at 29 Aug . 1790 . Quote d b y th e Ne w Yor k Daily Advertiser o f 2 Aug . 179 0 (wit h th e allusio n to Conococheague added) , from Brown's Federal Gazette of 26 July 1790 . Ne w Yor k Daily Advertiser, 7 Sep . 1790 , quotin g a Philadelphia paper of 4 Sep . 1790. 2

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that the bill was founded on "wrong, dangerous, and dark principles." Its intent, he argued, was to have the temporary capital made permanent. Since Congress had alread y designate d th e Potoma c an d th e Presiden t ha d chose n th e per manent sit e fo r th e sea t o f government , h e though t suc h a ste p b y on e stat e seemed a n imprope r attempt a t bribery , contrary to th e goo d o f the natio n a s a whole . Th e voic e o f the bac k country, unequally represente d thoug h i t wa s and divide d betwee n thos e wh o favore d a location o n th e Potoma c an d those who preferre d on e o n th e Susquehanna , nevertheles s prevaile d ove r th e for midable force s o f the metropolis . Th e bil l wa s postpone d t o th e nex t session. Jefferson dul y reporte d these proceeding s t o th e President , who affecte d a n indifference belie d b y hi s actions. I f Pennsylvania should actuall y g o beyon d the provision s alread y made fo r a temporary residenc e an d provide land s and buildings for the indefinit e