Papers of Thomas Jefferson. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 47: 6 July to 19 November 1805 9780691248189

Citation preview

THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON JAMES P. Mc CLURE

general editor

T H E PA P E R S O F

Thomas Jefferson Volume 47 6 July to 19 November 1805 JAMES P. Mc CLURE , EDITOR

tom downey, martha j. king, and w. bland whitley, senior editors andrew j. b. fagal and merry ellen scofield, associate editors christina r. carrick, assistant editor linny schenck, editorial associate alison e. dolbier, research associate

princeton and oxford princeton university press 2023

Copyright © 2023 by Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission. Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In The United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 99 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6JX All Rights Reserved ISBN 9780691248172 Library of Congress Number: 50-7486 This book has been composed in Monticello Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources

Printed in the United States of America

dedicated to the memory of ADOLPH S. OCHS publisher of the new york times 1896-1935

who by the example of a responsible press enlarged and fortified the jeffersonian concept of a free press

ADVISORY COMMITTEE DAVID A. BELL

J. JEFFERSON LOONEY

LESLIE GREENE BOWMAN

SARA MARTIN

ANDREW BURSTEIN

JAMES M. McPHERSON

ANGELA N. H. CREAGER

VALERIE PALEY

CHRISTOPHER L. EISGRUBER

ROBERT C. RITCHIE

ANNETTE GORDON-REED

SARAH RIVETT

HENDRIK HARTOG

DANIEL T. RODGERS

CHRISTIE HENRY

HERBERT E. SLOAN

ANNE E. JARVIS

ALAN TAYLOR

WILLIAM C. JORDAN

WENDY WARREN

STANLEY N. KATZ

SEAN WILENTZ

THOMAS H. KEAN

GORDON S. WOOD

CONSULTANTS FRANÇOIS P. RIGOLOT and CAROL RIGOLOT, Consultants in French SIMONE MARCHESI, Consultant in Italian VALERIA LÓPEZ FADUL, Consultant in Spanish MATTHEW I. McDONALD, Consultant in German

SUPPORTERS This edition was made possible by an initial grant of $200,000 from the New York Times Company to Princeton University. Contributions from many foundations and individuals have sustained the endeavor since then. For their unprecedented generous support, we are also indebted to the Princeton University History Department and Christopher L. Eisgruber, president of the uni­ versity. The Packard Humanities Institute (through Founding Fathers Papers, Inc.), the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission have been crucial to progress on the edition. Support has come from the Florence Gould Foundation, the National Trust for the Humanities and the Cinco Hermanos Fund, the New York Times Company Foundation, the Dyson Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts. Other contributors have been the Ford Foundation, the Lyn and Norman Lear Foundation, the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, the Charlotte Palmer Phillips Foundation, the L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation, the John Ben Snow Memorial Trust, Time, Inc., Robert C. Baron, B. Batmanghelidj, David K. E. Bruce, and James Russell Wiggins. Benefactions from a greatly expanded roster of dedicated individuals have underwritten the volumes: Sara and James Adler, Helen and Peter Bing, Diane and John Cooke, Judy and Carl Ferenbach III, Mary-Love and William Harman, Frederick P. and Mary Buford Hitz, Governor Thomas H. Kean, Ruth and Sidney Lapidus, Lisa and Willem Mesdag, Tim and Lisa Robertson, Ann and Andrew C. Rose, Sara Lee and Axel Schupf, the Sulzberger family through the Hillandale Foundation, Richard W. Thaler, Tad and Sue Thompson, the Wendt Family Charitable Foundation, and Susan and John O. Wynne. For their vision and extraordinary efforts to provide for this edition, we owe special thanks to John S. Dyson, Governor Kean, the late H. F. Lenfest and the Lenfest Foundation, Rebecca Rimel, and the late Jack Rosenthal.

FOREWORD

W

riting to William Jarvis, the U.S. consul in Lisbon, in July, Jefferson expressed a hope that Portugal would be able to maintain its neutrality through the great maelstrom of the current war in Europe. Going on to address the position of his own nation in such a chaotic world, Jefferson wrote: “it is a great felicity to us, and it secures all our other felicities, that so wide an ocean is spread between us & the lions & tygers of Europe, as enables us to go forward in the path of justice and independance fearing nothing but our creator.” This was a vivid expression of a view of American exceptionalism that was not exclusive to Jefferson, but often found voice in him. Geography helped ensure neutrality, separating the country from Europe. By not being adjacent to the warring powers of Europe, the United States would not as a matter of course be pulled into military coalitions and alliances. Not long after he wrote to Jarvis, Jefferson considered using the contentions between “the lions & tygers of Europe” to the advantage of the United States. At issue were relations with Spain. There was no progress toward resolution of two major subjects of disagreement between the two nations: boundaries and indemnification of spoliations. The latter question involved compensation for merchant ships and cargoes seized by privateers claiming Spanish authority and condemned by prize courts despite the status of the United States as a neutral nation. The two countries had negotiated a convention to settle the claims, but the Spanish government refused to ratify the agreement. On the matter of boundaries, the line between Louisiana and Texas was unmarked on the ground. East of the Mississippi, the positions of the United States and Spain regarding the border between Louisiana and West Florida differed substantially. In August, during the summer period when Jefferson was at Monticello, he conceived a plan by which the United States might barter its neutrality, in some limited way, to get what was needed from Spain. The key would be an agreement with Great Britain for a prospective alliance: “the treaty should be provisional only,” Jefferson tried to explain to Madison by letter, “to come into force on the event of our being engaged in war with either France or Spain, during the present war in Europe. in that event we should make common cause, & England should stipulate not to make peace without our obtaining the objects for which we go to war” (27 Aug.). Madison argued in return that the British would enter into no agreement that did not  vii 

FOREWORD

oblige the United States to participate in the war for a period dictated by British, not American, goals. There was, he contended, no reason to promise an alliance until circumstances required it. Gallatin, who was in New York City, prepared a long memorandum in which he advocated that the spoliation claims and boundary questions were insufficient cause for war with Spain, which would come at a high economic cost. He contended that British transgressions were the more acute problem: “it may be questioned whether both as a real injury & as a point affecting the national dignity, the annual blockade of our ports & the perpetual impressment of our seamen be not more essential wrongs than any we have suffered from Spain” (see the enclosure to Gallatin’s second letter of 12 Sep.). Jefferson kept Spanish relations as his focus when he returned to Washington in October and with time was finally able to gather the heads of executive departments to discuss matters in person. He stopped advocating a prospective alliance with Britain and took another tack. As long as the war continued in Europe—the “lions & tygers” fighting among themselves—it was to France’s advantage to take the leading role in negotiations involving Spain. It would be particularly in France’s interest if the most efficient way to resolve the Louisiana-Florida boundary was by the sale of East and West Florida to the United States, with payment going to France, rather than Spain. In November, the president and cabinet decided that the United States would offer up to $5 million for the Floridas. They received word from John Armstrong, the U.S. minister in Paris, that the French were interested in reaching such an agreement, although with a starting price of $7 million. They also received reports that patrols from the Spanish garrison at Nacogdoches on the Texas side of the line had seized goods and horses of traders from Natchitoches, a trading town and U.S. military post on the Red River roughly a hundred miles to the east of Nacogdoches. The intelligence said also that the Spanish at San Antonio were transferring two companies of soldiers to the border region. The Jefferson administration, which had been trying without success to get Spain to agree to “the military status quo in the Controverted districts” until formal agreement on the boundaries could be reached (see Madison’s letter of 2 Aug.), viewed those actions with concern. Following a meeting of the cabinet on 19 Nov., Jefferson sketched out orders for the officer at Natchitoches, instructing him to send out patrols to intercept any “armed men not under the authority of the US.” found east of the Sabine River. The draft orders emphasized “that aggressors are to be arrested if possible, & the spilling of blood be avoided,” and as an afterthought Jefferson  viii 

FOREWORD

inserted an instruction to first “propose to Commdt. Nacogdoches to restrain aggressions.” Jefferson also drafted a projet of a treaty that would cover the sale of the Floridas to the United States, declare which rivers would form the boundary west of the Mississippi, and require Spain to complete settlement of the spoliations claims. That autumn he also invested time in preparing two draft bills related to national defense. One proposed act would classify militiaeligible men aged 18 to 45 into categories by age with an expectation that when the militia was called up, the greatest burden of service would fall on what Jefferson called the “Junior” class, those aged 21 through 25. The other bill sought to organize deep-sea and coastal mariners, all of whom were exempt from militia service under existing law, into a naval militia. Both draft bills, along with documents relating to their creation, are in this volume at 14 Nov. (see also Dearborn to TJ, 22 Oct.; Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia, at 22 Oct.; TJ to Dearborn, 23 Oct.; and Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, at 3 Nov.). Connected to relations with Spain in the trans-Mississippi region was Jefferson’s policy toward Native Americans. Writing as governor of Louisiana Territory on 6 Nov., General James Wilkinson referred to the “great Objects” of Jefferson’s program, which included a prohibition of settlement by non-native people in the zone between the established communities of the St. Louis region and those of Orleans Territory to enable what Wilkinson characterized as “the transfer of the Southern Indians to this Territory.” In November, Jefferson made a tally that showed the United States had obtained cessions of more than nine million acres from nations east of the Mississippi just in the period from July to November (see Expenditures for Land Cessions, at 19 Nov.). He calculated that in one case the annuity payments in exchange for the land worked out to about a penny per acre. Early in November, he and Secretary of War Henry Dearborn found themselves wrangling with a visiting delegation of Creeks, led by William McIntosh and Alexander Cornells, who were determined to hold out for a higher price for their lands between the Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers than the U.S. government was offering. A simpler matter of foreign policy than that presented by Spain was, at least for a time, the war with Tripoli. In September at Monticello, Jefferson received the news that William Eaton and the pasha’s disaffected brother, Ahmad Qaramanli, had led a successful campaign against the port of Derna and that Tobias Lear, as general consul to the North African states, had with a show of U.S. naval strength persuaded Pasha Yusuf Qaramanli to agree to a treaty. Margaret Lowther  ix 

FOREWORD

Page, wife of the governor of Virginia, was visiting at Monticello with her husband when the news arrived. She was moved to compose a poem addressed to Jefferson “On hearing of the Victory which produced the Peace with Tripoli.” Its final stanza reads: Splendid shallt Thou superior rise, No envious Mist thy Glory shade; A grateful World thy Virtues prize, ’Till Time and Memory shall fade! There were complications to come regarding the terms of the peace, but for a while the country could bask in the decisive resolution of the conflict. Other information from afar had come in August, when a shipment of specimens sent in April by William Clark and Meriwether Lewis from the winter encampment they had named Fort Mandan arrived in Washington. The lot, consisting of a barrel, four boxes, and cages holding a live magpie and prairie dog, had been transported down the Missouri River to St. Louis, then down the Mississippi to New Orleans, then by sea to Baltimore, then by road to the capital. Members of the President’s House staff, supervised by the steward, Étienne Lemaire, who was himself under guidance from the secretary of war, unpacked the containers that contained animal skins, bones, and horns. They beat the skins they found infested with insects, then aired them in the sun for several days, rolled them with tobacco leaves as a repellent, and repacked them in cloth sacks. The shipment also included mineral and plant specimens to be studied by experts under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society at Lewis’s suggestion, and in the fall Jefferson passed some zoological specimens along to Charles Willson Peale for his museum. Lemaire stowed most of the specimens in the attic of the executive mansion, but he appropriately set up the prairie dog and magpie, which he reported were doing well—“Se porte tres bien”—in the downstairs room in which the president received visitors. In a matter that braided together politics and his personal life, Jefferson received a reply, dated 30 July, from Levi Lincoln in Massachusetts to a letter that Jefferson wrote in June but has not been found. The subject was an accusation, one of an array of charges recently rehashed by Jefferson’s opponents, that, as he expressed it, “when young & single I offered love to a handsome lady” (to Robert Smith, 1 July, in the previous volume). Lincoln may have echoed language in Jefferson’s missing letter, and certainly rang notes favorable to Jefferson, when he wrote that even the president’s enemies must think of the incident as “a thoughtless indiscretion which a  x 

FOREWORD

young Virginian had been betrayed into from the hay day of blood by the free & inviting countenance of beauty, forty years since.” This interpretation sidestepped the difficulty that even though Jefferson was single at the time of the incident, the object of his attention, Elizabeth Moore Walker, was not, she being in fact the wife of one of his good friends. The interpretation embraced by Lincoln and other Jefferson allies also, in that male-dominated political world, blamed the incident on Elizabeth Walker’s beauty, as if even the coolly ra­ tional Jefferson could not have resisted. Lincoln affirmed the message that Jefferson no doubt wanted the world to embrace, that “however to be regreted and blamable the indiscretion, which none can be more candidly disposed to censure than yourself; it is considered by your friends & acknowledged by your political enemies, at least, by those whose sentiments have weight in society, to be cruel & savage to urge the common foibles of Juvenile inexperience, against the chastised habits of acting & thinking, long fixed, by the reflections of wisdom & mature age.” This volume is similar to the full body of Jefferson’s papers, in that it provides but limited information about the many workers bound in slavery who provided most of the labor needed to support him. Hints of some of the varied tasks they performed are found in a letter from Bowling Clark (4 Aug.), who mentioned that communications from Jefferson had been conveyed some distance across Virginia by Hercules, a member of the enslaved workforce raising tobacco at Poplar Forest, and in a letter from Jefferson to his new Monticello overseer, John Hoomes Freeman (14 Nov.), that referred to women charged as nursemaids with caring for enslaved mothers’ young children. Transactions for Jefferson’s purchase of workers made in the period covered by this volume appear primarily in his financial memoranda, not in correspondence or other documents printed here. From Gabriel Lilly, his departing overseer, he agreed to buy Lucretia Hern, her two sons, and the yet-unborn child she was carrying. They were the family of James Hern, one of the Monticello workforce. From Thomas Eston Randolph he agreed to purchase a man named Martin. One arrangement for purchase of enslaved laborers does find its way into the documents printed in this volume. Because he had to pay the $800 price over time in two notes, a transaction in the spring of 1805 for Jeffer­ son’s purchase of two men, named Isaac and Charles, from their owner in Alexandria appears in one of his financial tallies (Notes on Personal Finance, [May-September 1805]; mb, 2:1153, 1155, 1157, 1162). This volume does contain substantive information about two attempts, one of them successful, to escape the hold of enslavement at  xi 

FOREWORD

Monticello. In July, James Oldham, a Richmond artisan who supplied Jefferson with joinery work such as window sashes, wrote to say that Jamey Hemings was in the city and had agreed to stay with Oldham until they heard from Jefferson. This James Hemings, about 18 years old, was the nephew of the better-known person of that name, who was a brother of Sally Heming and had learned the arts of French cookery in Paris in the 1780s. This younger James had been a worker in the smithing shops and nailery at Monticello—a brutal place to work—in 1804, when Oldham, who was doing joinery at Monticello at the time, took care of the young man during a three-day bout with illness and tried in vain to protect him from whippings by Lilly, who was sure Hemings was shirking (see Oldham to Jefferson, 26 Nov. 1804, in Vol. 45). Following Lilly’s “Barbarity,” Hemings disappeared from Monticello, not to be heard from again until Oldham learned that he was in Richmond and had worked during the fall as a sailor on boats on the circuit between Richmond and Norfolk and in the spring as a hand on boats farther up the James River. In response to the news from Oldham, Jefferson wrote that “I can readily excuse the follies of a boy and therefore his return shall ensure him an entire pardon” (to Oldham, 20 July). He stated that during his own absences from Monticello, Hemings would be put to work as a housejoiner rather than in the nailery. But the prospect of returning to the regimens of forced labor at Monticello was apparently too much for Hemings, for on the day that Jefferson wrote that letter, the young man left Oldham’s residence and by the next day had found a place on a boat passing through the locks at Richmond. Jefferson let him go. Hemings’s mother, Critta Hemings Bowles, wrote to Jefferson on 16 Nov. from Monticello, but that letter has not been found and its subject is unknown. In September, Daniel Bradley, a jailer in Fairfax County, placed in confinement James Hubbard, another fugitive from the blacksmithing and nail-making shops at Monticello, who was carrying forged papers intended to let him pass as a free man. This incident illuminates the systems in place in Virginia to support slaveholders. Bradley challenged the authenticity of Hubbard’s papers, which he had obtained from Lilly’s son not long before the Lillys’ departure for Kentucky. The jailer informed Jefferson that he found Hubbard “in possession of the within Papers endeavouring to Pass as a freeman which Convinced me that he was Runaway,” which suggests that Hubbard’s mere possession of papers purporting to show that he was a free Black man was itself enough to arouse Bradley’s suspicion. Bradley brought the young man before a justice of the peace and obtained an order for his  xii 

FOREWORD

confinement in jail. Bradley was a little on edge about holding Hubbard, who was in his early twenties, about six feet tall, and by Jeffer­ son’s description “very stout,” as might be expected of someone whose daily work required constant swinging of a heavy smith’s hammer against an anvil. There were incentives to accept the risk. Jefferson paid Bradley $35 for his fees and another $20 to a man who had also informed Jefferson of Hubbard’s capture and agreed to bring him back to Monticello (Bradley to Jefferson, 7 Sep., 6 Oct.; Jefferson to Bradley, 6 Oct.; mb, 2:1173). It is likely that while Jefferson was at Monticello in the summer and early fall he wrote and sketched out an ambitious general plan for landscaping the property (see Plan for the Grounds at Monticello, at the end of September). In this plan he anticipated the leveling and formal laying out of the grand kitchen garden that he called the “Olitory,” which would be the subject of another set of detailed notes that he would begin in the spring of 1806. In this 1805 plan, he gave most of his attention to the aesthetics of what he called the “pleasure grounds.” He created a descriptive overall landscape design program, rather than a detailed plat. He gave thought to the use of walkways and sight lines as primary elements, punctuated by groves of trees and “clumps of thickets.” He noted the varieties of trees and shrubs that could serve well, and anticipated architectural features that would include a Tuscan temple, “Demosthenes’s lanthern,” and Gothic and Chinese elements. Also in the summer of 1805, Jefferson made a visit to his Poplar Forest property in Bedford County as he moved forward with plans for members of his family to locate there and for it to be a place of retreat for himself. This edition and historical scholarship suffered a deep blow with the sudden passing away of Herbert Sloan while this volume was in press. On its publication in 1995, Herb’s Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt made a definitive contribution to Jefferson studies. His originality of mind and ever-skeptical take on Jefferson will be sorely missed by his colleagues in the profession, students, and friends.

 xiii 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS any individuals have given the Editors the benefit of their aid M in the preparation of this volume, and we offer them our thanks. At Princeton, we are grateful to Angela Creager, Judith Hanson, Steve

Knowlton, and Millie Ndiritu in the Department of History, and their former colleague, Debora Macy; in the libraries, Anne E. Jarvis, Colleen M. Burlingham, Elaine Russian, and Anuradha Vedantham; in the Office of the Dean of the Faculty, Associate Dean Karen B. Haskin; Tim Aultom, Steven Semenuk, and Angela Ward in the Office of the Vice President for Finance and Treasurer; Caroline McHugh Sitren and Kristen Hubbard in the Office of Research and Project Administration and former members of that office Maureen Thompson-Siegel, Mona L. Hall, Mellissa Williams, Eszter Rudy, and Bushra Rehman; and Professor William C. Jordan for assistance with language translations. Jason Bush, Paul Hayslett, and Allan Orsnes of IDM skillfully provide technical support. Our collaborative partners at Princeton University Press have our deepest admiration and appreciation, including Christie Henry, Eric Crahan, and Mark Bellis; we rely on the remarkable contributions of Carmina Alvarez-Gaffin, Meghan Kanabay, Dimitri Karetnikov, and Erin Suydam. We are grateful to Bob Bartleson of IPS and his colleagues, especially Carol Pierson, for carefully and consistently handling the composition of the volumes. At the University of Virginia Press, we are indebted to David Sewell and Patricia Searl. Research assistant Abbie Minard performed a variety of essential tasks. We owe much to the skill of Gretchen Oberfranc in reading each volume. We are indebted to Lucia C. Stanton for sharing her wisdom and knowledge and to Alfred L. Bush for assistance, particularly with our illustrations. For special assistance on this volume, we appreciate the help of Sabina Beauchard, formerly of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Mark Greek at the District of Columbia Public Library; Russell Hopley for help with documents in Arabic; Dennis Northcott at the Missouri Historical Society Library and Research Center; and, for illustrations, Michela Bonardi at The British Museum, Dawn Bonner at George Washington’s Mount Vernon, Jeffrey Cohen, Bryn Mawr College, Peter Coolidge, Eleanor Gillers at the New-York Historical Society, Christopher Kintzel at the Maryland State Archives, Meredith McDonough at the Alabama State Archives, Lara Szypszak at the Library of Congress, Gregory R. Weidman at Hampton NHS, Penny White at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia as well  xv 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

as her former colleague David White­sell, and Andrew Williams at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. We wish to thank Darrell Meadows and Christopher Eck of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission; Jason Boffetti and his former colleague Lydia Medici of the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities; Julie Miller and her colleagues in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; Peter Drummey, Anna Clutterbuck-Cook, Elaine Heavey, and Nancy Heywood of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Anna Berkes and Endrina Tay in the library of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; David A. Langbart of the National Archives at College Park; Molly Kodner of the Missouri History Museum Library and Research Center; Brenda Gunn, Anne Causey, Christina Deane, and Regina Rush at the University of Virginia Library; Jay Gaidmore of Swem Library at the College of William and Mary; John Deal and Brent Tarter of the Library of Virginia; Paige Newman of the Virginia Historical Society; Charles M. Harris of the Papers of William Thornton; the staffs of the American Philosophical Society, the Huntington Library, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, the New-York Historical Society, and the American Antiquarian Society; and our friends and fellow editors at the Thomas Jefferson Retirement Series at Monticello, the Adams Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Papers of James Madison and the Papers of George Washington at the University of Virginia, the Papers of Benjamin Franklin at Yale University, and the James Monroe Papers at the University of Mary Washington. We mourn the passing of our longtime production editor at the Press, Lauren Lepow. Lauren’s meticulous attention to detail in wrangling the manuscripts and files of the volumes from submission through page proofs to bound book and then to digital publication was vital to their timely and attractive appearance. Lauren’s professionalism coupled with her quiet voice and unshakable good humor made working with her an unfailing pleasure. She was a nonpareil. Along with all her colleagues and friends, we will miss her.

 xvi 

EDITORIAL METHOD A N D A P PA R AT U S 1. RENDERING THE TEXT

Julian P. Boyd eloquently set forth a comprehensive editorial policy in Volume 1 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Adopting what he described as a “middle course” for rendering eighteenth-century handwritten materials into print, Boyd set the standards for modern historical editing. His successors, Charles T. Cullen and John Catanzariti, reaffirmed Boyd’s high standards. At the same time, they made changes in textual policy and editorial apparatus as they deemed appropriate. For Boyd’s policy and subsequent modifications to it, readers are encouraged to consult Vol. 1:xxix-xxxviii; Vol. 22:vii-xi; and Vol. 24:vii-viii. The revised, more literal textual method, which appeared for the first time in Volume 30, adheres to the following guidelines: Abbreviations will be retained as written. Where the meaning is sufficiently unclear to require editorial intervention, the expansion will be given in the explanatory annotation. Capitalization will follow the usage of the writer. Because the line between uppercase and lowercase letters can be a very fine and fluctuating one, when it is impossible to make an absolute determination of the author’s intention, we will adopt modern usage. Jefferson rarely began his sentences with an uppercase letter, and we conform to his usage. Punctuation will be retained as written and double marks of punctuation, such as a period followed by a dash, will be allowed to stand. Misspellings or so-called slips of the pen will be allowed to stand or will be recorded in a subjoined textual note. English translations or translation summaries will be supplied for foreign-language documents. In some instances, when documents are lengthy and not especially pertinent to Jefferson’s concerns or if our edition’s typography cannot adequately represent the script of a language, we will provide only a summary in English. In most cases we will print in full the text in its original language and also provide a full English translation. If a contemporary translation that Jefferson made or would have used is extant, we may print it in lieu of a modern translation. Our own translations are designed to provide a basic readable English text for the modern user rather than to preserve all aspects of the original diction and language.  xvii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S 2. TEXTUAL DEVICES

The following devices are employed throughout the work to clarify the presentation of the text. [.  .  .] [  ] [roman] [italic]

Text missing and not conjecturable. Number or part of a number missing or illegible. Conjectural reading for missing or illegible matter. A question mark follows when the reading is doubtful. Editorial comment inserted in the text. Matter deleted in the MS but restored in our text. 3. DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

The following symbols are employed throughout the work to describe the various kinds of manuscript originals. When a series of versions is recorded, the first to be recorded is the version used for the printed text. Dft Dupl MS N PoC PrC RC SC Tripl

draft (usually a composition or rough draft; later drafts, when identifiable as such, are designated “2d Dft,” &c.) duplicate manuscript (arbitrarily applied to most documents other than letters) note, notes (memoranda, fragments, &c.) polygraph copy press copy recipient’s copy stylograph copy triplicate

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. On the other hand, the following types of manuscripts are assumed not to be in the hand of the author, and exceptions will be noted: FC Lb Tr

file copy (applied to all contemporary copies retained by the author or his agents) letterbook (ordinarily used with FC and Tr to denote texts copied into bound volumes) transcript (applied to all contemporary and later copies except file copies; period of transcription, unless clear by implication, will be given when known)  xviii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S 4. LOCATION SYMBOLS

The locations of documents printed in this edition from originals in private hands and from printed sources are recorded in self-explanatory form in the descriptive note following each document. The locations of documents printed from originals held by public and private institutions in the United States are recorded by means of the symbols used in the National Union Catalog in the Library of Congress; an explanation of how these symbols are formed is given in Vol. 1:xl. The symbols DLC and MHi by themselves stand for the collections of Jefferson Papers proper in these repositories; when texts are drawn from other collections held by these two institutions, the names of those collections will be added. Location symbols for documents held by institutions outside the United States are given in a subjoined list. CSmH CtY DLC DWP ICN MH MHi MWA MdHi MoSHi Ms-Ar NHi NIC NN NNC NNPM NhHi NjP PHi PPAmP PPL RPB TxU Vi

The Huntington Library, San Marino, California Yale University Library Library of Congress District of Columbia Public Library Newberry Library, Chicago Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore Missouri History Museum Library and Research Center, St. Louis Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson New-York Historical Society, New York City Cornell University, Ithaca, New York New York Public Library Columbia University Library, New York City Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord Princeton University, New Jersey Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Library Company of Philadelphia Brown University Library University of Texas, Austin Library of Virginia, Richmond  xix 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

ViHi ViU ViW

Virginia Historical Society, Richmond University of Virginia, Charlottesville College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 5. NATIONAL ARCHIVES DESIGNATIONS

Documents in the National Archives have the location symbol DNA, with identifications of record groups and series as follows: RG 26 RG 28 RG 29 RG 45

RG 46

RG 53 RG 56 RG 59

RG 75

Records of the United States Coast Guard LL Lighthouse Letters Records of the Post Office Department LPG Letters Sent by the Postmaster General Records of the Bureau of Census Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library LSO Letters Sent to Officers LSP Letters Sent to the President MLR Misc. Letters Received MLS Misc. Letters Sent Records of the United States Senate EPEN Executive Proceedings, Executive Nominations EPFR Executive Proceedings, Foreign Relations LP Letters from the President Records of the Bureau of Public Debt RES Registers, Estimates, and Statements General Records of the Department of the Treasury General Records of the Department of State CD Consular Dispatches DD Diplomatic Dispatches GPR General Pardon Records LAR Letters of Application and Recommendation MCL Misc. Commissions and Lists MLR Misc. Letters Received NL Notes from Legations RD Resignations and Declinations TP Territorial Papers Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs LSIA Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs  xx 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

RG 84 RG 94 RG 107

RG 233

Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State CR Consular Records Records of the Adjutant General’s Office Records of the Office of the Secretary of War LRMS Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Main Series LRRS Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Registered Series LSMA Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs MLS Misc. Letters Sent RLRMS Register of Letters Received, Main Series Records of the United States House of Representatives PM President’s Messages

6. OTHER SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following symbols and abbreviations are commonly employed in the annotation throughout the work. Second Series  The topical series to be published as part of this edition, comprising those materials which are best suited to a topical rather than a chronological arrangement (see Vol. 1:xv-xvi) TJ  Thomas Jefferson TJ Editorial Files  Photoduplicates and other editorial materials in the office of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University Library TJ Papers  Jefferson Papers (applied to a collection of manuscripts when the precise location of an undated, misdated, or otherwise problematic document must be furnished, and always preceded by the symbol for the institutional repository; thus “DLC: TJ Papers, 4:628-9” represents a document in the Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers, volume 4, pages 628 and 629. Citations to volumes and folio numbers of the Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress refer to the collection as it was arranged at the time the first microfilm edition was made in 1944-45. Access to the microfilm edition of the collection as it was rearranged under the Library’s Presidential Papers Program is provided by the Index to the Thomas Jefferson Papers [Washington, D.C., 1976]) RG  Record Group (used in designating the location of documents in the National Archives)  xxi 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

SJL  Jefferson’s “Summary Journal of Letters” written and received for the period 11 Nov. 1783 to 25 June 1826 (in DLC: TJ Papers). This register, kept in Jefferson’s hand, has been checked against the TJ Editorial Files. It is to be assumed that all outgoing letters are recorded in SJL unless there is a note to the contrary. When the date of receipt of an incoming letter is recorded in SJL, it is incorporated in the notes. Information and discrepancies revealed in SJL but not found in the letter itself are also noted. Missing letters recorded in SJL are, where possible, accounted for in the notes to documents mentioning them or in related documents. A more detailed discussion of this register and its use in this edition appears in Vol. 6:vii-x SJPL  “Summary Journal of Public Letters,” an incomplete list of letters and documents written by TJ from 16 Apr. 1784 to 31 Dec. 1793, with brief summaries, in an amanuensis’s hand. This is supplemented by six pages in TJ’s hand, compiled at a later date, listing private and confidential memorandums and notes as well as official reports and communications by and to him as Secretary of State, 11 Oct. 1789 to 31 Dec. 1793 (in DLC: TJ Papers, Epistolary Record, 514-59 and 209-11, respectively; see Vol. 22:ix-x). Since nearly all documents in the amanuensis’s list are registered in SJL, while few in TJ’s list are so recorded, it is to be assumed that all references to SJPL are to the list in TJ’s hand unless there is a statement to the contrary V Ecu ƒ Florin £ Pound sterling or livre, depending upon context (in doubtful cases, a clarifying note will be given) s Shilling or sou (also expressed as /) d Penny or denier ₶ Livre Tournois  Per (occasionally used for pro, pre) 7. SHORT TITLES

The following list includes short titles of works cited frequently in this edition. Since it is impossible to anticipate all the works to be cited in abbreviated form, the list is revised from volume to volume. anb  John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, New York and Oxford, 1999, 24 vols. Annals  Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States .  .  . Com xxii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

piled from Authentic Materials, Washington, D.C., Gales & Seaton, 1834-56, 42 vols. All editions are undependable and pagination varies from one printing to another. The first two volumes of the set cited here have “Compiled .  .  . by Joseph Gales, Senior” on the title page and bear the caption “Gales & Seatons History” on verso and “of Debates in Congress” on recto pages. The remaining volumes bear the caption “History of Congress” on both recto and verso pages. Those using the first two volumes with the latter caption will need to employ the date of the debate or the indexes of debates and speakers. aps  American Philosophical Society asp  American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1832-61, 38 vols. Bear, Family Letters  Edwin M. Betts and James A. Bear, Jr., eds., Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson, Columbia, Mo., 1966 Betts, Farm Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, Princeton, 1953 Betts, Garden Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766-1824, Philadelphia, 1944 Biog. Dir. Cong.  Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989, Washington, D.C., 1989 Brigham, American Newspapers  Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1947, 2 vols. Bush, Life Portraits  Alfred L. Bush, The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson, rev. ed., Charlottesville, 1987 cvsp  William P. Palmer and others, eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers .  .  . Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, Richmond, 1875-93, 11 vols. dab  Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928-36, 20 vols. dhsc  Maeva Marcus and others, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, New York, 1985-2007, 8 vols. Dictionnaire  Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, 1933- , 19 vols. dnb  H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, In Association with The British Academy, From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000, Oxford, 2004, 60 vols. dsb  Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York, 1970-80, 16 vols.  xxiii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

dvb  John T. Kneebone and others, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Richmond, 1998- , 3 vols. eg  Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, eds., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, Princeton, 1983, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Ford  Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition, New York, 1892-99, 10 vols. Gallatin, Papers  Carl E. Prince and Helene E. Fineman, eds., The Papers of Albert Gallatin, microfilm edition in 46 reels, Philadelphia, 1969, and Supplement, Barbara B. Oberg, ed., reels 47-51, Wilmington, Del., 1985 haw  Henry A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jeffer­ son, New York, 1853-54, 9 vols. Heitman, Dictionary  Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1903, 2 vols. Heitman, Register  Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1793, new ed., Washington, D.C., 1914 Jackson, Lewis and Clark  Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents, 1783-1854, 2d ed., Urbana, Ill., 1978 jep  Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States .  .  . to the Termination of the Nineteenth Congress, Washington, D.C., 1828, 3 vols. jhr  Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1826, 9 vols. js  Journal of the Senate of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1820-21, 5 vols. l & b  Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1903-04, 20 vols. Latrobe, Correspondence  John C. Van Horne and Lee W. Formwalt, eds., The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, New Haven, 1984-88, 3 vols. lcb  Douglas L. Wilson, ed., Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book, Princeton, 1989, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series lecb  David Thomas Konig and Michael P. Zuckert, eds., Jeffer­ son’s Legal Commonplace Book, Princeton, 2019, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series  xxiv 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

Leonard, General Assembly  Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, Richmond, 1978 Madison, Papers  William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, J. C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962- , 43 vols. [Congressional Ser. cited as simply: Madison, Papers], 1962 91, 17 vols. Sec. of State Ser., 1986- , 12 vols. Pres. Ser., 1984-2020, 11 vols. Malone, Jefferson  Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-81, 6 vols. mb  James A. Bear, Jr., and Lucia C. Stanton, eds., Jefferson’s Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826, Princeton, 1997, 2 vols. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Miller, Alexandria Artisans  T. Michael Miller, comp., Artisans and Merchants of Alexandria, Virginia, 1780-1820, Bowie, Md., 1991-92, 2 vols. Miller, Treaties  Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, Washington, D.C., 1931-48, 8 vols. Monroe, Papers  Daniel Preston and others, eds., The Papers of James Monroe, Westport, Conn., 2003- , 7 vols. Moulton, Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition  Gary E. Moulton, ed., Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Lincoln, Neb., 1983-2001, 13 vols. ndbw  Dudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, Washington, D.C., 1939-44, 6 vols. and Register of Officer Personnel and Ships’ Data, 1801-1807, Washington, D.C., 1945 Nichols, Architectural Drawings  Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, Compiled and with Commentary and a Check List, Charlottesville, 1978 Notes, ed. Peden  Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, 1955 oed  J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1989, 20 vols. Peale, Papers  Lillian B. Miller and others, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, New Haven, 19832000, 5 vols. in 6  xxv 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

pmhb  Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1877pw  Wilbur S. Howell, ed., Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings, Princeton, 1988, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series rchs  Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1895-1989 Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books  Dunbar Rowland, ed., The Offi­ cial Letter Books of W. C. C. Claiborne, 1801-1816, Jackson, Miss., 1917, 6 vols. rs  J. Jefferson Looney and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Princeton, 2004- , 18 vols. Shaw-Shoemaker  Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 18011819, New York, 1958-63, 22 vols. Sowerby  E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-59, 5 vols. Stanton, Free Some Day  Lucia Stanton, Free Some Day: The African-­ American Families of Monticello, Charlottesville, 2000 Stein, Worlds  Susan R. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, New York, 1993 Stets, Postmasters  Robert J. Stets, Postmasters & Postoffices of the United States 1782-1811, Lake Oswego, Ore., 1994 Syrett, Hamilton  Harold C. Syrett and others, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, New York, 1961-87, 27 vols. Terr. Papers  Clarence E. Carter and John Porter Bloom, eds., The Territorial Papers of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1934-75, 28 vols. tjr  Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottes­ ville, 1829, 4 vols. Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon  Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, Paris, 1987 U.S. Statutes at Large  Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States .  .  . 1789 to March 3, 1845, Boston, 1855-56, 8 vols. vmhb  Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893Washington, Papers  W. W. Abbot, Dorothy Twohig, Philander D. Chase, Theodore J. Crackel, Edward C. Lengel, and others, eds., The Papers of George Washington, Charlottesville, 1983- , 69 vols. Col. Ser., 1983-95, 10 vols. Pres. Ser., 1987- , 21 vols.  xxvi 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

Ret. Ser., 1998-99, 4 vols. Rev. War Ser., 1985- , 28 vols. wmq  William and Mary Quarterly, 1892Woods, Albemarle  Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, Charlottesville, 1901

 xxvii 

CONTENTS Fo r ew o r d Ack no w led g m e n t s E d ito r ia l Me t ho d a n d A p pa rat u s I llu st ratio n s Jeff e r so n C h r o n o l o gy

l 1805 l

l l

k

From Thomas Appleton, 6 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 6 July From DeWitt Clinton, 6 July To Dorcas Osgood Marble Dearborn, 6 July To Lewis Deblois, 6 July To William Jarvis, 6 July To Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 6 July To Edward Preble, 6 July To Anne Cary Randolph, 6 July From John Rhea, 6 July To Robert Williams, 6 July To Caspar Wistar, 6 July To Nathaniel Ellicott, 7 June [i.e. July] From Philippe Reibelt, 7 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 8 July Invoice from Benjamin King, [ca. 8 July] Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July From Stephen White, 8 July From William Dunbar, 9 July From Donald Fraser, 9 July From Albert Gallatin, 9 July From George Jefferson, 9 July From Robert Smith, 9 July From Caesar Rodney Wilson, 9 July To William C. C. Claiborne, 10 July To Albert Gallatin, [10 July] To Reuben Lewis, 10 July To Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 10 July To James Oldham, 10 July From Jean Baptiste Petry, 10 July

 xxix 

vii xv xvii xlvii 2

'

3 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26

CONTENTS To Ellen Wayles Randolph, 10 July To Philippe Reibelt, 10 July From Philippe Reibelt, 10 July To Margaret Bayard Smith, 10 July From Louis de Tousard, 10 July From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [before 11 July?] From Edward Johnston, 11 July From Anne Cary Randolph, 11 July From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 11 July From Robert Smith, 11 July From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, [on or before 11 July] From Thomas Hall, 12 July To Jones & Howell, 12 July From John Hamilton Moore, 12 July To Charles Willson Peale, 12 July From Joseph Yznardi, Sr., 12 July Memorandum for John Barnes, [13 July or after] To Charles Buxton, 13 July To DeWitt Clinton, 13 July From Thomas Freeman, 13 July To George Jefferson, 13 July Invoice from Rosanna McKenney, 13 July To Philippe Reibelt, 13 July From Edward Rowse, 13 July From William Tatham, enclosing Prospectus for a Department of Works and Public Economy, 13 July From Robert Williams, 13 July To William C. C. Claiborne, 14 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 14 July To Henry Dearborn, 14 July To Gideon Granger, 14 July, enclosing Petition of Kentucky Merchants and Traders, April To John Lenthall, 14 July From William Martin, 14 July From Thomas Munroe, 14 July Specifications for Work at President’s House and Capitol, 14 July To Louis de Tousard, 14 July To Jonathan Williams, 14 July From John Barnes, 15 July Petition of Christopher Church, with Jefferson’s Order, [on or before 15 July]

 xxx 

27 28 28 29 29 30 32 32 33 34 34 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 45 48 48 49 51 52 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 58

CONTENTS From Albert Gallatin, 15 July From Jones & Howell, 15 July From Robert Morrison, [15 July] From William Pryce, 15 July From Philippe Reibelt, enclosing Account with Philippe Reibelt, 15 July From George Jefferson, 16 July From Jourdan, 16 July From James Oldham, 16 July From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis, 17 July From Ellen Wayles Randolph, [before 18 July] From William Bentley, 18 July From Robert Brent, 19 July From Jacob Crowninshield, 19 July From Gideon Granger, 19 July From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 19 July From Pierre Chouteau, [before 20 July] To John Barnes, 20 July From Henry Dearborn, 20 July From John Thomson Mason, 20 July From Philip Mazzei, 20 July To James Oldham, 20 July Petition of Robert Rankin, with Jefferson’s Order, 20 July From Daniel Strobel, Jr., 20 July From Joseph Anderson, 21 July To Albert Gallatin, 21 July To Gibson & Jefferson, 21 July To David Howell, 21 July Notes on Lease to Eli Alexander, [on or before 21 July] From Charles Buxton, 22 July, enclosing Diagrams of Seawater Distillation Apparatus, 19 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 22 July From Henry Dearborn, 22 July From John Gardiner, 22 July From Michael Leib, 22 July From James Madison, 22 July From Jean Baptiste Petry, 22 July From John Richman, 22 July To Robert Brent, 23 July From David Gelston, 23 July To Gideon Granger, 23 July From Gideon Granger, 23 July

 xxxi 

59 61 61 63 64 67 67 69 69 71 72 73 73 74 77 79 80 81 82 83 88 89 89 91 91 92 93 93 94 97 97 98 98 99 100 101 101 102 102 103

CONTENTS To James Madison, 23 July From James Oldham, 23 July From Samuel Harrison Smith, 23 July To Bowling Clark, enclosing Valuation of Poplar Forest Tracts, 24 July [i.e. 28-31 July?] From James Madison, 24 July From Philip Mazzei, 24 July From Albert Picket, 24 July From Philippe Reibelt, 24 July From William Wirt, 24 July From John Barnes, 25 July To Henry Dearborn, 25 July To Henry Dearborn, 25 July From John Erving, 25 July From João, Prince Regent of Portugal, 25 July To James Madison, 25 July From Philip Mazzei, 25 July From Henry Meigs, 25 July From Ledyard Seymour, 25 July From Joseph Dougherty, 26 July From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, 27 July From Jacob Wagner, 27 July From Jacob Wagner, 27 July From Henry Dearborn, 29 July From John Guiho de Kerlegand, 29 July From Jacob Wagner, 29 July From Daniel Fisher of New York, 30 July From Albert Gallatin, 30 July From Albert Gallatin, 30 July From Levi Lincoln, 30 July From Edward Preble, 30 July From William Lambert, 31 July From Martinus van Marum, July From William Jarvis, 1 August From John McMenamy, 1 August Statement of Account with James Cheetham, 2 August From James Madison, 2 August From William C. C. Claiborne, 3 August To Henry Dearborn, 3 August To David Gelston, 3 August To Gideon Granger, 3 August

 xxxii 

104 104 105 106 107 108 111 112 113 114 115 116 116 117 118 118 120 122 122 122 123 125 125 127 128 129 130 130 131 136 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 144 144

CONTENTS From William Jones, enclosing Invoice for Instruments, Maps, and Books, 3 August From Jacob Wagner, 3 August From Joel Barlow, 4 August From Bowling Clark, 4 August To James Madison, 4 August Notes on Letter to Gibson & Jefferson, 4 August To Edward Rowse, 4 August To William Wirt, 4 August From Ahmad Qaramanli, 5 August From Jonathan Williams, 5 August From John Bracken, 6 August From Robert Brent, 6 August From Dominick A. Hall, 6 August From Levett Harris, 6 August From John Page, 6 August From Joshua Pike, 6 August From Edmund Randolph, 6 August From P. & C. Roche, 6 August From Edward Rowse, 6 August From William Tatham, 6 August From John Vaughan, 6 August To John Breckinridge, 7 August From Henry Dearborn, 7 August From Henry Dearborn, 7 August To Albert Gallatin, 7 August To James Madison, 7 August To Robert Smith, 7 August From Thomas Appleton, 8 August Peter Carr’s Nailery Account, 8 August Petition of Thomas Nevitt, with Jefferson’s Order, [on or before 8 August] To Charles Burrall, 9 August From Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 9 August To Albert Gallatin, 9 August From Antonio Garcia Herreros, 9 August From James Madison, 9 August From Thomas Newton, Jr., 9 August To John Page, 9 August From John Sibley, 9 August To Jacob Wagner, 9 August

 xxxiii 

145 146 147 147 148 149 149 150 150 154 155 155 156 157 158 158 159 160 161 161 162 163 163 164 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 178 178 179

CONTENTS Inquest on Shadwell Milldam, 10 August From Nathan Lufborough, 10 August From William B. Underwood, 10 August From Robert Williams, 10 August To John Barnes, 12 August From James Leander Cathcart, 12 August To Joseph Dougherty, 12 August To Daniel Fisher of New York, 12 August To William Lambert, 12 August To Michael Leib, 12 August From Étienne Lemaire, 12 August To Albert Picket, 12 August To P. & C. Roche, 12 August From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, [on or before 12 August] From David Howell, 13 August, enclosing Recommendation of David Leonard Barnes, with Jefferson’s Order, 7 August From George Jefferson, 13 August To Joel Barlow, 14 August To Robert Brent, 14 August From Peter Lenox, 14 August From George White, [before 15 August] From John Barnes, 15 August From Henry Dearborn, 15 August From J. P. P. Derieux, 15 August To John Harvie, 15 August From Samuel Latham Mitchill, 15 August To John Vaughan, 15 August To Henry Dearborn, 16 August From Joseph Dougherty, 16 August From Simon Harris, 16 August To Craven Peyton, 16 August To Edmund Randolph, 16 August From James Simons, 16 August From Tarhe and Others, 16 August From William Eustis, 17 August From Albert Gallatin, 17 August To Étienne Lemaire, 17 August To James Madison, 17 August To Robert Smith, 17 August To Antonio Garcia Herreros, 18 August To William Short, 18 August

 xxxiv 

179 182 182 184 184 185 189 189 189 190 191 192 192 193 194 195 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 201 201 202 202 203 203 204 204 205 206 209 211 212 213 214 215 215

CONTENTS To George White, 18 August From Henry Dearborn, [before 19 August] To William Bentley, 19 August To Jacob Crowninshield, 19 August From Gideon Granger, enclosing Memorial of Citizens of Mason County, Kentucky, 19 August Address of the Indiana Territory General Assembly, 19 August From James McDowell and Others, 19 August To John Stark, 19 August From Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 20 August From George Jefferson, 20 August From Étienne Lemaire, 20 August From James Madison, 20 August From Joshua Prout, 20 August From Albert Gallatin, 21 August From Robert Smith, 21 August From Samuel Latham Mitchill, [before 22 August] To Henry Dearborn, 22 August From Richard Folwell, 22 August To Peter Lenox, 22 August To John Barnes, 23 August From Henry Dearborn, 23 August From Thomas Ewell, 23 August To Albert Gallatin, 23 August From Albert Gallatin, 23 August From Zachariah Hall, 23 August To Jones & Howell, 23 August From Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos, 23 August From Anonymous, 24 August From Albert Gallatin, 24 August To Gideon Granger, 25 August To James Madison, 25 August To Jacob Crowninshield, 26 August To Henry Dearborn, 26 August To Albert Gallatin, 26 August To David Robinson, 26 August To Robert Smith, 26 August From Robert Smith, 26 August To John Strode, 26 August From Thomas L. Winthrop, 26 August From Leroy Anderson, 27 August To James Madison, 27 August

 xxxv 

216 216 217 218 218 222 223 224 225 225 226 227 229 232 232 233 233 235 235 236 237 238 240 240 241 241 242 244 244 245 246 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 250 251 252

CONTENTS From Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 27 August From John Sibley, 27 August From John Martin Baker, 28 August From John Barnes, 28 August From Abraham Bradley, Jr., 28 August From Thomas Carnes, 28 August From Jacob Crowninshield, 28 August From Jacob Crowninshield, 28 August From Samuel R. Demaree, 28 August From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 28 August From Polly Logwood, 28 August From William Henry Harrison, 29 August To Thomas Ewell, 30 August To Albert Gallatin, 30 August To Robert Smith, 30 August From Robert Smith, 30 August To Abraham Bradley, Jr., 31 August From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis, 31 August From Benjamin H. Latrobe, enclosing Section of the Roof of the Capitol, 31 August To James McDowell and Others, 31 August From William Short, 31 August From Robert Smith, 31 August Assessment of Postal Route from Francis Abraham, [July-August?] From Alexis Daudet, 1 September From James Madison, 1 September From Ahmad Qaramanli, 1 September From Robert Smith, 1 September From Joel Barlow, 2 September From John Barnes, 2 September Petition for William Alcorn, [before 3 September] Notes on Locks and Hinges, 3 September From Larkin Smith, 3 September From Robert Smith, 3 September From Thomas Worthington, 3 September From Henry Dearborn, 4 September From Craven Peyton, [on or before 5 September] From Jacob Wagner, 5 September To George Jefferson, 6 September To Robert Smith, 6 September To Leroy Anderson, 7 September

 xxxvi 

254 255 255 256 257 257 259 259 261 262 269 270 272 273 274 274 276 276 280 287 288 288 289 290 291 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 299 300 301 302 303 304 304 305

CONTENTS From Daniel Bradley, 7 September Memorial of Thomas Harris of Virginia, 7 September From Joshua J. Moore, 7 September To Larkin Smith, 7 September From Robert Smith, 7 September From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 8 September To Benjamin H. Latrobe, 8 September To Samuel Latham Mitchill, 8 September From Edmund Randolph, 8 September From Ruelle, 8 September From Francis Taliaferro Brooke, [on or before 9 September] From Robert Smith, 9 September From Thomas Ewell, 10 September From George Jefferson, 10 September From Nicholas Madgett, 10 September From Robert Smith, 10 September From John Barnes, 11 September, enclosing Statement of Account, 9 September From William C. C. Claiborne, 11 September From Jacob Crowninshield, 11 September From “Shiloh,” enclosing “The sins of the United states of America,” 11 September, and “Highway Robbery,” 9 September To Jacob Crowninshield, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, enclosing Observations on Affairs with Spain, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, 12 September To George Jefferson, 12 September From Philip Mazzei, 12 September From Margaret Page, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, [before 13 September] To Jacob Crowninshield, 13 September From Silas Halsey, 13 September From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 13 September From James Walker, [13 September] From Joseph Forster, 14 September From James Madison, 14 September From Charles Willson Peale, 14 September From William A. Burwell, 15 September To James Madison, 16 September From William Wirt, 16 September

 xxxvii 

305 306 309 310 310 311 314 316 316 316 318 318 319 320 320 322 324 325 326

327 333 334 334 343 344 345 349 350 351 352 353 355 356 358 361 362 363 364

CONTENTS From Jacob Wagner, 17 September To Abraham Bradley, Jr., 18 September To Albert Gallatin, 18 September To George Jefferson, 18 September From Meriwether Jones, 18 September To James Madison, 18 September From John Moody, 18 September To Robert Smith, 18 September To Markes Vandewall, 18 September To John Barnes, 19 September To Joshua J. Moore, 19 September To Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 19 September To Joshua Prout, 19 September From Robert Smith, 19 September To Joshua Barney, 20 September To William A. Burwell, 20 September To Isaac A. Coles, 20 September From Friedrich Johann Jacobsen, 20 September To George Jefferson, 20 September From Wilson Cary Nicholas, 21 September To Wilson Cary Nicholas, 22 September From William Short, 22 September From Thomas Worthington, 22 September From William Lee, [before 23 September] From the Author of “Rab & Jane,” 23 September From Andrew Jackson, 23 September From Bishop James Madison, 23 September From Paul Hamilton, [before 24 September] From Joshua Barney, 24 September From George Jefferson, 24 September From William Montgomery, 25 September From James Monroe, 26 September From Caldcleugh & Thomas, 27 September Endorsement of a Hydraulic Ram, 27 September To John Moody, 27 September From Thomas Appleton, 28 September Memorandum of Tasks for James Dinsmore, 29 September From James Holland, 30 September From George Jefferson, 30 September From James Madison, 30 September Statement of Account with Mrs. John March, 30 September From Thomas Paine, 30 September

 xxxviii 

365 365 365 366 366 367 368 368 369 369 369 370 370 371 372 372 373 374 374 375 375 376 376 377 377 378 379 381 382 382 383 384 387 388 389 389 390 391 391 392 394 397

CONTENTS From Thomas W. Peyton, 30 September From Alexander Wilson, 30 September Notes on Personal Finance, [May-September] Notes on Personal Finance, [July-September] Plan for the Grounds at Monticello, [ca. July-September] From Philippe Reibelt, 1 October From Washington Boyd, 2 October Notes on Foreign Affairs, [after 3 October] From Milesius Thomas Kirk, 4 October From James Madison, 5 October Notes on Letters Received by the War Department, 5 October From Philippe Reibelt, 5 October Petition from the Western Missionary Society, 5 October To Justus Erich Bollmann, 6 October To Daniel Bradley, 6 October From Daniel Bradley, 6 October From Andrew Ellicott, 6 October From James Monroe, 6 October From James Oldham, 6 October To Charles Willson Peale, 6 October From William Dunbar, 8 October From Albert Gallatin, [9 Octob