Papers of Thomas Jefferson. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 47: 6 July to 19 November 1805 9780691248189

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THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON JAMES P. Mc CLURE

general editor

T H E PA P E R S O F

Thomas Jefferson Volume 47 6 July to 19 November 1805 JAMES P. Mc CLURE , EDITOR

tom downey, martha j. king, and w. bland whitley, senior editors andrew j. b. fagal and merry ellen scofield, associate editors christina r. carrick, assistant editor linny schenck, editorial associate alison e. dolbier, research associate

princeton and oxford princeton university press 2023

Copyright © 2023 by Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission. Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In The United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 99 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6JX All Rights Reserved ISBN 9780691248172 Library of Congress Number: 50-7486 This book has been composed in Monticello Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources

Printed in the United States of America

dedicated to the memory of ADOLPH S. OCHS publisher of the new york times 1896-1935

who by the example of a responsible press enlarged and fortified the jeffersonian concept of a free press

ADVISORY COMMITTEE DAVID A. BELL

J. JEFFERSON LOONEY

LESLIE GREENE BOWMAN

SARA MARTIN

ANDREW BURSTEIN

JAMES M. McPHERSON

ANGELA N. H. CREAGER

VALERIE PALEY

CHRISTOPHER L. EISGRUBER

ROBERT C. RITCHIE

ANNETTE GORDON-REED

SARAH RIVETT

HENDRIK HARTOG

DANIEL T. RODGERS

CHRISTIE HENRY

HERBERT E. SLOAN

ANNE E. JARVIS

ALAN TAYLOR

WILLIAM C. JORDAN

WENDY WARREN

STANLEY N. KATZ

SEAN WILENTZ

THOMAS H. KEAN

GORDON S. WOOD

CONSULTANTS FRANÇOIS P. RIGOLOT and CAROL RIGOLOT, Consultants in French SIMONE MARCHESI, Consultant in Italian VALERIA LÓPEZ FADUL, Consultant in Spanish MATTHEW I. McDONALD, Consultant in German

SUPPORTERS This edition was made possible by an initial grant of $200,000 from the New York Times Company to Princeton University. Contributions from many foundations and individuals have sustained the endeavor since then. For their unprecedented generous support, we are also indebted to the Princeton University History Department and Christopher L. Eisgruber, president of the uni­ versity. The Packard Humanities Institute (through Founding Fathers Papers, Inc.), the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission have been crucial to progress on the edition. Support has come from the Florence Gould Foundation, the National Trust for the Humanities and the Cinco Hermanos Fund, the New York Times Company Foundation, the Dyson Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts. Other contributors have been the Ford Foundation, the Lyn and Norman Lear Foundation, the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, the Charlotte Palmer Phillips Foundation, the L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation, the John Ben Snow Memorial Trust, Time, Inc., Robert C. Baron, B. Batmanghelidj, David K. E. Bruce, and James Russell Wiggins. Benefactions from a greatly expanded roster of dedicated individuals have underwritten the volumes: Sara and James Adler, Helen and Peter Bing, Diane and John Cooke, Judy and Carl Ferenbach III, Mary-Love and William Harman, Frederick P. and Mary Buford Hitz, Governor Thomas H. Kean, Ruth and Sidney Lapidus, Lisa and Willem Mesdag, Tim and Lisa Robertson, Ann and Andrew C. Rose, Sara Lee and Axel Schupf, the Sulzberger family through the Hillandale Foundation, Richard W. Thaler, Tad and Sue Thompson, the Wendt Family Charitable Foundation, and Susan and John O. Wynne. For their vision and extraordinary efforts to provide for this edition, we owe special thanks to John S. Dyson, Governor Kean, the late H. F. Lenfest and the Lenfest Foundation, Rebecca Rimel, and the late Jack Rosenthal.

FOREWORD

W

riting to William Jarvis, the U.S. consul in Lisbon, in July, Jefferson expressed a hope that Portugal would be able to maintain its neutrality through the great maelstrom of the current war in Europe. Going on to address the position of his own nation in such a chaotic world, Jefferson wrote: “it is a great felicity to us, and it secures all our other felicities, that so wide an ocean is spread between us & the lions & tygers of Europe, as enables us to go forward in the path of justice and independance fearing nothing but our creator.” This was a vivid expression of a view of American exceptionalism that was not exclusive to Jefferson, but often found voice in him. Geography helped ensure neutrality, separating the country from Europe. By not being adjacent to the warring powers of Europe, the United States would not as a matter of course be pulled into military coalitions and alliances. Not long after he wrote to Jarvis, Jefferson considered using the contentions between “the lions & tygers of Europe” to the advantage of the United States. At issue were relations with Spain. There was no progress toward resolution of two major subjects of disagreement between the two nations: boundaries and indemnification of spoliations. The latter question involved compensation for merchant ships and cargoes seized by privateers claiming Spanish authority and condemned by prize courts despite the status of the United States as a neutral nation. The two countries had negotiated a convention to settle the claims, but the Spanish government refused to ratify the agreement. On the matter of boundaries, the line between Louisiana and Texas was unmarked on the ground. East of the Mississippi, the positions of the United States and Spain regarding the border between Louisiana and West Florida differed substantially. In August, during the summer period when Jefferson was at Monticello, he conceived a plan by which the United States might barter its neutrality, in some limited way, to get what was needed from Spain. The key would be an agreement with Great Britain for a prospective alliance: “the treaty should be provisional only,” Jefferson tried to explain to Madison by letter, “to come into force on the event of our being engaged in war with either France or Spain, during the present war in Europe. in that event we should make common cause, & England should stipulate not to make peace without our obtaining the objects for which we go to war” (27 Aug.). Madison argued in return that the British would enter into no agreement that did not  vii 

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oblige the United States to participate in the war for a period dictated by British, not American, goals. There was, he contended, no reason to promise an alliance until circumstances required it. Gallatin, who was in New York City, prepared a long memorandum in which he advocated that the spoliation claims and boundary questions were insufficient cause for war with Spain, which would come at a high economic cost. He contended that British transgressions were the more acute problem: “it may be questioned whether both as a real injury & as a point affecting the national dignity, the annual blockade of our ports & the perpetual impressment of our seamen be not more essential wrongs than any we have suffered from Spain” (see the enclosure to Gallatin’s second letter of 12 Sep.). Jefferson kept Spanish relations as his focus when he returned to Washington in October and with time was finally able to gather the heads of executive departments to discuss matters in person. He stopped advocating a prospective alliance with Britain and took another tack. As long as the war continued in Europe—the “lions & tygers” fighting among themselves—it was to France’s advantage to take the leading role in negotiations involving Spain. It would be particularly in France’s interest if the most efficient way to resolve the Louisiana-Florida boundary was by the sale of East and West Florida to the United States, with payment going to France, rather than Spain. In November, the president and cabinet decided that the United States would offer up to $5 million for the Floridas. They received word from John Armstrong, the U.S. minister in Paris, that the French were interested in reaching such an agreement, although with a starting price of $7 million. They also received reports that patrols from the Spanish garrison at Nacogdoches on the Texas side of the line had seized goods and horses of traders from Natchitoches, a trading town and U.S. military post on the Red River roughly a hundred miles to the east of Nacogdoches. The intelligence said also that the Spanish at San Antonio were transferring two companies of soldiers to the border region. The Jefferson administration, which had been trying without success to get Spain to agree to “the military status quo in the Controverted districts” until formal agreement on the boundaries could be reached (see Madison’s letter of 2 Aug.), viewed those actions with concern. Following a meeting of the cabinet on 19 Nov., Jefferson sketched out orders for the officer at Natchitoches, instructing him to send out patrols to intercept any “armed men not under the authority of the US.” found east of the Sabine River. The draft orders emphasized “that aggressors are to be arrested if possible, & the spilling of blood be avoided,” and as an afterthought Jefferson  viii 

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inserted an instruction to first “propose to Commdt. Nacogdoches to restrain aggressions.” Jefferson also drafted a projet of a treaty that would cover the sale of the Floridas to the United States, declare which rivers would form the boundary west of the Mississippi, and require Spain to complete settlement of the spoliations claims. That autumn he also invested time in preparing two draft bills related to national defense. One proposed act would classify militiaeligible men aged 18 to 45 into categories by age with an expectation that when the militia was called up, the greatest burden of service would fall on what Jefferson called the “Junior” class, those aged 21 through 25. The other bill sought to organize deep-sea and coastal mariners, all of whom were exempt from militia service under existing law, into a naval militia. Both draft bills, along with documents relating to their creation, are in this volume at 14 Nov. (see also Dearborn to TJ, 22 Oct.; Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia, at 22 Oct.; TJ to Dearborn, 23 Oct.; and Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, at 3 Nov.). Connected to relations with Spain in the trans-Mississippi region was Jefferson’s policy toward Native Americans. Writing as governor of Louisiana Territory on 6 Nov., General James Wilkinson referred to the “great Objects” of Jefferson’s program, which included a prohibition of settlement by non-native people in the zone between the established communities of the St. Louis region and those of Orleans Territory to enable what Wilkinson characterized as “the transfer of the Southern Indians to this Territory.” In November, Jefferson made a tally that showed the United States had obtained cessions of more than nine million acres from nations east of the Mississippi just in the period from July to November (see Expenditures for Land Cessions, at 19 Nov.). He calculated that in one case the annuity payments in exchange for the land worked out to about a penny per acre. Early in November, he and Secretary of War Henry Dearborn found themselves wrangling with a visiting delegation of Creeks, led by William McIntosh and Alexander Cornells, who were determined to hold out for a higher price for their lands between the Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers than the U.S. government was offering. A simpler matter of foreign policy than that presented by Spain was, at least for a time, the war with Tripoli. In September at Monticello, Jefferson received the news that William Eaton and the pasha’s disaffected brother, Ahmad Qaramanli, had led a successful campaign against the port of Derna and that Tobias Lear, as general consul to the North African states, had with a show of U.S. naval strength persuaded Pasha Yusuf Qaramanli to agree to a treaty. Margaret Lowther  ix 

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Page, wife of the governor of Virginia, was visiting at Monticello with her husband when the news arrived. She was moved to compose a poem addressed to Jefferson “On hearing of the Victory which produced the Peace with Tripoli.” Its final stanza reads: Splendid shallt Thou superior rise, No envious Mist thy Glory shade; A grateful World thy Virtues prize, ’Till Time and Memory shall fade! There were complications to come regarding the terms of the peace, but for a while the country could bask in the decisive resolution of the conflict. Other information from afar had come in August, when a shipment of specimens sent in April by William Clark and Meriwether Lewis from the winter encampment they had named Fort Mandan arrived in Washington. The lot, consisting of a barrel, four boxes, and cages holding a live magpie and prairie dog, had been transported down the Missouri River to St. Louis, then down the Mississippi to New Orleans, then by sea to Baltimore, then by road to the capital. Members of the President’s House staff, supervised by the steward, Étienne Lemaire, who was himself under guidance from the secretary of war, unpacked the containers that contained animal skins, bones, and horns. They beat the skins they found infested with insects, then aired them in the sun for several days, rolled them with tobacco leaves as a repellent, and repacked them in cloth sacks. The shipment also included mineral and plant specimens to be studied by experts under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society at Lewis’s suggestion, and in the fall Jefferson passed some zoological specimens along to Charles Willson Peale for his museum. Lemaire stowed most of the specimens in the attic of the executive mansion, but he appropriately set up the prairie dog and magpie, which he reported were doing well—“Se porte tres bien”—in the downstairs room in which the president received visitors. In a matter that braided together politics and his personal life, Jefferson received a reply, dated 30 July, from Levi Lincoln in Massachusetts to a letter that Jefferson wrote in June but has not been found. The subject was an accusation, one of an array of charges recently rehashed by Jefferson’s opponents, that, as he expressed it, “when young & single I offered love to a handsome lady” (to Robert Smith, 1 July, in the previous volume). Lincoln may have echoed language in Jefferson’s missing letter, and certainly rang notes favorable to Jefferson, when he wrote that even the president’s enemies must think of the incident as “a thoughtless indiscretion which a  x 

FOREWORD

young Virginian had been betrayed into from the hay day of blood by the free & inviting countenance of beauty, forty years since.” This interpretation sidestepped the difficulty that even though Jefferson was single at the time of the incident, the object of his attention, Elizabeth Moore Walker, was not, she being in fact the wife of one of his good friends. The interpretation embraced by Lincoln and other Jefferson allies also, in that male-dominated political world, blamed the incident on Elizabeth Walker’s beauty, as if even the coolly ra­ tional Jefferson could not have resisted. Lincoln affirmed the message that Jefferson no doubt wanted the world to embrace, that “however to be regreted and blamable the indiscretion, which none can be more candidly disposed to censure than yourself; it is considered by your friends & acknowledged by your political enemies, at least, by those whose sentiments have weight in society, to be cruel & savage to urge the common foibles of Juvenile inexperience, against the chastised habits of acting & thinking, long fixed, by the reflections of wisdom & mature age.” This volume is similar to the full body of Jefferson’s papers, in that it provides but limited information about the many workers bound in slavery who provided most of the labor needed to support him. Hints of some of the varied tasks they performed are found in a letter from Bowling Clark (4 Aug.), who mentioned that communications from Jefferson had been conveyed some distance across Virginia by Hercules, a member of the enslaved workforce raising tobacco at Poplar Forest, and in a letter from Jefferson to his new Monticello overseer, John Hoomes Freeman (14 Nov.), that referred to women charged as nursemaids with caring for enslaved mothers’ young children. Transactions for Jefferson’s purchase of workers made in the period covered by this volume appear primarily in his financial memoranda, not in correspondence or other documents printed here. From Gabriel Lilly, his departing overseer, he agreed to buy Lucretia Hern, her two sons, and the yet-unborn child she was carrying. They were the family of James Hern, one of the Monticello workforce. From Thomas Eston Randolph he agreed to purchase a man named Martin. One arrangement for purchase of enslaved laborers does find its way into the documents printed in this volume. Because he had to pay the $800 price over time in two notes, a transaction in the spring of 1805 for Jeffer­ son’s purchase of two men, named Isaac and Charles, from their owner in Alexandria appears in one of his financial tallies (Notes on Personal Finance, [May-September 1805]; mb, 2:1153, 1155, 1157, 1162). This volume does contain substantive information about two attempts, one of them successful, to escape the hold of enslavement at  xi 

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Monticello. In July, James Oldham, a Richmond artisan who supplied Jefferson with joinery work such as window sashes, wrote to say that Jamey Hemings was in the city and had agreed to stay with Oldham until they heard from Jefferson. This James Hemings, about 18 years old, was the nephew of the better-known person of that name, who was a brother of Sally Heming and had learned the arts of French cookery in Paris in the 1780s. This younger James had been a worker in the smithing shops and nailery at Monticello—a brutal place to work—in 1804, when Oldham, who was doing joinery at Monticello at the time, took care of the young man during a three-day bout with illness and tried in vain to protect him from whippings by Lilly, who was sure Hemings was shirking (see Oldham to Jefferson, 26 Nov. 1804, in Vol. 45). Following Lilly’s “Barbarity,” Hemings disappeared from Monticello, not to be heard from again until Oldham learned that he was in Richmond and had worked during the fall as a sailor on boats on the circuit between Richmond and Norfolk and in the spring as a hand on boats farther up the James River. In response to the news from Oldham, Jefferson wrote that “I can readily excuse the follies of a boy and therefore his return shall ensure him an entire pardon” (to Oldham, 20 July). He stated that during his own absences from Monticello, Hemings would be put to work as a housejoiner rather than in the nailery. But the prospect of returning to the regimens of forced labor at Monticello was apparently too much for Hemings, for on the day that Jefferson wrote that letter, the young man left Oldham’s residence and by the next day had found a place on a boat passing through the locks at Richmond. Jefferson let him go. Hemings’s mother, Critta Hemings Bowles, wrote to Jefferson on 16 Nov. from Monticello, but that letter has not been found and its subject is unknown. In September, Daniel Bradley, a jailer in Fairfax County, placed in confinement James Hubbard, another fugitive from the blacksmithing and nail-making shops at Monticello, who was carrying forged papers intended to let him pass as a free man. This incident illuminates the systems in place in Virginia to support slaveholders. Bradley challenged the authenticity of Hubbard’s papers, which he had obtained from Lilly’s son not long before the Lillys’ departure for Kentucky. The jailer informed Jefferson that he found Hubbard “in possession of the within Papers endeavouring to Pass as a freeman which Convinced me that he was Runaway,” which suggests that Hubbard’s mere possession of papers purporting to show that he was a free Black man was itself enough to arouse Bradley’s suspicion. Bradley brought the young man before a justice of the peace and obtained an order for his  xii 

FOREWORD

confinement in jail. Bradley was a little on edge about holding Hubbard, who was in his early twenties, about six feet tall, and by Jeffer­ son’s description “very stout,” as might be expected of someone whose daily work required constant swinging of a heavy smith’s hammer against an anvil. There were incentives to accept the risk. Jefferson paid Bradley $35 for his fees and another $20 to a man who had also informed Jefferson of Hubbard’s capture and agreed to bring him back to Monticello (Bradley to Jefferson, 7 Sep., 6 Oct.; Jefferson to Bradley, 6 Oct.; mb, 2:1173). It is likely that while Jefferson was at Monticello in the summer and early fall he wrote and sketched out an ambitious general plan for landscaping the property (see Plan for the Grounds at Monticello, at the end of September). In this plan he anticipated the leveling and formal laying out of the grand kitchen garden that he called the “Olitory,” which would be the subject of another set of detailed notes that he would begin in the spring of 1806. In this 1805 plan, he gave most of his attention to the aesthetics of what he called the “pleasure grounds.” He created a descriptive overall landscape design program, rather than a detailed plat. He gave thought to the use of walkways and sight lines as primary elements, punctuated by groves of trees and “clumps of thickets.” He noted the varieties of trees and shrubs that could serve well, and anticipated architectural features that would include a Tuscan temple, “Demosthenes’s lanthern,” and Gothic and Chinese elements. Also in the summer of 1805, Jefferson made a visit to his Poplar Forest property in Bedford County as he moved forward with plans for members of his family to locate there and for it to be a place of retreat for himself. This edition and historical scholarship suffered a deep blow with the sudden passing away of Herbert Sloan while this volume was in press. On its publication in 1995, Herb’s Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt made a definitive contribution to Jefferson studies. His originality of mind and ever-skeptical take on Jefferson will be sorely missed by his colleagues in the profession, students, and friends.

 xiii 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS any individuals have given the Editors the benefit of their aid M in the preparation of this volume, and we offer them our thanks. At Princeton, we are grateful to Angela Creager, Judith Hanson, Steve

Knowlton, and Millie Ndiritu in the Department of History, and their former colleague, Debora Macy; in the libraries, Anne E. Jarvis, Colleen M. Burlingham, Elaine Russian, and Anuradha Vedantham; in the Office of the Dean of the Faculty, Associate Dean Karen B. Haskin; Tim Aultom, Steven Semenuk, and Angela Ward in the Office of the Vice President for Finance and Treasurer; Caroline McHugh Sitren and Kristen Hubbard in the Office of Research and Project Administration and former members of that office Maureen Thompson-Siegel, Mona L. Hall, Mellissa Williams, Eszter Rudy, and Bushra Rehman; and Professor William C. Jordan for assistance with language translations. Jason Bush, Paul Hayslett, and Allan Orsnes of IDM skillfully provide technical support. Our collaborative partners at Princeton University Press have our deepest admiration and appreciation, including Christie Henry, Eric Crahan, and Mark Bellis; we rely on the remarkable contributions of Carmina Alvarez-Gaffin, Meghan Kanabay, Dimitri Karetnikov, and Erin Suydam. We are grateful to Bob Bartleson of IPS and his colleagues, especially Carol Pierson, for carefully and consistently handling the composition of the volumes. At the University of Virginia Press, we are indebted to David Sewell and Patricia Searl. Research assistant Abbie Minard performed a variety of essential tasks. We owe much to the skill of Gretchen Oberfranc in reading each volume. We are indebted to Lucia C. Stanton for sharing her wisdom and knowledge and to Alfred L. Bush for assistance, particularly with our illustrations. For special assistance on this volume, we appreciate the help of Sabina Beauchard, formerly of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Mark Greek at the District of Columbia Public Library; Russell Hopley for help with documents in Arabic; Dennis Northcott at the Missouri Historical Society Library and Research Center; and, for illustrations, Michela Bonardi at The British Museum, Dawn Bonner at George Washington’s Mount Vernon, Jeffrey Cohen, Bryn Mawr College, Peter Coolidge, Eleanor Gillers at the New-York Historical Society, Christopher Kintzel at the Maryland State Archives, Meredith McDonough at the Alabama State Archives, Lara Szypszak at the Library of Congress, Gregory R. Weidman at Hampton NHS, Penny White at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia as well  xv 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

as her former colleague David White­sell, and Andrew Williams at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. We wish to thank Darrell Meadows and Christopher Eck of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission; Jason Boffetti and his former colleague Lydia Medici of the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities; Julie Miller and her colleagues in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; Peter Drummey, Anna Clutterbuck-Cook, Elaine Heavey, and Nancy Heywood of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Anna Berkes and Endrina Tay in the library of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; David A. Langbart of the National Archives at College Park; Molly Kodner of the Missouri History Museum Library and Research Center; Brenda Gunn, Anne Causey, Christina Deane, and Regina Rush at the University of Virginia Library; Jay Gaidmore of Swem Library at the College of William and Mary; John Deal and Brent Tarter of the Library of Virginia; Paige Newman of the Virginia Historical Society; Charles M. Harris of the Papers of William Thornton; the staffs of the American Philosophical Society, the Huntington Library, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, the New-York Historical Society, and the American Antiquarian Society; and our friends and fellow editors at the Thomas Jefferson Retirement Series at Monticello, the Adams Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Papers of James Madison and the Papers of George Washington at the University of Virginia, the Papers of Benjamin Franklin at Yale University, and the James Monroe Papers at the University of Mary Washington. We mourn the passing of our longtime production editor at the Press, Lauren Lepow. Lauren’s meticulous attention to detail in wrangling the manuscripts and files of the volumes from submission through page proofs to bound book and then to digital publication was vital to their timely and attractive appearance. Lauren’s professionalism coupled with her quiet voice and unshakable good humor made working with her an unfailing pleasure. She was a nonpareil. Along with all her colleagues and friends, we will miss her.

 xvi 

EDITORIAL METHOD A N D A P PA R AT U S 1. RENDERING THE TEXT

Julian P. Boyd eloquently set forth a comprehensive editorial policy in Volume 1 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Adopting what he described as a “middle course” for rendering eighteenth-century handwritten materials into print, Boyd set the standards for modern historical editing. His successors, Charles T. Cullen and John Catanzariti, reaffirmed Boyd’s high standards. At the same time, they made changes in textual policy and editorial apparatus as they deemed appropriate. For Boyd’s policy and subsequent modifications to it, readers are encouraged to consult Vol. 1:xxix-xxxviii; Vol. 22:vii-xi; and Vol. 24:vii-viii. The revised, more literal textual method, which appeared for the first time in Volume 30, adheres to the following guidelines: Abbreviations will be retained as written. Where the meaning is sufficiently unclear to require editorial intervention, the expansion will be given in the explanatory annotation. Capitalization will follow the usage of the writer. Because the line between uppercase and lowercase letters can be a very fine and fluctuating one, when it is impossible to make an absolute determination of the author’s intention, we will adopt modern usage. Jefferson rarely began his sentences with an uppercase letter, and we conform to his usage. Punctuation will be retained as written and double marks of punctuation, such as a period followed by a dash, will be allowed to stand. Misspellings or so-called slips of the pen will be allowed to stand or will be recorded in a subjoined textual note. English translations or translation summaries will be supplied for foreign-language documents. In some instances, when documents are lengthy and not especially pertinent to Jefferson’s concerns or if our edition’s typography cannot adequately represent the script of a language, we will provide only a summary in English. In most cases we will print in full the text in its original language and also provide a full English translation. If a contemporary translation that Jefferson made or would have used is extant, we may print it in lieu of a modern translation. Our own translations are designed to provide a basic readable English text for the modern user rather than to preserve all aspects of the original diction and language.  xvii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S 2. TEXTUAL DEVICES

The following devices are employed throughout the work to clarify the presentation of the text. [.  .  .] [  ] [roman] [italic]

Text missing and not conjecturable. Number or part of a number missing or illegible. Conjectural reading for missing or illegible matter. A question mark follows when the reading is doubtful. Editorial comment inserted in the text. Matter deleted in the MS but restored in our text. 3. DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

The following symbols are employed throughout the work to describe the various kinds of manuscript originals. When a series of versions is recorded, the first to be recorded is the version used for the printed text. Dft Dupl MS N PoC PrC RC SC Tripl

draft (usually a composition or rough draft; later drafts, when identifiable as such, are designated “2d Dft,” &c.) duplicate manuscript (arbitrarily applied to most documents other than letters) note, notes (memoranda, fragments, &c.) polygraph copy press copy recipient’s copy stylograph copy triplicate

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. On the other hand, the following types of manuscripts are assumed not to be in the hand of the author, and exceptions will be noted: FC Lb Tr

file copy (applied to all contemporary copies retained by the author or his agents) letterbook (ordinarily used with FC and Tr to denote texts copied into bound volumes) transcript (applied to all contemporary and later copies except file copies; period of transcription, unless clear by implication, will be given when known)  xviii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S 4. LOCATION SYMBOLS

The locations of documents printed in this edition from originals in private hands and from printed sources are recorded in self-explanatory form in the descriptive note following each document. The locations of documents printed from originals held by public and private institutions in the United States are recorded by means of the symbols used in the National Union Catalog in the Library of Congress; an explanation of how these symbols are formed is given in Vol. 1:xl. The symbols DLC and MHi by themselves stand for the collections of Jefferson Papers proper in these repositories; when texts are drawn from other collections held by these two institutions, the names of those collections will be added. Location symbols for documents held by institutions outside the United States are given in a subjoined list. CSmH CtY DLC DWP ICN MH MHi MWA MdHi MoSHi Ms-Ar NHi NIC NN NNC NNPM NhHi NjP PHi PPAmP PPL RPB TxU Vi

The Huntington Library, San Marino, California Yale University Library Library of Congress District of Columbia Public Library Newberry Library, Chicago Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore Missouri History Museum Library and Research Center, St. Louis Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson New-York Historical Society, New York City Cornell University, Ithaca, New York New York Public Library Columbia University Library, New York City Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord Princeton University, New Jersey Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Library Company of Philadelphia Brown University Library University of Texas, Austin Library of Virginia, Richmond  xix 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

ViHi ViU ViW

Virginia Historical Society, Richmond University of Virginia, Charlottesville College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 5. NATIONAL ARCHIVES DESIGNATIONS

Documents in the National Archives have the location symbol DNA, with identifications of record groups and series as follows: RG 26 RG 28 RG 29 RG 45

RG 46

RG 53 RG 56 RG 59

RG 75

Records of the United States Coast Guard LL Lighthouse Letters Records of the Post Office Department LPG Letters Sent by the Postmaster General Records of the Bureau of Census Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library LSO Letters Sent to Officers LSP Letters Sent to the President MLR Misc. Letters Received MLS Misc. Letters Sent Records of the United States Senate EPEN Executive Proceedings, Executive Nominations EPFR Executive Proceedings, Foreign Relations LP Letters from the President Records of the Bureau of Public Debt RES Registers, Estimates, and Statements General Records of the Department of the Treasury General Records of the Department of State CD Consular Dispatches DD Diplomatic Dispatches GPR General Pardon Records LAR Letters of Application and Recommendation MCL Misc. Commissions and Lists MLR Misc. Letters Received NL Notes from Legations RD Resignations and Declinations TP Territorial Papers Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs LSIA Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs  xx 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

RG 84 RG 94 RG 107

RG 233

Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State CR Consular Records Records of the Adjutant General’s Office Records of the Office of the Secretary of War LRMS Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Main Series LRRS Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Registered Series LSMA Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs MLS Misc. Letters Sent RLRMS Register of Letters Received, Main Series Records of the United States House of Representatives PM President’s Messages

6. OTHER SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following symbols and abbreviations are commonly employed in the annotation throughout the work. Second Series  The topical series to be published as part of this edition, comprising those materials which are best suited to a topical rather than a chronological arrangement (see Vol. 1:xv-xvi) TJ  Thomas Jefferson TJ Editorial Files  Photoduplicates and other editorial materials in the office of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University Library TJ Papers  Jefferson Papers (applied to a collection of manuscripts when the precise location of an undated, misdated, or otherwise problematic document must be furnished, and always preceded by the symbol for the institutional repository; thus “DLC: TJ Papers, 4:628-9” represents a document in the Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers, volume 4, pages 628 and 629. Citations to volumes and folio numbers of the Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress refer to the collection as it was arranged at the time the first microfilm edition was made in 1944-45. Access to the microfilm edition of the collection as it was rearranged under the Library’s Presidential Papers Program is provided by the Index to the Thomas Jefferson Papers [Washington, D.C., 1976]) RG  Record Group (used in designating the location of documents in the National Archives)  xxi 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

SJL  Jefferson’s “Summary Journal of Letters” written and received for the period 11 Nov. 1783 to 25 June 1826 (in DLC: TJ Papers). This register, kept in Jefferson’s hand, has been checked against the TJ Editorial Files. It is to be assumed that all outgoing letters are recorded in SJL unless there is a note to the contrary. When the date of receipt of an incoming letter is recorded in SJL, it is incorporated in the notes. Information and discrepancies revealed in SJL but not found in the letter itself are also noted. Missing letters recorded in SJL are, where possible, accounted for in the notes to documents mentioning them or in related documents. A more detailed discussion of this register and its use in this edition appears in Vol. 6:vii-x SJPL  “Summary Journal of Public Letters,” an incomplete list of letters and documents written by TJ from 16 Apr. 1784 to 31 Dec. 1793, with brief summaries, in an amanuensis’s hand. This is supplemented by six pages in TJ’s hand, compiled at a later date, listing private and confidential memorandums and notes as well as official reports and communications by and to him as Secretary of State, 11 Oct. 1789 to 31 Dec. 1793 (in DLC: TJ Papers, Epistolary Record, 514-59 and 209-11, respectively; see Vol. 22:ix-x). Since nearly all documents in the amanuensis’s list are registered in SJL, while few in TJ’s list are so recorded, it is to be assumed that all references to SJPL are to the list in TJ’s hand unless there is a statement to the contrary V Ecu ƒ Florin £ Pound sterling or livre, depending upon context (in doubtful cases, a clarifying note will be given) s Shilling or sou (also expressed as /) d Penny or denier ₶ Livre Tournois  Per (occasionally used for pro, pre) 7. SHORT TITLES

The following list includes short titles of works cited frequently in this edition. Since it is impossible to anticipate all the works to be cited in abbreviated form, the list is revised from volume to volume. anb  John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, New York and Oxford, 1999, 24 vols. Annals  Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States .  .  . Com xxii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

piled from Authentic Materials, Washington, D.C., Gales & Seaton, 1834-56, 42 vols. All editions are undependable and pagination varies from one printing to another. The first two volumes of the set cited here have “Compiled .  .  . by Joseph Gales, Senior” on the title page and bear the caption “Gales & Seatons History” on verso and “of Debates in Congress” on recto pages. The remaining volumes bear the caption “History of Congress” on both recto and verso pages. Those using the first two volumes with the latter caption will need to employ the date of the debate or the indexes of debates and speakers. aps  American Philosophical Society asp  American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1832-61, 38 vols. Bear, Family Letters  Edwin M. Betts and James A. Bear, Jr., eds., Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson, Columbia, Mo., 1966 Betts, Farm Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, Princeton, 1953 Betts, Garden Book  Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766-1824, Philadelphia, 1944 Biog. Dir. Cong.  Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989, Washington, D.C., 1989 Brigham, American Newspapers  Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1947, 2 vols. Bush, Life Portraits  Alfred L. Bush, The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson, rev. ed., Charlottesville, 1987 cvsp  William P. Palmer and others, eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers .  .  . Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, Richmond, 1875-93, 11 vols. dab  Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928-36, 20 vols. dhsc  Maeva Marcus and others, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, New York, 1985-2007, 8 vols. Dictionnaire  Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, 1933- , 19 vols. dnb  H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, In Association with The British Academy, From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000, Oxford, 2004, 60 vols. dsb  Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York, 1970-80, 16 vols.  xxiii 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

dvb  John T. Kneebone and others, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Richmond, 1998- , 3 vols. eg  Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, eds., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, Princeton, 1983, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Ford  Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition, New York, 1892-99, 10 vols. Gallatin, Papers  Carl E. Prince and Helene E. Fineman, eds., The Papers of Albert Gallatin, microfilm edition in 46 reels, Philadelphia, 1969, and Supplement, Barbara B. Oberg, ed., reels 47-51, Wilmington, Del., 1985 haw  Henry A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jeffer­ son, New York, 1853-54, 9 vols. Heitman, Dictionary  Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1903, 2 vols. Heitman, Register  Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1793, new ed., Washington, D.C., 1914 Jackson, Lewis and Clark  Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents, 1783-1854, 2d ed., Urbana, Ill., 1978 jep  Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States .  .  . to the Termination of the Nineteenth Congress, Washington, D.C., 1828, 3 vols. jhr  Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1826, 9 vols. js  Journal of the Senate of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1820-21, 5 vols. l & b  Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1903-04, 20 vols. Latrobe, Correspondence  John C. Van Horne and Lee W. Formwalt, eds., The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, New Haven, 1984-88, 3 vols. lcb  Douglas L. Wilson, ed., Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book, Princeton, 1989, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series lecb  David Thomas Konig and Michael P. Zuckert, eds., Jeffer­ son’s Legal Commonplace Book, Princeton, 2019, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series  xxiv 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

Leonard, General Assembly  Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, Richmond, 1978 Madison, Papers  William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, J. C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962- , 43 vols. [Congressional Ser. cited as simply: Madison, Papers], 1962 91, 17 vols. Sec. of State Ser., 1986- , 12 vols. Pres. Ser., 1984-2020, 11 vols. Malone, Jefferson  Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-81, 6 vols. mb  James A. Bear, Jr., and Lucia C. Stanton, eds., Jefferson’s Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826, Princeton, 1997, 2 vols. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Miller, Alexandria Artisans  T. Michael Miller, comp., Artisans and Merchants of Alexandria, Virginia, 1780-1820, Bowie, Md., 1991-92, 2 vols. Miller, Treaties  Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, Washington, D.C., 1931-48, 8 vols. Monroe, Papers  Daniel Preston and others, eds., The Papers of James Monroe, Westport, Conn., 2003- , 7 vols. Moulton, Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition  Gary E. Moulton, ed., Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Lincoln, Neb., 1983-2001, 13 vols. ndbw  Dudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, Washington, D.C., 1939-44, 6 vols. and Register of Officer Personnel and Ships’ Data, 1801-1807, Washington, D.C., 1945 Nichols, Architectural Drawings  Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, Compiled and with Commentary and a Check List, Charlottesville, 1978 Notes, ed. Peden  Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, 1955 oed  J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1989, 20 vols. Peale, Papers  Lillian B. Miller and others, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, New Haven, 19832000, 5 vols. in 6  xxv 

E D I T O R I A L M E T H O D A N D A P PA R AT U S

pmhb  Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1877pw  Wilbur S. Howell, ed., Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings, Princeton, 1988, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series rchs  Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1895-1989 Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books  Dunbar Rowland, ed., The Offi­ cial Letter Books of W. C. C. Claiborne, 1801-1816, Jackson, Miss., 1917, 6 vols. rs  J. Jefferson Looney and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Princeton, 2004- , 18 vols. Shaw-Shoemaker  Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 18011819, New York, 1958-63, 22 vols. Sowerby  E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-59, 5 vols. Stanton, Free Some Day  Lucia Stanton, Free Some Day: The African-­ American Families of Monticello, Charlottesville, 2000 Stein, Worlds  Susan R. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, New York, 1993 Stets, Postmasters  Robert J. Stets, Postmasters & Postoffices of the United States 1782-1811, Lake Oswego, Ore., 1994 Syrett, Hamilton  Harold C. Syrett and others, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, New York, 1961-87, 27 vols. Terr. Papers  Clarence E. Carter and John Porter Bloom, eds., The Territorial Papers of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1934-75, 28 vols. tjr  Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottes­ ville, 1829, 4 vols. Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon  Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, Paris, 1987 U.S. Statutes at Large  Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States .  .  . 1789 to March 3, 1845, Boston, 1855-56, 8 vols. vmhb  Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893Washington, Papers  W. W. Abbot, Dorothy Twohig, Philander D. Chase, Theodore J. Crackel, Edward C. Lengel, and others, eds., The Papers of George Washington, Charlottesville, 1983- , 69 vols. Col. Ser., 1983-95, 10 vols. Pres. Ser., 1987- , 21 vols.  xxvi 

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Ret. Ser., 1998-99, 4 vols. Rev. War Ser., 1985- , 28 vols. wmq  William and Mary Quarterly, 1892Woods, Albemarle  Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, Charlottesville, 1901

 xxvii 

CONTENTS Fo r ew o r d Ack no w led g m e n t s E d ito r ia l Me t ho d a n d A p pa rat u s I llu st ratio n s Jeff e r so n C h r o n o l o gy

l 1805 l

l l

k

From Thomas Appleton, 6 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 6 July From DeWitt Clinton, 6 July To Dorcas Osgood Marble Dearborn, 6 July To Lewis Deblois, 6 July To William Jarvis, 6 July To Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 6 July To Edward Preble, 6 July To Anne Cary Randolph, 6 July From John Rhea, 6 July To Robert Williams, 6 July To Caspar Wistar, 6 July To Nathaniel Ellicott, 7 June [i.e. July] From Philippe Reibelt, 7 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 8 July Invoice from Benjamin King, [ca. 8 July] Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July From Stephen White, 8 July From William Dunbar, 9 July From Donald Fraser, 9 July From Albert Gallatin, 9 July From George Jefferson, 9 July From Robert Smith, 9 July From Caesar Rodney Wilson, 9 July To William C. C. Claiborne, 10 July To Albert Gallatin, [10 July] To Reuben Lewis, 10 July To Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 10 July To James Oldham, 10 July From Jean Baptiste Petry, 10 July

 xxix 

vii xv xvii xlvii 2

'

3 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26

CONTENTS To Ellen Wayles Randolph, 10 July To Philippe Reibelt, 10 July From Philippe Reibelt, 10 July To Margaret Bayard Smith, 10 July From Louis de Tousard, 10 July From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [before 11 July?] From Edward Johnston, 11 July From Anne Cary Randolph, 11 July From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 11 July From Robert Smith, 11 July From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, [on or before 11 July] From Thomas Hall, 12 July To Jones & Howell, 12 July From John Hamilton Moore, 12 July To Charles Willson Peale, 12 July From Joseph Yznardi, Sr., 12 July Memorandum for John Barnes, [13 July or after] To Charles Buxton, 13 July To DeWitt Clinton, 13 July From Thomas Freeman, 13 July To George Jefferson, 13 July Invoice from Rosanna McKenney, 13 July To Philippe Reibelt, 13 July From Edward Rowse, 13 July From William Tatham, enclosing Prospectus for a Department of Works and Public Economy, 13 July From Robert Williams, 13 July To William C. C. Claiborne, 14 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 14 July To Henry Dearborn, 14 July To Gideon Granger, 14 July, enclosing Petition of Kentucky Merchants and Traders, April To John Lenthall, 14 July From William Martin, 14 July From Thomas Munroe, 14 July Specifications for Work at President’s House and Capitol, 14 July To Louis de Tousard, 14 July To Jonathan Williams, 14 July From John Barnes, 15 July Petition of Christopher Church, with Jefferson’s Order, [on or before 15 July]

 xxx 

27 28 28 29 29 30 32 32 33 34 34 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 45 48 48 49 51 52 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 58

CONTENTS From Albert Gallatin, 15 July From Jones & Howell, 15 July From Robert Morrison, [15 July] From William Pryce, 15 July From Philippe Reibelt, enclosing Account with Philippe Reibelt, 15 July From George Jefferson, 16 July From Jourdan, 16 July From James Oldham, 16 July From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis, 17 July From Ellen Wayles Randolph, [before 18 July] From William Bentley, 18 July From Robert Brent, 19 July From Jacob Crowninshield, 19 July From Gideon Granger, 19 July From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 19 July From Pierre Chouteau, [before 20 July] To John Barnes, 20 July From Henry Dearborn, 20 July From John Thomson Mason, 20 July From Philip Mazzei, 20 July To James Oldham, 20 July Petition of Robert Rankin, with Jefferson’s Order, 20 July From Daniel Strobel, Jr., 20 July From Joseph Anderson, 21 July To Albert Gallatin, 21 July To Gibson & Jefferson, 21 July To David Howell, 21 July Notes on Lease to Eli Alexander, [on or before 21 July] From Charles Buxton, 22 July, enclosing Diagrams of Seawater Distillation Apparatus, 19 July From William C. C. Claiborne, 22 July From Henry Dearborn, 22 July From John Gardiner, 22 July From Michael Leib, 22 July From James Madison, 22 July From Jean Baptiste Petry, 22 July From John Richman, 22 July To Robert Brent, 23 July From David Gelston, 23 July To Gideon Granger, 23 July From Gideon Granger, 23 July

 xxxi 

59 61 61 63 64 67 67 69 69 71 72 73 73 74 77 79 80 81 82 83 88 89 89 91 91 92 93 93 94 97 97 98 98 99 100 101 101 102 102 103

CONTENTS To James Madison, 23 July From James Oldham, 23 July From Samuel Harrison Smith, 23 July To Bowling Clark, enclosing Valuation of Poplar Forest Tracts, 24 July [i.e. 28-31 July?] From James Madison, 24 July From Philip Mazzei, 24 July From Albert Picket, 24 July From Philippe Reibelt, 24 July From William Wirt, 24 July From John Barnes, 25 July To Henry Dearborn, 25 July To Henry Dearborn, 25 July From John Erving, 25 July From João, Prince Regent of Portugal, 25 July To James Madison, 25 July From Philip Mazzei, 25 July From Henry Meigs, 25 July From Ledyard Seymour, 25 July From Joseph Dougherty, 26 July From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, 27 July From Jacob Wagner, 27 July From Jacob Wagner, 27 July From Henry Dearborn, 29 July From John Guiho de Kerlegand, 29 July From Jacob Wagner, 29 July From Daniel Fisher of New York, 30 July From Albert Gallatin, 30 July From Albert Gallatin, 30 July From Levi Lincoln, 30 July From Edward Preble, 30 July From William Lambert, 31 July From Martinus van Marum, July From William Jarvis, 1 August From John McMenamy, 1 August Statement of Account with James Cheetham, 2 August From James Madison, 2 August From William C. C. Claiborne, 3 August To Henry Dearborn, 3 August To David Gelston, 3 August To Gideon Granger, 3 August

 xxxii 

104 104 105 106 107 108 111 112 113 114 115 116 116 117 118 118 120 122 122 122 123 125 125 127 128 129 130 130 131 136 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 144 144

CONTENTS From William Jones, enclosing Invoice for Instruments, Maps, and Books, 3 August From Jacob Wagner, 3 August From Joel Barlow, 4 August From Bowling Clark, 4 August To James Madison, 4 August Notes on Letter to Gibson & Jefferson, 4 August To Edward Rowse, 4 August To William Wirt, 4 August From Ahmad Qaramanli, 5 August From Jonathan Williams, 5 August From John Bracken, 6 August From Robert Brent, 6 August From Dominick A. Hall, 6 August From Levett Harris, 6 August From John Page, 6 August From Joshua Pike, 6 August From Edmund Randolph, 6 August From P. & C. Roche, 6 August From Edward Rowse, 6 August From William Tatham, 6 August From John Vaughan, 6 August To John Breckinridge, 7 August From Henry Dearborn, 7 August From Henry Dearborn, 7 August To Albert Gallatin, 7 August To James Madison, 7 August To Robert Smith, 7 August From Thomas Appleton, 8 August Peter Carr’s Nailery Account, 8 August Petition of Thomas Nevitt, with Jefferson’s Order, [on or before 8 August] To Charles Burrall, 9 August From Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 9 August To Albert Gallatin, 9 August From Antonio Garcia Herreros, 9 August From James Madison, 9 August From Thomas Newton, Jr., 9 August To John Page, 9 August From John Sibley, 9 August To Jacob Wagner, 9 August

 xxxiii 

145 146 147 147 148 149 149 150 150 154 155 155 156 157 158 158 159 160 161 161 162 163 163 164 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 178 178 179

CONTENTS Inquest on Shadwell Milldam, 10 August From Nathan Lufborough, 10 August From William B. Underwood, 10 August From Robert Williams, 10 August To John Barnes, 12 August From James Leander Cathcart, 12 August To Joseph Dougherty, 12 August To Daniel Fisher of New York, 12 August To William Lambert, 12 August To Michael Leib, 12 August From Étienne Lemaire, 12 August To Albert Picket, 12 August To P. & C. Roche, 12 August From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield, [on or before 12 August] From David Howell, 13 August, enclosing Recommendation of David Leonard Barnes, with Jefferson’s Order, 7 August From George Jefferson, 13 August To Joel Barlow, 14 August To Robert Brent, 14 August From Peter Lenox, 14 August From George White, [before 15 August] From John Barnes, 15 August From Henry Dearborn, 15 August From J. P. P. Derieux, 15 August To John Harvie, 15 August From Samuel Latham Mitchill, 15 August To John Vaughan, 15 August To Henry Dearborn, 16 August From Joseph Dougherty, 16 August From Simon Harris, 16 August To Craven Peyton, 16 August To Edmund Randolph, 16 August From James Simons, 16 August From Tarhe and Others, 16 August From William Eustis, 17 August From Albert Gallatin, 17 August To Étienne Lemaire, 17 August To James Madison, 17 August To Robert Smith, 17 August To Antonio Garcia Herreros, 18 August To William Short, 18 August

 xxxiv 

179 182 182 184 184 185 189 189 189 190 191 192 192 193 194 195 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 201 201 202 202 203 203 204 204 205 206 209 211 212 213 214 215 215

CONTENTS To George White, 18 August From Henry Dearborn, [before 19 August] To William Bentley, 19 August To Jacob Crowninshield, 19 August From Gideon Granger, enclosing Memorial of Citizens of Mason County, Kentucky, 19 August Address of the Indiana Territory General Assembly, 19 August From James McDowell and Others, 19 August To John Stark, 19 August From Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 20 August From George Jefferson, 20 August From Étienne Lemaire, 20 August From James Madison, 20 August From Joshua Prout, 20 August From Albert Gallatin, 21 August From Robert Smith, 21 August From Samuel Latham Mitchill, [before 22 August] To Henry Dearborn, 22 August From Richard Folwell, 22 August To Peter Lenox, 22 August To John Barnes, 23 August From Henry Dearborn, 23 August From Thomas Ewell, 23 August To Albert Gallatin, 23 August From Albert Gallatin, 23 August From Zachariah Hall, 23 August To Jones & Howell, 23 August From Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos, 23 August From Anonymous, 24 August From Albert Gallatin, 24 August To Gideon Granger, 25 August To James Madison, 25 August To Jacob Crowninshield, 26 August To Henry Dearborn, 26 August To Albert Gallatin, 26 August To David Robinson, 26 August To Robert Smith, 26 August From Robert Smith, 26 August To John Strode, 26 August From Thomas L. Winthrop, 26 August From Leroy Anderson, 27 August To James Madison, 27 August

 xxxv 

216 216 217 218 218 222 223 224 225 225 226 227 229 232 232 233 233 235 235 236 237 238 240 240 241 241 242 244 244 245 246 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 250 251 252

CONTENTS From Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 27 August From John Sibley, 27 August From John Martin Baker, 28 August From John Barnes, 28 August From Abraham Bradley, Jr., 28 August From Thomas Carnes, 28 August From Jacob Crowninshield, 28 August From Jacob Crowninshield, 28 August From Samuel R. Demaree, 28 August From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 28 August From Polly Logwood, 28 August From William Henry Harrison, 29 August To Thomas Ewell, 30 August To Albert Gallatin, 30 August To Robert Smith, 30 August From Robert Smith, 30 August To Abraham Bradley, Jr., 31 August From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis, 31 August From Benjamin H. Latrobe, enclosing Section of the Roof of the Capitol, 31 August To James McDowell and Others, 31 August From William Short, 31 August From Robert Smith, 31 August Assessment of Postal Route from Francis Abraham, [July-August?] From Alexis Daudet, 1 September From James Madison, 1 September From Ahmad Qaramanli, 1 September From Robert Smith, 1 September From Joel Barlow, 2 September From John Barnes, 2 September Petition for William Alcorn, [before 3 September] Notes on Locks and Hinges, 3 September From Larkin Smith, 3 September From Robert Smith, 3 September From Thomas Worthington, 3 September From Henry Dearborn, 4 September From Craven Peyton, [on or before 5 September] From Jacob Wagner, 5 September To George Jefferson, 6 September To Robert Smith, 6 September To Leroy Anderson, 7 September

 xxxvi 

254 255 255 256 257 257 259 259 261 262 269 270 272 273 274 274 276 276 280 287 288 288 289 290 291 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 299 300 301 302 303 304 304 305

CONTENTS From Daniel Bradley, 7 September Memorial of Thomas Harris of Virginia, 7 September From Joshua J. Moore, 7 September To Larkin Smith, 7 September From Robert Smith, 7 September From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 8 September To Benjamin H. Latrobe, 8 September To Samuel Latham Mitchill, 8 September From Edmund Randolph, 8 September From Ruelle, 8 September From Francis Taliaferro Brooke, [on or before 9 September] From Robert Smith, 9 September From Thomas Ewell, 10 September From George Jefferson, 10 September From Nicholas Madgett, 10 September From Robert Smith, 10 September From John Barnes, 11 September, enclosing Statement of Account, 9 September From William C. C. Claiborne, 11 September From Jacob Crowninshield, 11 September From “Shiloh,” enclosing “The sins of the United states of America,” 11 September, and “Highway Robbery,” 9 September To Jacob Crowninshield, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, enclosing Observations on Affairs with Spain, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, 12 September To George Jefferson, 12 September From Philip Mazzei, 12 September From Margaret Page, 12 September From Albert Gallatin, [before 13 September] To Jacob Crowninshield, 13 September From Silas Halsey, 13 September From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 13 September From James Walker, [13 September] From Joseph Forster, 14 September From James Madison, 14 September From Charles Willson Peale, 14 September From William A. Burwell, 15 September To James Madison, 16 September From William Wirt, 16 September

 xxxvii 

305 306 309 310 310 311 314 316 316 316 318 318 319 320 320 322 324 325 326

327 333 334 334 343 344 345 349 350 351 352 353 355 356 358 361 362 363 364

CONTENTS From Jacob Wagner, 17 September To Abraham Bradley, Jr., 18 September To Albert Gallatin, 18 September To George Jefferson, 18 September From Meriwether Jones, 18 September To James Madison, 18 September From John Moody, 18 September To Robert Smith, 18 September To Markes Vandewall, 18 September To John Barnes, 19 September To Joshua J. Moore, 19 September To Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 19 September To Joshua Prout, 19 September From Robert Smith, 19 September To Joshua Barney, 20 September To William A. Burwell, 20 September To Isaac A. Coles, 20 September From Friedrich Johann Jacobsen, 20 September To George Jefferson, 20 September From Wilson Cary Nicholas, 21 September To Wilson Cary Nicholas, 22 September From William Short, 22 September From Thomas Worthington, 22 September From William Lee, [before 23 September] From the Author of “Rab & Jane,” 23 September From Andrew Jackson, 23 September From Bishop James Madison, 23 September From Paul Hamilton, [before 24 September] From Joshua Barney, 24 September From George Jefferson, 24 September From William Montgomery, 25 September From James Monroe, 26 September From Caldcleugh & Thomas, 27 September Endorsement of a Hydraulic Ram, 27 September To John Moody, 27 September From Thomas Appleton, 28 September Memorandum of Tasks for James Dinsmore, 29 September From James Holland, 30 September From George Jefferson, 30 September From James Madison, 30 September Statement of Account with Mrs. John March, 30 September From Thomas Paine, 30 September

 xxxviii 

365 365 365 366 366 367 368 368 369 369 369 370 370 371 372 372 373 374 374 375 375 376 376 377 377 378 379 381 382 382 383 384 387 388 389 389 390 391 391 392 394 397

CONTENTS From Thomas W. Peyton, 30 September From Alexander Wilson, 30 September Notes on Personal Finance, [May-September] Notes on Personal Finance, [July-September] Plan for the Grounds at Monticello, [ca. July-September] From Philippe Reibelt, 1 October From Washington Boyd, 2 October Notes on Foreign Affairs, [after 3 October] From Milesius Thomas Kirk, 4 October From James Madison, 5 October Notes on Letters Received by the War Department, 5 October From Philippe Reibelt, 5 October Petition from the Western Missionary Society, 5 October To Justus Erich Bollmann, 6 October To Daniel Bradley, 6 October From Daniel Bradley, 6 October From Andrew Ellicott, 6 October From James Monroe, 6 October From James Oldham, 6 October To Charles Willson Peale, 6 October From William Dunbar, 8 October From Albert Gallatin, [9 October] From Albert Gallatin, [9 October] To Charles Willson Peale, 9 October From Abraham Bishop, 10 October From Robert Brent, 10 October From William C. C. Claiborne, 10 October From Maria Cosway, 10 October To George Jefferson, 10 October From William Kilty and William Cranch, with Jefferson’s Order, 10 October From Hannah Lowe, 10 October From Daniel R. Preston, 10 October From Philip Turner, 10 October From James Walker, 10 October To Albert Gallatin, 11 October From William Jarvis, 11 October To James Madison, 11 October From Rosetta Stevenson, 11 October From Rachel Cunningham, enclosing Petition for Divorce, 12 October From Walter Key, 12 October

 xxxix 

399 400 401 405 406 409 412 412 415 416 417 419 421 423 424 425 425 426 435 435 437 438 439 440 441 441 442 442 443 444 444 445 447 449 450 451 451 452 453 455

CONTENTS To Louise Françoise Felix Reibelt, 12 October To Philippe Reibelt, 12 October To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 13 October From Robert Mills, 14 October From John Vaughan, 14 October From John Vaughan, 14 October From Robert Gamble, 15 October To James Oldham, 15 October From Philippe Reibelt, with Jefferson’s Note, 15 October From Caesar A. Rodney, 15 October Notes from James Dinsmore on Architectural Ornaments, [before 16 October] To Justus Erich Bollmann, 16 October From Justus Erich Bollmann, 16 October To Christian VII, King of Denmark, 16 October From William C. C. Claiborne, 16 October To João, Prince Regent of Portugal, 16 October To Walter Key, 12 [i.e. 16] October From James Madison, 16 October To George Price & Co., 16 October From Robert Smith, 16 October From Samuel Smith, 16 October To James Walker, 16 October From Elizabeth Allicocke, 17 October From Albert Gallatin, 17 October From Oliver Whipple, 17 October, enclosing From Arthur Fenner, 24 September From William Emerson, 18 October To Albert Gallatin, 18 October To Philip Turner, 18 October From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 19 October From James Madison, 19 October To Philippe Reibelt, enclosing Drawings of Monticello Phaeton, 19 October From James Madison, 20 October From John J. May, 20 October From Gaspard Quinard, 20 October From Samuel Bryan, 21 October To David Gelston, 21 October From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 21 October To Charles Willson Peale, 21 October

 xl 

456 457 458 459 460 460 461 462 462 464 465 465 466 466 467 468 468 469 472 473 474 475 476 477 477 479 480 481 481 482 482 486 486 487 489 490 491 492

CONTENTS To Philippe Reibelt, 21 October From Henry Dearborn, enclosing Memorandum on Militia Organization, 22 October Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia, [on or after 22 October] From William Lee, 22 October From Charles Willson Peale, 22 October To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 22 October From Philippe Reibelt, 22 October From Thomas Tingey, 22 October From James Wilkinson, 22 October From William C. C. Claiborne, 23 October To Henry Dearborn, 23 October To Albert Gallatin, 23 October From James Hughs, 23 October To James Madison, 23 October To Caesar A. Rodney, 23 October From Philippe Reibelt, 24 October To Robert Smith, 24 October To Andrew Ellicott, 25 October From George Fox Janney, 25 October To George Jefferson, 25 October To Wilson Cary Nicholas, 25 October From James Oldham, 25 October From Robert Alexander, Adam Lindsay, and William Prout, with Jefferson’s Note, [26 October] From Thomas Ewell, 26 October From George Jefferson, 26 October From Meriwether Jones, 26 October From John Jordan, 26 October From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 October Petition of Jacob Scott, Jacob Ayers, and John Ayers, 26 October To Madame de Tessé, 26 October To William Patterson, 27 October To Robert Purviance, 27 October To Thomas Ewell, 28 October From William Jarvis, 28 October Proclamation Designating Site for Public Market, 28 October To James Currie, 29 October From Thomas Main, 29 October From James Oldham, 29 October From William Tatham, 29 October

 xli 

492 493 494 496 497 498 498 501 502 503 504 505 505 507 508 509 510 510 511 513 513 514 514 515 517 517 517 518 518 520 522 523 524 525 525 526 526 527 527

CONTENTS From Albert Gallatin, enclosing Memorandum on Guerlain’s Case, 30 October From William Hamilton, [on or before 30] October From John O’Neill, 30 October From Philippe Reibelt, 30 October From Samuel Smith, 30 October From William Tatham, 30 October From Isaac Briggs, 31 October From William C. C. Claiborne, 31 October To James Dinsmore, 31 October To George Jefferson, 31 October From George Jefferson, 31 October To George W. Erving, 1 November From Henry Ingle, 1 November To Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 1 November From James Monroe, 1 November To Samuel Smith, 1 November From John Stark, 1 November From James Walker, 1 November From Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 2 November From David Gelston, 2 November From William Kilty, 2 November To William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others, 2 November From Robert Purviance, 2 November From Christopher Towill, 2 November To Albert Gallatin, 3 November From Albert Gallatin, 3 November From William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others, 3 November Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, [on or after 3 November] From Charles Willson Peale, 3 November To Philippe Reibelt, 3 November From Mary Batting, 4 November From Samuel Brown, 4 November From Peter Freneau, 4 November From George Jefferson, 4 November Memorial of the Louisiana Territory Grand Jury, 4 November From Philip Mazzei, 4 November From Philippe Reibelt, 4 November

 xlii 

529 531 532 534 535 535 536 540 540 541 541 541 542 542 543 548 549 549 550 551 552 552 556 556 559 559 560 563 565 568 568 570 570 571 572 574 576

CONTENTS From Elias Rogers, 4 November To Henry Dearborn, 5 November From Albert Gallatin, enclosing Receipts and Expenditures, 5 November From Francis Green, 5 November From John B. C. Lucas, 5 November From Samuel Smith, 5 November From William C. C. Claiborne, 6 November To Albert Gallatin, 6 November To William Hamilton, 6 November To Jones & Howell, 6 November From Levi Lincoln, 6 November From Philippe Reibelt, 6 November From Caesar A. Rodney, 6 November Washington School Subscription Receipt, 6 November From James Wilkinson, enclosing Specimens from Louisiana Territory, 6 November From Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 7 November Memorandum from Henry Dearborn, [7 November] From Richard Dobson, 7 November To John Hoomes Freeman, 7 November From David Gelston, 7 November To George Jefferson, 7 November To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 7 November From Elizabeth Dandridge Chamberlayne, 8 November From George Richardson Todd, 8 November From Thomas Ewell, 9 November To Hewes & Miller, 9 November To Matthew Maury, 9 November To Samuel Mifflin, 9 November From J. P. G. Muhlenberg, 9 November To John Taggart, 9 November From William Wilson & Sons, 9 November From Samuel Brown, 10 November From William Dunbar, 10 November From Thomas Freeman, 10 November From Ichabod Goodwin and Others, 10 November From Elizabeth Bache Harwood, 10 November From Charles Willson Peale, 10 November From Ellen Wayles Randolph, 10 November From Hewes & Miller, 11 November

 xliii 

577 577 578 579 580 582 582 584 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 593 594 594 595 596 596 597 598 599 600 600 601 602 602 603 603 604 605 605 606 607 607 608 608

CONTENTS From George Jefferson, 11 November From the Orleans Territory House of Representatives, 11 November From Robert Purviance, 11 November From Robert Smith, [11 November] From Frederick S. Guion, 12 November From William Henry Harrison, 12 November From Jones & Howell, 12 November Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 12 November Notes on Reports from John Sibley, [on or after 12 November] From Craven Peyton, 12 November From Philippe Reibelt, 12 November From Jacob Wagner, 12 November From William C. C. Claiborne, 13 November To Charles Willson Peale, 13 November To Samuel Smith, 13 November Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia I. Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, [on or before 14 November] II. Henry Dearborn’s Remarks on the Bill, [ca. 14 November] III. Robert Smith’s Remarks on the Bill, [14 November] IV. Revised Bill, [on or after 14 November] V. Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, [on or after 14 November] Bill for Organizing the Militia I. Act for Classing the Militia, [on or before 14 November] II. Henry Dearborn’s Remarks on the Bill, [18 November] III. Act for Classing the Militia, [on or after 18 November] From Alexis Daudet, 14 November To John Hoomes Freeman, 14 November To George Jefferson, 14 November To John Jordan, 14 November To Keller & Forman, 14 November To John B. Magruder, 14 November From the Orleans Territory House of Representatives, 14 November From Thomas Paine, 14 November To George Price & Co., 14 November From Philippe Reibelt, 14 November To James Walker, 14 November From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [before 15 November] From Albert Gallatin, 15 November

 xliv 

609 609 610 611 612 614 615 615 616 617 617 618 618 620 620 621 622 624 625 626 628 630 631 634 635 638 639 640 640 640 641 642 643 643 643 644 644 646

CONTENTS Notes on Personal Finance, [on or after 15 November] From Samuel Smith, 15 November To Thomas Freeman, 16 November To Albert Gallatin, 16 November From Thomas W. Maury, 16 November To James Oldham, 16 November To Robert Patterson, 16 November To Philippe Reibelt, 16 November From John Taggart, 16 November From Benjamin Smith Barton, 17 November From Thomas Branagan, 17 November From Joseph Crockett, 17 November From Philip Mazzei, 17 November From Thomas Appleton, 18 November From “B. C.,” 18 November From Hugh Holmes, 18 November From Thomas Main, 18 November From Alexander S. Outlaw, 18 November From Robert Smith, [18 November] From Robert Smith, [18 November] From Philip Turner, 18 November Expenditures for Land Cessions, [on or after 19 November] From William Heath, 19 November From Thomas Munroe, [19 November] Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 19 November Orders to Commanding Officer at Natchitoches, [19 or 20 November] Proposal for a Treaty with Spain, [on or after 19 November] From Philippe Reibelt, 19 November

648 650 651 651 652 652 653 654 655 655 656 657 657 661 661 662 663 665 666 666 667 668 669 670 670 672 673 675

APPENDICES

Appendix I: List of Appointments, [April-7 August] Appendix II: Dinner Guest Records Dinners by Date, [9 July-19 November] Appendix III: Letters Not Printed in Full Appendix IV: Letters Not Found

677 679 679 683 684

In dex

687

 xlv 

ILLUSTRATIONS Following page 366 MARIA COSWAY

Illustrated here is the last known portrait of Maria Hadfield Cosway. The stipple engraving, measuring approximately 4⅜ inches high by 3⅜ inches wide, was produced for use in Public Characters of 1805 (London, 1805), published by Richard Phillips. Phillips profiled 31 persons of distinction in the volume, three of whom were women. He included four plates, each engraved with two portraits, all of them men except for Cosway, whose likeness shares an unnumbered leaf following page 176 with that of journalist Edward Topham. Phillips wrote in the preface to his 1823 compilation of Public Characters that the portraits he provided of “illustrious foreigners” could be considered “as fac similes of their most approved likenesses,” but that portraits of his English subjects “are neither so numerous, nor so recent” because of copyright laws. At the time of publication, Cosway was in her mid-40s and living in Paris. Her likeness was taken from an early self-portrait, now available as an art reproduction in the collection of Leeds Museums and Galleries, and one of three such works exhibited by Cosway at the Royal Academy in the 1780s. In the original portrait, Cosway showed herself turned slightly to the left but looking forward, her abundant hair hatless, her bodice draped in a puffed neckerchief, and no jewelry. The book engraver made a number of modifications. He constrained Cosway’s hair under a turban, simplified her bodice, and turned her eyes away from the viewer. The wearing of a cross, although not a feature in the original, can be seen in Mrs. Cosway, another self-portrait from the 1780s (Stephen Lloyd, “Maria Cosway,” Concise Dictionary of Women Artists, ed. Delia Gaze [New York, 2011], 264, 266; Richard Phillips, Public Characters of All Nations; Consisting of Biographical Accounts of Nearly Three Thousand Eminent Contemporaries, Alphabetically Arranged, 3 vols. [London, 1823], 1:ix; Cosway to TJ, 20 Oct. 1805). Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum. POPLAR FOREST PLAT: EPPES ALLOTMENT

These two images are details from a plat of Jefferson’s Poplar Forest plantation in Bedford County. Jefferson’s father-in-law, John Wayles, purchased the bulk of the property in 1764 and subsequently added smaller, contiguous plots, such as those of 380 and 183 acres that he purchased from John Robertson (or Robinson) and that are shown in this detail. Jefferson probably copied the plat from a survey by William Callaway, the county surveyor, and subsequently refined it with information useful to him. Jefferson’s and Callaway’s plats display many of the same details, such as labeling the southeastern part of the property totaling 800 acres—subdivided into two plots only on Jefferson’s version—“Late survey (1770)” and the road running through that section as “Richard Callaways or Water Lick Road” (visible in this detail). After Martha Wayles Jefferson inherited the property in 1773 Jefferson made a brief visit, but during the next 20 years he was only able to return twice, a

 xlvii 

I L LU S T R AT I O N S longer stay forced by the British invasion in 1781 and a shorter trip in 1800. Whenever he obtained Callaway’s survey, Jefferson made the plat his own. Not shown in these details are plots of 1,000 acres and 450 acres designated to Thomas Mann Randolph, the first being Jefferson’s dowry upon Randolph’s marriage to Martha Jefferson in 1790 and the second being a gift of land that Jefferson devised to his son-in-law in 1801. Simultaneous to this second gift, Jefferson promised a plot of land to John Wayles Eppes on the eastern end of the estate. In March 1805, Eppes asked about the status of this plot, and after reviewing his papers, Jefferson informed him that he was redrawing the lines so as to make the plot more convenient for the two of them. The new line would now give Eppes some 1,137½ acres, about 200 more than originally plotted. During his visit to Poplar Forest in July of that year, Jefferson must have refined these new lines, and he evidently noted a finalized arrangement on the plat on 13 Sep., when he added a notation to the plat labeling the allotment of 1,120 acres “for the occupation of J. W. Eppes.” This detail is oriented with east at the top, based on the cardinal points that Jefferson drew on the plat (MS of Callaway survey in CSmH; S. Allen Chambers, Jr., Poplar Forest and Thomas Jefferson [Forest, Va., 1993], 4-5, 8-10, 21, 24-6, 31; Betts, Farm Book, pt. 1, 32, 127; Nichols, Architectural Drawings, Nos. 266 and 545; Vol. 35:414-15, 418-20; Vol. 46:102-4, 462-3). POPLAR FOREST PLAT: MANSION HOUSE AREA

From the time Jefferson gained control over Poplar Forest, it was a hive of agricultural activity. Along with the land, Martha Wayles Jefferson inherited the labor of enslaved persons, who raised tobacco there. Whatever his stated aversion to the crop, Jefferson continued pushing its cultivation and moved many other enslaved workers to Poplar Forest. The detail of his survey plat illustrated here indicates the economic utility of the land. Jefferson marked off many of the fields, some of which lay next to the branches of Tomahawk Creek, which flowed through the plantation, and likely consisted of richer bottom land. Near the bottom middle of the detail, Jefferson reinforced with a second label the location of the “Prise barn,” where cured tobacco leaves would have been prepared for sale. By the end of his presidency, Jefferson introduced a more diversified strategy for these fields, which comprised a significant portion of what became known as the Tomahawk quarter farm, but tobacco remained central to the plantation as a whole. In the detail illustrated here is a section marking off 45 acres surrounding a “Mantion house” (the label is almost upside down in this orientation). That feature appears on Callaway’s survey, but what structure may have been there when Jefferson began his development of Poplar Forest, if any, is not known. By 1805, Jefferson had finished his innovative octagonal design for his house, and it was during the summer that he sent the brickmason Hugh Chisholm to begin working there. Among the reasons for Jefferson’s summer visit may have been a final determination of the site for what became his second home. He did choose the site where the mansion plot is located on the plat, but at some point may have contemplated a different location, indicated on the plat as a “fine situation for a house being on the main ridge.” This detail is oriented with north at the top. The full plat is 19¼ inches by 15 inches in size, drawn to a scale, as Jefferson noted, of 100 poles to the inch. It is in Jefferson

 xlviii 

I L LU S T R AT I O N S Family Correspondence, Jefferson Architectural Drawings, N-545 (Eric Proebstring, “Life and Landscape at the Foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains,” in Barbara J. Heath and Jack Gary, eds., Jefferson’s Poplar Forest: Unearthing a Virginia Plantation [Gainesville, Fla., 2012], 49-57; Chambers, Poplar Forest, 31-2, 72; mb, 2:1163; TJ to Bowling Clark, 24 July). Courtesy of Peter Coolidge and the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia. WILLIAM EATON

Prior to 1805, William Eaton had acquired modest renown as an army offi­ cer during the 1790s and as the controversial former U.S. consul at Tunis. In both of these roles, his acknowledged energy and talents had been offset by his arrogance, impulsiveness, and ambition. These conflicting character traits came together most famously in his legendary expedition across North Africa in early 1805 and subsequent capture of the port city of Derna on 27 April. The campaign was the culmination of Eaton’s long-cultivated scheme to over­ throw Yusuf Qaramanli and reinstate Ahmad (Yusuf’s deposed elder brother) as pasha of Tripoli. Dubious of Ahmad’s influence and abilities, the Jefferson administration gave slight credence to the plan, but nevertheless returned Eaton to the Mediterranean as “navy agent” to facilitate any potential collaboration between Ahmad and U.S. naval forces. Eaton, however, exceeded this modest authority by entering into a “convention” with Ahmad on 23 Feb. that committed the United States—both diplomatically and financially—to the restoration of Ahmad as pasha of Tripoli and secured for himself recognition as general and commander in chief of Ahmad’s forces. When news of the fall of Derna reached the United States in late summer, “General” Eaton became a national hero and his return to the United States in November was widely celebrated. The adoration would be short-lived, however. Eaton bitterly opposed the treaty with Tripoli negotiated by U.S. consul general Tobias Lear that allowed Yusuf to retain his throne. Jefferson subsequently refused to sanction the promises that Eaton made to Ahmad in his convention, disclaiming them as “entirely unauthorised.” These and later events would lead Eaton into an intemperate and alcoholic spiral that tarnished his heroic image and culminated with his death in 1811 (anb; ndbw, 5:367-9; Vol. 40:647-50; Vol. 42:384-92, 428-30; Vol. 43:80; Vol. 46:xliv-xlv; Ahmad Qaramanli to TJ, 5 Aug., 1 Sep. 1805; TJ to Madison, 7 Aug., 22 Nov. 1805; TJ to the Senate, 13 Jan. 1806; TJ to the Senate and the House of Representatives, 13 Jan. 1806). Rembrandt Peale’s oil on canvas portrait of Eaton, painted ca. 1807, captures the “general” at the height of his fame, dressed in elegant military attire that recalled his days of glory on the North African coast. It measures 23 inches by 18¾ inches (Lillian B. Miller, In Pursuit of Fame: Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860 [Washington, D.C., 1992], 256-7). Courtesy of the Maryland State Archives. TOBIAS LEAR

This profile of Tobias Lear was created in 1869 by Henry Bryan Hall, an English engraver whose 34-year career in New York produced numerous

 xlix 

I L LU S T R AT I O N S illustrations for major publishing houses, along with many private commissions. The engraving of Lear was part of a series of colonial and revolutionary portraits commissioned from Hall by New York physician Thomas Addis Emmet. In 1889, Emmet presented the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association with 50 of those engravings, predominantly of military figures, and he followed up the next year with the engraving of Tobias Lear. Of the gifts, Emmet wrote that the engravings were not only of historical significance, they were commissioned “as ‘private’ or ‘club portraits,’ of which there were very few impressions issued before the plate was destroyed.” Hall copied his profile of Lear from a pastel portrait that was completed by either James or Ellen Sharples, circa 1800. The Sharples pastel, which remains in a private collection, measures 9¼ inches high by 7¼ inches wide. The Hall engraving is ink on paper and identical to the Sharples portrait except for a shortened bust. The plate measures 8⅜ inches high by 5⅜ inches wide, with mounted di­ mensions of 11½ inches high by 8½ inches wide. At the base of the engraving is written “Etch’d by H. B. Hall NY 1869” (New York Times, 28 Apr. 1884; Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, Annual Report [1889], ­28-30; same, [1890], 18; Massachusetts Historical Records Survey, American Portrait Inventory: American Portraits (1645-1850) Found in the State of Maine (Preliminary Volume) [Boston, 1941], 34). Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. WILLIAM ARMISTEAD BURWELL

This portrait by Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin depicts William Armistead Burwell in 1806, likely as Burwell was first taking his seat to fill an unexpired term in the Ninth Congress. Prior to his run for Congress, Burwell served on and off as Jefferson’s private secretary. Bouts with illness and service in the Virginia House of Delegates kept Burwell away from Washington for long periods, but even when absent from Washington, Burwell proved useful to the president. During the time of this volume, Burwell continued to help Jefferson rebut renewed attacks on his conduct as governor of Virginia during the British invasion of the state in the winter of 1780-1781. Burwell solicited letters, affidavits, and depositions from eyewitnesses to the events and, while in Richmond, transcribed letters that Jefferson had written as wartime governor to Samuel Huntington, the president of Congress. The collected documents informed Burwell’s six-part “Vindication of Mr. Jefferson,” which was published in the Richmond Enquirer in August and September and reprinted widely. By liberally quoting his collected material, Burwell hoped to show “how feeble and how contemptible, mere empty and unsupported assertions appear when put into competition with express and respectable testimony!” The circular engraving, executed by Saint-Mémin through use of a physiognotrace, measures about 2¼ inches in diameter (Richmond Enquirer, 30 Aug.; Ellen G. Miles, Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America [Washington, D.C., 1994], 134, 140, 259; Gerald W. Gawalt, “‘Strict Truth’: The Narrative of William Armistead Burwell,” vmhb, 101 [1993], 103-32; TJ to Robert Smith, 1 July; Burwell to TJ, 15 Sep. and 26 Dec.). Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.

 l 

I L LU S T R AT I O N S POST BOY CUP

In the fall of 1805, Charles Carnan Ridgely was awarded this intricately carved trophy after the victory of his racehorse, Post Boy, in an event hosted by the Washington City Jockey Club. The prize was described as a 50-guinea silver cup, and ten entries competed in a four-mile race for the award. The prestigious Washington races were popular events across social lines in the city. Jefferson’s financial records indicate that he attended all three days of the 1805 races, 29-31 Oct. Post Boy, a bay colt born in 1800, was sired by Gabriel, a stallion imported from England by John Tayloe III in 1799. Like Tayloe, Ridgely was an avid participant in the booming thoroughbred breeding and racing program in the Mid-Atlantic. Early thoroughbred racehorses were bred from crossing American quarter horses (descended from the Irish hobby horse) with imported stallions from the Middle East. With the introduction of thoroughbreds, the scale of American racing grew, and short, straight races expanded to longer circuits of one or more miles. While profit could be made directly through racing, the cachet of a victorious horse enabled owners to charge stud fees and sell high-value race horses and their offspring. Ridgely purchased Post Boy from Tayloe in 1803 after the colt had his first racing victory in Baltimore. The horse has been described as “unbeaten” through his career, which lasted from 1803 to 1809 with races in Washington and Maryland. In his final race in 1809 in Washington, Post Boy broke a leg and died a few days later. The trophy was manufactured in 1805 at the Philadelphia shop of silversmith Samuel Williamson. It was one of four trophies that Williamson supplied for the jockey club. Ridgely’s horses won three of the four prizes; Post Boy won in 1804 and 1805, while Ridgely’s Maid of the Oaks took home the cup in 1806. The 1805 cup, which is approximately 20¾ inches high, carries an image of a horse and jockey and Post Boy’s name among the engravings. It is in three parts: a small cap with a horse head, a domed lid that can be inverted to serve as a punch bowl, and a double-handled cup base. It is now held in the collections of Hampton National Historic Site (Lynne Dakin Hastings, “A Sure Bet: Thoroughbreds at Hampton,” Maryland Historical Magazine, 89 [1994], 29-31; Ann Milkovich McKee, Hampton National Historic Site [Charleston, S.C., 2007], 19; Kenneth Cohen, “Well Calculated for the Farmer: Thoroughbreds in the Early National Chesapeake, 1790-1850,” vmhb, 115 [2007], 372-3, 377-8; Rachel E. C. Layton, “Samuel Williamson’s Presentation Silver: Important New Discoveries,” Silver, 25 [1992], 8-13; American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, 1 [1830], 164, 589-90; National Intelligencer, 16 Sep. 1805; mb, 2:1165; Vol. 41:xlv-xlvi). Courtesy of Hampton National Historic Site, National Park Service. WILLIAM MCINTOSH

This striking portrait of the Lower Creek leader William McIntosh, also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee, exemplifies the success McIntosh achieved through his pursuit of a partial acculturation to Anglo-American practices. Having commissioned the painting in 1821, McIntosh doubtless would have directed the image he wanted to project. The portrait shows him wearing

 li 

I L LU S T R AT I O N S moccasins and colorful breeches that, like his cloak, display Creek textile patterns. Beneath the cloak, however, McIntosh wears a waistcoat, shirt, and cravat. He is shown with a mustache, cropped hair, and sideburns, the latter two being typical styles for white men of the early national era. Standing in the foreground of a dramatic natural scene that was likely a representation of his Indian Springs property, McIntosh displays his power and success. Such a combination of Creek and Anglo-American motifs fits well McIntosh’s own mixed heritage and his career as a Lower Creek chief. As a young man, he established his leadership role during a visit by several Lower Creeks to Washington, where he served as speaker during treaty negotiations. Jeffer­ son’s welcome to the delegation and McIntosh’s response are printed in this volume. By the time he commissioned this painting, McIntosh had leveraged his connections to U.S. agents and his military cooperation with U.S. forces to cement his leadership on the Creek national council and to acquire substantial wealth. He owned taverns, ferries, an inn, plantations, and about 100 enslaved persons. His power began to wane, however, after 1821. He was deposed as speaker for the Lower Creek towns, and after he signed a land cession treaty in 1825 in defiance of a tribal law, Creek opponents had him killed (Naomi Slipp, “Traversing Two Cultures: A Portrait of William McIntosh, Southern Slave Owner and Lower Creek Chief,” Panorama: Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art, 6 [2020], https://doi.org /10.24926/24716839.10640, accessed 13 June 2022; Benjamin W. Griffith, Jr., McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders [Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1988], 225-31, 237-8, 249-50; TJ to William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others, 2 Nov. 1805; William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others to TJ, 3 Nov. 1805). The oil-on-canvas portrait, which measures 100 by 54 inches, was done by Nathan Negus, a young New England painter then working in the South with his brother Joseph, who may have assisted him with the painting. Negus had apprenticed to a portrait painter in Boston and enjoyed some initial success securing commissions for portraits in Massachusetts. He joined his brother in Savannah near the end of 1820. Having chosen Eatonton, Georgia, as a temporary base for their operations, the brothers painted signs, standards, theatrical scenery, and portraits. In April and July of 1821, they traveled to Creek country, where Nathan Negus completed his portrait of McIntosh. Negus was plagued by bad health, but he continued to work as a painter until his death in 1825. McIntosh displayed the portrait at Coweta, the Lower Creek town where he was chief and where travelers on the main postal road frequently stopped (Caroline F. Sloat, ed., Meet Your Neighbors: New England Portraits, Painters, & Society, 1790-1850 [Sturbridge, Mass., 1992], 114-18; Slipp, “Traversing Two Cultures”). Courtesy of the Alabama Department of Archives and History.

 lii 

Volume 47 6 July to 19 November 1805

JEFFERSON CHRONOLOGY 1743 • 1826 1743 1760 1762 1762-1767 1769-1774 1772 1775-1776 1776 1776-1779 1779 1779-1781 1782 1783-1784 1784-1789 1790-1793 1797-1801 1801-1809 1814-1826 1826

Born at Shadwell, 13 April (New Style). Entered the College of William and Mary. “quitted college.” Self-education and preparation for law. Albemarle delegate to House of Burgesses. Married Martha Wayles Skelton, 1 Jan. In Continental Congress. Drafted Declaration of Independence. In Virginia House of Delegates. Submitted Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom. Governor of Virginia. His wife died, 6 Sep. In Continental Congress. In France as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate commercial  treaties and as Minister Plenipotentiary resident at Versailles. Secretary of State of the United States. Vice President of the United States. President of the United States. Established the University of Virginia. Died at Monticello, 4 July.

VOLUME 47 6 July to 19 November 1805 8 July 15 July 26 July 12 Aug. 22 Aug. 6 Sep. 20 Sep. 29 Sep. 5 Oct. 29-31 Oct. 2 Nov. 12 Nov. 14 Nov. 19 Nov.

Meets with cabinet on measures against privateers. Leaves Washington for Monticello, arriving 18 July. Leaves Monticello for Poplar Forest, returning 2 Aug. Specimens sent by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in April arrive in Washington. John Hoomes Freeman assumes the duties of overseer at Monticello. Receives news of treaty with Tripoli. Asks Isaac A. Coles to take over as secretary from an ailing William A. Burwell. Leaves Monticello for Washington, arriving 3 Oct. Learns that James Hubbard, an enslaved worker at Monticello, is in Fairfax County jail after an attempt to escape. Attends annual races of the Washington Jockey Club. Addresses a visiting delegation of the Creek Nation. Meets with cabinet about settling differences with Spain. By this date, drafts a bill to organize militia by age groups and another bill to create a naval militia. Meets again with cabinet about affairs with Spain; Aaron Burr is among the guests at dinner afterward.

T H E PA P E R S O F

THOMAS JEFFERSON

From Thomas Appleton Sir Leghorn 6th. July 1805. My last respects were in date of the 1st. of May by a vessel bound to New York, on board of which I have shipped ten Cases of Monte­ pulciano wine, to the care of Mr. Gelston collector for that port.—By much accident I very lately became acquainted, that Madame Fa­ broni of florence had receiv’d a letter from Madame Cerrachi at Vi­ enna, de­scribing the deplorable condition she was in, burthen’d with five young children.—She had at the same time not fail’d to state how great were her claims on our gouvernment for the labours her hus­ band had perform’d in America.—Madame Fabroni prompted more by the sentiments of commisseration, than guided by the dictates of her understanding, had compos’d a very long letter, and address’d to you, proposing a most inadmissable plan to alleviate the miseries of Madame Cerrachi, which I shall not however trouble you now to relate.—on receiving this intelligence I lost no time in translating the statement I receiv’d in your letter, as if it were the result of my own enquiries in the U:States, in consequence of her application to me about 18 months since.—this I have address’d to her, open, and under cover to Mr. fabroni, who will of course make known to his wife the purport of it, and afterwards forward to Vienna.—I hope by this means to satisfy Madame fabroni of the impropriety of the Steps she had intended as likewise to silence the pretensions of Madme. Cerrachi.— Your letter of the 10h. of March, covering one for Mr. Mazzei reach’d my hands on the 28h. of June, and the next day I deliver’d personally the inclosure.—The request of Mr. La Trobe will doubtless be com­ plied with by Mr. Mazzei, though I apprehend he will be oblig’d to make a journey to Rome to accomplish the object of it.—the part Mr. La Trobe has confided to me, being simply to procure passages for the workmen, and the money necessary for their expences, I shall punctu­ ally attend to.—  3 

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It is with infinite concern that I have been inform’d of the almost certain loss of the Schooner John Adams, Captain Ramsdell, who sail’d from this port on the 7h. of September last for Philadelphia.— On board of this vessel went passenger Mr. Timpanaro Vigano, a young man endow’d with the rarest talents, and the highest culti­ vated understanding. he had distinguish’d himself during the strug­ gles for liberty in Lombardy, and having been employ’d by President Melzi as a diplomatick agent near the King of Naples, he became a victime to the fury of that sovereign, from the moment the french were compell’d to abandon the Kingdom.—they Cast him into a small subterraneous dungeon, without even the light of a lamp during four years—in this space of time he endur’d incredible hardships and many malignant fevers.—depriv’d of all medical assistance, neverthe­ less he rejected with disdain every offer for his enlargement, as it must have been purchas’d by Renouncing those principles for which he then suffer’d.— on a return of french influence, he gain’d his liberty, and Retir’d to Milan; but as he very shortly foresaw that he must Relinquish either his principles or his country, he hesitated not which to abandon, and gave up the latter, though his prospects of fortune were considerable, and he was allied in freindship with men of the highest merit in the Republic.—President Melzi order’d Mr. Est Tassoni his minister at florence to apply to me for a letter which would present Mr. Vigano to your personal Acquaintance. I conceiv’d it my duty to comply with a request from a person of his Eminent rank, which on no other con­ sideration should I have assumed. I now inclose you Sir, a copy of the letter I gave in charge to Mr. Vigano, by which you will perceive my opinion at that time of his objects in America.—the late Arrestation of two american Citizens in Milan will perhaps apologize for the length of my present letter, as it seem’d necessary to mention again a principal object with which Mr. Vigano was charg’d by his government; and likewise furnishes a new example of the Utility which would arise, from having an Amer­ ican resident in that city, to Recognize our Citizens who are very fre­ quently crossing the Continent of Europe on their commercial Con­ cerns, in preference of making the immense circuit by Sea.—I have sent to Malta for more of the yellow:cotton:seed which I shall take the liberty of sending to you as Soon as they are receiv’d.—I have the honor to be with very sincere respect Your most devoted Servant Th: Appleton RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson. esq. President of the U:States.

&c”; endorsed by TJ as received 28 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA:

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6 J U LY 1 8 0 5 RG 84, CR, Leghorn); dated 5 July; at foot of text: “Sent by the Schooner Abeona Capt. Clark for providence the 8. July”; with variations in wording. Enclosure: Appleton to TJ, 2 Sep. 1804. For the desire of Benjamin H. Latrobe (la trobe) to find an Italian sculptor, see TJ to Appleton, 10 Mch.

 late arrestation: Nathaniel Amory, a Boston merchant, and Samuel Purvi­ ance of the Leghorn firm of Degen, Pur­ viance, & Company were arrested in Milan before the coronation of Napoleon as king of Italy on 26 May (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:22‑4; rs, 9:673n).

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans July 6th. 1805 I have this day received from on Board a Barge, Several Trunks & Boxes directed to you; one Cage with four Birds, and a Small liv­ ing Animal, somewhat resembling our common gray Squirrel. They were sent by Captain Lewis to Mr. Chauteau of St Louis, and by him transmitted to me. Finding that some of the Trunks and Boxes con­ tained Peltry of various kinds, I had them opened. The skins had been wet, and were a little injured, but by being carefully dryed in the Sun, cleansed, and put up in Barrells, I am advised, that they may be preserved. I received no particular Memorandum of the contents of the Boxes, but I find that many of the skins are numbered, and of course I con­ clude, that Mr. Lewis’s communication relating thereto, has been for­ warded to you from St. Lewis. The little Animal seems to be sick, and I fear will not live; The Birds are well and have excellent appetites;—I shall be very careful of them, and propose forwarding the whole to Baltimore by the ship Comet, that will probably sail from this Port in fifteen days! I am D Sir with great respect Your faithful friend William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Claiborne; at foot of text: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

sent by captain lewis: see Meri­ wether Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr.

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From DeWitt Clinton Dear Sir New York 6 July 1805 Absence from this place at and a considerable time after the arrival of your letter of the 12th. June has prevented an earlier answer. Le Blanc’s letter to you was no doubt the last effort of a knave to screen himself from merited punishment. He was convicted upon an indictment for counterfeiting and is now in our state prison for life: I have learnt the above from the Attorney General without mentioning your name. I am sure I shall not be considered intrusive in taking this oppor­ tunity of presenting to your consideration some suggestions respecting inconveniences which neutral merchants and others very frequently sustain from the Admiralty Courts of the Belligerent Nations and an adequate preventive or remedy. A vessel & cargo are insured & warranted american property—They are condemned by one of the hostile courts for contravening some article of treaty, or law of nations or occasional instructions on a point perfectly consistent with the Warranty, but the Judge thinks fit to state in his decree (what was in no respect the question before the Court) that they were enemy’s property at the time of the capture: on this sentence the Insurer refuses payment and a lawsuit necessarily arises which would never have been dreamt of, if the true grounds of the condemnation had been stated. In this State and I believe in some of the others, the truth of the allegation may be enquired into, foreign sentences being considered prima facie not conclusive evidence of the facts they assert—but the expence & trouble of the lawsuit must be encountered and evidence procured to disprove the allegation which is oftentimes very difficult.—And if the property be insured in Great Britain, the American Citizen is without redress, for in that Country Admiralty sentences are considered conclusive. Would it not then be worthy of your administration to apply to the belligerents for instruc­ tions to their maritime Courts to set forth the true causes of condem‑ nation and no other. As those Courts are very much directed by the orders of their governments, there can be no doubt of their prompt obedience and there can also be little doubt but that very great benefits would result to our Merchants I have the honor to be With the most respectful attachment Your most Obedt servt DeWitt Clinton RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 11 July and so recorded in

SJL; notation on verso in Jacob Wagner’s hand: “The Treaty with France stipulates what is here suggested. French decrees

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6 J U LY 1 8 0 5 also insert the cause of condemnation— The instructions for a Convention with G.B. have anticipated the suggestion but it may not be amiss to claim an immedi­ ate order to the British Courts—In gen­ eral the the British sentences condemn.

‘as enemy’s property or other wise liable.’ The cases referred may there fore be sin­ gular ones.” le blanc’s letter: J. Athanasius Le Blanc to TJ, 4 June.

To Dorcas Osgood Marble Dearborn

July 6. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his friendly & respectful salutations to mrs Dearborne. thinking she appeared pleased with the taste of the Tokay wine, & wishing to avail himself of every opportunity of doing what may be agreeable to her, he sends her three bottles of which he asks the favor of her acceptance. he wishes he could have enlarged this offering to her friendship; but it is the half of what he has. RC (MH); addressed: “Mrs. Dear­ borne”; endorsed. Not recorded in SJL. Dorcas Osgood Marble Dearborn (1752‑1810) of Andover, Massachusetts, was a widow with two daughters when she became the second wife of Henry Dearborn in 1780. She was a fixture in capital society during her husband’s cabi­ net years, a “plain, unpolished, but honest woman” who, according to Louisa Cath­ erine Adams, thoroughly enjoyed Wash­ ington’s routine of parties and receptions

(Anthony Mitchell Sammarco, Forest Hills Cemetery [Charleston, S.C., 2009], 13; William H. Smith, “Gen. Henry Dear­ born: A Genealogical Sketch,” Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder, 3 [1886], 5; Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceed‑ ings in the United States Senate, 1803‑1807 [New York, 1923], 556; Judith S. Graham and others, eds., Diary and Autobiograph‑ ical Writings of Louisa Catherine Adams, 2 vols. [Cambridge, Mass., 2013], 1:220).

To Lewis Deblois Sir Washington July 6. 05. My servant Joseph having informed me that there was a coal vessel in Alexandria which would probably return to Richmond I now send a number of boxes &c which I must ask the favor of you to have con­ signed by her to messrs. Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond, freight to be paid there. I send also a small box for a different destination. it is for Commo­ dore Preble, and contains an instrument of value, which would be much injured by wet, & therefore should be placed in some favorable position in the vessel. should no vessel be going from Alexandria to Portland, the residence of the Commodore I presume if it were sent to Portsmouth, or even to Boston, he would readily get it. I have taken  7 

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the liberty of putting it under your care, believing you are best in­ formed of the vessels bound to that quarter. Accept my salutations & assurances of respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Deblois”; endorsed by TJ.

To William Jarvis Sir Washington July 6. 05. Since my letters of the 19th. & 20th. of July 1804. I have recieved your favors of Oct. 6. Nov. 14. 25. Dec. 3. 1804. & May 15. 1805. as also some articles of fruits &c. for which I pray you to accept my acknolegements. the pipe of Arruda wine came also safely to hand, and is indeed of very superior quality. I should be glad to recieve always of exactly the same quality, adhering to the rule of putting no brandy to them. I had been for some time expecting your draught for the amount; but as you mention in your last that when you forward another pipe you will draw for both, I shall hold myself in readiness, and will be glad the wine could come out in autumn, so as to be here before the winter sets in.   It gives me much pleasure to see a hope that Portugal may be able to preserve her neutrality. that a gov­ ernment so just & inoffensive should be forced into a war with which it has nothing to do, shews the most profligate disregard to human rights. it is a great felicity to us, and it secures all our other felicities, that so wide an ocean is spread between us & the lions & tygers of Europe, as enables us to go forward in the path of justice and inde­ pendance fearing nothing but our creator. the great powers of Eu­ rope could do us injury by sea & on our shores. but the spirit of in­ dependance in the country at large they can never bend. we are now suffering from privateers on our coast, and are therefore fitting out a naval force to go & force them to keep a reasonable distance from our shores.   Capt Lewis who has been sent to explore the Missouri to it’s source, & thence to pursue the nearest water communication to the South sea, passed the last winter among the savages 1600. miles up the Missouri. deputies from the great nations in that quarter (2500. miles from hence) are now on their way to visit us. Lewis finds the Indians every where friendly. he will probably get back in 1806. Ac­ cept my friendly salutations and assurances of respect RC (Sotheby’s Catalogue, Item No. 168, New York City, 20 June 2003); addressed: “William Jarvis esq. Consul for the US. of America Lisbon.” PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

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To Dolley Payne Todd Madison

July 6. 05

Th: Jefferson presents his affectionate salutations to mrs Madison & thinks the case she shewed him the other day (with ear‑rings & a pin) will answer mrs Randolph’s views. he begs leave to remind her of the request for such a comb exactly as she sent before. he sollicits her on his own account, whenever she shall happen to be shopping, to get a garment for him to present to Virginia, another to Anne, and one for Ellen & Cornelia. the two last may be of one piece. mrs Madi­ son knows better how to please the respective parties than Th:J. does. what she got for Anne on a former occasion was particularly gratify­ ing to her. mrs Madison will be so good as to direct the shopkeepers to send their bills to Th:J. for paiment RC (Jacques de Bon, Geneva, Switzer­ land, 1952). Not recorded in SJL. sollicits her: Madison honored TJ’s request despite an ulcerated knee. “I shall ride to the stores,” she wrote to her sister, Anna Payne Cutts, on 8 July, “but cannot get out to shop for them—very little vari­ ety in G. Town but I must do my best”

(ViU). On 12 July, TJ paid John Cox of Georgetown $12.50 for five yards of lace muslin (receipt in MHi, dated 9 July, in an unidentified hand, signed by John Cox, endorsed by TJ with notation “12.50”; mb, 2:1159). On that same date he paid $36 to Edward L. Smith, also for muslin, and $7 to Marie Ann Pic for a “comb &c.” (same).

To Edward Preble Sir Washington July 6. 05 I have recieved by Capt Tingey the hogshead of Marsalla wine you were so kind as to send me, for which I pray you to accept my thanks. altho’ not yet fined (which operation I always leave to time) I per­ cieve it is an excellent wine, and well worthy of being laid in, in stock to acquire age. gratified by this mark of your attention, it was natural for me to feel a wish to give you a proof of it by something which might administer to your convenience. the Polygraph lately invented in our country, & as yet little known, cannot fail to do this. you write much, move about much, & must of course find convenience in a portable secretary, which will copy all your letters, & keep secret their contents. I have had one made by mr Peale, of the most portable size, which I have this day sent to mr Deblois of Alexandria, to be for­ warded to you by some vessel, as a carriage in the stage, might derange something about it. of this I ask the favor of your acceptance. your turn for mechanics will render pleasing to you those little attentions necessary in the use of the instrument. you are not one of those who  9 

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will not take time to learn what will save time. I have used one the last 18. months, and can truly say that it is an inestimable invention. the copying press is a very poor thing in comparison with it. I inclose you directions for opening and setting it to work, which, at the same time give a specimen of it’s execution. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Commo­ dore Preble.” Enclosure not found. hogshead of marsalla: see TJ to Robert Smith, 31 May. the polygraph: on 24 June, Preble wrote to Robert Smith to report that he had not yet heard from TJ regarding his acceptance of the marsala wine. Smith re­

plied on 3 July that the delay was likely due to TJ “having in this instance de­ parted from what he had prescribed to himself as a Law,” and that the president had proposed to send Preble a polygraph as a reciprocal gift. On 12 July, Preble re­ sponded that such a present would “afford me the highest degree of satisfaction” (all in DLC: Edward Preble Papers).

To Anne Cary Randolph My dearest Anne Washington July 6. 05. I do not know whether it is owing to your laziness or mine that our letters have been so long intermitted. I assure you it is not to my want of love to you, and to all of those about you, whose welfare I am al­ ways so anxious to learn. but it is useless to discuss old bankrupt scores. we will therefore burn our old accounts, and begin a new one on the 1st. day of October next.   I have expected to be able to set out for Monticello on Monday the 15th. but as I have not yet recieved Capt. Lewis’s letters and the Western mail will not come in till Tues­ day morning the 16th. very possibly I may not be able to set out till that or even the next day Wednesday. in the last case Ellen will not be able to go to bed for three nights, lest I should catch her there. it is possible the letters may come sooner in which case I see nothing to hinder my setting out on the Monday. you will be able to give me an account of your stewardship of the fowls. I expect but a short one from Ellen. I inclose a letter from Dr. Mitchell in answer to one which accompanied a packet from your Papa. deliver my endearments to all the family, and above all to your mama: and accept kisses & saluta­ tions for yourself. Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM); addressed: “Miss Anne C. Randolph Edgehill near Milton”; franked and postmarked. PoC (CSmH). Enclo­ sure not found. stewardship of the fowls: for the bantam chickens TJ sent to his grand­

children, see TJ to Martha Jefferson Ran­ dolph, 6 Nov. 1804, and Ellen Wayles Randolph to TJ, 22 Feb. 1805. packet from your papa: see TJ to Samuel Latham Mitchill, 21 May.

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From John Rhea Dear Sir, Sullivan Courthouse July 6th. 1805 Your Letter of the 13th. of June last arrived at the office here last week, but by reason of my absence was not received untill this day— the information, thereby conveyed, which you have honored me with, is to me extremely acceptable, commanding my sincere gratitude and acknowledgment—and I have no hesitation to think that the reception of the renewing commission will have a due and proper effect— Since my letter of the twenty fourth of May—I had the pleasure of addressing one to You from Hawkins Courthouse—, it contained some little statement of a conversation between Mr Duffield and me at that place—also of his departure from that place for Orleans, and inclosed a certain paper—which letter, I anxiously hope, has arrived to You— I feel the force of what You request in your letter—I have already began the enquiry, the inclosure in my last, is the effect in one place,— and I have good hopes, of being able to remove any yet remaining unfavorable impression respecting Mr Duffield which hath been made by the information given to You. I was lately at Knoxville, but did not see Mr Tremble, he was ab­ sent attending a court— I have the honor to be with the most sincere esteem and respect Your Obedient Servant John Rhea RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. one to you from hawkins court‑ house: Rhea to TJ, 29 May. effect in one place: Rhea wrote and circulated at least two additional attesta­ tions regarding George Duffield’s integrity and sobriety, each virtually identical to the

testimonial enclosed in his 29 May letter to TJ. One of the documents, undated, was signed by state senator John Gass and 15 other leading residents of Greene County (MS in DNA: RG 59, LAR; en­ dorsed by TJ: “Duffield, George”). A sec­ ond, dated August 1805, was signed by James Aiken, clerk of the superior court for Washington District, and 12 other leading residents of Washington County (MS in same).

To Robert Williams Dear Sir Washington July 6. 05. Your favor of May 15. came to hand some days ago. mr Madison’s dispatches by the last post will have substantially answered the most important part of it. insubordination and opposition will be tolerated as little in whigs as in tories. at the same time it is very afflicting to  11 

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me to see those who have been useful in restoring the ascendancy of the whig principles of our constitution schismatise on grounds which they cannot honorably explain. we must disarm them of the aid of office in doing mischief, but otherwise treat them with all the indul­ gence due to separated brethren. with respect to Federalists, whether they are in opposition because hostile to the principles of our consti­ tution or to the measures of it’s administration legislative & executive, we must not strengthen the effect of their opposition by the weight of office. in the first case their wish is to overthrow the constitution: in the 2d. to defeat & disgrace the measures & persons they dislike. in neither case are they to be trusted. disaffected men ought to be satis­ fied with the protection of the laws honestly extended to them. they ought not to expect the confidence of a government to which they know themselves hostile. Your request to visit N. Carolina is entirely reasonable. the time is left to yourself, according to your own knolege of the state of things as they respect the office of Governor or of Commissr. mr Jones having declined the office of judge in the Misipi territory, George Mathews junr. of the same state (Georgia) has been appointed, and, as we have reason to believe, will accept. I tender you my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Governor Williams.”

favor of may 15: that is, Williams to TJ, 17 May.

To Caspar Wistar Dear Sir Washington July 6. 05. I inclose you a pamphlet from mr Biot a member of the National institute which he desires to have presented to the society. I inclose also his letter containing a request, which perhaps was meant to be addressed to the members individually, or such of them as might have an opportunity of making the observations he wishes for. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP); at foot of text: “Dr. Wistar”; endorsed for the American Philosophi­ cal Society as read at a meeting of 19 July. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Jean Baptiste Biot to TJ, 29 Apr., with enclosure.

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To Nathaniel Ellicott Sir Washington June [i.e. July] 7. 05 I have just recieved your favor of the 5th. instant. I have for some time been anxious to find the shortest way across the state of Vir­ ginia, through the middle counties to the Southern states, being per­ suaded 50. miles might be saved to the mail & the traveller & a better road obtained. I am totally indifferent to all the intermediate inter­ ests, having only the simple object of getting the best road. the one you propose offers an advantage which I have not yet found in any, less hill in passing the waters of Occoquan. I apprehend you will lose in distance, & what is more important that there may be more hills after passing the Occoquan. from Slate run church to the Rapidan there is not a single hill. if we could get from the Occoquan mills pretty early into the Slate run church road, we might still have the benefit of much of that road. I leave this from the 15th. to the 17th. & will make my first day’s stage to the Occoquan mills, presuming I may reach mr Strode’s the next day. I shall then be glad to recieve any information on the subject and to concur in any arrangement which may produce the object of obtaining the best road possible. Accept my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Elli­ cott”; endorsed by TJ and recorded in SJL as a letter of 7 July.

In his financial memoranda, TJ recorded paying 75 cents for the toll at occoquan on 15 July (mb, 2:1160).

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 7 Juill. 1805. Venant d’apprendre qu’on est a renouveller l’Ameublement du ­Palais Presidential—j’ose Vous prier, d’y recevoir de mon Magazin (parceque çe seroit la meilleure exhibition) quelques echantillons d’une nouvelle invention d’un peintre çelebre a Bâsle, de copier les principaux Ouvrages des Anciens d’une manière aussi parfaite, qu’il est même aux Connaisseurs difficile, de distinguer ces Copies de leurs Originaux. Je Vous en recomanderais 4 paires, dont les originaux sont de Van Berghem, C. Lorrain, Loutherbourg, Dujardin et Both (le Sujet Commune desquels est la Matinèe et la Soirèe) qui se vendent en Europe a 250 Gourdes ensemble, et l’encadrement desquels, exe­ cutè ici, revient tout près a 80 Gourdes. Je Vous les enverrais d’abord a l’examen prealable, et si Vous les jugez dignes de la reception, Vous choisirez, si elles ne Vous conviennent pas toutes, çelles auxquelles  13 

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Vous donnerez la preference, et Vous en fixerez le prix Vous même.— Daignez entrevoir, que mon but principal est l’exhibition favorable au debit ulterieur. Mr. Du Catel, duquel je Vous ai deja parlè a l’occasion du petit Mais, desire fortement de pouvoir Vous presenter ses hommages per­ sonellement a Federal City;—m’ayant invitè, de l’y accompagner—Je Vous en demande la permission pour lui et pour Moi. Veuillez agreer mes tout profonds respects. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 7 July 1805 Having just learned that the presidential palace is about to be renovated, I dare beg you to accept some samples from my store, since this is the best way to display them. They are a new design from a famous Basel painter who copies the principal classical works so perfectly that even experts have trou­ ble distinguishing the copies from the originals. I recommend four pairs, whose originals are by Berghem, Claude Lorrain, Loutherbourg, Dujardin, and Both. Their common theme is morning and evening. The set sells for $250 in Europe while the framing, done here, comes to about $80. I could send them for your examination, and if you found them acceptable you could decide. If all were not suitable, you could select the ones you preferred and set the price yourself. Please understand that my principal goal is to show them to you in view of a later delivery. Mr. Ducatel, whom I have previously mentioned in reference to corn, would very much like to present his regards in person in the federal city. He invited me to accompany him, and I ask your permission for both of us. Please accept my deepest respect. Reibelt. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 July and so recorded in SJL. peintre çelebre a bâsle: possibly Peter Birmann, a Basel‑based landscape

artist who also worked as an art dealer and publisher (Jane Turner, ed., The Dic‑ tionary of Art, 34 vols. [New York, 1996], 4:84).

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, July 8th. 1805 At Nw. Orleans I am this moment honer’d with your Letter of the 26th. of May, and will reply particularly to it, by the Post next ensuing. The Mail arrived in a disordered state; many of the Letters were wet, (as was the packet directed to me) but I do not learn, that any were lost. Your Let­ ter to Doctor Sibley, I shall forward to Nachitoches on Tomorrow.— The little animal mentioned in my Letter of the 6th is now much better  14 

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in health, & I hope will live.—The Peltry has been aired, cleansed, & will on this Day be repacked. I am Dr Sir, With great respect yr faithful friend William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

letter to doctor sibley: TJ to John Sibley, 27 May.

Invoice from Benjamin King

[ca. 8 July 1805]

Account of Work & materials for Making 1. Fire Engine for the President Laurence Hays 14 Days work at $1.81— $25.34 Jas. King 15¾ Do — 106— 16.69½ Willm Smith 5¼ Do 181— 9.50 Willm Sanderson 1½ Do 106— 1.53 P. Prevot ½ Do — 181— 90½ " 150 ℔ of Bar Iron. at 6 Cents— 9.00 " Wood work of Box— 18.00 " Brass for Cylinders 58 ℔ @15— 8.70 " 20 ℔ of Copper for Air Vessel @ 50— 10.00 " Brass Cotten for Do 10 ℔ @ 15— 1.50 " 15 Bushels of Coal @ 25— 3.75 " Painting Do— 5.00 " Leather for Do— 1.50 " Plank for Do— 4.00 $115.42 MS (MHi); undated, but see below; endorsed by TJ with notation “Benjamin King.” Benjamin King (ca. 1754‑1840) was mas­ ter blacksmith at the Washington navy yard. Born in the British Isles, King worked in Scottish ironworks before join­ ing the French republican army and even­ tually finding his way to the United States. Benjamin Henry Latrobe relied on him for a number of projects at the President’s House and the Capitol. Latrobe wrote of King that, although he had a “strange wildness” to his temper, he was the most talented man at the navy yard, the last resort “of all the Officers and artizans in

every difficult undertaking, and is seldom found at a loss.” King was also an inven­ tor. He held a patent for an improved method of working with iron plates and corresponded with TJ in 1822 about two farming machines he had designed (Phil­ adelphia North American and Daily Ad‑ vertiser, 16 Sep. 1840; Edward C. Carter and others, eds., The Journals of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 3 vols. [1977‑80], 3:67‑9; City of Washington Gazette, 22 Aug. 1818; King to Madison, 22 June 1836, in DLC: Madison Papers; King to TJ, 2 Dec. 1822, in DLC). According to TJ’s financial records, he paid King for the fire engine on 8 July (mb, 2:1158).

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Notes on a Cabinet Meeting 1805. July 8. Present the 4. Secretaries. privateers are now block­ ading Charleston, the capes of Chesapeake & Dealaware and cap­ turing vessels without the smallest pretext, merely because they are rich. it is determd by unanimous consent (except mr Gallatin who dissents) that the vessels being some without commns. some with insfft. commns. & some doing what their commns. do not warrt. all of which is within the definition of piracy, & the act of Congr. authorising us to keep 6. frigates in commn. in time of peace with ⅔ their ordinary compliment, & having authorised the buildg. equippg. &c 2. brigs without confining them to specific objects, we are authorised from this force to take what may be necessary to sup­ press these pyracies, & accdly. that the Adams1 and the brig Hornet building at Baltimore, shall be got ready & sent out, & confined entirely to the suppression of these piracies on our Atlantic coast, chusing prudent officers and giving cautious instructions. there are funds sufficient & regularly appropriated to the fitting out, but for manning the proper funds are already exhausted. consequently we must borrow from other funds, and state the matter to Congress. our general opinion is that as soundings on our coast cease at the beginning of the gulph stream, we ought to endeavor to assume all the waters within the gulph stream as our waters as far as to exclude privateers from hovering within them. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 131:22677); en­ tirely in TJ’s hand; follows, on same sheet, Notes on a Cabinet Meeting of 8 Oct. 1804. For the French privateer blockading charleston, see TJ to Robert Smith, 19 June. capes of chesapeake & dealaware: for the actions of the Spanish privateer La Maria, see TJ to Smith, 11 June. act of congr.: the 1801 naval Peace Establishment Act provided for six frig­ ates to be kept in commission in times of peace. An 1804 act authorized the con­ struction of two 16‑gun warships (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:110‑1, 291‑2). cautious instructions: in late July, Robert Smith drafted orders for Alex­ ander Murray and Isaac Chauncey, com­ manding the Adams and the Hornet, re­ spectively, that “Within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, i, e, within a marine league of the margin of

our Coast, you will protect all vessels whatever, as well foreign as American, against the aggressions of the armed ves­ sels public or private of any nation what­ ever.” The commanders were also to “re­ press all infractions of law” that “any such armed vessels” might attempt, and should take or send into a U.S. port for examina­ tion and trial any privateer that lacked a valid commission (ndbw, 6:199; Smith to TJ, 30 Aug.). gulph stream: Smith’s orders to the naval officers stated that their “cruising range or station” would run from the coast “to the distance of the Gulf Stream.” In May 1806, Madison asked James Mon­ roe and William Pinkney to propose to Great Britain that the area out to the Gulf Stream should serve as a coastal zone in which armed ships would be prohibited from “roving or hovering” (Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 11:582‑3).

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1 TJ

here canceled “shall be.”

From Stephen White Sir Gallegoes Canall Mills Richmond July—8—1805 Heering you are a Recting a Mill a Small Distance up this river I have made so bold as to offer my self to your Service as a Miller noing there is but fiew Millers in the northern states that can excell me in that branch of business and for your settesfection if you think proper you will pleas to enquire in to my Carractor at Baltimore which is not far from you Enquire at Taylor & Finley: Irvin & Cobean Scott &  McClelon Howard Street and By the in Spectors likewise when at the in Spectors ask for—S: White wich is my one name this was in the year—1800, 1801—1802 1803 that the inspector Can Recolect he Can Say with a Cleer Conchence that I never had anny flower Redused to midling in my life but has had it frequentley Raised from fine to superfine when I made it fine. At that time I branded my one name on the barels Last June—a year Mr. Gallego was at baltimore and before I nu anny thing about him or him about me I was Recom­ mended to him and was over persweded to Come to his mills at Rich­ mond where I now am and at anny time you think proper to Right if a tale Direct your lettar to the Care of Messrs. Gallego Richard & Co likely Mr Gallego would not be pleased but it Can be done with out his noing anny thing a bout it Mr Gallego & Company I have no ob­ gectians a gainst a tall but the plase is Rather to wild for me a Bout this sitty I meen the genrality of people I should Be much fonder to be in the Contry a little further if you Right me let me no what wages you give and whin you would wsh me to set in and I shall Contrive how to get a way I am not Married but singel has no famley but my self May it Pleas your ExCelency I Shall wait on you with Pleasure yours &C. Stephen White Richmond Verginia RC (DLC); at head of text: “to the Honourable Mr. Jefferson—President”; endorsed by TJ as received 11 July and so recorded in SJL. White’s references, notable baltimore merchants and grocers, included Irvine & Cobean, Finlay & Taylor, and Scott &  M’Clellan at 25, 45, and 47 howard street, respectively. After the American Revolution, Howard Street had a reputa­ tion for selling the best flour available, in part because inspectors there set the stan­ dards for the quantity and quality of flour that could be traded (Warner & Hanna, New Baltimore Directory, and Annual Reg‑

ister; for 1800 and 1801 [Baltimore, 1801], 38, 83; Cornelius William Stafford, Bal‑ timore Directory, for 1803 [Baltimore, 1803], 48, 115; James Robinson, Balti‑ more Directory for 1804 [Baltimore, 1804], 30; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Balti‑ more City and County, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day: Including Bio‑ graphical Sketches of Their Representative Men [Philadelphia, 1881], 767; G. Terry Sharrer, “Flour Milling in the Growth of Baltimore,” Maryland Historical Maga‑ zine, 71 [1976], 332). Joseph gallego, a native of Spain, was a prominent Richmond merchant who founded the Gallego flour mills. John

 17 

8 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Richard and Michael B. Poitiaux joined him in the firm of Gallego, Richard, & Company (Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, Charles F. Hobson, and others, eds., The Papers of John Marshall, 12

vols. [Chapel Hill, 1974‑2006], 9:40; Thomas S. Berry, “The Rise of Flour Milling in Richmond,” vmhb, 78 [1970], 387‑408).

From William Dunbar Dear Sir Natchez 9th. July 1805 I have received the honor of your letter of the 25th. May, as also your note covering a letter for the Chevalr. Dannemour, which last has been forwarded. Having been of late engaged with my private concerns, my attention has been suspended from objects of a different nature, otherwise I should have, ere now, completed my sketch of the course of the Washita river, but I shall certainly get it prepared & forwarded long before the meeting of the Legislature. The alteration you have been pleased to make in the ensuing expedition, so that one river only shall be explored at time will greatly facilitate the business; it will be infinitely more convenient and safe, and perhaps both time and expence will be saved. Mr. George Davis was mentioned by me last year to the Secretary at war; tho’ not fully qualified, I thought him the best we could then procure, & that with good instructions he might do; but since that time Mr. Briggs and myself have both dis­ covered that he is a very unfit person; he is of so unhappy a disposi­ tion, that we cannot think, any harmony would exist in the party where he might be placed even in a subaltern character, much less were he in authority. He has the merit of possessing some self acquired math­ ematical knowledge, but no practical knowledge as an astronomer. He has been a Deputy of Mr. Briggs to the present time, and none but a person of his very humane disposition would have retained him after reiterated acts of insubordination and presumption; he is of a most jealous temper and seems continually upon the watch to take offence, which he scruples not to express in rude terms. I thought it necessary to say this much in explanation, that you might know why we do not approve of Davis: I should have been very happy if he had been in all respects a proper person, for we are extremely at a loss where to find one. I have written to New Orleans on the subject, particularly to M. Lafon the author of the map of Louisiana and the View of New Orleans; tho’ I do not think that he himself is much of an Astronomer, yet he may help to discover what we want.—I have written to Colo. Freeman on the subject of boats; if none belonging to the public are of proper construction, some of those which always  18 

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perish by being out of use, may be bartered away for such as will suit us. I have also written to Govr. Claiborne to know what will be the determination of the Marquis de Casa‑Calvo. Should he decline giv­ ing a passport, must we not expect that our party will be stopped near the bayou pierre settlement, no great distance above Nakitosh?—I have never had the pleasure of seeing Colo. Freeman, but have been in correspondence with him and I conceive that an officer of his rank and respectability will be of considerable advantage to the progress of the expedition, particularly if he knows the use of the sextant and pos­ sesses some talents of research. I have considered the methods you propose for ascertaining the Longitude in the event of derangement to the time‑keepers. There can be no doubt as to the principle, but it seems to me that the execution will involve some new difficulties. There must be at least two good observers and a nice instrument different from the Sextant: it is at all times a curious operation to form a meridian sufficiently correct for the purpose of being applied to the ascertainment of the Longi­ tude, and in order to measure the moon’s distance from any meridian, we must have an instrument similar to the Astronomical Circles of Troughton, to give us the true azimuth of that planet, for the Sextant would be there of no use, & this azimuth must be referred by Calcu­ lation to the pole to give us what we are in pursuit of. To find the moon’s distance from a known star when She is on the meridian of Greenwich is easily ascertained, but in order to watch & observe this distance, we must previously calculate what ought to be the moon’s apparent distance from the Star as seen from our Latitude & longi­ tude (a very intricate calculation) & supposes the longitude nearly known, which may not be the Case: moreover the moon being on the meridian of Greenwich, will be to us always under the horizon with south declination & at all times too low for good observation: if we take the moon’s distance from a Star when the former is upon our own meridian, a good observer must be at the transit instrument to give notice of the moons passage, and as we have no knowledge of the ap­ parent time to enable us to calculate the true and apparent altitudes of the moon & Star or Sun, those must both be taken by two addi­ tional observers: upon the whole the best remedy seems to be to have two good observers (three would be better) with excellent instruments & to chuse that time of the day when the Sun or Star is at a sufficient distance from the meridian, so that taking the altitude of either will give the apparent time at the moment of taking the distance between the moon and either of those: in this case it will be found always prefer­ able to use the Sun, because it is extremely difficult for inexperienced  19 

9 J U LY 1 8 0 5

observers (& for others) to take double altitudes of a star with the artificial horizon on several accounts. One other method of a very simple nature I will mention in a sub­ sequent letter, fearing that the mail may depart too speedily to allow time at present—With the highest respect and attachment, I have the honor to be Your most Obedt. Servant William Dunbar RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Dft (Lb in Ms‑Ar: William Dunbar Papers); dated 6 July. TJ wrote to Charles François d’Anmours on 29 Mch. A covering note by TJ to

Dunbar has not been found, nor is one recorded in SJL. Edward troughton was a leading maker of scientific instruments in London (dnb).

From Donald Fraser Sir New York July 9th. 1805 The affability of your Character, induces me to think, that you will not be offended at the liberty which I have taken in addressing you, at present. Being about publishing a work, of considerable merit, by subscrip­ tion; I flatter my self that you will indulge me with the Weight of your name, at the head of my Subscription list:—A name, far Superior to that of Emperor, King or Duke! I have not the folly nor temerity, to attempt to flatter one of your discernment; But, yet, as a Republican, I must consider a person, calld by the voice of Millions of enlightened men to preside of their dearest rights, (from a conviction of his Supe­ rior talents & Patriotism) a greater man than any King, from Nim­ rod’s1 time ’till this.— Governor Lewis of this State, The Honorable DeWitt Clinton and the Honorable Doctor Samuel L. Mitchell, have countenanced the Undertaking with their names; the last mentioned Gentleman I have the honor of being personally acquainted with for a number of years— He knows my Sentiments.—I owe him much Gratitude for Literary & pecuniary aid.— Permit me to add, that I taught three years in Manchester, & up­ wards of twenty in this City; Published Several tracts for the benefit of the Rising generation, some of which, Sold to advantage; but by, misplaced confidence have lost all the fruits of my arduous industry— And, have now, at the age of fifty two, to struggle through this scram‑ bling world a new! I have the honor to be, with with great respect, Sir, your most obe­ dient and humble Servant D. Fraser  20 

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P.S. I have taken the liberty of enclosing two pages, from a Miscel‑ laneous work which, I published twelve Years since (for the use of Schools) Wherein I expressed my, then, Sentiments of, the most em­ innat Statesmen in America—My Sentiments are Still the Same; with regard to the first & last mentioned: Namely, Washington & Jefferson.—In page 37, of the enclosed leaves, I was rather mistaken, in my Idea of the French revolution!— The foregoing extracts will Show, that I have long entertaind a high idea of the talents & Patriotism of the now President, of these United & happy States—I am now, addressing, a Philosopher, a Republican & a Gentleman; have therefore, Spoken my mind freely; perhaps, with too little regard to the eminent Character of the personage whom, I address. D.F.— RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­son President of the United States”; franked; postmarked 10 July; endorsed by TJ as received 12 July and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Donald Fraser (ca. 1753‑1820), a rela­ tive of Richmond attorney Alexander Mc­ Rae, taught school in Fluvanna County, Virginia, and New York for more than 20 years. He operated a circulating library from 178 William Street in New York and became an author and compiler of a wide range of historic and didactic writ­ ings. Among his publications were The Young Gentleman and Lady’s Assistant, The Columbian Monitor, and A Collec‑ tion  of Select Biography, or the Bulwark of Truth. During the War of 1812, Fraser

sought an appointment as a military chap­ lain. He struggled financially for the re­ mainder of his life (New York American Citizen, 3 Dec. 1803; New‑York Commer‑ cial Advertiser, 28 Jan. 1805; New York Columbian, 2 Nov. 1816; New‑York Daily Advertiser, 18 Dec. 1820; Sowerby, No. 1396; rs, 4:305, 545‑6; 6:525‑6; 7:656‑7; 10:188n). publishing a work: The History of Man; or, A View of the Virtues and Vices of Human Nature in Both Sexes, published in New York in 1806, included DeWitt Clin­ ton, Morgan Lewis, Samuel L. Mitchill, and TJ among the prominent subscribers’ names listed in the back matter. 1

 MS: “Nimrd’s.”

From Albert Gallatin Sir Treasury Department 9th July 1805 I have the honor to enclose for your decision a letter from Mr Hall district judge at New Orleans in which he requests that a certain pub­ lic building should be appropriated to the use of the courts. Applications have been several times made by the custom house officers for some similar appropriation, the building heretofore used for that purpose being an old wooden one and very unsafe for the keeping of the books, accounts & bonds. It had also been stated that a part of the public or military hospital might be spared for the marine or sick seamen hospital. A ward of the  21 

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Charity hospital has heretofore been obtained from the trustees for that purpose. It might be desirable & I respectfully beg leave to suggest the pro­ priety of obtaining a general return & description of all the public buildings there in order that such as are wanted may be applied to such uses as you will be pleased to direct & that such as are incon­ venient or useless, such indeed as the old custom house, may be dis­ posed of. I have the honor to be respectfully Sir Your most obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 July and “public buildgs in N.O.” and so recorded in SJL. En­ closure: Dominick A. Hall to Gallatin, 3 June from New Orleans; Hall informs Gal­ latin that since his arrival, he has lacked a proper court space and has had to hire rooms; there is a building owned by the

United States, formerly used by the Span­ ish as a schoolhouse, that would make an ideal court space; it is currently occupied by Colonel Constant Freeman, but Hall points out that Freeman could be housed in the military quarters; he hopes Galla­ tin will intercede and direct that the build­ ing be used as the district court (same).

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 9th. July 1805 Your favor of the 5th inclosing a note to G. & J. negociable at the Bank of Virginia for 1000$, I received yesterday; but not in time to be offered so as to be decided on to day. Friday the 12th. is again discount day, when I will inform you of its fate.—I am however so entirely certain it will be discounted, that, if it will at all facilitate your arrangements, you are at liberty to draw, as if it were now done.— Bohn & Hubner’s notes fall due the 31st. of Augt, & 30th. of Septr, & of October—should you therefore require further discounts, you had as well date notes the first of August—one at 60, & the other at 90 days. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 July and so recorded in SJL. i will inform you: in a brief letter of 12 July, Jefferson wrote that TJ’s “note

of 1000$ was this day discounted” (RC in same; at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and so recorded in SJL).

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From Robert Smith sir, Nav dep 9 July 1805 I request your signature to the enclosed warrants—they are wanted for midshipmen & other officers for the Ship Adams & the Brig Hornet. I have the honor to be with great respect, sir, yr mo ob servt. Rt Smith RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Smith; at foot of text: “President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 9 July and “midshipmen’s war­ rants” and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSP).

midshipmen & other officers: over the course of the next several days, Smith sent out warrants to 28 midshipmen, three surgeon’s mates, and one purser (FCs in Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSO).

From Caesar Rodney Wilson Dover, Delaware, May it Please your Excellency, July 9th 1805. I hope you will excuse my presumption, in writing to you, altho an utter stranger; I have no excuse to plead except my necessities. I am Sir, the son of a Capt Wilson, who served during the late glorious Revolution in a Regiment Commanded by Col: Henry Neal. After his return he married the Sister of Cæsar Rodney Esq the Governor of Delaware State. After the Death of Mr. Rodney, he, as well as the rest of the Family, was reduced in Circumstances, but by the help of a small Office, under the Goverment of this State, made out to support his family and to School his Children. It was intended that I should study the Law, but my Father dying, before I had Compleated my education, I was obliged to relinquish that idea, and was obliged to have recourse to my pen for support. I was first a Clerk in an office at Lancaster and with a small Salary. I relinquished that for a Clerkship under the Commissioners appointed by the State of Pennsylvania for settling Connecticut Claims in the County of Luzerne; in that County I married, and the Commission being at an end in January last I re­ turned home, where I still am, out of employment, and dependent on a relation for a Support. The purport of this letter Sir is to solicit an appointment under some of the Governments in your Jurisdiction, in either of the Louisiannas or the Mississippi Territory where my uncle Thomas Rodney now is; or Elswhere, as you may think proper. Your  23 

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Compliance will Confer an Obligation on, and ever be gratefully Ac­ knowledged by, Your Excellency’s Respectful and Hume. Servt. Cæsar Rodney Wilson RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at foot of text: “His Excellency, T. Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 July and so recorded in SJL with notation “office.” Caesar Rodney Wilson (ca. 1782‑1820) was the son of Simon Wilmer Wilson and Sarah Wilson, a half‑sister of Caesar Rod­ ney. Another uncle, Thomas Rodney, had written to Madison in 1801 in an unsuc­ cessful attempt to secure a clerkship for his nephew. Wilson eventually joined the

navy as a midshipman in 1814 and held the rank of sailing master at the time of his death (George Herbert Ryden, ed., Let‑ ters to and from Caesar Rodney, 1756‑1784 [Philadelphia, 1933], 446‑7; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 2:247‑8; Ed­ ward W. Callahan, List of Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Ma‑ rine Corps, from 1775 to 1900 [New York, 1901], 594; Philadelphia Franklin Gazette, 28 Oct. 1820).

To William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir Washington July 10. 05. It is represented to be expedient that some permanent partition & appropriation should be made of the public buildings at New Or­ leans for the accomodation of the public functionaries. the Govern­ ment house should doubtless be ascribed to the Executive. there are then the Legislature of the territory, the courts of justice, the custom house, the military corps, the military & marine hospitals separately as being under separate directions, & perhaps others who do not occur to me. will you be so good as to send me a statement of the buildings which devolved on the US. with your opinion of the best distribution to be made of them. on reciept of which a permanent appropriation of them shall be made here. The members of the government leave this place on the 15th. inst. and will not return to it till the last of September. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of respect & esteem Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Governor Claiborne.”

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin. [10 July 1805] The inclosed letter merits serious attention. notwithstanding the favorable opinion I have hitherto entertained of Symonds, when facts are specified & the persons named who can prove them, I do not see  24 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5

that we can avoid instituting some enquiry. tho’ the writer keeps his own name back, it is impossible but that the letter would shew there who was the writer, and he might thus be obliged to take on himself the active duties of the enquiry. when you shall have considered the letter we will confer about it. Affectionate salutns RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); undated. PoC (DLC). Recorded in SJL at 10 July 1805 with notation “v. Simonds.” Enclo­ sure: anonymous undated letter to TJ, not found, received 10 July from Charleston with notation “about the Collector” (Ap­ pendix iv).

For previous anonymous letters criticiz­ ing James Simons (symonds), the col­ lector at Charleston, see Vol. 35:713‑14; Vol. 36:91‑3, 266‑8; Vol. 39:364‑6; Vol. 44:573‑4.

To Reuben Lewis Dear Sir Washington July 10. 05 I have not yet recieved the dispatches from Capt Lewis which we know to have arrived at St. Louis. it is probable they are coming on by a special messenger who travels slow. in the mean time I inclose you a newspaper account which is probably authentic, as it is under­ stood to come from Capt Clarke. in the Aurora you will see another account containing some additional particulars. as you will recieve that paper as soon as this letter I say nothing of it. I shall be in Albe­ marle this day sennight so presume the dispatches will find me there. Accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (CSmH); at foot of text: “Mr. Reu­ ben Lewis”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Frederick, Maryland, Republican Advo‑ cate, 5 July, reporting that “an express with dispatches from the winter quarters” of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark has arrived in St. Louis and that letters in that same express have reached Clark’s correspondents in Lexington; the account also describes various aspects of the ex­ pedition, including details of its winter

location among the Mandan nation and the “curiosities of different kinds” being collected. another account: the Aurora of 9 July included some information about ge­ ography, indigenous people, and animals and reported that despite having endured “a severe winter,” only one man had died on the expedition and the group was “in good health.”

To Dolley Payne Todd Madison

July 10, 1805

Thomas Jefferson presents his respectful thanks to Mrs. Madison for the trouble she has been so kind as to take on his behalf. Nothing more is wanting, unless (having forgotten little Virginia) a sash or  25 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5

something of that kind could be picked up anywhere for her. The amount, and the person from whom the earrings and pin were bought, Thomas Jefferson would also ask of Mrs. Madison. He presents his affectionate salutations. Tr (printed in Lucia Beverly Cutts, Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison: Wife of James Madison, President of the United States [Boston, 1887], 28). Not re­ corded in SJL.

respectful thanks: see TJ to Dol­ ley Payne Todd Madison, 6 July. earrings and pin: TJ paid Burnett & Rigden, a Georgetown jewelry and watch­ making shop, $35 on 12 July for “ear‑rings &c.” (Washington Federalist, 26 Oct. 1803; mb, 2:1148, 1159).

To James Oldham Sir Washington July 10. 05. On enquiry I found that the small balluster for your Corinthian modillion, if made in composition, must be in 2. halves to be glued together, which as they warp a little in drying, would make a bad job. Mr. Lenox being at work in the house, undertook to enquire what they would cost turned. the best turner in the place said he ought to have 6. cents a piece, but would do them for 5. I therefore paid mr Lenox 5. D 75 c for the 115. he will have them turned, and as I shall leave this on Monday, he will deliver them to a servant of mine whom I always employ to find conveyances to Richmond by water or by the stage, & will have them sent to you in the present case. they will go into a box 8 I. square & 2½ I. deep. Accept my best wishes Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. James Oldham”; endorsed by TJ.

From Jean Baptiste Petry Monsieur Baltimore le 10. Juillet 1805. J’ai l’honneur d’adresser à votre Excellence 1o. Un Exemplaire des œuvres de M. Destutt‑Tracy, membre du senat Conservateur, qui vous ont eté déjà annoncés par M. Delafayette 2o. Un traité sur la fievre Jaune par M. Valentin, medecin 3o. Et Un compte rendu par M. de Marbois, ministre du Trésor pu­ blic pour l’an 11. Je regrette beaucoup, Monsieur, que les divers évenemens qui ont retardé mon arrivée dans ce Continent et qui m’on privé de mes effets m’ayent empeché de vous fair parvenir ces livres plutôt.  26 

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 Je suis avec un très profond respect Monsieur de Votre Excellence Le très humble et très obéissant serviteur Petry. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Baltimore, 10 July 1805 I have the honor of sending your excellency: 1st. A copy of the works Monsieur de Lafayette told you about, by Monsieur Destutt de Tracy, a member of the Conservative Senate. 2d. A treatise on yellow fever by Monsieur Valentin, a physician. 3d. A report by Monsieur de Marbois, treasury minister in Year 11. I regret very much, Sir, that I could not send you these books earlier be­ cause of the various events that delayed my arrival on this continent and deprived me of my belongings. With very deep respect, I am the very humble and obedient servant of your excellency. Petry. RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); at foot of text: “His Excellency thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 1 July received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. par m. valentin: Louis Valentin, Traité de la fièvre jaune d’Amérique (Vol. 42:201‑2).

retardé mon arrivée: Petry, the former French vice consul at Charleston, returned to the United States as secre­ tary of the French legation. Petry sailed from Nantes in September 1804, but bad  weather forced a long delay in the Azores (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 8:381‑3; Vol. 13:535; Vol. 14:65; Vol. 16:52; Vol. 42:549).

To Ellen Wayles Randolph My dearest Ellen Washington July 10. 05. To answer the question in your letter of the 4th. I must observe that neither the number of the fine arts, nor the particular arts en­ titled to that appellation have been fixed by general consent. many reckon but five—Painting, sculpture, architecture, music & poetry. to these some have added Oratory, including, within that, Rhetoric which is the art of style & composition. others again, add Gardening as a 7th. fine art. not horticulture, but the art of embellishing grounds by fancy. I think Ld. Kaims has justly proved this to be entitled to the appellation of a fine art. it is nearly allied to landscape painting, & accordingly we generally find the landscape painter the best designer of a garden. no perfect definition of what is a fine art has ever yet been given. some say that as those are mechanical arts, which consist in manual operation unconnected with the understanding, those are fine arts which to manual operation join the exercise of the imagination or genius. this would comprehend sculpture, painting, architecture &  27 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5

gardening; but neither music, poetry, nor oratory. others say that the sciences are objects of the understanding, the fine arts of the senses. this would add gardening, but neither poetry nor oratory. a definition which should include Poetry & Oratory & no more would be very difficult to form.   I have delivered your love to mrs Smith. I will bring mine to you all on Thursday, Friday or Saturday next. the ther­ mometer was yesterday at 97°½ here, and at 96.° the two preceding days. I think it will be at 96.° to‑day. should it be as hot when I am ready to depart, I shall certainly delay my departure. God bless you all. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “E. W. Randolph”; endorsed by TJ.

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington July 10. 05 Being within two or three days of my departure for Monticello, a press of business has prevented my sooner acknoleging the reciept of your letter of the 7th. the sum appropriated by Congress for furnish­ ing the President’s house is small in comparison of the size & wants of the house, which is very large and as yet has been very scantily ac­ comodated. the sum now appropriated will barely furnish indispens­ able necessaries and necessaries must take precedence of ornaments. I think therefore that another appropriation must be waited for before such objects as are proposed in your letter can be aimed at. should other business happen to lead yourself & mr Du Catet to this place after my return, I shall be happy to see you at the President’s house. Accept my salutations & assurances of respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “M. Reibelt”; endorsed by TJ.

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 10 Juill. 1805. Je desire, comme j’ai deja eû l’occassion de Vous dire, ardement, de quitter ma carrière interimistique de Marchand des Livres, et de me retirer en Simple Cultivateur sur une petite terre. Je donne, d’apres ce, que j’ai vû, la preference aux environs de Charlottésville; mais je n’y connais personne, de la quelle je pourrois attendre la bienveillance Cosmopolitique, de diriger un etranger—exceptè Vous—Je prends  28 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5

donc, plein de Confiance en Votre Caractére Philos—et Philantr.—la Liberté, de Vous demander la Grace, de me dire, a qui je pourrois m’adresser pour l’acquisition si non d’une petite ferme, au moins d’un petit Morceau de terre, bien situèe? et Vous prie d’agreer mes sin­ ceres et intimes hommages. Reibelt e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 10 July 1805 As I have already had occasion to tell you, I would very much like to end my interim career as a bookseller and retire as a simple farmer on a small plot of land. Based on what I have seen, I prefer the area around Charlottesville, but do not know anyone there except you who might advise a foreigner in a spirit of cosmopolitan good will. Trusting your philosophic and philan­ thropic nature, I take the liberty of asking you to please tell me whom I might address to acquire, if not a small farm, at least a small, well‑located plot of land. And I beg you to accept my sincere and personal respects. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 11 July and so recorded in SJL.

To Margaret Bayard Smith July 10. 05. Th: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to mrs Smith, and being charged with those of a distant friend of hers, he cannot give better evidence of them than her own letter, which he incloses with his salutations. RC (DLC: J. Henley Smith Papers); addressed: “Mrs. Smith.” Not recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Ellen Wayles Randolph to TJ, 4 July.

From Louis de Tousard Sir Philadelphia July 10th 1805— I have the honor of forwarding to Your Excellency a private Letter which the Marquis de La fayette entrusted to my care. It being out of my power to proceed immediately to the seat of Government to deliver it myself; I would not delay a single moment forwarding the same. I am further instructed to give Your Excellency any explana­ tion you may require on my friend’s private and political affairs, as his confidence in me was unbounded.  29 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5

 I feel happy that a situation from the french Government, calling me to these peaceful shores again, affords me an opportunity of pre­ senting Y.E. with my best respects, and to subscribe myself Your most obedient and most humble servant Lewis Tousard RC (MHi); at head of text: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 July and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Fulwar Skipwith to TJ, 15 Jan. his confidence in me: see Lafayette to TJ, 22 Apr. situation: on 23 July, Louis Marie Turreau forwarded to the State Depart­

ment Tousard’s appointment as the French diplomatic agent at New Orleans (Madi­ son, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:126). On 26 July TJ signed an exequatur recognizing Tousard as subcommissary and chancellor of commercial relations for France at New Orleans (FC in DNA: RG 59, Exequaturs).

From Tadeusz Kosciuszko [before 11 July 1805?] Je profite d’un moment avant le depart de Mr Monroe pour éxpri­ mer mes sentimens d’une Amitié sincere pour Vous—et donner mon opinion dans peu des mots sur une Contestation de votre Pays avec l’Espagne—Par une attention bien refléchie tout homme conviendrat que vous ne pouvez éviter mais éloigner seulement l’Epoque de la guerre avec elle—qui sait peut être une autre puissance dans un tems propre a elle, séconderat ses vue avec les siennes dans une paix pro­ fonde, avec des Alliances cimantées, contre vos interets; et que deja votre grandeur naissante donne beaucoup d’ombrage a vos voisins. vous sérez ruiné—mais si vous saisissez les circonstances presentes qui vous donnent tout l’avantage possible sur vos Ennemies; regar­ dez devant vous toutes les puissances de l’Europe qui sont occupes de garder leur Existances je peu prononcé de votre reusite—mais il faut se decider promptement, agir avec celerité, et un grand vigeur, et quand on vous verrat agir avec un ferme Caracter, on chercherat votre alliance par preference je vous repond—ne vous trompez pas ce la pusilanimité et indécision qui abime les Etats, mais non pas leur valeur et leur fermeté. Vous etes seule a qui on peut dire la verité—de grace ayez donc soin de votre pays de son bonheur et de votre repu­ tation, je n entre pas dans les detailes elles sont dans la bouche de notre comun Ami—Je vous conseillerai aussi detablir les Censeurs pour Les Ecoles Civiles pris dans les membres du Congrés, pour don­ ner plus des principes republicaines dans votre jeunesses—je serais aussi d’avis de former une Ecole militaire pour six cent personnes  30 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5

riches et pauvre par moitié ce serat une pepiniere pour toutes les Connoissances necessaires pour votre pays. car ne soyez jamais en arriere dans les Connoissances de l’Europe et qu’aucune decouverte ne vous échape pas—faitez encore élire vos juges et vos Magistrats par Les Membres du Congres, pour diminuer l’influence d’un pre­ sident apres vous. car vous devez penser que le President ne doit être plus que le premier Oficier exécutive rien autre chose et alors vous serez Imortel. Agreez mes Homages et mon Amitié T Kosciuszko e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



[before 11 July 1805?] I am seizing a moment before Mr. Monroe’s departure to express my sin­ cere friendship and to offer my opinion, very briefly, on a dispute between your country and Spain. Anyone would agree, upon reflection, that you can­ not avoid war with Spain, but can only delay it. Who knows: perhaps some other country, in its own time, will align its views with Spain’s through a durable peace, signing treaties against your interests. Since your neighbors already take umbrage at your growing strength, you would be ruined. But if you seize current circumstances, which give you every possible advantage over your enemies, while all the European powers are busy just surviving, I can assure you of success. But you must decide quickly and act promptly and vig­ orously. When others see you acting decisively, they will seek to ally with you rather than with Spain, I assure you. Do not be misled: countries are under­ mined by pusillanimity and indecision, not by merit and determination. You are the only person to whom one can tell the truth, so please take care of your country, its welfare, and your reputation. I will not go into detail. Our mutual friend will elaborate in person. I also advise you to establish from among the members of Congress over­ seers for civil schools to instill more republican principles in your youth. I would also be in favor of creating a military academy for 600 students, half rich, half poor. It would be a nursery for all the different kinds of knowledge your country needs. Never lag behind European knowledge and do not let any discovery escape you. Have your judges and magistrates elected by Congress to diminish the in­ fluence of a president after you, for it is important to consider that the presi­ dent should not be more than the first executive officer, nothing else. If you do this, you will be immortal. Accept my friendship and homage. T Kosciuszko RC (MHi); undated, but see below; ad­ dressed: “to his Excellency Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Oct. 1805 and so recorded in SJL. James monroe was in Paris from 20 June to 11 July, when he departed for London. In a letter of 30 June to Madi­

son, he discussed his view that the United States should seize control of Texas and disband any Spanish posts there, among other aggressive measures. He added that he had “conferr’d much” with Kosciuszko, who agreed “on every point.” Kosciuszko was likely aware of Monroe’s desire, also stated in the letter to Madison, to return

 31 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5 to the United States shortly after his ar­ rival in London, and he may have ex­ pected his and TJ’s mutual friend (notre comun ami) to deliver his letter to the

president personally (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:504‑8; Monroe, Pa‑ pers, 5:xxiv).

From Edward Johnston Sir Norfolk, July 11. 1805 Inclosed is Bill Lading for a case some time ago recd. from Rich­ mond, which I wish safe to hand, & remain very respectfuly your Obed: Servt. Edwd. Johnston RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqre. Capt. Omarea—City of Washington”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure: bill of lading, Norfolk, 10 July, being a printed form, with blanks filled by a

clerk and signed by Francis O. Meara, master of the sloop Maria, describing a shipment consisting of one case, with the “customary” freight costs, and addressed to TJ in Washington (MS in same).

From Anne Cary Randolph

July 11 1805 Edgehill

I received my Dear Grand Papas letter on the 11 of July & am the more obliged to him for it as I did not deserve it. Your thorns were growing very well when I was at Monticello where we dined one day last month. I am afraid the ice will give out this summer. the house is very much improved by being painted they showed me a cane which they said Buonaparte sent you it is a very handsome one but I hope you never will have ocation for it it is made of fish bone I believe as it is too long to have been the horn of any animal although it has that appearance it is capped & pointed with gold very handsomely em­ bost. You will certainly catch Ellen in bed, for she is the laziest girl I ever saw & takes the longest to dress of any one I know adieu my Dear Grand Papa permit me to subscribe myself your most affectionate Grand Daughter ACR RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and so recorded in SJL.

cane: see João F. Oliveira Fernandes to TJ, 1 Apr.

grand papas letter: TJ to Ran­ dolph, 6 July.

 32 

From Martha Jefferson Randolph My Dearest Father Edgehill July 11, 1805 The trunk you were so good as to forward from Washington, ar­ rived safe by the same post which brought your letter. it contained the wedding cloaths, which rendered it of so much importance to some of the family that I shall make no apology for the trouble it put you to. the marriage will take place at Monticello early in August entirely private except the old Gentleman and Lady & Aunt Carr. there is however a possibility of it’s being delayed by the1 illness of Mrs Cary’s youngest daughter whose situation is extremely critical and will be lingering; which ever way it terminates. I am afraid however the phisicians will expedite the business; a feeble constitution reduced as low as she is, is not apt to linger in their hands—I have this moment recieved a letter from Mr Eppes informing me of the health of the children and a promise to see Francis early in August. the little Girl not quite so soon, as My Aunt’s attentions to her daughter Baker will retard her motions, it will be the latter end of the month before we can expect to see her. I must beg your pardon for having omitted till this moment to inform you of the dismantled state of our tea equipage being reduced to 4 tea cups of every thing else there is enough the tea pots are too small. consequently a large black one with 2 cream pots to match would add both to the comfort and appearance of the board the plated ones being so much worn as to shew the copper coffee cups & we have in abundance. I am afraid having delayed so long will oc­ casion you some trouble for which I am truly sorry but it slipt my memory till this moment and had like to have done it all together. will you be so Good as to bring Cornelia Mrs Barbauld’s first lessons she is so young at reading that the print of the books common to children of her age puzzles her extremely where as Mrs Barbauld is allways printed in large type in 4 small volumes. adieu My Dearest Father it is with great pleasure I write to you for the last time this summer be­ lieve me with every sentiment of respect and tenderness yours most affectionately MR.  we have this moment heard of the death of S. Carr’s eldest daugh­ ter, the little girl my Aunt had with her at Monticello RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and so recorded in SJL. the marriage: see TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 24 June.

old gentleman and lady: father of the groom, Wilson Miles Cary, who was about 71 or 72 years old in 1805, and his second wife, Rebecca Dawson Cary, whom he married in 1802 (dvb; Fairfax Harrison,

 33 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5 The Virginia Carys: An Essay in Geneal‑ ogy [New York, 1919], 108‑10). aunt carr: TJ’s sister, Martha Jeffer­ son Carr. mrs cary’s youngest daughter: Jane Blair Cary, daughter of TJ’s niece Jane Barbara Carr Cary, died on 13 July at the age of 13 (Richmond Virginia Ga‑ zette, and General Advertiser, 24 July; Harrison, Virginia Carys, 111‑12). little girl: Maria Jefferson Eppes, TJ’s granddaughter, born 15 Feb. 1804 (Vol. 42:2). my aunt’s attentions: Elizabeth Wayles Eppes was attending her pregnant daughter, Martha Bolling Eppes baker (Baker family Bible record, 1776‑1836, MS in ViHi).

 mrs barbauld’s first lessons: Cor­ nelia Randolph would turn 6 years old on 26 July. Her mother sought a volume from the four‑part juvenile primer by Anna Letitia Aikin Barbauld, Lessons for Chil‑ dren. Published in multiple locations and editions with large type and wide mar­ gins, the books were designed to be small enough to fit in a child’s hand (William McCarthy, “Mother of All Discourses: Anna Barbauld’s Lessons for Children,” Princeton University Library Chronicle, 60 [1999], 200‑1; Bear, Family Letters, 278; Vol. 31:330n). 1

 Here Randolph canceled “dangerous.”

From Robert Smith sir, Navy Department 11 July 1805 Will you be pleased to give your signature to the enclosed blank commissions?—they are wanted for surgeon’s mates & other officers of the Adams & of the Hornet. I am with great respect sir, yr mo ob st. Rt Smith RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Smith; at foot of text: “President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 11 July and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “Comns.”

they are wanted: in July and early August, Smith sent out a number of mid­ shipman and surgeon’s mate warrants to prepare the Adams and the Hornet for sea (FCs in Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSO).

From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield Honored Sir, [on or before 11 July 1805] I fear our presumption in thus often addressing you will give offence but the unhappy state of my Mothers mind—on account of Judge Johnson induces me once more to address a few lines to you— by this particular request—to name the following Circumstances which convinces her ’twas Mr. Hort; he being an inveterate Enemy of Judge Johnson particularly—He came over in Octr. and offended Mama by his intrusive manner in wishing her to go home and sue Judge John­  34 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5

son for a Settlement (which may probably have been against himself) on her absolute refusal he said W.J. would not stretch out his arm to save her from perishing.—Mama said: Mr. Hort you think ill of him on account of the Pamphlet he wrote against you, in your dispute of the Treasury. You see the Advertisement is against both Judge Johnson and Mama. it says, Whose obscurity and fears &c. That is the true meaning of the White & Red Rose—the power from the Court of Equity—for I am not acquainted with one man in Philadelphia—young or old. Another circumstance is that when she sent to Mr. H—to sue Mrs. Hand and obtain her Letters, she sees in the papers a case stated for the Lawyers— and after all ’twas only a parady on their own Advertisement and in Poulsons Gazette of the 21st. February—they quote Scripture against law, And trample the Eagle under the Benevolent Society— She wishes to clear Judge Johnson from any Imputation that he may stand fair in your opinion and also cause no disputes. Another circum­ stance that was Mr. Hort. they say: Steep them, Steep them, up to the Ears in Poverty (an illusion to 11th. Septr. 1804) and the talk of peace and Good Will towards mankind. If he is an old man 10 to one if he ever emerges—Again: this is from the Connection with the Treasury. And: You have a happy knack of buying bad Titles (that is myself, Eliza—) and also Mama wrote to Mr. Faber after he had declined acting for her; saying, I know who I am obligated to for this—I dont like Mr. Horts subtlety—introducing himself to me under pretence of taking Advice for his Childreen and then meddleing and ordering my Concerns You will observe, they say: Subtlety & painful Hypocrisy which Democrats envelope themselves in—Mr. Tilman is his friend— It was the Federalists and Mrs. Lowndes the Hypocrite. Mama abused Doct Rush for an old Democrat; but he is a Federalist in favor of Chace & so is Mrs. Nicolson. Now the Truth will appear by compareing those Letters with your own knowledge of the business— as she has been deceived by all parties with different Opinions—But of this she assures you with truth There is none more worthy than Johnson— Apologising for the liberty we took in requesting loan of money which the necessity of her Care obliged us to—for we have now to request that you will not send it on as Mama has received a remittance which is sufficient for her demands— With every wish for your prosperity & happiness We are very re­ spectfully yours Amelia & Elizabeth Bampfield  35 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5  RC (DLC); undated; in Tart’s hand; addressed: “The Honble Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the U. States District of Columbia”; franked; postmarked Bethle­ hem, Pennsylvania, 11 July; endorsed by TJ as received 13 July 1805 and so re­ corded in SJL. often addressing you: see their let­ ters at 22 and 30 June.

 quote scripture: the 21 Feb. 1805 issue of Poulson’s American Daily Adver‑ tiser carried an article, headlined “A Word of Advice,” that closed with nine Bible verses. This article was addressed “To the frequenters of the Soup and other estab­ lishments, instituted for the poor in Phil­ adelphia,” and urged readers to abstain from alcohol and embrace Christianity. loan of money: see enclosure to Tart and Bampfield to TJ, 30 June.

From Thomas Hall Sir, Leghorn—July the 12th. 1805 A gentleman, by the name of Ridolph Vautravers, well known in the literary world, lately dying at Florence, was buried by me at Leg­ horn:—Being appointed to act for the benefit of his heirs, of course all his valuable manuscripts & papers have fallen into my hands;— amongst which I find one, that the deceased, in his last moments, gave a particular charge, (though verbal only;)—should be presented to his much esteemed Friend, his Excellency Thomas Jefferson, Pres­ ident of the United‑States of America;—the title of which is—“Le Chretien Philosophe,” in one Vol. 4to.—In overlooking the papers of the deceased I find several letters which your Excellency has written to him, some years ago—Willing to fulfill the sacred trust reposed in me, I embrace this favorable opportunity of forwarding the manu­ script to your Excellency by the way of Baltimore.— I have the honor to be Your Excellency’s most devoted humble Servant— Thomas Hall— RC (DLC); below signature: “Citizen of the United‑States of america—Chaplain to the British‑Factory at Leghorn”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: a manuscript copy of Le Chrétien philosophe by French theologian Pierre Billard, a work origi­ nally published in Lyon in 1701 (Sow­ erby, No. 1626). Clergyman Thomas Hall (1750‑1824) was born and educated in Philadelphia. At the start of the American Revolution, he was minister of a parish in Virginia. A Loyalist, he left America during the war

and never returned. At the time of his death, he had been chaplain of the British factory at Leghorn for more than 40 years (“Letters of Rev. Thomas Hall,” wmq, 1st ser., 22 [1914], 145‑58; The Inscrip‑ tions in the Old British Cemetery of Leg‑ horn [Leghorn, 1906], 78). Rodolph Vall‑Travers (vautravers) died in Florence in 1800. From 1792 to 1795, he wrote several times to TJ, but only a single letter from TJ to Vall‑Travers is  known to have been written (same, 105; Vol. 23:366‑7; Vol. 24:597‑8; Vol. 25:467‑8, 523‑4, 568, 663‑4; Vol. 28:363‑5, 469‑71).

 36 

To Jones & Howell Messrs. Jones & Howell Washington July 12. 05. I inclose you a draught of the US. bank here on that at Philadel­ phia for 253. D 33 c now due for a former supply of iron to that amount. Having occasion to make a remittance to Alexr Stewart on account of his father, & not knowing his address, I have taken the liberty of inclosing to you the letter to him covering the remittance. as I pre­ sume his address is known to you & probably not known at the post office, I hope you will excuse my asking the favor of you to have the letter delivered to him. Accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Alexander Stewart, 12 July, not found (see Appendix iv), enclosing a draft on the Bank of the United States for $40 “on acct. Wm. Stewart” (mb, 2:1158).

From John Hamilton Moore Sir London July 12. 1805 The last Charts I did of North America I dedicated to the late Gen­ eral Washington who sent me polite answers; as you now preside at the head of the Congress, I have taken the liberty of this Chart to you, they are done with an intent to connect the Navigation of North America with the West Indies, and I trust they will be found useful— I am Sir with the greatest Respect Your Obedt Servant J. Hamilton Moore RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collec­ tion); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Jan. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Moore, “To His Excellency Thos. Jeffer­ son, esqr., President of the Congress, This Chart of the United States of America: Including Halifax, Havannah, New Prov­ idence, and All the Northern Parts of the West Indies” (London, 1805). John Hamilton Moore (d. 1807) was a British hydrographer and teacher. After studying mathematics and serving as a marine on board a British warship, he settled in London, where he taught school

and began publishing sea charts and other sailing aids. His Practical Navigator and Seaman’s New Daily Assistant first ap­ peared in 1772, and under a variant title went through multiple editions. In addi­ tion, Moore published a reader for use by English teachers, which also went through many editions (Universal Magazine, 9 [1808], 77; Moore, The New Practical Navigator; Being an Epitome of Navi­ gation, Rendered Easy to Any Common Capacity [London, 1793], list of charts and navigation books in unpaginated back matter; Washington, Papers, Pres. Ser., 9:252n).

 37 

To Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Washington July 12. 05 The Polygraphs for mr Volney, Commodore Preble and the Presi­ dent’s Secretary have been all recieved in good order and are found good. the portable one for myself is also recieved, and is approved in every respect except perhaps in one part, on which I have not had trial enough to decide. it seems to copy the first 4. or 5. lines of the page with1 defects of nearly half the lines: sometimes however it has not done that. being within two days of my departure for Monticello, I have packed it up, and am in hopes that a little use of it there will bring it to, or enable me to find some remedy for the defect. I inclose you a draught of the US. bank here on that in Philadelphia for 60. Dollars, in paiment. time permits me only to add my friendly saluta­ tions & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (TxU); at foot of text: “Mr. Peale.” PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

1 TJ

here canceled “great.”

From Joseph Yznardi, Sr. Exmo Señor Madrid y Julio 12. de 1805. Muy Señor mio de mi mayor respecto: Mi ultima fué en 25. de Mayo despues de la qual la adjunta es Copia de ella, y no habiendo ocurrido otra cosa, que es manifestarle á V.E. empiesa ntra Vandera á sufrir agravios por Corsarios Franceses y Españoles haciendo yo las defensas oportunas por lo respectivo á mi distrito como todo lo aviso á ntro Secretario de Estado por esta misma ocasion. Hace Tres dias visité á este Dn. Pedro Ceballos con el fin de descu­ bir lo que pudiese y habiendole representado como reflexiones par­ ticulares mias los Efectos qe. podrian causar la determinada y total negativa á Mr. Munroés me respondió qe. confiava muchisimo en la verdadera Amistad del Presidente y su pasifico corazon, evitando una desavenencia desagradable que considero es mi deben comunicarlo á V.E. como qe. existo con el mayor anelo deseando no ver ese Pais em­ buelto con los Efectos de una Guerra; y mtras tengo el honor de repe­ tir á V.E. mis respectos y rogar á Dios Gue su Vida dilatados Años Exmo. Señor BLM á V.E su obediente Servr J. Yznardy

 38 

1 3 J U LY 1 8 0 5 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Most Excellent Sir, Madrid, 12 July 1805 Dearest sir and of my greatest respect, my last letter was of 25 May. At­ tached after this one is a copy of that, and nothing else having happened to manifest to your excellency that our flag is beginning to suffer hardships from French and Spanish corsairs, I am making the proper defenses for that which concerns my district, which with everything else I advise our secretary of state of on this same occasion. Three days ago I visited Don Pedro Cevallos with the intent of discovering what I could, and I having presented to him as particular reflections of mine the effects that the determined and total negative to Mr. Monroe could cause, he answered that he trusted a great deal in the truthful friendship of the president and in his peaceful heart, avoiding a disagreeable confrontation, which I consider it is my duty to communicate to your excellency, since I exist with the utmost desire of not seeing that country wrapped up in the aftermath of a war; and in the meantime I have the honor of repeating my respects to your excellency and pray to God to safeguard your life for many years. Most excellent sir, your obedient servant kisses your excellency’s hand. J. Yznardy RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, closing and signature by Yznardi; at foot of text: “Exmo Señor Dn. Tomas Jefferson”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. sufrir agravios: during the spring and early summer, about a dozen Amer­

ican vessels seized by privateers were brought into Algeciras, which was part of Yznardi’s consular region (Albany Cen‑ tinel, 1 Oct.; ndbw, 6:230‑1; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 11:233n; list of detained American vessels, 24 Jan. 1806, in DLC: TJ Papers, 156:27313).

Memorandum for John Barnes

Copy of memm left with mr Barnes. 1805. Aug. 4. Salary for July 7. Discount at bk US. 2000.

 

[13 July 1805 or after]

14. Discount at bank Columbia Take up note of June 5. US. 2000 do. bank Columb. of June 12. 1500. pay Jones & Howell 125.74 balance to Lemaire 436.59 15. pay J. Barnes 500. D.  39 

2083.33 1979. 4062.33 500.

4062.33

1 3 J U LY 1 8 0 5

Sep. 4. Salary for Aug. 4. Discount at bk US. 2000. 11. Discount at bank Columbia Take up note of July 3. US. do. bank Columb. July 10. mr Madison wine pay Jones & Howell Reibelt   balance to Lemaire 12. pay J. Barnes

  Oct. 4. Salary for Sep. 9. Discount at bk US.

2000. 1600. 253.33 209.

2000.

Take up note of Aug. 7. US. for future disposition MS (CSmH); undated, but see below; entirely in TJ’s hand. left with mr barnes: in his finan­ cial memoranda for 13 July 1805, TJ re­ corded leaving three notes of $2,000 each on the Bank of the United States, to be discounted as $1,979 withdrawals on 7 Aug., 4 Sep., and 9 Oct., “each to be applied according to directions.” Differ­ ences in ink indicate that TJ likely added

2083.33 1979. 4062.33 750.1

2000. 2062.33

4812.33 500. 2083.33 1979. 4062.33

entries for discounts from the Bank of columbia and his payments to Barnes to his copy of this memorandum after giving the original to Barnes. He appears also to have interlined entries for madi‑ son and Philippe Reibelt, possibly in conjunction with instructions he sent to Barnes on 23 Aug. (mb, 2:1159). 1  TJ first wrote “500” before altering the figure to read as above.

To Charles Buxton

Washington July 13. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments & his thanks to Mr. Bux­ ton for the drawings he has been so kind as to send him of a still for the distillation of sea‑water. it has been for some time under his con­ templation to have that process familiarised to our ships of war, which lose important time in going for water. with mr Buxton’s permission, his designs will be considered with a view to that object. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

the drawings: see Buxton to TJ, 25 June.

 40 

To DeWitt Clinton Dear Sir Washington July 13. 05. Your favor of the 6th. has been duly recieved. the treaty with France stipulates what is suggested in your letter. French decrees also insert the cause of condemnation.   with respect to Gr. Britain, it is some time since we gave instructions to propose a Convention for the same purpose. the considerations you urge will furnish proper grounds for further pressing the subject. Accept my friendly salutations & assur­ ances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (NNC); addressed: “DeWitt Clin­ ton esq. N. York”; franked and post­ marked; endorsed by Clinton. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. treaty with france: articles 15 through 22 of the Convention of 1800 regulated neutral rights and merchant claims arising from violations of those

rights (Miller, Treaties, 2:469‑75; Clin­ ton to TJ, 6 July). we gave instructions: on 5 Jan. 1804, Madison sent instructions to James Monroe to inform his negotiations with Great Britain on the subject of neutral rights (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 6:282‑308, 349‑50; Vol. 42:245‑51).

From Thomas Freeman Sir Philadelphia July 13th. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing you a plate and explanation of an im­ proved and highly finished sextant which I have procured here, and on trial find to be a very accurate one. There is to be had here also, a small acromatic Refracting Telescope of three feet length, and of suffi­ cient Magnifying power to determine the Longitude of places within two or three seconds of the best Instrument of the kind. The method of determining Longitude by the Right Ascension of the Moon, without the aid of Time, which you done me the favor to ask my opinion of, I have examined with all the ability I was capable, and am of Opinion it will not answer in its present shape.—Knowing your wish to have it fully investigated and feeling diffidence in my own knowledge on that subject, I have taken the liberty of communi­ cating it to my friend Mr. Patterson, Professor of Mathematics in the University here, he has not yet made known to me his Opinion of its merits, and thro’ delicasy I cannot ask him for his remarks on it, be­ lieving it to be his wish to communicate those remarks to you himself if required.— Amongst the various methods of ascertaining the Longitude of places, the most expeditious, and perhaps the most accurate, is by an  41 

1 3 J U LY 1 8 0 5

Observation of the Moon’s Transit over the Meridian—The requi­ sites are, The Apparent Time of the Transit of the Moon’s Limb over the meridian To find the Longitude of the place of Observation— To solve this problem is only to determine the apparent time of the Moon’s passage over the Meridian of Greenwich— Which is to be had from the Sun’s, and Moon’s Right Ascension This method nearly agrees with the second method you proposed. In Lunar Observations, if the Sun or Star, should be near the prime verticle at the time of Observation, the apparent time deduced from the observation, will be preferable to the time given by a watch, and equal to that of a good time piece. I have the honor to be Sir Your Obdt. Servant Thos. Freeman RC (DLC); below dateline: “N.W. Cor­ ner of Chesnut & 9th. Streets”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so re­ corded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Thomas Freeman (d. 1821) was princi­ pal leader of the Red River (or Freeman‑­ Custis) expedition of 1806. When TJ selected him for the venture, he was a surveyor of considerable experience. He was hired as an assistant surveyor for the District of Columbia in 1794, although he had only recently joined the surveying department. As surveyor to the southern boundary commission in 1796, he became known to William Dunbar, who later re­ called that although Freeman “did not seem fond of astronomical observation,” he was “well qualified” for the Red River mission. In 1802 and 1803, Dearborn as­ signed Freeman to survey boundaries with

Native American nations in Indiana Ter­ ritory and several southern states. After the Red River expedition, which set off from Fort Adams in April 1806 and was stopped by Spanish troops about 600 miles up the river, Freeman returned to surveying duties in the southwest. Madi­ son appointed him surveyor of U.S. lands south of Tennessee in 1811, a position he retained until his death (anb; Wash­ ington, Papers, Pres. Ser., 15:636‑8; jep, 1:210‑11; 2:159, 161; Terr. Papers, 5:553‑4; js, 4:108; Vol. 40:365; Vol. 41:437‑8n; Vol. 43:243n; TJ to Dunbar, 25 May; Dunbar to TJ, 18 Mch. 1806). ask my opinion: Freeman had dined at the President’s House on 21 May and 11 June (Vol. 46:703, 704). second method: see TJ to William Dunbar, 25 May.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Washington July 13. 05 In consequence of the assurance in your letter of the 9th. I have this day drawn on you for 300. D. payable to Wm. A. Burwell or order, 100. D. payable to David Higginbotham or order. I rely on the same source for paying the 156.67 assumed by me for Craven Peyton pai­ able early this month; the balance to go to my credit with you.  42 

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 I likewise inclose two notes of 1000. D. each to be discounted at the Richmond bank, & so dated as to be covered by the 2d. & 3d. pai­ ments of Bohn & Hubner. Accept affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. G. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. In his financial memoranda, TJ re­ corded paying William A. burwell $70 in cash on this day, as well as giving him orders on Gibson & Jefferson for $300 to be paid on demand and $400 payable on 3 Sep. The payments were to reimburse the remainder of a $640 loan from Bur­ well and to cover his quarterly salary of $150 (mb, 2:1159). TJ recorded in SJL a letter of this day to David higginbotham. The letter, not found, may have been in response to a let­

ter of 10 June from Higginbotham, re­ corded in SJL as received 12 June, also not found. TJ recorded his payment to craven peyton as the reduction of a $201 bill he had assumed on 28 Apr., to be paid out of his account with Gibson & Jefferson dur­ ing the first week of August. It is likely that the present payment covered a £47 bill, equivalent to $156.67, to which TJ referred in a letter to Peyton of 13 June (mb, 2:1151, 1160; rs, 5:422‑4; George Jefferson to TJ, 23 Apr.; Peyton to TJ, [on or before 5 Sep. 1805]).

Invoice from Rosanna McKenney

Washington City July 13th 1805

Thomas Jefferson Dr to Rosana Mckinna For Washing Eighteen Dozen of Cloaths at £0 5:6     £4:19:0 = 13.20

MS (MHi); in an unidentified hand; amount in dollars and cents added by TJ shown in italics; endorsed by TJ: “Mc. kinney Rosanna.”

for washing: TJ noted a payment of $15 for “extra washing” in his financial memoranda of 14 July (mb, 2:1160).

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington July 13. 05. I have just time to acknolege the reciept of your favor of the 10th. & to inform you that should you continue disposed to purchase a farm in the neighborhood of Charlottesville, you cannot be better advised than by mr George Divers, & mr Thomas M. Randolph (my son in law) both of that neighborhood. I shall see them in a few days and will recommend to them attention to any request of that kind you may conclude to make. should you think to go to see the place during the  43 

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months of August or Sep. I shall be at Monticello, & happy to see you there. Accept my salutations & assurances of respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Reibelt”; endorsed by TJ.

From Edward Rowse Sir Boston 13th. July 1805 No. 7 Warren Street The late discoveries in England and Turkey of the beneficial effects of the kine pox, as an effectual preventive remedy, for the diseases of the small pox, and the plague; have irresistably led me to the follow­ ing reflections. The characteristics, that belong in common to both these complaints; appear to be—a power of seizing the human species but partially; by succeeding in their attacks on some, but becoming repulsed by others— of appearing only in hot weather; with a few exceptions to the small pox—when the putrescent tendency of the fluids, is most increased by heat—and, that they are both fevers; the one eruptive, and the other putrid. From this data; the cause of the benefical1 effects of the vaccine in­ noculation, appears probable to be owing to some partial change of the fluids of the constitution, that the subject undergoes, approaching to the less putrefactive state of the fluids of the graminivorous animal, from whom the remedy is taken; that secures him uninjured, from the subsequent morbific attacks of these diseases; either, in inhaling an atmosphere impregnated with their effluvia, or in an innoculation of their diseased matter. However, as the vaccine innoculation is proved to be a remedy against two violent fevers—the smallpox, being commonly violent, when commencing without 2 innoculation; it is no more than reasonable to infer, that, against other fevers of a similar nature, it will produce the same effect!—And, but few will venture to assert, that the smallpox and plague, are more similar, than, the plague and yellow fever! I cannot therefore, help being of the opinion, that it is likely to prove a remedy also; for this formidable calamity of the western world. It would give me great happiness, to become the fortunate mean of accelerating the discovery of a remedy, for so great an evil. The most satisfactory trial of it, would be, by innoculating the mat­ ter of the yellow fever on a subject, that has been prepared for it, by the vaccine innoculation; but the danger that must attend the experi­ ment, may be considered as putting it out of the power of any one to  44 

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try it, yourself alone excepted, by having the lives of condemned crimi­ nals at your disposal.—which necessitates me to trouble you with the affair. I conclude it is unnecessary to send you a detail of the effects of the vaccine innoculation against the plague, as it has passed into most of the papers3 of the States. I shall be obliged to you to inform me whether you think favorably enough of it, to induce you to give it a trial. You will also much in­ crease the obligation, by informing me4 of the present condition of the breed of Arabian horses in Virginia; and to what degree they have arisen, as an article of commerce, since the account you published of them, in your Notes on that State: And if the original stock was im­ ported from south Arabia. With the highest esteem, I have the honor to be Sir, your most obedient Servant Edwd Rowse RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL. Tr (same); in Rowse’s hand, subjoined to Rowse to TJ, 6 Aug.; at head of text: “Copy.” Reports by two physicians in Turkey and Greece about the efficacy of inocula­ tion against the plague circulated in American newspapers in late 1803 and early 1804 (Boston Gazette Extra, 7 Nov. 1803; Newburyport Herald, 8 Nov. 1803; Albany Gazette, 12 Dec. 1803; National Intelligencer, 27 Jan. 1804).

account you published of them: in the chapter on “Subjects of Commerce” in his Notes on the State of Virginia, TJ wrote that cultivation of wheat in Vir­ ginia, “by enlarging our pasture, will ren­ der the Arabian horse an article of very considerable profit” and that the state’s climate promoted the raising of the breed there “without degeneracy” (Notes, ed. Peden, 168‑9). 1

 Tr: “beneficial.”  Tr: “when not produced by.” 3  Tr: “prints.” 4  Tr: “by adding at the same time an account.” 2

From William Tatham Dr. Sir/ 13th. July 1805. I lament your going away, at this time, exceedingly; as I am fearful the Secretary of the Navy has too many delicate Scruples to close with me on any ground. I am summoned, by a letter from my Counsel in Carolina, to attend to an important Case where I have the Dfdt. on Spl. Bl. by origl. attachment: If no arrangement is now made, I can­ not leave my cumbersome baggage behind me; & to what country I may next be destined is altogether a lottery.—I have taken the liberty of throwing together a few hints which may eventually prove service­ able; &, I am sure, their intention will screen them from offence.  45 

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 I forbear to intrude on You this morning, under a persuasion that You will be engaged; but, if admissible, this evening, I will endeav­ our to call & take a leave which, perhaps, may be the last time. I have the honor to be Dr. Sir Yours Wm Tatham RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 14 July and so recorded in SJL.

dfdt. on spl. bl.: defendant on spe­ cial bail.

e n c l o s u r e

Prospectus for a Department of Works and Public Economy Hints towards forming an outline of an Office of Works and public Economy, submitted to the leisure hours consideration of the President of the United States, by His obt., & grateful, H. Servt Wm Tatham 13th. July 1805. In a department of Works & Public Economy, such as is contemplated to be under the immediate direction & controul of, & amesuable to, The President of the United States and the Four Principal Secretaries (State, Treasury, War, & Navy,) the following advantages seem to be offered to Government.— viz— First—In all their Civil Engineering Concerns, as, ⎫ 1. Investigations & Surveys.— ⎪⎪ Originals to be deposited, 2. Reports & elucidations.— ⎬ and fair Copies to be trans⎪ mitted to the Departments 3. Plans, Sections, & elevations. ⎪ 4. Correspondence, Ressolutions, Acts, &c.— ⎭ respectively.— 5. Models, Instruments, Apparatus, Tools, Implements, Utensils, &c, in this line, to be deposited; & duplicates thereof suitably distributed into the offices of the respective operations. 6. Occasional Lectures on the Mechanic Powers, Hydraulics, Hydrostat­ ics, Pneumatics, Chemistry, Mines, & Public Magnificence; and on the public & private application of Economy in these particulars, should be duly attended to. 7. Tuition—in the actual practice of Young Clerks, Draftsmen, Engineers, Naval & Military Officers &c—who may be destined for public employ­ ments in or out of the several Departments, when sent hither for in­ struction, will be an important consideration.— Secondly—In Topographical knowledge. Detail Maps of the Country, its improvements & operations may be, here, formed, completed, classed & deposited; & fair Copies may, from hence, be furnished to the chief Departments respectively.— Thirdly.—In American History. All new materials, ancient Works, &c, to be collected, classed, arranged, & thrown into suitable Publications, on a plan within the reach of individuals, for increasing the general information of our Citizens: particularly our rising

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1 3 J U LY 1 8 0 5 youth, who (it is to be hoped) may benefit in moral rectitude, & employ them­ selves more usefully, in their own & their Country’s interest, than at theaters, Cards, Dice, Billiards, & Public Race Grounds. Fourthly.—In Agriculture. 1. Books, proceedings, Reports, &c, of all Foreign Governments, & Socie­ ties, where this Basis of Public Prosperity has experienced the cherishing Care of Jurisprudence; with the results of experimental & comparative farming, & the relative successes of each, should form an important concern. 2. Instruments, Implements, Tools, Utensils, &c—should be collected from every quarter of the world, with proper descriptions of their several uses & applications: These should be classed, arranged, & occasionally manufac­ tured; as examples to be distributed for the benefit of the several States, & distant Settlements. 3. Tracts, Experiments, & Communications thereon, & their relative suc­ cesses; in various parts of the Union, should be particularly attended to; & ac­ counts of them published in some periodical Work, or occasional Pamphlet. 4. Irrigation & Drainage.—These Branches, in addition to their Agricul­ tural importance, are of the greatest moment to the salubriety of our climate: we need not add how much the gain is where meadows & dairies reward the hand of industry. Works on these subjects should be collected; models of machines, Tools, implements, Utensils &c should be deposited; & these should be explained on suitable occasions, & lectures delivered for the popu­ lar improvement.— Fifthly,—Our Commerce. All Books relating to commerce & Finance should be collected into the Library of this Department. Roads, Rivers, Canals, Docks, Piers, Harbours, facilitating the Means of Conveyance; & all due encouragement for drawing our latent resources from the wilderness, & for turning our deserts into Corn­ fields, should be assiduously attended to.—Economical projects should be, also, matured & put forward; for accumulating our public treasure, & for stimulating industry & general emulation. Sixthly.—Naval & Military Pupils. Many Young Gentlemen, Cadets, &c, will be constantly in waiting; &, too often in the road to indolence & dissipation:—These may recieve much pre­ paratory and useful instruction, by being placed in the Department of Works, as a practical Seminary of the Nation. They may be constantly Employed in drawing, designing, Fortification, Naval & Military Architecture, Writing, Copying &c. And Books for their tuition, as well as accessible models for their instruction, may be of material advantage to the individuals; & would not fail to remunerate their Country with all which might be gathered abroad, or in the domestic Culture of their several capacities. There can be no difficulty, or clashing, with Mr. Latrobe’s appointments. He is a Public Servant as Civil Architect & Surveyor,—a profession which always harmonizes with the Superviser & Engineer; & might be suitably combined in its appropriate pursuit.—If the Accademy under Colol. Wil­ liams could be, also, removed here, it would probably prove a very happy coincidince.—All which is respectfully, & gratefully submitted by

Wm Tatham

July 13th. 1805. MS (DLC).

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From Robert Williams Dear Sir Washington M.T. July 13th 1805 I have nothing to inform since my last, except that Colo West yet keeps away together with all the records &c. I have daily application for business which I cannot act on; particularly in the Indian department— He was here the day after the assembly met, and stayed about one hour—I am advised by Mr Gallatin that I am to continue in the land business of course cannot wait on the Secretary at his house.—Enclosed are the 2 last papers—the Statements therein made by Colo West are not correct, but I shall not condescend to go into the publick prints,— but at all times be prepared to satisfy the Executive of the United States as to my conduct which I trust will be found to be consonant to their views With great respect I am yours Robert Williams RC (DLC); at head of text: “Unoffi­ cial”; at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of U. States”; endorsed by TJ

as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. my last: Williams to TJ, 21 June.

To William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir Washington July 14. 05. In the moment of my departure for Monticello I recieve letters from Capt. Lewis by which I percieve he has sent about 6. or 8. packages, filled with very curious subjects from the upper country of the Mis­ souri, to St. Louis, from whence they will be embarked for N. Or­ leans to your care, to be forwarded to me. altho’ I know you will give them all possible attention, yet I could not avoid recommending them particularly to you. the best port they could come to would be Rich­ mond. next to that this place. but as I presume you have not so much intercourse with us as to have always a choice of ports, be so good as to commit them by a safe vessel bound to any port of Virginia or of the states North of that, from which I can have them readily brought here.   Colo. Tousard is arrived at Philadelphia. I am told he is the Consul of France for New‑Orleans. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC): at foot of text: “Governor Claiborne”; endorsed by TJ.

letters from capt. lewis: Meri­ wether Lewis to TJ, 30 Mch. (not found) and 7 Apr.

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From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans July 14th 1805 By the last mail I had time only to acknowledge the receipt of your agreeable favour of the 26th of May; but I now propose replying to it more particularly. There can indeed be no question of Doctor Sibley’s good sense and information, nor do I doubt his zeal for the Public Interest. Of the Private Character of the Doctor, I had no personal knowledge, but it having been attacked here with some degree of severity, and by persons who did not with‑hold their names, I thought it proper to apprize you thereof. I am inclined to the opinion that we shall experience very little difficulties with the Indians west of the Mississippi. The Caddo’ Nation has decided influence over most of the Tribes in Lower Louisiana. The Caddoe’s are easily managed; their disposition towards the United States is already friendly, and with their Interest in our favour, and a just and faithful discharge of duty on the part of our Agents, I am persuaded the friendship of the Indians generally may be acquired and preserved.—The Surveying of the Lands West of the Mississippi, and the measures prescribed by Law, will probably create among the people some dissatisfaction;— But I persuade myself that the good sense of the Citizens, and the assurances which will be given by the Officers of Government, that no injustice will be done them, but on the contrary, “that their rights will be liberally confirmed according to the equity of their cases, and not to rigorous Law,” will serve to appease anxiety, and to ensure general confidence. Upon the subject of the Mission up the Red River, I have made a communication to the Marquis of Casa Calvo, and of which the enclosed is a copy. An answer is not received but the sub­ ject shall be pressed, and the result early communicated to you. Your Letter of the 7th of January was duly received, and a Correspondence between the Marquis of Casa Calvo and myself upon the subject of the new Post route immediately ensued. A copy of that correspon­ dence was transmitted to you, which it seems has miscarried; but a late Communication from me to the Secretary of State (which I trust has reached Washington) will inform you more particularly:—The Spanish authorities do not object to the establishment,—on the con­ trary they have promised it their protection. The Rider has been here twice; but regularity on this route is not yet established. In compli­ ance with a request of the Post Master General, I have established a Ferry across the Waters of the Lake, and contracted for the conveyance of the mail. I am persuaded that the mail may be carried from hence to Washington in 12 or 14 days; but to insure punctuality, Bridges  49 

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must be erected, or Ferries established over every Water Course, where fording the same, is not at all times practicable. The Legislative Coun­ cil manifested a sincere regard for Literature and Science, as appears from the acts enclosed, the one providing for the establishment of a Public Library, and the other a University in this Territory. To carry the same into effect, the zealous co‑operation of the great Body of the People will be necessary; I fear that co‑operation will not readily be obtained, but the foundation for those desirable institutions is laid, and superstructures will be reared, as our means will permit. The Regents of the University have had a meeting, and a Journal of their proceedings I now have the Honour to enclose you marked Λ. The great and good Man whom you mention, would be a valuable acquisition to the University, and by being placed at its Head, would not only promote the speedy accomplishment of the objects of the Legislature, but give at once celebrity to the Institution. Under these impressions, I propose convening the Regents in a few days, in full expectation that they will Elect Mr. Dupont de Nimours, President of the University, and invite his speedy removal to this Territory. Upon the subject of General La Fayette’s Lands I will continue to render all the aid in my power, and will from time to time give my opinion and advice to his Agent Mr Duplantier, who I am persuaded will be faith­ ful to the Generals Interest. I had caused a survey to be made on the Canal of Carondelet, and a Plat thereof is enclosed for your inspec­ tion; My Official Letters to the Secretary of State will inform you of the state of things here. The Inferior Courts are organized, and the Militia will next receive my attention. Colonel Burr continued in this City 10 or 12 days, and was received with Polite attention. He has departed for St. Louis and proposes to return to New‑Orleans in the month of October next.—We have as yet had no cases of yellow fever; but the fear of it has occasioned most of the strangers to retire from the City. I pray you to accept the best wishes of Dear Sir, Your faithful friend!— William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, closing and signature by Claiborne; at foot of text in Claiborne’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. and so re­ corded in SJL, but as a letter of 11 July. Enclosures: (1) Claiborne to the Marqués de Casa Calvo, 11 July, informing him of the president’s proposed Red River expe­ dition and requesting a passport for the exploration party; Claiborne assures Casa

Calvo that the expedition’s purpose “is merely Geographical and scientific, hav­ ing in view nothing unfriendly to Spain” (Tr in same). (2) “An Act to incorporate a library society in the city of New‑Orleans,” approved 19 Apr. (Acts Passed at the First Session of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Orleans [New Orleans, 1805], 322‑35). (3) “An Act To institute an Uni­ versity in the territory of Orleans,” ap­ proved 19 Apr., authorizing the establish­

 50 

1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5 ment of a college in New Orleans and of at least one academy “for the instruction of youth,” female academy, and public library in each county (same, 304‑21). (4) Minutes of a meeting of the board of regents of the University of Orleans, 5 July, at which the board elected Claiborne as chancellor, James Pitot as vice chan­ cellor, and Pierre Derbigny as secretary; the board then appointed managers to su­ pervise a lottery, a committee to prepare a petition to Congress requesting federal aid, and a committee to prepare rules and regulations for the board’s governance (Tr in DLC). Other enclosure not found, but see below. time only to acknowledge: Clai­ borne to TJ, 8 July. rights will be liberally con‑ firmed: see TJ to Claiborne, 26 May. late communication: Claiborne probably referred to his letter to Madi­ son of 21 Apr., in which he enclosed cor­ respondence between himself and Casa Calvo, dated 20 and 21 Feb., regarding the desired post road through Spanish ter­ ritory. Claiborne also wrote brief letters to

Madison regarding the post road on 5 May and 5 July (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:273‑5, 325; 10:24‑5; Terr. Papers, 9:437‑40). the rider: Francis Abraham (see Gideon Granger to TJ, 19 July). The plat was likely prepared by Bar­ thélemy Lafon, whom Claiborne recently engaged to survey lands for Lafayette (Claiborne to TJ, 17 June). TJ referred to Lafon’s survey in his letter to Clai­ borne of 16 Jan. 1806. The plat, which has not been found, was likely the basis of an undated map that TJ made to mark parcels of land northwest of New Orleans along the Carondelet Canal, a notation at the foot of which reads “Lafon. N. Or­ leans June 23. 1805.” TJ’s plan desig­ nated two large parcels for Lafayette. The first, straddling the canal, consisted of 300 acres of “high dry land” and 236 acres of  “woodland.” A second, non‑adjacent parcel contained 423⅝ acres of “Cyprus Swamps.” The two parcels designated for Lafayette were separated by a strip of “Land claimed by John Suarez” (MS in DLC: TJ Papers, 228:40756).

To Henry Dearborn Th:J. to Genl. Dearborne Sunday July 14. 05. I have left Lewis’s large map with a servt. to be carried to your office tomorrow morning. it is the 29. half sheets which contain very accurately his survey of the river & no more. mr King being with me this morning I gave them to him to be reduced to a scale of 20. miles to the inch for engraving. Mr. Pringle has declined the place of Attorney general, it is there­ fore now in my power to propose it again to J. T. Mason, whom I had rather have than any other; and perhaps by this time he may have found the country not quite so paradisaical as he expected. but he is not come, & I go tomorrow at day light. will you be so good as to see him when he comes & to press it on him. I will not write to Bracken­ ridge till I shall have recieved an answer from you.   mr Madison tells me that mrs Dearborne & yourself have a thought of travelling our way this fall. I hope you will give us at Monticello a just share of the time you can be in that quarter. we will ensure mrs Dearborne against agues & fevers, bilious fevers &c Affectionate salutations.  51 

1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5  PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “De­ partmt. War. Pringle J. T. Mason.”

 large map: see Meriwether Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr. declined: John Julius Pringle to TJ, 2 July.

To Gideon Granger Dear Sir Washington July 14. 05. Of mr Redick I know nothing, not even the place or state of his residence. dating a letter ‘at Washington’ & ‘in America’ is about equivalent. I inclose you his letter ‘ut valeat quantum valere potest.’ On the subject of the Maysville petition I have no other information than that contains. it is written with some eagerness for their object. to feel passion is lawful for them: not for us. I inclose the petition to you that you may give the subject a serious reconsideration, and do in it what shall appear best. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Granger.” Enclosure: David Redick to TJ, 4 July, recorded in SJL as received 13 July from “Washn.” with notation “P.M.G.,” but not found.

ut valeat quantum valere po‑ test: to have such effect as it can (Vol. 42:283n).

e n c l o s u r e

Petition of Kentucky Merchants and Traders To Thomas Jefferson Esquire, President of the United States The Petition of the undersigned, Merchants and Traders in the State of Kentucky— Respectfully sheweth That a Petition some time past was presented to Gideon Granger Esquire Post master General of the United States Stating, that “In the arrangement of postoffices in the State of Kentucky, accident we presume has placed the office of distribution in the town of Washington in the County of Mason—By this arrangment the first important point at Maysville is passed, and a return Mail becomes necessary to enable the inhabitants and others of the vicinity of that place to receive their letters; this inconvenience is also felt by Mer­ chants whose business is to transact there; as a place of deposit and trade we conceive Maysville entitled to the preference, as its importance as a place of import & export is rapidly increasing, and it being situate on the bank of the ohio, it is the great passway to the South westward both by land and Water— The situation of this place would appear to mark it out as the most eligible place for the office of distribution”—We do not presume to charge the head of this department with willful intention to injure the Petitioners, but, from

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1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5 his reply, we are contstrained to argue a want of information; he says, the inconveniences the Merchants of Maysville labour under are not greater than of those in the Precincts of Philadelphia; we are not disposed to question his assertion, because the term will admit of great latitude, but, we know of no City in the United States, where the merchants are obliged to send four and a half miles for their Letters. It is true the Post master General has assured us, he had ordered the Offices at Philadelphia Baltimore & Chambersburg to Mail distinctly for Maysville, but, experience has informed, that even this care of his has proved not to answer his expectations—it is indeed agrivating the evil, because, we have communication with almost every post office in the Union; and in those particularised offices they sometimes neglect to Mail for Maysville. In this precarious situation those transacting business at Maysville, are obliged to send to Washington, when an expected communication is not found in this office. It has happened that letters of information to agents here have remained in the Office at Washington, when the boats containing the consignment were unloading and in consequence the Consignor was obliged to bear the additional charge of Storage, when the Waggons to transport his goods ought to have been prepared to take them to their destination. It is urged that Maysville is too unimportant a place at which to fix the distribut­ ing Post Office—We beg leave to say this place may be called properly the Key of the State, almost all the goods imported northward of the Cumber­ land River are landed here and transported by Waggons from hence; besides there have been exported from hence in One Year Ten thousand barrels of flour inspected; The Beef Pork Hemp furs Cordage Soap Candles &ca. of which no accurate estimate has been made, but may be fairly computed this year, at the value of fifteen thousand Dollars—It has been objected that if the office of distribution were placed here yet the office at Washington must se­ lect for the routs by Flemingsburg to Lexington and by Augusta to Cincin­ nati; we answer, Maysville is not two miles farther from Flemingsburg than Washington, and the Road by Augusta is shorter several miles than from Washington. Again—In the Winter season it frequently happens that the Mail cannot be brought over the Ohio but, in a boat not large enough to carry a horse, and perhaps not for two or three hours later than the time the rider must be at Washington, in this case, all the Eastern Mail must remain at Maysville until the next Mail day—and the same thing opperates to detain the Southern Mail at Washington, for, if the Eastern Mail does not arrive in time, the Rider for the Southern Mail returns with it—The Post master Gen­ eral observed that he could not take the distributing office from Washington, because, his predecessor had fixed it there—This argument we think will not apply—because, when that arrangement took place, proper enough then, the town of Maysville was scarcely known—but, under the Auspices of our Gov­ ernment, it has very much increased in trade and from its situation (should we have the good fortune to possess in peace the valuable acquisition of New Orleans which your wisdom suggested) it must increase its exports very rapidly—Altho the counter Memorial presented to the Post Master General, was swelled with the Names of persons many of whom has perhaps never received, nor will receive a Letter through the medium of the Post office, it has had the effect to prevent his granting a removal of the office—but as Mer­ chants & traders, we respectfully suggest that, we are more interested, and pay more to the establishment than any other class of Citizens—

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1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5  We respectfully submit to the President those matters of fact—hoping that he will order us that redress which we have hitherto asked for in vain—and as in duty bound we shall ever pray &ca. April 1805 RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by 15 merchants and traders of Maysville, 21 merchants and traders of Lexington, 7 merchants of Frankfort, 10 merchants of Danville, 5 merchants of Paris, and one

resident of Lower Blue Lick; endorsed by TJ: “Maysville petition.” counter memorial: see Enclosure No. 2 listed at Granger to TJ, 19 Aug.

To John Lenthall Sir Washington July 14. 05 I recieved yesterday the inclosed petition from sundry persons en­ gaged as laborers in some of the public works, in which, they complain that the wages allowed them are too small, considering the actual price of bread & other necessaries. I ought to do nothing in this case which I should not be ready to do on application from every work‑yard in the US. this single reflection will convince them that such a super­ intendance would be impracticable. their agreements are of necessity made with the particular director overlooking the work. his proceed­ ings are under the controul of a more general officer, who settles his accounts at the treasury: but they never come to me, nor are known to me. the law has fixed the channel for the government of these de­ tails, without my interposition as it would therefore be entirely out of my sphere. I do not go into an enquiry as to the grounds of their peti­ tion, to which indeed I should be very incompetent. as I presume the petitioners may be within your department, I inclose you the petition, to do in it what your duties will permit, and with a request that you will inform them of the grounds on which I am forbidden to interfere in the case. Accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Len­ thall”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: John Moore and others to TJ, received 13 July 1805, not found (Appendix iv). Prior to addressing the president, a number of laborers under the direction of the Irish carpenter Clotworthy Stephen­ son first petitioned Benjamin H. Latrobe for a reduction of the length of the work day and a longer midday break. On 18

June, Latrobe responded to the masons and bricklayers employed at the Capitol, refusing a reduction of work hours, as that would constitute a pay raise and re­ sult in the public paying more for labor than private contractors paid. Latrobe did concede an extension of the noon meal break to two hours through the summer. He stated that he could make no conces­ sions or reparations for “time lost by the deficiency of material” (Benjamin Henry

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1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Latrobe, The Journal of Latrobe [New York, 1905], 127‑30; Paul F. Norton, La­

trobe, Jefferson and the National Capitol [New York, 1977], 118‑19; rs, 1:601).

From William Martin

Burbon Kentucky Paris 14th., July 1805

Eternity! When Death Brings us thore, who will be on the Safe Side, the Chris­ tian; or he that denies the Christian religion,— William Martin RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From Thomas Munroe Sir, 14th. July 1805 Having just heard that you will probably leave the City tomorrow morning, I have supposed it might not be improper to enclose a blank warrant for your signature in case you, Sir, should deem it necessary to place a further sum of money in my hands, or to lodge it in the Treasury, or elsewhere to be Drawn when the sum now in hand shall have been expended.—Some inconvenience might arise from the ne­ cessity of waiting after the sum in hand is disbursed1 till a Letter could go to & return from Monticello with authority to Draw more. I have in hand about $5,300 of the last Drawn $10,000— I have taken the liberty of mentioning the subject merely because I thought it possible more important matters might prevent your at­ tending to it, altho’ if it occurred to you you might think it proper to leave a power with the Secretary of the Treasury or myself.— I Have the Honor to be with the greatest respect, Sir, Yr. mo. Ob. Servt. Thomas Munroe RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 14 July and “gave warrt for 10,000. D.” and so recorded in SJL.

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1 Preceding

seven words interlined.

Specifications for Work at President’s House and Capitol Memorandums for mr Lenthall. In the cellar put shelves 2 f. 6. I wide,1 around the whole room, the shelves to have 12. I. clear between them.       The wall of the ice house to be raised 5. f. above the common floor of the offices, & there covered flat with boards, tongued & grooved to keep the dust from falling thro on the ice. On the North side, & at the top of the wall should be a square open­ ing of about 2 f. 6. I. wide & high, to shoot the ice in from that side, if found convenient.       one of the coal cellars will be for pit coal the other charcoal; there must therefore be a floor over both for the wood room.       plaistering of Commee room of Senate mr Mather’s timber July 14. 1805. MS (DLC); entirely in TJ’s hand; not recorded in SJL.

1 Canceled:

“along the whole length.”

To Louis de Tousard Sir Washington July 14. 1805. Your favor of July 10. finds me in the moment of my departure for Monticello. I should otherwise have been happy to have recieved you here and to have added my personal respects to the confidence your government has justly reposed in you. I have entire hope that your long residence in this country will have produced every disposition on your part to cultivate peace & friendship between it and your native country. I should have been happy to have conversed with you on the affairs of our common friend M. de la Fayette; but explanations to mr Madi­ son, will have the same effect, should you come here before his depar­ ture, which will be at least some days later than mine. one observation I must press. if M. de la Fayette must pay his debts, within a short time, say of one, two or three years, then the whole fund is gone. if sold at this day it would not produce their amount. but it’s rise in value will be such, if the debts can be postponed on interest, that their  56 

1 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5

paiment would still leave a handsome provision for a family in that country. nothing can save him but a postponement of the debt for 10. 15. or 20. years. that will be bearing an interest of 5. or 6. per cent, while his lands will rise in value 20. per cent a year. the law requires him to locate these lands in parcels of not less than 1000. acres each. I hope I have secured the parcel of between 6. & 700. as. on the Canal of Carondelet, by taking in as much as will make it 1000. acres whether reclaimable or not. Accept my salutations & assurances of great re­ spect & consideration Th: Jefferson PoC (CSmH); at foot of text: “Colo. Tousard”; endorsed by TJ.

To Jonathan Williams Dear Sir Washington July 14. 05 A press of business has prevented me from sooner acknoleging the reciept of your favor of June 18. altho’ I do not feel myself entitled to give an opinion on questions to which the members of the new mili­ tary institution are solely competent, yet being requested by you, I shall frankly express it as my opinion that if you appoint all the mem­ bers of the legislature to be members of the institution, it will gratify no particular member, nor lead him to feel any more interest in the institution than he does at present. on the other hand, a judicious se­ lection of a few, friends of science, or lovers of the military art, will be gratifying to them inasmuch as it is a selection, and inspire them with the desire of actively patronising it’s interests. The contingent fund of the war department, is applicable only to objects known to the law. it cannot be applied to any thing merely voluntary & unauthorised by the law. Sincerely wishing that the institution may be useful in advancing that branch of science which is it’s object, I pray you to accept my salutations & assurances of great respect & consideration. Th: Jefferson P.S. would it not be better to postpone nominating members from the body of the legislature until they are assembled here, when the selec­ tion could be made on surer grounds? RC (NHi); addressed: “Colo. Jonathan Williams West point,” but location can­ celed and replaced by “Elizabeth Town, (N: Jersey.)” in an unidentified hand; franked; postmarked 15 July; endorsed by Williams. PoC (DLC).

contingent fund of the war de‑ partment: the appropriation of funds for the military in 1805 included $500 for the purchase of maps, plans, books, and in­ struments and for the military academy (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:315).

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From John Barnes

Geo. Town 15th July 1805.

The Presidents favr. of last Evening—Accompanied, with ½ dozen bottles, of Commodore Prebles, best Marsalla! as well, ½ dozen of the Presidents Old Sherry, was recd this morning—with a gratefull Acceptance.— —to be drank only on particular Occasions—and with fervent wishes for a long continuance of the Presidents, perfect Health & happiness— By the Presidents, Obliged, most Obedt: & very humble Servt. John Barnes. RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of text: “The President, UStates, at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

favr. of last evening: no letter from TJ to Barnes of 14 July has been found or is recorded in SJL.

Petition of Christopher Church, with Jefferson’s Order

[on or before 15 July 1805]

The Humble Petition of Christopher Church now in the Jail of Washington County in the District of Columbia— Humbly Sheweth that your Petitioner is confined for his fine and fees, under a prosecution for Theft, which he was guilty of while in a state of intoxication The Hone. the Judges of the Circuit Court at December term last Sentanced him to receive twenty stripes, which he has received, And pay a fine of twenty dollars which sum he is unable to pay, Wherefore your Petitioner prays that you will be pleased to grant him a pardon, rimiting him his fine and fees, And in future the con­ duct of your Petitioner shall be to improve his time, and amend his life. And as in duty bound will for ever pray— his Christopher X Church Mark  Believing the within named petitioner to be totally unable to pay his fine and costs, and in Consideration of his corporal punishment and long imprisonment, we the undersigned Judges of the Circuit Court  58 

1 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5

who were present at the Trial, respectfully recommend to the Presi­ dent of the United States to comply with the Petitioner’s request W. Cranch. July 15th. 1805 N; Fitzhugh [Order by TJ:] Let a pardon issue

Th: Jefferson July 23. 1805.

RC (DNA: RG 59, GPR); petition un­ dated; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Church by his mark; at head of text: “To the Pres­ ident of the United States”; recommen­ dation of the court in William Cranch’s hand, signed by Cranch and Nicholas Fitzhugh; endorsed by Jacob Wagner;

endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and “Petn.” and so recorded in SJL. TJ issued a pardon remitting Church’s fine and costs on 30 July (FC in Lb in same).

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Washington 15th July 1805 I was much disappointed in finding this morning that you were gone; for I had understood that you did not set off till to morrow. There were three points only on which I want your decision. 1st. Revenue cutters. How many new armed ones shall be provided, one, two, or three? & what shall be their force? the greatest which is allowed which will be about 130 tons 12 guns (sixes) & 70 men,? or the size which I had contemplated vizt. 90‑100 tons 8 guns—30‑40 men? 2d. Simons the collector He is avaricious & greedy; I have stronger reasons to complain of him than any contained in the Anonymous let­ ter, & was only waiting for his final answer to lay the subject before you. The three last letters which have passed are enclosed, to the last of which no answer has yet been received. His last quarterly account is not yet received (for first Quarter of 1805) for which he has of course been also written to.—The question is supposing an enquiry to be resorted to, whom we shall apply to. Freneau is I believe his friend & might not like it. Mulligan is hardly capable enough, & yet is within my reach the best that has offered. Perhaps you may suggest some more proper. If removed will not Doyley be his successor? 3d. Vacancy in East Orleans land commission. I think you men­ tioned Van Pradelles. Whether You shall appoint him or any other, it  59 

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is necessary that a commission should issue as early as possible & be sent to me for transmission. If either Lewis or the new appointed declines, would it not be best, unless you know some person who will certainly go, to send a blank commission to Claiborne? Gurley has accepted; and all the other commissions are in train. I intend going immediately to New York, & wish to know when you intend to be here, in order that I may attend. The French bills or some other unforeseen circumstance may bring me back sooner: oth­ erwise it will not be necessary for the Treasury business that I should be here before the last of September. With sincere respect & attachment I remain Your obedient ­Servant Albert Gallatin Must the instructions to the revenue cutters be the same as for the John Adams? RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Pres­ ident of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and “revenue cutters—Simonds—Van Pradelles” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Gal­ latin to James Simons, Washington, 25 Apr., inquiring into a discrepancy be­ tween Simons’s account current of money due to the United States and his weekly return; as of 31 Dec. 1804, the difference was more than $16,000; Gallatin asks for an explanation; “if the Account Current is correct, as it ought to be,” Simons should credit the difference in his next weekly return, so that it “may exhibit the true amount of public monies in your hands” (Tr in same). (2) Simons to Gallatin, Sol­ dier’s Retreat, 17 May; Simons has been away from Charleston supervising a large navy contract and also attending to his cotton crop; he asks Gallatin’s “friendly indulgence” until mid‑June, after which he pledges to “devote myself this Summer to adjust every matter of accounts with the Comptroller”; Simons recollects two charges that should soon be credited to him, including more than $8,000 in draw­ backs for goods exported to New Orleans but actually landed in foreign ports and “several thousand Dollars” in duties that were “short charged to individuals,” which Simons blames on errors committed by the naval officer (Tr in same). (3) Gal­ latin to Simons, Washington, 6 June, re­ minding Simons that the law authorizes

collectors to appoint deputies in their ab­ sence and that attending to private con­ cerns “cannot be plead as an apology for the omission or delay of an official duty”; Gallatin is informed that part of the dis­ crepancy in accounts may arise from the marine hospital accounts, which cannot be closed until Simons provides receipts pre­ viously requested by the comptroller; this still leaves more than $6,000 that cannot be reconciled by the explanations offered by Simons, since he has already taken credit for these in his accounts; Simons should, “without hesitation,” refund the charges already disallowed by accounting officers, “as there is not a shadow of doubt that they have been properly rejected from your credit” (Tr in same). you were gone: TJ left Washington on 15 July and arrived at Monticello on the 18th. His expenses on the journey to­ taled $43.85 (mb, 2:1160). anonymous letter: see TJ to Galla­ tin, 10 July. Benedict F. van pradelles had writ­ ten to Gallatin on 18 Apr. from Lexington, Kentucky, tendering his services as either register or land claims commissioner for Orleans Territory, citing his extensive familiarity with land claims, titles, and surveying and his fluency in the French language (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; en­ dorsed by TJ: “Van Pradelles, Benedict. to be Comr. Register &c.”). Writing to

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1 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Gal­latin the previous day from Millers­ burg, Kentucky, Jean Savary de Valcou­ lon recommended Van Pradelles for a land office appointment in the territory, citing his “deep knowledge in titles and land in­ vestigations.” Savary also recommended his friend Peter John Robert, a tobacco manufacturer, and Waldemar Mentelle, a young man lacking experience but pos­ sessing a “good disposition and a natural genius” (RC in same; endorsed by TJ: “Van Pradelles. Robert, P.J. Mentelle, Valdemar} emploimt in Western coun­ try”). Samuel Brown of Lexington, writ­

ing to his brother John Brown on 9 Apr., also recommended Robert (RC in same; endorsed by TJ: “Robert, Peter John. Comr. Register &c.”). On 20 Apr., James Morrison of Lexington asked Savary to use his influence with Gallatin to secure some appointment for Mentelle in Louisi­ ana (RC in same; endorsed by TJ: “Men­ telle Waldemar, land office Louisa.”). french bills: see Gallatin to TJ, 1 July, and TJ to Gallatin, 2 July. john adams: that is, the frigate Adams (see Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July).

From Jones & Howell Respected Friend Phila. 15th July 1805 Your favor of the 12th Covering Check on Bank US for 253₁−³₀−³₀ − was regularly recd and is to Your Credit. We have also delivered the Let­ ter Inclosed to Mr. Stewart, and shall at any future time most cheer­ fully attend to any thing of the kind you may please to request. We are respectfully Your Friends Jones & Howell RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr:”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so recorded in SJL.

From Robert Morrison Sir/ [15 July 1805] I am at this present period Induced to Address your Exellency, and petition for a Birth in the Navy, provided It Should meet the appro­ bation of your Exellencys Will, My petition is as follows I would be happy If it may please your Exellancy to Grant Unto Me a Birth, and A post of Honour in the Navy, the Birth I Crave, from your Excel­ lency is; that I wish to become a Captain in the Navy, and If It may please your Exellency to Grant Unto Me the Birth that I Require; It Shall Ever be acknowleged by your most Humble Servt. Captn Rob­ ert Morrison. Perhaps your Exellency at this present period has not a thorough knowledge of My Person but I will endeavour to Relate to you Circumstances that took place in the Last Revolution. It is as follows—viz—Greating. I was a Boaswain under Captn. Joshua Bar­ ney in the Ship General Washington from the City of Philadelphia and Proceeded on our Voyage to Cape Franceway in the Ile of Santimingo,  61 

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and from Cape Franceway to the Havanna in Company with the French 64 Gun Ship Call’d the Lavole by Name, the Said Ship Covoy’d Us to the Havanna from the Cape, I further proceed to Inform Your Exel­ lency that Off the Capes Of Virginia we fell in With a 50 Gun Ship And two Frigits and Was Obliged to Make The best of our Way and We arrived safe together With the Money under our Care and protec­ tion to The City of Philadelphia With the Money from The Havanna, Whe then proceeded from the City of Philadelphia to Lureant a place that Your Exellency is perfectly acquainted With and deliverd our dispaches to our Minister belonging to France, and from thence May it Please your Excellency We proceeded from the above Mention’d place home to Philada. and arriv’d Safe; I further Inform your Excel­ lency that in the Year 1784 Whe Whent from Philadelphia to Have Gross. and Whent as a packet from the Same Place, Whe then pro­ ceeded to Philada. with Dispaches for the Government. After those Proceedings We had the Happiness to Conduct Your Excellency and Mr. Addams Late President of the United States into a place Call’d Pool in the West of England/ I further desire your Excellency, Will If their is a Vacancy in the Navy for the Capacyty I have Above Mention’d I will once More Step Forward and protect My Country and Serve the United States With pleasure being and Old Soldier and Sailor in the Service of the United States. Which I have no doubt your Excellency knows from the Information I have Giving your Excel­ lency. If Your Excely. Desires a recommendation to prove My Char­ acter I Can obtain and unexceptional One from the first of the Charac­ ter Residing in Philada. their is One thing I have Obmited that is to or in order to Acquaint your Excellency of a Circumstance that took place at Your House in Mounta Sela. viz the Young Man Who Was Employ’d as Master Carpenter under Your Excellency Command and Lost his Life Was My Own Cousin his Name was John Homes I Conclude by remaining Your Most Obedient And Hhbe Servt: Capn. Robt. Morrison NB./ To his Excellency I have Inclosed My Warrant during Which I receiv’d and acted With the Greatest propriety It is the Original one Please to direct your Answer to Capn. Robt Morrison the Corner of German St and Passyunk road RC (DNA: RG 45, MLR); undated; addressed: “To the Secratary of the Navy For the President of the United States of America His Excellency Thomas Jeffer­

son City of Washington”; franked; post­ marked 19 July; endorsed by a Navy Department clerk as a letter of 15 July from Philadelphia and “a foolish Applica­

 62 

1 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5 tion for the Appt. of Capt.” Enclosure not found. TJ may never have seen this letter, as it  is not recorded in SJL, there are no markings by him, and it was addressed to him indirectly. Given the clerk’s endorse­ ment, it is likely that the letter never made it past the Navy Department’s archives. There is no reply to Morrison in the de­ partment’s letterbooks. In 1782, Robert Morris purchased the general washington to act as a packet ship transporting currency between France and Philadelphia (E. James Ferguson and others, eds., Papers of Robert Morris, 9 vols. [Pittsburgh, 1973‑99], 7:63, 467; Philadelphia Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser, 11 Sep. 1783). deliverd our dispaches: on 1 July 1783, André Limozin, the American agent at Le Havre, forwarded to Benjamin Frank­ lin several letters that had been trans­

ported across the Atlantic on board the General Washington (Leonard W. La­b­ aree and others, eds., The Papers of Ben‑ jamin Franklin, 43 vols. [New Haven, 1959‑ ], 40:262‑3). conduct your excellency: Mor­ rison likely misremembered transporting TJ and John Adams to England. The General Washington had taken members of the American peace delegation to Poole, England, in August 1783 (Philip  M. Hamer and others, eds., The Papers of Henry Laurens, 16 vols. [Columbia, S.C., 1968‑2003], 16:248). TJ’s first trip to England occurred in 1784, when he briefly stopped at Cowes and Portsmouth on his way to France. He did not visit again until 1786, when he arrived in London (mb, 1:554‑6, 613‑24; Vol. 9:444‑6). John Holmes (homes), a housejoiner from Philadelphia, died at Monticello after falling from a scaffold on 14 Jan. 1801 (mb, 2:1034; Vol. 32:481‑2; Vol. 33:35‑6).

From William Pryce Dr Sir, Wilmington July 15h. 05 yours of the 13th. march last, I duly recd, and in a few days an­ swered the contins. advising you, that the price of the Books you ac­ knowledged the rect of was $4—and informing you it would be most agreeable if remitted here to me—I take it for granted that some ac­ cident has happened my letter, or your answer, but it would be satis­ factory to know which; if you will be so Obliging as to inform on the subject, it will be gratefully acknowledged by your Sincere Friend &c William Pryce RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so recorded in SJL; on verso in TJ’s hand in pencil: “J. Barnes. also Portable soup” (see TJ to John Barnes, 12 Aug.).

letter: Pryce to TJ, 20 Mch. In Au­ gust TJ arranged for John Barnes to remit payment for The History of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (Notes on Personal Finance, 4 May [second]; TJ to Barnes, 12 Aug.).

 63 

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 15 Juill. 1805. 1) J’ai recû avanthier et hier Vos deux reponses aux deux dernières Lettres, que—j’ai pris la Libertè—de Vous adresser a Federal City avant Votre depart pour Monticello. Je Vous en presente mes remercimens les plus respectueux; je suis particulierement et sensiblement touchè de la manière gracieuse, dont Vous avez bien voulû accueillir le Sujet de ma derniere. Certainement, personne, qui que çe soit, ne peut etre penetrè d’un devouement respectueux plus pur pour Vous, que Moi—je dois donc me sentir bien heureux, d’avoir obtenu a çette occasion (presque in­ discrete) de Vous une preuve aussi evidente, de çe, que Vous me jugez digne de votre protection particuliére, même jusqu’au sein de votre Famille. 2) D’apres une Lettre recue de la Maison a Paris—le second trans­ port (qui contiendra pour la plus grande partie çe que Vous avez com­ mandè) pourra arriver ici vers la fin du Septembre; mais elle ne peut pas envoÿer un autre Agent; j’ai donc, fermement decidè de ne pas continuer le demoralisant Metier de Marchand, pris le parti, de me remplacer pour l’administration de çe second transport et suivants par un Francais—ci devant fonctionaire civil et militaire a S. Domingue, qui m’est generalement recommandè comme un homme instruit et honnête. 3) Je finirais çependant et en attendant les affaires du premier trans­ port; et, comme je l’ai tout entierement debitè, et que je m’occuppe maintenant d’en expedier les Comptes definitifs et l’argent en resul­ tant par la premiere occasion p. Europe, j’ose Vous prier, de vouloir me faire parvenir une assignation ou sur la place d’ici ou sur çelle de Richemond pour le Montant de votre petit Compte çijoint. 4) Aussitot, que j’aurois remplis çette tache, je m’empresseais de me conformer a votre invitation gracieuse, et de Vous offrir personel­ lement mes hommages a Monticello, dont je connois deja les beaux environs par un Voyage (forcè) en Etè 1803. 5) Je suis malgrè ma passion inveterée pour les Livres &c. bien aise, de quitter les occuppations desagreables de Marchand, cependant Content d’avoir fondè çet etablissement pour les Amateurs de la Lit­ terature francaise, dont je ne suis pas un des derniers—je n’y regrette, en en Sortant, que la privation du bonheur, que cette profession me procurait jusqu’ici, de voir de tems en tems quelques lignes de votre Main, sans doute sous tous les rapports, la plus venerable pour Moi— donc une tres grande jouissance pour Mon Coeur.  64 

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 6) Le Volume manquant du Bot. Cultiv. ne s’etant pas, comme je l’esperais, retrouvè, en vidant le Magazin, j’ai, pour ne pas Vous pri­ ver plus longtems de l’ensemble de çe bon Ouvrage, engagè un Com­ patriote Botaniste complaisant, de me rendre l’exemplaire, qu’il avoit pris a Mon Magazin, et ai remis les 2 Vol. qui doivent completter Votre exempl. au Stage pour Richmond, par lequel je ne doute pas, qu’ils ne Vous parviennent exactement. Persistez—et je ne çessez jamais—je Vous prie, d’agreer mes sin­ ceres et profonds hommages aussi favorablement que Vous le daigniez jusqu’ici gradatim, et soyez, je Vous supplie de plus, persuadè, que c’est necessairement la plus haute Satisfaction que puisse desirer en çe Monde un homme de mes principes et Sentimens, mor. et polit. inalterables, et inaltereès par aucune Circonstance depuis l’age de 15 ans, donc depuis presque 30 Ans. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 15 July 1805 1. The day before yesterday and yesterday I received your replies to the last two letters I took the liberty of sending to the federal city before your departure for Monticello. I present my most respectful thanks. I am extremely touched, in particular, by your graciousness in welcoming the topic of my last letter. Surely, no one can possibly admire you with more respectful devotion than I do, so I consider myself fortunate on this (almost indiscreet) occasion to have received such clear proof that you judge me worthy of your personal pro­ tection, even within your family. 2. According to a letter from the Paris office, the second shipment (con­ taining most of what you ordered) might arrive here toward the end of Sep­ tember, but the office cannot send another agent. I have thus determined not to continue the dispiriting profession of bookseller and have resolved to dele­ gate the management of the second shipment and future ones to a Frenchman, a former soldier and civil servant in Saint‑Domingue, who has been widely recommended to me as an honest, educated man. 3. I will continue my activity, however, while awaiting the contents of the first shipment. Since I have done a full accounting and am now busy prepar­ ing the final statements and remittances to send to Europe at the first oppor­ tunity, I dare ask you to please send me an order, either here or to Richmond, for the balance of your small account, enclosed. 4. As soon as I have fulfilled this task, I will hasten to accept your gracious invitation and present my personal regards to you in Monticello, whose sur­ roundings I know from only one (obligatory) trip in the summer of 1803. 5. Despite my inveterate passion for books, etc., I am happy to relinquish the unpleasant occupation of seller, even as I am glad to have founded the business for lovers of French literature, not least myself. In leaving the pro­ fession behind, my only regret is the pleasure it allowed of seeing a few lines in your hand from time to time. They warmed my heart since, among all relationships, yours is the one I most cherish.

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1 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5  6. Since we did not find the missing volume of the Botaniste cultivateur when we emptied the store, as I had hoped, I have asked an obliging botanist compatriot to return the copy he bought from my store so you will not be deprived any longer of the complete set of this fine work. I put the two vol­ umes on the coach for Richmond, confident they will reach you safely from there. Please continue and never cease accepting my sincere and deep respect as favorably as you have until now. I ask you to believe, moreover, that this is necessarily the greatest satisfaction to which I can aspire, given my unwaver­ ing moral and political sentiments and principles since the age of 15, which means for almost 30 years. Reibelt. RC (DLC); addressed: “A Son Excel­ lence Monsieur Thomas Jefferson, Presi­ dent des Etats Unis a Monticello”; franked; postmarked 17 July; endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so recorded in SJL.

deux reponses: TJ’s letters of 10 and 13 July were in response to Reibelt’s of 7 and 10 July.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Philippe Reibelt Mr. Jefferson, Pr. du E.U. Pour les 5 Vol. Annales du Mus. des Arts p. Landon payè Restent Plutarque de la Jeunesse Hist. du Stereotypage Essai sur la Vie de Guttenberg Man. du Mus. francais 4 Vol. Parfait Jardinier Cult. de la Vigne 2 V. Traitè des Abeilles 3 V. Portefeuille des Artistes 4 Cah. Meteorol. des Cultivateurs Ton de la bonne Compagnie Plans d’architecture p. Becker 4 Cah. Plans d’architecture p. Meinert 4

1,30 2,50 3,20 14,40 25 30 17,00 16,80 55.75 33.45

   60 pC. Botaniste Cultivateur 4 Vol—6 et 3.60 Mechanique du Person MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 151:26273); undated; entirely in Reibelt’s hand.

25.00 10,00 15,00 4,00 1,04 40 8,00 = 28,44

89.20 9,60 3,36 =130,60

For correspondence related to this in­ voice, see Reibelt to TJ, 3 May; TJ to Reibelt, 30 Apr., 29 May, 21 and 24 June.

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From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 16th. July 1805 I am duly favor’d with yours of the 13th. inclosing two notes of your own to G. & J. at 60 days from the 4th. of August & 8th. of Septr. next, each for 1000$—to be negociated at the Bank of Virginia. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and so recorded in SJL.

From Jourdan A tain dept de la drome Monsieur Le president Ce 16e juillet 1805 Jai Eu Lhonneur de fournir a Votre Excelence de mes Vins Blancs de L’hermitage par Lentremise que Mr Cathalan Le jeune de marseille quil ma tres exactement paiés. Sur La Liste des Noms des proprie­ taires qu’il m’envoya je me trouvai avoir dans mes Caves du Vin du Sr deloche Beaufrere de notre maitre de poste je Cru que Vous aviés goute de Cette Cuvée lors de Votre passage icy ce qui me decida a remplir Votre premier ordre de Cette Cuvée j’y joignit seulement 2 Blles de mon propre Crü qui vous a plus satisfait que Celui de de­ loche. Ce qui ma decide d’appres L’ordre de Mr Cathalan de Compo­ ser Le dernier envois tout de mon Crü jaurai Lhonneur de Vous ajou­ ter que je suis et serai toujours Garant a tous Cœux aux quels j’envoie de mes Vins en Bouteilles et si l’on n’en etoit pas Satisfaits j’offre den rembourser le montant qui m’auroit ete paié, ou de remplacer les Vins par d’autres. il ma parut que la Liste qui Vous fut donnée icy n’est point fidelle puisque on n’y a pas Compris Cœux qui recoltent les melieurs Vins Blancs de Lhermitage tels que Mr de pignieu Bergier, et Votre Serviteur qui a luy seul recolte plus de Vins Blancs que tous les proprietaires ensemble. outre mon propre Cru je suis oblige d’acheter la majeure partie des plus distingues parce que je fournit la plus part des princes d’allemagne et Beaucoup de Lords, et ministres en angleterre jai mit une Couple de Bouteilles dans le dernier envois de Mes Vins Blancs de paille de L’hermitage pour Vous les faire gouter il ne fau­ dra pas juger du merite de Cette sorte de Vins par Celui la qui est de la recolte 1799 qui fut des plus mauvaises mais les subsequantes sont d’une tres excelente qualite les derniers envois que jen ai fait Cet hiver a Vienne, et a Londres ont Ete trouvés Delicieux je suis le seul icy qui  67 

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fasse de ce vin apprès avoir recolte les raisins Mùrs il faut les exposer Chaque jour au soleil pendant un mois ou deux. Voila Comment on fait Ce vin Votre excelence peut etre assurèe que tous les ordres quelle me fera passer par la Voye de Mr Cathalan, ou autres agents seronts remplis avec scrupule et attention Jai Lhonneur detre avec Respet. Monsieur le president Votre tres humble et tres obeisant serviteur Jourdan e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President, Tain, Drôme, 16 July 1805 I had the honor of sending my Hermitage white wine to your excellency through the intermediary of Mr. Cathalan the younger of Marseilles, who gave me exact remittance. On the growers’ list he sent me, I found that my cellars contain wine from Mr. de Loche, the brother‑in‑law of our postmaster. Thinking you had tasted this vintage while you were here, I decided to fill your first order with this one and to include only two bottles of my own vin­ tage. Since you prefer mine to de Loche’s, I will complete Mr. Cathalan’s order with my own vintage in the final shipment. I have the honor of adding that I will always assure everyone to whom I send my wine that if they are not sat­ isfied I will reimburse their purchase or replace the wine with others. I be­ lieve the list you were given here is not accurate, since it does not include the producers of the best Hermitage white wines, such as Mr. de Pignieu Bergier and myself. I alone produce more white wine than all the other houses com­ bined. In addition to my own vintage, I am obliged to buy most of the best vintages because I furnish nearly all the German princes and many British lords and ministers. In the last shipment, I included a couple of bottles of my Hermitage straw wine for you to taste. You should not judge the quality of this type of wine from this bottling, which is the 1799 vintage—one of the worst. Judge in­ stead by later ones, which are excellent. The ones I sent to Vienna and Lon­ don this winter were judged to be delicious. I am the only one to produce this kind of wine here. After the ripe grapes are harvested, they have to be exposed to sunlight every day for a month or two. That is how straw wine is made. Your excellency can be sure that all orders you send me through Mr. Cathalan or other agents will be filled scrupulously and attentively. With respect, Mister President, I have the honor of being your very hum­ ble and obedient servant. Jourdan RC (DLC); addressed: “A Son Exce­ lence Monsieur thoms jefferson president Des etats unis D’amerique A Wasington”; postmarked Norfolk, Va., 30 Nov.; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 6 Dec. and so recorded in SJL, but as received 5 Dec. Jourdan was the surname of a family of merchants and wine cultivators who had been operating in the Rhône valley since

the revolution. Charles Jourdan (d. 1816) was the head of the family and may have been TJ’s correspondent. Two of his sons, Louis Antoine Jourdan and Charles Prosper Jourdan, were locally prominent and may have written to TJ here or in subsequent correspondence, which was signed by the firm Jourdan et fils (John Livingstone‑Learmonth, The Wines of the Northern Rhône [Berkeley, Calif., 2005],

 68 

1 7 J U LY 1 8 0 5 238; Gueymar‑Dupalais, ed., Annuaire du département de la Drome, pour l’an xiv [Valence, 1805], 128, 133; Bulletin de la société [départementale] d’archéologie et de statistique de la Drome, 41 [1907], 71; rs, 9:470; Jourdan et Fils to TJ, 26 Sep. 1806).

 proprietaires: when first trying to obtain white Hermitage wine from Ste­ phen Cathalan, Jr., TJ supplied the names of vintners in the Tain‑Hermitage area whose wine he sampled while in France (Vol. 39:469, 471).

From James Oldham Sir Richmond 16th. July 05. Your favor of the 10th. was duly receivd: I did not now at the Time of riteing you the Last letter that Cpt Andrews Still remaind in New‑Yorke: have Since heard from him. also receivd Some Orna­ ments: the Turning You have pleased to order am very thankful for it is very difficult to get Such Little Triffles done in richmond. Mr. John Payton came a cross Jimmy as he was passing roud the Bason he consulted me wheather it would be best to plaice him in confinement, I considerd it woul,d be best not to do it: as he was will­ ing to Stay with me until he could heare from you: he is desirous you Should now his wish is to Serve you provided he is not plaisd under the direction of Lilley as he Says the Seveare treatment which he experiencd was the onley cause of his going of. from what he tels me I finde he has bin a Saylor for 4 or 5 months the Last fall, from this to norfolke. & Since has bin Liveing at bent Creek, with a Mr. Jams. Right, it seams he has bin in the habet of running the river in a boat this Spring with Jams. Garven & Jams. Griffin boath of Linchburge. With Respct. Your moas Hum: Servt Jams. Oldham P.S Mr. Payton will give you further information. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thoms. Jefferson. Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 July and so recorded in SJL.

jimmy: that is, James or Jamey Hemings, who had run away from Monticello after suffering a brutal whipping at the hands of Gabriel Lilly (Oldham to TJ, 26 Nov. 1804).

From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis Mio Grande e Dal Bardo di Tunis Li 17 Luglio 1805 Buono Amico Dell’Egira Li 19 Rebia Teni Anno 1220 L’oggetto della presente, è d’informarvi della presa fatta da uno delli vosti Bastimenti di guerra tre mesi in circa fà di un Corsaro Tunisino con due prese. Le particolarità relative a questa Cattura le  69 

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rilevarete dalli qui annessi documenti con quello di più che il vostro Incaricato d’affari Giorgio Davis, Spiegherà in sua particolare al vostro Ministro, dal quale verrete informato, che qualunque raggioni pos­ sonsi avere avute, o creduto di avere, non ve n’era nessuna per ritenere i detti Bastimenti, a meno che, come evidentemente me ne accorgo dal linguaggio improprio dell’attuale vostro Commodore, egli non hab­ bia già presa la risoluzione di adottare delle misure ostili contro di mè e delli miei Sudditi. Nulla di meno, Io sono ben lontano di Supporre; che tal casa Sia da Voi autorizzata, essendo che quella buona fede per li Trattati e Sincera Amicizia che Io professo per Voi, e il Vostro Go­ verno, e Sempre Stata da mè mantenuta ed osservata. Lo Stile della Lettera del Vostro Commodore, mi averrebbe costretto a prendere quelle misure, che bramo d’evitare, Se non mi aveste as­ sicurato, che il temerario, e precipitoso procetere di un Individuo, quale tenda ad impegnare ed immergere in un Stato di guerra, non può mai essere da Voi approvato. Di questi genuini miei Sentimenti ne faccio prevenire oggi Stesso il Vostro Commodore, dal medemo Vostro Incaricato Davis, che col mio Consenso va a rendersi personalmente presso di lui, rendendolo, nella maniera la più Solenna, risponsabile di qualunque repentina ed ostile operazione, che inpregiudizio della Buona Amicizia felicemente fra di Noi esistente, potrebbe credersi autorizzato di intrapendere, avante che raggione sia intesa fra Voi e Mè, come ardentemente e Sinceramente Io desidero e Spero che Succederà. Mi Lusingo per fine, ed attendo, che le più pronte misure Saranno prese per restituire le detti miei Bastimenti, e mi prevalgo di questa nuova occasione per augurarvi dal Cielo, Mio Grande e Buono Amico, le più compte felicità. Hamuda Bassà Bey

e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

My Great and Bardo, Tunis, 17 July 1805 Good Friend, 1220th Year from the Egira, 19 Rabi al‑Thani The object of this letter is to inform you of the capture by one of your war vessels of a privateer from Tunis with two prizes that took place about three months ago. You will gather all details related to this capture from the en­ closed documents, together with any additional elements that your chargé d’affaires, George Davis, will explain in his own letter to your secretary of state. He, in turn, will inform you that no matter what grounds existed, or were believed to exist, there was none to detain those ships—unless, as I clearly

 70 

1 8 J U LY 1 8 0 5 gather from the improper language of your current commodore, he has not already decided to adopt hostile measures against me and my subjects. Nevertheless, I am very far from presuming that such a thing is authorized by you, since I have always kept and observed the good faith established by the treaties and the sincere friendship I profess for you and your government. The tenor of your commodore’s letter would have forced me to take mea­ sures that I crave to avoid, had you not assured me that you would never ap­ prove anyone’s daring and precipitous behavior that aims at producing and maintaining a state of war. I will have your commodore informed of these my sincere feelings by the same chargé Davis, who is going to visit him personally, with my consent. He will most solemnly invest him with the responsibility of any sudden and hostile operation he may believe himself authorized to undertake, thus jeop­ ardizing the good friendship happily existing between us, before a parley has been arranged between us, as I fervently and sincerely desire and hope will happen. Finally, I expect and await that measures will be taken most promptly to return my said vessels and I avail myself of this new opportunity to wish on you from heaven, my great and good friend, the most complete happiness. Hamuda Bassà Bey RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Tunis); in a clerk’s hand, with Hammuda’s seal; at head of text: “Hamuda Bassà Bey Prin­ cipe delli Principi di Tunis, la Citta la Ben Guardata, Il Soggiorno della Felicità Al Sigr Tommaso Jefferson Presidente delli Stati Uniti di America” (Hammuda Pasha Bey, Prince of the Princes of Tunis, the City Well Guarded, the Abode of Happi­ ness, to Signore Thomas Jefferson, Presi­ dent of the United States of America). Recorded in SJL as received 10 Nov. En­ closures not identified. corsaro tunisino: in April, the Con‑ stitution intercepted a private xebec with Tunisian papers, which was accompany­ ing two Neapolitan prizes to Tripoli. Cap­ tain John Rodgers ordered the privateer and prizes to Malta, where the vessels were detained for adjudication under suspicion

that the war vessel was actually a repur­ posed Tripolitan cruiser and in any event was violating the American blockade of Tripoli. Hammuda insisted on the legiti­ macy of the xebec’s papers, copies of which may have been enclosed in the letter printed above, and demanded the return of the vessels. In a letter of 1 July, Rodgers, now acting as commander, or commodore, of the U.S. naval force in the Mediterra­ nean, complained that the bey’s subjects had “abused” the “respect and friendship” of the United States and insisted that the bey’s demands were “inadmissable.” Al­ though the crews of the captured ves­ sels were returned to Tunis, the United States claimed the vessels as rightful prizes (ndbw, 5:539; 6:1, 2, 48‑9, 53‑4, 109, 128‑9, 146‑7; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:83‑7).

From Ellen Wayles Randolph

[before 18 July 1805]

How was I disappointed at not recieving a letter from my Dear Grand Papa, this Post in answer to one I wrote him: you said in your letter to Sister Ann, that you expected but a short one from me, how­ ever I am determined to keep up a regular correspondence, if possible.  71 

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you said also, that you would catch me in bed the morning of the 18 19 or 20 of this month; I hope you will not, for I shall rise betimes all three mornings I expect you. Aunt has had the mumps, and is not quite recoverd. I am very much obliged to you for the, Poetry. you sent me and think it all very Pretty, particularly Little John and the Ode to Modesty. Sister Ann’s fowls are increasd greatly. my hen has laid a great many eggs, not fit for hatching. adieu my Dear Grand Papa believe me to be your affectionate Grand dauhter E W Randolph RC (MHi); undated, but before 18 July due to contents; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 20 July and so recorded in SJL. your letter: TJ to Anne Cary Ran­ dolph, 6 July. aunt: Virginia Randolph (TJ to Mar­ tha Jefferson Randolph, 24 June). Included in the scrapbooks of TJ’s granddaughters is a copy of the ode to

modesty by an anonymous poet, clipped from the April 1805 issue of The Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review and most likely enclosed in TJ to Ellen Wayles Randolph, 28 June (Jonathan Gross, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Scrapbooks: Poems of Nation, Family, & Romantic Love Collected by America’s Third President [Hanover, N.H., 2006], 242‑3; Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review, 2 [1805], 196‑7).

From William Bentley Sir, Salem. 18 July 1805. Mass. U.S.A. A Stranger, except to your unrivalled talents & services, I could not refuse to express my sincere wishes, (assured by my friend Hon. J. Crowninshield that I should be forgiven), that I might be permit­ ted in any form you may recommend, to express your kind memory of our Northern Hero, Gen Stark. The history of our Revolution can­ not report respecting him more honourable services, than the present times of his Country. He is independant in mind & estate. Lately at his home in Derryfield, NH, I admired his patriotism, & his warm attachment to our present happy administration. He talks of Approach­ ing dissolution. Should the President of the United States permit some kind congratulation, which regarded the memory of his military ser­ vices, & undeviating patriotism, it would enrich the Old age of Gen Stark, & add to the highest pleasure of, Sir, with the highest respect of your Genius, & your Immortal Public Services, as well as of your personal virtues & character, your devoted Servant, William Bentley. RC (DLC); addressed: “For Thomas Jefferson. President of the United States of America. Washington”; notation: “In the care of Hon Jacob Crowninshield, Esqr. of

Salem Mass. USA”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Jacob Crowninshield to TJ, 19 July.

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1 9 J U LY 1 8 0 5  Bentley had visited General John stark at his home near Derryfield on 28 May (The Diary of William Bentley, D.D.,

Pastor of the East Church, Salem, Massa­ chusetts, 4 vols. [Salem, Mass., 1905‑14], 3:160‑2, 173).

From Robert Brent Sir Washington July 19th. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing you a letter which has been address’d to me by Philip Williams—one of the persons in prison here, who stand convicted of Forgery— I have stated in my answer to Williams that I have forwarded his letter to you,—& expressed,1—at the same time a doubt, whether you could, were you so disposed, alter the mode of punishment in the manner he proposes— You have already, no doubt, been fully apprised of his case, and probably his letter to me is only a repetition of a request already made known to you. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of respect & Esteem, Sir, Your Obt Sert Robert Brent RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure: Philip Williams to Brent, Wash­ ington, 16 July, explaining that he wrote to the district marshal to request that he serve out the remainder of his sentence in the navy, either as a free man or as a con­ vict, but has yet to receive a reply; he ap­ peals to Brent for assistance based on the

mayor’s former “disposition to befriend me” (RC in same). williams was convicted along with his associate Jacob Ray of counterfeiting notes of the Bank of the United States (Vol. 43:624n). 1

 MS: “expessed.”

From Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Salem 19th July 1805. Our worthy friend the Revd Wm. Bentley of this town has re­ quested me to transmit the enclosed letter to you, and I assure you I comply with the greatest pleasure, it has some relation to the brave Genl Starks, who gained the battle of Bennington, this hero of the North, who has now passed his 75th year, possesses all the fire of youth, he is the firm republican and the warm friend of your excellent administration. If you could feel it proper to express only a look of favour towards him in his old age, I am certain it would be most gratefully received. he is rich in property, but a word from you would be most gratifying, his character for probity and honor is unimpeached.  73 

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Mr. Bentley, who has lately visited him, tells me that a single line from you would be a rich treasure for him, the value of which he would never forget. Mr. Bentley himself is a very respectable citizen. I have known him for twenty years that he has been in the ministry in this place, where he has uniformly supported the best reputation. no man respects you more than that gentleman. our political opponents have lavished upon him too, all the venom of their rage, but the injury is nothing, and imitating a great example, he has long since learnt to pity their folly, and like him, ever conscious of possessing the purest innocence of heart, he reposes himself in the greatest security. “the storm passes over him, and it is gone.” A genuine republican, with a reputation fair and unspotted, and a mind enlarged by the most generous feel­ ings, and talents far above the common lot of mortals. he has been a mark for the arrows of federalism. they have however, fallen pointless at his feet. A warm and sincere friendship for Mr Bentley has obliged me to say so much in his behalf, and I really could not say less on this occasion. Allow me respected Sir to subscribe myself your devoted friend & obliged humble servt. Jacob Crowninshield RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Honble. Thos Jefferson President of the US. Wash­ ington”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Mrs.

Charles L. Hoskins, Seneca Falls, New York, 1950); in Crowninshield’s hand. En­ closure: William Bentley to TJ, 18 July.

From Gideon Granger Dr Sir, General Post Office July 19th. 1805. Yours of the 14th. inclosing Mr. Redick’s letter; & the Maysville petition was duly received. Of Mr Redick I know nothing. In the course of a few days, and as soon as a due attention to the more press­ ing business of the office will admit, I shall take the liberty to trans­ mit to you, a detailed view of the case, for your opinion. I have closed contracts for the establishment of a line of mail‑coaches, from Wheel­ ing Va. through the State of Ohio, to Frankfort Ky: when these lines go into operation all the States will be knit together by lines of pub­ lic cariages. The terms are Seven thousand five hundred dollars per annum and one years pay made in advance. I have also selected two faithful, enterprising, hardy Young Woodsmen and established one of them at Cayahoga, the other at Detroit, so as to secure a regular mail to the latter place. The mails to Detroit & St Louis are raised  74 

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from once in two weeks to weekly mails and I think we have reason to hope for a vast improvement on both these lines. Mr Wheaton returned from Coweta on the 17th. His arrangements have been examined and to me are highly satisfactory. I believe that part of the road will be performed with regularity & Spirit. He has procured some good steady persons to move into the Indian Country & make establishments, at the more important Streams, where slats will be kept. He has obtained the consent of the Indians to erect houses at such places and to cultivate such portions of land as they may want, but he supposes it essentially necessary that some of the smaller Streams should have trees fallen across them & that the road should be blazed & the logs & underbrush cleared out to insure the certain arrival of the mails in the months of January, February & March: months possibly the most important to the Nation as they are always embraced by the Session of Congress. To effect this, funds are neces­ sary and I do not feel myself possessed of either authority or funds for that purpose. He offers if it would be desirable to you to visit Mon­ ticello & to communicate all the information he has acquired: & he gives it as his decided opinion that we cannot calculate upon a regu­ lar mail, from Fort Stoddert to New Orleans in any other way than by water communication. We have now transmitted nine mails from this office for New Orleans on the new route, but have never received a single mail from New Orleans on that route, nor have we any intel­ ligence from Abrahams later than the 25th of May. To account for this is impossible. I think there really is reason to fear he is dead and I know not how to proceed under these circumstances. The derange­ ment & public disappointment will doubtless be great. I have ordered all the horses & riders to be kept at their stands and mails regularly to depart from this City to New Orleans. I have this day also written to Govr. Claiborne requesting him if the line is not arranged by the time the letter arrives, to take measures for its establishment & I pray your advice, whether under the circumstances it would be prudent to incur the expence of another agency into that Country, at present. I have received information from Govr. Claiborne, that the Marquis Cassa Calvo has consented to our running the mail, through the Ter­ ritories claimed by the Crown of Spain and that measures are taken to establish a ferry for our accommodation at Lake Ponchrtrain. In a late conversation I mentioned to you, Sir, that the Government owned a very valuable pinery, commencing on the North side of lake St. Clair & extending up the river & lake Huron to a place called White rock, & that I had been credibly informed by a number of Gentlemen, that great waste was committed upon the timber, frequently by our  75 

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own Citizens & occasionally by those of Upper Canada. This Pinery must be of great value to the public, but to those who are soon to re­ side on the waters of the lakes, its value is incalculable. The scarcity of the article in the Western World, & the facility of transporting it for hundreds of miles, will demonstrate the truth of this assertion. Indeed, Sir, it appeared to me of such importance that I took the lib­ erty of pressing the Commissioner on the part of the United States, to extinguish the Indian title, to that tract of Country which lies east of White rock, & of Gnadenhutten, which lies about 16 miles west of lake St Clair. I know of no pinery, excepting this, and one of about 600 acres which I own1 near Ashtabula, on those waters. From this it will be evident that my advice was not influenced by personal considerations. A friend of mine at Buffaloe creek in his letter of the 4th. adds this postscript “Capt. Whipple from Fort Wayne has just now arrived & states that the treaty is closed & a purchase made—he is only in­ formed that the sum given is 30,000$. 5.000, cash in hand, & the rest in five equal annual instalments but knows not how much land is purchased.” The steady pressure of my contracters upon me banished from my mind, my engagement to communicate the facts in relation to the pinery, in writing. I pray you, Sir to accept the assurances of my perfect attachment & Respect Gidn Granger RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 July and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 28, LPG). Tr, an extract con­ sisting of the paragraph beginning “In a late conversation” (DNA: RG 59, MLR; in William A. Burwell’s hand, written as two paragraphs with the second one be­ ginning at “The scarcity”; at head of text: “Extract of a letter from Gideon Granger to the President UStates dated Post Office General Post Office July 19th 1805”); en­ closed in TJ to Madison, 23 July. intelligence from abrahams: in March, Francis Abraham, the postmaster at Orange Springs, Virginia, received a contract to carry the mail between Coweta

and New Orleans “in six days & an half at ten dollars a mile by the year.” He was also to report on the condition of the route and the “prices & conveniencies” of feed­ ing his horses (Granger to Abraham, 15 Mch., FC in Lb in DNA: RG 28, LPG; Vol. 44:406). commissioner: Charles Jouett. For the treaty he negotiated with the Wyandots, Ottawas, Ojibwas, and other tribes, see Dearborn to TJ, 29 July. The tract of country in southeastern Michigan de­ scribed by Granger was not ceded until 1807 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:105‑7). treaty is closed: for the negotiations in Indiana Territory, see William Henry Harrison to TJ, 18 June and 29 Aug.

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1 Preceding

three words interlined.

From Benjamin H. Latrobe Dear Sir, Ironhill, July 19th. 1805 near Elkton Maryland Since my departure from Washington, I find by constant corre­ spondence with Mr Lenthall, that all the works at Washington are regularly going on.—A difficulty has however occurred in procuring the boards for the roof of the Capitol of heart pine 12 inches broad.— Mr King the Timber merchant at Georgetown has declined engaging to supply them on any terms. I have therefore written to Mr Lenthall and desired him, either to dispense with the requisite of the boards being entirely of heart, or to apply to Mr Dublois or some other new England trader for information as to the means & rate of obtaining a sufficient supply of White pine. The New England white pine is the timber employed by Palmer in the erection of all his bridges, and has a good reputation as to durability. Besides the situation in which it is to be used is perhaps as free from any cause of decay as any other can possibly be. We shall further have the advantage of being able to pro­ cure our boards of greater width,—at an average I suppose 15 inches, and the whole roof will be at least 10  Cent lighter. I should also think that the best white pine, in large quantity could be had from 16 to 20$  Thousand, while in Philadelphia, good yellow heart would cost from 28 to 30, & I suppose not much less in Washington.—I shall soon hear the result of his enquiries & communicate it to You.— I have a letter this day from Mifflin informing me that your Iron will go by the first Vessel to Richmond, & as his letter is dated the 12th. it is probably already on board.—I have also thought it right to secure as much Iron for covering the Capitol as possible, least this long draught should put us into the same predicament we were in with the President’s house, when no Slabs could possibly be had from the forges, for want of water in the Mill streams.—There is now at Washington Gutter Iron enough to cover the Offices of the Presidents house as soon as they are finished.— Mr Lenthall in his last letter informs me, that the doors of the Offices at the East end do not fall in between the Columns. I am en­ tirely at a loss to conceive how this can have happened, as in the plan I sent on, which agreed very nearly with Your original design I had been particularly attentive to this circumstance. The defect however will be hid whenever the Colonnade is put up.—By this days post I have sent to him sections in detail which will regulate the covering of the building so as to lay the platform 4 Inches below the principal floor of the President’s house. I have allowed these 4 Inches, in order to give a proper drip for the Water which beats against the East Wall  77 

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& Window & falls from the Selle,—and which will now run upon the platform to escape clearly into the first Gutter, otherwise it will as­ suredly beat into the room. If you should however think it too much it may be lessened. I regret also exceedingly a misunderstanding by which the North wall of the Offices has been carried up in the rough stone of the falls, instead of the rough freestone of the public Quarry at Acquia, a large quantity of which is on hand, and which stands the public in only 3.$ 75 cts  Ton. It was quarried last Year, in order to effect a better bargain with the proprietors of quarries, by a Show of working the public Quarry: an attempt which perfectly succeeded, & the expense of which was trebly repaid in the diminished terms of the contracts. I am well convinced by experience that no Stucco can stand on the North side of the building so near to the ground,—and that we had much better not attempt to put it on. In looking over my books, I find1 in Professor Gilly’s great work on practical Architecture (Berlin 1800) a very compleat treatise on the Delorme roof. Every thing that has been done or written on the sub­ ject has been collected by him with German industry & correctness. He himself has constructed very many & large Domes & other roofs on this construction. I will send to you, as soon as I can possible make it, an extract of all he says on the subject. In the course of my searches among the variety of books I possess, I have found a description of an artificial Slate, (stone paper ([.  .  .]) invented by Professor Arfried Faxe of Carlscrona in Sweden. Most respectable testimonials of its durability accompany the description,— which is not by the inventor but by Dr. Georgi of Petersburg,—an impartial witness. For as the inventor has refused to discover his com­ position, Georgi has subjected it to chemical analysis & finds it to con­ sist of, 1., The common pulp used by paper makers in the composi­ tion of pasteboard. 2., Vitriol (sulphat of Iron I suppose) and 3., earth He gives a long process by which it can be made.—He supposes that a species of petrifaction takes place in the composition. It may be sawed & planed, but soon dulls the tools. A Ship has been covered with it, which has made two Voyages to India, without any perceptible injury to the composition. It has been buried in the Earth, exposed to Frost, to Heat, to constant wet without damage. It is flexible & can be made in very large pieces. Its price is half the price of Tile. With so many wonderful qualities, it is extraordinary that it should since the Year 1785 not have come into more general use on the Europaean conti­ nent. And yet I do not find that its use even in Sweden has been very general.—  78 

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 In the course of a very short time I will do myself the favor to trans­ mit all the information on the roof which I can give, and request your ideas on the subject. I find that both in France & Germany many de­ viations from Delorme’s manner have been advantageously practised. With the truest respect I am Your faithful hble Servt B Henry Latrobe P.S. I have within a few days removed myself & family to this place where I enjoy perhaps the first wholesome air that is breathed N West­ ward of the Seacoast.—The nearest post Office is at Elkton about 4 Miles distant. I am here in the Center of my operations on the Canal and if the woods were not in the way I could by turning round on the Same spot discover Philadelphia, Wilmington, Newcastle, & Port penn. I can now see at the same time the Deleware, and the Chesapeake.— RC (DLC); two words illegible; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL. great work: David Gilly’s Handbuch der Land‑bau‑kunst. An English translation of Johann Gott­ lieb Georgi’s analysis, “Experiments Made to ascertain the Composition of the

Swedish Stone Paper or Artificial Slate,” appeared in the Philosophical Magazine of London (Philosophical Magazine: Com‑ prehending the Various Branches of Science, the Liberal and Fine Arts, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, 3 [1799], 158‑64). 1

 Latrobe here canceled “a description.”

From Pierre Chouteau Monsieur [before 20 July 1805] Mr Le Capn Lewis ayant envoyé par sa barge revenue derniere­ ment du haut Missoury, des Pies, un faisan, et un chien de prairye avec deux Malles qui suivant ses instructions doivent vous etre en­ voyés, Je les ai fait descendre à la Nouvelle Orleans et les ai addressé à Mr Le gouverneur Clayborn, J’ai cru que cette Voye etoit La plus sure pour que ces animaux arrivent sain et sauf à Federal city. Mr Le capn Lewis a envoyé quarante‑cinq Sauvages des nations du haut du Missoury pour etre envoyés au siege du gouvernement mais la saison des chaleurs etant trop defavorables pour faire voyager des sauvages accoutumés aux païs froids, comme eux mêmes l’ont exprimé dans les conseils que j’ai tenu avec eux, Mr Le gouverneur Harrison et moi avons jugé plus à propos et même de necessité abso­ lue de remettre ce voyage à L’automne et de reunir en même tems Les Sackias et Renards deja demandés par le gouvernement En conse­ quence plusieurs de ces Sauvages sont retournés dans leurs nations et je vais faire partir un parti de Sioux actuellement ici pour le plus  79 

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proche village de leur nation etabli sur La rivière des Moens d’ou ils reviendront à la fin de Septembre prochain pour se reunir aux diffe­ rens chefs des autres nations et aux Sakias et Renards deja demandés par le gouvernement que je serai pret a conduire a Federal city. J’ai L’honneur d’etre avec Le plus profond respect Monsieur Votre trés humble et très obeissant serviteur Pre. Chouteau e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, [before 20 July 1805] On his barge that recently arrived from the upper Missouri, Captain Lewis sent magpies, a pheasant, a prairie dog, and two trunks, with instructions that they be relayed to you. I have dispatched them to New Orleans, in care of Governor Claiborne. That seemed the surest way for the animals to arrive healthy and safe in the federal city. Captain Lewis dispatched 45 natives of the upper Missouri nations to be sent to the capital, but it is too dangerous for them to travel in the warm sea­ son when they are so accustomed to cold climates, as they themselves stated in our meetings. Governor Harrison and I judged it more appropriate and even imperative to postpone their trip until fall, and then to include the Sacs and Foxes whom the government requested. As a result, several of the natives have returned to their nations and I plan to send some of the Sioux who are here to the nearest of their nation’s villages on the Des Moines River. They will return at the end of September to join the different chiefs of other na­ tions as well as the Sacs and Foxes the government requested. I will be happy to bring them to the federal city. With deepest respect, Sir, I have the honor of being your very humble and obedient servant. Pre. Chouteau RC (DLC); undated; addressed: “Mr T: Jefferson President of the United States ”; “Monticello” interlined by a different hand in place of “Washington city”; postmarked Wash­ ington, D.C., 20 July; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL.

un faisan: literally translated, a pheas­ ant, but Chouteau likely meant the sharp‑tailed grouse, or prairie hen, that Meriwether Lewis sent to TJ (Jackson, Lewis and Clark, 1:248‑9; Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr.).

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello July 20. 05. I now inclose you the two notes of 500. D. each to be discounted in the bank of Columbia. I have dated them on the first discounting day of that bank, after the first discounting day of the month at the Wash­ ington bank so as to have the aid of the latter bank if necessary; this occasions their dates to be some days later than I wished; but if that  80 

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of September be too late for your purpose, return it to me and I will fix such earlier date as shall suit you. I had the hottest journey I ever went through in my life, & the most distressing to my horses. a thunder shower caught us in an uninhab­ ited road, and we were travelling an hour & a half in it, the water falling in solid sheets. in five minutes from the beginning every drop that fell pierced to the skin. I have felt no inconvenience from it. mr Burwell stopped at Dr. Willis’s about 25 miles off and was to have come on yesterday, but has not. possibly he may feel ill effects from the long soaking. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Barnes.” Enclosure: promissory note to Barnes, 14 Aug., for $500 payable at the Bank of Columbia 60 days after date for value received (MS in MHi; in TJ’s hand; subsequently canceled by diagonal strokes; notation in Barnes’s hand: “taken up  J Barnes—this 15 Oct 1805. and passed

to the Credit of the President in a∕c with J  Barnes”). Other promissory note not found, but see TJ to Barnes, 23 Aug. about 25 miles off: the Orange County home of Dr. John Willis and his wife, Nelly Conway Madison Willis (rs, 2:106n).

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington July 20th. 1805 Mr. John T Mason & family having been three days at my house, I have had a favourable opportunity for conversing fully with him on the subject you proposed, but it is with regret that I have to inform you that he is immovably fixed in his determination not to accept any office at present, the duties of which, would in the smallest degree detach his personal attentions from his private concerns.—he has con­ sented to write to you on the subject and to state the principle grounds of his objections to the proposed appointment.— I have received a letter from Robinson & Dinsmore, in which they give a consice account of their meeting with the Chocktaws and of some conference which had taken place, from which it appears that there is very little reason for expecting a successfull issue to the Treaty, I expect soon a more particular account of the result, which I will forward to you by the earliest conveyance.— permit me Sir to suggest for concideration the propriety of offering the appointment, as a temporery thing, to Sullivan, he could not I presume hold it longer than until march next but it might give you time to sound any other candidate, and to be more fully satisfied as to  81 

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an ultimate appointment. the thought is altogether new to me, & the suggestion will probably deserve very little notice.— with sentiments of the highest esteem & most respectfull concider­ ation, I am, Sir Your Obedt. Huml Servt. H. Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and “J. T. Mason. Robinson & Dinsmore. Sullivan” and so recorded in SJL.

you proposed: TJ to Dearborn, 14 July, regarding the office of attorney general. robinson & dinsmore: James Rob­ ertson and Silas Dinsmoor (Dearborn to TJ, 25 Mch. 1805).

From John Thomson Mason Dear Sir George Town 20th July 1805. Having no expectation that you would remain in the City after the 1st. of July I did not promise to myself the pleasure of seeing you. But having arrived here on the 16th my regret was unavoidably excited when I heard you had only left it on the day before. Gen. Dearborne has communicated to me a message from you, re­ specting the place of A.G. of the U.S., and has very earnestly pressed me to authorise him to say to you that I would serve in that office. Your appointments are always directed by the only motives which ought in such cases to govern, and therefore it is that I am highly flattered by this evidence of the good opinion that you entertain of me. Do not my Dear Sir suppose that I hold myself exempt from the duties which every man owes to society; or that light reasons could induce me on this occasion to persevere, in opposition to your wishes, to withdraw myself, as far as I can, for the space of two years, from every thing but my own private affairs. This determination results from necessity, not from a selfish motive to consult my own case, or to indulge new whims. I always supposed, what a few months expe­ rience has proved, that in leaving a laborious profession, I was about to engage in pursuits not less laborious, or less subject to anxiety and perplexity. But when you are told that I have been eighteen years engaged in professional business, and for the last twelve so entirely, that I have not been able to devote one day to my private concerns, that in this period I have been executor Guardian or Trustee to four considerable estates; you will I am sure agree with me that I owe it to my own family, to those whose interests have been confided to me, to my feelings, and to my reputation, to embrace this first opportunity that has presented itself to put these things to rights.  82 

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 These considerations combined with others not necessary to be enumerated compel me to decline the Honor you intend me Accept if you please the assurances of the high respect and sincere friendship of Your Obedt Servt John T. Mason RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL.

message from you: TJ to Dearborn, 14 July; see also Dearborn to TJ, 20 July.

From Philip Mazzei

20 Luglio, 1805

Avevo già tradotto da una gazzetta Americana il 2do. suo discorso inaugurale (che non è punto inferiore al primo) quando, colla gra­ tissma. sua dei 10 Marzo, anno corrente, l’ò ricevuto direttamente da Lei. L’ò gradito sommamente, come pure lo scritto pubblicato in Bos­ ton, il quale con gran mio dispiacere non posso tradurre, perchè per esser bene inteso ci vorrebbero delle note, per far le quali son neces­ sarie varie notizie che mi mancano, e non trovo persona qua che possa darmele. Ò ricevuto nel tempo stesso la lettera di Mr. Latrobe, del che pure La ringrazio di vero cuore, poichè devo a Lei l’onore e la consolazione di potermi impiegare in qualche cosa riguardante la cara mia Patria adottiva! Egli richiede a first rate Sculptor in the particular branch of Architectural decoration, able to model, and with him another good, though inferior, workman as his assistant. Brama in oltre di sapere, se Canova intraprenderebbe l’esecuzione of a sitting figure of liberty in white marble 9 feet in height, when sitting, e per qual somma. Pari­ mente per qual somma n’eseguirebbe the model in plaister; e non volendo incaricarsene, as he must now be an old man (egli dice) what would be the price of such a statue, or such a model, by the Artist he should recommend, as in his opinion the nearest to himself in merit. Per far’una buona scelta, bisogna ch’io vada a Roma e passi di Fi­ renze, e per non risvegliar la cupidigia degli Artisti, procuri che sia ignorata la mia commissione. Ò scritto subito a Mr. Appleton, che non la notifichi a veruno. Le domande che devo fare a Canova, e il con­ tegno che tenrò (convenuto con qualche amico) potranno far sì, ch’io sia ricercato in vece di ricercare. Poco prima di ricever la sopradda. sua, ne avevo ricevuta una dalla moglie del nostro Amico Fabbroni, con una breve aggiunta di Lui medesimo, nella quale mi pregano ambidue di far pervenire a Lei una  83 

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supplica della disgraziata Vedova Ceracchi, e d’interessarmi anch’io a favor di quell’infelice. Non risposi allora completamente  man­ canza di tempo. Veddi poi Mr. Appleton, dal quale intesi che la Ve­ dova aveva già fatto sentire in America il suo misero stato; che il marito vi era venuto alla ventura, e non richiesto; che essendo costà, domandò a vari membri del Congresso di poter fare i loro busti; che partendo indebitato, diede ai creditori degli assegni per il valore dei di. busti (che furon pagati, benchè ricevuti in dono), e varie altre cose, che per brevità tralascio. Mi disse, che aveva ordine di dire il tutto alla Sigra. Ceracchi; me lo fece leggere in una lettera da lui scritta alla medesima (in uno stile,  quanto parve a me, non molto confacente a una persona disgraziata), e mi pregò d’includerla al Fabbroni, affinchè Le ne facesse pervenire, non avendo egli potuto sapere, in un’anno di ricerche, dove indirizzarlene. Così feci, e Fabbroni mi rispose: “Non abbiamo ancor determinato, se convenga mandarle la Lettera che per Lei ci accludete, giacchè potrebbe aggravar pena a quella donna infe­ lice.” Mr. Appleton insistendo, che la lettera deve aver corso, essendo suo dovere (dic’egli) di comunicarne il contenuto alla Vedova riscrissi, e Fabbroni mi à risposto come segue: “Vi scrivo in un momento, nel quale non posso domandare a mia moglie che cosa abbia fatto della lettera  la povera Ceracchi, donna amabile, culta, di tratto gentile, e sopramodo infelice. Credo per altro che non l’avrà spedita, parendo a me troppo dura cosa mandar rimproveri a chi chiede elemosina. La povera Ceracchi aveva trovato in Vienna una Sigra., che Le aveva fatto sperare di prenderla  governante. Mia moglie nella sua tenuità Le procurò il modo di fare il viaggio. La persecuzione la inseguì da Roma fino a Vienna, e quella disgraziata donna, indiziata per moglie di Giacobino, restò abbandonata alla miseria.” Son perplesso riguardo alla resoluzione da prendere su questo soggetto. Mr. Appleton mi dice, che non dovrei dar corso alla lettera, o sia supplica della Vedova di­ retta al Presidente. Siccome il bastimento che porterà il mio plico non è di pronta partenza, indugierò a decidermi dopo d’aver parlato con Fabbroni, la cui moglie, bella quanto Md. di Condorcet, altrettanto culta, il cui solo aspetto basta per far concepire l’estrema dolcezza e tenerezza del suo cuore, s’interessa infinitamente per la povera Vedova, come suol fare per tutti gl’infelici che non ànno demeriti. Le includo la procura che à la bontà richiedermi, e Le son molt’obbligato della premura che vuol darsi per ricuperarmi la mia casa e Lot in Richmond, il cui prodotto bramerei che mi fosse rimesso in buon caffè di Martinicca, o in zucchero in pani (mentre sia raffinato in America) o in polvere (purchè sia bianco e asciutto) o in qualche  84 

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prodotto dell’Indie, non di lusso, mentre per altro Ella potesse darne l’incombenza a qualche persona, suscettibile d’avere a cuore l’interesse d’un Concittadino assente. Se mi perviene il ritratto di Mrs. Bellini, Lo darò alla persona più degna di possederlo, a norma di quanto mi significa. Riguardo ai magliuoli di uva di Smirne senza vinaccioli, dei quali Ella mi dice che un solo sopravvisse, spero che avrà da qualche tempo ricevuto la cassa contenente 322 barbatelle di varie uva (23 delle quali di uva di Smirne come avrà veduto dalla nota) le quali non sono soggette a perire come i magliuoli, e dalle quali spero che avrà l’uva il 2do. anno, e forse il primo. La da. cassa e 4 cassette di fragole d’ogni mese partiron messe a bordo dello Schooner Dolphin, Capn. Williams, che fece vela da Liv.  Fil. il 18 Marzo. Avrà ricevuto nel tempo stesso, anche il libro del Fabbroni mandato  mezzo di Mr. Appleton, il tutto spedito nel do. bastimento, con direzione to the care of Mr. Muhlenburgh Collector for that port.+ Nella mia dei 15 xbre Le partecipai la speranza che avevo allora, che potesse aver già ricevuta quella dei 30 Agosto dal Timpanari, le cui buone nuove (soggiunsi) aspetto con grande ansietà &c. &c. Quando ricevei la sopradda. sua dei 10 Marzo, quantunque io ne avessi per­ duta la speranza, pure ne feci ricerca (ma col cuor palpitante) tra quelle che mi annunzia d’aver ricevute. Se ne avrò il tempo e il co­ raggio, Le ne manderò la copia da F. prima di partir  R. come pure la manderò a Mr. Madison di quella che gli avevo data  lui; Egli s’imbarcò nello Schooner John Adams, Capn. Ramsdell, che fece vela da Livorno  Filadelfia il 10 di 7bre. Il bastimento era ottimo, il Capno. bravo ed esperto, e finora non se ne sa nulla. Qual Concitta­ dino abbiamo perduto! Mi continui la sua benevolenza, e si accerti che da veruno può esser più corrisposto, che dal Suo Vero Amico e Servo, F. M. +Mi

dispiacerebbe molto che non giungessero a salvamento le fragole neppur questa volta, perchè niuna altra qualità le supera in bontà, e si mangiano quasi 8 mesi dell’anno. La sola cosa che posso mandarle in questo tempo sono i noccioli delle 3 migliori qualità di Albiccoche, che ò messi tutti in un Sacchetto, La minor quantità (cuciti in un cencio) 3. sono delle primaticcie, rosse, e piccole, di ottimo sapore. 2. Quelli cuciti in un’altro cencio più grande, sono di una qualità nuova, battezzate da me col nome di Angeliche, di grandezza mediocre, di color pagliato, e di delicatissimo sapore. 4. La maggior quantità (­sciolti nel sacchetto) sono d’Apricot‑Peche, e le produrranno costà, come quà  85 

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e in Linguadoca, di meglior sapore che nelle vicinanze di Parigi. Al­ cuni non nascono il pmo. anno, e specialmente quando son molto prosciugati. Gradirei molto di poter avere un barile, o due, di mele di New‑York. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



20 July 1805 I had already translated from an American gazette your second inaugural speech (which is in no way inferior to the first) when, with your most wel­ comed letter of 10 March of the current year, I received it directly from you. I have seen it with the greatest pleasure, along with the text published in Boston, which I am awfully sorry I cannot translate. In order for it to be fully understood, some notes are needed, which I cannot produce. I miss several pieces of information, nor am I able to find a person here who may be able to provide them to me. At the same time I have received the letter from Mr. Latrobe, for which I truly thank you, since you afford me the honor and satisfaction of carrying out a task in the interest of my dear adoptive homeland! He asks for “a first rate sculptor in the particular branch of architectural decoration, able to model, and with him another good, though inferior, workman as his assistant.” He also desires to know whether Canova would take up the task of producing “a sitting figure of liberty in white marble nine feet in height, when sitting,” and for what amount of money. Similarly, for what amount would he produce “the model in plaster,” and in case he would not take up the task, “as he must now be an old man” (he writes) “what would be the price of such a statue, or such a model, by the artist he should recommend, as in his opinion the near­ est to himself in merit.” In order to make a good choice, it will be necessary for me to go to Rome and pass through Florence. As I do not want to awaken the greed of the art­ ists, I will need to keep my task unknown to them. I have immediately notified Mr. Appleton that he should not let anyone know about it. The ques­ tions I have to ask Canova and the demeanor I will maintain (on which I agreed with some friends) are possibly going to make me the person sought after rather than the seeker. A little time before receiving your abovementioned letter, I had received one from the wife of our friend Fabbroni, with a short addendum by him, in which they ask me to forward you a petition from the poor Widow Ceracchi and to take at heart the case of that unhappy person. I did not answer fully then for lack of time. I then saw Mr. Appleton, from which I learned that the widow had already made her miserable state known in America; that her husband had come there in search of opportunities, with no invitation; that while being there he had asked various members of Congress to be allowed to make busts for them; that, in departing with debts, he gave his creditors some checks for the value of said busts (which had been paid, though re­ ceived as gifts), and several other things, which I forego for the sake of brev­ ity. He said that he was under orders of informing Mrs. Ceracchi of the whole matter, and showed me a letter he had drafted to her (in a style, it seemed to me, not very suitable to a person affected by such a tragedy), and he entreated

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2 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5 me to forward it to Fabbroni, so that he may send it to you. He had not been able, in a whole year of searching, to determine where to address it. This I did, and Fabbroni answered: “I have yet to decide whether it would be right to forward her the letter you include, since it may increase the suffer­ ing of that unhappy woman.” Upon Mr. Appleton’s insistence that the letter should be sent, since (he says) it is his duty to share its contents with the widow, I wrote again, and Fabbroni replied as follows: “I write at a time in which I cannot ask my wife what she has done with the letter addressed to the poor Ceracchi, a lovely and learned woman, of gentle manners and in­ credibly unhappy. I am convinced, in truth, that she has not sent it, since it seems to me too harsh a course of action to reply with a scolding to a person asking for alms. The poor Ceracchi had found in Vienna a lady who had in­ stilled in her the hopes of hiring her as a governess. My wife, in spite or her modest means, managed to fund her journey. The persecution, however, fol­ lowed her from Rome to Vienna, and the unfortunate woman, indicted as the wife of a Jacobin, ended up in poverty.” I am uncertain on the eventual course of action I should take in this matter. Mr. Appleton tells me I should not forward the widow’s letter, or rather supplication, to the president. Since the ship that will deliver my parcel is not going to leave soon, I will linger in my indecision until I will have spoken to Fabbroni, whose wife—who is as beau­ tiful as Madame de Condorcet and just as learned, and whose sole outlook is sufficient to convince you of the sweet and tender heart she has—is incredibly invested in the poor widow’s case, as she is wont to doing for all those be­ fallen by undeserved misfortunes. I enclose the power of attorney to act on my behalf that you so kindly re­ quested from me. I am much obliged for the interest you decided to take in recovering my house and lot in Richmond. I would like the profit to be sent to me in good coffee from Martinique or in loaves of sugar (as long as it has been refined in America) or in powder (as long as it is white and dry) or in some other product of the Indies, not of a luxury kind, as long as you could task with the trouble someone who may take to heart the interest of an absent compatriot. If I will receive the portrait of Mrs. Bellini, I will give it to the person who is most worthy of having it, following your indications. As for the vine shoots of Smyrna grapes with no seeds, about which you write that only one survived, I hope that you will have by now received the trunk containing 322 grape roots (23 of the Smyrna variety, as you will have seen in the note), which are not so subject to die as the shoots. I hope you will have grapes from them the second year, and perhaps the first. The said trunk and four boxes of every‑month strawberries were shipped on board of the Schooner Dolphin, Captain Williams, which set sail from Leghorn to Phila­ delphia on 18 March. In the meanwhile you will have received also the book by Fabbroni, sent via Mr. Appleton. All this was sent out via the said ship, addressed “to the care of Mr. Muhlenberg, collector for that port.”+ In my letter of 15 December I shared the hope I had at that time that you had already received the letter dated 30 August from Timpanari, “good news about whom” (I added) “I await with great anxiety,” etc. etc. When I received the said letter from you of 10 March, although I had lost hope, still I looked for it (with a trembling heart) among those for which you acknowledged receipt. If I will find the time and the strength, I will send you a copy from

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2 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Florence before leaving for Rome, as I will send a copy to Mr. Madison of the letter I gave Timpanari for him. He boarded the schooner John Adams, Cap­ tain Ramsdell, which set sail from Leghorn to Philadelphia on 10 September. The ship was suberb, the captain skilled and expert, and yet nothing has been heard of it. What a compatriot we have lost! Please, keep your benevolence for me and be certain that no one may recip­ rocate in fuller measure than you true friend and servant, F. M.  +I would be very sorry if the strawberries were, once again, not to reach you safely. No other variety beats their taste, and they are available for almost eight months a year. The only thing I can send you at this time are the stones of the three best variety of apricots, which I have put in a little bag. Sewn up in a small rag, you will find three stones for the early variety: red, small, and with the best of flavors. The two stones you will find sewn up in another, larger rag belong to a new variety, which I have christened with the name Angeliche: they are midsized, of straw‑like color, and of the most delicate flavor. The greatest quantity (loose in the bag) belongs to the apricot‑peach variety: they will yield there, just as they do here and in Languedoc, fruits tasting better than they do in the vicinity of Paris. Some will not grow the first year, especially when the stones are very dry. I really wish I could have a barrel or two of New York apples. Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as received 2 Nov. from Pisa. Enclosures: (1) Dupl of Therese Ceracchi to TJ, 10 Mch. (2) Power of at­ torney, not found (see TJ to Mazzei, 10 Mch.). Enclosed in Thomas Appleton to TJ, 8 Aug. suo discorso inaugurale: a copy of TJ’s second inaugural address, in English and in Mazzei’s hand, is in the Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence, Italy. It appears to be a copy from an English‑language source, not a translation by Mazzei.

lo scritto pubblicato in boston: see TJ to Mazzei, 10 Mch. la lettera di mr. latrobe: Benja­ min H. Latrobe wrote to Mazzei on 6 Mch. (Latrobe, Correspondence, 2:21‑4; TJ to Thomas Appleton, 10 Mch.). Mazzei replied to Latrobe on 20 July that he was obliged to him and the president for the chance of being of service to his adopted country (Margherita Marchione and oth­ ers, eds., Philip Mazzei: Selected Writings and Correspondence, 3 vols. [Prato, Italy, 1983], 3:390). For the portrait of Gaspara Farolfi bellini, see TJ to Mazzei, 10 Mch.

To James Oldham Dear Sir Monticello July 20. 05. I am informed that James Hemings my servant has put himself under your superintendance until he can hear from me on the subject of his return. I can readily excuse the follies of a boy and therefore his return shall ensure him an entire pardon. during my absence hereafter I should place him with Johnny Hemings and Lewis at house‑joiner’s work. if you will get him a passage in the Richmond stage I will get mr Higginbotham to pay his fare on his arrival at Milton. Accept my best wishes Th: Jefferson  88 

2 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5  PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Old­ ham”; endorsed by TJ.

 i am informed: see Oldham to TJ, 16 July.

Petition of Robert Rankin, with Jefferson’s Order The humble Petition of Robert Rankin Humbly Sheweth That Your unfortunate Petitioner has been Confined in the Gaol of Alexandria Since the 20th day of March 1804 on a fine, which he is unable to pay, and has no hopes of Relief from his present Confinement, but from the Clemencey of Your Excellencey, Your Petitioner is far advanced in Years, having Served in the Revolutionary War during the entire of it, in the fifth Maryland line, Therefore hopes Your Ex­ cellencey will extend Mercey to him, and Your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray Robert Rankin July 20th 1805 The Undersigned Judges being Satisfied that the Petitioner Robert Rankin is unable to Pay his fine And, in Consideration of his long imprisonment and his having received the other part of the Sentence do respectfully recommend to the President of the United States to Grant the Prayer of his Petition W Kilty W. Cranch. [Order by TJ:] July 25. 05. Let a pardon issue

Th: Jefferson

RC (DNA: RG 59, GPR); at head of text: “To His Excellency Thos. Jefferson President of the United States”; recom­ mendation in William Kilty’s hand, signed by Kilty and William Cranch; endorsed by

TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL. TJ pardoned Rankin for his fine and costs on 30 July (FC in same).

From Daniel Strobel, Jr.

Liverpool 20th July 1805.

I owe to your Excellency my profound gratitude, for having been nominated by your Excellency in 1803 to the office of Consul of the United States for the port of Antwerp; which by a singular concur­ rence of events never reached my Knowledge, till after the period your  89 

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Excellency allotted for my acceptance of it in had expired, and Mr. Ridgeway substituted in my stead.— Many misfortunes have marked my life, subsequent to the honor your Excellency conferred on me on that occasion, which lead me to hope from the well known character of your Excellency, that your Excellency will pardon me for again trespassing upon your Excel­ lency’s attention; in doing which, I have also been encouraged by my estimable friend, our present minister at the Court of London, who has Kindly assured me that your Excellency will not consider it an intrusion. The object of my present application is humbly to solicit your Ex­ cellency’s protection, in the event of a vacancy occurring in the Con­ sulate of Liverpool; where I am recently establish’d with my family. I deem it indecorous to trouble your Excellency with a detail of my situation and circumstances;—too well calculated to excite the Com­ passion, and to wound the sensibility of your Excellency.— But in order that your Excelly. might be able to appreciate the magnitude of the service your Excelly. would render me, by doing me the honour to intrust me with the Consular duty in this port, when­ ever it may seem right to your Excellency, and by it, to measure the extent of what would be my gratitude, I have requested my friend Mr Short, to communicate to your Excellency, when at leisure, such par­ ticulars relative to my unhappy position, as will I hope justify me for presuming to lay my case before your Excellency.— I cannot take my leave of your Excellency without expressing my deep regret, that circumstances made it impossible to me to visit the seat of Government, subsequent to the introduction which Govr. Mon­ roe honored me with in his letter to your Excellency, deliver’d by Mr Short in 1802.—It would have greatly flattered my Vanity, and highly gratified my best feelings to have had the honor of being presented to your Excellency.— With great veneration for your Excelly’s Public and private char­ acter, I beg leave to subscribe myself Your Excellency’s Most devoted and faithful Servt. D Strobel Junr. RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at head of text: “To his Excellency Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 17 Oct. and “to be Consul Liverpool” and so recorded in SJL. Daniel Strobel (d. 1839), an American‑­ born merchant, was formerly a partner in

the firm Strobel & Martini, a Bordeaux mercantile house active in trade with the United States. In 1803, he was TJ’s choice as commercial agent at Antwerp and a blank commission was sent to Robert R. Livingston, the U.S. minister in France, with instructions to insert Strobel’s name. If he declined, Livingston was to insert the name of Jacob Ridgway, an established

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2 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Antwerp merchant. The spectacular fail­ ure of Strobel & Martini led Livingston to ignore TJ’s preference and give the commission to Ridgway. Following his firm’s demise, Strobel resided in England for a time before eventually returning to France. He received consular appointments at Nantes in 1815 and at Bordeaux the following year. Resigning in 1831, he re­ turned to the United States and served as deputy collector at New York. He died in New Haven (Silvia Marzagalli, Bordeaux

et les Etats‑Unis, 1776‑1815: Politique et stratégies négociantes dans la genèse d’un réseau commercial [Geneva, 2015], 358‑64; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 4:573‑4; 6:342; jep, 2:626‑7; 3:61‑2; 4:177; New‑York Spectator, 5 Dec. 1839; Vol. 41:612, 700n; Vol. 42:310). A letter from James monroe intro­ ducing Strobel has not been found. Wil­ liam short mentioned Strobel’s financial reverses in letters to TJ of 25 Oct. 1803 and 17 Jan. 1804.

From Joseph Anderson Sir Jefferson County Tennessee 21st July 1805— Haveing been informd that Mr Tremble had declind accepting the appointment of Commissioner for Setling landed claims—I take leave to recommend Luke Lea Esquire Attorney at Law (of Knoxville) as a proper Character to fill that appointment—he is deservedly esteemd a man of integrety—Sound Judgment, decent, respectable, and risieng talents—and if honor’d with the appointment of one of the Commis­ sioners, for setling the Claims to land, within the District of Orleans— will I have not a doubt, discharge the duties of the Office with honor to himself—and Satisfaction to the Government— With Sentiments of Very high Considan. I am most respectfully Jos: Anderson RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and “Lea Luke to be Comr. v. Tremble” and so recorded in SJL. James Trimble (tremble) wrote to Madison on 30 June declining his ap­ pointment as land commissioner for the

western district of Orleans Territory, cit­ ing “some recent Occurrences and the sit­ uation of my business” as reasons for re­ versing his earlier acceptance of the office (RC in DNA: RG 59, RD; endorsed by TJ: “Tremble James. declines appmt. Comr. West Orleans”).

To Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Monticello July 21. 05. Your favor of the 15th. has been duly recieved. with respect to the revenue cutters to be provided, I think we require two strong ones for Charleston & New Orleans. if I recollect rightly however that now at New Orleans is of pretty good force. if so, it might not be necessary to provide another. at Charleston I leave to yourself, as a better judge,  91 

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to decide what size is best for the double purpose of securing the revenue & protecting the commerce, to wit whether of 12. or 8. guns. not having seen the instructions for the Adams since the new modi­ fications, I can only give it as my opinion that so much of those in­ structions for protecting commerce as would not carry the revenue cutter too much beyond her proper cruising limits, & beyond the regu­ lar line of duty, should be given to such of them as may be in the way of giving protection. 2. the matter contained in the letters you inclose me, to & from Simonds, may perhaps furnish additional grounds for examination. whether it does or not, I think we cannot avoid setting on foot an enquiry on the anonymous letter.1 I had thought of Freneau: but if he be thought unwilling I should be puzzled to propose another. how would the district attorney do? I do not know who or what he is. all we want him to do is to seek out testimony & have it forwarded to us in the form of depositions. as you are in a better position than I am for enquiring for proper characters, I will ask you to make the selection. 3. I directed a commission for Van Pradelles before I left Washington. I propose returning to Washington about the beginning of Octo­ ber, as the frosts will then be set in or so near at hand, as to remove the fear of sickness. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Trea­ sury Washington”; franked; postmarked Milton, 22 July. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “revenue cutters. Simonds. Van Pradelle.” Thomas Parker was the U.S. district attorney for South Carolina (Vol. 33:513, 514n). Benedict F. van pradelles did not acknowledge receipt of his commission

until 31 Oct., when he wrote to Madison from New Orleans. He had set out for the city from the rapids of the Ohio on 26 July, but low water delayed his arrival until 30 Oct., when the commission finally came to hand (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Van Pradellas B. ac­ cepts appmt.”). 1 Preceding

four words interlined.

To Gibson & Jefferson

Monticello July 21. 05.

Th: Jefferson asks the favor of messrs. Gibson & Jefferson to send him by the first boat 1. doz. teacups & 1. doz. saucers of china of midling quality, also 1. doz. half pint tumblers and 1. doz. of a still smaller size, say a jill. the barrel form is preferred if to be had.  92 

2 1 J U LY 1 8 0 5  PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. TJ may have ordered the china tea‑ cups and saucers as replacements for

his daughter (see Martha Jefferson Ran­ dolph to TJ, 11 July). jill: that is, a gill.

To David Howell Dear Sir. Monticello July 21. 05. In the execution of the trust of granting pardons, as it is impossible the President should be personally acquainted with those circum­ stances which determine the propriety of granting or refusing, I have regularly had recourse to the district judge before whom the trial was, & who has heard all the circumstances of the case, & I have generally applied for his opinion thro’ the District attorney, whose opinion I also ask, as having tried the cause. On this ground I inclose you the peti­ tion of David Briggs in Providence jail under sentence for a breach of the revenue laws, asking the favor of you to procure the opinion of the judge before whom he was convicted, whether he considers the prisoner a proper object of pardon within the views of the law? and if imprisonment until he pays his fine should, from his poverty be equivalent to perpetual imprisonment, which the law could never in­ tend, then what term of imprisonment, should be substituted for the fine, after which & not before he should recieve a pardon. in convey­ ing to me the opinion of the judge, I shall be happy to be favored with your own also. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (RPB); addressed: “David Howell esq. Attorney for the US. in the District of Rhode island Providence”; franked;

postmarked Milton, 22 July; endorsed by Howell. PoC (DLC). Enclosure: Petition of David Briggs, 26 June, and enclosure.

Notes on Lease to Eli Alexander

[on or before 21 July 1805]

Alexr takes upon lease the whole of the 8. fields at Shadwell of 40. acres each1 heretofore laid off & leased with so much of Lego, as he shall prepare & inclose for culture between Shadwell & the2 part thereof leased to J.W.E. In considn of the lands being out of order & scarcely inclosed the 1st. year he pays no rent; the 2d year he pays rent for only half of Shadwell  93 

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the 3d year he pays rent for all Shadwell. the 4th. for all Shadwell & so much of Lego as he shall have prepared & inclosed, all at 1. D. pr. acre.      at Lego he may clear 8. as. annually where both parties shall agree, paying no rent for it the 1st. year, but 1. D. an acre every year after.      he covenants during his term to have all the leased lands well inclosed, & so to leave them at the end of his term      lease to commence   1805. &3 to continue 10. y. rotation begin on putting in 3d. crop [On verso:] Th:J. to do. to shed barn on two sides make cellar under one half of house to sow 100. bush. wheat,   Alexr leavg same sown. MS (MHi); undated; entirely in TJ’s hand. This proposed agreement began a some­ times acrimonious lease to Eli Alexander, who formerly had served as an overseer for TJ (Vol. 28:235n).

j.w.e.: John Wayles Eppes. 1  Preceding three words and figure interlined. 2  TJ here canceled “lands.” 3  TJ here canceled “end.”

From Charles Buxton Sir New York July 22nd. 1805 From an observation contained in your favour of the 13th. Inst. I have thought of a method whereby the object of obtaining fresh water at Sea, may probably be more easily familiarized, than by applying the plan formerly conveyed—By recurring to the appendix to Dr Lind’s book on Hot Climates see from page 305—(fourth Edition) and Dr Watson’s Chemistry Vol 2nd. page 162 (fifth Edition) I think it pos­ sible you may be of opinion, that the enclosed plan, contains every advantage desireable, even perhaps to the preclusion of the necessity of taking water to Sea; & should my ideas prove correct, on this truly important subject, I shall at least enjoy the happiness of contributing my mite, to the amelioration of the distresses of seamen— It would afford me much gratification, could I have tested the ap­ paratus by experiment; but my several essays in 98—having expended more than $1000, deters me from trying more experiments at this  94 

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time, especially as my resources cannot bear the time & labour re­ quired in perfecting the pursuit, by the expensive routine of experi­ ence; altho’ fully persuaded this useful object is obtainable Drawing 1st. fig 1st. Front view of the common Caboose B the Oven AAA, A cast iron Kettle with two partitions, constituting three boilers— Drawing 1st. fig 2nd. Back of the same Caboose, shewing the three boilers or Kettles— Drawing 2nd. The back part of a Caboose suggested as the improve­ ment in contemplation— A A large cast iron Kettle, 3 or 4 Inches higher & about 12 or 16 inches longer than the common ones, on which is soldered the plate H—At the appertures B’s the boilers or Kettles are soldered—The C’s are appertures in the plate H open to the surface of the water con­ tained in A—consequently the Boilers B’s are placed in a water bath. F shews how the contents of the vessel A may be enlarged or modified according to the magnitude of the Caboose or the fancy of the artist— G A cover & pipe—One of which to be applied to each of the apper­ tures C’s and to the boilers B’s—The pipe of each to be adjusted to the mouth pieces of the tube D, which tube at O to be introduced into the worm of the cooler as in common distillation. The Cooler may have a tube fixed so as to unite with the tube E as in fig. 1 & 2 and No 2 of the Drawings already transmitted; and the same principle will apply of supporting the surfaces of the water at an equal level in the vessel A and the cooler or worm tub—Stop cocks or stoppers are evidently necessary for the mouth pieces that are not in use— I will be glad to learn your opinion of the enclosed, & to be made acquainted with such objections as may arise (if any), that they may be removed— I have the honor of Subscribing myself with Esteem Your Obt Sevt Chas Buxton RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the APS”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Buxton was referring to information on the distillation of seawater in James lind’s book, An Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates with the Method of Preventing Their Fatal Consequences, 4th ed. (London, 1788), 325‑50, and in

Richard watson’s Chemical Essays, 5th ed., 5 vols. (London, 1787‑88), 2:162. TJ possessed the five volumes of Chemical Essays, although different editions (Vol. 19:596). For TJ’s earlier interest in the distillation of seawater, see Vol. 19:608‑23. caboose: the cook stove in a ship’s gal­ ley (Richard H. Thornton, An American Glossary, 2 vols. [Philadelphia, 1912], 1:134).

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e n c l o s u r e

Diagrams of Seawater Distillation Apparatus Drawing 1st.

Drawing 2nd.



Invented and Drawn by Chs Buxton M.D. N.Y. July 19th. 1805—

MS (DLC).

 96 

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New‑Orleans July 22d, 1805 I have the honor to enclose you a Copy of the Answer of the Mar­ quis of Casa Calvo to my Letter of the 11th. Instant, and to subscribe myself— With great respect, Yo: faithful friend William C. C. Claiborne. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the U. States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 30 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Marqués de Casa Calvo to Claiborne, 15 July; per­ suaded of the scientific nature of the pro­ posed Red River expedition, Casa Calvo accedes to Claiborne’s request and will issue a passport to William Dunbar when­ ever necessary; because the river runs into

the province of Texas and possibly into a more internal province, Casa Calvo will inform other Spanish authorities of the plan (Tr in same, in Spanish; translation printed in Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:128‑9). my letter: see Claiborne to TJ, 14 July.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington July 22d 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing a letter from Mr. Winthrop of Boston who married a niece of Mr. Bowdoin & is his agent for transacting his business. I shall postpone an answer to Mr. Winthrop until I re­ ceive directions from you what answer to make.—a letter from Chou­ teau informs me that the Indians are not to come on, until autumn.— I have received an official account of the total destruction of the Town of Detroit by fire, but fortunately the factory goods were principally saved. I am Sir with the most respectfull concideration, Your Huml Servt. H. Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found, but see James Bowdoin to TJ, 7 May.

Every building in the town of de‑ troit except the blockhouse was destroyed by fire on 11 June (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:160‑2).

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From John Gardiner Sir Washington 22d July 1805. It is my Duty (and I am highly gratified in its performance) to no­ tify you Sir, that the City Council have unanimously elected you a Trustee to the permanent Institution for the Education of Youth in the City of Washington & that the Board of Trustees meet on the first Monday in August next at the Capitol— I have the honor to be Sir with the highest Respect your obedt Servt John Gardiner Secy 1st. Chamr. City Council RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­son President U States”; franked; post­ marked 23 July; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. my duty: in 1804, Gardiner became secretary of the first chamber of the Wash­ ington city council (William V. Cox, comp., Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Establishment of the Seat of Government in the District of Co‑ lumbia [Washington, D.C., 1901], 298). In 1804, the city council established the institution for the education of youth to provide “ample provision for the education of those children whose parents or guardians are unable to make

such provision themselves.” The enact­ ment provided funding for the purposed academies through a combination of tax revenue and private subscriptions. On 1 May 1805, TJ added his signature to a list of subscribers that would eventually grow to more than 180 names. TJ com­ mitted $200, to be paid in 10 quarterly installments, beginning 1 Oct. Two pub­ lic schools opened in 1806, funded by private donations and an allotment drawn from city taxes (National Intelligencer, 29 June 1804; list of subscribers to school fund, 1805, MS in DWP: Artificial and Ephemeral Collection, Collection No. 060, Series: Schools; mb, 2:1152).

From Michael Leib Sir, Philadelphia July 22nd. 1805 In a tour which I lately made into Bucks County, I met with Colo­ nel Piper, a respectable and an influential man there. He informed me, that Doctor Logan had been at his house, and had endeavoured to persuade him to support the election of Governor McKean. After having fruitlessly urged every argument he was possessed of to change the mind of Colonel Piper, he informed him, that “he had just re­ ceived a letter from the President of the United States, exhorting him to use all his influence to procure the re‑election of Governor McKean, for that to displace him would be extremely injurious to the republi­ can cause”— The respect and regard I entertain for you, Sir, have rendered it a duty, to give you this information, that you may be apprised of the use  98 

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which is made of your name in the local affairs of Pennsylvania. You must be persuaded that great sensibility would be excited in this State, could it be believed, that the President of the United States would interfere in our elections; and without any other authority than my confidence in you, I have flatly denied any such interference. Permit me to hope, that you will not deem an apology necessary for this communication, when I assure you that it is dictated by the senti­ ments of sincere respect and esteem of Your obedient Servant M Leib RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. colonel piper: George Piper, an inn­ keeper, militia officer, and prominent ­Republican in Bucks County (Philadel­ phia Pennsylvania Gazette, 16 Jan. 1788; Doyles­town Pennsylvania Correspondent and Farmers’ Advertiser, 11 Sep. 1804; Philadelphia Democratic Press, 15 June 1808; Vol. 34:584n). election of governor mckean: after Thomas McKean vetoed several bills

that were intended to reform the state’s legal institutions, the Republican legisla­ tive caucus on 3 Apr. nominated Simon Snyder, the speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, to be their ­party’s candidate for the upcoming gubernato­ rial election in October. In response, an alliance of McKean supporters and Fed­ eralists, styling themselves Constitutional Republicans, nominated McKean (San­ ford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Poli‑ tics, 1800‑1816 [Harrisburg, 1952], 87‑91; George Logan to TJ, 10 June).

From James Madison Dear Sir Washington July 22. 1805 By this Mail you will recieve the letters last received from Mr. Er­ ving. No others have come to hand from any quarter worth troubling you with. Mr. Gallatin left Washington the day I believe you did. I am still detained here by the situation of Mrs. M’s complaint. The Doctr. does not claim less than seven or 8 days from this time, at least, in order to render the journey safe; and her recovery has been so much more slow than he calculated that I dare not be sanguine as to the time of my departure. I am not without apprehensions that the case may be of a very serious kind. Its appearance has changed for the bet­ ter, during the state of absolute rest prescribed, but does not yet re­ semble that denoting the ordinary course of healing. With respectful attachment I remain always yours James Madison  We had a fine shower yesterday, and a slight one a few days ago.  99 

2 2 J U LY 1 8 0 5  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July and “Erving’s lre” and so recorded in SJL. letters last received: during the spring and early summer, George W. Er­ ving sent numerous letters, both private and official, to Madison, most related to

the close of his tenure as agent for claims at London and to his temporary role as chargé d’affaires there (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:264‑6, 283‑4, 285‑7, 292, 363‑6, 368, 444, 448‑9, 484‑8). mrs. m’s complaint: Dolley Madi­ son continued to suffer from an ulcerated knee (TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 12 June).

From Jean Baptiste Petry Monsieur Baltimore le 22. Juillet 1805. En mettant en ordre et mes papiers et mes livres j’ai trouvé une lettre de M. Valentin avec une Brochure intitulé, Resultats de l’inocu­ lation de la Vaccine &c qu’il m’a chargé de vous remettre et que j’aurois joint à son traité sur la fievre jaune, si j’avois mis moins d’empressement à vous l’adresser, je supplie votre Excellence d’agréer ce motif comme une Excuse de ma negligence et des delais de cet Envoi. M. Deforgues, Commissaire des Relations commerciales à la Nou­ velle Orleans, qui est un de mes amis, aura l’honneur de vous remettre ce paquet. Je suis avec un très profond respect Monsieur De Votre Excellence Le très humble et très obéissant serviteur. Petry. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Baltimore, 22 July 1805 While sorting my books and papers, I found a letter from Mr. Valentin with a brochure entitled Résultats de l’inoculation de la vaccine etc. that he asked me to give you. I would have included it with his treatise on yellow fever if I had been less prompt in sending that to you. I beg your excellency to accept this as an explanation for my negligence and delay in sending this. Mr. Deforgues, commissioner of commercial relations in New Orleans and a friend, will have the honor of bringing you this packet. With deep respect, Sir, I am your excellency’s very humble and obedient servant. Petry RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Louis Valen­ tin to TJ, 28 Dec. 1803. joint à son traité: see Petry to TJ, 10 July. TJ signed an exequatur dated 26 July for François Louis Michel Chemin de‑ forgues. Deforgues delivered this letter

from Petry along with Valentin’s of 28 Dec. 1803, Dominique Joseph Garat’s of 23 Apr. 1805, and Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours’s of 23 Apr. to TJ on 11 Oct. Deforgues and his father‑in‑law, Louis de Tousard, were dinner guests at the President’s House on 14 Oct. (FC in DNA: RG 59, Exequaturs; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:339n; Appen­ dix ii).

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From John Richman Philadelphia May it Please Your Excellenccey July 22d 1805 I respetfully beg leave to Tender my service in the Domestic Sta­ tion of Chamberlain on a low Sallery I served my Time in London in the Furniture line and am quallified in Keeping Mahorgany furniture in High politure, as well Burnish,d Gilding of Looking Glass & Pic­ ture frames, which from the Damp Air is so apt to Loose the Bril­ lianccey which I preserve without hurting the Gilding I should have no Obgection in serveing as Under butler which Duty I presume I should be able to discharge to Your Exellencceys appro­ bation; I have been in America 14 Years and became a Cittizen in 1795 And am the same person Who had the Honor to Receive An Answer from Your Honour; About two Years ago in. Consequence of Application for a patent for A Bedsteat with Sacking Bottom on a Roler; instead of cord & pins; I keep a small Shop in N 7th. Street but With many Others, Experience Trade very dull and low priced more so by those who Take two many prentices, if my Tender Should be so fortunate as meet Your Excellencys; Approbation I can Give Ample testimony of my Abilities in Any part Of the furniture Line, which I have work in for 36 Years. Please Your Excellencey I remain with the greatest respect your Obedient Humble Servant. John. Richman RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

For Richman’s application, see Vol. 42:22‑3.

To Robert Brent Dear Sir Monticello July 23. 05. Your application in behalf of Ph. Williams was recieved yesterday, but too many obstacles are opposed to a present compliance. he could not be admitted into the navy without a previous pardon, because that would be to change the nature of the punishment which the Executive power is not competent to. but if pardoned, would or ought our naval corps to recieve recruits from such a source? again would the judges recommend a pardon? I doubt it. if they were to do it, the public senti­ ment, & all persons either directly or remotely interested in the genu­ ineness of bank paper, now much excited by the increase of forgery, could not but be attended to with respect. under all these opposing  101 

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considerations, I do not view the case at this time as one in which the power of pardon could be justifiably exercised. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Robert Brent esq.”

recieved yesterday: Brent to TJ, 19 July.

From David Gelston Sir, New York July 23d. 1805 I have this day, received from Mr. Appleton at Leghorn a bill of lading for ten cases of Tuscany wine—the needful will be done and the wine forwarded to Washington, unless in the interim orders are received from you to the contrary— I also received yesterday via Halifax a quantity of wine, fruit & oil, which appears to belong to you, to Mr. Madison and Mr Butler, I shall pay the duties on the whole and ship all the articles on to Wash­ ington, some difficulties have attended this importation, some loss probably will ensue, the agents of the Halifax vessel wished to hold it. I thought best to order it to the public store where it now remains— probably the agents will write to you on the subject— I cannot designate all the articles, and I have neither bill of lading or invoice to enable me to ascertain which are yours, as some are with­ out any marks, I have the honor to be, with great regard, Sir, your obedient s­ ervant David Gelston RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President United States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

Thomas appleton had shipped Mon­ tepulciano wine (Appleton to TJ, 1 May). For the other shipment, which had been detained by the British in halifax, see Stephen Cathalan, Jr., to TJ, 8 Dec. 1804; TJ to Hughes & Allen, 21 Apr.

To Gideon Granger Dear Sir Monticello July 23. 05 In your letter of the 19th. you ask my advice as to the measures to be taken to carry into effect the law for the transmission of a mail to New Orleans by the lower route. I do not see that in the present state of our information any correct decision can be formed. whenever we hear from Abrams his report with mr Wheatly’s will inform us of the  102 

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difficulties thro’ the whole route, & we may then consider whether we have the power & the means of removing them. should it prove in event that Abrams is dead, I presume we must then send off another agent to explore the rout. in that case would it not be better to divide the space between Coweta & N. Orleans into two agencies, procuring for the further part some undertaker at N.O. where they are better acquainted with the natural obstacles & the best means of surmount­ ing them? the point of partition should be fixed as near to mr Briggs’s strait lines as possible. to blaze a way by compas & cut out the bushes seems too expensive for a temporary object. would it not be sufficient to follow Indian paths where they exist in a proper direction, uniting them by a blazed line where necessary,1 conducted, not by compas, but by the courses of the ridges & waters, without cutting out the bushes, which a horseman accustomed to the woods2 can generally get through without embarrasment? a man on horse‑back, well acquainted with the grounds and with a hatchet in his hand would soon mark out his own way in any piney country I have ever seen. on the whole it appears we must wait news from Abrams. Accept my friendly salutations & assur­ ances of great respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Gideon Granger esq.” abrams: Francis Abraham. For Jo­ seph Wheaton’s (wheatly’s) report on the portion of the proposed post road to New Orleans between Washington and Coweta, see Wheaton to TJ, 21 June.

briggs’s strait lines: for the postal route to New Orleans proposed by Isaac Briggs, see Briggs to TJ, 22 Dec. 1804. 1

 Preceding two words interlined.  Preceding four words interlined.

2

From Gideon Granger Dr sir, General Post Office July 23d. 1805. I take the liberty to enclose a letter of June 17th. from Gov. Clai­ borne, on the subject of a new post‑road, also a plan or chart of said road, a letter to yourself from Gov. Claiborne and another in a very tattered condition from Gov: Williams, & I pray you Sir, when it suits your convenience to return the letter & chart to me. Not one word has yet been heard from Abrahams. I am sir with great Esteem & Respect Your afft. friend Gidn Granger RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in

DNA: RG 28, LPG). Enclosures: (1) Wil­ liam C. C. Claiborne to Granger, New Orleans, 17 June, enclosing a map (not found) by Barthélemy Lafon marking out

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2 3 J U LY 1 8 0 5 a mail route from New Orleans overland “along the Canal of Carondelet, the Bayou Gentilli, the Chemin du Chef Menteur to the River of that name,” thence “by water through the Bayou and Lake Catherine across the Rigolets and then either up one of the Branches of the Pearl River to the residence of Mr. Favre, or along an­ other one to a place marked on the Map Boisdore,” or at a point “a little to the West .  .  . where once stood the village Marangoin, and from whence there is an

old Indian Road leading through the Pine Woods in a Northern direction”; from the latter place, Lafon estimates the dis­ tance to Fort Stoddert is 130 miles; if the water route is objectionable, Lafon sug­ gests a land passage from “the River Chef Menteur .  .  . through the Ile Aux Pins and the Island at the Mouth of the Ma­ rongoin to Boisdore” could be opened for $3,500 (Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:97‑8). (2) Claiborne to TJ, 17 June. (3) Robert Williams to TJ, 21 June.

To James Madison

Monticello July 23. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his affectionate salutations to mr Madison and incloses him the extract of a letter from mr Granger, giving in­ formation of constant trespasses committing on a certain species of timber growing on the public lands on lake Erie, of great value, and which he presumes should be the subject of a charge from the Secre­ tary of state to Governor Hull. he presumes the Governor should first warn all persons by proclamation from the commission of such tres­ pass, and be afterwards watchful to have trespassers punished by in­ dictment1 according to law.  P.S. Th:J. sets out on the 26th. for Bedford & will be absent 10. days. RC (DNA: RG 59, MLR); endorsed by Jacob Wagner as received 30 July. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “public lands.” Enclosure: extract from Gideon Granger to TJ, 19 July, consisting of the portion re­ garding the pinery in Michigan Territory.

1  Madison underlined the preceding two words and at the foot of the text, keyed here by a + symbol, wrote: “Quer. whether it be indictable at Com. Law, or a mere civil injury?”

From James Oldham Dear Sir— Richmond July 23rd. 05. I am Sorry to inform you James Hemings has not Acted agreeable to his promis. On Saterday morning Last he ast me to let him go as far as his Unkel Roberts and he would. return in fifteen‑minits, in the corse of one Hour afterwards as he had not retur,d I Stepd over to Rob­ ert Hemings and found he had not bin to Se him. have not hearn any  104 

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worde of him more than on Sunday Morning he past thro the Lox in a boat. And I think it very Probabel he has gon on to Linch‑burge or bent creek: his being So much affected at the thots of being plaisd in confinment and expesing so grait a desir to return volentaryly Home was the onley inducement to me to befriend him, I surmise but Little good will ever become of him. On Wensday the 17th. inst. I Sent up a 11 dores by Jonson Row. 4 double dores Nos. 18. 19. 20 &. 25 7 other Do. Nos. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 27. &. 32. all of which are Numberd on the upper edges of Top rails, have 6 Others finishd which will Send of by the first convayance. Adue & may Heaven bless You Your Obt. Humble Sevt. Jams. Oldham RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 25 July and so recorded in SJL. After receiving Oldham’s information that james hemings had again chosen to run away, TJ did not pursue the matter any further and let him live as a free man. It is possible that Hemings remained in

the vicinity of Monticello, as an 1815 ­rec­ord in TJ’s financial memoranda in­ cludes a payment of two dollars to “James Hem.” for finding a missing eyepiece to one of TJ’s scientific instruments (Annette Gordon‑­Reed, The Hemingses of Monti‑ cello: An American Family [New York, 2008], 581‑3; mb, 2:1315).

From Samuel Harrison Smith Sir Washington July 23. 1805 In consequence of the conversation I had the pleasure of holding with you at the time you subscribed to the Institution for the educa­ tion of youth in this City, I took the liberty of causing it to be under­ stood that there was good reason to believe that you would not decline the appointment of a Trustee; and I considered it most fit to make this intimation to the Council from the smallness of the body. Accord­ ingly you was yesterday unanimously chosen a Trustee. Permit me to add that there is but one hope entertained by the citizens that you will accept the appointment. They all believe that the weight of your name will be highly important here as well as elsewhere. The board of Trustees meet the 1st. Monday of August when I have no doubt you will be chosen President of the board. This will not impose any unpleasant burthen, as all detailed duties can be easily assigned to a Vice President. Should you accept the appointment, it may be very useful to have your intimation to that effect, as it is probable that early measures will be taken to obtain distant contributions, wch. will be greatly aided by the sanction of your name.  105 

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 The following is a list of the board.  Thomas Jefferson  Gabriel Duvall  John Tayloe  Robert Brent  Wm. Cranch  Nicholas King  Thomas Munroe  Wm. Brent  John Dempsie  George Blagden  James Barry  Thomas Tingey  Samuel H. Smith With assurances of the sincerest respect & esteem I am yo. ob. servt. Sam. H. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

To Bowling Clark Dear Sir Poplar Forest July 24. 05 [i.e. 28‑31 July?] I had intended to have asked the favor of seeing you here on my present visit, but the account I recieved of your health was such that I could not ask or expect it. I defer that satisfaction therefore to this time twelve month when the building of a house here, which we begin this fall, will call me here, & I shall hope your health will be re‑established.   The time is now approaching when I shall wish to be parcelling off some of my lands here to my grandchildren. this renders it necessary I should understand the separate value of each portion of them distinctly. as no person is so well acquainted with them as yourself I must ask the favor of you to consider the questions on the paper inclosed, and to write at the end of each the answer in figures, and to send me the same paper to Monticello, by the first post, having asked the same favor of some others, as soon as I recieve your answer I shall be able to conclude finally in one case which presses.   I by no means mean to give you the trouble of re‑­ inspecting the lands; you know them so well that your answer given on recollection of them & reflection, will perfectly answer my purpose. it is of no consequence that the valuation be at what they might sell for at market: provided all are valued on the same scale, so as to know  106 

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their comparative worth, it will be sufficient. Wishing you a speedy reestablishment of health, I offer my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (Raab Collection, Ardmore, Pennsyl­ vania, 2014); likely misdated (see below); addressed: “Mr. Bowling Clarke Campbell county”; franked. Not recorded in SJL. here on my present visit: TJ did not depart Monticello until 26 July, arriv­ ing at the town of New London, south­ west of Lynchburg, on the 28th. There he paid a guide 25 cents, presumably to travel on to Poplar Forest, five or six miles

north of New London off the main road. He left Bedford County on 31 July and got back to Monticello on 2 Aug. If he dated the letter printed above correctly, he was at Monticello, not Poplar Forest, when he wrote it. If, however, “Poplar Forest” in the dateline is correct, he wrote the letter a few days later than 24 July (mb, 2:1160‑1; TJ to Madison, 4 Aug.). parcelling off some of my lands: see TJ to John Wayles Eppes, 25 Mch.

e n c l o s u r e

Valuation of Poplar Forest Tracts What is the worth by the acre of Mr. Randolph’s 1450. acres.   10 Dollars  as the rest of the Poplar forest old patent 2558½ as.   10 Dollars Daniel Robinson’s 256. as.   7 Dollars Callaway & John Robertson’s 563. as.   6 Dollars the 800. acre tract   2 Dollars  as. Tullos, & Stith’s 474. as.   5 Dollars MS (CSmH); undated; in TJ’s hand with responses added by Bowling Clark shown in italics; pasted to TJ’s notes of Burgess Griffin’s valuations (see below). In notes titled “Mr. Griffin’s estimate” and “Poplar forest” that he pasted to the document printed above, TJ recorded Griffin’s figures for the worth by the acre of five of the tracts, labeled “TMR’s” of 1,450 acres ($13 per acre), “the resi­ due” of 2,558½ acres ($14), “Daniel Rob­ inson’s” of 256 acres ($6), “Callaway &

Robinson” of 563 acres ($8), and “the 800.” of 800 acres ($5). From the total of 5,627½ acres with a combined valuation of $64,709, TJ calculated that the value of 1,000 acres would be $11,500 (MS in same; entirely in TJ’s hand). john robertson’s: that is, John Robinson’s. On a survey map of Poplar Forest lands that locates the tracts named above, TJ added a note: “1120. acres allotted by Th:J. for the occupation of J. W. Eppes Sep. 13. 1805” (see illustration in this volume).

From James Madison Dear Sir Washington July 24. 1805 At the date of my last, I hoped by this time to be making ready for my journey on your track. A consultation of the Doctors Weems & Elzey on the situation of my wife’s knee has ended in the joint opin­ ion that an operation is indispensable which can best be performed at  107 

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Philadelphia; and that it is prudent to avoid delay as much as pos­ sible. We shall accordingly set off tomorrow, in order to put her under the care of Docr. Physic. No cause less urgent could have diverted me from my trip home, which had become very peculiarly desireable on several accounts. It is now altogether uncertain when I shall have that pleasure. If every thing goes well it is possible that the detention at Philada. may not exceed two or three weeks. I shall shorten it as much as can properly be done and then hasten to Virginia. In the mean time be pleased to address your public commands, which can not be ful­ filled in the Office, to me at Philada. till otherwise advised, and freely add any private ones when I can be of service. With respectful attachment I remain always yrs. James Madison RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

my last: Madison to TJ, 22 July.

From Philip Mazzei

Firenze 24 Luglio, 1805.

Appendice a quella dei 20 da Pisa. Ò ragionato con l’Amico Fabbroni relativamente all’infelice vedova Ceracchi. Abbiam convenuto, che la Condotta del marito non è stata tale da dar coraggio al Presidente d’interessarsi presso il Congresso per un soccorso pecuniario alla sua Vedova e ai miserabili orfanelli. Dubitiamo ancora che possa convenirgli di proporre una colletta tra gli Amici. Contuttociò, abbiamo creduto di non dovere impedire il corso alla sua supplica, per quanto remota sia la probabilità che possa procurarle qualche sollievo. Quanto alla Lettera di Appleton alla Ve­ dova, la rimando a Lui medesimo, non volendo alcun di noi prender l’incarico di darle corso. Il passato Governo di Milano, a motivo dei numerosi inconvenienti seguiti ai nostri Concittadini, manifestò più volte il desiderio di avervi un Agente degli Stati Uniti per riconoscerne i passaporti. Tassoni qui mi dice, che la necessità d’un tale Agente divien maggiore, me­ diante la mutazion del Governo. Quello è il solo passo, com’Ella sà, per andare a tutte le parti settentrionali d’Europa, dove un gran numero d’Americani vanno per affari di commercio, pochi dei quali son pas­ sati senza inciampi, e alcuni sono stati condotti in Francia come pri­ gionieri inglesi. Un’Agente, per il tempo almeno che durerà la guerra tra l’Inghilterra, e la Francia, non costerebbe molto, e mi par neces­ sario. Io gradirei un tal posto, se credessi di poter ben servire la Pa­  108 

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tria; ma son persuaso che qualunque Americano nativo sarebbe più atto di me per quel che vi è da fare. Mr. Appleton sarebbe molto al caso, lo gradirebbe, e tanto più che non è contento di Livorno, come Livorno non è contento di Lui, per i motivi detti in varie mie Lettere precedenti. Ò parlato più volte (per quanto mi pare) dei vantaggi che potrebbero derivare da un Ministro che avesse credenziali  trattare e corrispon­ dere con Governi di Italia, e altri, come sarebbe di Pietr. e Costanti­ nopoli, e molto grande sarebbe quello di ottenere il passo libero al mar nero. Parmi di aver do., che potrei occupare un tal posto decentemente col salario d’Incaricato d’Affari. Aggiungo adesso (in consequenza di quel che ò detto sopra) che, vacando il Consolato di Livorno, occuperei anche quel posto (che non sarebbe incompatibile coll’altro, purchè io fossi dichiarato Console Gen: nei porti d’Ital., dell’Arcip., e del Mar nero) e che prenderei a carico mio di avere in Livorno persona idonea per Viceconsole. Mi pare, che la sola probabilità del vantaggio pesi più della piccola somma che costerebbe, e l’insinuo colla solita fran­ chezza, non valutando nulla la modestia quando sia in opposizione alla verità. Non ò potuto copiare la lettera che doveva portarle: il sempre caro Timpanari, per le ragioni indicate nella precedente di 4 giorni pas­ sati; ma l’ò fatta copiare da altro mano, conforme vedrà. Riceverà (credo io) questa con quella, con i noccioli d’Albicocche, e con una Scatola contenente un numero d’esemplari di un discorso fatto per il Governo di Lucca da un certo Laurenzi Lucchese, che stava in Roma, e che fù richiamato in patria per occuparvi una cattedra di Giuris­ prudenza. Quel ch’ei dice è buona roba, ma non vi è nulla di nuovo, e non è detto, nè in buona lingua, nè in buono stile. Io non lo cono­ scevo; mi fù indirizzato da un certo Papi parimente Lucchese, autore di 2 volumi di lettere sull’India, dove è stato 12 anni Colonnello al servizio degl’inglesi (ch’ei ben conosce), le quali ànno il loro merito. Laurenzi, quando parla, par che sia parimente uomo di merito, e io lo credo tale; ma scrive male, il che può esser derivato dall’aver voluto scrivere troppo bene. Egli spera, senza dubbio, di aver da Lei un riscontro di aver ricevuto il suo discorso; ed io gradirei che la sua speranza non fosse delusa; giacchè può sodisfarsi con poche righe per mezzo d’un Emanuense. Son di partenza per Roma, e mi confermo in gran fretta, Tutto Suo, F. M. P.S. Non avevo avvertito di dirle, che il povero Timpanari le portava molte cose da parte di Melzi, una delle quali era La Raccolta completa di tutti i Classici Italiani.  109 

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Florence, 24 July 1805 Appendix to that of the 20th from Pisa. I have talked with our friend Fabbroni regarding the sorry state of the Widow Ceracchi. We have agreed that the behavior of her husband has been such that the president should not be enticed to plead with Congress for providing monetary help to his widow and miserable orphans. We also doubt that it befits him to promote a collection from among the friends. Having said this, we felt we should not hinder the course of her supplication, no matter how remote the possibility is that it may afford her some relief. As for Apple­ ton’s letter to the widow, I send it back to him, since neither of us is willing to take up the task to pass it on. The past government in Milan, on account of the frequent inconveniences occurring to our compatriots, on several occasion expressed the desire to have an agent of the United States here, in order to validate passports. Tassoni tells me that the need for such an agent has increased, on account of the change in government. As you know, this place is the only way by which one can reach all northern parts of Europe, where a great number of Americans go for reasons of trade. Few of them have gone without accidents, and some have been brought to France as English prisoners. An agent, at least for the time in which the war between England and France will last, would not be too expensive, and I feel it is necessary. I would be happy to take that post, if I believed I could be of good service to the country; but I am sure that anyone born in America would be more suitable than me for the task. Mr. Appleton would be right for it, and agreeable. All the more so as he is not happy with Leghorn, just as Leghorn is not happy with him, for the reasons I detailed in several letters in the past. I have spoken more than once (as it seems to me) about the advantages that could come from having a minister with credentials to negotiate and exchange correspondence with the governments in Italy and elsewhere, as it would be in Saint Petersburg and Constantinople. An important advantage would be to obtain free passage to the Black Sea. I think I have said that I could decently take up that post with the stipend of a chargé d’affaires. I add now (following what I said above) that, in case the consulship in Leghorn were to be vacant, I would take up that post as well. This post would not be incompatible with the other one, as long as I were to be nominated consul general for the ports of Italy, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea. I personally would also make sure to have a suitable person as vice consul in Leghorn. I feel that the sole probability of the ensuing advantages outweighs the small sum that it would cost, and I advance the proposal with my usual frankness. Humility is worth nothing, I feel, when it gets in the way of the truth. I did not have a chance to copy the letter that the dear Timpanari was to deliver to you, for the reasons I have detailed in my letter of four days ago. I have had it copied by another hand, as you will see. You will receive (I be­ lieve) both at the same time, along with the apricot stones and a box contain­ ing some copies of a speech drafted for the government in Lucca by a certain Laurenzi from Lucca, who was in Rome and was called back to his home­ town to hold a chair of jurisprudence. What he says is good stuff, but there is nothing new in it, nor is it said in good language or in good style. I did not

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2 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5 know about it before. It was sent my way by a certain Papi, also from Lucca, who is the author of two volumes of letters about India. He served there 12 years as colonel in the service of the English (a people he knows well). They deserve a reading. Laurenzi, when he speaks, sounds like a similarly worthy person, and I believe he is. Yet he writes poorly, which may be the conse­ quence of having attempted to write too well. He hopes, no doubt, to receive from you an acknowledgment that you have seen his speech, and I would be grateful if his hope were not in vain. It may be fulfilled in a few lines by way of a secretary. I am about to leave for Rome and I confirm myself, hurriedly, all yours, F. M.  P.S. I forgot to tell you that the poor Timpanari had with him several items for you from Melzi, including the complete collection of all the Italian Classics. Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as received 2 Nov. from Florence. Enclosed in Thomas Appleton to TJ, 8 Aug. lettera di appleton alla vedova: see Mazzei to TJ, 20 July. un certo laurenzi lucchese: Luigi Antonio Laurenzi, a professor of civil and municipal law, wrote a speech in 1804 on the need to reform legislation, which he dedicated to TJ as the friend of men and president of the United States (Della ne‑ cessità riformare la legislazione [Filadelfia, 1804]; Sowerby, No. 3543). Lazzaro papi, a military surgeon who went to India in 1792, wrote Lettere

sull’Indie orientali, published in 1802, upon his return to Italy. His collection of 27 letters described the customs, reli­ gion, and economics of India and his long and eventful return journey (Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 92 vols. to date [Rome, 1960‑ ], 81:233‑6). di tutti i classici italiani: the Ty­ pographic Society of Italian Classics pub­ lished the Collezione de Classici Italiani, dedicated to Francesco Melzi d’Eril, as a multivolume, two‑series edition, with the first series published in Milan beginning in 1802 (Sara Faraoni, “Giulio Ferrario, Intellettuale Milanese ed Editore della Società Tipografica de’ Classici Italiani,” Aevum, anno 77, fasc. 3 [2003], 683‑91).

From Albert Picket

New‑York July 24th. 1805

With deference the Author of the Union Spelling‑Book and Se­ quel presents you with a copy of each bound together—If you think proper to accept of them, you will confer much honour on your hum­ ble Servant— Albert Picket RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: The Union Spelling‑Book: Combining the Scheme of Pronunciation, Accentuation, and Orthog‑ raphy, of Walker, with the Easy Reading Lessons of Mavor and Murray (New York, 1804); Sequel to the Union Spelling‑Book: Comprising a Collection of All the Most

Difficult and Irregular Words in the En‑ glish Language with an Introduction to Reading (New York, 1805). Albert Picket (1771‑1850), a New Jersey native, was largely self‑educated, although he studied briefly with Noah Webster. The success of the Union Spelling‑Book and its Sequel led to several other juve­ nile spelling and grammar books under

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2 4 J U LY 1 8 0 5 his authorship or in conjunction with his son, John W. Picket. A teacher and life­ long advocate for female education, Al­ bert Picket ran the Manhattan School for Girls in New York City from 1804 to 1820. With his son, he edited the Acade‑ mician, one of the first American periodi­ cals dedicated to educational reform, from 1818 to 1820. Picket continued his en­ thusiasm for and advocacy of education

in Baltimore before moving, in 1826, to Ohio, where he founded another school for girls, served as president of the West­ ern Literary Institute and College of Pro­ fessional Teachers, and became a trustee of Cincinnati College (dab; H. G. Good, “Albert Picket, Educational Journalist and Organizer,” Peabody Journal of Educa‑ tion, 19 [1942], 318‑22; rs, 12:616‑17n).

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 24 Juill. 1805. Ayant appris, que Vous avez un petit fils, qui possede toute Votre affection paternelle, qui sans doute etudie, ou etudiéra notre langue Commune, celle Latine,—je Vous prie, de vouloir bien accepter pour lui, et lui offrir de ma part—le Virgile çijoint sortant de ma biblio­ theque particul.— Comme Vous ne m’avez pas indiquè le domicile des Messieurs Divers et Randolph, dont parle Votre graçieux billet du 13—je prend la libertè, de joindre des Lettres pour l’un et l’autre, et de Vous prier, de vouloir bien les leur faire parvenir. Je compte, de pouvoir m’absenter d’içi vers la fin d’Aout ou le Commencement de Septembre, et par consequent de Vous presenter mes hommages a Monticello avant votre retour a Federal City. La plante de Quarantino Chez Mr. Du Catel, qui a etè au Com­ mencement mal plaçèe, de la infirme, ensuite transplantè, et par tout çela retardée—pousse enfin un petit epis, de manière, qu’elle nous fournira des Graines. Connaissez Vous la rave a l’huile de Chine—Raphanus Sativus Chinensis Oleiferus?—qu’on cultive depuis 1788 aux environs de Maÿence, et depuis 1787 en Italie, et qui, donne dans les Champs— aux environs de Milan Çinq Rubbi, d’huile par perche, et aux environs de Turin, Vingt Cinq Rubbi par Giornata (la Giornata du Piemont contient un peu au dessus de 24000 ⬜ pieds de Paris, le Rubbo près de 19 Livres de Paris) dont la premiére expression (le Mechanisme quoique simple est çependant particulier) est non seulement fort saine, mais aussi comme assaissonement tres Agreable, et en même tems plus propre a bruler, que l’huile d’Olives, parcequ’il n’en faut, que la Moitiè, tandis qu’elle donne autant de Clarté, et moins de Vapeur. Daignez agreer gracieusement l’assertion sincere de la plus intime Veneration. Reibelt  112 

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Sir! Baltimore, 24 July 1805 I hear you have a grandson on whom you shower your paternal affection. Since he is undoubtedly learning, or will learn, our common language, Latin, I ask you to please accept the enclosed Virgil from my personal library and give it to him on my behalf. Since you did not indicate the addresses of Messrs. Divers and Randolph, mentioned in your kind letter of the 13th, I take the liberty of enclosing let­ ters for each of them and asking you to be kind enough to forward them. I expect to be able to leave here toward the end of August or the beginning of September and thus pay my respects to you in Monticello before your re­ turn to the federal city. Mr. Ducatel’s quarantino plant, which was badly placed from the begin­ ning and thus sickly, then transplanted and consequently delayed, has finally produced a small ear, so it will provide us with seeds. Are you familiar with the Chinese radish—Raphanus sativus chinensis ­oleiferus—that has been grown since 1788 around Mainz and 1787 in Italy, and that, in the fields around Milan, produces five rubbi of oil per perch, and around Turin 25 rubbi per giornata? (A Piedmont giornata contains a little less than 24,000 Parisian square feet; the rubbio is approximately 19 Pari­ sian pounds.) The first press (the mechanism although simple is nevertheless distinct) is both very healthful and very pleasant as a seasoning. It is also more appropriate than olive oil for cooking, since it produces equal clarity and less smoke with only half the amount. Graciously accept, I beg you, the sincere expression of my deepest ­admiration. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sures not found. rubbi were northern Italian units of either weight or volume. A rubbio of oil weighed 47½ English pounds. A gior‑

nata was a unit of surface area slightly less than one acre (C. W. Rördansz, Euro‑ pean Commerce; or, Complete Mercantile Guide to the Continent of Europe [Boston, 1819], 484; F. W. Clarke, Weights, Mea‑ sures, and Money, of All Nations [New York, 1875], 67, 100).

From William Wirt Dear Sir Norfolk. July 24th. 1805. In this intermission of your public labours I hope there may be nothing improper, in begging the aid of your memory towards a little literary project which I have on foot. I am collecting memoirs of the late Patrick Henry. His life and example appear to me to afford some fine lessons. His faults, as well as his virtues will be instructive and I propose to myself to become his biographer, not his panegyrist. I find much difficulty in collecting materials such as will render this work interesting. The materials which I do collect are too general and jejune,  113 

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there is nothing in them which brings me near to the character of Mr. Henry, or which will enable me to bring others so. You have had such repeated proofs of the perfidy and treachery of man, that I am almost afraid to ask or to hope that you will trust me with your free and unrestrained communications concerning Mr Henry. From the very little indeed that you know of me, I have felt and still feel considerable difficulty in making this request: but I know that you confide justly in your nephews Peter and Dabney Carr, to whom I am intimately known. If you find their report of me such as I anticipate, you will believe the assurance which I give you, on my honor, that any communications which you may be pleased to confide to me shall be seen by no eyes, but my own, and that they shall be returned to you as soon as I have made the use of them which you intend. I am peculiarly anxious on this subject, because I know that information so circumstantial, authentic and interesting as your thor­ ough acquaintance with Mr. Henry would enable you to give, would be, of itself, sufficient to stamp the highest value on the publication. It would, I think, be a capital embellishment to the peice to groupe in the back ground the eminent men with whom he acted—his com­ petitors at the Bar, in the Virginia house of burgesses and in the old continental congress.—You knew them all personally and intimately and might not perhaps find it too troublesome to favor me with a short character of the most prominent of them. I experience much solicitude in resolving to send this letter to you—­ let me hope that you will experience none in rejecting my request, if there be the least want of time or inclination to comply with it—such a circumstance would not in any degree diminish the profound and Encreasing respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Yr dev. Serv. Wm. Wirt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. FC (ViU); dated 23 July, from Williamsburg; varies in wording.

From John Barnes

George Town 25th July 1805

I had yesterday the Honor of recieving the Presidents Esteemed favr: 20th. inclosing the two Notes specified, whose dates and Amts: are perfectly convenient;— And happy to learn your almost miraculous, escape, from the peril­ ous thunder storm, & deluge of rain for so considerable a time. poor Mr Burwell I fear will undergo a Relapse.—it was however fortunate,  114 

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under present circumstances, that he stopped at the good Doctrs. whose immediate aid, & Accomodation—was most acceptable. your horses must have suffered greatly. I hope in future the Presi­ dent will guard against such disastrous Accidents—by travelling in a Close Carriage—on a more frequented public road.—the inclosed letter, handed me this morning, by Mr. LeMaire was Accompanied with an Oblong box—or Case, he says abt: 3 by 1 feet, recd a few days since via Norfolk— With great respect, & best wishes await, the good family, and thrice happy Mr & Mrs Carey I am the Presidents, most Obedt: & very huml Servt. John Barnes. RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of text: “The President. UStates— at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure not found. thrice happy mr & mrs carey: that is, the “thrice happy pair,” originally from

a poem on marriage by Edmund Waller, in reference to the upcoming wedding of Virginia Randolph and Wilson Jefferson Cary (Edmund Waller, The Works of Ed‑ mund Waller, Esq; in Verse and Prose [Dublin, 1768], 138).

To Henry Dearborn

Monticello July 25. 05

Th: Jefferson with his friendly salutations to Genl. Dearborne in­ closes him a letter from an Ensign Johnson of Maryland, of whom he knows nothing. he does it not to make mischief as to him, nor even that he should know it has been communicated, but because it is use­ ful the Secretary at war should know the measure of discretion pos­ sessed by those who may be candidates for trusts from him. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “John­ son.” Enclosure not found, but see below. ensign johnson of maryland: TJ likely forwarded a letter from Hezekiah Johnson, Jr., dated 30 May and received 20 July but not found. Earlier in the year

Johnson, stationed at Fort Massac, solic­ ited a position as an assistant military agent (Johnson to Dearborn, 28 Feb., recorded in DNA: RG 107, RLRMS; Dearborn to Johnson, 15 May, FC in Lb in DNA: RG 107, LSMA; Heitman, Dictionary, 1:575; Vol. 46:709).

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To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello July 25. 05. Your letter of the 20. finding me in the moment of setting out for New London (Bedford) from whence I shall not return under ten days I can only acknolege it’s reciept, and inclose for your consider­ ation one from Governor Harrison. I am inclined to suppose he has some reason in what he urges on the subject of allowance. Governor Bowdoin having written to me, on the subject of mr Winthrop’s let­ ter I found myself obliged to conclude as in the case of Commodore Preble, & to write him my acknolegements, mr Winthrop will there­ fore be pleased to forward the article to Richmond to the care of Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson, & I will pray you with this request to present him my salutations & recollections.—I shall hope on my return to learn that mrs Dearborne & yourself have quitted Washington, and that you will be able to give us your company here as long as conve­ nient. you will find it a totally different climate. Accept my affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Sec­ retary at War.” Notation in SJL: “Govr. Harrison. Bowdoin.” Enclosure: William Henry Harrison to TJ, 18 June.

mr winthrop’s letter: see Dear­ born to TJ, 22 July.

From John Erving Sir/— Bordeaux 25th. July 1805 The Honbe. James Bowdoin, intimating, that (at my desire) he had nominated me to The Secretary of State of The United States as Con­ sul for the Port Bilbao, should The United States continue at Peace with Spain and this port admit of foreign Commercial Agents— I beg leave to request, Sir, you will honor me with this Appoint­ ment, if from the recommendations of my friends, you should deem me capable and worthy of public Trust & Confidence— I have the honor to be with the greatest respect & consideration Sir—Your devoted Humble Servant John Erving RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “to be Consul at Bilboa.” Dupl (same); endorsed by TJ as

received 10 Oct. and “to be Consul Bil­ boa” and so recorded in SJL. John Erving was a cousin of George William Erving. Both of their fathers were Massachusetts Loyalists who chose exile

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2 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5 in England during the American Revolu­ tion. Like his more illustrious cousin, John Erving embraced his American citizen­ ship. He worked for a time as a merchant in Boston before moving to Bordeaux (J.  L. M. Curry, Diplomatic Services of George William Erving [Cambridge, Mass., 1890], 10; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 8:497). james bowdoin recommended Erving in a letter of 8 July to Madison. William

Lee also wrote to Madison on Erving’s behalf. Lee subsequently recommended Erving for the post in a letter of 5 May 1806 to Joel Barlow, describing Erving as “anxious” to learn if he was to receive the appointment. Erving enclosed Lee’s recommendation in a letter of 23 Aug. 1806 to Barlow (same, 10:35, 138; DNA: RG 59, LAR, 4:153‑6, Erving’s letter en­ dorsed by TJ: “to be Consul at Bilboa”).

From João, Prince Regent of Portugal

Escrita no Palacio de Queluz em 25 de Julho del 1805.

Dom João, por Graça de Deos Principe Regente de Portugal, e dos Algarves d’aquém, e d’além Mar em Africa, de Guiné, e da Conquista, Navegação e Commercio da Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, e da India, &c. Envio muito saudar aos Estados Unidos da America, que muito amo e prezo. O singular apreço e estimação em que vos tenho, Me excitão a participar Vos sem demora que foi Deos servido augmentar hoje a Minha Real Familia com mais huma Infanta que com o melhor sucesso diu á luz a Serenissima Princeza do Brazil, Minha muito Cara e prezada Espoza. Este dilozo acontecimento, assim como enche o Meu Paternal Coração do maior jubilo e prazer, assim tambem com toda a razão espero que nelle tomeis Vós huma parte igual ao interesse que costumo ter sempre em tudo quanto vos respeita, por hum effeito da particular affeição e amizade que vos tenho, e que Me fazem ápetecer multiplicadas occasioens em que vos haja Eu de comprazer como dezejo. Estados Unidos da America, Nosso Senhor vos haja em sua santa guarda. O Principe B e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



Written in the Palace of Queluz on 25 July 1805. Dom João, by the grace of God Prince Regent of Portugal and of the Al­ garves of this side and the other side of the sea in Africa, of Guinea, and of the Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, &c. I send many greetings to the United States of America, which I love and esteem much. The singular esteem in which I hold you moves me to inform you without delay that it has suited God to increase today my royal family with an infanta brought forth with great success by the Most Serene Princess of Brazil, my dear and esteemed wife. Just as this happy event swells my paternal heart with the greatest joy and pleasure, so I hope that you will take

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2 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5 an equal interest in it, as I have in everything that concerns you, given the particularly fond affection and friendship in which I hold you, and that makes me yearn for multiple occasions that I may have to please you, as I desire. United States of America, our Lord keep you in his holy care. The Prince of Brazil RC (DNA: RG 59, Ceremonial Let­ ters); in a clerk’s hand, with countersig­ nature of António de Araújo de Azevedo, minister of foreign affairs, at foot of text in the same hand; signed by João; ad­ dressed: “A Os Estados Unidos da Amer­ ica que muito amo e prezo” (to the United States of America, which I very much love and esteem); endorsed by Jacob Wagner:

“Prince Regent of Portugal. Birth of a daughter.” The new infanta, Maria da Assun­ ção, was the eighth child of João and his wife, Carlota Joaquina (José Correia do Souto, Dicionário de História de Portugal, 6 vols. [Lisbon, 1985], 4:83).

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello July 25. 05. Your letter of July 22. finds me in the hurry of my departure for Bedford. I return you Erving’s letter, and inclose Rankin’s petition for a pardon; as also a correspondence sent me by Lee of Bordeaux, which tho’ a little long, is entitled to a reading, as it throws light on subjects we ought to understand. I sincerely regret that mrs Madi­ son’s situation confines her & yourself so long at Washington. I think it very unsafe for both. the climate of our quarter is really like that of another country. I have not felt one moment of disagreeable warmth since I have been at home. the thermom. has generally been, at it’s maximum from 86. down to 81. in hopes that on my return I shall learn that mrs Madison is much better, & safely moored in Orange I tender you my affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson P.S. I inclose you the list of the members appointed to the legislative council of Indiana, to be recorded RC (DLC: Madison Papers); at foot of text: “The Secretary of State.” PoC (DLC). Enclosure: Petition of Robert Rankin, 20 July. For other enclosures, see William Lee to TJ, 17 May, and William Henry Harrison to TJ, 18 June.

From Philip Mazzei

25 Luglio, 1805

Un concorso straordinario alla Locanda ove io sono, a motivo di un Corteggio magnifico mandato dal nuovo Rè d’Italia ad accompagnare un suo Cognato, al quale à regalato lo stato di Lucca (finora Repub­  118 

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blica) e il Principato di Piombino (che apparteneva alla Toscana); fece sì, che quando fui iersera per partire, non si trovarono i finimenti e altro appartenenti al mio legno, il che mi forza a trattenermi 3 giorni almeno per fargli rifare. Mai si è potuto con più diritto esclamare: Oh Tempora! Oh mores!1 Questo inconveniente mi dà comodo di aggiungere quel che, per mancanza di tempo, non potei inserire nella lettera di ieri. Subito che lessi nella sua dei 10 Marzo: with an ironical eye to the modern declaimers against Philosophy, deliberai di trascriverle per suo divertimento le 2 suguenti sestine del Poeta Casti, alcune novelle del quale, con altri miei scritti e libri; furon bruciate in Casa di Mr. Lewis,  ordine Il traditore Arnold. “Felice Europeo &c. Voglio trascriverle ancora il sonetto di un Prete di molto talento, (fatto in occasione di una gran festa religiosa per la celebrazione del sacra­ mento.),2 molto stimato dai pochi che ne comprendono l’intenzione, e ammirato piamente dai molti che non l’intendono. Entro nel Tempio &c. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



25 July 1805 On account of a magnificent retinue that the new king of Italy has sent to escort one of his brothers‑in‑law, to whom he has given the state of Lucca (until now a republic) and the principality of Piombino (which used to be­ long to Tuscany) has produced an unexpected crowding of the inn where I find myself now. When, yesterday evening, I was about to leave, neither the harness nor the other trappings of my coach could be found. I will be forced to stay here at least three more days, so that they may be remade. Never one has been more right than now in exclaiming, “O tempora! O mores!” This accident gives me ease to add what, for lack of time, I could not insert in my letter from yesterday. Immediately upon reading in your letter of 10 March “with an ironical eye to the modern declaimers against Philosophy,” I decided to transcribe for your enjoyment the two following sextets by the poet Casti, some novellas of which, together with other writings and books of mine, were burned in the house of Mr. Lewis upon orders of the traitor Arnold. “Blissful European,” etc. I also transcribe for you the sonnet by a very talented priest, written on the occasion of a great religious feast for the celebration of the sacrament. It is highly appreciated by those who understand its actual meaning and piously admired by the many who do not understand it. “I enter into the temple,” etc. Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as received 2

Nov. from Florence. Enclosed in Thomas Appleton to TJ, 8 Aug.

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2 5 J U LY 1 8 0 5  A ceremony at lucca on 14 July marked the addition of that state to piombino. Félix Pasquale Baciocchi and his wife, Napoleon’s sister Elisa, were prince and princess of the dominion (Florence Vidal, Élisa Bonaparte [Paris, 2005], 23, 61‑74, 281; Boston New‑England Palladium, 24 Sep.). sestine del poeta casti: Mazzei referred to “La Mitologia degli Animali” by Giovanni Battista Casti (Casti, Gli Animali Parlanti, 3 vols. [Milan, 1802], 2:164‑85; Vol. 38:563n).

 entro nel tempio: Mazzei referred without attribution to a sonnet on the sacrament of the Eucharist (Margherita Marchione and others, eds., Philip Mazzei: Selected Writings and Correspondence, 3 vols. [Prato, Italy, 1983], 3:396‑7). 1  Sentence written at foot of text and keyed for insertion here. 2 Passage in parentheses written below this paragraph and keyed for insertion here.

From Henry Meigs New York. May it please Your Excellency! July. 25th. 1805. It is unquestionably strong evidence of extraordinary presump­ tion, for a Man whose name and character are equally unknown to you, to address a request to you; And especially for him to intrude upon those moments of your attention (which are necessarily occupied with Concerns of the very first Magnitude) his little wants & private affairs. But feeling as a Man, I feel some small degree of confidence in preferring my wants thus openly, to your favor. Your Excellency has heretofore received some information respecting my father: His name is Meigs now President of the infant University of Georgia. I am his eldest Son; and at this time am a Citizen of New York; prac­ tising as Counsellor in the Supreme & Inferior Courts of this State, and as Counsellor and Proctor in the District Court of the U. States. The Council of Appointment have lately, also conferred upon me a Notarial Seal. These various employments are, however, with all my industry, quite inadequate to my support and I have inherited noth­ ing from my Good father; but the Pure love of Republicanism,1 an University education & the highest Respect & Veneration for the char­ acter of Thomas Jefferson. There is a probability that the Office of Clerk of the District Court will be vacated by the removal of the present occupant. A number of Gentlemen in this City have already made application for the Office. I also have applied, and have assurances from Mr. Tompkins one of our Supreme Court Judges and from the Attorney General of the D. Court Mr Sandford of their influence in my favor. I have also ad­ dressed the Vice President Mr Clinton; who has heretofore given me assurances of his general favor. I think there is a probability of the  120 

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exertion of his influence in my behalf. Your Excellency now probably discerns the Drift of this appeal to your goodness. A single word in my favor from your Excellency would insure me success. If therefore it is consistent with your Opinion and goodness to speak that word for me, it will add to the high veneration with which my mind is already impressed towards you, the Obligation of the Purest Gratitude. Mr Milledge and Mr Baldwin of Georgia are well acquainted with me as well as Dr Mitchell of this place, with the latter I had some conversation this morning, and he expressed the warmest wishes for my success in the pursuit of this Office. I mentioned to him that I had the idea of making an application to the President of the United States. He observed that the President had already as many Concerns and those of the first Consequence as he could attend to; I have however thus (perhaps wrongly) ventured to intrude upon your Excellency’s attention, presuming from my knowledge of your character that no Member of the great National family would be passed by unheard by you, when advancing a request which was founded in reason. Permit me now, whatever may be your Excellency’s decision upon this ad­ dress to Assure you, that no Citizen of the United States has a more heart felt Love & sincere respect for your Private and Public Charac­ ter than Your Most Respectful and Obedient Humble Servant. Henry Meigs RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Henry Meigs (1782‑1861), a native of New Haven and son of Josiah and Clara Meigs, graduated from Yale College in 1799. After admission to the bar, he prac­ ticed law in New York City and was ac­ tive in state and local politics, serving as city magistrate, state assembly member, president of the New York City board of alderman, and clerk of the court of gen­ eral sessions. From 1819 to 1821, he repre­ sented New York City as a Republican in the Sixteenth Congress (Biog. Dir. Cong.; New York World, 13 Sep. 1861).

Edward Dunscombe, clerk of the district court for New York since 1796, continued to serve in that capacity until 1808. Following the sudden death of district judge John S. Hobart in February 1805, there was speculation that his suc­ cessor might appoint a new clerk (Charles Merrill Hough, The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York: Its Growth, and the Men Who Have Done Its Work 1789‑1919 [New York, 1934], 35, 37; William Keteltas to TJ, 16 Feb.) 1 MS:

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“Republianism.”

From Ledyard Seymour Honor’d & respected Sir. Hartford (Connt) July 25th 1805 The dictates of a mind, that Knows how feel without prevarication or offence, have become so interesting, I have once more attempted to trespass for a moment, on the time of our Honor’d Exctve. Tho I might (if capable) compress, the wisdom of ages, or combine remote cause & natural effect, it is needless to repeat in the Language of the great Montes‑quieu, “Italiane, Italiane, ecce Littus”—But I am Bound in duty, in respect & with Gratitude to add, my lasting, & sincere wishes for the welfare of the Father of my Country & that you may be continued many years. Ledyard Seymour RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at head of text: “To Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 5 Aug. and “to be a Consul” and so recorded in SJL.

once more: see Seymour to TJ, 14 June.

From Joseph Dougherty Dear Sir. Washington: July 26. 1805 Last evening I sent your 2 boxes together with one of Mr. Bur­ wells. in care of a Mr. Bohn mercht. in Richmond. it was the only oppertunity I could find to send them. when I returnd, from Occo­ quan I found in the Stage office. Geor. Town. a bundle of boks for you perhaps from Mr. Reibelt Baltimore. If you chuse to have them sent to you it can be so. The family is all well Sir your Hble, Servt. Jos. Dougherty RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield Sir Philadelphia July 27—1805 I once more take the liberty to address you a few lines—I have to day recvd A letter from Judg Johnson which Affords me pleasure to know that he is Well—I have answerd it but a passage in it since struck Me—Where he says I am ready to submit to any Terms of reconciliation  122 

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 What Can he Mean—I hope Mr Jefferson You did Not Mistake My intention—or Make such A propasal to him I Woud not were he to offer me or your desire it make any other terms of reconciliation than I have done—United by friendship—And that he will as I told him change the Name of Margaret to Serena Amelia—or Robinett—if Mrs Johnson likes it better—I hope she has forgiven Me for any unhap­ piness I innocently caused her—And the greatest of all Earthly happi­ ness Next My daughter is to see him blessd in his Wife & Children— I will take an oportunity to forward you A Coppy of the letter I have written him or desire him to do it—And you May rely on My Verac­ ity that the Circumstances Mentiond is a “Fact—And if I can pre­ vail on only one to Believe—I shall glory in being thought worthy of persecution—With fervant prayers for your welfare I am respectfully Yours Amelia Bampfield turn over— Mrs. B— should not have troubled Mr Jefferson If Judge Johnsons Letter had not been detained in the Bethlehem Post Office—He says it is of consequence to him to know the names—Mama shall name but Women to him— EGB—  Mrs. S B Lowndes Mrs. Nicolson— Miss Dunlap— Mrs. Fullerton— Miss Lowry— RC (DLC); first portion in Bampfield’s hand and signed by her, remainder in Tart’s hand; at head of text in right mar­ gin: “Mrs Jones No 248 Market Street”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “mrs Jones 248. Market street.”

once more take the liberty: the Bampfield sisters had earlier written to TJ on 22 June, 30 June, and 11 July. A Philadelphia directory listed a Mrs. Jones who operated a boardinghouse at 248 Mar­ ket Street (James Robinson, The Phila‑ delphia Directory for 1805 [Philadelphia, 1804], n.p.).

From Jacob Wagner Sir Department of State 27 July 1805. Previously to the departure of Mr. Madison for Philadelphia (which took place on thursday) he requested me to furnish you with copies or summaries of whatever might occur of a nature sufficiently impor­ tant to demand it. I therefore have now the honor to inform you, that a letter is this day received from Moses Young, dated Cadiz 2 June,  123 

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stating that he learnt from the best authority, that Mr. Monroe’s mis­ sion ended on the 15 May; that he should set out from Madrid, via Paris, for London on the 26th. that there was “no accord with the Spanish Government on any one point of claims for territory or spo­ liations, or the ratification of the Convention of Augt. 1802”; that Dulton was charged with dispatches containing the details, and that he had gone to Lisbon to Embark. A letter from Mr. Simpson at Tangier dated 18 May does not countenance the report that Morocco has become troublesome. Two ­negro‑convicts are arrived at Philadelphia from Surinam, who were forced upon an American vessel which brought them by the Fiscal with the sanction of the Lieutt. Governor: the convicts are in prison. A copy of a letter from Mr. Davis at Tunis to Come. Barron dated 8 March congratulates him on the recovery of his health, and mentions with positiveness that two Tripolitans (a Xebec of 8 guns & a ketch of 8) were out & had captured 3 Imperials & a Ragusan, all laden with Grain. As these vessels are not of a hostile country, the Tripolitans must have taken them for the sake of the supplies they had on board. Another let­ ter from Mr. Davis to the Secy. State dated 20 March mentions that Achmet Bashaw, brother of the Bashaw of Tripoli, has arrived at Malta. The German letter, which you did me the honor to enclose to me, contains a proposal by a clergyman in Saxony to purchase a district of land in Louisiana and to settle it with a colony of husbandmen & Artificers. At a more leisure moment I shall give you a fuller account of it & return it to you. I have the honor to be With the highest respect, Sir, Your most obed. servt. Jacob Wagner RC (DLC); addressed: “The President of the U. States Monticello”; franked and postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. morocco has become trouble‑ some: see Vol. 44:675. negro‑convicts: in June at Para­ maribo, Surinam, J. Havens Horton, mas­ ter of the schooner Julian, was denied a clearance certificate by the colony’s tax officer ( fiscal), P. H. Spieing, unless he took on board “two criminal negroes, who were under condemnation of banish­ ment.” Lieutenant Governor William C. Hughes dismissed Horton’s protests as well as his concerns over the fines and “displeasure” he would incur by bringing the men to the United States. After fur­

ther protests, Horton succeeded in secur­ ing a certificate from Spieing stating that the convicts, both free Blacks, were placed on board the Julian by his order and that Horton had refused an offer of “fifty guil­ ders a piece for their passages.” Turell Tufts, the U.S. consul at Paramaribo, wrote to Madison on 13 June regarding the event. On 19 July, Madison requested J. P. G. Muhlenberg, the collector at Phil­ adelphia, to make the situation known to the state government and to investigate the matter further once the Julian arrived at his port (Relfs Philadelphia Gazette, 26 July; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:467‑8; 10:87). german letter: Gottfried Heise to TJ, 19 Apr.

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From Jacob Wagner Sir Dep. State 27 July 1805. It is represented by a gentleman of Alexandria, that a petition for a pardon in favor of Christopher Church convicted there of Larceny was forwarded to you two weeks ago, accompanied with the usual recommendations. From a fear that the petition may not have reached your hands, the gentleman is very desirous that I should thus men­ tion the subject to you, in order that a duplicate may be forwarded if necessary. I have the honor to be, Sir, With the highest respect, Your most obed. servt. J. Wagner RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

Christopher Church’s undated peti‑ tion for a pardon is printed at 15 July.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington July 29th. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing a letter from Mr. Crownenshield, on the subject of a Collector for Cape Ann—or Glocester—I have no personal knowledge of Mr. Kittredge, except that of seing him last winter when he came to this place with the votes of Massachusetts for President & V. President. he appeard to be an agreable Gentlemanly man, I know his Father & connections, his father has been one of the main props to the republican cause in the County he lives in, and is a sound respecteble charactor.— I have received the Treaties made by Mr. C. Jouett with the Indian tribes bordering on Lake Erie, The Connecticut Company have ob­ tained the Indian Title to the remainder of their tract, and a cession has been made to the U.S. of the lands between the Connecticut claims & the old North line of Ohio, containing about twelve or thirteen hun­ dred thousand acres. the price will amount to about one cent pr. acre. the whole to be paid by way of annuities amounting to $825.—the Connecticut people pay part down, part by installments, and a small sum by way of annuity.— I take the liberty of enclosing a letter received this morning from Col Hawkins.— Before this reaches you, I presume you will have received copies of some of the most important parts of the dispatches from Col Munroe & Mr. Pinkney.—Mr. Madison having set off for Philadelphia previous  125 

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to the arrival of Capt. Dulton, Mr. Wagner brought the dispatches to me, I opened them, and after having read the principle part of them, I advised Mr. Wagner to transmit without delay the more important parts of the documents to You & to Mr. Madison, which he agreed to do. It appears to me that our Ministers have been wrought up to a higher pitch of feeling than the actual state of things required,—we have every thing to hope from time and very little to fear, unless France should be mad enough to take strong & desided steps in favour of Spain. If Spain should actually attempt to establish any new advanced posts, it may be1 proper for us to take simmilar steps,—we may advance 70 or 80 miles towards Nacogdoches; and also take post on the mouth of the Colorado—and then we may wait for events.— with sentiments of the highest concideration I am Sir your Obedt. Huml. Servt. H, Dearborn RC (DLC); addressed: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. and “Kittridge. Indn. treaty. Hawkins. Span. affrs.” and so re­ corded in SJL. Enclosures: see below. A letter from Jacob Crowninshield re­ lated to John kittredge has not been found, but see Gallatin to TJ, 17 and 21 Aug. The treaties, signed at Fort Indus­ try with the Wyandots, Ottawas, Ojibwas, Munsees, Delawares, Shawnees, and Pot­ awatomis, consolidated grants to the Con­ necticut Land Company and a different Connecticut‑based land company. In ad­ dition, the United States obtained lands lying between those grants and a previ­ ous cession line (U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:87‑9; asp, Indian Affairs, 1:702‑3; Vol. 44:452‑3; Vol. 45:581‑3). The War Department received on this day two letters from Benjamin haw­ kins.  The first, of 20 June, concerned the planned postal route to New Orleans, which was to pass through Hawkins’s agency station. Hawkins feared that it

might prove difficult to acquire a suffi­ cient number of horses to move the mail expeditiously and advised that heat and insects would make it difficult to operate a postal route in the summer, while rain would militate against it in January and February. Other months, however, were favorable. Hawkins also advised that Mil­ ledgeville, having been made capital of Georgia, would make a better destination for the New Orleans postal route than the location previously contemplated. In the second letter, of 26 June, Hawkins dis­ cussed a meeting he held with the Chero­ kees’ interpreter, who had informed him that the Cherokees “had made up their mind not to sell” lands that were sought by the United States in impending negotia­ tions. The Cherokees distrusted the U.S. agents with whom they had been work­ ing, but still had faith in the president’s justice. If TJ sent for them and explained matters, they might “supply him with what they could spare” (RCs in DNA: RG 107, LRMS). 1 MS:

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“be be.”

From John Guiho de Kerlegand Monsieur Le president; Nlle orleans le 29 Juillet 1805— Je prend la liberté de Vous adresser un memoire tableau fidelle de toutes les Injustice que Jai Eprouvé; Sur la fin de l’ancien Gouverne­ ment de la part d’un Juge de St. Louis aux Illinois, l’affaire qui y est traitté n’attant plus que le Jugement qui doit la terminer et Cest avec Confiance que Je l’attant moi même du tribunal americain la Justice qui mest due; mais Justice Sans exception de personne ni Conside­ ration quelconque Cest mon Voeux et Celui d’écarter l’injustice dont Jai été Si Cruellement la Victime; agé de Soixante quinze ans, Il m’est impossible de retourner aux Illinois pour reclamer mes droits, Jai mon fils établis dans Ces Contrées et chargé de deffendre Cette Cause qui est En même tems la Sienne et celle de Sa Seur. Mais ce fils est Encore Jeune et l’on peut abuser de Sa Candeur les Juges—Eux mêmes pouroient être influencé par des Considerations locales tel est la Crainte d’un mal heureux de qui on a Spoliée la for­ tune, Cest pour prevenir de Si funestes Erreurs que Jai fait imprimer ce memoire—qui Vat leurs êtres Communiqué puisent ils apres l’avoir lû être penetres des Sentiments que Vous Eprouverés Vous même Si Vous daigner y Jetter un Coup d’oeil rapide, la Seul idé que ce me­ moire est Connu d’un homme tel que Vous Si Eminemment distingue par Ses Vertus peut Calmer la fureur de mes parties adverse et les rendre plus Circonspect dans leur projets de Seduction Cest Encore la un des Grands avantages que Je me Suis promis de l’impression de Cet Ecrit, Je fais des Voeux ardens pour la prosperité de la republique et Votre Conservation personnelle. Recevez Monsieur le president les assurances de mon Profond res­ pect, avec lequel Je ne Saisseré Jamais detre Votre tres humble et tres obeisant Serviteur J Guiho de Kerlegand e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President, New Orleans, 29 July 1805 I take the liberty of sending you a detailed account of all the injustices inflicted on me the end of the previous government by a judge from St. Louis in Illinois. The matter described here awaits only the verdict to be concluded. I count on receiving the justice I deserve from the American court, but jus­ tice without any personal or other consideration. That is my wish, along with ending the injustice by which I have been so cruelly punished. At age 75, I cannot return to Illinois to reclaim my rights. My son who is settled there is entrusted with defending my cause, which is also his and his sister’s.

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2 9 J U LY 1 8 0 5  But he is still young and can irritate judges with his candor. They might also be influenced by local considerations. That is the fear of an unfortunate man whose fortune has been despoiled. To prevent such a disastrous mis­ fortune, I had this report printed. After the judges have read it, may they be imbued with the sentiments you too would feel if you were kind enough to peruse it. The very idea that a man like you, so eminently distinguished for his virtue, knows about the report may calm my adversaries’ fury and make them more circumspect in their plan of spoliation. That is another major advantage I foresaw in printing the text. I ardently wish for the prosperity of the republic and your personal welfare. Accept, Mister President, the assurance of my deep respect, with which I shall never cease being your very humble and obedient servant. J Guiho de Kerlegand RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); en­ dorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. John (Jean René) Guiho de Kerlegand, also sometimes rendered as Klegand, of Nantes, left his native country during the French Revolution and became a natural­ ized U.S. citizen in 1792. He pursued sev­ eral occupations, including naval officer, importer in Philadelphia, and farmer in Kentucky. Pierre‑Charles de Hault de Las­ sus de Luzières invited him to settle in New Bourbon, a short‑lived colony for French monarchist refugees in upper Lou­ isiana near Ste. Genevieve. Kerlegand and his son Louis engaged in several land

claim disputes and financial wranglings in New Bourbon. Kerlegand moved with his family and slaves to New Orleans in 1802 (Walter A. Schroeder, Opening the Ozarks: A Historical Geography of Mis‑ souri’s Ste. Genevieve District 1760‑1830 [Columbia, Mo., 2002], 101, 246‑7, 250, 253‑4; asp, Public Lands, 6:777‑9; Thomas Harris, Jr., and John M’Henry, Maryland Reports: Being a Series of the Most Impor‑ tant Law Cases Argued and Determined in the Provincial Court and the Court of Appeals of the Then Province of Maryland, 4 vols. [New York, 1809], 3:185; Phila­ delphia Federal Gazette, 17 Aug. 1791; Lexington Stewart’s Kentucky Herald, 22 May 1798).

From Jacob Wagner Sir Department of State 29 July 1805. On Saturday evening arrived Capt. Dulton with dispatches from the Ministers at Madrid, announcing the failure of the negotiation in every particular. I have the honor to enclose copies of the dispatches, as far as they were deemed of importance and had not before been inspected by you. Part of the originals were forwarded by the inter­ vening post to the Secretary of State and the remainder will follow this evening. I beg leave to observe that the private & confidential letter of May 25th. has been seen by no one but Genl. Dearborn and myself; the enclosed copy therefore has not been compared with the original but is doubtless accurate. Capt. D. observes that Mr. Monroe left Madrid on the 26 May and he himself on the next day. He in­ forms me, that he was charged by Mr. Pinckney to inform this gov­  128 

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ernment, that the Prince of Peace stated to the latter gentleman, that a requisition from France exists in the Spanish Archives, which com­ pelled the closure of New Orleans as a step preparatory to the then contemplated possession of Louisiana under the treaty of St. Ildefonso. I have the honor to be, Sir, with perfect respect, Your most obed. servt. Jacob Wagner RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. and “Span. affairs” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: probably second RC of Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to Madison, Madrid, 25 May; at head of text: “Private and confidential”; Pinckney and Monroe recommend “bold and decisive” action in response to the “injuries” and “insults” received by the United States at the failed negotiations with Spain; the United States should “take possession of both the Floridas; and of the whole country west of the Mississippi to the Rio Bravo”; such measures can be justified by Spain’s refusal to pay spolia­ tions or to negotiate the limits of Louisi­ ana; these actions would demonstrate to the European powers that the “destiny of  the new World is in our hands” and that the United States is motivated by “a

spirit of moderation, of justice, and love of peace, not from the dread of any power, and in any view of the conse­ quences” (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:398‑401). For other probable en­ closures, see below. The dispatches carried by Thomas Dulton included Pinckney and Monroe to Madison, 23 May, which contained mul­ tiple enclosures; Monroe to Madison, 26 May, which enclosed Monroe’s 101‑page private journal kept during the negotia­ tions; and a private letter from Pinckney to Madison, 26 May. Wagner enclosed these and other papers received from Madrid in letters to Madison of 28 and 29 July (same, 385‑93, 405‑8; 10:145‑6, 149‑50). prince of peace: Manuel de Godoy.

From Daniel Fisher of New York Sir Newyork 30th July 1805 Although hitherto unknown to you I shall use no apology for thus introducing myself— This accompanies a System of Military Tactics which I have the honour to present to your Excellency for your consideration and if approven of by you, I shall feel myself amply compensated for my trouble—I shall say nothing here in commendation of my treatise, knowing if it possesses merit it will be duly appretiated—I shall only ask your patronage to the work, and shall be happy on receiving your opinion of it through any medium your Excellency shall think proper to communicate it— I have the honour to be Your Excellency’s Obedient Servant Daniel Fisher RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure: Daniel Fisher, A System of Military

Tactics, Containing the Principles of Dis‑ cipline and Movements, Chiefly Applied to Infantry; With the Rules and Regulations

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3 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Designed for the Forces of the United States (New York, 1805; Sowerby, No. 1146). Daniel Fisher (ca. 1774‑1838) was born in Ireland, where he was detained by the British for participating in events that led

to the Irish rebellion of 1798. He emi­ grated, settling in New York City, where he engaged in trade and participated in Republican Party politics (Baltimore Sun, 28 Feb. 1838; collection description, Dan­ iel Fisher Papers, 1790‑1837, in MWA).

From Albert Gallatin Sir Treasury Department 30th July 1805 I have the honor to enclose a letter received from Judge Hall & enclosing another from Govr. Claiborne respecting the house occu­ pied by Colo. Freeman. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Sir Your most obedt. Servant Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States now at Monti­ cello Virginia Milton”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and “public buildings N.O.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sures: see below. Gallatin may have forwarded a portion of the correspondence between Dominick A. hall and William C. C. Claiborne, which Claiborne enclosed to Madison in a letter of 6 June. Also enclosed in that letter was correspondence between Clai­

borne and Constant freeman, command­ ing officer of U.S. troops in Orleans Terri­ tory. Claiborne repeatedly tried to convince Freeman to remove his lodgings from a building that Hall identified as the only space owned by the United States that could accommodate the U.S. district court. Freeman refused to comply and insisted on waiting for a decision on the matter from Dearborn (Rowland, Claiborne Let‑ ter Books, 3:55‑6, 60‑6, 71‑8; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:437‑9; Galla­ tin to TJ, 9 July).

From Albert Gallatin Sir Treasury Department 30th July 1805 I have the honor to enclose the resignation of George Foster collec­ tor of Sunbury in Georgia. Although I have no knowledge of James Holmes mentioned in his letter, permit me, considering the distance & difficulty of obtaining recommendations and the danger to which the revenue would in the mean while be exposed, to submit the pro­ priety of appointing him successor. The appointment might be con­ sidered as temporary, as time & opportunity of making proper enqui­ ries will be afforded, and the permanent appointment cannot take place till after the next meeting of the Senate. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Sir Your obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin  130 

3 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States Virginia Mil­ ton”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and “Foster. Holmes” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found, but see below. Gabriel Duvall enclosed Foster’s resig­ nation in a letter of 24 July to Gallatin. In

a letter of 5 July, Foster alerted james holmes that he had mentioned his name in his resignation. Foster advised Holmes to “write to some of your friends on the subject” (Gallatin, Papers, 11:332; DNA: RG 59, LAR, endorsed by TJ: “Holmes James. Geo. Foster’s lre to him”; Gallatin to TJ, 17 Aug.).

From Levi Lincoln Dear Sir Worcester July 30th. 1805 I had the honor of receiving your interesting favor of the 19th. ulto. It came safely & duly to hand. The confidence and esteem evinced by its contents demand renewed expressions of gratitude and respect. I had early learnt from a common friend, now in Europe, that the only matter urged by our enemies, which can possibly cause you a mo­ ments attention, to be precisely as you have stated it. I wished the information, that if it should become expedient, to be the better en­ abled to repel the false & malicious statements, for which the incident might furnish the color. Thus instructed, with our friends & ene­ mies, I have, when ever the subject required my attention, chosen safe ground, which in no event, I could be obliged to abandon. Believing it neither necessary or expedient to avoid, I have always treated it hypothetically, insisting that even the enemy who pretended to know, or affected to beleive, and was disposed to aggravate its culpability, did not when pressed, pretend it to be otherwise, than a thoughtless indiscretion which a young Virginian had been betrayed into from the hay day of blood by the free & inviting countenance of beauty, forty years since. It has then been asked (for the idea of a ten years perseverance, under the forbiding, or rather, the repulsive, frowns of dignified chastity, is a contradiction in experience & a solecism in nature) It has then been asked, I say, what is the amount? what, com­ pared with the notorious conduct, the continued, the habitual con­ duct of A B & C already canonized for their worth & goodness?—of D E & F the immaculate paragons of modern piety, Washington poli­ ticks, & the federal religion of the old school. Indeed, Sir, however to be regreted and blamable the indiscretion, which none can be more candidly disposed to censure than yourself; it is considered by your friends & acknowledged by your political enemies, at least, by those whose sentiments have weight in society, to be cruel & savage to urge the common foibles of Juvenile inexperience, against the chastised  131 

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habits of acting & thinking, long fixed, by the reflections of wisdom & mature age. Where is the man without faults? Who never erred? Where is the young man who never tripped? who never improperly yielded, for a moment, to the ardors of man? Jeremiah, alone, was sanctified from the womb. And this, it seems, is required by federal spotlessness, of all the republicans. The above charge is now pretty generally understood with correctness, by persons of intelligence and information; & with such it can make no improper or unfriendly im­ pressions. The rest of the libellous articles, in the late federal circular, are not beleived by themselves, under these censurable circumstances, or false qualities, with which they have been clothed. The facts of giv­ ing money to Callender, & offering it to Jones, have been repeatedly explained. It is only with the great Mass of the people, who see but one description of papers, any impression is made. It is to influence this body, that the refuted & rerefuted charges are so often repeated. From the difficulty of contravening them, they will be continued. The refutations ought however to follow them. In time, truth will over take them, & they & their authors be confounded. I think our friends in general are too patient under the accusations of themselves & their friends; Too remiss in the duty of vindicating their own, & the char­ acters of their friends from the groundless & malignant aspersions of baseness & wickedness, especially the character of the President, which ought to be considered by republicans as public property, pe­ culiarly placed under their protection & custody. I scold at my friends, but to no purpose. It is, “be ye warmed & be ye clothed.” During the last Session of our Genl. Court I saw in Boston Skinner, Varnum, Eustis & several other friends. The first appeared extremely dissatis­ fied with the conduct of some of his collegues,1 in our late state elec­ tions. Varnum had been made a major Genl. by a federal legislature; Eustis pleasant & accomodating, as usual, to all, apparently the object of attention by both parties. The interest which some of our Gent. had taken in the Yasoo business, with their opposition to some of the republican measures at washington, their avowed jealously of virgin­ ian ambition, and a suspicion of their favoring a third party system of politics, have tolerated to them a qualified & limited species of federal popularity. The federalists, with us are assiduously nursing this party. They derive some hope from it. with them, Elliot is popular. They avail themselves, & make the most of every thing whispered, by a real, or nominal republican. Dissenting or disaffected friends, by their si­ lence, or on expression of their scruples, are more injurious, than the constant efforts of a determined enemy—with the foibles of our friends we must bear, manage them, not quarrel with them.  132 

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 Since I had the honor of addressing to you my last, the shafts of federal calumnies have thickened into a cloud. The devoted papers, are republishing their old numbers, & circulating new ones of the same things differently dressed. The object is to overwhelm, or depress by opprobrium. The means are falshoods. The incentive, is not personal hatred, as disconnected with politicks. Your retirement will procure you no respite from villanous attacks. Especially as it will be on a prin­ ciple which will give a closing lustre to your administration. Nothing but a surrender of the Govt. and an abandonment of the principles on which you have administered it will ever satisfy your political oppo­ nents. Could you yield the cause & become its betrayer, pardon the idea, you2 would instantly be entitled, become faultless, be perfection— become their idol. Dispairing of this, they console themselves with a beleif that they posses the power of injuring the feelings of those, whose talents integrety and patriotism have stood in the way of their ambitious views. To such miserable gratifications they will always indulge. Their hatred to the republican system is implacable. and con­ sidering your name, as associated with it, & giving it reputation & support, they will honor you with their pursuits to the grave. Indeed, such has been their baseness & violence, with respect to Franklin Preistly & others, that they have not halted, even, at this resting place for pilgrims. The common place cant, used by themselves, and placed in the mouths of boys, is that the present state of things cannot con­ tinue; that the Govt. is sinking & must be saved by new hands, that its Administration is without talents and without character, & must be laid on their backs, as the favorite expression is. Such fopish con­ ceits we hear from every little federal thing which creeps. Some re­ publicans, with whom my patience is almost gone, conduct as if they beleived these conceits to be realities. They will, God bless the Pres­ ident, and the Govt., but like good christians, they will God bless, his, & its enemies, and when one cheek is redened with reproach, with patience they will turn the other. Thus encourged impudence and villainy, are without inconvenience to themselves, speading their ne­ farious slanders in all parts of our state. I am sure spirit, promptness, and a Union of exertion, would soon check this system of degrada­ tion & baseness, & place its authors in the gutter. A large majority of the citizens of this State are republican. But unsustained by those who ought to be their leaders, or confounded by the divisions of such among themselves, some are afraid to act, others ashamed and not a few at a loss as to what ought to be done. Benjamin Austin (against whom I have heretofore had my prejudices, from an idea that he had availed himself of vulgar & popular errors, in advocating principles,  133 

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inconsistent with a regular & a well ordered Govt.) has done & does, more to support republicanism & hold its enemy in check, than a score of his townsmen equally capable of being useful, were they equally zealous—The Current of abuse is, at this moment, sitting extremely strong against the Genl. Govt.—It has its ebbs & flows. I trust it is now at high water mark. The clergy have been more open & busy for a short time past, than usual. Every movement has indicated a crisis, improved with concert & hope. Altho, such has been their baseness & violence, as that they have neither claims to our notice or neglect; yet we owe some thing to ourselves & friends. Amidst this outrage, these sons of violence, these apostates to principle, to deceive, talk of mod­ eration & candor. They are calling for attention that they may abuse, they a seeking confidence, that they may betray. they are looking to a Union with a third party, and encreased calums of calumny, for the accomplishment of their wishes. So soon as the reflux shall have taken place, for it is scarcely possible to be heard in the existing uproar—I am determined for myself, as leisure shall permit, to retrospect the leading principles & measures of Govt. and of parties, for some years back, & exhibit to the view of the people a contrast, between the acts of their friends & their foes. Speaking of personal calumny, you ob­ serve that I seem to have obtained a respite; and then ask what I have done to be thus deserted. I have repeatedly put the same mortifying question to myself, without being able to answer it. That man’s prin­ ciples or practices are justly to be suspected who is not the object of federal abuse. None but fools, or half way men escape—When I was thus honored, I was flattered in beleiving it was not altogether in the right of others, on your account, or from my connection with Govt.. Hopes of apostacy, from reports, that I was disgusted with Govt & they with me, that I had denounced Virginia, had seceded from their politicks & joined with their oppossers may have had its influence. Without knowing the cause of this desertion, I know what has not produced it. Feeling equally solicitous & interested for the reputation of the present Administration, & the success of its measures as when immediately connected with it, I have not for a moment withdrawn my hands from the horns of the altar, or ceased to vow and to act in hostility to our common enemy and in support of my late associated friends. On all occasions have I acted & spoken with more freedom than was deemed proper, while I was honored as one of your Admin­ istration. I have writen, & been suspected of writing several occa­ sional political pieces, which the federalists have thought violent, and yet have remained unnoticed. The enclosed electioneering peice, which, with one Voice was imputed to me, in a sermonary way defending or  134 

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rather approbating those measures of your administration which had the most irritated the3 opposition, and reproaching that opposition, with the meaness of its motives & the atrocity of its conduct, pro­ duced no “oppugnation” to my character. The accompanying oration, expressive of the ideas & feelings with which the mind of the author had been impressed has produced not a single stricture in the federal papers. The failure of all those provocatives is proof that I cannot raise myself to notice, & that it was to you, I was indebted, not only for the office, but also for the federal attentions, with which I have been most distinguishingly honored—Turner’s letter with comments, as has been usual for things of that kind, has passed through every federal paper in N. England. Both inclination and a sense of duty will produce my best exertions to counteract their wickedly designed effects—While your character shall be concerned, so long as my recollections shall continue, neither motives, nor facts can be wanting to me, for its com­ plete vindication. On looking back I find my subject has run away with me. Having abused the present, I fear you will not give me a future, opportunity of thus severely taxing you. Permit me to ask you to throw your eye4 over the inclosed oration, it will animate the am­ bition of a young disciple of the New School, to be informed, that the President of the US. has honored his juvenile Essay, with a perusal. Will you have the goodness to hand one, to each of your Sons, as a token of my friendly recollections of their persons, & respect for their talents & characters. Suffer, Sir, one of the Pamphlets sent me by its deceased Printer, to find a quiet place on your shelves for fugitives, as a silent witness of his, & my zeal to serve the public. On reperusing it, I find it in many things needing correction, in very many capable of improvement, but in every thing expressive of the real feelings of your devoted friend. Proceeding, from what was designed as an elec­ tioneering address, forced on by the multiplied & successive attacks on the leading principles of that address, and adverting to many tem­ porary & local publications without any original plan, as a whole, it will, in a reader, require the exercise of great candor— Accept, Sir, assurances of my most affectionate recollections & re­ spectful esteem of your hum. Servt Levi Lincoln RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Presidt of the US.”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures were probably: (1) Worcester National Aegis, 27 Mch., with a lengthy editorial headed “Political” and signed “Retrospect” that defends TJ’s administration against all manner of “public and private slan­

der” and supports the Republican ticket in the upcoming Massachusetts election; the issue also includes a Supplement to the Aegis, headed “Electioneering” and addressed “To the Citizens of Worcester County,” endorsing James Sullivan for the upcoming Massachusetts gubernato­ rial election and defending him against

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3 0 J U LY 1 8 0 5 Federalist attacks (Sowerby, No. 3441). (2) Daniel Waldo Lincoln, An Oration, Pronounced at Worcester, on the Anniver‑ sary of American Independence, July 4th, 1805 (Worcester, 1805). (3) Levi Lincoln, Letters to the People. By a Farmer (Salem, Mass., 1802; Sowerby, No. 3442). your interesting favor: TJ’s letter of 19 June has not been found (see TJ to Robert Smith, 1 July). sanctified from the womb: Jere­ miah 1:5. late federal circular: for Thomas Turner’s letter published in the 31 May issue of the Boston Repertory airing a va­ riety of charges against TJ, see TJ to Gallatin, 21 June. be ye warmed & be ye clothed: James 2:16. Lincoln likely referred to James el‑ liot, a Vermont congressman (anb; Vol. 40:452).

 my last: Lincoln to TJ, 2 June. horns of the altar: 1 Kings 1:50‑3. best exertions: the 31 July issue of the Worcester National Aegis addressed the issues raised by Turner in the Boston Repertory, including TJ’s governorship of Virginia, his debt and payment to Ga­ briel Jones, his relationship with Sally Hemings, and the Walker affair. deceased printer: William Carlton, editor of the Salem Register and printer of Lincoln’s collected “Farmer” essays in 1802, had died on 24 July “of a violent nervous fever” at the age of 33 (Salem Gazette, 26 July). 1   Preceding two words interlined in place of “our friends.” 2  MS: “you you.” 3  MS: “the the.” 4  MS: “you eye.”

From Edward Preble Sir, Portland July 30th. 1805 I am honoured with your much esteemed, and highly valued letter, of the 6th Inst. and feel all that gratitude can inspire, for the obliging expressions it contains. Your present, of, (an additional specimen of the Mechanical and Inventive genius of our country,) the Polygraph, I shall receive with pleasure and entreat you, to accept my warmest thanks, for the distinguished honor you have done me, by this proof of your desire to administer to my convenience, in so considerable a part of my duty, as the correspondence I am necessarily obliged to attend to. This present coming from the Chief Magistrate of our Na­ tion, whom I esteem, and Venerate, will render it invaluable to me. I beg leave to assure you, of my ardent wishes, that Heaven may pre­ serve your health, and long continue your valuable life, an honour to our country, and to hum[an n]ature. With the highest respect, and attachme[nt,] I have the honr. to subscribe myself, Your Obedient & very humble. Servt. Edward Preble RC (DLC); torn; at head of text: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

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From William Lambert Sir, City of Washington, July 31st. 1805. The inclosed copies of calculations relative to the latitude and lon­ gitude of the Capitol in this city, are offered to your acceptance. If the liberty I have taken of dedicating the work to you, without asking your permission, be considered presumptuous or improper, I beg that the high estimation in which your talents and character are justly held, may be received as my apology. This edition will be submitted to the examination of several gentlemen who understand the subject, and they are respectfully desired to point out and correct its’ imper­ fections, before it is exposed to the ordeal of public criticism. I am not satisfied that all the data, particularly the altitudes of some of the fixed stars, and the right ascension and declination of n Pleiadum, from which its longitude and latitude have been deduced, are accurately stated: we must therefore avail ourselves of better tables, and other opportunities, to prove how far the result obtained by these calcula­ tions may be depended on;—there can be little doubt, that it is a near approximation to the truth; but when it is attempted to fix a first meridian for any country, it ought to be done from several observa­ tions. If future occultations of fixed stars by the Moon, or rather solar eclipses, visible from beginning to end, which afford the means of ascertaining the error of the tables in the Moon’s latitude, are not disregarded, they claim a decided preference to any other method, for attaining so desirable an object, with sufficient precision. I have lately written to Mr: Thomas M. Randolph and Mr: John W. Eppes, on a subject peculiarly interesting to myself; and although it is not expected or wished that you would use your influence in the case of a legislative appointment, a recollection of your conduct to me, while under your immediate superintendance and authority, as well as other circumstances which have since occurred, induce me to com­ municate my determination to offer as a candidate for the Clerkship of the House, at the next session of Congress. I have the honor to be, with perfect esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedt. servant, William Lambert. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: William Lambert, Calcu‑ lations for Ascertaining the Latitude North of the Equator and the Longitude West of Greenwich Observatory, in England, of the Capitol, at the City of Washington, in the

United States of America (Washington, D.C., 1805). liberty i have taken: Lambert ded­ icated his publication to TJ as president of the United States and president of the American Philosophical Society.

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From Martinus van Marum Monsieur! Harlem ce  Juillet 1805. La societe Batave des sciences, desirant d’etre en relation avec les sçavans des Etats unis de l’Amerique, et specialement avec la societé Philosophique de Philadelphia, comme elle a fait voir deja en offrant à la societé, en 1803, les Memoires qu’elle a publiés, vient de vous nommer Membre dans sa dernière seance anniversaire, le 22 Juin, se flattant que vous agreërez cette élection. Vous recevrez, en conse­ quence, ci joint vôtre Diplome et le programme de la societé. J’ai l’honneur d’être avec la plus haute consideration Monsieur! Votre tres humble & obeiss. serviteur M. V. Marum Secretaire de la societé e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Haarlem, this  of July 1805 The Batavian Society of Sciences seeks to associate with scholars in the United States of America and, notably, with the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, as demonstrated by the presentation of its publications to that society in 1803. At its recent meeting on June 22, the Batavian society named you a member. We flatter ourselves that you will accept this election and en­ close your diploma and the society’s program. With the highest consideration, Sir, I have the honor of being your very humble and obedient servant. M. V. Marum Secretary of the Society RC (DLC); partially dated; at head of text: “à Monsieur Thomas Jefferson, President des Etats Unis de l’Amerique, et de la societé Philosophique à Philadel­ phia”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Weten­ schappen, Haarlem, Netherlands). Enclo­ sure: diploma, dated Haarlem, July 1805, naming TJ a member of the Batavian Society of Sciences (MS in DLC: TJ ­Papers, 151:26444; in French, signed by Teding van Berkhout, president, and Van Marum). Other enclosure not found.

Martinus van Marum (1750‑1837) be­ came secretary of the Netherlands Society of Sciences in 1794. Trained as a physi­ cian, he later made the study and dissemi­ nation of science his life’s work, which included service as the director of Teylers Museum in Haarlem. In 1803, as secre­ tary of the Batavian society, he sent 42 volumes of his society’s transactions to the American Philosophical Society. In Janu­ ary 1806, the APS elected Van Marum a member (dsb; aps, Proceedings, 22, pt. 3 [1884‑85], 342, 382).

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From William Jarvis Sir Lisbon 1st. August 1805 I had the satisfaction to address you the 20th. ultimo by the Ship Susan, Capn Loring for Norfolk, since which I have refrained ship­ ping the Wine as a Gentleman informed me he had a number of pipes of pure Arruda, of the last Vintage, coming out of the Country, some of which I might have; and which I supposed would be much more agreeable than the mixed Wines. In a few days the parcel will be down when sir I shall ship one or two pipes for you. In the intermediate time I have taken the liberty to ship by the Brig Maria; Capn Carew for Alexandria, a quarter Cask of old Bucellos Wine & a quarter Cask best termo. The first cost Rs. 24$000, which at 840 reis  dollar is $28.60c, the termo 22$000 ie $26.20c  qr. Cask. In case Sir you should not be desirous of taking them, I have requested Messrs. R. T. Hooe & Co. to sell them for my account, of course you will please to make the reception of them, or not, perfectly agreeable to yourself. If it is your pleasure to take them, the cost can be paid to Messrs. R T Hooe & Co. By the same Vessel I have also sent four boxes preserves & a basket of Almonds, to the address of Genl. Dearborn, of which trifles I must beg Your acceptance— With the greatest Veneration I am Sir Yr Most obedient and Most Hble Servt. William Jarvis RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and so recorded in SJL with notation “2. Qr. casks Busellas & Termo.” 20th. ultimo: Jarvis probably referred to his letter of 20 June. No letter from him dated 20 July has been found or is recorded in SJL.

taken the liberty to ship: TJ’s papers contain a bill of lading signed by Jarvis and Thomas Carew at Lisbon, 1 Aug. 1805, for two quarter casks of white wine shipped by Jarvis to Alexandria for TJ on the Maria (MS in DLC; printed form with blanks filled by Carew). On 15 Nov., TJ paid $75 to Robert T. Hooe & Co. in payment for the shipment, in­ cluding freight charges and duties (mb, 2:1116, 1168).

From John McMenamy Sir Cross Roads Brooklin New York. Augt. 1st. 1805 I have taken the liberty of informing your Honour that I have a plan to lay before you. that would inform you at any time your Ship­ ping could enter any port in any part of the World, Or com out of any port, Or if they were spoke with at Sea or along Shore what wind  139 

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would be best to bring them to their intended port. And as it is the first thing of the kind I belive ever offered to the Public I have ap­ plyed to your Honour for encouragement of said plan, as your Ships of War Merchant Ships and other Ships Benefits, by said plan, Mer­ chants can Insur thier Ships with the greatest Propriety Sir as any thing for the good of the Nation would meet your great­ est encouragement I wait for your Instructions As I live contiguous to New York if your Honour would appoint a Gentlemant to see it, I then would lay the whole at large before your Honour Sir I am your Honours Most Humble & Most Obedt. Servant John McMenamy RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); endorsed by TJ as received 10 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

Statement of Account with James Cheetham His Excellency Thomas Jefferson 1803  To the proprietor of the Am. Citizen Augt. 5. To a Copy of the letter to a friend Decr 9 To a Copy of Aristides 1804 Jany 1 To 8 Mo Citizen. @ $8 " To 8 Mo Evening Post—@ $8 23 To a Reply to Aristides Feby. 13 To Remarks on the Merchants Bank May 1 To 4 Mo Citizen @$10 pr. Ann To 4 Mo E. Post—$10 pr Ann 24 To a file of the Watch Towr bd & lettered Decr 3 To a Copy of letters on our affairs With Spain July 1 To 14 Mo Citizen.—@ $10 " To 14 Mo. E. Post—$10 18 To a file of the W Towr bd & lettered 1805 Contra—C May 18 By Cash recevd from Mr. Richards

D $0.37½ 50 5.34 5.34 50 25 3.34 3.34 7– 50 11.67 11.67 7  56.82½

25.80 $31.2½ Received payment of the Above in full New York August 2. 1805— for the proprieter Abraham Asten  140 

2 AUGUST 1805  MS (DLC); in Abraham Asten’s hand; at head of text: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson”; notation at foot by John Barnes: “pr Mr Chas Ludlow—via John Barnes”; endorsed by Barnes. Abraham Asten was the principal clerk of James Cheetham. He was later a pub­ lisher of the New York Courier and Re‑ publican Chronicle (New York American

Citizen, 8 Oct. 1806; New York Morning Chronicle, 9 Oct. 1806; Brigham, Ameri‑ can Newspapers, 1:619, 683‑4; 2:1371). On 7 May TJ gave John Barnes the full amount of a note drawn at the Bank of Columbia to pay multiple obligations, including $25.805 that Barnes remitted through Charles Ludlow in New York to Alexander richards for Cheetham (mb, 2:1153).

From James Madison Dear Sir Philada. Aug. 2. 1805 Having passed Dulton on the road, I have received the dispatches from M. & Pinkney under the delay of their coming hither from Wash­ ington. You will have recd. copies from Washington, according to instructions I left there. The business at Madrid has had an awkward termination, and if nothing, as may be expected, particularly in the absence of the Emperor, shd alleviate it at Paris, involves some seri­ ous questions. after the parade of a Mission Extry. a refusal of all our overtures in a haughty tone, without any offer of other terms, and a perseverence in withdrawing a stipulated1 provision for claims admit­ ted to be just, without ex post facto conditions manifestly unreason­ able & inadmissible, form a strong appeal to the honor & sensibility of this Country. I find that, as was apprehended from the tenor of former communications, the military status quo in the Controverted districts, the navigation of the rivers running thro’ W. Florida, and the spoliations subsequent to the Convention of 1802. have never2 had a place in the discussions. Bowdoin may perhaps be instructed, consis­ tently with what has passed, to propose a suspension of the territorial questions, the deposit, and the French spoliations, on condition that those points be yeilded, with an incorporation of the Convention of 1802 with a provision for the subsequent claims. This is the utmost within the Executive purview. If this experiment should fail, the ques­ tion with the Legislature3 must be whether or not resort is to be had to force, to what extent, and in what mode. Perhaps the instructions to B. would be improved by including the idea of transfering the se­ quel of the business hither. This would have the appearance of an ad­ vance on the part of Spain, the more so as it would be attended with a new Mission to this Country, and would be most convenient for us also, if not made by Spain a pretext for delay. It will be important to  141 

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hear from Monroe, after his interviews at Paris. It is not impossible, if he should make an impression there, that without some remedy a rupture will be unavoidable, that an offer of mediation,4 or a promise of less formal enterposition, may be given; And it will merit consider­ ation, in what way, either should be met. Monroe talks as if he might take a trip from London home. If he comes, with a proper option to remain or return as may be thought proper, and so as not too much to commit the Govt. or himself, the trip may perhaps produce political speculations abroad, that may do no harm. Inclosed are several letters from C.P: also a communication adding another instance to the provoking insults from British Commanders. I am not able to say how far the insult was aggravated by a violation of our territorial rights. We arrived here on monday last; and have fixt ourselves in a pleas­ ant, and as is believed a very safe part of the City [between 7 & 8 Streets, and Walnut & Chesnut.] Docr. Physic has no doubt of effect­ ing the cure for which his assistance was required; and without the use of the knife. But this, if his patient could be reconciled to it, would greatly save time. Yrs. with respectful attachment James Madison RC (DLC); brackets in original; at foot of text: “The President of the U States”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and “Span. affairs” and so recorded in SJL with additional notation “Pinckney’s lres. impressmt.” Enclosures not found.

you will have recd. copies: see Jacob Wagner to TJ, 29 July. 1

 Word interlined.  Madison here canceled “produ.” 3  Madison here canceled “should.” 4  MS: “medition.” 2

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New‑Orleans August 3rd. 1805. The Articles sent you by Captain Lewis, left this City some Days ago; and were put on board the Ship Comet; they were addressed to the care of the Collector at Baltimore; and he was requested to for­ ward them by Land to the City of Washington. The Skins were carefully repacked, and the necessary measures taken to preserve them. The little Animal and the Birds were all well, and I sincerely hope may reach you in safety. By Captain Carmick of the Marine Corps, who sailed two Days since, from this Port for Wash­ ington, I forwarded you, a Mandine Pot, being the only species of Culinary Instruments used by the Mandine Indians; It came in a  142 

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Boat, from the Illinois, and is supposed to have been transmitted by Captain Lewis. I have the honor to be Sir, With great respect, Your faithful friend William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

articles sent you by captain lewis: see Meriwether Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr., and Claiborne to TJ, 6 July.

To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 3. 05. On my return from a1 day from a journey to New London I found here the inclosed from the Governor of S. Carolina to mr Madison, which I forward to you as belonging to your department to con­sider of. I learn with great regret that mr & mrs Madison have been obliged to go to Philadelphia, & I have little hope of seeing them in our neigh­ borhood this season. I hope this circumstance will not prevent the excursion hither which you had meditated. we shall all be happy to recieve mrs Dearborne & yourself here and to detain you as long as your own convenience will permit. we can engage for as much secu­ rity to your health as Maine itself could offer. I left mr Nicholas’s yesterday morning who made me promise to sollicit for him the plea­ sure of seeing you at his house; & indeed I presume you would not willingly return from Virginia without having seen James river at all. trusting that your former arrangement for this journey was so fixed as that no other has been substituted, I have even hopes that you may now be on the road, but that in any event it will not be long before we shall have the pleasure of seeing you here. be so good as to present my respectful invitations to mrs Dearborne & to accept yourself affec­ tionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi). Notation in SJL: “Charles­ ton fortifn.” Enclosure not found, but see Dearborn to TJ, 7 Aug. (second letter).

1 Preceding two words partially blotted in MS.

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To David Gelston Sir Monticello Aug. 3. 05. I recieved yesterday your favor of July 23. & will thank you to send the cases of wine from mr Appleton to Washington by the first ves­ sel  to that place, Georgetown or Alexandria, & if any precautions can  be adopted for their avoiding heat as much as possible, they would be desirable, as those wines are peculiarly delicate & liable to spoil.   with respect to the articles from Halifax, they consist of wines & fruits, taken in an American vessel, & carried into a court of admiralty there. they also are to be forwarded to Washington when it can be done with propriety: I speak of mr Madison’s & mine. those for Majr. Butler had better go to him at Charleston, unless he be at Philadelphia (as is most probable) from whence he can readily give directions. I know not the nature of the claim the agents of the vessel have on these articles: but any just ones shall be answered.1 Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “David Gelston esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

1 TJ here wrote “Au,” probably the be­ ginning of a closing that the polygraph did not capture.

To Gideon Granger Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 3. 05. On my return yesterday from a journey to New London, I recieved your favor of July 23. and now return Govr. Claiborne’s letter & map. as far as one can judge from these documents I should conclude the best route to be by land to the river Chef menteur, then by water to Bois‑doré & thence Northernly along the Indian path; because this reduces the water transportation to about 20. miles of still water where oars may be used, which is very desirable. to go to the place of Favre would be much further & up stream. however I believe it had better be left to the Governor to chuse between these two routes. Accept affec­tionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Granger.” Enclosures: see Granger to TJ, 23 July. bois‑doré: possibly the residence of Louis Boisdoré. In 1783, he received a substantial Spanish grant for land be­ tween Bay St. Louis and the Pearl River, upon which he established a cattle ranch

(Benjamin C. Howard, Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States. December Term, 1850 [Boston, 1851], 63‑5). place of favre: probably the Pearl River residence of Simon Favre, a former trader and interpreter, who was an early inhabitant of what would become Hancock County, Mississippi (Dunbar Rowland,

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3 AUGUST 1805 Encyclopedia of Mississippi History, 2 vols. [Madison, Wis., 1907], 1:699; Mary Ann

Wells, Native Land: Mississippi 1540‑1798 [Jackson, Miss., 1994], 164, 177‑8).

From William Jones Sir London 3rd Augt 1805 The favor of your order was handed to us by Mr Tunnicliffe & dur­ ing the short time allowed we have used our best exertions to furnish the articles. They are of the best workmanship & we hope they will please. The small pamphlet on Cyder & Perry is out of print & very scarce but we will endeavour to procure you one by the time we may next be favored with an order. Mr Tunnicliffe has paid us our account as under. I am Sir For Self & S Jones Your obt hble Servt Wm Jones RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. For TJ’s order, which he placed through William Tunnicliff, a Washington‑­ based merchant traveling to London, see TJ to Tunnicliff, 25 Apr. and 19 May. Tunnicliff apparently placed the presi­ dent’s order on 23 July, the date that Jones’s firm issued a receipt for payment of £30–1–0 on behalf of TJ and an invoice virtually identical to the list printed below. On both the receipt and the invoice, five shillings were deducted, the cost for the small pamphlet, A Treatise on the Cul‑ ture of the Apple & Pear, and on the Manu‑ facture of Cider & Perry, by Thomas An­ drew Knight. Tunnicliff may have handed the invoice and receipt to TJ in early December after his return to Washington (MSS in MoSHi: Jefferson Papers, in­ voice endorsed by TJ: “Tunnicliff Wm.”; Sowerby, No. 1211; Vol. 45:126‑7).

At their December meeting, Tunnicliff presented TJ with Knight’s book, which he had purchased directly from the author, and likely also the bill of lading, which in­ dicated expenses of £2–8–0 for packing and transport of the goods from London to Liverpool, £1–4–6 for export duties, £4–19–8 for insurance and freight to Philadelphia, and nine shillings for post­ age and drayage. Combined with the cost of the goods, Tunnicliff spent £39–2–2 in England, equal to $173.83, to which he added U.S. duties of $38.17 and trans­ portation costs from Philadelphia to Al­ exandria of $5.50, for a total of $217.50. TJ paid Tunnicliff this amount on 12 Dec. (MS in MoSHi: Jefferson Papers, signed by Richard Dickinson, 31 Aug., on behalf of Higginson and Twiss of Liverpool, with calculations for duties, freight, drayage, and postage on verso; mb, 2:1170; TJ to Pickering, 6 Dec. 1805).

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e n c l o s u r e

Invoice for Instruments, Maps, and Books His Excellency Thomas Jefferson

Bought of W & S Jones— A pair of 18 Inch Globes 7– 7– A compass and fitting 6– An improved sliding hour circle 8– A pr of red leather covers to Globes 1– 6– Arrowsmiths Map of Europe 2– 5–  Ditto of Asia 2– 5–  Ditto of Africa 2– 5– Almadilla’s Map of S America by Faden 2–12–6 Baxter’s History of England bds 2– 2– Cambrun on Brewing 8– Adams Geometrical Essays 2 vl 8vo 19– Adams introduction to Practical Astron’y 2–6 A portable drawing board and seat 1– 1– A protracting parallel Ruler 1–16– ⎪⎫ A 1 ft achrom. Telescope & adjustment ⎬ 3– 3– to a Ramsden’s Equitorial ⎪⎭ With new parallel plate staves &c A strong packing Case   1–10– £ 29–16– 132.44 D  29–16– MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 151:26457); undated; in William Jones’s hand; dollar amount, in italics, added by TJ.

From Jacob Wagner

Dep. State 3 Augt. 1805

J. Wagner sends his best respects to the President with the letter from M. Heise & a translation. He has received a letter from Mr. Madison, informing of his arrival with Mrs. M. at Philada. and that Dr. Physic thinks he can relieve her without any operation more pain­ ful than keeping the limb in a fixt posture. Mr. Merry proposes to go for Philada. to morrow. Capt. Murray proposes to sail in the Frigate to morrow. The newspapers mention the capture, by boarding, of one of the gun‑boats by 3 Algesiras privateers, but that she was released afterwards. Mr. Simpson remained silent on the 7 June about the reputed rupture with Morocco. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and so recorded in SJL with nota­

tion “Heise’s Germn. lre.” Enclosures: see Gottfried Heise to TJ, 19 Apr.

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4 AUGUST 1805  In July, Robert Smith named Alexan­ der murray commander of the frigate Adams and also placed him in charge of the naval force assembling to protect U.S. commerce along the Atlantic coast (ndbw, 6:172‑3; Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July).

 News of the capture and release of Gunboat No. 3 by Spanish privateers ap­ peared in the National Intelligencer on 2 Aug. The incident took place on 15 June (ndbw, 6:119, 170).

From Joel Barlow Dear Sir New York 4 Aug. 1805 I take the liberty to announce to you my arrival in this country & my intention of visiting your part of it very soon. We propose to pass the winter at or near Washington, & look out for a place to pitch our tent for the residue of life. If you are not now at washington I would be much obliged to you if you will drop me a line to the care of Peter Talman merchant in this place, to let me know about what time you expect to be there, as my principal object in going that way before I visit the north is to see you as soon as convenient. Mrs. B—s health is feeble, she will probably remain here while I make my first trip to the south. with great respect & attachment Joel Barlow RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From Bowling Clark Dear Sir Hills creak Augt. 4. 1805 Your feavers by Harcalis of July 24 I recived last evening. & agree­ able to your request have set to your list. what I supposeed to be the value of each differant track Pr acre. at the time I left the Forest. I cant be so certain of the value of those three tracks of Calloways & the two Robartsons. as I neaver traced those lines all round. the Lands in that Neighbourhood. have raseed in thare value vary concidirable sence I left that place. should have bin exceding glad to have seen you when up. but had I have none it. should not have bin able to have rode that distance at that time & am Dear Sir with cincear esteem yours &c Bowling Clark RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

harcalis: Hercules, an enslaved farm laborer whom TJ moved from Monticello to Poplar Forest in 1790 (mb, 1:145).

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To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 4. 05 On my return from Bedford two days ago I recieved your favor of July 24. and learnt with sincere regret that mrs Madison’s situation required her going to Philadelphia. I suppose the choice between Physic & Baynham was well weighed. I hope the result will be speedy & salutary, and that we shall see you in this quarter before the season passes over. A letter from Charles Pinckney of May 22. informs me that Spain refuses to settle a limit, & perseveres in witholding the ratification of the convention. he says not a word of the status quo, from which I conclude it has not been proposed. I observe by the papers that Dul­ ton is arrived with the public dispatches, from which we shall know the particulars. I think the status quo, if not already proposed, should be immediately offered through Bowdoin. should it even be refused, the refusal to settle a limit is not of itself a sufficient cause of war, nor is the witholding a ratification worthy of such a redress. yet these acts shew a purpose both in Spain & France against which we ought to provide before the conclusion of a peace. I think therefore we should take into consideration whether we ought not immediately to propose to England an eventual treaty of alliance, to come into force whenver1 (within   years) a war shall take place with Spain or France. it may be proper for the ensuing Congress to make some preparations for such an event, and it should be in our power to shew we have done the same. this for your consideration. Mr. Wagner writes me that two black convicts from Surinam are landed at Philadelphia. being on the spot you will have a better op­ portunity of judging what should be done with them. to me it seems best that we should send them to England with a proper represen­ tation against such a measure. if the transportation is not within any of the regular appropriations, it will come properly on the contingent fund. if the law does not stand in the way of such an act, & you think as I do, it may be immediately carried into execution. Accept for mrs Madison & yourself my affectionate salutations & assurances of con­ stant esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers); at foot of first page: “Mr. Madison.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affairs. Surinam convicts.” William baynham, a widely respected physician and surgeon, resided in Essex

County, Virginia (Vol. 30:613n; Vol. 35:183n). letter from charles pinckney: Vol. 46:424‑34. wagner writes me: Jacob Wagner to TJ, 27 July (first letter). 1 Thus

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in MS.

Notes on Letter to Gibson & Jefferson Aug. 4. 05. wrote to Gibson & Jefferson for 30. ℔ candles  Myrtle wax if to be had   2. doz. pr 6. I. butt hinges   2 doz. pr 4. or 5 I. do. for doors of 1¼ I. wide.    to be chosen by Oldham MS (MHi); entirely in TJ’s hand; en­ dorsed by TJ.

A letter from TJ to gibson & jeffer‑ son is recorded in SJL under the date of 4 Aug. but has not been found.

To Edward Rowse Sir Monticello Aug. 4. 05. Your favor of July 13. was recieved at this place. not being myself a competent judge of the analogies between the Cowpox, the small pox, the plague, & yellow fever, I readily acquiesce in the opinions of those who are the proper judges. that the Cowpox prevents the small pox is now I believe doubted by no body. but I had not supposed it to be established that it is a preventative against the plague. some para­ graphs in the newspapers indeed had stated such a doctrine. but their editors admit falsehood with so much levity that a fact is not the more to be believed for being found in them. it may however be true altho’ it is in a newspaper. with respect to the experiment whether yellow fever can be communicated after the vaccine, which you propose should be tried on some malefactor, no means of trying that are likely to be within my power. during the term I have been in office, not a single conviction in any capital case has taken place under the laws of the general government. the Governors of the several states would have it most in their power to favor such an experiment. Having been very little in this state during the last 20. years and, when in it, scarcely ever absent one day from my own house, I am not sufficiently informed to answer your enquiries relative to the present state of the breed of Arabian horses here. I should judge from the little I see, that it is nearly in the same state in which it was when I knew it better.— altho’ we have had a few horses here said to be Ara­ bian, yet our main stock of that race has been & still is drawn almost entirely thro’ England. Accept my salutations and assurances of great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Doctr. Edward Rowse.”

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To William Wirt Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 4. [1805] Your favor of July 24. has been duly recieved: and I feel every disposition to comply with your request respecting mr Henry: but I fear to promise from a doubt whether my occupations would permit me the time requisite to recollect and commit to paper the facts re­ specting him which were within my own knolege, as we had a very familiar intercourse for upwards of 20. years, & ran our course nearly together. during this our political principles being the same, we acted in perfect concert until the year 1781. I witnessed the part he bore in nearly all the great questions of that period, & perhaps could recollect some anecdotes not uninteresting. he was certainly the man who gave the first impulse to the ball of revolution. were I to give his character in general terms, it would be of mixed aspect. I think he was the best humored man in society I almost ever knew, and the greatest orator that ever lived. he had a consummate knolege of the human heart, which directing the efforts of his eloquence enabled him to attain a degree of popularity with the people at large never perhaps equalled. his judgment in other matters was inaccurate. in matters of law it was not worth a copper: he was avaritious & rotten hearted.1 his two great passions were the love of money & of fame: but when these came into competition the former predominated.   If the work you propose is not destined to come out speedily I will endeavor to recollect what may be of use to it. be assured I want the testimony of nobody as to the honorable use you would make of my communications. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of sincere esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU); partially dated; at foot of text: “Mr. Wirt.” PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 4 Aug. 1805.

1 TJ

here canceled “whenev.”

From Ahmad Qaramanli Excellence Syracuse 5th. August 1805 for nearly eleven years, I have been labouring under the weight of misfortune, but notwithstanding which, my Distress, was never equal to that which the actual combination of circumstances, has made it— My Residence was near Cairo, when there arrived in Alexandria, a Brig commanded by Capt. Hull in company with General Eaton, who came recommended to Mr. Briggs, H:B:M: Consul, and enquired of  150 

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him where I could be found—My place of abode being made known, a Courier, was dispatched for Cairo, by order of the General; and on his arrival at Razid a second one, which came to Cairo, directed to the house of Tursuf Bashaw, an officer of the Ottoman Porte, who re­ ceived a letter, in which he was requested, to suffer me to pass with­ out interruption, in order that I might cooperate with the Americains to take Tripoli—these things being communicated to me, caused me to reflect seriously, whether they could be true or not—all doubts were dissipated by General Eaton, meeting in Cairo, my Secretary named Mahumed Mezaluna, to whom he consigned another paper, & in com­ pany with two Maltese arrived at Said, my place of residence, and delivered to me a dispatch, urging me to leave that place immediately, in order that we might have a meeting (as really happened) in the City of Damintur; where the General was made known to me, as one who had been sent thither by your Excellency for the conquest of the Kingdom of Tripoli— I engaged to go with him to Syracuse, & also to keep myself secret, from which circumstance, I was necessarily compelld, to abandon all I posessed, and thus loose, my horses, Camels, &c—previous to my leaving Damintur, General Eaton assured me the peace would never be made, unless I was placed in my own Seat, (Throne) and often swore by himself that he would never, take me from where I was for the sole purpose of making the conquest— I did not however fail to suggest to the General, that in case Jus­ suph Bashaw, should actually remain Conqueror, what party he would take in my favour, as I should not be able to remain, any longer in the Turkish Dominions— I was answered, if the combinations of War should prove favour­ able to Jussuph Bashaw that a pension would be granted me, sufficient to mantain my family and suite—the people and money demanded by me, to effect this object (for such a movement) were ready; and that I had better expedite my Secretary to Capt. Hull, to inform him, that the General had come to conduct me from upper Egypt to Syracuse, but that I could not trust myself at Sea, in the manner he had— My Envoy having executed his Commission arrived first in Syra­ cuse, and Afterwards in Malta, in consequence of the absence of Capt Hull from the first (place) and whom he afterwards found in the sec­ ond place (Malta) and executed his embassy—he was answered by the same (Hull) that every thing I could possibly want was ready— and in fact, there was sent me, a Vessel laden’d with supplies, and pro­ visions, accompanied by the Brig commanded, by Capt. Hull, which arrived at Bomba delivering to the General (and myself) a dispatch  151 

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(to him directed) from the Comodore; in which he renders Hull re­ sponsible for everything I might want—I then asked for Canon, pow­ der and other war like supplies; and was answered that a Frigate was hourly expected, and that they would be sent me—I afterwards left Bomba in company with General Eaton, and we pursued our route towards Derna, (arriving near it) in twelve hours; such a voyage made me extremely happy as well as all my people, while the manner in which we were treated by the General excited universal admiration— his dignified Soul (conduct) merits applause—we were scarcely, on the twelfth hour of our voyage, when we saw a Schooner which brought us two peices of Canon, and nothing more—After an attack of two hours, in which, all the troops, applaud and Admire, the courage of General Eaton Derna was taken, (as the people of that country were much in my favour) and in which attack the General was wounded in the hand— after the Capture of the City, we received from the Chiefs of the Brigands, letters, offering to join us. After ten days a troop of Cavallry and Infantry (of the Enemy) advanced; they were twice broken, and put to flight by us—we now asked from the Schooner, which had been sent us people & Arms; while their remained a respite of peace, and were waiting an answer respecting our demand for people & Arms, in order that we might go and take Bengaza & Tripoli—in the mean time there arrived a Frigate, which we supposed had brought us peo­ ple; but She landed a Turkish Ambassador from Jussuph Bashaw, who informed the General of the Alliance of Jussuph Bashaw with your Excellency—Saying that the said Bashaw, would restore my family; and that your Excellency would give me in the name of the U: States, a pension—the same evening of the arrival of the Frigate, the General informed me, that I must embark, with all my people; and thus was again compelld to abandon all I posessed, (the General hav­ ing prevented the Turkish Ambassador from landing) and thus we parted for Syracuse, where we found the whole Squadron— I daily expected my family, when finally I was told that he, (the Bashaw) would not let them go—having thus broken his word, I de­ manded of the General to be replaced in my own Country, which was also denied me, saying that he had no orders to that effect from your Excellency—and it is thus I find myself in this country, with the small pension of two hundred dollars per month, and on which sum I am to support myself with a number of people— Such a State of things makes me feel, that the weight of misfortune has only increased; and for the first time am completely abandonned— (and by a great nation) I therefore fling myself on the Mercy of your  152 

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Excellency; who (under the influence of just laws) will not fail to ren­ der me that justice which oppression, and misfortune entitles me to— with the hope of an early reply from your Excellency, I remain with the most perfect esteem, and respect Your devoted & very humble Sert Achmet Bashaw Son of Ali Bashaw Altrinal Bashaw of the house of Caramalli— Tr (DNA: RG 46, EPFR, 9th Cong., 1st sess.); at foot of text: “To His Excel­ lency The President of the United States of America”; with facsimile seal below signature; endorsed by a Senate clerk. Tr (DNA: RG 233, PM, 9th Cong., 1st sess.); endorsed by a House clerk. RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Tripoli); in Italian, with Ahmad’s seal. RC (same); in Arabic; mutilated, with significant differences from the Ital­ ian version (see below); endorsed by TJ as received 21 Nov. Trs enclosed in TJ to Samuel A. Otis and John Beckley, 19 Jan. 1806. Ahmad (Hamet) Qaramanli was the sec­ ond son of Ali Qaramanli and elder brother of Yusuf, the reigning pasha of Tripoli. Ahmad served as bey during a period of conflict between Yusuf and their father, surviving an assassination attempt at one point and subsequently organizing de­ fenses in the city of Tripoli. A stalemate between the opposing forces was broken when the Ottoman sultan gave permis­ sion to a Georgian janissary named Ali Borghul to seize Tripoli with a small fleet and some mercenaries. Ali Borghul exiled the Qaramanlis and declared himself pasha of a Tripoli now flying Ottoman banners. The Qaramanlis reunited, with Ali and Ahmad seeking aid in Tunis and Yusuf leading efforts to reassert control over the city of Tripoli. Backed by Tunisian forces, Yusuf and Ahmad captured the city in 1795, and Ahmad was declared pasha. Yusuf, however, soon forced his elder brother into exile, retained Ahmad’s wife and children as hostages, and took over as pasha. While residing in Tunis in 1801, Ahmad was convinced by U.S. consul William Eaton to reject Yusuf’s offer to serve as governor of the Tripolitan city of Derna and instead cooperate in a plan to overthrow Yusuf and reinstate Ahmad as pasha. TJ’s administration, although skep­

tical of Ahmad and the plan’s likelihood of success, authorized Eaton in May 1804 to engage the “cooperation” of Ahmad, who after serving briefly as governor at Derna was once again in exile and now cooperat­ ing with Egyptian Mamluks under Mu­ hammad Bey Al‑Alfi. Ahmad abandoned his Mamluk allies, and he and Eaton sub­ sequently assembled a mixed force of U.S. marines, foreign mercenaries, and North Africans. In early March 1805, with Eaton in command, they executed Ahmad’s plan of marching their force overland for Derna, which they captured in late April and successfully defended against Tripolitan counterattacks over the ensuing weeks. News of the peace treaty between Yusuf and the United States in June brought an abrupt end to the alliance, however, and with it an end to Ahmad’s dream of re­ gaining the Tripolitan throne. Taken to Syracuse by a U.S. naval vessel, Ahmad repeatedly sought financial relief from his American allies and the release of his fam­ ily, the latter finally occurring in 1807. Two years later, Yusuf again appointed his brother governor of Derna, but even­ tually forced him to flee for Egypt, where he later died in poverty and forgotten (Kola Folayan, Tripoli during the Reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli [Ile‑Ife, Nigeria, 1979], 10‑21; Kola Folayan, “Tripoli and the War with the U.S.A., 1801‑5,” Jour‑ nal of African History, 13 [1972], 262‑5; Seton Dearden, A Nest of Corsairs: The Fighting Karamanlis of Tripoli [London, 1976], 90, 101, 137‑8, 173‑206; Chipp Reid, To the Walls of Derne: William Eaton, the Tripoli Coup and the End of the First Barbary War [Annapolis, 2017], 23‑4, 281‑2; asp, Foreign Relations, 2:695‑725; George Davis to Madison, 15  Oct. 1807 and 31 Jan. 1809, both in DNA: RG 59, CD, Tripoli; Vol. 38:347n; Vol. 39:494‑5n; Vol. 40:93n, 647; Vol. 42:384‑92, 429; Vol. 43:46‑8, 80, 494;

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5 AUGUST 1805 TJ to the Senate and the House of Repre­ sentatives, 13 Jan. 1806). my residence was near cairo: al­ though the Arabic version of Ahmad’s communication recounts many of the same events and makes a similar request for support, it is far less detailed and pol­ ished than the Italian version and the con­ temporary English translation generated by the State Department. Many of the names and places that fill the latter two versions are missing from the Arabic, and the chronology unfolds differently. Regarding the Italian version, see TJ to Madison, 22 Nov. tursuf bashaw: probably a reference to Hurshid Pasha, the Ottoman‑appointed governor of Egypt, who was deposed dur­ ing the summer of 1805 (Khaled Fahmy, Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt [Oxford, 2009], 23‑6). The second article of the convention struck between Ahmad and Eaton on 23 Feb. pledged the United States to “use their utmost exertions” to restore Ahmad to the Tripolitan throne (asp, Foreign Relations, 2:706; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:101). alliance of jussuph bashaw with your excellency: having heard that

Yusuf Qaramanli was receptive to renewed negotiations and having always been du­ bious of Eaton’s mission, Tobias Lear sailed to Tripoli from Algiers in late May to end the conflict. The subsequent treaty declaring peace, dated 4 June, provided for an exchange of prisoners and, as part of that exchange, the payment of $60,000 to Tripoli. The treaty’s third article man­ dated the withdrawal of Americans from Derna and the cessation of aid to Ahmad. Americans were to try to convince Ahmad to leave Tripolitan territory, and in ex­ change Yusuf would release his brother’s family. Yusuf’s reluctance to fulfill that object, however, had almost thwarted the negotiations, and on 5 June Lear signed an amendment giving Yusuf four years to deliver Ahmad’s family to him, a clause that he did not make known to the Jefferson administration (Miller, Treaties, 2:529‑56; ndbw, 6:22‑3; Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:14‑22). same evening: that is, 12 June, when Eaton, having learned of the peace on the previous day, executed a midnight evacu­ ation from Derna of Americans, Christian mercenaries, and Ahmad and his suite (ndbw, 6:116‑17).

From Jonathan Williams Sir.— Elizabeth Town N Jersey Augt 5. 1805 I thank you for the obliging opinion you have been pleased to give relative to Selection of Characters proper for members of the U.S. military philosophical Society and it will be closely observed.— The inclosed Circular has been delayed only on accot. of the dor­ mant State of the Society: I hope another year will not pass away without producing some fruit.— I have the honour to be with the greatest Respect Your obliged & obedient Servant Jona Williams RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: printed circular to mem­ bers of the United States Military Philo­ sophical Society; signed by Williams and

with blanks filled by him with date of 30 June 1805 and date of TJ’s election to membership of 4 July 1803; addressed by Williams: “Thomas Jefferson Esq”; includes preliminary articles agreed upon by a meeting of the Corps of Engineers,

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6 AUGUST 1805 12 Nov. 1802, and the constitution of the society (same; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL).

 obliging opinion: TJ to Williams, 14 July.

From John Bracken

Wmsburg 6. Aug. 1805

J. Bracken most respectfully presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson, and requests his attention to the enclosed letter, when an occasion occurs of sending Dispatches up the Mediterranean. It re­ lates to the late Mr. Belini’s affairs, & this liberty wou’d certainly not have been taken but on a presumption that the Friendship, which was known to be entertained for the deceased, will be readily extended, as far as the present occasion requires, to the Interests of his surviving Relatives. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure not found. Born in England, John Bracken (1747‑ 1818) emigrated to Virginia in the 1760s. He became an ordained minister in the Church of England in 1772, and the next year was appointed to Bruton Parish in Williamsburg. Bracken joined the faculty of the College of William and Mary in 1775 and married into a prominent local family. From 1812 to 1814, he served as

the college’s ninth president. As one of Carlo Bellini’s colleagues, Bracken served as the administrator for the late professor’s estate (dvb; Rutherfoord Goodwin, “The Reverend John Bracken [1745‑1818], Rector of Bruton Parish and President of William and Mary College in Virginia,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Epis‑ copal Church, 10 [1941], 354‑89; Rich‑ mond Enquirer, 24 July 1818; rs, 4:69n, 10:249; Bishop James Madison to TJ, 18 Mch. 1805).

From Robert Brent Dear Sir City of Washington August 6th 1805 At a meeting in the Capitol this day of the Board of Trustees of the public Schools established by an act of the Corporation of this City, you were unanimously appointed president of the Board; and it is with peculiar satisfaction that I fulfil the Instructions of the meeting in communicating this circumstance to you I have the honor to be with respect & Esteem Dear Sir Your Obt Servt Robert Brent Chairman RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 10 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

act of the corporation: see John Gardiner to TJ, 22 July.

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From Dominick A. Hall Sir New‑Orleans 6. Aug. 05. I have seen with regret, that several gentlemen whom you have nominated to the bench have declined the appointment. The lowness of the salary wch is by no means sufficient to support a family and apprehensions of the climate have no doubt been amongst the causes of their non acceptance. It is important that a judge of the superior court should be immediately appointed. Mr. Prevost has been and still is very ill. No business has been done in the territorial court for some time past. The number of causes is considerable & the docket is daily swelling to an enormous size. Permit, me to bring to your consideration for a judicial appoint­ ment Capt. James Still of the army of the United States. He is a na­ tive of New Jersey, was educated at Princeton college, studied law with Mr. Stockton and was admitted to the bar. I am authorised to say that he enjoys the confidence and esteem of Judge Paterson. Capt. Still came here with the army & by his pleasing deportement has obtained the respect both of Americans and french. In correctness & elegance of manners he is inferior to no one. I know very few who possess a sounder understanding. He has made considerable progress in the french, and in a very short time will be master of the language. Capt. Still is about to marry one of the most elegant women in this country, Mrs. Gayoso, relict of the late Governor Gayoso—she is uni­ versally beloved and admired—Capt. Still’s connection with that lady will give him a high standing in this community and I am persuaded that his appointment to the bench would give general satisfaction. He has lately communicated to Genl. Wilkinson his intention to resign. I trust, Sir, that you will excuse this address—A regard for the honor and interest of our country and a very pert desire to promote the happiness of two very amiable persons are my inducement. I have the honor to be with the greatest Attachment and Respect Your most obedient and very humble Servant. Dom: A: Hall. RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. and “Still capt James. to be a judge of Orleans” and so recorded in SJL.

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From Levett Harris Sir! St. Petersburg, 6. August, 1805. I take the liberty herewith of presenting to your Excellency a work on the fine Arts, which, I hope, will be found worthy your accep­ tance. It is a picturesque description of the manners, customs, and amusements of the Russians, executed by an artist of merit, under the protection of the present Monarch: and who, the better to do justice to his design, has been permitted to finish it in London. The ample field presented by this country for an undertaking of this description, I am disposed to think, your Excellency will consider has, on this occasion, been judiciously Scanned, as far as my observa­ tion extends, in point of correctness, the author’s pencil is entitled to eulogy. Will your Excellency permit me to avail myself of this opportunity to tender you, and my country, my most cordial felicitations on the auspicious result of the late election for chief magistrate? a result, as highly honorable to the Nation, as it is consolatory to your Excellency, and in which, I participate in all the warmth of real patriotism. It is extremely agreeable to me at the same time to inform your Excellency that, on a late occasion, the Emperor testified to me, in terms the most expressive, the gratification he derived by this event, and in which, the ministry in general appear to share in a most lively manner. I intreat your Excellency to be persuaded of the exalted deference with which these communications are dictated, and of the perfect re­ spect & consideration, with which I have the honor to Subscribe myself, Your Excellency’s Most Obedient, & most faithful Humble S ­ ervant Levett Harris. RC (DLC); above dateline: “25. July,” the date by the Julian calendar; at foot of text: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Esquire President of the United States of America Washington”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 84, CR, St. Petersburg); dated 19/31 July. Enclosed in William Wilson & Sons to TJ, 9 Nov.

work on the fine arts: John Au­ gustus Atkinson and James Walker, A Picturesque Representation of the Manners, Customs, and Amusements of the Russians, in One Hundred Coloured Plates; with an Accurate Explanation of Each Plate in En‑ glish and French, 3 vols. (London, 1803‑4; Sowerby, No. 4246).

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From John Page My dear Sir Richmond Augt 6th. 1805 As I had promised Mr. Randolph, when he delivered your friendly message, that I would be at Monticello in the Course of this week, and I have been unfortunately prevented from setting out at the time I intended by the longer continuance of my Postillion’s Sickness than I had expected, I have thought it proper to inform you, that we can not flatter ourselves with the hopes of being with you sooner than the middle, or possibly the end of next week. Accept our best Wishes, & present them to Mr. & Mrs. Randolph & Family. & believe me sincerely yours John Page RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

your friendly message: probably TJ to Page, 2 June. TJ also wrote a letter to Page on 12 June, which has not been found.

From Joshua Pike Sir, Portsmo. State of New hampshire August 6th. 1805— please to excuse the liberty I take in addressing you, on such a sub­ ject, but as a free born American Citizen, I think it my duty to myself and family to inform you, as our father and protector, of any Cruelty or Injustice by any Officer under your appointment, which we Amer­ icans have to labor to support, I have been employed these five last years past, by the Surveyors of this District to mark all Ardent Spir­ its imported into this place, and hired part of a House of the Collector three years ago for forty dollars pr year, as he finding that the income of marking increasd he rose the Rent the second year to Seventy dol­ lars and his Avarice knowing no bounds, the third year he rose it to one hundred and ten, on the 30th of June Instant, I settled and paid him all but thirty Six dollars, for which he inhumanely enterd the House with an Officer and attachd all my furniture, depriving me and my Wife and a family of eight children without any thing to make use of, but the interference of a friend rescued them back, such conduct from a man worth One hundred thousand dollars, and no family, but his Wife, is beneath the dignity of a true American, our worthy Gov­ ernor has known me for thirty years past, and also knows that the Collector, keeps in Office and old Gentleman as Inspector, that I have to do half his duty for nothing, that has property enough to support  158 

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him, and has always been in favor of the British Government and is so to this day— I am Sir with the greatest Respect Your most Obt. Humble Servt. Joshua Pike RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “His Excellency the President of the United States of America”; franked; post­ marked 9 Aug. Recorded in SJL as re­ ceived 19 Aug. Enclosed in TJ to Galla­ tin, 23 Aug. While there were several individuals who shared his name in the Portsmouth area, this writer was possibly the Joshua Pike who served as a tax collector in the 1780s (see tax collection receipts in North Church Papers, Portsmouth Athenaeum, and NhHi: Moffatt and Whipple Family Papers). Joseph Whipple was the collector of customs at Portsmouth (Vol. 33:561n; Vol. 39:425n).

John Langdon was sworn in as New Hampshire’s governor in June 1805 (A Journal of the Proceedings of the Honorable Senate; of the State of New‑Hampshire, at their Session, Begun and Holden at Con‑ cord, at the Annual Election, on the First Wednesday of June, Anno Domini, 1805 [Portsmouth, 1805], 9). On Whipple’s and Langdon’s recom­ mendations, TJ appointed George Went­ worth as inspector of the revenue and surveyor of the Portsmouth district in 1802. At the time, Gallatin had remarked on Wentworth’s age and fitness for the position (Vol. 38:241, 682; Vol. 39:130).

From Edmund Randolph Dear Sir Richmond August 6. 1805. As the terms for an arrangement, including Mr. Short’s claim on me, will soon be perfected with the comptroller, permit me to obtain the favor of you, to forward to me the order, which I formerly gave in Mr. Short’s favor, on Messrs. Pendleton & Lyons, as administrators of Mr. Robinson. I would not trouble you, had I not been informed by the comptroller and Mr. Geo. Jefferson, that it is not in the hands of either of them. I expect, that a balance of nearly two hundred pounds is due upon it. I am dear sir with the highest respect and esteem Yr. mo. ob. serv Edm: Randolph. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. terms for an arrangement: see Gallatin to TJ, 18 Apr. (second letter). For settling William Short’s claim for $9,000 from the United States, which had be­ come entwined with Randolph’s own debt, Randolph reserved for Short an assump­ sit for £2,000 from Edmund pendleton

and Peter Lyons, the administrators for the estate of John Robinson, against whom Randolph had a claim. While acting as Short’s agent, TJ received the assumpsit on Short’s behalf. In April 1800 TJ sent the assumpsit to Treasury secretary Oli­ ver Wolcott and asked him to accept it as a payment toward the settlement of U.S. claims against Randolph, but Wolcott de­ murred and returned the document. As

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6 AUGUST 1805 of that time, Pendleton and Lyons had paid £1,200, equivalent to about $4,000, through George Jefferson. They subse­ quently made a payment of $1,315, which TJ diverted to the federal government

to  hold until final settlement of Short’s claim (Vol. 29:574; Vol. 30:35, 317; Vol. 31:497‑9, 574; Vol. 32:251; Vol. 36:455‑7; Vol. 38:517‑18).

From P. & C. Roche Monsieur. philadelphie Le 6e. Août 1805. Nous avons L’honneur de Vous prévenir, que nous Venons de Recevoir, de france, qu’elques Exemplaires d’un atlas Géographique, Et historique, de M. A. Lesage. Grand Infolio, Orné de 34. Cartes, &a; Comme Vous le Verré par le prospectus Cy Joint; Cet Ouvrage Est un des plus Beau, & des plus Intéréssants qui ait paru jusqu’a Ce jour; dans Son Genre, il ne l’aisse Rien à desirer, Cet ouvrage Est relié En Carton, dos, Et Coins En maroquin, papier fin; Comme ns. n’En avons que trés peux d’Exemple. & que plusieurs personnes ns. En Ont demandé, Ns. avons Cru devoir ne pas nous En défaire avant de Vous En avoir donè avis, Croyant que Cet ouvrage interéssant pour­ rait Vs. étre agréable. S’il L’Est, mandés le nous, Et Sur le champ, ns. nous Emprésserons de Vous L’Envoyer. En attandant Nous avons L’honneur de Vous Saluer très Respec­ tueusement, Et Sommes. Monsieur. Vos trés devoués Serviteurs. P. Roche frères No. 53. Walnut Street phildpha. P.S. Vu les frais Enormes que ns. avons eté obligé de payer, il ns. Est Impossible de mettre le prix plus Bas que de $36. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Philadelphia, 6 Aug. 1805 We have the honor of informing you that we just received from France a few copies of a historical and geographical atlas by M. A. Lesage, a large in‑folio edition, illustrated with 34 maps, etc. As you will see from the en­ closed prospectus, it is one of the most beautiful and interesting to have been published to date. In works of its kind, it leaves nothing to be desired. It is printed on thin paper with a Moroccan leather spine and corners. Since we have only a few copies and several people have requested them, we felt bound not to part with them before informing you, believing this interesting work might please you. If so, let us know and we will hasten to send it to you. In the meantime, Sir, we have the honor of sending our respectful greet­ ings. Your very devoted servants P. Roche frères

 160 

6 AUGUST 1805  P.S. Given the enormous sum we had to pay, it is impossible for us to set a price lower than $36. RC (MHi); at head of text: “Mr. Jefferson Wasington”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. m. a. lesage: A. Le Sage was the pseudonym of Emmanuel, Comte de Las Cases, author of the Genealogical, Chrono‑ logical, Historical, and Geographical Atlas

published in London in 1801 and in the following year as a French‑language edi­ tion published in Paris. An immediate suc­ cess, it appeared in multiple editions and reprintings in abridged or supplemented formats (Walter Goffart, Historical Atlases: The First Three Hundred Years, 1570‑1870 [Chicago, 2003], 303‑7; Tulard, Diction‑ naire Napoléon, 1037‑9).

From Edward Rowse Sir Boston 6th. Augt. 1805 No. 7 Warren Street I had the pleasure of addressing you a few lines by the post, on the subject of the yellow fever, on the 13th. ult.; but not having been fa­ vored with an answer; and apprehensive that it is owing to my hav­ ing directed my letter to you at Washington instead of Monticello; I take the liberty of troubling you with a copy thereof as below. With the highest respect, I have the honor to be Sir your obedient servant Edw Rowse RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States, Monticello”; with Tr of Rowse to TJ, 13 July, subjoined below signature; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From William Tatham Sir/ Norfolk, August 6th. 1805. I have the honor to inform You that I am thus far on my way to the Southward, having in vain spent the best part of the year, at great expence, without any thing conclusive with the Secretary of the Navy. I beg leave to state to you Sir, nevertheless, that, if that Naval de­ partment is designed to exist, there seems to be an Auxiliary one much needed: It should comprehend the economy of our Pilotage, Lights, Buoys, & Land‑marks; all of which I learn & observe are in an imper­ fect condition. It is stated to me that the Keepers of the Light Houses are frequently remiss in the dead hours of the night, and there is said to be need of some vigilance that the Oil is duly accounted for. The Pilots are charged with cutting down Trees & mutilating the best Land Marks, in order to render their employment (perhaps their im­ positions) more palatable & necessary. It is added that if Government  161 

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should undertake to Survey, & Buoy out their Channels, (a measure which seems to be essentially accep’d on the Potowmack, if not of greater extent under a general law,) the buoys must be well strapped with Iron, to prevent their being cut away by the Pilots; and the se­ verest penalty on Offenders must be inflicted.—I can only add that if Government deem this measure necessary, I shall have no objection to superintend the completion of it, under a competent law; but I would not be understood, hereby, to relinquish the completion of the great system which we have heretofore thought of. If you deem these hints of the consequence they seem to be in my eyes, they may probably be useful as a basis for Legislative modifica­ tion. I expect to return in October, & have the honor to be Sir Yr. Obt. H St Wm Tatham RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of The United States of America”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

thus far on my way: see Tatham to TJ, 13 July.

From John Vaughan Dear Sir Philad. 6 Aug 1805 Having for the Philosophical Society, Subscribed for the Musœum of Natural History, published at Paris, I have just recieved the 29 No. in which M Cuvier treats of the Subject of Magalonix as described by you giving his own Theory from the Plaster Casts sent by Mr Peale— concieving it probable this No had not reached you, & that you would be gratified by a sight of it, I have by this post enclosed it, requesting as it is one of a Set, that it may be returned to me as Soon as you have done with it, that I may hand it to the Society. I remain with the greatest respect, Sir. Your friend & Serv Jn Vaughan RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Georges

Cuvier, “Sur le mégalonix, animal de la famille des Paresseux,” Annales du mu‑ séum national d’histoire naturelle, 5 (1804), 358‑75.

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To John Breckinridge Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 7. 05. The office of Attorney General for the US. being not yet perma­ nently filled, I have an opportunity of proposing it for your accep­ tance. both it’s duties & it’s emoluments are too well known to you to render it necessary for me to particularize them. I shall with the greater pleasure learn that you accede to my wishes in availing the public of your services, as your geographical position will enable you to bring into our councils a knolege of the Western interests & cir­ cumstances, for which we are often at a loss; & sometimes fail in our desires to promote them. hoping that in your patriotism, & perhaps in other circumstances you will find motives sufficient to induce you to become a part of our administration, I will pray you, as soon as you shall have been able to form a decision, to be so good as to communi­ cate it to me. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Breckinridge Family Papers); addressed: “The honble John Brecken­ ridge near Lexington Kentucky”; franked; postmarked Milton, 15 Aug.; endorsed by Breckinridge. PoC (DLC).

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington August 7th. 1805 I have been honoured with your letter of the 3d. enclosing a letter from the Govr. of S. Carolina to Mr. Madison.—Mrs. Dearborn & my self propose waiting two or three weeks longer for Mr. & Mrs. Madi­ son, but intend at all events to have the pleasure of a visit to Monte­ cello in Septr. be pleased Sir to accept the tender of my most respectfull esteem. H. Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Aug. and so recorded in SJL with notation “private.”

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From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington August 7th. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing a letter I have written to Govr. Ham­ ilton of S. Carolina in reply to the one he wrote to Mr. Madison. On reading the letter if you should think it exceptionable, I will thank you for such remarks as you may deem proper on the letter generally. but if you should concider it as proper to be forwarded, I will thank you to have it sealed & put into the post office. with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem, I am Sir Your Huml. Servt. H Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Aug. and “Charleston fortifns” and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure: Dearborn to Paul Hamilton, 7 Aug.; Dearborn has seen Hamilton’s letter of 12 July to the secretary of state on fortifi­ cations in Charleston’s harbor; the reason that the general government has not allo­ cated funds toward the erection of perma­ nent fortifications is that such an alloca­

tion requires that a state cede the property to the United States, and the South Caro­ lina legislature has yet to approve such a measure; Dearborn has mentioned the situation to the state’s representatives in Congress without apparent effect; if “suit­ able sites for fortifications” are ceded, the government will not delay in “erecting such works as shall be considered neces­ sary and proper” (FC in Lb in DNA: RG 107, MLS).

To Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 7. 05 You have probably learnt through other channels that our Com­ missioners to Spain have terminated their mission without success in a single point. I have desired mr Madison to send you the papers, and when you shall have perused them, I will ask a communication of your general view of what is expedient for us to do. I ask the same of the other gentlemen. when I shall have recieved them it will enable me to form precise points, on which to ask their ultimate judgment. this will employ some time, but the case is serious and is entitled to time & mature consideration. Tremble declines the office of Commr. in the Western district of Orleans. I have not a single person in view for it. can you furnish one? Gideon Fitz, one of Briggs’s deputy surveyors, is gone to Tombigbee to survey. no honester man lives. I know him intimately & should not fear to trust him with my whole fortune uncounted. his mathematical talents are good: and tho’ this has been his particular line, his under­ standing & knolege of life fits him for other lines. he will make a good Reciever at Tombigbee when you want one, and I think it probable  164 

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he might accept it. if you know of no better, it might be best to ap­ point him at once, that, if he refuses, we may still have time to name another. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson  P.S. it seems essential to our success with England, that we should not be understood as absolutely committed to war with Spain. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury New York”; franked; postmarked Milton, 10 Aug. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs. Tremble. Fitz.”

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 7. 05. On a view of our affairs with Spain, presented me in a letter from C. Pinckney, I wrote you on the 23d. of July that I thought we should offer them the status quo, but immediately propose a provisional al­ liance with England. I have not yet recieved the whole correspondence. but the portion of the papers now inclosed to you, confirm me in the opinion of the expediency of a treaty with England, but make the offer of the status quo more doubtful. the correspondence will prob­ ably throw light on that question. from the papers already recieved I infer a confident reliance on the part of Spain on the omnipotence of Bonaparte, but a desire of procrastination till peace in Europe shall leave us without an ally. General Dearborne has seen all the papers. I will ask the favor of you to communicate them to mr Gallatin & mr Smith—from mr Gallatin I shall ask his first opinions, preparatory to the stating formal questions for our ultimate decision. I am in hopes you can make it convenient on your return to see & consult with mr Smith & Genl. Dearborne, unless the latter should be come on here, where I can do it myself. on the reciept of your own ideas mr Smith’s and the other gentlemen I shall be able to form points for our final consideration & determination. I inclose you some communications from the Mediterranean. they shew Barron’s understanding in a very favorable view. when you shall have perused them, be so good as to inclose them to the Secretary of the Navy. Accept my fervent wishes for the speedy recovery of mrs Madison, and your speedy visit to this quarter. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col­ lection); at foot of text: “Mr. Madison”; endorsed by Madison. PoC (DLC). No­ tation in SJL: “Span. affairs.—Barron’s

lres.” Enclosure: probably Samuel Barron to Robert Smith, Malta, 6 Apr., provid­ ing a “Sketch of Mr. Eaton’s transactions in Egypt & the measures which have been

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7 AUGUST 1805 in consequence thereof adopted,” enclos­ ing dispatches from William Eaton to the Navy Department, and sending copies of correspondence of Barron, Eaton, and Isaac Hull of the brig Argus; Barron ex­ presses concern over Eaton’s plan of co­ operation with Ahmad Qaramanli, fear­ ing that Eaton “has taken a wider Scope in his Engagements to the exiled Prince, than is compatible with the ideas & inten­ tions of Government or with the author­ ity vested in me as relates to the subject of Cooperation”; Barron hesitates to offer an opinion on the expedition’s success or

failure; as he learns more of the “Charac­ ter & Conduct” of Ahmad, however, Bar­ ron confesses that “my hopes from a Co­ operation with him are less sanguine than they were” (Dupl in DNA: RG 46, EPFR, 9th Cong., 1st sess.; printed in asp, For‑ eign Relations, 2:708‑9; enclosed in TJ to the Senate and the House of Representa­ tives, 13 Jan. 1806). For other enclosures, see Jacob Wagner to TJ, 29 July. i wrote you on the 23d. of july: that is, TJ to Madison, 4 Aug.

To Robert Smith Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 7. 05. The communications from the Mediterranean recieved from your department, I have inclosed to mr Madison with a request to return them to you after perusal. they place the understanding of Commo­ dore Barron on a much higher shelf than I had before done. tho’ Eaton has surmounted considerable difficulties, the talents and influence of the ex‑Bashaw, still unknown, can alone decide the utility of his co‑operation. I have desired mr Madison to communicate to you the papers from Spain, and to confer with you generally on the subject. possessing the first outlines of opinion from the several heads of department, I shall be able to see their general tendency, and to form from them certain points or questions to be proposed again for their ultimate opinions. one question will certainly be whether we shall not immediately pro­ pose a Provisional alliance with England, to depend on the simple event of our being or not being at war with Spain. to give this ques­ tion a chance of success, she must not suppose us committed with Spain on that subject. we must represent ourselves as perfectly free & undecided on that question. I have not yet myself seen some impor­ tant parts of the communications. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Secretary of the Navy.” Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs. Barron.”

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From Thomas Appleton Sir Leghorn 8th. August 1805 By request of Mr. Mazzei I now enclose you three letters which I have receiv’d at various times from him since his departure for Rome.—By the first vessel bound to Baltimore, or Philadelphia, I shall send a small box containing some pamphlets on legislation, by Sigr. Lau­ renzi Luigi Antonio of Lucca, who has requested my attention to it; as it seems, it is to you Sir, he has dedicated this little work.—At the same time you will receive a small bag of peach and plumb‑stones from Mr. Mazzei.—The letter I sent to Mr. Fabbroni to be forwarded to Madme. Cerrachi, has been return’d to me, as that gentleman from his great delicacy declines being the medium of what he thinks may destroy her hopes of releif.—I have therefore sent it to a friend at Vienna, requesting he would deliver it in person.—On the 14th. of July Prince Baciochi was invested with the principality of Lucca.—if the utmost splendour and magnificence were any fair grounds on which could be rationally predicted the future happiness and prosperity of his subjects, their expectations would be great indeed; but the pru­ dent and discerning part of the community seem to think otherwise.— It is to my understanding extremely difficult to conceive the advan­ tages they are to draw from this new organisation of their government, though we are Assured, it has been done by the unanimous request of the people.—The prince has taken the court of the Tuilleries for his model in forming his own, nor is there an office either useful, or useless, with which he is not surrounded.—it is imagin’d that the expences of the present government will cost something more than twenty times the former charges during the republic; exclusive of this, there is another circumstance of more importance, to wit, that every species of authority is transferr’d from the hands of the people into those of the Prince.—Their constitution is nearly as follows. it declares “that the government of the republic of Lucca is confided into the hands of Pasquale Baciochi, and his male heirs forever; or in default thereof, it descends to the female line.—The prince regulates every part of the internal or external administration of the government.— names the ministers, privy‑counsellors, counsellors of state, and all pub­ lic functioners either civil, or military—likewise the archbishop, with all the inferior ecclesiastical dignities—his guard consists of four hun­ dred Luchese gentlemen taken from the most distinguish’d families.— he is to have an annual pension of 300,000. Livres.—a palace magnifi­ cently furnish’d in the city, and another in the country; to the latter must be annex’d a sufficient territory as to produce 100,000. Livres  167 

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annually.—Before he assumes the administration of the state, he is to take an oath to govern it with the sole view to the felicity of the Lu­ chese people.—There shall be two ministers of State, six privy coun­ sellors, and a secretary. There shall be a senate compos’d of 36 mem­ bers, who shall have attain’d the age of thirty.—two thirds of whom must possess an annual income (from lands), of 2000. Livres.—and the other third from among the litterati, and principal merchants.—the senate to be renew’d by thirds every four years.—All the officers of State are to be Luchese, excepting the civil and military judges, who may be foreigners.— On the 26th. of the last month the City of Naples was threatned with total destruction from a very violent shock of earthquake—for many days previous Mont Vesuvio had not thrown out either flame or smoak, but the uncommon rumbling noise heard from within the volcano, caus’d the greatest inquietude.—about 9 in the evening a furious storm of wind arose which continu’d nearly half an hour—on a sudden, a perfect calm ensued, and immediately the shock, which is said to have lasted three minutes.—the motion was rather horrizontal than Vertical, and in the direction from north to south—. at 12 o’clock a smaller shock was felt, and at 3 in the morning another.—there is not a house but is shook to its very foundation, and many palaces are render’d uninhabitable.—It is observ’d that the strongest buildings suffer’d most.—the damage in the city alone, is estimated at thirty millions of ducats. In the city of Avelino a college with all the students sunk into the earth; and twenty:two villages have disappear’d. The beautiful palace at Caserto is partly in ruins; the Prince Royal escap’d to the fields, and the King fled to the sea.—Capoua has much suffer’d, and in the fall of the castle it buried a company of soldiers—We are not hitherto inform’d of the full extent of this calamity, but by the latest accounts from Naples, the government were hourly receiving advices even from the extremities of the Kingdom, of the disappearance of Villages, or of Castles.—in short Sir, it is universally agreed, that had the second shock been equally violent as the first, not a city would have remain’d in the Kingdom.—I have the honor to be with very sincere respect Your most devoted Servant Th: Appleton RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson. esquire President of the U:States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 84, CR, Leghorn); with variations; with notes at foot of text: “Sent by the Brig Calisto. for Boston, and given in charge to

Mr Ingersoll (Supercargo)” and “Memo­ randum the box of pamphlets and fruit Stones mention’d in my letter to the Pres­ ident the 8th. August—were sent by the Brig Oella Captn. Olmsted for Phila. & address’d to the Care of Mr. Muhlenburg Collector for that Port the Brig Sailed

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8 AUGUST 1805 the 17th. August.” Enclosures: (1) Philip Maz­zei to TJ, 30 Aug. 1804. (2) Mazzei to TJ, 20 July 1805. (3) Mazzei to TJ, 24 and 25 July. For the pamphlet on legislative reform by Luigi Antonio laurenzi, see Mazzei to TJ, 24 July. Napoleon accepted the constitution of Lucca on 24 June. It included sections on the principality, ministry and council of state, senate, and judiciary, along with gen­

eral provisions (A. Aquarone, M. d’Addio, G. Negri, eds., Le costituzioni italiane [Milan, 1958], 217‑21). Varying accounts of the devastating July earthquake and its aftershocks throughout Italy appeared in European and American newspapers (Salem Gazette, 27 Sep.; Boston New‑England Palladium, 11 Oct.; Baltimore American, and Com‑ mercial Daily Advertiser, 22 Oct.; New‑ buryport Herald, 29 Oct.).

Peter Carr’s Nailery Account Mr. Peter Carr in account

with Thomas Jefferson   Dr 1804 may 29 To 13 ℔. 20d nailes @ 10 d 0 10. 10 June. 29. To 78 ℔. 10d. Do. @ 11½ d 3 14. 9 Sept. 16. To 640. 6 dz Sprigs. @   1/ 0 6. 5 " 76 ℔. 16d. brads. @10½ d 3. 6 6 " 56 ℔. 6d. nailes @ 12½ d 2. 18. 4 58 ℔. 20d Do. @ 10 d 2. 8 4 7 ℔. Spikes. @ 10 d 0 5. 10 20. 400. 4d. Sprigs. @ 10 d   1/ 0 4. 0 27 13 ℔. 6d. nailes. @ 12½ d 0 13. 6½ 500 6d. Sprigs. @   1/ 0 5. 0 100 ℔. 16d brads. @ 10½ d 4 7. 6 1805 may. 7 25 ℔. 16d brads. @ 10½ d 1. 1 10½ 10 ℔. 20d. nailes @ 10 d 0 8. 4 June 7 25 ℔. 16d brads. @ 10½ d 1 1 10½ 2000. 4d Sprigs. @   1/ 1. 0. 0 2500. 6d. Do. @   1/ 1 5. 0 July 28 950. 6d. Do. @   1/ 0. 9. 6 30 20 ℔. 16d. brads. @ 10½ d 0 17. 6 31. 13 ℔. 10d. nailes. @ 11½ d 0 12. 5½ aug. 8. 1000. 6d. Sprigs. @   1/ 0 10 0 17 ℔. 10d. nailes. @ 11½d 0 16 3½ £ 27 4 8½ Gabriel Lilly for Ths Jefferson  169 

8 AUGUST 1805  MS (ViU); in Gabriel Lilly’s hand; endorsed by Lilly: “a/c Peter Carr”; en­ dorsed by TJ. 13℔. 20d nailes @ 10 d: Lilly’s cal­ culations were based on traditional mea­ surements for nails and brads, known as

their penny size, and the price per pound. For this first line item, he and TJ were charging Carr for 13 pounds of twenty­ penny nails at the rate of 10 pence a pound. Lilly adopted a rate of one shil­ ling for every 100 sprigs. The correct total should have been £27–3–10½.

Petition of Thomas Nevitt, with Jefferson’s Order To the President of the United States— [on or before 8 Aug. 1805] The Humble Petition of Thomas Nevitt confined in the Jail of Washington County in the District of Columbia— Humbly‑Sheweth that your Petitioner is confined for his fine and fees, under a prosecution for selling Liquors on the Race‑field, which your Petitioner was guilty of; under the impression that the License he had for his house in George‑Town was sufficient to authorise him to sell any where in the County of Washington, On submission to the Hone. the Judges of the Circuit Court at July Term Last they fined him fifty three dollars, & thirty cents with twenty two dollars & thirty cents cost which he is unable to pay; Your Petitioner farther state, for some considerable length of time past, he has been afflicted with a sore leg, and other infirmity’s which has put it almost out of his power to procure the bare necessaris of life for his family— Wherefore your Petition prays that you will be plased to grant him a pardon, remiting him his fine and fees, And in future it will be the duty of your Petitioner to comply with the Law, And as in duty bound will for ever pray &.c. Thomas Nevitt In Consideration of the reasons above Stated and of the Certificates accompanying the Petition The Undersigned Members of the Court, respectfully recommend to the President to Grant a remission as prayed W Kilty W. Cranch. [Order by TJ:] Let a pardon issue

Th: Jefferson Aug. 8. 05  170 

9 AUGUST 1805  MS (DNA: RG 59, GPR); undated; petition in a clerk’s hand, with insertions in another hand, possibly Nevitt’s, in ital­ ics; signed by Nevitt; recommendation in William Kilty’s hand, signed by Kilty and William Cranch; order in TJ’s hand, signed and dated by him; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. and “Petn.” and so re­ corded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Attesta­ tion of William R. Cozens, 19 July 1805, testifying that as a physician he has treated Nevitt and that the sore on Nevitt’s leg “has rendered him unable to make a liv­ ing for his family” (MS in same). (2) At­ testation of John Ott, surgeon’s mate of the First Legion of the District of Colum­ bia militia, 24 July 1805, certifying that Nevitt’s leg makes him “unable to per­ form Military Duty, or any kind of hard labour” (MS in same). (3) Undated peti­ tion to the judges of the U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, signed by Wil­ liam Clarke and 20 others, explaining that Nevitt “kept an orderly house” in George­

town, where he was duly licensed to sell liquor, and that he lacks means to pay his fine (MS in same). Thomas Nevitt (b. 1775), a tavern pro­ prietor, frequently found himself in finan­ cial trouble and was imprisoned for debt in 1812. In 1816, he sold eight acres and several buildings along the turnpike road from Georgetown to Alexandria (Freder­ ick A. Virkus, The Abridged Compendium of American Genealogy, 7 vols. [Chicago, 1925‑42], 7:321; Votes and Proceedings of  the House of Delegates of the State of Maryland. November Session, 1799, Being the First Session of This Assembly [An­ napolis, 1800], 99; Georgetown Centinel of Liberty, 29 Mch. 1799; National In­ telligencer, 6 June 1812; Daily National Intelligencer, 26 Feb. 1813; Alexandria Herald, 20 Sep. 1816). TJ remitted Nevitt’s fine and costs in a pardon dated 5 Aug. 1805 (FC in Lb in DNA: RG 59, GPR).

To Charles Burrall Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 9. 05. I have for some time been pestered with letters & packages from two women of the name of Bampfield whom I never saw or heard of & must suppose to be mad. I have just recieved the inclosed packet. from the daughter, which, understanding from it that the mother is in Baltimore, I wish to return to her, without looking into it’s con­ tents, in order to put an end to the correspondence. perhaps the letter carriers of your office may be able to find her. if not the letters may take the usual course of unclaimed letters. I have left the packet open to give you an idea of the writer, & will pray you to stick a wafer in the cover before you send it out. Accept my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Burrell”; endorsed by TJ. Notation in SJL: “Bampfield.” Enclosure: Elizabeth  G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield to

TJ, undated; not found, but recorded in SJL as received 8 Aug. with notation “[Baltimore].”

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From Stephen Cathalan, Jr. Dear Sir Marseilles the 9th. august 1805— Since my last Respects of the 9th. last may, whereof here I inclosed a Copy, I was Informed with great Concern of the unfortunate events happened to my Shipments for your, Mr. Madison, & Mr. B. Butler’s accounts by the Ship new orleans, which you have Confirmed me by your most respected favor of the 5th. last may, Received via Messina on the 4th. Inst. however by a Letter Received yesterday from norfolk virga. Mr. Allen Co‑owner of that Ship, had wrote there on the 14th. may from Halifax, he hoped very soon to be Cleared and to arive Safe with that Ship at norfolk, which gives me hopes, you will have Shortly after received your Provisions, not Doubting your Packages, to your Direc‑ tions, will all have been Respected, & ought even had been forwarded to you, from that Place, & before any Proper Claim for your own Prop‑ erty Should have been made,—unless already Drunk or eated, being too tempting objects for the Palates of Cruisers’ Crews; This was the 1st. motive I have not Sent to you a new Supply by Mr. Julius oliver’s Brig Jefferson, who Sailed from this Port for Phil­ adelphia on the 31st. July ulto. the 2d. motive was this, Mr. Jourdan of Tain from whom I desired hermitage virgin wine for you by that Brig, answered me that the present Season was not proper to Send Such white wine, which might ferment in the Passage & Break many Bottles, & to wait till october next, when I will then make a Shipment for you of it and of new fruits;— oliver has Shipped any for his acct. he has only a few Boxes ancho­ vies, olives, Common capers, almonds & very good Salad olive oil; with red & white frontignac wine; Should you wish some of the above in writing to him to the Care of Mr. Charles G. Paleske at Philada. he will gladly send them to you, at 1st. Cost Prices, or be happy in begging you to Accept them; this Letter I send via Bordeaux under that Cover, in order my young friend Julius oliver should be safely there arived, he may forward or deliver it himself wishing much to present you his Faithfull Respects with those he is charged with from me & my Family, as Soon as his mercantile affairs will permit him to Pay you a visit; I accepted on the 10th. July ulto. his Resignation of my Chancelor, & to give him a testimony of his Good Behaviour, I delivered him a Certificate for usefull Services while he held that office, to serve him as an Introduction, towards the honble. head officers of the united State’s Governt. and other Gentln. employed in that Service;  172 

9 AUGUST 1805

 I hope he may be Back here in one year hence, & with your kind approbation he may Resume his office of Chancelor and assist me; my Mother & Daughter & I always very Gratefull for your kind recollection & Compliments, we beg you to accept the assurances of our Best Respects I having the honor to be for ever my Respected Sir Your most obedient & Faithfull Servant Stephen Cathalan Junr.  now

that a Glorious Peace is made with Tripoly, one or two Schoo­ ners of the U.S. unnecessary for the Service of the navy, Could not be usefully employed as packets from Washington to Marseilles, Coast of Spain & Back to Washington, to bring letters, Packages, provisions, tobacco &c. & passengers; in Such a Case, it would be necessary on acct. of the too Long quarantine, Permission Should be Given here to Land & Load in quantities for quickest Dispatch, taking usual precautions, our health office here is frighted of the yellow fever, & to prevent it’s introduc­ tion is very Severe, which halts much trade between the Two coun­ tries, the quarantine is 30 Days, & Goods not Costumary, except Letters, cannot be Landed, in Town but after 15 Days quarantine; while in Bordeaux the quarantine is for few Days; impossible here to obtain reddress on that account. S. Cn. J I Beg you to excuse my Bad handwriting; RC (DLC); above postscript: “The most honorable Thomas Jefferson Esqe. Presi­ dent of the United States Washington”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Cathalan to TJ, 9 May.

To Albert Gallatin Th: Jefferson to mr Gallatin. Monticello Aug. 9. 05. Your two letters of July 30. did not come to my hands till yester­ day. I have directed a commission for James Holmes as Collector of Sunbury v. Foster; but knowing so little of him I think he should be made to consider the appointment only as pro tempore.—I return you the letters of Hall & Governor Claiborne on the subject of the court room. by this time Claiborne has recieved my request of a general report & opinion on the appropriation of the public buildings in N. Orleans. I presume therefore it is best to let the matter lie till we hear from him. affectionate salutations. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); endorsed by Gallatin. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Holmes. court room N.O.”

directed a commission: see TJ to Jacob Wagner, 9 Aug. my request: TJ to William C. C. Claiborne, 10 July.

 173 

From Antonio Garcia Herreros Baltimore á Señor Presidente General 9. de Agto. de 1805. Mui Señor mio; despues de tributar a VE. el obsequio debido, cele­ brando goze VE. la mas robusta salud, sirbe esta para hacerle presente, qe. despues de algunos años de practica, aviendome dado Dios, el Don, de curar el Bomito, y la Fiebre Amarilla, com summa facilidad, y levissimo costo, tube noticia en Veracruz, de que en Filadelfia, se avia ofrecido (hara como 10‑años) un premio á este descubrimiento, y aviendo venido con este objeto, escribi á aql. Consul, y nada me dize depositibo. En esta intelijencia, y en las de que no es mi animo enterran el talento, por cuio motibo fue reprehendido el que se espresa en el Evangelio: hago presente á VE. no solo la facilidad de curar, sino tambien de enseñar; y dejando para despues, á la consideracion de VE. el premio de mi merito, estoi determinado á hir immediatamente á donde VE. determine, á hacer las pruebas. En la intelijencia de que es demi cuenta, el viaje, y las medicinas de los emfermos; y esto no es cosa nueba, pues yo á todos he curado por caridad, y creo que esse es el motibo porque Dios me ha dado tanto acierto, singularizandome desde ab inicio, hasta el presente. Siendo VE. el mas interesado en saber esta noticia, tengo la satis­ facion de participarsela, y mientras VE. determina, quedo rogando á Dios dilate su vida muchos años. B l Mo. de VE. su mas atento servidor Anto. Garcia Herreros P.D. Soi Español Europeo. Natural de Castilla la Vieja. De edad de 55 años. Gozo de poca salud (aunque parezco robusto) porque antes de darme Dios el Don de curar, medio varias emfermedades. Herreros e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President‑General, Baltimore, 9 Aug. 1805 Very dear Sir, after granting to your excellency the appropriate deference, celebrating that your excellency enjoys the most robust health, this letter is to make known to you that after a few years of practicing, God having given me the gift of healing the vomit and the yellow fever with great ease and little cost, I heard news in Veracruz that in Philadelphia (about 10 years ago) a premium had been offered for this discovery; and having come here with this object, I wrote to that consul and he does not tell me anything positive. In this knowledge, and that it is not my intention to bury talent (and for this reason he who expresses himself in the Gospel was reprimanded) I bring

 174 

9 AUGUST 1805 to your excellency’s attention my ability not only to cure, but also to teach; and leaving for afterwards the question of the award for my merit, I am de­ termined to go immediately wherever your excellency determines to run the tests. This is in the knowledge that the trip and the medicines for the sickly will be on my own account, which is nothing new, for I have healed everyone out of charity, and I believe that this is the reason why God has given me so much skill, setting me apart from the beginning until the present. Inasmuch as your excellency is most interested in knowing this news, I have the satisfaction of making it known to you, and while your excellency makes a decision, I am left begging God to extend your life many years. Your most attentive servant kisses your excellency’s hand, Anto. Garcia Herreros P.S. I am a European Spaniard, from Old Castille, 55 years of age. I have poor health, even though I seem robust, because before God gave me the gift to heal, he gave me various diseases. Herreros RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From James Madison Dear Sir Philada. Aug. 9. 1805. I select the enclosed papers relating the ship N. Jersey from a mass of which this is but a certain portion. They will enable you to decide on the question to which alone the case is reduced. This is whether in the claims under the French Convention Insurers stand in the shoes of the insured. The printed memoire by DuPont (de Nemours) de­ serves to be read as a Chef d’oeuvre of the kind. Whatever the merits of the question in the abstract may be, I should suppose that in rela­ tion to the present case it must have been decided by the decisions in many preceding ones, a great proportion of the claims, probably the greater part, having been in the hands of Insurers. It is surmised that Swann in connection with a Corrupt member of the Council of liquidation has created the difficulty in order to secure his own claims out of a fund that might not be equal to the aggregate of claims. It is more easy to suppose this than to account for the opinion of Arm­ strong as stated by DuPont, which if just ought to have been applied to all claims of the like sort, and whether just or not, can scarcely be proper in its application to one, as an exception to similar claims. I understand from the parties interested that in fact a considerable part of the indemnication in the case of the N. Jersey is due & claimed not by Insurers, but by the owners themselves in their own right. And they are very urgent that something should pass from the Executive which may possibly be in time to save them from the erroneous interposition of the agent of the U. States. I have explained to them the principles  175 

9 AUGUST 1805

on which the Ex. has proceeded, and the little chance there is that the whole business1 will not have been closed before any communication can reach Genl. Armstrong. I have suggested also the repugnance to any communication previous to intelligence from himself on the sub­ ject. In reply they urge considerations which are as obvious as they are plausible. I shall do nothing in the case till I receive your sentiments. If these do not forbid, I shall transmit the case to Armstrong in a form which will merely glance at the point on which it is understood to turn, and will imply our confidence that he will do what is right on it. I find by a postcript from Cadiz of June 28. that Bowdoin had ar­ rived at Santander. The time is not mentioned. The wine &c. carried into Halifax, was sent by Govr. Wentworth with polite intentions, by a vessel going to N.Y. which had no occa­ sion to enter on her own own acct. The consequence has been that she was entered on ours, and the foreign tonnage advanced, amounting to $168. including Majr. Butlers share. The duties & other charges will add not less than $50 more. This being a debt of honor admits of no hesitation. I shall pay your part, and if necessary write to Barnes to replace it. The articles are to go round to Washington. Mrs. M. is in a course of recovery, according to appearances, & the opinion of Docr. Physic. Unfortunately an essential part of the rem­ edy, the Splinter & bandage, must it seems be continued till the cure is compleated. I fear therefore that our detention here will be pro­ tracted several weeks at least. The drouth here is intense. The pastures have entirely failed, so as to drive the graziers to the Hay Stacks; and the evil is doubled by the failure of the 2d. Crops of Hay. Yrs. respectfully & faithfully James Madison RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and “Insurers. Bowdoin” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Memo­ rial of Philip Nicklin and Robert Eagles­ field Griffith, Philadelphia, 25 July, stat­ ing that they are part owners of the cargo of the ship New Jersey, which was cap­ tured by a French privateer on its return voyage from Canton, China, in 1798 and taken to Puerto Rico as a prize; the vari­ ous owners and insurance underwriters of the vessel and its cargo employed Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours and Joseph E. G. M. De la Grange as agents; when the French council for the liquidation of claims under the Convention of 1800 asked John Armstrong for information, he first stated erroneously that the ship and

cargo were at least partially British‑owned; he corrected that statement, but has “re­ tained the extraordinary idea that indem­ nity for Maritime spoliation, was not due to American Underwriters who had paid a loss to the original American owner,” and this opinion from him has put a stop to recovery of the loss; Nicklin and Griffith protest this “unauthorized, mistaken, and injurious, interposition of the Minister of the United States” and declare that “Be­ cause for the voluntary act of a public Min­ ister which involves his fellow Citizens in a heavy loss, his own fortune and the faith of Government must furnish an ulti­ mate indemnity” (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:133‑8). (2) Louis Marie Turreau to Madison, 4 Aug., stating that

 176 

9 AUGUST 1805 he has received a complaint that Captain Drummond of the ship Fox of Boston had left Martinique without paying customs duties; he encloses a 27 May letter from Pierre Clément de Laussat, now the pre­ fect at Martinique, to France’s commis­ sary of commercial relations at Boston, Marc Antoine Alexis Giraud, asking him to inform the local officials of this mat­ ter (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:167‑8; see TJ to Madison, 17 Aug.). printed memoire by dupont: prob­ ably the “Protest Entered by Messrs. Du­ pont de Nemours, and La Grange, against the Conduct of General Armstrong” (Me‑ morial of the Owners and Underwriters of the American Ship, the New Jersey [Phila­ delphia, 1806], [45]‑56; see also Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:136). it is surmised: American merchant James Swan had made a number of claims

that had been rejected by the American commissioners (same, 7:165‑7; 8:321n). On 30 June, Anthony Merry informed Madison that Nova Scotia governor John wentworth had worked with the admi­ ralty court at Halifax to free TJ’s, Madi­ son’s, and Pierce Butler’s detained ship­ ments of wine (same, 10:228). the drouth here: on 5 Aug., the Trenton Federalist reported that the “pas­ ture lands and English meadow, and some of the most luxuriant natural meadows, are burnt up to that degree by the rays of the sun, as to present to the eye nothing but a melancholy scene of decayed vege­ tation,” which required some farmers to supply their animals with hay. 1  Preceding two words interlined in place of “affair.”

From Thomas Newton, Jr. Sir Norfolk August 9. 1805— Messrs: Adam and John Cornicks sons of respectable farmers of Princess Anne County are about to visit the interior parts of their Native State. They have intimated a wish to pay their respects to you. Permit me to introduce them to you. They are young gentlemen of worth & Character. They will esteem it the greatest of obligations if you can shew them the model of the Plough improved by you, or for information necessary for the construction of one on your plan. Recieve the assurances of my high esteem & respect. Tho: Newton Jr RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson esq.”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 22 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

plough improved by you: see James Mease to TJ, 19 Nov. 1804.

 177 

To John Page

Monticello Aug. 9. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his affectionate & respectful salutations to his friend Governor Page, he has recieved his letter of the 6th. and will be happy to recieve himself & family at Monticello at their own greatest convenience. RC (Union Club, New York, 1947); addressed: “John Page Governor of Virginia Richmond”; franked; postmarked Milton, 10 Aug.

From John Sibley Sir, Natchitoches Augt. 9h. 1805. The day before yesterday I received the letter you did me the hon­ our to write me dated the 27h. of May, together with the printed forms of Vocabularies; the whol Packet had been wet and considerably in­ jured; I shall with great pleasure attend to your request; but as I have already receiv’d visits from Most of the tribes, some time will elapse before it will be in my Power to see them again, or Such of them as can furnish me with their vocabulary. I shall punctually attend to General Dearborn’s Instructions relative to Indian Affairs; I believe I have a Just Idea of the importance of them I hope some other communications I have made to General Dear­ borne besides my Short Account of the Indian Tribes will afford you Some Satisfaction: to be usefull to you and my Country affords me the greatest pleasure, and I Shall esteem you Sir as my benefactor in proportion as you Afford me (by commanding me) oppertunities of being so. A coppy of an old French manuscript I got possession of, will be immediately forwarded to the address of Mr. Maddison. I Am Sr. with the greatest esteem & Respect, Your Obt. Hble Servt. &c John Sibley RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. other communications: see Notes on John Sibley’s Accounts of the South­ west, printed at 25 June. Sibley alerted William C. C. Claiborne to his acquisition of a french manu‑ script, likely the journal of Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe, who in 1720 was in

charge of a French effort to fortify St. Ber­ nard, or Matagorda, Bay. Recognizing the document’s significance to U.S. territorial claims in Texas, Claiborne asked Sibley to send him the manuscript and to make a copy to be sent to the administration in Washington. Sibley enclosed the copy, which he reported cost $85 to produce, in a letter of 10 Aug. to Madison. TJ took enough interest in the communication to  have a transcript of Sibley’s letter to Madison made and subsequently retained

 178 

10 AUGUST 1805 possession of the original (Bénard de La Harpe, Journal historique de l’établissement des Français à la Louisiane [New Orleans, 1831]; Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:87‑8; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State

Ser., 9:431; 10:201‑2; Sibley to Madison, 10 Aug., RC endorsed by Jacob Wagner and Tr in Isaac Coles’s hand and endorsed by TJ, both in DLC).

To Jacob Wagner

Monticello Aug. 9. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments & thanks to mr Wagner for the translation of the German letter, which as is usual, turns out not worth the trouble. he now returns papers recieved partly from mr Madison partly from mr Wagner. he desires a Commission may be issued to James Holmes of Georgia to be Collector of Sunbury in Georgia v. George Foster, resigned. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Holmes.” Enclosures not identified, but see Wag­ ner to TJ, 29 July, and Madison to TJ, 2 Aug.

translation: see Wagner to TJ, 3 Aug.

Inquest on Shadwell Milldam Albemarle county to wit. An Inquest taken at Shadwell in the par­ ish of Fredericksville & county aforesd on the 10th. day of August 1805. by virtue of a writ of Ad quod damnum issued from the court of sd county on the 3d day of June—in the same year, before me James Old—Deputy sheriff of the said county, & by the oaths of Thomas E Randolph, John Coles jnr Jesse Lewis, Mathew Henderson, Francis Taliaferro, Jno Nicholas, John Kelly, Samuel Barksdale, Jno Hawkins, Henry Williams, Edward C Stanard & John Wharton—good & lawful men of the same county, who being charged & sworn, upon their oaths do say that they have met at the mill and Dam1 of Thomas Jefferson in the writ named, at the place called Shadwell on the Rivanna river,2 and have examined the lands on both sides of the river at, above, & below the mill, to a distance sufficient to answer the charges in the sd writ: and they find that the lands on both sides of the river are held in fee simple by the sd Thomas Jefferson, to wit, those on the North side from the lands of Thomas Mann Randolph, found by the admea­ surement of a former inquest to be about 129. poles below the mill, up to those of Francis Eppes within a few poles of the Secretary’s ford, which ford was found by the same admeasurement to be 462. poles  179 

10 AUGUST 1805

above the site of the sd mill;3 and on the South side of the river, from the lands held by the representatives of the late Bennet Henderson, & found by the same admeasurement to be 51. poles below the sd site, to those of Richard Overton a few poles above the Secretary’s ford; which measures of the former inquest they have not remeasured, but from their view of the distances, they do not doubt their exactness: they find that a dam of six feet high erected on the natural ridge of rocks where the canal of the sd Thomas is taken out of the river, as is proposed by the sd Thomas, will not, in their judgment reflow the water above4 the Secretary’s ford; that the banks through the whole distance are so high that such a dam cannot overflow any lands, either of his or any other person’s property above, & therefore that it will not be to the damage of any of the proprietors of lands above; that no Man­ sion house, office, curtilage, garden, or orchard of any person above or below will be overflowed by either the back or tail‑water of the dam or mill: that the health of the neighbors will not, in their opinion, be annoyed by any stagnation of the waters: that no navigation is at pres­ ent practised through this part of the sd river, natural obstructions preventing the same; that if the river be opened for navigation here­ after, if it be found best to pass thro’ the canal of the said Thomas, this dam will be necessary to enable vessels to pass; & if it be found best to open the bed of the river, then a lock would be necessary at this dam: that since the erection of mill‑dams below the mill of the said Thomas, and across the same5 river, few or no fish of passage have been taken as high as this mill6 & that so long as those dams remain, no provi­ sion need be made by the sd Thomas for the passage of fish through or over his dam; but that if the dams below should be removed, or so modified as to admit the passage of fish to the dam proposed by the sd Thomas, then he ought to be obliged to modify his dam also, by a slope, sluice, or such other means as the laws prescribe.7 It is further understood by the Jury and agreed to on the part of the said Thomas; that the canal shall be used as an improvement in extending the navigation from Milton upwards, if that shall be adjudged the best course for the sd. navigation.8 In witness whereof the sd. Jurors of this Inquest have severally put their hands & seals, on the premises, the day & year above mentioned. Thos. Eston Randolph Jno Coles Junr. Jesse Lewis Mat Henderson Francis Taliaferro John Nicholas  180 

10 AUGUST 1805



John Kelly Samuel Barksdale John T. Hawkins Henry Williams Edward C Stanard John Wharton

MS (Albemarle County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Charlottesville, 1968); in TJ’s hand, signed by members of the jury, with a hand‑drawn facsimile seal beside each signature; with blanks filled by an unidentified hand, probably John Nicho­ las’s, reproduced in italics. Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 194:34549); entirely in TJ’s hand; lacks signatures. Tr (Harlan Crow Library, Dallas, Texas); entirely in TJ’s hand; lacks signatures. Worried that his workforce would never be able to dig a canal deep enough for the use of his recently completed mill, TJ de­ cided to raise a three‑to‑four‑foot milldam that would facilitate the work of the mill. Sometime before 3 June, he petitioned the Albemarle County Court for an inquest, that is, a formal investigation by jurors, to determine under a writ of ad quod damnum whether such a dam would cause any harm to the lands or waters of his neighbors. The issues under review were similar to those examined under a former inquest conducted in 1795 when TJ sought permission to erect his grist­ mill. The county court authorized the milldam during its October term (writ, 3 June 1805, MS in Vi: Albemarle County bridge and road records, in John Nicho­ las’s hand and signed by him as clerk of court, endorsed: “October 1805 permis­ sion given to erect dam agreeable to in­ quest”; rs, 3:142‑3; 11:73; Vol. 28:471‑4). The inquests related to the mill and the 1805 writ were among some documents obtained by the Editors from James A. Bear, who copied them from items “long lost in the archives of the Albemarle County Court House.” The writ has subsequently been transferred to the Library of Virginia in Richmond (Bear to Julian P. Boyd, 9 Sep. 1968, in editorial office files). it is further understood: the added lines became a source of contro­ versy between TJ and the Rivanna Com­

pany, which was incorporated the fol­ lowing year to improve navigation from Milton to Charlottesville and with which TJ had an ongoing dispute over his rights and responsibilities. Two of the jurors, Henry Williams and John Kelly, were among the company’s initial supporters, as were TJ’s close connections Dabney Carr and George Divers. In a letter of 30 Sep. 1810 to company secretary Peter Minor, TJ claimed that the added lines had been suggested by Williams and “as­ sented to by me” but that he had not agreed to assume responsibility or costs for any navigational improvements. TJ added a marginal note to the PoC of this letter, speculating that it was John Nich­ olas who added the lines. Nicholas’s “no­ torious personal hostility” should have, TJ argued, prevented his appointment to the jury. In a response of 10 Nov. 1810, Minor described the added lines as “a con­ tract between yourself & the jury” and argued that the jurors had granted per­ mission for the dam with the understand­ ing that no indemnity would need to be paid to TJ for the “right of improving & using” the feeder canal. Seven years later in a bill of complaint against the company, TJ claimed that “one or more individuals of the jury” had suggested that TJ’s mill canal would likely make the best channel for vessels and asked if TJ would be ame­ nable to its use. TJ expressed a “willing­ ness to accommodate the public” but did not consider the conversation a formal agreement or contract. When the jury “retired in secret to close their inquisi­ tion,” the individuals insisted, in the face of opposition from other jurors, on hav­ ing the new lines added to the ruling. The jurors furthermore authorized a height of six feet for the proposed dam, as opposed to TJ’s plan for a three‑to‑four‑foot dam. TJ never raised the dam higher than three feet. The bill of complaint then implied that the added lines may have been different

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10 AUGUST 1805 from what was discussed: “having written the rest of the inquisition for them, and being on the spot and a few paces dis­ tance only, it would seem a thing of course that they should have requested him”— that is, TJ—“to write this passage also.” The change of handwriting suggested that “what he did not write was either not known, or not agreed to by him.” In a sub­ sequent deposition, Thomas Eston Ran­ dolph, one of the jurors, testified that a majority of the jurors had agreed to the addition but that he “would have signed the inquest without the interlineation” and did not believe any of the jurors would have withheld signatures without the added lines (Acts Passed at a General As‑ sembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Richmond, on Monday the First Day of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Six [Richmond, 1807], 24‑5; rs, 3:143, 146n; 11:74‑5, 101; 14:364).

 1 Preceding two words, omitted by TJ, interlined in the clerk’s hand. In Dft, TJ first wrote “met on the lands” before al­ tering the text to read as above. 2  In Dft, preceding four words inter­ lined in place of “aforesaid & the mill there erected.” 3 In Dft, TJ added here in the margin, “qu. if this shd not be 462. po. above the sd dam, which is 244 po. above the site of the mill.” 4  Word interlined in Dft in place of “beyond.” 5  Word interlined by TJ. 6  Preceding two words interlined in Dft in place of “Shadwell.” 7  Here in TJ’s hand, but canceled by the clerk: “In witness whereof the sd jurors to this inquisition have severally put their hands & seals, on the premises, the day & year beforementioned.” 8  Preceding sentence interlined in Dft.

From Nathan Lufborough Sir. Washington, 10. August 1805. Not knowing the place of residence of Thomas M. Randolph, Esq. I take the liberty of sending the enclosed letter, to him, to your care. I hope you will excuse this freedom, and accept the assurance of my perfect respect, and consideration. Nathan Lufborough. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

From William B. Underwood Sir, Gettysburg 10th August 1805 I hope you will pardon me for the liberty I take in thus address­ ing you, when you learn, that nothing but real necessity compels the writer to ask the favor. To be short; it is a loan1 of Fifty Dollars. With this money, sir, I wish to pay in part, a debt which I necessarily con­ tracted when I first commenced the printing business in this place; and which from the small support I have met with, I have been un­ able to pay.—The County of Adams, in which I live, has a majority against the political principles I profess; which should stimulate the  182 

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friends of the Union in this part of the country to exertion; but un­ fortunately, it does not—There is but little public spirit here.—And since the Call of a State Convention, has been proposed, there is a great division among the Republicans throughout the whole state as well as in this County—which renders my standing in this place uncertain.—My having taken an Active part on that side which I conceived right, has been the occasion of a considerable loss to me in my business; many having withdrawn their support. The fact is, the majority, of my Subscribers, is in favor of the present Governor and Constitution; but notwithstanding this, I beleive myself right in op­ posing them, and cannot therefore for the sake of emolument do that which I think wrong. I have endeavored to collect arrearages, with­ out success; and I cannot coerce those who are still willing, yet un­ able to contribute to my relief.— I have not a relative on earth, who can assist me; nor do I know a friend who is able, that would do it—or at least that I would ask.—I am a married man, with a small family—and sorry I am to say it, with but very small means for its support. I hope, however, after the Elec­ tion, in October next things will go better, and the parties become reconciled again. The debt which I owe I was sued for, [.  .  .]tered Judgment, with bail—The debt [.  .  .] be due the 24th of next month, Sepr. when, if I cannot pay it, my small share of goods will be executed.—I have with this letter sent one of my newspapers, dated Aug. 8. 1805—which contains but little; but which will shew you that the publisher thereof, is the writer of this letter—And whether he meets a return according to expectation or not, be assured, Sir, it shall never be the means of his reflecting on your liberality.— I am, Sir, Your Humble servant Wm B. Underwood RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “His Excellency Th: Jefferson Esquire Presi­ dent of the U. States of America Wash­ ington City”; franked; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: the 8 Aug. edition of The Sprig of Liberty. William B. Underwood (1779‑1850) ed­ ited the Gettysburg Gazette and its con­ tinuation, The Sprig of Liberty, from 1803 to 1807. He printed several additional Republican‑leaning newspapers in both Maryland and Pennsylvania between 1802 and 1836, including the American Volun‑ teer out of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, which

he co‑edited with his half‑brother James Underwood (Brigham, American News‑ papers, 1:262, 263; 2:830, 853, 854, 1495; Biographical Annals of Cumberland County Pennsylvania [Chicago, 1905], 617; J. Thomas Scharf, History of West‑ ern Maryland [Philadelphia, 1882], 530). For recent discussions of division among the republicans, see Thomas McKean to TJ, 18 Feb.; TJ to George Logan, 11 May; Logan to TJ, 10 June; Michael Leib to TJ, 22 July; and TJ to Leib, 12 Aug. 1 Word

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underlined with two strokes.

From Robert Williams Dear Sir, Washington MT. Augt. 10th. 1805 I had the honor to receive your favor of the 6th. Ulto. by the last mail— A Commission for Mr. Williams as Secretary of this Territory also came on—he has been prevailed on to accept provisionally, and I ex­ pect will write on accordingly—I hope however he may be prevailed on to Continue, for I am apprehensive It will be almost impossible to get a character qualified for this office for the salary— The State of our Territory in the political way, you are informed through the Secretary of State— I am happy to know there is a probability of our having a Judge, for I do assure you the Territory suffers very much in its Judicial Character—Judge Bruin is sildom able to attend the Courts— I am much obliged in having permission to return to N Carolina and shall leave this as soon as the land business will admit, which will be, I hope in six or eight weeks. I am with sentiments of great resp yrs. Robert Williams RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the U States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. TJ appointed Thomas Hill williams secretary of Mississippi Territory on 1 July (Vol. 46:697). Writing to Madison

on 10 Aug., however, Williams explained that he could accept the office only on a temporary basis due to his other “public engagements,” and he hoped that a suc­ cessor would be appointed by the first of December (RC in DNA: RG 59, RD, en­ dorsed by TJ: “Williams Thos. H. wishes a successor to be appointed”).

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 12. 05 Not recollecting precisely the time you proposed to go to Philadel­ phia, I now take the liberty of asking you, as you pass through Wil­ mington to pay for me to the revd. Wm. Pryce four dollars which I owe him for a book, and have never before been able to find a channel of remittance: and then in Philadelphia to procure for me half a dozen ℔ of portable soup, and to subscribe for Mc.Corkle’s paper (I forget the title) paying any necessary advance. The 125. D 74 c. noted in the paper I left with you to be paid to Jones & Howell out of the Washington funds, being now due, you will be so good as to remit to them for me, when the funds of the month shall have been recieved.  184 

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 We are all in good health here, & blest amidst luxuriant crops of every kind. I returned ten days ago from a visit to my Bedford estate. Accept my prayers for your health & Affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Barnes.” For the delayed payment to William pryce, see Pryce to TJ, 15 July. mc.corkle’s paper: William Mc­ Corkle published the Freeman’s Journal,

and Philadelphia Daily Advertiser as a con­ tinuation of the Philadelphia Evening Post (Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:908; mb, 2:1172; Notes on Newspaper Sub­ scriptions, [April 1805]).

From James Leander Cathcart Sir, Washington, August 12th. 1805 Vicissitude marks all human events!! born in the expectation of a genteel competency, and nursed in the lap of luxury and ease, I found myself at an early period of my life wholly disappointed by a train of unfortunate events which prudence could not evade, nor human fore­ sight control, which joined to the liberality of a generous but too im­ provident father, obliged me to choose the Ocean as a Theatre of ac­ tion most likely to supply my present wants, and to open the way to future preferment; I was induced to this determination by a pride that scorn’d to live in dependence upon relations, and the consideration that whatever would be saved from the wreck of my Father’s fortune would devolve upon my eldest brother by right of inheritance. I was captured by the Algerines in 1785, and remained in Captiv­ ity until 1796. I arrived at the first situation that a Christian in that Country could aspire to, and had it in my power to counteract the political views of Great Britain, France and Spain and in direct op­ position to their Agents founded the basis of my Country’s peace with that Regency, and obtained a Truce with Tunis for eight months by my own influence; I returned to the United States with some prop­ erty vested in a Vessel which was detained seven months in Cadiz by the Spaniards and was ultimately condemned in Almeria bay; this disaster envolved consequences ruinous to my private concerns and has envolved me in a debt of dollars 3,383₁−²₀−⁰₀ − which is now placed to my debit on the books of the Treasury and which I am unable to pay previous to my recovering damages from the Spanish Government or the Underwriters, I therefore crave the indulgence to be permitted to let the said sum continue on the books of the Treasury in the same  185 

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manner it has done since 1797, pledging myself to reimburse the United States out of the first proceeds that may be recovered on account of the detention and capture of said Vessel. When I returned to the United States after an absence of more than eleven years, I found my former connections, and those disposed to render me service, either dead or dispersed, and consequently had to form others, The honorable testimonials of the zeal and fidelity dis­ played through the whole course of the negotiation with Algiers, of which I was the bearer, having emanated from the most respectable authority induced me to leave the command of my own Vessel to so­ licit a command in our then infant Navy, which I would have easily obtained had not the Secretary of State at that period been interested for the promotion of a kinsman, I however was appointed one of the Consuls resident in Barbary, my conduct in that capacity is known, and needs no comment; I have now returned the second time after an absence of more than six years and find myself nearly in the same situation that I was in when I returned last. Many of my particular friends have expressed their surprize that I was not appointed Consul at Algiers in the first instance; In reply I have only to observe that Mr. O Brien played a double role, I trusted that my former services would recommend me, he confided in the same species of intrigue which has prevented me from being received in that Regency, since, which joined to a suspicion that originated with and was insidiously circulated by him, that I was capable of sacrificeing the interest of my Country to the emolument of the Dey, which natu­ rally would include my own, prevented my appointment at that pe­ riod; Conscious that no act of my life merited so unjust a suspicion I treated the insinuation and its author with merited contempt, but in conversation with a gentleman high in Office (Oliver Wolcott Esqr:) I found that the misrepresentations of my enemies had gained more credit than I was aware of; Mr. Wolcott seemed to consider the peace with Algiers as altogether exorbitant and inexpedient, and by some indirect inferences gave me to understand that I was considered to be more the Agent of Algiers than the friend of my Country, my temper naturally repelant and impatient of the least indignity occasioned my contradicting the insinuation with some warmth, but altho’ that gen­ tleman disavowed his having intended any personal censure I found that my want of complacency had injured me considerably; had that gentleman considered the National disadvantages that we labor’d under at the time our Negotiation commenced and our Treaty with that Re­ gency was concluded, he probably would have drawn a more favor­ able conclusion; We were without one Vessel of War afloat, had more  186 

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than one hundred Citizens in captivity, our funds for carrying the Treaty into effect was composed of a species of credit which could not be converted immediately into cash, and the Agents of the greatest powers of Europe were continually awakening the Deys suspicions even after the Treaty was concluded; the expediency of the measure was dictated by the orders of Government and founded on the con­ sideration that the United States enjoying an extensive commerce unprotected by one Vessel of War, were continually exposed to the excursions of the Barbary Cruisers when even the great powers of Europe from political motives thought proper to induce the Queen of Portugal to withdraw her force from the Streights mouth, exclusive of the melancholy proof of this assertion already experienced in 1793, We were not ignorant that Great Britain has always sufficient weight in the Cabinet of Portugal to secure to herself the commission of any act that would promote her interest without injuring that of Portu­ gal, and it is natural to suppose that even before we enjoyed the trade of the Mediterranean, that the British as well as the other commercial Nations of Europe viewed our increasing commerce with the jealousy of a rival; The correspondence of Colonel Humphreys and Mr. Bar­ low and several others deposited in the department of State, my con­ duct since, and the enclosed demand of the Dey, which was reduced to 642,000 dollars by my exertions will absolve me from any impu­ tation injurious to my character, it is however worthy of remark that both Nations at different periods wished me to be placed in the same situation for the most opposite purposes, and that by a concatenation of visible intrigue and perfidy I am deprived of the means of main­ taining and educating my family in the sphere of life which I conceive they are entitled to. I have ultimately settled my Accounts at the Treasury and have received a small balance which was due to me, it is sufficient to pre­ vent my family from immediate want, but as I have the ambition to believe that my former services do not render me entirely unworthy of your patronage I take the liberty to solicit it, and to trouble you with this retrospect; the egotism inseperable from such a detail I hope will be excuseable as it is authorized in some measure by the following paragraph transcribed from Mr. Madison’s letter to me of the 26th. December 1803, in answer to my solicitation for future employ. “The President has not fix’d upon a person as Consul for Tunis; but when the appointment takes place as the occasion would not invite nor circumstances justify any reference to yourself of a na­ ture to wound your sensibility, you may dismiss every apprehen­ sion on that subject. On the subject of future Office, it is impossible  187 

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to say any thing precise, but whenever a proper occasion shall arise, you will be remembered and your talents and claims be fairly com­ pared with the pretensions of others.” In Mr. Madison’s letter to me of the 16th. July 1803 he says “The President has thought proper to place the powers formerly vested in you, in the hands of Mr. Lear. It is by no means meant that you should consider this change as a disapprobation of your former conduct which has been marked with zeal and fidelity, or that the circumstance on which it is founded is at all attributable to your own fault.” In every instance I have been treated by that gentleman with deli­ cacy and respect, and am assured that any information which you may require from him relative to me will tend to my advantage. It would be presumption in me to dictate the measure of your favor even if a proper occasion presented, being sensible that you will not place me in a worse situation than those I have already filled, in what­ ever line you may think my services can be most useful to my Coun­ try, neither difficulty nor personal inconvenience will prevent me from accepting the appointment, nor will the most imminent danger deter me from endeavoring to fulfil the duties of my Office to the ut­ most extent of my ability. I have the honor to continue with the most respectful esteem Sir, Your Excellency’s Most devoted and Obedient Servant James Leander Cathcart RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at head of text: “To, His Excellency Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr: President of the United States, of America”; endorsed by TJ as received Aug. 15 and so recorded in SJL with no­ tation “office.” Enclosure not found. Cathcart’s vessel, the Independent, a poleacre he sailed from Algiers to Phila­ delphia after his release from captivity in 1796, was subsequently outfitted with naval stores intended for the dey of Al­ giers. After it was detained by the Span­ ish, John Robertson, the vessel’s captain, drew on Secretary of State Timothy Pick­ ering for a ransom that enabled delivery of the stores to Algiers. French privateers subsequently reseized the vessel, and it was condemned at Malaga. When closing his accounts as secretary, Pickering re­ ceived permission from Cathcart to trans­ fer the amount of the ransom payment to

Cathcart’s account with the government. In a letter of 26 July 1805 to Gallatin, Jacob Wagner requested a warrant on behalf of Cathcart for half the sum origi­ nally charged against Pickering, with the remainder remaining accountable to Cath­ cart (Philadelphia Gazette of the United States, 13 Sep. 1796; Gallatin, Papers, 11:337; Greg H. Williams, The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793‑1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses [Jefferson, N.C., 2009], 189; “Memorial of James Lean­ der Cathcart,” 19th Cong., 1st sess., Sen­ ate Doc. 26; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:207n). enclosed demand of the dey: in his posthumously published journal and memoir, Cathcart reported that during ne­ gotiations between Ali Hassan, dey of Al­ giers, and the United States, the dey ini­ tially demanded a payment of $2,247,000,

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12 AUGUST 1805 two armed frigates, an annuity of naval stores, and biennial presents (Jane B. Newkirk, comp., The Captives, by James

Leander Cathcart, Eleven Years a Prisoner in Algiers [Laporte, Ind., 1899], 173).

To Joseph Dougherty

Monticello Aug. 12. 05.

When forwarding the other day the memorandum for Capt or mrs Andrews, I omitted to send the one now inclosed. mr Dougherty will therefore be pleased to deliver it immediately with a request that it be prepared & put in the same box with the other Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. Enclo­ sure not found. forwarding the other day: a pre­ vious letter to Dougherty has not been found and is not recorded in SJL, nor has

the enclosed memorandum been found. George and Elizabeth andrews produced ornamentation for the President’s House and Monticello (George Andrews to TJ, 24 Apr.).

To Daniel Fisher of New York

Monticello Aug. 12. 05.

Th: Jefferson makes his acknolegements to mr Fisher for the book on Military tactics forwarded to him, and his thanks for this mark of his attention. it would be great presumption in him to hazard an opin­ ion on a work the subject of which he has been less conversant in than any other. it is nevertheless an important one, and mr Fisher will have deserved well of his country for his endeavors to render it familiar to them. he prays him to accept his salutations & respects. RC (NHi: Gilder Lehrman Collection at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of Amer­ ican History). PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

forwarded to him: Fisher to TJ, 30 July.

To William Lambert

Monticello. Aug. 12. 05.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Lambert for the pamphlets he has sent him and for the testimony they contain of his respect. he has much confidence in the accuracy with which he has ascertained  189 

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the geographical position of our capital, and on account of the impor­ tance of a just ascertainment of our first meridian, hopes it will be still pursued by himself & others familiar with the practice as well as the theory of the subject. he presents him his salutations & respects. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

pamphlets he has sent: Lambert to TJ, 31 July.

To Michael Leib Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 12. 05 A journey Southwardly from hence has prevented my sooner ac­ knoleging the reciept of your favor of July 22. I see with extreme concern the acrimonious dissensions into which our friends in Pen­ sylvania have fallen, but have long since made up my mind on the propriety of the general government’s taking no side in state quar­ rels. and with respect to myself particularly, after eight & thirty years of uniform action in harmony with those now constituting the re­ publican party, without one single instant of alienation from them, it cannot but be my most earnest desire to carry into retirement with me their undivided approbation & esteem. I retain therefore a cor­ dial friendship for both the sections now so unhappily dividing your state.   you mention that ‘Doctr. Logan had informed a person that he had just recieved a letter from me, exhorting him to use all his influence to procure the re‑election of Govr. Mc.Kean for that to dis­ place him would be extremely injurious to the republican cause.’ what­ ever may be the personal esteem I entertain for Govr. Mc.Kean, & the harmony with which we acted when members of the same body, I never concieved that that would justify my taking side against mr Snyder, or endeavoring in any way to influence the free choice of the state. I therefore have never written any such letter, nor a letter of such import to any mortal. and further, my long & intimate acquaintance with Doctr. Logan, & my knolege of his strict honor leaves the fullest conviction in my mind that there has been some mistake in the hear­ ing, understanding or quoting his words. I the more readily believe that there has been error somewhere, when I1 consider how far oppo­ site passions have the power of tinging objects seen by men equally honest, of presenting them under aspects totally different, and of per­ verting their understandings of the same expressions. my confidence in Doctr. Logan’s truth is so entire that I dare affirm that he will de­ clare to any one that he never recieved such a letter from me. no, sir, so far from taking a side in this distressing quarrel that I look upon  190 

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both with undiminished affection, & would do any thing in my power to assuage & reconcile them.   Finally, my dear Sir, when you rec­ ollect the bitter hostility of the common enemy towards me, the unre­ lenting perseverance with which they torture, mutilate & pervert every sentence which falls from my pen, you will excuse me in beseeching that nothing of this letter may get into the public prints.   Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Dr. Leib.”

1

 TJ here canceled “reflect.”

From Étienne Lemaire Monsieur Washington City du 12 aoust 1805 Je prend la liBerty de vous presenter mon Respecque. la presente est pour vous prevenir que je vien de Recevoir par, Baltimore, un Barill, et 4. Caise; et 1 Spece de Câge, dant la qu’el ÿ lia, une petite Bêitte resenblant Baû Coûpe a le Curreuille, et l’eautres, un oïseau, resen­ blant a la pie, qu’illia En eûrôpe; monsieur Je l’honneur de vous avertir aûsi que les ouvrage, de l’interrieur et lesterrieur de la M’ai­ son vont Bien dousement et je Crain Baûcoupe que Cequi lia de plus Esencielle ne Soi pas fini pre. Vôtre Retoûr a vashington; ge ne pas êncor recûe la Commende, de marseille. Monsieur je Soite de tout mon Cœur que vous Jouïsé d’une parfaite Sentez, et toute Vôtre Res­ pectable famille, mes respecque Sille vous plai Je fini En‑atendent lhonneur de recevoir vos ordre— Je Sui avecque tous le plus prefon respeque—Vôtre tres hunble et tres obeisent Serviteur Etienne Lemaire toute la famille Ce porte Bien. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Washington City, 12 Aug. 1805 I take the liberty of sending you my regards. This letter is to inform you that I have just received via Baltimore one barrel and four cases. In a kind of cage there is a small animal that looks very much like a squirrel, and in an­ other cage a bird that resembles the European magpie. I also have the honor of informing you, Sir, that the interior and exterior renovations of the house are progressing very slowly, and I greatly fear the essential work will not be finished before your return to Washington. I have not yet received the order from Marseilles. I fervently hope, Sir, that you and all your worthy family are in perfect health. Please give them my regards. I close in anticipation of re­ ceiving your orders.

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12 AUGUST 1805  With the deepest respect, I am your very humble and obedient servant. Etienne Lemaire The whole family here is well. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. recevoir par, baltimore: in a letter of this day to Madison, Baltimore collec­ tor of customs Robert Purviance reported the unloading of the ship Comet, which carried a hogshead, three boxes, and two cases forwarded to the president by Wil­ liam C. C. Claiborne. The shipment con­ sisted of specimens sent by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Purviance in­ formed Madison that one of the magpies, which he described as “remarkably vora­ tious,” had apparently killed the other three birds during the voyage from New Orleans. The Comet’s captain, James Mc­ Neill, certified the shipment for the presi­ dent and further certified that “three of the Magpies were killed and devoured by

the surviving one.” Purviance had directed the carter to take extra care with the re­ maining animals during the trip to Wash­ ington (Purviance to Madison, 12 Aug., RC in DLC, endorsed by TJ: “Purviance to mr Madison”; certification of James McNeill, 12 Aug., MS in MHi, endorsed by TJ: “Thom Christopher S. rect.”; see also Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr., and Claiborne to TJ, 3 Aug.). In Washington, the goods were received by State Department clerk Christopher S. Thom, who paid Francis Peck $17 on 14 Aug. for carting the items from Baltimore to Washington. TJ re­ imbursed Thom on 5 Dec. (MS in MHi, endorsed by TJ: “Thom. Christopher S. rect.”; mb, 2:1168; Vol. 33:512‑13). la commende, de marseille: see David Gelston to TJ, 23 July.

To Albert Picket

Monticello Aug. 12. 05.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Picket for the book he has been so kind as to send him, and for this mark of his attention. he prays him to accept his salutations & respects. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

so kind as to send him: Picket to TJ, 24 July.

To P. & C. Roche

Monticello Aug. 12. 05.

Th Jefferson presents his thanks to messrs. Roches freres for their notice to him of the book of Geography of M. Lesage, which however it is not within the plan of his acquisitions to procure. Mr. Madison the Secretary of state being now in Philadelphia, might probably con­ sider it as a proper book for his office, could he recieve notice of it. Th:J. presents them his salutations. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

their notice to him: P. & C. Roche to TJ, 6 Aug.

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From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield Union Tavern—George Town Dear Sir, [on or before 12 Aug. 1805] Mama requests me to inform you that we are at Bladensburg— This Morning we agreed with him1 to bring us in—but he now re­ fuses—this is not a pleasant place for us—Would you be kind enough to give Judge Johnson our Direction and request him to call on us to‑morrow—As my Mother came at my particular2 request that I might make any atonement necessary for the Letter I sent—The Let­ ter inclosed to you on Friday last3 will sufficiently shew for what rea­ sons our Money was detained—pray Sir, let us have the loan of $100 by the bearer—Our necessity compels us to make the request—We intend going home as soon as we see Judge Johnson—With respect & Submission we are Your obedient Servants S & E Bampfield A line by the bearer would greatly oblige to let us know where Mr. J is4— We are at present at Union Tavern—George Town—The Man who we sent off Express brought us word Mr Jefferson had gone to Carolina & Mr. Johnson not in Washington5 Mama has written 5 Letters to Judge Johnson since the 1st. Augst. & one to yourself containd several Letters she requested you to for­ ward to Mrs. Johnson Senr. Charleston With the rough Copy of a Letter to her—But we are under some Apprehension of their being detained or intercepted—2 to your care on Sunday 4 Augst. 1 Mon­ day 5—two directed to him 1‑2d Augst. to the City of Washington6— RC (DLC); undated; in Tart’s hand; lacks postscripts (see notes 5 and 6 below); endorsed by TJ as received from Bladens­ burg, Maryland, on 12 Aug. and so re­ corded in  SJL. Dupl (DLC); in Tart’s hand; at head of text: “Copy”; endorsed by TJ as received from Georgetown on 12 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. we are at bladensburg: TJ received the sisters’ previous letter, which has not been found, on 8 Aug. from Baltimore. In five additional letters, also not found, the two sisters continued to write to TJ in August and early September. TJ’s en­

tries in SJL show that he returned most of these letters, unread, to the post office (Appendix iv; see also TJ to Charles Burrall, 9 Aug.). 1 Dupl:

“the Driver.” lacking in Dupl. 3  Dupl: “Friday last from Capt Kennedy.” 4 Dupl: “A line by the bearer will greatly oblige.” 5  Paragraph, lacking in RC, written perpendicularly in margin of Dupl. 6 Paragraph, lacking in RC, written on verso of Dupl. 2 Word

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From David Howell Dear Sir. Providence August 13th 1805. If the President will excuse that familiar compellation—I had the Honor to receive your Letter of 21 Ult. relative to the case of David Briggs, in due time, enclosing two papers. The papers are returned together with the report of the District Judge, in which I concur. The report came to my hands this moment Your well known Signature & very friendly Salutation awakened in my breast the pleasing recollection of former times. Accept, Sir, a reciprocation of the most cordial Greeting; & the as­ surance of my most perfect attachment to your person & Administra­ tion and that I deem it an Honor to be your Obedt Servt David Howell RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: petition of David Briggs, 26 June, and enclosure. Other enclosure printed below.

recollection of former times: TJ and Howell served together in Congress from 1783 to 1784 (Biog. Dir. Cong.; rs, 3:232n; Vol. 16:451‑4).

e n c l o s u r e

Recommendation of David Leonard Barnes, with Jefferson’s Order

August 7—1805 David Briggs was a Mariner on board the Brig Ann Eliza which arrived at Providence from Surinam, in December last—Whilst the Brig lay in the river, he landed a quantity of Coffee, in the night time, without a permit— The Coffee was seized, condemned and sold for about Two hundred Dollars— He was sued for the penalty of Four hundred Dollars; let Judgment go by default, and on the sixth of June last, was imprisoned on the execution, by which he is now confined—He is a single man, about thirty years old, and his general character is fair—The offence of which he was convicted, was wilful, secret, and, I think, a long time premeditated—He took the Coffee on board at Surinam without the knowledge of the Officers of the Brig—never mentioned to them that he had it on board, & landed it without their knowledge—He is poor, and unable to pay the penalty for which he is confined—Under all cir­ cumstances, I think four months imprisonment, a reasonable commutation for the penalty, for so wilful a breach, of such an important Act— David Leonard Barnes District Judge Rho. Isl. District [Order by TJ:] Aug. 24. 1805. Let a pardon issue

Th: Jefferson

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14 AUGUST 1805  RC (DNA: RG 59, GPR). TJ issued a pardon on 29 Aug., remit­ ting the portion of Briggs’s fine “so far

forth as the United States are interested therein” (FC in Lb in same).

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond Augt. 13th. 1805 Mr. Oldham agreeably to your request has purchased the hinges &c. ordered in your favor of the   ; except that he could find only one dozen of the largest.—They shall be forwarded by the first op­ portunity.—Should the River be too low for boats to come down be­ fore you will require them, you can direct them to go by the Stage.— A Box of Candles, with a Cask containing Syrrup of punch, were forwarded by Wm. Gilbert the 16th. of July.—I suppose they must be at Mr. Higgenbothams.—I have since sent by Wm. Sheppard a small box which came in the Stage, & another containing cups & saucers &c. Your second note of 1000$ was discounted on Friday last. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

your favor: not found, but see Notes on Letter to Gibson & Jefferson, 4 Aug.

To Joel Barlow Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 14. 05 I recieved on the 12th. at this place your favor of the 4th. and I recieved it with great pleasure and offer my congratulations on your safe return to our country. you will be sensible of a great change of manners generally, and of principles in some. the most important change however is the influence gained by the Commercial towns on public opinion, & their exclusive possession of the press. but of these things we will speak hereafter.   I do not expect to be in Wash­ ington till the end of September: and as you propose a visit to that place, let me invite your extending it as far as this. the stage comes from Washington by Fredsbg to this place in two days & passes within 100. rods of my door where we shall recieve you with joy, and be glad to retain you as long as your convenience will permit. the mountains among which I live will offer you as cool a retreat as can any where be found, and one enjoying as much health as any place in  195 

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the union. pursuing the stage route, you will see but a poor country till you reach our canton; but if you take a horse & gig from Wash­ ington you will come a nearer & better route by Centerville, Fauquier Court House, Culpeper C.H. Orange C.H. & Mr Madison’s if he be at home. from his house or from Orange C.H. take the road on the lower side of the mountain. along this route you will see a fine coun­ try, but not yet in a course of good culture, and you can return by a different one, equally good. believing you will have more satisfaction in this little peregrination than in whiling away the month of Septem­ ber in New York, I will believe that you will adopt the proposition, & en attendant offer you my friendly salutations & assurances of great respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (British Library); at foot of text: “Mr. Barlow”; addressed: “Joel Barlow esq. to the care of Peter Talman Mercht. New York”; franked; postmarked Milton; endorsed by Barlow. PoC (DLC).

To Robert Brent Sir Monticello Aug. 14. 05. A considerable journey Southwardly from this has prevented my sooner acknoleging letters from yourself, from mr Gardiner and mr S. H. Smith, announcing that I had been elected by the city council a trustee for the public schools to be established at Washington & by the trustees to preside at their board. I recieve with due sensibility these proofs of confidence from the city council & the board of trust­ ees, & ask the favor of you to tender them my just acknolegements. sincerely believing that knolege promotes the happiness of man, I shall ever be disposed to contribute my endeavors towards it’s exten­ sion, and in the instance under consideration will willingly undertake the duties proposed to me, so far as others of paramount obligation will permit my attention to them. I pray you to accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great respect & esteem. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Robt. Brent esq.” FC (Lb in DLC: District of Columbia Papers). For TJ’s election as a trustee for the public schools, see letters from John Gardiner, 22 July; Samuel Harri­ son Smith, 23 July; and Brent, 6 Aug.

TJ was reelected as president of the board and served for three years, although he never presided in person (Wilhelmus B. Bryan, A History of the National Capital from Its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act, 2 vols. [New York, 1914‑16], 1:480).

 196 

From Peter Lenox Sir Washington 14th August 1805 having received information of a number of jambs & backs being at Mr Foxhalls, for the use of the Presidents House, and not having any direction to have them fixd, there being no time to spair for doing the dirty part of our jobs, Take the Liberty to ask whether you wish them fixd, and if so which Rooms you wish them put in, I have taken the Liberty of having White washing Done, in the Hall, pasage, Drawing Room, setting Do and Mr. Epses bed Room before the floor Cloth, or Carpeting is put Down, Sir I have the Honour to be yours with Respect, Peter Lenox RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Presedent of the United States”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 19 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

From George White

Spread Eagle Post Office 15 miles on the Lancaster road from Philadelphia [before 15 Aug. 1805]

Sir, Altho’ I am an entire stranger to you as well as in the country whereof you are elected President, yet as I am so well assured of the great interest you take in every thing that is connected with the bene­fit of the States I do not hesitate a moment to address you on a subject that cannot fail to prove advantageous to the country. it is very well known that a considerable sum of money goes annually from hence to England to purchase platted straw for hats, as the manufacture there is far preferred to any other. I take the liberty of enclosing a specimen of that plat done by my wife, who possesses the ability as well as the desire to superintend a manufactory upon the plan which I beg leave to submit to your consideration and the honor of your patronage. one hundred girls, not younger than eleven years, nor older than fourteen, taken from reputable indigent parents, or from any of the charitable institutions, might be formed into four classes with a teacher at the head of each. I compute that the profits of their industry would be adequate to the following expences, to be divided in the following manner—apportioned into five equal parts, one of them to be the prop­ erty of my wife. another to be appropriated to the payment of fixed salaries to each of the Teachers, to pay the rent of the house occupied for the manufactory, and also the purchase of the straw required for  197 

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its use. two other parts to defray the maintenance and dress of the children, and the remaining fifth part to be kept as a fund to supply any deficiency that may happen, or to be applied to such purposes as in your opinion may appear most beneficial to the manufactory. Permit me to add, Sir, that the connection I have in England would have obtained for me the most favorable introduction to your notice, thro’ Mr. Emery your Consul, could I possibly have anticipated that I should thus have required it. begging to be honored with your answer. I am Sir Your most faithful & respectful Servt. George White RC (ViU); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Aug. 1805 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. platted straw for hats: White pro­ posed a type of poor relief and plaiting school popular in England at the time. An invention dating from around 1800 for splitting straw evenly, making a finer plait possible, made such production op­ portunities even more appealing. Hat and bonnet manufactories flourished in Phila­ delphia and the eastern states and tried to keep up with the growing demand for straw plaits used in Leghorn and Dun­ stable bonnets (John G. Dony, A History

of the Straw Hat Industry [Luton, Eng., 1942], 73; Pamela Horn, “Child Workers in the Pillow Lace and Straw Plait Trades of Victorian Buckinghamshire and Bed­ fordshire,” Historical Journal, 17 [1974], 781; The Reports of the Society for Better‑ ing the Conditions and Increasing the Com‑ forts of the Poor, 4 [1805], 90‑111, 173‑80, Appendix III: 33‑7; A. J. Tansley, “On the Straw Plait Trade,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 9 [21 Dec. 1860], 69‑77; Relfs Philadelphia Gazette, 17 Mch. 1804, 19 Apr. 1805; Richmond Virginia Argus, 9 May 1807; New York Shamrock; or, Hibernian Chronicle, 22 Dec. 1810).

From John Barnes Sir. George Town 15 Augt. 1805. I am honored with the Presidents favor of the 12th—at all events, I could not think of leaving Town untill after the 9th & 11th. sepr. have passed over—and the two Notes of $2000 & 1600—were Safely withdrawn— mean while, I shall endeavour to avail my self of the first favorable occasion, that offers, to pay The Revd. Mr Pryce $4. to purchase 6℔. portable Soup (Chicken or Veal not mentioned)—as well to sub­ scribe to Mc.Corkles paper— at foot, the President is presented with a/c of my receivals & pay­ ments, at B.B. Washington—I inclose also my July a/c store & Cash, Amt $91.41—for this & next Mo: of small Amts. I shall defer, and include in one a/c— I am happy to learn the President have returned from the fatiguing Journey of Visiting his Bedford Plantation and of plentifull Crops, health, of the good family &ca.  198 

15 AUGUST 1805

 from the Presidents Silence respecting Mr Burwell, I flatter my­ self, that Gentleman had felt no ill effects from the Thunder Storm, that threatened a relapse of his former complaint— with every good wish for your health & happiness—I am, most Re­ spectfully, The Presidents—very Obedt: humble. Servant, The President US: In. BB. US. at Washington—with John Barnes Augt. 4t. To Compansn. 2083.33. 7 To Notes disctd. at said B 2000. To deduct do 21.33 1978.67. 3.71. 4065.71. To Balc. due TJ. 13th July Augt. 6 12 " 14

By Note at B.B. US. taken up 2000. By do. at B of Columbia—do 1500. By Jones & Howell remitted them 125.74 By Mr. LeMaire paid him 300. 3925.74. In Bank. (save Errors.)  $ 139.97. George Town 15th Augst: 1805. John Barnes.

RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of letter: “The President UStates at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington August 15th, 1805 The various articles sent by Capt. Lewis by the way of New Orlians arrived yesterday at your home from Baltimore, suspecting that ver­ min had made their way into the packages, I took the liberty of re­ questing your Stuard to have the boxes opened, in which there were great numbers of vermin. I then had the cask opened in which the Buffalo Robes & other dressed skins were packed, all which were in good order, no vermins having found their way into the cask, but as the robes & other skins appeared a little damp, I advised Le Mare to have them exposed to a dry air for twenty four hours & then after sprinkling them with snuff, to have them separately covered with linnen & put into trunks or boxes, and within three or four weeks to have them examined and aired if necessary.—The undressed skins, the skeletons, hornes &c &c, I directed to be cleand from vermin and after being exposed to the air for one day, to be put into boxes,—the box containing, as I presumed, minerals & earths, was not opened.— one magpie and the little burrowing dog or squirrel, are alive & ap­ pear healthy, the latter is undoubtedly of the family of what we call  199 

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wood chucks, or ground hoggs. The Buffalo robes are good skins, well dressed, and highly embellished with Indian finery—some of the undressed skins are considerably injured, but I hope they will receive no further injury. I believe the Frigate went down river yesterday. with sentiments of respectfull esteem I am Sir Your Huml. Servt. H. Dearborn RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Aug. and “Indn. curiosities” and so recorded in SJL.

A few days earlier, the U.S. frigate Adams sailed from Alexandria on a mis­ sion to provide security in home waters (National Intelligencer, 12 Aug.; Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July).

From J. P. P. Derieux Monsieur Green briar C.H. augt 15. 1805. J’ai L’honneur de vous adresser cy joint un Epi de l’espece du Bled que vous desirés; il n’a pas atteint sa perfection, n’ayant eté Semé que Sur la fin de Novembre, et dans une exposition si ombragée que la rouille s’en est emparé avant sa maturité. Supposant dés lors quaucun de ses grains ne Sont assés nourris pour se réproduire, je prends la liberté de vous envoyer le peu qui m’en etoit resté de la même espece aux Semailles de L’année derniere. Je Suis dans les Sentiments du plus profond respect, Monsieur Votre très humble et très obeissant Serviteur P. Derieux e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Greenbriar Court House, 15 Aug. 1805 I have the honor of sending you the enclosed ear of wheat from the species you requested. It is not mature, because it was not sown until late November, and in such a shady spot that it was blighted by wheat rust before it was fully developed. Assuming that none of the seeds is mature enough to reproduce, I am taking the liberty of sending you my few remaining ones from last year’s planting. With my deepest respect, Sir, I am your very humble and obedient s­ ervant. P. Derieux RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

que vous desirés: see TJ to Derieux, 31 May.

 200 

To John Harvie Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 15. 05 Mutual confidence in the honor & friendship of each other has made us too inattentive to the settlement of the question respecting the lands claimed by us both adjoining our possessions here. it had better be settled while in our hands, for no others will be disposed to do it in a more friendly or just way. the facts lie within a narrow compas. I do not know that we differ as to any of them. if we do, on noting those which are doubtful, proof must be produced. I think I sent you a statement of the grounds of my right. they are in truth as to facts, grounded on records; unless any laches of mine be supposed to have forfieted my right: & if that be supposed proof can as yet be produced by living witnesses. I believe we both agreed to arbitrate it. let us then proceed to name Arbitrators, and be done with it. my occupations afford me but rarely time to turn to my own affairs. my annual visits here are particularly appropriated to them, which makes me wish to take it up now, and to recieve your answer as soon as convenient. Ac­ cept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Colo. John Harvie”; endorsed by TJ. lands claimed by us both: the ­ ispute between TJ and Harvie over a d 490‑acre parcel of land in Albemarle County first arose in 1790. TJ had at­ tempted several times over the ensuing decade to settle the matter, but without

success (Vol. 16:97‑100; Vol. 17:660‑3; Vol. 20:162‑6; Vol. 27:773‑6; Vol. 28:337‑8, 614‑16). For TJ’s most recent effort to resolve the dispute, as well as his statement of the grounds of his claim, see Vol. 31:252‑9. The matter re­ mained unresolved until 1810 (rs, 2:101‑3, 227‑9; mb, 2:1257).

From Samuel Latham Mitchill Sir New York, Augt. 15. 1805 At the request of M. Valentin of Marseille, I do myself the pleasure of sending you a Copy of his Eulogium on Jenner, which I this day received; and beg you to receive the assurances of my high regard. Saml L Mitchill RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States Wash­ ington”; franked; postmarked 17 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. and

so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Louis Va­ lentin, Notice biographique sur le Docteur Jenner (Montpellier, 1805; Sowerby, No. 421).

 201 

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 15. 05 I now return you the inclosed with many thanks for the opportu­ nity of perusing it, which I have done with great satisfaction. I had before observed that Faujas & Cuvier were rather at war. Cuvier is attached to artificial classification. Faujas thinks with Buffon that the number of Quadrupeds is too small to need it, and that it is better to groupe them as individuals1 according to more popular characteris­ tics, which Buffon has done. on the one plan, the Megatherium & Megalonix seem to be accurately placed with the Aï &c. according to the other they would take their stand with the Elephant & Rhinoc­ eros, the Lions & Tygers, &c. different nomenclators adopt different parts of the animal structure to form the rules of their classification. all of them aid science in presenting us different views of the subjects composing the division of Quadrupeds. Nature deals in individuals. but man can retain them in his memory only by grouping them into masses by some arbitrary rule or other. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP); at foot of text: “John Vaughan esq.”; endorsed. PoC (DLC).

return you the inclosed: see Vaughan to TJ, 6 Aug. 1 Preceding

two words interlined.

To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 16. 05 The resignation of mr Oakley as a justice of the peace, leaves the inhabitants of the quarter he served, in distress for such an officer. I inclose you a petition on that subject. will you be so good as to satisfy yourself by enquiry who would be the properest person to succeed him, and desire mr Wagner to make out a commission for him. Gen­ eral Mason’s knolege of the characters convenient will render him one of those whom it may be well to consult. It being now nearly certain mr Madison cannot come to Virginia this season, I am in hopes this will find you near setting out for this place. we shall all be happy to see your arrival. I have some reason to hope mr Barlow will be coming on in ten days or a fortnight. Accept for mrs Dearborne & yourself my friendly & respectful salutations Th: Jefferson  202 

16 AUGUST 1805  RC (CtY); at foot of text: “Genl. Dear­ borne”; endorsed by Dearborn. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Oakley.” En­ closure: probably “Beatty et al.” to TJ, 8

May, not found, recorded in SJL as re­ ceived 15 Aug. from Georgetown with no­ tation “Williams Waters, to be justice.”

From Joseph Dougherty Dear Sir Washington Augt. 16th. 05 I Recd. your second Letter yesterday morn. the preceding evening the box containing the other articles went on in the stage. The pres­ ent not which is here inclosed is not described so as Mrs. Andrews can understand it so well as to do the work She wishes me to return it to you to describe more plain the number of feet &c. The family here is all well the flesh and beauty of your riding horse is somuch increased that he astonishes his beholders When I walk him out. if your horses there had some of the flesh these I have here could spare. they would feel none the worse for it Sir Your Hble, Servt. Jos. Dougherty RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo­ sure not found.

second letter: TJ to Dougherty, 12 Aug. your riding horse: perhaps Jacobin. See TJ to John Wayles Eppes, 27 May.

From Simon Harris State of New Hampshere. Honored and Dear Sir— Bridgwater. 16th August 1805 you will excuse me for boldness in asking you for a favour thatis I have a grate desire, to go into the Louisiana Countrey. it appears to me to be much more delightsom then in New Hampshire by the in­ formation that I can gather the Favour is that you will give me some appointment if there is a vacant and if your are desposd. to do me that Honour it will be considerd. as an rendered favour a tower in to that Countrey During the wintry season would be very pleasing to me— I have nothing of Moment to inform you of as to Politicks it is a peacable time the union to the present Adminstation of our General Government very fast increases this from your privet but True Friend Simon Harris  203 

16 AUGUST 1805  RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

 Simon Harris had previously written to TJ in 1802 with a request for an appoint­ ment as a mail carrier (Vol. 36:378‑9; see also rs, 16:350‑1).

To Craven Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 16. 05 I have recieved a letter from mr Hay asking whether he shall enter an appeal? and informing me he has written to you on the subject, it would be necessary for me to know whatever has passed relative to this, & as it is important & pressing in time, I am obliged to ask a consultation with you. Accept my friendly salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU); at foot of text: “Mr Pey­ ton”; endorsed by TJ. letter from mr hay: probably George Hay to TJ, 12 Aug., not found,

received from Richmond on the 15th. TJ’s reply to Hay of 17 Aug. also has not been found (Appendix iv).

To Edmund Randolph Dear Sir Aug. 16 05. Your favor of the 6th. was recieved yesterday. the copy of the judg­ ment v. Pendleton & Lyons was assigned by me by an indorsement to the Treasury of the US. and was sent to messrs. Pickering & Wol­ cott; but returned to me with a request to keep it till called for. I do not recollect whether, since I came into the administration it has been given up to the Treasury, or is still in my hands. if the latter, it is among my papers at Washington & cannot be got at till my return at the close of the next month. it shall then be sought for without fail. in the mean time the sums recieved under it are known to the Trea­ sury, to mr Short, and to messrs. Gibson & Jefferson, who were the sole recievers. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “E. Randolph esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

 204 

From James Simons (CIRCULAR.) Botanic Garden, South‑Carolina, Charleston, Sir, 16th August, 1805. It affords us very considerable pleasure to be enabled to announce to you, and to every lover of science, the establishment of a Botanic Garden, in this place. The situation of our state, so near the tropic, induces us to believe, that we possess many advantages, for the culti­ vation of exotics, which more northerly climes are deprived of; and we, therefore, flatter ourselves, with the pleasing prospect, of being able to effect, with the assistance of our friends abroad, a very hand­ some, as well as useful and extensive Public Establishment, for the diffusion of Botanic Knowledge. Our first concern, will be the examination and arrangement of our  Indigenous Plants; among which, there are, doubtless, many non‑descripts. To extend the knowledge of our favorite pursuit, and to enlarge the field for Botanic Researches, we beg leave to propose to you an exchange of our indigenous plants, and of such exotics, as the one can procure, and the other may want. We solicit for ourselves, and our infant establishment, your friend­ ship and assistance; and the more so, as a reciprocity of good offices, will not only secure to us individual esteem; but will, at the same time, contribute to perfect the science, to which we are mutually attached. I am, Sir, Respectfully, Your Obedient Servant, James Simons Chairman of the Standing Committee.  Communications to be addressed to either of the Standing Commit  tee, viz. Dr. Joseph Johnson, Dr. Benjamin B. Simons, Dr. Frederick Dalcho, Robert Pringle, and James Simons, Esquires. RC (DLC); printed form, signed by Simons, with salutation and “Sir” in clos­ ing filled in blanks in a clerk’s hand; at foot of text in clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

James Simons (1761‑1815) was a lead­ ing Federalist in South Carolina and, since 1797, the collector for the port of Charles­ ton. His continuation in the lucrative ap­ pointment rankled state Republicans, but TJ retained him despite misgivings over Simons’s political sentiments and reports

 205 

16 AUGUST 1805 critical of his conduct in office. Financial reverses and irregularities in his Treasury accounts, however, led Simons to resign in January 1806 (J. S. R. Faunt, Walter B. Edgar, N. Louise Bailey, and others, eds., Biographical Directory of the South Caro‑ lina House of Representatives, 5 vols. [Co­ lumbia, S.C., 1974‑92], 3:648‑50; Vol. 33:513‑15; Vol. 34:15; Vol. 35:85‑6, 713‑14; Vol. 40:550‑1; Gallatin to TJ, 15 July 1805; Gallatin to TJ, [27 Jan. 1806]). In May 1805, the Medical Society of South Carolina announced plans to estab­ lish a botanic garden in Charleston. By mid‑August, a lot on Meeting Street

was ready to receive plants. In December the state legislature incorporated the Bo­ tanic Society of South Carolina to man­ age the project, which remained in opera­ tion until 1812 (aps, Transactions, new ser., 55 [1965], 159; Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South‑Carolina. Passed in December, 1805 [Columbia, S.C., 1806], 102‑4; Charleston Courier, 11 May 1805; Charleston Times, 15 Aug. 1805, 17 Aug. 1812; Charleston Carolina Gazette, 16 Aug. 1805; Charles­ ton City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 9 Nov. 1812).

From Tarhe and Others The Speech of the Chiefs of the Wiandots at Upper & Lower San­ duskies, to the President of the United States. Father Listen, Our Father will remember, that at the Greenville Treaty, a Reserve was made at the Lower Sandusky, at the foot of the Rappids, of two miles square of our land for the use of the Govern­ ment. On this ground our Ancesters lived; And here a considerable number of Your Children are now living. It is a place we hope our Father will not take from us, or suffer his white Children to come and live on it; excepting a Minister and a School Teacher, and such peo­ ple as the Minister will have with him. We are willing, and desire our Father to give a place on it for them, that they may live with us, and Teach us Religion, and our Children how to read and write, and to know the Laws & regulations of the Government; and show us how to cultivate our lands. We have sent to our Fathers the Ministers to Send us a good Minister to live with us; And also a faithful Man to teach our Children; who we expect they will send us as soon as they can. Now we have sold to our Father lately a very great piece of the best of our land, and at a very small price; the West line of which comes within eight or ten miles of this place. We hope our Father will have compassion on his Children here, and not force us to go away from the place we have lived in so long; and where many of our An­ cesters and friends lie buried. We hope our Father will think on us with compassion, and Relin­ quish to us the one half of this Reserve, on which we live, and give the other half to the Missionary or Minister who comes and lives with us; But if our Father sells it to other people to come and live in the  206 

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midst of us; it will make us very unhappy, as we know that almost all the white people who come among us, come to get our property; they bring us spirits and find ways to injure us. Father do your best; we hope our Father will not be heord with us: We have sold a great part, and some of the best of our hunting ground. We are now beginning to use the plough and cultivate our land, & live together in this place. If our Father takes this place from us, we know not where to go. We have many old men and women; it will be heord to begin a new place. Here we have our houses, our fences, and Corn‑fields; here we can plow and make fields as we need them; here we shall have our Minis­ ter to teach us religion, and how to cultivate our land and many other useful things, and be a Father to us, and will see that our Children are taught no bad things, but good ones. We hope our Father will give us a good answer, that will make our hearts glad, and brighten the Chain of friendship with us. Father Listen, We have one request more to make of our Father. A great many years past, some of our people took prisoners, James Whiteker a white boy, or Ten,dāin,youn,dee; and Elizabeth Fulks, or Suun,oon,ȳeh, a white girl, who we adopted to be our children—we took care of them and they lived with us; and when they were grown so as to take care of themselves, Ten,dāin,yon,deè took Suun,oon,yeh for his Wife, and they lived many years together, until two years past, he died and left his wife with eight Children; Sandīnenew, Sirone,ti,a,rount, Ya,men,dawsh, Squa,sear,rooh, Woz,xah,youh, Tzah,ho,reeh, Teen,doot,toons, and You,sharry,eh; three boys & five girls. These are our Children; we do not wish to turn them away from among us. Their Father was our great friend, and one of our Council; he was very kind to us, and helped us a great deal, and we do not forget the many good things he did for us; he was to us, as one of ourselves. We have given to Suun,oon,yeh, the Mother of the above named Chil­ dren, One Mile square of land, on the West side of the Sanduskey River, lying around the house Ten dāin,youn,dee built; and in which Suun,oon yeh & her Children now live. This gift, we desire our Fa­ ther to Rattify & confirm unto Suun,oon,yèh, or Elizabeth Whiteker, and to her heirs and Assigns forever, to be her own property. Father Listen; We desire that our Father would not ask us to sell this part of our Country, or send any of his white Children to buy it of us; for it is the place where our Ancesters lived and died; their graves are here; And we have lived here a great while, and are many of us become old we expect to die, and have our graves here with our friends, and our Ancesters, who lived a great while before we were Children. But if our Young people, after we are dead, should be asked to sell their land,  207 

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and go some where else; We desire our Father to confirm the ground we have before described to the above named Suun,oon yèh to be her own; that it may not be sold, and she have no place where to live. This is what we have thought of, and agreed upon among our‑selves; And now desire our Father to give a good answer, and do as we have done; and make glad the heart of the Widow and fatherless Children. Upper Sandusky August 16. 1805 Upper Sandusky Chiefs

⎨

Lower Sanduskey Chiefs

⎨

Interpreters

Tarhie or Crane his mark Ronceiah or Crowe his mark Hurrone,new or Cherrokee Boy Roch,shaw,ruh or Stukey ⎧

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ ⎪

⎪ ⎩

⎧ ⎨ ⎩

Shatar one yoh or Leather lips Ta,how,men,di,yah or Book Son Joseph Badger writer of the Speech as dictated by Tarhie or Crane. Robert Armstrong Hampton E Northup

RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); in Joseph Badger’s hand; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Probably enclosed in James Hughs to TJ, 23 Oct. Tarhe (d. 1816), or the Crane, was the most influential Wyandot leader during the period following the American Revo­ lution. As war chief, he encouraged the Wyandots to join the coalition resisting American encroachments and, although already an older man, fought on the losing side of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. He was a signer of the first Treaty of Green­ ville and became head chief of the Wyan­ dots living along the Sandusky River. Now an advocate of accommodation to American power, he allowed visits from Protestant missionaries, promoted a tran­ sition to settled agriculture, and supported the Americans over the British and their Native American allies during the War of 1812. From 1789 to 1815, he signed five treaties between the United States and the Wyandots. Several of the other signers of the memorial above also represented the Wyandots at different treaties. The signer identified as Cherokee Boy, whose Wyandot name Haro’nu was transcribed

with several variants, was present at the treaty conducted in 1805 at Fort Industry and subsequently signed treaties in 1814, 1815, 1817, and 1818. The individual who appears as Rochshawruh, or Stukey, also signed the 1814 treaty. Leather Lips (d. 1810) represented the Wyandots at the treaties of 1795 and 1805. A key ally of Tarhe, he was executed by Wyandot fol­ lowers of the Shawnee prophet Tensk­ watawa (anb, s.v. “Tarhe”; Stephen War­ ren, The Shawnees and Their Neighbors, 1795‑1870 [Urbana, Ill., 2005], 31, 37, 39; U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:32, 53, 89, 119, 132, 167, 180). we have sold to our father lately: see Dearborn to TJ, 29 July. Joseph Badger, who took down the speech, visited the Wyandots living on the Sandusky River during the summer and secured their agreement to allow a missionary to live among them (Michael Leonard Cox, “Wendats, Presbyterians, and the Origins of Protestant Christian­ ity on the Sandusky River,” in Thomas Peace and Kathryn Magee Labelle, eds., From Huronia to Wendakes: Adversity, Migrations, and Resilience, 1650‑1900 [Nor­ man, Okla., 2016], 114‑15; A Memoir of Rev. Joseph Badger: Containing an Auto‑

 208 

17 AUGUST 1805 biography, and Selections from His Private Journal and Correspondence [Hud­son, Ohio, 1851], 96‑106). rattify & confirm: Elizabeth Fulks Whitaker secured a grant of 1,280 acres on the Sandusky River in 1817 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:163).

 his mark: Wyandots belonged to par­ ticular clans named after animals, includ­ ing the porcupine, the turtle, the deer, and the wolf (John L. Steckley, The Eighteenth‑­ Century Wyandot: A Clan‑Based Study [Waterloo, Ont., 2014], 41‑8).

From William Eustis Dear Sir, Dorchester 17th of August 1805. I had the honor to receive your favor of the 25h June. Having lately returned from an excursion to New Hampshire I cannot resist the temptation to communicate to you the satisfaction which I experi­ enced in finding the politics of that state restored to original and just principles. To an uniform political conduct to a mind and manners open, frank & plain Govr Langdon adds the advantages of a most respectable unimpeached private character. From services, property and standing in society he appears to have better claims to the gov­ ernment than any other man in the state. He is a pillar of Strength to the Republicans which federal force or artifice can neither sap nor batter down. All may be considered durably settled there. As Judge Sullivan was on a visit at the same time and we were frequently to­ gether I could not help contrasting the situation of Masstts. with that of N. Hampshire. In the former as in the latter there is a decided re­ publican majority. To concenter it in any one candidate, especially in a new one, is at all times difficult—in the present it is peculiarly so— Ours affords not the advantages of an open, bold decided conduct in the evil times—he has the disadvantage of having attached to him the common prejudice against practicing attornies, who are supposed to take all advantages in the line of practice. he wants a certain je ne sai quoi around which supporters may pride, boast and strengthen themselves—he will not command the whole republican strength— some and they are respectable have publickly declared that unless he will prosecute certain printers they shall believe eno’ to induce them to withold their support—to abandon him for another is forbidden equally by honor and by policy—but I still indulge a hope that some change or incident may occur which shall justify us in taking another. In time of peace and inaction the progress of political sentiment is slow— so far as my observation extends there is a gradual amelioration— there appear no rash measures or proposals from the center to check the progression—the violence of the federal presses affords collateral  209 

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aid, and we expect to succeed. Of the violence and unparrallel’d in­ famy of these presses I never can speak or think without extreme in­ dignation, taking to myself as an inhabitant of the place some degree of guilt. Will it be believed by posterity that the cradle of freedom (as it has been termed)1 has degenerated to a nest of vipers who are prey­ ing on the vitals of all our institutions, the price of so much toil of so much blood, sickening the mind of the rising generation at the bless­ ings atchieved by the valor of their ancestors, corrupting the public morals of the people, degrading our forms of government in the esti­ mation of our own citizens, and holding them up to foreign nations for their scorn and contempt? In honor of Adams, Hancock, the other Otis, the other Quincy, Warren and their co‑patriots it should be known that these parricides are not native Bostonians. Exotics, hirelings, fugitives from the principles of the country, Swindlers and Specula­ tors have changed and debased the character of the town. I have spent many days in endeavoring to divine the course proper to be followed with these infamous and nationally‑degrading writers, prosecutions in the district would, I should fear, fail at this moment of the desired effect—violence of any kind would bring reproach on the Republican cause, altho’ there is scarcely any species of violence which their inso­ lence has not provoked and merited. The time may come, it ought to come, and if there be justice on earth it certainly will come in which they will experience a just retribution. The latest transatlantic arrivals bear us nothing new. The fleets have in all probability returned to port. Our differences with Spain afford food for conversation. With their accustomed consistency the federalists now say we aught to have the Whole of W. Florida and they are willing as before to fight for it. The voyage of discovery of Captn. Lewis has engaged the attention of the curious and attracted the notice of many who were prejudiced against that country—the immense extent together with the great commercial and other advan­ tages attached to this acquisition must force conviction on the public mind—neither political prejudice nor the malice of party can suppress the public admiration & applause. In short, my dear Sir, I can discover nothing in the political hemisphere (save the few black spots wch cover with disgrace a malicious & desperate faction) which does not reflect honor on those who move in it. This nation was never more respected abroad the people were never more happy at home—for an higher eulogium let those rulers seek who have an ambition beyond the welfare of their country. With sentiments of great respect, I have the honor to be Your most obedt. Servt. William Eustis  210 

17 AUGUST 1805  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. For earlier speculations on the British and French fleets in the West Indies, see Robert Smith to TJ, 21 and 27 June. By late July, the fleets, under the respective commands of Horatio Nelson and Pierre

Charles de Villeneuve, were back in Eu­ ropean waters (William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History from the Ear‑ liest Times to the Present, 7 vols. [Lon­ don, 1897‑1903; repr. 1996‑97], 5:99‑109; Jacob Wagner to TJ, 5 Sep.). 1 Opening

parenthesis supplied.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir N. York 17th Augt. 1805 An excursion into the country with a sick child has prevented my writing for several days. But I had indeed very little to say. Enclosed you will find 1. John Nicholas’s letter recommending Samuel Latta as collector of customs for the district of Genessee: the sooner a commission can issue as the Canadians smuggle; it has been delayed only from want of information 2. Judge Toulmin’s letter on the subject of the office of receiver of pub. monies. I do not know to what he alludes, some mistake I sup­ pose of printer Smith. A commission either for him or for Gideon Fitz should be issued this fall. 3. A letter from Holmes who is already appointed to the office for which he applies 4. Several letters in favor of John Kittredge as collector of Gloucester vice Gibault who is dying but not to my knowledge yet dead. I received yesterday your letters of 7th & 9th instt.—What to say about a commissioner vice Tremble I do not know, as he having ac­ cepted, all the other applications, & recommendations have been left in Washington. If I can recollect or find some body I will write you immediately. On the Spanish affairs, I will, in conformity with your request, try to throw my ideas on paper. Generally I think the present time un­ favorable either for urging our claims by further negociations, or for enforcing them by war. The great difficulty is how to keep them sus­ pended without abandoning the ground assumed or loss of reputation. Yet that may not be impossible; but a little delay will do no injury & if any positive instructions could be delayed till October it would I think be preferable. With great respect & attachment Your obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin  211 

17 AUGUST 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Aug. and “Latta. Toul­ min. Holmes. Kittridge. Span. affrs.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) John Nicholas to Gallatin, from Geneva, New York, 25 July; he has returned to New York from Virginia and reports that he is “not able to give you any information of the progress of selfishness in this state”; he recommends Samuel Latta for collector of the Genesee district, noting that Latta is “a young man of sufficient capacity and great activity” who is willing to go to the mouth of the Genesee because he has “a land agency in that neighbourhood” (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; notation by TJ: “Latta Samuel. to be Collectr. customs dis­ trict of Genesee”). (2) Harry Toulmin to “Sir,” Fort St. Stephens, Mississippi Ter­ ritory, 6 July; he notes that he observed in the National Intelligencer a report that he is appointed to the office of receiver, which he did not expect; he first regarded it “only as a mistake in the printer of the paper,” but he discovered no one serving in that office on his arrival in the Missis­ sippi Territory; he asks if he should dis­ charge the duties of receiver; he remarks that his current salary is inadequate to sup­ port a family, and he would be happy to have the extra income from that office (RC in same; notation by TJ: “Toulmin Harry. Recievr. monies”). (3) James Holmes to Gallatin, Sunbury, 13 July, offering his services for the office of collector at Sun­

bury, Georgia (RC in same; notation by TJ: “Holmes Jas. to be Collector Sunbury v. Foster”); see also Gallatin to TJ, 30 July (second letter). (4) Probably Ebenezer Seaver to Gallatin, Roxbury, Massachu­ setts, 25 July, describing John Gibaut’s imminent demise of a “Dropsical com­ plaint”; he mentions that “Docr. White, a Mr. Rogers & Dr. John Kitteridge wish to be considered as candidates,” but he is only acquainted with Kittredge; he states that Kittredge has “constantly supported the rights of the People in the Worst of times” and his “Character for Morality Integrety & liberlity have never been and I presume never will be doubted” (RC in same; notation by TJ: “Kittridge”). Other enclosures not identified. district of genessee: Congress cre­ ated the revenue district of Genesee in an act of 3 Mch. (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:336‑7). office of receiver: the preceding October, TJ had sent a commission for Toulmin as receiver of public monies for the Mississippi Territory lands east of the Pearl River, but Gallatin returned the com­ mission because Toulmin was also to be appointed judge in the Mississippi Terri­ tory (Vol. 44:476; Vol. 45:327). Despite the return of the commission, the National Intelligencer on 12 Oct. 1804 stated that Toulmin was appointed receiver, a report that was widely circulated.

To Étienne Lemaire Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 05 The barrel, boxes, & cases from Baltimore mentioned in your letter contain skins, furs, horns, bones, seeds, vases & some other articles. being apprehensive that the skins & furs may be suffering, I would wish you to take them out, have them well dried & brushed, and then done up close in strong linen to keep the worm‑fly out. as I do not know in which packages they are, it will be necessary for you to open them all, & take out the skins & furs, leaving every thing else in their cases. the cases had better first be placed in my cabinet where they will remain safe without being nailed up again, if merely closed so as to keep out rats & mice.   the things from Marseilles are at New  212 

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York and may soon be expected at Washington.   be so good as to have particular care taken of the squirrel & pie which came with the things from Baltimore that I may see them alive at my return. should any accident happen to the squirrel his skin & skeleton must be preserved.   tell Joseph the first box of ornaments is safely arrived, & that I shall hope soon to recieve the second order. we are all in good health here, and I am glad to learn that the family at Wash­ ington is well. I salute you with my friendly & best wishes Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Le­ maire”; endorsed by TJ. your letter: Lemaire to TJ, 12 Aug.

joseph Dougherty reported sending two boxes via Richmond in his letter of 26 July.

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 05. Yours of the 9th. has been duly recieved, & I now return the papers it covered, and particularly those respecting the ship New Jersey, on which I have bestowed due attention. I think the error of Genl. Arm­ strong a very palpable & unfortunate one; but one not at all charge­ able on our government. by the French Convention the council of Liquidation has certain functions assigned to them, of a judiciary nature. they are appointed by that government, and over their nomi­ nation or opinions we have no controul. embarrassed to come to a conclusion in a particular case they transfer their functions to two other persons. these persons then stand in their place as the agents of the French government deriving their authorities from them, & responsible to them alone, not to us. it is true that to command our confidence they have appointed one of these, a person who holds our commission of Min. Pleny. but he does not act in this case under that commission. he is merely a French agent. Messrs Nicklin & Griffith therefore may just as well suppose this government liable for all the errors of the council of liquidation, as for this; & that they are indi­ vidually liable in their private fortunes for all their errors of judgment as General Armstrong for his. this renders it more delicate than usual to enter into explanations with Armstrong. yet I think we may prop­ erly state to him our opinion. honest men may justly be influenced by the opinion of those whose judgment they respect, especially where they are doubtful themselves. I hazard these things to you, not as deci­ sions but for your own consideration & decision.  213 

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 The conduct of Capt Drummond of the Fox in running away from Martinique without clearing or paying duties, is that of a rogue. but every government must contrive means within itself to enforce it’s own revenue laws; others cannot do it for them. I suppose Drummond might be sued here as other fugitive debtors, these actions being what the lawyers call transitory; and that it would be well for the French Consul at Boston or wherever he can be caught, to institute a suit. I am anxious to recieve opinions respecting our procedure with Spain: as, should negociations with England be adviseable they should not be postponed a day unnecessarily, that we may lay their result be­ fore Congress before they rise next spring. were the question only about the bounds of Louisiana, I should be for delay. were it only for spoliations, just as this is as a cause of war, we might consider if no other expedient were more eligible for us. but I do not view peace as within our choice. I consider the cavalier conduct of Spain as evi­ dence that France is to settle with us for her: and the language of France confirms it: and that if she can keep us insulated till peace, she means to enforce by arms her will, to which she foresees we will not truckle & therefore does not venture on the mandate now. we should not permit ourselves to be found off our guard and friendless. I hear with great pleasure that mrs Madison is on the recovery, but fear we shall not have the pleasure of having you in our neighborhood this season, as cases like hers are slow. we are extremely seasonable in this quarter. better crops were never seen. I have bought my provi­ sion of corn @ 12/6. Accept for mrs Madison & yourself affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col­ lection); at foot of first page: “Mr. Madi­ son”; endorsed by Madison. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Nicklin & Griffith.

Drummond. Span. affrs.” Enclosures: see Madison to TJ, 9 Aug. french consul at boston: Marc Antoine Alexis Giraud (Vol. 37:239n).

To Robert Smith Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 17. 05 Of the writer of the inclosed I know nothing but from his own let­ ter. if he be a good subject it is not undesirable to extend appoint­ ments to that quarter. Indeed I wish some of the native French of N. Orleans could be induced to put their sons into our navy, and I sus­ pect they would readily do it if they knew the door was open. if you should think mr Mc.koy’s propositions are to be listened to the cau­  214 

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tion would be requisite of writing to Govr. Claiborne or some other to know what is his moral character, deportment & standing. do in it whatever you please.   your friends in this quarter are all well save only a little daughter of mr Nicholas, who was ill of a dysentery; I have not heard, from thence for some days. Affectionate ­salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Sec­ retary of the Navy.” Notation in SJL: “Mc.koy.” Enclosure: Abraham McKoy to TJ, 29 June, New Orleans, not found (Vol. 46:710).

daughter of mr nicholas: Smith’s niece through his sister, Margaret Smith Nicholas (Madison, Papers, Pres. Ser., 3:264n).

To Antonio Garcia Herreros Sir Monticello Aug. 18. 05 The discovery which your letter of the 9th. announced of a method of curing Yellow fever is certainly highly interesting to those coun­ tries wherein it has occasionally prevailed. in the distribution of the powers of government however, made by our general & state constitu­ tions, no other encoragement for useful discoveries has been confided to the general government but that of securing to their authors the exclusive use of them for a term of years. all further reward is within the competence of the state‑governments alone, to the authorities of which the application must be made. those which have suffered under this affliction cannot fail to remunerate with liberality any real discov­ ery for remedying it in future. Accept my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Antonio Garcia Herreros esq.”

To William Short [.  .  .] Monticello Aug. 18. 05 In hopes of seeing you before this in Virginia I had [.  .  .]moved the inclosed out of funds in Richmond, where I had supposed it might not be inconvenient for you to recieve it, and where it was more con­ venient to me, my funds in Washington being otherwise called for. hearing nothing of your being in motion this way, I now inclose it to the care of mr Taylor who I presume will know where you are. I am still in hopes however of your being on your road hither, & that should it miss you a renewal of it here may prevent delay in the use  215 

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of it. we are all as usual enjoying perfect health, and invite you to the participation of it. we have the blessing of the most seasonable year & greatest crops which have been known for many years. rather an over‑abundance of rain, & falling too heavily for the nature of our lands. in hopes of shortly seeing you I tender you my friendly saluta­ tions & assurances of great & constant affection Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Short Papers); torn; at foot of text: “Mr. Short”; endorsed by Short. Enclosure: order on Gibson & Jefferson for $500, not found, to be paid “out of the note of 1000. D. discounted in Richmd. on the 2d. instalment for my tobo.”; TJ

struck through this entry in his financial memoranda and added a notation: “Retd. to me” (mb, 2:1161). mr taylor: Short’s broker in Philadel­ phia, George Taylor (same, 2:1137, 1206).

To George White Sir Monticello Aug. 18. 05 I have recieved the specimens of straw‑plaiting which you were so kind as to inclose & learn with satisfaction the possibility that you may establish the manufacture in some of the states. but the distribu­ tion of powers by our general & state constitutions has placed in the general government no authority to embark in or to encourage any in particular. the state governments can do it; but they generally leave them to individual enterprize, trusting that the sagacity of private in­ terest will generally discover those pursuits which may be entered on to advantage. Accept my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. George White.”

so kind as to inclose: see White to TJ, [before 15 Aug.].

From Henry Dearborn Sir [before 19 Aug. 1805] You have undoubtedly observed the Attacks made in Duanes & Jacksons papers on the appointment of Davy, in this case, those rival papers appear to differ only in the mode of attack, but feel eaqual zeal in the prosicution of the war, by all means, whether fair or foul. as long as they will confine their hostile views to me, I shall feel perfectly easey, beleiving as I do, that they have no just cause of complaint—as to the illegallity of the appointment, I presume there can be no doubt  216 

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but that you at all times possessed sufficient authority to place the gen­ eral superintendence of the Indian factory business in such persons as you might think proper, that fund having been placed specially under your own direction, or in other words, under the immediate direction of the President of the U.S.—in addition to the subordinate agents who are to retain the goods at the several factories, and who are par­ ticularly mentioned in the law, other persons must necessarily be imploy’d to purchase, pack, & transport the goods to the respective factories, & receive the furs & peltries, dispose of them, and keep reg­ ular accounts of the whole concern, the law leaves the whole of this part of the business to the discretion of the President of the U.S. of course he is either authorised to make the necessary appointments for transacting these important parts of the business, or he must perform it himself, or not attempt to carry the sistem into opperation at all. on the subject of exporting the furs & peltries, & importing such goods as cannot at all times be otherwise procured, I am confident that there will be no cause of complaint either as to punctuallity or economy,—and I am well persueaded that the business will be con­ ducted by Mr. Davy, with great regularity & correctness. Yours, H. Dearborn RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Aug. 1805 and “Davy” and so recorded in SJL. attacks made in duanes & jack‑ sons papers: in Philadelphia beginning in early August, William Jackson’s Po‑ litical and Commercial Register and Wil­ liam Duane’s Aurora issued stories criti­ cizing TJ’s appointment of William davy as the principal agent for the Native Ameri­ can trade. Jackson’s newspaper published an anonymous piece signed by “A Friend

to American mechanics and manufactur­ ers,” which alleged that Davy had exported pelts for personal gain rather than sell­ ing them to the city’s hatters. Duane, while taking caution not to question Davy’s qualifications, alleged that he had gotten the job because Alexander James Dallas had interceded on his behalf with the War Department and that the appointment was illegal because it had no basis in stat­ ute (Aurora, 12, 13 Aug.; TJ to Dearborn, 29 Mch. 1805).

To William Bentley Sir Monticello Aug. 19. 05 Your favor of July 18. was duly recieved, & I with pleasure forward to you the expressions of my respect & esteem for the venerable Gen­ eral Starke, whose name, lately mentioned in the newspapers, had excited in me, at the time, the sensations which the recollection of his services were calculated to inspire. I had been witheld from express­ ing them to him by a doubt of the propriety of such a step from one  217 

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who is personally unknown to him. disinterested esteem, however, & approbation, cannot be unacceptable to any one. I therefore take the liberty of solliciting your delivery of the inclosed letter to him. and I perform this duty with the more pleasure as it furnishes an occasion of tendering to yourself my friendly salutations, & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (facsimile in Christie’s East cata­ log, auction No. 8001, 14 May 1997, item 11); at foot of text: “The revd. Mr. Bent­ ley.” PoC (DLC). Enclosure: TJ to John Stark, 19 Aug. Enclosed in TJ to Jacob Crowninshield, 19 Aug.

lately mentioned in the newspa‑ pers: the Salem Register first circulated a report that General John Stark “still maintains the vigour of his patriotism” in his 77th year (Salem Register, 27 June; Baltimore American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 8 July).

To Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 19. 05 Your favor of July 19. was recieved at this place, and I have with great pleasure written the two inclosed letters for your perusal; when perused, be so good as to stick a wafer in that to mr Bentley, & for­ ward it to him. We have been long without hearing from the Mediterranean, and the state of Commodore Barron’s health is a subject of uneasiness. the issue of that contest is becoming the more important & pressing, in­ asmuch as our affairs with Spain are in a very problematical state indeed. not so much from any thing expressed, as from the inferences of designs which may fairly be drawn from their conduct.   We have had in this state generally as seasonable a year, and as abundant crops of every kind as were ever known. to this there are some local exceptions. the same abundance extends through the neighboring state of Carolina I believe. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Crownenshield.” Enclosures: (1) TJ to William Bentley, 19 Aug. (2) TJ to John Stark, 19 Aug.

For more on Samuel barron’s health, see Thomas Appleton to TJ, 16 Mch.

From Gideon Granger Dear Sir, General Post Office August 19th. 1805 I have lately received a letter from Mr Abrahams, dated, “Fort Stoddert, June 25th.,” in which he states, that he has been confined at New Orleans, by a fit of sickness, and that he has just arrived at  218 

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Fort Stoddert: he also remarks, that while he was sick, all the horses that were placed on the route for the purpose of transporting the mail, had either died, or been stolen by the Indians—that he was under the necessity of procuring a new set and had borrowed $800. for the pur­ pose. It does not appear that he has ever got back to Coweta. At this moment, I know not where to address him for the purpose of trans­ mitting money, and such further directions as might have a tendency to perfect the line. In every letter he promises the completion of a regular establishment, yet, after an absence of near six months, he has brought nothing to pass—not a single mail has he furnished. I feel extremely mortified and not a little alarmed at his total failure of establishing the line, and shall most readily and carefully adopt any course that you may think proper to advise. Inclosed, Sir, I transmit the petition and remonstrance of the Mer­ chants of Maysville and else where, addressed to you on the subject of my continuing the distributing office at Washington, and also, a copy of the memorial of the Inhabitants of Washington, remonstrating against the removal of the distribution, together with certified copies of the returns made by the postmasters, at both places. The Washing­ ton memorial is marked, A, the Maysville returns, B, and the Wash­ ington returns C. The returns are of themselves, record evidence, and the facts charged in the remonstrance from Washington, are gener­ ally supported, by the laws of the land and the official returns of these postmasters. To me, it appears that greater light may be derived from these sources, than from the jarring interests and rival pretentions of the citizens of the two villages, or the interested exertions of the post­ masters, each of whom, is desirous of the emoluments, derived from distribution. My reasons for not removing the distribution from Washington to Maysville, were— First. Particular orders had been issued to the postmasters, at Balti­ more, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Pittsburg, and almost every other commercial town of any note, North of the Patowmak, to address all letters, designed for the Maysville office, in separate packages, made up for that office; then Sir, to correct any error which might arise from haste in business or other circumstances, the postmaster at Washing­ ton Pa: who does the duties of distribution, was directed, to make a special mail, for the office at Maysville, including, all letters addressed to that office. By these arrangements that office was secure of receiv­ ing all its letters directly, except, where through inattention or acci­ dent, a letter happened to be inclosed in a wrong packet, and from this arrangement, every correspondent derived from the Post Office  219 

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Department, all the benefit, which they could, from having the office of distribution at Maysville, except, the gratification of their pride and rivalship and increasing the emoluments, of their postmaster. Secondly. A careful examination of the returns of the Maysville office, has proved to me, as I trust they will to you, on examination, that the intelligence destined for the Maysville office, has been regularly re­ ceived at that office and in due time, from the several offices, into which they were deposited for transmission, with as few exceptions, as generally happen in the case of any office. Probably in the course of a twelve‑month, a dozen letters may have passed that office & have gone to Washington—and it is, for ought I know, as probable, that the officer at Maysville, committed these mistakes, as that they were com­ mitted by any other officer. Such irregularities will occasionally take place, and the hardship which actually exists at Maysville, (tho’ not the one complained of) is common to every office in the nation. Please, Sir, to advert to the returns of the Maysville office, from the 1st. July to the 1st. October 1804, and you will find, that they received directly from the Eastward, letters, the postage of which amounted to $18.₁−¹₀−⁵₀ −, while all the letters, as you will see by the same return, received in the same time from the Washington office, which includes the whole of the Maysville, Southern & Western correspondence, or nearly so, amount only to the sum of $7₁−⁷₀−⁹₀ −. This, to my mind, is evidence con­ clusive on the subject. I offer the same evidence, for the quarter, com­ mencing January 1st. and ending April 1st. 1805. By these returns, it will appear that, that office, in that period, received directly from the Eastward, letters, the postage of which, amounted to $23.₁−⁷₀−⁵₀ −, while from the Washington office and the Southward, their letter postage amounted only to $7.₁−⁴₀−⁸₀ −. In the third place. A number of post roads established by law, are cre­ ated, branching from Washington, and consequently, the postmaster at that place, must be charged with distribution, so far as respects sorting the mails and sending one on each route, while no post road branches off from Maysville. While this state of things remains, it appears to me unreasonable to remove the office of distribution to the latter place—first—because it would produce an unnecessary delay of the public service, by having a partial distribution at two offices, not four miles distant from each other—Secondly—because while from necessity the postmaster at Washington must partially perform the duties of distribution, by separating and sending off the different mails, on the different routes, it appears to me unreasonable to take from him the emoluments, and bestow them upon the postmaster at Maysville:  220 

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doubtless, there is sufficient power, vested in the Postmaster General— the expedience and justice alone of the act are questioned. Lastly. What little experience I have had in office, has convinced me of this truth; that establishments that were made by my predecessors, are dear and interesting to the citizens who enjoy them, and are never broken down without producing considerable disquietude—therefore, while I trust I shall always be ready to introduce any improvement, calculated to advance the interest of the community, by means of the establishment, and to give an equal benefit to all, I cannot but feel a reluctance, at the idea of making unnecessary innovations and produc­ ing irritations, in a case, where I feel confident none ought to exist. It appears idle to introduce a change without an improvement, and I think the attention which has been bestowed upon the inhabitants of Maysville, in directing the postmasters of all the commercial places, at least where I knew of their corresponding, to mail directly for their post office, furnishes sufficient evidence of a disposition in this office, to yield them every accommodation. Having completed the contracts for the season and brought for­ ward the business of the office, to that state, that I can retire without any inconvenience to the public, I shall in a few days return to New England for the purpose of visiting my family. I am, Sir with the highest Esteem and Respect Your affectionate friend & Obt. Servant. Gidn: Granger RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr President of the U.S.”; en­ dorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 28, LPG). Enclosures: (1) Petition of Ken­ tucky Merchants and Traders, April 1805 (printed as enclosure to TJ to Granger, 14

July). (2) Memorial of Citizens of Mason County, Kentucky, printed below. En­ closed returns of postmasters’ accounts for Maysville and Washington, Kentucky, for 1 July to 1 Oct. 1804 not found (see TJ to Granger, 25 Aug.).

e n c l o s u r e

Memorial of Citizens of Mason County, Kentucky To the Honble Gideon Granger Postmaster General of the United States. The memorial of the subscribers, citizens of the county of Mason, respect­ fully sheweth That your memorialsts are informed that application has been or will be made to you, for a removal of the distributing post office from the town of Washington in this county to Maysville about four miles distant from Washington and in the same county, and as your memorialists conceive that such a measure would be impolitic and from local considerations unjusti­ fiable. They beg leave to observe, First, that they believe no good reason can

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19 AUGUST 1805 be urged for such a removal, and that the one principally relied on, to wit that what few letters destined for Maysville have to come to Washington for dis­ tribution, can have but little weight, when it is recollected that neither the population, commerce, or residence of public functionaries at Maysville in­ duces such a correspondence with the inhabitants of the place as to create more than an extremely partial evil, if the delay of a few hours in the rect. of letters at that place can at all be called an evil. On the other hand Washington is the seat of Justice & contains the public buildings of the County, is the residence of the greater part of the officers of the County, contains perhaps three times the population of Maysville and carries on an extensive trade with the several cities of the Atlantic States from which it is well known much correspondence results. In addition to which the several post roads from Frankfort, Lexington, Augusta &c centre at Washington which will always compell a partial distribution from that place and cause some considerable delay of the mails coming from the Eastward and we conceive that there could not perhaps possibly be a more judicious arrangement of the arrival & depar­ ture of the mails than the present between Chilicothe & Frankfort, which must necessarily be broken in by the proposed alteration: in this particular more real injury would be sustained than that complained of by the propos­ ers of the removal. Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 149:25999); in Granger’s hand, including signatures of 88 signers; at head of text: “Copy.”

Address of the Indiana Territory General Assembly Sir, At the auspicious moment which gives to the Indiana Territory a form of Government which bears Some Semblance to a republic, the General Assembly thereof beg leave to Offer you their Congratulations on the prosperous and happy situation of the United States, under an administration wise as it is virtuous, mild as it is energetic. Although our peculiar situation prevents our realizing the influence of all the measures of the Government of a general nature, yet we feel the firmest Conviction that your administration will eminently pro­ mote the happiness and prosperity of the Country Over which you preside, and the advancement of the Cause of Republicanism through­ out the world. In taking a view of the acts of the General Government, there ap­ pears to be no One more interesting to the United States in general, and to the Western Country in particular, than the acquisition of Lou­ isiana; Whilst it has added an empire to the Union, it has secured to us the peace and friendship of the various Indian Tribes, and removed  222 

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a danger Justly to be apprehended from its being possessed by a pow­ erfull and ambitious European nation: This important transaction which has secured the peace and happiness of Western America and the emancipation of Millions which are yet unborn, will for ever re­ main a monument at Once honourable to our nation and to those who directed its negociation. Accept, Sir, the thanks of the People of the Indiana Territory for the attention you have paid to their particular interest, and their wishes that your domestic happiness may be as Complete as that which you have so ably assisted to Secure to your fellow Citizens. Vincennes August 19th 1805 B. Chambers President of the Council Jesse B. Thomas Speaker of the house of representatives RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Chambers and Thomas; at head of text: “To the President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. Benjamin Chambers (1764‑1850) served as president of the Indiana Territory leg­ islative council from 1805 through 1807. A Revolutionary War veteran from Cham­ bersburg, Pennsylvania, he moved west as a surveyor of Indiana Territory. William Henry Harrison appointed him judge of the common pleas and colonel of the Dear­ born County militia in 1803. He later left Indiana and became the first clerk of the courts for Saline County, Missouri. Jesse B. Thomas (1777‑1853) served as the speaker of the territorial house of representatives in Indiana from 1805 to 1808. He was a descendant of Lord Baltimore and was born in Shepherdstown, Virginia, studied law, and moved to Lawrenceburg, Indi­ ana, as a practicing attorney in 1803. In

1808, he was elected as a delegate from Indiana Terrirory to the Tenth Congress, where he advocated for the separation of the Illinois country from Indiana. He removed to the new Illinois Territory in 1809 with an appointment to a federal judgeship and became one of the original senators from Illinois on its ascension into statehood in 1818. His Senate career is best remembered for his introduction of the 36° 30′ geographic restriction on slavery, which was realized in the 1820 Missouri Compromise (William Barclay Napton, Past and Present of Saline County, Mis‑ souri [Indianopolis, 1910], 77‑8; St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, 3 Sep. 1850; Gayle Thornbrough and Dorothy Riker, eds., Journals of the General Assembly of Indiana Territory, 1805‑1815 [Indianap­ olis, 1950], 962‑4; Terr. Papers, 7:196n, 476; dab, s.v. “Thomas, Jesse Burgess”; TJ to Madison, 29 Mch.; TJ to Harrison, 28 Apr.; Harrison to TJ, 18 June).

From James McDowell and Others Sir Rockbridge Augt. 19th. 1805 From the publick prints, We learn, you have lately been presented with a small quantity of the Jerusalem Wheat. Its novelty; the report of its abundant increase, and recent success in Ireland, has excited great  223 

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curiosity, as well as anxiety to make an experement of it on our soil. Little doubt is entertained of the aptitude both of Climate and soil of great part of the United States to its Culture—Our Mountainous & middle situation, between the latitude from which it was brought, and the one from whence your present comes, induces us to believe we are not the least elligibly situated for its success. If in your distribution for experement, you choose to commit a few grains to the care of either of us, Its progress shall be duly noted, & We honored. With sentiments of esteem & respect we subscribe ourselves Your very humble Servts. James McDowell John Rodger Andw. Finley Saml. Patterson RC (MHi); in McDowell’s hand, signed by all; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Aug. and so recorded in SJL; also en­ dorsed by TJ: “Lexington.” James McDowell (1770‑1835) repre­ sented Rockbridge County in the Virginia House of Delegates for a term and was a  member of the county court and com­ mander of the county militia. He served a  long tenure as trustee of Washington Academy (later College) and led efforts to hand over the school’s assets to the state in exchange for locating the University of Virginia in Lexington. A Federalist, he served as an internal revenue inspector for southwestern Virginia. During the War of 1812, he commanded the state’s Fourth Regiment, which was stationed in Nor­ folk, and also the “flying camp,” which sent detachments to patrol the Potomac region. John Rodger (b. 1735) was a min­ ister who had emigrated from Scotland

and settled in Rockbridge County about 1770. Andrew Finley was a member of the county court and postmaster in Browns­ burg. Samuel Patterson had been a lieuten­ ant in the county militia (Oren Frederic Morton, A History of Rockbridge County, Virginia [Staunton, Va., 1920], 399, 565; Washington and Lee University, Histori‑ cal Papers, 1 [1890], 85; 3 [1892], 104‑15; Stets, Postmasters, 253; Leonard, General Assembly, 201; asp, Miscellaneous, 1:284; Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Washington and Lee University, Lexing‑ ton, Virginia, 1749‑1888 [Baltimore, 1888], 37; Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 [Athens, Ga., 1988], 231, 255‑6; biographical in­ formation in ICN: Rodgers Family Pa­ pers; rs, 13:180‑1; Vol. 35:525). For TJ’s acquisition of jerusalem wheat, see William Moore to TJ, 19 Nov. 1804, and Robert Moore to TJ, 28 Feb. 1805.

To John Stark Respected General Monticello Aug. 19. 05 I have lately learnt through the channel of the newspapers, and learnt with great pleasure, that you are still in life, & enjoy health & spirits. the victories of Bennington, the first link in that chain of suc­ cesses which issued in the surrender at Saratoga, are still fresh in the memory of every American, & the name of him who atchieved them dear to his heart. Permit therefore a stranger who knows you only by  224 

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the services you have rendered, to express to you, the sincere emo­ tions of pleasure and attachment which he felt on learning that your days had been thus prolonged, his fervent1 prayers that they may still be continued in comfort, and the conviction, that, whenever they end, your memory will2 be cherished by those who come after you, as of one who has not lived in vain for his country.   I salute you, ven­ erable patriot & General, with affection & reverence. Th: Jefferson RC (Butterfields, San Francisco, June 2001, lot 9100). PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “General Starke.” Enclosed in TJ to William Bentley, 19 Aug. A hero of the Revolution, General John Stark (1728‑1822) retired in 1783 to his farm in Derryfield (now Manchester), New Hampshire. He first served with Rob­ ert Rogers’s rangers during the Seven Years’ War and later commanded forces for New Hampshire and the Continental Army during the Revolution. Stark most

famously led the New Hampshire forces to victory over a large number of General John Burgoyne’s troops at the Battle of Bennington, which boosted American mo­ rale and helped force Burgoyne’s surren­ der at Saratoga two months later. Stark concluded the war at the rank of major general, but he resisted calls to enter pub­ lic service and lived out his remaining years on the farm (anb). 1

 Word interlined in place of “sincere.”  TJ here canceled “still.”

2

From Alexander I, Emperor of Russia St. Petersburg, 20 Aug. 1805. A duplicate of Alexander to TJ, 7 Nov. 1804 (Vol. 44:654‑5). RC (DLC); 2 p.; in French; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Alexander; not labeled as a duplicate of the earlier letter; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Dec. and so recorded

in SJL; see Nina N. Bashkina and oth­ ers, eds., The United States and Russia: The Beginning of Relations, 1765‑1815 (Washington, D.C., 1980), 418‑19.

From George Jefferson Richmond 20th. Augt. 1805 G. Jefferson sends the box of hinges &c by the stage agreeably to Mr. J’s direction. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

mr. j’s direction: see George Jeffer­ son to TJ, 13 Aug.

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From Étienne Lemaire Monsieur Washington City du 20 aoust 1805 aûsitot avoir recûe l’honneur de la vôtre Jai pris la libertée de vous Repondre, pour vous informer que Jé ouverte les Caise, et le Baril par l’ordre du General, g’ner Borde, y avoit Beaucoup Dinsecque, Sourtoute‑d’ent les peâu de Chêve Saûvage; et d’ant leur ôsse, qu’ante aû petite elle, ne Son pas tent en d’omagé, et Celle de Bœuf Saûvage elle Son en Bonne Etat, n’ous les avon toute Bien Batûe Et misse aû Soleille, pendent 4. J’our J’ai fait fair Des Sacque et nous les avon, mise deux par deuse et Roullé avec du tabac ên feuille et les ôse Se­ parement Dans ûne aûtres Caise San êttre fermé pour qui Je puise les fair m’etre a lair de ten êntente et le toute est aû grenié d’ans le n’ouveau Stor Si Monsieur trouve à propeâu, de les fair m’etre ên bas D’ant le Cabinete Ge le ferré de Cendre tous desuite La pie et l’espece, de Curreuille Se porte tres bien ille Son d’ant l’a chanbre ous Mon­ sieur Re Soi Ses visite; Si monsieur a des ordre a me donner—Ge le prie de me Comender; Monsieur Je fini avecque toute l’atachement possible votre huble Et tres obeisant Serviteur Et. Lemaire e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Washington City, 20 Aug. 1805 Immediately on having the honor of receiving your letter, I have taken the liberty of responding to inform you that I opened the cases and barrel on or­ ders from General Dearborn. There were many insects, especially in the skin of the wild goats, and in their bones. The small one is less damaged. The skin of the wild ox is in good shape. We beat them well and put them in the sun for four days. I had sacks made and we packed them two by two, rolled in to­ bacco leaves. We put the bones in another case, which is not closed, so I can set them out to air from time to time. Everything is in the new storeroom in the attic. If you think it appropriate to put them downstairs in the cabinet, I will have them brought down immediately. The magpie and the squirrel‑like animal are in good health. They are in the chamber where you receive visi­ tors. If you have orders to give me, please send them along. Sir, I conclude with all possible attachment, your humble and very obedi­ ent servant. Et. Lemaire RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. l’honneur de la vôtre: TJ to Le­ maire, 17 Aug.

chêve saûvage: Lemaire was proba­ bly referring to specimens of pronghorns (Meriwether Lewis to TJ, 7 Apr.).

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From James Madison Dr. Sir Pha. Aug. 20. 1805 Your two favors of the 4 & 7th. instant have come duly to hand. Letters from C. Pinkney to the 10th. of June have been forwarded to You thro’ Washington. They confirm the idea that Spain emboldened by France, is speculating on the presumed aversion of this Country to war, and to the military connection with G.B. They shew at the same time that Spain herself not only does not aim at war, but wishes to cover the unfriendly posture of things, with the appearances of an undiminished harmony. This idea is confirmed by the behaviour of the Spanish functionaries here. Yrujo particularly, has multiplied his attentions, and with an air of cordiality which I should have thought it not easy for him to assume. By associating me with the Govr. in an invitation to dinner, and by the manner of it, a refusal was rendered unavoidable witht. giving it a point & the occasion an importance not due to it. I inclose the copy of a letter which I have since been obliged to write to him, the tone of which he will probably regard as too hard for that of our late intercourse. He has not yet answered it; and I have not seen him since he recd it; I inclose also a letter from Turreau. Shall it be answered or not, and if answered in what point of view. I shall endeavor to see Mr. Smith on my return; and have sent him the despatches from Madrid. My present view of our affairs with Spain, suggests the expediency of such provisional measures as are within the Ex. Authy., and when Congs. meets, of such an extension of them as will prevent or meet an actual rupture. It deserves consid­ eration also whether, with a view to all the Belligerent powers the supply of their Colonies from the U. States ought not to be made to depend on commercial justice. Bowdoin I think should be instructed to let Spain understand the absolute necessity of a status quo, and the use of the Mobille, if not of an arbitration of acknowledged spolia­ tions; but without any formal proposition or negociation, which if rejected would be the more mortifying to this Country, & would not leave the ultimate question as free to Congress as it ought to be. The conduct towards G.B. is delicate as it is important. No engagement Can be expected from her if not reciprocal; and if reciprocal would put us at once into the war. She would certainly not stipulate to con­ tinue the war for a given period, without a stipulation on our part that within that period we would join in it. I think therefore that1 no for­ mal proposition ought to be made on the subject. If the war goes on, the time will always be suitable for it. If peace is within her reach, &  227 

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her deliberations, we can let the state of things between this Country & Spain have their natural influence on her councils. For this purpose frank but informal explanations of it, ought to be made; without commitments on our side, but with every preparation for a hostile event short of them. This course will have the further advantage of an appeal in a new form to the policy of Spain & France, from whom the growing communications with G.B. would not be concealed. An eventual alliance with G.B. if attainable from her without inadmis­ sible conditions, would be for us the best of all possible measures; but I do not see the least chance of laying her under obligations to be called into force at our will without correspondent obligations on our part. I have kept so much from conversation on the politics of this State, that I cannot give any very precise acct. of them. It is much to be feared that the mutual repulsion between the two immediate parties, will drive them both into extremes of doctrine as well as animosity. Symptoms of these are shewing themselves in the reasonings & lan­ guage they oppose to each other. The federal party are not as yet set­ tled in their plan of operations. Some are ready to support McKean as a barrier agst. the tendency they apprehend in the views of his adversaries. Others are disposed to withold their votes from him, thro’ personal & political dislike. And others taking a middle course are willing to join the Govrs. party, on condition of obtaining some share in the Legislature election. The event of the contest is uncertain Both sides seem to be equally confident. Those most capable of a cool esti­ mate seem to think that at this moment the Govrs. party is the stronger; but that the other is gaining ground.—We have now been here three weeks, without being able to fix the time of departure. I have every reason to believe that Mrs. M. is in the sure road to perfect recovery; but it proceeds as yet slowly. The Aurora of this date gives the true state of the yellow fever. Yrs. as ever. James Madison RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. and “Span. affairs. Pensva. poli­ tics” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures (see TJ to Madison, 27 Aug.): (1) Pos­ sibly Théophile Cazenove to Madison, 2 Jan. from Paris, introducing Maximilian Godefroy and asking for TJ’s protection for him (see Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 8:443; 10:248n). (2) Possibly a let­ ter of Therese Ceracchi to Madison, not found (same, 10:248n).

The most recent letters from Charles Pinckney were dated 28 May, 4 June, and 10 June (same, 9:410‑11, 428‑9, 446‑7; 10:230n). the govr.: Thomas McKean, who was Carlos Martínez de Irujo’s father‑in‑law (Vol. 30:194n). inclose the copy of a letter: Madi­ son intended to enclose a letter to Irujo, not found. He did not enclose a letter from Louis Marie turreau of 14 Aug.,

 228 

20 AUGUST 1805 which had already been sent to TJ (see TJ to Madison, 25 Aug.). despatches from madrid: see TJ to Madison, 7 Aug. According to William Duane, cases of yellow fever “have appeared in the

southern extremity of the suburbs” of Phil­ adelphia and “there is danger of its exten­ sion over the city” (Aurora, 20 Aug.). 1 Madison here canceled “no stipulation, & consequently.”

From Joshua Prout Sir Wadesboro’ N.C. 20th. August 1805. Though I have not the Honor of a personal acquaintance with you, I am inform’d by those who have, that your elevated situation by no means prevents your attention to those below you, whose virtues or talents intitle them to your favour; from the mildness & equity of your long Administration, from the satisfaction that so generally ap­ pears throughout the Union I am induced to believe that the happi­ ness of mankind is your greatest object; this appears to me the second end of our cr[.  .  .] & he that promotes it most will certainly deserve & meet with the applause of a grateful Country: But notwithstanding the high & important station in which we stand among the Nations of the earth, notwithstanding the happiness which is so bountifully diffused among every class of citizens of the U. States, I have reason to think, that this happiness may be increased to us & extended to the unfortunate Slaves of Europe. This being the object of the present letter, I hope you will pardon whatever you may not approve. From your knowledge of Mankind, your acquaintance with the Politicks & Interest of our Country, the elevated Rank you hold by the unanimous voice of the people, enable you to diffuse happiness arround you, that this appears to be your desire, I need only to revert to the purchase of Louisanna when by one .  .  .  .  .  .1 Act you have not only saved the blood & treasure of our Citizens but have given liberty to Thousands without any burthen on Goverment. But Sir, notwithstanding the great advantages arrising to many from this purchase & those made from the Aborigines, Yet it seems only calculated to benefit the wealthy part of the comunity, as Congress have placed so high a value on their Lands that it is impossible for those in the Lower walks of life (which are certainly the most numerous class of Citizens) to acquire them, would it not be for the advantage of the majority & in the event to the advantage of goverment if the price of these Lands were reduced very low, saying that no one person should hold more than a certain quan­ tity & some other restrictions which wisdom would dictate, by which  229 

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means the now uncultivated Wilderness would soon become fruitful Feilds & instead of laying waste would yeild considerable Revenue, as it would be a means of inviting a number of Industrious Foreigners tired with the galling Yoke of Tyranny to settle among us. The next object to which I beg leave to draw your attention is the purchase of East & West Florida from Spain, situated as they are along an extensive Sea coast & including the Mouths of some of the most valuable Rivers on the Continent one of which will one day be the emporium of Trade to the States of Kentucky & Tennessee equalling in Fertility of Soil & exceeding in Salubrity of Climate any of the West Indies, makes the advantages of such a purchase incalculable to the U.S. & I have no doubt you have given Messrs. Munro & Pinkney power to bring about [a] negociation of this kind & tho’ they may fail in effecting such a des[ira]ble an event during their present Embassy, I hope the door of negociation will not be shut & that any matters of difference between us & the Court of Spain will be happily adjusted, She certainly knows her own Interest better than to demand of us more than is Right & we have too much Honor to deny them what is Just. the sooner the purchase is made the better as the older we get the more valuable it will be & the demands of Spain consequently rise. Could you make this purchase during your Administration & make an exchange of Lands with the Indians by giving them Lands on the West side of the Missisippi for their Lands on the Et. side, this to­ gether with the purchase of Louisanna would accomplish one of the greatest Plans ever executed by Man. This would give Liberty & Hap­ piness to Thousands without Bloodshed & surpass all the Trophies won by Alexander or Bonaparte. As it is the duty of a good Prince to hear the complaints & aleviate the distresses of his subjects; I will state to you a case in which I am more immediately concern’d at the close of the War between the U.S. & Britain a Land Office was opened in this State for the Redemption of Certificates given to the Officers & Soldiers for their Services dur­ ing the War a number of Gentlemen disposed of the certificates they had Recived for their hard earned Services for Lands in the now State of Tennessee, among the number was my Father in Law Colo Wade (since deceased) who had Warrants for Thirty Thousand Acres on the No. side of Tennessee River, the most of this Land proved to be within the Indian Boundary, in the Deed of Session from this State to the U.S. for her Western Lands, she made a Reservation of these Lands or excepted the Claim that Individuals might have to any of these Lands since which we have expected that Congress would do what was Just in the business either by giving us the first purchase  230 

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money & Interest or extinguishing the Indian Claim to those Lands otherways the Soldier who assisted in purchasing that liberty we now enjoy receives nothing for his Services, this business has been brought before Congress several times but without effect, I hope the next Ses­ sion will make some decision respecting them; I intended being at Washington during the Last Session but convenience not permit­ ting I was prevented, Enclosed is a letter & Certificate which if you please will thank you to return, should you think proper to make any enquiry respecting my Character &c. I beg leave to refer you to the Honble. Archibald Henderson formerly a Member of Congress for Salisbury District & the Hon: W B Grove formerly a member from this District or Genl. Montford Stokes [.  .  .] will be our Senator next Session. I am extreamly sorry I cannot say any thing in favour of our present Member Duncan McFarlane but such as he is you have him tho’ not by a majority of votes but by error in the Conduct of the Elec­ tors, to him I do not refer you, should any thing I have mentioned be the means (in any manner) of increasing the Happiness of one Indi­ vidual, I shall be sufficiently rewarded in any event I hope you will pardon the liberty I have taken & should it not meet your approba­ tion consign it to oblivion, that you may continue to enjoy the esteem of a grateful Country & when you retire from the busy scenes of Life, meet your reward in the mansions of Rest is the sincere wish of your Mo Obt Mo. Hble Servt. Joshua Prout RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); torn; addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson President U.S. Monticello”; franked and postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found, but see TJ to Prout, 19 Sep. Joshua Prout moved to the Wadesboro area sometime before 1790. There he married Sarah Wade, daughter of North Caro­lina minuteman Thomas Wade, for whom the town was named. Prout was a founding trustee of a local academy and a justice of the peace. In 1814, he and his family moved to Huntsville, Alabama. At the time of this letter, Prout was in litiga­ tion over western lands that he obtained

through his father‑in‑­law’s estate (United States Census Schedules, 1790, 1810, DNA: RG 29; Mary L. Medley, His‑ tory  of Anson County, North Carolina, 1750‑1976 [Baltimore, 2007], 44, 65‑6; Charles L. Coon, North Carolina Schools and Academies, 1790‑1840 [Raleigh, 1915], 1‑2; “Revolutionary War Papers,” Pitt County Genealogical Quarterly, 11, no. 2 [2004], 3; Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina [Raleigh, 1910], 211‑14; Thomas Mc­ Adory Owen, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography, 4 vols. [Chicago, 1921], 3:383). 1 Thus

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in MS.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir N. York 21 Aug. 1805 I enclose three more applications for the office of collector of Glouces­ ter vice Gibault deceased. You will perceive by Crowninshield’s letter that, notwithstanding his first recommendation in favor of Kittredge, he now seems to hesitate & wishes some delay in the appointment. This may be done without inconvenience as the deputy is by law authorized to act. I presume that Mr. C. is still in favor of Kittredge, but is apprehensive that his appointment, however pleasing to the Re­ publicans of the State generally, will not be so agreeable to the town of Gloucester as he does not reside there. Gloucester is in Crownin­ shield’s district & about 12 miles from Salem. With great respect & attachment Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; address sheet (clipped): “President [.   .   .] Virginia”; postmarked 23 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. and “Kittridge” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: probably Wil­­ liam Rogers to Gallatin, Collector’s Office, District of Gloucester, 12 Aug., which informs Gallatin of the death of John Gibaut; Rogers requests Gallatin’s support of his own application for collector (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; notation by TJ: “Rogers, Wm. to be collectr. Gloster. v. Gibaut”). For other enclosures, see below.

Gallatin received several additional ap‑ plications for the office of col‑ lector, including a 7 Aug. petition from Gloucester inhabitants in support of Rog­ ers’s application (RC in same), a 30 July petition recommending John Saunders of Salem for the office (RC in same; no­ tation by TJ: “Saunders John. Collectr. Gloster. v. Gibaut”), and a 12 Aug. pe­ tition recommending Daniel Rogers of Gloucester (RC in same). The letter from Jacob Crowninshield relating to John Kit­ tredge has not been found (see Dearborn to TJ, 29 July).

From Robert Smith Sir, Navy Department 21 Aug 1805 Should you approve of the appointment of Mr. Jno Williams to a lieutenancy in the corps of Marines, I request your signature to the enclosed commission. The letters herewith transmitted will explain to you Mr William’s qualifications. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, yr mo ob s. Rt Smith RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. and “Williams Lt.” and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSP). Enclosures not found, but see TJ to Smith, 26 Aug.

John williams served in the Marine Corps until his death in 1812 during the occupation of East Florida (ndbw, Regis‑ ter, 66; New‑York Commercial Advertiser, 20 Oct. 1812).

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From Samuel Latham Mitchill Sir [before 22 Aug. 1805] I beg leave to submit to you two half Sheets of the yet unpublished first Number of the 9th Volume of the Medical Repository. You will find in it my Commentary on the texts of Hippocrates which shew the Greeks of old to have been grievously afflicted with yellow fever; and Mr. Peron’s Memoir on the use of Lime with betel to guard against febrile Distempers. Yours with great Respect and attachment Saml L Mitchill RC (DLC); undated; at foot of text: “To the President US.”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Aug. 1805 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found, but see below.

two half sheets: Medical Reposi‑ tory, 2d hexade, 3 (1806), 99‑102, 104‑9. This was the ninth volume of the Medical Repository if counted as a single series.

To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 22. 05. Your favor of the 15th. is recieved, and I am thankful to you for your attention to the articles from Capt. Lewis. I had written to mr Lemaire on the subject, but they would have been suffering in the mean time. for getting rid of the knits in furs, the brush well applied is the best thing. for destroying the worm after it has entered the skin, I do not know whether snuff or Camphire is best. I have also recieved your letter respecting Davy’s appointment. as long as the criticisms on it were confined to Jackson’s paper, I did not think it ought to be answered; because papers which are in the habit of condemning every measure, ought not to be answered on any one, lest it should give force to their unanswered criticisms. but Duane’s paper being friendly, & read by friends, when he noticed it, it was well to explain as was done by Smith. I could not at first concieve on what authority Duane undertook to say that Davy’s appointment was without my knolege or approbation. I never said a word after your first letter on that appointment, but what was in my answer to it, & never that much to any other person. but I have since recollected that just before the rising of Congress a member called on me & told me he understood Davy was to be appointed, & he went through the objections to him. I told him his information was premature for that nothing had passed on the appointment of Davy or any other person. I am sure I did not give him my opinion of Davy, because they were of  233 

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different sections of the new schism, in which I have carefully avoided expressing to any partisan on either side, any opinion of the persons or principles of the other. I had meant to have mentioned this to you at the time, but leaving Washington in a few days after, it escaped me. this person I have no doubt has communicated what passed to Duane, with probably his own inferences. though Duane is friendly, he could not lose the opportunity of smiting a Quid as he calls them. with re­ spect to Davy I believe him as capable as any merchant in the US. and possessing as much of what they deem honesty; for disinterestedness does not enter into it’s composition in their code. I only doubted his political morality and national attachment. I had thought too, as I explained to you that it would have been better that that officer should have been resident with the government. I have no doubt Davy will be able to present us at all times luminous statements of the com­ merce, & think this should be done particularly at an annual period, convenient for being laid before Congress. it is a great fund, & it is their duty & ours to look into it’s state at fixed periods. the statement should comprehend the value of the goods on hand on a given day, the outstanding debts distinguished into sperate, & desperate, & the cash on hand & unexpended, so that we may see at a glance of the eye whether our capital be diminished or increased. I hope he can do it for the next Congress. We are in the hope of seeing you soon: in the mean time accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Levi Woodbury Family Pa­ pers); at foot of first page: “The Secre­ tary at War.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Davy.” i had written: see TJ to Étienne Le­ maire, 17 Aug. your letter: see Dearborn to TJ, at 19 Aug. Responding to criticisms in the Aurora and the Political and Commercial Register, Samuel Harrison smith published an ar­ ticle in the 16 Aug. National Intelligencer

that outlined the need for someone to su­ perintend the trade with Native Ameri­ cans, defended the legality of the appoint­ ment, and rebuked William Jackson’s criticism that TJ had abandoned Ameri­ can manufacturers. your first letter: see Dearborn to TJ, 25 Mch. my answer: see TJ to Dearborn, 29 Mch. sperate debts offered a chance of being recovered, while desperate debts did not (oed).

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From Richard Folwell Sir Phila. Aug. 22, 1805. I enclose to you, as being at present the principal Pillar of public Will, a Prospectus for publishing a periodical Paper. I invite and ask you to become a Subscriber. The Terms will be known by the Bill. I invite a Reply; and, if it Should be approbatory to my Plan, it would obviously facilitate Patronage, which my Study on Man, Interest to my Country, in Consequence, will possibly render a proper Reward. I am, A Friend, Richd Folwell RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Tho’s Jeffer­ son, Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as re­ ceived 29 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: “Proposals, for Publishing a Weekly Paper, to be Called, The Spirit of the Press, Free to all Parties, and Adulter­ ated by None,” announcing three‑dollar annual subscriptions for a weekly publi­ cation “having a smaller proportion of advertisements” and serving “all the pur­ poses of a political register”; printed with Folwell’s “Sketch of Political Parties,” Phil­ adelphia, 4 July 1805, on verso (MWA). Richard Folwell (1768?‑1814) was a well‑known Philadelphia printer. High­ lights of his publishing career included a three‑volume edition of The Laws of the United States of America (1796‑97), Short History of the Yellow Fever, That Broke Out in the City of Philadelphia, in July, 1797 (1797), and an edition of the jour­ nals of the Continental and Confederation Congresses (1800‑1801). In the compli­

cated fallout from 1792 to 1797 over the Alexander Hamilton‑Maria Reynolds affair, he provided testimony against Ham­ ilton’s reputed mistress, who had boarded with Folwell’s mother, and offered to au­ thenticate Reynolds’s handwriting. In Sep­ tember 1805 he established the Spirit of the Press, a weekly newspaper that con­ tinued infrequently until 1813. At various times from 1802 until his death, Folwell aspired to public office (Syrett, Hamilton, 21:188‑92; Brigham, American Newspa‑ pers, 2:951‑2; Clarence E. Carter, “Zeph­ aniah Swift and the Folwell Edition of the Laws of the United States,” American Historical Review, 39 [1934], 695; Phila­ delphia Gazette of the United States, 23 June 1802; Poulson’s American Daily Ad‑ vertiser, 19 Aug. 1806; Spirit of the Press, 5 Oct. 1805, 1 Dec. 1806; Philadelphia Tickler, 14 Sep. 1808, 2 Oct. 1811; Provi‑ dence Gazette, 21 May 1814; Vol. 18:675; Vol. 31:392n).

To Peter Lenox Sir Monticello Aug. 22. 05 In answer to your letter of the 14th. I would observe that mr Foxall was to make two sizes of grate‑linings, a larger & a smaller. their destination as follows. the larger for the smaller for 1. the Cabinet [this is put in] 1. the Secretary’s room 2. Sitting room 2. my bedroom 3. Circular room 3. the room over the sitting room 4. breakfasting room 4. do. over the breakfasting room.  235 

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5. 6.

North West Dining room Circular room above stairs

5. do. over the Secretary’s room 6. the room at the head of the stairs 7. the room over the N.W. corner of the Hall. I do not exactly remember the number of each size which mr Foxall was to make; but it must have been nearly as above stated. I hope that you will have all the inside work done before my return, & that mr Ingles & mr Webb will have all the furniture finished so that the rooms may all be in order as soon as I return. the coalcellar will be wanting early in October, as my year’s provision of coal will then arrive. the two rooms below stairs which have been heretofore used for pit‑coal & charcoal, should be cleaned out, plaistered (if not plaistered already) & whitewashed. Accept my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); brackets in original; at foot of text: “Mr. Lenox”; endorsed by TJ. In the 1805 account of monies spent for the President’s House, Henry foxall received $348.45 for “Cast‑iron backs &

jambs & fore mitres Work,” while Henry Ingle received payments totaling $158.03 for “hard ware & Mahogany.” James webb was paid $130 for a mahogany dumb­ waiter (MS in DNA: RG 53, RES).

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 23. 05 I recieved yesterday your favor of the 15th. which has lost a post or two on the road. mr Madison writes me that there is a claim of 250. D. on him, Majr. Butler & myself for some wine landed at N. York, that he will pay my part & draw on you. I have therefore thought it best to send you an enlarged note for the bank of Columbia, Sep. 11. to cover this as well as a draught of about 150. D which I may have occasion to make on you in favor of Reibelt for books. I accordingly inclose you a note for 750. D. which I will pray you to use instead of the one for 500. D. formerly sent you. I observe that a less sum was paid to Lemaire this month than I had told him he would recieve & that there is a balance in the bank. my fear is that he will leave the servants wages unpaid if his reciept is shortened. As you mentioned that the 500. D. you were to recieve on my note to Columbia this month, were to be carried with you to Philadelphia in Sep. I have hoped that mr Madison’s draught could be paid out of that 500 without delay, and that the reimbursement of it Sep. 11.  236 

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would be in time for your purpose. but in this I wish you to consult your own convenience. We are all well here, & blest with a seasonable year & plentiful crops. I have bought my next year’s provision of corn here at 2₁−¹−₂ D. the barrel of 5. bushels. Wishing you health & happiness I tender you my affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson P.S. will you be so good as to tell Joseph that the ornaments last writ­ ten for to mrs Andrews may await my return to Washington—which will be Oct. 2. PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Barnes.” mr madison writes: Madison to TJ, 9 Aug.

formerly sent you: one of the two promissory notes sent in TJ’s letter to Barnes, 20 July. See also mb, 2:1165, 1166. last written for: TJ to Joseph Dougherty, 12 Aug.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington August 23d. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing a letter from Mr. Crowninshield, on the subject of a collector at Cape Ann, or Glocester, presuming that his opinnion would have weight with you in disiding on the most suitable candidate, and that an appointment would be made soon.—I have been honored, with your letter in relation to a Justice of the peace in George Town; Genl. John Mason and John T. Mason, have the subject under concideration and have agreed to give an opinnion soon, as to the most suitable character. I hope to have the pleasure of seing you at your Seat by the 8th. or 10th. of Septr.— with the most respectfull esteem I am Sir Your Obedt. Servt. H. Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi­ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Aug. and “Kittridge. justice of peace” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

your letter: TJ to Dearborn, 16 Aug.

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From Thomas Ewell Sir, Geo. Town (Disct. of Columbia) 23d August. 05. When I determined to inclose for you the first fruits of my medical education, I was fully sensible of the superiority of that philosophic mind to which it was to be offered & consequently, of the greater certainty of the detection of my errors. In not confining it then, to a sphere, where the faint rays of respectability are eclippsed by the splendid appearance of great men, I was influenced by a confidence in that goodness, the constant attendant on greatness. Under this im‑ pression I was naturally led to offer it to you—who above all others, would most readily make the allowances, to which, my youth & inex‑ perience lay claim. Well assured of that benevolence, which inclines you to patronise whatever tends to benifit the american people, I have ventured to take the liberty to consult you, concerning the publication of a work, in which I wished to engage, provided you conceived it would be of a useful tendency. Much indeed is it to be lamented that the researches of Philoso‑ phers are not more generally applied to the improvement of the arts. Altho the revolution that has been created in the science of chemistry, appears as interesting to most of the artists as physicians, yet in this country they are generally quite unacquainted with the science. Its cultivation would lead the Farmer to a more correct knowledge of his soil—to the true art of making manures as well as to many other im‑ provements. The arts of brewing, distilling, baking, making Glass— compounding metals and many other arts, appear equally calculated to be improved by a knowledge of chemistry, as they are indeed branches of the science. These considerations, together with having made chemistry my particular study for several years & being promised the assistance of some respectable chemists, have led me to beleive that I might do some good, by publishing a system of chemistry—containing all the improvements that have been made in the science—couched in plain language—and with as few technical terms as possible. This appeared the more proper at this time, as the impetuous passions of the people arising from political contentions, are fast subsiding, at the display of the unrival’d wisdom & excellence of their prudent govern‑ ment; and consequently that much time might be spared for the cul‑ tivation of important sciences. It appeared that they would also the more readily engage in the study of chemistry—if the difficulties of the study arising from the technical terms and scarcity of the books were lessened. Should you accord with the sentiments as soon as you  238 

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honor me by communicating your opinion I will engage in the work. I will also add some original experiments which prove the disputed doctrine, of the materiality of heat—and show the effects of the acids and carbon on vegetation. It appears also that the principles of secre‑ tion advanced in my thesis might be advantageously extended to ex‑ plain the formation of vegetable juices. Before I conclude my Father Col. Jesse Ewell desires me to offer to your excellency assurances of the greatest respect and regard. With much delight he often speaks of the days spent in the walls of Wil‑ liam & Mary college in company with the president; And with still more joy he views the glorious work in which you have since been so successfully engaged; altho at one time he dreaded the effects of a change in the government. It is with the highest sentiments of respect, grounded upon the greatness of your acts, that I have the honor Sir, to be your most humble servant. Ths. Ewell RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure: probably Thomas Ewell, Notes on the Stomach and Secretion, Published as an Inaugural Essay: Submitted to the Ex‑ amination of the Rev. J. Andrews, D.D. Provost (pro tempore) the Trustees and Medical Faculty of the University of Penn‑ sylvania, on the Third Day of June, 1805; for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine; with an epigraph on the title page from Query XVII in TJ’s Notes on the State of Vir‑ ginia: “Reason and free enquiry are the only effectual agents against error. They are the enemies of error, and error only” (Philadelphia, 1805). Thomas Ewell (1785‑1826), born near Dumfries, Virginia, was a son of Charlotte Ewell and her first cousin Jesse Ewell, one of TJ’s college classmates and lifelong friends. He was apprenticed at an early age to area medical practitioners, studied in Philadelphia with Benjamin Rush, and graduated from the University of Pennsyl‑ vania in 1805. The publication Ewell

proposed to TJ, Plain Discourses on the Laws or Properties of Matter: Contain‑ ing the Elements or Principles of Modern Chemistry, promoted progressive ideas such as the use of chemical fertilizers, in‑ sect control, soil testing, and heat conser‑ vation (New York, 1806; Sowerby, No. 833). Ewell obtained a commission as a naval hospital surgeon. In 1807, he mar‑ ried Elizabeth Stoddert, daughter of Ben‑ jamin Stoddert. He returned to private practice in Georgetown and eventually assumed charge of his late father‑in‑law’s estate, which included a gunpowder mill near Bladensburg, Maryland. Ewell wrote articles for medical journals, edited the first American edition of David Hume’s Philosophical Essays, and published sev‑ eral medical books. He sought TJ’s aid in 1824, to no avail, in obtaining employ‑ ment at the University of Virginia (dab; Anne West Chapman, “Benjamin Stod‑ dert Ewell: A Biography” [Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1984], 8‑21; rs, 5:587‑8; 12:475).

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To Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 23. 05 I recieved last night your favor of the 17th. and have this day di‑ rected a commission for Latta as Collector of Gennissee, & will have one issued to Kittridge for Gloucester as soon as the death of his pre‑ decessor is known. I send you the inclosed merely because it is well to understand all the little hostilities existing among principals & subordinates in the different offices. a successor to Tremble, speaking French, I cannot find. is there nobody in New York or Pensylvania who will agree to go? Accept my affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury New York”; franked; postmarked Milton, 24 Aug. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Latta. Kittridge. Tremble.” Enclosure: Joshua Pike to TJ, 6 Aug.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir N. York 23 Augt. 1805 I enclose a letter from Mr Jones the principal clerk of the Treasury, by which it appears that a commission had been made out last Oc­ tober for Mr Toulmin as receiver of public monies in Mobile. I had forgotten it, but presume that on being informed that the appoint‑ ment was not immediately necessary, you directed me to detain the commission. It has not certainly been sent & has at all events expired, no nomination having been made to the Senate. That appointment & that of Receiver at Natchez may be delayed till October.—I cannot recollect any person to replace Trimble as commissioner for the West‑ ern district of Orleans. With great respect & attachment Your obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States now at Monticello Virginia Milton”; franked; postmarked 24 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. and “Toulman” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Edward Jones to Gallatin, 20 Aug., from Wash‑ ington; the department’s register indi‑ cates that a commission appointing Harry Toulmin receiver of public monies for the land office east of Pearl River was issued on 5 Oct. 1804 but that Toulmin has not

been nominated to the Senate; he has for‑ warded a commission to James Holmes as collector at Sunbury and will add an‑ other for the inspectorship there; he en‑ closes Gallatin’s draft on the branch bank of New York; per Gallatin’s request, he will draft an act for the president’s signa‑ ture related to the bills of exchange to Lon‑ don and Amsterdam; he inquires whether Jean François Merieult deserves the re‑ lief he has requested (Gallatin, Papers, 11:411).

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From Zachariah Hall Friend, Thomas, Jefferson, Chief Magistrate, of Duxbury (Massachusetts) The United, States, August 23d. 1805 When thee calls to mind, that we, (the Friends caled Quakers) do not in general, use compliments, to any man, or body of men, daubt‑ less, thou wilt, as readily, pay due attention, to this, simple letter, as though it, came from the most, magnificent Count, thinking that the mail, would at no time, be incumbered, or even, nett less, to the USA, than it now does, if an act, should be passed, at the next cession of Congress, for the circulation, by Mail, of Religious and political pam‑ phlets (free of postage, for 4 weeks, after publication, not more than fifty, at any one time, and no pamphlet so caried, to exceed 100, pages,) and that such regulations, would be of immense, service to poor peo‑ ple, both in a political, and Moral, view, is to me obvious, therefore I would wish thee, to view this business, with thy penetrating mind, and if thee believes, that the utility of it, would exceed the evils, that could, or, would, probably arise, I doubt not, but what, thou wilt, lay this proposition, before congress from a friend to virtue true Republicanism or thy Administration, Zachariah, Hall, RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Esq”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

To Jones & Howell Messrs. Jones & Howell Monticello Aug. 23. 05 Be pleased to send two tons of nailrod, assorted as I have usually required, by the first vessel to Richmond, to the care of Gibson & Jefferson to be forwarded to this place. I am sorry to be obliged to make complaint to you. my manager de‑ sired me to do last spring or fall, but I let it go by in hopes the ground of his complaint was temporary. he sais that for a twelvemonth past there has been an extraordinary proportion of the short & flawy pieces of rod, which cannot be used at all: that there are bundles of half hundreds, in which there will be from 12. to 15. ℔ of this kind of rod, & in none less than 5. or 6. ℔. which he observes to be much beyond the proportion formerly put into each bundle. of this matter I know nothing: but he is disinterested & a man of truth & discretion, & therefore to be credited. I have thought it due to you as well as myself  241 

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to hand this complaint on to you, as your people might carry on this abuse to your prejudice & without your knolege. Mr. Barnes will remit you, early next month, 253.33 D for the rod shipped the last of May. the underwritten list of bar iron of the toughest quality is also de‑ sired to be sent with the rod. accept my salutations. Th: Jefferson  4.1 Cwt of ¾ I. bars.  2.  Cwt of the large slit bars.  2.  Cwt of the middle size  1.  Cwt of Deck‑rod  3.  Cwt of common flat bars of the lightest size 12.  one mill spindle of 1¾ I. on the edge. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. Notation in SJL: “2. tons rod. 1200 ℔ bar.”

1

 Digit written over “3.”

From Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos Sir Paddington near London 23 Aug. 1805. Your well known love of Science induces me to adress myself to you on a subject, which I hope you will not esteem unworthy of your attention; and which, at any rate, is of such a nature, as I trust will plead my excuse for presuming to give you this trouble. I have lately published a new and complete Collection of Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, in which I have endeavoured to improve all the methods for the calculations of that Science, and par‑ ticularly for the important problem of the Longitude from Lunar dis‑ tances. I have devoted to this work twelve years with unremitting ap‑ plication; and the British Board of Longitude has rewarded my labours with a considerable sum of money, which I have applied to diminish the price of my book to the Public. To the same purpose, I have ap‑ plied an additional sum of money granted to me by the East India Company, on account of the practical utility of my labours; and thus this book, of more than 700 pages in 4o. of figures is sold here for one guinea per copy, which is the fourth part of the price at which it must have been fixed, if the reimbursement of the expence of printing had been in contemplation. The reward I desire to receive for my peins and sacrifices in the composition of this work is to witness its general utility. With that view I have printed a certain number of copies, be‑  242 

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sides those which are destined to Great Britain; intending to endeav‑ our to procure their introduction in other countries, and I beg leave to offer to you for the United States of America 500 copies, or any lesser quantity you may think convenient to purchase, at the reduced price which I have stated before. My object, in this proposal is not only, [that] the United States would make the acquisition of that number of copies of my book, but that [the] Government would also distribute them in the principal sea port towns, and order them to be [sold] for an equivalent to the original price of one guinea per copy. American Navigators would then enjoy in point of cheapness the full benefit of the arrangement I have made here with the assistance of the Board of Longitude; and the work might prove more generally useful, when it could be had, without the additional expences, which must take place, passing from one country to another, as a mercantile commodity. I take the liberty of sending you herewith a copy of the said work, which will enable you to judge of its merit; and I request you will give it a place in your library, as a feeble testimony of the high respect which the Author professes, and has entertained long since, for the present worthy President of the United States. I have the honour to remain with those sentiments, Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant Jos. de Mendoza Rios Late Captain in the spanish royal Navy; and Member of the royal society of London RC (DNA: RG 45, MLR); text ob‑ scured by binding; at foot of text: “His Excy. Thomas Jefferson, Esqr. President of the United States of America, &. &.” Recorded in SJL as received on 19 Dec. Enclosure: Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos, A Complete Collection of Tables for Navi‑ gation and Nautical Astronomy (London, 1805; Sowerby, No. 3816). Enclosed in John Mercer to TJ, 13 Dec. 1805. Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos (1761‑1816) was born in Sevilla and educated in Ma­ drid. Highly skilled in mathematics, he entered the Spanish navy in 1776. In 1787, having served a number of postings, in‑ cluding a year’s imprisonment in Ireland,

he completed a two‑volume treatise on navigation. Released from sea duty be‑ cause of ill health, Mendoza y Ríos devel‑ oped a cartographic center in Cadiz and spent much of his time collecting books and scientific instruments throughout Eu‑ rope. He was named a correspondent of the French Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the Royal Society, and by early in the 1790s he settled in London. His essential contribution to nautical astron‑ omy was a simplification of mathematical calculations that could then be displayed in more easily used tables. The complete set of tables was still being published into the twentieth century (dnb).

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From Anonymous Sir Philada. August 24. 1805 Doctr. Michael Leib is going from Beer House to Beer House in the City of Philadelphia and Nothern Liberties shewing a letter on the subject of our approaching election which he says he recieved from you. He enjoins secrecy on those to whom he shews it but cares not how many see the letter; pehaps near a thousand persons of the lowest class of society have already seen it. Those who are your real friends here cannot but regret that you should correspond in any shape what‑ ever with so noted a liar and abandoned villiain— His only aim is evidently to raise his own consequence by shewing that he possesses so much of your confidence as to recieve a letter from you. Beware of doubtful characters & shun the robber of orphan Children. The good sense of the virtuous inhabitants of pensylvania will prevail & annihilate the proven pretensions of a few base indi‑ viduals & I hope will ever support your virtuous administration. RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “Leib.”

shewing a letter: see TJ to Mi‑ chael Leib, 12 Aug. robber of orphan children: likely a reference to allegations that Leib had defrauded the heirs of Joseph Penrose (see note at Thomas Leiper to TJ, 16 Aug. 1804).

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir New York 24th August 1805 I enclose 1st. a letter from Mr Crowninshield in which he gives a decided opinion in favor of Kittredge—2dly a letter from L. Bond collector of the newly erected district of Miami, in which he gives his opinion in favor of the Rapids for the port of entry, and an Act for your signature making the River Miami the port. I thought it better not confine it to the Rapids alone, as experience & the settlement of the country may hereafter induce some alteration. Will you have the goodness to return the act with your signature and Bond’s letter? With respect & attachment Your obedt. Sevt. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; address sheet (clipped): “Thomas [.   .   .] President [.  .  .] Virginia”; postmarked 27 Aug.; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 2 Sep. and “Kit‑

tridge. Bond” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. A 3 Mch. act of Congress altered the ports of entry on Lake Erie and created

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25 AUGUST 1805 the collection district of miami, authoriz‑ ing TJ to determine the port of entry for

the new district (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:336‑7). river miami: Maumee River.

To Gideon Granger Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 25. 05 Your favor of the 19th. is recieved & I now reinclose the Maysville & Washington returns. in sending you the Maysville petition I meant nothing more than to bring the question again under your view, that if any new matter were presented or any old were put into a new light, you might consider it’s effect, and finally do what on reconsid‑ eration you judged right. I am perfectly contented with your decision, & it would have been mine also. I suspect one single foible in Abrahams is at the bottom of all his difficulties. my confidence in him is built on yours who have tried him. here, where he is known in detail, he is considered as a gambler & given to those dissipations which that vice brings on. at N. Orleans he has found opportunities of indulging that passion & probably has been unfortunate. hence his sickness there, hence the death & theft of all his horses hence his want of money. that he has not been sick at N. Orleans I infer from an expression in a letter of Govr. Claiborne’s of July 14. ‘the Spanish authorities do not object to the establishment; on the contrary they have promised it their protection. the rider has been here twice, but regularity on this rout is not yet established. I am persuaded the mail may be carried from hence to Washington in 12. or 14. days &c’ if Abrahams had been sick at N.O. the governor would have said so. you ask my opinion; I will give it only on the condition of your regarding it so far as your own judgment approved. I would limit Abrahams to the route from Coweta to Fort Stoddart and get Govr. Claiborne to find at N.O. an undertaker from Fort Stoddart to N.O. using for details the agency of your deputy at N.O. Abrams will then have no field for dissipation & his other qualifications will have fair play. we must have such another line to St. Louis next winter. affec­ tionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Granger.” Enclosures not found (see Granger to TJ, 19 Aug.).

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To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 25. 05 I confess that the inclosed letter from General Turreau excites in me both jealousy & offence, in undertaking, & without apology, to say in what manner we are to recieve & treat Moreau within our own country. had Turreau been here longer he would have known that the National authority pays honors to no1 foreigner. that the state authori‑ ties, municipalities & individuals, are free to render whatever they please, voluntarily, & free from restraint by us; & he ought to know that no part of the criminal sentence of another country can have any effect here. the style of that government in the Spanish business, was calculated to excite indignation: but it was a case in which that might have done injury. but the present is a case which would justify some notice in order to let them understand we are not of those powers who will recieve & execute mandates. I think the answer should shew independance as well as friendship.   I am anxious to recieve the opinions of our brethren after their view & consideration of the Span‑ ish papers. I am strongly impressed with a belief of hostile & treach‑ erous intentions against us on the part of France, and that we should lose no time in securing something more than a neutral friendship from England. Not having heard from you for some posts, I have had a hope you were on the road, & consequently that mrs Madison was reestab‑ lished. we are now in want of rain, having had none within the last ten days. in your quarter I am afraid they have been much longer with‑ out it. we hear great complaints from F. Walker’s, Lindsay’s, Maury’s &c of draught. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of con‑ stant friendship Th: Jefferson. P.S. I suppose Kuhn at Genoa should have new credentials. RC (DLC: Madison Papers): at foot of text: “Mr. Madison.” PoC (DLC). Nota‑ tion in SJL: “Moreau. Span. affrs.” En‑ closure: Louis Marie Turreau to Madi‑ son, Baltimore, 14 Aug., stating that he has received instructions from his govern‑ ment that Jean Victor Moreau is expected to arrive in Philadelphia at any time; although the emperor granted General ­ Moreau permission to travel to the United States, there is a legal judgment against him in France and he should not receive in foreign countries the honors to which he might previously have been entitled due to his services; Turreau is notifying Mad‑ ison of this because Madison is in Phila‑

delphia and should not become involved in any demonstrations of favor for Moreau beyond what would be expected in terms of ordinary hospitality (RC in DNA: RG 59, NL; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:212). Due to a lack of substantive evidence linking moreau to the royalist plot early in 1804, the court imposed only a two‑year term of imprisonment. Napoleon, angry that the popular general had not been condemned to death, changed the pun‑ ishment to permanent exile from France (Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, 1198‑9; Vol. 42:549‑50). For expectations re‑

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26 AUGUST 1805 garding Moreau’s arrival in the United States, see TJ to DeWitt Clinton, 6 Oct. 1804. new credentials: Madison had al‑ ready sent Peter Kuhn, Jr., his credentials

for the consulate at Genoa (Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:417‑8). 1 TJ

here canceled “man.”

To Jacob Crowninshield

Monticello Aug. 26. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his friendly salutations to mr Crowninshield & informs him that having seen in the Salem register recieved yester‑ day the account of the death & burial of mr Gibaut, he has this day directed a commission for John Kitteridge according to the recom‑ mendations forwarded. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

The 15 Aug. issue of the Salem Regis‑ ter reported that John gibaut died on 11 Aug.

To Henry Dearborn Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 26. 05. Your favor of the 23. is recieved & I learn with pleasure that mrs Dearborne & yourself will ere long be with us. there are three routes by which you may come. 1. that by Fredericksburg, which is 20. miles the furthest, the worst road, & after you pass Fredericksburg as badly off for stages as any other1 & a miserable uninteresting country. of the other two to wit, by Stephensbg, & by the courthouses I would recommend to you to come one, & return the other, because you will see two tracts of country as different from one another as possible. the stages on both are as follows. from Georgetown ferry from Georgetown ferry to + Wren’s 7. miles + to Wren’s 7. miles + Fairfx C.H. 8. + Fairfax C.H. 8. + Songster’s 5. + Centerville 8. Bull run2 5. * Red house Pr. 14. mrs – Brown’s tavern 5. Wm. C.H. Hereford’s Slate run church 5. * Fauquier C.H. 13. + Elkrun church 15. * Culpeper C.H. 25. Norman’s ford 9. + Orange C.H. 21 + Herring’s 4. a good stage * Gordon’s 10 tho’ plain. Monticello  20 + Stevensburg 5. Zimmerman’s 126  247 

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+ Downey’s + Orange C.H. * Gordon’s Monticello

11. 9. 10.  20. 118. those marked thus * are good houses, these + so, so. these – bad. I think you had better come by Stevensburg, because of it’s levelness: the road by the Courthouses is hillier & will suit better when the weather will have moderated on your return. my stages on the Stevensburg road are short, to wit Brown’s, mr Strode’s (a private house)3 near Herring’s, Gordon’s & Monticello. by the Court houses they are mrs Hereford’s, Culpeper C.H. Gordon’s & Monticello: Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson P.S. if mr Strode knows you are at Herring’s he will certainly press you to his house. I always leave my horses at Herring’s which is excellent for them, & go & lodge with Strode, a fine farmer & wealthy. PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Genl. Dearborne”; endorsed by TJ. herring’s: Herin’s tavern in Culpeper County (Vol. 33:204n).

1 Remainder

of sentence interlined. wrote, then partially erased, “+” for this entry. 3 Phrase in parentheses interlined. 2 TJ

To Albert Gallatin Th: Jefferson to mr Gallatin Monticello Aug. 26. 05. Observing in the Salem Register recieved yesterday a mention of the death & burial of Gibaut, I have this day directed a commission for John Kitteridge according to the recommendations. Affectionate salutations RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury New York”; franked; postmarked Milton; endorsed by Gallatin. PoC (DLC). Nota‑ tion in SJL: “Kittridge.”

To David Robinson Sir Monticello Aug. 26. 05 I have read with satisfaction the account of the Missouri which you have been so kind as to send me and have recieved from it an addition to the stock of information which I have been endeavoring to acquire  248 

26 AUGUST 1805

from various sources respecting that country. I thank you therefore for the communication of it. possessing, as we now do, an accurate map of the Missouri to the Mandan towns, which before winter will be extended to the falls, if not the source of the river, by actual admea‑ surement, corrected by celestial observations, by capt Lewis, together with a minute account of the country, it’s soil, productions, animals, waters, climate &c it will be for yourself to decide whether the print‑ ing of yours will repay it’s cost; and as the copy inclosed to me seems to be the one you intended for the press, I return it to you, for your own determination, and to do in it what you shall think best. I pray you to accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. David Robinson.” Enclosure not found.

account of the missouri: see Rob‑ inson to TJ, 22 June.

To Robert Smith Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 26. 05. Your letter of the 21st. is duly recieved, inclosing a commission of Lieutt. for John Williams. but the letters of recommendation to which you refer as inclosed, were in fact not inclosed. there was only a letter from Colo. Wharton speaking of recommendations from Colo. Brent. to save time I have signed & now inclose the commission, trusting that you are either satisfied or will be satisfied with his character before you let the commission go out of your hands; & particularly will as‑ certain that he is republican, as it is of importance that we avail our‑ selves in all new appointments of the opportunity of strengthening in that corps the spirit of republicanism. Accept affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Secretary of the Navy.” Notation in SJL: “Wil‑ liams.” Enclosure not found.

From Robert Smith Sir, Navy Department 26 Aug 1805 Will you be pleased to give your signature to the enclosed Blank Commisions & Warrants? They are required for gentlemen already appointed, & others that it may be found necessary to appoint— I have the honor to be with the highest respect Sir, Yr Mo ob. st. Rt Smith  249 

26 AUGUST 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “President of the United States”; initially endorsed by TJ as received from the Treasury De‑ partment on 2 Sep. and “Kittridge. Bond,”

corrected as received from the Navy De‑ partment and “Commissions” and so re‑ corded in SJL.

To John Strode Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 26. 05 I expect General Dearborne & his lady on a visit here from the 8th. to the 10th. of Sep. & that they will come your way. they are plain & excellent people, he very much of a farmer, & I wish them in visiting our country to see advantageously what is good in it. I have not how‑ ever given him a letter to you because I know that your situation on the road exposes you to inconvenience in that way. he will make a stage of Herring’s, where he will be between the 6th. & 8th. should it not be inconvenient, any civilities you can shew him will oblige me & will be worthily bestowed. you will find them both to be without ceremony, he a man of business & well informed in various branches of it.   Mr. Freeman is now engaged in his new line & from what I see of him I trust he will do well. Accept friendly salutations & as‑ surances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Strode”; endorsed by TJ. mr. freeman is now engaged: in his financial memoranda under 22 Aug.,

TJ recorded that John Hoomes Freeman, replacing Gabriel Lilly, “commences as overseer at £60. a year” (mb, 2:1162).

From Thomas L. Winthrop Sir, Boston Augst. 26th. 1805. In conformity with your desire, signified to me by Genl. Dearborn, I have caused to be put on board a Vessel bound to Petersburgh, to the address of Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond, the Marble Statue of which Mr. Bowdoin solicited your acceptance. It will afford me much satisfaction to be honored with your Com‑ mands, if at any time I can be useful to you here. With great respect I am Sir, Yr. Obedt. h’ble Servt. Thos. L. Winthrop RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

Thomas L. Winthrop (1760‑1841) was a Connecticut native who studied at Yale College before receiving a degree from Harvard in 1780. Along with his brother

 250 

27 AUGUST 1805 Joseph, he became a partner in the mercan‑ tile firm of Winthrop, Tod, and Winthrop. He married Elizabeth Bowdoin Temple, a niece of James Bowdoin, who described him to TJ as “my agent & near Relation.” Winthrop later distinguished himself as a civic leader and Republican politician in Massachusetts, where he served as presi‑ dent of the Massachusetts Historical So‑ ciety, the American Antiquarian Society, and the Massachusetts Society for Promot‑ ing Agriculture (Lawrence Shaw Mayo, The Winthrop Family in America [Boston,

1948], 209‑19; W. H. Whitmore, An Ac‑ count of the Temple Family with Notes and Pedigree of the Family of Bowdoin [Bos‑ ton, 1856], 7, 12; William Jenks, “Mem‑ oir of the Late Thomas L. Winthrop,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th ser., 2 [1854], 202‑14; Vol. 46:337; Dearborn to TJ, 22 July). your desire: TJ to Dearborn, 25 July (second letter). For the marble statue of Ariadne, see Vol. 46:xliv, 99.

From Leroy Anderson Sir Williamsburg 27 August 1805 I communicate, inclosed, the prospectus of an Undertaking with which, I flatter myself, you will be pleased. Having been truly desir‑ ous to combine in its plan an extensive promotion of public utility with the pursuit of my own interest, I lay it with confidence before you; persuaded of your good disposition to promote any laudable enterprize, which promises usefulness to the1 Community, or a just benefit to Individuals. If the merit of the Undertaking renders it wor‑ thy of being thus countenanced, a short expression of your favourable opinion will be at once flattering to myself, and conducive to its Suc‑ cess. The prospectus will remain in the press until I hear whether I may be permitted, or not, to prefix your approbation to other distin‑ guished recommendations obtained in its behalf. Should you not deem it proper to sanction an enterprize of this na‑ ture with your notice, you will have the goodness, I trust, to forgive the present intrusion; to which I have been encouraged, partly by the happy simplicity of our government, which seemed to invite, rather than forbid such direct intercourse with the President; but principally by the character of your peculiar condescension and benevolence. I am, with the greatest respect, Sir Your Mo Obt St Leroy Anderson RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Leroy Anderson (1770‑1837), a Wil‑ liamsburg native who received a classical education, worked occasionally as a mer‑ chant and became the town’s postmaster in 1802. With a widowed sister he ran

the Williamsburg Academy for educating young women. In 1808 he relocated his school to Richmond, although still main‑ taining ties and property in Williamsburg. From 1813 to 1815, he edited Richmond’s first successful daily newspaper, the Daily Compiler. In 1824, he participated in Williamsburg’s hospitality to Lafayette on the general’s triumphal American tour

 251 

27 AUGUST 1805 and the following year wrote odes on the election of John Quincy Adams. Ander‑ son moved in 1835 to Mobile, Alabama (Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:1137; Stets, Postmasters, 273; wmq, 1st ser., 12 [Oct. 1903], 118; Alexandria Times; and District of Columbia Daily Advertiser, 19 June 1799; Richmond Enquirer, 27 Sep. 1805; Richmond Virginia Gazette, and General Advertiser, 8 Oct. 1806; Norfolk

Gazette and Public Ledger, 18 Nov. 1808; Richmond Virginia Patriot, 6 Sep., 11 Oct. 1811; Richmond Virginia Argus, 25 Feb. 1813; Washington Daily National Jour‑ nal, 28 Oct. 1824; American Commercial Beacon and Norfolk & Portsmouth Daily Advertiser, 24 Mch. 1825; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 14 Dec. 1837). 1 Anderson

here canceled “Public.”

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 27. 05. Your’s of the 20th has been recieved, & in that a letter from Case­ nove and another from mrs Ciracchi: but those from Turreau & to Yrujo were not inclosed. probably the former was what came to me by the preceding post respecting Moreau: if so, you have my opinion on it in my last. considering the character of Bonaparte, I think it material at once to let him see that we are not one of the powers who will recieve his orders. I think you have misconcieved the nature of the treaty I thought we should propose to England. I have no idea of committing ourselves immediately, or independantly of our further will, to the war. the treaty should be provisional only, to come into force on the event of our being engaged in war with either France or Spain, during the present war in Europe. in that event we should make common cause, & England should stipulate not to make peace without our obtaining the objects for which we go to war, to wit, the acknolegement by Spain of the rightful boundaries of Louisiana1 (which we should reduce to our minimum by a secret article) and 2. indemnification for spolia‑ tions for which purpose we should be allowed to make reprisal on the Floridas & retain them as an indemnification. our cooperation in the war (if we should actually enter into it) would be a sufficient consid‑ eration for Great Britain to engage for it’s object: and it being gener‑ ally known to France & Spain that we had entered into treaty with England would probably ensure us a peaceable & immediate settle‑ ment of both points. but another motive much more powerful would indubitably induce England to go much further. whatever ill humor may at times have been expressed against us by individuals of that country the first wish of every Englishman’s heart is to see us once more fighting by their sides against France; nor could the king or his ministers do an act so popular, as to enter into alliance with us. the  252 

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nation would not weigh the consideration by grains & scruples. they would consider it as the price &2 pledge of an indissoluble course of friendship. I think it possible that for such a provisional treaty they would give us their general guarantee of Louisiana & the Floridas.3 at any rate we might try them. a failure would not make our situation worse. if such a one could be obtained we might await our own con‑ venience for calling up the casus federis. I think it important that England should recieve an overture as early as possible as it might prevent her listening to terms of peace. if I recollect rightly we had instructed Monroe, when he went to Paris to settle the deposit, if he failed in that object to propose a treaty to England immediately. we could not be more engaged to secure the deposit then, than we are the country now after paying 15. millions for it. I do expect therefore that considering the present state of things as analagous to that, & virtu‑ ally within his instructions, he will very likely make the proposition to England. I write my thoughts freely, wishing the same from the other gentlemen that seeing & considering the grounds of each others opinions we may come as soon as possible to a result. I propose to be in Washington on the 2d. of October. by that time I hope we shall be ripe for some conclusion. I have desired mr Barnes to pay my quota of expences respecting the Marseilles cargo, whatever you will be so good as to notify him that it is. I wish I could have heard that mrs Madison’s course of recovery were more speedy. I now fear we shall not see you but in Washington. Accept for her & yourself my affectionate salutations & assurances of constant esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col‑ lection); at foot of text: “The Secretary of State.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affairs.” my last: TJ to Madison, 25 Aug. casus federis: that is, the case for an alliance. For the administration’s earlier determination that it might make sense to align with Great Britain in case of a con­flict with France or Spain, see Vol. 40:227‑30.

desired mr barnes: TJ to John Barnes, 23 Aug. 1

 Word interlined in place of “Spain.” word and ampersand interlined. 3 TJ first wrote “I have no doubt they would give us in the event of our entering into the war their general guarantee of Louisiana & the Floridas” before altering the sentence to read as above. 2 Preceding

 253 

From Lucy Ludwell Paradise His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Presedent of the United States Tuesday of America August the 27th. 1805 This day I arrived at Norfolk in the Ship Planta Capt. Bush. I take the liberty to write to Your Excellency to acquaint you I am Come home to live the remaining Years of My Life in the Bosom of My Native Country and Friends. I Should not have Staid a Month After the Death of Mr Paradise but one Illness after another prevented Me. With the Blessing of God I am Now in good health and with My Priests Blessing and Command who is the Revd Mr Smirnove Chap‑ plen of Legation to the Russian Embasey and that Gentelman desired Me to present his Respects to Your Excellency and he has desired Me to ask Your Excellency to advise Me where I can get all General Ham‑ iltons Works in bords. Lord Hawke whom your Excellency knew Died with the Gout earley in the Spring. I hope Mrs Randolph and her husband and children are well to whom I take the liberty to desire your Excellency will present My Affectionate Respects. Mr B Waller has written to Me he has taken a house for Me in the City of Williams‑ burg as I desired him. All My children are Dead and Mr Paradise. I now am only Left. The honour of paying My Respects to Your Excel‑ lency and Your Amiable Daughter and her family will Make happy I am with the Greatest Respect Your Excellencies Most Obedient Humble Servant Lucy Ludwell Paradise RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. from Norfolk and so recorded in SJL. For Yakov Smirnov (smirnove), see Vol. 38:148‑50. lord hawke: Martin Bladen, Baron Hawke of Towton, a member of the Brit‑ ish Board of Agriculture, died in March 1805. His interest in agricultural pursuits and connections with Sir John Sinclair may have brought him to TJ’s attention when TJ was in London in the 1780s (Sir Ernest Clarke, History of the Board of Agriculture, 1793‑1822 [London, 1898],

10‑12; Washington, Papers, Ret. Ser., 4:32; London Morning Chronicle, 29 Mch.; Vol. 9:405; Vol. 40:637‑9). i now am only left: Littleton W. Tazewell helped settle Paradise’s finan­ cial affairs in London and arranged pas‑ sage for her return to Virginia. Benjamin Waller organized the rental from one of her nieces of a brick tenement previously owned by her father and grandfather on Duke of Gloucester Street in Williams‑ burg (Archibald Bolling Shepperson, John Paradise and Lucy Ludwell of London and Williamsburg [Richmond, 1942], 442; Vol. 32:525‑6).

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From John Sibley Sir, Natchitoches Augt. 27h. 1805. I have Only been able to finish the Vocabulary of the Caddoquies Language. the printed Blanks I received had been wet, the Ink spread too much for the letters all to be legible. I hope by an Early opportunity to be able to Send you the Natchi‑ toches, & the Cances or Apaches vocabularies. the Caddo is esteemed the most Antient Language, and now Used by all the Smaller tribes. from the Best Account I can Obtain the Cances language is Spoken by the Indians On the Waters that fall into the Western Ocean of course will be important for the purpose you mentioned. I will pro‑ cure all I can & as soon as I can. Should there be any other way in which I can Serve you in this Country, the Commands you honour me with, I will Strictly Observe to the best of my Capacity. I am Sir with the greatest respect, Your Obt. Hble Servant John Sibley. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: see below. Because of the destruction in 1809 of most of the items TJ collected, it is un‑

certain if Sibley here enclosed a vocabu‑ lary of the Caddo language. William C. C. Claiborne apparently obtained from Sibley a copy of the vocabulary, which he re‑ tained (American Naturalist, 13 [1879], 787‑90; rs, 1:555‑7).

From John Martin Baker Sir, Palma, Island of Majorca / 28th. August 1805. With the hope, and probability, that the Port of Mahon, will at some period be considered, and prove useful to the United States Navy within the Mediterranean, I have taken the liberty, and do herewith solicit the favor of your acceptance of a perspective view of the same; I have had taken purposely; inspired with the pleasing idea, that it may meet your favorable acception, I have the honor to be with the highest Respect, Sir, Your most obedient, humble, Servant. John Martin Baker. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “To the Right Honorable Thomas Jefferson Pres‑ ident of the United States of America &c. &c. &c. Washington”; endorsed by TJ as

received 11 Feb. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. Tripl (MHi); at head of text: “Trip‑ licate”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 June 1806 and so recorded in SJL.

 255 

28 AUGUST 1805 TJ appointed John Martin Baker (d. 1841) U.S. consul for Minorca, Majorca, and Ibiza in early 1803 after receiving several recommendations in his favor. A native of Minorca and a naturalized U.S. citizen, Baker went on to a long and varied career with the State Department, includ‑ ing service as a dispatch courier, a clerk, and in subsequent consular appointments in Brazil and Cuba. Using the experience gained during his years in the Mediter‑ ranean and Europe, Baker published A View of the Commerce of the Mediterra‑

nean in 1819, a copy of which he sent to TJ (Daily National Intelligencer, 21, 23 July 1841; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:82n; rs, 1:346n; 11:659‑63; 14:96, 101; Vol. 38:263‑4). Baker’s letter to TJ was enclosed in a similarly worded one to Madison, also dated 28 Aug., which accompanied two copies of his perspective view of the port of Mahón. In a postscript, Baker asked Madison to deliver his letter and one of the views to the president (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:252).

From John Barnes Sir, George Town 28 Augst: 1805. Your Esteemed favr: 23d. Announces Mr Madisons intentions drawing upon me, for your part of the wines—lately imported at N York .  .  . shall be duly honored—as well, your proposed draft. in favr M Reibelt for $150. The Presidents inclosed Note, for—750—dated 11 Sepr. in lieu of the one of same date .  .  . for—500—will also, be duly Attended too.— Mr LeMaire, had discharged the servants wages, before I could have recieved any Monies at W. Bank, and when recieved—I askd him how much he wanted. his Ansr: was—3 or 400—when I tendered him the former Amot. I told him—whenever more was wanted, it was at his service—with which he was, perfectly satisfied—and my only reason—why! I preferred paying the $300—was, lest, any un‑ expected Claim—or demand might interfere—between the present, & 6 Sepr—while my own Bank (from a remittance & paymts made)— was reduced, to a mere trifle—The Presidents, bale. $139.97. still rests, in W. Bank, to the Presidents Credit, & sole use, I shall inform Mr Dougherty—respecting Mr Andrews Ornaments—waiting your re‑ turn 2d. Octr. —with congratulations on your plentifull Crops—while here—the complaints of a continued drouth, is become general & much to be lamented—indeed! with the greatest Respect, I am, the Presidents—most Obedt: & very hume servant, John Barnes. PS. speaking to Mr LeMaire abt. the portable Soup. it is entirely in his province: & will make it of the 1st. quality—  256 

28 AUGUST 1805  RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); ellipses in original; at foot of text: “The President UStates at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

 w. bank: the Washington branch of the Bank of the United States.

From Abraham Bradley, Jr. Sir General Post Office August 28. 1805 I have the honour to enclose copies of two letters from Mr. Francis Abrahams relative to the conveyance of the conveyance1 of the mail between Coweta and New Orleans. Mr. Granger left Washington on Saturday last. With much respect I am sir your obedient Abraham Bradley junr RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 30

Aug. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. 1

 Thus in MS.

From Thomas Carnes

Rich Mond —augest 28th in the year of ouwr Lord 5805

Pease Love Comos and Glory to all Man kind and indepandant to the Slaves honard and Dear Sir With Plasher I Now in form you that the Grat God is Returned to Me My Comon Sances and as I have Bin out of My Reasen for thirty Nine years I Now a Plie to your Lord Ship to Stand My Gardean for I a Plied to the Grand Lodge in Boston But thea Nue Me Not all tho thea Sayed that the Grat God had Past Me Purfect thrue Gale and By the Docter and in fact thrue hall Now Sir if thea Sayed that the Grat God Parsted Me Purfect thrue Gale Wie Did thea Not tack Wot the Grat God Wood No Said thea as the Juws Did I Wood Crusefy all Mity God But you Can Not for he Was Be for he Was Now Sir I have Sant My Will to the Grand Lodge of free  257 

28 AUGUST 1805

Massons to Philadelphia and Said you Wie Did you Not Sand it to Me Be Cous I Now have to tack Care of you Bater and you Do of your Salf Now Said you I find that Mr Carnes have Not Bin yoused a Cor‑ dan to the Laws of Man God or the Devel and Now he Never Did [Seccure] a Man, and We By the Prufe that We Can find in the Be half of the younited Stats he Can a Pear as the on Wisebal God the farther in the Sun and the Sun in the farther how Shall We Do this Mr. Carns you Sand to Boston and tack oup Mc Neel the Rop Macker and his Sun arch thea have Bin in Low this forty year and thea have Mad it a Rule to have false Peepall to Swar Do you No this yes his Sun arch had Thomas Chub of Charlstown and Mr Maneer of Charls­ town and Story Chandler and he Wood Be from two to three Weeks a Larning tham how to Swar theas Man Wos in Bondage to Mc. Neel and Mc Neel Rand as a God you Must Mind this you Se france Bony Part is Rite and if you Mind Me Bony Part Will Sand Me his Sowrd and the King of England you Must Call on the Master of the Grand Lodge at Boston and Philadelphia you Se a Bove one hundred Peepell Will Cum to the Bar it Will friten you for By the Grat God I Se you Do your Bisness for theas Man Shall Be Brot to the Bar or alse I Never Se God I to Work for you May the Grat and Wise God Pur tack all Nashans thrue the Blasings of owr Lord and Saver Jesus Christ a Man God Save the Glob yours to Sarve till Dath Thomas Carnes Mr Carnes hue is the Witnes a Ganst Mc. Neel Lier Danham and his Brother Rop Mackers Lise Dupy and John Cook Rop Mackers Mr Warker and Willim two Labers Mr Dupy Will find tham John Muye and fill Cartrite Rop Mackers Now you Se this Came from all Mity God to Pur tack your Country Mc Neel ows Me Eaght hundred Dol‑ ars Pruf John Couch Peter Eads the Sharif if you Do Not Mind Me Moor and the free Massons is you Se My farther Will Sink a Small town for you to Bring you to your Sances if you Will Not Se Me Dun Jastes By I Go to Bony Part or the king of Englan RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson, Esqr President of the United States”; franked; postmarked Rich‑ mond, 3 Sep.; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. mc neel: possibly William McNeil, who owned ropewalks in Charlestown and Boston until his death in 1802. His son, Archibald McNeil, was also a ropemaker (Thomas T. Sawyer, Old Charlestown [Boston, 1902], 56‑7). lise dupy: Carnes might have been re‑ ferring to an Elias Dupee, who was listed

as the head of a Charlestown household in the census of 1800 (United States Cen‑ sus Schedules, DNA: RG 29). fill cartrite: a Philip Cartwright lived in Boston in 1797, and a man of that name was listed as a ropemaker in Bos‑ ton in 1820 (A Volume of Records Relat‑ ing to the Early History of Boston, 39 vols. [Boston, 1876‑1909], 30:469; The Boston Directory; Containing the Names of the Inhabitants, Their Occupations, Places of Business, and Dwelling‑Houses [Boston, 1820], 60).

 258 

From Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Salem 28 augt 1805 Wednesday noon It is with the greatest pleasure I announce to you an honorable peace with Tripoli. The Brigt Belle‑Isle Capt Leach is this moment arrived in this port from the Meditn. & brings the important accot. that Genl Eaton fought the Tripolitan army about 100 leagues from Tripoli on the 10th June & gained a great victory the conquered agreed to immediate1 peace. The prisoners are all released. a Treaty was signed on the spot. no tribute to be paid. I have no time to be particular. the Genl is said to be wounded. a great many men were killed on both sides. I congratulate you on the honorable termination of the war. but most sincerely regret that the American fleet did not partake in the conquest of Tripoli— In great haste I am Dr Sir with high esteem your Obedt servt Jacob Crowninshield RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Presidt of the U.S. Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

1 MS:

“immedate.”

From Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Salem 28th Augt 1805 I hasten to correct a mistake into which I had fallen in my letter of this morning respecting some particulars of the peace with Tripoli. I had not then seen the Capt’ of the vessel from the Mediterranean. the person who came direct from the vessel, as she was entering the har‑ bour, was misinformed in some of the details & of course led me into error. Capt Leach now informs me in substance, that a battle was fought between the American army under Genl Eaton and the Bashaw’s troops in the neighbourhood of Derne, victory was on our side, many were killed. Genl E was wounded. the news reaching Tripoli, the Bashaw was seriously alarmed, & expecting a severe attack from the American Squadron, he proposed terms of peace to the Commodore in Malta. Consul Lear was dispatched for Tripoli, & a treaty was soon settled highly honorable to our Country. The Capt reports that the prisoners are certainly released. he saw a letter in Naples from Mr Lear to the Consul there in which he mentioned having concluded a peace, but declined stating the particular terms. only observing that it was highly honorable to the US.—  259 

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 The vessel left Naples 66 days since, & Capt L says the intelligence reached that place about a week before his departure. As I presume you will have obtained every particular information on this subject, before this letter comes to hand, I will only add that the 10th of June, when the battle is said to have been fought, was the day, as he under‑ stood, that Tripoli was to have been bombarded by our fleet. At the moment of writing you this morning I had the pleasure of receiving your esteemed favour of the 19th inst from Monticello. I can now sin‑ cerely congratulate you on “the issue of the contest” with Tripoli. it is indeed a subject of great joy to the republicans, & I hope to the na‑ tion at large, tho’ I fear there are some federalists, whose prejudices & false views of things, will not allow them to partake in the expres‑ sions of approbation every where heard on this occasion. I can not but express a hope that provission is made in the Treaty for Genl Eaton’s army & for the old Bashaw who accompanied him. ought not Derne & the other conquered districts eastward of Tripoli to be set off to him subject to some conditions favourable to our interest. if the Bashaw in Tripoli could be made to give up his fleet, or to reduce it, & make war no more upon the European powers, great & lasting advantages would result from it. I pray you to excuse me for these observations, but I really could not avoid making them at this time— I am happy to hear of the abundant crops in Virginia & N Carolina. In Masstts we were without rain for 40 odd days, & what fell this month, was not a great quantity. there will be considerable corn, but the second crop of hay will be next to nothing. I observe what you say relative to Spain. I fear she is influenced by France. Alone, the former is no match for us. Is there not danger of her ceding the two Floridas to France. we are loosing valuable vessels every day in the WI. The French English & Spaniards There capture & condemn our defence‑ less mercht vessels, in a shameful manner. I was highly gratified in perusing the two letters to Genl Stark & Mr Bentley & immediately enclosed them as directed by you. I hope you received the fish in good order. Whenever you wish any more I beg you will always freely com‑ mand me. with wishing you long life & great domestic happiness, & with assurances of great esteem and respect I am your obliged & faith‑ ful humble Servant. Jacob Crowninshield. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

 260 

From Samuel R. Demaree Dear Sir Danville, Aug. 28, 1805. Your favor of 6th May last, enclosing a report of the committee of the P.S. respecting my hints about our Orthography, rather surprised me. I did not expect my communication would have passed the scru‑ tiny of that learned society, or I should have sent a fuller exhibition of my scheme. I am however much pleased with your attention to my lines, and with your answer; as also with the candid procedure of the Society on that business. The Committee’s Report states that “usage is the only lawful sov‑ ereign of language and cannot be controlled by any authority.” This in my opinion will justify every Solecism that has ever been produced in Grammar or Criticism: for a large majority of writers (in this state at least) transgress the written rules of spelling and Grammar—and I should suppose by “usage” must be meant the practice of the Majority. If not the renovation (for I cannot call it innovation) appears to me practicable.—I could fill pages on the subject—and I feel confident that if every man had reflected upon it as much as I have, a change would be both easy and speedy. But enough of this. Myself and a Mr. Ogilsby are establishing a press in this town. We expect to issue the first number of our paper next week: and we shall do ourselves the honor of sending you a copy. Just beginning the world (for we are both young) we hope by our own Industry to secure a competency, and more is not necessary.—Now we know that the Laws of the U.S. are published by authority in every state; but in how many papers, or how the printers are appointed, we are not certain. In this state they are published in two of the public papers, both of which are on the North side of the Kentucky river. If any more should be thought necessary, or if it should be deemed proper that one should be on this side of the river, we hope it will not be arrogant for us to request the business—as we are nearly in the centre of the state; and as to our capability we cheerfully let our work answer for itself.—But here, Mr. Jefferson, observe that if there be any injustice or even un‑ fairness in having the work assigned to us, we wish it not. And far‑ ther, if you suppose I flatter either now, or would do it hereafter, say not a word about the publication of the U.S. laws. For much as I esteem the present administration, and yourself in particular, I shall deem it my duty to publish what I deem right and necessary—altho it should be against Mr. Jefferson himself—(which may Heaven forbid) I confide too that there will be no occasion: for your wisdom and ex‑ perience must have taught you before now, that wealth cannot ensure  261 

28 AUGUST 1805

happiness, and that false honors will not last. I write the genuine senti‑ ments of an open heart, and I believe I am declaring them to a philo‑ sophic ear. Any communication that may be interesting to the public, or any advice to myself, will be cheerfully received by Sir, Your affectionate admirer, Saml. R. Demaree. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Th: Jeffer­ son President U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. committee of the p.s.: Peter S. Du Ponceau, Anthony Fothergill, and Benja‑ min Smith Barton of the American Philo‑ sophical Society (see TJ to Demaree, 6 May). press in this town: on 3 Sep., Dem­ aree and Samuel Ogilsby produced the first issue of their weekly newspaper, The Informant (Brigham, American News­ papers, 1:149).

two of the public papers: accord‑ ing to law, the secretary of state selected at least one, but no more than three news‑ papers in each state to print the laws of the United States. The Palladium (Frank‑ fort) and Kentucky Gazette and General Advertiser (Lexington) received the con‑ tracts in Kentucky (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 7:316‑17; Culver H. Smith, The Press, Politics, and Patronage: The American Government’s Use of Newspa‑ pers, 1789‑1875 [Athens, Ga., 1977], 47; U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:724).

From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours Paris 10 Fructidor 13 Monsieur le Président, (28 aoust 1805) Je me reproche une chose:—C’est de n’avoir pas invoqué votre au‑ torité au premier moment où Mr. Armstrong, se mêlant d’une affaire qui ne le regardait point, et y portant des opinions injustes en elles mêmes, totalement contraires à l’interêt de ses Compatriotes, a entre‑ pris de causer un énorme dommage à un grand nombre de Citoyens américains, et a soutenu, a fait adopter à la Cour de France, un Prin‑ cipe qui renversait le Commerce et toutes les Compagnies d’Assurances des Etats unis. J’avais constamment esperé pouvoir le ramener à des pensées plus raisonnables; et l’affaire sur laquelle il est tombé dans des erreurs d’abord vacillantes, puis opiniâtres, êtait si simple, si claire, que je n’imaginais pas qu’elle pût être longue à terminer, qu’elle pût être terminée arbitrairement et sans équité. Cette affaire est celle du Navire le New Jersey, pris injustement par un Corsaire de St. Domingue, racheté par les Armateurs et les Chambres d’assurance au moyen d’un dépot de 203,050 dollars ver‑ sés en argent dans la Caisse de la Colonie, par suite d’une transaction  262 

28 AUGUST 1805

avec le Général Hédouville qui engageait la Loyauté Française que cette somme serait rendue si le Conseil des Prises en France jugeait la capture mal fondée. Le Conseil des Prises a jugé, comme le Conseil d’Etat l’avait d’abord présumé que le Corsaire avait eu tort et que les 203,050 dollars de‑ vaient être rendus aux Armateurs américains. La Commission américaine avait admis cette restitution pour être comprise dans celles à effectuer sur les vingt millions provenans de l’acquisition de la Louisiane, et destinés aux indemnités que les Ame‑ ricains lèsés par la France avaient droit de réclamer. L’affaire êtait consommée. Mr. Armstrong n’avait aucun droit d’y intervenir autrement que pour faire expédier les Lettres de change conformement au Traité. Le Conseil Français avait ordonné la restitution.—La Commission américaine etait Cour autorisée à décider si cette restitution devait être imputée sur la somme que les Etats Unis avaient réservée pour les remboursemens de ce genre. La mission de Mr Armstrong êtait de prononcer sur les affaires que la Commission n’aurait pas pu examiner ou aurait trouvées douteuses; non de casser les décisions qu’elle aurait rendues. quant à celles là, il ne devait que les exécuter. des1 gens, qui voulaient faire appliquer les fonds à des demandes moins justes, ont obtenu, qu’avant l’exécution de celle qui concernait le New Jersey, le Ministre française consulterait extrajudiciarement et confidentiellement Mr. Armstrong. Celui‑ci devait répondre conformement aux pieces et dire que le Jugement du Conseil des Prises et l’admission faite par la Commis‑ sion américaine ne pouvaient être attaqués, puisqu’ils êtaient en forme légale. Il a au contraire répondu qu’on lui avait dit, verbalement et sans l’affirmer, que MM Nicklin et Griffith êtaient des commis anglais, qu’ils n’avaient pu faire l’expédition du New Jersey qu’avec des fonds anglais; et que, quand ils seraient américaines, le navire ayant êté assuré aucune réclamation ne devait avoir lieu. Sur le premier point, il insinuait le contraire de ce qu’il savait fort bien; car Mr. Griffith en particulier lui est très connu. Sur le second, il mettait en principe que les Assureurs américains de vaisseaux américains n’avaient rien à réclamer en cas de prises injustes, parce qu’ils avaient assez gagné dans d’autres occasions; et que dès qu’un navire était assuré, même par les concitoyens de ses Armateurs, il devait toujours être adjugé aux Corsaires et ne devait jamais entrer dans les réclamations de la République américaine.—Il  263 

28 AUGUST 1805

est impossible d’imaginer une doctrine plus absurde, et qui puisse de‑ venir plus nuisible aux Etats unis. Cette opinion de Mr. Armstrong, aisément adoptée par le Minis‑ tere Français, a empêché d’avoir égard au Jugement du Conseil des Prises et à l’admission prononcée par la Commission américaine. J’en ai appellé aux deux Ministres eux mêmes.—J’ai remis à Mr. Armstrong tous les originaux des Polices d’assurances, et les actes passés par tous les Interessés au New Jersey devant les notaires américains. Il a paru convaincu.—Il a promis de devenir l’avocat de ceux dont il avait fait décider la ruine. Puis, il est revenu à sa premiere erreur, et a déclaré qu’il ne consen‑ tirait jamais qu’on rendit aux assureurs la portion du dépot faite avec leur argent. Il voulait bien alors que l’on payât la portion qui n’êtait pas assurée. Aggravant ensuite sa versatilité, il s’est opposé à ce qu’on payât rien du tout pour le New Jersey, à ce qu’on rendît quoique ce fût de l’argent américain déposé à st. domingue pour ce Navire, et dont le Tribunal Français ordonnait la restitution entiere. Enfin le Ministre Français, ayant parfaitement reconnu l’injustice de cette résolution, lui a demandé comme une marque d’amitié de ne pas refuser qu’on payât le tiers, ou 67,683 dollars; et Mr. Armstrong n’a pas voulu consentir qu’on restituât plus de 55,580 dollars, sans qu’il y ait raison, ni pretexte, pour cette proportion singuliere. Il a fait perdre aux Interessés et Assureurs près de 150,000 dollars que les Juges Français ordonnaient de leur rendre, et plus de 12,000 dollars que le Ministre Français, même en reculant du Jugement du Tribunal, avait dessein de leur donner. Nous lui avons prouvé, Mr de la Grange et moi, que les anglais dans un cas semblable avaient fait payer capital et interets aux Assureurs du Vaisseau américain l’Hannah.—cela n’a point ébranlé son entêtement. Ainsi Mr. Armstrong a eu deux torts bien graves et de la plus dangereuse conséquence.—Le premiere, comme Magistrat, de s’être immiscé dans une affaire conclue, et d’avoir infirmé la décision de l’autorité définitive établie par son Pays.—Le second comme Ministre plénipotentiaire représentant sa Nation, d’avoir de lui même, sans mission, au delà de ce que demandait le Ministre étranger, renoncé pour elle à obtenir la restitution de ses navires de commerce le plus injustement pris ou détenus, lorsqu’ils se trouverait qu’ils auraient êté assurés par ses Chambres d’assurance. Le Gouvernement Français, s’appuyant sur ce que le Ministre amé‑ ricain ne consentait pas à ce qu’il fut payé plus de 100,000 écus ou 55,580 dollars, a exigé une quittance finale, que Mr de la Grange et  264 

28 AUGUST 1805

moi n’avons pu lui refuser, à peine de ne rien avoir du tout pour nos commettans américains. Mais ne trouvez vous pas, Monsieur le Président, qu’ils ont droit de réclamer devant vous, et peut‑être devant vos Tribunaux, à raison du dommage que leur a causé le Ministre de leur Patrie qui, sans instruction pour le faire, ou plustôt contre ses instructions, les a em‑ pêchés de rentrer dans leur propriété et de jouir de ce que leur al‑ louaient les Magistrats et les Ministres d’un Gouvernement étranger. N’est‑il pas visible que la France augmentera contre les Etats Unis, à la premiere occasion, de l’exemple donné par Mr. Armstrong de refuser toute restitution des navires américains assurés en amérique; et que l’Angleterre, ne voulant pas avoir moins de privilèges à votre égard que vous n’en accordez à la France, adoptera bientôt une Ju‑ risprudence semblable, mise en avant en votre nom par un Ministre revêtu de vos pouvoirs:—de sorte que vos navires marchands seraient à la merci des Corsaires de toutes les Nations, que vos Chambres d’assurances ne pourraient plus assurer à aucun prix, que votre Pa­ villon commercial ne pourrait plus tenir la mer, et que l’énorme capital employé par votre Nation en constructions navales deviendrait para‑ lysé et perdu. Je crois très essentiel que vous fassiez désavouer formellement au‑ près du Gouvernement Français, cette étrange maxime de diplomatie sortie de la tête de Mr Armstrong contre le droit et les interêts de votre République. Mr. Armstrong est le seul américain que j’aie vu entierement inac‑ cessible à la raison, complettement ignorant sur les affaires de sa na‑ tion, et d’un emportement, d’un despotisme de caractere, qui rende inutile de réclamer devant lui la justice et mortellement désagréable d’entrer en négociation.—nul homme dans le monde n’est moins propre à vous representer.—si tous ses compatriotes lui ressemblaient, l’em‑ pressement qu’on éprouve à s’affilier à leur corps politique serait ter‑ riblement affaibli. Mais heureusement la Nation américaine est très bonne; elle est très sensée; et elle a en vous un excellent Chef qui me pardonnera de lui avoir dit en cette occasion ma pensée toute entiere. Daignez y voir, Monsieur le Président, une nouvelle preuve de mon attachement inviolable et de mon profond respect. Du Pont (de Nemours)  Je joins ici les mémoires que j’ai eu à publier dans l’affaire dont je viens d’entretenir votre Excellence.—Elle y trouvera la preuve et le développement des faits que je lui expose.  265 

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 Je me propose toujours de vous voir à Washington‑City l’année prochaine. Ma Femme vous présente son respect. Pour que cette lettre vous parvienne plus surement, je mets les mèmoires dans un autre paquet. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President, Paris, 10 Fructidor Year 13 (28 Aug. 1805) I feel guilty that I did not immediately invoke your authority when Mr. Arm‑ strong set out to cause great harm to a large number of American citizens by in‑ terfering in a matter that did not concern him and expressing opinions that were unjust in their own right and totally contrary to the interests of his compatri‑ ots. He advocated and arranged for the French court to adopt a principle that contravened commerce and all the insurance companies of the United States. I kept hoping to be able to bring him back to more reasonable views. He stumbled into the affair through errors that began with vacillation and ended in stubbornness. And yet, the affair was so clear and simple that I did not imagine it could take long to resolve, or be resolved arbitrarily and unjustly. It concerns the ship New Jersey, unfairly seized by a privateer from Saint‑Domingue. The shipowners and insurance companies redeemed it by paying $203,050 in silver to the colony’s treasury after negotiating with General Hédouville, who promised on behalf of France that the sum would be returned if the French prize court judged the capture to be unjustified. The prize court determined, as the Conseil d’État had presumed, that the privateer was wrong and that the $203,050 should be returned to the Ameri‑ can shipowners. The American commission agreed that this restitution be included toward the $20 million from the acquisition of Louisiana. It was earmarked for in‑ demnities that Americans who were wronged by France had a right to claim. The affair was settled. Mr. Armstrong had no right to intervene except to expedite the bills of exchange in accordance with the treaty. The French council had ordered the restitution. The American commission was the court authorized to decide if the restitution should be included in the sum the United States had reserved for such indemnities. Mr. Armstrong’s mission was to settle matters the commission had not been able to examine, or about which it had doubts, not to overrule the com‑ mission’s decisions. He was simply supposed to carry them out. People who wished to use the funds for less legitimate purposes succeeded in establishing a procedure whereby the French minister would consult Mr. Armstrong, confidentially and extrajudicially, before carrying out the resolu‑ tion concerning the New Jersey. He should have upheld the decisions and replied that the prize court’s judgment and the American commission’s acceptance were legal and could not be refuted. Instead, he replied that he had been told, verbally, not in writing, that Messrs. Nicklin and Griffith were British agents, that they could only have financed the New Jersey’s voyage with British funds, and that if they were American, no claim would be warranted, since the ship was insured.

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28 AUGUST 1805  On the first point, he insinuated the opposite of what he knew to be true, for he knows Mr. Griffith, in particular, quite well. On the second point, he was claiming as a principle that American insurers of American vessels could make no claims in case of unjust seizures because they had earned enough on other cases, and that once a ship was insured, even by fellow citizens of the shipowners, it always had to be ceded to the privateers and could never figure in claims from the American republic. It is impossible to imagine a doctrine that is more absurd and potentially more harmful to the United States. Mr. Armstrong’s rationale, quickly adopted by the French ministry, pre‑ vented carrying out the prize court’s judgment and the American commis‑ sion’s agreement. I called on two ministers about this. I gave Mr. Armstrong all the originals of the insurance policies and the transactions between the American lawyers and all parties involved in the New Jersey. He seemed convinced and promised to become an advocate for those whose destruction he had sealed. Then he reverted to his original error and declared that he would never allow the insurers to be reimbursed for the portion of the deposit made with their money. Later he agreed to allow the uninsured portion to be paid. Then he compounded his volatility by opposing any payment at all for the New Jersey, or the return of any American money deposited in Saint‑Domingue for the ship, which the French tribunal had ordered to be reimbursed in full. Finally the French minister, fully recognizing the injustice of this resolu‑ tion, asked him, as a mark of friendship, not to refuse one‑third payment: $67,683. Mr. Armstrong did not wish to accept more than $55,580 in resti‑ tution, with no rhyme or reason for that peculiar proportion. He caused the involved parties and insurers to lose more than $150,000 that French judges had ordered to be reimbursed to them, and more than $12,000 that the French minister planned to give them, separating himself from the judgment of the tribunal. We proved to him, Mr. de la Grange and I, that in a similar case the En‑ glish had required payment of capital and interest to the insurers of the American vessel the Hannah. This did not allay his stubbornness. Mr. Armstrong thus made two very serious errors, with most dangerous consequences. First, as magistrate, he interfered in an affair that was already resolved and overturned the decision of the sovereign authority designated by his country. Second, as minister plenipotentiary representing his country, he refused, on his own authority, without a mandate, and beyond what the foreign ministry asked of him, to obtain restitution for his country’s commer‑ cial ships that were most unjustly seized or held, when they were insured by American insurance companies. Since the American minister did allow his government to be reimbursed for more than 100,000 écus or $55,580, the French government demanded a final invoice, which Mr. de la Grange and I could not refuse to furnish, lest our American clients receive nothing at all. But do you not find, Mister President, that our clients have the right to appeal to you, and perhaps to your courts, because of the damage caused by a min‑ ister of their country who, without a mandate, or rather, against instructions,

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28 AUGUST 1805 prevented them from regaining their property and receiving what the judges and ministers of a foreign government awarded them? Is it not clear that, on the next occasion, France will use Mr. Armstrong’s precedent to argue against returning any American ships insured in Amer‑ ica; and that Britain, not wishing to have fewer privileges than you bestow on France, would soon adopt a similar jurisprudence, which has been advanced in your name by a minister invested with your power? Your merchant ships would thus be at the mercy of privateers from all nations, your insurers would no longer be able to insure ships at any cost, your commercial flag could no longer survive at sea, and the huge capital your nation has invested in naval construction would be paralyzed and lost. I think it absolutely essential that you formally disavow to the French gov‑ ernment this strange diplomatic maxim, sprung from Mr. Armstrong’s head, in contravention of the law and the interest of your republic. Mr. Armstrong is the only American I have seen who is totally impervious to reason, totally ignorant of the affairs of his nation. His temper and despotic character make it useless to expect him to be fair, and mortally unpleasant to negotiate with him. No man in the world is less suited to represent you. If all his compatriots resembled him, one’s zeal to join their political body would be gravely diminished. But fortunately the American nation is very good; it is very sensible; and it has an excellent leader who will forgive me for expressing all my thoughts on this occasion. Deign to see in this, Mister President, yet another sign of my inviolable attachment and deep respect. Du Pont (de Nemours)  Enclosed are the reports I had to publish concerning the affair I have just explained to your excellency. You will find proof and elaboration of the facts I outlined. I still plan to see you in Washington City next year. My wife sends you her regards. To make sure this letter reaches you, I am entrusting the reports to a sepa‑ rate packet. RC (DLC); at head of text: “A Son Ex‑ cellence Thomas Jefferson President des Etats unis”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 24 Aug. received 3 Jan. 1806 and so re‑ corded in SJL. From March to October 1798, Gabriel de hédouville served as the French agent on Saint‑Domingue until Toussaint‑­ Louverture forced him to flee the island (Philippe Girard, Toussaint Louverture: A Revolutionary Life [New York, 2016], 172‑5; Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, 867‑8). ministre française: François Barbé de Marbois (C. Edward Skeen, John Arm‑ strong, Jr., 1758‑1843: A Biography [Syr‑ acuse, N.Y., 1981], 64‑6).

Joseph E. G. M. de la grange had  practiced law in France and Saint‑­ Domingue. He was in Philadelphia dur‑ ing the late 1790s (Aurora, 5 Apr. 1798; New‑York Commercial Advertiser, 13 June 1805; Vol. 31:396n). mémoires: Du Pont published five tracts related to the New Jersey claim, all printed in Paris in 1805: Observations som‑ maires et preuves sur le navire le New‑Jersey, et ses propriétaires; Dernières observations sur le navire le New‑Jersey; Doutes et pré­ ventions relativement à la restitution à faire aux propriétaires américains du navire le New‑Jersey; Nouvelles questions propo‑ sées par Monsieur le Directeur de la qua‑ trieme division de la liquidation générale, membre du conseil de liquidation, et de la

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28 AUGUST 1805 part de ce conseil, aux fondés de pouvoirs et défenseurs des propriétaires du navire le New‑Jersey, et de leurs co‑interressés; and A leurs excellences les ministres plénipo‑ tentiaires français et américain, chargés de prononcer sur les réclamations des citoyens des États‑Unis, qui ont droit de prendre part aux avantages stipulés entre les deux

nations, par les traités du 8 vendémiaire an IX, et du 10 floréal an XI (Ambrose Saricks, Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours [Lawrence, Kans., 1965], 323‑4; Sowerby, No. 2687). 1  Before this word Du Pont canceled “[Une intrigue].”

From Polly Logwood Sir August 28 1805 The great Politeness and attention I experenced from you, when pasing through this neighbourhood excites and calls forth my warm‑ est gratitude and thankfulness—that the Chief majestrate of a great and powerfull nation like ours shold Condesend to lend a favourable an attentive, and patient hering to his fellow Citizens, in detailing thir misfortunes, and presenting thir Petetions is a national Blesing which few Countres besides ours experance, and Convinces me of the Wisdom of our nation in their selecting a man to Preside over its Councils Who discharges the Important duties of his office with so much honour to himself and so much to the Intrust and happiness of his Cuntry— Relying then Sir so entirely on your goodness in making all suit‑ able and necessary allowance for me I again take the liberty to renew the subject of my unfortunate and destressed husband, it being Con‑ tinually Uppermost and occupying the Chief place in my mind and on which the happiness of myself and family so much depends—I readily perswade myself that in your high Station you retain the feelings and the Sympathes of a Man, and that you have every proper and sutiable disposition to alleviate and to remove the Sufferings and destresses of all discriptions of Cetizen when the Interpositions of the Chief majes‑ trate is not evidently improper—Permit me then Sir to troble you so far as to refer to his Excellency Mr Page and to Mr Hylton of Rich‑ mond for information as to that fact I do readly asure you Sir that this application Shold never have been made If I did not feel the fullest Conviction and Confidence that the Peace, the laws, and the Intrust of our Cuntry wold never be again disturbed by my now wretched Husband and for which I pledge my self my Honour my Esate and every thing that is Sacred and dear to me, and for which also in addi‑ tion the most unquestionable Security Shall be given under any derectons and regulation you may please to perscribe—let me there‑ fore intreat the Presedent of our Cuntry with all the earnestness that  269 

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the feelings of an unfortunate and wretched woman is Capiable to make the experiment, with the fullest Confidence on her part that the Event will justifye the Act and Shew the happy Effect of our laws give me leve to subscribe my self your unhapy friend— Polly Logwood RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep., but recorded in SJL as received 12 Sep. Polly Logwood was married to Thomas Logwood, a planter who was convicted in 1804 of orchestrating a scheme to en‑ grave counterfeit notes of the Bank of the United States. Although her efforts on behalf of her imprisoned husband did not succeed in 1805, she initiated a success‑ ful pardon process three years later. She was likely still living in 1810, shortly after which her husband sold his Virginia lands

and moved to the southwest (Richmond Enquirer, 8 May 1810; DNA: RG 29, Census Schedules, Buckingham Co., Va.; Vol. 43:220n; Polly Logwood to TJ, 29 Oct. 1808; William H. Cabell to TJ, with Jefferson’s Order, 23 Nov. 1808). renew the subject: a letter of 15 June from Polly Logwood was recorded in SJL as received 19 June but has not been found. Thomas Logwood was ap‑ pealing for a conditional pardon and re‑ lease from prison because of ill health (TJ to George Hay, 24 Apr.; Samuel Coleman to TJ, 8 May).

From William Henry Harrison Dear Sir Vincennes 29th Augt. 1805 It gives me great pleasure to have it in my power to inform you that the conferrence I have lately had with the Several Tribes of Indians under my Superintendance has had a most beneficial effect—that every improper prejudice has been removed from their minds and that all the chiefs have both generally & individually expressed the Warmest attachment to the United States and their Willingness to follow their advice in every instance. One of their orators at the breaking up of the Council assured me in the name of the rest that they would in future look upon the United States in the same light that they had formerly done their fathers the French—An unexpected Compliment and one which I never Supposed I Should hear from an Indian.—They almost universally Consider the era of the French establishment in this Coun‑ try as their golden Age—And time has not deminished the ardour of their attachment to that nation. I have transmitted to the Secretary of War the Treaty which was the result of the late Conferrence, with some explanatory observations, And I do myself the Honor to enclose herewith a copy of the Same presuming that the Secretary is now in the Eastern States—the compensation for the Tract Which has been ceded amounts as nearly as I can ascertain it to about one cent per acre. this is much higher than I could have wished it to have been but  270 

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it was impossible to Make it less.—I have informed the Secretary of War that the remaining Piankeshaw claims can be easily purchased and that I wait your instructions on this head. Should you think proper to direct me to proceed with it I hope to make up by that purchase for any excess in the Compensation that has been given for the tract which has lately been ceded. I persued your directions relative to the Turtle. You will soon receive from him a letter expressive of his great Satisfaction at the result of the late Conferrence & his entire devotion to the Interests of the United States. A deputation from the several Tribes have been selected to go with me to St. Louis to meet the Osages & I have no doubt but We shall be able to Make them smoke the pipe of Peace together. At the earnest solicitation of Judge Griffin I have ventured to trou‑ ble You again upon the Subject of exchanging his situation for a Seat on the Judiciary bench of one of the adjacent Territories—It is sup‑ posed that Judge Huntington has resigned his Commission in the Territory of Michigan if this should be the case the person whom you may design for his Successor would in all probability prefer the situ‑ ation which Judge Griffin Holds here to a similar one in that remote Country—The Judge speaks the French language & is Well acquainted at Detroit & I am certain that his removal would be highly acceptable to the people there I have the Honor to be Dear Sir with the truest Respect Your Huml Servt. Willm Henry Harrison RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: “A Treaty Between the United States of America and the Tribes of Indians called the Delewares, Putawatimies, Miamies, Eel River and Weas,” signed at Grouseland, near Vin‑ cennes, on 21 Aug. by Harrison for the United States, John Gibson and 10 others as commissioners for Indiana Territory, Benjamin Parke as their secretary, William Wells as agent of Indian affairs, Hock‑ ingpomsga and four others for the Dela‑ wares, Topinabee and two others for the Potawatomis, Kakonweconner (or Long Legs) and four others for the Miamis, Wanonecana (or Night Stander) and two others for the Eel River people, and As‑ sonnonquah (or Labossiere) and two oth‑ ers for the Weas; the Miamis claim that when they ceded to the Delawares the land addressed in an 1804 treaty between

the Delawares and the United States (see Vol. 45:24‑5), they had not intended to convey to them the “right of the soil” but only a right to occupy the land; the Pot­ awatomi, Miami, Eel River, and Wea tribes here sanction the right of the Dela‑ wares to sell that land; the Miami, Eel River, and Wea tribes also cede the tract of land that lies “to the south of a line to be drawn from the north East corner of the Tract ceded by the Treaty of Fort Wayne so as to strike the general bound‑ ary line running from a point opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky river to Fort recovery at the distance of fifty miles from its commencement on the Ohio river”; the United States grants an annuity of $600 to the Miamis, $250 to the Eel Rivers, $250 to the Weas, and $500 to the Pota‑ watomis for 10 years, along with an ad‑ ditional $4,000 distributed among the tribes at the time of signing; the United States recognizes the Miami, Eel River,

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29 AUGUST 1805 and Wea tribes as one nation with joint ownership of any land on the Wabash River above the Vincennes tract that has not already been ceded (Tr in same; certi­ fied by Parke on 29 Aug.). Among his explanatory observa‑ tions, Harrison told Dearborn that the Miami and Potawatomi leaders wanted an increase in their annuities to put them on the same footing as the Delawares, which would in part compensate them for the land ceded in the Treaty of Vincennes in 1804. Harrison refused their initial de‑ mands for a larger annuity, but allowed that they could gain more if they ceded more land, thus spurring the negotiations at Grouseland. He was concerned about the treaty provision acknowledging that the Miami, Wea, and Eel River tribes held land in common, but was certain that “it will be no difficult matter to get them in the course of a few years to make a divi‑ sion of the land,” and the United States would be able to purchase those lands soon (Douglas E. Clanin and Ruth Dor‑

rel, eds., The Papers of William Henry Har‑ rison, 1800‑1815, 10 microfilm reels [In‑ dianapolis, 1994-99], 2:324‑7). your directions relative to the turtle: see TJ to Harrison, 28 Apr. Following TJ’s instructions to exhibit “liberality” toward Little Turtle, Harrison promised him $50 per year in addition to  his pension and directed Wells, who was the Miami leader’s interpreter and son‑in‑law as well as the agent, to purchase an enslaved man for him. Little Turtle was also a signer of the treaty at Grouseland (same, 327; Vol. 30:82n). John griffin was at this point a judge for Indiana Territory. In a 3 Oct. letter to Madison, Griffin’s father, Cyrus Griffin, recommended his son’s relocation to Mich‑ igan “principally on account of health” (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR, endorsed by TJ: “Griffin John to be judge Michi‑ gan”; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:403‑4). Samuel huntington had re‑ cently declined the Michigan post (George Tod to TJ, 2 June; TJ to Robert Smith, 9 June).

To Thomas Ewell Sir Monticello Aug. 30. 05. I thank you for the pamphlet you have been so kind as to send me, and shall read it with pleasure in the first leisure moment. how far a general work on chemistry is yet to be desired you are more able to judge than I am. but of the importance of turning a knolege of chem‑ istry to1 houshold purposes I have been long satisfied. the common herd of philosophers seem to write only for one another. the chemists have filled volumes on the composition of a thousand substances of no sort of importance to the purposes of life; while the arts of making bread, butter cheese, vinegar, soap, beer, cyder &c remain totally un‑ explained. Chaptal has lately given the chemistry of wine making. the late Doctr. Pennington did the same as to bread, & promised to pur‑ sue the line of rendering his knolege useful to common life; but death deprived us of his labors. good treatises on these subjects would re‑ cieve general approbation.   I recall with pleasure the many happy days of my youth spent at College with your father. the friendships which are formed at that period are those which remain dearest to our latest day. I learn with great pleasure also that he approves the course  272 

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of administration of the public affairs which I am pursuing. I am more uneasy under the disapprobation of my friends than others because it does not arise from hostile dispositions. in all cases I know that what‑ ever your father thinks is from honest motives. Accept my salutations & assurances of respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Doctr. Thomas Ewell.” pamphlet: see Ewell to TJ, 23 Aug. Jean Antoine chaptal was an author of Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture

de la vigne (see TJ to Philippe Reibelt, 21 June). For John Penington (penning‑ ton), see Vol. 34:480‑1. 1

 TJ here canceled “the domestic.”

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin Monticello Aug. 30. 05. Your letters of the 21st. & 23. were recieved yesterday. mine by the preceding post had informed you that on seeing an account of Gibaut’s death in the Salem paper I immediately ordered a commission for Kittridge. I gave notice of it to Crownenshield by the same post. I am glad it was done. for after a good candidate is known, delay only gives time to intrigue, to interest a greater number of persons & consequently to make more malcontents by disappointment. I well remember that1 Toulman’s commission as reciever was signed: that it occurred to me afterwards as improper to give an office during pleasure, to one whom the constitution had endeavored to make inde‑ pendant by an office for life, & I expressed to you my regret. you said the commission was still in your power, on which we agreed to suppress it. I am still of the same opinion. we departed from it in the case of Lucas, because the inferior commission was temporary, & he could not accept the principal one without the aid of that. affectionate salutations. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury New York”; postmarked Milton, 31 Aug. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Kittridge. Toulman.”

notice of it: TJ to Jacob Crownin‑ shield, 26 Aug. case of lucas: see Gallatin to TJ, 18 Apr.; TJ to the State Department, 30 Apr.; Gallatin to TJ, 26 June. 1 TJ

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here canceled “Folwell.”

To Robert Smith Th:J. to mr Smith Monticello Aug. 30. 05. If your honor can make any use of his honor mr Hunt writer of the inclosed, I dare say he will have the honor of thanking1 you very sincerely. I desired mr Madison to send you the papers relating to our nego‑ ciation with Spain. I have asked the favor of the other gentlemen, as I do of you, to write me your first thoughts on the measures most proper to be pursued. when I shall have recieved all these, I can from their general tenor make out specific questions for your final consideration. Mr. Gavino has given information of the arrival there of all the gunboats except No. 7. Accept Affectionate salutations. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Hunt. Span. affrs.” Enclosure: Walter S. Hunt to TJ, 23 Aug., not found, regarding a position in the navy (see Appendix iv). At the time of writing to TJ, hunt was in the process of discharging his unpaid debts through bankruptcy (Baltimore Telegraphe and Daily Advertiser, 13 Apr. 1805).

i desired: see TJ to James Madison, 25 Aug. On 22 June, John gavino wrote to Madison about the arrival of the navy’s gunboats at Gibraltar (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:488‑9). 1 TJ wrote “dare say he will thank” be‑ fore altering the text to read as above.

From Robert Smith Sir, Balt. Augt. 30. 1805. I am extremely happy in informing you that the Transport Frigate the John Adams and all the Gun Boats excepting the one that put back into New‑York have safely arrived at Gibralter and that after mounting their guns there they proceeded thence to join the Squad‑ ron. Although the frigate’s passage was short Vizt. 30 days yet the guns boats notwithstanding their having been in several very severe gales of wind arrived first at Gibralter. I mean those that sailed with her from New‑York. The result of this experiment cannot but give pleasure to every honest American. It will make a powerful impres‑ sion upon all the Barbary powers and the Europeans will consider it as a specimen of our enterprising genius. I cannot now entertain a doubt of the favourable issue of our affair with Tripoli. The Commo‑ dore was in due season apprised by me that the gun boats would join him about the 1st of July. Of course he must have postponed all seri‑ ous Operations until their arrival. As they left Gibralter in time to  274 

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reach the squadron about the time appointed every thing has been done on our part that could have been expected. And I confidently expect that the Squadron have well performed their part. The Bomb Ketches equipped under the superintendence of Preble at Boston sailed on the 19 and 23 of June. They of course could not have been before Tripoli until about the first Week of August. And in case Tripoli should not have been previously reduced they will then be very useful. Believing that the gun boats could not with safety return to our Coast in the winter Season I have sent to the Commodore an order of which the enclosed is a Copy. They would in case of peace with Tripoli be useless in the Mediterranian1 and might possibly be of some use at New Orleans. To this port they can securely go at any season of the year. And this being our most vulnerable point ought to be the best guarded. This letter went by a Vessel whose time of sailing would not allow me to submit it to your inspection before it was sent. Any additional instructions upon this subject which you may be pleased to suggest I will be very happy in Communicating to the Commodore. If circumstances should render it necessary to send the Gun Boats under a stronger Convoy the Commodore under his general powers will not neglect such an additional precaution. As the gun boats that have arrived in the Medn have proved them‑ selves such good Sailers we need have no fears about the one that was forced to put back into New‑York. She will join the Squadron prob‑ ably about the same time the two Bomb Ketches will. Enclosed you have a Copy of the instructions to Capt Murray Capt Chauncey and the Commanding Officer of gun Boat No. 1. Any amend‑ ments which you may deem necessary can be easily communicated. The two gun boats we have been building at Portland under the superin‑ tendence of Preble are almost completed. You will be pleased to inform me in what manner you wish them to be at present employed.—Would it not be well that they like No. 1 should be assisting in scouring our Coast until it should be deemed proper to send them to New‑Orleans? The Brig of War the Hornet built at this place does us great hon‑ our. She is more admired than any vessel of war the U. States have produced. She has in the estimation of all of our best judges raised the professional character of Mr. Fox very high. And the Brig the Wasp we are building at Washington will, I think, be yet more admired. Mrs. Madison’s indisposition has unhappily detained Mr Madison longer than he had imagined. I am from his last letter hourly expect‑ ing to have the pleasure of seeing him. Respectfully & truly your Obed Servt. Rt Smith  275 

30 AUGUST 1805  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and “gun boats. Barron. Mur‑ ray” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Smith to Samuel Barron, 5 Aug., au‑ thorizing him, “when peace with Tripoli shall have been effected,” to send to the United States any vessels that may be spared, to have repairs made to any ves‑ sels not in condition for an immediate return, and to provide for the convoy of gunboats to New Orleans if the season is safe for them to cross the ocean (ndbw, 6:207). (2) Smith to Alexander Murray, the captain of the frigate Adams, 31 July, consisting of orders for cruising off the eastern coast; similar instructions to Isaac Chauncey, the captain of the Hornet, and James Biddle, commanding officer of Gun­ boat No. 1, went out on 23 Sep. and 11 Oct., respectively (same, 199; see TJ to

Smith, 4 July, and Notes on a Cabinet Meeting, 8 July). put back into new‑york: Gunboat No. 7 returned to port with a sprung mast. The boat was subsequently lost at sea attempting to reach the Mediterra‑ nean (ndbw, Register, 82‑3). two gun boats: Gunboat No. 11 was constructed at portland and No. 12 at Newburyport, Massachusetts (Spencer C. Tucker, The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy [Columbia, S.C., 1993], 184‑5). does us great honour: on 20 Oct., Chauncey reported to Smith that the Hor‑ net “sails fast, works well, is remarkably stiff, and I presume will prove an excel‑ lent Sea Boat” (ndbw, 6:294). 1

 Preceding three words interlined.

To Abraham Bradley, Jr.

Monticello Aug. 31. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to mr Bradley & returns him the letters of mr Abraham with thanks for the communication. mr Abraham’s difficulties appear considerable; but the object is so important that we must surmount them. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 30 Aug. and so recorded in SJL.

returns him the letters: see Brad‑ ley to TJ, 28 Aug.

From Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis Dal Bardo di Tunis, Li 5 delle Luna Gemed Theni dell’anno dell’Egira 1220 Mio Grande e E Li 31 del Mese di Agosto 1805 Buono Amico Era Cristiana Non credeva certamente di dovere essere nella necessità di Scri­ vervi nel Senso attuale; ma giacchè una inaspettata combinazione così richiede, e che le da mè non mai provocate consequenze che Sono derivate da una male aproposito fattami querela, mi procurano questo Sommo e per mè Sempre nuovo piacere, mi limiterò a dirvi, che es‑ sendomi risoluto a Spedire un mio Ambasciatore presso la Vostra Per‑ sona, nella mira di Sempre più convincervi della mia buona Amicizia  276 

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per Voi e la Vostra Nazione, E della alta Stima che vi professo parti‑ colarmente, ho consegnato al medemo un Compendio di quanto in ultimo luogo è Stato discusso, fra il Commodore Rodgers, il Console Generale Tobias Lear, e mè. Dal medemo vi compiacerete rilevare che tanti dispiaceri provatisi in quest’occasione potevano benissimo evitarsi Senza L’umore troppo Marzziale del predetto Commodore Rodgers, molto imprudentemente Stato alimentato ed acceso dall’Incaricato d’affari, Giorgio Davis la condotta Equivoca del quale meritava da Voi esame, come a mè ha recato estrema maraviglia. Il Testè Cittato mio Ambasciatore che Sarà latore della presente, è il mio fedele e Benemerito Servitore Soliman Mellemelli, che già Io aveva destinato per una Missone importante in Costantinopoli presio del Gran Sultano. Egli è incaricato di presentarvi delli contrassegni di mia Stima che Spero che gradirete, con accoglierlo favorevolmente, e principalmente quando vi assicurerà della perfetta mia buona amicizia e del desiderio che io ho di continuarla, malgrado quanto Si è fatto e tentato, per im‑ mergerci in un Stato di Guerra. Siccome malgrado la desterità del Sagace Console Lear, (il quale in virtu delli poteri da Voi confertigli ha trattato meco in quest’occasione,) non habbiamo potuto combinare in una maniera equalmente Van‑ taggiosa e reciproca, li diversi punti di querele e di pretese, messi in Campo dal Commodore Rodgers e dall’Incaricato Davis, per essere li medemi divenuti per colpa loro di natura tale che necessitave il vostro esame e la vostra decisione diretta, così Io ho munito il mio Ambascia­ tore delli miei poteri e delle mie Instruzioni per trattare con Voi e terminare ogni cosa a tenore delle medesme mie Instruzioni. La principale pretesa Si è quella del Cambiamento e aggiunta di alcuni articoli del nostro Trattato di Pace Solennemente approvato e Ratificato dal Vostro Predecessore. Io non Sò, ne ho potuto Capire come ciò habbiasi potuto preten­ dere; con usarmi ancora delle minaccie; quando da Voi non mi è mai Stato indirizzata ne Significata una Simile pretesa. Sicchè non cono‑ scendo raggioni per fare un tale Cambiamento, [.  .  .] avendo Io pia‑ cere di alterare I nostri trattati, ho però proposto al Console Generale Lear, che Consentirei al Cambiamento ricercato, mediante che mi Sí accordasse un proporzionato Compenso. Questo è uno delli punti principali per cui non Siamo pervenuti ad accordarci ed egli è Sopra di ciò, che Vi prego, mio Grande e Buono Amico, a dare intiero e pieno Credito a tutto quello che il mio Amba­ sciatore vi dirà in nome mio, assicurandovi che Sarà da mè approvato  277 

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tutto quello che il medevo concluderà e Stabilirà con Voi a tenore e di Conformità agli datigli miei ordini ed Instruzioni. Impaziente di ricevere li grati Vostri riscontri coll’avviso dell’arrivo felice presso di Voi del mio Ambasciatore, che nuovamente vi racco‑ mando, Vi auguro del Cielo, mio Grande e Buono Amico, le più Compite felicità. Hamuda Bassà Bey

e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

From the Bardo of Tunis, on the 5th of Jumuda al‑Thani in the Hegira year 1220, My Great and the 31st of the Month of August 1805 Good Friend of the Christian Era I certainly did not think I would be compelled to write you as I am now. An unexpected situation, however, requires it, and the consequences that I did not provoke and that derived from a complaint unjustly moved against me provide this highest and for me always new pleasure. I will confine myself to say that I have decided to send an envoy to you with the aim of making you ever more certain of the friendship I have for you and your nation and of the esteem I profess to you in particular. I have entrusted to the said ambassador a summary of what most recently has been discussed between Commodore Rodgers, Consul General Tobias Lear, and me. You will be pleased to gather from him that many disappointments, which have arisen on this occasion, could have easily been avoided, but for the ex‑ ceedingly martial disposition of said Commodore Rodgers, which the chargé d’affaires George Davis quite unwisely lighted and fanned, a reprehensible behavior that no less deserved your inquiry as it greatly marveled me. The said ambassador who will be the bearer of this letter is my faithful and deserving servant Sulayman Melmelli, whom I had previously charged with an important mission to the Great Sultan in Constantinople. His charge is to present you the expression of my esteem, which I hope you will accept by favorably receiving him, in particular since he will affirm my perfect good friendship and express my desire to continue in it, in spite of what has been done and undertaken to involve us in a state of war. Notwithstanding the ability and acumen of Consul Lear (who, with the powers you conferred in him, has on this occasion negotiated with me) we have not been able to settle in an equally and reciprocally advantageous way the various points of complaints and claims leveled by Commodore Rodgers and the chargé d’affaires Davis. They are to be blamed if these requests have become of such a nature that they required your consideration and direct deci‑ sion; thus, I have entrusted to my ambassador my mandate and instructions to negotiate with you and determine all affairs according to my said instructions.

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31 AUGUST 1805 The main demand is that some articles be changed and added to the peace treaty between us, solemnly approved and ratified by your predecessor. I do not know, nor have been able to gather, how it has been possible that such a demand was made of me, and with the accompaniment of threats, when you had never communicated nor advanced any such pretense with me. Therefore, as I did not know of any reason to make such change nor did I desire to alter our treaties, I have answered to Consul General Lear that I would consent to the change that is being sought, as long as I were to receive some adequate compensation. This is one of the main points on account of which we have not reached an agreement, and it is about this matter that I entreat you, my great and good friend, to give total and full credit to all that my ambassador will say in my name. I assure you that I will approve everything he will agree upon and de‑ cide with you in accordance with and conformity to the orders and instruc‑ tions I have given him. Impatiently awaiting to receive your reply attesting that my ambassador, whom I again recommend to you, has safely reached you, I wish from heaven, my great and good friend, every possible happiness. Hamuda Bassà Bey RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Tunis); dam‑ aged; in a clerk’s hand, with Hammuda’s seal; at head of text: “Hamuda Bassà Bey, Principe delli Principi di Tunis, la Città la Ben Guardata, Il Soggiorno della Fe‑ licità Al Sigr Tomaso Jefferson Presidente delli Stati Uniti di America” (Hammuda Pasha Bey, Prince of the Princes of Tunis, the City Well Guarded, the Abode of Happiness, to Signore Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States of Amer‑ ica); endorsed by a clerk. For the beginning of hostile exchanges between Hammuda and John rodgers, see Hammuda’s letter of 17 July to TJ. Late in July, Rodgers sailed from Malta to Tunis with the Mediterranean squad‑ ron, taking with him Tobias Lear. George davis had previously communicated to Lear and Rodgers that Hammuda refused to recognize Lear as a proper person with whom to negotiate and that Hammuda viewed a naval show of force as justifica­ tion for a declaration of war, characteriza‑ tions that the bey later claimed distorted his positions. With Davis acting as in­ termediary, Rodgers demanded that the bey forswear any intention to initiate hos‑ tilities, while Lear tried to convince Ham‑ muda that TJ had authorized him to nego‑

tiate with all the Barbary states. Rodgers readied the squadron for war but also granted an extension of the time he had given the bey to produce a declaration of peaceable intent. Hammuda eventually dis‑ avowed any threats, promised to send an envoy to the United States, and invited Lear to settle any differences existing be‑ tween the countries. In their negotiations, Lear sought changes to several articles of the countries’ 1797 treaty (nostri trat‑ tati). The Tunisians agreed that during the time of Sulayman Melmelli’s mission, American merchants would be placed on the same footing as those of Great Britain and France and that the bey would apply the same criteria in making use of Ameri‑ can vessels as he did those of the Euro‑ pean powers. They would leave in place, however, provisions related to the saluting of American naval vessels and the return of escaped slaves from Tunis found on board U.S. vessels. Hammuda also requested Davis’s removal as chargé d’affaires, and Davis himself rejected Lear’s suggestion that he might retain the position, pre­ ferring instead to return to the United States, where he could defend his conduct (ndbw, 6:200‑9, 244‑5, 257‑8; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:265‑75, 280‑9).

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From Benjamin H. Latrobe Dear Sir Washington, Augt. 31st. 1805 I have been here for some time, 10 days & shall remain untill every thing which requires my presence is compleatly disposed of, which will be the case I hope about the middle of next week. I will now en‑ deavor to give you full information of all the circumstances attending the present state of the public buildings. 1. The Capitol.— The exterior walls are caried up perfectly as high as the top of the lower block of the pilaster Capitals. The Pilaster capitals consist of two blocks, the lower (which is the highest of the two) comprises all the leaves, the upper, the volutes of the order. The angle buildings in the interior of the room are also carried up to this heighth. From this level, which is also that of the top of the Architrave of the interior colonnade, springs the arch of the area behind the Colonnade, con‑ taining the lobby and gallery.—The upper blocks of the Pilasters are all on the Walls and those at the angles are set. Had this day not been extremely wet it is probable that those on the East, & west fronts would have been set, & the Wall partly carried up. If the next week should prove fair it will be easy to set all the Capitals & level the Wall for the reception of the Architrave. As soon as all these Capitals shall be in their places we shall im‑ mediately put on the Architrave which consists of a single Block in highth & carries the work up two feet in one course. All the Archi‑ trave is ready in the Yard, as is the Frieze & above − ⁶₇th. of the Cornice. I shall be much disappointed if by the first of October the whole en‑ tablature be not in its place.—This however will depend much upon the weather. The Cornice blocks both of the South & East fronts are ready, those that are wanting belong to the West front. In the interior the Wall of enclosure of the Hall of representatives is carried up to its full highth, but no part of the freestone coping, upon which the Colonnade rests is set. The Blocks of the Columns are, nearly all, in the Yard and most of the lower tier are wrought as well as some of the upper tiers. There is therefore a prospect that by the time Congress shall meet, not only the external walls will be at their heighth (independently of the ballustrade)1 but also, that the interior Colonnade will show its figure and intention.— North wing of the Capitol. As it has been the expectation of many of the Senators that of the Sum of 20.000$ in addition to 110.000 appropriated to the South wing, a sufficient portion should be expended upon the accomodation  280 

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of that body,—I have agreeably to the wish you expressed in the last conversation with me on the subject, taken a particular survey of the state of that wing, and am more & more confirmed in my opinion that it must some day or other be compleatly gutted, and solidly constructed in the interior. Colonel Worthington of the State of Ohio being accidentally here, seconded with great warmth the desire of Mr Mathers, that at all events more committee rooms should be provided for the accomodation of the house. Both stated that as the room marked C was the only Committee room the first Member of a Committee who could get into it every morning, seized it for the use of his Com‑ mittee; That thus a Committee on a trifling business were often in possession of the room, while the most important affairs were transacted in a corner of the Senate chamber amidst the bustle, usu‑ ally preceding the opening of the house.—I was assured that if the Senate did not find some show of attention to their accomodation, their temper might prove far from friendly to any city objects which might come before them. It was therefore my intention to have laid before you a plan of divi‑ sion of the rooms on the ground floor in order to attain these wishes previously to any thing being done. But a discovery which I made in the room marked A, heretofore the Clerks office & in which the Sen‑ ate sat last Session, obliged me to order immediate proceedings.— I had long observed that the plaistering of the cieling of this room was much cracked, and I had directed Mr Lenthall in the course of the Summer to examine its state. He did so & found that it was in a dangerous state, the whole of it threatning to come down. Accord‑ ingly the plaistering2 was taken down on my arrival here, the laths opened (for they were too close) and a new coat put on. This was completed yesterday, and this morning I went upon the scaffolding to examine it. To my surprize I found that in one place the cieling had sunk full six inches, & according to the account of the plaisterer had come down considerably since he began to work. I therefore ordered the laths to be taken off in the lowest part where the dotted line crosses the room from South to North., I there found a trussed girder which on examination proved to be rotten with what is called very improperly, the dry rot. This species of rot cannot I believe be effectually stopped. It is in fact the effect of a white moist vegetation of the species I beleive  281 

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of lichen which spreads itself through the fibres of the timber. It is similar to parchment, & leaves at last of the timber nothing but that shell which is exposed to the air.—As the Girder which is thus affected carries ½ of the joists of the room, it became immediately necessary to support it especially as any alarm respecting its safety would spread into the house of representatives sitting in the library above.—It im‑ mediately occurred to me that a partition running from West to East would support both the sunken Girder, & the other which is not ap‑ parently faulty & lies nearer to the fireplace, and divide the room into two Committee rooms. As no time was to be lost, I have ordered this plan to be carried into immediate effect, supporting the partition from below, and placing a very strong post under the faulty girder. These two Committee rooms will be entered from the Semieliptical Vesti‑ bule at D. The Northern room must be warmed by a Stove. Colonel Worthington pointed out so pressingly the necessity of at least 3 Com‑ mittee rooms, that I beg leave to propose another partition across the Vestibule at B. The expence of this whole alteration will be compara‑ tively small, and its effect on the convenience of the house will be felt in the most favorable manner. I beg your decision on this point as soon as convenient. In the Senate chamber itself much repair is wanted. The plaistering of 3 of the Columns is so burst as to gape from top to bottom from ½ to a whole inch. The State of these Columns is danger‑ ous, and as it is impossible to say to what extent a repair by pulling off the lath & plaister & replaistering them might lead, I have di‑ rected a band of strong linnen to be put round them, drawn together on the side next to the Gallery so as not to be visible below. When this is done the cracks may be filled, and the whole being white washed, the failure cannot be seen. Another large patch has lately fallen from the cieling on the right of the presidents Chair. Our people are getting up a scaffold to examine & repair it. I am wholly in despair about this room and am impatient for the period at which your idea of raising it up to the next story can be carried into effect. If the additional Com‑ mittee rooms do not put the Senate into good humor, I must fear their patched Chamber will much injure their temper towards the city.— Before I leave the Capitol I beg to remark, that I had scarcely ar‑ rived before my ears were filled with the scandal of the city on the subject of Mr Blagden’s being employed at the Navy Yard, to the injury of the work on the Capitol. I was also told that complaint in writing would be or had been made to you on the subject.—Now it is true that if the hands employed at the Navy Yard were employed at the Capitol the work there would be more forward,—but it is also true, that if any other Master Mason were employed at the Navy Yard,  282 

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no more journey men Masons would be employed at the Capitol than now are,—for whoever he were, he would be under the necessity of overbidding Blagden, or he would not get any hands. Mr Stuart of Baltimore has been here for the avowed purpose of enticing away as many of our hands as he could. He has not succeeded. The hands employed at the Navy Yard are two of those before resident here. Two others I have sent from the Northward. Five hands employed last Summer are entirely lost to us. Two of them are dead, one is not ex‑ pected to live, and two are very sick. The best of our Men, Haddock, has undertaking the bank of Columbia, & will not finish it for 2 Months to come. He has with him 3 or 4 more of our Men. Thus it is not the employment of Blagden at the Navy Yard so much as the immense demand for Stonecutters here & in the neighborhood that injures us. At the Presidents house, & the Treasury fireproof I have employed Shaw & Birth. They cannot get more than one journeyman, & pro­ gress very slowly, for they have also the stone work of the Presbyterian church to do. In this manner are we situated, and I do not see any resource. Next season the Cathedral of Baltimore, the Union bank & other buildings will draw off all hands that can be procured.—As to my agency in the employment of Blagden in the Navy Yard, I confess that I recommended him upon this principle,—that the importance of the Work in that department is daily growing, & ought to be in the hands of a Man of known skill & integrity. Besides a Man possessing both these qualities will actually be a novelty in the building depart‑ ment on the Eastern branch.—Nor shall we, I sincerely believe be a single day behind hand on this account. A temporary roof of scaffold boards & poles must be made over the South Wing this Winter. Em‑ ployment for Stonecutters will cease every where else. In the Capitol they may finish the interior uninterruptedly. President’s house. Of the State of this work Mr. Lennox has I believe fully informed you. Your Cellar will be an admirable one. The joists of the roof are up. I hope to see it covered without delay.—The buildings will look singularly plain this winter. Roof of the Capitol.— I have made the consideration of this roof my principal employment both at home & here for some time past, & have as much convinced myself of the beauty which will result from the Windows a la Halle au bled, as of the pressing necessity of seriously deliberating whether they must not be given up, even now.—I therefore hope you will, as you have so often before,—pardon my once more stating to you all that occurs to me on the subject. Should your decision be still in favor  283 

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of this method of lighting the house I will immediately endeavor to make the best possible contrivance which its nature will admit.— 1., The enclosed drawing shews the part of a semicircle which would be occupied3 by the windows. Their extreme flatness will be more apparent hereby than by shewing only the Segment.— 2. The drawing I formerly submitted shews that the Sun will look into the house through the South windows and a short time through the East & West, in the shortest days, & that at the equinox it will begin to look in thro’ all the windows, & be very troublesome at Midsummer. 3., From the first observation results the difficulty of preventing leak‑ age,—from the second the necessity of blinding the majority of the light for the greatest part of the Session. 4., The size of these windows observing the best proportion would be 5ft × 15ft. = 4 lights by 10 lights = 40 lights in each Window, in all 800 lights in the 20 Windows.—These 800 lights or panes of glass have each 3 joints (one being in common between 2 lights) making the number of joints 2.400,—being so many chances of leakage. 5. A single leaky joint, dropping upon the head or desk of a member will disturb the whole house, and in some directions of the wind and rain will discharge a very large quantity of Water. Leaks of this sort are always difficult to repair. In winter the frost renders them almost unavoidable. Another source of leakage will arise out of the breaking of the Glass in clearing off the snow by careless servants, and hail may destroy half the lights in a few minutes.— 6. But the leakage is not the only source of wet dropping from the windows. In winter the condensation of Vapor in so high a room upon the cold Glass is sufficient to keep up a sort of rain from above. In the Pennsylvanian bank there was in Winter always a ring of Wet round the stove of exactly the diameter of the opening in the dome over which the Lanthorn is constructed, and which arose from the con‑ densation of the vapor on the upright Sashes, running down over the rim of the opening. It was so troublesome that I have taken steps to catch it & turn it out under the Sash. After a moist easterly wind, if a cold north west wind arose, the water ran down in very heavy drops, and streamed over the floor. Would not this be still more the case in a room in which so much moist breath ascends, to be condensed by the winter’s Air upon the Glass lying almost horizontally.—And of this Glass the Windows will contain (including the bars)4 3.750 super­ ficial feet.— 7., In the calculation of the size of the Glass, I have adopted a small pane, as the most easily procured at first, & also most easily repaired,  284 

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namely 14 inches by 19 inches; so that 4 in the width & 10 in the highth of the sash making 40 in each window. German Glass, unless expressly manufactured, is too thin for the purpose, & it would per‑ haps be best to order immediately a redundant quatity of thick Glass either from Hamburg or England, which should be not less than − ₁¹−₀th of an inch thick. If immediately ordered, glass of this thickness might arrive early in spring. German Glass is however deservedly getting into very bad reputation. Almost5 All the 10 by 12 & 8 by 10 Glass imported last Year into Philadelphia from Hamburg is so thin & knotty as to be scarcely saleable.—I am told that this is owing to the sudden demand for German Glass for the American Market, which has had an effect on the speculative views of the Glass Manufacturers in Bohemia,—for, in the french Market nothing but good Glass is saleable.—English Glass is better but very dear. To these objections arising from the chance of leakage I will add, a few others.— 8., Previously to the last session held in the old eliptical building, I opened 6 windows in the roof: They were not nearly so flat as those now proposed,—yet they leaked, or dropped by the condensation of vapor., However, as it was known to be merely a temporary arrange‑ ment no complaint was made on that score,—but they were exceed‑ ingly disliked by the members on acct. of the effect of the light, which the total exclusion of the view of the heavens by blinds did not entirely cure. Experience indeed has taught artists that nothing is so unpleas‑ ant as to draw under a sky light,—whereas upright Sashes aloft, with an opaque cieling has a pleasant effect and therefore such are used in all painting rooms and academies.—Will not this unpleasant kind of light be the cause of great complaint among the members? after the effects of its beauty is worn off 6 9. I have employed much thought & have made several drawings with a view to the contrivance of a means of opening & shutting a set of blinds over each window, without going for that purpose upon the roof.—If the roof were cylindrical so as to put all the blinds into parallel planes, I should see no difficulty in it: but as the windows are all radiated, the              contrivance would be complicated. Still              it is practicable thus aaa, stands under the            Slats of the blind, which are hung on pivots          in the frame. b.b. is a rod to which the upper edges      of the Slats are attached by staples. c. is a roller under    which the line passes, to keep it in the direction of the rod. d. is   a roller to carry the line clear, & make it descend perpendicularly behind the Colonnade. f. is its standard. e the line.  285 

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 From each of the lights a line would descend behind the Column.— To be impartial, I must confess that this would very much remove the objection to the cost of light;—but to keep all this in order would be troublesome.—The great objection certainly arises from the chances of leakage & the dropping of condensed vapor.— After all I have said, & with the full conviction of my own mind, as to the reasonableness7 of my apprehensions; and moreover,—anxious beyond expression, that the character of all that is done in the depart‑ ment with which you have entrusted me, should be as permanent as that of my predecessors has been evanescent, I give up the beauty of the light with extreme reluctance. And if you do not find my fears and reasonings unsubstantial, I should certainly sacrifice every thing that flatters the taste of the artist, to the certainty of succeeding in a less brilliant mode of construction. A failure in a small part of any great undertaking destroys more easily, than compleat success creates the character of the work, the artist, & the government. In the center build‑ ing if a semicircular dome be combined with your elegant proposition of the open portico; a thing highly practicable; no objection would exist to this scheme of light, for the space would not be a hall of busi‑ ness, nor would small & occasional leakage be of importance.— I now most respectfully submit to you all I have to say on this sub‑ ject, & await your final decision. Whenever I receive it, I shall imme‑ diately exert myself to carry it into the most perfect execution. I am with the truest respect Your faithful hble Servt B Henry Latrobe RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. For the funds appropriated to the south wing of the Capitol, see Vol. 45:135, 397‑8. John Haydock (haddock), an English stonecutter who had worked on the Capi‑ tol, was also employed on the construction of the new bank of columbia in George‑ town for which Latrobe had designed an iron roof (Latrobe, Correspondence, 2:137). To address the immense demand for stonecutters in Washington, George Blagden had recruited locally and in Phil‑ adelphia for aspiring young men and ex‑ perienced masons for work “of a kind superior to any yet done in the United States” (Aurora, 6 Feb.; National Intelli‑ gencer, 15 Feb.).

drawing i formerly submitted: in a drawing of the transverse section of the south wing of the Capitol, looking south, with light lines added before July 1805, Latrobe diagrammed the seasonal direct sunlight through the skylights that would extend to the working level of the House chamber (DLC: Prints and Photographs Division; reproduced in Jeffrey A. Cohen and Charles E. Brownell, Architectural Drawings of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 2 vols. [New Haven, 1994], v. 2 , pt. 2:378; see also 352, 379‑80). 1 Closing

parenthesis supplied. interlined in place of “cieling.” interlined in place of “lighted.” 4 Closing parenthesis supplied. 5 Word interlined. 6 Preceding nine words interlined. 7 Word interlined in place of “truth.” 2 Word 3 Word

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e n c l o s u r e

Section of the Roof of the Capitol

MS (DLC: United States Commissioners of the District of Columbia Papers); un‑ dated; in Latrobe’s hand; see Cohen and Brownell, Architectural Drawings, v. 2, pt. 2:352.

To James McDowell and Others Gentlemen Monticello Aug. 31. 05. Your letter of the 19th. has been duly recieved, & I now inclose you a small parcel of the Jerusalem wheat which I recieved from a gentle‑ man in Ireland. the parcel sent me had before been so subdivided & parcelled out, to ensure it, that I am obliged to send you but a small portion. wishing you success in it’s preservation, I tender you my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP); at foot of text: “Messrs. Mc.Dowell, Rodger, Finley & Patterson”; addressed: “James Mc.Dowell esq. at or near Lexington Virginia”; franked. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

gentleman in ireland: William Moore (Vol. 45:40‑1).

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From William Short Aug. 31. [1805] Jeffern. Prest.—Aug. 31—to ackg. his of Aug. 18. & return the order on G & J & why—desirable for me to rest as much as possible now & during winter—my intention to go in spring or summer—have been here long enough to wipe of disqualifying stain—from observation see that it rather a qualification—have given up this as the cause, & suppose there must be some other—plans first Niagara—then Mon‑ ticello & Berkley—now here Long branch, & return by Bethlehem shall probably take up winter quarters in Philad. & akge—wherever I may be, &c, remain yours truly & sincerely FC (DLC: Short Papers); partially dated; entirely in Short’s hand, consist‑ ing of an entry in his epistolary record. Recorded in SJL as received from Long Branch on 6 Sep. 1805. g & j: Gibson & Jefferson. disqualifying stain: TJ had in‑ formed Short in 1801 that he could not

receive a new diplomatic position because he had been away from the United States for an extended period and was unfamil‑ iar with Americans’ opinions, economy, and “habits & manners” (TJ to Short, 3 Oct. 1801; see also Short to TJ, 6 Aug. 1798).

From Robert Smith sir, Navy Depmt 31 Augt. 1805. Should you approve of the appointment of Mr. Town to a 2nd. Lieutenancy of Marines, I request your signature to the commission herewith sent. The enclosed letters recommending him for the ap‑ pointment, will explain to you his qualifications. I am with high respect Sir, yr. mo ob Servt. Rt Smith RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Smith; at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson esqr. President of the U States Monti‑ cello”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and “Town” and so recorded in SJL. FC

(Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSP). Enclosures not found. Thomas town served in the Marine Corps until his resignation in March 1806 (ndbw, Register, 66).

 288 

Assessment of Postal Route from Francis Abraham [July‑August 1805?] A true Statement of the Bad Earth Betwen Fort Stoddert & Pearl River From Fort Stoddert to Dog River very good; on the West Side of Said river 1 quarter of a mile Which is Bad thence on to the pasper‑ golar very good Escept some small streams Which will want Bridg‑ ing; on the wist Side of Said river 5 Miles very Bad which will want coswaying & Bridging nearly all the way; from thence to Bog Lucer the ground is furm Except a Small Stream Which will want cosway‑ ing prohaps 200 yards; from thence to Bog hommer very good; Both of those rivers all ways Swimming; from thence to Bog S,a peter Good; on the west Side of said Bog 100 yards Bad; From thence to hammock River very good;— From thence to Woolf river I suppose will need 4 Miles coswaying & 2 Bridges; from thence to Cataholer furm Earth 2 creaks which will need Bridging; from thence to Fovers Bluff on Pearl river 12 Miles the way is Lo & very Bad— you will finde with Abraham Bradley Esqr. the Distances of all these water courses from one to the other Francis Abraham RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 234:41886); un‑ dated; at foot of text: “To his honour the president of the united” and “Washing‑ ton city”; endorsed by TJ: “Road from Ft. Stoddert to Pearl river Abram’s acct of it.” The date of Abraham’s report and the means by which it came to TJ are uncer‑ tain, although it likely was prepared and received sometime during the summer of 1805. Abraham received his contract to carry the mail between Coweta and New Orleans in March. Details of his subse‑ quent activities are sparse. He likely gath‑ ered the information reported above by early July. Writing to Madison on 5 July, William C. C. Claiborne stated that Abra‑ ham had been to New Orleans twice, re‑ porting that the road between Fort Stod‑ dert and New Orleans was “difficult and often interrupted by High Waters” (Mad‑ ison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:25). Gideon Granger, however, reported receiv‑ ing only two communications from Abra‑

ham, dated 25 May and 25 June, the lat‑ ter of which was sent from Fort Stoddert. Neither has been found (see Granger to TJ, 19 July, 19 Aug.). Abraham Bradley, Jr., sent TJ two unidentified letters by Abraham on 28 Aug., but TJ apparently returned these to Bradley on the 31st. Bradley recorded the distances be‑ tween the waterways described by Abra‑ ham on the verso of an undated printed broadside that is now in TJ’s papers titled “List of Stages On the new Post‑Road from Washington City to N. Orleans.” According to Bradley’s list, the distance from Fort Stoddert to Dog River was 25 miles; thence to Pascagoula River, 35 miles; thence to Bogue “Lucer” (Black Creek), 19 miles; thence to Bogue “Houma” (Red Creek), 10 miles; thence to St. Peter’s (“Ste Petre”) Creek, 20 miles; thence to Hammock River, 15 miles; thence to Log Creek (not mentioned by Abraham), 8 miles; thence to Wolf River, 12 miles; thence to Catahoula Creek, 12 miles; and thence to Favre’s Bluff on the Pearl River,

 289 

AUGUST 1805 12 miles. Bradley also noted the width of the waterways and provided a brief phys‑ ical description of each (DLC: TJ Pa‑ pers, 234:41846). Granger incorporated much of the information provided by Abra‑ ham and recorded by Bradley in a 21

Mch. 1806 message to the House of Rep‑ resentatives regarding obstructions on the postal route between Athens, Georgia, and New Orleans (asp, Post Office Depart‑ ment, 1:39‑40; jhr, 5:321).

From Alexis Daudet Excellence, Philadelphie, le 1er. 7bre. 1805. Permettés moi de recommander a votre protection, un journal fran‑ cais, dont je suis le redacteur; ce journal destiné a entretenir l’union et l’intélligence qui regne entre deux Nations faites pour sestimer a droit a cet égard a votre bienveillance, et les bontés que vous avez pour le nom francais m’en est un sur garent, il me serait infiniment precieux de pouvoir Vous Compter a la tête de mes souscripteurs et que votre Exemple engagea quelque honnorables membres du Congrés a me proteger aussi. Veuillès bien Excellence me permettre de saisir cette Circonstance de vous présenter l’hommage de mon respectueux devouëment A. Daudet Walnut Street No 53. Philadelphie e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Excellency, Philadelphia, 1 Sep. 1805 Allow me to recommend to your protection a French journal I edit. Its goal is to foster the partnership and understanding that reign between two nations destined for mutual esteem. For this reason, the newspaper merits your be‑ nevolence. Your kindness toward France is proof of this. It would be infinitely beneficial for me to be able to include you at the top of the subscriber list and for your example to inspire some honorable members of Congress to support me also. Allow me, your excellency, to take this opportunity to express my respect‑ ful devotion. A. Daudet Walnut Street No. 53, Philadelphia RC (DLC); at head of text: “a Son Ex‑ cellence Le Président des Etats Unis”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “Newspapers.” Alexis Daudet (d. 1823), a French na‑ tive, wrote to TJ from the location of the Roche print shop and circulating library in Philadelphia. In addition to his edito‑

rial work, Daudet wrote plays and taught French and theatrical skills. He later moved to New Orleans, where he briefly edited the journal La Lanterne magique, produced an almanac, and wrote a column under the pseudonym “Feuilleton” for the Loui‑ siana Gazette (Samuel J. Marino, “Early French‑Language Newspapers in New Orleans,” Louisiana History, 7 [1966], 316‑19; Brigham, American Newspapers,

 290 

1 SEPTEMBER 1805 1:186; Aurora, 3 June 1806; Relfs Phila‑ delphia Gazette, 18 Feb. and 12 May 1807; Iris, or Orleans Evening Post, 27 June 1823; TJ to P. & C. Roche, 17 May 1805). un journal francais: Daudet pro‑ duced Le Petit censeur beginning on 4 July 1805 as a French‑language semi‑ weekly in New York. Operating under the motto by La Fontaine, “tout faiseur de journal doit tribut au mâlin” (every newspaper editor owes tribute to the devil), the pro‑Bonapartist paper was intended

to amuse and to be useful to those learn‑ ing French. In August, Daudet relocated to Philadelphia, where the publication appeared weekly in French and English from 19 Sep. through 5 Dec. (Georges Joyaux, “French Periodicals in Early America, I: Le Petit Censeur,” French‑­ American Review, 1 [1976], 96‑8; mb, 2:1172; Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 24 Aug.; Boston Repertory, 6 Dec.).

From James Madison Dear Sir Philada. Sepr. 1. 1805 I recd. yesterday yours of the 25th. The letter from Turreau ap‑ peared to me as to you, in the light of a reprehensible intrusion in a case where this Govt. ought to be guided by its own sense of propri‑ ety alone. Whether it be the effect of an habitual air of superiority in his Govt. or be meant as a particular disrespect to us is questionable. The former cause will explain it, and the latter does not seem to be a probable cause. Be it as it may, an answer breathing independence as well as friendship seems to be proper. And I inclose one to which that character was meant to be given. Just as I had finished it I was called on by Genl Smith, and considering him both in a public & personal view entitled to such a confidence, I communicated the letter & answer, in order to have the benefit of the impressions made on his mind by both. He was not insensible to the improper tone of the former, but regarded it as a misjudged precaution agst. proceedings which might be offensive to France & injurious to the harmony of the two Coun‑ tries, rather than any thing positively disrespectful to the U.S. With respect to Turreau’s part in the communication, he is entirely of that opinion. He says that Turreau speaks with the greatest respect and even affection towards the Administration; and such are the disposi‑ tions which it is certain he has uniformly manifested to me. With this impression as to the letter, he thought the answer tho’ due to its man‑ ner, was rather harder than was required by its intention. I suggested for consideration whether it ought to be softened; and if so whether it will be sufficiently & properly done by substituting, (in line 8th) for “the proper,” “a sufficient” before “motive,” and by inserting be‑ fore “left” (in line 12) the words “of course” or by some other equiva‑ lent changes. If these alterations be approved, and the Answer be otherwise so, you can have them made & the letter forwarded thro’  291 

1 SEPTEMBER 1805

Washington to Baltimore. For this purpose the date is left blank, that you may fill it suitably. If the letter should not appear proper without material alterations which cannot be made within the copy sent, you will please to send it back with the requisite instructions for a new one. You will observe that I have not expressed or particularly im‑ plied the non responsibility of the Nation for the proceedings of the State or other local authorities. Whilst it cannot be on one hand nec‑ essary to admit it, I think it would not be expedient, and might not even be correct, to deny it. Altho’ the Govt. of the U.S. may have no authority to restrain in such cases, the Foreign Govt. will not be satisfied with a reference to that feature in our Constitution, in case a real insult be offered to it; and such an insult seems possible. A State Legislature or City Corporation, might resolve & publish that Moreau had been barbarously treated, or that Bonaparte was a Usurper & Tyrant. &c &c. The more I reflect on the papers from Madrid, the more I feel the value of some mutual security for the active friendship of G.B. but the more I see at the same time the difficulty of obtaining it without a like security to her for ours. If she is to be bound, we must be so too, either to the same thing, that is, to join her in the war or to do what she will accept as equivalent to such an obligation. What can we offer? A mutual guaranty, unless so shaped as to involve us pretty certainly in her war would not be satisfactory. To offer commercial regulations, or concessions on points in the Law of nations, as a certain payment for aids which might never be recd. or required, would be a bargain liable to obvious objections of the most serious kind. Unless therefore some arrangement which has not occurred to me, can be devised, I see no other course than such an one as is suggested in my last letters. I have heard nothing from either of my Colleagues on the subject. Mr. Gallatin in returning the Spanish papers merely remarked that the business had not ended quite so badly as he had previously sup‑ posed, concuring in a remark I had made to him, that the instructions to Bowdoin would involved1 much delicacy. Moreau was visited by a Crowd here; and it is said declined a pub‑ lic dinner with a promise to accept one on his return which wd. be about October. He did not call on me, & I did not see him. The fever is Still limited but very deadly in its attacks. The present rainy weather is giving it more activity. Mrs. M. is still on her bed, the apparatus of cure fixing her there. We hoped a few days ago that she would quickly be well; towards which great progress is made; but a small operation which could not be avoided, will detain us a little longer. Yrs. always. J. Madison  292 

1 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and “Turreau. Span. affrs.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found, but see below. forwarded thro’ washington: TJ may have sent the administration’s re‑ sponse to Louis Marie Turreau, dated 30 Aug., to Jacob Wagner, who on 10 Sep. reported forwarding it to the French min‑ ister. Moreau arrived in Philadelphia on

25 Aug. and was subsequently reported to have “been waited on in the most re­ spectable manner, by the principal char‑ acters” in the city. He left Philadelphia for Morrisville, Pennsylvania, where he was taking up residence (Philadelphia United States’ Gazette, 26 Aug.; New‑York Com‑ mercial Advertiser, 30 Aug.; Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:314). 1 Word

interlined in place of “require.”

From Ahmad Qaramanli To the People of the United States Syracuse of America. 1st. Septr. 1805. It is known to the whole world that the reigning Bashaw of Trip‑ oli, Jusuf, obtained the Throne by the Murder of our Father and Elder brother and by my exile, who came next in succession. Driven by his impious and cruel usurpation, I took refuge in Egypt where I was kindly received by the Mameluke Beys, who gave me a distin‑ guished rank in the military service. Reposing in the security of peace, I had ceased to repine for the loss of my Throne, and regretted only the lot of my unhappy Subjects, doomed to the yoke of my cruel and tyranical brother. It was at this Epoch, that the arrival of General Eaton gave me hopes of better fortune, and tho’ I could not tell what were his pow‑ ers, I trusted to the faith of a great people, of whom he was the osten‑ sible representative, and threw myself into his arms. We concluded a Treaty at Alexandria, a copy of which is among the papers of Com‑ modore Barron in the custody of his Secretary Mr. Robert Denison. This treaty not only stipulates the recovery of the Throne for me, but also includes several advantageous articles for the United States, for which Genl. Eaton will be my Voucher; ought I then to suppose that the engagements of an American Agent would be disputed by his con‑ stituent Government? I cannot suppose that a Gentleman has pledged towards me the honor of his Country on purpose to deceive me! General Eaton and myself with our joint followers had already ad‑ vanced 600 miles into the Kingdom of Tripoli; and a general defec‑ tion had seized my brothers army, and all things prepared the pro‑ tected of America to be hailed Sovereign of his usurped Throne. At this juncture a peace is concluded in which a Throne, acquired by rapine & murder, is guaranteed to its usurper, and I the rightful Sovereign,  293 

1 SEPTEMBER 1805

the friend and ally of America, am left unprovided for. No article in my favor, no provision for me and my family, and no remuneration for the advantages I had foregone in trusting to American honor. I am left in Syracuse with 30 dependents, on the pittance of two hundred Dollars per Month and no prospect of future establishment. What with the expences of my retinue &c. &c. I, a Sovereign Prince, am now reduced to the pension of 150 Cents per day. I must here observe that Mr. Eaton, whose generosity I cannot sufficiently praise, has assisted me from his own finances, else hard indeed had been my lot. When the prevalence of ages has accustomed men to the Govern‑ ment of one, the right of a Throne enters into the System of human thoughts, and that usage must have its rights like others. In this situation I appeal to the Virtue, generosity and candour of the people and government of America. I trust that a brave and free Nation will interest itself in behalf of a fallen Prince, who has trusted to its National honor and good faith. I trust the Government will take my case into consideration and at least send me back to Egypt in­ demnified for those comforts lost by uniting my fortune to theirs, and I am confident the American People will feel for the misfortunes of one, who has fought in the united cause of their interest and his own right. (Signed) Ahmet Bashaw Son of Ali Bashaw Caramalla of Tripoli Tr (DNA: RG 46, EPFR, 9th Cong., 2d sess.); “LS.” within facsimile seal alongside signature. Tr (DNA: RG 233, PM, 9th Cong., 2d sess.). Recorded in SJL as received 30 Nov. Enclosed in TJ to the Senate and the House of Represen‑ tatives, 13 Jan. 1806. pittance: Ahmad’s monthly stipend was paid out of U.S. naval funds (ndbw, 6:178).

take my case into consideration: some version of Ahmad’s appeal was likely submitted to TJ by one of the naval offi­ cers who dined at the President’s House on 30 Nov. upon the return to the United States of a portion of the Mediterranean squadron (nbdw, Register, 15, 49, 53, 69‑70, 74‑5; Dinners by Date, Dinner Guest Records, MHi).

From Robert Smith Sir, Baltimore Sep 1. 1805 The friends of Mr Town are, as has been privately intimated to me, so solicitous in his behalf that a disappointment will be to them no small mortification. We may from their solicitude and their assurances  294 

2 SEPTEMBER 1805

presume that he is qualified for the Station he wishes to occupy. Such an Officer is necessary. Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The President”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and “Town” and so recorded in SJL.

From Joel Barlow Dear Sir, New york 2 Sepr. 1805 I recieved your kind & friendly letter of the 14th. & should have set forward on my journey before recieving it, but learning from Mr. Gallatin that I should not find you nor scarcely1 any one else at Wash‑ ington, I had already relinquished that project, or rather postponed the execution of it till October. And finding that my friend Baldwin is now in Connecticut, I am now going on to make up all my visits in that quarter; & perhaps once for all. I hope then to reach washington in the course of that month, & to have time to look about a little be‑ fore winter. I intend to pass the winter at the seat of Governmt. chiefly for the sake of being near you. for I have much to say to you & a great deal to learn from you. I am yet undetermined where I shall fix, & in a great measure what I am to do, being perfectly at liesure & seeing a great variety of good that remains to be done for our common & very interesting Country. It is here that the patriot may work with courage, & with the hope at least that his fellow creatures may recive some benefit from his labors. In this country good sense has nothing but ignorance to overcome,—in most2 other countries ignorance is one of the least of its opponents,—it has to combat all the combined energies of privileged abuses, in every department of what is called society. I have yet seen nothing of America, I have not arrived in it, for New york is but a corner of Europe. I hope to get nearer home by the time I arrive at Washington. What you say of the influence of the trad‑ ing towns on public opinion & the command they have of the press, is a serious truth, and ought to stimulate us to devise the best means of reforming an abuse which is attended with a double disadvantage. For it first leads the people wrong by decieving them, & then, finding themselves decieved they lose all confidence in the public papers, & thus the public papers would cease to be a vehicle of instruction tho they should be well conducted. It is so undeniably true that in‑ struction, as universal as possible, is the great & indespensable means of preserving liberty, that the efforts of good men thro all our country  295 

2 SEPTEMBER 1805

ought to be combined for that object in a manner far more decided & extensive than they have been. We all look to you for useful ideas on this as well as other subjects. I am much dissatisfied, & the European public is disappointed, with the history of Washington by the Ch. Justice, as far as it is pub‑ lished. I have been with Genl. Gates, & asked him for such memoirs & notes as he could furnish me with on our northern campaigns. He at once promised me all the papers he has, official & private on this business. But I am sorry to find he is so feeble & so near the close of life, that he seems scarcely able to arrange & deliver them. But more on these matters when we meet. I am charged with every testimony of respect & attachment to you from Ld. Stanhope, who is one of the most enlightened republicans I ever knew.— Your obt. sert. Joel Barlow RC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Mr. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

For TJ’s interest in having Barlow write “the antidote” to Marshall’s interpreta‑ tion, see Vol. 42:315.

history of washington: John Mar‑ shall’s Life of George Washington, pub‑ lished in five volumes from 1804 to 1807.

1  Preceding two words interlined in place of “or.” 2  Word interlined.

From John Barnes Sir George Town 2d Sepr. 1805. No advice, or Appearance, of Mr Madisons dft. on me, or that, of the President,—but daily expected.—Note of the 3d July, payable ¼. for $2000.—the Notice came 2 days earlier than had been Noticed in my Memorm—fortunately, the very day (in time) for paymt.—when that and the $1600. at B of C. Messrs. J & H. for $253.33 &ca. are Accomplished—Mr LeMaire shall be furnished wth: the Residue. My Wine, Brandy, Spermc. & tallow Candles Box Soap & loaf Sugar, are already Arrived—that my Wants—(exclusive of remittances) are but few—I am therefore—not wholly determined, proceeding—on my intended Journey to Philada—the very extra expences & fatigue— will—do away—all my little profits—which scarsely defray my house Rent—my present, Years estimate (notwithstandg my frugality) leaves me a Dt to Stock $300—and upwards exclusive of some trifling bad debts, which ever will be the Case in this line of business—the Cus‑ tom of this place is so divided, and the succession of New Stores, con‑ tinually increasing they are not supportable on their own basis—  296 

3 SEPTEMBER 1805

 The Revd Mr Pryces $4. as well McCorkles paper will be Attended to, whether I proceed—on my Journey, or not. Mr Le’Maire have already put up—in a Neat Box, 6 pots, portable Soup—if it should be forwarded to Monticello or remain here—the President, will please inform me. I am sir, most Respectfully your Obedt. & very hum servt. John Barnes. RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of text: “The President, UStates, at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

Petition for William Alcorn

[before 3 Sep. 1805]

To his Excelency the President of the United States the petition of the Subscribers respectfully represent That William Allcorn who is now Confined as a Convict in the Penitentiary House in Frankfort upon a Conviction in the Court of United States for the Kentucky District of having Circulated Spuri‑ ous Notes on the Bank of the United States with a Knowledge of their baseness is in the Opinion of your petitioners entitled to the benevo‑ lent interposition of Executive Mercye. That his Character and de‑ portment in the Humble walk to which his Situation and Circum‑ stances had Confined him previous to the Occurence of the unfortunate event above alluded to had been as your Petitioners believe in general fair and irreproachable and his offence—(if Committed) the offspring not of Settled Habits of depravitye but the Unhappy fruit of a Casual and accidental association1 with hardened veterans in iniquitye whose dexterity and adroitness have enabled them as yet to escape the jus‑ tice of their Countrye, And by whom as your Petitioners believe the said Allcorn was Unwarily seduced to the Commission of the Crime for which he has been Convicted—And that as far as time and oppor­ tunitye has permitted the said Allcorn has uniformly evinced Since the Commencement of his imprisonment by the most prompt obedi‑ ence to the Ruls of discipline and to the Commands of the Keeper of the said Jail and Penitentiary a disposition to expiate by the propriety of his present demeanour for this Single transgression against the Laws of the Communitye—And that in addition to these Consider‑ ations the said Allcorn is the Father of Nine Small Children who are deprived by his imprisonment of that Support which they had formely derived from the fruits of his daily Labour deprived of which resources  297 

3 SEPTEMBER 1805

they must for want of the bare Means of Subsistence be Compelled to have recourse to the Charitye of the world or be driven by despera‑ tion to embrace some Course of life disgraceful to themselves and de‑ structive to the Communitye of which they might yet be made useful and respectable Members. RC (DLC); undated; in an unidentified hand; at foot of first page in a different hand: “Carried over”; signed on verso by William M. Bledsoe, Thomas Kennedy, Abner Baker, and 37 others; on a separate sheet: “We the undersigned Jurors on the Trial do approve the within,” signed by William Nelson and 11 others, each identi­ fied as a juror; below their signatures: “As an inspector of the Jail & penitentiary House I can declare that William Alcorn during his Confinemt there in has be‑ haved With propriety in his Situation and With great Industry and in my Opinion is Such a Character as would be Benefited by Executive Clemency,” in hand of and signed by Isaac E. Gano. Enclosed in Christopher Greenup to “Sir,” Frank‑ fort, Kentucky, 3 Sep. 1805, stating that ­Greenup is requested by “the friends of Wm. Alcorn” to transmit the petition and related documents to the president and noting: “I have but a small acquaintance with Alcorn; I believe his Character hith‑ erto has been inoffence, and the inclosed Petition is signed by several Gentlemen of respectable Characters, and now filling Offices of considerable trust in this State” (RC in same; endorsed by TJ: “Alcorn Wm. applicn for pardon”). William Alcorn (b. ca. 1767) was a cooper born in South Carolina and resid‑ ing in Madison County, Kentucky, at the time of his arrest (William C. Sneed, A Report on the History and Mode of Man‑ agement of the Kentucky Penitentiary, from Its Origin, in 1798, to March 1, 1860 [Frankfort, 1980], 50, 73).

conviction: in July 1804, Alcorn and Christopher Irvine were arrested for pass‑ ing counterfeit notes on the Bank of the United States. Alcorn, who had not been able to secure bail, was tried in federal court on 24 Sep. 1804 and sentenced to five years of hard labor. Irvine, free on bail, failed to report to the trial. He was caught and tried, but the prosecution was unable to make its case and Irvine was dis‑ charged on 6 July 1805 (Lexington Ken‑ tucky Gazette, 3 July, 2 Oct. 1804, 30 July 1805; Mary K. Bonsteel Tachau, Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky 1789‑1816 [Princeton, 1978], 137‑8). considerations: also enclosed in Greenup’s letter of 3 Sep. were a copy of the judgment in the case of Alcorn as de‑ cided during the September 1804 term of the U.S. district court in Kentucky and two depositions supporting his pardon. Frankfort jailkeeper John S. Hunter wrote on 27 Aug. that he had known the pris‑ oner for “about sixteen years” and “consid‑ ered him as an industrious well disposed man,” that Alcorn continued to behave in such a manner during his confinement, and that he had a wife and nine children who depended on him for support (MS in DLC). Thomas S. Hinde, an agent ap‑ pointed to the penitentiary, wrote on 28 Aug. that Alcorn “has conducted himself with propriety, has done his work faith‑ fully, and been subservient to the Institu‑ tion, and Obedient to the Keeper” (same). 1 Preceding word interlined in place of “officiation.”

Notes on Locks and Hinges found 10. mortise locks   8. pr brass mortise hinges    298 

Sep. 3. 05.

3 SEPTEMBER 1805

mortise locks No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. *18. *19. *20. 21. 22. 23. 24. *25. 26. 27. 28 32. 33. 34. 35. = 26 – 10 = 16 latch. 5. 7. 14. closet lock 14. 15. 16. 17. 36. brass spring locks. 29. 30. 31. MS (MHi: Coolidge Collection); en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand. The relatively expensive mortise locks were brass locks set into the side of a

door and finished with handles or knobs, a cover plate, and escutcheons (Carl  R. Lounsbury, ed., An Illustrated Glossary of Early Southern Architecture and Land‑ scape [New York, 1994], 236).

From Larkin Smith Dear Sir Charlottesville Septr. 3d. 1805 In justification to my own feelings I cannot pass through your neigh‑ bourhood without paying to you that tribute of respect which you are so justly entitled to, from your preeminent services to your country. it was fully my intention to have done this in person, but returning from the upper country (where I have been in pursuit of health) in a very enfeebled state added to my anxiety to return to my family, I am precluded from doing myself that pleasure. I left Mr. Eppes a few days ago at the warm springs in better health than when he arrived there. accept my sincere assurances of respect & Esteem, and my wishes for the preservation of your health and happiness. I am your Excellencies most Obt. Servant Larkin Smith RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

From Robert Smith Sir, Balt. Sep. 3. 1805 Hand Bills are at this moment flying in all directions through this city announcing a peace with Tripoli upon terms advantageous and honourable to us. It is said that despatches to the Executive have come by the said Conveyance. I have not yet received mine. It is probable—  299 

3 SEPTEMBER 1805

nay I may say certain that our War with Tripoli is at an end but upon what terms and in what way it has been effected I know not. I do not believe the Statements in the news papers. I however expect to see them tomorrow and as the solicitude of the publick is very great I will publish such parts as may be proper for the publick at this time to know—You will of Course receive the State Dept. information upon the most important points—I will lose no time in forwarding to you the details that may be communicated to me In consequence of a note I have received from Mr Madison I did not imagine I was to suggest to you my ideas upon our Affairs with Spain until I should have a conference with him—and that satisfac‑ tion I have been expecting every day for some time past— I have written to Col Brent for information respecting the political principles of Mr Williams for whom you signed a Commission a few days since.—And until satisfactory information be obtained the Com‑ mission will be retained. Respecty. Rt Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. and “Tripoli” and so recorded in SJL. peace with tripoli: on 29 Aug., the Salem Register and the Boston Gazette published the first news that Tobias Lear’s

peace negotiations with Tripoli had been successful. Madison’s note to Smith has not been found. However, it was likely in response to TJ’s request to have Madison consult with the other department heads on Span‑ ish affairs (TJ to Madison, 25 Aug.). you signed: see TJ to Smith, 26 Aug.

From Thomas Worthington Dear Sir Washington Sepr 3rd 1805 Enclosed you will receive some more of the monthly strawberry seed which Mrs W requests you will accept fearing what you have already recd. may not have come up. If you will inform me on this point I will in case they have not succeeded send you some of the roots this fall. I have been at this place for ten days past & intended to have had the pleasure of seeing you at Monticello but my business has prevented it. Genl. Dearbourn has just read a letter to me from Mr Crowning‑ shield who informs him that by a late arrival he has recd the pleasing intelligence of a Victory obtained by Genl Eaton in conjunction with the would be Bashaw of Tripoly over the army of the present Bashaw & that in consequence Genl Eaton has dictated the terms of a peace This news appears on the whole to come pretty straight I fear how‑  300 

4 SEPTEMBER 1805

ever it is too good to be true. I have been a far as new york. That state seems from present appearances to promise as great a ferment as Pennsylvania. Ohio is perfectly tranquil & populating beyound any thing you can imagine. Accept my sincere wishes for your health & happiness & believe me with much respect & real esteem Your friend T Worthington RC (DLC); at foot of text: “the Presi‑ dent of the U.S”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 6 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

what you have already recd: see Worthington to TJ, 3 Mch.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Washington Septr. 4th. 1805 Altho no official dispatches have yet arrived here from the Mediter‑ ranian, I think there can be no doubt of a peace with Tripoli. The first extract in Smiths paper of this morning was from a letter I re‑ ceived from Crowninshield, the letter from Rogers to our Consul at Naples, Mr. Degen, must be considered as conclusive evidence of the general fact, but I am astonished that one of the swift sailing small vessels has not arrived with dispatches. I can hardly concieve how Eatons battle at Derne, could have had any effect on the Treaty of peace, unless it was fought earlier than has been stated. I am induced to believe that it being known at Tripoli that the Ex Bashaw & Eaton were in the neighborhood of Derne with some force, and that a for‑ midable Naval force was prepareing for renewing the attack on Trip‑ oli had induced the Bashaw to make overtures for peace, I think it of some importance, as it relates to the future conduct of those barbar‑ ians, that they should be convinced of our being capable of anoying them in more ways than one. I regret that our Naval force had not an opportunity of making at least one display before Tripoli, previous to the peace. I hope we shall very soon hear of the arrival of a large pro‑ portion of our fleet in our own waters.— I intend seting out for Monticello next monday morning, I fear that Mrs. Dearborn will not be able to accompany me.— Be pleased Sir to accept my particular thanks for your very oblig‑ ing letter, in which you have pointed out the different routes from this place to your Seat, noting the different stages on each. I am in hopes that Mr. & Mrs Madison will arrive in season to go on with me. with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem, I am Sir Your Obedt. Sert. H. Dearborn  301 

4 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Sep. and “Tripoline affrs.” and so recorded in SJL. smiths paper: the 4 Sep. issue of Samuel Harrison Smith’s National Intel‑ ligencer published a number of sources relating to the peace with Tripoli. The items included an extract from a letter of

Frederick degen that had been published in the 29 Aug. issue of the Boston Ga‑ zette. In it, Degen referred to a letter sent to him by John Rodgers, dated 1 June. Rodgers’s letter to Degen, informing him of the peace, was actually dated 18 June (ndbw, 6:125). your very obliging letter: TJ to Dearborn, 26 Aug.

From Craven Peyton Dear Sir [on or before 5 Sep. 1805] I hope you will excuse me, for not furnishing you, with a list of the shears you hold in the Milton Tobo. Warehouse sooner, my being very unwell evar since I saw you, the shears are, John Henderson, Charles, Isham, & Hills Henderson, purchased of Richd Anderson at the price of Fifty Pounds each share. And James L. Henderson John Bullock Frances Lucy & Nancy Hendersons purchased of James L. Henderson at the price of One Hundred Dollars each share, those last mentioned three being undar age the sd James & his Mothar Are bound in there deed as there security to make a good little aftar there becomeing of age, James,s own share was purchasd. with his other in‑ terest in the Milton proparty in the year 1801—Mr. Hay has taken the appeal with great Respt. C Peyton Amt of Debt.  4 Shares at  £50. £200.  4 do. at 30— 120 320 Amt. of Cr.  By Sundry  payments 267.6  viz. to G. Jeff. July 24.(13) 156.67 do. Aug. 13 533.33 £52.14 = 175.67. 1805. Apr: 28 + 201. 891. = £267.6 RC (ViU); undated; notes by TJ shown in italics; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Sep. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “warehouse.”

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From Jacob Wagner Sir Department of State 5 Septr. 1805 In transmitting to you the enclosed letters from Messrs. Bowdoin, Bourne, Maury and Crowninshield, I take occasion to mention that the dispatches respecting the peace with Tripoli, said to have been brought by the Belleisle and put into the post office at Salem, have not reached this city, though two if not three posts have arrived which might have contained them; nor had Mr. Madison received them on the 2d. Septr. I had a letter from him of that date in which he men‑ tions his hope that Mrs. M. is considerably advanced to a cure, but that it was found unavoidable, in order to complete it, to resort to an expedient two days before, which retards the event a little. The list of cases of yellow fever at Philadelphia amounted on the 1st. Septr. to 50. The latest news from the Mediterranean might have been brought by the Eliza arrived at Charleston on the 23 ult. in 30 days from Gi‑ braltar & 35 from Malaga; viz. from the latter to the 20 July & the former to the 25th. She however brings no other account of the trans‑ actions with Tripoli, than that she spoke a Portuguese 74 on 21 July, by which he was informed, that the Tripolitans had made peace with us. On the same day Lord Nelson’s fleet were at anchor at Gibraltar, having arrived two days before, without any account of the French & Spanish fleets. With perfect respect, I have the honor to remain, Sir, Your most obed. Servt. Jacob Wagner RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Pres­ ident of the U.States”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. and so recorded in SJL with notation “Tripoli.” Enclosures: (1)  Probably James Maury to Madison, 1  July, from Liverpool; Maury encloses recent quarantine regulations; he reports the death of John J. Murray, U.S. consul at Glasgow, and states that he has ap‑ pointed a deputy at Greenock to tend to business in that area; he suggests that the president might want to make a direct ap‑ pointment for that station (Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:5). (2) Proba‑ bly Jacob Crowninshield to TJ, 28 Aug. (second letter). For other enclosures, see below. Because Wagner only occasionally noted when communications reached the State Department, identifications for the en‑

closed letters remain uncertain. One of them was likely James Bowdoin’s let‑ ter of 18 June to Madison, wherein Bow‑ doin announced his arrival at Santander, Spain, from where he intended to travel to Madrid. A subsequent letter from Bow‑ doin, of 8 July, was not received until 9 Oct., while another of 31 July announcing Bowdoin’s arrival at London had appar‑ ently not yet arrived, as Wagner seems to have been unaware of Bowdoin’s intention to sail for England before he wrote to TJ on 17 Sep. Sylvanus bourne, the U.S. consul at Amsterdam, wrote multiple let‑ ters to Madison during the late spring and early summer of 1805 on topics such as European politics, a proposal that Bourne take temporary charge of the Rotterdam consulate due to the mental incapacity of U.S. consul Lawson Alexander, and suspi‑ cions of Bourne’s own financial impropriety

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5 SEPTEMBER 1805 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:362, 379‑80, 444, 466‑7, 472, 478‑9, 504‑8; 10:29‑32, 34‑6, 152‑3).

 portuguese 74: that is, a Portuguese naval ship with 74 guns. Wagner was recounting news that appeared in the Charleston Courier of 23 Aug.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 6. 05. Will you be so good as to send me immediately 3. dozen bottles of Syrup of punch? if boats are coming it will come safer tho’ slower by them. if not, let it be sent by the stage; or one half by the stage & the other by the boats as you think best. accept affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson  P.S. I drew on you Aug. 18. in favr. Wm. Short for 500. D. PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

To Robert Smith Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 6. 05 Yours of Aug. 30. was recieved yesterday, & I sincerely rejoice with you on the so far prosperous issue of our experiment with the gun‑ boats on the Atlantic. experience & reflection will strengthen our opin‑ ions on the advantages of that kind of vessel for our purposes. I re‑ turn you the instructions to Murray with one addition, pencilled in the 3d. page. I do not remember whether any opinion was given on this point at our consultation. if there was, and contrary to what I propose, than I withdraw the proposition. but if no opinion was given, I really think we ought to consider those who plunder a vessel of her goods or papers as pyrates, & those who maltreat the people as vio‑ lent trespassers, to be submitted at least to the inconvenience of a trial & the breaking up their cruise. the return of the gunboats to N. Or‑ leans is approved. I think those nearly finished under Capt. Preble, had better come to New York in the first instance, as they will be more wanting there than any where else, & by that time we shall see if the Adams & Hornet want any reinforcement for their purposes. I shall be at Washington on the 2d. of October, which will probably be in time to decide ultimately as to these two gunboats. Accept my affec­ tionate salutations & assurances of great respect Th: Jefferson  304 

7 SEPTEMBER 1805  PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Secretary of the Navy.” Notation in SJL: “Mur‑ ray’s instrns. Gunboats to N.O.” Enclosure not found, but see Enclosure No. 2 listed at Smith to TJ, 30 Aug.

To Leroy Anderson Sir Sep. 7. 05. I recieved last night your favor of Aug. 27. covering the inclosed. nobody wishes it more success than I do, and, if it succeeds, it will certainly be of proportionable public utility. but I have thought it my duty to the public, as well as to myself, never to bring myself forward in any matter where it is not necessary. the cases in which my name has been used by private individuals have been for the most part with‑ out my previous consent or expectation. in truth the most indifferent act in which my name is introduced becomes the occasion of indecent scurrilities, which however disregarded by myself where I have a duty to meet, I ought to avoid giving occasion to when not necessary. wishing every success therefore to your enterprise, I tender you my respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Leroy Anderson.” Enclosure not found.

From Daniel Bradley Dear Sir 7th September 1805— I Took up on the 3d of this Month Neagroe man at this place first Said he was free and had A persel of papers with him that was soe bad wrote and formed that I Took him to A Justice and he is in Jail now he Confeses he is the property of Yours—he Sais he is A Black Smith he is About 6 fees high About 24 Years Old with A schare on his upper Lip he had Two paper of Discharge and one pass to goe to the Citty of Washingeton Sutch would Condemed Any person of his Colour he said at First he was free and his Name was James Bolds— and after Beinge in Jail A While made the Above confession to me I Tooke him up my Selfe and I am the Jailor of this County Farefax I have all his papers in My persesion and Intends to keep them Til you Send for them By Letter and the Fellow he sais Wilson Lilley gave them to him the overseers Son in Law and he gave him $5 and A Coat shem you can proceed as you please as you now Best as the fellow Sais he is goinge Away shortly with the overseer to Kentuckey I Ex‑ pect he is your property from what he Sais now he Sais his name is  305 

7 SEPTEMBER 1805

James Hubbert and his Clothinge is as follows 1 Mixt Coat Nankeen Breaches A Dove Coloured west coat oznabrigs shert A new Hatt I shal Indevour to keep the Said fellow Til you Shal thinke proper to Send for him you will please to Send for him by some person that nows him—By Letter as I run A great Resk in Taken up As large fellow as he is if you thinke proper to Bestow Aney thinge on me more then the Law givs it will be thank full Recivd by your most Obedient and Most humble Servt. Daniel Bradley RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the U.S. at Monticello Albemarle County”; franked; postmarked Fairfax Court House, 20 Sep., and Char‑ lottesville, 11 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Daniel Bradley served as a jailer in Fair‑ fax County (Alexandria Daily Advertiser, 10 Feb. 1806). James Hubbard (hubbert), born about 1783, was an enslaved man at Monticello who worked in TJ’s nailery. He used money earned in free time to run away at

least twice. This was his first escape at‑ tempt, but he was captured just outside Washington, D.C., jailed by Bradley, and returned to TJ. Hubbard escaped again in 1811 and lived in Lexington, Virginia, as a free man for over a year, but he was located and returned to Monticello in April 1812. After the second escape, TJ sold Hubbard to Reuben Perry (rs, 3:411‑13, 612‑13; Lucia Stanton, “Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello [Charlottesville, 2012], 145‑52).

Memorial of Thomas Harris of Virginia the Mamorial of Thomas Harris Who Is happy In presenting it to Impartial Getlemen Who are Indulgent to their Inferiors Sheth, that in the year of 1775 your Mals. & a John White1 Was Com‑ pulseery detaind. or pressd. So Calld. By Lord donmores Man of wars men within the Capes of Virgina from which I have Made my Escape at the risk of my life, and the loss of 200£. property which I had on board knowing the Nature & Rules of Men of War, we Enterd & had the privaledg of Valenters It Come to our turn to go on duty In attender and Plundered the Shores of vigina and the Easten Shore of Miraland of Cattle Sheep hogs and fowls and all vessels that had arms or Ammunation In them we Chaicd. a pilot boat belonging to one Midleton of annapolis Who was piloting a large Ship from thence bound to Liverpool full of pasengers we had Lost our tide and put in to New point Cumford Near a wind Mill which proved Effectual for our Escape for the whole Crew Save Me and while were Intoscooated with the Liquor we took out of middletons boat at Seting the first watch upon deck white and I was Chose being the Soberest and a mittchipman Who Lay aSleep In the Stern of the vessel during the watch we hoisted out the boat Set Sail and Sliped the Cables which  306 

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alarmed the Mittchaman who attempted to lay hold on me as I was about Lashing the Rudder to Steer the vessel right in Shore however he found his mistake for I knockd him over board life being at Sake and Jumpd. Into the boat and made the Mittchaman Lay hold on the Stern and kick out until we got on shore where I stript him of his Cloathes & watch as to Money he had None & gave him the key of my Chest where he would find Suffitiant Retaliatin. I heard a great fuss on board the vessel In breaking open the Cabbin door for I had picked the lock of the boat and locked twelve of them In the Cabbin, I bid good Morn, but Slowly, as they kept fireing their bow Cheases to the Shore Just too Swivels they being aground Could not bring their broad Side to bear, upon the Shore therefore we rowed as hard as we Could along Shore and got up a river which brought us to Sir John Paetons harbour the Second‑day, where we were kindly treated & Conductd to Gloster Courthouse whare a Committee Sat, whom find­ ing that I was a gunsmith by trade Ingagd. me, to fitt up the arms for Captn. Paetons minute Company Which I have done to their Satis‑ faction. Sir John Paeton finding my Skill and abillities In that line Recommended me to the Committy of Safety at Williamsburg of which our present Governer John Page was a member thereof whom I be‑ lieve was prsent when I gave In my Testamony to Said Committy of the aforesaid and the transactions of Donmores fleet as fair as I knew. I was anctious to proceed for Salisbury in North Carolina where I left two Motherless Children with My Brother & Creavd a pass—but they Reprosentd. to me the Situation their firearms ware in and how Dunmore, had Dissabled them, that if I would Stop and Repair them they would give me land or money or whatsoever I Creaved finding their Situation I Complyd. with their Request and Turnd. In and Repaird. a Number of arms for the first and Second Ridgmt also the minute Companys until Captn. Gipsons Company Mutined and Came to my Shop where I Refusd. to let them have the arms without an order from Patrick Henry or the Committy of Safety whereupon they Cruelly treated me wounded me in Several places and Disabled my left hand all which did not Induce me to Quit, but by the Reqst of the Comatee, I went to Frebg. whare I had my wounds Curd. I Presented the Committys letter to Charles Dick one of the Superintendants of the assanal who Set me to work In the first place I Constructed a Mill for boreing grinding and polishing the work Next forging and finish­ ing of bayanets and gunlocks also Making of files I have Instructed Common blacksmiths In the aforesaid branches, & left them in a good way to Improve upon. So I proceedd to my Brothr & Children. For all the aforesd. Services I never, Recd. anny Compenstin. Save 20£.  307 

7 SEPTEMBER 1805

Govr. page obtaind for me from the Exacutive of this State 16 years ago, to Conduct me to Congress—the governr. is also acquaintd with the chief if not all the aforesd. if it has not Slipt his Mamory, & also the loss of my Share of the Monilla Ransom. which amountd. to 150£. that upon the penlty. of Death I darst never apply—I omittd Sr John Peaton Complamented Me with a horse bridle & Saddle of 20£ and 100 Drs. Cash. I made him a present of my Man of War—to Conclude Id. Remind the goverr. of how I was treatd & turnd out of my liveing, at the assanal the point a fork, for Seting forth, the Un‑ gustness of Langham the Steward. So much of the life & adventures of Ths Harris  Septr. 7th. 1805. RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Supreme Exacutive of the United States of America”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Sep. Thomas Harris (c. 1726‑1818) served as a gunsmith in Williamsburg in 1775 and 1776. During that time, George Gib‑ son’s company of frontiersmen caused a commotion in the town, creating the “mu‑ tiny” that Harris referenced in the memo‑ rial printed above. Harris was later hired in Fredericksburg to work on a new gun manufactory, and he might be the manu‑ factory’s lone gunlock maker that Fielding Lewis mentioned to George Washington in early 1776. After the war, Harris moved to Fluvanna County, Virginia, and was employed as a gunsmith at the Point of Fork arsenal in 1790, but he left after a disagreement with Elias Langham, the ar‑ senal’s superindentent. Harris petitioned the Virginia state legislature several times from 1788 to 1818, first requesting pay‑ ment for several months as an armorer and later requesting a pension as compensa‑ tion for the wounds he sustained in Wil‑ liamsburg. He was granted a pension of £12 per annum in 1793, and he received $40 annually from 1794 until the amount was increased to $100 shortly before his death in 1818 (Washington, Papers, Rev. War Ser., 3:244‑7; Virginia Revolutionary War State Pensions [Easley, S.C., 1982], 52‑3; Harold B. Gill, Jr., The Gunsmith in Colonial Virginia [Williamsburg, Va., 1974], 87‑8; Journal of the House of Del‑

egates of the Commonwealth of Virginia; Begun and Holden in the City of Rich‑ mond, in the County of Henrico, on Mon‑ day, the Twenty‑third Day of June, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty‑eight [Richmond, 1828], 61, 79; dab, s.v. “Gibson, George”; cvsp, 4:526; 5:81, 179, 211‑12; 6:615; Acts Passed at a General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Richmond, on Monday the First Day of December, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventeen [Richmond, 1818], 217‑18; Thomas Harris Petition, 6 Dec. 1817, in Vi: RG 78, Legislative Petitions, Fluvanna Co.; Thomas Harriss [i.e. Har‑ ris], 1793‑1819, in Vi: Virginia Revolu‑ tionary War Pension Applications). share of the monilla ransom: Har‑ ris claimed that he had earned a share of the ransom that Spain paid to Great Brit‑ ain to save Manila from pillage in 1762. In a letter of support for Harris’s pension application, John Page mentioned that he had seen a certificate from Sir William Draper, one of the British commanders of the Manila expedition, that promised Harris a £500 share (Harris Petition, 6 Dec. 1817, in Vi; William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History from the Ear‑ liest Times to the Present, 7 vols. [Lon‑ don, 1897‑1903; repr. 1996‑97], 3:241). 1 Preceding three words and ampersand interlined. Later in the sentence Harris again interlined “& one Jn. White.”

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From Joshua J. Moore Sir, Washington 7h. September 1805. Having been informed of your Wish that a method should be de‑ vised for finding the Longitude of a Place without a Timepiece, the principal Datum of which should be a marked Meridian; I went into the Investigation nearly persuaded that the Problem could be solved in the precise manner originally suggested.—I find, however, that ei‑ ther I have not been able to seize on that View of the Subject which would lead to it; or that it cannot be so solved. In the Attempt I was involved in a Difficulty which compelled me very laboriously to examine the Effects produced by almost every Ele‑ ment concerned in the Problem; in order to see which of them would best help me out. Each Conclusion commonly suggested other ways; & at length, after the rejection of three or four methods, I rested upon the one now submitted. My Hope is that it may be useful, or give rise to other Solutions which will be so; and that it will be accepted as an Expression of my Desire to exert my portion of Faculties for the benefit of the Community.— I am, Sir, With the utmost Respect, Your most obedient Servant, Joshua J Moore. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: “To find the Longitude with‑ out a Timepiece,” a formal explication of a method using measurements by sextant of the apparent distance between the moon and the sun or between the moon and a star; the results of the sample problem, producing a longitude of 5 hours, 7 min‑ utes, and 38 seconds west of Greenwich as the mean of three observations, come “sufficiently near” the results that would be obtained by “the usual mode of lunar distances,” as shown by results of obser‑ vations made in 1804 at Moore’s house, “a small distance west of the President’s,” from which he calculated the longitude as 5 hours, 7 minutes, and 41 seconds (MS in same; in Moore’s hand; note by TJ on cover page: “by mr Moore”; endorsed by TJ: “Longitude” and “Moore’s method of Longitude”).

Joshua J. Moore (d. 1813) worked in the Treasury Department and was, at the time of his death, chief clerk in the land office. Besides his scientific interests, Moore wrote poetry that on at least one occasion was published by the National Intelli‑ gencer. He was also a member of the local Tammany Society and involved in Wash‑ ington’s efforts to establish a public school system. TJ shared Moore’s theories on calculating longitude with Robert Patter‑ son and William Dunbar, and he consid‑ ered Moore an authority to be consulted when the government sought to survey the U.S. coastline in 1807 (National Intelli‑ gencer, 14 July 1806, 9 Aug. 1813; rchs, 9 [1906], 116‑17; Washington, D.C., Monitor, 18 Mch. 1809; Gallatin, Papers, 6:334; 13:869; TJ to Patterson, 16 Nov.; TJ to Dunbar, 12 Jan. 1806).

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To Larkin Smith

Monticello Sep. 7. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to mr Smith, has recieved his letter of the 3d. inst. and regrets that he could not have the plea‑ sure of seeing him on his passage through the neighborhood. he hopes some future occasion may give him an opportunity of recieving him at Monticello & of expressing to him personally his esteem. he con‑ gratulates mr Smith on the happy termination of our Tripoline war. tho a small war in fact, it is big in principle. it has shewn that when necessary we can be respectable at sea, & has taught to Europe a les‑ son of honor & of justice to the Barbarians. he salutes mr Smith with friendship & respect. PoC (CSmH); endorsed by TJ.

From Robert Smith Sir, Baltimore Sep. 7. 1805 No despatches came, as I had expected to the Navy Dept., in the Vessel that brought to Salem the pleasing account of peace with Tripoli, and I presume none came from Col Lear to the State Dept.— A publick Vessel was no doubt immediately sent with despatches. And I fear some accident has prevented her arrival. It will I presume, be found that the peace has been accelerated by the movements of Eaton in the neighbourhood of Derna. The apprehensions excited by those movements and by the great preparations of the Commodore, I can easily concieve, induced the Bashaw to send to the Commodore a flag of Truce with overtures of accomodation. If under such circum‑ stances Col Lear did not dictate the terms I shall indeed be much surprised and not a little mortified. Mr Madison yet remains in Philada. If I should not have the plea‑ sure of seeing him soon I will forward to you my general ideas on the subject of our situation with Spain. Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Sep. and “Tripoli” and so recorded in SJL.

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From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours Monsieur le Président, Paris 21 Fructidor 13 / 8. 7bre 1805. le départ de Mr. Skipwith me donnant une occasion sure pour écrire à Votre Excellence, je prends la liberté de joindre à cette Lettre les duplicata de celles que j’ai eu l’honneur de vous adresser le 21 May et le 27 aoust. La premiere de ces Lettres ouvre une idée, que je crois qui peut mériter votre approbation, pour finir les procés qui existent au Ken‑ tucky et dans d’autres Etats, relativement aux concessions de terres qui se croisent, et dont la totalité excède l’étendue physique du terrein où elles ont êté accordées. L’autre vous rend compte de l’erreur commise par Mr Armstrong dans l’affaire importante en elle même du navire le New Jersey; où Mr Armstrong, qui n’avait aucun droit de s’en mêler, a, par ses préjugés et son injuste opiniâtreté, et en outrepassant ses pouvoirs, privé ses Concitoyens de près de cent soixante mille dollars que les Tribunaux français avaient ordonné de leur restituer, et que les Ministres Fran‑ çais auraient fait payer sans l’inconcevable opposition du Ministre américain. Cette erreur est bien plus importante encore qu’elle ne le parait; puis qu’elle ne se borne pas à l’affaire particuliere où il a injustement causé un si grand dommage, mais qu’il a posé en principe diploma‑ tique que les Etats Unis n’avaient rien à réclamer, et n’entendaient rien réclamer, pour la prise mal fondée de leurs Navires, quand ces Navires auraient êté assurés aux Etats unis:—ce qui laisserait toute liberté aux Français et aux Anglais de violer votre Pavillon, et de s’emparer arbitrairement sur mer de la propriété des Américains, que l’on n’embarque jamais sans l’assurer. Je crois indispensable pour l’honneur et pour l’interêt de votre Na‑ tion que Votre Excellence fasse désavouer officiellement et formelle‑ ment ce prétendu Principe, à la fois inique et insensé, et qui établirait contre les Etats Unis une jurisprudence qui n’aurait lieu qu’à leur égard: car aucune autre Nation ne voudrait consentir à s’y soumettre. Je me réfere à ce que j’ai eu l’honneur de vous en dire dans la Lettre ci jointe. J’ai présentement à renouveller à votre Excellence mes remercie‑ mens pour la justice qu’elle a rendue à notre fabrique de poudre et la protection qu’Elle a bien voulu lui accorder en l’employant aux four‑ nitures de Votre Gouvernement.  311 

8 SEPTEMBER 1805

Et puis, Monsieur le Président, j’ai quelques explications à donner à votre amitié qui m’est si précieuse, à votre estime qui ne me l’est pas moins, sur mon séjour en Europe, beaucoup plus prolongé que je ne l’aurais voulu. Il vous est facile de juger aux progrès qu’y fait le despotisme que ce séjour m’est extrêmement pénible. J’ai besoin d’être libre, j’ai besoin d’être utile, j’ai besoin de vivre avec des hommes d’un esprit élevé La maladie politique, pourrissante, gangreneuse, dont l’Europe est attaquée, et que les énormes saignées qu’on va faire aggraveront loin de la guérir, ne me laisse aucune espérance de satisfaire desormais dans l’ancien monde ces trois besoins si longuement enracinés de mon caractere et de mon cœur. Ainsi, malgré le terrible inconvénient de ne pouvoir jamais bien parler ni écrire votre langue, qu’on ne saurait suffisamment appren‑ dre à soixante ans, je suis destiné à consacrer aux Etats Unis ce que Dieu me départira de jours qui peuvent encore être assez longs (car je ne me sens que trop de vie) et que je voudrais qui fussent remplis. Mais je vous ai déjà dit qu’un grand devoir envers la mémoire de Mr Turgot ne me permet pas d’exposer de nouveau à la mer les pa‑ piers qu’il m’a laissés. Il faut absolument que je les donne au Pays qu’il servait avec tant de lumieres et de vertu. Ensuite, quant à vous et à vos concitoyens, je ne veux pas être un fardeau pour Votre Patrie, et n’y porter que mon cadavre. Il n’y au‑ rait à cela ni dignité, ni reconnaissance. Je vous ai donné par mon Fils, mais non par moi même, l’art per‑ fectionné de la Poudre à canon, nécessaire à la défense de l’Etat, à la destruction des Animaux malfaisans, à la construction des routes et des canaux à travers les Montagnes.—Je veux vous donner la Tannerie qui est encore chez vous très imparfaite. Cet art si près de l’Agriculture, et auquel la multitude de vos Arbres forestiers offre des matieres pre‑ mieres meilleures que celles de nos climats, n’est pas un de ceux dont votre Nation doive être détournée. Je reviendrai sachant à fonds les procédés de la Fabrique anglaise dont nous avons en Normandie un bel établissement, et ceux des deux fabriques françaises.—En combinant la Théorie et la pratique de ces trois méthodes de fabrication, et nous aidant de recherches sur vos arbres, nous rendrons la Fabrique américaine supérieure aux trois autres. Enfin j’ai à terminer ma vie en concourant sous Vos auspices à l’organisation de l’éducation publique, pour laquelle le Plan que vous m’avez demandé a obtenu votre suffrage.  312 

8 SEPTEMBER 1805

Après quoi je pourrai mourir.  En attendant, et tant que je vivrai, je veux mériter que vous m’aimiez, comme je vous aime et respecte. Du Pont (de Nemours) e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Paris, 21 Fructidor Year 13 Mister President, 8 Sep. 1805 Since Mr. Skipwith’s departure gives me a reliable opportunity to write to your excellency, I take the liberty of enclosing duplicates of the letters I had the honor of sending on 21 May and 27 August. The first one proposes an idea I think might warrant your approval for end‑ ing the trials in Kentucky and other states concerning land grants that over‑ lap, or whose total size exceeds the physical boundaries of the terrain to which they have been awarded. The other letter reports on an error committed by Mr. Armstrong in the matter, which is important in its own right, of the ship New Jersey, in which Mr. Armstrong, who had no right to interfere, overstepped his authority and, through his prejudices and unfair stubbornness, deprived his fellow citizens of almost one hundred and sixty thousand dollars that the French courts had ordered restored to them and that the French ministers would have paid with‑ out the inconceivable opposition of the American minister. This fault is even more serious than it appears, because it is not limited to this particular case where Mr. Armstrong unjustly caused so much damage. It posits as a diplomatic principle that the United States has no claim and no intention of making claims for the illegal seizure of its ships when these ships are insured in the United States. This would give the French and English total freedom to violate your flag and arbitrarily seize American property at sea. One could never again sail without insurance. I think it indispensable for the honor and interest of your nation that your excellency formally and officially disavow this pretended principle, which is both iniquitous and insane, and which would establish against the United States a jurisprudence that would apply only to it, since no other nation would agree to submit to it. I refer you to what I had the honor of explaining in the enclosed letter. I now renew thanks to your excellency for the honor you paid our gunpow‑ der factory and your support in choosing it to supply your government. And then, Mister President, I have some explanations to present to your friendship, which is so precious to me, and your esteem, which is no less pre‑ cious, about my stay in Europe, which is much longer than I would have wished. You can easily judge from the progress that despotism is making there that this stay is extremely painful to me. I need to be free, I need to be useful, I need to live among men of elevated spirit. A putrid, gangrenous political malady afflicts Europe, and its huge future bloodlettings will further aggravate the situation rather than healing it. It leaves me no hope that I can satisfy in the old world the three needs that have long been rooted in my heart and character.

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8 SEPTEMBER 1805  Thus, despite the terrible handicap of never being able to speak or write your language very well, since one cannot master it at age 60, I am destined to devote to the United States the years God grants me, which might still be many, since I feel overflowing with life. I would like them to be full. But, as I have already told you, my great debt to Mr. Turgot’s memory prevents me from exposing the papers he left to another sea voyage. I ab­ solutely have to give them to the country he served with so much insight and virtue. It is also true that I do not wish to be a burden to your country, to you and your fellow citizens, by bringing you only my cadaver. That would be neither worthy nor grateful. Through my son, though not myself, I gave you the perfected art of gun‑ powder that is necessary for defending the state, destroying harmful ani‑ mals, building roads and canals across mountains. I would also like to give you tanning, which is still undeveloped in the United States. Your country must not be deflected from this art, so closely related to agriculture, to which your abundant forests offer better raw materials than those in our climates. I shall return with in‑depth knowledge of the techniques used in British factories (we have a fine one in Normandy) and in two different French fac‑ tories. Combining the theory and practice of these three methods, along with research on your trees, we shall make American production superior to the three others. Finally, I must spend my last years collaborating with you in establish‑ ing public education, based on the plan you asked me to provide and then approved. After that, I can die. In the meantime, as long as I am alive, I wish to deserve your esteem, as I esteem and respect you. Du Pont (de Nemours) RC (DLC); at head of text: “a son Ex‑ cellence Thomas Jefferson Président des Etats Unis”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Nov. and recorded in SJL as a letter of “Aug. 27. do. Sep. 8.” Enclosures: dupli‑ cates, not found, of Du Pont’s letters to TJ of 12 May and 28 Aug.

le 21 may et le 27 aoust: that is, 12 May and 28 Aug. la mémoire de mr turgot: for Du Pont’s editing of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot’s papers, see Vol. 43:394n. l’éducation publique: for TJ’s ini‑ tial request regarding a plan for public education, see Vol. 31:495‑6.

To Benjamin H. Latrobe Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 8. 05. Yours of Aug. 31. has been recieved. the partition you propose in the clerk’s office of the Senate is readily approved, as it will not injure the room for that purpose, and is necessary to support the decayed beam. this latter consideration will justify it to the Senate even should it not be otherwise agreeable to them. but the division of the semicir‑ cular1 Vestibule I cannot say I approve. it will be too great a sacrifice of beauty in a building where that element does, and ought to, enter  314 

8 SEPTEMBER 1805

into the merit of the parts as well as the whole. with respect to the accomodation & comfort of the Senate in every thing which we can do for them, I wish it to have a preference both as to time & expence to what is doing at the President’s house. the only restraining consid‑ eration is the expediency of not incurring any great expence which the contemplated change of their apartments will so soon render use‑ less.   I consider the introduction of mr Blagden’s skill & fidelity at the Navy yard as of importance to that place, even were it in some degree to affect the other parts of the public works. I cannot express to you the regret I feel on the subject of renounc‑ ing2 the Halle au bled lights of the Capitol dome. that single circum‑ stance was to constitute the distinguishing merit of the room, & would solely have made it the handsomest room in the world, without a sin‑ gle exception. take that away, it becomes a common thing exceeded by many, & even by some corporation buildings: the only objection hav‑ ing any weight with me is the danger of leaking, & I had hoped that art had resources for that where the expence would not have been an obstacle. but as you state that it cannot be secured against leaking & that is more than a countervail for any degree of beauty sacrificed to it, I cannot take on myself to say that leakage can be prevented in op‑ position to the opinion of practical men. I leave therefore the decision on the abandonment of the idea entirely3 to yourself, & will acquiesce in that. I believe I had before suggested to you a double coating of glass as a possible expedient to prevent leakage. perhaps in abandon‑ ing the general idea, the appearance of the dome might be a little lightened by windows in the stile of those of Armerico’s house in Palladio. I know that the method proposed in your letter for keeping out the sun would be effectual & convenient, because I have hit on the identical devise for my skylights. the string with me, is fixed to the upper end of the bar, & a weight to the lower end. besides this how‑ ever, my blinds open back on hinges as in the winter we want both the light & warmth of the sun. I shall be in Washington on the 2d. prox. and shall be happy to see a prospect of the internal colonnade likely to be presented to the view of Congress. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & ­respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Mr. Latrobe”; endorsed by TJ. armerico’s house: a plate in a 1742 English edition of Andrea Palladio’s ar‑ chitectural guide showed Paolo Almerico’s villa near Vicenza (Villa Rotonda) with

eight round windows surrounding a cen‑ tral dome capped by a cupola (Latrobe, Correspondence, 2:140). 1 Word

interlined. interlined. 3 Word interlined. 2 Word

 315 

To Samuel Latham Mitchill

Monticello Sep. 8. 05

Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. Mitchell and his thanks for the pamphlets he was so kind as to send him, & which he communicated to mr Randolph. he expects on his return to Washing‑ ton (which will be in 3. weeks from this time) to find there a great collection of the chemical subjects of Louisiana, which Capt Lewis has sent, with a desire to forward them to the Phil. society at Philadel‑ phia: from whom we are to1 hope to learn their contents. he tenders to Dr. Mitchell his friendly salutations & assurances of great respect RC (PPAmP). PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. his thanks: for the pamphlets, see Mitchill to TJ, 15 Aug., and Mitchill to TJ, printed at 22 Aug. In a letter to TJ of 1 July, Mitchill discussed his experiments

on compound salts and asked that the con‑ clusions be shared with Thomas Mann randolph. 1  Preceding three words interlined in place of “I shall.”

From Edmund Randolph Richmond Sepr. 8. 1805. Edm: Randolph presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Jefferson; and will thank him to assign to Colo. Wilson Cary Nicholas the order on Mr. Robinson’s admrs, concerning which E. Randolph took the liberty of writing to him the other day; as Colo. Nicholas is now in‑ titled to the balance. RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States.” Prob‑ ably enclosed in Wilson Cary Nicholas to TJ, 21 Sep. In exchange for much of Randolph’s property, his brother‑in‑law wilson cary

nicholas had assumed responsibility for payments for which Randolph was liable to the U.S. Treasury (Vol. 46:198, 199n). the other day: Randolph to TJ, 6 Aug. No subsequent communication from Randolph has been found or is recorded in SJL.

From Ruelle Monsieur A Paris le 8. Septembre 1805. Je m’empresse de vous envoyer une copie au net de mon Ouvrage, telle enfin que j’aurais désiré la premiere. puisse‑t‑elle vous parvenir et que mon hommage vous soit ainsi présenté sous une forme plus digne de votre attention!  316 

8 SEPTEMBER 1805

 J’ai l’honneur d’être très respectueusement, Monsieur Votre très humble et très obéissant Serviteur Ruelle e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Paris, 8 Sep. 1805 I hasten to send you an edited copy of my work, as I wish the first one had been. May it reach you, and may my tribute thus be offered in a form that is more deserving of your attention! With great respect, Sir, I have the honor of being your very humble and obedient servant. Ruelle rue des Moineaux, butte des Moulins, No. 10. RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collec‑ tion); between dateline and salutation: “Ruelle, ancien Agent diplomatique, A Monsieur Jefferson, Président du Congrès des Etats‑Unis de l’Amérique”; below sig‑ nature: “rue des Moineaux, butte des Moulins, No. 10.” Recorded in SJL as received 15 Nov. Enclosure: probably a manuscript version of Ruelle’s constitu‑ tion for the “République béninienne” (see below). Ruelle was a political writer who served in the French diplomatic delegation to the Austrian Netherlands from 1788 to 1790 and again briefly in 1792. He was living in Paris by 1795 and eventually gained a position with the national lottery. In 1799, he criticized Bonaparte’s Egyptian cam‑ paign, and disgust with Napoleon’s rule as emperor fueled a number of later pub‑ lications, including an 1814 national con‑ stitution that proposed a constitutional monarchy and that he dedicated to Rus‑ sia’s Alexander I. He defended his consti‑ tutional ideas in several pamphlets and in 1815 criticized the federal system of the United States in a letter to Madison. His last known publication appeared in 1820 (J. M. Quérard, La France litteraire, ou Dictionnaire bibliographique .  .  ., 12 vols. [Paris, 1827‑64], 8:278; Alfred Boulay de la Meurthe, Le Directoire et l’expédition d’Égypte: Étude sur les tentatives du Direc‑ toire pour communiquer avec Bonaparte, le secourir et le ramener [Paris, 1805], 164‑5; Fréderic Schoell, Cours d’histoire des états Européens, depuis le bouleversement de l’empire Romain d’occident jusqu’en 1789, 47 vols. [Paris and Berlin, 1830‑34], 39:314; Gazette nationale, ou le Moniteur

universel, 11 Aug. 1799; Ruelle, ancien chargé d’affaires dans la légation de France, aux Pays‑Bas Autrichiens; au Tribunat [Paris, 1800]; Ruelle, Numéros pour les tirages de la Loterie nationale [Paris, 1802]; Constitution française; par M. Ruelle, ­ancien agent diplomatique [Paris, 1814]; Ruelle, Réponse à MM. Bergasse et Bar‑ ruel et à tous les anticonstitutionnels [Paris, 1814]; Abraham P. Nasatir and Gary Elwyn Monell, eds., French Consuls in the United States: A Calendar of Their Correspondence in the Archives Natio­ nales [Washington, D.C., 1967], 351; rs, 9:150‑1). la premiere: Ruelle sent a manuscript, dated 10 Aug. 1805, of his model repub‑ lican constitution—for the then‑fictional country of Benin—with an undated cover letter addressed to the president and mem‑ bers of the U.S. Congress. A title page bore the inscription, “La servitude de la presse et la diversité des langues sont les mamelles du despotisme et de la Super‑ stition” (the subjugation of the press and a diversity of languages are the mammaries of despotism and superstition). Consist‑ ing of some 100 articles, Ruelle’s consti‑ tution divided power between an elected congress and an executive authority that was split into four branches: a senate in charge of judicial matters, a consulate in  charge of administrative departments and police, a “généralat” in charge of the military, and a diplomatic directory in charge of foreign relations. The constitu‑ tion mandated equality before the law and guaranteed property rights and the right of petition. Citizens were free to practice particular religious faiths, but the consti‑ tution elevated a civil faith, the “Religion

 317 

8 SEPTEMBER 1805 nationale,” as supreme. The nation would be divided into departments governed by local assemblies that could propose changes to the constitution. It is uncertain if the version that ended up in Senate records was enclosed in the letter above, or if Ru‑ elle sent it directly to Congress. He appar‑ ently sent other versions that TJ never received, before enclosing a revised ver‑

sion in 1808 that TJ deposited in the Li‑ brary of Congress. Ruelle published the work as Constitution de la République béninienne, ou Modèle d’une constitution républicaine in 1815 (MS with cover let‑ ter in DNA: RG 46, LP, 9th Cong., 2d sess., endorsed by a Senate clerk; Ruelle to TJ, 31 July 1807; TJ to Ruelle, 25 Feb. 1809).

From Francis Taliaferro Brooke Dr Sir [on or before 9 Sep. 1805] Permit me to make personally known to you Mr Roane one of the Judges of the Court of Appeals—his Character no Doubt well known to you, and your respect for high Talents and great merit assure me no apology is necessary for this Liberty—Yours wth Respect &c F Brooke RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sep. 1805 and so recorded in SJL. Spencer roane served on the Virginia Court of Appeals from 1795 until his death

in 1822. As a prominent Virginia Re‑ publican, he supported the Jefferson and Madison administrations and frequently opposed the decisions of Chief Justice John Marshall (anb; rs 9:72‑4, 120).

From Robert Smith Sir, Balt. Sep. 9. 1805 You will herewith receive the despatches lately received by me from the Medn. To gratify publick anxiety and to give publick opinion the proper direction I have conceived it expedient to publish certain parts of these despatches. Not having seen the communications from Col Lear I would not form an Opinion upon the Treaty. But I must say I had expected a Treaty of a different Character. And informed as I now am, I wish that such a peace had not been made. However it is pos‑ sible their better knowledge of the Condition of our Captive Country‑ men may have induced them to accede to such terms. Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Sep. and “Tripoli” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: see below.

the despatches: on 11 Sep., the ­ ational Intelligencer reported that dis‑ N patches had been received from John Rodgers announcing that a preliminary

 318 

10 SEPTEMBER 1805 peace had been signed with Tripoli, from William Eaton and Isaac Hull detailing the successful attack on the city of Derna, and from Robert Denison, Samuel Bar‑ ron’s secretary, announcing peace and the release of the Philadelphia prisoners. Smith’s enclosures to TJ thus likely in‑ cluded Hull to Barron, 28 and 29 Apr., and two letters from Eaton to Barron, both dated 29 Apr., all of which described the combined arms operations and the

immediate outcome of the battle at Derna (ndbw, 5:547‑8, 550‑6). Smith also likely enclosed a letter from Rodgers, dated Malta, 8 June, in which he forwarded the preliminary treaty between the United States and Tripoli. Rodgers also stated his opinion that the navy’s next attack would almost certainly have been successful and that the prisoners were never in any dan‑ ger of being executed (same, 6:98). The letter by Denison has not been identified.

From Thomas Ewell Sir, Geo. Town 10th Septr. 1805 The letter of the 30th ulto. with which you honored me, came duly to hand. I submitted it to the perusal of my father. His heart swell’d with grateful feelings, on reading the generous mention you made of him—while your condescension served to encrease his exalted opinion of your worth, as well as to excite the warmest emotions of friendship. I will not pretend to convey my feelings on the occasion. Your expressions concerning Philosophers who write only for one another—are consistent with those humane acts which characterise your life. Knowing that your benevolence led you to promote the in‑ terest of the people in general, I expected that you would readily sanction any effort—which had a tendency that way. As you thought a more general knowledge of chemistry would produce such an effect, I tooke the liberty in my proposals of adding an extract from yr. letter relating to the subject. Not having had an opportunity to establish a character among my countrymen, an aid of this kind was deemed nec‑ essary to secure the publication of the work I had in contemplation. This consideration caused me to take the liberty, and I trust that the object will induce you to pardon me for shielding myself for a short time, under the influence of yr. name. With the greatest respect Sir, I shall ever remain your obedient & obliged Servant, T. Ewell. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. extract from yr. letter: Ewell used a six‑sentence extract of TJ’s 30 Aug. letter, beginning with the phrase “of the importance of turning a knolege of chem‑

istry,” in the prospectus for his book on chemistry and in the preface of the fin­ ished work, Plain Discourses on the Laws or Properties of Matter, published in 1806 (Norfolk Gazette and Publick Ledger, 4 Dec.).

 319 

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 10th. Septr. 1805 I sent you yesterday by Mr. Randolph’s boat, a cask, containing 3 dozen bottles of syrup of punch; supposing, as so immediate an op‑ portunity offered, it might probably reach you in that way, nearly as soon as by the Stage. I forwarded likewise a box of fish, which we have but lately re‑ ceived from Mr. Crowninshield of Salem—having come in a tedious, & round‑about direction. Your last note of 1000$ will be offered at the Bank on Friday next, which will have been the first discount day after its date—when it doubtless will be done. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

From Nicholas Madgett Monsieur— de Rutherforton (NC) le 10e 7bre: 1805 De motifs personels me determinerant, il y a quelques Années, a vous addresser. vous Eûtes la bonté d’Excuser Cette liberté, et ne dedai­g­nâtes pas de m’accorder, l’appui d’un temoignage infiniment Respectable et necessaire pour depousser les traits de la Calomnie alors diriges ­Contre moi. Ferai‑je me flatter que dans Cette Occasion, Vous par‑ donnerez l’humble individu, qui, du fond de La Retraite, attire sur lui l’attention du Chef Suprême de son päis adoptif. Sans moyens Suffisans pour Continuer la Culture de la Vigne dans la Caroline du Sud, privé de tout Espoir d’etre Soutenu par la legisla‑ ture l’entrepise manqua. A L’abri des Orages, des Revolutions, auquels les päis que j’ai Connu En Europe sont si sujets depuis Bonapart, tranquil et presqu’inconnu, sans Ambition, sans Relation aucune avec l’Europe, tres sincerement attaché a l’Amerique, dévoué Sans Reserve a Ses interêts, j’ai Cru que la Connoissance de plusieurs Langues, l’habitude du travail pourraient avantager la Chose Genérale dans la Nouvelle acquisition, plein de Cette idée depuis plusieurs mois, les Amis que j’ai Consulté m’ont determiné la demarche que je fais aujourdhui, et Lindiscretion de quelques Bureaux de poste du päis, m’oblige à me servir dans Cette occasion de la langue française. Cette langue vous Est si bien Connu que la motif que je viens d’alleger Suffira vous m’excuser.  320 

10 SEPTEMBER 1805

Si, d’attirer Votre Attention Monsieur, En me mettant Entierement a Votre disposition, Comme je le fais En Ce moment, peut Etre Envi­ sagé Comme une Erreur, j’ose me flatter, que les motifs purs et desin‑ teresses qui m’y ont determiné, rendront Cette demarche plus Excu­ sable qu’elle ne le serait Sous un autre point due Vue. Je Suis avec le Respect le plus profond, Monsieur, Votre tres humble et tres Obeissant Serviteur Nicholas Madgett e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Rutherfordton, N.C., 10 Sep. 1805 A few years ago personal reasons prompted me to write to you. You were kind enough to forgive me for taking this liberty and to help me by offering your infinitely respected and necessary backing against the calumny that was being directed against me. May I flatter myself, on this occasion, to believe that you will forgive the humble individual who, from deep in retirement, asks for the attention of the supreme leader of his adopted country. Without sufficient means to continue cultivating vines in South Carolina, deprived of all hope of being backed by the legislature, the enterprise failed. Sheltered from the storms of revolutions, to which the countries I knew in Europe are so subject since Bonaparte; tranquil and virtually unknown, with‑ out ambition, with no relation to Europe; very sincerely attached to America and unreservedly devoted to her interests, I thought my knowledge of several languages and work habits would benefit the country in the new acquisition. Inspired by this idea for the past several months, friends I consulted encour‑ aged the action I am undertaking today. The indiscretion of some post offices of the country forces me to use the French language on this occasion. You know this language so well that the reason I cited will suffice for you to for‑ give me. If it can be seen as an error to ask for your attention, Sir, by putting myself entirely at your disposition, as I am doing, I dare to flatter myself that the pure and disinterested motivation that prompts me will render this approach more excusable than it would be from another point of view. With the deepest respect, I am, Sir, your most humble and obedient s­ ervant. Nicholas Madgett RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Nicholas Madgett, born in Ireland and educated in France, studied for the priest‑ hood in Paris and became curate of a Catholic parish near Bordeaux. After re‑ fusing to take the oath required by the “civil constitution” of the clergy of 1790, Madgett resigned his position and moved to Paris. His antirevolutionary sentiments eventually led him to the British secret service, which employed Madgett to spy

on the French government and members of the United Irishmen. The French dis‑ covered Madgett’s activities in 1795 and he was tried and briefly imprisoned before being released and returning to England. By 1798, Madgett was in Philadelphia, where his past as a British agent was ex‑ posed by newspapers, which warned read‑ ers to be “on their guard” in any dealings with him. Madgett wrote to TJ in 1799, but neither his 9 Apr. letter nor TJ’s reply of 26 June have been found. He there­ after moved to Columbia, South Carolina, and undertook a viticulture scheme. By

 321 

10 SEPTEMBER 1805 1803, however, he advertised the sale of his “stock in trade, with his household and kitchen furniture, &c.” He returned to France and to the priesthood in 1805, and also returned to espionage briefly, this time on behalf of the French imperial government. He eventually settled again as a curate in the diocese of Bordeaux. Madgett is sometimes confused with his cousin and contemporary, also named Nicholas Madgett, an Irish‑born official in the French government who, unlike his

younger relation, was an ardent proponent of Irish nationalism (Richard Hayes, Bio‑ graphical Dictionary of Irishmen in France [Dublin, 1949], 194‑7; Liam Swords, The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution, 1789‑1815 [Dublin, 1989], 64, 108‑11, 188, 238, 256‑7; New York Time Piece, 2 July 1798; Aurora, 15 Mch., 1  May 1799; Columbia South‑Carolina State Gazette and Columbian Advertiser, 3 June 1803; Vol. 37:11‑12).

From Robert Smith Sir, Baltimore Sep. 10. 1805— It would seem from the tenour of the Communications from our ministers at Madrid that they were mortified not only from their fail‑ ure in the negotiation, but from the manner of its being conducted on the part of Spain. Its unfortunate termination, be the motives of Spain what they may, has brought us to a crisis that demands great consideration. That nation, throughout the whole of her recent de‑ portment in relation to the U. States, has evidently been presuming much upon our strong predilection for peace and upon our not pos‑ sessing the means of materially annoying her in war either upon land or upon water. After what we have experienced, we cannot without stooping too much send another Envoy‑Extraordinary or instruct our minister resi‑ dent again to make advances towards renewing the negotiation. If we could allow ourselves to do either, I see no ground for believing that another gentleman could effect what Munroe & Pinkney were not able to do. If there should hereafter exist on the part of Spain any disposi‑ tion to adjust their differences with us advances will be made by her. In exciting such a disposition, her fear; as I understand her Charac‑ ter, will be the most powerful agent. I would therefore be for adopt‑ ing measures calculated as well to work upon her apprehensions as to protect, in case of a war, our territory and our commerce. The secure protection of Orleans ought to be our first Object. That place in its present weak defenceless condition could easily be taken. And it could not be easily retaken by us. It could not, in my Opinion, be retaken by us but by means of a large well‑organized and well dis‑ ciplined regular army with a great train of artillery. Some think it would not be within the resources of the U. States to retake it unless  322 

10 SEPTEMBER 1805

we had also the command of the gulf of Mexico, of the Missisippi and Lake ponchetrain. But as we are now in possession and as our pos‑ session is easily defended in case we have the command of the Mis‑ sisippi and lake ponchetrain, I would advise the sending into the Missisippi and lake ponchetrain of all the gun boats we have and as many more as we may be able to finish in the course of this Autumn and the ensuing winter and Spring until the requisite complement be there stationed. It ought to be recommended to Congress at their next session to provide for building additional gun boats, for repairing, equipping and putting in Commission all our frigates, for building the six 74,s for which we already have the principal part of the materials and for building six additional 74,s— As far as may be necessary1 at this juncture consistently with the resources of our Country we ought to prepare the means of Offensive as well as of defensive war. Such a preparation will not only enable us to press with more effect our reasonable demands upon Spain; but will in the future secure us against aggressions and pretensions as injurious as they are humiliating. Such a nation as Spain would not have dared to have committed such depredations upon our Commerce and such aggressions upon our rights, and still less would she have dared to have treated our reasonable demands for reparation and explanation so superciliously, had she not been under the impression that we are utterly unprepared for a State of war and of course that we would not be easily provoked to declare war. Spain has besides no doubt been taught to know that, in the present State of our Navy,2 a few line of battle Ships stationed at the Havanna with the aid of frig‑ ates &c would give her the command of the gulf of Mexico and such a control over our Missisippi commerce as effectually to intercept all communication between Orleans and the ports not only of Europe but of the U. States. With twelve ships of the line added to the frigates we have and to the contemplated gun boats we would have nothing to apprehend from such a nation as Spain. On the Contrary we could confidently take with respect to her a commanding attitude. And if she were alone, rather than entangle ourselves in the manes of Great Brittain, I would prefer, with such an augmentation of the Navy, to encounter her with‑ out an Ally. But if France as there is reason to think, should really be moving with Spain against us, and if circumstances3 should not admit of delay, then an alliance with a nation capable of affording us the requisite naval assistance would be necessary.4 Without such aid not only our Commerce and our Sea‑port towns would in a state of war  323 

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with France and Spain be greatly exposed to depredation, but there would be strong ground for apprehending the entire and irrevocable loss of Orleans and the adjacent country.—With such aid we could easily take the Floridas and Cuba5 which are essentially necessary to our securely enjoying without interruption the numberless advantages resulting from our lately acquired territory. But were we to form an alliance with Great Brittain upon the most advantageous terms I would still recommend the building of the twelve line of battle Ships.6 I would do so, because independently of other powerful considerations, it would be desireable to be not altogether dependent on the Nation with which we might be so allied. Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Sep. and “Span. affairs” and so recorded in SJL. FC (MdHi); in Smith’s hand but not signed; dated 16 Sep.; with variations, the most significant of which are noted below. Lb (DNA: RG 45, LSP); in a clerk’s hand; dated 16 Sep.; matches FC. For the communications in question, see note at Madison to TJ, 20 Aug.

1

 FC: “necessary and compatible.”  FC: “as we have in our Navy no Ves‑ sels above the rate of frigates.” 3  FC: “and if the state of things.” 4  FC: “expedient.” 5  FC: “whereas with such aid we would be completely protected at every point and we could moreover with great ease take the Floridas.” 6  FC: “recommend the proposed aug‑ mentation of our Navy.” 2

From John Barnes

George Town 11th. Sepr 1805.

I had the Honor of addressing the President. 2d. Inst.—from the inclosed State of my Bank, transactions. the President will perceive the result. leaves me $48.64. Sufft: I presume (with the proposed Note of $750: for disctg. to Morrow, at, B of C, of which, the proceeds of $250. for the Use of the President) to meet either. the President—or Mr Madisons expected drafts.— —the late alarming Accts from NY. & Philada.—the spread of the fever—I have concluded not to Approach either of the unfortunate Cities this Season. —If therefore the President should have any particular demands here. they will be promptly. attended to. by Sir, your most Obedt: Servt. John Barnes. RC (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); at foot of text: “The President U States at Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

for the use of the president: a  source of revenue not mentioned by Barnes came from Georgetown merchant John Mason. On 31 Aug., Mason wrote to

 324 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805 Barnes to explain that his old firm, Mason & Fenwick, had overcharged TJ for freight costs on an order of wine purchased in 1793 and paid for in 1797. Mason en‑ closed a copy of the account as settled at the time, a copy of an explanation by the

firm’s Baltimore agent, and $15.50. Ac‑ cording to his financial records, TJ re‑ ceived that amount from Barnes on 6 Oct. (MS in MHi, endorsed by TJ; mb, 2:831n, 956, 1164; Vol. 28:304).

e n c l o s u r e

Statement of Account

President US. In B B US. wth J Barnes 14th July.

1805 July 12. Balc: favr of the President Augst. 4. Compensation 7. Note distd  disct  Augst. 5. 12. 14.

2000. 21.33

Bank Ck for 3/6 Augst  do for Note 11/14 do  do J & Howell  do LeMaire on a/c

2083.33 1978.67 2000. 1500. 125.74 300.

3.71. 4062. 4065:71.

3925.74. 139.97.

Sepr 4. "

Compensation Note. disctd  disct

Sepr 4. "  " " 6. " 9.

Bank Ck Note 4/ Sepr 2000.  do J & Howell 253.33 LeMaire on a/c 300. Bank for Note—B of C [.  .  .] 8/11— 1600 4153.33. in favr of the Presidt.  $48.64. John Barnes.

2000. 21.33

MS (ViU: Edgehill‑Randolph Papers); one word illegible.

2083.33

1805

1978.67.

4062. 4201.97.

b b us.: that is, the Washington branch of the Bank of the United States.

From William C. C. Claiborne Territory of Orleans Concordia opposite Natchez My Dear Sir Septr. 11th 1805. I left New Orleans on the 20th Ultimo, and reached this place on Yesterday;—on my Journey I was taken extreemly ill;—for seven days my Fevers were incessant and my Death was esteemed a probable event. But it has pleased God to prolong my life, and I now feel as if  325 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

my Health would soon be restored.—I left New Orleans with a view of visiting the several Counties, and assisting personally in organiz‑ ing the Militia; but I am now so enfebled, that I must (thro’ neces‑ sity) relinquish the design.— A few days previous to my being taken sick, I was Honored with your letter of the 14th July.—The Articles to which you refer, were all forwarded by the Ship Comet to Baltimore, and I sincerly Hope they may reach you in safety.—To preserve the Skins, it became necessary to repack them; this may have deranged their Numbers, but I pur‑ suade myself, no material inconvenience has ensued. I have lately been presented with a Skin of the Wild Cat of the Praire; It is the most beautiful Skin I ever saw, and shall be forwarded to you by the first Opportunity.— Late accounts from New Orleans represent that City as very Healthy;— much labour had been exercised in adding to the beauty and health of the place;—The ditches around the Forts had been drained, and some of the Old Fortifications which were considered useless, have been leveled by my permission.— I pray you to accept the best wishes of Dear Sir, Your faithful Friend! William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Claiborne; at foot of text in Claiborne’s hand: “Thos. Jefferson President of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

From Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Salem 11th Septr 1805 I beg leave to present you with my sincere thanks for your highly obliging communication of the 26th August. From the well known & established character of Mr. Kittredge I have no doubt he will give entire satisfaction in, and faithfully perform all the duties of the office to which you have seen fit to appoint him. his commission I believe has not yet reached here but I presume it may be expected every moment. I am sorry to inform you the British are condemning our vessels in England upon a new plea. it is a common thing for our merchts to reship (after landing) their cargoes bot in the Colonies on the same vessel to Europe &c as may be convenient. vessels thus circumstanced are now captured bound to France & Holland altho’ there is no ques‑ tion as to the property being neutral. they pretend it is the original voyage, & that the landing & reshipping is a mere cover. we are all very uneasy on this subject, as it strikes deeply at our export trade in  326 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

foreign articles, & will ultimately injure the whole commerce of the Country. Letters as late as July 26th from American merchts of re‑ spectabillity in London, declare that several vessels have been con‑ demned on this ground. as the merchts can not afford to run these risks (for few insurance offices will take them) it is probable many will unload their ships and wait till the squall passes over. I am happy to see Comr Rogers’ letter confirms the information I sent you relative to the Tripoline peace. I again ask permission to tender assurances of my profound attachment and regard in subscribing myself your most faithful & obliged servt. Jacob Crowninshield RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Honble Th Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. a new plea: a recent adjudication in the British admiralty court had condemned cargo of the American ship Essex, coun‑ termanding a prior ruling that had spared most re‑exports from seizure. Under the 1800 Polly decision, if the goods were landed in the United States and any duty paid, it was considered a broken voyage, the goods were neutralized, and the cargo could be legally carried between the Ca‑ ribbean and Europe. With the Essex deci‑ sion, issued 22 May, landing and payment of a small duty were no longer deemed sufficient to neutralize the cargo, and the burden of proof of neutrality was shifted from the captor to the ship owner. The de‑ cision was upheld by the admiralty court in subsequent rulings, including a 23 July ruling on the Massachusetts‑based Enoch.

The new precedent triggered a sharp in‑ crease in British captures of American vessels in European waters, with the ­seizure of at least 60 ships by August 1806 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:139‑42; Salem Gazette, 17 Sep.; Brad‑ ford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805‑1812 [Berke‑ ley, Calif., 1961], 79‑82; Bradford Per‑ kins, The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795‑1805 [Phila‑ delphia, 1955; repr. Berkeley, 1967], 87‑9; Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity [New York, 1971], 248; James Monroe to TJ, 6 Oct.). comr rogers’ letter: an 8 June circular letter from John Rodgers was printed in the Boston New‑England ­Palladium on 10 Sep. as a letter from Rodgers to John Gavino (ndbw 6:98‑9; New‑England Palladium, 10 Sep.). the information i sent you: see two let‑ ters from Crowninshield to TJ, 28 Aug.

From “Shiloh” Thomas Jefferson Septemr. 11th. 1805. My original design was that the following & inclosed papers should have met you in the form of Newspaper publications or printed handbills—but such is your boasted liberty of the press, that even the federal printers would not dare to publish the truth for me without disguise—they are afraid of persecution for a libel & tell me that the truth of a publication is no justification of the publisher & will not be received in evidence! What a damned law is this, damned of God, in which truth shall not be justified!!! But I thank God Almighty that I can write middling fast, & that I do not feel like the printers, afraid  327 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

of you your officers or your law. It is high time that the Apocalyptical beast should be smitten with the rod of his mouth—It is high time that some daring Soul like Elijah, filled with intrepidity by the Spirit of the Eternal Jehovah, should stand up to reprove the blasphemies & the Murders & the robberies of the Kings of the Earth & the mighty men.—Do not feel so big that you will not read what I have written: for you will soon be little enough—& if you will not read, yet others certainly will. “One sent reward.1 “Bursted the prison bounds of Hell, outlawed by the decree of heaven, ran away from the government of God, an inveterate Rebel against the dominion of Jehovah, under sentence of execution for blasphemy & high treason against the King of kings, a certain super‑ annuated man named Thomas Jefferson, lately reported to the skies as having been dignified by the wicked sons of America on account of his supposed superabundant & preeminent worth with the chief mag‑ istracy of the United States—is said to have some days past pushed his course from the metropolis towards the heights of Virginia & at present to be spending his days in pleasure on the lofty peak of Albe‑ marle, the summit & declivities of Monticello.—The said Thomas is amazingly remarkable in the following particulars—1st. A deep affec­ tation of humility, styling himself in democratic lingo, Servant of the Sovereign people, but in fact sporting away his time in displaying his newborn glory, as if he were Sovereign of the Servant people & elec‑ tive king of Democrats: thus attempting to support his proud struggles against the Empire of the heavens by hypocritical & merely verbal condescensions to a blinded multitude.—2nd—He is apt to display a high opinion of himself as a philosopher, & on such occasions nothing is so sacred or holy, that it shall not be reprobated by his philosophi‑ cal impudence or torn in pieces by his oratorical claws. As for in‑ stance he will very seriously undertake by philosophical investigation to prove for the satisfaction of any one that “It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty Gods or no God”—because says Thomas, “It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg”—but recent facts arising in my own late experience prove his philosophical de‑ ductions to be a cursed lie: for the Mayor Council & officers of the Corporation of Alexandria, who believe in twenty Gods & at the very least worship three Gods; on tuesday the third of this instant, picked my pocket of Seven dollars, & if they did not break my leg, they broke open my door, broke the handle of my bucket, broke my slate on which out of reverence to the one Eternal God I had inscribed the name of Jehovah; & all for no better reason that can be known but merely that  328 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

we differ in the number of our Gods. 3rd. By the same philosophical wisdom he will show you very plainly that God who has given us the history of Creation & the first ages of the World, stating upon his Ve‑ racity that all men are descended from One original pair, the immedi‑ ate Effect of his Creating power; that this God is a liar!!!—because says Thomas, Existing facts discovered in the difference between the number of distinct languages among the Red men of Asia & the Red men of America, make it manifest that the latter are not descended from the former, but of higher antiquity. But poor proud Thomas never reflects that it was possible & not improbable, that whole na‑ tions & entire languages might totally emigrate from East Asia to West America &c so as not leave behind them in Asia any Vestiges of their speech to declare their former existence on that Continent. As for the confusion of tongues at the building of Babel, how many lan‑ guages originated in Asia upon that occasion & how distinct these languages were in their construction—Thomas passes it by as no doubt too fabulous to occupy the exalted attention of such a Philosophical head!   4th. The same Thomas you will find upon farther exami‑ nation is a most superlatively impudent & basely wilful liar, & besides is absolutely ignorant that there is a God above him who can create or annihilate at any moment when his glory demands it either for the punishment of guilty rebels like the said Thomas or rewarding his righteous servants: for Thomas in his Notes on Virginia where he stretches his brain to account for the existence of marine shells on the tops of the Andes; & where he seems to allow that a Universal deluge to cover the highest mountains would sufficiently explain the cause of this phenomenon, will tell you there is no satisfactory evidence that such a Universal deluge ever existed; that is, we ought not to Credit the scriptural account of Noah’s flood—& then to complete the blas‑ phemous lie, he declares “that no fact has taken place either in our own days or in the thousands of years recorded in history which proves the existence of any natural agents within or without the bowels of the Earth of force sufficient to heave to the height of 15,000 feet such masses as the Andes!!!—O thou God of truth & power eternally damn & blast the impudent liar. For by thy Servant Moses in the history of the first 2000 Years thou has told us that God created All things out of nothing in six days—& then thou hast minutely stated & asserted the very deluge in question, which we call the flood of Noah—& again in the history thou hast given us of the Israelites, their salvation from Egyptian bondage, passage through the red Sea & the Wilderness, Entrance into & conquest of Canaan &c. &c. recorded in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy & Joshua by thy servants  329 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

Moses & Joshua, a great variety of facts are stated, proving an Agent both within & without the bowels of the Earth of force Sufficient to heave to the height of 15,000 times 15,000 feet such Masses as the Andes.—What! Is Genesis Exodus &c. no history, no record of facts? Is God no Agent? Or is he an unnatural Agent? And is he not within or without the bowels of the Earth?—But Thomas is in a miserable “dilemma” respecting this point, because such facts suppose the exis‑ tence of a power of which we have no evidence in any other Case— We produce evidence, even the evidence required, the records of an‑ tient history—Immediately Judge Thomas on his philosophical bench, will not receive them as evidence; & Why? because they were written & copied by Moses Joshua & the prophets, the humble Servants of that Agent whom he knows not, & with whom he desires no acquaintance— because this same mighty Agent is so impolite, unphilosophical, anti‑ republican & despotic, cares so little for the boasted deductions of reason & Experiment; & is so determined to punish men yea Philoso‑ phers themselves for giving what Thomas calls, “A loose to reason & free inquiry,” that he will damn them for not believing on the strength of his single Say so, “The Creation of a body of Water & its sub­ sequent annihilation.” Here now, stands for proof, the ignorance of Thomas against the records of a nation, a powerful & respectable nation from the days of Abraham their father until their dispersion under Titus Vespasian! Lord God Almighty, damn the philosophy— his ignorance, his ignorance is proof! He knows not of any Agent in nature equal to such a Work! That is he knows not there is a God! And if for the sake of popularity he admits the existence of a some‑ thing, he calls God; Yet he knows not that God is Almighty & beyond his comprehension but is determined to lop off the Arm of Jehovah, till it be exactly equal in length to his own nose—for on the ground of the same argument, he may, yea must deny that God Almighty created the world; or else be reduced to another of his pinching dilem‑ mas in which he must believe nothing about it.   Nota bene—If you meet the said Thomas in any of his philosophical, stultilogical, misotheistical, blasphemographical perambulations; groping for the origin of the aforesaid shells—tell him from me, the easiest solution of his dilemma is; that God the Almighty created those same Marine appearances on the tops of the Andes, that philosophical fools might puzzle their sculls in trying & failing to find the Cause. And now as the said Thomas Jefferson has in the manner above stated blasphemed & abused the God of heaven even my God, given him the lie & perpetrated high treason against his most sacred Maj‑ esty Jehovah—I do hereby notwithstanding all his doublefaced humil‑  330 

11 SEPTEMBER 1805

ity & the number & the power of his advocates and admirers, reject the said Thomas from my service for ever; renouncing & refusing all allegiance to him as president of the United States together with his aids & Abettors from this time forth & Eternally—Yet as long as he styles himself Servant of the Sovereign people, I propose to sell a bargain of him as he runs for Cush or Negroes—Otherwise, Whoever apprehends & confines the said blasphemous rebel in the common gaol of the Universe, that is, the Bottomless Pit, so that he no longer go forth to deceive the Nations, shall receive one sent reward, besides a golden Medal inscribed with the Song of Moses the Servant of God & the song of the Lamb—“Great & marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty, just & true are thy ways, thou King of Saints &c” Sign,d Shiloh P.S. I command you in the name of God, the God of Abraham & the God of Isaac & the God of Jacob; the God who made you, & made the Shells on the tops of the Andes—the God in whose hand is your life your breath & all your ways, & who will shortly call you to account for your blasphemies—that you order the above advertisement to be inserted in All the Newspapers throughout the Union; & besides that you have at your own private expence 2300 Copies printed in pam‑ phlets & dispersed gratis to the nations; with an acknowledgment under your hand & Seal of the Sins with which you stand charged in it Confessing the propriety & force of my Animadversions upon your damned Antiscriptural Notes on Virginia—. But if you feel too Stub‑ born to make this least of reparations for the most flagrant Crimes— then receive, as the righteous reward of inveterate obstinacy, into thy blasphemous Soul, burning hot damnation from the Lord God of Elijah. RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United states of America”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived from “Anon.” on 22 Oct. and “in‑ sane” and so recorded in SJL. The author’s pseudonym, “Shiloh,” is taken from Genesis 49:10. it does me no injury: the quotation is from Query XVII of Notes on the State of Virginia.

Jonah Thompson served as the mayor of Alexandria from 1805 to 1808 (Miller, Alexandria Artisans, 2:184‑5). The reference to the the number of distinct languages in Asia and Amer‑ ica is in Query XI. marine shells on the tops of the andes: Query VI. 1 Title

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written in large script.

e n c l o s u r e s

I “The sins of the United states of America” The sins of the United states of America. 1. The murder expulsion & continual robbery of the native Indians ever since 1607—2. The murder kidnapping Whipping, pealing & continual rob‑ bery of the Africans during the same period—3. The blasphemy & idolatry of Christianity in trampling down the law & the promises of God by Moses & the prophets; & worshipping a man instead of the Eternal Jehovah— 4th. The blasphemy of republicanism, saying—“All power is inherent in & originates from the people”—& choosing a most notorious blasphemer for chief Magistrate—5. Besides the continual perjury of the President & all the Officers of state from the highest to the lowest, 29 Years of annual perjury in the State legislatures as well as in Congress, swearing to support their lying constitutions which declare All men born equally free & independent &c & breaking their Oaths at every Session by tenaciously holding One Sixth of the People in the most abject Slavery. Your cup is full!!!1 O Thou Lord God Almighty, Thou Jehovah, Righteous judge of all the Earth—for thy namesake & for thy mercy sake in fulfilling the Oath thou hast sworn to Abraham & his seed from the days of old—Eternally blot out the memory of such a Cursed government & nation founded in blood & built by iniquity—“Render unto them a recompence, O Lord, according to the work of their hands—give them Sorrow of heart thy Curse unto them—Persecute & destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the Lord”—is the ardent prayer of Shiloh MS (DLC). render unto them a recompence: Lamentations 3:64.

1 Preceding four words and punctuation written in large script.

II “Highway Robbery” Highway Robbery Stop the thief!!! 1—On Tuesday the third of this instant, the Mayor of the Corporation of the City of Alexandria his Council & Officers (a den of rob‑ bers as ripe for the Gallows as the man who is now in confinement for shoot‑ ing & robbing John Peter Officer of the bank of Columbia) came upon me with force & arms as I quietly sat in my house with my family, bursted my door, dragged us out, pronounced upon us sentence of insanity & expulsion not only from the Corporation, but the district of Columbia; robbed me of Seven dollars, broke the handle of my bucket, broke my slate &c. &c. dragged us away in a Cart like criminals going to be hanged far beyond the limits of their jurisdiction & clear across the bounds of another Corporation, & all for no supposed immorality; but upon a damnable pretence, which has never

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 been proved, that I am in a state of derangement—The root of the matter is we differ about the number our Gods.—Whoever apprehends & commits the aforesaid banditti, Mayor & officers to the Common gaol of the Universe, that is the Bottomless pit, so that they no longer trouble honest men shall receive one sent reward & be farther intitled to the Song of Moses the Servant of God & the Song of the Lamb—“Great & marvellous are thy works, Lord God Al‑ mighty, just & true are thy ways thou King of Saints &c.” Sign’d Shiloh Septemr. 9th. 1805. O Eternal justice Seize the Rebels— MS (DLC). On 30 July, Bank of Columbia officer john peter was shot and robbed while riding between Georgetown and Alexan‑ dria. The culprit allegedly took $18,114.65 from Peters, and the bank offered a $500

reward for the robber’s capture (Alexan‑ dria Daily Advertiser, 3 Aug.). great & marvellous are thy works: Revelation 15:3. 1  Preceding three words and punctua‑ tion written in large script.

To Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 12. 05 Yours of the 28th is recieved & I join with you in expressions of satisfaction that the Tripoline war is finished. in the present state of things with Spain it was desirable that our little navy should not re‑ main in her power. I percieve by your letter that you have been so kind as to forward the fish. having heard nothing of it I had presumed it had slipped your memory. the object of the present is merely to ask by what vessel & to what port it was forwarded, that I may have it enquired for, as it probably lies neglected & may be forgotten in some merchant’s warehouse. be so good as to address your answer to Wash‑ ington where I shall be on the 2d. of October. Accept my thanks for the trouble you have taken and my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson  P.S. we must build a great number of gun‑boats the ensuing season to secure our seaports from hostile attacks. RC (Mrs. Lansing G. Hoskins, Seneca Falls, New York, 1950); addressed: “The honble Jacob Crownenshield Salem”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 14 Sep.; endorsed by Crowninshield. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

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From Albert Gallatin Sir Treasury Department Septer. 12th 1805 I have the honor to enclose the copy of an application by Mr Merry for an exemption from duty on goods imported for the use of Mr Foster as secretary of legation. On enquiry both at the Treasury and at the Department of State, I find that no similar application was ever made, unless the Secretary, during a Minister’s absence, was accredited as Chargé d’affaires: and I have informed Mr Merry that the case being novel would await your determination. The indulgence has heretofore been granted only to public Ministers & Chargés d’affaires: it has been of course refused to Consuls. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your Most obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The President of the United States now at Monticello Milton Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and “Foster’s goods” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir New York 12 Septer. 1805 I enclose at last some observations on the Spanish affairs. The anx‑ iety & occasional absence occasioned by the lingering illness of a child I finally lost had prevented my taking a sufficiently comprehen‑ sive view of the subject to commit any thing to writing: and even now I feel that it is very defective. Accept my congratulations on the Tripo‑ lan peace, and my wishes that you may terminate as favorably the Spanish differences. With sincere attachment and great respect Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and “Span. affairs” and so recorded in SJL.

The Gallatins lost Sophia Albertine, who died within a year of her birth (Ray‑ mond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffer­ sonian Financier and Diplomat [New York, 1957], 218).

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e n c l o s u r e

Observations on Affairs with Spain Spanish affairs Objects of difference 1. Boundaries of Louisiana—east & west 2. Spoliations—refusal to ratify convention & French‑Spanish captures Modes of acting 1. War—2 Active negotiations—3 Suspension of discussions War 1. its justice as it relates to boundaries The claim of the U. States is not evident, but is derived, for the east, by con‑ struction from the treaty of S. Idelfonso, & rests, for the west, on the acciden‑ tal landing of La Salle at S. Bernard and on the French establishments of the Mississippi being prior to those of Spain east of Rio Norte. It is not presumed that the last object (the west boundary) shall by any one be considered as a just subject of war. To me the claim has always appeared doubtful. The doc‑ trine of European rights to uncivilized countries as derived from discovery & possession is not reducible & never has been reduced to fixed rules. The posi‑ tive right of discovery extends in this case only to the Mississippi: that of oc‑ cupancy, beyond what is actually possessed by us on the sea‑shore west of that river, is confined to the accidental & transient settlement of La Salle. Crozat’s charter, being a public act acquiesced in by the silence of Spain, gives the most valid title, but embraces only the waters emptying into the Mississippi. On the other hand the Adayes & Nagodoches settlement, whatever was its origin, (and Spain may assert that it was as legal as that of La Salle,) was formed before the short war between the Quadruple alliance & Spain (the Regent & Alberoni). During that war Pensacola was three times taken & retaken. At the peace it was restored & Perdido fixed as the boundary of Flor‑ ida & Louisiana. But although it does not appear that the western boundary was then fixed, the Adayes settlement was suffered to remain. That acquies‑ cence on the part of France, confirmed by her subsequent silence & by the undisturbed possession & exercise of the rights of sovereignty of Spain dur‑ ing more than forty years (1718‑1762) throws such uncertainty on our claims, that a resort to arms for that cause will, I think, appear unjustifiable in the opinion of mankind & even of America. That we have still an undefined claim is true; this may, when a proper opportunity shall offer, be used for the pur‑ pose of obtaining a convenient Eastern boundary; for it will certainly be the interest of unbiassed Spain to obtain from us a relinquishment to the country bordering on the Mexico settlements: but if no arrangement should take place on that subject during the present generation, the natural growth of the U. States will hereafter naturally enforce the claim to its full extent. The claim of the U. States on the east as far as Perdido is much better founded. The word “retrocede” is the only expression in the treaty of S. Idelphonso which countenances the construction of Spain. She insists that that expres‑ sion confines her cession to so much only as she had received from France. But every other expression & sentence of the Treaty supports the construc‑ tion of the U. States. Yet it must again be repeated that the claim is not self

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 evident but constructive: and the following considerations seem to render the justice of a war, in its support, extremely doubtful. 1st. whether ascribed to policy or to precipitancy, or to any other cause, it is not less the fact that the acquisition of Louisiana without any fixed boundaries was the act of the United States, for the act of their negotiators is theirs; if they intended at all events, to obtain the now disputed territory between Mississippi & Perdido, if they then attached such value to it as to risk a war for securing it, they would not have signed the treaty without placing the subject, beyond the possibility of dispute. The manner in which the treaty is drawn betrays either unpardon‑ able oversight or indifference to that object & a disposition to trust to a mere contingency for securing it. 2dly. Not only we neglected when the treaty was made to obtain from France, if not as guarantee, at least an official declaration of what she considered as the boundary of the territory ceded to her by the treaty of San Idelphonso; but Spain was not consulted on the subject. If, there‑ fore, a previous explanation had taken place between Spain & France on that subject, however we may complain of the duplicity of France for having with‑ held such communication, Spain may justly oppose it to our demands. If A purchases from B a tract of land & the boundaries are not precisely defined by the deed; if by subsequent articles the parties explain the meaning of the deed; if neither the deed nor articles have been made matter of public record; and if afterwards C shall purchase from A on the face of the first deed, and notwithstanding its want of precision shall, neither ask from A a guarantee or even explanation of the boundaries, nor enquire from B what he had in‑ tended to convey; it is true that he may have recourse against A for the decep‑ tion in not showing the articles; but it is very doubtful whether the disputed land can be recovered from B who has in the meanwhile never given posses‑ sion, & who had even, before C’s purchase was ratified, warned him not to purchase. 3dly. We cannot deny that we had, before the ratification of the treaty, a knowledge of the intention of the parties to the treaty of San Idel‑ phonso so far as related to the eastern boundaries. For we knew that Laussat was instructed to demand & the Spanish officers to deliver, east of the Mis‑ sissippi, that part only which is in our possession. as it relates to the spoliations This appears a more just cause of war; and if the original offence was of a recent date, if the refusal to restrain or compensate for the aggressions had been made whilst they continued to exist, the question would certainly be‑ come one of policy alone. The conduct of Spain was not, however, at the time, considered as a cause of war: and it may be said at this moment, that in the relation in which she then stood towards France, of alliance against an enemy, & of vassalage to that great power, her conduct was a natural conse‑ quence of our hostilities with that nation. It is certain that when we were ne‑ gotiating for the purpose of obtaining reparation for our merchants, we had no idea of going to war in case of failure. It is her refusal to ratify what by the convention itself she had acknowledged as justly due to us which is the cause of offence. And supposing that the other objections of Spain have been re‑ moved, the only ground of dispute on this point is the modification which they ask, & which although they have no right to demand it, amounts only to expressions which, without impairing the reserved rights of either party, shall only prevent a constructive admission of our right by Spain to be informed

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 from the instrument. The only words to which Spain objects are those which seem, by construction, to convey an idea that she recognizes in the abstract the justice of our claim for French aggressions originating or countenanced in her ports. Is the preservation of those equivocal words which give us very little more than a more general reservation of the rights of the parties, a just cause of war?       That, in case of rupture on the grounds on which we stand, plausible, & in some respects solid arguments may be urged in answer to the preceding re‑ marks, I have no doubt: but from the nature of the subject, they will be so refined that they cannot carry that conviction of the justice of our cause which is necessary to justify a war in the public opinion and to our own hearts. The high station which America, & I flatter myself, Mr J.’s administratn. now occupy in the eyes of other nations, is principally due to the opinion which is entertained of their wisdom, justice and moderation; and I think it, (exclu‑ sively of every reason derived from duty,) of primary importance that nothing should be done to weaken those favorable impressions; & that if war must ultimately be resorted to, we should previously place the controversy on such ground as will evidently put Spain in the wrong. 2. its policy Whether the issue of the war be favorable or not, some unavoidable conse‑ quences must ensue—1st. we will be shut up from our commercial inter‑ course with Italy, Spain, France & Holland—2dly our remaining commerces, particularly with the West & East Indies will to a certain extent be injured. 3dly our existing revenue will be diminished. It is not possible to form any precise calculation or even probable estimate of the degree to which we will be injured in those several respects: but it would be a much more favorable conjecture than comports with my view of the subject, to suppose that the unavoidable effect of even a successful war on our revenue would be to reduce it to a level with our current peace‑expenditure (sink‑fund 8 millions—war, navy, foreign interc. civil list & miscellaneous demands 2½ to 3 millions—in all 11 millions) & that all the expences of the war must be supported by loans or new taxes. The extent of these would depend on that of our operations: their nature would be a matter of subsequent consideration. I will only name the principal resources in the order in which they would probably be resorted to—Increase of impost—Sales of land on cheap terms by wholesale—Stamps— Direct tax—Taxes on manufactures. Our expected gain by the war (I do not speak of the injury done to the enemy) would be, the improbable ratification of the convention; a probable establish‑ ment of boundaries eastwardly to Perdido, westwardly on just terms; and perhaps the acquisition of Florida. We would at any time, even after a suc‑ cessful campaign, accept of the terms proposed by Mr Munroe vizt. establish the boundaries of Louisiana & take Florida in exchange of the convention. What are both Floridas worth? for this is exactly what we may gain. What were we willing to give for them? & what would be the cost of one year’s war? not merely the positive expense but the national loss. [Here let it be observed that in case of rupture it is to be expected that France & Spain will seize or sequester property to an immense amount. Amsterdam, Antwerp, and even Bordeaux, Cadix & Leghorn are filled with our merchants property exclu‑

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 sively of vessels which might be there at the time. With all those nations the American commerce is now carried on with American capital, & the exchange 5 to 10 pr cent in our favor] I think that every view of the subject will enforce a conviction that a war, even more successful than our resources render it probable, would, as a mat‑ ter of calculation, be most unprofitable; and that the only ground on which it can be defended is the necessity of asserting our rights from a fear that passive endurance will provoke a succession of injuries. That there is a point where forbearance must cease cannot be doubted: whether we have reached that point in relation to Spain I doubt; and it may be questioned whether both as a real injury & as a point affecting the national dignity, the annual block‑ ade of our ports & the perpetual impressment of our seamen be not more essential wrongs than any we have suffered from Spain. But what will be the probable result of a war, and how shall we carry it on. I believe that we may with our existing military resources or at least with little addition take possession of both Floridas—perhaps reach, through the wilder‑ ness, the miserable establishments of Santa Fé & San Antonio and alarm the outposts of Mexico. But it does not appear to me that we can go beyond that without a waste of treasure & of men which we cannot supply. The taking of Havannah, the most decisive stroke for forcing a peace, would require some naval co‑operation on the part of the British, an army of 15 or 20 thousand men, six months siege & from ten to twenty millions of dollars. Vera‑Cruz might perhaps cost less but would be less important. If we were not able to take either, peace must depend less on our exertions than on the course which the French Govt. may pursue. If Bonaparte, haughty & obstinate as he is, shall think proper to persevere notwithstanding our taking Florida then our fate becomes linked to that of England, and the conditions of our peace will depend on the general result of the European war. And this is one of the worst evils which the United States could encounter; for an entangling alliance, undefined debts, & taxes, and in fine a subversion of all our hopes must be the natural consequence.       Negotiations Three advantages may result from a renewal of negotiations in some shape or another—1st the hope of a permanent & complete, or at least temporary & partial arrangement, in which last case war will be at least prevented—2dly such modification of our demands as will, in case of refusal, place the justice of our cause on evident ground—3dly. some time gained which may enable us to be somewhat better prepared for the conflict. By active negotiations I meant such as would have for object a complete ar‑ rangement of every existing difference; by suspension of discussion, I con‑ templated some temporary agreement which without affecting the question, might save the rights & the credit of both nations, leaving the final result to future contingencies. In whatever shape those negotiations may be carried on they will still relate either to the boundaries or to the convention; to which I would add the subject of new & existing aggressions especially from Cuba. 1. boundaries—The present moment does not appear favorable for pressing a renewal of negotiations for a final arrangement on that subject. Unless a very unexpected revolution should take place in the political situation of Spain, it seems that such arrangement must depend on France, and that it is

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 with her that we ought to negotiate. But there is so little hope of success with either that the attempt would only, in all probability, aggravate the evil we mean to parry. Yet, as it is impossible to foresee the fluctuations which may take place in the councils of both nations & the events which may offer a favorable opportunity, it would be prudent to vest our ministers at Paris & Madrid with such powers as may enable them, not to urge a negotiation, but to be ready to enter into one if it shall be offered: and for that purpose an ultimatum may be prepared & sent to them. The terms may be the subject of further consideration; I will only say that I would think it for the interest of the United States & no improper relinquishment of their rights to take the Sabine & Perdido for boundaries on the sea shore, including always within Louisiana all the waters of the Mississippi.—In the mean while two proposi‑ tions may be made for a temporary arrangement, which had already been sug‑ gested to our ministers, but do not seem to have been mentioned by them— vizt. a statu quo, & the free navigation of the Mobile. Statu quo. Although this seems to be a simple & reasonable demand in the abstract, its application presents some difficulties. 1st. If Spain be sensible that she can strengthen her positions only by an encrease of military force, whilst we strengthen ourselves by forming new settlements, she may object to a plan which would preclude only her progress & would not affect us. 2dly. If the arrangement should be proposed for the disputed territory only; as the whole is in the possession of Spain, & as we might in the mean while en‑ crease our force at New Orleans & in the non‑disputed part of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, whilst she should be precluded from adding to her posts from Perdido to the Mississippi & to those of Nagodoches & San Antonio; the conditions would be substantially unequal, since we would then be enabled at any time to take possession of the whole at a single stroke. And on the other hand we could not agree generally not to encrease our force at N. Orleans &a., nor Spain to a similar condition for Havannah, Pensacola &a.: so that there is an equal difficulty in forming an arrangement which will preclude either party from reinforcing its existing posts, whether that arrangement be confined to the disputed territory or embrace the adjacent establishments.— The only proposition which appears practicable is that neither party should form any new military post in advance of what they have, nor particularly between Natchitoches & San Antonio, leaving both at liberty to reinforce all existing military posts. If Spain shall insist that not only military posts but also new settlements be precluded, the precise lines must be defined, and to save the pride of Spain, by abandoning our right to settle for the present some part of what she acknowledges to be our’s, the river Mermentao or Carcasia at her choice (both lie a little east of the Sabine) might be fixed on our side, and the Colorado on hers: but it would be preferable to say nothing about settlements; for it must be recollected that the offer of a desert for 15 years was intended, in case the Western boundary could not be settled, as an in‑ ducement for a relinquishment on the part of Spain of her claim to the coun‑ try between Perdido & Mississippi. For as the condition of no new military post being erected is sufficient, both as an honorable means to extricate our‑ selves from our present embarrassment, and as a matter of security; for if an arrangement is made, it is not very material that Spain should encrease her existing posts, nor will she be very able now to do it. To this there is but one exception; she must not, if possible, be permitted to erect new posts on the

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 Mississippi nor to strengthen her works or military force at Baton rouge. Nor would it be necessary to consider a refusal on the part of Spain to accede formally to the statu quo as a cause of war. For although, if she shall act in such manner in every respect as to force a war, that refusal will strengthen the justice of our cause; yet, if other matters be arranged, it might be sufficient on that subject to state that we would advance in case they should, leaving to Spain the odium both of the encroachment & of the rupture, if She should think proper to oppose by force such advance on our part. Mobile Although this subject may be mentioned, I would not consider it as an ultimatum, or a refusal on the part of Spain as cause of war—1stly because its importance is not at present sufficient to run any great risk on that account— 2dly because the right is not by the law of nations generally acknowledged. It is undoubtedly a natural right, but usage & treaties have modified it amongst European nations in so many different ways, that I believe there is not a single similar case in which the right when used does not rest on prescription or positive treaty.—It will also be well to consider that if acceded to by Spain, she will probably claim the same privilege for Baton rouge; and yet the cases are not similar, since our settlements on Mobile lie within our boundaries as acknowledged by Spain, and Baton rouge is within the disputed territory. 2. Convention. This under existing circumstances seems to be the most deli‑ cate part of the business. If we insist on it & fail, it leads to a war; and we cannot abandon it altogether without some disgrace, blended as the subject is with the other negotiation. For had it stood alone, our delay during 15 months to ratify it, by showing that we did not set a very high value on it, would in fact have Served as an apology for our not resenting the refusal of Spain to ratify. It was for that reason that I was of opinion last fall that it was better to lose the whole instrument than to accept the modification, nominal as it was, proposed by Spain. But now that the question presents itself under a very different aspect, it seems to me that it is of primary importance, having failed in the other objects, to obtain the ratification even on terms somewhat similar to those proposed by Spain. What I would then suggest is that demanding in the first place a pure ratification, should no other objection be made by Spain than that of its containing an admission (by inference) on her part of our right to compensation for French spoliations, our minister should accept a ratification with a bien entendu or a declaration & counter declaration in the procès verbal of the exchange of ratifications, that nothing contained in the instrument shall be construed as a recognition or relinquishment by either party of the claims not provided for, or any other words to that effect. 3. new aggressions. These are to a great extent & afford a just ground of complaint. I am told that the rate of insurance which is but 3½ per cent to the British windward Islands is from 10 to 15 to Jamaica, and that almost solely owing to the French & Spanish privateers often armed in Cuba & who uni‑ formly take their prizes there & plunder them. It might not be advisable, under other circumstances, to take any other measures on this subject than we do in relation to the aggressions of other nations; but it may be proper, particularly if the refusal of Spain to give us any kind of satisfaction on the other subjects shall render a war probable, to press the subject with great force upon them. I think that it will, at all events, have a good effect on the whole negotiation, and in case of rupture will place the justice of our cause on the best possible ground. For then, supposing the other ideas to have been, under

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 proper modifications, adopted; instead of giving, for principal cause of the war, a dispute for boundaries on which opinions would be divided & which might lay us under an imputation of ambition, we would say: The bound‑ aries of Louisiana were not fixed; we proposed to Spain that until they were, no new posts should be established by either party, & Spain will not agree to that proposal: Spain had, by a convention, acknowledged wrongs formerly done by her & promised compensation; she afterwards objected to the ratifi­ cation under pretence that some expressions in the instrument might be con‑ strued to bind her beyond her intention; we agreed to a modification in the form of ratification which would remove that objection; and she refuses to ratify: Not satisfied with former wrongs, she suffers in her ports the most flagrant violation of the law of nations, the plunder without trial & condem‑ nation of our vessels employed in an innocent trade; and she refuses redress. Unless Spain is predetermined to risk a war in order to obtain a positive re‑ linquishment of our claim to the disputed territory, it appears extremely im‑ probable that she would place herself in such awkward situation. Nothing else has struck me on the subject of negotiations; and I would only add that if it shall appear, which may easily be previously ascertained by our minister, that Spain will ratify the convention in any admissible shape, it would be more eligible to urge each subject by itself & as entirely unconnected with each other. But if no ratification is expected, all three, Convention, Statu‑quo, and new aggressions should be pressed together on Spain.       Preparations Some time will be gained by the negotiation, which if it produces no other advantage than to accumulate two or three millions of dollars in our treasury exhausted by the payment of the French bills, will not have been altogether useless. The militia & military preparations which cost little or nothing & which might be necessary, to take possession at once of both Floridas the mo‑ ment a rupture should take place, might also be made. But it is principally on Congress that the decision of these points & of all other preparations will rest: and it is ever proper to recollect that as the power of making war is con‑ stitutionally vested in that body, it is the duty of the Executive to leave it so substantially, & to do no act which may put the peace of the country in jeop‑ ardy. This alone should induce particular moderation in the manner of nego‑ tiating; and such course being adopted, the next question will be whether the President should lay the subject before Congress at their next session, & if so, in what shape? As it is not doubted, however, that, in some shape or another, the subject will be communicated to the Legislature, it will be sufficient to examine what preparatory measures can be taken by that body, on the sup‑ position that they will not as yet vote any additional taxes, nor on the other hand diminish, as had been contemplated, the existing revenue, but will even for the present, notwithstanding the Tripolan peace, continue the additional duty of 2½ pr cent. Which after discharging all current expenditures (includ‑ ing the 8 millions for the sinking fund & 600,000 dollars for the current navy expences) will have a probable annual surplus of two millions of dollars. It is probable that the greater part of that surplus will be applied to the formation of a navy: and if Congress shall decide in favor of that measure, I would suggest that the mode best calculated in my opinion to effect it and to impress other nations that we are in earnest about it would be a distinct act

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 enacted for that sole purpose appropriating for a fixed number of years (or for as many years as would be sufficient to build a determinate number of ships of the line) a fixed sum of money say one million of dollars annually which will be about equal to the 2½ pr cent duty heretofore appropriated for the Tripolan war: and in order effectually to prevent the fund being diverted to current, contingent or other purposes, to place it under the general super‑ intendence of commissioners in the same manner as the sinking fund, but leaving of course the immediate application & direction, under that superin‑ tendence, to the navy department. The money to be exclusively applied to the building of ships of the line; for there would still be a sufficient surplus to add immediately a few frigates to our navy. These last might be built by contract within the year: what progress might be made within the same time with the ships of the line I cannot say; but that it would lay the foundation of an effi­ cient navy I have no doubt; and that the act would have a favorable effect on our foreign relations & even on the pending negotiation is also certain. Nor indeed, supposing Congress to be at all events averse to a war with Spain for the present, would it be an undignified course to make efficient provision for the preparation of a force that would prevent a repetition of wrongs which the U. States did not at this moment feel prepared properly to resent. Whether the creation of an efficient navy may not, by encouraging wars & drawing us in the usual vortex of expences & foreign relations, be the cause of greater evils than those it is intended to prevent, is not the question which I mean to discuss. This is to be decided by the Representatives of the Nation; and although I have been desirous that the measure might at least be post‑ poned, yet I have had no doubt for a long time that the United States would ultimately have a navy. It is certain that so long as we have none, we must perpetually be liable to injuries & insults, particularly from the belligerent powers when there is a war in Europe; and in deciding for or against the measure, Congress will fairly decide the question whether they think it more for the interest of the United States to preserve a pacific & temporising sys‑ tem, and to tolerate those injuries & insults to a great extent, than to be pre‑ pared, like the great European nations, to repel every injury by the sword. The Executive will, from their decision, know the course which it behoves them to pursue in our foreign relations & discussions. There is another measure which might be adopted by Congress, if they were determined on peace for the present at all events. It would be the ap‑ pointment of Commissioners to settle the claims for Spanish spoliations, show‑ ing thereby that though not willing to enforce at this time that just demand, they were determined not to abandon it & to wait a favorable opprtunity to press it. It is on a somewhat similar principle that the British Govt. has lately ordered a distribution of the Spanish prize money taken before the declara‑ tion of war, amongst a certain description of merchants who had claims for former captures & contracts against Spain.       I have but one subject more on which to make any observations; it is on the interference of a war with our revenue system & on the great advantage of a perseverance in the pacific system if it was only for 3 or 4 years longer. Our existing revenue has been calculated to meet our current expence: our neu‑ trality & the Tripolan addit. duty may give us a surplus of about two millions

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 which, and it is a very low calculation, I consider as lost in case of war. These two millions alone applied to the building of a navy during the four ensuing years would, with what we have, give us ten or twelve ships of the line be‑ sides frigates, a force nearly equal in point of efficiency, considering the su‑ periority of the Men, to the Spanish navy. But this is not the most important consideration. Eight millions of our revenue are pledged for the sinking fund until the redemption of the whole debt, with a proviso, (designedly inserted that the resources of the nation might not be palsied beyond a certain period) that when the whole debt, the old six pr cent deferred & 3 pr cent excepted, shall have been paid, there will be no necessity to apply the whole sum of eight millions annually. There now remain to be paid, (besides the six three & deferred thus excepted) only 6½ millions eight per cent & about 4 millions foreign, five & half & navy six per cent. The redemption of those ten millions & half will be effected during the ensuing three years. And from the year 1809 inclusively we shall not be compelled to pay any more annually than the interest on the remaining debt, & the annual reimbursement on the six pr % & deferred stocks amounting altogether to less than 4½ millions of dollars, and leaving therefore 3½ millions of dollars annually, which may be applied either to the purchase of the debt or to more pressing demands according to circumstances. If the savings or preparations of the three ensuing years be added to the circumstance of having at once three millions & half of dollars annually at our disposal beyond what we now have; & that exclusively of our intermediate growth, the importance of our preserving peace during those three years will be easily understood. Respectfully submitted Albert Gallatin 12 Septer. 1805 MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 152:26643‑52); entirely in Gallatin’s hand, including brackets; endorsed by Gallatin: “Differ­ ences with Spain”; endorsed by TJ: “Span. affrs.” For TJ’s expansive argument on the boundaries of louisiana, to which Gallatin was alluding, see Vol. 41:329‑40.

navy six per cent: in this section of his analysis, Gallatin was noting some of the different bond issues that funded parts of the national debt (Davis Rich Dewey, Financial History of the United States, 12th ed. [New York, 1939], 112‑13; Vol. 35:672).

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir New York 12th Septer. 1805 I enclose a letter from Mr. Brackenridge, by which it appears that Robert Grayson is yet in Kentucky & would accept the office of com‑ missr. in either of the lower districts. You will also receive herewith a respectable application for the re‑ moval of Mr Pope collector of New Bedford. In his official conduct there is nothing remarkable; he is not always very correct in his accounts,  343 

12 SEPTEMBER 1805

not so deficient as to justify on that account a removal; but any body would do as well as he. With great respect & sincere attachment Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin  I intend leaving this city for Washington on the 23d instt. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sep. and “Grayson. Pope” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: John Breckinridge to Gallatin, Lexington, Kentucky, 16 Aug., recommending Rob‑ ert Grayson for appointment as a com‑ missioner of the land office for Orleans Territory; Grayson is fluent in French, “is a man of integrity,” and as a single man would require little time for the re‑ location (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; en‑ dorsed by TJ: “Grayson Robert to be Comr. in either of the lower districts”). For other enclosures, see below. Gallatin had recently received two let‑ ters recommending the removal of Ed‑ ward pope from the office of collector in New Bedford, Massachusetts, both of which argued that Pope’s Federalist al‑ legiance interfered with his execution of the office. The first, from Cornelius Grin‑

nell and 10 others at New Bedford on 27 Aug., averred that Pope had filled the district offices with men who were “de‑ cidedly and avowedly in opposition to the President” and recommended Isaiah Weston in his place (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Weston, Isaiah to be Collector New Bedford vice Pope”). Weston had written to TJ in late 1804 and volunteered himself for the office, should Pope be removed (Vol. 45:137‑8). The second, a 3 Sep. letter from Nathaniel Morton, Jr., at Freetown, Massachusetts, recommended the removal of Pope and his replacement with “some discreet and respectable republican” (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Pope” and “to be removd. from Collectorship N. Bed‑ ford”). For additional calls to remove Pope from office and applications for the job, see Vol. 41:421‑2; Vol. 42:556‑7; Vol. 44:26; Vol. 45:195, 245‑6, 444‑5.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 12. 05 I wrote you in a former letter that I had drawn on you in favor of mr Short for 500. D. and in a subsequent one that he had returned the draught, preferring another arrangement. having occasion here for most of the money I had hoped the sheriffs would have furnished me & taken draughts on Richmond: but they collect so little, that un‑ less they do better the ensuing week, I must risk bringing the money by post, and in that case shall write for it by the post of next week (19th.) to be forwarded by return of post, as I shall be leaving this place soon after. Accept my affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. George Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

former letter: TJ to Jefferson, 6 Sep. The subsequent one has not been found and is not recorded in SJL.

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From Philip Mazzei

12 7bre, 1805.

Al mio ritorno da Firenze e Roma (viaggio indicato nelle prece‑ denti mie dei 20 Luglio da Pisa, 24 e 25 detto da Firenze, tutte par‑ tite da Livorno il 12 agosto nel Brig Calisto, Capn. S. Clair for Bos‑ ton) trovai qui la gratma. sua dei 4 Maggio, contenente l’attestato di morte del Bellini, e le informazioni di Mr. Bracken per soccorrere le povere sorelle, come pure la lettera del Dr. Carr relativa ai miei inte­ ressi. Comprendo dalla medesima, che non aveva per anche ricevuto la mia che accompagnò le 4 cassette di fragole d’ogni mese e la cassa contenente 322 barbatelle di uve di varie qualità, 23 delle quali di uva di Smirne senza vinaccioli, che partirono da Livorno il 13 Marzo, anno corrente, nello Schooner Dolphin, Capn. Williams per Filadelfia, con direzione to the care of Mr. Muhlenburg, collector for that Port. Le rendo infinite grazie delle cure che (in mezzo alla faraggine di tanto importanti affari) si è preso per il mio interesse come per quello delle povere Bellini. Mi dispiace la perdita dell’Apricot‑pesche, tanto più che non posso rimpiazzarlo nella futura spedizione di piante che Le manderò; ma i noccioli che Le mandai colle sopraddette 4 cassette di fragole e la cassa di barbatelle, spero che suppliranno bastantemente. Rozier assicura, che il frutto viene altrettanto bene dal nocciolo come dall’innesto, ed io l’ò sperimentato in tutte le qualità d’albicocche e di pesche, e in alcune qualità di susine. Bisogna però che la frutta, della quale si ­pianta il nocciolo, sia ben maturata sull’albero. Quanto al moscadello e alla Verdea, son certo che non vi fù disloca‑ tion nel suo palato in quel periodo; il male può consistere adesso nella difficoltà di trovarli così buoni come quelli che portai costà io stesso. Farò certamente il possibile per trovargli tali; e chenti sieno, Le ne manderò il saggio a suo tempo. Nel luoghi circonvicini a quello dove nacqui si coltivavano certi cocomeri squisiti; e pesanti circa 100 lib‑ bre inglesi. Se n’è perduto il seme. L’istesso è seguìto di una qualità di lattuga superiore ad ogni altra. Gli uomini voglion mutare, la moda regola il vitto come il vestire, e l’interesse obbliga i coltivatori a sottomettervisi. Mi pare, ma non ne son certo, d’averle parlato in qualche mia let‑ tera del Prelato Martini, Arcivescovo di Firenze, a motivo delle dis‑ cussioni da Lui avute col Nunzio del Papa per sostenere i diritti dello Stato e i suoi proprj. Egli è sciente, erudito, à gran carattere, e all’età di 85 anni conserva una freschezza di mente che reca stupore. Al mio ritorno da Roma, per dove mi aveva dato lettere che mi furono utili,  345 

12 SEPTEMBER 1805

volle vedere la mia traduzione dell’ultimo suo discorso inaugurale, del quale prese copia, e mi fece promettere di procurargli un esemplare del primo. Se io potessi avergli tutti, tanto gli annuali che gli inaugu‑ rali con i materiali requisiti per farne ben comprendere, non solo il senso, come ancora i motivi, le vedute, i vantaggi, e in somma tutto ciò che tende a soddisfar l’uomo che brama d’istruirsi, ne farei volen‑ tieri un volumetto; potrebbe avervi luogo ancora the piece published in a Boston paper, che Ella mi mandó nella sua dei 10 Marzo, purchè mi fossero somministrate le notizie indicate nella mia risposta dei 20 Luglio. Le includo una lettera per Mr. Latrobe, dalla quale Ella vedrà con piacere l’ottima scelta che ò avuto la fortuna di fare dei 2 scultori. Io godo già nella ben fondata speranza d’aver procurato la lor fortuna e quella delle loro famiglie, dei buoni ed utili cittadini, alla mia cara Patria adottiva, e la soddisfazione di chi à creduto di poter confidare nel mio sincero zelo per tutto ciò che può contribuire alla sua gloria e prosperità. Le piaceranno molto ambedue, e facilmente scoprirà in Franzoni un gran talento naturale, capo geometrico, propensione allo studio, e capacità per innalzarsi in qualunque carriera che intraprenda. La prego di raccomandarlo a chi può essergli di guida, o d’aiuto al‑ meno. Ella vedrà parimente che sul fine della lettera parlo delle tran­ sazioni monetarie tra questo e codesto paese. La prego di farci fare attenzione, perchè può divenire un’articolo d’importanza. Tempo fa intesi, che Ella rimesse a Mr. Appleton una somma in dollars sopra l’Inghilterra. Se così è, vi sarà stato molto scapito, perchè il dollar non è moneta corrente nè qui, nè in Inghilterra. Oltre di ciò in Inghilterra si chiama dollar la pezza di Livorno, moneta divenuta immaginaria, e nella quale si cambia, come nella lira sterlina, e che val meno del dol‑ lar di Spagna. Le includo ancora la mia responsiva a Mr. Bracken, contenente la procura della sorelle del Bellini, che mi à richiesta. Per quanto ei mi à scritto, Mr. Andrews vendè i mobili e 2 schiavi per pagare i debiti; ma vi rimasero Marie e Lucia che à due bambine, i quali dopo la morte di Andrews, si messero in servizio per loro conto; che egli (Bracken) sentito che ci sono 2 sorelle del Bellini, si fece autorizzare come aveva fatto Andrews, gli à messi in servizio per conto delle Eredi, e à chiesta la procura, onde potergli vendere a profitto delle medesime. À scritto che potranno vendersi per non molto meno di mille dollari, e che de‑ sidera di sapere come può rimetterne il ricavato, al che ò risposto che mi mandi una lettera di cambio in moneta sterlina sopra Londra. Il Dr. Carr, nella lettera che Ella mi à mandata, Le dice: “Mr. Ran‑ dolph is elected by a majority of more than 500 votes.” Gradirei di  346 

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sapere se parla di Beverley, del quale sentirei con gran soddisfazione le buone nuove, come della sua degna moglie. Ella che sente quanto dolce cosa sia d’aver buone notizie di chi amiamo e stimiamo, non mi darà carico senza dubbio di questo piccolo incomodo. Osservo adesso, riguardo alla perdita dell’Apricot‑pesche, che io Le ne mandai 2, e non un solo; sicchè furono rubati, o smarriti ambidue. Siamo alla vigilia di grandi avvenimenti, ma io, in vece di fare il profeta, non ne parlerò neppure, e terminerò con dirle, che le strava‑ ganze inaudite delle piante di ogni genere da due anni in qua sono state tante che richiederebbero una risma di carta per descriverle, e tali da far credere, che ci sia qualche intelligenza segreta tra il regno vegetabile e il cervello degli uomini. Mi conservi la sua Benevolenza, e mi creda invariabilmente &c. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



12 Sep. 1805 Upon my return from Florence and Rome (a trip I mentioned in my pre‑ ceding letters of July 20 from Pisa and July 24 and 25 from Florence, which were all sent out from Leghorn on August 12 by way of the brig Calisto, Captain Sinclair, for Boston), I found here your most relished letter of May 4. It contained the death certificate of Bellini and directions from Mr. Bracken on how to come to his poor sisters’ aid, along with the letter from Dr. Carr, concerning my business interests. I learn from this same letter that you had not yet received my note accompanying the four boxes of every‑month straw‑ berries and the trunk containing 322 grape roots of many varieties (23 of Smyrna grapes without seeds), which shipped out of Leghorn on March 13 of this year on the Schooner Dolphin, Captain Williams, for Philadelphia, with a bill stating “to the care of Mr. Muhlenburg, collector for that port.” I thank you most profusely for the care that you have taken, in the midst of such weighty matters, for my interests as well as for those of the poor Bellinis. I am sorry for the loss of the peach apricot shipment, all the more because I cannot make up for it in the next shipping of plants that I will send you. I hope, however, that the stones I sent you along with the aforementioned four boxes of strawberries and the trunk of grape roots will be enough to compen‑ sate. Rozier states that fruits issue from the seed no less than from the graft‑ ing, and I have had ample proof of it in all the varieties of apricots and peaches, as well as in some varieties of plums. One needs, however, to make sure that the fruit of which one plants the seed has fully ripened on the tree. As for the muscatel and Verdea, I am sure there was no “dislocation” in your palate at that time. The problem may be now to find others as good as those I brought with me there myself. I will certainly do all I can to find such wines and will send you a sample of them, however they will be, at the right time. In the areas around my birthplace, there used to be produced a deli‑ cious variety of watermelons, weighing around 100 English pounds. The seed for them is now lost. The same has happened to a variety of lettuce superior

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 to all others. People desire change, fashion controls our food as it does our clothing, and the need to make a profit compels farmers to yield to it. I think, but I am not sure, I have talked to you in some of my letters about the prelate Martini, the archbishop of Florence, on account of the quarrels he has had with the Pope’s nuncio to uphold the rights of the state and his own. He is knowledgeable, erudite, with a great spirit, and at the age of 85 he still has an astonishingly fresh mind. Upon my return from Rome, for which he had given me letters that proved useful, he asked to see my translation of your latest inaugural speech, of which he took a copy. He also made me promise to provide him with a copy of the first. If I could have all of them, the annual as well as the inaugural speeches, with the material necessary to let not only their meaning transpire for the reader, but also the reasons, the views, the advantages, and in short all that responds to the desires of a person wishing to educate himself, I would gladly collect them in a single volume. Also “the piece published in a Boston paper” that you sent me in your letter of March 10 could find a place there, as long as I could be provided with the pieces of information I mentioned in my reply of July 20. I enclose a letter for Mr. Latrobe, from which you will be glad to see the excellent choice I had the good fortune to make regarding the two sculptors. I rejoice already in the well‑founded hope of having caused their fortune and that of their families, all good and useful citizens, in my beloved adoptive fa‑ therland, as well as having fulfilled the mandate I received from someone who believed he could trust my true zeal for everything that may increase its glory and prosperity. You will like both, and you will discover in Franzoni a great natural talent, a rigorous head, a proclivity to study, and the ability to advance in any career he will undertake. I ask you to please recommend him to those who can guide or at least help him. You will also see that at the end of the letter, I speak of the monetary transactions between this country and yours. I ask you to pay attention to that matter, since it may become impor‑ tant. Some time ago, I learned that you sent Mr. Appleton some money in dollars upon England. If this is the case, a considerable loss will have been incurred, because the dollar is not a currency either here or in England. Fur‑ thermore, in England “dollar” is used for the pezza of Leghorn, a currency that has become imaginary, and into which the dollar is changed as into the pound sterling, but which is worth less than the dollar of Spain. I also enclose my response letter to Mr. Bracken, which includes the man‑ date from the Bellini sisters to act on their behalf, which he asked from me. According to what he wrote, Mr. Andrews sold the furniture and two slaves to pay the debts; there remained Marie and Lucia, who has two girls. They, after Andrews’s death, sought employment as servants on their own accord. Bracken having heard that there are two sisters of Bellini and having sought an authorization as Andrews had done, has put them into service on behalf of the heirs and has asked for a mandate to sell them on their behalf and to their advantage. He wrote that he will be able to sell them for not much less than a thousand dollars, and he wishes to be advised on how to remit the proceeds—to which I replied that he should send me an exchange letter in pounds sterling upon London. In the letter you forwarded to me, Dr. Carr tells you: “Mr. Randolph is elected by a majority of more than 500 votes.” I would like to know whether he is speaking of Beverley, about whom I would be glad to hear this good news, along with news about his worthy wife. You certainly know how sweet

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12 SEPTEMBER 1805 it is to receive good news about those we love and esteem, and will thus not blame for imposing upon you with this minor task. I notice now, concerning the loss of the peach apricot, that I sent you two and not just one: this means that they both got stolen or went lost together. We are on the brink of great events. Instead of playing the part of the prophet, however, I will not even mention them. Rather, I will end by saying that in the last two years there have been so many unheard‑of extravagances in all kinds of plants that a whole ream of paper would be needed to account for them. They have been such to lead one to believe that there is some secret understanding between the realm of vegetation and the brains of humans. Keep your benevolence toward me and believe I am invariably etc. Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as received 26 Jan. 1806 from Pisa. Enclosures: (1) Mazzei to Benjamin H. Latrobe, 12 Sep., from Pisa; he reports that he has found two marble sculptors, Giuseppe Franzoni, 28 years old, known “for his masterly strocks” and deemed a second Antonio Canova, and Giovanni Andrei, 36 years old and “remarkable for exactness”; both are mar‑ ried and with young families, eager to go to America and, Mazzei believes, “will never think of returning to Europe”; he has discussed conditions for employment with them on the terms set out by La­ trobe; he agreed to an advance of two months’ wages for Franzoni and Andrei; he reports visiting Canova’s studio in Rome and finding his current work will occupy him for a decade; Mazzei has in‑ quired of Danish sculptor Bertel Thor‑ valdsen, who is in Rome, about carving the seated Liberty statue; he advises that payment for such work is one‑third of the total at the beginning, another one‑third when half done, and the balance upon completion (Dft in same; in English); see

Margherita Marchione and others, eds., Philip Mazzei: Selected Writings and Cor‑ respondence, 3 vols. (Prato, Italy, 1983), 3:400‑3. (2) Mazzei to John Bracken, not found. Antonio martini, archbishop of Flor‑ ence from 1781 until his death in 1809, was a biblical scholar who produced the first Italian translation of the Vulgate ([Mari‑ anne Young], Persecution in Tuscany: A Call for the Protection of Religious Liberty Throughout the World [London, 1853], 37; The Catholic Encyclopedia, 15 vols. [New York, 1907‑12], 9:730). mr. andrews: Robert Andrews, Carlo Bellini’s colleague at the College of Wil‑ liam and Mary, died in January 1804 (Vol. 44:113n). For the April 1805 reelection of Thomas Mann randolph to Congress, see Ran‑ dolph to TJ, 27 Apr. Mazzei had likely forgotten that beverley Randolph, hus‑ band of Martha Cocke Randolph, had died in 1797 (wmq, 7 [1898], 124; Vol. 29:317; Vol. 31:544).

From Margaret Page On hearing of the Victory which produced the Peace with Tripoli.— addressed to the President, While Victory sounds the Trump of Fame, To spread the Tydings o’er our Land, And Thousands join in glad acclaim To hail the patriotic Band;  349 

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Whose Souls undaunted, Danger braved, To set the mourning Captives free; While high Columbia’s Standard waved The Symbol bright of Liberty: To Thee exulting Friendship turns, Blest Cause of All! immortal Man! For Thee the blaze of Glory burns, Whose Mind exhaustless form’d the Plan! Oh! skill’d alike the Helm to guide, And all a Nation’s Cares sustain; Or, o’er the learned Train preside Where Science rears her sacred Fane; Or in the calm Domestic Scene, With every mild endearing art Preserving still the happy mean, Attractive draw1 each feeling heart! Splendid2 shallt Thou superior rise, No envious Mist thy Glory shade; A grateful World thy Virtues prize, ’Till Time and Memory shall fade!

Margaret Page.

Monticello, September 12th. 1805 RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received from Monticello on 12 Sep. but recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived 13 Sep.

1

 Word interlined in place of “the.”  Word interlined in place of “Still, Still.” 2

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir [before 13 Sep. 1805] I enclose a letter from Mr Gurley showing the continued dissatis‑ faction or efforts to produce discontents at N. Orleans. The only recommendation I can find here for Commissr. is the en‑ closed; and it is for Orleans & not for Opelousas. The Commissioners must meet on 1st Decer. next. I have not heard whether Lewis will accept for Orleans. The yellow fever is in New York and the inhabitants leaving the city.  350 

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I am every day asked whether there is any probability of a war with Spain. The enquiry comes from merchants; & the insurers hesitate whether to ensure. As far as I can ascertain from our friends, a war would be unpopular. The question of boundaries is considered as of inferior importance at this moment, and as one for which it would not be worth while to entangle the Nation. But it is agreed that the re‑ fusal to ratify the convention & the continued Spoliations by Spain or by vessels which find asylum in her ports can with difficulty be toler‑ ated without some loss of reputation. Yet, after all, they say—“Keep us from war,” & depend on the wisdom of administration for doing it.— With sincere respect & attachment Your obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); undated; at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 13 Sep. and “Orleans. Grayson. Span. affrs.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Proba‑ bly John Ward Gurley to Gallatin, New Orleans, 25 July; he has opened the land register office, but so far no business has been transacted and he does not antici‑ pate that any claims will be presented in the short term; he reports that “enemies of the Government” are using the land law to incite discontent; Gurley intends to journey out of New Orleans to explain the law and instruct people on the need to

enter claims (Gallatin, Papers, 11:333‑4). (2) Probably Richard Brent to Gallatin, undated, recommending Robert Grayson for appointment as commissioner deter‑ mining land titles in Orleans Territory; Brent has not encountered Grayson in some time but understands that he is a lawyer in the territory, is proficient in French, and “deserves to be considered as a well composed young Man of ameable manners and of unexceptionable Char­ acter” (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; un‑ dated; endorsed by TJ: “Grayson Rob. to be commr. Orleans Richd Brent to mr Gallatin”).

To Jacob Crowninshield Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 13. 05 After my letter of yesterday was sent to the Post office, I recieved one from mr Jefferson of Richmond informing me that the fish had just come to that place, having passed circuitously to it. I hope you will recieve the present by the same post with yesterday’s so as that I may have given you no further trouble respecting this. Accept my thanks for your attention to this matter and my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “honble J. Crownenshield”; endorsed by TJ.

one from mr jefferson: George Jefferson to TJ, 10 Sep.

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From Silas Halsey Sir/ Eliz Town New Jersey Sept 13. 1805 (You will pleas to excuse the trouble of reading this letter from an obscure Individual) the occation it is this The Island called Bedlows Island in N. york Bay if I am rightly informed belongs to the united States—A few years past it was par‑ tially fortified but has been Since Relinqished and is not the use made of to the benefit of the publick or of any individual to that extent that it Might be—I have had A desire to lease it of the Publick if I knew where to apply—If I could get a lease of a long term and a Modarat rent Should endeavour to Improve the Island as A garden to Supply the New york market and would engage to Secure the Island from Wasting by the two elements of wind and water which is what wastes all lose Sandy Soils that are contiguius to Rivers &c—The plan I have formed is to set al the Borders of the Island with a certain kind of trees which grow in the most barren Soils—and is the most valuable timber for Certain uses in the United States—which is the Locust— three or four instances have falen under my observation and from Seffetient testimoney of reputable charecters one at egg harbour one only tree set out in a Baren sand hill that would prodice no kind of timber but Some useless srubs in the term 20. or 25 years, Spread over the Hill and the timber fit for use—the other part in small Sprouts— the other at Sout amboy in equaly in as poor A Soile both places, that it would not produce no grass or any other but Some miserable Srubs of no use—the other Instance is on Bergen point of a later date—It was of A light Sandy Soil Much like Bedlows Island—the owner Set out what is Caled the Sicamore tree and in About 15 years they grew beyond all expectted and are now A beutiful Grove, and this Sand hill in a compleat Sod or turf which prevents the Soil washing away an‑ other Instance on the west end of long Island is a complet forest of lo‑ cust perhaps is worth more per acher than any other part of the farm— these Instances I can poduce living Witnesses to prove—from these observations I have often wished that the propiertors of lands of a simular nature could be improved by the owners of the property that they posses of that nature and Set out trees of some kind or other that would be of use to them‑Selves and the Publick The Lombardy Pop‑ lar it apears will grow in any Soils and the most rapid of any trees I recolect but their utily for timber I am not acquainted with except for ornament. My reason of writing in the first is to get A lease for the Island, in the second place if I could by any way Convince the Citi‑ zens of the united States What is their power. (Espetialy those that  352 

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posses those Sandy Soils that are of no use at present I shou’d ex‑ tremly gratified that I have been an insrument of being of Some bene­fit to my fellow Citizens)— But I am not able to write any thing fit for the publick and must leve it to some person of education to Accomplish—my observations have been maturing for upwards of 40 years the Island in contemplation more than that time I think that it is one third wasted Since my memory—A very old Acquaintence of mine gives it as his opinion that it has wasted one half since he has kown the place—In my younger days was acquainte’d with a very old man that had been acquainte from his childhood with york bay and knew the place now called Robins reef that it was an Island with trees growing on it—now it is no more than A sunken reef of rocks this is in a few miles of Bedlows Island why Shall we not from this circumstance conjecture that Bed‑ low Island in some futur day will be in the Same Situation not unlike Robins Reef this letter hath laing by me for Some days with a doubt in my mind—and had almost concluded to Suppress it, but on reflec­ tion concluded it would do no harm but perhaps be of Some use I am your Exelencys most obedint &c Silas Halsey of Eliz Town N Jersey PS Should be glad to know who is the propper person to apply to for a Lease for the Island RC (DLC); addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr Presdent of the United States”; franked; postmarked 26 Sep.; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL with notation “T.” Silas Halsey (ca. 1740‑1819) was a life‑ long resident of Elizabethtown, New Jer‑

sey. TJ appointed Halsey’s son of the same name an army second lieutenant in 1808 (Jacob Lafayette Halsey, Thomas Halsey of Hertfordshire, England, and Southampton, Long Island, 1591‑1679: With His Ameri‑ can Descendants to the Eighth and Ninth Generations [Morristown, N.J., 1895], 61, 96; Dearborn to TJ, 30 Apr. 1808).

From Benjamin H. Latrobe Dear Sir Ironhill Septr. 13th. 1805. I have been this day honored by your letter of the 8th. and shall immediately take care, that the alteration in the North Wing of the capitol shall extend no further than to divide the room in the north west corner; leaving the Semieliptical Vestibule in its present state.— I am, at the same time not a little apprehensive of the disposition of the Senate at their next meeting. On your arrival in Washington, if you should conceive a temporary arrangement for another committee  353 

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room in that place conducive to their accomodation, it can be made in a short time & at a very small expense. There is not indeed any other place in the whole wing that will admit of it. I have bestowed much thought on the means of rendering the Sen‑ ate chamber itself warmer. I have ordered the second stove to be put up, which must contribute considerable to this end, and have got Mr Mathers into tolerably good humor as to taking on himself the trou‑ ble of having good fires kept in them, But it will notwithstanding all this, be imperfectly warmed As to doing any thing by way of improv‑ ing its acoustic merits, it is impossible while the piers & columns re‑ main in their present state. The committee rooms are then the only branch of accomodation, which can be improved for them.— There is at the President’s house Sheet Iron enough to cover both Wings gutter fashion. This Sheet‑iron has long ago been brought to account, & will form no part of the expenditure of this Year. Of course the fund of 20,000$ will be ample for any objects that respect the North wing, without prejudicing the work at the presidents house. If this work does not look as forward as it ought, it will be owing to the want of Stonecutters. As to the useful part of the buildings, they will compleated.1 I regret that your Coal cellars were not arched. I have seen so much rotten timber in every building erected at Washington, that my passion to exclude it altogether grows upon me daily.— I have not the work of Paladio which contains the house of the Conte Armerico,—and would be extremely obliged by a hint at the Construction of the windows you refer to.—I cannot possibly venture to decide the point of the Halle au Bled lights of myself,—and shall again beg to submit it to you personally at my next visit to Washing‑ ton. In the meantime I have an embryo Idea on the subject which by diminishing the risk of leakage takes away a large portion of objec‑ tion, but it must come to more maturity & experiment, before I can depend upon it.— I have not yet been able to prepare my extract from Gilli, on the Del’orme roof for you. But it shall not be long withheld. Since my return a bilious fever & inflammation of the head has confined me entirely. My amussement has been the tinting of the Drawings in your Maisons de Paris. The paper is very bad, & they cannot be as well done as I wish. My pupil has worked with fear, & has done little on this account.— Peale, is again married I find. This is his third ticket in the lottery of marriage. Prudence, would not have advised this risk, for De Moivre is clearly against him. The last time he drew a prize of the first magnitude;—& I am told his first was a good one.—He has now  354 

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a fry of five or six little uneducated Children about him, to whom his daughter Sophonisba was a mother, & an excellent & accomplished instructress.—However he is a boy in many respects & unfortunately also in this; that he has saved nothing.—It seems not unlikely that he will have a fourth family to provide for,—for, in his benevolence he has taken two small fine children by adoption into his house.—I re‑ ceived to day a letter from him, written in high spirits, & announcing this change in his situation.— By this post I write to Mr Lenthall, & give the necessary directions. I am with the truest respect & attachment Yours faithfully B H Latrobe. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. extract from gilli: David Gilly’s Handbuch der Land‑bau‑kunst (see Latrobe to TJ, 19 July). your maisons de paris: Johann Karl Krafft and Pierre Nicolas Ransonnette, Plans, coupes et élévations des plus belles maisons et hôtels construits à Paris et dans les environs, purchased by TJ in 1804 (Vol. 45:153‑4, 239, 268, 697; Latrobe to TJ, 28 May 1807). Abraham de moivre was the author of The Doctrine of Chances: or, A Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play, published in London in 1718 (Sow‑ erby, No. 3686).

The twice‑widowed Charles Willson Peale married a third time on 12 Aug., to  Hannah Moore. last time: in 1791, Peale married his second wife, Elizabeth DePeyster, who died in 1804. Peale mar‑ ried his first wife, Rachel Brewer, in 1762, and she died in 1790. Peale’s daughter sophonisba, who had been running the household of his younger children and several orphans, married Coleman Sellers in 1805 (Peale, Papers, v. 2, pt. 1:xxxix, xli; v. 2, pt. 2:782, 796, 797, 839, 889; Charles Coleman Sellers, Charles Willson Peale, 2 vols. [Philadelphia, 1947], 1:44, 248). 1

 Thus in MS.

From James Walker [13 Sep. 1805] I have this day viewed the canal from one end to the other also the place where the Dam is to set. It is my opinion that a dam less than four feet high will not throw a sufficient quantity of water into the canal for three water wheels in consiquence of its extreem narroness great length & rough sides, all which tends to retard the motion of the water, I think that as we have a dam to make we had better raise it five feet high for several reasons first that it will be more certain to supply the mills secondly that it will enable us to have larger wheels which will be a great advantage to the preservation of the gears which will be very subject to get wet by freshes & thirdly that should you be compelled to make Locks for boats to pass up and down the canal it will lessen the labour very much to make it wide enough for boats to  355 

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pass—the method that I should take for building the dam is this Sup‑ pose the dam to be 12 feet thick lay a sill along on the rocks that now sew out of the water and bolt it down to the rocks then raise the wall in all vacant places up to the sill which will be a guide to face the wall by for the upright planking to bear against raise the lower wall up to a proper height to lay on a sill and fill in between the walls with the cast off stone up eaven with the sleepers which are dove tailed into the sills and pinned fast. plank the slope with inch or inch & quarter plank and at the top to pin on a plank 4 or 5 inches thick to prevent logs from breaking the edge of the plank. then level off the top nicely in order that the water may tumble over regularly from one end to the other. then the timbers will be always wet and will last along time it may easily be made tight by fixing a tumbling body on the ferry boat and boat dirt from the banks and tumble in against the upright planking, a dam built on ths construction I think may be made tight and safe from being swept off by freshes and will also look handsome—I would hire the two young men that works with Mr. Hope to lay the stone in the lower wall of the Dam whilst the other hands are attend‑ ing on them and filling in between the walls—

RC (MHi); in Walker’s hand; undated; endorsed by TJ as received from Walker on 13 Sep. 1805 and so recorded in SJL.

A letter from Walker was recorded in SJL as received 21 Aug. but has not been found.

From Joseph Forster Philadelphia, May it please Your Excellency! September 14. 1805. With the deepest submission and profoundest veneration for Your Excellencys high dignity and worth, I most humbly beg leave to ap‑ proach Your benevolence with was1 follows.— Sir: I am the young man who had assumed the boldness of waiting on Your Excellency some time ago with certificates from Europe. Since that period, I have gained a much more perfect knowledge of the print‑ ing business and also a tolerable intimacy with the political state of  356 

14 SEPTEMBER 1805

the affairs of this country, than I could have any pretentions to here‑ tofore. And as the greatest stretch of my ambition is to render myself a useful member of society in the display of my abilities for the good of the community, and that of our present happy form of good gov‑ ernment in these United States, with which I am so highly pleased, and now well acquainted. But, Sir, to my great vexation and regret I am deprived of the means! If I had about three hundred weight of German long primer, which would amount to about 160 Dollars, and a printing Press. If therefore Your Excellency be pleased to take my case into Your wise and prudent consideration by procuring me the above quantity, Your Excellency may rest fully assured, that I shall in the most speedy manner make a return for Your humility towards me. I also humbly beg leave to inform Your Excellency, that I am now favoured with the sanction of many of the most respectable subscrib‑ ers. His Excellency Thomas Mc:Kean, the Revd. Helmuth, Muhlen‑ berg, Esqr. &c. &c in Phila.; Samuel Sitgreaves Esqr. Henry Spering Esqr. Prothonotary, in Easton, (Penn.); Revd. Van Vleck, Hazelius in Nazareth; Revd. Charles Bishop, Revd Benade in Bethlehem &c. &c. have subscribed. I have in all 430 Subscribers to my Pelican.— But I am at a Stop for types, and knows not, what to do, or how to begin, as I have no money, and so type founders Mr Binny and Ron‑ aldson will not let me have the letters, unless I have ready money, or give security for the payment in 30 days In this state then of calamitous suspension and disapointment with‑ out a friendly prop to lean upon, I am therefore with the greatest reluctance obliged to lay a truly sorrowful state of my case at Your Excellencys feet, most humbly imploring Your Excellencys friendly attention to a poor young German! May Almighty God of his infinite mercy and goodness be Your Excellency’s protection against all foreign and domestic foes, Shall be the constant and fervent prayer of Your Excellencys poor well wisher and most obedient Servant Joseph Forster, printer at Mr. Shweitzer, corner of Fourth & Rch. street RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 23 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. long primer was a size of printing type that was approximately the same as 10 points (oed). The first issue of the pelican, Forster’s German‑language weekly newspaper, ap‑ peared in Philadelphia in October. The masthead included a quote from TJ’s first inaugural address regarding freedom of

opinion (Der Pelican, 28 Oct.; Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:928; Vol. 33:149; Vol. 40:566n). Henry Sweitzer or Schweitzer (shweit­ zer) was a printer and proprietor of a Philadelphia bookstore (James Robinson, Philadelphia Directory for 1805 [Philadel‑ phia, 1804]; Aurora, 8 Aug.). 1 Thus

 357 

in MS.

From James Madison Dear Sir Gray’s near Philada. Sepr. 14. 1805 I inclose herewith sundry communications which I recd. yesterday. One of them is from Monroe at Paris, who appears by a letter from Erving to have arrived at London the latter end of July. A letter from Armstrong went for you by the last mail. He seems to have moderated the scope of his former advice as to Spain. In that now given, there is in my judgment, great solidity. If force should be necessary on our part, it can in no way be so justly or usefully employed as in maintain‑ ing the status quo. The efficacy of an embargo also cannot be doubted. Indeed, if a commercial weapon can be properly shaped for the Ex‑ ecutive hand, it is more & more apparent to me that it can force all the nations having colonies in this quarter of the Globe, to respect our rights. You will find in Erving’s letters new marks of his talents. I inclose also a sample of wheat from Buennos Ayres, another from Chili, and a sample of Barley from Galicia in Spain. The Wheat from B.A. I observe is weavel‑eaten and the paper when opened contained a number of the insects. If these are not known at Buennos Ayres, and the wheat, as I presume, was in this sample immediately from that province, it is a proof that the egg, if laid in the gum state of the wheat, is also laid after it has been gathered. This fact however has been oth‑ erwise established, I believe. The whole was sent me by the Marquis D’Yrujo to be forwarded to you. I have sent what he marked for my‑ self to a careful gentleman in Orange; so that there will be two chances for the experiment. The Marquis recd. despatches by the vessel which brought Moreau. I did not doubt that they communicated his recall and the demand of it; till I was told by Merry a few days ago, that the Marquis signified to him that he should pass the next winter in Wash‑ ington. Perhaps this may be a finisse, tho’ I see no object for it. Mr. & Mrs Merry left Bush hill a few days ago, and are now at the Buck tavern about 11 miles on the Lancaster road, where she is sick with an intermittent, with which she was siezed at Bush hill. Her maid was so ill that it was suspected hers was a case of yellow fever. It turns out to have been a violent bilious fever only, and she is on the recovery. Merry himself is at length discharged by Dr. Physic as fundamentally cured. The fever began to shew itself in so many parts of the City, & so far eastwardly, that we thought it prudent to retire from the scene; the more so as it was probable that a removal would be forced, before my wife would be ready to depart altogether, and it was becoming very difficult to find in the neighbored quarters unoccupied by fugitives from the City. We were so lucky as to get rooms at this place, a day later  358 

14 SEPTEMBER 1805

and we should have been anticipated by others. How long we shall be detained here is uncertain. Mrs. M’s complaint has varied its aspect so often, that altho’ it seems now to be superficial & slight, it is not subject to any exact computation of term. If there be no retrograde perverseness hereafter, we are promised by appearances that she will be entirely well in a few days. The fever rages severely in Southwark, and is very deadly. The cases in the city are as yet not perhaps very numerous. But no reli‑ ance is to be put in the accuracy of the statements published. There were certainly cases in 8th. Street two weeks ago which were never published. In the mean time the Medical corps continues split into opposite & obstinate1 opinions on the question whether it be or be not contagious. Each side puzzles itself with its own theory, and the other side with facts which the theory of the other does not explain. There is little probability therefore that the discord is near its term. The facts, indeed, which alone can decide the theory, are often so equivo‑ cal as to be construed into proofs on both sides. I brought with me, from Washington, the subject I had undertaken before you left it; I mean the new principle that a trade not open in peace, cannot be opened by a nation at war to neutral nations; a prin‑ ciple that threatens more loss & vexation to neutrals than all the other belligerent claims put together. I had hoped that I should find leisure in Philada. to pursue the subject & with the greater success, as some books not at Washington would be within my reach. In the latter particular I have not been entirely disappointed. But such were the interruptions of visits of civility & of business, that with the heat of the weather, & the necessary correspondence from day to day with the office, I could make but little progress, particularly during the first three or four weeks after my arrival. I find my situation here more favorable, and am endeavoring to take advantage of it. I shall in fact before I leave it, have a very considerable mass of matter, but it will be truly a rudis indigestaque moles. From the authorities of the best Jurists, from a pretty thorough examination of Treaties, especially British Treaties, from the principles and practice of all other mari‑ time nations, from the example of G.B. herself, in her laws & colonial regulations, and from a view of the arbitrary & contradictory decisions of her Admy. Courts, whether tested by the law of N. the principle assumed by her, or the miscalled relaxations from term to term issued by the Cabinet, the illegality & of this mischevous innovation, seems to admit the fullest demonstration. Be assured of the respectful attachment with which I remain Yrs. James Madison  359 

14 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the U.States”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and “Spain—neutral rights” and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure: James Monroe to Madison, 30 June, detailing his arrival in Paris; he states that Napoleon is currently in Italy, which will significantly delay negotiations on the Lou‑ isiana boundary dispute with Spain; Mon‑ roe has conferred with John Armstrong, and the two agree that the United States ought to take measures that would allow it to negotiate effectively with France and Spain for the cession of West Florida and all land up to the Rio Grande; these measures would include stationing troops in Tennessee and Georgia and a congres­ sional authorization for an embargo against the Spanish colonial possessions in dis‑ pute; Monroe also informs Madison that Genoa has been taken over by France and that the city would likely be added to a new French client state in Italy; Monroe wishes to return to the United States after his mission to Great Britain is finished; there are reports that Jamaica has fallen to the French; if this is the case, it will likely help the United States in its nego‑ tiations with France and Spain, as Amer‑ ican merchants would be largely respon‑ sible for feeding the French army; Monroe suggests withholding from Congress one of his letters to Talleyrand regarding Spanish affairs unless Congress should consider France’s role in the negotiations; Monroe has consulted with Tadeusz Kosciuszko on these matters of national importance; Monroe has consulted with François Barbé‑­Marbois and learned that the French supposedly favor the American position in their negotiations with Spain; he reiterates that the most effectual mea‑ sure that can be taken to strengthen the U.S. bargaining position is to embargo trade to the Spanish colonies, as this would induce Spain to remove troops from the region (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:504‑8). Other enclosures not identified, but see below.

don and James Bowdoin’s arrival in South‑ ampton due to ill health (same, 10:138). a letter from armstrong: in a let‑ ter to Madison from Paris on 3 July, Arm‑ strong suggested that “instead of assail‑ ing the Spanish posts in West Florida or even indicating an intention to do so,” the United States should “restrict the opera‑ tion to such as may have been established in Louisiana.” He also advised that an embargo on exports to Spain and its col‑ onies might have the desired effect of en‑ ticing France to intercede on behalf of the United States over territorial claims in West Florida (same, 10:8). According to dockets made by Jacob Wagner on 12 Sep., the State Depart‑ ment received on that date erving’s let‑ ters to Madison dated 10 June and 10 July. These letters concerned Erving’s actions as the agent for the relief and protection of American seamen and his negotiations and interactions with various European diplomats on issues including neutral rights and local health regulations. He also provided copies of his correspon‑ dence on these matters (same, 9:448‑9; 10:55‑8). gentleman in orange: on 11 Sep., Madison sent his portion of the wheat and barley grains to Charles Pitt Howard (same, 10:316‑7). yellow fever had appeared in both Philadelphia and New York (Trenton True American, 9 Sep. 1805). fundamentally cured: the previous fall, Anthony Merry had undergone sur‑ gery for hemorrhoids and experienced a lengthy process of recovery (same, 8:322n). subject i had undertaken: Madi‑ son wrote his pamphlet on neutral rights, An Examination of the British Doctrine, Which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade, Not Open in Time of Peace, in the summer and fall of 1805 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 11:36‑162). rudis indigestaque moles: a rough, unordered mass (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1.7).

letter from erving: in his 25 July letter to Madison, George W. Erving an‑ nounced James Monroe’s arrival in Lon‑

1 Preceding word and ampersand interlined.

 360 

From Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Museum Sepr. 14th. 1805. Your favor of the 12th. ult. enclosing the payment of Sixty Dollars for your small polygraph, received in a time of great hurry, I posponed answering as I ought to have done, but by this delay I can answer it to better effect, and the failling to write correctly in the first 4 or 5 lines of the Machine we think we can account for. My Sons having examined the machine for making the Pivot holes in the Pen‑bar, found that our work man had carelessly used a Prick‑punch which did not completly fill up the socket that directed the point of said punch, and consequently no dependance could be had on the mode we had before considered perfectly certain of making the points of motion correct. whether this the cause of defect in your Polygraph I cannot say, but probably it is—however when you can spare it, be so oblig‑ ing as to send it to me for examination, which I suppose you may conveniently do when you have the use of the other at Washington. I have received a letter from Mr. Hawkins which informs me that he will endeavor to send a small Polygraph by the London Packet (ex‑ pected daily) for your use, he says that he thinks it better for me to see his contrivance for a small Machine, then to attempt description of them, one improvement he gives me, he says, complaint has been made of the trouble of cutting off the nibs and of putting in & out, I have therefore made it to receive a common pen, cut higher up than usial: it is a tube made nearly of the shape of a pen, having a spring soldered on the beviled part to press the nib of the pen against the upper part of the tube. the point of the pen is pushed but about three eights of an Inch through the tube, so that let it be ever so crooked the spring keeps it always strait. on this plan the size of the pen is of no consequence, provided it is not too large to go into the tube.” how this contrivance may be made with the screw to regulate the touch is another part of the business which may call forth your invention. I wish you may combine them. The alarm of fever are driving off many of our Citizens—could they divest themselves of fear and administer to the sick, early in the dis‑ ease, baths &c to promote perspiration, evacuating the intestins by injections, aided also by oils; I am very certain that infinite trouble would be avoided. and very few deaths would take place—as it is, the sick are neglected, and many are hurried into their Graves alive! There is too much mistery in those who profess the practice of Phisick. by proper exertions, the disease may yet be exterminated from the City,  361 

14 SEPTEMBER 1805

very few cases are yet known within its limits. except my best wishes for your health C W Peale RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson Esqer. President of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. PoC (Lb in PPAmP: Peale‑Sellers Papers).

letter from mr. hawkins: proba‑ bly John Isaac Hawkins to Peale, 1 July, which Peale reported to Hawkins in a reply of 8 Sep. as “just received” (Peale, Papers, v. 2, pt. 2:886‑9).

From William A. Burwell Dr. Sir September 15th 1805 I had determin’d to return & continue in your service until the ar‑ rival of Captn Lewis, or during the term of your Administration; that resolution is for the present frustrated by an Attack of the Dysentery, by which my health has been so much impair’d that I despair of being able to Join you in time to reach Wtn—It is not my wish to expose you to inconvenience by making an improper request, I fear I have already made too many; yet my desire is to become again a Member of your family if my health is reestablishd, & for that purpose it would be highly pleasing if your Arrangements can be made so as to indulge me:—I have sent you some seed of the Cucumber Tree, & a species of vine & its fruit brought from New River, said by Bishop Madison to be undiscover’d else where—I have also sent some papers, which may deserve preservation, they are endorsed in my hand writing, & will serve as vouchers, if the question to which they relate shall be started hereafter—The letters, I will keep, copy, & send by Mr T M. Randolph when he goes on to Congress in the fall, at all events they shall be preserved &. deliver’d to yourself—please remember me to your family—& Accept yourself—my Sincerest esteem— Wm. A. Burwell  PS. if you wish to write to Mr Coles, Mr Williamson (the Bearer) can pass immediately by Colo Coless. & deliver the letter. Wm B RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esq President of the UStates”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Sep. but recorded in SJL as received 20 Sep.

On the vouchers obtained to refute criticism of TJ’s conduct as governor, see TJ to Robert Smith, 1 July. The affidavits did not reach the president until 30 Dec. (Burwell to TJ, 26 Dec.).

 362 

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello. Sep. 16. 05. The inclosed letter from Genl. Armstrong furnishes matter for con‑ sideration. you know the French considered themselves entitled to the Rio Bravo, & that Laussat declared his orders to be to recieve posses‑ sion to that limit, but not to the Perdido: & that France has to us been always silent as to the Western boundary, while she spoke decisively as to the Eastern. you know Turreau agreed with us that neither party should strengthen themselves in the disputed country during nego‑ ciation; and Armstrong who says Monroe concurs with him, is of opinion from the character of the emperor that were we to restrict ourselves to taking the posts on the West side of the Misipi, & threaten a cessation of intercourse with Spain, Bonaparte would in‑ terpose efficiently to prevent the quarrel going further. add to these things the fact that Spain has sent 500. colonists to St. Antonio, & 100 troops to Nacogdoches, & probably has fixed or prepared a post at the bay of St. Bernard at Mattagordo.   supposing then a pre‑ vious alliance with England to guard us in the worst event, I should propose that Congress should pass acts 1. authorising the Exve to suspend intercourse with Spain at discretion; 2. to dislodge the new establishments of Spain between the Misipi & Bravo: and 3. to ap‑ point Commrs. to examine & ascertain all claims for spoliation that they might be preserved for future indemnification. I commit these ideas merely for consideration & that the subject may be matured by the time of our meeting at Washington, where I shall be myself on the 2d. of October.   I have for some time feared I should not have the pleasure of seeing you either in Albemarle or Orange, from a general observation of the slowness of Surgical cases. however should mrs Madison be well enough for you to come to Orange I will call on you on my way to Washington if I learn you are at home. Genl. Dearborne is here. his motions depend on the Stage. accept for mrs M. & yourself affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson  P.S. I am afraid Bowdoin’s journey to England will furnish a ground for Pinckney’s remaining at Madrid. I think he should be instructed to leave it immediately, & Bowdoin might as well perhaps delay going there till circumstances render it more necessary RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col‑ lection); at foot of text: “Mr. Madison.” Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs. Bowdoin.

Pinckney.” PoC (DLC). Enclosure: John Armstrong to Madison, 3 July 1805 (see Madison to TJ, 14 Sep.).

 363 

16 SEPTEMBER 1805  bowdoin’s journey to england: in an 8 July letter to Madison, James Bow‑ doin stated that an attack of fever had forced him to cancel his planned journey

to Madrid. Instead, he would travel to England “for the recovery of my health” (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:34).

From William Wirt Dear Sir Richmond. Septr. 16. 1805 An excursion to the western part of this State, from which I did not return until last evening, has hitherto prevented me from acknowl‑ edging your favor of the 4. Ult. in answer to a request of mine rela‑ tively to Mr. Henry. You are so obliging as to tell me that if the work I propose is not destined to come out speedily you will endeavour to recollect what may be of use to it. I find it impossible, from the dis‑ cordant materials which have been furnished me to extract such a work as I had wished, in any very short time—for I wished to publish the truth only; and the witnesses to conflicting narratives are so equal in number and character that I find it impossible to say directly where the truth lies—This contradiction among the cotemporaries of Mr H. and many of them actors in the very scenes concerning which they differ, convinces me of the total impossibility there will be in a few years, when the living witnesses shall be no more, to rescue the biog‑ raphy of any of our revolutionary worthies from entire oblivion. From this reflec­tion I have determined to extend my plan, and instead of a single star, to give the whole Virginian constellation—this indeed will be a work of greater time but, if I can succeed in collecting authentic materials, it will be a work of greater utility—I propose to dispatch Mr Henry first, and send him forth out of the ark to see what hope of foot‑hold the country affords me—I wish to make this experiment, next fall if I can—and, in the mean time, if it will not tresspass too much on Your occupations and the happiness of your country, will feel myself most sensibly obliged if you will spare an hour or two to the recollec‑ tion of such parts of Mr. H’s life as came under your observation and should constitute part of his biography. If to this favor, you could add a short delineation of the characters of those who were most conspicu‑ ous in the commencement and progress of our revolution, you would, at once, instruct me whom to consider as constituting the constellation I have been speaking of, and would enable me to add a capital orna‑ ment to the life of Mr. H. himself.—Most respectfully, I am Dear Sir Yo. obt Servt. Wm. Wirt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

 364 

From Jacob Wagner Sir Department of State. 17 Septr. 1805. By the Frigate President, Capt. Barron, which is now in the River, with about 100 of the late prisoners at Tripoli on board, dispatches from Mr. Lear with the Treaty have been received. I have the honor to enclose copies of the most important of the former and also of the leading articles of the latter. A letter from Mr. Pinckney dated 24 July mentions that Mr. Bowdoin had gone to England. Mr. Young set out for Madrid from Cadiz on the 16 of the same month, after which Mr. Pinckney would probably be ready to leave Spain. Capt. Bainbridge is expected to arrive this evening. I have the honor to remain with the highest respect, Sir, Your most obed. servt. Jacob Wagner RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 21 Sep. and “Tripoline affairs” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not iden­tified, but see below. The frigate president arrived at Hamp‑ ton Roads, Virginia, on 10 Sep. (ndbw, 6:275‑6). the most important: on 5 July, To‑ bias Lear wrote Madison detailing his negotiations with Tripoli and forwarding

the proposed peace treaty and copies of relevant correspondence (Madison, Pa‑ pers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:14‑22). set out for madrid: on 4 Sep., Pinckney wrote Madison to inform him of his intention to set out for Lisbon and that Moses Young would assume his duties. Wagner was likely informed of the con‑ sul’s movements in a letter sent by Young and calendared by the State Department, but not found (same, 145‑6, 296‑7).

To Abraham Bradley, Jr.

Monticello Sep. 18. 05.

Th: Jefferson asks the favor of mr Bradley to send no letters or papers to him at this place after the mail which leaves Washington on Monday the 23d. inst. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

To Albert Gallatin

Monticello Sep. 18. 05.

Th: Jefferson returns to mr Gallatin Gurley’s letter. no further in‑ telligence being now expected on the subject of our affairs with Spain and some measures growing out of them requiring the earliest consid‑ eration possible, he asks the favor of mr Gallatin to attend if possible  365 

18 SEPTEMBER 1805

a cabinet meeting at Washington on the 4th. of October at 12. aclock. he presents him affectionate salutations. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers). PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “a meeting.” Enclosure: see Gallatin to TJ, printed at 13 Sep.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 18. 05 According to my expectations expressed in my last letter I must now ask the favor of you to send me 280. Dollars by return of post, in notes of the Richmond bank, or that of the US. I shall furnish the Sheriffs also some draughts on you. having occasion for a good boult‑ ing cloth for country custom, my millwright has undertaken to write the inclosed to a friend of his, who he says will chuse one for us. will you be so good as to have the letter delivered, pay for the cloth & for‑ ward it by the stage to mr Higginbotham to be sent here. if it comes by the return of the stage I shall still be here, meaning to leave this on the 29th.   I must now get the favor of you to procure my win‑ ter’s supply of coal, say 1500. bushels. Heath’s is understood to be the best. I do not know if he will permit it to be picked. this quantity being enough to load a small vessel, I am in hopes you will be able to get one to proceed with it. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. George Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found, but probably a letter from James Walker to Isaac Webster, a Richmond miller and flour inspector (Richmond En‑ quirer, 31 Jan. 1807, 29 Mch. 1808; TJ to Jefferson, 20 Sep.).

my last letter: TJ to Jefferson, 12 Sep. the sheriffs: see Notes on Personal Finance, [July‑September 1805], at 30 Sep. heath’s: Henry Heth’s Black Heath Pits, located near Manchester, Virginia (Vol. 35:232‑3).

From Meriwether Jones Dr. Sir Richmond Septr. 18th. 1805— You will probably hear of Lieut: Benja. Franklin Read in your City. This young Man, when he saild for the Mediterranean, left many near relations in perfect health; of whom, but one now remains.—As he has no letters of introduction, in consequence of his having gone by water to Washington; you will infinitely oblige me by showing him such civilities as your leisure & situation will permit.—  366 

Maria Cosway

Poplar Forest Plat: Eppes Allotment

Poplar Forest Plat: Mansion House Area

William Eaton

Tobias Lear

William Armistead Burwell

Post Boy Cup

William McIntosh

18 SEPTEMBER 1805

I congratulate you most sincerely upon the honorable and advanta‑ geous peace which has been concluded with Tripoli. The Romans used to select fortunate generals. They acted wisely. Your enemies now admit, that your administration has been very fortunate. The people believe that such a run of luck, must be the result of wise delibera‑ tions & prudent arrangements. Accept, Sir, the sincere regards of Your friend & humble Svt. Merir Jones RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. will probably hear: Benjamin F. Read was among the recent prisoners at

Tripoli who reached Alexandria 18 Sep. aboard the President (Albany Gazette, 23 Aug.; Baltimore American and Commer‑ cial Daily Advertiser, 23 Sep.).

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 18. 05. I return you Munroe’s letter most of the views of which appear to me very sound, & especially that which shews a measure which would engage France to compromise our difference rather than to take part in it and correct the dangerous error that we are a people whom no injuries can provoke to war. no further intelligence being now ex‑ pected on this subject, & some measures growing out of it requiring as early consideration as possible, I have asked of our collegues a cabi‑ net meeting at Washington on the 4th. of Oct. at 12. oclock, where I hope mrs Madison’s situation will permit you to be, altho I despair of it’s admitting your visit to Orange. it is most unfortunate that Mon‑ roe should be coming home so precipitately. I cannot but hope that Bonaparte’s return to Paris about the 13th. of July would find & de‑ tain him there till it would be too late to get to England & wind up there in time to arrive here before winter. Accept for mrs Madison & yourself affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col‑ lection); at foot of text: “Mr. Madison.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs. meeting.” Enclosure: a copy of James Monroe to Madison, 30 June 1805, re‑

ceived from Jacob Wagner at the State Department (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:321; see also Madison to TJ, 14 Sep.).

 367 

From John Moody Respected Sir. Richmond September 18th. 1805. I have been informed you are Building or have a Merchant Mill near Monticello, if you are not Supplyed with Burr Stones for your mill I would be Glad to Have the Jobb. as I have Again Commenced the mill Stone Making (of french Burr) a Bussnes I persued here with Suc‑ cess Previous to the year 1794. The times then Caused me to Aban‑ don it, for Some time past it has been Verey Diffecult to procure the Burr Peices. by Accident I have Lately Bot about 1500. Good Burrs. which is Advertised in the papers here; But I Verey much fear Ob‑ taining a future Supply the Gentleman I Bot from will Shortly Go to france for the purpose of Gitting a Cargo if Possible. will you be pleased to Drop me a line of Advice on the these Subjects which will Infinitely Oblidge your Most Obbedient and Verey Humble Sert. John Moody RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. again commenced: Moody resumed his business making millstones after pur‑

chasing stock from Thomas Donovan, a millstone supplier in New York (New York Mercantile Advertiser, 26 Apr. 1804; Richmond Enquirer, 11 Oct. 1805).

To Robert Smith

Monticello Sep. 18. 05.

Th: Jefferson returns to mr Smith the Tripoline papers. consider‑ ing that Eaton’s fire was all spent at Derne, and that it was desirable to get our naval force withdrawn from the Spanish seas, the peace is a subject of satisfaction. no further intelligence being now expected rela‑ tive to our affairs with Spain, & some measures growing out of them requiring the earliest consideration possible he asks the favor of mr Smith to attend, if possible, a cabinet meeting at Washington on the 4th. of Octob. at 12. aclock. he presents him affectionate salutations. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Tripoli. meeting.” Enclosures: see Smith to TJ, 9 Sep.

 368 

To Markes Vandewall

Monticello Sep. 18. 05.

Th: Jefferson asks the favor of Colo. Vandeval to forward to Wash‑ ington all letters & papers addressed to him which shall come to his office after the reciept of this. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

forward to washington all let‑ ters & papers: Vandewall was the Rich‑ mond postmaster (Vol. 39:342n).

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 19. 05 Mr. Reibelt who is here, not knowing the amount of his account against me, prefers the reciept of it after my return to Washington. the sum destined for him therefore remaining free, & having occasion for it in Richmond, I will ask the favor of you to remit it say 150. D.1 by the first post to Gibson & Jefferson on my account. I expect they will be sending off a vessel with 1500. b. of coal for me. I shall be with you on the 2d. of October without fail. accept my affectionate saluta‑ tions & best wishes for your health. Th: Jefferson RC (M. C. Taylor, Philadelphia, 1950). Recorded in SJL as a letter to John Barnes.

1 Preceding word and figure interlined by TJ.

To Joshua J. Moore Sir Monticello Sep. 19. 05 In exploring the rivers of Louisiana which extend such immense distances through countries uninhabited & without resources, I was sensible that we hazarded the main object of our mission, the taking accurately the geography of those rivers, in relying for the longitude on the lunar observations taken as at sea with the aid of a time piece. possessing only the theory of astronomy, my vocations having never permitted me to become familiar with it’s practice, I thought that a meridian, which we can always have at land, might enable us to use lunar observations without a time piece; so that our missionaries, if their time pieces failed, might not be without resource in so important an object. the method you have seen occurred to me. I communicated it to several, who were better judges of it’s practicability. mr Dunbar  369 

19 SEPTEMBER 1805

has been so kind as to favor me with his observations on it, in which, admitting it’s correctness in theory, he points out the many difficulties & intricacies of calculation which it involves in practice.1 I am there‑ fore the more pleased with your communication, as it clears the pro‑ cess of those difficulties. I shall immediately take the liberty of hand‑ ing it on to mr Dunbar who directs our mission up the Red river, in hopes it will reach him before the party sets out; and I pray you to accept my thanks for this aid to our undertaking, with my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Joshua Moore.”

communication: Moore to TJ, 7 Sep. 1

 Preceding two words interlined.

To Lucy Ludwell Paradise

Monticello Sep. 19. 05.

Th: Jefferson presents his congratulations to mrs Paradise on her safe return to her native country after an absence of so great a por‑ tion of her life. if habits formed to the comforts & accommodations of a country so much more advanced in the arts than this, are not too firmly established, he has little doubt she will enjoy more security & tranquility here, where her fortune will place her at her ease, and the society of her relations & neighbors supply that of strangers. he prays her to accept his friendly salutations & assurances of respect. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

To Joshua Prout

Monticello Sep. 19. 05.

Th: Jefferson according to the request of mr Prout, returns him the inclosed certificate. the price of the lands in Louisiana, the means of ensuring residence on them, and the cases of individuals interested in the N. Carolina cession, are within the competence of Congress only, and will doubtless continue to occupy their attention. the acqui‑ sition of the Floridas, & the exchange of lands with the Indians on this side the Missisipi are also1 of first importance; but time & favor‑ able incidents must be awaited for their accomplishment. he presents to mr Prout his salutations & respects.  370 

19 SEPTEMBER 1805  PoC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collec‑ tion); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found, but see Prout to TJ, 20 Aug.

 1 Word interlined in place of “doubtless.”

From Robert Smith Sir, Balt. Sep. 19. 1805 Having this instant received the dispatches from the Medn by the frigate the president I hasten to forward them to you. I have not re‑ tained them long enough to give them a Careful reading. Many of the Officers late prisoners at Tripoli have called upon me. They all say positively that if Lear had persisted in not giving a Ransom for them, peace would not have been made at all and that the Bashaw had made up his mind to massacre them while our forces were laying waste his town. He admitted he was unable to cope with such a force but that he might as well die under the ruins of his town as to be murdered by his own people which would of course be the Case should he deliver up the prisoners without ransom—He again & again was heard to say that having killed his father and a brother he could not have any scru‑ ples in killing a few infidels—In great Haste Respecty Rt Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sep. and “Tripoline papers” and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosures not identified. many of the officers: on 10 Sep., William Bainbridge wrote to Smith from Hampton Roads informing him that 101 members of the Philadelphia’s crew, in‑ cluding 17 officers, had returned to the United States on board the President. Bain‑ bridge also mentioned that he enclosed his court of inquiry overseen by John Rod­ gers, and requested that it be made pub­ lically available. The court’s report was in turn enclosed in a letter of Rodgers to Smith, 6 July (ndbw, 3:189‑94; 6:165, 275‑6).

Although Yusuf Qaramanli had waged war against his father, Ali Qaramanli, there is no evidence that Yusuf killed Ali, who was reportedly quite sick in 1795, the year Yusuf assumed the rule of Tripoli. However, in July 1790 Yusuf orchestrated the assassination of his oldest brother, Hassan Qaramanli, at their mother’s apart‑ ment (Kola Folayan, Tripoli during the Reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli [Ile‑Ife, Nigeria, 1979], 9, 15‑16; Seaton Dearden, ed., Letters Written during a Ten Years’ Residence at the Court of Tripoli: Published from the Originals in the Possession of the Family of the Late Richard Tully, Esq., the British Consul [London, 1957], 247‑9, 379).

 371 

To Joshua Barney Sir Monticello Sep. 20. 05. Your favor of the 3d. came duly to hand, with the system of regula‑ tions for a navy yard for which accept my thanks. the only way by which they can be rendered useful to the publick is through the Sec‑ retary of the navy, to whom therefore I propose to communicate them, altho’ not in your name in compliance with your request. but as I shall not do this until my return to Washington (10. days hence) should it have been your meaning not to communicate them at all to him, you will have time so to advise me. but in that case I must observe that, confined to myself, they will be entirely useless, as I am too much unacquainted with the details of the subject to make the proper use of them on my own knolege. Accept my salutations & respects Th: Jefferson RC (PPL); addressed: “Joshua Barney esq. Baltimore”; franked; postmarked Mil‑ ton, 21 Sep.

Barney’s favor of 3 Sep. has not been found (see Appendix iv).

To William A. Burwell Dear [Sir] Monticello. Sep. 20. 05. Your favor of the 15th. was recieved last night, & I learn with sin‑ cere concern the illness you have experienced, & that, tho’ mending, you may possibly not be able to join me before your services will be called for in Richmond. I should still more however regret this acci‑ dent were it to become a motive for your not resuming your station at all. I shall be happy to see you at Washington as soon as your health admits, but at all events will expect you at the close of your legislative session. in the mean time I write by the return of your messenger to mr Coles to know if I can have his aid from this time to the end of your session or of that of Congress. should he not find it convenient, I presume I can get mr Dearborne, or young Brent.   I thank you for the wine & seeds which are all new and acceptable—I am to be in Washington on the 2d. of October. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson  P.S. the documents shall be taken care of. PoC (DLC); faint; at foot of text: “W. A. Burwell”; endorsed by TJ.

mr dearborne: during a previous ab‑ sence, Burwell had recommended Dear‑

 372 

20 SEPTEMBER 1805 born’s son Henry A. S. Dearborn as a substitute secretary (Burwell to TJ, 29 Nov. 1804).

 young brent: William Brent, to whom TJ had offered the position of secretary in 1803 and 1804 (Vol. 39:597n; Vol. 42:318).

To Isaac A. Coles Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 20. 05. I recieved last night by an express from mr Burwell a letter & in‑ formation that he has had a severe spell of illness, is now barely mending, but that it is not likely he will be sufficiently strong to take the journey to Washington perhaps till his services will be required at Richmond. consequently it is not likely he can resume his station with me until the close of the session of the Virginia assembly. under these circumstances my first wish is that it may be agreeable to you to go and pass the autumn & winter at Washington. altho’ the emolu‑ ments are not inviting, the duties are not laborious, and the scene neither unpleasant nor uninstructive. I shall set out myself on the 29th. but could leave to your convenience to go on then or whenever after it shall be convenient, supposing it would not be long. the stage will afford you a weekly conveiance. I will ask the favor of a line from you before my departure. Genl. Dearborne’s indisposition prevented our waiting on Colo. Coles the other day. he leaves us by the stage of to‑day. Accept affectionate salutations and assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Isaac Coles esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Isaac A. Coles (1780‑1841) had tempo‑ rarily filled in for William A. Burwell in December 1804 and permanently took over as TJ’s personal secretary shortly after the date of this letter. A classmate of Burwell, Coles graduated from the Col‑ lege of William and Mary in 1798. He was the nephew of former congressman Isaac Coles and the son of John Coles, from whom he would inherit the Ennis‑ corthy estate in Albemarle County. After the conclusion of TJ’s second term as president in 1809, Coles remained in the

White House as Madison’s personal sec‑ retary until November 1809. He was a U.S. Army officer in the War of 1812 and at the time of his death represented Albe‑ marle County in the Virginia House of Del‑ egates. He and TJ maintained a correspon‑ dence long after his service as secretary (William B. Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia [New York, 1931], 93‑4; Wil‑ liam Runge, “Isaac A. Coles,” Magazine of Albemarle County History, 14 [1955], 49‑60; Madison, Papers, Pres. Ser., 1:49n, 351n; rs, 1:53‑4n; Vol. 43:397‑8n; Vol. 45:127). from mr burwell: William A. Bur‑ well to TJ, 15 Sep.

 373 

From Friedrich Johann Jacobsen Your Excellency Altona the 20 Sept: 1805 The inclosed essay to collect the Principles of the english & french Prize courts for the neutral Commerce & to advise means & ways to get better terms in future days for the neutral Flag I do myself the honour to sent Your Excellency as a free Tribut to Your Virtues, Wis‑ dom & Talents of which America enjoys the Blessings & the whole civilized World admires the Excistance May Providence long grant you the most happiest carrieer a mortal can enjoy. This The sincere wish of Your Excellencys Most humble servant F J. Jacobsen RC (CSmH); recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived 19 Jan. 1806 and “with a book.” Enclosure: Friedrich Johann Jacobsen, Handbuch über das practische Seerecht de Engländer und Franzosen, 2 vols. (Ham‑ burg, 1803‑5). Friedrich Johann Jacobsen (1774‑1822) was born in Heide in Schleswig‑Holstein. He trained as a lawyer and became an ad‑ vocate at the court in Altona. As part of his work, he traveled to Great Britain to study English maritime policy, meeting with William Scott, chief justice of the High Court of Admiralty. This experi‑ ence helped him write his two‑volume Handbuch on prize law in Great Britain and France, which established him as an authority on neutral rights. A later work, Seerecht des Friedens und des Krieges, was translated into English by William Frick and published in Baltimore in 1818 as

Laws of the Sea, with Reference to Mari‑ time Commerce during Peace and War. In addition to his legal career, Jacobsen be‑ came an expert on contemporary British poetry and met with many poets and crit‑ ics during visits to Britain. His Briefe an eine deutsche Edelfrau, über die neusten englischen Dichter, published in Altona in 1820, featured biographies of British poets, with particular attention paid to Byron and Wordsworth, and played an important role in introducing British ro‑ manticism to German readers (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 56 vols. [Berlin, 1967‑71], 13:617‑18; London Magazine, 3 [1821], 447; John Williams, Wordsworth Translated: A Case Study in the Reception of British Romantic Poetry in Germany, 1804‑1914 [London, 2009], 34‑5; Law‑ rence Marsden Price, The Reception of English Literature in Germany [Berkeley, Calif., 1932], 395‑6).

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 20. 05. In writing to you for the bolting cloths I omitted to inclose the directions of the millwright (James Walker) respecting them which may perhaps have been omitted in his letter to mr Webster; as also his note of mill irons to be executed by mr Dunlap. this last I have inclosed in a note to mr Dunlap left open for your perusal, & which I will beg leave to recommend to your attention. Not being able to get an exact view as yet, of the monies I may have occasion to draw on you for, & fearing that with the purchase of the  374 

22 SEPTEMBER 1805

coal they might go beyond the funds in your hands, I have desired mr Barnes to remit you a sum of 150. D. which I presume will cover every thing. this you will recieve about the 25th. or 26th. Accept affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. George Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures not found. writing to you: TJ to Jefferson, 18 Sep.

James dunlap had operated an iron foundry in Westham, Virginia, since early 1804 (Virginia Argus, 24 Mar. 1804). mr barnes to remit you: see TJ to John Barnes, 19 Sep.

From Wilson Cary Nicholas Dear Sir Warren Sept. 21. 1805 When I had the pleasure of seeing you I forgot to deliver the in‑ closed. I wou’d not give you this trouble at a moment that I know you must be very much engaged, if it was not important to Mr. Randolph to be able to command all his resources, under his present circumstances. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect & regard your hum. Serv. W. C. Nicholas RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Sep. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: probably Edmund Randolph to TJ, 8 Sep.

To Wilson Cary Nicholas Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 22. 05. In answer to a letter from mr Randolph on the subject of the judg‑ ment v. Robinson’s admrs I had mentioned to him that the papers re‑ lating to it being at Washington I could not from memory say whether that judgment remained in my hands or was in the hands of mr Gal‑ latin; but that on my arrival at Washington I would look into it & on consultation with mr Gallatin would do whatever the present state of things shall shew to be right. the transfer from mr Randolph to your‑ self shall place you in his stead, and the enquiry & communication then promised to him shall be made to you. I set out for Washington within a week. I hope you recieved my note by post mentioning the indisposition of Genl. Dearborne as the cause preventing his waiting on you. he re‑ turned yesterday to Washington. your letter to him shall follow him. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson  375 

22 SEPTEMBER 1805  PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Wilson C. Nicholas esq.”; endorsed by TJ. TJ’s answer of 16 Aug. was to a letter of 6 Aug. from Edmund Randolph.

 A note from TJ to Nicholas about Dearborn, who had been visiting Monti‑ cello, has not been found and is not re‑ corded in SJL (Dearborn to TJ, 4 Sep.).

From William Short Bethlehem Sep. 22 [1805] Jeffn. Prest.—going on to Wash: where expect to be in beginning of month FC (DLC: Short Papers); partially dated; entirely in Short’s hand, consisting of an entry in his epistolary record. Recorded in SJL as received 3 Oct. 1805.

From Thomas Worthington Dear Sir Chilicothe Sepr. 22nd 1805 I was informed yesterday by Mr Michael Baldwin that he should certainly in a few days resign the appointment of marshal of this state: I regret this young man is so capricious I fear he never will be sufficiently steady to do well. I understand he intends to recommend a Mr William Creighton Senr (a near relation to the Dist. atty) as his successor. There are several reasons why he ought not to be appointed which I will in con­ fidence communicate. 1st The District judge & district attorney have lately become brothers in law. 2ndly the Clerk to the destrict court & the intended Marshal are Brothers in law & 3rdly the intended Mar‑ shal Mr William Creighton Senr & the District attorney are near relations. I have no other reasons than what has arisen under similar circumstances to believe these men would act to each other’s hands I have other reasons with which I will not trouble you at the present. The court (district) comes on in a few days no appt. can be made untill after it is over therefore no evil will arise from waiting untill the meeting of Congress before the appointment is made. I understand judge Sprigg as declined the acceptance of the office of judge of Mich‑ igan Territory. I shall not trouble you with our local news further than to inform you that perhaps there never was a country with more peace & plenty & I hope genl Contentment than ohio—Emigration continues to it as great as ever Accept my best wishes for your health & happiness & believe me one among the number of those who are your sincere friends T Worthington  376 

23 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at foot of text: “The president U.S”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Oct. and “Creighton Wm. senr. not to be Marshall v. Baldwin” and so recorded in SJL. dist. atty: William Creighton, Jr. (Vol. 45:195, 707). district judge: Charles Willing Byrd (Vol. 37:505n).

 William sprigg wrote to Madison on 21 Aug. to inform him of his decision to decline the Michigan Territory appoint‑ ment. The recent fire at Detroit delayed Sprigg’s preparations and he believed that it would no longer be “prudent” for him to resign his Ohio judgeship (RC in DNA: RG 59, RD; endorsed by TJ: “Sprigg Wm. declines judge Michigan”).

From William Lee

[before 23 Sep. 1805]

The Article under the Prussian head in the enclosed Argus will be found to merit the attention of the President. It is translated from the Moniteur and is no doubt intended as an answer to the Note of the Russian Embassador Monsr. Novoritzoff to the Prussian Secretary of State which has of late appeared in some of the German prints.— With great respect W: L RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received from Lee at Bordeaux on 23 Sep. 1805 and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure not found, but see below. prussian head: Lee was evidently en‑ closing an issue of the Argus, an English‑­ language newspaper published in Paris. In a letter of 10 July 1805, Russian diplo‑ mat Nikolai Novosiltsov (novoritzoff), then in Berlin on his way to Paris, reported to the Prussian foreign minister, Karl Au‑ gust von Hardenberg, that the French annexation of the Ligurian Republic had made planned negotiations between France and Russia impossible. He asked to return French passports issued to him through the good offices of Prussia. Napoleon sub‑ sequently expressed indifference at the

termination of Novosiltsov’s mission (Cath‑ erine Charlotte, Lady Jackson, ed., The Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson K.C.H., from the Peace of Amiens to the Battle of Talavera, 2 vols. [London, 1872], 1:299‑301, 303‑6, 311, 458‑61; Augus‑ tus B. Paget, ed., The Paget Papers: Dip‑ lomatic and Other Correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Arthur Paget, G.C.B., 1794‑ 1807, 2 vols. [London, 1896], 2:186‑7; Brendan Simms, The Impact of Napoleon: Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797‑1806 [Cam‑ bridge, Eng., 1997], 172‑6; Patricia Ken‑ nedy Grimsted, The Foreign Ministers of Alexander I: Political Attitudes and the Conduct of Russian Diplomacy, 1801‑1825 [Berkeley, Calif., 1969], 132‑4; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:448‑9).

From the Author of “Rab & Jane” Sir, Greenville M.T. Sept. 23d. 1805. I have not the vanity to think the enclosed trifle can afford you great pleasure—or the diffidence of my own powers to suppose it incapable of affording you any:—I think you would peruse with some interest  377 

23 SEPTEMBER 1805

any thing which resembled a production of genius coming from this uncultured and sequestered quarter, though even inferior in merit, if such could be, to my poor tale. But as mine is more than poetically a tale of truth, and its principal personage being one over whose official Conduct it is part of your extensive duty to keep a scrutinizing eye, it was thought proper, though with no design of injuring any human Creature, that you should see the bantling “Rab & Jane.” That you may long continue as heretofore, successfully to direct the destinies of our happy and grateful Country, & in the full enjoyment of that fame and happiness which you so eminently merit—Is sir, the prayer of one who is politically and poetically Your friend and Sincere admirer The Author. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived from “Rab & Jane. Author” on 22 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Rab & Jane. A Legendary Tale, (And True.) By Peter Pindar’s Cousin Pindar, a printed 26‑page satirical poem in three cantos, wherein an onlooker witnesses a midnight tryst in a church sanctuary in Washington, Mississippi Territory (“alias Quid‑Town”), between “Jane,” a married woman, and “Rab,” a man of consider‑ able, although unspecified, political power (“When those who rule and lead thus stray, And in pollution wallow,” the wit‑ ness laments, “What can be hop’d, alas! from those Who have t’ obey and follow?”); Rab assures the guilt‑ridden Jane that their affair is endorsed by the laws of na‑

ture and that he has the power to silence any gossip and to provide a “speedy sepa‑ ration” from her husband; the scene ends abruptly when they are made aware of the onlooker’s presence and, “every thought of love” abandoned, scurry into the night (dated September 1805, place of printing not indicated; Shaw‑Shoemaker, No. 9228; Sowerby, No. 3421; see also Randy J. Sparks, Religion in Mississippi [Jackson, Miss., 2001], 29‑30). The author of rab & jane may have been John Shaw, postmaster at Green‑ ville, who had been described as an occa‑ sional writer of “bad verse,” and who was a fierce political opponent of Governor Robert Williams (Vol. 45:419‑20n, 479; Vol. 46:399).

From Andrew Jackson

Hermitage near Nashville Sept. 23rd. 1805

I have deemed it a duty which my respect for your public and pri‑ vate charactor could not dispense with, to make known to you an act of Gel. J. Wilkinson, which in a measure is supported and sanctioned by your name. The following is a true extract of a letter written by Genl. J. Wilkinson to the commanding officer at New Orleans, dated the 31st. of March 1805 “you will be pleased to signify to the Gentle‑ men of the corps, that the President of the united States, without any publick expression, has thought proper to adopt our fashion of the hair by cropping” It is considered that means like these to obtain a verdict against Colo. Butler (when you had refused to express a public senti‑  378 

23 SEPTEMBER 1805

ment) are improper and unfair; When your charactor is thus draged in to support the order and act aluded to, it appears like a prostitution thereof, which should not be passed unnoticed—This attempt to cor‑ rupt the pure streams of Justice, is Viewed by every citizen and officer of government within the circle of my acquaintance with that Just indignation that the nature of the thing is calculated to inspire. you are at liberty to make any private or public use of this informa‑ tion and my name that you may think the nature of the case requires. I hold myself pledged for the correctness of the extract inclosed. With Sentiments of due respect, I am Sir yr, mo, ob, serv, Andrew Jackson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. verdict against colo. butler: for the trials of Colonel Thomas Butler for defying orders by General James Wilkin‑ son to crop his hair, see Vol. 41:155‑7, 294‑5, 395; Vol. 42:594‑7; Vol. 45:329‑30. Following his second conviction in July 1805, Butler wrote to his friend Jackson on 26 Aug., providing the extract from the alleged letter from Wilkinson to Col‑ onel Constant Freeman, the command‑

ing officer at New Orleans and the pre‑ siding officer at his second court‑martial. Butler did not date the Wilkinson letter, however, and it is unclear how Jackson came to attribute the 31 Mch. 1805 date to it. Butler died on 7 Sep. (Harold D. Moser and others, eds., The Papers of An‑ drew Jackson, 10 vols. [Knoxville, 1980‑ ], 2:64‑5, 70‑2; Donald R. Hickey, “The United States Army Versus Long Hair: The Trials of Colonel Thomas Butler, 1801‑1805,” pmhb, 101 [1977], 462‑74).

From Bishop James Madison Dear Sir, Williamsburg Sep. 23. 1805 One of those decisive Facts has occurred, which I have thought worth communicating to you. Whilst I was, during this Month, in Montgomery Cy., Major Preston informed me, that in attempting to dig a Well, some Time this Summer, at a Salt Lick in Wythe Cy., the Labourers struck upon the Contents of the Stomach of a Mam‑ moth. They were found about 5 Feet & ½ under Ground, lying upon a Lime‑Stone Rock, with the Bones of that vast Animal around. The Contents were in a State of perfect Preservation, & consist of half masticated Reeds, Twigs of Trees & Grass; so that the Question, whether this Incognitum was carnivorous, or herbivorous, is now completely decided. These Substances bear such evident Marks of having been in the Stomach of the Animal, whose Bones are contigu‑ ous, that no one who has seen them entertains a Doubt. Major Pres‑ ton saw a Part of them; and as he lives within 20 Miles of the Place where they were discovered, he has engaged, at my Request, to cause every Bone to be dug up, & sent, together with some of the Contents  379 

23 SEPTEMBER 1805

of the Stomach to this Place. If I can be successful, as I hope to be, in procuring all the Bones, I shall have the Satisfaction of erecting, in our College, a complete Skeleton. This wd be highly interesting in any Museum, & may, perhaps, serve to excite a Spirit for Physical Re‑ searches, among the Youth of our Country. How these Contents have been preserved; whether by the Saltness of the Earth, or by a partial Petrification, or, by resting upon a Lime‑Stone Rock, or, by a perfect Seclusion of Air, must be left to future Inquiry. The Fact settles the Question among the Naturalists. Anxious to ascertain the Latitude of several Places in the Western Counties, a Method of constructing a mural Quadrant occurred to me, on my Journey, which is so simple, so easily executed, & at the same Time, so susceptible of all requisite Accuracy, that I will take the Liberty of mentioning it to you;—indeed, a Person may be said to carry his Quadrant upon a Slip of Paper, in his Pocket, if he will pur‑ sue the following Method.—First, let him draw a Circle of 5 or 6 Feet Radius, & determine, with Accuracy, the Length of a Degree upon that Circle; then transfer 3, 4, or 5 of them to a Slip of Paper answer‑ ing to the Circle, & by means of diagonal Lines, divide them into Minutes, or ½ Minutes. In this operation, there is no Difficulty; but, when it is done, the material Part of the Quadrant is done.—At any Place, where the Latitude is to be taken, fix together smooth Planks, so as to be able to draw the outline of a Quad. of 5 or 6 Feet Rad. as the Slip of Paper may require; or, sweep the Arch of an Octant, or Sextant. If a Quadrant, bisect it, so as to obtain the 45th. Degree; take that half upon which the Plumb Line will fall, at the Time of Observation, & divide it into whole Degrees; the Length of each being given by the Slip of Paper, this is soon completed. Then, the Declina‑ tion of the Sun being known, and the Latitude of the Place within 3 or 4 Degrees, fix the Slip of Paper upon the Board, so as to coincide with the whole Degrees drawn upon it, & also, so that the Plumb Line will fall within its Range, when the Meridian Altitude of the Sun is taken—Nothing is now wanting, but Sights properly fixed, & a Pin for the Board to play upon—These are easily prepared.—The Quad‑ rant is then ready for use. The whole Process, when the Slip of Paper has been previously prepared, will not require ½ an Hour, especially if a Pair of Spring Compasses be at Hand. Had this Method, simple as it certainly is, been long in Use, we should not now have been at a Loss for the accurate Position, as to Lat: of a single Court House, or Village etc. in the State; for there is not a Surveyor who may not make Use of it, with great Ease & Cer‑ tainty. By it, I found Fincastle to be in 37.° 29.′ 10.″—Smithfield near  380 

24 SEPTEMBER 1805

the Horse Shoe upon New River, 37.° 14.′—New London, 37. 13′½. tho’ this last Observation could not be relied upon. Richmond, by an Observation with Hadley’s Sextant, I found to be in 37.° 27.′ 4″— I beg you to Accept my Thanks for your Communications to Mr Davis, my Draftsman. I have availed myself of them entirely; having altered the whole Eastern Face of the Map so as to take them in.—I was so‑ licitous to apply to you at the Commencement of the Map, & shd certainly have done so, had I not felt so much Reluctance in adding to your Engagements. Indeed, knowing the Goodness of Mr Madi‑ son, I had applied to him for all the Information he could procure. I am, Dr Sir, with Sentiments of sincere Respect & Esteem, Yr. Friend & Sert. J Madison RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son President of the United States Wash‑ ington”; franked and postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. major preston: probably William Preston (1770‑1821), the third son of Colonel William Preston (1729‑1783) of Smith­ field plantation in Montgomery County (John Frederick Dorman, The Prestons of Smithfield and Greenfield in Virginia [Louisville, Ky., 1982], 12‑22, 57‑61). Madison’s account of the alleged dis‑ covery of a stomach of a mammoth also appeared in the Richmond Enquirer on 4 Oct. and in a 6 Oct. letter to Benja‑ min Smith Barton that was reprinted in

the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal. The report quickly circulated in other publications, even though the al‑ leged stomach and bones were never ac‑ tually seen by Madison nor known to have survived. The veracity of Madison’s claim was eventually challenged and it was lat‑ ter asserted that Madison subsequently admitted “his information was inaccurate, and his conclusions too hastily adopted” (Philadelphia Medical and Physical Jour‑ nal, 2, pt. 1 [1805], 58‑60; John D. Goodman, American Natural History, 3 vols. [Philadelphia, 1826‑28], 2:240‑4; Loren C. Eisely, “Man, Mastodons, and Myth,” Scientific Monthly, 62 [June 1946], 517‑24). For Madison’s map of Virginia, see William Prentis to TJ, 3 June.

From Paul Hamilton Sir Charleston, So. Carolina [before 24 Sep. 1805] Colonel Lehré intending to engage in a tour northwardly, and ex‑ pecting to do himself the honor of calling on you, permit me to an‑ nounce him to you as a Gentleman of respectability in both public and private life— Not having the honor of personal acquaintance with you, I feel myself bound to offer as an apology for this intrusion, that I am anx‑ ious to render every service to my Fellow Citizens which my Official Station may be supposed to afford— I have the honor to be with sentiments of very high respect and consideration Sir yrs. Paul Hamilton  381 

24 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); undated; at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 24 Sep. and so recorded in SJL, where TJ connected it by a brace and notation “recd. by mr Lehré” with entries for letters received the same day from John Gaillard of 25 May, Wil‑ liam Johnson of 25 May, William Butler of 30 May, Peter Freneau of 2 June, and Thomas Moore of 28 June. Paul Hamilton (1762‑1816) was the governor of South Carolina from 1804 to 1806. Born in St. Bartholomew Parish, South Carolina, he suffered financial diffi­ culties after the death of his father and withdrew from school, joining the militia

in 1779 and fighting with militia and par‑ tisan units throughout the remainder of the Revolutionary War. After his wife, Mary (née Wilkinson), inherited 23 slaves from her father’s estate in 1783, Hamilton became a planter, first of indigo and later primarily of rice. He commenced his pub‑ lic career in 1785 as a parish tax collector and moved on to state service as a mem‑ ber of the state house of representatives, senator, comptroller of finance, and gov‑ ernor. He later served as secretary of the navy during Madison’s presidency, but he resigned at the end of 1812 after ac‑ cusations of incompetence (anb; dab; rs, 2:175‑6n).

From Joshua Barney Sir, Baltimore Septr. 24th 1805 My intention, respecting the “Regulations of a Navy Yard” sent you, was, for you to use them as you should think proper. I have no Objections to the Secretary of the Navy, or to any other persons see‑ ing them, I only wished that thier coming from me might not be known, at present; As it is your Intention to communicate them to the Secretary I shall esteem it a favor, that you will have them copied, so that my hand writing may not appear. I have the honour to be your Obt Servt. Joshua Barney RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire President of the U.S.”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 24th. Septr 1805 I inclose agreeably to your direction 280$, in Virginia bank notes. The bolting Cloths are delivered to the Stage driver. Your other commissions shall be attended to. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 26 Sep. and so recorded in SJL.

your direction: TJ to Jefferson, 18 and 20 Sep. TJ noted the receipt of $280 from Gibson & Jefferson on 26 Sep. (mb, 2:1163).

 382 

From William Montgomery

Philada. 25 Sept 1805

Permit a Citizen & Merchant more Anxious for the happiness of the United States than [his] own interest, to address a few observations to you as at the head of its Political concerns & to whom your Country will expect some advice to the great Council of the Nation at the en‑ suing Session on the depredations committed Daily on our Trade, the Brittish by extraordinary constructions of the rights of Powers at War on Neutrals by constructive orders digested in private and acted on before any Notice, which appear evidently calculated to Rob & Plunder Neutrals. The French Armed Vessells also plunder us but their conduct appear more Piratical than acting under authority of their Government. But the Spanish Governors seem to countenance this irregular plunder. Our Agents at foreign Courts appear not to have apprized their Government timely of orders for Blockade & other pur‑ poses. We are friends of Peace and are sure that is the wish dear to your Heart, but when aggressions are made on Neutrals and common representations do not avail. Then we presume you at the head of our Government will recommend some Notice to be taken by Congress. No Neutral Nation should silently permit any power to put a partial construction on what is called the Laws of Nations; if any disputes arise on construction all interested ought to be consulted. I presume our Government may with Honour adopt one of two Measures viz. Either to authorize the Executive to suspend all intercourse with any Nations that did not respect our Flag, or to pass a Law giving power to call a meeting by deputation of all Neutral Powers to define & ex‑ plain their rights and if this did not produce the end then to make reprisals in such a way as suited the situation of each Neutral Nation; for sure I am that in the present State of our Commerce. It would be to the interest of this Country to lay an Embargo for 6 Months on all exports and thereby get our property home and prevent a strong Naval Power from laying their hands on it during which period Negocia‑ tions might be carried on to advantage. To your wisdom & Ardent love of your Country I chearfully comit its concerns, only wishing you to beleive those observations flow from principles which influence—Sir. Your sincere friend William Montgomery  NB I had wrote this 7 days ago since which I find pices in the News Paper on the Same Subject—The Mercantile interest is very much Alarmed—Premiums have rose from 4 to 10 t. on Shipments of West India Produce to Europe— WM  383 

25 SEPTEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); one word lost at margin; at head of text: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Esqr President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. William Montgomery (1752‑1831) was a native of Monmouth County, New Jer‑ sey, and a longtime Philadelphia merchant. On 10 Jan. 1806, Montgomery would be among the “merchants and traders” of

Philadelphia who signed a memorial that protested European violations of Ameri‑ can shipping rights. He wrote to TJ four times, always on the same topic (Cuyler Reynolds, Genealogical and Family His‑ tory of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley, 3 vols. [New York, 1914], 3:1083; New York Morning Chronicle, 21 Jan. 1806; Montgomery to TJ, 25 Mch. 1807, 2 Mch. and 16 Aug. 1808).

From James Monroe Dear Sir London Sepr. 26. 1805. Altho’ it is not yet decided whether I shall sail this fall or not to the UStates, as I most earnestly wish to do, yet I cannot neglect the op‑ portunity by Col: Mercer, to add something to you which it is possible may not be in my other letters. It was my intention as I intimated by Captn. Dulton, to sail immediately after my arrival here, & nothing wod. have prevented it but the seizure of our vessels by the British Cruizers, wh. seemed by many causes to impose on me the necessity of remonstrating in the most decisive manner agnst the proceedure. I presumed that you wod. approve of my return as you had long known it was my intention so to do as soon as the business at Madrid was ended, & I was persuaded that the manner of the conclusion, & op‑ portunity I had of seeing & knowing the state of things with the three powers, might be a motive why you wod. wish it. By waiting to this time I hoped to have heard something from our friend Mr. Madison on the subject, but I have no letter from him founded on the commu‑ nications from Madrid. A short one of June 21. enclosing a copy of an extract of one to General Armstrong of June 6th. is the only one that I have recd. from him of so late a date. Thus I am utterly at a loss as to the wishes of the govt. on the subject. In Mr. Madison’s letter of June 21. he refers to one of May 23d. wh. has never come to hand; perhaps that or others wh. may have miscarried wod. throw light on this point and also on the eventual policy of our govt. in case the negotiation failed at Madrid: or what is perhaps more probable the confident expectation that I shod. do what I could, in France as I re‑ turned, & here after my return, in our concerns with each power & most certainly proceed with out delay home afterwards, has prevented his writing me fully on any of these points. If this has been the case the seizure here & discussion incident to it, has been unfortunate in  384 

26 SEPTEMBER 1805

that as in other views. I was decided at once to push the business here, in a manner to let the govt. see that we were not afraid of it. I know they cannot bear a controversy with us; and am satisfied that they must in all such cases give ground, when reducd to the necessity of doing it. I saw in the first interview that it was wished to manage the business in the way of conversation, friendly professions &ca, and thus get rid of it. They dread much such a discussion getting into our papers because they know that a great majority of the commercial people here are agnst them, & that the nation wod. be, a circumstance the opposition wod. seize with avidity. I had another motive for deci‑ sion. Our affrs. were in a measure wound up with our other friends, on the continent, so that I thought it proper to make an experiment in the mode the seizure invited of what was to be expected from them, so at least as to give our government a fair alternative between them, or at least to present facts in their naked & distinct form with each. The result so far has been favorable. The ct. has certainly changed its tone from criticising strictly circumstances that were called “fraudulent & evasive” to a substitution of others, of a nature to justify acquitals. I have no reply to my last note, tho’ I have no doubt it will produce a good effect. It is obvious to me that Kings letter was used with Russia &ca to obtain an abandonment of the principle that “free ships make free goods”—it is the more ungenerous in these people to strive to take from us the consideration wh. was understood to be given in return. The result of the whole business with each power, is very impressive with me, that we shall get nothing from any but by force, but that with a suitable pressure, wh. however must be unequivocal & decisive, especially in extreme cases as is this with Spain, we may succeed in what is right with any of them. With France our business had fall’n into a wretched state. By the treaty of Louisiana our affrs. there was plac’d on high ground & it was easy to have preserved it. But it re‑ quired firmness of character, a spirit of independance, &ca. Had these been displayed the business with Spain wod. have been an affr. of a few weeks. The effort afterwards made told them that we had some character, wod. not be made use of &ca, & in my opinion the ultimate course wh. that govt. will take will depend on that wh. our govt. does. If it sees our proceedings marked with doubt, are taken merely to excite apprehension &ca, it will become more decisive & resist us. I shod. not be surprised if no decisive measure is taken, to see them all unite at the end of this war in a system agnst us, carried to the great‑ est extent. But if we shew tone I think it will invite each especially if the war continues to make advances to us. I have written you in great haste & without the least reserve, for with the welfare & prosperity of  385 

26 SEPTEMBER 1805

our country, I most sincerely wish your own & that of our friend Mr. Madison. I know the course is hazardous, but hazard is on both sides, & in all doubtful1 cases a bold and manly council ought to be preferr’d. It rallies the nation round us; keeps up its spirits; & proves at home and abroad that republicanism is not incompatible with decision. Shod. future events be unpropitious, and the present course be founded in the hope of a change in the policy of Spain, looking to that for repara‑ tion of injuries insults &ca, the effect will be felt on the principles of our govt. as well as on the character of those who administer it. Urujo is a spy, an implacable enemy &ca. I hope that no communication is held with him. When I inform you that the French ambassidor in a formal audience 18. months since demanded of the King of Spain the dismission of the prince of peace from his council, & that the latter preserved his place by distributing a few hundred thousand of his masters dolrs. at Paris, you will know how to respect the insect with us: & what an ill effect listening to, or communicating with him, after his recall was demanded will have every where. This letter is as you will perceive not only private but in confidence only to you and Mr. Madison. Col: Mercer will have the pleasure to see you. He is an enlighten’d virtuous citizen; well informed in our affrs., & I am sat­ isfied that you will derive much useful information from him. I send you a letter from Cary & one or two other packets. I shall decide in a few days whether I sail or not this fall. I have not seen Gamble but shall pay him attention when I do. My best regards to Mr. Madison. with great sincerity I am yr. friend & servant Jas. Monroe RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. En‑ closed in John Mercer to TJ, 13 Dec. seizure of our vessels: see Jacob Crowninshield to TJ, 11 Sep. Monroe protested seizures by British cruisers in the wake of the Essex decision in letters to Lord Mulgrave, the British foreign secretary, on 8 Aug., 12 Aug., and 23 Sep. Writing to Madison on 25 Sep., Monroe reported that he was still awaiting replies and believed that Mulgrave “endeavourd to manage this business without writing, from a desire which has been very appar‑ ent to get rid of it, without any compro‑ mitment.” In the meantime, Monroe stated that Britain sought to “tranquillize” the United States by dismissing American ves‑ sels “in every case that she possibly can,”

while still “Keeping within the precedent of the Essex” (Monroe, Papers, 5:410‑11, 417‑23; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:375‑6). kings letter: Rufus King’s letter of 13 Mch. 1801 to Lord Hawkesbury pro‑ tested vice admiralty court decisions in the West Indies that enlarged “the rights of Belligerents, at the expense of those of neutrals.” Hawkesbury replied on 11 Apr. and enclosed the British advocate gener‑ al’s decision that overturned the rulings and confirmed the doctrine “that the Pro‑ duce of the Colonies of the Enemy may be imported by a Neutral into his own Coun‑ try, and may be re‑exported thence even to the Mother Country of such Colony; and in like manner the produce and manufac‑ tures of the Mother Country may in this circuitous mode legally find their way to

 386 

27 SEPTEMBER 1805 the Colonies.” In his 23 Sep. 1805 letter to Mulgrave, Monroe observed that this doctrine had been reiterated in the 17 June 1801 maritime convention between Brit‑ ain and Russia, to which Denmark and Sweden later acceded (Charles R. King, ed., The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King: Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents and His Speeches, 6 vols. [New York, 1894‑1900], 3:403‑5, 427‑9; Monroe, Papers, 5:421; Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series, 231 vols. [Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 1969‑81], 56:105). letter from cary: TJ had requested Monroe’s assistance in securing the re‑ turn of letters loaned some years earlier to John Carey (TJ to Monroe, 15 June). Writing to Monroe on 7 Aug. from Cam‑ den Street, Islington, Carey explained that he understood the letters to be a gift and that TJ did not “even hint the alternative

of returning them.” Carey intended to publish them, but his ignorance in deal‑ ing with London booksellers “proved an insuperable bar to me.” He later depos‑ ited his manuscripts with a merchant as “a kind of security for £300, embarked in a speculation” that failed, and Carey had been able to publish only two unprofitable volumes of George Washington’s letters. Carey suggested that he could recover the manuscripts if an American bookseller would advance £300 to publish TJ’s and Nathanael Greene’s correspondence (RC in DLC, endorsed by TJ: “Carey John to Colo. Monroe”). For Monroe’s convey‑ ance of Carey’s letter to TJ, see his letters of 6 Oct. and 1 Nov. not seen gamble: see TJ to Monroe, 15 June. 1

 Word interlined.

From Caldcleugh & Thomas Sir Philadelphia Septr. 27. 1805 On an Invoice of Charts lately received from John Hamilton Moore, (the Publisher) he makes a memorandum, requesting us to forward to you a small parcel in the case.—the case has been opened, & we find a long parcel directed to you, which we suppose to be a new Chart—as the Officers at the Custom House are very strict in having all parcels, that have no Invoice accompanying them, sent to the Custom House; this parcel has according to their orders been sent there—We have taken the Liberty of informing you thereof, presuming you may not have any advice of it, from Mr. Moore, & in order that you may direct it being sent on to you.— We are Sir With respect Yr. obdt. Servts. Caldcleugh & Thomas RC (MHi); at foot of text: “His Excel‑ lency Thomas Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

new chart: see John Hamilton Moore to TJ, 12 July.

 387 

Endorsement of a Hydraulic Ram LAPOYPE’S HYDRAULIC RAM. A friend of Mr. Lapoype has requested the insertion of the following certificates— I hereby certify, that I attended an experiment made with the Hy‑ draulic Ram of Mr. Lapoype, that with a descending tube of 1 inch diameter and 4 feet long, it threw from 1 12th to 1 16th of the water 22 feet above the reservoir—and am satisfied, had it not been for the leaking pipes affixed to it, it would have thrown the water much higher. I am so well satisfied of the effect of this machine, and pleased with the simplicity of its construction, that I have had one made for myself to be placed under the eaves of the house, to catch the rain water from them, and throw up a sufficient portion of it into the cistern on the top of the house as a resource in case of fire. Given under my hand at Monticello, this 27th of Sept. 1805. Th: Jefferson. Printed in Virginia Argus, 16 Nov. 1805. this machine: Joseph Michel Mont­ golfier’s hydraulic pump was designed to raise water. An individual named La Poype, who had experimented with the machine in France and visited Monticello along with Philippe Reibelt in September, offered demonstrations of Montgolfier’s pump in Richmond and Baltimore dur‑ ing the fall (Montgolfier, De l’utilité du belier hydraulique [Paris, 1805; Sowerby, No. 1103]; Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 27 Nov.; New York Morning Chronicle, 11 Jan. 1806; TJ to Reibelt, 19 Oct.). Probably when he met La Poype and wrote the testimonial printed above, TJ copied a set of instructions from Mont­ golfier to La Poype for construction of the apparatus, which was intended to draw water from a waterfall (“chute d’eau”). The innovative part of the pump, called a ram’s head, required the skills of a fountain maker. The instructions, which covered

almost three pages of dense text, discussed the pump’s essential components, includ‑ ing the ram’s head, a copper ring, spigot, and smaller pipe connecting to or within the ram’s head, a longer pipe of copper, lead, or cast iron that was to be three times the height of the waterfall and that con‑ nected the ram’s head with a hollow cop‑ per or lead sphere, and a lead delivery pipe that connected to the air chamber of the ram’s head. Two valves in the ram’s head regulated the flow of water. Components of the ram’s head could be separated and screwed back together with an iron key. The instructions also included the cal­ culations necessary for determining the length of the main pipe and a set of ques‑ tions that a user would need to answer, such as the height of the waterfall, the capacity of the waterway, and the amount of water needed for irrigation (DLC: TJ Papers, ser. 9; in TJ’s hand, in French; at head of text: “Belier hydraulique. Notes de Mongolfier a M. Poype”; see TJ to James Oldham, 16 Nov.).

 388 

To John Moody Sir Monticello Sep. 27. 05 Your favor of the 18th. is recieved. my mill carries but two pair of stones. one of them is on hand & the other engaged in Alexandria, which prevents my availing myself of your obliging offer. Accept my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. John Moody”; endorsed by TJ.

From Thomas Appleton Sir Leghorn 28th. Septr. 1805 Your letter of may the 4h. I reciev’d by the way of Naples on the 12h. Augt. and on the next day I deliver’d to Mr Mazzei the one inclos’d for him.—I regret exceedingly that I could not have reciev’d your directions relative to the Montepulciano Wine at an earlier period in order that I might have Comply’d with your wishes in shipping it at a season when it would not have been expos’d to the injuries you apprehend—tho’ it is true this circumstance occurr’d to my mind at the time, but then I consider’d that as all wines are here kept in ware‑ houses for the want of cellars, it would of course be but little more exposed in sending it, than by hazarding it thro’ the unremitting heats of our summer here.—I have written to Mr Barnes as you directed sir relative to the payment of the wines he sent to you, but to which he has not yet replied,—whenever I obtain his account it shall be paid, or otherwise I will remit him a suppos’d value.—I have refunded to Mr Mazzei his expences to Rome, and since the arrival of the 2 sculpters I have advanc’d them two Months salary, and Shall continue to furnish what may be necessary for their support, until their depar‑ ture, which I hope will be by the Ship Traveller bound to Baltimore, and will sail about the 10h. Novr: below is the statement of the account of wines— I have the honor to be with a sincere respect Your Mo Devoted Servant Th: A To amt. 3 Cases wine sent in May 1804. To amt. of 2 do. in Jany. 1805. To amt. of 10 do. in May 1805.  389 

Dols 33.17 26.40 118.50 178. 7

28 SEPTEMBER 1805

Bala. due.

82.88 260.95

Dols

     Ct By a bill of Excha. drawn by James Madison on Liverpool for 250. Dollars which having put to Eng’d for payment produced. FC (Lb in DNA: RG 84, CR, Leg‑ horn); above postscript: “Thos. Jeffer­son. Esq. President of the U:States of Amer‑ ica}”; below postscript: “The foregoing went by the Brig Dido Capt. Stiness for NYork 2 Octr”; recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived 26 Jan. 1806.

Dollars ⎫

⎪ ⎪

260.95

⎬ ⎪

⎪ ⎭

one inclos’d for him: TJ to Philip Mazzei, 4 May. 2 sculpters: Giuseppe Franzoni and Giovanni Andrei (see Mazzei to TJ, 12 Sep.).

Memorandum of Tasks for James Dinsmore [.  .  .] of work to be done by mr Dinsmore. ✓  finish the hall,1 & the great Doors of parlour. ✓  finish the staircases. ✓  build the S.W. Portico. ballustrade on the roof of the house. ✓  plinths of the Dome. a Dorick entablature inside of the N.W. piazza on a model different from all the others. the N.W. Outchamber to be done as may be necessary. Window shutters for the whole of the windows below. sashes for the rooms under the house. Green house. Chinese railing of top of house Th: Jefferson Sep. 29. 05. PoC (MHi: Coolidge Collection); faint; Nichols, Architectural Drawings, No. 147u.

1 TJ inserted a check mark above this word.

TJ left Monticello on this day and ar‑ rived in Washington on 3 Oct. (mb, 2:1163‑4).

 390 

From James Holland Sir Rutherford County 30th of Sept 1805 On the 25th of april I had my dwelling house Outer houses and Barn with their contents consumed by fier—So great a loss rearly hap‑ pens to a man on a country Seat. I have rebuilt and indeed improved my house but it will require much labor to prepare a part of it for the accomodation of my family by the cold Season. Previous to this I had my sons at Greenville College. The eldest has read the later classics made some advances in the Greek and French and may be considred tollerably correct in the English. But notwithstanding I wish to re‑ move him until Spring and have him at Washington during the in‑ suing session and Supported by being engaged in some useful and improving imployment to effect which I have wrote by this mail to the Secretaries of State and Treasury to procure his admission as a Subordinate Clerk in one of their departments during the Session and should be under great obligation to the President were he to use a little influence (provided the same be consistant) Or if he cannot be admitted to provide Some temporary employment for him He is a promising young man and I have no doubt of his aquitting himself with the approbation of those under whom he would be en‑ gaged. I have solicited an ansr from Messers Maddison and Gallatin by the 10th. of Novr. I have the pleasure to be the Presidents most obedient Humble Servant Jas Holland RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 21 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

the eldest: that is, William Blount Holland (Flournoy Rivers, “Two Carolina Pioneers,” American Historical Magazine, 3 [1898], 263).

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 30th. Septr. 1805 I inclose you a bill of loading for 1500 bushels of Coal, which Heth & N. contrary to their usual custom consented to have picked. The different dfts of which you advise us have appeared, together with one in favor of Wm Burwell dated the 13th. of July for $:400, of which we have never been advised. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received

3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure: bill of lading, dated Richmond, 30

 391 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805 Sep., for 1,500 bushels of coal sent to TJ in Washington by the schooner Sally, Ben‑ jamin Travers master, with freight charges of $90 (MS in MHi; signed by Travers; endorsed by TJ). On 10 Oct., Travers issued a receipt to  Joseph Dougherty for the $90 coal freight (MS in MHi, endorsed by TJ). Dougherty added his charge of $25.96 for “hawling 1298 bushels of coal 2 cts. per bushel” (MS in same). On 10 and 11 Oct., TJ made orders on the Bank of the United States for the two payments (mb, 2:1165).

 heth & n.: Henry Heth and Andrew Nicolson, operators of a coal business (TJ to Jefferson, 18 Sep.; Vol. 44:525n). different dfts: since his last letter to Jefferson on 20 Sep., TJ recorded orders drawn on Gibson & Jefferson ­ for Alexander Garrett ($230.26), David Higginbotham ($100), Martin Dawson ($100), and James Old ($300.025); see mb, 2:1163. In July, he had noted several payments to William A. burwell, in‑ cluding an order on Gibson & Jefferson for $400, payable 3 Sep. (same, 1159; TJ to Jefferson, 13 July).

From James Madison Dear Sir Gray’s Sepr. 30. 1805 I duly recd. your favor of   from which I learn your purpose of meeting the Heads of Depts. in consultation on the 4th. of Ocr. It is no little mortification that it will not be in my power to obey the sum‑ mons. Mrs. M’s afflicted knee which has already detained me so long, tho’ I trust perfectly healed, is in so tender a state, and the whole limb so extremely feeble, that she could not be put on the journey for some days to come without a manifest risk, the more to be avoided on the road, as she would be out of reach of the necessary aid. If it were pos‑ sible to place her in such a situation here as would justify my leaving her, I shd. not hesitate to set out without her, and either return or send for her. But no such situation can be found out of the City, and there the attempt is forbidden by the existing fever, which is under‑ stood too, to be growing considerably worse. There is another obsta‑ cle in my way which will oblige me to wait a few days longer. On the whole, I shall not be able to set out before thursday or friday. I shall make it the first of these days if possible & shall be as expeditious on the journey as circumstances will permit. Since I recd. your letter I have turned in my thoughts the several subjects which at the present moment press on the attention of the Executive. With respect to G.B. I think we ought to go as far into an under‑ standing on the subject of an eventual coalition in the war, as will not preclude us from an intermediate adjustment if attainable, with Spain. I see not however much chance that she will positively bind herself not to make peace whilst we refuse to bind ourselves positively to make  392 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805

war; unless indeed some positive advantage were yielded on our part in lieu of an engagement to enter into the war. No such advantage as yet occurs, as would be admissible to us and satisfactory to her. At Paris, I think Armstrong ought to receive instructions to extin‑ guish in the French Govt. every hope of turning our controversy with Spain into a French job public or private; to leave them under appre‑ hensions of an eventual connexion between the U.S. & G.B. and to take advantage of any change in the French Cabinet favorable to our objects with Spain. As to Spain herself our question is whether Bowdoin ought to pro‑ ceed or not to Madrid. My opinion is that his trip to G.B. was fortu‑ nate, and that the effect of it will be aided by his keeping aloof, untill occurrences shall invite him to Spain. I think it will be expedient not even to order Erving thither for the present. The nicest question how‑ ever is whether any or what step should be taken for a communication with the Spanish Govt. on the points not embraced by the late nego‑ ciation. On this question my reflections disapprove of any step what‑ ever, other than such as may fall within the path to be marked out for Armstrong; or as may lie the sphere of Claiborne’s intercourse with the Marquis de C. Calvo. Perhaps the last may be the best opportunity of all for conveying to Spain the impressions we wish, without committing the Govt. in any respect more than may be adviseable. In general it seems to me proper that Claiborne should hold a pretty strong language in all cases, and particularly that he should go every length the law will war‑ rant agst. Morales & his project of selling lands. If Congs. should be not indisposed, proceedings may be authorized that will be perfectly effectual, on that as well as other points. But before their meeting there will time to consider more fully what ought to be suggested for their consideration. The Merchts are much alarmed at the late decisions in G.B. agst. their trade. It is conjectured that several millions of property are afloat, subject to capture under the doctrine now enforced. Accept assurances of my constant & most respectful attacht. James Madison RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and “Span. affairs” and so re‑ corded in SJL. your favor: TJ to Madison, 18 Sep. morales & his project: in letters of 5 and 10 Aug., William C. C. Claiborne discussed his communications with the Marqués de Casa Calvo about the poten‑ tial resumption of sales of land in West

Florida. Juan Ventura Morales, the Span‑ ish intendant in West Florida though still residing in New Orleans, had announced his authority to oversee land transfers, and Claiborne did not doubt that many resi‑ dents of New Orleans “would be found willing to purchase” lands should sales recommence. In a letter of 24 Sep., Jacob Wagner informed Madison that he had “looked at the Logan Act” and determined

 393 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805 that the 1799 legislation could not be used to deter the “purchasers at N. Orleans of W. Florida lands” (Madison, Papers, Sec.

of State Ser., 10:174‑5, 200, 371‑2; see also Vol. 44:312‑14).

Statement of Account with Mrs. John March 1805 May

June

August

The President to J. March 16 To 3rd Vol Washingtons Life in boards " To pasting a Map of South Carolina To Do of the British Colonies N. Amirca To Making 2 Thick Mill boards 16 by 22 Inches 6 To Making 2 Doz File Boxes @ 37½ To Making an Atlas (16 by 22 Inches) of Towns  Very Difficult ½ bound Ext Russia Gilt & Lettered To Making an Atlas of Maps 16 by 22 Inches Ext:  ½ bound in Russia Gilt & Lettered Very thick—  Maps Toren & Difficult To Binding 2 Vols Rickmans poeticol Scraps 75 "             4 Vols Plutarque De la Jeunesse @ 75 1 Thomson to Marshall 1 Builders Prices 1 Potockie suer Manethon 3 Manual du Museum 8vo 100 1 Lescons de Histoire 1 Americus Vespusious 1 Annonarj Del Fabbroni 2 La Vign et le Vin Chaptal Rozier 100 1 Cicerones Philosophica 12mo 6 Sterne 18s @62½ 1 Bonne Compagnie 1 Africa Leo small 18s 1 Germanie 1 Laodiensia 1 Boiemœ Stransky 1 Arabia 1 Athenia Postellus 1 Hungarie 1 Gallia 1 Namur‑Hanonia‑Luxemburg 1 Graecorum Ubba Emmuis 1 Persia 1 Education 4to ½ bound Calf 1 European Pamphlets 4 Do 1801‑1804 1 Cow pox 4to ½ bound Calf

 394 

⎬

$3 1 1 1 8 10 ⎫ ⎭

⎬

⎪⎫ ⎪⎭

00 00 00 00 00 00

15 00 1 50 3 00 75 75 75 3 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 75 3 75 62½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 37½ 1 00 $1 00 1 00

30 SEPTEMBER 1805

September 30 " " " " "

6 Vols 8vo State papers Double Lettered 75 2 Do Political Pamphlets Do 75 1 Do Pamphlets Religeous Do 1 Do Pamphlets Agriculture Do 1 Do Louissianna Do 1 Local Politics Do 1 Tracts in Medecine Do 1 Zoology Do 1 Law pamphlets Do 1 Pamphlets Historical Do 1 Burrs Case Do 1 Arts Do 1 Chymestry 1 Connaissance Des Tem 1806 Do 1 Land Companies 1 European Pamphlets Double Lettered 1 Cools Roads 4to Bound in paper 1 State papers Thick folio ½ bound Calf 2 Lettered 1 Jardiner De Mallet 4to Calf Gilt 1 Mecanique par Parson Do plates 1 Portfieullie Des Artestes Do plates 1 Meinert Do plates 3 Vol Lorenzo De Medici Roscoe 8vo 100 3 Vols Les Abeilles Della Rocca 8vo 100 1 Analyse De Dupius 1 Mer Libre 1 Meteorologie 1 Laws U States Jany 14th 1804 March 30 1805 11 Vols News papers ½ bound & Lettered

MS (MHi); endorsed by TJ: “March mrs. Sep. 1805.” For an enumeration of many of these titles in the Elzevir editions that TJ had previously purchased and given to March for binding, see Vol. 45:539‑40. Accord‑ ing to his financial memoranda, TJ settled the account on March in two installments, with $75 paid on 19 Dec. and the balance of $52.25 remitted on 7 Mch. 1806 (mb, 2:1171, 1175). A receipt, dated 7 Mch. 1806 from Georgetown, of $52.25 from TJ by John Barnes for Mrs. March, was signed by Joseph Milligan and endorsed by TJ: “March mrs.” (MS in MHi). thomson to marshall: that is, John Thomson, Letters of Curtius (Vol. 31:14‑15; Vol. 42:379‑80). european pamphlets: a collection of seven tracts bound into a quarto volume

4 50 1 50 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 62½ 50 50 75 50 2 50 $1 75 2 25 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 1 00 87½ 75 1 00 25 00 $127 25

and consisting of Convention between His Britannick Majesty, and the Emperor of Russia (London, 1801), Sowerby, No. 2869; John Sinclair, On the Political State of Europe, Drawn Up for the Consideration of a Foreign Statesman, in a High Political Situation (Edinburgh, 1803), Sowerby, No. 2870; Pièces officielles relatives aux pré‑ liminaries de Londres et au Traité d’Amiens (Paris, 1803), Sowerby, No. 2871; Cour de Justice Criminelle du Départment de la Seine, Extrait des minutes et liasses du greffe du tribunal criminel et spécial du départment de la Seine, séant au Palais de justice, à Paris (Paris, 1804), Sowerby, No. 2872; Jean Victor Moreau, Mémoire justificatif du Général Moreau (Paris, n.d.), Sowerby, No. 2873; Report from the Com‑ mittee on the Petition of the Court of Direc‑ tors of the Sierra Leone Company (Lon‑ don, 1802), Sowerby, No. 2874; Giovanni

 395 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805 Fabbroni, La Biblioteca lettera di Giovanni Fabbroni uno dei XL della Società Italiana delle Scienze a Pompilio Pozzetti delle Scuole Pie Socio e Segretario della medesima (Modena, 1803), Sowerby, No. 2875. March bound in quarto a set of tracts on cow pox, among them Benjamin Wa‑ terhouse, Prospect of Exterminating the Small‑Pox (Vol. 32:264‑5), and Water‑ house, Prospect of Exterminating the Small Pox, Part II (Vol. 34:277n); see also Sow‑ erby, Nos. 945‑953. state papers: Documents Accompa‑ nying a Message from the President of the United States, with Sundry Statements of Expenditures; Containing Detailed Ac‑ counts of the Expenditures of Public Mon‑ ies, by Naval Agents (Washington, D.C., 1803), Sowerby, No. 3168. pamphlets religeous: March bound in octavo three tracts on religion for TJ: Thomas Bradbury Chandler, The Appeal Farther Defended; in Answer to the Farther Misrepresentations of Dr. Chauncy (New York, 1771), Sowerby, No. 1646; Wil‑ liam Linn, The Blessings of America (Vol. 20:706‑7n); and Elizur Goodrich, The Principles of Civil Union and Happiness Considered and Recommended (Hartford, 1787), Sowerby, No. 1648. March bound 13 pamphlets on local politics into one octavo volume. The contents included Tunis Wortman as “Lysander,” Annals of the Corporation (Vol. 36:479n); James Cheetham as “Mer‑ cer,” A Letter Concerning the Ten Pound Court, in the City of New‑York, Addressed to the State Legislature (Vol. 40:602n); Remarks on the “Merchants’ Bank” (see Cheetham to TJ, 24 Apr. 1805); Alexan‑ der Contee Hanson, Publications Relative to the Difference of Opinion between the Governor and the Council on Their Respec‑ tive Powers (Vol. 42:251n), Sowerby, No. 3329; Four Letters to the People, on the Undue Influence of Bank Directors, in the Political Affairs of the State of Maryland (Baltimore, 1804), Sowerby, No. 3330; Constitution and Bye‑Laws of the Wash‑ ington Phœnix Fire Company (Washing‑ ton, D.C., 1804), Sowerby, No. 3331; William Thornton, To the Members of the House of Representatives of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1805), Sow‑ erby, No. 3332; Memorial on Behalf of the Citizens Resident and Concerned in the

City of Washington (Washington, D.C., 1803), Sowerby No. 3333; Augustus B. Woodward, Considerations on the Govern‑ ment of the Territory of Columbia (Wash‑ ington, D.C., 1803), Sowerby, No. 3334; James Monroe, The Governor’s Letter, of the 6th of December, 1802, to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, of Virginia (Rich‑ mond, 1802), Sowerby, No. 3335; A Re‑ port of the Committee Appointed to Ex­ amine into the Executive Expenditures (Richmond, 1802), Sowerby, No. 3336; Thomas Worthington, Communication, to Those Citizens of the North‑Western Territory, Opposed to an Alteration of the Boundaries of the States (Chillicothe, Ohio, 1802), Sowerby, No. 3337; and Alexander James Dallas, The Address of the Society of Constitutional Republicans, Established in the City and County of Philadelphia to the Republicans of Pennsylvania (Phila‑ delphia, 1805), Sowerby, No. 3338. tracts in medecine: Rapport des com‑ missaires chargés par le Roi, de l’examen du magnétisme animal (Paris, 1784), Sow‑ erby, No. 956; Rapport des commissaires de la Société royale de médecine, nommés par le Roi pour fair l’examen du magnétisme animal (Paris, 1784), Sowerby, No. 957; Denys Boyveau‑Laffecteur, Observations sur l’histoire et les effets du rob anti‑syphi­ litique (Paris, 1781), Sowerby, No. 958; Jacques Dupau, Observations sur l’usage des végétaux exotiques et particulièrement du gayac, de la squine, de la salsepareille, et de la lobelia syphilitica dans les mala‑ dies vénériennes (Paris, 1782), Sowerby, No. 959. The tracts in zoology, bound into one octavo volume, were Bernard Germain Étienne de La Ville‑sur‑Illon, Comte de Lacépède, Discours d’ouverture et de clô‑ ture du cours de zoologie (Vol. 39:577n); Charles Willson Peale, Guide to the Phil‑ adelphia Museum (Philadelphia, 1805), Sowerby, No. 1045; Rembrandt Peale, Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth, a Non‑descript Carnivorous Animal of Immense Size, Found in America (Vol. 39:307n); and Rembrandt Peale, An Historical Disquisition on the Mammoth, or the Great American Incognitum (Vol. 41:311n). law pamphlets: probably related to rules of the army and navy of the United States; see Sowerby, No. 2020.

 396 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805 burrs case: five pamphlets bound in calf relating to Aaron Burr included four by James Cheetham: A View of the Politi‑ cal Conduct of Aaron Burr (Vol. 38:94n); Nine Letters on the Subject of Aaron Burr’s Political Defection (Vol. 40:602n); A Let‑ ter to a Friend on the Conduct of the Ad‑ herents to Mr. Burr; and A Reply to Aris‑ tides (see Cheetham to TJ, 24 Apr. 1805). The fifth was by William P. Van Ness, An Examination of the Various Charges Ex‑ hibited against Aaron Burr, Esq. Vice‑Pres‑ ident of the United States; and a Develope‑ ment of the Characters and Views of His Political Opponents (Vol. 42:151n). arts: four tracts bound in a quarto volume included Louis Robert and Anne Jean Robert, Mémoire sur les expériences aérostatiques (Paris, 1784), Sowerby, No. 1212; William Ludlam, An Introduction and Notes, on Mr. Bird’s Method of Di‑ viding Astronomical Instruments (London, 1786), Sowerby, No. 1213; John White‑ hurst, An Attempt toward Obtaining In‑ variable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Mensuration of Time, Independent of the Mechanical Operations, Requisite to Ascertain the Center of Oscil‑ lation, or the True Length of Pendulums

(London, 1787), Sowerby, No. 1214 (Vol. 16:605); and Léonard Bourdon de La Crosnière, Plan d’un établissement d’education nationale (Orléans, 1788), Sowerby, No. 1215. chymestry: TJ gave March two tracts on chemistry to be bound in one octavo volume: James Archer, An Inaugural Essay on the Effects, & Modus Operandi of the Carbonates of Lime, Magnesia, and Potash; in the Cure of General & Local Diseases (Philadelphia, 1804), Sowerby, No. 835; and Joseph Priestley, The Doc‑ trine of Phlogiston Established, and That of the Composition of Water Refuted (Vol. 42:145n). cools roads: Christopher Colles, A Survey of the Roads of the United States of America (New York, 1789), Sowerby, No. 4164. jardiner de mallet: Robert Xavier Mallet, Parfait jardinier (see TJ to Philippe Reibelt, 21 June). meteorologie: possibly an edition of Annuaire météorologique by Jean Bap‑ tiste de Lamarck, for which Reibelt had sent TJ issues covering earlier years (see Vol. 45:616‑17).

From Thomas Paine Dear Sir New Rochelle (N.Y.) Sep 30 ’05. I write you this letter entirely on my own account, and I begin it without ceremony. In the year 84‑ or 5 A Motion was made in the legislature of Vir‑ ginia for making an acknowlegement to me for voluntary services during the revolution. The bill, as I am informed, for that purpose, passed two readings and was lost on the third reading by three votes. The acknowlegement proposed to be given was a tract of land, called, as I have been told, the secretary’s tract, which I suppose is since dis‑ posed of but I wish the matter to be brought over again and I think it ought to be. After the State of Rhode Island had refused complying with the five per cent duty recommended by Congress and the State of Virginia had repealed the Act she had passed to grant it, I saw no possibility of going on otherwise than by authorizing Congress to make laws for the union in all cases that were to extend equally over all the states,  397 

30 SEPTEMBER 1805

and I wrote to Chancellor Livingston minister for foreign affairs, and Robert Morris Minister of finance in the winter of 81‑2. upon the sub‑ ject. The proposal in the letter, was, to add a continental legislature to Congress. The Idea took with them at once. But as this would be called encreasing the power of Congress, and as I intended taking up the subject when I should see the Country wrong enough to be put right, it was best, on that account, to leave it to the states individually to make me what acknowlegement they pleased, and it was on this ground that the State of New‑York made me a present of a farm worth at that time about a thousand pound (York currency) and the State of Pennsylvania voted me five hundred pounds; but the state of Vir‑ ginia having negatived the grant she had proposed to make me, on the recommendation of Genl. Washington, the matter went no further with any of the States. I suggest another Idea, which is, that as only two of the states have made me any acknowlegement, that Congress take up the subject for the whole (I suppose the two States who have made me an acknowl‑ egement will not object to this) and grant me a tract of land that I can make something of. Had it not been for the economy and extreme frugality with which I have lived I should at this time of life be in an unpleasant situation. But I wish you to be assured that whatever event this proposal may take it will make no alteration in my principles or my conduct. I have been a volunteer to the world for thirty years with‑ out taking profits from any thing I have published in America or in Europe. I have relinquished all profits that those publications might come cheap among the people for whom they were intended. Yours in friendship Thomas Paine  P.S. If any further explanation is wanted I will communicate it. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 4 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. In late June 1784, Madison introduced a bill to provide Paine with a tract of land in Northampton County, Virginia, that had previously been used to supply the colonial secretary with income. After the bill failed, Madison explained that this first measure was lost “by a large ma‑ jority” and that a subsequent attempt to sell the land and give part of the proceeds to Paine failed by only one vote (Madison, Papers, 8:88‑9, 91‑2). i wrote: on 20 Nov. 1781, Paine wrote to Robert Morris concerning three es‑ says he was about to publish challenging Rhode Island’s objections to the national

impost and proposing ways by which con­ gressional power could be strengthened (E. James Ferguson and others, eds., Pa‑ pers of Robert Morris, 9 vols. [Pittsburgh, 1973‑99], 7:78‑93). In May 1784, the New York legislature granted Paine a farm confiscated from Loyalists in New Rochelle. The following year pennsylvania granted him £500 as a temporary relief measure (Laws of the State of New‑York, Passed at the First Meeting of the Seventh Session of the Leg‑ islature of Said State [New York, 1784], 111‑[12]; Laws Enacted in the Second Sit‑ ting of the Ninth General Assembly, of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania [Phila‑ delphia, 1785], 567‑8).

 398 

From Thomas W. Peyton Sir Alexandria 30th. September 1805 I beg leave to recall your attention to the subject of appointing a Commercial Agent of the United States for the Island of Curaçoa. The Honourable Mr Breckenridge did me the honour of mentioning to you the circumstance of my intended settlement at that place with the view, if no fitter appointment was contemplated, of offering my‑ self for that service; since then I have been residing in the Island, and returned to this place last July. I shall go again to Curaçoa immedi‑ ately, having established myself there in business, and intending it as a fixed residence; when leaving the Island for this Country, the sub‑ ject of having a public Agent of the United States was much spoken of among our Citizens; whose concerns lead them to that place; they seemed to consider it essential to their convenience and Interest, and favoured me with their wishes that I might obtain it on my Arrival in America. I take the liberty of observing that an appointment of some Person to that Office would be highly gratifying to all our Citizens concerned in the Trade of that place;—and if no one offers more agreeable to the Government, or better qualified, I should feel myself happy in return‑ ing to the Island invested with the Authority to exercise the functions of that Office. I have the honour to be Sir Your Most obt Servant Thos. W. Peyton RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Oct. and “to be Consul Curaçoa” and so recorded in SJL. Virginian Thomas West Peyton (1784‑ 1819) first traveled to Curaçao in the spring of 1804 as a commission merchant. He was settled back in Alexandria as a merchant by 1811, served in the War of 1812, and was an Alexandria justice of the peace in 1814. By 1818, Peyton had re‑ moved his family to Cuba (Francis de Sales Dundas, The Dundas Genealogy [Staun­

ton, Va., 1954], 124; New York Times, 28 Jan. 1805; New‑York Gazette & General Advertiser, 5 Mch. 1811; Alexandria Her‑ ald, 6 Dec. 1811; Peyton to John Breck‑ inridge, 6 Mch. 1804). breckenridge did me the honour: Peyton wrote to John Breckinridge from Alexandria on 6 Mch. 1804 regarding his wish to succeed the late Benjamin H. Phillips as commercial agent at Curaçao. Breckinridge subsequently forwarded the letter to TJ (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Peyton Thos. W. to be Consul Curraçoa v. Philips dead. his lre to J. Breckenridge the Dutch allow none”).

 399 

From Alexander Wilson sir Kingsess Sep 30th. 1805 I had the honour, last spring, of presenting your Excellency with drawings of two Birds which I supposed to be both non descripts untill the receipt of your very condescending Letter to me of Ap. 7th. referring to 8 Buffon. 342. Pl. enlum. 566. which I find to contain a Bird of the same Species with one of those sent but unnoticed by me before. Allow me, sir as an atonement for this mistake once more to beg your acceptance of another Sheet of Drawings being my poor efforts to represent faithfully 4 of our most capital Songsters among which is (I believe) the Bird# so particularly and accurately described in your Excellency’s Letter to me. This being the only Bird I can find among all our Songsters corresponding in every respect with the de­ scription there given. The clearness and plaintive Sweetness of its notes—its shy solitary disposition—continually serenading us from the tops of the tallest trees—its colour size and resemblance to the Mou­ cherolle de la Martinique of Buffon, as observed by your Excellency, designate this, (and my friend Mr Bartram is of the same opinion) to be the Bird so justly esteemed by your Excellency. Finding, as I do, an innocent and delightfull retreat from the some‑ times harrassing business of Life in our Rural Solitudes I have em‑ ployed some of my leisure hours in Drawing many of these charming Songsters of the Ground with a view at some future day of publishing in a more finished manner all the Birds resident in or which Emigrate to the United States from the South & north. May I hope that your Excellency will not think meanly of my feeble attempts or of the mo‑ tives which have induced me to intrude at this time on your precious hours devoted to the Interests and happiness of an immense Country These motives are, The most affectionate regard and veneration for your Excellency as the friend of Science and the “best hope” of virtu‑ ous Republicans; and the fond but humble hope of meriting your esteem. Your Excellency’s devoted friend And humble servnt Alex Wilson *

# See

the uppermost figure on the Drawing

RC (DLC); author’s footnote written in left margin of first page; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

honour, last spring: Wilson to TJ, 18 Mch.

 400 

Perry Lilly

    abt

– Bank US. – Bank Col. – J. Barnes

– Lemaire – Daugherty March Webb     abt. – Protestant Epis­ copal church – Lenox     abt.2 Mc.Cormick Carpenter

– Polkinhorn & Hall – F. street church taxes Rapine & Conrad Hope



300. 525.

17.77 50. 32 11 962.175

100 31.48 50. 194.25

3023.505 1057.30 65.465 88.50 601 31.48

17.77

✓ 175.

✓ 32 ✓ 11 ✓ 213.33 ✓ 50.

✓

✓ 100.

✓

✓ 900.00 ✓ 600. ✓ 65.465 ✓ 88.50

May

⎬ ⎭

⎫

300. 350

250.3

94.25

33.33

50.50

700

June

qu.

qu.

qu.

33.33

700

July 2. 2000 7 1600

Notes on Personal Finance

33.33

300.

Aug. 2000 1000

300

Sep.

[May‑September 1805]

–  corn –  negro purchase Speer for Hope. Chisholm. Dinsmore. J. Peyton John Rogers – Higginbotham Hancock Allen Kindred (Kelly) Kelly Smith Louisa £186–6 – C. Peyton     abt Latrobe & Mifflin cyder – Short – Jones & Howell Cheetham Pryce Wilmton. Wardlaw Jefferson     abt. Cathalan 867.67 178.25 ✓ 178.25 100.685 ✓ 100.685 ✓ 500. 397.80 ✓ 144.47 25.805 ✓ 25.805 4. 4. 46.12 250. 231.09 ✓ 231.09

238.42 50.

103.16 67.42

280. 800.

46.12 250.

500.

621.

230 103.16 67.42 100. 238.42 50. 50

6. 400

abt

10. 6.

253.33

666.67

100.

280. 400

16

500. 125.74

201.

100.

500 253.334

Eppes J. W. Jarvis Jos. Barnes Lee – Burwell Wm. A. Gelston David Taggert John Gaines Richd. Stewart – King – Maine Cooper Roches 26.25 + 10.50 Webb Oldham Duane 67.625 – Lenox – Peale – Claxton – Stewart Wm. – Reibelt Daugherty 10,6215

100.



100. 67.625

36.75

42256 111.82 86.42 20. 100.

18

100.

94.53

81.35 40.

40 12 6432

150.

41607

30 SEPTEMBER 1805  MS (CSmH); entirely in TJ’s hand; with four columns not displayed above, corresponding to the months of October, November, December, and January (with TJ’s headings for the months except Jan‑ uary) and containing anticipated payments of $150 to William A. Burwell in October and January, as well as one cancellation (see note 4 below). TJ began compiling this account of debts and payments in May, recording estimated expenses next to the correspond‑ ing names in the left column before add‑ ing actual or planned payments in the columns for particular months. Check marks likely denoted payments made, a practice TJ followed only in the May col‑ umn. Dashes may have signaled payments that TJ planned to make sometime after entering the names on his list or that he was splitting over several months, al‑ though he was not always consistent with this strategy. The line item for a negro purchase involved TJ’s acquisition of enslaved farm workers named Isaac and Charles from William T. Colston, a resi‑ dent of Alexandria. Initially, the list prob‑ ably extended to the entry for Stephen cathalan, the U.S. consul at Marseilles whose payment for wine and groceries was arranged on 7 May. Entries for the construction of Washington’s Episcopal church, to which TJ subscribed on 15 May, for Andrew T. McCormick, the rec‑ tor of that parish, to whom TJ subscribed $50 on 3 June, for John Speer and for John Rogers, whose payments TJ ordered on 6 June, and for John Wayles Eppes, paid on 27 May, were interlined later. The interlining of the Eppes entry indicates that TJ’s list may have initially included entries for three other U.S. consuls, Wil‑ liam Jarvis, Joseph Barnes (possibly a mistake for Thomas Appleton), and Wil‑ liam Lee, but because no estimates or payments were recorded for them, it is

hard to be certain. It is also likely that TJ added the first two entries, recording payments owed to the Bank of the United States and the Bank of Columbia, after his initial compilation. TJ’s estimated $250 payment on the “Jefferson” line may have been intended for George Jefferson, but no known transaction matches it. TJ prob­ ably entered names below Lee’s entry in June, when he either made relevant pay‑ ments or determined when he might do so. For the most part, payments enumer‑ ated in the May, June, and July columns match transactions that TJ recorded in his financial memoranda. Exceptions in‑ clude payments for the king entry, which does not match any known transaction, for nurseryman Thomas Main (maine), which was not actually made until Oc­ tober, and the July payment to Joseph Dougherty, which TJ elsewhere recorded as $127.83. The August payment for David Higginbotham was delayed until Sep‑ tember. TJ did order a $500 payment to William Short in August, but Short asked for a different payment method and re‑ turned the order. A September payment to Short is not recorded in the financial memoranda, but TJ directed a $1,000 payment in October, which was not en‑ tered above (mb, 2:1144, 1152‑61, 1163, 1165; John Barnes to TJ, 15 Aug. and 11 Sep.; Notes on Personal Finance, printed at 4 May [first and second set], 4 June [first and second set], and 5 July; Short to TJ, 31 Aug.). 1  Preceding abbreviation and figure in pencil. 2 Abbreviation in pencil. 3 Number interlined in place of illegible figure. 4  Same figure canceled in October column. 5 Figure in pencil. 6 Figure in pencil. 7 Preceding two figures in pencil.

 404 

Notes on Personal Finance [July‑September 1805] Money operns for Aug. Sep. Oct. for those at Washington see instructions to mr Barnes.                            Richmond. July. my note of July discd. 1000. = 989.50 ord. on G. & J. favr. Burwell 300. Higginb. 100. Peyton 156.67 balce. G. & J. 432.83 989.50                            Aug. my note 1000 = 989.50 Peyton 533.

                           Sep. in hand 456.50 my note 1000. =  989.50 Albemarle 1010. 1446 Burwell 400.  150 Barnes 1596



Coal. 1500. b. 250 1660 q. Short &c. must look to Washington viz Short 500 Lyle1 1000 Reibelt Kinnan Lemaire

Alb.

recd Garrett

280 230.26  405 

SEPTEMBER 1805

Old Higg. Dawson

300.025 100 100 1010.285

MS (CSmH); entirely in TJ’s hand; written on right half of sheet also contain‑ ing Notes on Personal Finance, printed at 5 July. those at washington: see Memo‑ randum for John Barnes, printed at 13 July.

my note: in July, August, and Septem‑ ber, TJ discounted notes at the Bank of Virginia in Richmond, receiving $989.50 for each note, to be reimbursed from the sale of his tobacco (mb, 2:1157, 1161; George Jefferson to TJ, 1 July). 1  TJ first wrote “Higginb.” before al‑ tering to read as above.

Plan for the Grounds at Monticello

[ca. July‑September 1805]

General ideas for the improvement of Monticello. all the houses on the Mulberry walk to be taken away, except the stone house, and a ha! ha! instead of the paling along it for an in‑ closure. this will of course be made when the garden is levelled, and stone for the wall will be got out of the garden itself, in digging, aided by that got out of the level in front of the S.W. offices, the old stone fence below the stable, and the lower wall of the garden, which is thicker than necessary. the ground between the upper & lower roundabouts to be laid out in lawns & clumps of trees, the lawns opening so as to give advanta‑ geous catches of prospect to the upper roundabout. Vistas from the lower roundabout to good portions of prospect. Walks in this style, winding up the mountain. the spring on Montalto either to be brought to Monti‑ cello by pipes or to fall over steps of stairs in cascade, made visible at Monticello through a vista. a fish pond to be visible from the house. a level round‑about from the Thoroughfare to circumscribe the gar‑ den grounds. the North side of Monticello below the Thoroughfare roundabout quite down to the river, and all Montalto above the thoroughfare to be converted into park & riding grounds, connected at the Thor‑ oughfare by a bridge, open, under which the public road may be made to pass so as not to cut off communication between the lower & upper park grounds.  406 

SEPTEMBER 1805

all the farm grounds of Monticello had better be turned into orchard grounds of cyder apple & peach trees, & orchard grass cultivated under them. at the Rocks build a turning Tuscan temple 10. f. diam. 6. columns. proportions of Pantheon at the Point build Demosthenes’s lanthern. over each angle of the offices the Chinese pavilion of Kew garden        along the lower edge of the garden have 4.1 little boxes arranged thus2 No. 1 may be a Gothic. for designs see Meinert No. 8. 37. 38. 45. through the whole line from 1. to 4.3 have the walk covered by an arbor, to wit. locust forks set in the ground crossed by poles at top & laths on these. grape vines principally to cover the top. the sides quite open. the boxes should be recesses from this walk. a gate at the entrance of the garden, having a greenhouse below. No.  1. a specimen of Gothic. 2. model of the Pantheon 3. model of cubic architecture 4. a specimen of Chinese. but after all, the kitchen garden is not the place for ornaments of this kind. bowers & treillages suit that better, & these temples will be bet‑ ter disposed in the pleasure grounds. Garden. Olitory. make the upper slope thus hedge of hedgethorn, & at b one of privet, or cedar to be trimmed down to 3. f. high. the whole appearance thus. taking a border of 8. f. at the foot of the terras for forward produc‑ tions, the main beds must be reduced from 50. f. to 42. f.

at a plant a Gleditsia, or

Garden or pleasure grounds The canvas at large must be Grove, of the largest trees, (poplar, oak, elm, maple, ash4 hiccory, chesnut, Linden, Weymouth pine, syca‑ more) trimmed very high, so as to give it the appearance of open ground, yet not so far apart but that they may cover the ground with close shade. This must be broken by clumps of thicket, as the open grounds of the English are broken by clumps of trees. plants for thickets are broom, calycanthus, althaea, gelder rose, magnolia glauca, azalea, fringe tree, dogwood, redbud, wild crab, kalmia, mezereon, euonymus, halesia,  407 

SEPTEMBER 1805

quamoclid, rhododendron, oleander,5 service tree, lilac, honeysuckle, bramble, the best way of forming thicket will be to plant it in labyrinth6 spi‑ rally, putting the tallest plants in the center & lowering gradation to the external termination. a temple or seat may be in the center, thus leaving space enough between the rows to walk & to trim up, replant &c the shrubs. Vistas to very interesting objects may be permitted, but in general it is better so to arrange thickets as that they may have the effect of vista in various directions. Dells or ravines should be close in trees & undergrowth. Glens, or hollows should be opened downwards, being embraced by forest. Glades opened on sloping hill sides, with clumps of trees within them Temples or seats at those spots on the walks most interesting either for prospect, or the immediate scenery. The Broom wilderness7 on the South side to be improved for winter walking or riding, conducting a variety of roads through it, forming chambers with seats, well8 sheltered from winds, & spread before the sun. a temple with yellow glass panes would suit these, as it would give the illusion of sunshine in cloudy weather. a thicket may be of Cedar, topped into a bush, for the center, sur‑ rounded by Kalmia or it may be of Scotch broom alone MS (MHi); entirely in TJ’s hand; un‑ dated; Nichols, Architectural Drawings, No. 171. TJ may have started sketching out his general ideas for reconceptualizing the grounds at Monticello in 1804, as some scholars have speculated, but he obtained the architectural book Die schöne Land‑ baukunst by Friedrich meinert in late May 1805. His plan for building garden elements influenced by Meinert could not have preceded that acquisition. Although there is no evidence that work on the Mon‑ ticello grounds commenced during the summer of 1805, it makes sense that the president would have taken advantage of his annual sojourn to develop ideas for the estate. Some of the planning conveyed in these notes appears to have informed later communications, such as instructions for work on the grounds that he sent to over‑ seer John Hoomes Freeman the following

winter (Peter J. Hatch, “A Rich Spot of Earth”: Thomas Jefferson’s Revolutionary Garden at Monticello [New Haven, 2014], 25; Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Mon‑ ticello: The Biography of a Builder [New York, 1988], 353; Friedrich Meinert, Die schöne Landbaukunst, oder Neue Ideen und Vorschriften zu Landgebäuden, Landhäus­ ern und Oekonomie‑Gebäuden im gefälli‑ gen [Leipzig, 1798‑1804]; Vol. 46:471‑2, 606‑7; TJ to John Hoomes Freeman, 7 and 26 Feb. 1806). An olitory garden is for vegetables and herbs. TJ put Monticello’s kitchen garden on the slopes southeast of the house (oed; Frederick Doveton Nichols and Ralph E. Griswold, Thomas Jeffer­ son, Landscape Architect [Charlottesville, 1978], 108‑10; rs, 3:xlv). quamoclid: that is, Ipomoea quamo‑ clit, the cypress vine grown at Monticello since 1791, when TJ sent seeds home from Philadelphia (Edwin M. Betts, Peter J.

 408 

1 OCTOBER 1805 Hatch, and Hazlehurst B. Perkins, Thomas Jefferson’s Flower Garden at Monticello [Charlottesville, 1986], 63). 1 Digit

written over “5.” the right of the drawing TJ can‑ celed: “have 1. & 5. same for the outside as well as inside walk.” 2 To

 3 Digit written over “5.” 4 Preceding two words interlined. 5 Word interlined. 6 Preceding two words interlined. 7 Word interlined in place of “thicket.” 8 TJ here canceled “surrounded.”

From Philippe Reibelt Baltimore Venerable Chef des Republicains! le 1r. Oct. 1805. Au lieu de Vous repeter mes remercimens de la reception que j’ai trouvé a Monticello—je Vous dirais seulement, que je n’ai jamais fait hors du Sein de ma famille—un Sejour aussi heureux et aussi Conso‑ lant. Ce seroit pour Moi habiter le Paradis, que d’etre fixé aupres de Vous et de votre respectable et aimable famille. Le buste en Question appartenant a 7 Negocians, qui ne pouvoient pas tomber d’accord sur le prix, un d’eux, Mr. Schwarze le Cadet, un Litterateur Allemand et Republicain, qui est de ma Connaissance par‑ ticulière, m’a demandè pour quel but je le desirois, et m’a, lorsque je lui l’avois communiquè, promis, de se charger de la Chose, et de m’en rendre reponse—Il vient de me dire, qu’il l’a pris pour lui, et qu’il Vous en fait present, parcequ’il pense, que, quoiqu’il se vend sur les lieux pour 100. Gourdes, puisqu’ici personne n’en veut, il seroit con‑ tre les devoirs d’un bon Republicain pour Vous, de Vous en demander plus que cela lui Coute, Savoir, rien. Je l’ai—dans çes Suppositions acceptè pour Vous, et je le remettrois demain au Paquet: Rising Sun— de Richmond a l’adresse de Mess. Gibson & Jefferson. Vous avez eû la bontè, de m’accorder ma demande relat. a la Lettre, que Vous avez ecrite a l’Institut Nat. de France. Permettez de Vous rappeller çette promesse graçieuse. Il y a en Bengale un espece de Mouton, dont la Chair a le Gout de çelle du Chevreuil Europèen—l’associé de Mr. Crist. Meÿer d’ici— venant de l’Inde oriental, en ayant amenè plusieurs desquels il ne lui reste, qu’une femelle, Mr. Meÿer me l’a offert, et je l’ai accepté pour Vous, parcequ’il lui paroit, que par le Melange de çette raçe avec çelle de Merinos, qu’a Mr. Randolph on pouroit, la Chair tenant ordinaire‑ ment de la Mere, et la Laine du pere—obtenir une race, qui reuniroit çes deux Avantages, dont la premier seroit bien agreable pour votre table. J’expedierais çet Animal demain par le même Pacquet: Rising  409 

1 OCTOBER 1805

Sun, a Mss. G. & J. a Richmond, pour le tenir a l’ordre de Mr. Ran‑ dolph, que Vous voudriez bien en avertir. Le même associè de Mr. Meyer—le Capit. Branz (tous les deux de la Souabe, tres obligeans et de beaucoup de Gout) partira dans 15 jours pour Livorno, Fiorenze, Roma &c d’ou, il compte, d’etre de retour, en 10 a 12 Mois— Il m’enverra des Graines de Quarantino, et de la rave a l huile Chinoise. Si Vous desirez quelque autre Chose de çes Contrées, çes Messieurs, (Mr. Meyer etant bien bon Republi­ cain) sont a Vos ordres—Vous n’avez qu’a me les faire parvenir—Ils n’exigeront, il s’entend, que le remboursement de leurs debourseès sans aucun benefice. Je Vous prie d’accepter de Moi pour Votre Cabinet a Monticello l’aimant çijoint—Il portoit en Europe plus que 100 Livr. de france. Il ne porte maintenant, que 50—Mais il reprendra probablement bientot sa force, si Vous faitez arranger pour lui un petit Mechanisme moye­ nant lequel on pourroit le recharger de jour en jour plus fortement. J’ai trouvé une Lettre de Mr. Fromentin—que Vous Connaissez, au sujet de la Bibliotheque a Nouv. Orleans— Je Vous prie, de vou‑ loir bien—conformement a votre offre obligeant—parler a cet effet de Moi dans votre premiere Lettre a Mr le Gouverneur Clairb. et lui dire, qu’aucun autre ne poura et ne voudra fournir au même prix, et des Ouvrages aussi interessants. Le Professeur Girardin de Williamsbourg, Ami de Mr. W. Carey— me demande un bon Livre Italien pour le traduire en Anglais— Il me parait, que les 2 Ouvrages çijoints de Mengotti, sont d’un Genre, qui doit prendre en çe paÿs ci parmi les hommes instruits de toutes les Classes. Oserois je Vous prier, de m’en dire Votre Opinion? Pensez Vous, qu’un petit Ouvrage in 12mo. (En Anglais il s’entend) portant le titre: Bases d’un Code civil tel, qu’il conviendroit a un pays, qui jouit d’un Gouvernement Democrat. representatif—et ecrit a peu près dans les principes du projet de Code Civil de Cambaceres, sans le dire cependant—puisse etre utile, et se debiter aux Etats Unis? Quant aux deux Livres Italiens j’estime, que les titres les plus pro‑ pres en seroient, de l’un: della Liberta di Comercio &c de l’autre: del Carattere, dei Costumi, della politica, et particularmente del Com‑ mercio de’ Romani &c. Votre dernier Compte.—puisque Vous m’avez ordonnè, de Vous le marquer, est 127 G. 24 Ct.— les Caisses du buste, et l’embarquement, ainsi que la Nourriture du Mouton de Bengale pour sa traversèe &c se montent a 4 G. 26 Ct.—donc 131 G. 50 Ct. Agreez de Moi—je Vous prie, les plus Sinceres et les plus profonds homages, qu’un Republicain de fidelitè Eprouveè—puisse Vous offrir. Reibelt.  410 

1 OCTOBER 1805

 J’ose Vous rappeller aussi la Communication du dessein de votre charmant Phaëton. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Baltimore, Venerable Leader of the Republicans! 1 Oct. 1805 Instead of repeating my thanks for the welcome I received at Monticello, I will just say that I have never, outside the bosom of my family, spent a hap‑ pier or more peaceful time. Living near you and your admirable, congenial family would be my idea of living in paradise. The bust in question belonged to seven dealers who could not agree on a price, so one of them, the younger Mr. Schwarze, a German republican and man of letters, whom I know best among the group, asked why I wanted it. When I told him, he promised to handle the matter and give me an answer. He just informed me that he took possession of the bust for himself and is giving it to you as a gift. The bust is for sale at $100, but since no one wants it, he believes it would violate the duties of a good republican to ask you for more than it cost him, which is nothing. I therefore accepted it for you on this condition and will entrust it tomorrow to the packet Rising Sun from Rich‑ mond addressed to Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson. You were kind enough to accede to my request regarding your letter to the French National Institute. Allow me to remind you of this gracious promise. In Bengal there is a species of sheep that tastes like European venison. The associate of Mr. Christian Mayer from here brought back several from east‑ ern India. He is down to one female, which Mr. Mayer offered to me, think‑ ing we could breed this race with Mr. Randolph’s merinos, and I accepted on your behalf. Since meat usually resembles the mother’s and wool the father’s, we could obtain a race that combines both qualities, and the former would be very pleasing for your table. I will send the animal tomorrow by the same packet, the Rising Sun, to Messrs. G. & J. in Richmond, to hold for Mr. Randolph. Can you please alert him? The same associate of Mr. Mayer, Captain Branz (both are Swabian, very obliging, and have considerable taste) is leaving in two weeks for Livorno, Florence, Rome, etc. He plans to return in 10 to 12 months. He will send me seeds of quarantino corn and Chinese oilseed radish. If you would like other things from these countries, these gentlemen are at your service (Mr. Mayer being a good republican). You have only to send me your wishes. It is under‑ stood that they will only request reimbursement of their expenses but no profit. Please accept the enclosed magnet as a gift for your cabinet. In Europe it lifted more than 100 French pounds. Now it holds only 50, but will probably regain its strength if you arrange for a small mechanism to allow it to re‑ charge gradually. I found a letter from Mr. Fromentin, whom you know, about the library in New Orleans. In your next letter to Governor Claiborne, could you please mention me in this context, as you kindly proposed, and tell him no one else could or would furnish better books at equal prices? Professor Girardin from Williamsburg, a friend of Mr. W. Carey’s, seeks a good Italian book to translate into English. It seems to me that the two en‑ closed works by Mengotti are the kind that would appeal to educated men of all classes in this country. Do I dare ask your opinion?

 411 

1 OCTOBER 1805  Do you think a small book in duodecimo (in English of course) entitled Bases for a Civil Code as It Applies to a Country with a Democratically Repre‑ sentative Government, and roughly following the principles of the civil code of Cambacérès, but without saying so, could be useful and marketable in the United States? As for the two Italian books, I believe the most appropriate titles would be, respectively: Della libertà di commercio, etc., and Del Carattere, del costume, della politica et particularmente del commercio dei Romani, etc. Your last bill, which you asked me to calculate, is $127.24. The cases for the bust plus shipping and food for the Bengal sheep come to $4.26, for a total of $131.50. Accept, I beg you, the most sincere and profound tribute a tried and loyal republican can offer. Reibelt I also take the liberty of reminding you to send the sketch of your charming phaeton. RC (DLC); addressed: “À Monsieur Th. Jefferson, President des Etats Unis à Federal City”; franked and postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Fran‑ cesco Mengotti, Il Colbertismo: Dissertazi‑ one coronata dalla reale società economica Fiorentina li 13 Giugno 1792 (Venice, 1792). (2) Mengotti, Del commercio de’ Ro‑ mani dalla prima guerra punica a Costan‑ tino (Padua, 1787). le buste en question: apparently, a bust of Napoleon (Reibelt to TJ, 22 Oct.).

un espece de mouton: possibly a breed similar to the garole sheep of Ban‑ gladesh and West Bengal, which is known for the quality of its meat (Valerie Porter, ed., Mason’s World Dictionary of Live‑ stock Breeds, Types, and Varieties, 5th ed. [Wallingford, Eng., 2002], 259, 294). Christian Mayer (meÿer) established a Baltimore‑based partnership with ship‑ master Lewis Brantz (branz) in 1802 (Baltimore Telegraphe and Daily Adver‑ tiser, 1 Dec. 1802; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 5:587).

From Washington Boyd Sir, Washington Octr 2d 1805 This serv,s to inform you that the Trustees of the Washington Public schools, will meet at the Capitol on Monday next— 10 OClock A M. Washington Boyd Secty. RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the U.S. Washing‑ ton”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

Notes on Foreign Affairs Danish consul Tripoli Bastrop’s monopoly of the Indn. trade Hull. permissn. to Detroit to get timber  412 

[after 3 Oct. 1805]

3 OCTOBER 1805

Guards raised by Council of N. Orleans. national property claimed by them. Erving’s lre respectg. delivery of seamen to Brit. officers prohibit citizens buying lands in W. Florida. Spain. Yrujo.—Casa Calvo—Morales. Bowdoin. Commrs. to settle spolians. Eustis. Trumbul. Rodney Nicholson. non‑intercourse.   embargo. reciprocate duties Mobile on Misipi. dislodge her posts if new? strengthened? Power to Armstrong 4. Mills. for Florida + riv. Guadaloupe England. h  overing on our coast. new principl. as to colonl trade. non‑intercourse countervailing tax to indemnify sufferers Navign act repair frigates. build 1. 74 vice Philada & Greene gun boats militia. commutn Medn. fund for salt surplus 1. Milln. 100. gunboats 300,0001 40,000. stand arms 400,000 a 74. 500,000 Tunis MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 233:41780); un‑ dated; entirely in TJ’s hand. TJ appears to have started compiling this list about topics drawn from State De‑ partment correspondence, which is simi‑ lar to the list he wrote on 5 Oct. regarding issues raised by letters recently received at the War Department, soon after his return to Washington. He received on 21 Sep. Tobias Lear’s dispatches from Trip‑ oli, in which Lear wrote of danish con‑ sul Nicholas C. Nissen’s role as an inter‑ mediary during treaty negotiations and his aid to William Bainbridge, the highest‑­ ranking U.S. captive at Tripoli (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:17‑18; Jacob Wagner to TJ, 17 Sep.). Although it is not known when TJ received information

from the State Department on the Baron de Bastrop, who also came up in the War Department correspondence, the reference to his monopoly likely related to Bastrop’s appeal for relief from Congress for the loss of his Spanish‑granted fur‑trading conces‑ sion (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:172; Vol. 43:561‑4). TJ could not have created the list before 3 Oct., the day he arrived back in Washington, when the State Department received William Hull’s dispatch of 11 Sep. requesting that, to fa‑ cilitate the reconstruction of Detroit, the federal government suspend orders bar‑ ring people from removing timber from nearby lands not formally ceded by Na‑ tive Americans (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:317‑18). On 10 Sep., the State Department received William C. C.

 413 

3 OCTOBER 1805 Claiborne’s letter of 4 Aug. to Madison, in which he enclosed decrees of the New Orleans city council, one of which urged the housing of the public guards in the guardhouse then occupied by some U.S. troops. Two other decrees urged Claiborne to approve the tearing down of the old cus‑ tomhouse and the fortifications and bat‑ teries surrounding the city. In a response to Mayor John Watkins, which he also enclosed, Claiborne wrote that because the buildings had been “delivered” to him as “national property,” he might lack au‑ thority to destroy them. He suggested that the council wait for permission about the customhouse, but because of the threat to public health posed by stagnant water he would consent to the leveling of the old fortifications, save two occupied by fed‑ eral troops, so as to enable the filling in of ditches around them (same, 168‑9; Row‑ land, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:143‑4). er‑ ving’s lre: as the London‑based agent for claims by U.S. seamen, George W. Erving sent numerous communications to the State Department regarding impressed sailors. His letter of 20 Apr., enclosed in Madison’s letter of 22 July to TJ, re‑ ported on the detaining of American ships at sea and the “unjustifiable means for procuring our men which are not unfre‑ quently resorted to by the British Offi­ cers.” More recently, the State Depart‑ ment had received Erving’s final statement of transactions taken on behalf of U.S. seamen (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:264‑6, 448‑9). For the selling of public lands in West florida, see Madi‑ son to TJ, 30 Sep. TJ may have considered the list a basis for discussions with Madison or with all the department heads. Either goal would have been frustrated by the extended ab‑ sences from Washington of Madison and Robert Smith. Perhaps reflecting this frus‑ tration, TJ appears to have begun using these compiled notes with different in‑

tentions in mind. The entry for spain in‑ cluded multiple subentries, with the sub‑ jects of the first two echoing part of TJ’s letter to Madison of 11 Oct. Most of the topics in the next four subentries TJ had discussed in his letter of 16 Sep. to the secretary of state. In this list he now went so far as to propose some names for the commissioners (commrs.) mentioned more generically in that letter. TJ’s idea to empower John armstrong to settle matters with Spain emerged once it became clear that renewed war between Great Brit‑ ain and France was imminent. In letters of 23 Oct. to Madison and 24 Oct. to Robert Smith, he outlined the strategy of using the purchase of Florida as the prin‑ cipal means by which the United States might achieve such a settlement. That strategy became the basis for a proposed treaty with Spain, which was discussed during cabinet meetings in November (see notes on meetings at 12 and 19 Nov. and Proposal for a Treaty with Spain, 19 Nov.). Under the entry for england, TJ seems to have been sketching out ideas, such as a tax on violators of U.S. neutral‑ ity as a means of recompensing victims, that made it into a draft of his 1805 an‑ nual message, though not the final ver‑ sion. Similarly, he included proposals for upgrading U.S. naval capacity, some of which would be paid for by a projected budget surplus (see Robert Smith to TJ, 10 Sep.; Annual Message to Congress, 3 Dec.). It is uncertain when the administration began receiving reports on tensions with tunis, but it may not have been until early November, when the U.S. frigate Congress, carrying on board the Tunisian ambas‑ sador, sailed into American waters (Mad‑ ison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:501; Hammuda Pasha, Bey of Tunis, to TJ, 17 July and 31 Aug.). 1 Altered

 414 

from “3,000,000.”

From Milesius Thomas Kirk Sir, Washington October 4th. 1805. In your great character I see benevolence, & a disposition to relieve the distressed or unfortunate, not the least conspicuous; nevertheless, nothing short of my present situation could inspire me at any time, but more particularly on the present, when so much matter of Impor‑ tance is under your consideration, with the presumption of obtruding myself upon your notice—I am by profession a Schoolmaster, I have taught these 12 or 13 years in Alexa. Academy & Georgetown. I some years ago among other adventurers purchased a Lot on 10th. Street, between F. & G. Streets, & got a handsome brick House built on it, this brought me considerably in debt; there is a great rent or settle through the whole, owing to the men not sinking to a good founda‑ tion, this prevented any Person from renting it—I moved into the City on the 21st. March 1804, thinking to make a living for myself & Fam‑ ily by my ordinary business, but I find this impossible at present: I had great hopes some place in this new establishment of Schools in the City would suit me, but too late I find my mistake, for it is neces‑ sary that the principal of each School be capable of teaching Latin as well as Mathematicks, the latter only is my department; could I sell my place, I would then have it in my power to pay my debts & move some where else, but this at the present time is impracticable. These considerations together with a sickly Wife & six small chil‑ dren, have reduced me to a direful dilemma! to labouring work I never have been accustomed & to beg I am ashamed!! I hope Sir, there is, or may be some place at your disposal for which I am qualified, by discharging the duties of which, I might support my Family & become once more a useful member of Society. I am well acquainted with Arithmetick, & with the practical branches of the Mathematicks particularly. I can obtain recommendatory Let‑ ters from the most respectable characters in Alexandria or George Town, some of whom, from their knowledge of my present situation have prevailed on me thus to place it before you. You cannot commend or appoint a more charitable object, & it would be the duty of my Life & greatest solicitude to convince you that I am not undeserving. I am Sir with the greatest respect your most obt. humble Servt. Mls. Ths. Kirk RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 4 Oct., but recorded in SJL as received 5 Oct.

In November 1806, Milesius Thomas Kirk served as a witness to the will of William Irvin of Georgetown (Wesley E.

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4 OCTOBER 1805 Pippenger, comp., District of Columbia Probate Records: Will Books 1 through 6, 1801‑1852, and Estate Files, 1801‑1852 [Bowie, Md., 2003], 28). The Alexandria academy, founded in 1785, advertised in March 1793 for a teacher to take charge of a new mathe‑

matics department as well as to teach En‑ glish, grammar, writing, and arithmetic (Virginia Gazette and Alexandria Adver‑ tiser, 14 Mch. 1793; Robert Wendell Eaves, “A History of the Educational De‑ velopments of Alexandria, Virginia, Prior to 1860,” wmq, 2d ser., 16 [1936], 131).

From James Madison Dear Sir Gray’s Ocr. 5. 1805 At the date of my last I entertained hopes of being at this time half way to Washington. Instead of that I am unable to say when I shall be able to commence the journey. The ride which we took in order to train Mrs. M. for it has been succeeded by sensations & appearances which threaten a renewal of her complaint in some degree & in some form or other. I flatter myself that as the appearances are rather in the vicinity than on the spot before affected, the cause may not be of a nature to re‑open the part healed. Perhaps it may be very superficial and be quickly removed. My situation is nevertheless rendered pecu‑ liarly painful & perplexing. She will be infinitely distressed at my leav‑ ing her, with a gloomy prospect as to her relapse, and in a place which solitude would not be the only circumstance to render disagreeable. On the other hand, I feel the Obligations which call me to my post, at this particular moment. In this dilemma, I shall wait a few days, to see whether my hopes of a favorable turn are justified; and if I should be disappointed shall wait a few more, in order to be decided by a letter from you. If the business of the consultation should have been carried into execution, or can be so conveniently, without my share of service, or if what belongs to my duty can be executed under your instructions sent hither, I shall avail myself of your indulgence by remaining with my wife. If this indulgence be found improper, I shall do the best I can for her accomodation & comfort during my absence, and set out for Washington.—Should my continuance here be the re‑ sult, I shall make it subservient to the task of examining & disproving & exposing the British principle which threatens to spread wide the havoc on our neutral commerce, and which has already by its effects thrown our merchants into general consternation. I have found it impossible to do what seemed to me, any thing like justice to a ques‑ tion so new, so important, and involving so many points, witht. going thro’ a wide field, and drawing together a large volume of matter. The result, however, fairly viewed, will I think fully establish the heresy of the British doctrine, and present her selfishness & inconsistences in a  416 

5 OCTOBER 1805

light, which it would be prudent in her to retreat from. I have been for several days engaged in reviewing the judgments of Sr. W. Scott in cases involving that doctrine. I find them more vulnerable than I had supposed. The decisions are often at variance with each other, and the arguments some times shamefully sophistical, at others grossly absurd. It were to be wished that some legal critic of leisure and tal‑ ents would undertake to overturn this Colossal champion of Belliger‑ ent usurpations. He could not fail to succeed, and the task is becom‑ ing absolutely necessary in order to save our admiralty jurisprudence from the misguidance which threatens it. The decisions and even dicta of Sr. W. Scott are in a manner laws already in our Courts; and his authority if not checked will be as despotic here as it is in England. Cathcart I find is a candidate for a factorship among the Indians. He has written to me on the subject. You know him so well that I can give no information that could aid your estimate of his pretensions. I believe him honest & capable, and cannot but think his knowledge of French & Spanish may balance in some measure the defect of his temper. It has been doubted I understand, whether his habits wd. descend to the functions to which he would be subjected. I am not so intimately acquainted with him as to be a judge on that point. Per‑ haps an idea of dignity would have less effect in the Wilderness, than in scenes of fashion. I hazard these remarks without knowing the com‑ petitions which probably exist, and chiefly under the influence of a sensibility to his need and expectation of some appt. which will testify the favorable opinion of the Govt. and give subsistance to his family. With respectful & constant attacht. I remain Yrs. James Madison RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. he has written: James Leander Cath­cart to Madison, 26 Sep., explaining that he had applied to Dearborn for a post

at Natchitoches, but because he understood he had a rival for the position, he hoped that Madison would mention him favor‑ ably to Dearborn and the president (Mad‑ ison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:377‑8).

Notes on Letters Received by the War Department Octr 5. 1805. Govr. Claiborne. Decln that no part of Louisa. E. or W. of Misipi accdg to it’s antient limits will ever be relinquished. Baron Bastrop to be notified. Caddo chief et al. to visit us  417 

5 OCTOBER 1805

Wilkinson. no post to be taken but with a view to stop Canada trade. to prohibit foreign traders crossg. Misipi, or approach‑ ing it Lorimiere to be encouraged recruiting service exchange lands with the lower settlemts. of Louisa. Harrison. instruct him to make the purchase of Piankeshaws the land between Wabash & Kaskaskia purchase. what is the land ceded by the Miamis, Eels, & Weas from N.E. corner of cession at Ft. Wayne to 50. miles from Ohio Clinton. La Carriere’s plans of fortificn not wanting British commerce in Louisa. Guards raised by council of N.O. reclamation of Piorias, Cahokias &   agt Decoigne’s sale MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 155:27112); en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand. Dearborn had written to William C. C. claiborne on 1 July regarding reports that Spain still retained outposts in Or‑ leans Territory on the Red River near Natchitoches. Replying on 11 Aug., Clai‑ borne identified the sites as a “Small Set‑ tlement” on Bayou Pierre about 30 miles from Natchitoches and the “old Post” of Los Adaes, which it was rumored Spain intended to reoccupy. Claiborne conferred with the Marqués de Casa Calvo and re‑ quested the evacuation of Bayou Pierre and delivery of Los Adaes to the United States. Casa Calvo, however, understood that the sites lay within the province of Texas. If his pending expedition to locate the boundary between Louisiana and Texas found otherwise, “they would be imme‑ diately delivered” (Terr. Papers, 9:458‑9; Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:162‑4). caddo: John Sibley wrote to the War Department on 9 Aug. regarding “Chiefs of certain Tribes visiting the Seat of Gov‑ ernment &c.” The letter was received on 24 Sep. but has not been found (DNA: RG 107, RLRMS). On 17 Oct., Dearborn informed Sibley that the president wished him to “encourage a few of the Principal Chiefs of some of the considerable Tribes or Nations to make a visit to the seat of Government;—and, if practicable, to in‑

duce the Great Chief of the Caddos to be of the party.” Dearborn enclosed a blank passport for the delegation and also Sib‑ ley’s commission as agent for tribes in Orleans Territory west of the Mississippi River (Terr. Papers, 9:514‑16). James wilkinson wrote to Dearborn from St. Louis on 10 Aug. with observa‑ tions on Louisiana Territory. He recom‑ mended establishing a military post on the Platte River at the Pawnees’ towns, an‑ other on the Wisconsin River to regulate commerce with Canada, and a third at the mouth of the Minnesota River (“River St. Peire”), where “certain Canadian trad‑ ers, are commencing an Establishment.” He also suggested appointing Louis Lor‑ imier “as a Sub Agent of Indian con‑ cerns.” Wilkinson described Lorimier as highly influential among the Delawares and Shawnees in Louisiana and poten‑ tially useful in attracting other Native Americans to the new territory. After sub‑ mitting correspondence from Wilkinson to the president, Dearborn wrote to him on 16 Oct. and stated that establishing the new military posts would not be “prudent” at the time, although those suggested for the upper Mississippi River might prove “proper and highly useful.” Dearborn encouraged Wilkinson to take “effectual measures for recruiting” and filling the companies under his command “to their full complement.” He also enclosed a com‑

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5 OCTOBER 1805 mission appointing Lorimier “a Sub Agent to the Nations of Indians, residing in the Territory of Louisiana” (same, 13:182‑6, 239‑40; commission for Louis Lorimier, 16 Oct. 1805, DNA: RG 75, LSIA). In a letter to Dearborn of 26 Aug., Wil‑ liam Henry harrison recommended pro‑ curing all Piankashaw lands “between the Wabash and the lands ceded by the Kas‑ kaskias Treaty” and promised that such an acquisition by the United States could be made “in ten days after I shall receive your instructions.” Dearborn replied on 11 Oct. and, by the direction of the presi‑ dent, instructed Harrison “to close a bar‑ gain, as soon as it can be effected, with the Piankashaws” (Douglas E. Clanin and Ruth Dorrel, eds., Papers of William Henry Harrison, 1800‑1815, 10 microfilm reels [Indianapolis, 1994-99], 2:324‑7, 357‑8; Harrison to TJ, 29 Aug.). DeWitt clinton wrote to Dearborn on 22 Sep. from New York regarding “plans of fortifications &c.” prepared by French engineer Arsène Lacarrière La‑ tour. The War Department received the letter the following day (DNA: RG 107, RLRMS). Lacarrière later wrote to the War Department on 29 Oct. seeking re‑ muneration for his efforts. Replying on 1  Nov., Dearborn informed him that he could not be compensated because his efforts had not been carried out “under the direction of the Executive of the Gen‑

eral Government, or specially authorized by Law.” Dearborn returned Lacarrière’s plans at his request (DNA: RG 107, MLS). For Clinton’s earlier letter on Lacarrière’s plans for the defense of New York har‑ bor, see Clinton to TJ, 18 Jan. 1805. Wilkinson sent a lengthy letter with multiple enclosures to Dearborn on 8 Sep. regarding british commerce in Loui‑ siana Territory. Replying on 16 Oct., Dear‑ born stated that the “subject of British Traders &c. will be further considered;— and such instructions will be forwarded, as may be judged expedient” (Terr. Pa‑ pers, 13:196‑204, 239). guards: in May, the New Orleans council established a city guard or “gen‑ darmerie” of 7 officers and 32 gendarmes paid and equipped at city expense. Its pri‑ mary purpose was “to search and pursue fugitive negroes” and to police the city’s enslaved and free Black population. Al‑ though Claiborne supported its establish‑ ment, exorbitant expense and the unruly behavior of its members quickly led to widespread complaints against the orga‑ nization (Eberhard L. Faber, Building the Land of Dreams: New Orleans and the Transformation of Early America [Prince‑ ton, 2016], 225‑8; Claiborne to TJ, 31 Oct., 6 Nov.). decoigne’s sale: for the land ceded by Kaskaskias led by Jean Baptiste Du‑ coigne, see TJ to the Senate, 31 Oct. 1803.

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 5e. Oct. 1805. 1) Il y a ici un Francais, nommè de Latullaye, cidevant officier de la Marine, grand Amateur et Connaisseur pratique en fait de Bota‑ nique, qui—ne voulant pas rentrer en France, quoique y ayant sauvè une partie de sa fortune, et ne voulant pas faire le Commerce en çe pays çi—cultive pour avoir une occupation utile un Jardin, auquel il tient en même tems pour son Amusement une terre renferment 4 a 500 differentes especes de plantes etrangères a çe pays. Il m’a donnè hier les 3 paquets de Semences cijoints pour Vous, et m’a engagè, de Vous dire, que tout ce, qu’il possede dans Son Jardin et dans sa terre, est a Vos ordres, et qu’il Vous prie seulement, lorsque Vous recevrez quelque Objet curieux du regne vegetal soit de l’ancien  419 

5 OCTOBER 1805

soit du Nouv. Monde, de vouloir bien penser a lui, et m’en envoyer un tout petit peu pour lui. 2) Le Quarantino, qui se trouvoit avant mon depart pour Monti‑ cello dans le Jardin d’un Americain—ayant etè plante près du grand Maïs—est devenu une espece batarde, tenant plus au dernier, qu’au premier. Mais Nous en Aurons, comme Vous Savez, du Nouveau de l’Italie, dans 4 a 5 Mois, ainsi que de la rave a l huile Chinoise. 3) Il y a un petit erreur dans ma derniere lettre relat. a la Somme de Votre dernier Compte— J’avois oubliè le Montant de la Mech. de Person—Elle s’eleve avec çet Ouvrage à 130 G. 60 C. et avec les 4 Caisses pour le buste et la brebis de Bengale, sa Nourriture, l’embarque­ ment de l’un et de l’autre de 426—ensemble a 134, 80 Cents. Je Vous presente mes profonds hommages. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 5 Oct. 1805 1. There is a Frenchman here named La Tullaye, a former naval officer and great lover and practitioner of botany, who does not wish to return to France even though he salvaged part of his fortune there, or to pursue commerce in this country. Seeking to be useful, and also for his own amusement, he is cultivating a garden with 400 to 500 species of plants that are not native to this country. Yesterday he gave me the three enclosed packages of seeds for you and asked me to say that you are welcome to anything he has in his garden and on his land. He asks only that you think of him and send him samples (through me) of any curious objects you receive from the plant realm, from the Old or New Worlds. 2. The quarantino, which was in an American’s garden before my depar‑ ture for Monticello, was planted near large corn. As a result, it has become a mixed species, more like the latter than the former. But we will have more from Italy, as you know, in four to five months, along with Chinese oilseed radish. 3. There was a minor error in my last letter concerning your account bal‑ ance. I had forgotten the cost of Person’s Mécanique. Including this, the total is $130.60. With shipping plus the four cases for the bust and the Bengal sheep and the sheep’s food ($4.26), the total is $134.80. I present you my deep respect. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. un francais: probably Alexandre de La Tullaye, who advertised a garden for

sale in Baltimore in 1802 (Baltimore Tele­ graphe and Daily Advertiser, 27 July 1802).

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Petition from the Western Missionary Society The Memorial and representation of the Western Missionary So‑ ciety, composed of the Synod of Pittsburgh respectfully sheweth That your Memorialists have for several years past been engaged in devising and endeavouring to prosecute some measures to promote the knowledge of letters and of the gospel of our Lord amongst our neighbouring Indians, particularly of the Wyandot Nation; to this end have at different times sent out Missionaries to instruct them in the doctrines of the gospel, and have been entrusted by them with several of their children to give them education whom we still have under our care. In the course of the last summer, three different Min‑ isters of the gospel have been employed as missionaries amongst them for the space of two months each in succession; by whose reports it appears that they have been received and treated by the Indians in the most friendly manner; that there is an encreasing desire amongst the Indians to enjoy, and disposition to attend to the gospel; that they are also much reformed as to their manner of conduct and living; and appear to have more of a sense of the necessity of obtaining the knowl‑ edge of letters, of agriculture and of other useful arts, as well as of the gospel. They have therefore applied to us to send them a Minister of the gospel to reside with them to instruct them in religion, and a School‑master to teach their children to read and write, and also some others with them, to assist & instruct them, the Indians, in cultivat‑ ing their Land, whom they wish to settle on the reserve Land at the lower Sandusky Rapids, where they will not be disturbed They have therefore in order to prepare the way and carry their desires into effect, petitioned the President to grant the said reserve Land for said purpose; and have by our Missionary requested us to unite with them in said petition Your Memorialists would therefore state to you that they are in‑ formed by their Missionaries that the Indians have had their fears alarmed by some intimations that certain persons whom they con‑ ceive to be inimical to their best interests, are desireous of purchasing and settling on said Land, which hath excited them to petition for it. We are of opinion, if you in your wisdom shall think proper to grant the Land agreeably to their request, that by a due care in improving and cultivating the same, its productions will go far toward the sup‑ port of a Minister, School master, and also the pupils, whom we intend, if Government favour our design, to take under our care, to board,  421 

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clothe and instruct, as we do not expect a school can be instituted and pupils instructed remaining at home with their own people We would also inform you that provided the way shall be thus opened, and a permit granted, we have resolved as early as possible to send forward to Sandusky a Minister of the gospel, and a School‑Master who shall be approved as persons well qualified to fill these important stations, accompanied with such labourers and mechanics of good character as shall be thought necessary. We expect that the well disposed Indians will then collect, settle, and cultivate their Land, on this River convenient to this place, and gradually come into the customs and habits of civilized life. Whereas the Indians at this place have their Town and improve‑ ments on the part of the Land referred to, which is situate on the east side of the River, we Join with them in petitioning that the title to said eastern part thereof may be relinquished to these Indians as they will not choose to make improvements for permanent residence thereon without a title. And that the part lying on the west side of the River be granted in trust, and that the title thereto be made unto the Trust‑ ees of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in America (under the auspices of which Assembly, this Society have conducted Missionary business) for the express purposes above stated. Altho this be not the express words of the Indian Petitioners; yet we and our Missionary to whom they expressed their wishes, believe that it is agreeable to their design, which is that this Land may be thus ceded for the accommodation, and support of teachers residing amongst them. We also pray that a permit be granted us by the proper authority to send out such approved Missionaries1— As these Indians have also expressed it as their earnest desire that Elisabeth Whitaker have a grant of one mile square of Land which they have given to her, ratified and confirmed to her and her heirs. We heartily unite with them in this request, inasmuch as Mr. Whita‑ ker’s family have manifested themselves engaged to have the civiliza‑ tion and enlightening of these heathens promoted, and have in a very friendly manner entertained and treated all our Missionaries, whom we have sent to this place; their friendship and hospitality have been very beneficial and subservient to the objects of the Mission. When we consider the importance of the objects proposed & the flattering prospects which are now afforded us that if the most proper measures are adopted and pursued; advantages of very great conse‑ quence may be obtained for this, hitherto benighted and unhappy, people. We earnestly hope and desire that you will grant these peti‑ tions, and any thing farther that you in your wisdom shall judge to be  422 

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subservient to aid and promote the benevolent design.   And your Memorialists shall pray Signed by order of the society John Mc.Pherrin Modr. John Mc.Millan Clk. Pittsburgh Octr. 5th. 1805 RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); in McPherrin’s hand, signed by both; at head of text: “To the President and Con‑ gress of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received from McPherrin on 7 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in James Hughs to TJ, 23 Oct. The Western Missionary Society was established in 1802 under the auspices of the Pittsburgh synod of the Presbyterian Church. During more than three decades of existence, the organization pursued mis‑ sionary work among settlers and indige‑ nous people in frontier areas. John Mc­ Pherrin (1757‑1822) and John McMillan (1752‑1833) were both influential Presby‑ terian ministers in western Pennsylvania, each serving at different times as modera‑

tor of the Pittsburgh synod (Clifford M. Drury, “The Western Missionary Society,” Journal of the Presbyterian Historical So‑ ciety, 28 [1950], 233‑6; Joseph Smith, Old Redstone, or, Historical Sketches of Western Presbyterianism: Its Early Ministers, Its Perilous Times and Its First Records [Phil‑ adelphia, 1854], 367‑8; Richard A. Har‑ rison, Princetonians, 1769‑1775: A Bio‑ graphical Dictionary [Princeton, 1980], 249‑55). our missionary: James Hughs. For missionary efforts among the Wyandots and their petition about the land reserve on the Sandusky River, see Tarhe and Others to TJ, 16 Aug. 1

 Sentence interlined.

To Justus Erich Bollmann Dear Sir Washington Oct. 6. 05. Our policy with our new Indian neighbors beyond the Missisipi is to attach them to us by a commerce more advantageous to them than they have ever before known, and only not losing to the US. we are now establishing trading houses at several stations among them, over each of which is placed a factor with 1000. Dollars a year, & I believe some advantage of rations. the most agreeable position we have to offer is Natchitoches on the Red river, where is one of the most con‑ siderable French settlements of Louisiana, now Orleans district and connected with tribes of Indians long since in intercourse with the whites & entirely humanised. a peculiar advantage of that position is it’s offering the richest lands in the world, in a healthy climate & convenient to the market of New Orleans, for a price next to nothing, & consequently affording easy means of providing for a family. the place of factor at Natchitoches has accordingly excited more com‑ petitors than any other. among these is one who has held an office of 4000. D. a year under the US. & executed it with fidelity. I have  423 

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understood you were retired from commerce, but am uninformed of your future plans. I have therefore supposed it possible that the fac‑ torship abovementioned might perhaps be acceptable to you. at any rate that it’s being proposed to you would be viewed, as it is really meant, as a proof that we should have a pleasure in serving you. as the appointment will admit of but little delay, I will ask the favor of an answer as soon as you can determine on it. Accept my friendly salutations and assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Doctr. Bollman”; endorsed by TJ. In March 1805, Congress authorized an appropriation of up to $100,000 for

establishing additional trading houses (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:338; Vol. 45:620n).

To Daniel Bradley Sir Washington Oct. 6. 05. I was yesterday informed that you had in custody in the Jail of Fairfax a negro man of mine who run away from my estate in Albe‑ marle about 3 or 4. weeks ago. he is about 20. years of age, very stout, is a nailer by trade & called Jame Hubbard. my informant says he confessed at once the truth of his case, that he had three passes which he said had been given him by the son of mr Lilly my manager. mr George Swink who gives me this information, & goes about the mid‑ dle of this month on a visit to Albemarle, agrees to take this man with him, to whom therefore I will ask the favor of you to deliver him when called for, & in the mean time to keep him in jail. your bill for fees, whenever you shall be so good as to send it to me by post, shall be remitted through the same channel. it would be important for me to recieve the passes immediately because mr Lilly sets out on Thursday for Kentucky, & if he can get the passes into his hands before he goes I am sure he will probe the forgery to the bottom. it is chiefly to ob‑ tain them by return of the bearer that I send him express, and shall thank you to send them as our post goes off tomorrow. Accept my salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “The keeper of the jail of Fairfax”; endorsed by TJ. Bradley’s letter of 7 Sep. reporting the capture of James hubbard did not reach TJ until 15 Oct. TJ recorded in SJL a let‑ ter of 9 Oct. to george swink that has

not been found. On 17 Dec. TJ paid Swink $20 for “carrying Jame Hubbard home.” TJ made an undated note on a scrap of paper: “Swink, George at the great falls Patomac. nearest post office Wiley’s” (MS in MHi; mb, 2:1170).

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From Daniel Bradley Sr. 6th Octer 1805 In answer to yours this day Received I have to inform You that I ­apprehended your Negroe On the 3d of September last at this Place then in possession of the within Papers endeavouring to Pass as a freeman which Convinced me that he was Runaway. I then had him Committed to Jail and assoon as he Confessed the truth (which was On the 7th same Month) I wrote to you informing you of the whole Circumstance and put the letter in the post‑office at this place di‑ rected to you at your seat in Albemarle County, And have impatiently waited to hear whether the fellow was Yours Or had still kept the truth Out of view— I am with Respect Your Obedt. Servt. Daniel Bradley Jailor of Fairfax County RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr. Washington City”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found.

yours: TJ to Bradley, 6 Oct.

From Andrew Ellicott Dear Sir Lancaster October 6th. 1805. I have lately received from the national institute of france the docu‑ ments collected by order, and under the direction of that body, respect‑ ing the falling of stones from the atmosphere:—the fact is certainly established;—and from the fact we must search for the theory.—These stones appear to be formed by a simple aggregation of the component parts, and not by an intimate combination:—all the parts by a careful analysis appear to be common to this earth.—The materials I presume were floating in the atmosphere, and collected, and brought into con‑ tact by some chemical operation with which we are yet unacquainted;— but in which the meteor from which the stones fell was the principal agent.—That such materials are to be met with in our atmosphere is very probable, and Lavoisier expressly says,—“qu’il seroit pas par conséquent impossible qu’il se rencontrât dans notre atmosphère des substances extrêmement compactes, des metaux même, & qu’une sub‑ stance metallique” &c.— From the following extract, from the journal of the institute, it will appear that the phenomenon of stones falling from the atmosphere has not been so uncommon as generally supposed.—“M. Izern avait  425 

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parlé des pierres qui tombèrent le 16 juin 1794, à sept lieus au sud‑est de Sienne en Toscane, et sur lesquelles il y a un livre interessant: Sopra una piogetta di sassi accaduta nella sera de’ 16 guigno 1794, dissertazione del P.D. Ambrogio Soldani, in Siena 1794.—Il en tomba 40 ou 50 sur un mille de distance; elles étaient chaudes et brûlées à la surface, semblables à celles d’Ensishem, 7th. novembre 1492; de Bourg en Bresse septembre 1753; d’Agen, 24th. juillet 1790; du comté d’Yorck, decembre 1795; de Salles près Ville‑Franche en Beau‑ jolois, 12 mars 1798; de Benarès decembre 1798.— If you have not yet received the documents before mentioned, I can conveniently send you mine, as it is yet in the pamphlet form, and after perusing it, you can return it by the mail.— I have the honour to be with great esteem, and regard your friend and hble. sert. Andw. Ellicott  P.S. the re‑election of Mr. McKean is now reduced to a certainty. A. E. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. PrC (DLC: Ellicott Papers). The documents collected by order included Jean Baptiste Biot’s de­ scription of the meteorite falling on the town of l’Aigle. John Wheatcroft, Sr., had previously translated Biot’s pamphlet and forwarded the report to TJ (Jean Bap‑ tiste Biot, Relation d’un voyage fait dans le département de l’Orne, pour constater la réalité d’un météore observé à l’Aigle le 26 floréal an 11 [Paris, 1803]; Vol. 41:430‑2). The quotation from Antoine lavoisier, which appeared in his textbook on ele‑ mentary chemistry, states “that it would not be impossible therefore to find in our atmosphere extremely compact substances, even metals” (Antoine Lavoisier, Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un

ordre nouveau, et d’après les découvertes modernes, 2 vols. [Paris, 1789], 1:31). The extract appeared under the head‑ ing “Sur les Pierres de l’Atmosphère.” It stated that Joseph Izarn “had spoken of the stones which fell on 16 June 1794, seven leagues southeast of Siena in Tus‑ cany, and about which there is an inter‑ esting book, Sopra una pioggetta di sassi accaduta nella sera de’ 16 giugno del 1794, the dissertation of Ambrogio Soldani at Siena in 1794. Forty or fifty fell over a distance of a mile; they were hot and scorched on the surface, similar to those of Ensisheim, 7 November 1492; Bour­­g‑ en‑­ Bresse, September 1753; Agen, 24 July 1790; Yorkshire, December 1795; Salles near Villefranche in Beaujolais, 12 March 1798; and Benares, December 1798” (Connaissance des tems, Year 14 [1804], 450‑2).

From James Monroe Dear Sir London Octr. 6th 1805. I wrote you lately by Col: Mercer, by whom I intended to have for‑ warded Carey’s letter respecting the documents which you had com‑ mitted to him relative to the war in our southern States. By accident it was left behind, but is now forwarded. I hope the sum which he  426 

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states to be necessary to redeem the papers will be made up & fur‑ nished him. In that case the person to whom it is entrusted here ought to be instructed to see not only that it is applied to the proper object, but produces its effect. I have no doubt that what he states is true. I will most chearfully be among the subscribers & do any thing else, while I remain, in my power. In my letters to Mr. Madison from Spain, I took the liberty to mention that I shod. sail for the UStates, soon after my arrival here; and I most certainly shod. have done so, had I not been detained by the late seizure of our vessels by this gov‑ ernment, as you have seen by my publick letters, and that wh. I wrote you by Col: Mercer. I conclude by my not hearing from Mr. Madison that I am expected home, which increases my desire to set out. But independant of the season, which furnishes a private motive with my family, there are also publick ones against it. It does not appear to me to be a perfectly safe step to leave the business with this government in the present unsettled state. Should it pursue a course of hostility towards us, the policy might be attributed to that cause. It might even attribute to my departure the failure of an adjustment at this time. These wod. be slight pretexts it is true, but yet with the colouring they wod. have from their partizans among us, they might impose on some. The consideration that it is probable that our govt. will act on this subject, in such a manner, as to lay the foundation for new com‑ munications with this, which may require the agency of a person al‑ ready in some measure acquainted with it, has more weight on my mind. The publick interest might be, in some degree exposed to in‑ jury, in such an event, in case I shod. withdraw. With respect to our concerns on the Continent I am not aware that it could produce any material effect. The agency in those, will I presume be given to Genl. Armstrong & Mr. Bowdoin, with the govts. where they respectively are. There is only one case in which my presence here could be mate‑ rial, which looks to an object of a character different from that which marks the present relations between the two powers. This I think an improbable case & therefore not entitled to much weight. Still on a view of all circumstances I feel that there is some hasard, and of course much responsibility attending my departure at this time, & leavg. my country without a representative of its highest grade. I am therefore rather inclined to think it best to keep my ground for the winter & to adopt that course, altho’ it will accumulate additional debt on me, and is otherwise utterly inconsistent with my own & the views & in‑ terests of my family. It may be well that my successor be appointed during the present Session, so as to enable him to arrive early in the Spring, provided it is deemed material that I be here on his arrival.  427 

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Tho’ I hope that you will have no objection to my sailing at any time when the state of things here permits, & a favorable opportunity offers. By this I do not mean to imply that a few months sooner or later in the Spring will be any object with me. Certainly a delay for such a term will most readily be acceded to if the publick interest requires it. It is easy to understand the conduct of this govt., or rather its pol‑ icy, in regard to us since the commencement of this war. It evaded an adjustment, on light pretexts, toward the time of my departure for Spain especially, & suffered our commerce to pass free to keep us quiet, till it shod. form a coalition with Russia & Sweden. Had she stirr’d the question at that time it might have interfer’d with that project. She now moves it, because she thinks those powers are so completely embarked in the war against France, that they cannot attend to this object; much less give us any aid in it. The correspondence between Mr. King & Ld. H. and the treaty with Russia Sweden & Denmark, merit in many respects particular attention. On the part of this country they form but one transaction, as they breathe but one sentiment. Mr. Kings note does not, as yours to Mr. Morris did and as mine to Mr de La Croix afterwards did give countenance to the principle that free ships make free goods, and insist that it is preferable on many impor‑ tant considerations to neutral nations, and especially to the UStates, as a rule: on the contrary it disclaims it as a modern gloss, and affirms that the opposit principle furnishes a much more certain & otherwise better rule, between neutrals & belligerants. That such a correspon‑ dence might have been turned to acct. by G. Britain, in her negotia‑ tion with Russia at that time, cannot be doubted; nor can it be that she gained from it every thing in her power. Besides many circumstances satisfy me that she did profit of it, independant of those which appear on the face of the transaction; a material one is that Ld. Mulgrave in explaining the cause of the reference in the declaratory article, to the UStates, said that Russia insisted on it, because she knew that ne­ gotiations were depending at the time here, between the UStates & G. Britain on that subject. The anxiety of Russia to be plac’d on the favorable footing of the UStates was doubtless excited by the zeal shewn by Mr. King, as expressed in his note, to push the interest of neutral powers, which had been so much injured in the course of the war. Thus I am persuaded that G. Britain made use of our concession in the question of free ships making free goods to obtain the aban‑ donment of it by the northern powers; and now that those powers are embarked in the war agnst France and can give little support to us in the depending question, that she seized the moment with intention to push it to the greatest possible extent agnst us. By placing Russia  428 

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on the ground of the UStates, she might hereafter contend with some plausibility, that any concession which was obtained of us, or even tolerated by us, was binding also on the northern powers. I am not disposed to carry my suspicions of a policy so refined on the part of this government, as to merit the character of chicane, but I cannot avoid observing in the report of the advocate sent to Mr. King by Ld. H., the circumstance that it is stated, that the doctrine which he lays down in favor of neutrals, had been settled by the Ct. of Admi‑ ralty only,1 tho’ he has no cause to suspect that it will not be approved by the court of appeals. The fact is that the late decision in the case of the Essex was made by that court. Is it presumeable that the affair has been so managed with a view to set up such a flimsy pretext in defense of the measure? The correspondence by Ld. H. with Mr. King was the act of the government, and binding it; it formed a kind of engagment in which the considerations were reciprocal; can it be pre‑ tended that the court of appeals has a right to controul the govt., a court of policy consisting of some of the members of the Cabinet? It seems singular that the measure shod. have been ushered forth thro’ that channel by mere accident. If the whole was contrived, I can hardly think it probable, now that they must see that the scheme is understood & will be exposed, that this govt. will avow it. If our con‑ cession was likely to be made subservient to the interest of G.B. with the northern powers, at a time when our example could not fail to produce a considerable effect, the opportunity was a favorable one to settle by treaty, the consideration which is supposed to have been given for it. I think this govt. is bound by the act in its present form, but no door for evasion shod. have been left open. The affair stands on ground less solid than it wod. have stood under a treaty; and it cannot be doubted, at that time, that it would have been as easy to have settled it by treaty as by correspondence. Admiting that nothing more could be then obtained than was, it is much to be regretted that Mr. King suffered himself to be so far overreachd in that transaction by this government. Unfortunately a temporary palliative was obtained only, as appears by its present conduct, in a case where a permanent provision was indispensible, especially as there was no cause to pre‑ sume that any but the most formal act wod. be respected. This is I think a fair and candid comment on that transaction, which I make to place it in its true light. It is not unlikely, that it may be brought into view for party purposes, & exhibited in a very different one. I con‑ sider the whole affair, that is, Mr. Kings letter Ld. H’s. answer, the report &c as having been arranged in matter & form between them, or rather between the former & Mr. H., and as I am convinc’d that the  429 

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object on the part of this govt. was to use it with Russia, by pressing on her the example of America, it is to be seriously regretted that so little precaution was taken to secure the consideration which we were to receive, in return for the emphatick manner in which a great prin‑ ciple was conceded or rather scouted. The abandonment of that prin‑ ciple by Russia is likely to produce the most serious consequences in the one now depending, and every other of a maritime nature, in respect to neutral rights. While she adhered to it, she covered the present and every other one. It was a broader ground in which Russia might have some interest, and she was bound by her honor to adhere to an existing positive engagment. In the present one she may prob‑ ably have no interest whatever, & the reigning sovereign having con‑ sented to forsake the example of his predecessors in the great princi‑ ple may become indifferent to inferior ones. I am convinc’d that it was the serious determination of this govt. to push its pretentions against us, by means of judicial construction, to the greatest possible extent. Ld. Mulgrave sustained in conversation the principle as exemplied in the ord. of Novr. 6th., & seemed to press with decision the resolution of the Cabinet to confine our importation to the home consumption. I pressed with equal earnestness and decision, the complete right of the UStates as illustrated in my official letter to Mr. Madison by that to Ld. M., to such commerce, uninterrupted by G.B., as the parent country might permit. I saw that, as the measure was intended as an experiment on our govt. & country, so the doctrine held by him was equally intended as one on me, and I was prepared for it. I exposed the unfairness of the proceeding under the circumstances of an exist‑ ing negotiation &ca. Agnst that imputation he defended himself by saying that no orders had been issued; to wh. I replied that I cod. not discriminate between an order and a decree. This conduct was per‑ sonally civil and his reputation is that of a worthy man, of good tal‑ ents. I hinted in a manner to be understood, that they must treat us as a power & shew us all the respect, in every point of contact or species of intercourse, that they claim of us: that we knew our rights & shod. maintain them. As I considered the attack on us in the light I have represented it, in effect as an act of hostility, and knew how idle it was to proceed as I had done before I went to Spain, since conciliation under existing circumstances could lead to nothing but sacrifice, I thought it incumbent on me to take a shorter course, and adapt the tone of my notes to that of the measure they complained of. In our first interview he assured me, in speaking on the general topicks de‑ pending between the two countries, that every accomodation shod. be given us which the principles of the govt. permitted, administratively;  430 

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and that in those cases where it could not thus be given, and it ap‑ peared that there was a real difference of interest, he hoped we shod. meet in a spirit of mutual accomodation. I assured him that such was my disposition & that of my govt. as had been evident by my conduct before I went to Spain. Much was said on both sides of the advantage to each nation from a friendly intercourse, and of the interest in other respects which they had in making it perpetual. In the second inter‑ view, after I had read the reports of the Kings advocate & Proctor & replied that they gave no satisfaction on the great point in question, when we came seriously to discuss the measure, the tone changed as I have already stated. It is certain that the business has been checked, as well in the court as on the sea. But few seizures are now made comparatively, and none of our vessels are condemned when it can be avoided. One material fact however lately occurr’d which it is proper to note. The day before the court of admiralty adjourned, abt. the last of Sepr., a new principle was avowed, of greater extent then that com‑ plained of. A vessel sailing from Holland for Canton charged with a cargo of abt. 30,000 dolrs. in goods, & 70,000 in specie was before it. The Judge held up the case, & with it the cargo, for proof whether the Batavian govt. permitted that trade in peace. It was well known that it did not, & the condemnation at the next term was expected of course.* The next morning the agent for the Captors proposed to the agent for the prize an accomodation, by offering to give up the cargo &ca to him, on his paying charges abt. £400., wh. was of course ac‑ cepted. It was understood that this accomodation was offerd & made at the instance of Sr. John Nicoll the Kings advocate, who I am told hinted that he wod. quiet the captors, this not being a proper time to push the business. It is said that 10. or 12. other of our vessels en‑ gaged in their trade are daily expected back from Canton, and many suspect that this was a maneuvre to entrap them. It is a fact that my last letter to Ld. M. of the 23. ulto., was not delivered to him till the 25th. or 26th., as he was at Weymouth when it was sent in & did not return till then. It is affirmd by some who attended the court, that on the night of the 27th., the day on wh. the decision was given, the Judge had an interview with Messrs. Pitt & Mulgrave, whence there is cause to infer that the accomodation may be trac’d to that source. I give you these details that you may see precisely how the business stands, according to my view of it, and the pivot on which it turns. No answer is given me and I think it probable that none is intended to be given, if to be avoided. A delay may be desirable to see how the * I have since heard that the trade was permitted in peace.

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war succeeds on the continent, and what the effect of the measure may be in the UStates. It may even be hoped to disgust me by their silence & betray me into some act of intemperance, which they might take ad‑ vantage of. I am convinc’d that they wod. prefer treating the subject by conference. But what end would that answer? It has been often tried without effect; and nothing is more true than that no accomo‑ dation will ever be granted us, in any respect, in the great interests depending, which they can avoid. They will not be the dupes of cajol‑ ing; they will yield nothing which their interest does not prompt, and the appeal to that strong motive is better made by an official corre‑ spondence, which is preserved, may be published, and by getting into their own papers & exposing the injustice of their conduct, become a ground of attack on the ministry by the opposition. I have had com‑ munication on this subject lately, with the minister of Sweden. He observed that so important a subject had never made less noise. The remark was just; I believe the ministry have kept it to themselves. This proves that they do not want the affair to become publick, one of the motives of which may be, that they fear it wod. alarm Russia & the other northern powers, & weaken their coalition, & bring from those powers remonstrances against their pretentions. He understands the affair and will give a hint of it to his court so as to put it on its guard. The Russian cannot be trusted. He wod. communicate to this court what I told him and not to his own. The Dane is sound but indiscreet. 24. Octr.—I had thrown together the above in haste for an oppor‑ tunity wh. I lost. A few days after its date, pursuing the idea of sail‑ ing if possible for the UStates this fall, I took the step communicated in my official letter to Mr. Madison, for the reasons therein stated. I have recd. nothing from Ld. M. since mine to Mr. Madison. Captn. Tomkins will not sail till Feby., and I hear of no opportunity, in a tolerable vessel till after ChXs. By remaining here for the present, this govt. will be deprived of any pretext for declining an arrangmt. of our affrs., & an opportunity will be offered to profit of the disposi‑ tion at home, shewn by our govt. & people and occurrences on the continent. Had I any knowledge of yr. wishes in this respect I shod. instantly comply with them, that is did I know that you wished me to come home, I wod. do it by the first good vessel. But having no idea of what you desire I have been altogether at a loss what to do. The first part of this letter shews the reasons wh. occurrd to me then in favor of staying. Mr. Bowdoin left this for France abt. the 15th.—On a full consideration of all circumstances it appear’d to be the wisest course he could take. I have impressed on him the necessity of har‑ mony with Genl. Armstrong, & have taken the liberty to urge the same  432 

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idea in a letter to the General; tho’ I have full confidence that nothing is to be apprehended on that score. I found Mr. Bowdoin a very well informed & most excellent American. I think the appointment a very judicious & fortunate one. He has perfectly recovered his health, & together they may be of great use to each other in consultations on our affrs. on the continent. I hope that the business with Spain may be adjusted on advantageous terms during the winter. France finding that no money is to be got, that she is pressed by a new coalition, & we discussing an important question with England, may push our adjustment with Spain to leave us free to pursue the other object. Intelligence is just recd. that the French have gaind an important advantage over the Austrians on the Danube. The papers wh. accom‑ pany this give the details. 17th. Novr. 1805. Having lost the opportunities that were relied on in the early part of this letter, & several passages having become in­ applicable by a change of circumstances, I laid it aside & substituted what I hope you will recieve in one of the 1st. instt. Looking it over since I have thought it might be well to send it to you. There is no predicting what course our affrs. may ultimately take here, especially if Prussia becomes a party to the war, on the side of the allies, or what misrepresentations may be made of a certain correspondence alluded to in it, by certain partizans. It is therefore proper to put in yr. pos‑ session, in confidence, any ideas wh. may tend to illustrate it. It forms no part of that gentlemans character to have written a note in such a line to this govt. without shewing it before hand, wh. argues a firm agreement between the parties. Hence it is the more unjust in this govt. to have withdrawn the consideration given for our concession after turning it to the acct. it was capable of with Russia &ca. The mo‑ ment was critical to this country; a northern confederacy was formed agnst it, on the principles of the armed neutrality in 1780.; the ex‑ ample of America on the great & important feature in it, in favor of the pretentions of this govt., was an object of the highest consider‑ ation to it. The correspondence bears date abt. three months before the treaty; they agree in purport &ca. I state these things to shew our claim on this country, not to censure our agent in the transaction, but to place it in respect to him, in its true light, which altho’ it may not be censurable, yet it may not be thought when all the circumstances are seen, deserving much praise. I am far from wishing to disturb the repose of any of those gentlemen with whom I differ in political senti‑ ment, nor have I ever done it. It may be useful however & is certainly proper to be in a situation to defend ourselves against unjust attacks, shod. they be made.   The passage refering to the period of my  433 

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proposed departure, you will consider in connection with mine to you of Novr. 1st. & those which I have written to Mr. Madison on the sub‑ ject.   Mr. Carey’s letter is enclosed in a late one to Mr. Madison. My daughter having been much indisposed of late the phisician has advised taking her to Cheltenham, which we propose doing in a few days. I leave Mr. Purviance in town & shall keep an apartment to which I shall repair occasionally, being always ready to come when necessary of wh. I shall be duly notified by him. I am dear Sir with great respect & esteem your friend & servt Jas. Monroe RC (DLC); written partly in code (see Vol. 40:490n and Ralph E. Weber, United States Diplomatic Codes and Ciphers, 1775‑ 1938 [Chicago, 1979], 478‑89); words in italics, with the exception of one word underlined by Monroe (see note 1 below), are the Editors’ decipherment; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Jan. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. i wrote you lately: Monroe to TJ, 26 Sep. departure for spain: Monroe had left England for Madrid in October 1804 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 8:329). form a coalition: Britain and Russia signed a treaty of concert against France early in spring 1805, which Austria joined early the following summer. Britain and Sweden signed a “Preliminary and Se‑ cret” convention against France in De‑ cember 1804, the terms of which were renewed and expanded by a second con‑ vention signed on 31 Aug. and a treaty signed on 3 Oct. (Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Litera‑ ture, for the Year 1806 [London, 1808], 656‑73). For the communications between Rufus king and Lord Hawkesbury, see Mon‑ roe’s letter to TJ of 26 Sep. yours to mr. morris: the letter from TJ presumably to Gouverneur Morris dur‑ ing his tenure as U.S. minister to France has not been identified. Monroe may have intended TJ’s letter to U.S. minister to Great Britain Thomas Pinckney, 7 Sep. 1793, in which TJ ardently and at length criticized additional instructions issued by the British on 8 June 1793 restricting American trade with France (Vol. 27:55‑9). French foreign minister Charles Dela­

croix (de la croix) cited the letter and the British edict in his summary of French complaints against the United States, par‑ ticularly regarding the recently negoti‑ ated Jay Treaty, which he sent to Monroe on 9 Mch. 1796. Monroe sent a lengthy reply on 15 Mch., in which he assured Delacroix that the Jay Treaty did not lessen America’s friendship for France nor its commitment to the trading rights of neutrals. Monroe sent copies of both letters to Secretary of State Timothy Pick‑ ering on 2 May (Monroe, Papers, 3:614‑18, 621‑6; 4:14‑15). He later published all three letters in his View of the Conduct of the Executive, written after his recall from France (Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, Connected with the Mis‑ sion to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5, & 6 [Philadelphia, 1797], 320‑33). ord. of novr. 6th.: additional instruc‑ tions issued by the British government on 6 Nov. 1793 ordered commanders of ships of war and privateers to stop and detain all vessels carrying cargoes to or from French colonies and to bring them “to legal adjudication in our Courts of Ad‑ miralty” (asp, Foreign Relations, 3:264). my official letter to mr. madi‑ son: Monroe to Madison, 25 Sep., which enclosed a copy of Monroe’s lengthy let‑ ter to Lord Mulgrave of 23 Sep. (Madi‑ son, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:375‑6; Monroe, Papers, 5:417‑23). took the step communicated: Mon‑ roe to Madison, 18 Oct. (same, 425‑9). For the battles on the danube, see Monroe to TJ, 1 Nov. 1 Word

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underlined by Monroe.

From James Oldham Sir— Richmond 6th. October 05th. In consequence of the Prevailing epedemeck in New‑yorke Cpt. Gorge Andrews Informs me of his retirment to Washington City, ware he desirs me to make him remittances of money to the Amount of £67.* 13. s 1½ d for Ornements receivd. if it will Sute you To give Msrs. Gibson and Jefferson a draft on me for this Sum, I will pay it on Site; and return to you by poast there acnoledgement: When you will please to Settle with Cpt. Andrews. Your moast Hm & Obt Sevt. Jams. Oldham New York = 169.14 * Virginia = 225.501 currency. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thms. Jefferson Esqr.”; text and figures added by TJ shown in italics; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

1 Figure

written and canceled by TJ.

To Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Washington Oct. 6. 05. Your favor of Sep. 14. was recieved in due time, and my small Poly‑ graph continuing impracticable for the first half dozen lines, though perfect as to the rest, I have brought it on here to be forwarded to you for correction. it’s size is perfect, & the best possible, not having a hair’s breadth too much or too little. I should prefer however the dou‑ ble spring for holding the paper in place, as more convenient. you will also percieve that one of the pen cases has exfoliated so as not to hold the nib well. I will pray you to make the writing machinery per‑ fect, that constituting the comfort of the machine. As Capt Elwood is expected here in a day or two, & is careful, I will send it by him. I am thankful to mr Hawkins for being mindful of me & sending me one of his portable polygraphs. tho’ I doubt the possibility of mak‑ ing the whole pen as convenient as the moveable point, from the diffi­ culties of adjusting a screw to it, & of leaving the pens in the ink‑ holder when the machine is shut up, yet I adhere to the scripture maxim of ‘proving all things & holding fast that which is good.’ I shall therefore be glad to see Mr. Hawkins’s new contrivance  435 

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 I arrived here two days ago, & found the articles which had been forwarded by capt Lewis. there is a box of minerals which he particu‑ larly desired should go to the Philosophical society. there are some articles which I shall keep for an Indian Hall I am forming at Monti‑ cello, e.g. horns, dressed skins, utensils &c. and I am now packing up for you the following articles 2. skins of the white hare 2. skeletons of do. a skeleton of the small or borrowing wolf of the prairies a male & female Blaireau or burrowing dog of the prairies with the skeleton of the female 13. red fox skins skins of the male & female antelope with their skeletons. 2. skins of the burrowing squirrel of the prairies a living burrowing squirrel of the prairies. a living magpie a dead one preserved. these are the descriptive words of capt Lewis.      the Blaireau is the badger. it is the first time it has been found out of Europe. the burrowing squirrel is a species of Marmotte I have some doubts whether Capt Lewis has not mistaken the Roe for the Antelope, because I have recieved from him a pair of horns which I am confident are of the Roe (tho’ I never before supposed that animal to be in America) and no Antelope horns came. these you know are hollow, annulated, & single. those of the Roe are bony, solid, & branching. I hope you will have the skeletons well examined to settle this point. you will recieve them in great disorder as they came here, having been unpacked in several places on the road, & unpacked again here before I returned, so that they have probably got mixed. Capt Cormack who sets out for Philadelphia 3. or 4. days hence will take charge of the bag of skins & the Marmot. I am much afraid of the season of torpidity coming on him before you get him. he is a most harmless & tame creature. you will do well to watch Capt Cormack’s arrival at the stage office, that no risks from curiosity may happen to him between his arrival & your getting him. the other articles shall all go by Capt Elwood. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (TxU); at foot of first page: “Mr Peale.” PoC (DLC). scripture maxim: 1 Thessalonians 5:21.

For the development of TJ’s indian hall, see Joyce Henri Robinson, “An American Cabinet of Curiosities: Thomas Jefferson’s Indian Hall at Monticello,” Winterthur Portfolio, 30 (1995), 41‑58.

 436 

From William Dunbar Dear Sir Natchez 8th. October 1805 I have by this mail written to the Secretary at War, and given him the reasons of our tardy progress respecting the red river expedition. In your last you mentioned the name of Colo. Freeman as a proper assistant to the principal Conductor of the expedition: not knowing any person of that Name but the Officer commanding the troops at New Orleans, I concluded that he had expressed a desire to go upon the expedition, in this I find that I have committed a mistake as that Gentleman knows nothing of the matter, I am therefore at a loss to know who was intended: as it appears that we shall still suffer some delay, I should be very glad if a qualified person could be sent on ei‑ ther as principal or Second: it would seem that we must give up the idea of finding persons qualified in any other department of Science but merely the geographical part; a good disposition to observe and record such new objects as may present themselves must supply the rest. I mentioned in my last that one very simple method had occurred to me of ascertaining in certain circumstances the Longitude of places, which is much better calculated for travellers by land than Voyagers by sea; the method is such that a single observer with a good altitude instrument, altho’ deprived of the use of a time keeper, may still make useful observations for the advancement of geographical knowledge. I shall now just mention the principles & shall hereafter send you some examples of the Calculation. The excellence of the usual lunar method of determining the Longitude depends (supposing her theory to be perfect) upon her quick change of place from west to east; but it can‑ not be denied that it requires great dexterity to make good observa‑ tions, which is evident from the disproportion of the times to the dis‑ tances in the hands of the best Observers, and this arises from the slow progress of the moon which Causes the Contact to appear to be continued for many seconds of time; were this observation similar to a meridian altitude, it might certainly be taken to any desireable ac‑ curacy, that is, were the motion of the moon from North to South in place of from West to east, the moon’s altitude when brought upon the meridian by the rotation of the earth would furnish an easy & very Correct mode of ascertaining the Longitude: Now altho’ the proper motion of the moon is from West to East, yet her orbit makes so con‑ siderable an angle with the equinoctial circle, that there are two por‑ tions of each lunation when the moon’s change of declination is very rapid, exceeding 6° in 24 hours, that is 5″ of a degree in one minute of time; if therefore under favorable Circumstances we take the moon’s  437 

8 OCTOBER 1805

greatest altitude near the meridian, we shall thence be enabled to as‑ certain the moon’s declination at the moment of her passing our me‑ ridian; we must then find the time at Greenwich when the moon had that declination and also the time when the moon passed the meridian of Greenwich, from which data the Longitude is easily found: this method will require the use of some interpolations and an equation for the Correction of the moon’s altitude on the meridian, because her great‑ est altitude will not be on the meridian, but to the East or West accord‑ ing as She is increasing or diminishing her north polar distance.—I have communicated this method to my Worthy friend Mr. Briggs who is pleased with the idea & intends giving it consideration. I have the honor to be with high respect and attachment Your most Obedient Servant William Dunbar RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excelly The President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Dunbar wrote to the secretary of war on 8 Oct. regarding his inability to “pro‑

cure a suitable character for taking obser‑ vations &c.” for the proposed Red River expedition (DNA: RG 107, RLRMS). your last: TJ to Dunbar, 25 May. my last: Dunbar to TJ, 9 July.

From Albert Gallatin

[9 Oct. 1805]

Observations on foreign gold Congress omitted last year to renew the temporary laws by which, so much of the general act respecting foreign coins, as declares that no foreign gold or silver coin (spanish dollars excepted) shall be current after the mint shall have been in operation a certain time, had from time to time been suspended. It followed that foreign gold ceased on 1 May last to be a legal tender. At that time nine tenths of the circu‑ lating specie or of that in the vaults of the several Banks consisted of such gold. A letter was written to the Bank of the U.S. recommending the importation of dollars from Europe, and the coining, into Ameri‑ can coins, the foreign gold in their possession. Their answer is en‑ closed, and it must be observed that the omission of Congress which was accidental has done as yet no injury; for as there was no other specie, every one by tacit consent has received & paid it as if it had been a legal tender. The question which will arise on that subject is Ought Congress again make foreign gold a legal tender? and if so, should not some‑ thing to be done on the subject of Spanish gold. To the first question  438 

9 OCTOBER 1805

I have no hesitation to answer in the affirmative. But the second is more difficult to solve. It is evident that through mistake we have by law rated Spanish gold coins above their value. English, & Portu‑ guese coins are of the same standard with our own. French have been rated properly or rather a little too low To continue to receive Spanish coins above their value is to persist in error. To declare that they shall pass hereafter only at their real value, will throw a loss on the holders, and check the importation of that kind of specie which in the coarse of trade is most easily obtained & chiefly supplies us. To reduce our standard to the Spanish, raising of course the English, Portuguese & French gold coins to what would become their real value might properly be considered as an alteration of our coins. A.G. RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Oct. 1805 and “Coin” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found, but see below. general act: “An Act regulating for‑ eign Coins, and for other purposes,” ap‑ proved 9 Feb. 1793, made foreign gold and silver coins legal tender in the United States and fixed their rates of exchange. Their status as legal tender was to cease three years after gold and silver coinage commenced at the U.S. Mint. Enactment of this latter provision, however, was tem‑ porarily suspended by subsequent acts passed in 1798 and 1802 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:300‑1, 539; 2:173).

subject of spanish gold: an un‑ dated extract of a letter to Gallatin from the Bank of the United States reported that assays conducted by Joseph Richard‑ son of the U.S. Mint found “milled Span‑ ish Doubloons” to be no more than 21 karats fine. At current exchange rates, re­ coining them at the Mint would amount to a loss of “about three and a half per cent,” including the cost of refining. The extract was enclosed in an 11 Oct. 1805 letter from Gallatin to Mint director Rob‑ ert Patterson, asking “whether Mr. Rich‑ ardson’s assays may be depended upon” and for an explanation of the discrepancy (Gallatin, Papers, 11:617‑18).

From Albert Gallatin

[9 Oct. 1805]

Will the President be pleased to decide whether   Parish shall be made first mate? A.G. RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Oct. and “Parish to be 1st. mate of cutter.” The person appointed first mate might have been William Parish, who in 1804 had resigned his position as a mate in the revenue cutter service. By the fall of

1805 there were two cutters stationed at Norfolk, the brig Dolly and the schooner Jefferson. Since William Parish’s succes‑ sor, Samuel Travis, served on board the Dolly, it is possible that this Parish was intended as the mate for the Jefferson. On 11 Oct., Gallatin wrote to William Davies, informing him that TJ had approved

 439 

9 OCTOBER 1805 Parish’s appointment (asp, Miscellaneous, 1:274; Donald L. Canney, U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790‑1935

[Annapolis, 1995], 7‑8; Gallatin, Papers, 11:579, 617; Vol. 44:196; Gallatin to TJ, 20 May 1807).

To Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Washington Oct. 9. 05 Capt Cormac’s departure is deferred, and Capt Elwood not yet ar‑ rived. of course I cannot yet announce to you the departure of any of the objects destined for you. by the former will go the Marmotte & a bag of skins: by the latter a large box of skins, skeletons & horns for you, a small box of minerals for the P. Society, a cage with a magpie & a box with the Polygraph. when I wrote you on the 6th. I had not examined the box containing the skins & skeletons of the Antilope, which was then in a situation difficult to come at, and having seen no Antilope horns, I had too hastily supposed those of the roe belonged to the skins & skeletons called Antilope’s. on examining these I found the bony prominence to the cranium on which the horn is fixed, & afterwards 2. pr of the horns themselves. these sufficiently prove that the animal is of the Antilope family & of the Chamois branch of it. this is strengthened by the dressed skin which is softer, & stronger in it’s texture than any Chamois I have seen. I have put a pair of horns into the box for you. I have also put into it a pair of the horns of the unknown ram. judging from these alone I should suppose the animal to be a variety of the Ovis Ammon of Linnaeus the Moufflon of the French. the pair of horns which I retain have the bony prominence of the skull left in them. with this they weigh each 6½ ℔. the new ani‑ mals therefore for which we are already indebted to Capt Lewis are 1. the Ovis Ammon. 2. the blacktailed deer. 3. the Roe. 4. the badger. 5. the marmotte. 6. the red fox qu? 7. the white weasel qu? 8. the magpie. 9. the Prairie hen. this last did not come. I am told it resem‑ bles the Guinea hen. he speaks also of a burrowing wolf, a brown or yellow bear, a Loup‑cervier the skins of which not having come, we know not what they are. Accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (TxU); at foot of text: “mr Peale.” PoC (DLC). What TJ called an unknown ram was, as identified by William Clark in

the inventory of specimens sent from Fort Mandan in April, the bighorn sheep (Vol. 46:173). loup‑cervier: lynx (Vol. 46:174n). 

 440 

From Abraham Bishop Sir, Newhaven october 10. 1805. Having been informed that the office of Chief justice of the territory of Michigan is vacant & that application for it will be made in behalf of Jesse Atwater esqe. of this place, I take the liberty of stating to the president— that Mr Atwater has, of late years, been deprived of his just share of practice, as a lawyer, on account of his republican principles & exertions—that he has a family, to the support of which his income as post master is incompetent—& that his talents, acquired knowlege & manners appear to qualify him for such an office. Mr. Granger will address the President in favor of Mr. Atwater as soon as his health will permit.— I am, Sir with perfect respect Yr obedient servant Abrm Bishop RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at head of text: “To the President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Oct. and “Atwater Jesse to be judge Mich‑ igan” and so recorded in SJL with a brace connecting it to a letter of the same date from Pierpont Edwards (see Appendix iv). TJ received a letter from jesse atwa‑ ter, written at New Haven on 10 Oct., that is recorded in SJL as received on 13 Oct. but has not been found. While a recommendation letter from Gideon granger to TJ has also not been

located, Granger received an undated letter from Atwater requesting that he be considered for the Michigan Territory bench. Atwater claimed that he had so “strongly & openly engaged as the advo‑ cate of republican principles at so early a period” that his career had suffered, and he hoped that his sacrifice might supple‑ ment his merit for a placement (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Atwater, J. to G. Granger. law appmt Michigan”).

From Robert Brent Dear Sir Washington Octr. 10th 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing you a letter from the president of a college in Baltimore I am aware of the delicacy of your situation in giving letters of In‑ troduction, and anticipate your declining it in this case, unless from personal knowledge of the applicant you feel he merits the honor of one and it is your custom to give recommendations on such occasions— Mr. DuBourg, the writer, is a Gentleman of Erudition and of most estimable Character I have the honor to be with much respect & Esteem Dear Sir Your Obt Sert Robert Brent  441 

10 OCTOBER 1805  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 10 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure not found. Louis Guillaume Valentin dubourg was the president of St. Mary’s College. Robert Brent’s son attended the school. John Payne Todd, the son of Dolley Madison, became a student in December

(Anna­belle M. Melville, Louis William Du‑ Bourg: Bishop of Louisiana and the Flori‑ das, Bishop of Montauban, and Archbishop of Besançon, 1766‑1833, 2 vols. [Chicago, 1986], 1:98‑9, 123; Memorial Volume of the Centenary of St. Mary’s Seminary of St. Sulpice, Baltimore, MD, 1791‑1891 [Balti‑ more, 1891], 81; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:564).

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans October 10th. 1805 I had the Honor a few days since, to receive your Letter of the 10th of July, and its contents shall engage my early attention. By the ensu‑ ing Mail therefore, I shall forward you a list of the Buildings (the property of the United States) in this City, together with my opinion as “to the best distribution to be made of them.”— I learn thro the medium of the News papers, that a Peace Honor‑ able to the United States, has been effected with Trepoli; but of the particulars, I am not informed. I offer you my warmest congratula‑ tions on an event, which has restored to Liberty and to their Country, so many of our Brothers, and which in the present Crisis of our affairs with Spain, cannot but be considered of high Importance.— I am Dr Sir with Great Respect your faithful Friend William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signature and internal address by Claiborne; at foot of text: “The President of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so re‑ corded in SJL.

From Maria Cosway

Lyons 10th of October 1805

It is very difficult to give up some friends, tho’ time goes apace with distance, we cannot forget those we have once highly esteem’d. It is so seldom I have an oportunity of enquiring whether I am forgoten tho’ the reasons are not the same to be rememberd. The Brother of a Lady who lives with me, Mr: Philippe is going to America and I have ask’d him to take this short letter [may it?] be received at least with half the pleasure [it is?] written. Here I have been two years, & my establishment goes on extremely well & have the Consolation of being Mother of 60 children. Nothing is more interesting, than rendering  442 

10 OCTOBER 1805

oneself usefull to our fellow creatures, & what better way than that of making their education! What is become of my Brother he never writtes to any of his family, I have however taken every oportunity to write to him. Believe dear Sir ever the same Most affte. & Obliged M. Cosway RC (DLC); torn; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Apr. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. my establishment: after the death of her six‑year‑old daughter and only child in 1796, Cosway invested her energies in religion and the education of young girls. She befriended Napoleon’s uncle Joseph Fesch, who became archbishop in Lyons in 1802 and a cardinal the following year. His patronage enabled Cosway to found a school for both well‑off and disadvantaged girls in Lyons, which she ran in a wing of the Palais de Saint Pierre from 1803 until 1809. She left the school in 1811, but not her educational philosophies, which fo‑ cused on mutual education using pupils who had acquired some knowledge to teach what they had learned to other stu‑ dents. When Francesco Melzi d’Eril in‑ vited Cosway to open a similar institution in Italy and purchased a convent for it in Lodi, she established the Collegio della Beata Vergine della Grazie in 1812. She

wrote to TJ again in April 1819, remark‑ ing that “To the lenght of Silence I draw a Curtain.” TJ finally replied in Decem‑ ber 1820. For Cosway’s efforts in Lodi, Emperor Francis I of Austria gave her the title of baroness in 1834. She continued to teach at her school until her death in 1838 (Delia Gaze, ed., Dictionary of Women Art‑ ists, 2 vols. [Chicago, 1997], 1:415; Elena Cazzulani and Angelo Stroppa, Maria Luisa Caterina Cecilia Hadfield Cosway: La donna e l’educatrice [Lodi, Italy, 1997], 54‑87; George C. Williamson, Richard Cosway R.A. [London, 1905], 68‑75; Francis Beretti, ed., Pascal Paoli à Maria Cosway: Lettres et documents, 1782‑1803 [Oxford, 2003], 14‑17; Gerald Barnett, Richard and Maria Cosway: A Biography [Cambridge, Eng., 1995], 161‑3; Stephen Lloyd, Richard & Maria Cosway: Re‑ gency Artists of Taste and Fashion [Edin‑ burgh, 1995], 90‑1; Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, 731; rs, 14:207‑8; 16:497‑9; TJ to Cosway, 24 Oct. 1822). my brother: George Hadfield.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Washington Oct. 10. 05 I expect that a box containing a marble bust with it’s pedestal (or perhaps more boxes than one) have been sent you from Baltimore to be forwarded to Monticello. be so good as to send them back to Bal‑ timore to the address of mr Reibelt bookseller at that place. I will thank you however to pay the freight &c coming & going on my ac‑ count. Affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. G. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

 443 

From William Kilty and William Cranch, with Jefferson’s Order October 10th 1805 ⎫ District of Columbia ⎬ Washington County Sct ⎭ In the Case of Henry Fisher who was fined for an Assault and Bat‑ tery on his Wife; the Court during the Sitting of the same Term, were induced by a representation of his Circumstances to Strike out this Judgement and to enter one for a less Sum—They have since been applied to by the Wife and the daughter of Fisher and have also reason to beleive from other information that He is unable to Pay the fine and Costs as they now Stand—And Considering his imprison‑ ment Since some time in August as a Sufficient punishment, They are induced Respectfully to recommend to the President a remission of the fine and fees against Henry Fisher So that He may be released from Prison W Kilty W. Cranch [Order by TJ:] Let a pardon issue

Th: Jefferson Oct. 10. 1805.

RC (DNA: RG 59, GPR); in William Kilty’s hand, signed by him and William Cranch.

On 12 Oct. TJ issued a pardon to remit Fisher’s fine and fees (FC in Lb in same).

From Hannah Lowe Farley near Bristol Bucks county Pennsylvania, Great Sir Otober 10th 1805 As President of the Philosophycal Society, I take the Liberty of laying before you a method of ascertaining the Longitude with the same precision that at present obtains in fixing the latitude, which is Sim‑ ply this. in Reflecting upon what happens to all navigator Who sail round the world, in one direction they loose a day, in the other they gain one, it occured to me, that it might be, that this circumstance had Somthing—to doe with perplexing their calculations, and by follow‑ ing a line around the globe, there are no points further distant from each than 180, degrees, and yet we find they have treated the Globe as they would treat a level plain, in carrying the longitude all round, which I believe to be an error—and therefore conceive the Idea of  444 

10 OCTOBER 1805

Stoping, at midway and fixing two points distant from each other 180 degrees—for instance I will call Philadelphia my first meridian, this meridian cuts the Equator at 75. dr 20 m west from London, I count 90. degrees on the Equator westward Which brings me to the westren Ocean, and here I fix my westren pole, I return, and count 90. de‑ grees eastward, and this brings me to the Westren Part of the conte­ nant of africa. here I fix my Eastren pole. I then draw a line which is to cross the Equator at right angles, on my first meridian, and pass through the center of the north—and south poles—and so devide the Earth into an eastren, and a westren hemisphere. the 24 meridians, I reduce to 12. alotting six to each hemisphere—each of these meridians contain 15 degrees and these meridians run parrellell with the Hor‑ isontal Equator which devides the globe into an eastren and westren hemisphere, and in receding from this line toward the eastren or westren poles—the latitude decreaces in the same Ratios as we find the longitude dose in approaching the northren or Southren poles—a Globe constructed upon this plan will give a day of twelve hours — without being involved with the diurnal revolution of the Earth, and the quadrant will determine longitud and latitude equaily. Your Humble Servant Hannah Lowe RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Hannah Lowe was an employee or other member of the household of William Shippen, whose home near Bristol, Penn‑

sylvania, was called Farley (“A Shippen Letter,” Magazine of the Society of the Lees of Virginia, 1 [1923], 78‑9; William W. H. Davis, History of Bucks County Pennsylvania from the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time, 2d ed., 3 vols. [New York, 1905], 1:118, 144).

From Daniel R. Preston Honoured Sir, Boston 10th. October 1805. I hope you will pardon this Address, in which I lay open my cir‑ cumstances, situation &c.; when you consider that no person, in the United States, has more power or influence than yourself, to succour depressed merit, & rise up the wretched. Many addresses have I made to relations in affluence many of whom have became so by the property of my deceased Father unjustly ac‑ quired; but their hearts have become fleshless, devoid of the feelings of humanity! I have always had an inclination for books, more espe‑ cially for those of poetry; they form my greatest solace under afflic­ tions, but little is the time, alas! which I can devote to them.—  445 

10 OCTOBER 1805

 Of the Latin, & French languages, I have some Knowledge, ac‑ quired merely by my own application, but am not perfect in either, owing to the malignity of fortune.—I have compiled a useful work, (see the inclosed proposal), which has been approved by many of the literati in this state; but have as yet met with very indifferent success, in obtaining Subscribers.—In order to forward the work, I sent a sub‑ scription paper to Govr. Strong, at Northampton; but he perhaps, thinking the stile of the letter too Republican, has not even deigned to honor me with an Answer! Thus deprest, & discouraged; my mind, not naturally formed to buffet through the tempest of life, begins to sink under the ills which surround it, & I exclaim with Cowper, “Oh for the shade of some vast solitude, &c.” There with liberty, leisure, & books; sometimes the company of the Muses, though scarcely yet arrived at my fifth lustre, methinks I could enjoy as much happiness as can be found in this transitory existance. The muses are my delight; but insatiate penury prevents the offer­ ings with which I would adorn their altar. Whatever are my poetical talents, I can say with Thompson, when asked by the prince of Wales, about the state of his affairs, they are in a more poetical posture than formerly.— You perhaps with a mind so inlarged, & extensive, can devise some means to promote my Circumstances, and perfect my talents. I shall point out no plan but leave it to your consideration.— I send you inclosed a few pieces of poetry, which were published at Worcester, in the Aegis, under the signature of Chatterton, among a number of other pieces of my Composition, where they met with high approbation, and a continuance of the correspondence, was requested; but the calls of necesity are imperious! I remain yours with respect, Danl. R. Preston. RC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection); addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson, Esquire President of the United States, Washing‑ ton”; franked; postmarked 13 Oct.; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 18 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Printed prospectus for The Wonders of Creation; Natural and Artificial, which describes the work as “an account of the most remark‑ able mountains, rivers, lakes, caves, cata‑ racts, mineral springs, and antiquities in the world”; it will include a first volume devoted to North and South America; Eu‑ rope, Asia, and Africa, “being least inter‑ esting to us,” will form a second volume (same). (2) “Reflections at the tomb of

Albert,” poetry clipping from the 20 Mch. Worcester, Mass., National Aegis, signed “Chatterton” (same). Daniel R. Preston composed a number of poems and published two books: The Juvenile Instructor; or, A Useful Book for Children, of Things to be Remembered, published in Boston in 1803, which was framed as a conversation between parent or instructor and child; and The Wonders of Creation; Natural and Artificial (see Enclosure No. 1 described above), which was published in Boston in two volumes in 1807. He advertised an intent to teach reading, writing, Latin, and French in Bos‑

 446 

10 OCTOBER 1805 ton in 1802 (Boston Constitutional Tele­ graphe, 28 Apr. 1802). in a more poetical posture than formerly: the English poet James Thom‑ son made this comment to Fred­ erick, Prince of Wales, in the 1730s, prompt‑ ing the prince to grant him an annuity of £100 (dnb). pieces of poetry: Preston might also have enclosed two handwritten poems. One was labeled “Lines Upon reading some pathetic stanzas, by the Rev. T. M. Harris, which appeared lately in the Port Folio.” It was inspired by Thaddeus Mason Harris’s “Home Remembered,” which had been printed in the Port Folio of Philadel‑ phia on 16 Apr. 1803. Preston’s response poem was printed in the New‑England Palladium on 7 June 1803. The other, labeled “Independence, an Ode sacred to the 4th of July,” included two stanzas lauding TJ: “See how quick the Genius

Cheers, / And Checks her rising sighs, / As now unto her ken appears, / Where Monticello’s verdent summit rise: / She smiles, for here her Jefferson she sees, / The friend of man & equal liberty, / Here he retires from public duties free, / To pass some hours in rural cares & ease, / In library lore, & philosophic peace—” and “ ‘Guided by him this Empire so shall rise, / ‘That nations shall behold with fond surprise; / ‘Though malice follow merit, yet his name, / ‘Those yet unborn shall hail with loud acclaim, / ‘While Fames loud clarion shall his deeds unroll, / ‘To distant Kingdoms, far as pole to pole.’ / Thus said our Guard‑ ian, than wing’d her flight, Towards her native seat, proud Alleghenys hight” (MS in ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collection; both poems in Preston’s hand, on one folded sheet).

From Philip Turner To His excellency, Thos. Jefferson Esqr. New York President of the united States Octr. 10th 1805— I find, I have no where else to go, but to the head of the nation, who’s natural, and official character is Justice, where reigns silence, and peace, my Claims are unhappily embarrassed by the Act of limi‑ tation, they are acknowledged by all Justly due, and by the resolu‑ tions of congress intitled to half‑pay during life or a commutation of five years full pay, a compensation and reward for past services, a finished business by congress unconditional, not to be barr’d by any thing; I applied to Mr. Howel the pay‑master in the time of it as oth‑ ers for the final settlements, we altercated whether I should be paid as surgn. Genl. deranged at five dollrs. pr. day, or as physician and sur‑ geon at four, here we did not agree and parted, this misunderstanding has been the sole reason of all this trouble, all I claim is the fulfilment of the resolutions in my favor and paid as others, I was informed by one of the first acquainted, Genl. Hamilton, not a week before his death, that my Claims could not be considered of the nature of those claims in common for which the act of limitation was made for liqui‑ dation and adjustment, and many other claims no body could tell what; that my claims were known, and Substantiated by congress and  447 

10 OCTOBER 1805

Ordered to be paid, which precludes and forcloses every thing in barr, here the act of limitation must fail, of having any power on them, I dare risk my all, not a single member of congress at the time the act was made, had any Idea, but that, all those claims were settled, the final settlements all Issued and the officers paid, my repeated appoint‑ ments by congress demonstrated their approbation of my conduct, the late Honble. Roger Sherman Esqr. did me the honour, by saying in the general assembly of the state of connecticut, that I had been the means by a correspondence with him while in congress of saving the united States treble the sum they would ever pay me for my services, I commenced in their service at the first action of Bunker‑hill, and continued to the close of our revolutionary war with great Britain, my early and best days spent in public service, and nothing to show for it, unreasonbly kept out of my Just dues, by the cruel act of being barr’d, Genl. Dearborn and Mr. Granger will be answerable in every re‑ spect, my papers and claims are with them in office, Mr. Roger Gris‑ wold Esqr. my old friend and neighbour is knowing to all this (tho of a different sentiment in politic’s) will manage my affairs with congress by memorial or otherwise as may be thought best, my claims must be paid, there is no going from it, congress have pledged themselves to do it, will your excellency excuse the inabilities of human nature so provoked, and point out some better method to get at my Just dues, can it be reconciled with the treasury without troubling congress about it, I have battled the watch early & late, from the begining to the end, as far as in my power lies in favor of the present (blessed) administra‑ tion, and have distinguished myself by so doing, who the clergy (of connecticut) wish otherwise, Mr. Granger will appear for it, if con‑ gress will not make provision, nor pass the bill for a general settle‑ ment of claims, let them take up mine as they ought, a peculiar case, and of a different nature, from any thing they had in view, at the time the act of limitation was made, and order payment in favor of so Just a cause, this is the third Sessions I have been waiting for a general bill to pass, I shall now if approbated by my friends present a memorial on its real merits, the only one of the nation so circumstanced unsettled, I am now advanced in life, and need my dues, distressed for want, I blame no individual, If I had where with all, and could do without, I never would trouble congress about it, they might take their own time to fulfill their engagements, I have made such calculations on the prospect of my affairs, unless I succeed this Sessions, I shall be miserable, I am unwearied in the pursuit and shall not drop it untill paid, I have a respectable family intrested with me, for heavens‑sake do not let my claims pass another Sessions unsettled, it is all we have  448 

10 OCTOBER 1805

to depend upon, I pray your excellency to Honr. me by a line of con‑ solation that some thing shall be done the approaching Sessions, paid or not paid, my feeling for your excellency are truly affectionate— I am your Excellency’s most Obedient and very Humble Servt. P. Turner My heavenly father—forgive me, for heavens sake settle it, who’s reality is Justice Thos. Jefferson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

⎬

⎫ ⎪

⎪ ⎭

no where else to go: Turner had previously written to TJ regarding his claim on 1 Jan. 1802 (Vol. 36:263‑4).

From James Walker Sir, Shadwell 10th. October 1805— I have purchased a quantity of Corn from a man who intends mov‑ ing to kentuckey the 20th. of this month, at which time the money for the corn is to be paid, and without your assistance cannot raise it, you will please send thirty pounds by the next post, which will satisfy my present demand, Since you left home I have presented a bill of work done for Mr. Scott, who rejected it. and not having agreed positively on the prices before I executed the work, it seems that I am com‑ pelled to settle on his own terms or go to law, which would be very disagreeable to me, it seems to me that workman has not an equal chance with their employers unless prices are agreed on by the par‑ ties before the work is done. Mr. Scott is willing to refer to arbetra‑ tion. but that their shall be no workmen appointed as arbetrators, but men who probably never done a days work nor perhaps never had any work of this kind done, and perhaps men who are interested in reducing prices of work as low as possible I have enclosed a bill of prices of Millwrights work which is reduced as low as I can afford to work, & indeed lower than any good workman that I am acquainted with will work, if you think proper after examining the bill to give the prices therein contained you will please to assign the bill, that you will give the prices therein contained and send it back to me by the first post, The work shall be well executed and in as short a time as possible, and be assured that nothing prompted me to make this re‑ quest, but the circumstance which I have above related to you, at which I feel much agrieved— I am with great respect Sir, your Obt. & Hble servt. James Walker  449 

10 OCTOBER 1805  RC (MHi); addressed: “Thos. Jefferson Esqr. President United States Washington City”; franked; postmarked Milton, 12 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin Oct. 11. 05. The reasons of the bank against importing coin seem good under their views of the subject, which perhaps are not broad enough. I think Congress should renew the tender of foreign coins. but whether any alteration in the comparative value of Spanish gold should be made admits of question. I imagine Colo. Hamilton had assays made whereon he founded his rates of foreign coins. indeed I think I recol‑ lect his having stated in some of his reports the particulars of his as‑ says. I am almost certain mr Rittenhouse on some occasion reported assays to Congress. their result I presume was agreeable to what the law established. the assay by the bank on two single pieces is on much too small a scale to shake the legal establishment. they should be made on large masses, and by persons known to us. if the assay of the bank be sufficient to excite any suspicion it would be better to instruct mr Patterson to have a sufficient assay made on a mass of Spanish gold & to report on the subject. if there be not considerable error in the present rate I should be against touching it. the merchants will soon learn to correct small errors in what they recieve in foreign countries, & for interior circulation a small error is unimportant. it is like the case of worn silver or gold. Affectionate salutations. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “The Secretary of the Treasury.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “coins.” Gallatin wrote to Robert patterson on 11 Oct. regarding the quality of Span‑ ish gold coins (see Gallatin to TJ, 9 Oct., first document). Patterson replied on the 19th and provided results from recent as‑ says conducted by the Mint, which showed that Spanish gold “may be truly rated” at about 21 karats fine. Bank officers and others in Philadelphia informed Patterson that foreign gold coins had largely dis­ appeared from circulation. In his opinion,

banks would not wish to see the law mak‑ ing them legal tender revived (Gallatin, Papers, 11:641‑2). On 10 Apr. 1806, Con‑ gress passed “An Act regulating the cur‑ rency of foreign coins in the United States,” which again made foreign gold and silver coins legal tender in the United States at the same rates fixed in the 1793 act regulating foreign coins. The secretary of the Treasury was to conduct annual assays of foreign coins and report the re‑ sults to Congress so that changes in value could be made if necessary (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:300‑1; 2:374‑5).

 450 

From William Jarvis Sir Lisbon 11 Octr 1805 I have the honor to inclose you a Bill of Lading for two pipes of arruda Wine of the last Vintage, shipped by the Brig Neptune Captn Calvin Delano for New York. It is a very fine Wine & I think will prove satisfactory with a year or two’s age. I have sent two samples & shall request the Collector of New York, D: Gelston Esquire to send the samples on to Washington. Should they please you please to re‑ tain them & give such instructions respecting them as will prove agree‑ able. If not, desire them to be delivered, if not too troublesome, to Messrs. Post & Russell of New York for my account. As the Vintage was remarkably fine, I took the liberty to send two pipes, they being the product of one of the best Estates in Portugal; and therefore hope they will meet the approbation of so good a judge. They are cased & will cost a little more than a hundred dollars a pipe including cases. When I know whether they are Satisfactory or not, I shall take the liberty to draw for the amount. With the most profound Veneration—I am Sir Yr. Mo: devoted servt Wm Jarvis RC (DLC); at head of text: “Dup”; at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire.” Recorded in SJL as received 3 Jan. 1806. Enclosure not found. Enclosed in David Gelston to TJ, 30 Dec.

To James Madison Dear Sir Washington Oct. 11. 05 The only questions which press on the Executive for decision are Whether we shall enter into a provisional alliance with England to come into force only in the event that during the present war we be‑ come engaged in war with France? leaving the declaration of the casus federis ultimately to us. Whether we shall send away Yrujo, Casa‑ calvo, Morales? Whether we shall instruct Bowdoin not to go to Madrid till further orders? but we are all of opinion that the first of these questions is too important & too difficult to be decided but on the fullest consideration in which your aid & counsel should be waited for. I sincerely regret the cause of your absence from this place and hope it will soon be removed; but it is one of those contingencies from the effects of which even the march of public affairs cannot be exempt. perhaps it would not be amiss to instruct Bowdoin to await  451 

11 OCTOBER 1805

at London further orders; because if we conclude afterwards that he should proceed, this may follow the other instruction without delay. I am glad we did not intermeddle with Armstrong’s decision against the Insurance companies. I am told these companies have a great mixture of English subscribers. if so, the question becomes affected by the partnership.   What is become of our hermitage? as you are in the neighborhood of Butler I presume the claim upon us could be easily settled & apportioned. present my respects to mrs Madison & my prayers for her speedy & perfect reestablishment, and accept your self affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Collection); at foot of text: “Mr Madison.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs.”

From Rosetta Stevenson To His Excelency Washington City Thomas Jefferson Esqr. October 11th 1805 The Petition of Rosetta Stevenson Humbly Sheweth that her Hus‑ band George Stevenson Quarter Master on Board the United States Frigate Essex, Capt. Barron, He left me will and power for Twelve months pay. I have only recevd the 6 Month pay after Which time it had been Stopt ever Since the first of July Last I am now Left Diso‑ late with one Child to Support and in a Strange place not having any way to Support myself and Child even by every Exertions of Industy I have made and are now reduced to a State of poverty. and have no Other refuge but apply to your Honour for relief. Her particular De‑ sire is to git to Philadelphia Where She Has Some acquaintance. but not being able to go there with my child & not one Single Cent to defray Expencs. prays your Honour to take her truly pitiable case in consideration and assist her with Some thing to enable her to Persue her Journey & your petitioner will be ever bound to pray &c Rosetta Stevenson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. While little is known about Rosetta Stevenson, George Stevenson is listed in several muster and pay rolls from 1804 to 1809, including the Essex, the schooner Revenge, and Gunboat No. 50. He is pos‑ sibly last listed in the Norfolk, Virginia, station muster roll as discharged due to

death on 21 Mch. 1812 (DNA: RG 45, Miscellaneous Records of the Office of Naval Records and Library, Essex Mus‑ ter and Pay Rolls, Revenge Muster Rolls, and Norfolk Muster Rolls; DNA: RG 45, Letters Received from Captains). apply to your honour for relief: on 11 Oct., TJ recorded in his financial memoranda a charity payment of one dol‑ lar (mb, 2:1165).

 452 

From Rachel Cunningham

Bennington October 12th. 1805

Will Your Excellency pardon me, for Venturing to address a few lines to You in this, way? my case, which you will see represented in a Petition to Congress, is an hard one (I drew up the Petition myself, not being able to afford to pay an Attorney to do it more, properly) I hope for the Interest of your Excellency in this affair; as far as is, consistent with your Duty, in other respects—Many Years ago I had the Pleasure of seeing You at the House of John Cox Esqr. at Blooms‑ bury Trenton, in Jersey—He Married my Mother’s Sister—Joseph Read Esqr. who was formerly, Governor, of Pensylvania, was Son to another Sister, I came from England under the Protection of a Mr. Christie; a Senator of Mary Land—the Consul George W: Irving—put myself, & a Young Lady, a ward of His, Father’s—under His care, I mention these things to your Excellency that you may know, that my Connec‑ tions are Respectable, Mr. Coxe of Turin Clerk of the County of Liwis Married my Sister; & I have resided chiefly with them for two years last past—it has cost me much more than I can afford to come this long Journey, & I am obliged, as my Health will permit; to work at my needle to help out, as I dont like to ask favors—Some able Coun‑ sellors (not here) are of Opinion that, from the peculiar wording of my Papers—I am as much at Liberty to Marry as a Divorce; could make me, but, I wish to be perfectly, right in what I do—with respect to geting information from England, that will entitle me to a Divorce— Your Excellency knows—that the People of England, dont trouble themselves so much about the business of Others, as about their own, I have not one Relation there—tho many Valuable, Friends—it is, there‑ fore out of my power, to prove things that I know exist—for who will have the temerity to pry into the private, Affairs of Mr. Cunningham— Sufficiently to do me service I cannot, expect it; nor will I, try for it— Your Excellency knows the World; that in it, a lonely Woman, has a poor chance, of Succeeding in any thing and more particularly one in my Situation, as it does lay me open to Suspicion, tho Innocent I have Suffered a life of Misery for 18: years, for the Sake of my Son, an only child, born the first, year of my Marriage, I Should long Since, have been Seperated from Him but He (viz Mr. Cunningham) never would, let me have my child and that alone—kept me with Him— when my Son was provided for, in the East Indias (He is in the Com‑ pany’s Service) I left England—I did not Sue, my Husband my En‑ glish Friends got my Papers executed at last, tho for Months, after I  453 

12 OCTOBER 1805

left Him, He did not allow me a farthing; & I was Maintained by the Marchioness of Woster—& some other, Ladies—who pitied my Situ‑ ation—the Reverend Mr. Cook—who is my Trustee Married a Sister of Lord Barrington—my Husband is of a Noble Family of the Cun‑ ningham’s, of Cunningham in Ireland, this Introduced me to many of the English, & Irish Nobility Your Excellency knows how, to appre‑ ciate this—in that Country—tho you are, a Republican— Thus, have I as briefly, as my case will permit Stated to your Excel‑ lency my Situation, may I hope for your Interest, as far as is consis‑ tent with your Sense of propriety—may I also hope, You will not be offended at my having written to you, in Explanation, what I could not say in a Petition, praying for your forgiveness—if I may have acted improperly— I remain your Excellency’s Obedient Humble, Servant Rachel Cunningham  I, refer your Excellency to Nathan Williams Esqr: one of of the Senators of this State, He has; examined my papers, as a Lawyer— Should my temerity be unpardonable, I hope; your Excellency will not mention the affair—  I am at New York now whither, I am come to get into some gentell employment & am at this moment with only 2. shillings in the world. No: 394—Pearl Street RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excellency Thos Jefferson, Esq President of the United States of America City of, Wash‑ ington”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Rachel Sayre Cunningham (1759‑1814) was a daughter of John Sayre, an Episco‑ pal minister and Loyalist from New York, and Mary Bowes Sayre of Trenton, New Jersey. The family moved to New Bruns‑ wick, Canada, in 1783. There she married Thomas Cunningham, who had been a lieutenant in De Lancey’s Brigade, a Loy‑ alist unit during the Revolutionary War. Much of the family returned to the United States after John Sayre’s death in 1784, but the Cunninghams remained in Can‑ ada. By 1792 they had moved to England, where Thomas Cunningham became direc‑ tor of the county penitentiary in Glouces‑ ter, a position he held until his death in 1836. Rachel Cunningham returned to the United States in September 1802. She

died in Philadelphia (Theodore M. Banta, Sayre Family: Lineage of Thomas Sayre, a Founder of Southampton [New York, 1901], 142‑4; Lorenzo Sabine, The Amer‑ ican Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in the War of the Revolution [Boston, 1847], 237; Marion Gilroy and D. C. Harvey, Loyal‑ ists and Land Settlement in Nova Scotia [Baltimore, 2002], 10; Gentleman’s Mag‑ azine, 2d. ser., 6 [1836], 108; J. R. S. Whiting, Prison Reform in Gloucestershire 1776‑1820 [London, 1975], 24; New‑York Commercial Advertiser, 20 Sep. 1802). my mother’s sister: Esther Bowes Cox was the wife of merchant and manu‑ facturer John Cox, who died in 1793. an‑ other sister, Theodosia Bowes Reed, was Joseph Reed’s mother (Washington, Papers, Rev. War Ser., 8:69n). marchioness of woster: that is, the Marchioness of Worcester, Charlotte Sophia Leveson‑Gower Somerset; as of 1803, Duchess of Beaufort. The Beaufort

 454 

12 OCTOBER 1805 estate was in Gloucester. Somerset’s ­father‑in‑law occasionally served as mag‑ istrate over the prison governed by Thomas

Cunningham (The Genealogist, new ser., 3 [1886], 282‑3; Whiting, Prison Reform in Gloucestershire, 13, 167).

e n c l o s u r e

Petition for Divorce To His Excellency Thos. Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States of America, and the Honorable, the Members, in Congress Assembled— The Petition of Rachel Cunningham Humbly Sheweth; that Your Peti‑ tioner has been in a State of Seperation from Her Husband Thos. Cunning‑ ham, for three years, and nine Months, that, in July 1802—She left him in England, and returned to Her Native Country and, Her Relations .  .  .  . your Petitioner, was advised, to apply for—A Bill of Divorce—and accordingly left Her residence (at the Habitation of Richard Coxe, Esq Clerk of the new County of Lewis) near Lake Ontario, and came to Bennington in the State of Vermont, That your Petitioner, on consulting Counsel, finds that because, there is no Crime set forth in Her Articles of Seperation; She cannot get a Bill here— She has, therefore been advised to Appeal, And hereby does appeal to—the Legislative, Body of the Nation; in this Her Singular, case The Connections, of your Petitioner, are as Respectable as any, in America, but She is poor and Her Situation not So Eligible, as perhaps it might, be— were She at Liberty to make another, choice, Your Petitioner therefore throws Herself, on the Justice of Those, who Make, Laws for their Country—and Prays, that She may—be set free from Her former Engagements And, as in Duty bound Will, ever Pray. Rachel Cunningham RC (DLC); undated; ellipses in original; endorsed by Cunningham on verso: “­Petition—of Rachel Cunningham to Congress.”

From Walter Key Sir Octr. 12, 1805. Inclosed you will receive my account against you, as certified by Gabriel Lilly for one hundred & fifty dollars the money was to have been paid the first of October, I depended upon Gabriel Lilly, & did not mention the account to you—I should be very glad if you can make it convenient to forward me the money by the first mail, & your compliance will greatly Oblge yr. Humble. Servt. Waer Key RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr. Washington”; at head of text:

“Colo. Thomas Jefferson”; franked; post‑ marked Charlottesville; endorsed by TJ

 455 

12 OCTOBER 1805 as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Walter Key (d. 1834) was a son of Mar‑ tin and Ann Key of Albemarle County. He and his widowed mother sold corn to TJ on several previous occasions. According

to the 1810 federal census returns for Al‑ bemarle County, Key owned 43 slaves in Fredericksville Parish (Woods, Albemarle, 245‑6; United States Census Schedules, DNA: RG 29; mb, 2:972, 973, 1004, 1007, 1036).

To Louise Françoise Felix Reibelt

Washington Oct. 12. 05.

I am honoured, Madam, with your letter of the 2d. inst. containing the very obliging request of accepting from you the elegant plates which accompanied it. considering it as an expression of the favor‑ able sentiments you are so good as to entertain towards me, I feel all the gratitude for that expression which I could possibly feel did the laws of my situation permit me to accept the too valuable offer. but it is a law, sacred to me while in a public character, to recieve nothing which bears a pecuniary value. this is necessary to the confidence of my country, it is necessary as an example for it’s benefit, & necessary to the tranquility of my own mind. the same goodness in yourself which prompted the desire of gratifying me with this superb collection, would be the last to deprive me of the consolation of this self‑denial, & the last to furnish the enemies of my happiness with a topic so capable of being misconstrued. Accept then, I pray you Madam, my sincere acknolegements for the kindness of your dispositions towards me, & recieve them as a purer testimony of my sense of your friendship than would have been a literal obedience to your request, and permit me at the same time to assure you of my high respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Made. Reibelt.” Louise Françoise Felix Reibelt was the wife of Philippe Reibelt, who had acted as her agent when she purchased Ohio military bounty lands from Tadeusz Kos‑ ciuszko in Paris in 1802. She and her hus‑ band moved to Havana in the spring of

1809. At the time of her husband’s death in October of that year, she had five young children, three of whom had been born in the United States (Vol. 39:93‑6; Vol. 40:479‑80, 625n; rs, 2:394‑5). letter of the 2d. inst.: her letter to TJ of 2 Oct., recorded in SJL as received 3 Oct., has not been found.

 456 

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington Oct. 12. 05 Your favors of the 1st. & 5th. found me here but so pressed by the accumulation of business which had awaited me, that I have not been able sooner to acknolege them. I am truly happy that you recieved satisfaction from your visit to Monticello. I feel but one uneasiness on these occasions, which is that the current of public business and the burthen of my private affairs which force themselves on me there and the crowded state of our house put it out of my power to shew particu‑ lar attention to certain visitants to whom I would wish to be attentive. The inviolable rule which I have laid down for myself never while in a public character to accept presents which bear a pecuniary value must be my apology to mr Schwarz for praying to be excused from recieving the bust. the offer on his part is equal evidence of his friendly regard as if I could have accepted it. and I pray you to make him sensible of the true grounds of my declining it, while you convey him my sincere acknolegements. I know it is impossible there could have been any impurity in his motives. all the circumstances of the case prove it. but ‘omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt.’ it is the duty of every friend of republican government to fence out every practice which might tend to lessen the chastity of the public administration. you will learn that I have thought it necessary to make a similar apol‑ ogy in another case of greater delicacy. it has cost me pain, but I shall sleep the sounder to‑night. it is not easy to draw the line between the admissible offers of a book by it’s author, of a curiosity &c &c and things of more sensible value. Dean Swift has somewhere said that a present, not to weigh on a liberal mind, should be of something1 of small cost, & yet not to be had for money. perhaps the circumstances of every case & our own feelings can alone decide. I feel that they permit me to thank you for the magnet, for the Bengal sheep, and garden seeds & to ask you to make my acknolegements to Messrs. Meyer, Brant & Labullaye. having no relations with Italy I have no occasion to give to the former gentlemen the trouble which they so kindly offer to undertake. for mr Labullaye I inclose some seed of a vine growing only on the Great Kanhaway, & answering the purposes of the Rattan. I never saw the plant growing, but the vine is curious. there is a garden plant of France which I have never been able to get, the Estragon. perhaps mr Labullaye could furnish me a little of the seed. I will take care, in my first letter to Govr. Claiborne, to inform him of the excellent resource which your establishment offers for the  457 

12 OCTOBER 1805

acquisition of the books they may need. I inclose you the copy you request of my letter to the President of the National institute. no body but myself can make the drawing of my Phaeton. it shall be done the first leisure hour I can bestow on it. I inclose you a draught from the bank of the US. here on that at Baltimore for 134. D 80 c the amt. of my acct stated in your letter. The work of Cambeceres on the Code civil is undoubtedly a most able one & cannot but be acceptable to men of reflection. I am also well pleased with the two Italian works of Mengotti, & beg leave to retain them a few days to read. they ought to sell well but whether they would or not, you are the best judge from the experience you have had of the taste here. I have imagined a translation of the Econo‑ mie Politique of M. Say would be desirable here. it would give in one 8vo. volume every thing which Adam Smith has been able to say in three. I prefer it to Smith for it’s perspicuity and brevity. Accept my salutations & best wishes Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Mr. Reibelt.” Enclosure: TJ to the National Institute of France, 14 Nov. 1802. omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt: all bad precedents have originated

from good measures. TJ drew from Sal‑ lust, The War with Catiline, 51.27. estragon: that is, tarragon. 1

 Preceding two words interlined.

To Martha Jefferson Randolph My dearest Martha Washington Oct. 13. 05 I performed my journey to this place without any accident or dis‑ agreeable circumstance except travelling half a day in a pretty steady rain, which I thought preferable to staying at Brown’s. I experienced no inconvenience from it. this place, which had been healthy thro’ the summer is now rather sickly. some cold mornings & frost after my ar‑ rival, it was hoped would remove all disease, but the present warm spell if it continues will probably produce a good deal of sickness. two of our family are down with bilious fevers, one of them ill. as you did not propose to come till November, the frosts before that time will render every thing safe. as soon as you inform me of the time for your journey, every thing necessary shall be done on my part, and I insist you shall bring the whole family. mrs Madison is still at Gray’s ferry. altho’ the part affected is healed, it is thought as yet too tender to ven‑ ture on the journey. but we hope to see her in a few days. I omitted to mention1 to you that I had agreed to lend mr Freeman a mattras & straw bed till he could supply himself. from mr Strode’s character of  458 

14 OCTOBER 1805

him I am in hopes the disagreeable circumstances from him pro‑ ceeded partly from his sickness, & had part of their colouring from the medium through which they passed. I inclose a paper for Ellen. my friendly salutations to mr Randolph & love to yourself & the children. Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM); at foot of text: “Mrs. Randolph.” PoC (CSmH); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not identified.

1 TJ here canceled “to mention to mention.”

From Robert Mills

Wilmington Octr. 14th. 1805

This opportunity, through the request of Mr. Latrobe, of writing to Mr. Jefferson I am happy of embracing, that I may again express the gratitude I feel for the unmerited attentions which I have received of him,1 which have been attended with so much pleasure and in‑ struction to myself, by what has resulted—. Mr. Latrobe continues very ill, the nature of his complaint, you doubtless are acquainted with—his inability to handle a pen is the only excuse for his not addressing Mr. Jefferson before this— A roll of drawings accompanies this for Mr. Lenthall— I have the honor to be with sentiments of gratitude and respectful esteem Sir yours &c Robt. Mills B.H Latrobe’s office Wilmington RC (DLC); at head of text: “The Pres‑ ident of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, Robert Mills (1781‑1855) designed nu‑ merous public buildings throughout the United States, including the Washington Monument, and promoted various civic projects and internal improvements. TJ first came into contact with Mills when the young man studied under James Hoban, the architect overseeing the construction of the President’s House. TJ granted Mills access to his library and introduced him to Benjamin Henry Latrobe, under whom Mills subsequently studied. In 1808, Mills

formed his own architectural firm in Phil‑ adelphia. He relocated to Charleston dur‑ ing the Panic of 1819. Mills’s last major design, constructed in the early 1850s, was an addition to TJ’s Rotunda at the University of Virginia (anb; dab; Rho‑ dri Windsor Liscombe, Altogether Ameri‑ can: Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781‑1855 [New York, 1994]; John M. Bryan, Robert Mills: America’s First Ar‑ chitect [New York, 2001]; rs, 2:437‑8; Vol. 38:4; Vol. 41:460‑2). very ill: Latrobe suffered from a “violent bilious intermitting fever” in Oc‑ tober (Latrobe, Correspondence, 2:153n). 1 Word

 459 

interlined in place of “you.”

From John Vaughan Philad. 14 Oct. 1805 If Mr Jefferson should be in want of very superior Claret—Mr Vaughan has some in cases of 3 Doz Hautbrion Pontac Vintage 1800 shipped Sep. 1804 It was orderd without limit of price—if of the quality Wanted, it comes very high 15 Ds. per Doz but the price is not com‑ plaind of, when the quality is adverted to. It was of this Growth Mr V imported for J: Ross of Philad. many years ago, & which kept in high order during 14 Years—If Mr Jefferson was in want, a Case, or part of a Case could be sent, in order to submit it to his own judgement— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

From John Vaughan Dear sir, Philad. 14 Oct. 1805 I have the pleasure of enclosing a Copy of a letter I have recieved from Baron Humboldt, which has given me much Satisfaction: few who have visited us have been So well inclind to speak well of us.—I wish much the public would put at your disposal the means of acquir‑ ing a full knowledge of this Country & its resources—It would be both honorable & useful I remain with great respect Your friend & servt.— Jn Vaughan FC (PPAmP); in Vaughan’s hand; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Presi‑ dent of the US.” Enclosure: Alexander von Humboldt to Vaughan, 10 June, from Rome; although Humboldt previously promised that within a month he would be able to offer the first two volumes of his work, the engraver has been so slow that he has managed to finish only the first section of equinoctial plants; Humboldt awaits the completion of his table on the equatorial regions (“mon tableau phy‑ sique des regions équatoriales”), which he will address to Vaughan, the president, and Benjamin Smith Barton; Humboldt praises the United States, which presents such a beautiful moral picture (“beau tab­ leau morale”), and hopes that with TJ’s help he will one day force his way into the immense regions of the west; while in Paris, he read nine papers to the national

institute; Vaughan will have seen the pa‑ pers on magnetism and on an analysis of air; Humboldt has since done a compari‑ son between the Andes and Mont Cenis in the “Ex‑republique” of Genoa; by Sep‑ tember he will be in Berlin, where the king has named him to the Prussian acad‑ emy; he will stay there as long as it is use‑ ful for his publications and then will pur‑ sue his projects in the Missouri, the Arctic Circle, and Asia; one must take advantage of youth and then die a citizen of Fredonia; while in Berlin, he hopes to be a useful correspondent of the American Philosophi‑ cal Society; Carlos Montufar is in Madrid and has received promises from Manuel de Godoy (“le Prince de la Paix”), while Aimé Bonpland has received a pension of 3,000 francs from the emperor; the do‑ mestic servant has returned to Cumaná with the dog; Humboldt asks Vaughan to

 460 

15 OCTOBER 1805 salute for him the many individuals he met in the United States and to pay a thousand respects to the president and to Gallatin and Madison; an English translation of Humboldt’s works will be published, and Humboldt asks that Vaughan print a pro‑

spectus in the United States (RC in same; in French; printed in Ingo Schwarz, ed., Alexander von Humboldt und die Vereinig‑ ten Staaten von Amerika: Briefwechsel [Berlin, 2004], 105‑8).

From Robert Gamble Sir Richmond Octr. 15th. 1805 Your letter dated at Monticello the 28h. ulto: I only got by last mail—The statement therein, shewing a balance due you from the estate of Colo Thomas Bell of 17£–12. 10– accords with the list of debts taken from his Books.—I intended enclosing you a Bank—or post note to cover it but an arrangement by the directors precludes any being issued for less than 100 Dollars—Consequently as pr. receipt here in I paid the 58 Dollars & 80 cents to Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson of this place. with whom they say you have money transactions & will of course account with you for the same From the extreme dilatoriness in the Courts—little progress has yet been made in Collections—& Where Judgments have been got—. appeals—injunctions &c are obtained by the defendants on the most frivolous pretexts—and from the most Minute examination into Matters—There will be a difficiency of assetts—to cover the claims on the Estate—the Western Lands are so involved with interferences believed to have prior rights, the Legatees will Scarcely find it worth Expense & trouble to investigate & obtain titles, if practicable—. Ac‑ counts from 1/6 to 30/. amounting to near 1000 £s. are against ne‑ groes. & other creatures scattered over the Country—dead & Insol‑ vent & totally lost—I shall as a creditor be a sufferer—your mentioning the balance due you being for Nails—as Cash—has induced me to discharge the principal—and recollecting the great affection my de‑ ceased relative had for you, & the esteem you held him in—occasions my intruding on your time, with a sketch or narrative of his affairs I should otherwise have deemed irrelavent & improper as an Executor. With regard. I remain your mo. obt & mo. hum st. Ro. Gamble RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Ths. Jeffer­ son Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: receipt of Gibson & Jefferson, Richmond, 15 Oct., for $58.80 on TJ’s account (MS in same).

your letter: TJ’s letter to Gamble dated 28 Sep. is recorded in SJL but has not been found. estate of colo thomas bell: Bell was Gamble’s uncle, his mother’s brother. In his accounts for 18 Oct., TJ noted a

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15 OCTOBER 1805 payment of $58.50 from Gamble to Gib‑ son & Jefferson, “being the principal of the balance due from Colo. Bell to me” (Joseph A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia, from 1726 to 1871, 2d

ed. [Staunton, 1902], 288; mb, 2:1165). For more on TJ’s posthumous account settlement with Bell, who died in 1800, see TJ to Thomas Carr, Jr., 6 Apr., and Vol. 32:342n.

To James Oldham Sir Washington Oct. 15. 05 Your letter of the 6th. has been duly recieved. I have spoken with Capt Andrews & undertaken to pay him his demand on you three weeks hence, which he says will perfectly answer his purpose. it was £67. 13. 1½ New York currency = 169. D 14 c and not Virginia cur‑ rency as you had supposed. this paiment will be carried to my credit in your account. Accept my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Old‑ ham”; endorsed by TJ.

pay him: on 14 Nov., TJ recorded in his financial memoranda a payment in favor of George Andrews for $174.18 (mb, 2:1167).

From Philippe Reibelt, with Jefferson’s Note Monsieur! Baltimore le 15e. Oct. 1805. J’ai par çelle çi l’honneur de repondre a la Votre du 12, qui m’est parvenue hier midi. 1) Mr. Du Catel, un de mes Connaissançes particuliéres, m’a dit, çes jours çi d’avoir offert a l’Auctionaire pour le Grand buste en ques‑ tion (il y en a encore 2 petits) au Nom, je ne sais pas du Ministre ou Consul de sa Majestè Imper. de France, supposant, que personne d’autre jamais n’en voudroit, 25 Gourdes, mais qu’on lui avoit re‑ pondû, qu’il etoit deja vendu (Ces Mess. veulent maintenant prendre les petits)—Mr. Schwarze m’a invitè, de prononcer Sur le prix—­ sachant çela je puis donc de Conscience le fixer à 25 Gourdes, et pas plus haut. 2) Mr. de La Tullaye n’a pas de Semence d’Estragon, mais il en attend des pieds, et il sera tres flattè, de pouvoir Vous en envoyer. 3) Mr. de Lapoype m’avoit parlè d’une grande Lettre de Vous a l’Institut de France, dont Vous lui aviez donnè une Copie. c’est celle que j’aurois desirè d’avoir.  462 

15 OCTOBER 1805

 4) Je Vous prie de regarder les deux Mengotti, qui sortent de ma petite bibliotheque—comme faisant partie de votre Grande. (Les Ou‑ vrages de çet Auteur sont extrement rares)—et 5) de me les preter (a son tems)—ainsi que Votre Exempl. de l’Econ. politique de Say (celui toute de Suite) pour le Professeur Girardin. 6) Je Vous prierais aussi, de me permettre de garder come propri‑ eté Vos observations Sur la Virginie en francais, que Vous avez eû la bontè de me preter, par le Motif, que c’est un Exempl. qui a fait partie de votre bibliotheque. 7) Vous vous rappellerez, de m’avoir dit, a Monticello a Table, que l’Edition in Quarto de l’hist. nat. des peroquets—etant, la plus grande marge exceptée— absolument la même, que çelle in folio, si elle ne seroit pas si chere, conviendroit bien pour decorer votre Salle a Man‑ ger; Permettez donc, que je Vous offre çette edition in 4to. au prix d’Editeur, Savoir 48 Gourdes.—au quel la Maison, parce qu’elle en est l’editeur, me l’a fixè? 8) Avez vû recu Parkyns en Allemand—? 9) Messieurs de La Tullaye Botaniste, et Mr. Du Catel Chymiste, desirent de Vous presenter leurs respects a Federal City—et m’engagent, de les y accompagner. Je suis penetrè des Sentimens de la plus profonde Veneration. Reibelt [Note in TJ’s hand:] ✓ bust ✓ lre to institute Mengotti. Notes Virga. Say ✓ Peroquets Parkins his visit Phaeton Aristotle by Camus. 2. v. 4to. hist. des animaux Plin. Fr. N. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 15 Oct. 1805 I have the honor of replying to your letter of the 12th, which reached me yesterday noon. 1. Mr. Ducatel, whom I know well, told me recently that he offered the auctioneer $25 for the large bust in question (there are also two small ones) on behalf of the minister or consul (I do not know which) of his French imperial majesty, assuming no one else would want it. But he was told it had already been sold. These men now want to buy the small ones. Mr. Schwarze

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15 OCTOBER 1805 invited me to state a price. Knowing this, I can now in good conscience de‑ clare $25, and no more. 2. Mr. La Tullaye does not have any tarragon seeds, but he is expecting more and will be honored to send you some. 3. Mr. La Poype told me about your fine letter to the French Institute, of which you gave him a copy. That is the one I would like to have. 4. I ask you to consider the two Mengotti books from my small library as belonging to your great one (works by this author are extremely rare) and 5. to lend them to me at some point, along with your copy of Say’s Écono‑ mie politique (this one right away) for Professor Girardin. 6. I also ask you to allow me to keep your Notes on Virginia in French, that you were kind enough to lend me, since the copy belonged to your library. 7. You will remember having told me, at the table at Monticello, that the quarto edition of the natural history of parrots, which is exactly the same as the folio edition, except for the wide margins, would be suitable decoration for your dining room if it is not too expensive. Allow me to offer you this quarto edition at the publisher’s price of $48, the amount set by the printer, because he is also the publisher. 8. Did you receive the Parkyns in German? 9. Messrs. La Tullaye, a botanist, and Ducatel, a chemist, wish to present their respects to you in the federal city, and invite me to accompany them. I am imbued with the deepest esteem. Reibelt RC (DLC); with note by TJ below en‑ dorsement; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. ministre ou consul: respectively, Louis Marie Turreau and Louis Arcambal.

The inclusion of references to his pha­ eton and to French translations of Aris­ totle and Pliny indicates that TJ likely compiled the list in conjunction with his response of 19 Oct.

From Caesar A. Rodney Cool Spring near Wilmington Honored & Dr. Sir, Octob. 15th. 1805. I cannot avoid transmitting you the enclosed letter from my father, which was forwarded to me this day from Philada. Tho’ the Govern‑ ment may perhaps have received more correct & detailed information on the subject, especially if the directions given by my father have been complied with. If the Spanish Government are concerned in the business, I sus‑ pect, their agency is concealed in the darkness of the hour at which the act was perpetrated, un less they are prepared to throw off the mask. The prudence & discretion of our own Government is equal to any emergency of the times; which seem pregnant with events, & I am confident that we cannot be taken by surprize  464 

16 OCTOBER 1805

 Permit me to congratulate you, on the happy release of our captive fellow citizens & the honorable peace made with Tripoli. With great personal regard & political esteem I am Dr. Sir Yours Most ­Sincerely C. A. Rodney RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 18 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure not identified, but see below. the subject: the enclosed letter by Thomas Rodney likely referred to an in‑ cident that occurred on 3 Sep., in which a number of men from Spanish West Florida crossed the border into Missis‑ sippi Territory and kidnapped the Kemper

brothers, Nathan, Reuben, and Samuel. The Kempers were subsequently rescued by an army detachment stationed at Pointe Coupee (William Baskerville Hamilton, Anglo‑American Law on the Frontier: Thomas Rodney & His Territorial Cases [Durham, N.C., 1953], 77‑8; asp, Foreign Relations, 2:683‑9; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:336‑7).

Notes from James Dinsmore on Architectural Ornaments [before 16 Oct. 1805] frize board of Chamber Chimney Cap length 4. f 11½ I breadth 7½ I. the ornaments to be the Same as in the frize of the En‑ tablature, viz. for an Inonic dentile Cornice bespoke of capt Andrews Oct. 16. 05. Plinths for Parlour fire place ⎪⎫ ⎪ length 8½ I. ⎬ bespoke of mr Blagden. Oct. 16. 05 ⎪ breadth 9⅛ I. ⎪ ⎭ thickness 3. I. MS (MHi: Coolidge Collection); in Dinsmore’s hand; brace added by TJ; notes added by TJ shown in italics; Nichols, Architectural Drawings, No. 147v.

To Justus Erich Bollmann Dear Sir Washington Oct. 16. 05 I have spoken with Genl. Dearborne, within whose department is the appointment at Natchitoches proposed to you. he says it would be desireable that you could be at the post as early as December, but that the business can go on provided you are there in all the month of February. he says it has the reputation of being a healthy place, & as far as he can judge by the military sick lists it is quite so. we have two or three companies there. it is understood there is a tolerably good so‑ ciety there. the whole population is of about 2000. persons, of whom  465 

16 OCTOBER 1805

two fifths are blacks. I am in hopes these particulars will enable you to decide. accept my salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. mr Davie of Philadelphia is the person who is at the head of the Indian commercial business. PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Dr. Boll‑ man”; endorsed by TJ.

proposed to you: TJ to Bollmann, 6 Oct.

From Justus Erich Bollmann Sir, New york. October 16th. 1805 Since I had the Honour of addressing Your Excellency on the 11th. Instant I have seen Mr. Labigard a French Gentleman, who has given me much satisfactory and, I believe, correct Information respecting the locality of Natchitoches. Presuming at the same Time that from four to Six Weeks will be allowed me for the Arrangement of my Con‑ cerns I no longer hesitate to accept with Gratitude Your Excellency’s Offer of the Factorship at that Place. I suppose it will be requisite to proceed to Washington in Order to become more fully acquainted with Your Intentions respecting the Conduct I am to pursue in my new Situation, and I shall await Your Commands on this Subject. I beg Your Excellency to accept the Assurances of my Attachment and Respect Erich Bollmann RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

11th. instant: Bollmann’s letter has not been found (see Appendix iv). labigard: probably Peter Delabigarre (Vol. 33:609n; Vol. 43:289; Vol. 44:21, 24, 263).

To Christian VII, King of Denmark Great and Good Friend, I have received the letter in which your Majesty informs me, that the bad state of health, under which Mr Peter Blicher Olsen, here­ tofore your Majesty’s Minister Resident and Consul General to the United States, has labored, has induced you to yield to his prayers by recalling him from that appointment. As during his residence with us he has merited our esteem, I cannot omit to do him justice by recom‑ mending him to you as a faithful minister, who has neglected no op‑ portunity to promote the cordial harmony which has always prevailed  466 

16 OCTOBER 1805

between your Majesty and the United States: And I gladly take this occasion of assuring your Majesty of the desire by which the United States are animated to cultivate your friendship more and more; pray‑ ing at the same time that the Lord may have you, Great and Good Friend, in his holy keeping. Written at the City of Washington the Sixteenth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight hundred and five. Your Good Friend, Th: Jefferson FC (Lb in DNA: RG 59, Credences); in a clerk’s hand; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States of America” and “To His Majesty the King of Denmark, Norway, the Vandals and the Goths, Duke of Sleswic, Holstein,

Stormar, Ditmarsh and Oldenburg &c.”; below signature: “By the President, James Madison Secy of State.” letter: Christian VII to TJ, 5 Apr. 1805.

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans October 16th. 1805 The Office of Surveyor for this Port, having become vacant by the Death of Mr. Andrew Porter, I take the liberty to recommend to you as his Successor Mr. Peter L. B. Duplessis. This Gentleman is a Na‑ tive Citizen of the United States, and Speaks the French Language in great purity. He was formerly in the employ of my Deceased friend H. B. Trist, who often Spoke of him to me in the most respectful and friendly manner. Mr. Duplessis lately married a Creole Lady of Louisiana, and is now permanently Settled in this City. He is a young Man of Talents, well acquainted with Business, and Supports an Amiable Character. Should he therefore on this occasion, be honored with your notice, I verily believe he will discharge with fidelity and to your entire Satis‑ faction, the trust committed to him. I am Dr Sir with great respect Your faithful friend William C. C. Claiborne P.S.—I might add, that Mr. Duplessis was much esteemed by the Merchants of this City, & could no doubt, have obtained the signa‑ tures of many of them, to a Petition for his appointment.—But this was an expedient, to which he declined resorting.— W. C. C. C. RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); in a clerk’s hand, with signatures and postscript in Claiborne’s hand; at foot of text, above postscript: “Thomas Jefferson President

of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and “Duplessis Peter L. B. to be Survr. N.O.” and so recorded in SJL.

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To João, Prince Regent of Portugal Great and Good Friend, I have received the letter of your Royal Highness, whereby you inform me that in Testimony of your esteem for the distinguished prudence, intelligence and activity displayed in your service by the Chevalier Cypriano Ribeiro Friere, who heretofore acted as your Royal Highness’s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, you had judged it convenient to appoint him to reside with the character of your Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of his Majesty the King of Denmark. As during his residence with us he rendered himself worthy of the general esteem and of being rec‑ ommended to you as a good and faithful Minister, I have observed with great satisfaction, that his Merits have attracted your notice and bounty. In requesting your acceptance of the high esteem and cordial good will we feel for you, I pray the Lord, Great and Good Friend, to have you in his safe and holy keeping Written at the City of Washington the sixteenth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight hundred and five. Your Good Friend, Th: Jefferson FC (Lb in DNA: RG 59, Credences); in a clerk’s hand; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States of America, To His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent of Portugal, and of the two Algarves, on this side and on that of the sea, in Africa, of Guinea, and of the Con‑ quest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethi‑ opia, Arabia, Persia and of India &c.”;

below signature: “By the President, James Madison Secretary of State.” Cipriano Ribeiro Freire ceased to be Portugal’s resident minister to the United States in 1799, but his letter of recall was not conveyed to the U.S. government until 1805 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:266).

To Walter Key Sir Washington Oct. 12. [i.e. 16] 05. Your favor of the 12th. came to hand yesterday. I had no notice from mr Lilly of his engagement to pay you 150. D. or it should have been fulfilled. as it is, I am not prepared to answer it at sight but will remit you the money in the 2d. week of the ensuing month which I hope may be made to answer your purpose as you may make any ar‑ rangement you please with safety on a certainty of then recieving it. Accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); misdated; at foot of text: “Mr. Walter Key”; endorsed by TJ “Oct. (12. for) 16. 05.” and so recorded in SJL under 16 Oct.

will remit you: in his financial memoranda for 14 Nov., TJ recorded a payment of $150 to Key “for corn” (mb, 2:1167).

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From James Madison Dear Sir Gray’s Ocr. 16. 1805. I recd. duly your favor of the 11th. at this place, where I am still very painfully detained by the situation of Mrs. M. The appearance of her knee is still equivocal; I am afraid discouraging as to a very prompt and compleat cure. I am the less able however to pronounce on this point, as the Dr. has been prevented by indisposition from seeing his patient for several days, and I cannot be guided by his judgment. We expect he will visit her tomorrow. I am not the less distressed by this uncertainty, in consequence of the indulgent man‑ ner in which you regard my absence; but it would have been a great alleviation to me, if my absence had not suspended important ques‑ tions, on which my aid would have been so inconsiderable. The sus‑ pension however I hope will not be continued if circumstances should press for early decisions. The latest accounts from Europe may per‑ haps suggest a little delay with respect to any provisional arrange‑ ments with England. Considering the probability of an extension of the war agst. France, and the influence that may have on her temper towards the U.S: the uncertainty of effecting with England such a shape for an arrangement as alone would be admissible, and the pos‑ sible1 effects elsewhere of abortive overtures to her, I think it very questionable whether a little delay may not be expedient, especially as in the mean time the English pulse will be somewhat felt by the discussions now on foot by Mr. Monroe. With respect to Morales, my idea is that he should be instantly ordered off, if Claiborne has the legal power necessary: to which ought to be added perhaps some pub‑ lic admonition agst. the purchase of lands from him. Casa Calvo has more of personal claim to indulgence. I lean to the opinion never­ theless that he should receive notice also to depart; unless Claiborne should be very decided in thinking his stay useful. The stronger his personal claim to indulgence may be, the stronger would be the man‑ ifestation of the public sentiment producing his dismission. Yrujo’s case involves some delicate considerations. The harshness of his re‑ call, as made by our Ministers, and then the footing of a voluntary return on which his leaving the U.S. was put, seem to suggest a de‑ gree of forbearance. On the other hand the necessity of some marked displeasure at the Spanish Conduct, a necessity produced as is be‑ lieved by his own mischevious agency, and the indelicacy of his ob‑ truding his functions here, if that should be the case, plead strongly for peremptory measures towards him. As it is not yet formally2 known, that he has heard from his Govt. in consequence of the letter of recall, altho’ rendered pretty certain by a recurrence to dates, it may be well  469 

16 OCTOBER 1805

perhaps to see whether he manifests a purpose of remaining here. If he should the question will arise whether he shall receive notice that his departure was expected, or that he can no longer be received as the organ of communication with his Govt. Thro’ private channels I collect that he proposes to be at Washington the ensuing winter. The idea is also given out by his family that they are to go to Spain. It cannot be long before some occasion will arise for knowing his real intentions, and therefore for expressing those of the Executive. As to Bowdoin I think it clear he ought to remain in England for the pres‑ ent, and if Erving should have not proceeded to Madrid, I think he also should remain there. Pinkney if, as is to be wished & his last letter promised, he should have left Spain, will have named Young or some one else, to be the shadow of a representation and if shd. have named no one, perhaps so much the better. If you think it proper that Mr. Wagner should write to Bowdoin or Claiborne or both, he will on an intimation of what you wish to be said, write letters of which he is very capable, either in his own name referring to my absence, or to be sent hither for my signature. I find it necessary to mention, what I thought I had done before, that on receiving your sanction, I intimated, to Armstrong the Opin‑ ion here that Insurers stood in the shoes of the insured, under the Convention. I was particularly careful however to use terms that would not commit the Govt. on the question of a mixture of British subjects in the transaction. The question had occurred to me on reading the papers concerning the N. Jersey and I suggested it Mr. Dallas, who confirmed the fact of such a mixture. It appeared to me however, that it was best not to bring the matter into view by countenancing a different decision in a particular case, from what had taken place in simi‑ lar cases. Probably ⅘ of the payments under the Convention involve the question I wrote long ago to Gelston to send me the precise amount of what is due on the Hermitage, with a promise to remit the money. I have not yet recd. an answer, which I ascribe to the confusion produced in N.Y. by the fever. In the same manner I explain his not having for‑ warded the wine to Washington I inclose a letter &c from Truxton which explains itself. also one from Fraissinet, with a recommendation of him for Consul at Marti‑ nique. I explained the obstacle to the appt. of a Consul. He was not altogether unaware of it, but seemed to think that an informal Agency at least would not be offensive, but otherwise, and would be very use‑ ful. I believe he wd. suit very well for such a purpose, probably better than any other to be had; and it is possible that Turreau might give  470 

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some sort of sanction. Prudent guardians of our affairs in the W. Indies would probably prevent much loss to individuals, and much perplexity to the Govt. If you think the proposition in this case admissible, and that it ought to depend on Turreau, Wagner could communicate with Petry on the subject, unless any other mode of ascertaining the disposition in that quarter be thought better. I put under the same cover with this the last letters from Monroe, which you will please to send to the office when you think proper. I am sorry he did not transmit copies of the law opinions given him by Lord Mulgrave. With constant & respectful attacht I remain Yrs. James Madison RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Oct. and “Span. affrs.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) John Joseph Frais‑ sinet to Madison, not found, but see below. (2) Probably James Monroe to Madison, 6 Aug., from London; Monroe reports that he arrived in London on 23 July, having departed Madrid in late May and having spent three weeks in Paris; at Madrid, he made it known to the French minister that he would welcome French sponsorship of continued negotiations with Spanish diplomats during his time in Paris, but nothing came of the overture, and he  felt it more consistent with “publick honor” to forgo any additional requests for French interference; James Bowdoin has also arrived at London, and Monroe thinks it most appropriate for Bowdoin to await further orders from the adminis‑ tration, while George W. Erving relieves Charles Pinckney at Madrid; Monroe re‑ ports the condemnation at the admiralty court of an American vessel on the same principle as several others; he encloses a letter to Lord Mulgrave on the subject and Mulgrave’s response (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:178‑81). (3) Proba‑ bly Monroe to Madison, 16 Aug., from London; Monroe encloses correspondence with Mulgrave about British seizures of American vessels in the English Channel and North Sea; during a meeting the pre‑ vious day Mulgrave shared with Monroe admiralty reports on late condemnation decisions and promised another confer‑ ence once Monroe has read the reports; Monroe has raised the impression that the

Essex decision was intended to benefit Brit‑ ish commerce at the expense of that of the United States, but Mulgrave insists that his government does not intend an un‑ friendly posture; Monroe reports on ma‑ neuvers of the French and British fleets (same, 216‑17). (4) Probably Monroe to Madison, 20 Aug., from London; Mon‑ roe has met again with Mulgrave, who has insisted that neutral powers have no right to engage in commerce with the colony of an enemy; any impression that a more lenient policy formerly prevailing was owed to British acknowledgment of neu‑ tral rights, as opposed to strategic for‑ bearance, is mistaken; in their previous meeting Mulgrave pointed out that cases brought against most of the seized Amer‑ ican vessels were dismissed, and Monroe agrees that some were; he has returned the admiralty reports for copying; Bow‑ doin will go to Paris to await orders, and Erving will depart immediately for Ma­ drid to relieve Pinckney (same, 231‑2). For other enclosures, see below. For Madison’s advice to John arm‑ strong, see same, 241‑2. letter &c from truxton: Madison was probably enclosing a letter of 15 Sep. from Thomas Truxtun in which Truxtun discussed his attempts to resolve his differ­ ences with Robert Smith (about which, see also Smith’s letter of this day). Truxtun enclosed in that letter copies of documents he sent to Smith intended to prove that he did not resign his naval commission in 1802 when declining command of the Mediterranean squadron. Also enclosed

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16 OCTOBER 1805 were Truxtun’s views on how the cam‑ paign against Tripoli should have been waged. Truxtun hoped that Madison and the president might see him as “honour‑ able and useful” (same, 337‑40). It is also possible that Madison was enclosing a letter of 16 June from Truxtun recount‑ ing his attempts to communicate to the administration ideas for defeating Tripoli “without paying a dollar for tribute or for ransom.” Unsure if his ideas had ever been circulated, Truxtun emphasized his patriotic motives for sending advice and enclosed a copy of a force recommenda‑ tion he had sent to Smith after news of the loss of the Philadelphia. Truxtun ex‑ plained that the recommendation derived from a plan he devised in 1801 for bring‑ ing Tripoli to terms that he “had then a

hope to have dictated and enforced”—a hope, he added, that “soon vanished and we are yet at war” (RC in DLC: TJ Pa‑ pers, 150:26225). Although no letter from fraissinet to Madison has been found, a letter of 5 Oct. from William Davy to Madison rec‑ ommended Fraissinet as someone held in high estimation by “the most respectable Merchants of Philadelphia” who would “render essential services” if appointed consul at Martinique (RC in DNA: RG 59, LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Fraissinet John Joseph. to be Consul Martinique”). 1

 Word interlined in place of “eventual.”  Word interlined in place of “absolutely.” 2

To George Price & Co. Gentlemen Washington Oct. 16. 05 Mr. John Speer of Charlottesville has desired me to remit you by the first mail 100. D. in consequence of orders on me from persons in my employ. their draughts are by arrangement with them to be always at 30. days sight, because once a month I take up & settle all my affairs of that nature. this probably was unknown to mr Speer, & I should not have stood on it had it been convenient to have done otherwise. as it is I can only undertake to make that remittance for him in the 2d. week of the ensuing month, on which subject I now write to him, as I have thought my duty to him required I should also mention it to you. Accept my salutations & respects Th: Jefferson RC (Charles Retz, Inc., New York City, 1945); addressed: “Messrs. George Pryce & co. Merchants Baltimore”; franked and postmarked. PoC (ViW: Tucker Coleman Collection); endorsed by TJ.

A 12 Oct. letter from Charlottesville mer‑ chant john speer has not been found, nor has TJ’s reply to him of 16 Oct. (see Ap‑ pendix iv; mb, 2:1135).

 472 

From Robert Smith Sir, Nav. Dep. Oct. 16. 1805 It has probably not escaped your Observation that there has been some coolness between Com. Truxtun and myself. It proceeded from a misunderstanding on his part of my views in relation to him when he had last the Command of the Cheasapeak. This misunderstanding was Occasioned by certain federal misrepresentations to him. Through the interposition, however, of several respectable republicans we have lately had an eclaircissement. He now attributes all our misunder‑ standings and his own present awkward situation to the malicious machinations of certain federal partisans and he has made an ade‑ quate apology for the Opinions he had been induced to conceive of me. Many letters have passed between us in the Course of the Summer. And after having adjusted to my perfect satisfaction every point be‑ tween us that was merely personal, I received from him a letter dated the 7h. Ult, written at the instance of some of our Republican friends, requesting to know his situation in the Navy stating at the same time his regret that he had so unfortunately expressed himself in his letter of March 3d 1802 as to have Conveyed an idea that was not enter‑ tained by him. He has not only pledged to me his honour that that letter was not intended as a resignation; but he has adduced evidence to satisfy me that he had no idea of the kind. After a deliberate consideration of this subject in all its relations I have thought that the within is a proper letter. Some such letter in honour and in justice ought to be sent to him. And when I consider myself responsible for the due administration of the Navy Department in all its details, I am not a little pleased that so good an opportunity has occurred of having again the services of so gallant, so experienced and so well informed an Officer, and especially when I advert to the Crisis to which our affairs seem to be fast approaching. He justly pos‑ sesses in a high degree the Confidence of our Country and is more‑ over popular among our friends. In case of his being re‑instated he intends residing in the City of Washington. Among other advantages thence resulting he would be very useful in assisting Capt Tingey in establishing, what I have much at heart, an improved system of economy at the Navy Yard. Without some such assistance Capt Tingey will not be able to accomplish this favourite object and indeed will not be capable of discharging the other important duties of his appointment. His station requires more sense, information and energy than he possesses.  473 

16 OCTOBER 1805

 In a private letter after receiving his of the 7th. Ult. I have in‑ formed Com. Truxtun that I could not let him know his situation in the Navy until your pleasure should be known. It will be agreeable to me to be enabled to convey to him this information soon— Respectfully Your Ob. Servt. Rt Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Oct. and “Truxton” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Thomas Truxtun’s 7 Sep. letter to Smith presented his case that he had not actually resigned from the navy in 1802. Truxtun explained that he had been ill when he wrote his resignation and that had he intended to resign, he would have returned his commission. He provided at‑ testations by Charles Biddle and Richard Dale that he had no intention of leaving the public’s service (Truxtun to Smith, 7 Sep., Tr in DLC: Madison Papers; Mad‑ ison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:339n; Madison to TJ, 16 Oct.). some such letter: in November and December 1805, Smith consulted with Ed‑

ward Preble, William Bainbridge, Samuel Barron, James Barron, and Alexander Murray on whether or not Truxtun had actually resigned his commission. All ex‑ cept for Murray, Truxtun’s former subor‑ dinate, agreed that he had, in fact, left the service (Eugene S. Ferguson, Truxtun of the Constellation: The Life of Commodore Thomas Truxtun, U.S. Navy, 1755‑1822 [Baltimore, 1956], 239‑40). On 10 Feb. 1806, Smith wrote to Truxtun to inform him that his case and the opinions of lead‑ ing officers had “been submitted to the President,” who found that Truxtun “can‑ not now be reinstated consistently with the Privileges of the Captains and other Officers of the Navy of the United States” (DNA: RG 45, LSO).

From Samuel Smith Sir/ Balte. 16. Octr. 1805 I do myself the honor to Send You the inclosed—Mr. Keene is a young Lawyer from this City, the Gentleman who married Mr. Mar‑ tins Daughter. I have the honor to be, Your Obedt. Servt. S. Smith RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Oct. and “Toulman to be judge Orleans” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Richard Raynal Keene to Smith, 12 Sep.; he is attending court at Washington in Mississippi Territory and recommends Harry Toulmin for an ap‑ pointment as judge in Orleans Territory, suggesting that it would be “infinitely easier to supply his place” in Mississippi than it has been to supply quality judges in Orleans; after attending court in Mis‑ sissippi, Keene finds Toulmin “accu‑ rate  & prompt in his decisions” (RC in same; endorsed by TJ: “Toulman Harry

to be judge Orleans Keene to Genl. Sam. Smith”). keene, a New Orleans resident origi‑ nally from Baltimore, had controversially eloped with Luther Martin’s daughter El‑ eonora in 1802 (New‑York Evening Post, 6 Feb. 1802; Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 2 Mch. 1802; Luther Martin, Modern Gratitude, in Five Num‑ bers: Addressed to Richard Raynall Keene, Esq., Concerning a Family Marriage [Bal‑ timore, 1802]). Silas Dinsmoor also recommended Toul‑ min for the judgeship in a 12 Oct. letter to

 474 

16 OCTOBER 1805 Dearborn, writing that Toulmin’s “young family find here no society congenial to their habits of life, of course a removal would be desirable” (RC in DNA: RG 59,

LAR; endorsed by TJ: “Toulmin judge. to be judge Orleans 1805 Dinsmore to Genl Dearborne”).

To James Walker Sir Washington Oct. 16. 05. Your letter of the 10th. did not come to hand till yesterday. had it come by the post of the 10th. & arrived on the 12th. as it ought to have done, I could have complied with the request of the hundred dollars, as on that day I settled & paid the demands of the month which I regularly do the 2d week of every month, after which it is rarely in my power to answer a demand of any size till the next month. I mention this for your future government. it will not be possible for me now to send you the money till that time in the next month; but on being assured of it then you may perhaps be able to obtain that accomodation. I propose hereafter to remit you 100 Dollars the 2d week of every month: should more be necessary at any time you must give me a month’s notice. I think with you that it is better people should settle the prices of work before hand, and I generally do it myself, & think it has already been done between you & me. when I saw you at mr Cocke’s Sep. 28. 1802 it was agreed between us that you should undertake my mill & details were settled. it was as we walked about the mill together, where I had not the conveniency to commit our verbal agreement to writing; but on the next day I returned home, & the day following I committed our agreement to writing for remembrance. I kept a press copy of it myself and certainly sent you the original signed by myself. I could be certain on this point were I at Monticello, but the circum‑ stance of my possessing the press copy & not the original is sufficient presumption I sent it to you. I think it probable you will find it among your papers. I now send you a copy, and I dare say it will recall to your memory all the particulars. I do not think it could be put on a fairer footing than this paper puts it: and I trust you will so consider it. have you recieved the bolting cloths & gudgeons. they have been paid for by mr Jefferson 33. D 53 C and 37 D. Accept my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. James Walker”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: a copy of Notes on an Agreement with James Walker, 28 Sep. 1802 (Vol. 38:429‑30).

 475 

From Elizabeth Allicocke Honord Sir, George Town Octoer. 17th; 1805— The bearer of this, Elizth. Allicocke, whom is the writer of this humble address to you, begs for every remission for this intrusion, as real distress obliges her to make application for some assistance, from the humane, and charitable; otherwise She must suffer in the extreme, not having any Relations, or friends, in this part of the world, to apply to, for help, in any one respect whatever.—I will now inform you, Honord Sir, the occasion, of my being in this unhappy predica‑ ment. I have a very good, and profitable business, but on account of those extreme hard times, and great scarcity of money, little and no employ for me, has embarrassed me so, that I have not the means to support nature, as to find myself in the necessary’s of wearing ap‑ parel, and all the clothes I am possess’d of, are what I have on me, at this present time, in the present distress I suffer greatly, the con‑ sequence of which is, that I must endeavour, to get to Philidelpha, where I expect I shall meet with, some of my fathers particular friends, from whom, I hope to have some relief, that will enable me to estab‑ lish my self in my business, which is the conducting of the Leghorn flatts, Philidelpha, I am told being the only place, whare it is in circu‑ lation, alas, how unfortunate, not one cent in the world, to carry me there, a severity of weather, we must soon now expect, and I without any Sustenance whatever, and likely to be no otherwise, unless I can go to those friends, of my Relations, whom I have herein incerted. I have been obliged heretofore, to part with all I could possibly spare, to support myself, being a Strainger in this place, their was no person would lend me as much, as one dollar, unless I could give security, which is entirely out of my power.—I hope my trespassing on your time, the perusal of this Epistle, Mr. Jefferson, you will deign to par‑ don me for, and hoping I may be deserving your attention, or any as‑ sistance, you may think proper to aid me, I will most greafully thank you for, I now beg leave to subscribe myself Honord Sir— your Obent. humble Sernt. Elizth. Allicocke. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Allicocke hoped to sell leghorn hats, a type of straw hat or bonnet made from finely plaited Italian wheat straw. The broad‑brimmed, low‑crowned variety also known as a “flat” was popular with Amer‑ ican women and sold in bulk (oed; Sir

William A. Craigie and James R. Hul‑ bert, eds., Dictionary of American English, 4 vols. [Chicago, 1938‑1944], 2:1007; Relfs Philadelphia Gazette, 18 Mch. 1805; New‑York Commercial Advertiser, 19 May 1806). any assistance: on the day he received this letter TJ gave $10 in “Charity” to an unidentified recipient (mb, 2:1165).

 476 

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Octer. 17th 1805 Dr. Turner has repeatedly applied to the Treasury, since his claim was barred by the act of limitation, or rather by his not applying in the manner & time provided by that act. I enclose one of his letters in which is a memorandum of the Auditor stating why the claim cannot be admitted, and copy of my answer to his last letter. On the 12th Septer., the application of Mr. Merry in behalf of — Foster for exemption of duties was submitted to you in a letter from the Trea‑ sury Department. Your decision has not been communicated; and the case remains suspended. With great respect Your obt. Sert. Albert Gallatin John Randolph writes to me in order to know whether Mr Munroe will remain in London till next summer, and says that it is of impor‑ tance to him to know. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Oct. and “Doctr. Turner. Foster” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found (see TJ to Philip Turner, 18 Oct.).

dr. turner: see Philip Turner to TJ, 10 Oct. On 12 Oct., john randolph wrote to Gallatin, inquiring as to James Monroe’s whereabouts for the summer (Gallatin, Papers, 11:626).

From Oliver Whipple Providence May it Please your Excellency, October 17th. 1805— When the foregoing Letter was given me by Governor Fenner, it was my Intention to have waited on you, at Washington, immediately after; but on Reflection, it accured, that you would probably be at Monticello, and I might possibly loose the expected Honour of a per‑ sonal Interview, I have therefore, for the present, owing to some In‑ disposition, delayed my intended Visit untill the sickly Season, is over. But I have now, a melancholly Tale to unfold, (in Stead of presenting myself to your Excellency. Governor Fenner is no more! Your Friend and Admirer is no more! Yesterday he gave the last adieu!—His Coun‑ try agonizes at the deep felt Wound! A Flash of returning Health, for a while, cheered our drooping Hopes; but yesterday Saw ushered in the Morning of Dispair!—Your Excellency will not deny his repub‑ lican Friends, nor myself, to eulogise for a Moment; and give some prominent & masterly Traits of his Sublime Character, which faithfull  477 

17 OCTOBER 1805

Byography will undoubtedly Sanction. As a Gentleman he was free & affable, His Deportment modest, yet firm; his Mind was of Her­ culian Texture, evincing the Power of Enterprise and Decision; His Judgment, the Result of accute Reasoning; In the vast Variety of po‑ lilitical & arduous Conflicts, in the Defence of Liberty and his Coun‑ try, he shone with uncommon Brilliance; his Resourses attached to his Energies, Such a grand Assemblage of auxiliary Virtues, That he was undaunted, at the Post of Honour, and in Council, dreaded by his Enemies; Finally by his steady & unequalled Example & Persever‑ ance, he fixed the Standard of correct Principles of Republicanism. Your Excellency will pardon this Effusion of Gratitude & Truth. I have tho’t fit to send on, this day, his friendly & polite Letter ad‑ dressed to your Excellency, at my Request; I believe it is the last Effort of this kind; which was done with Such Promptitude and such ingaging Urbanity of Manners, the Impression will never be effaced, Heighthned with this Expression, (as he wrote) I shall yet see him, myself I expect shortly to be at the Seat of Goverment, untill which Event, I pray God to have your Excellency, in his holy Keeping, I am Sr. Your Excellency’s most obedient and very humble Servt. Oliver Whipple PS. Should any appointment become vacant in my native State, or shoud any Commissioners be appointed to settle our Differences with Spain, or a Secretary to any Embassay, previous to the winter Sessions of Congress I beg your Excellency, that I may be remembered— RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); subjoined to enclosure on same folded sheet; ad‑ dressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr. President of the united States— Washington”; franked; postmarked 23 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct., connected by a brace to endorsement of

enclosure with notation “Whipple for office” and so recorded in SJL. governor fenner is no more: Ar‑ thur Fenner died on 15 Oct. at the age of 59, in his 16th consecutive term as gover‑ nor of Rhode Island (anb).

e n c l o s u r e

From Arthur Fenner Sir Providence Septemr 24th. 1805 This will be handed to you by Oliver Whipple Esq;—and at his request I take the liberty of introducing him to your notice. He is a Son of the late Judge Whipple of this State;—has been in the practice of the law, with reputation, in the State of Newhampshire for several years, and has lately returned to his native State where he proposes to spend the remainder of his days—His political sentiments are favourable to the rights of Man;—he is consequently a supporter of the present Administration of our National

 478 

18 OCTOBER 1805 Affairs—He is at present desirous of becoming acquainted with the principal republican Characters at the Seat of Government—Any attention or favor which it may be convenient for your Excellency to bestow upon him, I am confident will be received with gratitude, and will oblige your Excellency’s Most Obedt Servt— A. Fenner RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at foot of text: “The President US”; endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct., connected by a brace to endorsement of cover letter with

notation “Whipple for office” and so re‑ corded in SJL. For attempts by oliver whipple to obtain employment, see Vol. 45:517‑21.

From William Emerson Sir, New Orleans Octr. 18th. 1805 Having been lately appointed by the Collector of this [Port] to act as Surveyor pro. tem. untill your Excellency shall think fit to make an appointment, and encouraged by him to make this application. I take the Liberty of handing you the inclosed Certificate Signed by a num‑ ber of respectable merchants of this place, soliciting the same, Also a Copy of an application to the Collector in my behalf in April last for the appointment of Weigher and Guager, which had previously been disposed of, sh[ould] Your Excellency think proper to bestow the appointment [.  .  .] I hope by a faithful discharge of the Duties of Said office, to [.  .  .] your approbation, as well as that of the Publick. I have the Honor to be with much Respect Your very humble Servt. William Emerson RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); torn; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and “to be Surveyor N.O. v. Porter decd.” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Cer­ tificate, “To the President of the United States of America We the undersigned, being well convinced of the integrity abil‑ ities, & fidelity of Mr. William Emerson, Recommend him as a proper person, to fill the office of Surveyor for the port of New Orleans”; signed by 59 individuals (RC in same; undated). (2) Certificate to William Brown, collector at New Orleans, recommending Emerson as a “proper per‑ son to be appointed weigher & Guager”; signed by 29 individuals (Tr in same; en‑ tirely in Emerson’s hand; with headnote

addressed to TJ: “Sir, The following is a copy of a certificate Signed by a number of Respectable merchants of this place, in my behalf, addressed to the Collector, when the office of Weigher & Guager was Vacant in April last”). William Emerson (d. 1828) was a New Orleans merchant. In 1817, Madison ap‑ pointed him surveyor of the port of New Orleans, a position that he held until his death (Orleans Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, 5 Oct. 1807; Courrier de la Louisiane, 9 Dec. 1822; New‑York Com‑ mercial Advertiser, 27 June 1828; jep, 3:72‑3).

 479 

To Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Washington Oct. 18. 05 I had detained the letter of mr Merry on Foster’s claim of freedom from importing duties in expectation that mr Madison’s return would enable him, you, & myself to confer on it. if the case presses I will express my opinion on it. every person, diplomatic in his own right, is entitled to the privileges of the law of nations, in his own right. among these is the reciept of all packages, unopened & unexamined by the country which recieves him. the usage of nations has estab‑ lished that this shall liberate whatever is imported bona fide for his own use, from paying any duty. a government may1 controul the num‑ ber of diplomatic characters it will recieve; but if it recieves them it cannot controul their rights while bonâ fide exercised. thus Dr. Frank‑ lin, mr Adams Colo. Humphries & myself, all residing at Paris at the same time, had all of us our importations duty free. Great Britain had an Ambassador and a Minister plenipo. resident there, & an Ambas‑ sador extry. for several years. all three had their entries free. in most countries this privilege is permanent. Gr. Britain is niggardly & al‑ lows it only on the first arrival. but in this as she treats us only as she does the most favored nations, so we should treat her as we do the most favored nations. if these principles are right mr Foster is duty free. if you concur, let it be so settled. if you think differently, let it lie for mr Madison’s opinion. Colo. Monroe, in a letter of May from Madrid, expressed impa‑ tience to get back to London that he might get to America before the equinox. it was the first I had heard of his having any thought of coming here, & tho’ equivocally expressed, I thought he meant only a visit. in subsequent letters from Paris & London down to Aug. 16. he said nothing of coming, on the contrary he has re‑opened a particular negociation. the motives which led him to wish to arrive before the equinox would prevent his venturing between the equinox & winter. I think therefore he has no fixed idea of coming away. Accept affec­ tionate salutations Th: Jefferson RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); at foot of text: “Mr. Gallatin”; addressed: “The Secretary of the Treasury.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Foster. Monroe.” letter of mr merry: see Gallatin to TJ, 12 Sep. (first letter).

colo. monroe: TJ likely referred to James Monroe’s letters to Madison dated 26 May and 16 Aug. (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:405‑7; 10:216‑7). 1 TJ

 480 

here canceled “object.”

To Philip Turner Sir Washington Oct. 18. 05 Immediately on the reciept of your letter I had enquiry made at the Treasury office into the nature of the obstacles to the paiment of your claim. I inclose you the answers I recieved, by which you will percieve that, bound as we all are by the laws, as they exist, the legislature alone is competent to do you justice. I am sorry it is not in my power to point out a shorter remedy. Accept my salutations & ­respects Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Doctr. Philip Turner”; endorsed by TJ. Enclo‑ sures not found, but see Gallatin to TJ, 17 Oct.

your letter: Turner to TJ, 10 Oct.

From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours Sir, 19 8ber 1805. Paris. My profoundly motived Opinion is, Seeing that you can do the Conquest with money, it is most important for your country to do instantly by this Way the acquisition of the Canada. England which expence 500,000 £ per annum upon that property, and which Shall yet greater Commerce, when american Sagacity and activity will fertilised this land, owe not require a considerable Sum. That acquisition Seem me the only preservative which you can op‑ posite to a war which perhaps should been not differed, a long While, and which should been the sole Dangerous for the United States: be­ cause the Ennemy would attack all your new territorys, and with suffi­ cient forces invade the curse of the Ohio and give much trouble to the North‑ouest of the new York and Pensylvany states. Canada is only door for redoutable hostile intrance in your country.— have ye this door friendly and promptly in your power, in order to be not obliged to take or Shut him, the arms in the hand, with expen‑ sive, uncertain, and sanguinary Succes, by a War in which the your adversaries Would have the art to persuade the Europe that you should been the Aggressors. A Friend. RC (MHi); at head of text: “His Excel‑ lency Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived from “Anon.” and “Kosciusko. qu.” Recorded in SJL as received from “Kos‑ ciusko. qu.” on 17 Dec.

In March 1806, Du Pont identified himself as the author of the letter (Du Pont to TJ, 10 Mch. 1806).

 481 

From James Madison Dear Sir Philada. Ocr. 19, 1805 Doctor Park of this city is setting out with his daughter, on a trip Southwards and proposes to be in Washington before he returns. He is an old acquaintance in the family of Mrs. Madison, and is truly an amicable & respectable man. That he may present his respects with the greater facility I have asked him to accept a few lines making him known to you. With sentiments of respectful attachment I am Your mo: Obedt. hble servt James Madison RC (NjP); at foot of text, in Dolley Madison’s hand: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ (torn); recorded in SJL as received 30 Oct. doctor park: physician Thomas Parke was a member of the American Philosoph‑ ical Society and in 1778 became a director of the Library Company of Philadelphia, with which Dolley Madison’s first hus‑ band also had an affiliation. Parke’s wife, Rachel Pemberton Parke, died in 1786.

On the trip in 1805 he was accompanied by his daughter, Hannah (David B. Mat­tern and Holly C. Shulman, eds., The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison [Charlottesville, 2003], 67, 409, 433; “At the Instance of Benjamin Franklin”: A Brief History of the Library Company of Philadelphia [Philadelphia, 2015], 31, 36, 116; J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches [Philadelphia, 1881], 673).

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington Oct. 19. 05 Yours of the 15th. was recieved in due time. the work on Perro‑ quets is a very superior one, and cheap at the price you are so good as to propose. but I have never permitted myself to indulge in the luxe typographique because if one immerges into it, there is no bottom to it: and for a considerable time past I have discontinued adding to my library any thing except new works of merit in real science, & in those sciences too which I continue to pursue. on this general ground, I decline availing myself of your friendly offer. with respect to the bust, you will recollect how casually the idea of acquiring it arose in my mind. so lightly that on further reflection I would have corrected it, but that I had already given you the trouble of writing for it. the failure therefore is more favorable to my maturer opinion. you know the arrangement of these objects at Monticello, and that not having extended them to the circle of kings & emperors, there is there no class in which this particular bust could find it’s place. let then, if you please, all which has passed on the subject be as ‘non avenue.’  482 

19 OCTOBER 1805

 There has been a mistake between M. Le Poype & yourself as to a letter from me to the National institute. I never wrote to them but the one of which I sent you a copy. but I believe I understand the mistake. while I was at Monticello some extracts of a letter of mine to Sr. John Sinclair President of the board of Agriculture of England appeared in the public papers, which meeting mr Poype’s eye, he was pleased with it and asked to retain the paper. among other things in that letter was the description of the mouldboard of a plough of my construc‑ tion, for which, as the papers about the same time said, the National institute, or some one of it’s branches, had decreed me a medal. that letter you will find at large only in the American Philosophical trans‑ actions, vol. 4th. I now inclose you a supplement to it, of later date. The French translation of the Notes on Virginia is freely presented you. but is it at Monticello or with you? if at Monticello it will take time to get it from there. Mengotti is accepted thankfully, and now returned for the purpose you desired. my copy of Say is either lent out, or at Monticello, I do not recollect which. you sent me a copy once with some other books, which I returned to you as I already pos‑ sessed it. if yours has been sold I will make enquiry for mine. I re‑ cieved Parkins: but if you should get the English edition I should greatly prefer it, not only because of the English text, but the plates were in Aqua tinta, far more exquisitely done by the author himself than those in the German edition. have you the translation by Camus of Aristotle’s History of animals? if you have I should be glad of it. it was published first in 2. Quartos. I should prefer an Octavo edition if there be one. is there a good French translation of Pliny’s Natural history. that also would be desirable. I now send you drawings of my Phaeton. they are not for the eye, but merely geometrical1 for the art‑ ist to work by. they are so exact that he will need nothing more for the execution except supplying by his own ingenuity some details into which I had not time to enter. should yourself & the gentlemen you name be led by curiosity to the city of Washington, I shall be happy to see them & yourself. Accept my salutations & respects. Th: Jefferson P.S. Accept my thanks for the Magnet. it is the most powerful one I have ever seen. I have put it into a course of exercise to recover it’s force. PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Mr. Reibelt”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Supplementary Note on the Moldboard Plow (Vol. 45:555‑6). Other enclosure printed below.

sent you a copy: see TJ to Reibelt, 12 Oct. letter of mine: Vol. 30:197‑209. 1 Word interlined in place of “mathematical.”

 483 

e n c l o s u r e

Drawings of Monticello Phaeton

[on or before 19 Oct. 1805]

 484 

19 OCTOBER 1805

Fig. 1. shews the ensemble of the carriage. 2. the ichnography of the main frame, in which the pieces a. b. c. d. e. are of wood as is also the interior frame f. f. f. f. 3. the front view of the fore axle, & of the gallows on which the iron plate g. Fig. 2. rests while from the shoulders at * Fig. 2. come two iron braces h. Fig. 1. meeting at the main pin i. Fig. 3. binding the main frame and avant‑train firmly together. 4. is merely to shew the foresprings, & Fig. 5. the hind‑springs by which the seat & it’s frame f. is suspended to the main frame in it’s postion1 Fig. 2. the fore springs being in the line of direction of the carriage, & the hind springs at right angles with it. in Fig. 1. & 4. are two cross bars k. l. which were in the original design from which this is copied: but in the execution they were omitted, as worse than useless, & the Semicircular springs were consequently enlarged. the seat from m. Fig. 4. upwards is of wood. the fine lines between m. & f. are flat steel springs the marks x Fig. 1. shew the centers from which the various portions of circles are drawn. the scale is half an English inch to each red line: consequently every di‑ mension may be readily counted, and the workman will only have to prepare drawing boards of full size and counting off the parts from these draughts, give them their full size on his board. an ingenious artist will readily imagine all the details not particularised here. MS (ViU); entirely in TJ’s hand; 3 p., with figure 1 on first page, figures 2 and 3 on second, and figures 4 and 5 and text on third.

1 Thus

 485 

in MS.

From James Madison Dear Sir Philada. Ocr. 20. 1805 The decrease of the fever in the City had induced me to return with Mrs. M. to it, with a view to place her in a situation that would justify me in leaving her for a while. She is likely to be detained several weeks longer, before the Docr. will approve of her entering on a journey; but I hope she is now or will be in a day or two advanced towards her recovery beyond the occasion of particular anxiety. I propose there‑ fore to set out with little delay for Washington. Perhaps I may reach Washington by the last of the Week. I have nothing to add but the respectful attachment with which I remain yrs. James Madison I took the liberty of giving yesterday a line of introduction to Dr. Parke of this City who is on a visit with a daughter to Washington. He is in his political connections of the Old School I presume. But he is at least candid in his judgmt. of executive measures, and sincere in his personal esteem & respect. I am not sure that he will make use of the letter; but I think it probable. If he should not, it will happen from circumstances incident to his movemts. His daughter is of the demure Quaker manners; but sensible & accomplished RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. decrease of the fever: as of 4 Oct., the Board of Health noted a decrease in the number of cases of malignant fever re‑ ported in Southwark. On 5 Nov. the board declared the “entire extinction” of the fever

(Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 10 Oct.; Aurora, 6 Nov.). Madison arrived in washington on the evening of 26 Oct. (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:472). line of introduction: Madison to TJ, 19 Oct.

From John J. May Honor’d Sir, Hagerstown Oct. 20th. 1805. I take the liberty and send you Five of your first inaugural address— Should you be pleased with its execution you may, if convenient, en‑ close me a $5 Note, as the goddess of fortune has not been over liberal in bestowing her gifts upon me.— I remain Sir, your devoted, Jno: J. May. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Ex­ cellency Thomas Jefferson, Prest. U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: “Speech of

Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, Delivered in the Senate Chamber, March 4th, 1801” (printed broadside with text in two columns within arched orna‑

 486 

20 OCTOBER 1805 mental border, printed by J. J. May in Hagerstown, Md. [DLC: Rare Book Di‑ vision]; Shaw‑Shoemaker, No. 728). John J. May, a Maryland printer, may have been a relative of Hagerstown printer

Daniel May (Dieter Cunz, “John Gruber and His Almanac,” Maryland Historical Magazine, 47 [1952], 92‑102; Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:267‑8; Freder‑ ick, Md., Hornet, 9 Apr.).

From Gaspard Quinard En Bourgogne Beaune Le 20 8bre. 1805 ou cote d’Or Le Pere Parent Tonnelier Gourmet Faubg Bretoniere a Beaune, dont le fils, à qui vous aviez la Bonté de vouloir du Bien, a Epousé ma petite Nièce, m’a Communiqué les Lettres que vous lui avec écrites dattées de Paris dans divers mois de l’année 1787, en 1788 et surtout dans le Courant de l’année 1789 pour luy demander des vins vieux surtout des vins blancs. il paroit que vous avez ordonné surtout des vins blanc meursaut Cuvée Goutte d’or, ainsy que des Mont Rachet &c &c Le papa Parent me Charge specialement de vous assurer de ses respects; & en Qualité de son allié & un des plus fort propriétaire de vignobles des meilleurs Cantons de la Bourgogne, il m’a Engagé & il desireroit que, Sous son auspice, vous fussiez dans le cas, ou Vos amis, de vous approvisioner de Quelques pieces 1er. choix de nos vins soit en vieux ou Nouvx.: C’est lui même qui, Depuis Quelqu’années soigne mes vins. si vous ou vos amis, vous vous décidez à en Essaier; Je vous avoüe que nous n’avons pas Récolté de vins depuis 1802 que je juge en Etat de soutenir le passage de la Mer, Excepté Quelques Cuvées predilec‑ tion de Vosnes & Nuits 1803 mais le 1802 est plus solide, ainsy qu’en vin blanc. Je prend La Liberté de vous donner, inclus, la liste des prix des differents crûs et diverses années à quoi vous ajouterez 14 à 15 S par Blles. pour frais de Blles. Caisses &ca ou vers 35 à 40 S par Queüe ou 2 pieces pour frais de Rge. Pantalonage & doubles futailles, si vous les ordonnez En pieces. Nous venons de Commencer Nos vendanges Le 5 Ct. nous faisons autant de vins fins que l’année dre. & qui seront au moins aussi bons; mais Je crois que les vins de ces deux années abondantes, ne Con‑ vienent guère pour subir le Trajet de la mer, excepté qu’il ne se Trouve Cette année, Quélques Cuvées de prédilection; mais que nous ne pou‑ rions pas Envoier qu’après le soutirage au Clair En mars Les vins  487 

20 OCTOBER 1805

vieux en pieces ou en Blles. sont toujours les plus solides. Attendant Le plaisir de vos Nouvelles par L’honneur de votre Réponse Nous avons L’honneur d’etre avec le plus profond Respect Pour le pere Parent Gaspard Quinard Proprietaire faubg st nicolas à Beaune e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



Beaune in Burgundy (Côte d’Or), 20 Oct. 1805 Mr. Parent the Elder, a specialty barrel maker of Bretonnière at Beaune, forwarded the letters you sent him from Paris during various months of 1787, 1788, and especially 1789, requesting vintage wines, particularly whites. (His son, in whom you kindly took an interest, is married to my young niece.) I understand that you ordered mostly Meursault wines from the Goutte d’or vintage, along with Montrachets and others. The senior Mr. Parent specifically wished me to give you his regards, and he approached me, as a relative and one of the major vineyard owners in the best cantons of Burgundy. He would like to supply you or your friends with some of the best barrels of our wine, whether vintage or new. He has over‑ seen my wine for the past several years. If you or your friends decide to try some, I confess that we have not har‑ vested any wine since 1802 that I feel could withstand the sea voyage, except for some special Vosnes and Nuits from 1803; but the 1802 wines, both reds and whites, are more robust. I take the liberty of enclosing a price list for different years and vintages to which you would add 14 to 15 sols per bottle for the cost of the bottles, cases, etc., or approximately 35 to 40 sols per barrel for storage, packing, and dou‑ ble barreling, if you ordered casks. We just began our grape harvest on the fifth of this month. We are making as much fine wine as last year and of equal quality, but I do not think the wines from these two plentiful years can withstand the sea crossing, except for a few of this year’s special vintages, which we would not be able to send until after the racking in March. The old wines in barrels and bottles are al‑ ways the most robust. We await the pleasure of news from you through the honor of your reply. On behalf of Mr. Parent, we have the honor of being with deep respect. Gaspard Quinard Vineyard proprietor in the St. Nicholas area of Beaune RC (MHi); at head of text: “Monsieur Jefferson admr des Etats unis d’amerique”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1808 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Étienne Parent of Beaune (le pere parent), a master cooper, wine blender, and wine shipper, guided TJ through the vineyards and cellars of Burgundy in 1787 and procured wine for TJ while he was in

Paris. Parent had asked TJ to take his son (le fils) to America in 1789, but Parent sustained a leg injury that prevented his son from making the voyage. Their cor‑ respondence subsided after TJ left Paris, but he occasionally recommended Parent’s services to other wine connoisseurs abroad (John Hailman, Thomas Jefferson on Wine [Jackson, Miss., 2006], 93‑5, 136‑8; Vol. 11:463n; Vol. 28:361; Vol. 40:314).

 488 

From Samuel Bryan Sir, Clarkesburg Octobr. 21st. 1805 The late political revolution in Pennsylvania has placed me in a novel and very distressing situation. If I had been influenced by the dictates of what in the estimation of most men would have been im‑ periously obligatory, self preservation; I should like all those whose livings were at the mercy of the Executive, with one other exception have concurred in the subversion of the republican Interest and con‑ sequent triumph of the aristocratic & tory Interests; but, having early imbibed from the example of my Father an ardent & disinterested Patriotism, which had hitherto nerved me to bear with calm serenity the envenomed scurrility of the tory and aristocratic Prints for up‑ ward of twenty years and to experience without discouragement many privations in Society; it was impossible for me to abandon and con‑ tribute to prostrate all those ennobling principles of rational Govern‑ ment, which I had so long cherished, and therefore deaf to every overture from the Governor to maintain my Office by an inglorious, disgraceful inactivity at a Crisis when every principle & sentiment valuable to the Patriot was at stake, I exerted every talent I possessed to preserve the republican ascendency. My situation was peculiarly dependent, for owing to the continued heavy expence I was put to an account of my Fathers Family my liberal Salary of £800 per annum did not enable me to make any provision for the future support of my own Family and therefore if I should be deprived of my Office at this time with a wife and five small Children, I should be thrown with them into immediate distress not having more than six weeks support— It is the opinion of many that the Governor has no right to dismiss the Comptroller General, but he and the Lawyers whom he has con‑ sulted have decided that he possesses it. The independent part of the late Legislature made an effort to place me independent of the Gov‑ ernor and the Bill would have passed by two thirds of both houses of the Legislature if the Surveyor General had not induced General Piper one of the Senators to change his vote by a promise of appointing one of his sons to the Office of Deputy Surveyor in a valuable District— I am informed that Alexander Scott, a flaming federal Partizan is to be appointed Register General and the Register General George Duffield a federalist Comptroller General in my stead— In the distress brought on me by a patriotic effort to sustain the re‑ publican ascendency in so important a State as Pennsylvania to whom can I look for patronage so naturally as to the great Patron of repub‑ licanism, the Man of the People, who cannot view with indifference  489 

21 OCTOBER 1805

the ruin and disgrace of one situated as I am and suffer such a sacrifice to tory & aristocratic malignity— If it should be in the power of the President to give me a provision I will be obliged to [.  .  .] to inform me of it privetely by a letter ad‑ dressed to me through the Post‑Office under cover to Mr. William Dickson, Printer Lancaster—It is barely possible I may not be removed and therefore would not wish any provision you might generously contemplate for me to be known until absolutely necessary. This ap‑ plication the President must be convinced is the effect of dire neces‑ sity to one who has sustained with such high estimation, the most important Offices in Pennsylvania for more than twenty years past— When I had the honor to be with you I was so overwhelmed by my feelings that I could not communicate my wish to you— I have the honor to be with every sentiment of respect & esteem Your unfeigned friend and mo. ob. servant Saml Bryan RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); damaged; at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the United States of Amer‑ ica”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. and “for office” and so recorded in SJL. very distressing situation: Bryan lost his position as Pennsylvania’s comp‑ troller general after he opposed Governor Thomas McKean’s reelection. In the elec‑ tion on 8 Oct., McKean, with the support of Federalists, beat Simon Snyder by a margin of 5,161 votes. In January 1806, a legislative committee investigated Bryan’s official conduct in what was widely viewed as a partisan attempt to discredit him and justify his removal. The investigation con‑ demned his actions in a county tax mat‑ ter, but ultimately held him not liable for losses sustained by the state (Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Dem‑ ocratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800‑ 1816 [Harrisburg, 1952], 89, 99, 103, 108‑9; Journal of the Senate of the Com‑

monwealth of Pennsylvania, Which Com‑ menced at Lancaster, the Third Day of December, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Five [Lan‑ caster, 1806], 44‑5; Vol. 33:73n; Vol. 43:17n). The Pennsylvania legislature had con‑ sidered a bill to make the comptroller and register general elected offices instead of gubernatorial appointments, but Mc­ Kean objected to the bill as “inconsistent with the purview and spirit of the constitu‑ tion of the state” (Journal of the Fifteenth House of Representatives of the Common‑ wealth of Pennsylvania [Lancaster, 1805], 580‑4; Higginbotham, Pennsylvania Pol‑ itics, 86). John Kean received the register gen‑ eral appointment instead of alexander scott, and george duffield was com‑ missioned as comptroller general on 15 Oct. (Samuel Hazard and others, eds., Pennsylvania Archives, 119 vols. [Harris‑ burg, 1852‑1935], 9th ser., 3:2168).

To David Gelston Sir Washington Oct. 21. 05 Hoping that the present favorable change of weather will re‑establish the health of New York, and restore it’s commercial communications, I take the liberty of recalling to your mind your letter of July 23. in  490 

21 OCTOBER 1805

which you mentioned that you had recieved from mr Appleton a bill of lading for 10. cases of Tuscan wine, & that you would forward the wine. I presume the wine itself arrived and now ask the favor of you to forward it by the first vessel to this neighborhood, that is to say, to Washington, George town or Alexandria. should there be no prospect of a vessel bound to one of these places, it might be sent to Norfolk to the address of my friends Newton & Taylor, or perhaps of Taylor alone, as I am not certain Newton’s name is of the firm. Mr. Madison being at Philadelphia where also Majr Butler was he undertook to do whatever was necessary as to the wines &c from Marseilles. I only understood from him that the agents of the import‑ ing vessel had some claim against it. if you will be so good as to in‑ form me of it’s amount it shall be remitted, and the wine will be ac‑ ceptable as soon as it can be forwarded here. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “David Gel­ ston esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

health of new york: see Madison to TJ, 16 Oct. understood from him: Madison to TJ, 9 Aug.

From Benjamin H. Latrobe Dear Sir Wilmington Octr. 21st. 1805 For the last three Weeks I have been confined by a very severe Fever, & am still so far from well that I cannot leave the house.—I take the liberty to enclose a packet containing drawings for the capi‑ tol, and with your permission, shall avail myself of your cover for the remaining drawings which are now becoming very numerous & bulky, and the postage of which is a very serious expense.—My illness has prevented my waiting upon you at Washington immediately on your arrival. As soon as I can safely travel I shall come to the city.— I am with the truest esteem & respect Yours faithfully B Henry Latrobe. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not identified.

 491 

To Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Washington Oct. 21. 05 The day before yesterday I sent to Alexandria 1. a large box containing skins, skeletons & horns 1. small box containing the Polygraph 1. do. with minerals for the Phil. society to be presented in capt Lewis’s name. a cage with a living magpie. These were delivered to Capt Elwood as you will see by the inclosed reciept & the freight paid. he promised he would sail yesterday & I hope you will recieve them in good order. the undressed skins arrived here full of worms. I fear you will be puzzled to put them into form. Accept friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (TxU); at foot of text: “Mr. Peale.” PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found. minerals for the phil. society: articles sent by William Clark and Meri‑ wether Lewis from Fort Mandan in April included “67. specimens of earths, salts and minerals; and 60 specimens of plants.” Lewis indicated that the geological and botanical specimens, all labeled and packed in the same box, were “forwarded with a

view of their being presented to the Phil‑ osophical society of Philadelphia, in order that they may under their direction be ex‑ amined or analyzed.” Peale presented the box to the APS at a meeting on 15 Nov., and John Vaughan cataloged the items the next day. The society asked Vaughan and Adam Seybert to examine the geological specimens (aps, Proceedings, 22, pt. 3 [1884‑85], 379; Moulton, Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, 3:450, 462‑6, 472‑8; Vol. 46:168‑9, 172).

To Philippe Reibelt Th: Jefferson to Mr. Reibelt Washington Oct. 21. 05 You were so kind as to send for my inspection formerly Michaud’s Histoire des chenes, which I returned because it was too large & un‑ handy rather an object of the luxe typographique than of use.1 if you have a smaller edition of the same work I shall be glad to receive it by the stage. if not, will you indulge me with another examination of the large one, & say what the price is. Th: Jefferson 1 Preceding

PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. send for my inspection: see Vol. 44:644‑6.

 492 

three words interlined.

From Henry Dearborn Sir Octobr. 22d. 1805— I herewith enclose a rough scetch of the outlines of a new organiza‑ tion of the Militia, for your consideration.—I am at a loss how to or‑ ganize the Seamen—we cannot with propriety form them into corps under Officers who should command them in actual service. perhaps it may be advisable to have them enrolled with the respective Corps of Militia & designated on the rolls as Seamen, and excused from mus‑ tering with the Militia, in that case, the Officers of the Militia could be called upon to make regular returns of the Seamen in their respective Corps, and also for making the necessary detachments when required, for actual service.— with respectfull esteem I am Your Obedt. Hum Sevt H. Dearborn RC (DLC); at head of text: “to the President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. and “Militia” and so recorded in SJL. new organization of the militia: the militia act of 8 May 1792 specified that the enrolled militia of the United States encompassed every able‑bodied resident white male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45, but did not classify the militia by age groups. In that same law, the country’s seamen who were “actually employed in the sea service of any citizen or merchant within the United States” were exempted from militia duty. It is apparent from Dear‑

born’s letter and its enclosure, TJ’s sub‑ sequent efforts to determine the numbers of eligible men, and the bills he drafted in November that the president and cabinet were considering ways to organize the mi‑ litia by age categories and to enroll ma‑ rines in a naval militia (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:271‑4; Estimates of Men Eligi‑ ble for Militia, [on or after 22 Oct. 1805]; TJ to Dearborn, 23 Oct.; TJ to Gallatin, 3 Nov.; Gallatin to TJ, 3 Nov.; Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov. 1805]; Bill for Establish‑ ing a Naval Militia and Bill for Organiz‑ ing the Militia, both at 14 Nov.).

e n c l o s u r e

Memorandum on Militia Organization Calculating the whole Militia in the U.S from the age of 18 to 45 years—at— 800,000 there will probably be between the ages of 20 & 27— 200,000 and between the Ages of 27 & 36— 274,000 and from 18 to 20 & from 36 to 45— 326,000 To form a powerfull & certain defence for our Country, and in a manner which shall be as little burthensome as possible to the Great body of Citizans,—the following outlines of an Organization are proposed for consideration,— All able bodied1 free white male Citizans from the age of 20 to 27, to be formed into Companies, Regiments, Brigades & Divisions, with proper Officers,—

 493 

22 OCTOBER 1805 those from the age of 27 to 36, to to be organized in like manner, and those from 18 to 20 and from 36 to 45 to be formed into Companies only.— The 1t. Corps to be concidered as the active main guard of their Country, to be trained in military exercises 4 days in each year in Companies, and 2 days in Regiments, or Battalions, and to be liable in times of war &c, to be calld out for actual service in any part of the U.S or Countries immediately adja‑ cent, for any term not exceeding one year.— The 2d. Corps to be trained in Companies one day in each Year, and in Regi‑ ments or Battalions one day in every 3 years, and to be liable to be called out for actual service in time of War &c, to serve in their respective States or the next adjoining State for a term not exceeding three months,— The 3d Corps to be concidered as a reserve, and never to be called into actual service except in cases of the greatest emergency, and in no case to be com‑ pelled, to march out of their respective States, or to serve longer than three months at any one time, this Corps to meet in Companies once in every two years for a review of Armes &c—and when called into actual service to be annex’d to the Regiments of the 2d. Corps which belong to their respective Districts. A due proportion of Artillery and Cavalry should be attached to the 1t. & 2d Corps,—to the 1t. these ought to be a larger proportion of both Artillery & Cavalry.    If all Seafaring men between the age of 20 & 27 be deducted from the 1t. Corps of Militia, as proposed, it will probably reduce the number of that Corps twelve or fifteen thousand.— All able bodied free2 Seafaring men from the age of 18 to 45 to be enrolled for Seamen, and all such as shall at any period be over the age of 20 and not exceeding 27, to be liable in times of war &c3 to be called into the actual ser‑ vices of the U.S. on board any of the public Armed Ships or vessels—to serve not exceeding the term of one year.—those from the Age of 27 to 36 to be liable to be called into the actual service of the U.S for terms not exceeding 3 months, & those from 18 to 20 & from 36 to 45 to be liable to be called into service in the ports & harbours of their respective States, for terms not exceed‑ ing 3 months— RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 154:26941); in Dearborn’s hand; undated; endorsed by TJ as received “Nov.   05.” and “Militia.”

1

 Preceding two words interlined. here canceled “Citizans.” four words and abbrevia‑ tion interlined. 2 Dearborn

3  Preceding

Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia of the age of 18 & under 45. militia law. of 16. & under 26. ⎪⎫ 384,554 ⎬ census ⎪ of 26. & under 45 ⎭ 423,836        494 

[on or after 22 Oct. 1805]

22 OCTOBER 1805

of 106,951 persons of 16. & under 26 by Buffon1 22,362 are in their 17th. or 18th year then as 106,951 : 22,362 :: 384,554 : 80,405 in their 17th. or 18th. year in US subtract this from 384,554 remain of 18 & under 26. 304,149       Buffon from 106,951 persons of 16. & under 26 subtract  22,362 who are in their 17th. or 18th. year remain 84,589 of the age of 18. & under 26. by Buffon       Buffon US Buffon then as 84,589 : 304,149 :: 11014 : x = those in their 19th. year in US. 304,149 then x = × 11,014 = 3.5957 × 11,014 or say 3.6 × 11014 84,589 those in their 19th. year are 3.6 × 11,014 = 39,591 20th. 10,919 = 39,250 21st. 10,768 = 38,706 22d. 10,675 = 38,373 23d. 10,514 = 37,793 24th. 10,380 = 37,312 25th. 10,259 = 36,876 26th. 10,060 = 36,161  304,062                           Buffon’s table presents2 168,200 persons of 26 & under 45 our census presents 423,836 of the same ages Buffon US in 27th. y then as 168,200 : 423,836 :: 9926 : 423,836 × 9926 = 2.52 × 9926 168,200 those in their 27th. year are 2.52 × 9,926. = 25,013 28th 9,793 = 24,678 29th 9,640 = 24,292 30th. 9,544 = 24,051 31st. 9,307 = 23,453 32d. 9,245 = 23,297 33d. 9,045 = 22,792 34th. 8,912 = 22,457 35th. 84,182 8,770 = 22,100 36th. 8,515 = 21,458 37th. 8,328 = 20,986  495 

22 OCTOBER 1805

38th. 39th. 40th. 41st. 42d. 43d. 44th. 45th. 46th.

8,176 8,016 7,929 7,525 7,444 7,252 7,124 7,008  84,018 6,701 168,200

MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 232:41528); undated; entirely in TJ’s hand; on verso of a clipped address sheet with remnant text probably addressed to TJ in Wash‑ ington by an unidentified hand. militia law: see Dearborn to TJ, 22 Oct. As he had on previous occasions, TJ in compiling these demographic calculations was relying on a technique and some fig­ ures provided by the Comte de buffon, who in a supplement to his Histoire na‑ turelle, générale et particulière used mor‑ tality tables for several French parishes to calculate the number of persons for each age year. In his response to Dearborn on

= 20,603 = 20,200 = 19,980 = 18,962 = 18,758 = 18,275 = 17,952 = 17,660 = 16,886

 423853 727,915

23 Oct., TJ sent figures for militia‑eligible ages, using as he did above a coefficient of 3.6 for ages 19 to 26 and a coefficient of 2.52 for ages 27 to 45. In a very similar set of calculations, likely done around the same time, he applied a single coeffi­ cient of 2.88 for all ages (MS in same, 232:41529, on verso of sheet addressed by Dearborn: “The President”; Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Oeuvres complètes de M. le Cte. de Buffon, 62 vols. [Paris, 1774‑79], 4:385‑418; Sowerby, No. 1024; Vol. 15:394, 398n; Vol. 31:293‑5). 1 Preceding

2  Preceding

place of “of.”

two words interlined. three words interlined in

From William Lee Sir/. Bordeaux Octr 22. 1805. I have received this day from the Estate of Madam Rochefoucauld at Cahuzac in this department a hogshead of white wine, which I am directed to forward to you. I have also within a few days recd. infor‑ mation of some Hermitage wine that is on its way here for the same purpose, and I shall take care to forward both parcels by the first good vessel.— With the highest veneration I have the honor to remain Your obdt. Servt. Wm Lee RC (MHi); at foot of text: “To the Presi‑ dent of the UStates”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Feb. 1806 and so recorded in SJL.

For the cahuzac wine, see William Short to TJ, 15 May and Vol. 45:509.

 496 

From Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Museum Octr 22d. 1805. I have just returned from the Country, where my young family was during the late fever, and found with my Son Rubens here your1 fa‑ vors of the 6th and 9th Instant—with latter he received the Fox Skins and the living Marmotte, it is a handsome little Animal, smaller and much more gentle than our Monax & I expect like it will not eat dur‑ ing the Winter, for this eats but little at present. It shall be keept in a Warm Room for tryal. I am surprised to see the Magpie so correctly like that of Europe, for I have always found some difference in the Birds which has been described as belonging to both continants. It is interresting to get the livig one in good condition, for a better comparission and also to give it a place near one I have from Great Britain handsomely mounted. I am very thankful for these additions to the Museum, every thing that comes from Louisana must be interresting to the Public. As soon as Mr. Elwood brings your small Polygraph the Machin‑ ery of it shall be corrected. I have but little doubt that we have found out the cause; the fault of my Workman in making use of an im‑ proper Prick‑punch in forming the holes of the Pen‑bar, as mentioned in my letter of the 14th. Ult. I will add the Pen tubes of Mr. Hawkins’s late invention, so that you may have your choise of all sorts, and I beleive some improvement may be made in the form of those for hold‑ ing the Nibs: giving them a greater holt of the quill. I am doubtful whether I can use the screw advantageously with Mr Hawkins, at least I have not yet pleased myself with the tryals I have made. The holding of the points of the Pens strait and exactly alike, also firm in the Tubes, with the use of the Screw, all of which I esteem important to the use of the Polygraph, and as I value the Instrument, will spare no pains to perfect it. It gives me concern that the Polygraph you use at Washington is liable to be affected by a change of the air. this must be the case with all of the Box form, but more so in the larger than in the smaller size—A well made desk is certainly preferable for a permanent situa‑ tion, and the trible Pens better than the double, provided the Pen‑bar is made with truth, but this not very easy to be done. I wish you to examine the holes which receive the Pivots at the Pen‑bar, to see if they have worn much, as I conceive you must have wrote a great deal with it. I am dear Sir with much esteem your friend C W Peale  497 

22 OCTOBER 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excelly. Thomas Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. PoC (Lb in PPAmP: Peale‑Sellers Papers). the country: likely a location in Mont‑ gomery County about 21 miles from Phil‑

adelphia, where Peale’s daughter‑in‑law Martha McGlathery Peale went with their family to her father’s farm; see Peale, Pa‑ pers, v. 2, pt. 2:884, 897, 899. The monax was the woodchuck, Mar‑ mota monax (same, 901; Vol. 9:520‑2). 1 MS:

“your your.”

To Martha Jefferson Randolph My dearest Martha Washington Oct. 22. 05 I have been from home now three weeks without having heard from you or of you through any channel. this being our stage postday I had hoped for a line from some of the family. knowing the uncertain state of your health this long silence makes me uneasy. I hope I shall soon be relieved by a letter. your rooms will be in readiness for you here by the beginning of the month. mrs Madison still continues in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. the affected part healed, but too tender for her to quit her surgeon for some time yet. indeed I consider it as a case of indefinite length. we have had a good deal of sickness & death in this place since I came. very little before. I presume the hard frost of yesterday will correct our atmosphere. the almost certainty of a continental war in Europe gives us time to bring Spain to reason peaceably, & considerably relieves our prospects. kiss all the young ones for me. my affections to mr Randolph & warmest love to you. Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM); at foot of text: “Mrs. Randolph.” PoC (MHi: Coolidge Collection); endorsed by TJ.

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 22e Oct. 1805. J’ai eû l’honneur, de recevoir hier Soir Votre Lettre du 19. Je Vous presente mes remercimens les plus respectueux de la bontè, dont Vous avez accueilli mes demandes relat. aux Notes sur la Vir‑ ginie, au dessein de votre charmant Phaëton, et a une Copie de votre Lettre a l’institut de France. Je me rappelle encore, que Mr. de Lapoype m’a dit, que Vous aviez dans çette Lettre traitè la possibilitè d’une paix eternelle &c. mais il paroit, qu’il s’est trompè.  498 

22 OCTOBER 1805

 Je me propose d’envoyer ce dessein a l’editeur d’un Journal des Arts et Metiers a Leipsic, qui y donne les inventions les plus curieuses. C’est une grande Satisfaction pour Moi, que Vous trouvez l’aimant digne de votre Cabinet. Je devois bien le supposer tel, sans quoi je n’aurois pas osè, de Vous l’offrir. Je ne parlerais donc plus des Perroquets; Mais quant au buste, Vous me permetterez de Vous observer, que je serais compromis vis a vis de Mr. Schwarze, si Vous refusez de le prende au prix de 25 G.—Il pourroit Supposer, que je n’avois pas les ordres de Vous de l’acheter, ou, qui j’y ai commis quelque autre faute. Je Vous prierais donc tres instamment de le garder, au Moins pour avoir, comme Vous me disiez, un pendant (j’ajoute quoique contradictoire) de l’Empereur Alexan‑ dre, d’autant plus, que les Caisses, qui contiennent les Morceaux de cette Majestè impetueuse doivent deja etre presque arriveès a Milton avec Son paisible Compagnion de Voyage de Bengale. Parkyns est a votre disposition jusqu’a çe que je pourrois Vous en presenter un Exemplaire en Anglais. Je n’ai plus d’exemplaire de Say—Economie politique—c’est pour‑ quoi je Vous ai prié, de me preter pour le Profess. Girardin Votre Exempl. et que je prends la Libertè de Vous repeter cette instance. Je n’ai plus la traduction d’Aristotel—Hist. d. Anim. p. Camus. Je n’ai en general plus des Livres—mais j’ai—d’apres ma Lettre de çe printems—droit d’attendre un transport exquis par un des premiers batimens, qui arriveront de Bordeaux, s’ils ont voulûs l’en charger. Quant a Moi, je desire, qu’il ne m’en parvienne pas du tout, et cela pourroit aussi etre le Cas, si ma reponse a cette Lettre du printems est arrivèe a Paris avant le depart de ce transport anoncè—Mais cela ne m’empechera pas de Vous procurer tous les Livres, que Vous desire­ rez d’avoir—au prix de Paris et aux fraix d’importation seulement, et je me flatte, que (non pas en Qualitè de Marchand, mais en qualitè d’ancien republicain) Vous ne me refuserez pas le plaisir désinteressè, de Vous fournir Vos Livres francais preferablement a tout autre. J’ai parcourûs tous les Repertoires et Dictionaires de Litterature, et je n’ai nul part trouvè une bonne traduction francaise de Plinius hist. naturel.—J’ecrirais neanmoins pour l’un et l’autre ouvrage par la pre‑ miere occasion a Paris. Serez Vous curieux de voir un bon petit portrait de Pierre le 1er.? Il est en forme octave, je pourrois Vous l’envoyer dans une Couverte de Lettres. Il y est dans tout son Costume simple et quarrè. Je Vous prie, d’agreer les hommages les plus purs et sincères, qu’un Republicain puisse Vous offrir. Reibelt.  499 

22 OCTOBER 1805

 C’est a l’instant, que le facteur me remet Vos ordres du 21. Il n’y a pas d’autre edition de Mich. hist. des Chenes &c. que celle, que Vous avez vû. La Maison: Levrault, Schoell et Comp. en est l’editeur et proprietaire—je n’en ai plus, mais—sans doute, que le premier trans‑ port m’en apportera—si jamais j’aurois des Livres, j’en aurois cer‑ tainement plus. exemplaires—et je ne manquerais alors pas, de Vous en representer un. Je suis—dont je suis etonnè—sans Nouvelles de Mr. Randolph au sujet de Penn Park. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 22 Oct. 1805 Yesterday evening I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 19th. I offer my most respectful thanks for the graciousness with which you ac‑ ceded to my request concerning Notes on the State of Virginia, the drawing of your charming phaeton, and the copy of your letter to the Institute of France. I remember Mr. La Poype telling me that you raised the possibility in this letter of lasting peace, etc., but he seems to be mistaken. I propose to send the drawing to the editor of an arts and trades journal in Leipzig that introduces the most interesting inventions. It is a great satisfaction for me that you find the magnet worthy of your collection. I supposed so or I would not have presumed to give it to you. I will not mention the parrots again, but concerning the bust, allow me to observe that I would be compromised vis‑à‑vis Mr. Schwarze if you refused to buy it for $25. He might conclude that I did not have your authorization to purchase it or that I committed some other fault. I urgently beg you to keep it, if only, as you said, to have a counterpart (albeit contradictory, I would add) to Emperor Alexander, and not least because the cases contain‑ ing the pieces of this impetuous majesty and his peaceful traveling companion from Bengal must be close to arriving in Milton. The Parkyns is at your disposal until I can find you a copy in English. I have no more copies of Say’s work on political economy, which is why I asked you to lend me yours for Professor Girardin. I take the liberty of re‑ newing my request. I no longer have Camus’s translation of Aristotle’s History of Animals. In general, I have no more books, but as I mentioned in my letter last spring, I am expecting an outstanding shipment on one of the next boats from Bor‑ deaux, if they were willing to take it. I myself would prefer that the shipment not arrive, which could happen if my reply to the spring letter arrived in Paris before the planned shipment. But that will not prevent me from procuring all the books you wish at the same prices as in Paris plus shipping. I flatter my‑ self to believe (not as a bookseller but as a longtime republican) that you will not refuse me the disinterested pleasure of allowing me, rather than anyone else, to furnish your French books. I have consulted all the literary catalogs and compendia without finding any good French translation of Pliny’s Natural History. I will nevertheless ask the Paris office for both works at my next opportunity.

 500 

22 OCTOBER 1805  Would you be curious to see a fine small portrait of Peter the First? It is an octagonal portrait. I could send it to you wrapped in letters. He is in his simple and square dress. I beg you to accept the purest and most sincere regards a republican can offer you. Reibelt Your orders from the 21st were just delivered. I have no other edition of Michaux’s Histoire des chênes, etc., than the one you saw. Levrault, Schoell and Co. is the publisher and owner. I do not have it in stock, but it will un‑ doubtedly come in the next shipment. If I do receive books, I will surely have several copies and will not fail to give you one. I am surprised not to have news from Mr. Randolph about Pen Park. RC (DLC); addressed: “A Monsieur Jefferson, President des Etats Unis à Fed‑ eral City”; franked; postmarked 23 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. d’envoyer ce dessein: Reibelt en‑ closed TJ’s phaeton design in a letter of 15 Jan. 1806 to an unknown recipient, presumably the Leipzig editor. Reibelt de­ scribed the phaeton, constructed mostly of iron at the Monticello workshop, as attractive and lightweight, and explained that the president now used it for all trips when not traveling on horseback. He stressed that the drawings and expla‑

nation were by the hand of the president. Reibelt asked that his own name not be mentioned but requested two copies of the journal should the editor publish the design (RC in ViU; in German). buste: given the reference to its being a counterpart for Alexander I, a bust of whom had recently come to TJ, Reibelt was almost certainly discussing the por‑ trait of Napoleon that became part of Monticello’s collection (Stein, Worlds, 225; Vol. 44:196‑8; Vol. 46:486, 487). paisible compagnion: that is, a Ben‑ gali sheep offered to TJ as a gift (Reibelt to TJ, 1 Oct.).

From Thomas Tingey Sir Navy Yard Washington 22d: Octr: 1805 Having last evening understood1 that the papers announce the cap‑ ture of the Brig Washington, Captn Croudhill, who was dispatch’d from this with stores for our Mediteranean Squadron in July last—I deem it incumbent for your satisfaction to inform you, that I had just received two letters from the Captn: of said Brig—the one dated Al‑ geziras 22d: Augst: announcing that he had been that day captured by two Spanish privateers, and carried to that port—the other letter of 24th: Augst: announces that his papers were return’d to him, and that he was at liberty to depart—He does not complain of any im‑ proper usage I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir Your Obedt Servt Thos: Tingey Would have had the honor to make this communication in person but extreme indisposition prevents me leaving the house.  501 

22 OCTOBER 1805  RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); at foot of text: “His Excellency the President”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

 News of the capture of the brig washington appeared in the Alexandria Daily Advertiser on 21 Oct. 1 MS:

“undestood.”

From James Wilkinson Sir St. Louis Oct. 22nd. 1805 The Bearer hereof Capt. Amos Stoddard, who conducts the Indian deputation on their visit to you, has charge of a few natural produc‑ tions of this Territory, to amuse a leisure Moment, and also a Savage delineation on a Buffaloe Pelt, of the Missouri & its South Western Branches, including the Rivers plate & Lycorne or Pierre jaune; This Rude Sketch without Scale or Compass “et remplie de Fantaisies ridi‑ cules” is not destitute of Interest, as it exposes the location of several important Objects, & may point the way to useful Enquiry—among other things a little incredible, a Volcano is distinctly described on Yellow Stone River, & a flinty substance which cuts Iron, on a branch of the Missouri designated “La Belle eau.— Permit me Sir to name Capt Stoddard to you, as a Man of Worth & Intelligence, He understands well the political History of this Ter‑ ritory, and no one is better Acquainted with the views, Interests & merits, of the Individuals composing its population With Perfect respect & Sincere Attachment I am sir Your Obedt Servt Ja: Wilkinson RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. In a letter on this day to Dearborn, Wilkinson enclosed a list of the deputa­ tion departing for Washington, which consisted of 27 persons from 12 nations, including 10 Sacs and Foxes, 4 Osages, 3 Iowas, 1 Otoe, 1 Missouri, 1 Miami, 1 Pot­ awatomi, 1 Kansas, 1 Sioux, 1 Kickapoo, and 3 “Republican” Pawnees (MS in DNA: RG 107, LRRS; Vol. 42:10, 11n). savage delineation on a buffaloe pelt: TJ would later display this buffalo

hide map in the entrance hall at Monti‑ cello. Visiting the house in 1816, Baron de Montlezun described it as a “geographi‑ cal map without the slightest flaw .  .  . on buffalo hide and six feet square. It depicts a section of the Missouri River, and, al‑ though roughly drawn, is easy to under‑ stand. The explanations have been written in French by interpreters” (rs, 10:401). lycorne or pierre jaune: Unicorn or Yellowstone. et remplie de fantaisies ridi­ cules: and full of ridiculous fantasies.

 502 

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans October 23rd. 1805 In compliance with the Request contained in your Letter of the 10th of July, I now have the Honor to enclose you a Statement of the  Buildings in this City, “which devolved on the United States,” together with my opinion “of the best distribution to be made of them.—The Government House I presume ought as heretofore to be appropriated for the accommodation of the Executive, and that con‑ venient Apartments therein, should be set apart as an office for the Secretary of the Territory.— The Barracks, Military Hospital, and Public Stores ought to remain for the use of the Army; But unless the Regular Forces in this City, should be augmented, I am of opinion, that one or two Apartments in the Public Stores ought to be appropriated to some other Public perposes. The Public School House I trust, will not be diverted from the laudable object, for which it was originally intended, and I therefore recommend that it be committed to the disposition of the Chanceller and Regents of the University of Orleans. The lower Custom House being occupied as an Office by Mr. Brown the Collector, and seeming to suit his convenience, I do not think it proper to interfere with this arrangment, nor do I suppose it would be advisable, to disturb the Rev’d Mr. Walch in the possession of the Priests House; He has occupied it for many Years, and as the Build‑ ing is really unfit for public use, I recommend, that it be (silently) permitted to remain in his possession.— The Magazine opposite New Orleans, which with a small expence might be made comfortable, is admirably situated for a Marine Hos‑ pital, & I advise that it be appropriated to that object:—For the safe deposit of the Public Powder, a temporary Magazine might be erected by the Troops on some public ground near the City.— The old Custom House and the Cavalry Barracks being unfit for the accommodation of any of the Public Functionaries, I suppose it advis‑ able to continue them Rented out, and that the proceeds be appropri‑ ated as they now are, to the repairs of the Government House and other Public Buildings.— The Territorial Legislature and Judiciary, will no doubt be accommo‑ dated by the Territory; they have heretofore occupied Apartments in the Principal or City Hall, and where they probably will continue.— The District Court has experienced much inconvenience for a suit‑ able place to hold its Sessions; and really it has not been in my power  503 

23 OCTOBER 1805

to remedy it; But for the future and permanent accommodation of this Branch of the Federal Judiciary, I advise that suitable Apartments in the public Stores, (which can in my opinion be spared) be immediatly fitted up; and in the mean time that the Public School Room should remain in the possession of the Martial for the use of the Court. The Commissioners for settleing Land Claims who are to Convene in this City, may also be accommodated in the School House; unless indeed, they should be employed for some Months, and in which case, I advise that they also be furnished with an apartment in the Public Stores, for I feel extreemly solicitous that the School House should early be appropriated to the object for which it was originally intended. I have the honor to be Sir, With great respect Your faithful friend. William C. C. Claiborne RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); in a clerk’s hand, with closing and signature in Claiborne’s hand; at foot of text, in Claiborne’s hand: “The President of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received

26 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Dupl (same); in a clerk’s hand, with signature, internal address, and “Duplicate” at head of text by Claiborne.

To Henry Dearborn Th:J. to Genl. Dearborne Oct. 23. 05. Taking from our last Census the number of 384,554 free white males of the age of 16. and under 26. and distributing them accord‑ ing to their ages by Buffon’s table they stand thus. between 16. and 18. 80,405. not of military age in their 19th year 39,591 20th. 39,250 21st. 38,706 22d. 38,373 23d. 37,793 24th. 37,312 25th. 36,876 26th. 36,161 304,062. 384,467. I found on trial that our Census gives us about ⅙ more between 16. & 25, & − ¹₇ fewer between 25 & 45. than Buffon’s tables would: conse‑ quently they differ too much from the actual state of life here to be applied through any long period where accuracy is of any importance.  504 

23 OCTOBER 1805

our whole census gives us but 727,915 free white males of the military age, which is very far short of your estimate.   friendly salutations. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “militia.”

buffon’s table: see Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia, [on or after 22 Oct.].

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin Oct. 23. 05 I send for your perusal another letter of mr Madison which I will ask the favor of you to return immediately with the one sent on Sat‑ urday & on which it is necessary to act. the war on the continent of Europe appears now so certain, and that peace is at least one year off, that we are now placed at our ease in point of time. we may make another effort for a peaceable accomodation with Spain without the danger of being left alone to cope with both France & Spain. and even if we are driven to war, it is now much more questionable than it was whether we had not better enter into it without fettering ourselves with an alliance that we may be free to retire whenever our terms can be obtained. peace cannot now be made in Europe but by a general convention, and that will take best part of a twelvemonth to arrange. our question now is in what way to give Spain another opportunity of arrangement? is not Paris the place? France the agent? the pur‑ chase of the Floridas the means? Affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Mr. Gallatin.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs.” Enclosure not iden­ tified, but see below.

another letter: the letters from Madison that TJ wanted Gallatin to see may have been those of 30 Sep. and 16 Oct. No letter from TJ to Gallatin of sat­ urday, 19 Oct., has been found or is re‑ corded in SJL.

From James Hughs West Liberty Ohio County Virga. Respected Sir, Octr. 23d 1805 Being entrusted by our Society with the care of the inclosed to transmit them to you. I take the liberty to write you a few lines, in‑ forming you that by the appointment of the Society, I visited the Wyandot Indians last Spring as a Missionary, spent the months of May & June with them, preached to them frequently in their different  505 

23 OCTOBER 1805

Villages on Sandusky and Detroit; was much pleased with the appear‑ ances and prospects amongst that people, think them very flattering indeed— Should Government see proper to favour the proposed plan, I have little doubt but this Nation, under the smiles of God, will in a short time become enligtened and civilized. Three of their children are now at school under the care of the Society are promising. A Young white man who was a prisoner has also been educated, who has served us as an Interpreter, another who is yet with them is expected to receive education. We are informed of several more young white men who are with other Nations who understand, some of them the language of different nations, and some of them desirous to obtain learning. It is our wish to educate some of these that we may be able to send Mis‑ sionaries to other Nations. We are encouraged to lay this business before you Sir, and put the petitions into your hands, by the benevolent disposition toward these poor benighted people, which you have heretofore discovered in your messages to Congress, and the friendly attention which you have paid to them throughout your justly admired administration. Our Missionary Society has gained much of the affections and con­ fidence of the Wyandots. whilst I was with them, the Chiefs of the Nation were all very friendly, appeared to be very desirous of, and thankful for instruction, and to be much disposed to come into the habits of civilized life. They have unitedly forbidden the admission of spirituous liquors into any of their Towns, and are much displeased with the conduct of some white people, traders, who clandestinely bring spirits amongst them, and give or sell it to some of the Indians. They have petitioned Governor Hull to remove them from among them, it will be a great advantage if it is done. such people are the greatest obstacle in the way of the reformation of the Indians. If Government favour our plan and we have a grant made us of the Land which is petitioned for, we hope that when we can have it brought into a state of cultivation, its produce will in some measure relieve us of the expence of supporting our Missionaries there, which we must undergo at the outset: for which support we have to depend upon the gratuitous contributions of the benevolent, by which we have been enabled to proceed hitherto. We hope there can be no backwardness to favour our disign which is so disinterested. The Title of the land for which we petition, we wish to be vested in the Trustees of the General Assembly (whose names will be forwarded to Congress in due time) because they are a body incorporated for holding property for such purposes. It is not  506 

23 OCTOBER 1805

desired that it should ever become the private property of any; but that it be given in trust to said Trustees for the sole purpose of be‑ coming a temporary residence and support for such as shall be sent to the Indians for the purpose of their instruction & civilization and the support of the Indian children who may be sent for education. In the prosecution of these benevolent designs, we hope Sir, we will have your approbation and encouragement. If it will not be inconvenient, it will be taken as a favour if Sir you will take the trouble to write us your views of the matter and what we may probably expect, as it is desired as soon as practicable to proceed in the execution of the resolutions of the Missionary Society Please Sir, excuse the freedom and accept the best wishes of your (tho unknown) ever respectful friend James Hughs RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); at foot of text: “Mr. Thomas Jefferson Pres‑ ident U.S.A”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Nov. and so recorded in SJL; endorsed by a clerk. Enclosures: (1) Petition from the Western Missionary Society, 5 Oct. (2) Probably Tarhe and Others to TJ, 16 Aug. James Hughs (d. 1821) was educated by Presbyterian ministers in western Penn‑ sylvania and was licensed to preach in 1788. Active in the Western Missionary Society, he conducted a two‑month mis‑ sion to the Wyandots in 1805, about which he corresponded with the Presbyterians’ General Assembly. He spent his last years in Ohio, serving as moderator of the synod of Ohio and overseeing the first students admitted to Miami University (Joseph Smith, Old Redstone; or, Historical Sketches of Western Presbyterianism: Its Early Min‑ isters, Its Perilous Times and Its First

Rec­ords [Philadelphia, 1854], 344‑7; Gen‑ eral Assembly’s Missionary Magazine; or, Evangelical Intelligencer, 1 [1805], 401‑6; Chillicothe Weekly Recorder, 18 Dec. 1818, 20 Oct. 1819). now at school: a contemporary ac‑ count of Presbyterian mission efforts in‑ cluded information on the successful ed‑ ucation of the son of a Wyandot named Barnet and of the child of a white captive of the nation. It also identified Hampton Northup, or Northrop, a white prisoner who had assisted missionaries as an in‑ terpreter and who, “exercised about reli‑ gion,” was receiving instruction (General Assembly’s Missionary Magazine, 3 [1807], 253‑6; Michael Leonard Cox, “Wendats, Presbyterians, and the Origins of Protes‑ tant Christianity on the Sandusky River,” in Thomas Peace and Kathryn Magee Labelle, eds., From Huronia to Wendakes: Adversity, Migrations, and Resilience, 1650‑ 1900 [Norman, Okla., 2016], 125‑8).

To James Madison Dear Sir Washington Oct. 23. 05. Yours of the 20th. came to hand last night. I sincerely regret that mrs Madison is not likely to be able to come on so soon as had been hoped. the probability of an extensive war on the continent of Europe strengthening every day for some time past, is now almost certain. this gives us our great desideratum, time. in truth it places us quite at our ease. we are certain of one year of campaigning at least, and one  507 

23 OCTOBER 1805

other year of negociation for their peace arrangements. should we be now forced into war, it is become much more questionable than it was, whether we should not pursue it unembarrassed by any alliance & free to retire from it whenever we can obtain our separate terms. it gives us time too to make another effort for peaceable settlement. where shall this be done? not at Madrid certainly. at Paris: through Armstrong, or Armstrong & Monroe as negociators, France as the Mediator, the price of the Floridas as the means. we need not care who gets that: and an enlargement of the sum we had thought of may be the bait to France, while the Guadaloupe as the Western boundary may be the soother of Spain1 providing for our spoliated citizens in some effectual way. we may announce to France that determined not to ask justice of Spain again, yet desirous of making one other effort to preserve peace, we are willing to see whether her interposition can obtain it on terms which we think just; that no delay however can be admitted, & that in the mean time should Spain attempt to change the status quo, we shall repel force by force, without undertaking other active hostilities till we see what may be the issue of her interference. I hazard my own ideas merely for your consideration: the present state of things does not so far press as to render it necessary for you to do violence to your feelings by prematurely leaving mrs Madison. Accept for her & yourself my affectionate ­salutations. Th: Jefferson  P.S. let mr Smith know as you pass thro’ Baltimore & he will come on. RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Col‑ lection); at foot of text: “Mr. Madison”; endorsed by Madison: “Contingency of

War with Spain.” PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs.” 1

 Remainder of sentence interlined.

To Caesar A. Rodney Dear Sir Washington Oct. 23. 05 I return you the inclosed with thanks for the communication. we had before heard of the aggression & that the captors & captured were retaken by our military & the former safely lodged in jail for trial. How deeply to be regretted, my dear Sir, is the bitter schism which has lately split the friends of republicanism into two adverse sections in Pensylvania! it holds up a melancholy prospect to the friends of liberty when they see two descriptions of sincere votaries to republican government let their passions get so far the mastery of their reason &  508 

24 OCTOBER 1805

patriotism, as that the one should drive, & the other hand into power the monarchical enemies of both, rather than use a little indulgence towards the opinions of each other. is all reconciliation impossible? have personal hatreds obtained such dominion over the breasts of both as to render every other sacrifice preferable? every patriot on both sides who feels this should retire and suffer their more temperate brethren to come forward and endeavor a reconciliation. that all our constitutions are perfect no man will say. when time shall have been given by reason & discussion to convince the majority of this, that majority will carry an amendment1 into effect quietly. but they will not be forced. he who would do to his country the most good he can, must go quietly with the prejudices of the majority till he can lead them into reason. Accept affectionate salutations. I cannot put pen to paper to a member of either party without scolding. Th: Jefferson RC (PHi); addressed: “Caesar A. Rod­ ney esq. near Wilmington”; franked and postmarked. PoC (DLC). Enclosure: see Rodney to TJ, 15 Oct.

1  Preceding two words interlined in place of “it.”

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Balt. le 24 Oct. 1805. Je dois Vous anoncer (je l’ai oubliè, et j’en demande pardon) que Votre Assignation pour les 134 G. 80 C. montant de Votre dernier Compte en Livres—m’est parvenüe et payeè. Je prends en même tems, et çela par Crainte, qu’elle soit perdüe— la liberté, de Vous observer, que le Stage n’a pas encore rapportè la petite Caisse avec les malheureux Perroquets. J’ai l’honneur de Vous presenter mes profonds respects. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 24 Oct. 1805 Forgive me: I forgot to tell you that your payment of $134.80 for the last invoice reached me and has been paid. At the same time, fearing that the small box with the unfortunate parrots might be lost, I take the liberty of noting that the stage has not yet returned it. I have the honor of presenting my deep respect. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Oct. but recorded in SJL as received 24 Oct.

malheureux perroquets: that is, an illustrated work on parrots (Reibelt to TJ, 15 Oct.).

 509 

To Robert Smith Dear Sir Washington Oct. 24. 05 Understanding from mr Madison that he would be here by the last of the week, I wrote to desire him to give you notice of his passing thro’ Baltimore: but by a letter recieved yesterday it is probable he will have set out before my letter reaches him. The almost certainty which now appears of an extensive continen‑ tal war in Europe changes our situation most advantageously inas‑ much as it ensures us another year’s continuance at least of that war. consequently we need be in no hurry to make any propositions to England, but may proceed at once to make another & last effort to bring Spain to a settlement; and even if we fail, it is now much more questionable than it was whether we had not better enter into the war unembarrassed by any alliance, that we may withdraw separately as soon as our separate terms can be obtained. how & where to open new conferences is the question? not in Spain certainly, nor with Spain. will it not be better to make a friendly appeal to France, letting them understand it is a last effort for peace, settle through them a reason‑ able price for the Floridas, part money, part concession towards the Rio bravo, but securing from Spain the indemnification for spoliations by hypothecation until she pays principal & interest, we in the mean time paying our merchants their interest & guaranteeing the princi‑ pal, so that they may sell the debt as stock for present relief. I hazard these new thoughts produced by the new circumstances, for consid‑ eration & consultation as soon as we can meet. then also I wish to consult you on a plan of a regular naval militia to be composed of all our seafaring citizens to enable us to man a fleet speedily by supplying voluntary enlistments by calls on that militia. affectionate s­ alutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Sec‑ retary of the Navy.” Notation in SJL: “Span. affrs. militia.”

from mr madison: Madison to TJ, 20 Oct. i wrote: TJ to Madison, 23 Oct.

To Andrew Ellicott Dear Sir Washington Oct. 25. 05 I have not seen the publication by the National institute of the documents proving the falling of stones from the Atmosphere; but I have read Izarn’s lithologie Atmospherique, an 8vo. vol. which is an industrious collection of all preceding facts of the same nature, and, of  510 

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all the testimony in favor of the recent fact, & I doubt not it contained the documents you allude to, tho not having the book here I cannot refresh my memory as to that fact. I do not say that I disbelieve the testimony, but neither can I say I believe it. chemistry is too much in it’s infancy to satisfy us that the lapidific elements exist in the atmo‑ sphere, and that the process can be compleated there. I do not know that this would be against the laws of nature, & therefore I do not say it is impossible: but as it is so much unlike any operation of nature we have ever seen, it requires testimony proportionably strong. the for‑ mation of hail in the atmosphere, is entirely unaccountable. yet we have the evidence of our own senses to the fact and therefore we must believe it. a most respectable, sensible & truth speaking friend of mine gave me a circumstantial account of a rain of fish to which he was an eye witness. I knew him to be incapable of speaking an untruth. how he could be decieved in such a fact was as difficult for me to account for, as how the fact should happen. I therefore prevailed on my own mind to adjourn the decision of the question till new rains of fish should take place to confirm it.   Our expedition up the Red river was placed under the direction of mr Dunbar. but we have not heard of it’s commencement. Capt Lewis has furnished us a most accurate map of the Missouri for 1600 miles, and has added 6. or 8. new ani‑ mals, to the American list, which are new varieties at least added to the general list. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Ellicot.” not seen: see Ellicott to TJ, 6 Oct. i have read: TJ owned a copy of Jo‑ seph Izarn’s 1803 book on meteorites, in

which Izarn discussed the recent publica‑ tion of Jean Baptiste Biot’s observations on the L’Aigle meteor (Joseph Izarn, Des pierres tombées du ciel; ou Lithologie at‑ mosphérique [Paris, 1803; Sowerby, No. 648], 241).

From George Fox Janney Sir, Alexandria Oct: 25th. 1805 For a considerable time past I have employed myself in Mechanical experiments, chiefly for my own amusement.— From hence I have observed various powers of Mechanism which were unknown to me before, but which, long ere this, have been published to the world.—At length however I have succeeded in in‑ venting a Machine, the discovery of which I believe I may justly at‑ tribute to myself.—I had long been of the opinion that such a thing might easily be made, as it existed in one of the most known powers  511 

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of Mechanism.—I never communicated my sentiment however to any one on the subject, till at length convinced of the incalculable benefit it would be to my country, in almost every department, but particularly to its internal commerce, (which is the foundation of a nation’s pros‑ perity,) I resolved in some manner to make it public to the World.— But to be the more fully convinced that my Theory was true, I formed a small Machine,—which, imperfect & rough as it was, yet perfectly satisfied me in every respect.— It now only remains for me to obtain such public or private patron‑ age, as may enable me to carry my design into execution.—Therefore, although I knew myself to be altogether unknown to you, & that I knew of no person particularly, who might do me the honor of intro‑ ducing me to your Excellency, yet when I considered you not only as the distinguished Head of our most excellent Republic, but as the particular Patron of all works of merit, especially of such as tend to the advantage of our common Country; I thought that there was no person whatever, to whom I could address myself with so much prob‑ ability of success, as to you.— I would not have troubled your Excellency with this letter, but would have waited on you in person, had it not been that I knew not what engagements your Excellency might have, upon which my pres‑ ence might be an intrusion, &, likewise considering the short distance I was from you, I thought I would first write to you, & acquaint you with my business, &, if it pleased your Excellency to take any account of the subject which I proposed, you would be pleased to send an answer to me, & appoint a Day on which I should have the Honor of waiting on you, & illustrating my plan.— Sir I have the Honor to remain your sincere friend & Humbe. Servt. George Fox Janney. P.S. If it be convenient for your Excellency to appoint a Day at the be‑ ginning of the ensuing Week, you much oblige your Humble Servt. G. F. J. RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); ad‑ dressed: “Thos. Jefferson Esqre. Prest. of the U.S. Washington City”; franked; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 26 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. George Fox Janney (d. 1822), a Quaker, was the son of schoolmaster Levis Jan‑ ney. Following in his father’s footsteps, he opened a school in Baltimore in 1812 and briefly taught at a Friends school from

1814 to 1815. He subsequently went into business as a bookseller and stationer in the city (George Valentine Massey II, The Pennocks of Primitive Hall [West Ches‑ ter, Pa., 1951], 78; Dean R. Esslinger, Friends for Two Hundred Years: A His‑ tory of Baltimore’s Oldest School [Balti‑ more, 1983], 23; Federal Gazette & Bal‑ timore Daily Advertiser, 24 Apr. 1810; Baltimore American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 16 Mch. 1812; Baltimore Pa‑

 512 

25 OCTOBER 1805 triot & Mercantile Advertiser, 12 Aug. 1822; Edward Matchett, The Baltimore

Directory and Register, for the Year 1816 [Baltimore, 1816], 91).

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Oct. 25. 05 In my letter of the 10th. inst. I desired you to send back to Balti‑ more a box or boxes containing a marble bust & pedestal. should that not have been done, be so good as to forward them to Monticello, a satisfactory arrangement respecting them having since been made. Your letter containing our last Quarterly account has been recieved. the balance against me is larger than I had been aware of. it shall be covered in a fortnight. accept affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. G. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

your letter: probably Jefferson to TJ, 1 Oct., recorded in SJL as received 12 Oct., but not found.

To Wilson Cary Nicholas Dear Sir Washington Oct. 25. 05 Immediately on my arrival here I examined my papers & found that I had delivered up to the Treasury the copy of the judgment against Robinson’s administrators. I took the first opportunity there‑ fore of speaking to mr Gallatin & desiring him to transmit it to you. he did not recollect the reciept of it, but promised to have it searched for. from him therefore you will recieve it. It seems now certain there will be an extensive war on the conti‑ nent of Europe. we shall avail ourselves of the time which this event gives us to bring Spain peaceably to reason, and I believe there is a way of doing it with dignity & effect. should it even fail, we shall still be in time to do ourselves justice, if the case shall call for it. this new state of things is the more fortunate in proportion as it would have been disagreeable to have proposed closer connections with England at a moment when so much just clamour exists against her for her new encroachments on neutral rights. Accept affectionate salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson RC (Raab Collection, Ardmore, Pennsylvania, 2007); at foot of text: “W. C. Nicho‑ las”; endorsed by Nicholas. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ.

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From James Oldham Richmond 25th. October 05— your Letter of the 15th. Octr. was handed to me a few days past and return to you Sir, my Graitful acnoledgements for the arangement which you have pleas,d to make with Cpt. Andrews. I received a Letter Last evening from Cpt. Andrews stateing his Acct. to be £69. 13. s 5½ yorke currency = £52. 5. s 1¼ virginia money: Cpt. Andrews informs me of not havig his Acct. when you calld. on him, but has since receivd a copy from newyorke; The Mistake you will Please to correct. Your dores and sashes are not all in radyness as yet owing to the difficulty of getting seasond Lumber—in a few days I expect to get a plank‑kiln erected of my own when shall be enabled to proceed much better: I have as yet bin constantly ingagd. by Mr. Gallego and expect to be for some time to come.— With Respect Your Most Humble And Obt. Sevt. Jams. Oldham RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

From Robert Alexander, Adam Lindsay, and William Prout, with Jefferson’s Note Honored Sir [26 Oct. 1805] We whoos names are hereunto subscribed having been appointed a Committee for the purpose of devising means to remove the great grievance which the citizens of the Eastern District of the City labor under for the want of a market in that District, do humbly request that you will grant us permission to visit a market‑house of the square west of Square 881, which is designated on the original plan of the City a Market Square We are with veneration and respect Sir, you obedient Humble ­Servants Robt. Alexander Adam Lindsay William Prout [Note by TJ:] Mr. Munro will be pleased to report to me on the reasonableness of this application. Th: Jefferson Oct. 27. 05  514 

26 OCTOBER 1805  RC (DLC: District of Columbia Papers); undated; in Alexander’s hand, signed by all. Recorded in SJL as received 26 Oct. with notation “Lindsay & Prout.” Robert Alexander (1781‑1811) was born at Effingham, near Dumfries, Virginia, the son of a prominent local family. He was Benjamin Henry Latrobe’s chief contrac‑ tor for the Washington Navy Yard, a founding member of the local Masonic lodge, and twice a member of the city council. In 1807, Congress accepted La­ trobe’s design of the New Orleans Cus‑ tom House and offered the building con‑ tract to Alexander, who had already made arrangements to relocate to Louisiana. In 1809, Alexander began working with La­ trobe on plans to develop a New Orleans waterworks system, but was unable to meet the architect’s needs. He died of yellow fever shortly after the partner‑ ship grew estranged (Latrobe, Correspon‑

dence, 2:422, 809; 3:119n; Robert Brooks Ennis, “Christ Church, Washington Par‑ ish,” rchs, 69‑70 [1969], 144, 148; Wil‑ helmus B. Bryan, Forms of Local Govern‑ ment in the District of Columbia [1903], 30‑1). For Lindsay, see Vol. 36:216‑17n. William Prout (ca. 1755‑1823) immigrated to Baltimore from England in 1790. By 1792, he had purchased over 500 acres of land within the newly created city of Wash‑ ington and moved his family into town in 1795. Prout established a number of dis‑ trict businesses. He served as an officer with the fire company, as a member of the city council, and on a series of commis‑ sions for city improvement. Washington’s Christ Church, built by Alexander, and the navy yard were both on property once held by Prout (Ruth Ann Overbeck and Lucinda P. Janke, “William Prout: Capi‑ tol Hill’s Community Builder,” Washing‑ ton History, 12 [2000], 125‑38; Ennis, “Christ Church,” 144).

From Thomas Ewell Sir, Geo. Town Disct. of Col. Octor. 26th. 05 To be poor and dependant is dis‑agreeable to every feeling mind; to make others acquainted with such circumstances is painful; and to be urged by pressing wants to communicate an account of them, to elevated characters on whom we have no claim for favor—is distress‑ ing in the extreme. But even this should be prefered to suffering in silence for want of employment. After anxiously appealing to all the sources appearing likely to afford me assistance, and feeling in every instance the pains of dis­ appointment, I am reduced to the necessity of once more troubling your Excellency. I am desirous of being useful to others, provided at the same time my own interests be promoted. This is a provision proclaimed to be proper by the voice of nature, as well as the customs of men at all times. With these views I devoted seven years of my time, with all the ardor of a youth—to the study of medicine; thinking that if I deserved I should certainly be employed. But in this I have been disappointed. Altho the number of physicians in this place be inconsiderable, when compared to the population—yet but few demands are made for my services. No doubt ultimately I would succeed in this town but my  515 

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circumstances call loudly for immediate employ. Descended from a parent whose fortune was inconsiderable—and who nearly exhausted this, in the education of 12 or 13 children—my patrimony can be but a trifle. As my profession fails in furnishing me with a support, I must try other means. There are none with which I am acquainted, prom‑ ising an immediate supply of the necessaries for my situation. Thus circumstanced, I am under the necessity of offering my services to your Excellency in any way you may think proper to command. Could I be useful in any public business. or could I act in the capacity of a private secretary I would feel unusual pleasure in serving. For two or three years I could serve, and prepare my work on chemistry with great advantage. Afterwards being older, and having money that may be derived from the sale of my book. I could commence the practice of physic under more favorable prospects. As I have not had the honor of a long acquaintance with your Ex‑ cellency, some recommendations of my abilities and morality may be necessary. Having led a studious life. it could not be expected that I should have made many acquaintances. Any enquiries concerning me can be made of Professors Rush, Wistar and Shippen of Phila. and of Dr. Mitchill of New‑York. In the mean time, I offer two letters from my Father to me—a certificate from Dr. Rush and an introductory letter which has not yet been delivered to the Honble. Js. Madison. Enclosed is also a copy of Proposals by which your Excellency will perceive the plan of my proposed publication. It has not however re‑ ceived that great support, which was expected would be given after the approbation of such illustrious characters. With the greatest confidence I trust you will pardon my intrusion upon you—since the incitant is an honest desire to be useful to others as well as myself—which the President of the United States will surely not condemn. It is with the most respectful sentiments, I am your obedient and obliged Servant Ths. Ewell RC (DLC); addressed: “To his Excel‑ lency Ths. Jefferson Esqe. Washington City”; franked and postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 27 Oct. and “Office” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures were probably: (1) Certification of August 1805 from Benjamin Rush, quoted by Ewell in his book proposal as advertised in the Bos‑ ton Repertory of 5 Nov. (2) Samuel L.

Mitchill to Madison, on or before 28 May 1805 (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 9:412). (3) Proposals promoting subscrip‑ tion to Plain Discourses on the Chemical Laws of Matter, a work of up to 500 pages to be published in octavo at three dollars per copy (see National Intelligencer, 9 Sep.).

 516 

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 26th. Octr. 1805 Not having received any instruction from you upon the subject of the inclosed, I shall decline making any reply to Mr. Mifflin, but of course leave it to you to direct in what manner his account (if correct) shall be paid. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found, but see TJ to James Dinsmore, 31 Oct., and TJ to Samuel Mifflin, 9 Nov.

From Meriwether Jones Sir Richmond, Virginia, Octr. 26th. 1805— By a Letter of this Date, I have applied to the Secretary of the Navy, for a Warrant for one of my Nephews who is anxious to enter into the service of the United States.— As I am not personally acquainted with Mr. Smith, I shall consider it an additional favor granted to me, if you will state to him what degree of confidence may be placed in my recommendation. With real respect and esteem, I am D. Sir your Obdt. Srt. Merir Jones RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 30 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. i have applied: on 30 Oct., Robert Smith replied to Jones that there were no midshipman positions open at the cur‑

rent moment. Jones’s nephew, Thomas ap Catesby Jones, did however receive a com‑ mission the following month (FC in Lb in DNA: RG 45, MLS; Smith to Thomas ap Catesby Jones, 22 Nov., FC in Lb in DNA: RG 45, LSO; ndbw, Register, 29).

From John Jordan Dear Sir, Charlottesville oct. 26th 1805 I have finishd. the building of your house and would thank you to let me know when it will be Conveient for you to Settle with me for it I am Sir your Hb Sevt Jno Jordan RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Brickmason John Jordan (1777‑1854) did work at Monticello in 1805. He be‑ came prominent in Lexington, Virginia,

building and improving roads and canals and constructing Washington College, later Washington and Lee University (Jerry Donovan, “John Jordan, Virginia Builder,” Journal of the Society of Architectural His‑ torians, 9 [1950], 17‑19; mb, 2:1108n).

 517 

From Martha Jefferson Randolph

Edgehill Oct. 26, 1805

It is become so probable that I am to spend the winter with you My Dearest Father that I must impose upon your goodness the procuring of some articles not be had in Washington or with certainty even in Richmond. a fashionable wig of the colour of the hair enclosed, a set of combs for dressing the hair, a bonnet, shawl & white lace veil, for paying morning visits. Mrs Madison can chuse them as she passes through Baltimore and deposit them with you where only they will be wanted and that before I could with any certainty furnish my self. will you be so good as to add to the above mentioned articles 2 lace half handkerchiefs. nothing but my present situation could justify my leaving home at a time when it is so little convenient to Mr Randolph as to induce me to saddle you with any part of the expense which my going will occasion but my courage shrinks from the horrors of a trial so severe under the most favorable circumstances, but rendered in­ finitely more so in this instance from the uncertainty of my accus‑ tomed medical aid & the want of a female friend Jane being a fellow sufferer adieu My Dearest Father yours most tenderly MR. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. TJ noted a $60 payment on 19 Nov. for the requested articles (mb, 2:1168).

mrs madison can chuse them: see TJ to Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 1 Nov. jane: Jane Cary Randolph, sister of Thomas Mann Randolph, who lived near Edgehill (Vol. 40:453n; Vol. 42:279, 280n).

Petition of Jacob Scott, Jacob Ayers, and John Ayers To his Excellency the president of the United States of North America T.J. The petition of the Headmen Warriors and Chiefs of the Cataba Nation of Indians So. Carolina Humbly Sheweth— That the wrongs and defrauds that has been Commited upon us by Sharp witted and designing Christians has been many (Viz) with re‑ spect to our Lands Leasing and the Receiving the rents; and in par‑ ticular by one of our Trustees, who has rented by craft from us one Showl in the River that has become an excellent Shad‑Fishery, and by agreement with our old General Newriver headman and warrier  518 

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in chief he was only to have it some Years to make a trial and after experiment was made; he proposed to let us have two nights in the week to draw his Sane; that was the practice for some time then he said that we tore his Sane and that he would not let us Fish but that he and his company would draw and give us some Share of the Fish each Morning we attended Some of our people each night or Morn‑ ing and got some by times Other time they would not give us our due and then if we Spoke of the way that they were useing us the often Raise Quarrells with our people and commits little Slye crimes and if we resent them then they run to Justice immediately and has our people attacted and we are not priveledged to give oath against them, and we are not heard when we speak the truth on our trials, by that means we are often wronged and made to pay away money mearly for nothing, only to Save our people from unecessary prosecutions. This Trustee of ours did not Read the Lease to us before we signed it we under Stood that it was a paper drawn agreeable to the first bargain with our old General untill we had signed the paper we had intirely trusted to him that he would not defraud us in any Sort what‑ ever, and When the paper was read to us we objected and Said that we thought it was not for ninety nine years but they persuade us not to Mind that, &C.— We the headmen and chiefs do Sincerely beg and pray that Your Honor will Write to his Excellency the Governor of So. Carolina to assist us in the Courts of equity to brake trough that Lease and give us by some means or other—a more Faithfull and confidential appear‑ ance in the eye of the Law. We are bound by the Laws of the united States Same as the Christains are and yet we are not permited to give Evidence in any respect whatever might Occur, therefore we think it a very great grievance that we labour under— and we think that if your Honor would interfer in the present case that it would be a Check to all persons for the future this and any thing else, that you in your Wisdom think prudent to advise will be Verry thankfully received from your Humble petitioners &C— 26th. October 1805 Genl. Jacob Scott

Colo. Jacob



Leut. John  519 

Ears Ears

26 OCTOBER 1805  RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); ad‑ dressed: “To his Excellency Thomas Jefferson President &C” with notation: “hand by Leut. Jno Ears Cataba.” Jacob Scott became headman, or gen‑ eral, of the Catawbas around 1800 fol‑ lowing the death of New River, the first Catawba to bear the title. Jacob Ayers (Ears) succeeded Scott in 1820. John Ayers (Ears) was probably Jacob’s brother.

During the American Revolution, the Ca‑ tawbas had replaced the monarchical title of king with military designations such as general and colonel for their leaders (James  H. Merrell, The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Re‑ moval [Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009], 220‑1, 224, 234‑9, 245, 248‑9; anb, s.v. “Ayres, Jacob”; Charleston Southern Patriot, 26 Dec. 1820).

To Madame de Tessé Dear Madam Washington Oct. 26. 05 The blockade of Havre still continuing & being likely to be of equal duration with the war, I had despaired almost of being able to send you any seeds this year. but it was lately suggested to me that a pack‑ age sent to Nantes may go through the canal de Briare to Paris, and thus avoid a land carriage which would cost you more than the object is worth. I have therefore hastily made up a box of seeds of such ar‑ ticles of those I propose to furnish you annually as the present season admits being gathered. they are as follows 1. Juglans nigra. 2. Lirio‑ dendron. tulipifera. 3. Quercus alba. 4. Prinus. 5. Q. Phellos. 6. Q. Palustris. 7. Juniperus Virginica. 8. Cornus Florida. 9. Rosa sylves‑ tris elatior foliis inodoris Clayton. 10. Bignonia Catalpa. 11. Magnolia acuminata, the preceding were in your catalogue, to which in order to fill vacant spaces I have added 12. Diospyros Virginiana.1 13. Plata‑ nus occidentalis. 14. cucurbita verrucosa Miller. 15. Arachis hypogaea. the season would have admitted procuring some other articles from a distance, but I was yesterday informed that the brig Lucy sails three days hence from Baltimore to Nantes. I therefore close the box to‑day & send it off by the stage tomorrow, the only means of getting it to Baltimore in time. it is a box of 4 feet long, & 1. foot wide & deep; will be addressed to you to the care of William Patterson, commercial agent of the US. at Nantes, with instructions first to ask your orders how to have them conveyed & to follow those orders.   I shall make some observations on some of those articles. of the oaks I have selected the Alba, because it is the finest of the whole family, it is the only tree with us which disputes for pre‑eminence with the Lirioden‑ dron. it may be called the Jupiter while the latter is the Juno, of our groves. the Prinos, or chesnut oak is also one of the fine & handsome species. the Phellos, or willow oak combines great singularity with  520 

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beauty; the Palustris of Michaux, which is the Quercus rubra dis‑ secta β of La Marck2 Encyclop. Method. Botan. I. 721. is nearly as singular by the deep indenture of it’s leaves & their very narrow lobes, as the Phellos, and very handsome. it has also been called by some Quercus montanus, just as improperly as Palustris. it grows well in dry as well as moist lands. the acorns of the Q. Phellos are the small‑ est we know. they fall early in the season, & I send you every individual acorn which multiplied researches could now procure. probably some of the minutest may not come up, but I trust a sufficient number will be found good. in each of the cells of the box are some leaves of the identical trees from which the acorns were gathered.   Juniperus Virgin. I presume some method is known & practised with you to make the seeds come up. I have never known but one person succeed with them here. he crammed them down the throats of his poultry confined in the hen‑yard & then sowed their dung, which has been compleatly effectual.   Cornus Florida. we have a variety of this with a flesh‑coloured blossom. but it is so rare that I have seen it in but one place on my road from hence to Monticello, and could only be known at this season by marking the tree when in blossom. this research must be reserved for a situation more favorable than my present one.   Magnolia acuminata. this plant is not of Virginia, except it’s South Western angle, 250. miles from hence. I send you the only cone of it I ever saw, and which came to me accidentally not long since. the tree I have never seen.   Platanus occidentalis, a most noble tree for shade, of fine form, it’s bark of a paper‑white when old, & of very quick growth.   cucurbita verrucosa, cym‑ ling. I recommend this merely for your garden. we consider it one of our finest & most innocent vegetables. I found the chicorée as dressed by your cooks in a pulpy form to resemble our cymling.   Ara‑ chis hypogaea, a very sweet ground‑nut. it grows well at this place where we can have neither figs nor artichokes without protection through the winter. it is hardier therefore than they are, and cannot be a mere green‑house plant with you as Miller & Dumont Courset suppose.   I write to you almost in despair that you will get ei‑ ther my letter or the box of seeds. such are the irregularities commit‑ ted on the ocean by the armed vessels of all the belligerent powers that nothing is safe committed to that element. were it not for this, I would ask you to send me by some occasion some acorns of the Quer‑ cus suber, some seeds of the Cedrus Libani which you have in the Jardin des plantes, & perhaps some nuts of your Marronier: but I should only expose myself to the mortification of losing them. to lessen the pretexts for interception I say not one word in this letter but on it’s  521 

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particular subject, except adding my respectful salutations to M. de Tesse, Monsr. & Mde. de la Fayette, to those I offer you, with the assurances of my most friendly esteem & attachment. Th: Jefferson P.S. since writing the above I have been able to get some of the Pyrus coronaria, or Malus sylvestris virginiana floribus odoratis of Clayton. both the blossom & apple are of the finest perfume, and the apple is the best of all possible burnishers for brass and steel furniture which has contracted rust PoC (CSmH); at foot of first page: “Madame de Tessé.” Tripl (NIC: Dean Lafayette Collection); in Isaac A. Coles’s hand, signed by TJ; at head of text: “Triplicate.” Enclosed in TJ to William Patterson, 27 Oct. John clayton was the co‑author of Flora Virginica (Clayton and Johannes Gronovius, Flora Virginica exhibens plan‑ tas, 2d ed. [Lugduni Batavorum, 1762]; Sowerby, No. 1075). Descriptions of the pin oak (Quercus palustris) appeared in Histoire des chênes de l’Amérique by André Michaux, pub‑ lished in Paris in 1801, as well as in the Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique by Jean Baptiste Lamarck, published in Paris

beginning in 1783. In Lamarck’s work, at the volume and page cited by TJ, catego‑ ries of red oaks are identified by Greek letters, and this tree is in the group marked by a beta. Philip miller described the Arachis hypogaea—commonly known as the pea‑ nut—in his Gardeners Dictionary (Sow‑ erby, No. 801). Earlier in 1805, TJ had obtained vol­ umes of the Botaniste cultivateur by Georges Louis dumont de Courset (see Sowerby, No. 1082; Vol. 46:643). 1

 MS: “Virgniana.”  Tripl: “Quercus rubra dissecta  of La Marck.” 2

To William Patterson Sir Washington Oct. 27. 05 By the brig Lucy which sails from Baltimore for Nantes I have taken the liberty of addressing to you a box of seeds, acorns & nuts for a friend of mine at Paris, Madame de Tessé, aunt of M. de la Fa­ yette. I am advised that this box can be forwarded from Nantes to Paris thro’ the canal de Briare, to avoid the expence of a land carriage which would cost more than the objects are worth. I have to ask the favor of you to recieve the box, to drop a line to Madame de Tessé at Paris, covering the inclosed letter, to ask her directions how she would have the box sent, and to forward it as she shall direct. freight to Nantes is paid in Baltimore before the shipping of the box. any little disbursements necessary at Nantes will be readily reimbursed you by Made. de Tessé or shall be chearfully paid by myself to any  522 

27 OCTOBER 1805

connection you have in this country on demand. I presume you had better send your letter to her under cover to Genl. Armstrong who knows her residence, which I do not. I must rest my apology for this trouble on the fact that I have no correspondent at Nantes to whom I could have addressed this request. Accept my salutations & assurances of respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Wil‑ liam Patterson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclo‑ sure: TJ to Madame de Tessé, 26 Oct. Enclosed in TJ to Robert Purviance, 27 Oct. William D. Patterson (d. 1836) was a son of John Patterson and Catherine Liv‑ ingston, of the prominent New York fam‑ ily. In 1801 he became commercial agent at L’Orient, and two years later TJ named him commercial agent at Nantes. Accord‑ ing to a widely circulated notice in the American press in 1810, Patterson received

a note from the French government that he was no longer recognized in a consular capacity. In 1832, Andrew Jackson nomi‑ nated him as consul at Antwerp, where he lived until his death (Florence Van Rens‑ selaer, The Livingston Family in America and Its Scottish Origins [New York, 1949], 84; jep, 1:402, 405, 441, 446; 4:225, 247; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 1:367‑9; 3:38; 9:464; New York Mer‑ cantile Advertiser, 14 Sep. 1810; Aurora, 19 Sep. 1810; New‑York Commercial Ad‑ vertiser, 15 Aug. 1836; Vol. 33:672, 677; Vol. 38:374‑6; Vol. 43:422).

To Robert Purviance Sir Washington Oct. 27. 05 Having occasion to send a box of acorns, nuts & seeds to a friend of mine at Paris, and through some port of France which has a water communication with Paris, mr. Wagner has been so kind as to pro‑ cure information that the brig Lucy will sail from Baltimore on Tues‑ day or Wednesday for Nantes. I therefore send the box by tomorrow’s stage to Baltimore, and have taken the liberty of addressing it to you with a request that you will forward it by that vessel with the inclosed letter to mr. Wm. Patterson our commercial agent at Nantes. portage from hence to Baltimore is paid here; and as I wish mr. Patterson to recieve it clear of expence (because of the difficulty of reimbursing him) will you do me the favor to pay the freight to Nantes & the ship‑ ping charges at Baltimore, & to drop me a note of the amount which shall be immediately repaid you with many thanks. after apologising for giving you this trouble I pray you to accept my salutations & as‑ surances of respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NN); addressed: “Mr. Robert Pur‑ viance Baltimore”; franked; postmarked 26 Oct.; endorsed by Purviance. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to William Patterson, 27 Oct., and enclosure.

a friend of mine at paris: Madame de Tessé. Jacob wagner had information from Purviance about the expected departure of the brig lucy on 29 or 30 Oct. It did

 523 

27 OCTOBER 1805 not actually clear the port of Baltimore for Nantes until 8 Nov. (Purviance to Wag‑ ner, 23 Oct., in DLC: Madison Papers; Baltimore Weekly Price Current, 14 Nov.).

 On 14 Nov., TJ directed John Barnes to reimburse Purviance, the collector at Baltimore, the amount of two dollars for these expenses (mb, 2:1167; Vol. 40:541n).

To Thomas Ewell Sir Washington Oct. 28. 05. I now return you the papers which were inclosed in yours of the 26th. and saw with pleasure the testimonials in your favor given by persons worthy of so high confidence. it is with regret I learn that you do not enter into business as speedily as your wishes & circumstances require; & with the greater regret as I do not see any thing within the pale of the government which can offer you aid either effectual or prompt. you know Sir that in my gift are only the high offices of the government. (the place of my private Secretary is filled) these high officers appoint those immediately subordinate only, the latter dis‑ posing of every thing under them—there are indeed in the gift of the heads of departments the clerkships in their immediate offices; but these are always full, and it is really a misfortune for a young man to get into them. they offer a bare subsistence without a hope of rising, & occupy all the important hours of every day. I should suppose that a young Physician would find it easiest to get into immediate practice in a good position in the country. I think I have hardly known one to fail of immediate employment in those situations. they are laborious; but after furnishing the practitioner with experience & some means of subsistence in advance, he is able to remove to a city where the practice is easier, and where experience & reputation will place him more on a footing with the established practitioners. however I doubt not you have anticipated these suggestions and decided on them on better information than I possess altho’ my dispositions are very real to aid you by any suitable1 appointment which might occur; yet there is so little probability of such an occurrence that I should do you an injury by exciting false hopes. the expression of that disposition is the only thing gratifying to my mind which I can offer with my friendly salutations & assurances of respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Doctor Ewell”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 29 Oct. Enclosures: see Ewell to TJ, 26 Oct.

1 Word

 524 

interlined.

From William Jarvis Sir Lisbon 28th. Octr. 1805 The foregoing is a Copy of the letter I had the satisfaction to write by Captn Delano. Before this will come to hand I hope that the Wines will have reached New York & that Sir they will prove to your satis‑ faction. They are here esteemed as good as the Termo of Lisbon affords; but these things depend much on Taste. Should they prove to yours, I shall be much gratified; if not, have the goodness Sir, to instruct the Collector to deliver them as requested in the foregoing. With the most entire Respect & Esteem I Remain—Sir Yr Mo: Obliged Obedt. servt. Wm Jarvis. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos. Jefferson Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Jan. 1806 and so recorded in SJL.

foregoing: Jarvis to TJ, 11 Oct.

Proclamation Designating Site for Public Market I Thomas Jefferson President of the United States Do hereby de‑ clare and make known that the public reservation in the City of Wash‑ ington numbered sixteen, being bounded on the north by K Street South, on the south by L Street South, on the west by Sixth Street East and on the East by an Alley sixty feet wide which bounds square numbered Eight hundred and eighty one, be and the same hereby is appropriated as and for the site of a public market during the plea‑ sure of the proper authority, and Subject to the rules and regulations such Authority shall have ordained and established or may hereafter ordain and establish.— Given under my Hand at the City of Washington this twenty eighth Day of October in the year One thousand eight hundred and five.— Th: Jefferson FC (DLC: District of Columbia Papers); in Thomas Munroe’s hand, signed by TJ; endorsed by Munroe.

 525 

To James Currie Dear Sir Washington Oct. 29. 05 The bearer hereof is mr Thomas Main whom I have spoken of to you as the person who has been so succesfully engaged here in rais‑ ing the thorn hedge & whom you were so kind as to say you would patronize should he be willing to undertake the same business at Richmond. indeed for his integrity sobriety industry & skill I can safely recommend him as worthy general patronage; and I am per‑ suaded that in the present state of difficulty in fencing farms in that part of the country, he will be found a valuable acquisition & will in a few years change the face of the country. recommending him there‑ fore, for no interests of mine but merely for those of the canton to which he goes, to your friendly offices & aid I offer you with sincerity affectionate salutations & assurances of respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Doctr. Currie”; endorsed by TJ.

From Thomas Main Sir Nursery near Geo: Town Octr. 29th. 1805. Intending to set off for Richmond in a day or two, I have directed the bearer to wait for the Letter which you was so obliging as to offer me. With great and sincere respect, I am, Sir Your grateful humble servt. Thos. Main. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Thomas Main (ca. 1753‑ca. 1813), orig‑ inally of Scotland, ran a nursery on land rented near Georgetown. By the fall of 1802, he was cultivating and advertising the sale of indigenous thorn bushes. He developed a reputation for expertise on thorns and published instructional pam‑ phlets on the growth and care of those plants. TJ kept up a correspondence with Main and on several occasions purchased hedges, trees, and seeds for the creation of live fences. The first major order was in March 1805, when TJ obtained 4,000 thorns from Main’s nursery (Wesley E.

Pippenger, comp., District of Columbia Probate Records: Will Books 1 through 6, 1801‑1852, and Estate Files, 1801‑1852 [Bowie, Md., 2003], 382; David B. War‑ den, A Chorographical and Statistical De­ scription of the District of Columbia [Paris, 1816], 117‑22; Main, Directions for the Transplantation and Management of Young Thorn or Other Hedge Plants, Preparative to Their Being Set in Hedges [Washing‑ ton, D.C., 1807; Sowerby, No. 723]; Na‑ tional Intelligencer, 15 Nov. 1802; Betts, Garden Book, 299, 313, 342; rs, 2:131‑2; mb, 2:1148, 1182, 1208; Joseph Dough‑ erty to TJ, 22 Mch. 1805). the letter: TJ to James Currie, 29 Oct.

 526 

From James Oldham Sir— Richmond 29th. October 05— Mr. La Poype’s conductor for Raising of water is likely to become useful in richmond, and am at a Los for the proper construction of the valvs as at B, whare Two valvs are closely conected Cpt. Quorrier is anctious to put the conductor in practice and desirs me to gain some information on the construction:—when at a lasure moment you will please Sir, to give me an explenation on a bit of paper it will be ever graitfully RiMember,d by Sir— Your Most Hm. and Obt. Sevt. Jams. Oldham.

RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

la poype’s conductor: see Endorse‑ ment of a Hydraulic Ram, 27 Sep.

From William Tatham Dr. Sir. Norfolk 29th. October 1805. You will have recieved Your Camera Obscura, which was sent from hence to Alexandria a few days ago, I understand, by Palmers Packet. It was opened at the Custom house, as was also the Working drawings of a Seventy four of the latest improved British Construc‑ tion, which I have found means to come at directly from the Navy office: had Mr. Smith treated me with that gentlemanly respect which I have experienced from every other secretary, & from the heads of  527 

29 OCTOBER 1805

Departments in every other Country I have been in, I should have been at some pains to have added copies of this, & of some other naval improvements of value, to those which I have already furnished him so thanklessly & so unprofitably: as it is, you know me too well to suppose me capable of wearing two faces for any interest whatever, & my interest & intercourse must cease alike till the Government has a head of Department there who feels the same sense that I do of the duties of a Man of business, & the civilities which an useful Citizen has a right to expect from the servants of the Public.—General Dear‑ born informs me also (& with a concern which does him honor) that, unless I had taken my degrees as a student of the Military Accademy I cannot be permitted to construct any Military Works, at even my own improved fortifications; though, I will venture to say, without my instructions & superintendance there is not a Master in that same accademy who can construct such a work; &, so long as the Patent law is my protection, there is not a Scholar in that school who shall con‑ struct a Work of the kind under the pretext of any authority which offers an insult to the Soldier of 76, to the Cincinnati I am a Member of, & equally to common sense & the spirit of the Government. I have been successful, while to the Southward, in posessing myself of valuable information in the economy of our Coasts and harbours:— so soon as I arrive at Washington, from whence I have been some‑ what delayed by sickness, I will endeavour to arrange such Notes as I judge may be useful to You. I am, in haste for the Post, Dr. Sir Yr. Obt. H St Wm Tatham  P.S. As I find myself under the necessity of returning Speedily to the Southward by the coming round again of the Courts, it may be well that any negotiation which may render my situation useful to the Public may be put as forward as circumstances will permit: I shall not be able to stay long at Washington, and shall have no objection to possess them of valuable means for an adequate compensation.— W. T. RC (DLC); addressed: “The President of the United States City of Washing‑ ton”; franked; postmarked 28 Oct.; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 2 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. your camera obscura: see Tatham to TJ, 15 June. In TJ’s papers is an en‑ dorsed invoice from the London firm of Learmonths & Berry, dated 16 Aug., and presented to TJ by Tatham on 24 Nov.

The invoice described TJ’s purchase as “A Camera Obscura, with Extra Glasses constructed in the best manner by Adams,” most likely Dudley Adams, third in a fam‑ ily line of prominent London instrument makers. The cost for the items was £10.10. Two cases, customs duties, and waterage and fees raised the total to £11.16.6. At the foot of the invoice, Tatham noted that after adding “150 prct. upon the Sterling cost,” the amount due in dollars was

 528 

30 OCTOBER 1805 $78.84. At the foot of a second copy of the invoice Tatham wrote: “1805. Novr. 24th.—Recd. of the President of the United States (T. Jefferson) The Sum of Seventy Eight Dollars, Eighty four Cents; being the Sum calculated by Mr. Goldsbury on a reference to Colol. Stricker’s letter touch‑ ing the amount without profit; & which will be at any time adjusted should any error have occurred.” At least one of the two invoices had been enclosed in a letter

to Tatham from Learmonths & Berry, 19 Aug., and endorsed by TJ. The letter ex‑ plained the transport of the camera to Norfolk and gave a brief review of the charges (all in DLC; John R. Millburn, Adams of Fleet Street, Instrument Makers to King George III [Aldershot, Eng., 2000], xi, 279, 316; mb, 2:1168). coming round again of the courts: see Tatham to TJ, 13 July.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Octer. 30th 1805 Will you have the goodness to look at the enclosed papers respecting the New Orleans forfeiture and give me your opinion— With respectful attachment Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); written on verso of an address sheet with remnant text “The Pres” in an unidentified hand; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Oct. and “Guerlain’s case” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure printed below. Other enclosures not found.

e n c l o s u r e

Memorandum on Guerlain’s Case Guerlain’s case          He imports & enters at New Orleans a cargo rated by his invoice at Stg. 8,764. 8. 8 charges other than freight & insurance 372. 6. 6 £ 9,136.15. 2 The invoice was made and signed by himself, as being shipped by him at London; and, on being applied for the original invoices or bills of sale signed by the merchants & manufacturers in England, he replied that he had thrown them over board from fear of the French cruizers. He also voluntarily declared that sd. invoice was made from memoranda respect‑ ing the course of the different manufacturers; which is tantamount to a declaration that sd. invoice was not transcribed from the true original ­invoices or bills of sale. The collector thereon seized the goods; and, Mr Guerlain having refused to concur in an apraisement, appointed appraisers who valued the cargo at Stg. 10,462.16.3 but it does not appear clearly whether they included therein the charges other than freight & insurance. If they did not, the difference between their appraisemt. & the invoice 8,764. 8.8 is 1,698. 7.7.

 529 

30 OCTOBER 1805 But if they did, the difference is 372.6.6. less 372. 6.6 or Stg. 1326. 1.1 The difference between the appraisement & Mr Guerlain’s invoice is therefore either Stg. 1,698.7.7. = Drs 7,548.45 = fraud of ⅙ or " 1,326.1.1. = " 5,893.57 = " of ⅛ In the first case, supposing the duties to have averaged 16⅔ p% which is nearly the fact, the fraud on the revenue would have been (including the addit. 10 p% for freight & insurance) Drs. 1,383.₁−⁸− ₀⁸− ₀ In the second case, the fraud on the revenue would have amounted to only " 1,080.₁−⁴− ₀⁸− ₀                   The whole cargo has been condemned by the district judge; and a petition for remission is presented under the statute. Mr Guerlain urges 1. that the appraisers were not competent to the task; that his purchases being for cash were considerably lower than those gentlemen have sup‑ posed; and that in some instances, ribbons particularly, they have far over‑ rated the articles, having valued them even beyond the credit prices. 2. that the amount of which it is presumed he wanted to defraud the revenue being but 1100 or at most less than 1400 dollars, it is absurd to suppose that he would for the sake of that sum have risked a cargo worth in New Orleans from fifty to sixty thousand dollars 3. that that supposition is still more forcibly repelled by the fact that he in‑ tended to re‑export the greater part of the cargo, in which case, as he would have received the drawback, he had no interest to diminish the amount of duties. He supports this assertion by Mr Merieult’s (his con‑ signee) declaration, and also by an affidavit taken at Havannah subsequent to the condemnation—See both— But Mr Guerlain does not account satisfactorily for his destroying the origi‑ nal bills of sale, nor for making his invoice from an arbitrary rule which he calls the course of manufactures. The evidence of the appraisers seems also to prove (tho’ they may have committed partial mistakes) that they were competent and have rated the goods at the lowest rates. Upon the whole it appears to me that there is strong ground to believe that a fraud was intended, tho’ it does not amount to a complete demonstration; but that the penalty incurred is greater than the offence deserves.  The prime cost of the cargo, including charges, commission freight and insurance was worth about Drs. 57,000 The duties estd. at 16⅔ amount to " 9,500 Drs. 66,500 The nett proceeds of the sale of the cargo amount only to " 48,500 so that the transaction has already cost Drs. 18,000 to Mr Guerlain, exclusively of interest, personal expences, total disappoint‑ ment in his establisht., loss of credit The smallest penalty, however, that can be inflicted will be the difference between his invoice & the appraisement or Drs. 7,548.45 for the use of the custom house officers. Which sum deducted from the proceeds of sales vizt 48,500 will leave to be restored to Guerlain 41,000

 530 

30 OCTOBER 1805 from which deducting duties 9,500  will leave him nett 31,500 Dollars and a loss of about 25,500 do  Estd. value of cargo 57,000 The question is whether that penalty be sufficient both as it relates to the offender, to the example, and to the reward due to the custom house officers— MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 155:27122‑3); undated; entirely in Gallatin’s hand. The case involved a cargo landed at New Orleans in the ship Lewis William in January 1805. As Gallatin noted, the cargo’s owner, Lewis H. Guerlain, had destroyed the original invoices and sub‑ stituted his own valuation. After receiv‑ ing information “that some deception was intended in the entry of these goods,” William Brown, the collector, seized the cargo under section 66 of the 1799 collec‑

tion law, which authorized seizure in cases where goods were entered with question‑ able or fraudulent invoices. Because a U.S. attorney was not present in New Or‑ leans at the time, Brown informed Gal­ latin that he consulted “the best counsel that I could obtain” before libeling Guer‑ lain’s cargo (Brown to Gallatin, 4 Feb. 1805, in DNA: RG 56, Correspondence of the Secretary of the Treasury with Col‑ lectors of Customs, New Orleans; U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:627, 677; TJ to Gal‑ latin, 6 Nov.).

From William Hamilton Dear Sir The Woodlds. [on or before 30] October 1805 On the strength of our long acquaintance I trust you will permit me the liberty I take of introducing to your notice, my nephew An‑ drew Hamilton, who intends passing a few days at the city of Wash‑ ington & will have the pleasure of presenting you with this letter. He will at the same time, deliver to you a small deciduous plant of the silk tree of constantinople (Mimosa Julibrisin) which if well pre‑ served for two or three years in a pot, will afterwards succeed in the open ground. I have trees of 20 feet height which for several years past have produced their beautiful & fragrand flowers & have shewn no marks whatever of suffering from the severity of the last winter. With the most respectful consideration I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most humble & obedt Sert W Hamilton RC (DLC); partially dated; at foot of text: “The President”; endorsed by TJ as received from the Woodlands on 30 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Hamilton sent TJ trees and seeds on several occasions, most recently a sample of a Mimosa farnesiana in early 1803. The small silk tree (Albizia julibrissin) mentioned here was flourishing by July 1806. Hamilton sent another seedling of

the same variety in 1808, which he de‑ scribed as “hardy enough to stand our cli‑ mate.” Evidently pleased with the trees, TJ seeded more in early 1809 (Betts, Gar‑ den Book, 385; Peggy Cornett, “Inspi­ rations from the Woodlands: Jeffer­son’s Enduring Ties to Philadelphia’s Botanical Riches,” Twinleaf Journal and Catalogue [2005], 15‑16; Vol. 31:533‑5; Vol. 39:337; TJ to Hamilton, July 1806; Hamilton to TJ, 5 Feb. 1808).

 531 

From John O’Neill Sir, Washington 30th. Octr. 1805 I have not the honor to be personally known to your Excellency there‑ fore you will no doubt think it strange to receive this letter from a person of whom you have not the smallest knowledge But in order to state to your Excellency in as few words as possible the purport of this address I am a young man a Roman Catholic who had been born and partly educated in Ireland but finding like many Others who had been compelled to Migrate from that Kingdom in consequence of the late troubles which had almost overwhelmed that unhappy Nation That it was imposseble for me to do any thing in my Native Country I came into this Country a few years since as an adventurer but hav‑ ing had the misfortune1 not to be bred to any particular profession which can attribute to no other cause except that had from a very early period cherished a design of entering into either the Land or Naval Service of this or some other Country whose Goverment would be congeneal to my wishes. On coming into Boston in the State of Masachusetts which happened to be the first place that I had arrived at in America had applyed to some of the principal Characters in that City in the view if possible to obtain a Commission to go out in a Frigate which had then been about to sail for the Mediterranean But my efforts at that time proved unsuccessful I however proceeded to Southward particularly to the State of South Carolina where had re‑ sided for some years; but during my residence in that State had the disagreeable misfortune to be known to a Host of Scotchmen and their off spring who had emigrated some of them since the Revolution in this Country and others of them still later, they finding that my de‑ sign was to get into the service of America and differing in political principles with them. for in a word they are all Monarchyts they are all Tyrants They were resolved to frustrate my design if possible by fabricating erroneous Stories of me to those whom they knew were disposed to befriend me, which they maliciously did and there by my efforts in the State of South Carolina became as inefficient as those which I had made in the State of Massachusetts. I however indulge in the hope that this last effort will prove more successful than those which have hitherto made But should it happen to be otherwise I shall be fully contented to relinquish every claim to America and her service and either go to Europe and apply to some of those powers now at war or retire to the Territories of Louisiana I arrived in this City yesterday from the State of South Carolina after having under‑ went almost unheard of fatigue & perplexity of mind Labouring for  532 

30 OCTOBER 1805

the whole period of the Journey under the insults, derision and con‑ temptuous language of some of the most obdurate and unfeeling Creatures of the human race This much I was compelled to suffer from unfortunately being almost destitude of money and completely so of friends not having one which can refer to in all these sixteen large and extensive united states. However I should not yet think it too far to travel three hundred miles in addition to what I have al‑ ready travelled to have if it were no more than to have the honor of beholding your Excellency Exclusive of the firm hopes which I rely in that you will since have not been able to find any who were disposed to take notice of me. For I have long since been told that it is fully as easy to have access to your Excellency as it was to Henry the fourth of France that Ameable and excellent Prince. And as one of many highly commendable things which he had done he hade made it an invereable rule to encourage all those whom he found desirous of entering the service of their Country. Looking upon myself at present as a Citizen of the World and as yet Isolated from the great mass of mankind and consequently not having much experience in the mode of addressing letters highly respecable Characters I had thought it the least presumptuous plan to be the bearer of this Epistle myself that thereby you may have an opportunity of seeing the person who has had the boldness to address your Excellency this very prolix letter which should it please your Excellency to give me some little Office or appointment in that extensive Country of Louisiana It should be my constant endeavour to merit the same by fidelity and an indefati‑ gable attention to whatever business I should be assigned. May I have the satisfaction in whatsoever Country or situation may be in to hear of your Excellencies long continuance of your natural powers un­ empaired to conduct the Helm of this Extensive Country, which are the sincere wishes of your Excellencies Mo. Obt. Hum. Servt. John O’Neill RC (DLC); addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 31 Oct. received that day and so recorded in SJL. Irish immigrant John O’Neill wrote 21 letters to TJ from October 1805 to No‑

vember 1806, sent from multiple loca‑ tions and covering an array of subjects. No reply from TJ to any of them has been found or is recorded in SJL. 1 MS:

 533 

“fisfortune.”

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 30 Oct. 1805. Les Perroquets sont arrivès—mais mon epouse a etè tant facheè contre eux, de çe, qu’ils n’ont pas Su, se faire recevoir, que les a echangèe avec Moi pour l’exemplaire in Quarto. J’ai eû le plaisir, de faire la Connaissance de Mr. Short, qu’il m’a dit, que Vous avez eû la bontè, de lui parler de Moi. Sans doute, que la petite incluse—Vous interesse. Je Vous prie d’agréer mes tres profonds respects. Reibelt.  Je viens de recevoir une Lettre de Mr. Randolph, d’apres laquelle il est probable, que Mr. E. tombe a la fin d’accord avec Moi au sujet de P. P. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 30 Oct. 1805 The parrots arrived, but my wife was so annoyed at them for not making themselves welcome that she traded them for my quarto copy. I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Short who said you were kind enough to tell him about me. The brief enclosure will undoubtedly interest you. Please accept my very deep respect. Reibelt I just received a letter from Mr. Randolph saying that Mr. E. will probably agree with me in the end about Pen Park. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Oct. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure: extract from a German periodical, the title of which, rendered in French, would be Journal du monde élégant, 18 Apr. 1805; the Danish adjutant general has invented a new device called the to­ pognomon designed to ascertain, even on the darkest of nights, a source of distant light otherwise beyond human view; the same inventor has contrived a device for recognizing the precise moment a vessel sails from a port, even in dark conditions (MS in same; in Reibelt’s hand; in French).

petite incluse: although it is un­ certain from which German periodical Reibelt was extracting, information on the inventions, described as “being of the greatest importance in war,” appeared in numerous publications around this time (Monthly Magazine 20 [1805], 63; In­ telligenzblatt der Jenaischen Allgemeine Literatur‑Zeitung vom Jahre 1804, 143 [1804], 1201). mr. e.: presumably, John Wayles Eppes.

 534 

From Samuel Smith Sir/ Baltimore 30. Octr. 1805 My Son Louis. B. Smith. has it in Contemplation to Spend the Winter at Madrid. will you do me the favor to give him an introduc‑ tion to Mr. Bowdoin—he perhaps may not be at Madrid but It is pos‑ sible he may, in any Case your letter will be of infinite importance,—I have not the least Acquaintance with Mr. Bowdoin.—If required Louis might be the Bearer of Dispatches he will land in Lisbon, and expects to Sail on Sunday next—I am sir, With the highest Esteem Your Obed serv. S. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Oct. and so recorded in SJL.

From William Tatham Dr. Sir. Norfolk 30th. October 1805. Considering Capt. Hunter’s proposition, herewith inclosed an ac‑ quisition to the United States, I became the bearer with a desire to second the application in person, under favorable impressions; and ready to speak to such facts as might be enquired of me so far as I had knowledge. Procrastination by indisposition must appologize to the Govern‑ ment, & to Capt. Hunter, for the delay which has happened. He is consanguinially connected with Mr. Bergwin of Wilmington, pos‑ sesses the Manners of improved Society, an Amiable heart, & high sense of honor, & the spirit of a Brave Man tempered by experience. At Aboukir he recieved a wound in the Forehead by the bursting of a Shell which tore the flesh of his Skull;—it still continues to dis‑ charge matter under a black Patch, & I think occasions him to feel the effect of liquor more easily; but, so far as I have observed, (& with some Vigilance) it does not make him quarrelsome or inattentive to his professional engagements, which seem to rest on his mind at all times, as primary. [.  .  .][.  .  .]als shew him to have been a Citizen of the U States for about Seven Years; & I believe he is a sincere one. I have the honor to be Dr. Sir, Your Obt H. St. Wm Tatham RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); torn; at foot of text: “The President of the United States &c. &c. &c.”; endorsed by TJ as received

6 Nov. and “Hunter Wm to be Lieutt. Navy” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: statement of William Hunter, 20 Sep.

 535 

30 OCTOBER 1805 1805, requesting a lieutenant’s commis‑ sion in the navy; Hunter states that he is 33 years old, has 21 years of experience at

sea, speaks several languages, and is well known among the officers who commanded ships at Malta (MS in same).

From Isaac Briggs My dear Friend, New Orleans 31 of the 10 mo. 1805 Having heard that the Commissioners for adjusting and reporting the evidences of claims to land in the Territory of Orleans had passed down the River, and considering it important that I should make some immediate arrangements for surveying lands claimed; on the 14th. instant, I departed for New Orleans, in order to consult the Board and make the necessary appointment of deputies. On the 22nd. I arrived in this City, where I have not yet found the Commissioners. The last mail brought me from my friend Governor Williams a let‑ ter covering the writing of which the accompanying paper marked A is an exact copy. It is to me matter of great regret that a body so respectable as ought to be a Grand Jury should appear as my accusers; especially as I can neither admit that the charges exhibited have any just foun‑ dation, nor, if they had, that they are at all within the cognizance of a Grand Jury. In the first place, I am charged with “frequently absenting myself from the Mississippi Territory and thereby unnecessarily protracting the duties of my office.” Since I first arrived in the Mississippi Territory after my mission on the main post‑route, I have not been one moment absent from that Territory, except to this place, twice in the course of last summer, and the present time, in pursuance of my duties arising out of the law of Congress, thy earnest request, and instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury. Besides the time necessary on the road between Wash‑ ington M.T. and this place, I tarried here but fifteen days the first time, eleven days the second, and now since the 22nd. instant. But I confidently deny that any delay of the performance of my duty as surveyor, or any detriment to the public interest has, since the first moment of my appointment, happened in consequence of my absence from the Mississippi Territory: And I believe I shall never shrink from, but always earnestly invite, a candid investigation of my conduct by any tribunal competent to judge. It has been hinted to me that some dissatisfaction exists among the citizens of the Territory of Orleans (who are extremely jealous of the measures of the United States and  536 

31 OCTOBER 1805

its officers respecting them) that their chief surveyor should reside in another Territory and devote to theirs so little of his personal atten‑ dance as has been the case. Secondly, I am charged with “Neglecting to appoint a sufficient number of deputy surveyors agreeably to the law of Congress” &c.— and with permitting the work to be done in an inaccurate and illegal manner. If the business of surveying progresses with as much rapidity as can be consistent with a general plan, without which it must terminate in confusion, the number of deputies I presume is sufficient.—This I assert is the case. With respect to a class of deputies not contemplated in the law, I offer the following statement of facts. I could find in this country many men capable of ascertaining a course by the circumfer‑ entor and of running and measuring a straight line with sufficient accuracy; and but very few indeed who understand any thing of even plane trigonometry, who can calculate the contents of an irregular figure, or who can make such a return as I should be willing to re‑ ceive into my office. In this case I adopted the expedient of a division of labor. I selected two men who were well versed in practical mathe‑ matics for the district west of Pearl River and two for the Eastern dis‑ trict, to whom I assigned—a general superintendance over the work— the duties of receiving the rough field notes—of making the necessary calculations and plats, and the proper returns to my office.—To the other deputies is assigned the business of running and measuring the lines on the ground and furnishing the principal deputies with their field notes. In resurveying, it mostly happens that neither the course stated in the old plat, nor the marked trees in view from a corner will lead in a straight line to the next corner. The dep‑ uty is in that case directed to return the course and distance of the line he has actually run to a point opposite to the corner at which he should arrive as (a b) and the distance of that point from the corner as (b c). The principal deputy calculates, plats and returns to my office the true course and distance (a c). The partition of the compensation allowed by law is matter of agree‑ ment between the principal deputies and those who run the lines and is I believe pretty equitably divided. So far was I from imagining that this regulation was a transgres‑ sion of law, and the work in consequence illegal and void—or that it would in any degree contravene the views of Government, that I ac‑ tually considerd it as one of my best expedients to promote the public interest and to bring the work to a satisfactory close. Had I entertained  537 

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a doubt on this subject, I should have requested spesific instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury. Apprehensive that the mode of surveying described in the above figure, might in some instances give alarm, the deputies were strictly enjoined to explain it, wherever there appeared to be uneasiness, and wherever an explanation was requested; Yet I think it very probable that the Grand Jury viewed this method as an undoubted proof of “disqualification” in the deputy “to perform his task” or “to close the lines of a survey.” Thirdly and lastly, on the charge of “attempts to procure an aug‑ mentation of the price of surveying” &c. I shall make but a single remark, that to this moment I never have known of any attempt to procure such augmentation of price, as would be “injurious to the citizens generally,” or as would at all affect the interest of any one “in indigent circumstances.” All the attempts of this kind of which I have any knowledge were to procure an augmentation of the price of sur‑ veying United States’ lands, in order that the surveyor might perform the work with greater accuracy than is now possible. It is a little singular too that these people paid without a murmur to the Spanish Surveyor more than three times our price. I know not who composed this Grand Jury; I have not heard the name of one of them, but I do not yet consider them as my enemies— I think it is evident from even a superficial view of their presentment that they are duped and misled—and that they are extremely igno‑ rant of the subject they have attempted to handle. They are only the Actors—The Contrivers and Prompters are, as usual, snug behind the scenes. Those cunning spiders have no doubt made their calculation, and concluded that their best chance of ruining me (which appears now to be their primary object) is to remain in their holes, and spread for me, and endeavor to entangle me in, the web of popular clamor. From my political opposition to the West‑Junto, I have for a con‑ siderable time past expected their enmity. George Poindexter, who had, until sometime last summer, professed for me a warm friendship, suddenly became my enemy, on no better foundation than a suspicion of my being the author of a little chastisement bestowed in a news­ paper on an anonymous writer whom he has since avowed himself to be. Since this change he has persecuted me with a zeal worthy of a better cause—and I am sorry to say that I have it from authority too respectable to admit of a doubt, that William B. Shields and Theo‑ dore Stark are his coadjutors in this persecution. Shields has been persuaded that he owes to Poindexter’s influence at the seat of Gov‑  538 

31 OCTOBER 1805

ernment his appointment as Agent. Of these men I once had a favor‑ able opinion which I am truly sorry to be forced to relinquish. I have lately had repeated reasons to believe that George Poindex‑ ter, and his aids, have industriously hunted up, collected, nursed, fanned and attempted to blow into a flame those little discontents which must arise from the very nature of the business which is laid upon me. Those discontents, like insulated sparks, would soon qui‑ etly die of themselves, were they not collected and supplied with fuel, by ascribing sinister motives to the surveyor. I have never indulged a very sanguine expectation that any possible system of surveying claims would coincide with the wishes of every claimant. Repeated have been the premonitory signs of mischief intended against me—I could not however divine in what shape it would first appear, until my friend Williams sent me the Mouse which had been begotten upon a Mountain of a Grand Jury by a Giant of an Attorney General. I will not injure Judge Rodney, or his associate, by supposing that he would give any official countenance or sanction to such a present‑ ment. Could it be made the foundation of an indictment, I presume the Attorney General would not for any consideration neglect his duty in this case; and if a Grand Jury may present what is not indictable— that body may become an engine of slander and persecution. Be so kind as to show this letter to the Secretary of the Treasury and to Doctor Lattimore—and pardon me for troubling thee with so disagreeable a subject. Accept assurances of my respect, esteem, and affectionate regard. Isaac Briggs. P.S. I shall return to the Mississippi Territory in a few days. I.B. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Prest. U.S.”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. FC (Lb in MdHi). En‑ closure: presentment of the grand jury of Adams County, Mississippi Territory, 18 Oct. 1805, presenting Briggs for his fre‑ quent absences from the territory, for ap‑ pointing an insufficient number of depu‑ ties, and for authorizing deputies to appoint additional deputies not sanctioned by Con‑ gress; the additional deputies “are not only disqualified to perform the task in‑ cumbent upon them,” their surveys “we humbly conceive to be illegal and void”; the grand jury also claims that Briggs and his deputies are attempting to influence

Congress “to augment the price of sur‑ veying from four dollars pr mile to a sum not known to this body”; the jurors ask the court to convey this presentment to Washington for “the consideration of the President of the U. States” (Tr in NHi: Gallatin Papers; at head of text: “Copy”). Briggs made additional observations regarding george poindexter on an undated note in TJ’s papers: “I am now convinced that thy opinion of G. Poin­ dexter is radically correct. I.B.” (MS in DLC: TJ Papers, 149:26041, undated, in Briggs’s hand). Poindexter was the attorney general of Mississippi Ter‑ ritory (Vol. 40:450n).

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From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir, New Orleans October 31st 1805 Of late there has been a defference between the Mayor of this City, and the officer commanding the Troops: The correspondence which ensued, I now have the Honor to enclose You, in conformity to the particular request of the Mayor, who is desirous that his conduct on the occasion should be Known to you.— My official Letters to the Secretary of State, will acquaint you with the state of things in this Quarter.— I am Dear Sir, With Great Respect your faithful Friend William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Claiborne; at foot of text in Claiborne’s hand: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. On 31 Oct., Claiborne informed John Watkins, the mayor of New Orleans, that he had received Watkins’s “Letter of the Morning, together with its enclosures” and would forward them to the president as requested. Claiborne agreed that U.S.

troops “should have no concern with the police of the City” and believed that “their late Interference with the City Guard, originated in mistake.” He also hoped that “the Necessary Steps will be taken, to render Your City Watch or Guard as lit‑ tle exceptionable as possible” (Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:219‑20; see also Notes on Letters Received by the War Department, 5 Oct.). officer commanding: Constant Freeman.

To James Dinsmore Dear Sir Washington Oct. 31. 05. I find by Latrobe & Mifflin’s account that on the 7th. of Aug. they shipped for me from Philadelphia 2. boxes of sheet iron weighing 7–2Qrs–16℔ has it ever been recieved? be so good as to inform me by return of post as I am called on for paiment. I never sent to them for sheet iron but twice. the question is then whether we have re‑ cieved a supply of sheet iron1 once only, or twice. best wishes Th: Jefferson RC (Goodspeed’s Bookshop, Boston, 1946); at foot of text: “Mr. Dinsmore.” return of post: a letter of 8 Nov. from Dinsmore, recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived 12 Nov., has not been found. Sub‑ sequently, TJ recorded writing to Dins‑ more on 17 Nov. and receiving from him

a letter of 7 Dec. on 10 Dec. Neither of these letters has been found. An account in TJ’s hand of his trans­ actions with the rolling mill firm of Ben‑ jamin Henry Latrobe and Samuel Mifflin indicated that he paid $330 for six boxes of “bent & painted” sheet iron in 1803 and $178.25 for two boxes in May 1805.

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1 NOVEMBER 1805 TJ owed the firm for its third shipment, priced like the second one at $265 per ton, $101.27 and an additional $3 for the boxes (MS in MHi; undated; entirely in

TJ’s hand; at head of text: “Messrs. Mifflin & Latrobe”). 1 Preceding

five words interlined.

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Washington Oct. 31. 05. You have done perfectly right in sending mr Mifflin’s acct. here. his former one was paid here from whence the order went, & why he should have sent the 2d. elsewhere is unaccountable. but has the sheet iron been recieved? it is charged as 2. boxes shipped in the schooner Independance, Wm. Poole, Aug. 7. 1805 he never sent me a bill of lading, letter, or any other information, the acct you inclose me being the first. we had heard nothing of it at Monticello at the close of Sep‑ tember. will you be so good as to inform me immediately, that on remitting him the money I may set him on the enquiry for the sheet iron, if it has miscarried. accept affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. G. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

mifflin’s acct.: see TJ to James Dins­ more, 31 Oct., and TJ to Samuel Mifflin, 9 Nov.

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 31st. Octr. 1805 The boxes alluded to in your favor of the 25th, were re‑shipped to Baltimore on the 21st. Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

To George W. Erving Dear Sir Washington Nov. 1. 1805 Expecting that the bearer hereof, mr Louis B. Smith, will find you arrived at Madrid, I take the liberty of addressing a line to make him known to you. he is the son of Genl. Samuel Smith, a member of the  541 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

senate of the US. with whom I believe you are acquainted, but cer‑ tainly with the respectable estimation in which he is held in this country as well as others of his family. mr Smith, the bearer, I under‑ stand proposes to pass the winter in Madrid, where I will take the liberty of asking your attentions to him and your aid in availing him of those benefits of intercourse which your situation may enable you to do. I profit of this occasion to present you my friendly salutations and to assure you of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “George W. Erving esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Samuel Smith, 1 Nov.

make him known to you: see Smith to TJ, 30 Oct.

From Henry Ingle Sir Washington Novr. 1st. 1805— Upon enquiery I find that Mr. O P Finley of Alexandria has brass plate & Mortice Locks but neither the quality nor price can be ascer‑ tained, as they are detained at the Custom house for want of the In‑ voice, which is daily expected— I am sir Your Obedient & Humble Servant Henry Ingle per John P Ingle RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­ son Esqr. City of Washington”; endorsed by TJ.

O. P. finley operated a hardware store on Fairfax Street in Alexandria (Miller, Alexandria Artisans, 1:138).

To Dolley Payne Todd Madison

Washington Nov. 1. 1805.

Th: Jefferson presents his affectionate respects to mrs Madison, & his regrets that she is not likely to return so soon to Washington as he had hoped. his regret is the greater as he knows the disappoint‑ ment which his daughter will feel in not finding her here. in full ex‑ pectation of mrs Madison’s earlier return she had sent through Th:J. a request to mrs Madison to have the goodness to procure for her the articles underwritten. believing however that the commission will be better executed in Philadelphia he takes the liberty of forwarding it to mrs Madison, not with the view to give her the trouble in her pres‑ ent situation of executing it herself, but in the hope she may get it  542 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

done without the trouble of leaving her room. when procured, Th:J. will be glad to recieve them by the stage. he prays mrs Madison to accept his most friendly salutations. a fashionable wig of the colour of the hair inclosed. a set of combs for dressing the hair. a bonnet a shawl & white lace veil for paying morning visits 2. lace half‑handkerchiefs. PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

she had sent: Martha Jefferson Ran‑ dolph to TJ, 26 Oct.

From James Monroe Dear Sir London novr. 1st. 1805. Yours of june 15th. was recd. on my arrival here. Mr. Gamble has not been here that I can learn. Shod. he come while I am here I shall most certainly pay him the attention you desire. I have conferr’d with Mr. Carey respecting the documents concerning the war in our south‑ ern states which you committed to him for publication, & send his apology in a letter to me for not having answered yr. expectation. I have no doubt that his explanation is correct, as he appeared to be much concerned that his embarrassments had driven him into such an expedient. I hope the sum which he says is necessary to redeem the papers will be furnished him. I shall be among the subscribers & happy to do every thing in my power to promote the publication. As I considered myself as having your permission to return home when the negotiation with Spain shod. be concluded, I took the lib‑ erty to intimate to Mr. Madison from Madrid that I shod. do so, as soon after my arrival here as the state of things with this govt. wod. permit. the project however was interrupted as you have seen by the seizure of our vessels which commenc’d at that time and imposed on me a duty from which I thought it improper to withdraw. Had I sailed without remonstrating against the measure, it seemed as if I shod. have given a sanction to it, or at least exposed our government and myself to the charge of great neglect in a very important publick con‑ cern. And had I sailed at any time since, and this govt. had pursued a more hostile policy towards us, it was to be apprehended that the consequences would be attributed to my departure. To have remon‑ strated in a milder tone, I knew would have been perfectly idle. In the way of conciliation & friendship every thing had been done, in return for which we had been requited at the first favorable moment since the  543 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

commenc’ment of the war, being that when their new coalition was formed, and we were ill at ease with another power, with the poniard. At present the season is so far advanc’d that it may be hasardous to sail till the spring, Feby or March, when I propose to bring my family home. Having fully explained myself to you heretofore on this sub‑ ject, I will not trouble you here with a repetition of the reasons which force me into this measure; tho’ indeed under any circumstances, it would be far from my wish to remain in such a situation, any length of time. Should you however be disposed on my return home to at‑ tempt the formation of a commercial treaty with this govt., and think my agency in it material, I will chearfully come back for the purpose, leaving my family behind. You will therefore be so good as to consider me as having resigned, and appoint a successor to take the ground as I leave it, or as returning to the UStates on leave of absence, as you may find most consistent with the publick interest & the credit of yr. administration. As I could have no other motive to leave my family again for so long a time, so I beg you to have none other in your deci‑ sion on the point. By this opportunity I shall send several pamphlets entitled “war in disguise” wh. are believed to have been written under the auspices of those in power. It is not doubted that the disposition exists to push measures with us to the full extent of the doctrines contained in that work, if circumstances favor. Their jealousy of us in every subsisting relation is as great as it can be. On the former invasion of Holland a similar publication was made, which was suppressed on the failure of the expedition. Mr. King I have reason to think knew the fact & the contents of the work, of which I presume he gave notice to the de‑ partment of state at the time. Of our affairs on the continent I have nothing new to add. Mr. Bowdoin must have arrived at Paris before this, as he left Rotterdam on the 20th. ulto. on the route thither. Of Genl. Armstrong, Mr B. & Mr. Erving you will have full and correct information of those concerns. The latter is before this at Madrid. It is evident that we have no sincere friends any where: that all the powers with whom we have the most immediate relations are jealous of us, by some motives which are common to all. The relation wh. we bear to their colonies excites that sentiment in a peculiar degree with G. Britain & Spain, tho’ other motives mingle with it on the part of the former which are fully exposed in the pamphlet called “war in disguise.” France feels less forcibly that sentiment in this respect be‑ cause she puts less value on her colonies, & being inferior at sea finds it her interest to encourage our growth on that element, in the reason which prompts Britain to depress it. But without an attitude of men‑  544 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

ace, and an evident ability, which will be judged of by the apparent means, and determination to execute it if necessary, nothing will be gained of any of them, not even of Spain the most feeble and vulner‑ able of all powers. The moral sentiment is weak with them all. None will pay debts or do justice in any form while they can avoid it. All will insult us, encroach on our rights, & plunder us if they can do it with impunity. Should they conclude that they have nothing to fear from us or to hope, be their conduct respectively what it may; that we are not ready to resent injuries & to hasard much in defense of our rights honor & interests, it is fairly to be presumed that they will all pursue that system of policy towards us, which each may find its advantage in. The effect wod. probably soon be seen in the war by the pillage of our commerce, wh. begining here wod. be followed every where, and in peace by an union of all in a system to depress us. I know that the subject is an extremely difficult one: that distant as we are from the theatre of action; likely as the scene is to change, with the powers who are parties to it, it is possible that we might adopt a measure which two months afterwards we might be sorry for. I have fully weighed these considerations, and still thought that it was more safe to act where the occasion required, as heretofore stated. As the govt. is in the hands of those who are known to be so friendly to its principles, it seems to me that by assuming an occasional attitude of the kind adverted to even under circumstances less urgent the prospect of suc‑ cess in all its most important objects wod. be much increased. The most staunch and enlightened friends of our country, that I have met with in Europe think, that to preserve our system, sustain our station & protect our commerce, all our energies will be necessary & may be called into action; that if the affair with Spain was adjusted, and that also with this govt., the same preparations would be necessary which they require. These do not go to an encrease of the regular force, which shod. never be made while to be avoided. but that it will be proper to encrease the naval, and infuse more strength into the militia system I have no doubt. Accounts are just recd. that the French have completely demol‑ ished the Austrian army under Prince Ferdinand & Genl. Mack; the former escaped by flight at the head of a few horse, and the latter was taken prisoner with the remainder of his army at Ulm, & all his offi­ cers. The Austrian Generals appear to have possessed not any of the great qualifications necessary to their stations. Being out maneuvred, they sunk under the pressure wh. was made on them, without mak‑ ing any great exertion to extricate themselves from their embarrass‑ ments. It seems probable that the combind Russian & austrian force  545 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

which is approaching Bavaria by the Inn will experience the same fate, or at least be driven back. The expedition from this country for the continent wh. has been embarked some days, will sail the first fair wind, under the command, as is reported, of the Duke of York. It consists of abt. 20.000 men and is destined for Hanover or Holland. Prussia who seemed disposed for a while to join the coalition will probably change her attitude. If the movment of the allies was ever well combined, the execution has been most wretched so far. The prospect at present is as favorable to France in every view, as those in power there could desire. In respect to the aggressions made on our commerce by this govt., or by its sanction, there will I am aware be much difficulty in fixing on the precise measure to produce the best effect here and elsewhere. I am strong in the belief that something is necessary to be done, with a view to our interest, both here & on the continent. Without some act of the kind alluded to, the aggression will be renewed hereafter & pushed further, if the opportunity favors; it will also be useless to attempt the formation of a commercial treaty, for the whole will go together; tho’ on this point the pamphlets sent give sufficient infor‑ mation. Some such act may be equally necessary to prevent France, and the powers dependant on her from following the example of Brit‑ ain, to counteract (as they will say) her policy. Thus between them our commerce might be entirely cut up & our merchants ruined. It seems to me as if it would be proper for the Congress to act on it, and declare its sense of the law of nations, taking perhaps the ground of the Russian treaty & pledging the representative body, that is both branches, to support the Executive in the maintenance of those rights: as an indemnity to those who may have suffered by a violation of them, it may be adviseable to impose a discriminating duty on British man‑ ufactures of 15. or 25. pr. cent: in the spirit of the resolutions pre‑ sented by Mr. Madison in 1793.4. This would be a mild way of acting in regard to this country, and yet wod. assume an attitude which might be useful here, ultimately, & on the continent immediately. The im‑ mediate effect which such a measure might produce here cannot well be calculated. I think it wod. depend on the state of affrs. on the con‑ tinent. Shod. this govt. succeed there, it is presumeable that the mea‑ sures recommended by the pamphleteer, will be adopted, altho’ no step was taken on our part. If it does not, then I think such measures will not be taken, altho’ we took even a stronger one, provided we left the door open to negotiation. Indeed it seems probable that a continu‑ ation of bad success with the coalition, with an unfriendly attitude on our part, supported by just reasons, urged in a spirit of moderation,  546 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

would embarrass this ministry much. In acting however we shod. con‑ sider the whole subject, likely to be taken up in a commercial treaty, as claiming attention. If improper restraints are imposed on our com‑ merce with the W. Indies or elsewhere, especially such as did not exist under the treaty of 1794., will it not be proper to give power to the Executive to counteract them? When prohibitions are imposed, to authorize him for example to lay embargoes, or prohibit the exporta‑ tion of our produce &ca in return? This will bear hard on the colonies, but they must reproach their own govt. alone with the consequences. Such a proceeding would be likely to lay a good foundation to nego‑ tiate a commercial treaty on. It wod. shew them that we were also a party to such a transaction, that we knew our rights & wod. support them, in the mode wh. was likely to be most effectual because most embarrassing to them, altho attended with inconvenience to ourselves: it might produce a good effect with the northern powers who could not be indifferent to a pressure made on us in a point so interesting to themselves. It would also I think produce a good effect with France, as it wod. give her cause to hope that we wod. support our rights in a case in which she was interested, with effect, or if we failed that it would lead us to a still greater compromitment with her enemy, from which she would derive still greater advantage. The present is cer‑ tainly a very favorable time to push our just claims with both this country & Spain. As their whole force is exerted in the existing war, it is not likely that either wod. be able to resist a pressure from us, or willing to encounter it. I really think that we have it much in our power to obtain what is our due of them. In respect to all colonial questions it seems probable that whatever ground shod. be gained of any one, wod. be yielded by the others. In this view it may be par‑ ticularly expedient to avail ourselves of the occasion furnished by these powers, to improve our fortune with them in every line in which it may be practicable. Our best regards are desired to Mr. Randolph & yr. daughter, and our good neighbours in Albemarle; how are Mr. Carr & family? Mr. Divers Col: Lewis & theirs? I am Dear Sir with great respect & esteem your friend & servt Jas. Monroe RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter of 1 Nov. 1806 received 16 Jan. Recorded in SJL as received 16 Jan. 1806. send his apology: see Monroe to TJ, 26 Sep. and 6 Oct. pamphlets: War in Disguise; or, The Frauds of the Neutral Flags, published anon­ ymously by British lawyer James Stephen, appeared in London in October.

Stephen criticized harshly the neutral car‑ rying trade, which he argued “sustains the ambition of France; and prolongs the miseries of Europe.” The pamphlet sup‑ ported the principle set forth in recent ad‑ miralty court decisions that trade closed to neutral nations in times of peace should not be allowed in times of war (Stephen, War in Disguise [London, 1805; Sowerby, No. 2809], 5; dnb; Bradford Perkins,

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1 NOVEMBER 1805 The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795‑1805 [Philadelphia, 1955; repr. Berkeley, 1967], 180‑1; Jacob Crowninshield to TJ, 11 Sep.). The Austrian army at ulm surrendered to the French on 20 Oct. The British ex­ pedition to northern Germany, in coop‑ eration with Russian and Swedish forces, sought to threaten the French from the rear, reoccupy the electorate of Hanover, and secure Prussian support against France. It would fail in all its goals. Although the British briefly occupied Hanover, lack of transport and poor coordination among the allies hampered any further advance. By the end of December, French victories over the Austrians and Russians and a convention between France and Prussia signed at Schönbrunn on the 16th had isolated the British and left their position

in Hanover untenable. The British gov‑ ernment ordered an evacuation in January and the expedition returned to England the following month (J. W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, 13 vols. [Lon‑ don, 1899‑1930], 5:271‑2, 279‑300; Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series, 231 vols. [Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 1969‑81], 58:329‑31). On 3 Jan. 1794, Madison offered res­ olutions in Congress supporting the recommendations presented by TJ in his Report on Commerce of 16 Dec. 1793, which protested commercial discrimina‑ tion against American trade. The resolu‑ tions called for restrictions on foreign navi‑ gation and increased duties on imports (Madison, Papers, 15:148‑51, 167‑71; Vol. 27: 532‑5, 567‑79).

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir Washington Nov. 1. 1805. Mr. Bowdoin has not yet proceeded to Madrid, nor will he until further orders, which will not be sent him soon. in the mean time he takes his stand at Paris. but mr Erving, I expect, left London for Madrid in September, where he will act as Chargé des affaires till mr Bowdoin goes on. with him I expect you are personally acquainted, however lest you should not be I have written him a line which I now inclose. the activity of his character as well as his diplomatic situa‑ tion, will I hope enable him to be useful to your son, and I can answer for the zeal with which he will endeavor to be so. the extension of the war in Europe by securing us against a hasty peace, will I hope give us time to bring Spain peaceably to reason. Accept my friendly salu‑ tations & assurances of great esteem and respect Th: Jefferson P.S. I will inform mr Madison of the opportunity, should he have dispatches to send. the notice is probably too short. PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Genl. Saml. Smith”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to George W. Erving, 1 Nov.

 548 

From John Stark Sir Derryfield Nov. 1. 1805 Your friendly letter of the 19th. of August last came to hand a few days since, but owing to the imbecility inseparably connected with the wane of life I have not been able to acknowledge it untill now. I have been in my seventy seventh year since the 28 of August last, and since the close of the revolutionary war have devoted my time intirely to domestick employments, and in the vale of obscure retirement, have tasted that tranquility, which the bustle and hurry of a busy world so seldom bestows. You are pleased to compliment me for the part that I had the good fortune to act on the theatre of the revolu‑ tion, I thank you for the compliment, nor will I conceal the satisfaction that I feel in recieving it from a man who posseses so large a share of my confidence. I will confess to you Sir that I once began to think that the labors of the revolution were in vain, and that I should live to see the system restored that I had assisted in destroying. But my fears are at an end, & I am now calmly preparing to meet the unirring fate of man, but with the satisfactorily reflection that I leave a numerous progeny in a land highly favored by nature, and under a government whose principles & views I believe to be correct & just. General Dearborn is the only one of my associates in arms that I recollect about your person who holds an office under the government, to him be pleased to make my best respects. With the highest considerations of respect & esteem, I have the honor to be your most obedient Servant. John Stark RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Dec. and so recorded in SJL.

From James Walker Sir, Shadwell 1st Novr. 1805 This comes to inform you that my motive for writing to you re‑ specting the work still to do for you, originated from what passed betwen you & me at Monticello the second day of last April, I ob‑ served to you that as I had changed my situation in life I had reather find my self while at work for you which you readily consented to I then thought that our bargain made at Mr. Cockes was void suppos‑ ing that you probably had reather I should do the work by the piece in consiquence of my finding myself which I thought might perhaps prove more satisfactory to each of us, I must acknowledge that my Idea  549 

1 NOVEMBER 1805

of our bargain being changed was unjust as nothing but the finding was mentioned, I well remember our bargain made at Mr. Cockes & am perfectly satisfied with it as I always was, & think with you that it could not be put on a fairer footing. I have received the bolting Cloth, but no gudgeons, I suppose in consiquence of low water. how‑ ever Mr. Higginbotham says he will write to Mr. Jefferson to forward them on by a waggon. Mr. Steward has done nothing to the Mill Irons as yet for want of coal nothing more has been done to the Dam, but some stone raised.— I am with respect your Obt. Hble. Servt. James Walker RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jeffer­son Esqr. Washington City”; franked; postmarked Milton, 2 Nov.; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

writing to you: see Walker to TJ, 10 Oct., and TJ’s reply on 16 Oct.

From Stephen Cathalan, Jr. Dear Sir Marseilles 2d. November 1805. I have the honor of Confirming you my Respect of the 9th. august last;—not having had Since any american vessels in this port bound for the U. States I have directed Messrs. Jourdan & Fils of Tain to Send one Hundred bottles Virgin white wine, hermitage to Wm. Lee Esqr. our Consul at Bordeaux to be forwarded by him to you, by the first vessell bound for U. States & be consigned to the Collector of the Customhouse which they have done in two Chests No. 192. & 193. of the year 1802, and will reach Mr. Lee as soon as this Letter which goes under his Cover, as I direct him to do the needfull as above, Sending me the Amount of his disbursements. A Gentleman arrived from Newyork told me he has Seen in the Customhouse there, Chests or packages to your address arrived in July last from Halifax which he and I Suppose to be the Same I Shipped in the Neworleans, Whereof part of the Ship & Cargo had been con‑ demned belonging to Mr. James H. Hughes & the remainder untill further proofs;—Being, then, proved it was your property, they most have been released but I apprehend, they may have reached you in bad order or Spoiled;—the Condemnation of the New Orleans is unjust for Mr. Hughes is proved to be an American Citizen and his Share his own, bona fide, property; otherwise I would not have granted my Certificates, he will pursue an Appeal. Your most respected favor of the 28th. June last reached me, Viâ Messina, on the 22d. ulto., I have, on receipt, ordered to Mr. Jourdan  550 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

of Tain, one hundred bottles more of the same wine to be Sent to me for you;— I have, also Shipped one Chest Containg. Small boxes of Brignolles Prunes, Marseilles figs &a. on the Brig Venus of Charlestn. Capn. Eden Shotwell bound for Charleston S. Ca. to be Consigned to the Collector of the Customs & be forwarded to you, but the wine Cannot be here before She Sails. Captn. Hazard is arrived here 4 days ago to my address with fish &a. I as well as my remaining family are very grateful for your Kind expressions, begging the Continuation of your good protection and Friendship they present you their best respects. & I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Dear Sir your most obedt. hble & Devoted Servant— Stephen Cathalan. P.S. I reiterate my Prayer for your kind protection in favor of Mr. Juliûs oliver, whom I Love as if he was my own child; as I hope after he will have paid you his & my Best Respects, he will return to Mar‑ seilles, & will continûe to be again my chancelor, it would be a great favor confered on me & on him, if that appointment in such a capacity Should be confirmed by you Sir. RC (MHi); in a clerk’s hand, signature and postscript in Cathalan’s hand; at foot of text: “The Most Honble. Thos. Jefferson President of the United States of America”; endorsed by TJ as received 26

Jan. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. Dupl (MHi); in the clerk’s hand, signed by Cathalan; with Cathalan to TJ, 7 Nov., subjoined.

From David Gelston Sir, New York November 2d. 1805 I have been favored with your letter of the 21st. ultimo, and now have the pleasure to inform you, that I have found an opportunity to ship the wine received from Leghorn, and the articles received from Halifax— The Brig President, capt. Bell, belonging to Alexandria, will sail for that Port in a few days, by whom I shall ship all the articles, the accounts also will be forwarded— It has been a cause of regret to me, that they have been so long de‑ tained, for some time, the weather was so excessively hot I dare not move them, from the cool situation they were placed in, and the late calamity of the City occasioned a further delay, I hope they will arrive safe and in good time— with very sincere regard, I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant, David Gelston  551 

2 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson—President United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 5 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

 late calamity: yellow fever (Madi‑ son to TJ, 16 Oct.).

From William Kilty Sir November 2d. 1805 I take the liberty of enclosing to you a Prospectus of a Work about to be Published by my Brother in the State of Maryland, and of Sollicit‑ ing Your Subscription to it The Work in Question must, I am Sensible, be to you, more a mat‑ ter of Curiosity than use, but as I am in hopes of Procuring a Number of Names in the district Where the Laws of Maryland are in force, I feel anxious to Obtain Your Patronage to it I avail myself of this occasion to Mention that I was at Annapolis when Your invitation for friday Week last was Sent I am Sir With Great Respect Yr Obt Servt W Kilty RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); at foot of text: “Th: Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. my brother: John Kilty, who had been register of the land office for the Western Shore of Maryland since 1803, was compiling records for a guide to the history and practice of the Maryland land

office (Baltimore Telegraphe and Daily Advertiser, 31 Oct. 1803, 19 May 1806; Washington, D.C., Monitor, 1 Dec. 1808; Votes and Proceedings of the House of Del‑ egates of the State of Maryland, November Session, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Five [Annapolis, 1806], 93; John Kilty, The Land‑holder’s Assistant, and Land‑Office Guide [Baltimore, 1808; Sowerby, No. 2172], iv‑viii; Vol. 42:59n).

To William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others Friend Mc.Intosh & Chiefs of the Creek nation. I am glad to recieve your visit at the seat of our government, and to take you by the hand of friendship as our neighbours & children. I thank the great spirit who has brought you safely through so long a journey, and who I hope will continue his protection and restore you safely to your friends. it is now 15. years since the great Chiefs of your nation met us at New York in the time of our first President1 Wash‑ ington. our friend Cornell and myself 2 were of that meeting. we then laid the foundation of that peace & friendship which has bound us together ever since, & which I hope will continue to bind us forever.  552 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

we have endeavored from that time,3 by all the ways in our power to promote your prosperity & happiness, & especially by encouraging you to cultivate the earth, raise stock, & make4 clothing, for the sup‑ port & comfort of yourselves5 your women & children. a little land cultivated in corn & cotton will go further in providing sustenance & cloathing for your people than the most extensive range of country can furnish by6 hunting: and I learn with great pleasure from our beloved man, Colo. Hawkins the progress you have made in these arts of first necessity. instead of decreasing numbers from year to year as heretofore, you will find in this new mode of life that every year will add to your numbers: and we7 shall see it with pleasure, because we consider it as multiplying our friends. you will certainly find your interest in selling from time to time portions of your waste & useless lands to enable you to procure stock & utensils for your farms, to improve them, & in the mean time to maintain your families. but your lands are your own my children. we will protect your right in them not only against others but against our own people. we prove this to you by the expensive establishment of Fort Wilkinson.8 we are a growing people, therefore whenever you wish to sell lands, we shall be ready to buy; but only in compliance with your own free will. when we treated at fort Wilkinson for the lands in the fork of Oconee & Ocmulgee, we wished to have obtained the whole lands from river to river; because neither your cattle nor ours regard a marked line. they trespass on both sides, & this produces trespasses by men. the same consideration urged us to renew this subject lately when we autho‑ rised our beloved men Colo. Hawkins and General Meriwether to endeavor to extend the purchase to the Ocmulgee river, that we might have a plain boundary a water path which9 our people could not tres‑ pass across through ignorance, and raise ill blood10 between us. you agreed to sell, my children, but at such a price as11 the great council of our nation would not listen to. nothing like that price was ever before asked or given in any of the purchases we have ever made from our neighbors. look back on all the purchases made by the former govern‑ ment of the English, at all those which have been made in later times, no instance can be produced12 of half that price ever given. no profits you make from them can justify it.13 for this reason my friends & children, and that we might not seem to part in an unkind way, I in‑ vited some of your distinguished chiefs to come here & renew the chain of friendship, to talk over this subject & see if we cannot conclude it.14 your nation by their agreement of the last year shewed they were willing to part with the land; so that it only remains to see whether we cannot agree upon a reasonable price.  553 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

heard,15

 You have my friends & children, that we have purchased the country called Louisiana from the French, who had purchased it from the Spaniards. our possessions now therefore extend all around our Indian neighbors: and it is become indispensable for us to have roads from one part to another, & particularly from this place through Georgia to New Orleans. among the nations of white people it is deemed a matter of right for the people of one nation to have a free & innocent passage through the country of another, injuring nothing as they pass, and paying for the subsistence they ask for on the road. to you, my friends & children, we are willing to pay not only for the subsistence we ask for on the road, but for the right to pass along it. on our part we undertake that those who pass shall do no wrong to your people, & if your bad people do wrong to our passengers, we are confident you will use your best endeavors to punish them; and if you do your best, we ask no more. we shall not hold you accountable for what you cannot prevent. I am persuaded that your people who shall settle on the road and furnish travellers with provisions & lodging will soon see the advantage, and that the road will speedily be settled by them16 through it’s whole length, so that travellers will pass in comfort & safety. on both of these subjects, my friends & children, the lands of Ocmulgee, and the road, I have authorised the Secretary at war to confer with you, and to see whether we cannot come to an agreement which our great council will approve.17 Having mentioned Louisiana, I will also mention the information I have recieved that lies have been circulated among you my friends & children, by people whom it does not suit to speak truth. you have been told that we should not long remain masters of Louisiana. on this point my children I wish to place your minds forever at rest. while that sun shines in heaven Louisiana will remain united with us.18 we are too strong for it to be taken from us; we are too wise to give it up. and who is to take it from us? I do not love to boast, my children, but you friend Cornell have in former times seen other parts of our coun‑ try besides those that you & your brethren have now come through. you know something more of our numbers & our character. look at us, & then look at your neighbors on the other side, and judge which side ought to be afraid of the other. we have so far lived in uninter‑ rupted peace & friendship with all our neighbors; not because we fear them,19 but because we believe men are happier in peace than war. we have never done them an injury, & we hope & believe they will not think it their interest to do us such an injury as might make it necessary for us to relinquish the state of peace. we recommend to you also my friends & children the same peaceable demeanor towards  554 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

all nations, and we assure you that you shall ever find in us faithful friends & patrons. Th: Jefferson Nov. 2. 1805 MS (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand; in salutation, “Mc. Intosh” interlined in place of “Cornell”; endorsed by Dearborn: “A Talk, to Creek Chiefs, by the Presidt. Novr. 2d. 1805.” PoC (DLC). Tr (Lb in DNA: RG 75, LSIA). Notation in SJL: “Creek chiefs, Mc.Intosh, Cornell & others.” William McIntosh (ca. 1778‑1825) was born at the Lower Creek town at Coweta, the son of a Scots loyalist and a Creek woman who came from the tribe’s power‑ ful Wind clan. Partially educated by his father, who eventually abandoned the fam‑ ily, McIntosh, whose seldom‑acknowledged Creek name was Tustunnuggee Hutke, took advantage of his clan connections, military prowess, and familiarity with Anglo‑American practices to become an influential member of the Creek national council and eventually the most powerful chief of the Lower Creeks. Friendly with Benjamin Hawkins and David B. Mit­ch­ ell, who succeeded Hawkins as U.S. agent to the Creeks, McIntosh supported efforts to change agricultural practices and took charge of distributing annuities paid to the Creeks. He sided with the United States during the War of 1812 and led Lower Creek soldiers in a civil war against Creeks opposed to the United States. He again led Creek soldiers during the first Seminole War, in which he was made a brigadier general by Andrew Jackson. McIntosh owned about 100 slaves and established two plantations, a ferry, a resort hotel, and taverns. After signing a treaty that would have sold the remaining Creek lands in Georgia, McIntosh was murdered at one of his homes, punishment for his viola‑ tion of a council law barring such sales without the assent of the entire nation (anb; Andrew K. Frank, “The Rise and Fall of William McIntosh: Authority and Identity on the Early American Frontier,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, 86 [2002], 18‑48; Benjamin W. Griffith, Jr., McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders [Tuscaloosa, 1988], 3‑4, 179‑82, 187‑8, 198‑200, 203‑5, 230; Robert L. Meri‑

wether and others, eds., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, 28 vols. [Columbia, S.C., 1959‑2003], 4:422, 553‑4; 5:223‑4). Al‑ exander Cornells (d. 1816), whose Creek name was Oche Haujo, shared McIntosh’s British parentage and his preference for a  strategy of acculturation. During the 1790s, he generally cooperated with U.S. officials in negotiating treaties and quell‑ ing violence. He served as a guide and hunter for American and Spanish bound‑ ary surveyors in 1798 and became a trusted assistant and interpreter for Hawkins, who allocated a $400 annual salary to him. A slaveholder, Cornells raised livestock and crops and maintained an orchard (asp, Indian Affairs, 1:375, 384‑5, 396, 403, 407, 597, 607, 837; Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 9 [1916], 334; C. L. Grant, ed., Letters, Journal and Writ‑ ings of Benjamin Hawkins, 2 vols. [Sa‑ vannah, 1980], 1:68, 269, 292‑3; 2:468‑9, 780; Vol. 32:51n; Vol. 44:460‑1). recieve your visit: accompanied by Hawkins, the Creek delegation traveled by stage from Augusta to Washington, arriving there by 29 Oct. Four of the Creeks dined at the President’s House on 7 Nov. They remained in Washington at least through 19 Nov., when TJ hosted Hawkins and two of the delegation for dinner, and likely through 27 Dec., at which time Hawkins remained in Wash‑ ington (Charleston City Gazette, 25 Oct.; Richmond Enquirer, 25 Oct.; Grant, Let‑ ters, 2:503; Appendix ii). that meeting: representing the Upper Creek town at Tuckabatchee, Cornells was one of the signatories of the 1790 U.S. treaty with the Creeks. Secretary of War Henry Knox was the principal U.S. nego‑ tiator, but TJ was also involved (U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:38; Washington, Pa‑ pers, Pres. Ser., 6:189n). nothing like that price: see TJ to the Senate, 13 Dec. 1804. 1  Word interlined in place of “chief General.” 2  TJ here canceled “had the pleasure of.”

 555 

2 NOVEMBER 1805  3 Preceding

three words interlined in place of “ever since that.” 4  Word interlined in place of “manufacture.” 5 Word interlined. 6 Remainder of sentence inserted in mar‑ gin in place of “hunting.” 7 TJ here canceled “rejoice in it’s.” 8 Sentence interlined. 9  Preceding four words interlined in place of “that.” 10  Preceding three words interlined in place of “excite misunderstandings.” 11   Word interlined in place of “that our.” 12  Preceding three words interlined. 13  Sentence interlined.

 14 TJ first wrote “cannot agree,” then in‑ terlined “come together in price” in place of “agree,” then substituted “conclude this matter,” and finally interlined “it” in place of “this matter.” 15  Preceding two words interlined in place of “know.” 16 Preceding two words interlined. 17 TJ here canceled “perhaps too there may be a small accomodation in the Tal‑ assee county, of little consequence to you, which he will also explain.” 18  Preceding three words interlined in place of “ours.” 19  Preceding two words interlined in place of “are afraid.”

From Robert Purviance Sir Baltimore Novemr. 2d. 1805 I have had the Honor to receive your Letter of the 27 ulto. accom‑ panied by one for William Patterson Esqre. of Nantz I herewith transmit a Receipt from the Captain of the Brig Lucy for the Box, which was deliver’d to him in good order It will always afford me particular pleasure to pay due attention to your Commands I have the honor to be with great Respect Sir, Your most Obedt Servant R: Purviance RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure not found (see TJ to Samuel Smith, 15 Oct. 1806).

captain of the brig lucy: William Peckham (New York Morning Chronicle, 13 June 1805).

From Christopher Towill Sire, Teingmouth, in Devon, 2nd. November 1805 Allow me to say—As a Diamond is valued for its luster—so is Man for His understanding—The former affords beauth—by its brillionsy— and the latter—pleasure by His conversation—And as liberal Senti‑ ments—and Philanthrophy—are usually the companions with Men of general knowledge—of which Sire You are possessed of no Incon‑ siderable portion—as plainly appears by your Notes—on the State of Virginia published at Philadelphia In June 1801—That alone Sire—  556 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

exclusive of your present High Station convinces me of Your Supe‑ rior Talents— And as my motive for addressing you is for the benefit of Ship‑ wrecked Seamen, whose lives are of great value to a Commercial Country—and knowing that the Eastern part of your Shores—from Charles Town to the River St. Croix—must be about Twelve degrees— difference of Latitudes and upwards of Seven Hundred miles in ­extent—between which are known Shoals—Frying pan—and many other banks—that has often proved fatal to Mariners—And in order to give assistance to the unfortunate, in a Shipwrecked Situation—I have built a Boat for that purpose—On principles that are good—and Intirely new—A rough drawing of Her—with a short Alphabetical description, I crave permission to enclose for your perusal which I flatter my Self will apologize for my writing to a Man on the Pinnacle of power—and likewise for the mode of conveying it— Some particulars of the boat in question—may be seen in the Uni‑ versal Magazine for the Month of September 1805—which is pub‑ lished by desire of the Editors—The said Boat bids defiance to the waves—She is Thirty feet long—Ten wide—and Three feet six Inches deep—buoyed up by Eight Metal Cases—Four on each side—Inde‑ pendent of each other—and will buoy up Six Tuns—all Her buoyant parts—exceed Eight Tuns—She can never Sink or be water loged— As the Sea breaks into Her It Immediately runs out at Her Stern ports—She has a Cuddy—or fore castle—Ten feet wide Six long— and Four feet deep—where in Lady passengers—Children—and Men that are Ill—may be put with sufficient Air—She has Two grapnells— to throw on board a Wreck, to ride the boat by it—Men may remove from the wreck to the Boat—by the grapnel Ropes—If before the wind or nearly so She may bring from a Wreck to the Shore one Hun‑ dred Men—at a time. Her life lines may be seen—by the drawing—Her Rudder—is on a new—and approved principle—Tuns of valuable goods may be put in Her Copper Cases—they are made with scuttles for that purpose— the Margin of each lined with Baize—and are under the wood scuttles which are also lined with the same article—The whole is as Simple as Simplicity itself—She is Rowed by Fourteen Men—doublebankd The Men are all fastened to the thwarts—to prevent them from being Removed from their Seats by the Sea—I was in Her—when a High Sea broke on Her beam—(In rowing out of this Harbour Teingmouth in Devonshire) In a gale of wind—It filled Her to the gunwale—the water Instantly ran out at Her Stern ports—and in a moment She was as free from that Sea—as if it had not broke into Her—  557 

2 NOVEMBER 1805

 She is as managable with sails—as any boat of Her size—I have sailed in Her—near a Hundred miles—In moderate—and in Strong Wind—In smooth water—and Rough Sea—Her Stern ports were all the time open—In short—It is said by Nautical—and Mechanical Men that are great Judges—that there is not such another boat in the World It was the Horrors of Shipwreck—with which I have been sur‑ rounded that gave birth to my building the HOPE life Boat—She has performed with applause what I have written concerning Her—In the presence of Hundreds of Spectators Lord Clifford—of Ugbrook—Devon—General Simcoe—Sir Thomas Clergues—No. 20 Grovsvernor Square, London—and many other Gentlemen of distinction have been on board to see Her—and have Spoken in the highes terms of Her—and to whom any application may be made to the above named—for Information relative to the boat, or myself. As the expence of building Her has far exceeded my expectation—Should you condescend Sire [to] contribute your mite to wards it—by way of Bill or order [.  .  .] receive it—with proper Sentiments of acknowledgment— Or should you Command me to build a life Boat for you—It shall be done in the Completest manner—the expence will be about Two Hundred—and Fifty Guineas—Exclusive of Her conveyance to America—which may be done by way of Falmouth—or Liverpool The House on whom you may order me to draw for the payment of Her—shall be attended to with the Strictest Honour— Had I not sustained many losses—by Shipwreck—Capture—Com‑ merce—and a combination of Causes—I would Solicit your Accep‑ tance of a life boat complete—as a small expression of my respect—to a person of such great abilities—permit me to Subscribe my Self Sire Your Obedient Servant Christopher Towill RC (CSmH); torn; at foot of text: “Mr. Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Jan. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: measured drawings of the lifeboat Hope, including lateral views with sails rigged and with mast dismantled and oars in place, cross sections, and a view from above; key in Towill’s hand (MS in same; signed by Towill).

In 1805, British and American periodi‑ cals reported on a successful voyage from Devon to London of Christopher Towill’s lifeboat (“An Account of Mr. Towill’s Life Boat,” Universal Magazine, 4 [1805], 229‑30; “Description of a Temporary Life‑boat, Recommended to Be Used on the Coast of Ireland,” Belfast Monthly Magazine, 2 [1809], 36‑8; Richmond En‑ quirer, 18 Oct. 1805).

 558 

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin Nov. 3. 05. I wish for an à peu prés of the number of seamen we call ours. I suppose the best way of estimating will be by our tonnage, including coasters, bay & river craft, & every thing employed on the tide wa‑ ters. can you assist me with the materials for such an estimate? it is of some importance for my bill for a Naval militia. that, & the one for the land militia I will send you for consideration as soon as you can assist me as above. RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); addressed: “Mr Gallatin”; endorsed by Gallatin.

à peu prés: an approximation (prop‑ erly, à peu près).

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir 3 Nover. 1805 The returns of tonnage for 1804 are in the Register’s office, but not yet arranged. On 31 Decer. 1803, our tonnage was as follows. vizt. tons 1. Registered tonnage employed in foreign trade 585,909  Do. in whale fisheries 11,247 Enrolled in do   1,142 Whale fisheries 12,389 In cod fisheries vizt.  above 20 tons 42,773 ⎬⎫  50,969  under 20 do  8,196 ⎭ 2. Total in fisheries 63,358 3. In coasting trade vizt.  above 20 tons 237,787 ⎬⎫ 267,787  under do do 30,000 ⎭ Total 917,0.54 which at the rate of six 6 seamen pr 100 tons gives 55,023 seamen But the returns derived from the payment of hospital money fall short of that amount: perhaps they cheat; perhaps the rate of six men for 100 tons is too much. We may however count safely on fifty thousand— Note that the above amount does not include the seamen then in our navy who might on 31 Decer. 1803 amount to one thousand— With respectful attachment Your obedt. Sert. Albert Gallatin  559 

3 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Nov. and “Seamen” and so recorded in SJL.

From William McIntosh, Alexander Cornells, and Others Citty Washington 3d Novr 1805 We the Chiefs of the muscoge nation address our selves to our freind Brother and father the President of the U: States—in replye to his fatherly and freindly talk to us Yesterday—The head men of our na‑ tion that Still remain alive have appointed us six men to take this long Journey to come on to you to converse on business of importance to our nation. our orders from the great Cheifs of our nation was to see the Great heads of the American countrey face to face and to talk over the business respecting the Sale of land and if we could settle it to the Satisfaction of both nations, to doe it before we return’d—We the Chiefs have considered on What you mention respecting Cattle and all other Stock not Knowing the consequence of marked trees as a line to Stop them from crossing over You mention to us that you wish to have Ockmulge as a boundary line between the red people and the Whites up ockmulge as high as the first fork Called ulekophan and across from that to finie holliwe on oconee and from that down to the Juncktion of the two above mentioned rivers this is a large track of land and valueable land The Chiefs, of our nation at a meeting agreed to Sell this land and thought they had sold it but they have found Since that some of the Great men of the American Goverment Considered the price we were to have for it too great, they Judge perhaps from our fore fathers formerly as the we find Since we have grown up partely Gave their land away we now find they have gave so much of it away we have but little left for to set down on—we now begin to Know the value of land but when it is almost too late we have Young half breed men now grown up amongst us that have learning that have ban taught the value of land we have full blooded red men amongst us that con‑ verse with the white people who have made them fully acquainted with the value of any Kind of land from the pine land to the best river Swamp land—This land we are aboute Selling is a long Extensive peice of ground it is we Know above one hundred miles from the upper End to the lower and a great distance a cross in many places a num‑ ber of fine Streems of watter for Saw mils or any other kind of mills  560 

3 NOVEMBER 1805

on the river Swamp a great deal of fine Cyprus white oake Ceader and other usefull wood to the white people the most of the prinsipal Chiefs of our nation on reflection and inquireing into the value of Such land, have found and appear to be convince’d that what they Sold the land at was not half the value of it—we the Chiefs here presant Con‑ sider that if you the white people had such a track of land to dispose of and that the red people had to buye it of you, you we are convince’d would not let us have it withoute you got the full value for it—it will be destressing our countrey to part with there land for Less than the value as there is Still a little game Bare deer and Turkeys left on it— One great point we wish to mention with respect to makeing Okmul‑ gee the boundary—when by treaty with our freind and Father Genle. Washington we made Oconee the boundary line he to befreind us put troops down at fort Wilkinson to restrain bad white people from incraching on our rites Still ere long the whites had there Salt logs and cowpens on our side the river likewise there Stocks of hogs there hunters over on our land night and day before we sold the land at the treaty at fort Wilkinson, the grass and Cane was nearly all destroyed for ten or fifteen miles back from fort Wilkinson up to the high Sholes of Appolatche. we mention this, that you the Great men our freinds in this countrey that wish us well may form an idea how it will perhaps be withoute Your interferrene when Ockmulge is the boundary it is a very Shole river in many places, cattle will goe into the Sholes to feed on the Salt grass and of course walk up the bank on the indian side, when some of our red people see that they will say its to be the Same as on Ocone and perhaps kill them, this we are Sure will be the case now how are Stock to be Kept from Goeing a cross the river more than a marked line—Another matter on the Same head is our red people are setled on flint river there cattle already range near Ockmulgee Especally in the winter in this case if the Cattle belonging to the whites on East side of ockmugee suffer there cattle to come a cross there cattle and ours of course will mix and when that happens the Whites will be very apt to drive Some of our cattle to their Side our red people of course will retalliate wich we must Expect will be producttive of bad consequences You mentioned to us respecting a broad road through our nation we have considered seariously on that head we are fully acquainted with the dispositions of our bad people we fear it would be attended with bad consequences to our nation Oweing to the hostile acts might be commited by our ungovernable people, we likewise consider that we the four nations have gave you a free priveledge down the Tensee river  561 

3 NOVEMBER 1805

likewise a road through the Chakesaw and Chacktaw nation wich we hope will be Suficient for a wile till we can bring our red people to understand things better—Still as our freinds and brothers the white people pass daily through our land on the little blind paths we have in our land we wish them to doe so Still and were Ever they find good grass or cane for there horses to turn them oute and let them feed till they want them again and when they come to any of our towns or Vil‑ leages exchange any little things they can Spare for corn or any other articles our red people can supplye them with this we wish to see goe on and will doe all we can to accommedate travelers wich we hope will be Suficient to plese our white freinds till we have it in our powers to bring the business aboute of a road through our Countrey What you say to us with respect to farming raising Stock Spining and waveing we Know is rite and we are sensable it will work on for our good the articles you our fathers Brothers and freinds the white peo‑ ple assist us with we are thankfull to you for and its pleaseing to us to find that the great White people of this countrey have Such freindly wishes towards we poor red people the good white people called Quak‑ ers were so good as to send us some good farming tooles once wich we are thankfull to them for and found the articles they sent us very usefull amongst us— This is all we have to say at presant to our fathers the heads of the U: States. We point oute to them our difficultys in our presant situation and look up to them to put us rite when they have seen this and Give us their Oppinions on the various points we Relate to them we hope we shall be able to answer them further— Speech by Alx. Cornell Wm. McIntosh Timy Barnard Intr. MS (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); en‑ tirely in a clerk’s hand; endorsed by Dear‑ born: “Talk of Mc.Intosh a Creek Chief. delivd to the Presdt. of the U.S Novr 4th. 1805.” Tr (Lb in DNA: RG 75, LSIA). six men: in addition to McIntosh and Cornells, the Creek delegation, as their names appeared on the convention signed on 14 Nov., consisted of Tuskenehau (or Tuskenchaw) Chapco, Tuskenehau (or Tus­kenchaw), Enehau Thlucco, and Chek‑ opeheke Emantlau. Cornells signed as Oche Haujo (MS in DNA: RG 233, PM,

9th Cong., 1st sess.; U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:96‑8). salt logs were logs with notches cut to hold salt for livestock. The Creeks com‑ plained again in 1809 that white stock raisers were using salt logs to maintain cattle on the Creeks’ territory in violation of previous treaty agreements (Frederic G. Cassidy, Joan Houston Hall, and Luanne Von Schneidemesser, eds., Dictionary of American Regional English, 6 vols. [Cam‑ bridge, Mass., 1985‑2013], 4:712; Madi‑ son, Papers, Pres. Ser., 4:606).

 562 

Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates [on or after 3 Nov. 1805] The best ground for estimating the number of seamen of the US. to be enrolled under the act for establishing a Naval militia, is the ton‑ nage of our vessels. the latest return of tonnage, states it to have been on the 31st. of Dec. 1803. as follows tons Registered tonnage employed in foreign trade 585,909 in the whale fisheries 12,389 in the Cod fisheries 50,969 63,358 in the coasting trade 267,787 917,054 we are supposed to employ usually in navigating our vessels about 6. men for every 100. tons. but allowing for those who are not free, white, citizens, within the military age, we may estimate 5. to the 100. tons 5 45,852 to these should be added the seamen then in our navy, and those employed on the tidewaters within the US. which we may safely state as making the whole number amount to 50,000.   An Estimate of the land‑militia of the US. The Census of 1800. gave us of free white males of 16. and under 26. 384,554. of 26. and under 45. 423,836 Our military age excluding those under 18. we must from the number 384,554  deduct those in their 17th. & 18th. years,  which by Buffon’s tables will be 80,405  remain of the age of 18. & under 45. to wit  the Minor & Junior classes 304,149 Our censuses of 1790. & 1800. having shewed our increase to be in a geometrical ratio of 3⅓ pr. ct. pr. annum, the increase from 1800. to 1805 is 54,184 leaving our whole number of free white males from 18. to 26. in 1805 358,333  563 

3 NOVEMBER 1805

from these are to be deducted the naval‑militia men. but for the greater part of those employed in the foreign trade & whale fisheries being always absent, it is believed that not half of them were included in the Census. those supposed included then are. 35,000, of which according to Buffon those of 18. and under 26. will be only 11,711  leaving of free, white, landsmen from 18. to  26. in 1805 346,622 from these are still to be deducted those not able bodied. suppose them 1. in 10. 34662  leaving of free, white, able‑bodied landsmen  of 18. & under 26. 311,960 To find what proportion of these will be of the Minor & what of the Junior class we are to enquire, Of 311,960. persons of 18. & under 26. years of age, how many will there be of each different year of age? Buffon’s tables resolve them as follows As 84,589 in Buffon from 18. to 26: to 311,960 in the US. of the same age: So are 11,014 in Buffon in their 19th. year: to x the number in the ,₅− US. in their 19th. year. then x = − ³− ₈¹− ₄¹− ₈⁶− ₉− ⁰ × 11,014 = 3.69 × 11,014 ,⁹ consequently Buffon’s in US. nos those in their 19th. year will be 3.69 × 11,014 = 40,619 ⎪⎫ 20th. 10,919 = 40,267 ⎬⎪ = 120,598 21st. 10,768 =  39,712 ⎭ 22d. 10,675 = 39,368 ⎫ ⎪ 23d. 10,514 = 38,775 ⎪ 24th. 10,380 = 38,281 ⎬ = 191,358. ⎪ 25th. 10,259 = 37,834 ⎪ 311,956 26th. 10,060 =  37,100 ⎭ 311,956 To obtain the respective numbers of the Middle and Senior classes, The Census of 1800. gave for both Add the increase from 1800. to 1805 from which are to be deducted, seamen from 26. to 45. deduct also those not able bodied, suppose 1. in 10.  564 

of the Minor Class of the Junior class

423,836  75,506 499,342  23,289 476,053  47,605

3 NOVEMBER 1805

leaves free, white, able bodied landsmen from 26. to 45. Buffon’s tables make the numbers of 26. & under 35 = 84,182 & those of 35 & under 45 = 84,018 these are so nearly equal that we may consider the Middle class one half, to wit and the Senior class one half, to wit Recapitulation. Naval‑militia. 50,000 Land‑militia. Minor class 120,598 Junior 191,358 Middle 214,224 Senior 214,224 740,404 790,404 MS (MHi); undated, but after Gallatin to TJ, 3 Nov.; in TJ’s hand, with sev‑ eral figures reworked and overwritten. Tr (NHi: Gallatin Papers); in Isaac A. Coles’s hand; part of a set of documents, with PoCs in TJ’s hand of Document i of Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia and Doc‑ ument i of Bill for Organizing the Militia,

428,448

214,224 214,224

both at 14 Nov., that TJ referred to Gal‑ latin. Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 173:30686); in Coles’s hand on verso of last page of Document v of Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, at 14 Nov.; partial, consist‑ ing of first section of the estimates printed above, relating to naval militia.

From Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Museum Novr. 3d. 1805. Yesterday I received the Articles by Captn. Elwood, the Polygraph has the Pivot piece, connecting the horizontal parralells to the Pen‑bar, broken, and the Pen‑arm on the right wanted to be Screwed up— This is a part of the Polygraph which may render it very faulty; if too much play is allowed in the conic points of the Screws that connect the Pen‑arm to the Pen‑bar. It was well judged in Mr. Hawkins to put the Nut (with notches round it) to prevent the under Screw of the Pen‑arm from unscrewing and thus giving too much play. Yet sometimes even with this detaining Nut, The Screw will creep back by the Motion of the Pens—I always caution my workmen to make these Screws to fit tight, to prevent accidents of this kind. It will be well for you occasionally to look to that part of your Machinery. An accidental defect of this kind is sufficient to Destroy the reputation and use of this ingenous Instrument with the bulk of Mankind, but any Ingenious Person who will examine the mechanism can remedy such defects as are caused by any of the parts getting out of place, however where such exactness is required as in duplicate writings  565 

3 NOVEMBER 1805

every part of Machinery should be made with uncommon truth and proportioned strength to such parts as wear. My workmen will return to my service in two or three days, the repair and critical adjustment of your Polygraph shall be their first work, and when it performs to my wish I will advise with you about the conveyance of it. The Magpye is in good health, It is suprising to me to see so exact a likeness of it to the European species—I have commonly found some difference of the plumage of our birds from those of Europe even where Authors have called them common to both Countries. It may be well to inquire whether this breed of the Magpye has not origionally been from Europe. The Badger appears to be different, at least in Buffons plate, I have not had time to examine Pennant and some other Authors who say it belongs to America, but is a scarce Animal every where. Turtons translation of Linns: says one variety of it at New York, “White with reddish Yellow and brown Spots.” This can scarcely be said to have brown spots. I much doubt whether it has ever been described. The Antelope appears to be a fine Animal, the hair considerably more like that of the Deer, than I find on the Antelopes in the Mu‑ seum. The branched horns perhapes makes it a singular Animal, I dont yet see any of such description. After I have mounted these sev‑ eral Skins, I may be able to say more on them—they are a valuable addition to the Museum, altho’ some parts of them are in bad condi‑ tion owing to the Moth & Dermest having made great havock— The Skeletons are much broken and I fear some of the bones are lost at the places where they have been opened. I can mend the bro‑ ken bones but cannot make good the deficiency of lost bones, being mixed togather is of no great consequence; as every bone must find its fellow bone. whether I can get an intire Skeleton from all this mass of bones, I cannot yet determine, it will be a work of time and exer‑ cise of much patience, this I shall not reguard provided the object is accomplished & the loss of bones will be my only obstacle in the work. I wish the Skeletons had not been mixed with the Skins, for the uncleaned bones bred the Insects which afterwards fed on the Skins and has entirely destroyed some of them, If I can mount one of the Antilopes to be decent, it will be a valuable addition to my Anti‑ lopes. I am very much obliged to Captn. Lewis for his endeavors to encrease our knowledge of the Animals of that new acquired Teritory. I wish I could get one of the sheep that carry such large horns as those you have done me the favor of sending—It is more important to have this Museum supplied with the American Animals than those of  566 

3 NOVEMBER 1805

other Countries, yet for a comparative view it ought to possess those of every part of the Globe! In time this will be accomplished, as time need not lesson what is collected, and the same mode of preservation followed, must increase the collection immencely in a few years. But provision ought to be made for a display of the whole in their proper places, this will be surest means to keep the Museum togather, a last‑ ing benefit to our Country. If I had a good building, what I already possess would enable me to shew the importance of a well organized Museum, and thus lead to a much greater encouragement of it. Today1 some repair has been made to the Machinery of your small Polygraph, and it seems to preform very well. it appears to have been exposed to wet, at one of the Corners the fineering is injured, when this repaired, every improvement we can add, and sufficient tryal made of it I will write again. You think it the best size, for my use I should prefer one 2 Inches longer in order to let the whole paper be on the cloath, and also to have the conveniency of pushing the top of the sheet, intended to be saved as a copy, through the joint between the Hinges, as thus no spaces of blank paper need be left. I have not yet heard from Mr. Hawkins about that he intended for you, men‑ tioned in a former letter. there are fewer Vessels in the trade to Lon‑ don than formerly, Liverpool being better situated for us. however I hope to hear from him this fall not doubting but he will then have the Polygraph finished. It is not improbable that he will return soon, as he does not like that Country, and he says that he prefers living com‑ fortably than otherwise acquiring ever so much Wealth. In Montgomery County where I passed part of my time during the fever—I endeavored to get your moldboard brought into use, some of the best farmers, will make it after the mode of execution which I taught them and I hope to give you good account of the result. I am with all due respect your friend. C W Peale RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excel‑ lency Thomas Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. PoC (Lb in PPAmP: Peale‑Sellers Papers). Naturalist Thomas pennant was the successful author of British Zoology, first published in 1766 and issued in multiple editions (dnb). turtons translation of linns: William Turton completed a four‑volume

amended and enlarged edition of Carolus Linnaeus’s A General System of Nature, Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Ani‑ mals, Vegetables and Minerals, first pub‑ lished in London in 1800. dermest: larvae of beetles of the Der‑ mestes genus feed on animal material (oed). 1 In

 567 

margin: “4th.”

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington Nov. 3. 05 I have not been able sooner to acknolege the reciept of your favors of the 24th. & 31st. when I asked the favor of you to take the bust for me at 30. D. I at the same time observed I would take it at any price from 30. to 40. D. you must permit me therefore to consider the last mentioned sum as the price. at the same time I wrote to you declining accepting it as a present I wrote to desire messrs. Gibson & Jefferson, should it arrive at Richmd. to send it back again to Baltimore, paying the freight on my account. on the reciept of your’s of Oct. 24th. I wrote to them countermanding that order, & desiring them to recieve it. by a letter this moment recieved I am informed the countermand was too late, as they had already sent it back. I must trouble you therefore to reship it for Richmd leaving the freight to be paid at Richmond, as I do not mean there shall be any deduction from the price on account of these orders & counterorders. Accept my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Rei­ belt”; endorsed by TJ.

this moment recieved: George Jefferson to TJ, 31 Oct.

From Mary Batting Most Worthy Sir, Knoxville Novem. 4 1805 The once Mrs Hardy, now Mrs Mrs Batting, takes the liberty to address Your Honor respecting some Public Business and Requests Your Opinion on it, In the Year 90 Feb the 19 A Day naver to be forgot by me, I, lost My Dr Husband We, went with A Party by Water and & A Whirlwind over set the Boat Mr Hardy, in saveing of me lost his own life, the suddenness of his Death Caused many ad‑ vantages to be taken of A small Property and of Course reduced me to poverty I, persevered through many vicessitudes of life two much to tell A heart as feeling as Yours, In the Year 92 some of my friends advised me, to Petition the House of Assemble, I, did but because I, was poor all they did for me, was to refer me to Congress, after live‑ ing Seven Years through every trial & want that Could befall me, I, altered my situation with Mr Batting, He, is an honest good Charac‑ tor and very industress but what He, earnt in the Winter was spent in the Summer in pursuit of health, After Petitionen the House of Assemble twice Your Honor will See what they have done for me, My friends Governor Milledge, Coll Milton, and Mr Marbury Secre‑  568 

4 NOVEMBER 1805

tary of State, did what they Could for me, knowing the Clame to be Just by puting the Seal of the State to the Papers,—Mr Batting, was oblidged to Move to the State of Tennessee in pursuit of health, not being able to go on my Self I, applyed to Mr Camble, the Member from Knoxville, but his reply was the Papers was of no account to lay before Congress, Your Honor Can better Judge then I, Can discribe my feelings Among Strangers with very little to Support on, being drove to the last extremity I, Recolected the friendly attention Mr. Hardy, Received from You when in Exile in the State of Virginia; I thought perhaps so much worth and goodness and one remarked for serving the Widow & Orphan would not neglect the Relict of A Man that did so much for his Country for Certain it is He, lost his All in Defence of it, if by Time the Name is Obliterated from Your Memory I, refer You To my Amiable friends Your Sister Mrs. Boling, & Gen. McIn[tosh] the Gen made A Home with me, in Georgia, and I, flatter my [Self] He will do all He Can for me, if in Congress if the Papers will do to go before them,—I flatter my Self Sir from Common Hu‑ manity you will do me the honor to write me, your opinion as soon as possiable and if you think it is necessary for me, to go on my Self I, will do it as soon as I, have the honor of hearing from you, and I, flatter my Self that will be as soon as your honor Can give me, any satisfaction I, hope your honor will Excuse the liberty I have taken as I know I am very unqual to the task of Addressing A Gentleman of your great Abilitys but it is my last resource and your Most Worthy Sir, necessity has no Law,— I am Sir, with Every mark of Esteem and Respect Your Most Obe‑ dient and Humble Servant,— Mary Batting RC (DLC); torn at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. For enclosures, see TJ to Batting, 3 Dec. Mary Batting was the wife of James Batting and the widow of Captain John Hardy of Georgia. Although the state’s legislature initially denied her claim for “losses sustained during the revolution‑ ary war” by her first husband, in 1812 it settled in her favor. By 1824, Batting was living in Louisiana (Lewis J. Hardee, Jr., Three Southern Families: A History of Con‑ necting Hardee, Jones, and Davis Fami‑ lies of Coastal North Carolina [Southport,

N.C., 1994], 31; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, for the Year 1801 [Louisville, Ga., 1802], 56; Journal of the Senate of the State of Geor‑ gia: At an Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Begun and Held at the State‑House in the Town of Milledgeville, on the First Monday, Being the Second Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twelve [Milledgeville, Ga., 1813], 87; Wright Converse to TJ, 8 Feb. 1824). mr camble: George W. Campbell, member of the U.S. House of Represen‑ tatives (Biog. Dir. Cong.).

 569 

From Samuel Brown Sir, Lexington Novr. 4th 1805 I take the liberty of transmitting to you by Mr Fowler the Skull & lower Jaw of an Animal whose species, I believe, is unknown to the Hunters & Naturalists of the western Country—It was discovered, some weeks ago, in the Great Salt Petre cave on Rock castle, covered with several feet of dry Earth. I have requested the Workmen to make diligent search for the remaining Bones of the Skeleton but, as yet no others have been found which could be supposed to belong to this animal. I likewise send you a specimen of Native Nitre found in a Sand Rock cavern. The Mass from which it was broken is said to have weighed several hundred pounds. The peices of Rock contain a strong impregnation of Nitre; the workmen say fifteen per cent, sometimes forty—I am now collecting some facts & observations on this subject which in a short time I shall do myself the honor of submitting to your inspection. With sentiments of the greatest respect I am Sir Yo Mo Obt Sam Brown RC (PPAmP); endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 13 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. TJ would forward the skull and jaw and the specimen of niter to the Ameri‑ can Philosophical Society in December (see aps, Proceedings, 22, pt. 3 [1884‑85], 380; TJ to Caspar Wistar, 15 Dec.; TJ to  Charles Willson Peale, 17 Dec.). In November 1804, Brown and others had acquired a 1,000‑acre tract in Madison County, Kentucky, which included the

Great Saltpeter Cave, to establish a salt‑ peter and gunpowder manufacturing op‑ eration (anb; James A. Padgett, ed., “The Letters of Doctor Samuel Brown to Pres‑ ident Jefferson and James Brown,” Reg‑ ister of the Kentucky State Historical Soci‑ ety, 35 [1937], 124; Gary A. O’Dell, “The Trotter Family, Gunpowder, and Early Kentucky Entrepreneurship, 1784‑1833,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 88 [1990], 397).

From Peter Freneau Dear Sir, Charleston, November 4h. 1805. David R. Williams Esquire, the Member elect from the Districts of Cheraws and George‑town, in this State, to the Congress of the United States, which is now on the eve of assembling, will do me the honor to deliver you this. It is with great truth I can say that few circumstances of my life have given me more real pleasure than the opportunity now afforded me of introducing this Gentleman to the chief Magistrate of the union.  570 

4 NOVEMBER 1805

 I have had the satisfaction of being connected with him in business for a considerable time, some years ago; from the knowledge I then gained of him, and from the universal report of his neighbors, I am fully authorised to say, that he is a Gentleman of the strictest integ‑ rity, of the most unblemished reputation, in the most easy and affluent circumstances, and of the soundest political principles. With such quali­ fications I know he will recieve the attention which is due to them.— I consider him well informed of the domestic affairs of this State and able to make any explanations thereon you may be desireous of recieving.— That you may enjoy perfect health and long life, to enable you to continue to dispense to the people over which you preside, a continu‑ ation of the great and solid advantages they have already derived from your exalted talents and deliberative wisdom, is the most fervent wish of him, who has, with the most perfect esteem and regard, the honor to be, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and very humble Servant, Peter Freneau RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Nov. and “by mr Wil‑ liams” and so recorded in SJL. connected with him: Freneau and David Rogerson Williams had been part‑

ners in publishing the City Gazette and the Carolina Gazette in Charleston. The partnership was dissolved at the end of 1803 (Charleston City Gazette, 27 Feb. 1804; Vol. 40:551, 553n).

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 4th. Novr. 1805 The two boxes of sheet iron are here. For want of water carriage, Mr. Oldham some time since (I think he said at the request of one of your workmen) engaged a waggon to take them; but on measuring them, it was found they were too large for such a conveyance. I am Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

 571 

Memorial of the Louisiana Territory Grand Jury To the President & Honble. Senate of The United States The humble memorial of Charles Gratiot foreman of the Grand Jury of the Territory of Louisiana for and on behalf & on the Request of the Said Jury respectfully Sheweth. That in consequence of the present Situation of This Territory, in respect of the tenure of the Judicial office, the Grand Jury feel Them‑ selves impelled by a Sense of duty to their fellow Citizens to make a Statement of Certain facts to the Government of the U: States. Rufus Easton Esqr. one of the Judges of this Territory had resided here about twelve months before his appointment—In that time he had become extremely obnoxious to the most respectable inhabitants from having used every artifice to produce dissention and litigation among Neighbours, by bringing forward in the Courts of Justice the most groundless vexatious & frivolous proceeding, by stirring up fac‑ tions in an hitherto peaceful Country, setting the americans against the old french Settlers whose language he did not even understand, and discending to every Mean & underhand practice to accumulate property.—Thinking of him thus, it was with extreme Sorrow & Surprise that it was heard that he had Contrived to procure Such respectable & high recommendations, as to induce the President of the U: States to appoint him to the important Station which he now occupies. But still the people whom we desire to represent had not the slight‑ est intention, or wish to resist the Government of the U: States, or its public functionairies—The Government they revered and the office made the man respectable, Nor would this Grand Jury have laid this Complaint before the high authorities they have the honor to address, had it not been that what they felt as indignities offered to them by the Court, related in this memorial and the Remonstrance here in in‑ closed, demanded of them not altogether to Surrender the rights of a Grand Jury, but to Carry their just complaints, where redress is never refused. On the fourth day after the empannelling of the Grand Jury, different Witnesses who had been regularly sworn before the Court, ap‑ peared before Them to testify as to Certain facts against Mr. Easton of a Criminal Nature. The Grand Jury were engaged in the exami‑ nation of these Witnesses when they received an order to attend the Court—Upon entering the Court house, they were addressed by Judge  572 

4 NOVEMBER 1805

Lucas in an angry manner Stating that their Conduct was highly ir‑ regular in permitting Witnesses to give testimony to them, without having the permission of the prosecuting attorney; This he much en‑ larged upon & Concluded with informing the Jury that they must hereafter hold their sittings under the eye of the Court in a Room under the same roof with the chamber in which the Court sat—The Jury was then ordered into a very small room, scarce sufficient to con‑ tain them, when Certain of the Jury were so incommodated that one of them fainted, and two were obliged to seek the open air for relief. This proceeding produced irritation in the minds of the Grand Jury, and together with some other proceedings of the court, which the Grand Jury in their hearts thought would tend to faction & des‑ organization, called from them the remonstrance here with transmit‑ ted, in which these complaints are specially stated, and which in the name & at the request of the Grand Jury, as their foreman I deem it is my duty to lay before the President & Senate of the United States Ch Gratiot, foreman St. louis the 4th November 1805. MS (DNA: RG 46, EPEN, 9th Cong., 1st sess.). Recorded in SJL as received 16 Dec. with notation “v. Rufus Easton.” Enclosure: presentment of the Louisiana Territory Grand Jury, October Term, 1805; the grand jurors feel “impelled by duty and their Oaths” to “denounce” Judge Rufus Easton “as unworthy of the appoint‑ ment”; they believe the president was “de‑ ceived” when he appointed Easton, whose conduct since arriving in the territory has been that of a “Rapacious adventurer”; in particular, they accuse Easton of swin‑ dling 600 acres of land from David Fine, a poor man with a large family; the grand jurors were in the midst of “increasing this black catalogue of Vice” against Easton by hearing witnesses when they were ordered to attend court; they cite as “Grievances” that the court called addi‑ tional jurors to enlarge the grand jury, it prohibited the grand jury from calling sworn witnesses without first obtaining permission from the prosecuting attorney, it prevented the jurors from selecting their own meeting place and instead con­ fined 21 of them to a room of 11 feet by 8½ feet, and it annulled Governor James Wil­ kinson’s appointment of James L. Don‑ aldson as attorney general of the terri‑ tory; this last is an unlawful “Example of

Resistance” against the governor, likely to encourage “utter disorganization and confusion” in the territory; the grand ju‑ rors assert that the appointment “is Sanc‑ tioned by positive law” and “of Right none but the Governor can Exercise the Power” (MS in DNA: RG 46, EPEN, 9th Cong., 1st sess., undated, in a clerk’s hand, signed by Gratiot, Auguste Chouteau, Antoine Soulard, Jacques Clamorgan, John Mul‑ lanphy, David Delaunay, Benjamin Wil­ kinson, John Hankinson, Marie Philippe Leduc, M. A. Roque, Joseph V. Garnier, John Brown, Joseph Horttiz, Bartholo­ mew Harrington [by mark], and Uri Mu‑ sick; Tr in same; printed in Terr. Papers, 13:248‑51, from text published in the Frankfort, Ky., Palladium, 25 Nov. 1805). Charles Gratiot (1752‑1817) was a lead‑ ing political and commercial figure in Lou‑ isiana Territory. Born in Switzerland, he acquired mercantile experience in Lon‑ don, Montreal, and Cahokia before estab‑ lishing himself at St. Louis in the early 1780s. Allied with the Chouteaus through marriage and with American interests through his numerous entrepreneurial ac‑ tivities, Gratiot supported the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, although he was often critical of U.S. policy toward

 573 

4 NOVEMBER 1805 the new territory. In 1804, TJ appointed his son, Charles Gratiot, Jr., a cadet at the military academy (anb; Lawrence O. Christensen and others, eds., Dictionary of Missouri Biography [Columbia, Mo., 1999], 347‑8; Vol. 43:440, 442n; Vol. 44:87).

 John Smith of Ohio presented copies of the memorial and presentment to the Senate on 23 Dec. They were referred the same date to a select committee of Joseph Anderson, Stephen R. Bradley, Abraham Baldwin, Samuel Smith of Maryland, and Thomas Worthington (jep, 2:10).

From Philip Mazzei

Volterra, 4 9bre, 1805.

Dalla precendente mia dei 12 7bre, e da quella dell’istessa data che Le inclusi  Mr. Latrobe, avrà veduto la mia buona opinione dei 2 Scultori, i quali (se non sono già imbarcati) s’imbarcheranno in breve  Baltimore. Per l’istesso bastimento che gli porterà, Mr. Latrobe riceverà il Contratto stipulato con loro, in una mia lettera di pochi versi dei 28 8bre, nella quale Lo prego di farle noto che, dovendo io per necessità partire immediatamente  Volterra, non potevo neppur preparare alcune piante di frutti e barbatelle di viti, che bramavo di mandarle. Ma una favorevole opportunità sopravvenne,  cui ebbi tempo di prepararle in una cassa, che lasciai ordine che fosse spedita senza dilazione a Mr. Appleton. Dall’inclusa nota Ella vedrà i nomi d’ogni qualità, distinguibile dal Numero. Abbia la bontà di dire a Mr. Latrobe, che ò ricevuto la risposta da Mr. Thorwaldsen, ma che non glie la comunico ancora, perchè dubito di sbaglio nella sua chiesta; Gli riscrivo, e probabilmente non potrò aver la risposta prima della partenza degli Scultori. I vini nuovi non sono ancor fatti; ma certamente saranno quest’anno molto cattivi. Procuro di avere dei buoni saggi di Verdea e Moscadello dell’anno passato; e spero che Le perverranno in tempo proprio. I residui che si vedono in questi contorni danno luogo a supporre, che ci fosse una vasta e popolatissima città molto anteriore alle più antiche notizie che abbiamo dell’Etruria; che non sia stata una delle capitali dei 7 regi; ma piuttosto d’una potente Repubblica. Quanto desidererei di tornarci ad esaminargli con Lei, e poi ritraversar l’Atlantico insieme colla moglie e la cara mia bambina; per lasciar al termine dei miei giorni e in Patria libera! Mi conservi la sua cara e valevole Benevolenza, e mi creda sempre più ammiratore del virtuoso incomparabil patriottismo di chi à saputo tanto vittoriosamente difen‑ dere la preziosa libertà della stampa, dopo d’essere stato il bersaglio della sua sfrenata licenza. Tutto suo, usque ad mortem Filippo Mazzei  574 

4 NOVEMBER 1805 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



Volterra, 4 Nov. 1805 From my letter of 12 September, as well as from the one of the same date for Mr. Latrobe that I included with it, you have gathered a sense of the fa‑ vorable opinion I have of the two sculptors who will soon board a ship for Baltimore, if they have not already done so. By way of the same vessel on which they will travel, Mr. Latrobe will also receive the contract signed with them. It will be attached to a short letter of mine dated 28 October, in which I entreated him to let you know that, being forced to leave immediately for Volterra, I had not been able to prepare for you even some of the fruit plants and vine shoots that I desired so much to send you. A favorable opportunity presented itself, however, and I did indeed have the time to arrange them in a box, which I requested be sent without delay to Mr. Appleton. From the included note you will learn the names of every kind of plant, distinguished by number. Please let Mr. Latrobe know that I have indeed received the reply from Mr. Thorwaldsen, but that I will not yet relate it, because I suspect there is a mistake in what he asks. I will write to him, though I most likely will not be able to have his reply before the sculptors will have left. This year’s wines have not been made yet, but I am sure that they will be very bad. I am gathering some good samples of Verdea and muscatel from last year’s vintage, which I hope will reach you in a timely manner. The remnants that one sees in these areas lead one to suppose that there used to be a massive and populous city here, more ancient than any witness we have of ancient Etruria. It appears to have been not so much one of the capitals of the seven kings, but rather the seat of a powerful republic. It would be so wonderful to have an opportunity to come back here with you and study these ruins, and then to cross the Atlantic again with my wife and my dear child, so that I may leave them, at the end of my days, in a free coun‑ try! Please, continue in your dear and valuable goodwill toward me, and be‑ lieve that I am ever more admiring of your virtuous and unmatched patriot‑ ism, the hallmark of someone who has been able to defend victoriously the precious freedom of the press after having been the target of its unbridled license. Faithfully yours, until death. Filippo Mazzei Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as received 1 Feb. 1806. scultori: for the recruited sculptors Giuseppe Franzoni and Giovanni Andrei,

see Mazzei to TJ, 12 Sep. The reply from Bertel thorwaldsen has not been found, but see Mazzei to TJ, 17 Nov., for Maz­ zei’s transcribed extract.

 575 

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 4e. Nov. 1805. Mr. La Tullaÿe m’a envoyè la petite boïte cijointe—remplie des semences rares—pour vous la faire parvenir. D’apres çe, que Vous m’avez dit du travail de Bossler a la Nouvelle Carte de la Virginie de Mr. Madison—Je Vous prierais, de lui confier, a son tems, l’execution des Cartes, planches &c qui feront partie du Voÿage du Capt. Lewis. je m’interesse pour lui, parceque je l’ai— pour ainsi dire, elevè. Je dois une reponse a Mr. Lapoype—comme je sais, qu’il est a Fed‑ eral City, mais pas a quelle Taverne, et que sans doute il vous presen‑ tera ses respects—je prends la liberte de joindre une petite incluse pour lui. Je Vous prie d’agreer les plus profonds, sinceres et intimes ­hommages. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 4 Nov. 1805 Mr. La Tullaye sent me this small box filled with rare seeds for you. Based on what you told me about Bossler’s work on Mr. Madison’s new map of Virginia, I suggest you have him create the maps, drawings, etc., to accompany Captain Lewis’s journey. I am interested in him because I raised him, as it were. I owe Mr. La Poype a reply. Knowing that he is in the federal city, but not at which inn, I am taking the liberty of including a short enclosure for him since he will undoubtedly present his respects to you. I ask you to accept my deepest, most sincere and personal regards. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 4 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. travail de bossler a la nouvelle carte de la virginie: Bishop James Madison had been compiling surveys and data for a new map of Virginia and sub‑ mitted a preliminary copy to the General Assembly early in 1805. Frederick Boss­

ler engraved the plates for the finished product, which was published and dis‑ tributed in 1807. Bossler was from Swit‑ zerland and taught drawing and painting in Norfolk for a time (Walter W. Ristow, “State Maps of the Southeast to 1833,” Southeastern Geographer, 6 [1966], 34; L. Minerva Turnbull, “Private Schools in Norfolk, 1800‑1860,” wmq, 2d ser., 11 [1931], 295).

 576 

From Elias Rogers Dear Sir George Town November 4th [1805] I now take this favorable opportunity To write to you about some particular bussiness which I want to settle my ticket which I drawded 121  515 6489 7517 9489 6489 I will be obliged to Mr Tomas Jefferson that I am in this plac the Federal City I would be much obliged to him if he would give me some satisfaction Elias Rogers Federal City RC (MHi); partially dated; endorsed by TJ as received 5 Dec. and “insane” and so recorded in SJL. give me some satisfaction: two federal lotteries were established in the 1790s to help fund the building of the na‑ tional capital. There were multiple draw‑ ings over several years, all announced in the newspapers. Rogers’s numbers par‑

tially matched at least one prize, that of $10,000, announced on 25 July 1796 to the “possessor of No. 12,515” (Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 2 Aug. 1796; Washington, Papers, Pres. Ser., 15:110n). 1  Rogers here erased two or three numerals.

To Henry Dearborn Th:J. to Genl. Dearborne. Nov. 5. 05. I inclose you the speech of yesterday. I really think you propose to give too much for the lands. the chiefs have observed that we sell them immediately for 2. D. the acre, & that to the purchasers they are worth 8. or 10. D. there are several views of this subject which may be presented to them. 1. we are not to sell these lands. they go to Georgia for lands on the Missisipi which we are still to buy from the Choctaws, and shall not be able to sell in 100 years, because we have already more land than we can sell in that time.   2. we propose to lower the price of our lands to 1. Dollar, perhaps before long, to give them for noth‑ ing.   3. money at 6. pr. cent compound interest doubles in 12. years. 1. cent now is 32. cents in 60. years, which is sooner than we shall have sold the lands we have already on hand.   4. to make lands worth 8. or 10. Dollars they are to be cleared, inclosed, built on. clearing alone is 5. D. pr acre. how much is inclosing? building &c? they will find there is little of the 8. D. left for the original1 pur‑ chase.   5. the true question is What are the lands worth in the hands of the seller, in their original unimproved state? how many skins do they get from them? We have hardly ever given more than  577 

5 NOVEMBER 1805

2. cents; never I believe more than 4. cents, & I should really be against raising the price. I think 70, or 80,000 D. as a first offer, to be raised if necessary to 100,000 D. would be sufficient. however we shall quickly see whereabouts they are. I presume the road must be used on sufferance till they can bring their people to agree to it. affec­ tionate salutations. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Creek purchases.” Enclosure not found.

1 TJ

here canceled “value.”

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Nover. 5th 1805 Annexed is a sketch of the Receipts & Expenditures for the year ending 30th Septer. last. It cannot be perfectly correct; & several al‑ terations will certainly be made on the official examination of the accounts. But the variations will not be such as to affect any general result. The most imperfect part is the estimate of that part of the customs which arise from the Mediterranean fund, and which we do not consider as part of the permanent revenue. With respectful attachment Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin Note We have actually paid this year about six millions of the princi‑ pal of the debt contracted before your administration vizt. domestic & foreign debt as pr. note f 4,200,000 British convention, being in exchange of the 6th Article of Jay’s treaty  1,776,000 Paymts. for lands in stock as pr note b 45,000 Drs. 6,021,000 RC (DLC); addressed: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Nov. and “finance” and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

Receipts and Expenditures A sketch of the Receipts & Expenditures of the United States for the year ending on 30th Septer. 1805 Receipts vizt Customs (a) 12,773,045.56 Sales of lands (b) 621,895.08 Postage 28,500.—

 578 

5 NOVEMBER 1805 Arrears of direct tax & internal duties Incidental (c) Repayments (principally for bills of exchange protested) Cash in Treasury on 30th Septer. 1804

61,087.80 14,718.63 157,506.89 13,656,753.96 4,882,351.35 Dollars 18,539,105.31

Expenditures vizt Civil list 615,652.26 Miscellaneous (d) 545,091.91 Diplomatic & Barbary 258,017.74 British convention (the two last instalments) 1,776,000.— Purchase of Louisiana (French bills) 350,559.10 Army & Indian dept. 748,281.28 Navy dept. (e) 1,314,001.22 Domestic debt & loans 5,724,811.53 ⎬⎫ (f)  8,356,338.20 Foreign debt 2,631,526.67 ⎭ 13,963,941.71 Cash in Treasury on 30th Septer. 1805  4,575,163.60 Dollars 18,539,105.31 Notes (a) about 700,000 dollars of this sum arise from the Mediterranean fund (b) besides about 45,000 dollars paid in stock (c) Fines, patent fees, certs &a. (d) Surveying, boards on land claims, light houses, marine hospitals, mint, military pensions, Capitol, Maryland loans &a. (e) It is apprehended that the navy dept. will have expended at least 300,000 dollars more than that sum, and more than the appropria‑ tions; for which difference they are in debt & cannot pay till Congress shall have made an additional appropriation  (f) Of which the payments for interest are estimated at about Drs. 4,156,338.20 and those of principal redeemed at about 4,200,000.— 8,356,338.20 MS (DLC); in Gallatin’s hand.

From Francis Green Sir Medford, near Boston 5th November 1805.— Philanthropy, as well as Philosophy, no less than Dignity of Sta‑ tion, & Influence, designating the Patron of Beneficence, and of use‑ ful Arts & Sciences in the United States, the Pamphlet “Vox Oculis subjecta” (so long ago hastily published during a residence in En‑ gland, & now circulated in this the native Land of the Author, in hopes of eventually benefiting an unfortunate Class of the human race, in this western Hemisphere) is herewith humbly presented, accordingly. The Number, Sir, in that unhappy predicament within this State, alone is ascertain’d to be nearly seventy, if not more, & it is calculated  579 

5 NOVEMBER 1805

that not less than Five hundred exist in these United States:—As, in several of the Nations of Europe, peculiar Seminaries have of late been establish’d for the special Education of such, it is hoped, that Amer‑ ica may, also, ’ere long, by some means, partake, in future, of a similar Alleviation of human Misery. The Liberty herein assum’d, Sir, by an obscure Recluse, is prompted by a disinterested Zeal for the inestimable advantage of the naturally deaf, commonly denominated the Deaf & Dumb, & dictated by the Sensibility, & former Experience of a Parent; Motives which, (it is with respectful submission presum’d,) will be condescendingly re‑ garded as some kind of admissible Apology:—In that hope, together with the best wishes for every possible degree of Happiness to my Country under your Excellency’s Administration, and with due Deference, I beg Leave to subscribe myself Your Ex‑ cellency’s truely humble Servant Francis Green RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excel‑ lency President Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: A Parent, “Vox Ocu‑ lis Subjecta;” A Dissertation on the Most ­Curious and Important Art of Imparting Speech, and the Knowledge of Language, to the Naturally Deaf, and (Consequently) Dumb; With a Particular Account of the Academy of Messrs. Braidwood of Edin‑ burgh, and a Proposal to Perpetuate, and Extend the Benefits Thereof (London, 1783); Sowerby, No. 1125. Francis Green (1742‑1809) was best known as a pioneer in the education of the deaf. After serving with the British army in the late 1750s, Green set up an importation business in Boston but was driven from the city in 1776 as a loyalist.

Green and his children removed to Great Britain, where he found new opportuni‑ ties to educate his son Charles, who had been discovered to be deaf at the age of six months. The child was placed in Thomas Braidwood’s academy in Edin‑ burgh, where he learned to speak, read, and write. His son’s experience led Green to publish anonymously the pamphlet he enclosed to TJ and other related works. After residing in Nova Scotia from 1784 to 1796, Green returned to Massachusetts, settled in Med­ford, worked briefly in the marine insurance business, and promoted the establishment of schools for the deaf (dab; John L. Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Sibley’s Harvard Graduates: Bio‑ graphical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College, 18 vols. [Cambridge, Mass., 1873‑ ], 14:610‑17).

From John B. C. Lucas Sir St Louis November 5 1805 as the Circumstances which I was in whilst Living in pennsilvania were such that non can imagine that the offices which you have been pleased to honnour me with me have been accepted by me with a view to gratify ambition I also hope that the Salaries which are attached to them Cannot induce any body to believe that they are a gratification to cupidity. whilst sitting as one of the judges of the Superior Court of the territory of Louisianna I have witnessed an unprecedented con‑  580 

5 NOVEMBER 1805

duct by the grand jury of that court. to premeditated insult and con‑ tempt I have opposed forbearance and mildness, thus the evil hath not been half as great as it was intended, in my next I Shall take the Liberty to inform you through the secretary of state of series of facts and Circumstances which will I hope satisfy you that Certain high powers of the territory are endeavouring to act with a high hand and to Crush all those authorities that are Coordinate with his by the most exceptionable and dangerous means. My Colleague rufus easton hath the misfortune to have incurred the hatred of governor wilkeson and because I cannot nor will join those who have conjured his ruin a whole jury is raised against the court Contrary to every principle of subordination to obtain a denouncia‑ tion against that judge for that judge is the principal object the court is a secondary Point, so far as I know of judge easton in my opinion he is well versed in the knowledge of Law and though young is just now an able judge. he appears to me very correct in his moral and political conduct. I have the honnour to be Sir with the greatest respect your hmbl. & obt svt John B C. Lucas Leonard W. Labaree and others, eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 43 vols. [New Haven, 1959‑ ], 41:428‑30; Law‑ rence O. Christensen and others, eds., Dic‑ John Baptiste Charles Lucas (1758‑­ tionary of Missouri Biography [Columbia, 1842) was born and educated in France, Mo., 1999], 505‑7; jep, 2:18; Vol. 46:28, where he practiced law before emigrating 140, 198, 199n, 291, 389, 639, 640n, 671, to the United States in 1784 and settling 695, 696; Lucas to TJ, 10 Dec. 1805; TJ in western Pennsylvania. After serving as to Samuel Smith, 4 May 1806). a county judge and member of the state unprecedented conduct: see Me‑ legislature, he was elected to Congress as morial of the Louisiana Territory Grand a Republican in 1803, but resigned two Jury, 4 Nov. years later when TJ appointed him a my next: Lucas wrote a lengthy letter judge for Louisiana Territory as well as a to Madison on 12 Nov., accompanied by land claims commissioner. Arriving at St. supporting documents, to demonstrate the Louis in August 1805, Lucas soon found existence of a “plot” by Wilkinson and himself enmeshed in clashes with James his allies “to prostrate the authority of the Wilkinson and his supporters in the vola‑ general‑court of the territory” or create a tile political climate of the new territory. “Commotion or open resistance to its au‑ TJ soon after “repented” his appointment thority.” Wilkinson sent Madison his own of the divisive figure. Despite the contro‑ version of the events, with supporting versies that marked his public career, papers, on 6 Nov. (Madison, Papers, Sec. Lucas retained his commissioner’s ap‑ of State Ser., 10:509‑12, 526‑30; Terr. pointment until 1812 and remained a ter‑ Papers, 13:248‑51; William E. Foley, The ritorial judge until Missouri statehood. Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Out‑ After failing to win elective office in the post to Statehood [Columbia, Mo., 1989], new state, Lucas largely retired from poli‑ 165‑9; Memorial of the Louisiana Terri‑ tics to focus on lucrative ventures in busi‑ tory Grand Jury, 4 Nov.; Lucas to TJ, 10 ness and real estate (dab; Biog. Dir. Cong.; Dec.). RC (DNA: RG 46, EPEN, 9th Cong., 1st sess.); endorsed by TJ as received 18 Dec. and so recorded in SJL.

 581 

From Samuel Smith Sir/ Balte. 5 Novr 1805 My Son is personally acquainted with Mr. Irving to whom you have been So polite as to give a letter of introduction. he prays me to return you his Sincere Thanks. Mr. Irving, being in a foreign Coun‑ try will probably pay attention to Americans—In London he was too much occupied.—I am extremely Sorry that I have given you the trou‑ ble of writing, for Louis found it impossible to be prepared for the ship that Sailed yesterday—another ship will sail for Lisbon in Ten Days—whether he will proceed in her, he has not yet determined,— I observe with great pleasure that our Discussion with Spain is likely to terminate amicably—for—on looking over the Report of the War department I Concieve that we are in great want of the essentials for War—Of Powder, we have little & that little I fear, very bad—Of Salt petre 1,200,000. which will make (being in its unrefined State) about the same quantity of good Powder—Would it not be prudent to purchase a large quantity of Gunpowder from the Works?—It may now be obtained at 7 to 7¼. Dollrs. the Quarter Cask or 25 lb. Nt. wt.—One of the Works near this City has 1100 Casks, of Supe‑ rior quality—It was offered to me last Week at 7 Dolls. which I think Cheap—I am Sir/ With the highest Respect Your Obedt. servt. S. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 5 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. so polite: see TJ to Smith, 1 Nov. report of the war department: on 13 Feb., Dearborn forwarded to the House of Representatives a return of ord‑ nance, military stores, clothing, and quar‑ termaster supplies held at the Schuylkill Arsenal. The report indicated that the ar‑ senal held 26,978 pounds of gunpowder,

166,600 pounds of “Brimstone” (sulfur), and 1,168,281 pounds of saltpeter (MS in DNA: RG 233, Reports and Communi‑ cations from the Secretary of War, 8th Cong., 2d sess.). the works near this city: the Bel‑ lona Gunpowder Manufactory began pro‑ ducing gunpowder and refined saltpeter in 1801 (Baltimore Federal Gazette, 5 Dec. 1801; Smith to TJ, 15 Nov.).

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir New Orleans 6. November 1805. Since my last letter, I have made with Colonel Freeman an arrange‑ ment concerning the regular Guards, which I trust will put an end to those complaints heretofore exhibited by the Citizens. The troops stationed here, have I believe conducted themselves as well as an army ever did similarly situated; but it is impossible for any  582 

6 NOVEMBER 1805

Commander to maintain Discipline among men posted in a City, where the temptations to dissipation are so various, and the means of evad‑ ing the attention of Officers, so easy. For these therefore, and other reasons detailed in my official letter to the Secretary of State of the 5. instant, I advised the removal of the army from New‑Orleans. My friend Mr. Graham has set out for Pensacola, and will deliver in person my letter to Governor Folch; his answer will probably be interesting, and shall be immediately transmitted to the Secretary of State, who I presume will have received, before this reaches you, a copy of my communication to Governor Folch. I sincerely hope that you will be enabled to bring to an amicable termination, our present differences with Spain.—No man more than myself appreciates the blessing of Peace, or would more sincerely regret an event which would entangle the United States in those dis‑ putes which promise, for many years, to involve Europe in the miser‑ ies of war,—But if Spain should not be inclined to be just towards us, and hostilities should commence, there is no American Citizen who more than myself would rejoice in an opportunity to manifest in the field, my devotion to the interest and honor of my Country. Friend Briggs left this City on yesterday for Natchez; he has lately been the object of abuse—and like all others, who are unused to at‑ tacks of this kind, he discovers a share of mortification; he has how‑ ever, a consolation which will in the end reconcile him even to cal‑ umny, and I am sure his good name will not be injured,—I believe him to be a faithful Officer, and an honest man—and, of his abilities to discharge the Trust committed to him, there can be no doubt! Accept the best Wishes of Dear Sir, Your faithful friend! William C. C. Claiborne RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, closing and signature in Claiborne’s hand; at foot of text in Claiborne’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. my last letter: Claiborne to TJ, 31 Oct. my letter to governor folch: Claiborne wrote to Vicente Folch y Juan on 31 Oct., expressing dismay that Span‑ ish authorities at Mobile continued charg‑

ing a 12 percent duty on cargoes carried by vessels passing to and from U.S. terri‑ tory. He asked Folch to suspend collection of these duties “until You shall receive particular Instructions from Your Gov‑ ernment how to Act.” Claiborne also re‑ quested explanations regarding rumors that Spain was preparing to reinforce its garrisons at Mobile and Baton Rouge. Claiborne enclosed a copy in his letter to Madison of 31 Oct. (Rowland, Claiborne Letter Books, 3:221‑2; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:485).

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To Albert Gallatin Th: Jefferson to mr Gallatin Nov. 6. 05. In the case of L. H. Guerlain of New Orleans, it is undeniable that a fraud on the revenue was meditated. yet under all the circumstances of the case I am of opinion he will be sufficiently punished by forfiet­ ing the difference between his invoice & the appraisement stated to be 7548.45 D by the paiment of duties 9,500. D. and by the loss by the proceeds of sales. the chief motive which in other cases might restrain the disposition to remit, would be the interest given by law to the customhouse officer, or informer. but I understand the officer was to give an exorbitant fee to his atty in the case, if he obtained a conviction. this compleatly does away all regard to his interest and places him under our eye in the most unfavorable light. if lawyers are to be urged to use all the resources of their profession, by exorbitant fees, to convict those accused, the next step will be the subornation of witnesses, & other foul practices. proceedings leading to such oppres‑ sion of individuals should be marked with the disapprobation of gov‑ ernment. knowing as I do the correct character of mr Brown, I am at a loss to account for this act of impropriety, and think the request of an explanation (if the fact be true) would be a proper admonition to guard his future conduct. affectionate salutations. Th: Jefferson RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers); endorsed by Gallatin. PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Guerlain’s case.”

case of l. h. guerlain: see Gallatin to TJ, 30 Oct.

To William Hamilton Dear Sir Washington Nov. 6. 05 Your nephew delivered safely to me the plant of the Chinese silk tree in perfect good order, and I shall nurse it with care until it shall be in a condition to be planted at Monticello. mr Madison mentioned to me your wish to recieve any seeds which should be sent me by Capt Lewis or from any other quarter of plants which are rare. I lately forwarded to mr Peale for the Philosophical society a box con‑ taining minerals & seeds from Capt Lewis, which I did not open; and I am persuaded the society will be pleased to dispose of them so well as into your hands. mr Peale would readily ask this. I happen to have two papers of seeds which Capt Lewis inclosed to me in a letter, and which I gladly consign over to you, as I shall any thing else which may  584 

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fall into my hands & be worthy your acceptance. one of these is of the Mandan tobacco, a very singular species uncommonly weak & prob‑ ably suitable for segars. the other had no ticket but I believe it is a plant used by the Indians with extraordinary success for Curing the bite of the rattle snake & other venomous animals. I send also some seeds of the Winter melon which I recieved from Malta. some were planted here the last season, but too early. they were so ripe before the time of gathering (before the first frost) that all rotted but one which is still sound & firm & we hope will keep some time. experience alone will fix the time of planting them in our climate, so that a little before frost they may not be so ripe as to rot, & still ripe enough to advance after gathering in the process of maturation or mellowing as fruit does. I hope you will find it worthy a place in your kitchen garden. mr Madison had flattered us with the hope of seeing you here at the races. I should have been happy to have seen you, as I shall be with every opportunity of testifying to you my esteem & respect & tender‑ ing you my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Wm. Ham‑ ilton esq.”; endorsed by TJ. sent me by capt lewis: among the items that Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent in April were 60 specimens of plants that Lewis anticipated would go to the American Philosophical Society for study. The society received the specimens on 15 Nov. and, as TJ requested, asked Hamilton “to plant the seeds and report the results with descriptions and specimens” (aps, Proceedings, 22, pt. 3 [1884‑85],

379; TJ to Charles Willson Peale, 21 Oct.). plant used by the indians: nar‑ row leaf purple coneflower (Echinacea an­ gustifolia), which Lewis had sent in April and described as being “highly prized by the natives as an efficatious remidy in the cure of the bite of the rattle snake, or Mad dog” (Vol. 45:682‑3; Vol. 46:173, 174n). Thomas Appleton had shipped TJ winter melon seeds in January (Vol. 45:289‑90, 441‑2).

To Jones & Howell Messrs. Jones & Howell Washington Nov. 6. 05 Be so good as to send by the first vessel bound to Richmond two tons of nail‑rod sorted, addressed to Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson. and by the first vessel which shall sail after the 1st. day of next month send two tons more. I divide it into two shipments that the paiments may fall due in different months. Accept my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

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From Levi Lincoln Dear Sir Worcester Novr. 6. 1805— This will be handed you by a member of Congress from the State of Massachusets. Mr. Bidwile’s character and merits, are too well known to need any recommendation. Equally conspicuous for politi‑ cal information, talents and industry as for a republicanism unalloyed by personal attachments to federal friends, or local prejudices, he has been a uniform & warm supporter of the measures of the existing administration. He will be a very useful acquisition in the national Legislature, which is the only consolation for taking him from our own, where he has been a distinguished member, & where, his ser‑ vices, I fear are more needed— I have lately spent some time in Boston. Republicanism there, in, my opinion, is retrograde. Among our friends there seem to make but little exertions, & less concert. They however say themselves, things are going well with them. This may be an apology for remissness. The mechanics & traders, dependent, more or less, on the merchants, spec‑ ulators, stockholders, & bank operations, are very much influenced, in their politicks, by their agency. The federalists have abated none of their virulence towards the principles of the administration of the Genl Govt, nor remitted in their labours to discredit & obstruct its measures. Republicans are more languid in their cause. Money ap‑ pears to be the principal object of pursuit. In the chase, real republi‑ canism seems to have made her escape, and our friends conduct, as if they did not know where she is, and some of them, as if they did not know what she is. Those in office appear to be satisfied with dis‑ charging their duty, & others in wishing for official duties, to dis‑ charge. My dependence is on the country— Accept Sir of my heart felt congratulations on the happy termina‑ tion of the Tripolitan war. As glorious & fortunate as has been this event, it has been made the subject of censure & calumny. It would have been gratifying, had their been an opportunity for our ridiculed Gun boats, to have proved their superior utility. It would then have been seen, that this dispised defence, & mean of offence, would have been the cheap defence of our nation, while our seventy four’s, in dis‑ guise, would have sunk to mere tenders, on gun boats— With sentiments of the most perfect esteem and friendship, I have the honor to be very respectfully your obedt. hum: Sert. Levi Lincoln RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The President of the U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Barnabas Bidwell to TJ, 16 Dec.

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From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 6 Nov. 1805. Mr. S. m’a repondu, qu’il lui repugnoit absolument, de prendre de Vous plus qu’on avoit offert, et qu’on auroit pû obtenir d’un autre. Je ne suis au reste plus compromis envers lui, parceque—par votre Lettre du 3 il voit clairement, de quoi il s’agit—et même, si je le serais encore, j’ai meritè une petite punition par la faute, d’avoir acceptè, sans Vous en avoir auparavant fait mon rapport, quoique je ne de‑ vois pas meconnoitre les Motifs, par lesquels Vous refusiez. J’aurois cependant pour ma defense encore une ou deux observations a faire, mais je puis m’en dispenser, etant persuadè d’avance, que Vous ne me condamnerez pas si severement, et que Vous ne me conserverez pas Moins Votre bienveillance, qui est, comme Vous avez bien dû lire sur ma figure, d’un prix infini pour Moi. Enfin la Chose a pris une autre façe, par ce, que j’ai achetè de Mr. S. en bloc et le buste en question, et ses deux frères moins grands, dont j’ai fait present a deux Amis: Mr. Arcambal le Consul, et Mr. Du Catel. Vous n’avez maintenant a faire, qu’avec Moi seul, et Vous avez, je me flatte, l’opinion de Moi— que Votre Volonté est la mienne—decidez donc en trois Mots, comme il Vous plaira, si faût garder çe Corpus Delicti ici, ou renvoyer a Richmond? J’ai bien fait a Mr. Latullaye, l’observation que Vous me marquez— mais il m’a repondu, qu’il alloit finir sa Carrière de Jardinier le prin­ tems prochain, et que Vous trouverez sans doute pour la Conservation et reproduction de ces semences—de la place dans les Jardins de Mss. vos gendres ou d’autres Amis. Le petit Livre çijoint etant un de çeux, qui merite de faire partie de Votre bibliotheque—je Vous prie, de lui permettre, qu’il puisse y passer de la mienne, avec les revoirs de mon Ami Ochs. J’ose Vous presenter mes profonds hommages avec ceux du Ci‑ toyen Virginien Mr. Lapoype. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 6 Nov. 1805 Mr. Schwarze replied that he absolutely refuses to accept more from you than he was offered or might have received from someone else. I did not negotiate any further with him, because he fully understands, from your letter of the third, what is at stake, and even if I were still in a posi‑ tion to negotiate, I deserved a minor reprimand for my error of having ac‑ cepted his offer without first consulting you, especially since I should have known the reasons that prompted you to refuse. I could make one or two observations in my defense but will forgo them, knowing in advance that you

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6 NOVEMBER 1805 will not judge me too severely or be less benevolent toward me. As you could see from my face, your judgment matters infinitely to me. As it turns out, the affair has taken on another dimension because I bought a lot from Mr. Schwarze, including the bust in question and its two smaller brothers, which I gave to two friends: Mr. Arcambal, the consul, and Mr. Ducatel. Now you are dealing only with me and I flatter myself that you understand: your wishes are mine. Simply decide, as you please, in three words, whether to keep this corpus delicti here or send it back to Richmond. I did not fail to communicate your observation to Mr. La Tullaye, but he replied that he was going to end his gardening career next spring, and that you will undoubtedly find space to keep and cultivate your seeds in the gar‑ dens of your sons‑in‑law and other friends. Since the small book enclosed deserves to belong to your library, I pray you to allow it to go from mine, with revisions from my friend Ochs. I dare present my deep regards along with those of the Virginia citizen Mr. La Poype. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as received on 7 Nov. Enclosure not identified, but see below. vous me marquez: see TJ to Reibelt, 12 Oct.

Reibelt may have enclosed a work con‑ nected to Peter ochs, a Swiss politician and writer he likely would have encoun‑ tered while working for the Helvetic Re‑ public (Dictionnaire historique & biogra­ phique de la Suisse, 7 vols. [Neuchâtel, 1920‑33], 5:176‑7; Vol. 39:95n).

From Caesar A. Rodney Honored & Dr. Sir Wilmington Novr. 6. 1805. On my return to this place (where I took refuge from the yellow fever) from attending the Circuit & State Court below I had the plea‑ sure of receiving your favor of the 23d. ulto. It is matter of deep & lasting regret that any division should have taken place in the Republican party, but more especially such an one as paves the way for the triumph of that pernicious system & its ad‑ herents which undid this country under the specious mark of Feder‑ alism. The maxim of Tyrants divide & impera has been too success‑ fully acted on, & the standard of an “Union of honest men” has rallied around it those whose views & whose principles as professed are di‑ rectly hostile. What the event will be time must reveal. If an old enemy with a new face, is to make an easy conquest of us, & the iron age of Federalism is to return, once more; tho’ the struggle may be harder & more perilous than the former, good principles & good men will finally be victorious. The ways of Providence are inscrutable to man & perhaps we have not yet suffered sufficiently to prevent a return to the “Flesh pots of Egypt.” I do trust however, that good sense, & Re‑  588 

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publican virtue will defeat the wiles of Federalism & if it were pos‑ sible that a reconciliation could take place, the task of mediation would be a great & a glorious one. But much I fear when I see men who cannot be deceived, bargain &c with an old & avowed foe, the prospect is dull. For my own part I shall adhere to those principles which I am confident you will ever support & if we are unfortunate, there will be this consolation that it was in an honest cause. I shall return to Philada. on monday. With great esteem I remain Dr. Sir Yours Most Sincerely C. A. Rodney RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 9 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

divide & impera: divide and rule. flesh pots of egypt: Exodus 16:3.

Washington School Subscription Receipt Novr. the 6th. 1805. Recd. Thomas Jefferson Esqr. President of the united States twenty dollars being the amount of the first Instalment on his Subscription to the Washington School Institution Washington Boyd Treasur.— MS (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Nov. and “Washington academy. rect”; also endorsed “1st. instalmt.” On 8 Nov., TJ recorded in his financial memoranda: “Gave Isaac A. Coles for Washington academy ord. on bk. US. 20. D” (mb, 2:1166). This was the first of ten payments TJ made to cover his $200 subscription to the educational institu‑ tion (see John Gardiner to TJ, 22 July). Records of payment of the remaining installments of the subscription are in TJ’s papers: (1) Receipt from Boyd for $20 for the second installment, 28 Feb. 1806 (MS in MHi, endorsed by TJ: “Wash‑ ington academy”; on verso, a list in TJ’s hand of the due dates for each of the ten quarterly installments, commencing on 1 Oct. 1805 and ending 1 Jan. 1808, with his added notes of the dates on which the first eight installments were paid); re‑ corded in TJ’s financial memoranda under 24 Feb. (mb, 2:1174). (2) Receipt from Boyd for $20 for the third installment, 3  May 1806 (MS in CSmH); recorded in  TJ’s financial memoranda, 5 May: “Delivd. Joseph Daugherty for the Wash­

ington academy 20. D.” (mb, 2:1179). (3) For the fourth installment, TJ re‑ corded in his financial memoranda, 20 July 1806, his payment of $20 to the Washington academy, as one of a group of payments to be made by John Barnes (mb, 2:1185). (4) Receipt from Boyd for  $20 for the fifth installment, 5 Nov. 1806 (MS in MoSHi: Jefferson Papers; endorsed by TJ with notation “5th. in‑ stalmt”); recorded in TJ’s financial memoranda, 6 Nov., as one of a group of payments to be made by Dougherty (mb, 2:1192). (5) Receipt from Boyd for $40 for the sixth and seventh installments, 7 May 1807 (MS in CSmH); recorded in TJ’s financial memoranda, 21 May, as one of a group of payments on 6 May made by Dougherty (mb, 2:1204). (6) Receipt from Boyd for $20 for the eighth in­ stallment, 7 Aug. 1807 (MS in MWA; endorsed by TJ with notation “8th. in‑ stalmt”); recorded in TJ’s financial mem‑ oranda, 31 July, as a payment made by Dougherty (mb, 2:1208). (7) Receipt from Boyd for $20 for the ninth installment, 11 Nov. 1807 (MS in CSmH); recorded in TJ’s financial memoranda, 6 Nov., as one

 589 

6 NOVEMBER 1805 of a group of payments made by Dough‑ erty (mb, 2:1214). (8) Receipt from Boyd for $20 for the tenth installment, 8 Feb. 1808 (MS in CSmH); recorded in TJ’s

financial memoranda, 8 Feb., as one of a group of payments made by Dougherty and “Washn. acad. last instalment” (mb, 2:1219).

From James Wilkinson Sir St Louis Novr. 6th. 05 I have the Honor to enclose you a list of the Articles transmited you by Captain Stoddard, which may I hope afford you an Hours amusement.— The Cotton Tree (Populus Deltoide of Bartram) is rarely to be found above limestone on the Ohio, but abounds on the Bottoms of that River below the Rapids, and on the Mississippi & Missouri as high up as I have been—The favourite Soil of this Tree is Alluvian, its growth is rapid beyond example, its size Majestic &, when com‑ pared with the smallness of its seed, is almost incredible—from de‑ fects of Enquiry & experiment, hitherto this has been pronounced a useless wood, but I am inclined to believe it may hereafter be found a valuable one, for Shingles, Clap Boards, Rails & more particularly for Sugar Boxes, as it is remarkably light & soft & holds a nail well— I have received satisfactory information of a Copper mine on the Waters of the Osage River, & of a White Metal the quality of which my Informant could not ascertain; the Season is too far advanced to send in quest of these Objects, but they shall occupy my attention early in the spring.— Lead ore appears to be a general product of this Country,—It is to be found on both sides the Mississippi as high up as Prarie des Chiens, & West on the superior branches of the Osage River—This mineral presents an Interesting Subject, to the patronage of Gov­ ernment & the Enterprize of Individuals, for the accommodation of Mankind—Judiciously fostered it is at an early Day, to employ thou‑ sands of Hands to become an important Staple export, and to produce Millions of Dollars—I think Government should invite the enquiries & Labours of the enterprizing & Industrious, by partial donations or liberal leases within defined Limits. The three great Objects to which you directed my attention, are in my Judgement all attainable, viz: The prevention of the Trade from Canada to the West of the Mississippi—The depopulation of our loose settlements below this on the Mississippi & its branches—and the transfer of the Southern Indians to this Territory—But for their  590 

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accomplishment, decisive Legislative sanctions, a Zealous faithful & cordial cooperation among the public functionaries in this Quarter, and some Money will be found indispensable.— The first Object may be accomplished, by a strong Military post at the Ouiscanson, to make necessary Detachments, and a Law prohib‑ iting the Intercourse under severe & heavy penalties—The second by discouragements to the present Establishments, & allurements to a change of position—and the Third, by a permanent peace between the Osage & the Tribes to be moved, a partition & distribution of the vacant Territory, national annuities bounties to great Warriors, & pensions to leading Chiefs— Depopulation must precede the transfer of the Indians, and this will never be accomplished whilst high official Characters within the Territory Encourage the expectation of our speedy admission into the Union, and treat your Ideas as the Speculations of an Individual, which are not to have Effect—It is not by preparing Beds of down, that we are to get rid of unwelcome Guests—On this subject I have been obliged to act with much caution & reserve because the extent of my utility, will be measured in some degree, by my influence with the People, & to preserve this I must avoid saying or doing unpalat‑ able things—Col. Jno. B. Scott, who has returned to Virginia for his Family, and who is the soundest & ablest officer of the Territory, will wait on you, & can give you correct information on this point— The Bearer Mr. Park of the Indiana Territory, will have the Honor to deliver this you, and I am persuaded that in Him you will find a pure source of information touching the Affairs of Louisiana I hope you will pardon this tedious trespass on your time, and that you will believe me, with great respect & attachment Your faithful & obliged Servant Ja Wilkinson RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

Specimens from Louisiana Territory Contents1 No.

of a trunk transmited by Capt. Stoddard to the President 1 Pumice Stone, Supposed from the River Piere Jaune or, as called by the Natives, Licorne 2 Argillaceous, Shistres, the Calumet Stone of the Indians 3 Chrystalised Gypsum 4 Salt from a Pit on the head waters of Arkansas 5 Fusible Spar

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6 NOVEMBER 1805 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Salt which arises by exhalation and to be found adjoining the waters of River Platte Iron, lead and Pyrites Gallena in its gangue of white lead Spar from the old mines— Hexahedral Pyramidal Spar Iron Ore from the Merimack Calcareous Spar Galena from the Merimack Galena from Old mines Whitelead Spar Steel grained lead ore from Mine La Motte Galena from Reddicks mine. Iron ore from Osage River Iron ore from the mine à Maneto Lead ore from Mine à Burton, mine à Joe and mine à Renault— Mineral from upper Louisiana Plumbago from Missouri Iron ore from the River Platte Pyrites from the mine la Motte Lead Slag from the smelting furnace at Mine lamotte Fibrous Gypsum from the North West Branch of the River Canzès Iron Ore from the Merimack on Fourch arnault Black Chalk from the Mandane2—

Sent by the same conveyance an Indian Chart delineated on a Buffaloe Pelt.— two horned Frogs.— a Cluster of the fruit3 of the Cotton Tree      a drawing of Leaf & Cluster taken from nature—      Specimens of the Silk or down & the age & dimensions of the Tree from which they were taken— Ja Wilkinson MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 146:25403‑4); undated; numbered list of 27 minerals in Amos Stoddard’s hand, with addition in Wilkinson’s hand (see note 1 below); sec‑ ond list on separate sheet in Wilkinson’s hand and signed by him; notations by TJ (see note 3 below); endorsed by TJ: “Wil­ kinson James.” river piere jaune: the Yellowstone River. calumet stone: probably catlinite, or red pipestone, used by indigenous people to craft ceremonial pipes (William P. Cor­ bett, “Pipestone: The Origin and Devel‑

opment of a National Monument,” Min‑ nesota History, 47 [1980], 82‑92; Vol. 17:xxix, 341n). fourch arnault: Renault’s Fork (Vol. 43:640, 642n). indian chart: see Wilkinson to TJ, 22 Oct. 1 The remainder of the heading follow‑ ing this word is in Wilkinson’s hand. 2 Remainder of document is in Wilkin‑ son’s hand. 3  TJ interlined “cluster” and “fruit” above the respective words to clarify Wil­ kinson’s handwriting.

 592 

From Stephen Cathalan, Jr. my most Respected Dear Sir! I am to the 7th. november, This goes by Capn. eden Shotwell, to whom I have delivered my Letter of the 6th. Inst. to the Collector of the Customs at charleston Inclosing Bill of Loading for the Box Prunes & Dryed figs to his address, to be forwarded to you at charleston; I am Sorry his Brig Venûs is Cleared and Ready to Sail, for I would have embraced that opportunity to have Shipped on her the 2  chests containing 100 Btls. virgin hermitage wine 6 do. vin de Paille—for you Sir, & 31 Bottles do. for Senor. Butler, which by a Letter from Messrs. Jourdan & fils of Tain I am receiving, they have Sent me on the 4th. Inst. but cannot be here before the 11th. do. & for a while it will not be here other vessels bound for U.S. I will Send you the Invoice of that wine & of the Parcel via Bor‑ deaux, when the whole will have been Shipped; I beg you to accept the Box of Dryed prûnes & figs;— I wish when this will reach you, that my young Friend & late chan‑ cor. Juliûs oliver, Should be at washington to pay you his Respectfull visit, with our best Respects; begging you to honor him with your Kind Protection; I, as well as him self, will be ever Gratefull to you, if you Judge proper to Confirm or appoint him again as chancelor under me for this Place;— I will consider this Great Favor from you, the Same as if Conferred to my own Son Should I be so happy as to have one to offer you in the Service of the united States; I have the honor to be with Great Respect & for ever— Dear Sir Your most obedient humble & Devoted Servant— Stephen Cathalan. Should oliver Load Good virginia Tobacco, on his Brig Jefferson for this Port, it would obtain free of Duty f60. to f65. pr. quintal (℔ 88 or 90 English) when on aman. Built vessels on acct of the difference of Duty, it would fetch only f52 or f55. pr. do. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “The most honorable Thos. Jefferson President Wash‑ ington”; written at foot of Dupl of Catha‑ lan to TJ, 2 Nov.; endorsed by TJ as re‑

ceived 19 Feb. 1806 and so recorded in SJL. vin de paille: straw wine (see Jour‑ dan to TJ, 16 July).

 593 

Memorandum from Henry Dearborn [7 Nov. 1805] The amount of the propositions this day made by the Creek Chiefs, are that we pay them $200,000 in 18 annual instalments, which by an eaqual division of the whole sum, would amount to $11,111,11,1, each year,—and in addition to the above sum, they require in tools & blacksmiths, what may be estimated at $22,600,—it is presumed that they may be induced to relinquish one half of the last mentioned claim. The difference between paying $200,000 down, or a perpetual interest for that sum, and paying by 18 eaqual instalments, will be $102,000, or thereabouts, which will reduce the sum of $200,000, to $98,000.—the foregoing difference, is the result of a deduc‑ tion of the interest of 17 years, from the sum remaining after each payment every year. by paying $12,000 each of the two first1 years and $11,000 each of the other 16 years would amount to the sum proposed, and reduce each payment to round numbers, which would be more convenient, in fixing the stipulation, & in the payments— RC (DLC); undated; in Dearborn’s hand; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Nov. and “Creek Purchase” and so recorded in SJL. amount of the propositions: con‑ tinued negotiations resulted in a final agreement on eight annual payments of $12,000 followed by ten annual payments

of $11,000. The administration calculated the down payment as just under $133,000, which along with earned interest would enable fulfillment of U.S. obligations (Expenditures for Land Cessions, printed at 19 Nov.; TJ to the Senate, 11 Dec.). 1 MS:

“firs.”

From Richard Dobson Dear Sir Alexandria 7th November 1805 Your courtesy I have experienced so frequently both as it respects & regards an Invitation to Monticello and to Washington both of which very extended courtesies, it has been my misfortune to have been disenabled to accept of from transient & trivial Incidents— The blooming regret which such a recollection inspires is reason‑ ably radiated by the fond & respectful hope that the gratification will be ere long Indulged me; I am waiting for the arrival of your nephew Mr John Bolling to render it complete, though it woud be perfectly so independent of that event did I not much fear I shoud interfere  594 

7 NOVEMBER 1805

with those important and dignified agencies which it has been Your blessed province through the independent virtuous & enlightend suffrage of a free people to exercise & whose zeal as so evidently pour‑ trayed in Your reelection particularly after an onset of [Sage] scruti‑ nizing decision amply evince the confidence they reposed the above remarks appear desultory & extraneous but I will not permit them to digress so far as to [hint] my feeble opinion how relevant the choice has been. I am much in want of money & shou’d be very happy & much obliged In the favour of any Sum which You can allott to me. I am a resident of Alexandria I remain with sentiments often previously expressed, both of re‑ spectful regard & esteem Your friend Obedient & obliged Servant Richard Dobson RC (DLC); portions illegible; addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Presi‑ dent of the United States Washington”; franked; postmarked 8 Nov.; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. nephew mr john bolling: the son of TJ’s sister Mary Jefferson Bolling (Vol. 20:157n). favour of any sum: in October Dob‑ son, “being very much in want of money,” advertised for sale a one‑acre lot in Fred‑ ericksburg and 200 acres in Goochland County, as well as moiety title to lands in Chesterfield and Henrico counties on short or long credit, discounted notes, or cash. He had acquired properties in Virginia in

the mid‑1790s when he acted as agent for his father, John Dobson, a partner of a Liverpool trading firm, in the collection of prerevolutionary debts from Virginia planters. TJ and Richard Dobson corre‑ sponded in that period concerning settle‑ ment of a bill of exchange that Farell & Jones, the Bristol brokers of shipments to TJ’s father‑in‑law, John Wayles, had as‑ signed to the senior Dobson’s firm, which TJ finally paid off in 1796. Most of the letters exchanged by TJ and Dobson have not survived (Alexandria Daily Advertiser, 26 Oct.; Washington, Papers, Pres. Ser., 14:204‑5; 16:68‑9, 154‑5; Vol. 24:788‑9; Vol. 25:549‑50; Vol. 26:789; Vol. 27:300; Vol. 28:289n; Vol. 29:97n).

To John Hoomes Freeman

Washington Nov. 7. 05.

Th: Jefferson will thank mr Freeman to send the inclosed by a special messenger to mr Brand. Th:J. will in the ensuing week make remittances to mr Freeman for several persons in the neighborhood RC (CtY); addressed: “Mr. J. Holmes Freeman Monticello near Milton”; franked and postmarked. Enclosure not found. John Hoomes Freeman (ca. 1780‑1873) of Culpeper County was hired by TJ as overseer of Monticello, apparently on the

recommendation of John Strode. He began work on 22 Aug. 1805 and was dis‑ charged in the fall of 1806 because, ac‑ cording to TJ, the state of Freeman’s health made him “unable to attend to my business.” In 1808, Freeman asked the president to recommend him for the job

 595 

7 NOVEMBER 1805 of clerk of the circuit court in Culpeper County. He had been forced to sell his farm and was at odds with the local Fed‑ eralists because of his past employment with TJ. Freeman served in the War of  1812 and died a farmer in Culpeper. Freeman’s middle name was Hoomes, not Homes or Holmes as interchangeably written by TJ. The two extant letters from Freeman to TJ, 20 June 1807 and 1 May 1808, were signed “John H. Free‑ man” (Virgil D. White, Index to War of 1812 Pension Files, 2 vols. [Waynesboro,

Tenn., 1992], 1:764; United States Cen‑ sus Schedules, DNA: RG 29; Robert Spector, Generations: Kemper Freeman Jr. and the Freeman Family [Seattle, 2007], 9, 21; John Frederick Dorman, The Rob‑ ertson Family of Culpeper County, Vir‑ ginia [Richmond, 1964], 37, 137n; mb, 2:1162, 1196, 1198; TJ to Strode, 5 June, 26 Aug.; TJ to Freeman, 6 July 1807; Freeman to TJ, 1 May 1808). On this day TJ also wrote to Joseph brand, but the letter has not been found.

From David Gelston Sir, New York Nov: 7th. 1805 Enclosed is Capt. Bells bill of lading for sundry articles to the care of the Collector at Alexandria—I have also enclosed my account of the duties freight &ca. on the 10 cases from Leghorn, I have also enclosed a statement of the articles received from Hali‑ fax to Mr Madison, to which you will please to be refered— It was unfortunate after waiting so long that I engaged Capt. Bell, as the next day Capt Lee arrived from Connecticut bound to Washington— I am very respectfully, Sir, your obedient servant David Gelston. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President United States”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 10 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. On this day, Gelston sent madison a bill of lading signed by Boaz Bell, Jr., and

statements relating to two cases shipped on the President. The statements showed TJ owing $102.34 for tonnage and charges (Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:514).

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Washington Nov. 7. 05. I now inclose you five hundred dollars to cover my deficit with you, with my affectionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. George Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

my deficit with you: TJ withdrew the $500 remittance to Jefferson from the Bank of the United States on this day (mb, 2:1166).

 596 

To Martha Jefferson Randolph My dearest daughter Washington Nov. 7. 05. Immediately on the reciept of your last letter, as mrs Madison was and is still in Philadelphia, I wrote to her for the articles you desired, and they may be expected by the stage probably in a few days. I now inclose you an hundred dollars for your expences on the road, and you must consider every thing which yourself or the family will want here as to be furnished by me so that the visit may not at all affect mr Randolph’s pecuniary arrangements. you have not told me in your letter whether I am to send a carriage for you half way or the whole way. tho’ there will be some reluctance in the carriage owners to undertake the whole way, yet we can effect it with two or three days notice. the stages & distances are as follows from Edghehill to Gordon’s 16. miles to Orange C.H. 10. = 26. miles to Stevensburg 20. Herring’s 5. Norman’s ford 4. Elk run church 9. = 38. to Slate run church 14½ Brown’s 5½ Centerville 9½ Fairfax C.H. 8 = 37½ Wren’s 7. George town ferry 6. President’s house 2. = 15 to  dinner I think the sooner you come the better, as fine weather will be the more probable. you will not find mrs Madison here I expect, for tho’ her recovery is pronounced to be compleated, yet the tender state of the part will induce her to continue there some time. mr Madison has been here near a fortnight. let me hear from you immediately as to a carriage, and when you may be expected. kiss all the young ones for me, & give Ellen the inclosed poetry. my best affections to mr Ran‑ dolph & yourself. Th: Jefferson RC (NNPM). PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not identified. your last letter: Randolph to TJ, 26 Oct. i wrote to her: TJ to Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 1 Nov. In a letter to her husband, probably of 3 Nov., Dolley Mad‑ ison indicated receipt of “a commission from the President to procure several articles for Mrs. Randolph, which I shall now be able to do by riding to the shop

doors, he did not send money, but I can get them notwithstanding.” She added that she had $100 on hand from a rent payment as well as a sum of money from her husband. According to his financial rec­ords, TJ reimbursed James Madison on 19 Nov. for the $60 of “sundries” pur‑ chased for his daughter (David B. Mat‑ tern and Holly C. Shulman, eds., The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison [Charlottesville, 2003], 68‑9; mb, 2:1168).

 597 

From Elizabeth Dandridge Chamberlayne Honoured Sir/ Eglington King Wm. County Novr. 8. 1805 I am now about to make a request to your Exellency, which I hope if  its unreasonable, that you pardon me for it—perhaps you are a stranger to my numerous misfortunes and afflictions, therefore will relate them to you and I am sure you will not condemn me for apply‑ ing to you for this, the greatest of all favours that can be confered upon me in this World. I make no doubt but you were well acquainted with My Dearest Husbands Character. He serv’d as a Volunteer last War & was taken Prisoner 8 times during His services. kept in forton Jail Seven Months, wounded & then would not receive any thing from the Country. we were in a thriving way & able to Educate our sweet Children who were at School when He left me, this Christmas will be five Years, I was depriv’d of Him & my oldest Son1 a promising Young Man, then a going into business in Baltimore with three Ves‑ sels & about 8 or 10 thousand pounds with them, not one ever heard of after that they Administer’d on my Estate & Sold about 60 Slaves & left me destitute of the means of Educating my Sons, in short I many Days I had not Bread to give my family. oweing to my having no Father, Mother Sister or Brother or any near Relation to assist me. I have only Six Negroes left & hardly expect I shall be able to keep them longer than this Court as their are several suit in Court against the Estate. my Son Wm. Dandridge is in the Navy, and I have a sweet Boy about 17 years old call’d Thomas Delaware. who would cut a figure if I could only give Him 2 years Schooling I have been confined to my Bed ever since the first of August, & am now bolstered up, as I fear I cant survive it long to beg the favour of your Exellency to give Him that much Schooling & put Him into business for me, which could I only know that you would do it. I could Die perfectly satisfied I hope My Dear Sir. that you will comply with my request, & let me hear from you as soon as possible. the Almighty I hope will reward you for an act of Charity, which it realy would be. to befriend the Fatherless & the Widow you were acquainted with my Father Wm. Dandridge & I have had the pleasure of seeing you when Young, I feel so fainty that I must leave of. & hope my Ill health will plead for the incorrectness of this & that you will pardon me for the liberty that I have taken in addressing of you, but I could not Die easy without making application to you, knowing your humane & liberal Heart, would feel for my distresses. adieu Sir. may you enjoy every blessing this World can afford & bliss hereafter is the fervent prayer of your afflicted friend & Hbl Sert Elizabeth Chamberlayne  598 

8 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); with nota‑ tion by TJ (see note 1 below); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov. and so recorded in SJL with notation “her son.” Elizabeth Dandridge Chamberlayne (ca. 1758‑1807) was the widow of Byrd Cham‑ berlayne, a naval lieutenant in the Revo‑ lutionary War. Her father, William Dan‑ dridge of Huntington, was a cousin of

Martha Washington and a past acquain‑ tance of TJ (“Virginia Council Journals, 1726‑1753,” vmhb, 36 [1928], 227; Wash‑ ington, Papers, Col. Ser., 9:393; Vir‑ ginia Genealogical Society, Marriages and Deaths from Richmond, Virginia Newspa‑ pers, 1780‑1820 [Easley, S.C., 1988], 30; mb, 1:290, 452, 465). 1 In

TJ’s hand in margin: “Otway.”

From George Richardson Todd Hon.d Sir— Richmond 8th Novr. 1805. It is with extreme regret that I am compelled to trouble you with a narrative of my Miserable situation, for being deprived the enjoy‑ ment of my liberty which is more dear to me than life itself, for a charge of Misdemeanor for taking a young woman under the age of sixteen Out of and from the possession, of her father though proved to be upwards of fifteen years of age, for which charge I was on friday the 6th of September last sentenced by a jury of twelve men to un‑ dergo a confinement in the Common goal by the space of eighteen months; I am good Sir in hopes you will pardon the liberty I take in addressing my feeble words to you for a restoration of my lost liberty; As my unhappy situation not only calls upon your humanity but of your compassion also;—for being a young man in the bloom And Vigor of life scarcely as yet one and twenty Years Of age. And having a venerable mother whose tears perhaps at this present moment are trickling down her withered cheeks; besides an affectionate father who is now and has been for these thirty years past a reputable citi‑ zen of this town, for the consolation of my distressed friends and rela‑ tions as well as for the restoration of my own liberty, I most earnestly supplicate you? Sir for a pardon; and do not do not, I most humbly beseech you through the obstinacy of my1 weary confinement; bring down the grey hairs of my venerable and much respected parents with sorrow to the grave, whilst it remains in Your power to alleviate thier sorrow by restoring Me to their arms; As the majority of the citizens of Richmond are of opinion my sentence was rigid and unjust; under these impressions I rest assured your humanity: Hond, Sir will admit of this my most earnest supplication; and if so Accept Sir my grate‑ full acknowledgements for the favor conferred upon me, and rest as‑ sured of my good conduct for the time to come.—As I most seriously avow and protest never to be guilty of offence of the like or any other kind. And the longest day I have to live your humanity shall never be  599 

8 NOVEMBER 1805

forgotten; as well as my sincere prayers for your health prosperity &c Sir you will condescend so far as to forward me a letter by the first post informing me the particulars.— I am your Excellencys Most Obt Humble Servant George Richardson Todd RC (MHi); at foot of text: “His Excel‑ lency Thomas Jefferson Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. confinement in the common goal: according to a Virginia marriage law of 1792, punishment for taking away “any maiden or woman child unmarried, being

within the age of sixteen years” against the will of her parent or guardian was im‑ prisonment without bail for a term not exceeding two years (Samuel Shepherd, ed., The Statutes at Large of Virginia, from October Session 1792, to December Session 1806, 3 vols. [Richmond, 1835‑36], 1:135). 1

 Todd here canceled “long.”

From Thomas Ewell

G Town 9th Novr. 05—

Dr. Ewell takes the liberty to enclose for his Excellency Mr. Jefferson a copy of Dr. Hartshorne’s inaugural Essay. Should the Presi‑ dent not be disposed to read the whole—between the 28th and last pages he will find those experiments related which shew how de‑ structive the oxygenated M. acid is to animals, and the consequent danger attendant on it’s use, as advised by the French chemists. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “To his Ex‑ cellency Mr. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Joseph Hartshorne, An Inaugural Essay on the Effects Produced by

Air Upon Living Animals (Philadelphia, 1805), which includes a section “On the Respiration of the Oxygenated Muriatic Acid,” 28‑31.

To Hewes & Miller Messrs. Hughes & Miller Washington Nov. 9. 05 A letter from mr Warren Ashley of Norfolk informs me that a case sent from London to his care for me, had been forwarded to you. no invoice or other notice of it has come to me, but I presume it contains a camera obscura, as I expected one from London. should this con‑ signment by mr Ashley have subjected you to any demand for import, shipping charges or others, they shall be remitted you immediately on notice of their amount. Accept my respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson  600 

9 NOVEMBER 1805  PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. Abraham Hewes and Mordecai Miller formed Hewes & Miller in Alexandria in 1799, first operating an auction house and later serving as wholesalers and import‑ ers. Hewes’s decease on 29 Oct. 1805 re‑ duced the operation to merely Miller, until Miller established Mordecai Miller & Son

with William H. Miller in 1818 (Miller, Alexandria Artisans, 1:202, 203, 335‑6; Alexandria Expositor, 30 Oct.; Alexan‑ dria Gazette, 19 Oct. 1818). warren ashley was the correspon‑ dent of Gibson & Jefferson in Norfolk (Vol 34:185). His letter to TJ of 23 Oct., recorded in SJL as received 30 Oct., has not been located.

To Matthew Maury Dear Sir Washington Nov. 9. 05 Altho’ the contents of this letter are for your son, it is addressed to you because it is believed it may find you with the greater certainty. there are three offices to either of which your son shall have an appointment. 1. Collector of customs on the Mobille. the residence at Fort Stod‑ dert, & unhealthy. the emoluments very inconsiderable. 2. Reciever of public monies at Fort St. Stephens. the place healthy, the salary 500. D. & 1½ per cent on the sales of land, which are trifling as yet, but will grow. the office permanent. 3. Commissioner for settling land titles in the Western district of Orleans, say on Red river. 2000. Dollars are allowed for the whole service which it is expected will take two years. when executed, there is an end of the office. I must ask the favor of your son to make his option as quickly as he can & to notify it to me by post, because it is now requisite to fill all the offices without delay. the 2d. & 3d. will require also that he should go on with as little delay as possible. Accept my affectionate saluta‑ tions & assurances of great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (ViW: Tucker‑Coleman Collec‑ tion); at foot of text: “Revd. Mr. Maury”; endorsed by TJ. your son: Thomas W. Maury. Pre‑ sumably, TJ discussed a possible position with one of the Maurys while at Monti‑ cello. Matthew Maury was rector of Al‑

bemarle County’s Fredericksville parish and ran the classical school that TJ had attended under Maury’s own father, James. TJ exchanged three letters with Matthew Maury in April 1804, but none has been found (Woods, Albemarle, 268‑9; Vol. 43:692).

 601 

To Samuel Mifflin Sir Washington Nov. 9. 05 I have just recieved from Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond your account for sheet iron furnished in August amounting to 104.27 D they inform me the iron has been lying some time with them, wait‑ ing the means of conveyance. this is the first information I have re‑ cieved of the execution of my order, which I mention as an apology for your not having sooner heard from me. it should have been paid for at any time within 30. days after notice, and the remittance shall be made you within that period from this time.   I shall have oc‑ casion in the spring for 100. sheets more 16. I. wide and 11. f. 6. I. long, which I mention now because I have understood it requires choice pieces to make such, and time therefore to have them selected. I will pray you to have attention to this so as to be able to send on the supply in March after the opening of the Delaware. Accept my friendly salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Sam‑ uel Mifflin”; endorsed by TJ. Samuel Mifflin (1776‑1829) was born Samuel Mifflin Francis but dropped his paternal surname to secure an inheritance. He became a prominent merchant in Philadelphia and in partnership with Ben‑ jamin Henry Latrobe took over manage‑ ment of the rolling mill established at the city’s waterworks. In later years, he was president of the Union Canal Company and a board member of the Schuylkill Nav‑

igation Company, both enterprises linked by the goal of extending navigation be‑ tween Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River (Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register, 19 Mch. 1829; W. A. Newman Dorland, “The Second Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry,” pmhb, 54 [1930], 73, 80; Edward J. Gibbons and Edward S. Gibbons, “The Building of the Schuylkill Navigation System, 1815‑1828,” Pennsylvania History, 57 [1990], 17, 26, 31; Latrobe, Correspondence, 1:323n).

From J. P. G. Muhlenberg Sir Philadelphia Nov 9. 1805 The enclosed Letter accompanied by two small Packages for the President of the United States, I have just received from Mr Ap­ pleton the Packages shall be forwarded by the first vessel that sails for the Port of Alexandria or George Town unless otherwise directed by you— I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your Obt huml Sert. P Muhlenberg RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑

sure: probably Thomas Appleton to “A:” Muhlenberg, Leghorn, 15 Aug., inform‑

 602 

9 NOVEMBER 1805 ing him of a shipment to Philadelphia, to be forwarded for the president, of “a small package cover’d with oil‑cloth” containing

some pamphlets and garden seeds (RC in same); see Appleton to TJ, 8 Aug.

To John Taggart Sir Washington Nov. 9. 05. Your kind offers of service on a former occasion have encouraged me to trouble you again with a commission of the same nature. I have occasion for the articles of oil, paint &c. below mentioned, and ask the favor of you to procure them for me, and to forward them to Messrs. Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond.   I wrote two days ago to messrs. Jones & Howell for a supply of nailrod to be forwarded immediately to the same address. they may very probably be able to inform you of a conveyance, and it would be more secure should their and your articles go together. on informing me of the amount of the articles the cost shall be remitted without delay & with many thanks. in the mean time accept my respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson 40. galls. linseed oil 600. ℔ white lead, dry 50. ℔ whiting 20. ℔ stone ochre 3. ℔ Turkey umber. 6. ℔ Terra di Siena 3. gallons Copal varnish PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. John Taggert”; endorsed by TJ.

former occasion: Taggart to TJ, 17 May.

From William Wilson & Sons Sir, Baltimore 9th Novemr. 1805 By the arrival of the Ship Restitution Captn. Darby from St. Pe‑ tersburg, we this day received the enclosed under cover from L Har‑ ris Esqr., who advises that Captn. Darby has under his charge a small Packet of Books to be forwarded to you, as soon as they are delivered to us, we shall send them by the stage— With Sentiments of sincere esteem we are Sir Your Most Obt Servts. Wm. Wilson & Sons  603 

9 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived 10 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Levett Harris to TJ, 6 Aug. William Wilson (1749‑1824), a native of Ireland, was a merchant and the presi‑ dent of the Bank of Baltimore. Begin‑ ning in 1802, he conducted business with

his sons James Wilson (1775‑1851) and Thomas Wilson (1777‑1845) under the name William Wilson & Sons (Baltimore Telegraphe and Daily Advertiser, 11 Mch. 1802; Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register, 1 Apr. 1824; biograph‑ ical information in MdHi: Wilson Papers, 1790‑1952).

From Samuel Brown Sir, Lexington Novr. 10th 1805 I ought, perhaps, to apologise for the liberty I have taken in enclos‑ ing to you the Memoir on Nitre & Gun Powder at a time when the important concerns of Government are likely to engage so much of your attention. As the Secretary of the Navy, however, did me the honor to ask my opinion concerning the probable causes of the de‑ fects of those articles I was desirous of evincing my readiness to com‑ ply with his request & have therefore to beg that you will submit the sheets to his inspection & if you think them deserving the notice of the Philosophical Society, I am confident they would be read with much endulgence after having passed through your hands. With sentiments of the highest esteem I have the honor to be Yours. Sam Brown RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jeffer­ son”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: “A Description of a Cave on Crooked Creek, with Remarks and Observations on Nitre and Gun‑Powder,” which was subse‑ quently published in aps, Transactions, 6 (1809), 235‑47. TJ sent copies of Brown’s memoir to Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours and to the American Philosophical So­ ciety in January 1806 (TJ to du Pont, 17 Jan. 1806; TJ to Thomas T. Hewson, 21 Jan. 1806; aps, Proceedings, 22, pt. 3 [1884‑85], 382).

ask my opinion: Robert Smith wrote to Brown on 2 Mch. 1805 regarding a pos‑ sible gunpowder contract with the navy. The powder generally used tended to ab‑ sorb moisture at sea, Smith explained, which destroyed “all its active & efficient qualities.” Informed that poor-quality salt‑ peter was the likely culprit and under‑ standing that saltpeter from Kentucky was of “very superior quality,” Smith hoped that Brown could help to “remedy the defect which we have heretofore experi‑ enced” (Tr in Lb in DNA: RG 45, MLS).

 604 

From William Dunbar Dear Sir Natchez 10th. Novr. 1805 An apology is due for the late appearance of my sketch of the Washita river, and I have not a good one to offer; I was not aware that upwards of twelve hundred Courses and distances would require so much time to reduce from time to measure in length & into lati‑ tude and departure; I had counted only upon a few days labor & therefore delayed too long to commence, and now it is not completed as I intended, which was to mark out the valley within which the Washita describes its meanders, and the alluvial Country below, sub‑ ject to the inundation of the Missisippi; but I expect every instant the Post rider to call returning from Fort Adams, and I think it better to send it in its present state, than to delay another week, fearing al‑ ready that it may arrive later than it was your desire to receive it. I shall have the pleasure of writing you again in a few days & will then transmit a calculation for the Longitude of the Post of Washita from the Moon’s greatest altitude near the meridian; it agrees very near with a calculation from an observed eclipse of the moon some distance above the Washita; I place so much confidence in it, that I believe it to be my best observation for the Longitude of that place. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most Obedi‑ ent Servant William Dunbar RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found (see TJ to Dunbar, 12 Jan. 1806).

From Thomas Freeman

Sunday 10th.

Thos. Freeman will do himself the honor of Dining With the Pres‑ ident of the United States on Tuesday next agreeably to invitation. RC (DLC); partially dated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 9 Nov. 1805.

Freeman was one of 12 guests at dinner at the President’s House on tuesday, 12 Nov. (Appendix ii).

 605 

From Ichabod Goodwin and Others To his Excellency Thomas Jefferson Esquire President of the United States of America— The Undersigned beg leave to recommend to your Excellency’s particular notice and favor Mr. Esaias Preble of York in the State of Massachusetts as a young Gentleman of good morals and an unex‑ ceptionable character—He has served six years as Adjutant of the first regiment in the sixth Division of the militia in this State with honor and with distinguished approbation—Being desirous of entering into the service of the United States Mr. Preble has solicited a recommen‑ dation in his behalf which we tender your Excellency under the full conviction that he will be a valuable acquisition to the Service of the United States—That he may meet with the favor of your Excellency is the desire of the Undersigned, whose rank in the Militia, and whose regard for the honor of their Country and your Excellency’s welfare are the only apologies for this recommendation— York Novr. 10th. 1805 Ichabod Goodwin M. Genl 6 Divis. Jmh. Clarke Major Artillery Andrew P. Fernald B. Genl. first Brigade John Nowell Colo first Reg 6th Divn Thos, D, Cutts 1st Majr— Alexr Rice Majr. Cavalry Moses Lyman 2d. Majr. 1st. Regt. RC (DNA: RG 94, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, 1805‑1811); in a clerk’s hand, signed by all. Ichabod Goodwin (1743‑1829) of Ber‑ wick, Maine, was an officer of Massachu‑ setts and Maine militias for almost 40 years. During the Revolution, he served as a lieutenant colonel for York County. He was promoted in 1786 to major gen‑ eral of the Massachusetts 6th Division (York and Cumberland Counties, Maine), and he held command until 1815. He was a member of the Massachusetts Provin‑ cial Congress in 1775 and the General Court in 1792, and served as high sheriff

of York County for many years (John Samuel Goodwin, comp., The Goodwins of Kittery, York County, Maine [Chicago, 1898], 43‑4; “The Military Journal of Col‑ onel Ichabod Goodwin,” Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2d ser., 5 [1894], 33‑6; Massachusetts Sol‑ diers and Sailors in the Revolutionary War, 17 vols. [Boston, 1896‑1908], 6:613; Acts and Laws of the Commonwealth of Mas‑ sachusetts, 1786‑87 [Boston, 1893], 914; W. W. Clayton, History of York County, Maine [Philadelphia, 1880], 321‑2). esaias preble was appointed second lieutenant in the U.S. Regiment of Artil‑ lerists (Dearborn to TJ, 21 Feb. 1806; jep, 2:24).

 606 

From Elizabeth Bache Harwood Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, 10 Nov. 1805. She cites TJ’s friendship with her father and grandfather as her reason for intruding on his time. She writes to seek a position for her husband, who is “unwilling to resume” his previous employment, “neither his health or inclination according with it.” Joseph Clay of Pennsylvania, who was a friend of her brother B. F. Bache and is the “intimate friend” of her husband, can attest to her husband’s character. “If Sir you should think proper to place him in any situation under the govern‑ ment of the United States,” the government will gain a “faithful” employee and TJ “will confer a lasting obligation.” RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); 1 p.; muti‑ lated; endorsed by TJ as a letter received on 13 Nov. and so recorded in SJL with notation “office”; also endorsed by TJ: “office for her husband, an actor.” Elizabeth (Eliza) Franklin Bache Har‑ wood (1777‑1820) was the daughter of Richard Bache and the granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. Her brother Benjamin Franklin Bache died in 1798. Her hus‑ band, John Edmund Harwood, was a well‑­ regarded comedic actor whose attempts to retire from the stage were short‑lived.

After an unsuccessful stint as a book‑ seller, Harwood returned to acting. He died in 1809. The death of Eliza Har‑ wood’s father in 1811 left her a wealthy woman (Oscar Egerton Schmidt, Smaller New York and Family Reminiscences: De Rham, Schmidt, Bache, Barclay, Paul Richard [New York, 1899], 37; William Dunlap and Tice L. Miller, History of the American Theatre from Its Origins to 1832 [Urbana, Ill., 2005], 323; Elizabeth Trist to Catherine Wistar Bache, 18 Oct. 1811 [PPAmP]).

From Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Museum Novr. 10th. 1805. Having finished your Polygraph, I find it performs very well, there‑ fore I have put the Pens as Mr. Hawkins has advised, in lieu of the Nibs, but any contrivance of adding the Screw which I have yet though off, will either make a clumsey addition; encreasing the weight, or make the pen‑tube liable to a various direction. Suppose the outter tube was made to screw into the brass arm, where it is now soldered, such screw unless it was long in the female, it might be unsteady, and then making this screw long would add considerable weight to the Pen‑arms. The Pen tubes ought to be large to receive the better sorts of quills. The mode I have described is the best that at present is in my mind, but should any better occur it will give me pleasure to have it my power to meet with your wishes in adding the screw. I believe you will think this new mode is better than the old on account of the Pens being more steady. This letter I have written with your small Polygraph,  607 

10 NOVEMBER 1805

and the Copy is equally fair as the original—This makes me send it forward with more pleasure. accept the salutations of your friend C W Peale RC (DLC); at foot of text: “His Excellency Thos: Jefferson Esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. PoC (Lb in PPAmP: Peale‑Sellers Papers).

From Ellen Wayles Randolph Dear Grand Papa Edgehill November 10 1805 I expect you think I have forgotten the Promise I made you of writ‑ ing to you every Post but I have not for I have tried several times but could not effect it for want of implements to do it you must answer my letters for it would give me great Pleasure to keep up a regular Correspondance with you I have no news to tell you except the report that prevails of Mrs Trists marriage with Governor Claiborne I sup‑ pose you have heard it. it is time to finish my letter I have written enough for this time Sister Ann gives her love to you and says she will write to you shortly Mama gives hers to you also as do all the children give mine to Mrs Smith and tell her I hope I shall see her soon adieu Dear Grand Papa believe me to be your affectionate Grand Daughter Ellen Wayles Randolph RC (MHi): endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. promise i made you: see Randolph to TJ, [before 18 July]. mrs trists marriage with gov­ ernor claiborne: Mary Brown Trist and William C. C. Clairborne both lost spouses to yellow fever in 1804. Although

they each remarried, no union between the two occurred despite reports to the contrary (Bardstown, Ky., Western Amer­ ican, 2 Nov. 1804; Orleans Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, 9 Oct. 1806; Vol. 44:325‑6; Claiborne to TJ, 12 Nov. 1806; Claiborne to TJ, 1 June 1807). mrs smith: Margaret Bayard Smith.

From Hewes & Miller Respected Friend Alexandria Novr. 11th 1805 Thy favour of the 9th Inst is Recieved & Contents noted Hewes & Miller Recd. A Letter By the norfolk Packet Captn. Palmer wich mention’d A Box for thee but as Captn. Palmer was Bound to the City & Promis’d to Deliver it they thought it Best that he Should take it I Suspect he Left it in Charge With Buller Cock at the Navy Yard. If on Enquiry it Should not be found there I will attend to the Subject  608 

11 NOVEMBER 1805

When the Packet Returns from Norfolk in the Intrem I am Respect‑ fully Thy Frnd. Mordecai Miller surviving Partner of Hewes & Miller RC (DLC); at head of text: “Thos. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

Buller Cocke (cock) was the navy store‑ keeper in Washington (asp, Naval Affairs, 1:341).

From George Jefferson Dear Sir Richmond 11th. Novr. 1805 I am duly favor’d with yours of the 7th, inclosing 500$—and am as always Dear Sir Yr. Very humble servt. Geo. Jefferson RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson esqr.”; endorsed by TJ as received 14 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

From the Orleans Territory House of Representatives Monday November the 11th 1805 Sir In the house of representatives of the territory of Orleans In obedience to a provision contained in the ordinance of Congress bearing date the thirteenth of november 1787 and in conformity with a resolve of the house of representatives of this territory herein in‑ closed, I have the honor to return to you the extract of the journal of this house, which contains every thing that relates to the election by ballot of the ten persons out of whom the president of the United States is to appoint five to serve as councillors for the territory of Orleans. I beg leave further to communicate to you, Sir, the wishes of this house for as speedy an organisation as possible of the legislature of this territory. With the highest respect I have the honor to be, Sir your most Obedient humble Servant Jean Noêl Destréhan Speaker of the house of Representatives RC (DNA: RG 59, TP, Orleans); in the hand of Eligius Fromentin, clerk of the house, including forenames of signature;

surname signed by Jean Noël Destréhan; at head of text: “To Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed

 609 

11 NOVEMBER 1805 by Jacob Wagner; endorsed by TJ as re‑ ceived from the Orleans Territory House of Representatives on 16 Dec. and so re‑ corded in SJL. Enclosures: (1) Resolu‑ tion of the Orleans Territory House of Representatives, 11 Nov., instructing the speaker to transmit to the president an extract from the house journal for 8 Nov. relating to the nomination of candidates for appointment to the legislative coun‑ cil, and also to express the house’s desire for a speedy organization of the territorial legislature (Tr in same, attested by Fro‑ mentin). (2) Extract from the journal of the Orleans Territory House of Repre‑ sentatives, 8 Nov., recording the results of a ballot to select 10 candidates for the legislative council: Joseph Deville Belle‑ chasse, 19 votes; John W. Gurley, 19 votes; Pierre Derbigny, 18 votes; Jean Baptiste Macarty, 18 votes; Jean Noël Destréhan, 17 votes; Pierre Sauvé, 17 votes; Domi‑ nique Bouligny, 16 votes; Joseph Villars (père), 16 votes; Evan Jones, 15 votes; Charles François d’Anmours, 13 votes (Tr in same, attested by Fromentin). The territorial House of Representa‑ tives convened for the first time on 4 Nov. Governor William C. C. Claiborne deliv‑

ered an address on that day, and on the 5th the members chose Jean Noël Des‑ tréhan as speaker. Destréhan (1754‑1823), a Louisiana native, was the son of a for‑ mer French colonial official and one of the wealthiest sugar planters in Orleans Territory. He became a leading advocate of planter and Creole interests and was a member of the deputation that carried the Louisiana memorial to Washington in 1804. TJ had considered him for appoint‑ ment to the territory’s first legislative council, and he dined at the President’s House three times during his stay in the capital. Destréhan would remain a prom‑ inent figure in the politics and society of Orleans Territory and, later, the state of Louisiana. He declined election to the U.S. Senate in 1812 (Aurora, 27 Dec.; Biog. Dir. Cong.; Glenn R. Conrad, ed., A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, 2  vols. [New Orleans, 1988], 1:241‑2; Vol. 44:15, 17, 24, 255n, 307, 535; Vol. 45:119n, 717, 722, 730). ordinance of congress: the North‑ west Ordinance, passed by Congress on 13 July 1787. Congress extended terms of the ordinance to Orleans Territory in March 1805 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:322).

From Robert Purviance Sir, Collectors Office Baltimore Novemr. 11. 1805 By the Ship Resitution Captain Derby from St. Petersburg. I have this day, received a small Package, said to contain Three Books, di‑ rected to you Sir, which I have delivered, to go by the mail I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir, Your Mo. Obed ­Servant Rt Purviance RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the U. States”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

a small package: see William Wil‑ son & Sons to TJ, 9 Nov.

 610 

From Robert Smith Sir, Monday [11 Nov. 1805] Among the papers I left with you this morning you will find a Statement of the expenditures this year that had not been contem‑ plated in the Estimate for the year 1805. Some of these you will per‑ ceive were imposed upon the Navy Department by Occurrences in the Mediterranian—Some by resolutions of Congress directing certain pay‑ ments without making any appropriations—and some of them were incurred by your advice— Notwithstanding these large extra expences I expected to have been able to go on without difficulties; because there was no reason to be‑ lieve that the Tripolitan war would have terminated so soon and of course that the Frigates would not have returned before the meeting of Congress. There not being money in the Treasury subject to my Control sufficient for the payment of the Crews of the Congress & Constellation I have ordered them to New‑York to wait for Orders—This will give us time and the idea will be that their services are wanted on that sta‑ tion. And there is no Occasion to let every person learn the reason of this Movement—They can be employed on that station beneficially— I did myself the honor of calling at your house to inform you in person of these particulars but you were once engaged and the other time you had rode out—I will call upon you tomorrow Morning about 10 OClock— Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); partially dated; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Nov. 1805 and “defi­ cit for Frigates” and so recorded in SJL. Smith left with TJ a one‑page docu‑ ment, titled “Extra expenditures of the Navy Department, incurred during the year 1805, which have not been esti‑ mated for,” that showed a budget short‑ fall of $312,370. These expenses included $32,000 for captured ships that were put into commission in the Mediterranean, $35,000 for nine months of service for the nine gunboats that crossed the Atlan‑ tic, $47,000 for the two bomb vessels fitted out by Edward Preble, $63,760 for nine months of service of 400 men on the John Adams, $23,000 for six months of service for the John Adams, $16,500 for

four months of service for the Hornet, $63,120 for construction of the Hornet and the Wasp, $2,000 pursuant to a reso‑ lution of Congress awarding a sword to Stephen Decatur and for two months of pay to the crew of the Intrepid, $20,000 pursuant to a resolution of Congress awarding a medal to Preble, a sword to the offi­cers and midshipmen who “distin‑ guished themselves in the attacks against Tripoli,” and one month of extra pay to the petty officers, seamen, and marines in Preble’s squadron, and $10,000 for boun‑ ties paid to seamen to induce them to serve, as wages on merchant vessels were much higher (MS in DLC: TJ Papers, 153:26851). not being money: see Gallatin to TJ, 5 Nov.

 611 

From Frederick S. Guion Honoured Sr. Baltimore Novr. 12. 1805 You may Recolect the Next day after your arival at Your house in the City of washington in Octor last I had the pleasure of conversing with you on account of my being in the Service under Genl. George R Clark in the Elenoise Redgment, my entention is to amuse you with an account of my proceedings from the year 74 & when in the Ser‑ vice, I left New York in June 1774 Bound on a Voige to affrica but the Vessel proved leakey & the Voige Altered I then proceeded to the Missippia up the River 100 miles above the Natches & left that place with a Raft of Staves to be Sold at New Orlens but a gale of wind De‑ stroyed the Raft & I landed at a place on the River called Manchack & Directly after arival there, James Willing came there in a boat called the Ratletrap said to have a Commission from Congress as Cap‑ tain & I engaged as Voletier & he to shew the Goveneer of that place the Remarkabe good Shoting of the americans of home I ware Distin‑ guished as one; after that we crossed the Missippia & Marched in the Spanish teretory upwards of 700. miles untill we arived to a River leading to the Missippia called Oasark & from thence to the Elenoise by water betwen 700 or 800 miles to the town of Kaskaskia there I engaged with an Officer in the Artilerey as first Serjant During the War with a exsectation of prferment as pr. a greament Directly apointed Issuing Commissary & while in that Office acquired the french Lan‑ guish & from there Went the upper Setlement called, caho & from there on an expedition against the Indians on a beatifull River called Rock River abouth 400 hundred miles above the Mesurey which Emtys in the Elenoise River & Ellinoes into the Missippia & Retured to Kaskaskia. Directly an express arived from fort Clark below the Ohio that 500 Indians attacked the fort we collected all the forse we could & provision & proceeded to that place be for We arived we Saw a fier on the Bank of the River Sepossed to be Indians, & holted on a Island in the Missippia 3 or 4 miles above the fort a council Was held what was best to be Done concluded that an express Should be sent to the commaning Officer at the fort that we ware there no one could be got the Danger Seposed to be two Great I emediately proceeded & after my a Rival ther Acting as commissary & was Serjant of Ar‑ tillerey I applyed for my Discharge as no perferment Offered which ware as follows I Do hereby Sirtefy that Frederick S Guion has Served as first Serjant of Artillerey & has behaved as a good & faith‑ full Soldier from the time of his Enlistment & now is Discharged Delivering three men in his Roome paying there full Bounty Given  612 

12 NOVEMBER 1805

from Under my hand at Fort Clark the month I do not Recoleck but it was in summer Season & in year of 1782. peace was made but Did not hear of it nor no One else at that place When inlisted Received no bounty while in the Army Received no cloathing for my pay Recd, a Serteficate & one Years intrust. after I was Discharged I proceed to Kaskaskia from there to post St. Vincent & from there to the falls of Ohio & True Kentuckey & in to Richmond & from there to New York expecting that what land was entered by the State of Virgenia Would be Simerler to New York but have found a Great Deference & have Wrote to the Commissioner at Jefferson Vile & as having a Soldiers Claim assined to me by the Name of hounsler & after writing two letters I here in close you the Answer have Sesnce the peace been in the West indian, & Severall Othe parts & whent to Richmond Last winter with an expectation to Receive the land I am here & would be Glad to have Some Office in the present Adminstration Generall Clin‑ ton of New York Now Vice presedent I have been in company With & is well Accquainted with my Relations, if I am Taught worth No‑ tice of, a line Direct to Fredk S Guion at Baltimore at the Sine of the Indian King Water Street kept by Kerns & Speck I conclud with Re­ spect to the present Goverment Your Most Obedient & huml. Cytizen Fredk S Guion NB at present peniless RC (PHi: Daniel Parker Papers); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Nov. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “refd. to Secy. at War Th:J.”; at foot of test, undated and unsigned draft in Dearborn’s hand of his reply of 15 Nov. (see below). Enclosure not found. Frederick S. Guion served in George Rogers Clark’s Illinois Regiment during the American Revolution. He may have been a member of the Huguenot‑descended Guion family of New Rochelle, New York (James Alton James, ed., George Rogers Clark Papers, 1781‑1784 [Springfield, Ill., 1926], 375, 380, 397; Washington, Pa‑ pers, Rev. War Ser., 4:41n). In November 1777, the Continental Con‑ gress authorized james willing to lead

an expedition down the Ohio and Mis­ sissippi Rivers to raid British territory in the Natchez district, an operation which he carried out in early 1778 (Robert V. Haynes, The Natchez District and the Amer‑ ican Revolution [Jackson, Miss., 1976], 58‑70). a soldiers claim: in 1781, Virginia ceded to the United States 150,000 acres of land north of the Ohio River to be granted to the veterans of Clark’s Illinois campaign (William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, 13 vols. [Rich‑ mond, 1809‑23], 10:565). On 15 Nov. and 9 Dec., Dearborn wrote to Guion to inform him that it would require an act of Congress to gain financial relief and that he would be best served in this endeavor by gaining the support of a member of Con‑ gress (FCs in Lb in DNA: RG 107, MLS).

 613 

From William Henry Harrison Dear Sir Vincennes 12th. Novr. 1805. This Will be handed you by Mr. Parke who has been appointed Deligate from this Territory to Congress I beg leave to recommend him to you as a man of the most unblem‑ ished morals & of the purest Republican principles Having understood that Mr. Parke had been reported to you as a violent Federalist I must take the liberty to observe that nothing can be further from the truth. He has on the contrary been as uniform & ardent in his opposition to the Federalists from his early youth as any other person in the United States. A circumstance that can be attested by the most respectable Republicans both in New Jersey & Kentucky I am in Hopes I shall soon have it in my power to close a bargain with the Piankeshaws for the Country between the Wabash & the Kaskaskias purchase Greater exertions have been made in the course of the present year to poison the minds of the Indians and to make the United States obnoxious to them than at any former period & I have not the least doubt but we should have had a war with the Sacs before this if it had not been for the arrival of the Troops under General Wilkinson upon the Mississippi The Tribes immediately in my neighbourhood (with the exception of the Kickapoos of the Prairie who are nearly as in­ solent as ever) are however more attached to us than they have been since my first arrival in this Country—& I assure you that no exertion of mine shall be wanting to keep them in that disposition. I have the Honor to be with the most perfect Respect Dear Sir your Obliged Huml Sert Willm. Henry Harrison RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr President U.S.”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. reported to you: while the accusa‑ tions against Benjamin Parke’s politics

have not been identified, Parke similarly wrote to TJ on 23 May 1804 in defense of his political allegiances. For the ongoing negotiations with the Piankashaws (piankeshaws), see Harri­ son to TJ, 29 Aug., and Notes on Letters Received by the War Department, 5 Oct.

 614 

From Jones & Howell Respected Friend Philadela. 12th Novr. 1805 By the Schooner Jane Capt Pearson have sent to the address of Gibson & Jefferson Richmond Say 80 Bundles Nail Rods wt 2.0.0.0 Ton at £50 $266.67 porterage 1.33 $268.00 agreeable to Your directions we Shall also pay attention to Send You Two Tons more in Decer. as directed, You will perhaps be Surprised to find the Rod Iron Still advancing in price, but Such is the fact and they are withal A very Scarce article with us still but the price will we presume Render them more plenty after A while We are Respectfully Your Friends Jones & Howell RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

your directions: TJ to Jones & Howell, 6 Nov.

Notes on a Cabinet Meeting 1805. Nov. 12. Present the 4. Secretaries. subject Spanish affairs. the extension of the war in Europe leaving us without danger of a sud‑ den peace, depriving us of the chance of an ally, I proposed we shd address ourselves to France, informg her it was a last effort at ami‑ cable settlement with Spain, and offer to her or through her 1. a sum of Money for the rights of Spain East of Iberville, say the Flor‑ idas. 2. to cede the part of Louisiana from the Rio Bravo to the Guadaloupe. 3 Spain to pay within a certain time Spoliations under her own flag agreed to by the convention (which we guess to be 100. vessels worth 2. Mils.) and those subsequent (worth as much more) & to hypothecate to us for those paimts. the country from Guadaloupe to Rio bravo. Armstrong to be employed. the 1st. was to be the exciting motive with France to whom Spain is in arrears for subsidies and who will be glad also to secure us from going into the scale of England. the 2d. the soothing motive with Spain, which France would press bonâ fide, because she claimed to the Rio Bravo. the 3d. to quiet our merchants. it was agreed to unanimously & the sum to be offered fixed not to exceed 5. millions Dollars. mr Galla‑ tin did not like purchasing Florida under an apprehension of war, lest we should be thought in fact to purchase peace. we thought this overweighed by taking advantage of an opportunity which might  615 

12 NOVEMBER 1805

not occur again of getting a country essential to our peace, & to the security of the commerce of the Misipi.—It was agreed that Yrujo shd be sounded thro’ Dallas whether he is not going away, & if not, he should be made to understand that his presence at Washington will not be agreeable, and that his departure is expected. Casa calvo, Morales, & all the Span. officers at N.O. are to be desired to depart, with a discretion to Claiborne to let any friendly ones remain, who will resign & become citizens; as also women recieving pensions to remain if they chuse. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 131:22677); entirely in TJ’s hand; follows, on same sheet, Notes on a Cabinet Meeting of 8 July.

Notes on Reports from John Sibley

[on or after 12 Nov. 1805]

Sibley’s information Sep. 30. & Octob. 1805. Sep. 8. Chamer of Natchitoches going to Appalousa & within 10 or 15 miles of Appalousa church, was robbed of his horse by 6. armed Spanish Dragoons within the country actually delivered to us. Sep. 10. the agents of Oliver & Case were robbed of 20. pack horses & their packs at the Bayou Pierre settlement on Red river on the ordinary road from the Caddo nation to Natchitoches, by the Span‑ ish guard at the place, & carried to Nacogdoches & the packs there put into the public storehouses. Sep. 22. Wm. Fristo of Natchitoches coming from Nacogdoches with passports was robbed of his horse & gun by some armed Span. souldiers great quantities of powder & ball carrying from Natchitoches to Nacogdoches 2. companies coming from St Antonio to Nacogdoches, to strengthen that & take new posts, particularly at the Adayes. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 153:26800‑a); undated; entirely in TJ’s hand; on same sheet as Orders to Commanding Officer at Natchitoches, [19 Nov.]. sibley’s information was enclosed in two letters from Natchitoches dated 30 Sep. and 3 Oct. and received by the War

Department on 12 Nov. (not found, but recorded in DNA: RG 107, RLRMS). The depositions of Andrew chamer and of Francis Roban, an agent for the Natchi­ toches trading house of oliver & case, can be found in asp, Foreign Relations, 2:694‑5.

 616 

From Craven Peyton Dear Sir Stump Island Novr. 12th. 05. Mr. Charles Lewis is hear And is extremely Anxious to Obtain a commission in the Army, he is without Any employment. this has been the case evar since last sping, An inactive life is what he appears to dislike, his being extremely temperate and sedate. we informed Colo Randolph of his wish And at the same time named to him Our intention of getting a recommendation from the most respectable car‑ acters in the County, & forward them to the war Office. but Colo. Randolph was good enough to say he woud. by first Mail write you on the Subject. And thaught he might succeed without the recom‑ mendations being forwarded, howevar if you may deem it requisite they shall be forwarded immediately. will you be so good As to let me hear from you on the subject as early as you may find it convenient. with great respt Yr. mst. Obt. C Peyton RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by  TJ as received 19 Nov. and “Lewis Charles to be an Ensign” and so recorded in SJL.

TJ nominated his nephew charles lewis to be a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillerists on 24 Feb. 1806 (jep, 2:24, 27; Vol. 35:346; TJ to the Senate, 24 Feb. 1806).

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur! Baltimore le 12 Nov. 1805. Mr. Guestier, le principal Negociant francais en çette Ville m’a en‑ gagè, de Vous ecrire, qu’il avoit recû par un batiment arrivè hier— des Vins de Bordeaux et de Champagne de toute qualitè, qu’il seroit tres flattè, de pouvoir Vous en fournir aux prix en gros, et qu’il y avoit des eçhantillons a Vos ordres.—de même, qu’il attendoit un batiment de Livorno avec des Vins Italiens. C’est dans la Supposition, que les 2 feuilles incluses puissent Vous interesser, que je prends la Libertè de Vous les presenter avec mes hommages les plus respectueux Reibelt.  J’ai ecris le 4 et le 11 a Mr Randolph, et peut etre—qu’il est deja avec Vous Je n’ai encore rien recu de Richmond

 617 

12 NOVEMBER 1805 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir! Baltimore, 12 Nov. 1805 Mr. Guestier, the principal French merchant in this city, asked me to in‑ form you that he received first‑quality Bordeaux wine and champagne on a ship yesterday and would be honored to be able to supply you at wholesale prices. He has samples at your disposal. He is also expecting a vessel from Livorno with Italian wine. Believing that the two enclosed pages might interest you, I take the liberty of sending them, with my most respectful regards. Reibelt. I wrote to Mr. Randolph on the 4th and the 11th. Perhaps he is already with you. I have not yet received anything from Richmond. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found, but see TJ to Reibelt, 16 Nov.

From Jacob Wagner

12 Novr. 1805

J. Wagner’s best respects to the President of the U. States The letter, returned herein, is signed John Frederick Burkardt, liv‑ ing with Chen Stevens, 3 miles from Carlisle. The object of the writer is to obtain information of the mode and terms of obtaining patents for six inventions he enumerates. It might therefore be referred to the Department of State. RC (DLC). Enclosure: Johan Rudolf Burchardt to TJ, 27 Oct. 1805, in Ger‑ man; Burchardt, originally from Switzer‑ land but presently working with “Chen” Stevens at a wood mill three miles from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, describes inven‑ tions that include a plow, a “roll‑maker,”

machinery for processing wool, a grating mill, and a machine related to sheep‑shear‑ ing (RC in same; addressed in German to TJ as president in Washington; post‑ marked Carlisle, 30 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Nov. and so recorded in SJL, but without author’s name).

From William C. C. Claiborne Dear Sir New Orleans, November 13. 1805. I have the honor to inclose you a List of the Gentlemen recom‑ mended by the House of Representatives of this Territory, as legisla‑ tive Councillors. Messrs. Mc.Carty and Bellechasse possess a great share of the pub‑ lic confidence, and are unquestionably, very honest, good men,—they each hold Commissions as Colonels in the militia, and I have every reason to believe them well disposed to the present Administration.  618 

13 NOVEMBER 1805

 The character of Mr. Gurley is known to you; I will only add, that I esteem him an honest man, and a zealous American. As the three late Delegates to Congress are in the nomination, per‑ haps it may be advisable to appoint one of them to the Council: Mr. Darbigny is a well informed man, and I believe him an honest one, but I doubt whether, at this time, he is altogether an American in sentiment or attachment. Messrs. Sauvé and Detréhan hold large Estates in this Territory, and enjoy, deservedly, the esteem of their Neighbours; but as Mr. Detréhan has a Seat in the House of Representatives, it would, prob‑ ably, be most pleasing to the People, if Mr. Sauvé should be commis‑ sioned for the Council. Of the other gentlemen recommended, I have little personal knowl‑ edge, except of Mr. Evan Jones, and of him it is not in my power to say any thing which could recommend him to your confidence. Mr. Dannemaur supports an amiable character; he was, formerly, a Commercial Consul of France (under the royal government) to the United States, and resided, I believe, at Baltimore,—he possesses Tal‑ ents, but is now old and very infirm, too much so, it is said, to transact business. Mr. Bouligny is a young man of promising Talents; a native of the Province, with numerous and respectable connections,—he was for‑ merly an Ensign in the Spanish service, but retired previous to the transfer of Louisiana to the United States; Mr. Bouligny is at present a member of the House of Representatives. Mr. Villair (pere) is an old man of Talents and respectability, but in his politics, is said to be a violent Frenchman. Messrs. Bellechasse, Gurley, Darbigney, and Jones reside in the City of Orleans; Messrs. Mc.Carty, Sauvé, Bouligny, Detréhan, and Villair in the County of Orleans; and Mr. Dannemour in the County of Ouachetta. Messrs. Gurley and Darbigny are Lawyers. Messrs. Mc.Carty, Sauvé, Bellechasse, Bouligny, Dannemour and Villair, planters—and Evan Jones a Merchant; but of this gentleman, I must again repeat, that it is not in my power to say any thing which could recommend him to your confidence. I am, Dear Sir, with very great respect, Your faithful friend! William C. C. Claiborne P.S. All the gentlemen recommended, speak the two languages, ex‑ cept Mr. Detréhan and Colonel Bellechasse, and each of these have some knowledge of English, and will soon be enabled to speak it.  619 

13 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand except sig‑ nature by Claiborne; at foot of text: “To Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. and so recorded in SJL; also en‑ dorsed by TJ: “Fayette Postroad legisla‑ tive council Address affrs. with Spain June 17. July 14. Nov. 13.” Enclosures: 1) Reso‑ lution of the Orleans Territory House of Representatives, 13 Nov., providing for the transmission to the governor of an ex‑

tract from the house journal, 8 Nov. (Tr in same, attested by Eligius Fromentin). 2) Extract from the house journal, 8 Nov., with results of legislative council ballot‑ ing (Tr in same, attested by Fromentin; see Enclosure No. 2 at Orleans Territory House of Representatives to TJ, 11 Nov.). mr. dannemaur: Charles François, Chevalier d’Anmours.

To Charles Willson Peale Dear Sir Washington Nov. 13. 05 I recieved last night your favor of the 10th. and in reply observe that an adjusting screw to the pen is absolutely indispensible in my writing. if such an one can be adapted to the whole pen, it will be preferable to the nib because it will be steadier, and I think it may be done in the way you propose by making the outer tube screw into the brass arm instead of being soldered into it. the weight which this would add to the pen arm would scarcely be an objection as it is re‑ lieved by the spiral screws, or may be relieved by adding a strand more to that. Accept my friendly salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Peale”; endorsed by TJ.

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir Washington Nov. 13. 05 Yours of the 5th. has been recieved, and not to keep under sus‑ pence the person who has offered the gun‑powder, I observe that I have from my first coming into office recommended to the Secretary at War never to buy powder ready made, because it will not keep, but to lay in as great a stock as possible of salt petre & sulphur. he assures me our present stock of these articles are equal to any thing we can desire; but still we go on purchasing salt petre & refining it, so as to have it in the best condition ready to be manufactured when wanted. the powder too which is made in the US. is so weak that it can not jus­tifiably be taken for the real services of war. I know of but one work in the US. where powder is made of such a quality as is used in the British & French service; at least as far as can be judged by what the public has heretofore had. Accept my friendly salutations & assur­ ances of respect Th: Jefferson  620 

14 NOVEMBER 1805  PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Genl. Smith”; endorsed by TJ.

 one work: E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. in Wilmington, Delaware (Vol. 45:63).

Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia I. BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A NAVAL MILITIA, [ON OR BEFORE 14 NOV. 1805] II. HENRY DEARBORN’S REMARKS ON THE BILL, [CA. 14 NOV. 1805] III. ROBERT SMITH’S REMARKS ON THE BILL, [14 NOV. 1805] IV. REVISED BILL, [ON OR AFTER 14 NOV. 1805] V. BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A NAVAL MILITIA, [ON OR AFTER 14 NOV. 1805]

E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

In late October 1805, as part of his program to revise the nation’s militia laws, Jefferson began discussions with cabinet members regarding “a plan of a regular naval militia to be composed of all our seafaring citizens to enable us to man a fleet speedily by supplying voluntary enlistments by calls on that militia” (TJ to Robert Smith, 24 Oct.). The 1792 Militia Act exempted the country’s seamen from enrolling in the militia. Jefferson designed his bill to bring mariners into the country’s military institutions. After discussions with Dearborn and Gallatin about the number of men available to serve in the naval militia, Jefferson began his drafting process sometime in early to mid‑November (Dearborn to TJ, 22 Oct.; TJ to Gallatin, 3 Nov.; Gallatin to TJ, 3 Nov.; Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov.]). Jefferson made a fair copy of the first version of his bill to create a naval militia on his polygraph machine, positioning the final paragraph in the mar‑ gin on one copy and on a separate sheet of paper on the other (Documents i and iv). After drafting his initial bill, Jefferson circulated it to Gallatin, Dear‑ born, and Smith and received undated replies from Dearborn and Smith, the latter of which Jefferson endorsed as received on 14 Nov. (Documents ii and iii). The copy of the bill in Gallatin’s papers at the New‑York Historical Society is associated with copies of Jefferson’s bill for classing the regular militia by age grades and his estimates of the country’s naval and land militia, indicating that these documents were sent to Gallatin at the same time as a set (Gallatin, Papers, 11:797‑800; Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Esti‑ mates, at 3 Nov.; Bill for Organizing the Militia, at 14 Nov.). After receiving the remarks from Dearborn and Smith, Jefferson incorporated their com‑ ments, such as Dearborn’s recommendation to substitute four days per year for once every two months as the time spent for training and Smith’s note regarding senior lieutenant commandants, into a revised bill (Document iv). At some point after Jefferson revised the bill, Isaac A. Coles produced a fair copy, to which Jefferson made further alterations in pencil and ink. This version served as the source text for Jefferson’s final version of his “Bill for

 621 

B I L L F O R E S TA B L I S H I N G A N AVA L M I L I T I A establishing a Naval militia,” written in his hand with the estimates of num‑ bers of men appended in Coles’s handwriting (Document v). In his Annual Message to Congress on 3 Dec., Jefferson asked the legisla‑ ture to consider altering the country’s militia system, but said nothing about the formation of a naval militia. The reason for its omission was likely related to his desire, as he wrote to Joseph B. Varnum on 9 Dec., to consult with “nautical men” Jacob Crowninshield of Massachusetts and Nicholas Gilman of New Hampshire. On that day, upon a request from Varnum, the chairman of the House committee tasked with responding to the president’s message relating to militia reform, Jefferson sent the congressman a copy of his bill. There is no indication that Varnum’s committee took any action regarding Jefferson’s naval militia bill (jhr, 5:188).

I. Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia [on or before 14 Nov. 1805] A Bill for establishing a Naval Militia. Be it enacted &c that every free, able bodied, white male citizen of the US. of the age of 18. years, & under the age of 45., whose princi‑ pal occupation is on the high sea or on the tidewaters within the US. shall be of the militia for the naval service1 of the US. and shall be2 exempt from the services of the land‑militia. The persons so to constitute the said naval militia shall be enrolled in the several ports, harbours, or towns thereto adjacent to which they belong or are most convenient by their names, ages, places of birth & abode, & personal descriptions, with the date of their enrollment and shall be formed into companies, each to be commanded by a Lieuten‑ ant commandant & 2d. Lieutt. to be appointed by the authority of the state to which such company belongs. It shall be the duty of the Senior Lieutt. Commandant of each port, harbour, or town thereto adjacent to enrol in a book, to be kept by him for that purpose, all persons who by this act are made naval militia men, belonging to his said port or harbour, or within the limits as‑ signed as most convenient to the same; registering in a distinct page or part of his book those of every different year of age from 45. down to 18. and whenever a person enrolled in one port of the US. shall remove to another, the enrolling officer of the latter port shall imme‑ diately enter him on his book, noting the date & place of his former enrollment, in addition to the other circumstances before prescribed. In deciding on the ages of persons to be enrolled, the officer shall make up his judgment from the information of the party himself, from such other information as he can obtain, & from his own inspection.  622 

14 NOVEMBER 1805

 Every person enrolled shall be entitled to recieve from the officer possessing the book of enrollment, an authenticated transcript from the same of the entry respecting himself, on paiment of 25. cents, & to have the same renewed on the same condition from time to time when lost or destroyed, which shall exempt him from training duties at the port of his former enrollment, and from the duties of the land militia; & shall be considered otherwise as instead of the certificate of citizenship heretofore given by the Collectors of the customs; which certificates shall hereafter cease to be given. Every enrolling officer shall, on, or immediately after the 1st. day of October in every year, make a return of his roll to the Secretary of the Navy of the US. according to it’s actual state, as affected since the last return by age, discharge, death, removal, new enrollments or otherwise. It shall be the duty of the sd officers once in every [two] months at least to train the men under their command, who may be within their limits at the time, to the use of artillery or the maneuvring of gun‑boats or other armed vessels assigned to the defence of their port, or con­ fided to their use. and all acts of disobedience or failure in duty herein, in either officers or men, shall be liable to the same pains, penalties & coercions, & to trial by court martial consisting of three at least of their own officers, as are provided in the corresponding cases by the laws for the government of the land‑militia of the US. In cases of insurrection, of opposition to the civil authority, or of sudden attack by an enemy happening in any port, harbour or town on the tide waters, or on the coasts in their vicinities, all persons then & there being who make a part of the sd naval militia, whether of the same or of any other place, shall be liable to be called on to do duty with artillery or on board any armed vessels for the special occasion of quelling the insurrection, enforcing obedience to the civil authority, or resisting the attack. and in time of war, either actual or imminent, all under [35] years of age, wheresoever they shall happen to be within the jurisdiction of the US. shall be liable to be called on to perform tours of duty not exceeding one year in any [two] on board of any of the public armed vessels of the US. in which the sd militia officers, in subordination to the regular officers of the US. of equal or superior grade shall have the immediate command & care of them. And if any person so called on shall refuse or unnecessarily delay to enter on duty, he shall be arrested as a deserter3 either by the civil or military authority, shall be4 delivered to the proper military officer, & either punished as a deserter, or5 compelled to perform his tour of duty: but any person so called on may commute his personal service  623 

B I L L F O R E S TA B L I S H I N G A N AVA L M I L I T I A

by rendering an able bodied free white man a citizen of the US.6 fit for the service in the judgment of the officer who is to command him, and willing to engage therein. And all persons, while engaged in the performance of a tour of duty, shall have the pay & rations allowed in the navy of the US. & be subject to the rules & regulations provided for the government of the same. MS (NHi: Gallatin Papers); undated, entirely in TJ’s hand, including brackets; part of a set of documents sent to Gallatin that also included Document i of Bill for Organizing the Militia, at 14 Nov., and a Tr of part of Naval and Land Militia En‑ rollment Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov. 1805]. PoC (DLC); with later alterations (see Document iv below).

1  Preceding eight words interlined in place of “be of the Naval militia.” 2  Preceding two words interlined. 3  Preceding three words interlined. 4  Preceding two words interlined. 5  Preceding six words interlined. 6  Preceding four words and abbrevia‑ tion interlined.

II. Henry Dearborn’s Remarks on the Bill Sir [ca. 14 Nov. 1805] I take the liberty of suggesting the following alterations in the en‑ closed Bill. 4 days in each year, in sted of once in every two months,—and all such as shall fail of attending, whether from absence or otherwise, to pay a fine of __, the days for training to be designated by law and copies posted up once a year in the respective Companies. where there shall not be any gunboats or other suitable armed ves‑ sels; two or more cannon for each Company to be furnished by the Secretary of the Navy properly mounted, & supplied with neces‑ sary apparatus & a reasonable quantity of ammunition. from this mark ≠ in such proportion of their whole number as cir‑ cumstances may require. from this mark ×, or to furnish without delay a suitable substitute, he shall be liable to a fine of __ and held in custody until one of the fore‑ going conditions shall be complied with. Yours, H. Dearborn RC (DLC); undated, but likely close in time to Document iii; endorsed by TJ as received “Nov. 05” and “Naval militia bill.” Enclosure: probably a copy, not found, of Document i.

 624 

III. Robert Smith’s Remarks on the Bill

[14 Nov. 1805]

The Proposed Bill for establishing a naval Militia provides that such Militia shall be formed into Companies each to be commanded by a Lieutt. Commandant & a 2nd. Lieutenant, and that every Com‑ pany so Commanded shall be liable to perform duty on any of the publick armed vessels of the U.S. In every such case then the Militia Company would be under the Command of not only their own Offi­ cers but of all the Commissioned, Warrant and Petty Officers of the Ship, appointed, not by the State Government as the Constitution requires, but by the President of the U.S. They might morever be thus compelled to perform duty beyond the limits of the U.S.; whereas by the Constitution Militia can be called forth only to execute the laws of the Union to suppress insurrections and to repel invasions. On board a frigate there never is a Lieutenant of so high a grade as that of Lieutt Commandant. The Militia Officer attached with his Company to a publick ship would then be next in rank & command to the Captain. This is a Station of great responsibility and to which no person is Competent who has not had much experience on board a man war.1 Under such an arrangement a mere Seaman without any knowledge of Naval tacticks would at once be introduced into a pub‑ lick Vessel with a Command over Lieutenants who have been serving in our Navy five or Six years and with great reputation, and who ac‑ cording to the principles that obtain in all armies & Navies would feel themselves degraded and who of course would resign. This would be a serious misfortune as their places could not be easily supplied. I have learned since I have been in the Nav. Dept. that it Requires many years to make a Navy Officer. Although most of the Officers intro‑ duced into the Navy, since the year 1800 have been constantly at Sea yet not one of them is qualified for the Station of a Lieutenant on board a man of War. The proposed Bill provides for training the naval militia. The au‑ thority of training the militia does not belong to the General Govern‑ ment. It is reserved to the States. Congress can prescribe the discipline according to which the Militia are to be trained under the authority of the States. Respecty Rt Smith RC (DLC); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 14 Nov. and “Naval militia” and so recorded in SJL.

1 Thus

 625 

in MS.

IV. Revised Bill [on or after 14 Nov. 1805] A Bill for establishing a Naval Militia. Be it enacted &c that every free, able bodied, white male citizen of the US. of the age of 18. years, & under the age of 45. years, whose principal occupation is on the high sea or on the tidewaters within the US. shall be of the militia for the Naval service of the US. and shall be exempt from the services of the land‑militia. The persons so to constitute the said naval militia shall be enrolled in the several ports, harbours, or towns thereto adjacent, to which they belong or are most convenient by their names, ages, places of birth & abode, & personal descriptions, with the date of their enroll‑ ment & shall be formed into companies, each to be commanded by a Lieutenant to be appointed by the authority of the state to which such company belongs. It shall be the duty of the Lieutt. of each port, harbour, or town thereto adjacent to enrol in a book, to be kept by him for that pur‑ pose, all persons who by this act are made naval militia men, belong‑ ing to his said port or harbour, or within the limits assigned as most convenient to the same; registering in a distinct page or part of his book those of every different year of age from 45. down to 18. and whenever a person enrolled in one port of the US. shall remove to another, the enrolling officer of the latter port shall immediately enter him on his book, noting the date & place of his former enrollment, in addition to the other circumstances before prescribed. In deciding on the ages of persons to be enrolled, the officer shall make up his judgment from the information of the party himself, from such other information as he can obtain, & from his own inspection.1 Every person enrolled shall be entitled to recieve from the officer possessing the book of enrollment, an authenticated transcript from the same of the entry respecting himself, on paiment of 25. cents, & to have the same renewed on the same condition from time to time when lost or destroyed, which shall exempt him from discipline duties at the port of his former enrollment, and from the duties of the land militia; & shall be considered otherwise as instead of the certificate of citizenship heretofore given by the Collectors of the customs; which certificates shall hereafter cease to be given. Every enrolling officer shall, on, or immediately after the 1st. day of October in every year, make a return of his roll to the Secretary of the Navy of the US. according to it’s actual state, as affected since the last return by age, discharge, death, removal, new enrollments or otherwise.  626 

14 NOVEMBER 1805

 It shall be the duty of the sd officers on 6 days of every year to dis‑ cipline the men under their command, who may be within their limits at the time, to the use of artillery or the maneuvring of gun‑boats or other armed vessels assigned to the defence of their port, or con­fided to their use. and all acts of disobedience or failure in duty herein, in either officers or men, shall be liable to the same pains, penalties & coercions, & to trial by court martial consisting of three commissioned officers at least of the Naval militia as are provided in the correspond‑ ing cases by the laws for the government of the land‑militia of the US. In cases of insurrection, of opposition to the civil authority, or of sudden attack by an enemy happening in any port, harbour or town on the tide waters, or on the coasts in their vicinities, all persons then & there being who make a part of the sd naval militia, whether of the same or of any other place, shall be liable to be called on to do duty with artillery or on board any armed vessels, for the special occasion of quelling the insurrection, enforcing obedience to the civil author‑ ity, or resisting the attack. and in time of war, either actual or immi‑ nent, all under [35] years of age, wheresoever they shall happen to be within the jurisdiction of the US. shall be liable to be called on in such proportion of their whole number as circumstances may require to perform tours of duty not exceeding one year in any [two] on board of any of the public armed vessels of the US. in which the sd militia officers, in subordination to the regular officers of the US. of equal or superior grade shall have the immediate command & care of them. And if any person so called on shall refuse or unnecessarily delay to enter on duty, he shall be arrested as a deserter either by the civil or military authority, delivered to the property military officer & either punished as a deserter or compelled to perform his tour of duty: but any person so called on may commute his personal service by render‑ ing an able bodied free white man a citizen of the US. fit for the service in the judgment of the officer who is to command him, and willing to engage therein. And all persons, while engaged in the performance of a tour of duty, shall have the pay & rations allowed in the navy of the US. & be subject to the rules & regulations and articles provided for the government of the same. Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 137:23702‑3); undated, but after TJ’s receipt of remarks by Dearborn and Robert Smith (Docu‑ ments ii and iii above); entirely in TJ’s hand, including brackets; final paragraph written perpendicularly in margin; con‑ sisting of a PoC of Document i altered by TJ using multiple cancellations and inser‑

tions to result in the text printed above; notation by Isaac A. Coles at head of text, probably in relation to his copying of this text (see note to Document v). 1 TJ put a brace beside this paragraph and wrote in the margin “to be omitted.”

 627 

V. Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia

[on or after 14 Nov. 1805]

A Bill for establishing a Naval militia Be it enacted &c. that every free, able‑bodied, white, male, citizen, of the US. of 18. years & under 45. whose principal occupation is on the high sea, or on the tide‑waters within the US. shall be of the militia for the Naval service of the US. and shall be exempt from the services of the land militia. The persons so to constitute the said Naval militia shall be enrolled in the several ports or harbours, or the towns or country thereto ad‑ jacent, to which they belong or are most convenient, by their names, the dates & places of their births, their abodes, & personal descrip‑ tions: which enrollment shall be made by such person as the Pres. of the US. shall authorise1 in each place, in a book to be kept by him for that purpose, without delay as to those now within the descrip‑ tions of this act, and from time to time as to others who shall hereafter become so, always registering the date of the enrolment, and placing in a distinct page or part of the book those born within the limits of one & the same year of the Christian Aera. And whenever a person enrolled in one part of the US. shall remove to another, the enrolling officer of the latter port shall immediately enter his name on his book, noting the date & place of his former enrolment, in addition to the other circumstances before prescribed.2 and all questions between the enrolling officers of the land & Naval militia, whether a citizen be‑ longs really to the one or the other service, shall be decided by the Executive authority of the state. Every person enrolled shall be entitled to recieve, from the officer possessing the book of enrolment, an authenticated transcript from the same, of the entry respecting himself, on paiment of 25 cents, and to have the same renewed on the same condition from time to time, when lost or destroyed, which shall exempt him from the duties of the land‑militia, & shall be considered otherwise as instead of the Cer­ tificate of citizenship heretofore given by the Collectors of the customs, which certificates shall hereafter cease to be given. Every enrolling officer shall, on, or immediately after the 1st. day of October in every year, make a return of his roll to the Secretary of the Navy of the US. according to it’s actual state as affected since the last return, by age, discharge, death, removal, new enrolments or otherwise. The sd Naval militia of each port & of the town & country thereto adjacent, to which they belong, shall be distributed into sections, each  628 

14 NOVEMBER 1805

of which sections shall consist of all those individuals born within the limits of the same year of the Christian Aera, & shall be distinguished by the name of the year of their birth: and3 in cases of insurrection, of opposition to the civil authority or of sudden attack, either actual or imminent, in any port, harbour, or town on the tidewaters, or on the coasts or shores in their vicinities, all persons then & there being who make a part of the said naval militia, whether of the same or of any other place, shall be liable to be called on by the President of the US. or the person invested by him with authority for that purpose, to do duty with artillery, or on board any armed vessels, for the special occasion of quelling the insurrection, enforcing obedience to the civil authority, or resisting the attack as the case may be.4 Such call shall be made on them by sections, in the numbers which the exigency may require, by regular rotation in the numerical order of the years of their birth, and for a term not exceeding   months: & non resi‑ dents shall always make a part of the section of the respective year of their birth. The said sections, when called into service, shall be organised & officered by the state authority, suitably to the service they shall be called to, whether with artillery or on board any armed vessels, and while engaged in the performance of a tour of duty, shall have the pay & rations allowed in the navy of the US. and be subject to the rules, regulations, & articles provided for the government of the same. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 173:30685‑6); undated; in TJ’s hand; on verso of last page, “An estimate of the naval Militia of the U.S.” in Isaac A. Coles’s hand, consist‑ ing of the first part of Naval and Land Mi‑ litia Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov. 1805]. Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 163:28693‑4); undated; a fair copy in Coles’s hand of the final text of Document iv, with can‑ cellations and neat interlineations by TJ

in pencil to result in the text as printed above (with variations noted below). 1  Dft (TJ’s hand): “by the person hav‑ ing command of the said Naval Militia.” 2  Remainder of paragraph not in Dft. 3  In Dft, the beginning of the paragraph to this point is represented by an inter‑ lined note by TJ: “The sd naval militia &c.” 4 Remainder of text not in Dft.

 629 

Bill for Organizing the Militia I. ACT FOR CLASSING THE MILITIA, [ON OR BEFORE 14 NOV. 1805] II. HENRY DEARBORN’S REMARKS ON THE BILL, [18 NOV. 1805] III. ACT FOR CLASSING THE MILITIA, [ON OR AFTER 18 NOV. 1805]

E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

In November 1805 Jefferson sought to create, in addition to his bill to es‑ tablish a naval militia, a bill that would class the land militia of the United States by age group. The Militia Act of 1792 enrolled in the militia “every free able‑bodied white male citizen of the respective states, resident therein, who is or shall be of the age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty‑five years (except as is herein after excepted)” and provided no general classifica­ tion system based on age (U.S. Statutes at Large, 1:271). Jefferson wrote a full text of the “act for classing the Militia” on his poly‑ graph machine, likely sometime on or before 14 Nov. That document is as‑ sociated in Gallatin’s papers at the New‑York Historical Society with copies of Jefferson’s bill relating to the naval militia and his estimates of numbers of men available for militia service, and it is likely that Jefferson forwarded these documents to Gallatin as a set (see Document i, below; Document i of Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, [on or before 14 Nov.]; and Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov.]). Because Jefferson received Robert Smith’s comments on the naval militia bill on 14 Nov., it is probable that the set of documents transmitted to Gallatin, which included the first states of both miliitia bills, was ready no later than that day. Jefferson’s proposed bill sought to class the militia by age groups, provided different training standards for each group, gave direction as to their arming, and stipulated the duration and location of service for each group when called into service. In an undated communication from Dearborn that Jefferson received on 18 Nov., the secretary of war offered comments on the bill. These included recommendations concerning when the militia would train in the northern states, the organization of the age groups within different military structures, the transfer of arms between age groups, and the provision of cloth‑ ing for militia called into service (Document ii). Sometime after receiving Dearborn’s comments, Jefferson incorporated a number of insertions and dele‑ tions on the polygraph copy of the act to create a revised text (Document iii). In his Annual Message to Congress on 3 Dec., Jefferson asked “whether it would not be expedient, for a state of peace as well as of war, so to organise or class the militia, as would enable us on any sudden emergency; to call for the services of the younger portions, unincumbered with the old and those having families,” and provided his reasoning for doing so. The following day the House of Representatives appointed Joseph B. Varnum to head a com‑ mittee tasked with considering the militia recommendations in the annual message, and it is likely that at some point on or before 9 Dec. Jefferson provided Varnum with a copy of his bill. On that date Jefferson responded to a request from Varnum for a copy of the naval militia bill to enable the congressman to “put that & the land‑militia bill into one” (jhr, 5:188; TJ to Varnum, 9 Dec.).

 630 

I. Act for Classing the Militia

[on or before 14 Nov. 1805]

 An act for classing the Militia, & assigning to each class it’s particular duties.  Be it enacted &c that every free, able‑bodied white, male citizen of the US of the age of 18. years & under the age of 45. whose principal occupation is not on the high sea, or the tidewaters within the US. shall be of the militia for the land‑service of the US. Enrollment  The persons so to constitute the land‑militia shall be enrolled by their names & ages, in their proper districts, and in books to be kept for that purpose; such enrollment to be made without delay, of those now within the description, and from time to time as to others who shall hereafter become so, always noting the date of the enrollment, and placing in a distinct page or part of the book those of every differ­ ent year of age from 45. down to 18. In deciding on the ages of the persons to be enrolled, the officer shall make up his judgment from the information of the party himself, & from such other information as he can obtain, and where this is not satisfactory, then from his own inspection. Classification   The said militia shall be distributed into classes as follows, to wit, the Junior class shall be composed of those above 21. & under 26. years of age; the Middle class of those above 26. & under 35. years of age; the Senior class of those above 35. & under 45. years of age; & those above 18. and under 21. years of age shall compose the Minor class. their training  The Junior and Minor classes shall each have their separate captains and other inferior officers, those for the Juniors being selected with a view to actual ser‑ vice, and shall be strictly trained to the exercises & maneuvres of a soldier, either of artillery, infantry or cavalry as may be lawfully designated; for which pur‑ pose they shall be mustered and trained one whole day in every month of the year, two of which mus‑ ters shall be in battalion, & the others in companies. the captains of the said two classes, with the Gen‑ eral & Field officers having command over them shall  631 

BILL FOR ORGANIZING THE MILITIA

Actual service.

form a distinct court martial for the rigorous enforce‑ ment of the duties of attendance & training. each person of the said junior class shall be furnished with a good musket, bayonet & cartridge box at the pub‑ lic expence, so soon as they can be provided, which, except where he shall be of the cavalry or artillery, he shall be bound to produce in good order at every muster at which he shall be, so long as he shall be under the age of 45. years; after which it shall be his property.  Where, at the passing of this act, any member of the militia shall be in the possession of such arms provided by his state or territory or by himself, the same shall be reviewed & valued by some person ap‑ pointed on the part of the US. and if found in perfect order, and of proper caliber, they shall be paid for by the US. if such be the choice of the party furnish‑ ing them and shall thereafter be in the hands of the holder as the property of the US. under that same trust & right as if they had been originally furnished him by the US.1  The middle class shall in like manner be formed into companies by themselves, to be commanded by their own captains & other inferior officers; they shall be mustered and trained twice only in the year in companies, & once in battalion. the Senior class, in distinct companies also, & under it’s own captains & other inferior officers, shall be mustered & trained one day in the year only in companies, & one in bat‑ talion: and both the Middle & Senior classes shall be under the jurisdiction of their captains formed into one & the same court‑martial, with the General & field officers having command over them.  The Junior class shall be liable to perform all ac‑ tive military services within the US. or the countries next adjacent2 in their vicinity by tours of duty not to exceed one year in any two: and in order that the said services may be required of 3 them equally, those of every company battalion4 shall be divided by lot into ten parts or portions, as nearly equal as may be, each portion to be distinguished by it’s particular Number from 1. to 10. and to be called into duty in  632 

14 NOVEMBER 1805

the order of their numbers, such call extending to so many numbers as the exigency may require: and every person so called on may be assigned to the ser‑ vice of the artillery, infantry, cavalry or of any other description as the competent authority shall direct.  The Middle class shall be liable to be called on to do duty within their state only, or in one of the ad‑ joining states; and that by tours not exceeding three months in any year: for which purpose they shall be distributed into portions & numbers, and called on in routine as is provided in the case of the junior class.  The Senior & Minor Classes shall be liable to be called on to do duty within their own state only, & by tours not exceeding three months in any year: & they shall be separately distributed into portions & num‑ bers, & called on in routine as provided for the other classes.  Exemptions from militia duty shall only extend to the ordinary duties of mustering & training after having entered the Middle or Senior class. such Ex‑ empts shall nevertheless be enrolled in their classes & numbers, and when called on for actual military service, shall be bound as others are to perform their due tours.  If any person called on to do the actual duties of his class, shall refuse, or unnecessarily delay to enter on duty, he shall be arrested as a deserter either by the civil or military authority, shall be delivered to the proper military officer, and either punished as a de‑ serter, or compelled to perform his tour of duty: but any person so called on may commute his personal service, by tendering as a substitute, an able‑bodied free white man fit for the service in the judgment of the officer who is to command him, and willing to engage therein. And all persons while engaged in the performance of a tour of duty shall have the pay & rations allowed in the army of the US. & be sub‑ ject to the rules, regulations and Articles provided for the government of the same.  All provisions in any law of the US. or of any par‑ ticular state or territory inconsistent with those of  633 

BILL FOR ORGANIZING THE MILITIA

this act, are hereby repealed: and all provisions in the laws of the US. or of any particular state or ter‑ ritory not inconsistent herewith shall be understood to be left in force & liable to alteration by their re‑ spective enacting authorities. MS (NHi: Gallatin Papers); undated, entirely in TJ’s hand; part of a set of docu‑ ments sent to Gallatin that also included Document i of Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, at 14 Nov., and a Tr of part of Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, [on or after 3 Nov. 1805]; the set went to Gallatin by 14 Nov., based on TJ’s receipt of remarks by Robert Smith (see Document iii of Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, at 14 Nov.). PoC (DLC);

with later alterations (see Document iii below). 1  Preceding paragraph inserted in margin. 2 Preceding two words interlined in place of “in their vicinity.” 3 Preceding two words interlined in place of “assessed on.” 4 Preceding two words stacked one above the other in the line of text.

II. Henry Dearborn’s Remarks on the Bill Sir [18 Nov. 1805] I take the liberty of suggesting the following remarks on the pro‑ posed outlines of the Militia Bill. In the Northern States it will be impracticable to muster for Mili‑ tary exersize in the winter months, and I doubt whether it would be advisable to muster oftener than six times a year in Companies, and once in Battalion or Regiment to continue 2 days. It may be proper to mention the organization of the Junior & mid‑ dle Classes into Regiments, Brigades and Divisions, with proper officers.— as the respective individuals of the Junior Class arrive to the age of 26, they should deliver up their armes and accoutrements to their respective Captains, in good order—under suitable penalties; or at farthest when they leave the middle Class.— The non commissioned officers musicians and privates of the Ju‑ nior Class ought when called out for twelve months, to be allowed a suit of Cloaths, and a due proportion of a suit, when called out for any term over two months, or the value thereof in money. Yours, &c H. Dearborn RC (DLC); undated; at foot of text: “The President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Nov. and “militia bill” and so recorded in SJL.

 634 

III. Act for Classing the Militia

[on or after 18 Nov. 1805]

 An act for classing the Militia, & assigning to each class it’s particular duties.  Be it enacted &c that every free, able‑bodied white, male citizen of the US. of the age of 18. years & under the age of 45. whose principal occupation is not on the high sea, or the tidewaters within the US. shall be of the militia for the land‑service of the US. Enrollment.  The persons so to constitute the land‑militia shall be enrolled by their names & dates of their births in their proper districts, and in books to be kept for that purpose; such enrollment to be made without delay, of those now within the description and from time to time as to others who shall hereafter become so, always noting the date of the enrollment, and placing in a distinct page or part of the book those of every different year of age from 45. down to 18. Classification.  The said militia shall be distributed into classes as follows, to wit, the Junior class shall be composed of those above 21. & under 26. years of age; the Middle class of those above 26 & under 35. years of age; the Senior class of those above 35. & under 45. years of age; & those above 18. and under 21. years of age shall compose the Minor class. their training  The Junior and Minor classes shall each have their separate captains and other inferior officers, those for the Juniors being selected with a view to actual ser‑ vice,1 and shall be strictly disciplined in the exercises & maneuvres of a soldier, either of artillery, infantry or cavalry as may be lawfully designated; for which purpose they shall be mustered and exercised ten days in companies and two days in battalion in every year at such intervals as the laws shall direct, and de‑ voting the whole of each day to it’s duties. the cap‑ tains of the said two classes, with the General & Field officers having command over them shall form a dis‑ tinct court martial for the rigorous enforcement of the duties of attendance & discipline. each person of the said junior class who shall attain the age of 21. years after the commencement of this act shall be furnished  635 

BILL FOR ORGANIZING THE MILITIA

with a good musket, bayonet & cartridge box at the public expence, which, except where he shall be of the cavalry or artillery, he shall be bound to produce in good order at every muster at which he shall be, so long as he shall be under the age of 45. years; after which it shall be his property.2  Where, at the passing of this act, any member of the militia shall be in the possession of such arms provided by his state or territory or by himself, the same shall be reviewed & valued by some person ap‑ pointed on the part of the US. and if found in perfect order, and of proper caliber, they shall be paid for by the US. if such be the choice of the party furnishing them and shall be placed in the hands of such of the junior class within the same state as shall have at‑ tained 21 years of age before the commencemt. of this act & shall be under the same trust & right as if they had been originally furnished to him by the US.  The middle class shall in like manner be formed into companies3 by themselves to be commanded by their own captains & other inferior officers;4 they shall be mustered and exercised twice only in the year in companies, & once in battalion. the Senior class, in distinct companies also, & under it’s own captains & other inferior officers, shall be mustered & exercised one day in the year only in companies, & one in bat‑ talion: and both the Middle & Senior classes shall be under the jurisdiction of their captains formed into one & the same court‑martial, with the General & field officers having command over them.  The said classes shall be formed into regiments, brigades & divisions, either jointly or separately, & under the same or distinct field & general officers as their num[ber &] local circumstances shall render most convenient.5  The Junior class shall be liable to perform all ac‑ tive military services within the US. or the countries next adjacent by tours of duty not to exceed one year in any two: and in order that the said services may be required of them equally, those of every battalion shall by it’s commanding officer be immediately divided by lot into ten parts or portions, as nearly equal as may  636 

14 NOVEMBER 1805

be, each portion to be distinguished by it’s particular Number from 1. to 10. and to be called into duty in the order of their numbers, such call extending to so many numbers as the exigency may require: and every person so called on may be assigned to the service of the artillery, infantry, cavalry or of any other descrip‑ tion as the competent authority shall direct.  In consideration of the assiduous service6 required from the Junior class, & of the services they shall have performed or been liable to perform, while in it, they shall never after passing into the Middle class be li‑ able to actual service but where the Junior class for the time being is inadequate to the exigency, and then in their own or one of the adjoining states; only and by tours not exceeding three months in any year: for which purpose they shall be distributed into portions & numbers, and called on in routine as is provided in the case of the junior class.  The Senior & Minor Classes shall be liable to be called on to do duty within their own state only, & by tours not exceeding three months in any year: & they shall be separately distributed into portions & num‑ bers, & called on in routine as provided for the other classes.  Exemptions from militia duty except in cases of re‑ ligious scruple against bearing arms shall only extend to the ordinary duties of mustering & disciplining after having entered the Middle or Senior class, but all Exempts shall be enrolled in their classes & sec‑ tions, and when called on for actual military service, shall be bound as others are to perform their due tours.  If any person called on to do the actual duties of his class, shall refuse, or unnecessarily delay to enter on duty, he shall be arrested as a deserter either by the civil or military authority, shall be delivered to the proper military officer, and either punished as a de‑ serter, or compelled to perform his tour of duty: but any person so called on may commute his personal service, by tendering as a substitute, an able‑bodied free white man a citizen of the US fit for the service in the judgment of the officer who is to command him, and willing to engage therein. And all persons while  637 

BILL FOR ORGANIZING THE MILITIA

engaged in the performance of a tour of duty shall have the pay & rations allowed in the army of the US. & be subject to the rules, regulations and Articles provided for the government of the same.  All provisions in any law of the US. or of any par‑ ticular state or territory inconsistent with those of this act, are hereby repealed: and all provisions in the laws of the US. or of any particular state or terri‑ tory not inconsistent herewith shall be understood to be left in force & liable to alteration by their respec‑ tive enacting authorities: and the present organisa‑ tion of the militia into divisions, regiments, battalions & companies shall in no wise be altered or disturbed by any thing in this act contained. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 137:23703‑4); undated, entirely in TJ’s hand; consist‑ ing of the PoC of Document i altered by TJ to result in the text as printed above. 1 TJ here interlined, but subsequently erased, “shall be formed into companies regiments, brigades & divisions under proper field & genl officers.” 2 TJ placed a brace alongside this para‑ graph and the next three paragraphs with marginal notes: “proposed to be omitted.”

3 TJ here interlined, but subsequently erased, “regiments, brigades and divisions.” 4 TJ here interlined, but subsequently erased, “& such field & General officers as shall be appointed over them.” 5 TJ wrote this paragraph in the mar‑ gin after erasing the heading “Actual ser‑ vice.” Text lost at edge of page. 6  Word interlined in place of “disci‑ pline,” which TJ interlined in place of “training.”

From Alexis Daudet

Philadelphia 14th Novber. 05

Mr. Daudet presents his best respects to his Excellency, & as he has not any agent in the Capital he sents her acquittance for what please to inclose a note in a letter. Please also to his Excellency to give her command to him, if some others persons of her governement wanted to suscribe to The petit Censeur. The Editor, is of your Excellency the most humble servant A Daudet RC (MHi); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Daudet; at head of text: “To his Ex‑ cellency Thom Jefferson At Washington City”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 Nov. and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by

TJ: “Petit Censeur.” Enclosure: printed invoice, with blanks filled by a clerk, signed by Daudet, dated 14 Nov., for eight dol‑ lars billed to TJ for a year’s subscription to Le Petit censeur, from 19 Sep.

 638 

To John Hoomes Freeman Sir Washington Nov. 14. 05 According to your letter of Oct. 19. I have paid to mr Key’s order 150. D. and I now remit you for Carver 20. D 83 c for negro Daniel 18. D. to these I have added for mr James Walker 100. D. John Perry 18. D. mr Faris 25. D. and for yourself on account 18. D 17 c making 200. D. in the whole, which paiments be pleased to make accord‑ ingly. I have ordered from Philadelphia 2. tons of nail rod which are now on the way, and 2 tons more to be shipped the 1st. of next month, which I expect will last 6. months. and I have desired mr Jefferson not to send what you had written for, if not already gone, because the price there is so high that I could not sell the nails at our present prices, & it would not do to raise them. nurses for the women cannot be had. I have desired two to be sent from Bedford at Christmas. one of these was for Ursula, & the other for one of the women at the house. I do not recollect which, but I believe it was in lieu of the nurse which mr Craven will then take from thence. mr Craven tells me that a ten‑ ant of mine on the lands beyond Colle has 60. barrels of corn to sell @ 2. D. I think you had better buy it; for the mill getting to work later than had been expected, we shall want it. I understand this ten‑ ant has tended the same ground in corn both the years he has lived on it. he must therefore go off unless he will put the whole of it into wheat now, or oats in the spring. if he does not, we must put it in oats in the spring, and see to the preservation of the fences & houses in the mean time. mr Walker, mr Dinsmore, mr Perry all inform me their works are obstructed for want of hauling. I hope therefore you will push that part of the work. whenever the mill works shall be done the road & garden, & the engaging negroes for another year are pressing articles. I shall be glad to hear from you how every thing goes on from time to time, say once a fortnight. I hope this will find your health established. accept my best wishes Th: Jefferson Be so good as to send the inclosed letter to mr Magruder by a special messenger RC (NjP: Andre De Coppet Collection); addressed: “Mr. John Holmes Freeman Monticello” with the notation: “to the par‑ ticular care of mr Higginbotham.” Enclo‑ sure: TJ to John B. Magruder, 14 Nov. your letter: recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived on 24 Oct., but not found. Within the enslaved community, nurses provided childcare so that new mothers

could return full‑time to their own la‑ bors. Eighteen‑year‑old ursula Granger Hughes, a house servant and farm worker, had given birth to a son in January 1805 (Betts, Farm Book, pt. 1, 128; Lucia Stan‑ ton, “Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello [Charlottesville, 2012], 124, 127).

 639 

To George Jefferson Dear Sir Washington Nov. 14. 05 Mr. Freeman my manager at Monticello in the place of Lilly being new in the business, has improperly applied to you for nail rod. I pray you not to supply it, as it’s high price at Richmond would take away all profit from the manufacture. I have ordered it from Philadelphia & it must now be on the way. if you have not lately sent up some coal for the smith at Monticello, I would thank you to send a hogshead as the mill irons wait for it. would it not go better in a hogshead. Affec­ tionate salutations Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ.

To John Jordan Sir Washington Nov. 14. 05. Your letter of Oct. 26. has been recieved, and I will ask the favor of you to settle the amount of the work done at Monticello with mr Dins­ more according to the principles of our agreement. such a settlement certified by him will be accepted. the departure of mr Lilly and mr Hope having brought on me a very unexpected mass of demands, as much as I shall be able to pay off in 3. or 4. months, I must request you to give me all the time you can for the amount. at the end of that term I can pay it with convenience, but will pay it however as much sooner as your situation may require. Accept my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. John Jordan”; endorsed by TJ.

To Keller & Forman Messrs. Killer & Foreman Washington Nov. 14. 05 Mr. John Barnes of George town, who does business for me will by tomorrow’s post remit you 216. D 67. c to be credited to mr John Speer of Charlottesville, as paid by Gent. Your humble servt Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. Keller & Forman was the mercantile partnership of Christian Keller and Fran‑

cis Forman. They were operating in Ha­ gerstown by 1799, but four years later opened a store in Baltimore, where they subsequently focused their activities. The

 640 

14 NOVEMBER 1805 longstanding firm eventually expanded into flour milling and did not dissolve until the 1830s (Samuel Jackson, comp., Balti‑ more Directory [Baltimore, 1819], n.p.; Maryland Herald, and Elizabeth‑Town Ad‑ vertiser, 1 Aug. 1799; Baltimore Federal Gazette, 8 Apr. 1803; Baltimore American

& Commercial Daily Advertiser, 21 June 1836). TJ was paying john speer on behalf of several individuals to whom he owed money for Monticello‑related services. A letter of this day to Speer, recorded in SJL, has not been found (mb, 2:1167).

To John B. Magruder Sir Washington Nov. 14. 05 I have recieved your letter of Oct. 26. covering the accounts be‑ tween us, and I see with extreme regret that mr Lilly has not settled them. I had before authorised him to settle that of 1804. and the one of 1805. which you delivered me when I was last at home, I immedi‑ ately delivered him & he promised to settle the whole together. I re‑ gret he did not the more, because they come upon me here where I have neither the papers nor persons which can alone give me infor‑ mation. your prices in the account of 1804. are from 8/ to 36/ the hundred. I am afraid to affirm that I never gave as much as even 18/ from my memory alone, but I do not believe I ever did; and if I did it must have been under strong necessity or inadvertency, & for very small parcels. you indeed inclose me an acct. wherein appears an ar‑ ticle of about 500. or 600 f. of thirded 4. I. plank @ 18/ probably in long lengths, which account including this article appears to have been paid, whether from want of time to look into it which often hap‑ pens with me, or whether bound by the prior agreement of my work‑ men, I cannot now recollect. but the use made of this example of 18/ shews how careful I ought to be to prevent those of 36./ I can affirm that the great mass of my best plank for flooring & wainscoating has cost me but from 8/ to 12/. I acknolege at the same time your equal right to insist on price in the present case, and am willing to have it settled between us by good men of our mutual choice. in the mean time, as I do not wish to use this as a pretext for keeping you out of money which I admit to be due, I have reduced all your articles to 12/ which are carried out at higher prices. this makes a balance due you of £43–18–0¾ which sum I will remit you thirty days hence, which is as early as I can do it. Accept my salutations & best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Ma­ gruder”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to John Hoomes Freeman of this date.

your letter: recorded in SJL as re‑ ceived on 30 Oct., but not found.

 641 

14 NOVEMBER 1805  In a letter to Magruder, 23 Sep. 1804, TJ questioned the amount Magruder had charged him for plank and authorized Gabriel lilly to handle the details of an arbitration.

 thirty days hence: according to his financial memoranda, on 16 Dec. TJ sent Freeman the funds to pay Magruder $146.34 (mb, 2:1170).

From the Orleans Territory House of Representatives Thursday November—the 14th 1805 Sir In the house of representatives of the territory of Orleans The house of representatives of the territory of Orleans, penetrated with the sense of the eminent services you have rendered your coun‑ try, and impressed with the highest respect for that wisdom and in‑ tegrity which induced a free people to call you to your present ele‑ vated station, seize with pleasure the first moment of their legislative existence, to assure you of their esteem and confidence. The advance‑ ment of your country’s happiness has long occupied your attention; and of the ability and fidelity with which your important duties have been discharged, the suffrages of a grateful nation are the unequivocal testimony. If any circumstance could enrich the fame of a statesman already conspicuous by a firm and able Support of the civil and religious rights of men, it would be your conduct in the acquisition of Louisiana. you have added to the dominion of the United States a country highly favoured by nature; and to the great American family a people wor‑ thy the blessings of freedom, and in their determination to maintain it equally zealous with all their brethren of the union. With the highest respect We have the honor to be Sir, your most Obedient humble Servants Jean Noêl Destréhan Speaker of the house of representatives RC (DLC); in the hand of Eligius Fromentin, clerk of the house, including fore­names of signature; surname signed by Jean Noël Destréhan; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; attested by Fromentin; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. and “Address of H. of R.” and so recorded in SJL. En‑ closure: resolution of the Orleans Terri‑

tory House of Representatives, 14 Nov., providing for the transmission (in tripli‑ cate) of the above address to TJ, which had been drafted by a committee and presented by John Watkins to the house, where it was translated into French by Fromentin and unanimously adopted (Tr in same, attested by Fromentin).

 642 

From Thomas Paine N Rochelle (N.Y) Novr. 14. ’05 Thomas Paine’s compliments to Mr. Jefferson desires to be informed if he received a letter from him beginning as follows—“I write you this letter entirely on my own account, and I begin it without cere‑ mony.”—The letter then speakes of a Motion made in the Virginia legislature for making an acknowlegement to Thomas Paine for his services during the revolution— RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

received a letter: Paine to TJ, 30 Sep.

To George Price & Co. Messrs. George Pryce & co. Washington Nov. 14. 05. Mr. John Barnes of this place, who does business for me will by tomorrow’s post remit you one hundred dollars to be credited to mr John Speer of Charlottesville as paid by Your humble servt Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); endorsed by TJ.

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 14 Nov. 1805. Les 3 Caisses, qui contiennent le buste en question sont arrivès hier avec une Lettre de Mess. Gibson et Jefferson du 21 Oct. Comme Vous ne m’avez rien repondû a ma derniere concern. çet objet, je dois Supposer, que Vous persistez a Vos Ordres du 3 du Courant; de renvoyer ces Caisses à Richmond. Je les ai donc executè, en invitant le Capitaine du Pacquet(*) de les reprendre avec lui et remettre aux Messieurs Gibson et Jefferson. Agreez—je Vous prie, les Assurances Sincères de la plus profonde Veneration. Reibelt. (*) Il m’a fait dire qu’il resteroit a peu près 8 a 10 jours ici.

 643 

14 NOVEMBER 1805 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 14 Nov. 1805 The three cases containing the bust in question arrived yesterday with a letter from Messrs. Gibson and Jefferson dated October 21. Since you did not answer my last letter about this object, I must conclude that you stand by your instructions from the third of this month: to return the cases to Richmond. I have thus carried them out, asking the captain of the packet* to take them back with him and give them to Messrs. Gibson and Jefferson. Please accept the sincere expression of my deepest admiration. Reibelt. * He let me know he will be here for 8 to 10 days. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov.

ma derniere: Reibelt to TJ, 6 Nov.

To James Walker Sir Washington Nov. 14. 05 I remit you through mr Freeman one hundred dollars, & shall reg‑ ularly make you the same remittance monthly hereafter. I am anxious to hear that the toll mill is going, as I cannot doubt there must now be water enough for her whatever be the state of the dam. I have de‑ sired mr Jefferson (if he has not before done it) to send up a hogshead of pit‑coal for Stewart; and I have bespoke at Alexandria a pair of 6. feet Burr stones every particle warranted of the first quality to be ready by the 1st. of April. Accept my best wishes Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. James Walker”; endorsed by TJ.

From Tadeusz Kosciuszko

[before 15 Nov. 1805]

Je sais que vous avez tres grande influence dans votre pays par votre Caracter, vos talens, vos lumieres, et par votre Poste mais c’esst une juisance pour vous seulement. votre Pays ne tire pas aucun avan‑ tage Si vous ne vous exercez pas à faire un solide et durable bien pour La Nation entiere, durant votre Pouvoir; Vous voulez avoir toujours votre Gouvernement Républicain mais ou sont ses materiaux pour soutenir la même opinion surtout après votre mort, si vous ne donnez pas a votre Jeunesse une éducation propre, si vous ne veuillez pas sur tous Les Ecoles civiles, si vous ne prescrivez Les principes uniforme  644 

15 NOVEMBER 1805

et conforme au Gouvernement d’aujourdhui Si vous établissez encore dans chaque Province une Ecole Militaire d’ou Les sujets sortant pour etre Officiers de La milice ajouteront encore plus de poid par Leur conaissance et Leur Lumieres a cette haut idée d’etre Republi­ cain vertueux autrement je ne vous reponds de rien. Un homme d’Etat comme vous et surtout avec ses disposition et ses Lumieres doit cher‑ cher à donner a sa nation unité d’action, et d’etablir un Caracter ré­s­ pectable et puissant, que jusqu’a presant on ne Le voi pas. et vous ètes en état de le faire, si vous agissez avec fermeté dans Les circon‑ stances d’aujourdhui ou tous vous favorisent. mais il faut se decider vite et si vous envoyez des troupes pour prendre La posession de la floride, vous donerez à toutes Les puissances une haute idee de votre nation et de son Caracter, et on s’empressera de faire une alliance avec vous. Si vous manquez c’ett unique moment, vous perdrez tous Les fruits, pour toujours, et soyez persuadé qu’on vous reprocherat de n’avoir pas profiter de n’avoir rien fait pour votre pays, de negliger Les moyens que votre influence vous donnoit, de grace ne soyez pas indeçie, agissez avec une energie et fermeté analogue à un Grand Homme que vous devez l’être. pardonnez moi si j’ecris avec trop de Liberté mais mes Sentimens sont Sinceres pour vous je vous aime vous ètes un seule espoir pour L’umanité entiere, et je voudrai que vous soyez L’Exemple a l’age future. mes respects et mes homages T Kosciuszko e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



[before 15 Nov. 1805] I know you have a great deal of influence in your country by virtue of your character, talents, wisdom, and position, but you alone derive pleasure from this. Your country will not benefit unless you work while you are in office to create a strong, lasting resource for the whole nation. You wish to prolong your republican government, but where are the building blocks to uphold those beliefs, especially after your death, if you do not give a proper educa‑ tion to your youth, if you do not nurture all the civil schools, and if you do not prescribe general principles based on the present government and estab‑ lish a military academy in each region where the graduates who become army officers can contribute the weight of their knowledge and wisdom to the high ideal of a virtuous republic? Without that, I cannot guarantee anything. A statesman like you must seek, notably through his temperament and wisdom, to endow his nation with a unity of action and to establish a strong, upright character that we have not seen so far. You are in a position to do so if you act firmly in the present circumstances while everything is in your favor. But you must decide quickly. If you send troops to take possession of Florida, you will give a high idea of your nation and its character to all powers, and they will hasten to become your allies. If you miss this unique moment, you will forever lose its fruits. You can be sure that people will reproach you for not

 645 

15 NOVEMBER 1805 having benefited from the moment, for having done nothing for your coun‑ try, for having neglected the power your influence gave you. Please do not be indecisive; act with the energy and firmness of the Great Man you must be. Forgive me if I am too free with my words, but my feelings for you are sincere. I admire you. You are the only hope for all of humanity, and I would wish you to be the example for future ages. My regards and respects. T Kosciuszko RC (MHi); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov. 1805 and so recorded in SJL.

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Novr. 15th 1805 You may recollect our long dispute with the proprietors of Sandy hook respecting the erection of beacons on their land. The U. States held only four acres on which the light house & keeper’s house were erected; These had been purchased in 1762 by the then Province of New York from the proprietors. By that province the light house & keeper’s house were erected; & in 1790 the State ceded the same gra‑ tis to the U. States. The State of New Jersey, in the same year, ceded also the jurisdiction over the sd. four Acres to the U. States. By the deed of 1762, it was conditioned that no tavern should be established on the premises, nor more than two cows kept, (the whole Peninsula of Sandy hook being a pasture but on which, on account of the shift‑ ing sands, no permanent division fence could be kept without an enor‑ mous expence) nor any road opened from sd. four acres through the remainder of the Peninsula which contains 3 or 4 thousand acres and belongs in common to the same proprietors. The beacons were erected without the boundaries of the four acres, from the necessity of the case, & Hartshorne the principal proprietor refusing to sell on reasonable terms. He instituted a suit against the Collector for the trespass of having erected one of the beacons & re‑ covered eight hundred dollars, before the Supreme Court of New York, (Brockholst Livingston President) which were accordingly paid. He then instituted two other suits agt. the same collector, one for the continuance (during about six weeks) of the same beacon, and the other for the erection of the other beacon. Both suits have been pend‑ ing these two years; and on both, Hartshorne will recover damages. After the decision of the court, the lights were ordered to be discontin‑ ued; but the Insurance companies, at my suggestion, made a private agreement with Hartshorne for continuing them till the dispute was determined.  646 

15 NOVEMBER 1805

 In the mean while, the Legislature of New Jersey, on our repeated applications, passed an Act to condemn the land; but they included a much larger quantity than we wanted—about 130 Acres. The jury valued the land at 3,750 Dollars which we have accordingly paid, in conformity with the law, into the Treasury of New Jersey. The pro‑ prietors have as yet declined to take it out, in hopes either to discover some flaw by which the proceedings might be reversed, or to obtain some more money from us. At last Mr Pendleton their lawyer wrote to me, proposing that the proprietors should acquiesce in the decision & give us a release, and should also Withdraw the two suits for dam‑ ages still pending; provided that we should agree to annex the same reservations to the new purchase which had been agreed on in rela‑ tion to the four acres purchased in 1762. His letter, and a copy of my answer, as well as copies of the Act of New Jersey & of the proceedings of the jury of enquiry are enclosed. He has now transmitted, through Mr Gelston, an Agreement which, as it will require your sanction, is submitted to your consideration. We will gain by it a termination of the dispute & the damages which would otherwise be recovered. The only difference between what I had proposed and the Agreement now transmitted relates to the right of keeping taverns, on which I wanted no reservation made, and which, it is by the Agreement proposed, shall not be exercised so long as Hartshorne will permit the keeper to do it on reasonable terms. Those expressions are equivocal & may lead to some dispute hereafter. The present keeper pays fifty dollars a year to Hartshorne for the privilege. He is a very worthy & humane man & has by his personal exertions been the means of saving several lives & much property from shipwrecks. His name is Schenck; but was it not for the benefit he derives from his keeping a public house, a man of that description could not be obtained. With respectful attachment Your obedt. Servt. Albert Gallatin RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Presi‑ dent of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 15 Nov. and “Light H. Sandy Hook” and so recorded in SJL, but as a letter of 17 Nov. Enclosures: (1) Na‑ thaniel Pendleton to Gallatin, 1 Aug. 1805 (not found). (2) Gallatin to Pendleton, 31 Oct., written in reply to Pendleton’s 1 Aug. letter; although David Gelston has been authorized to make arrangements regarding the Sandy Hook beacons and the controversy with Richard Hartshorne, Gal­latin adds his own views on Hart­s­ horne’s recent proposal; Gallatin wishes

the “House of public entertainment” op‑ erated by the keeper to be continued; he sees no reason to continue the prohibi‑ tion on roads, since opening one “to the high lands” would be impractical and unnecessary, that local authorities would not authorize one detrimental to the land owners and of no public utility, and that Hartshorne would certainly receive com‑ pensation if a road was later found neces‑ sary; Gallatin consents to the proposed limit on the number of cattle except those kept in stables or enclosures on U.S. lands; ratification by Congress of the agreement

 647 

15 NOVEMBER 1805 with Hartshorne is unnecessary, and Gal‑ latin suggests that ratification by the Trea‑ sury Department or the president will suffice (FC in Lb in DNA: RG 26, LL). (3) “An act giving the consent of this State, to the United States, to purchase a lot of land on the North point of Sandy‑Hook, for the purpose of erecting a Beacon or other needful buildings thereon,” passed by the New Jersey General Assembly on 1 Mch. 1804 (Acts of the Twenty‑Eighth

General Assembly of the State of New‑Jersey, at a Session Begun at Trenton, on Tues‑ day, the Twenty Fifth Day of October, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Three .  .  . Being the Second Sitting [Trenton, 1804], 352‑5). Other enclosures not found. For earlier correspondence regarding the long dispute with Hartshorne over land for a lighthouse at Sandy Hook, see Vol. 42:393‑4; Vol. 46:346‑7.

Notes on Personal Finance Nov. 18051 Richmond bills ✓ mrs R. Freeman for    100. 18. 25. 57

2002 325

Richmd. draughts Higginbot. Gibs. & Jeff. Balt. Geo. Pryce & co. Geo. Hoffman Killer & Foreman Purviance Alexa Hooe checks ✓ Lemaire

200 500 700 100 100 216.67 416.67   2    418.67 73.83

400  648 

15 NOVEMBER 1805

✓ Daugherty 100. Andrews 174.18 Boyd. 20. Nourse 50 744.18 325. 700. 416.67 73.83 2259.68 Bank US. Lemaire Daugherty mrs R. & Th:J. Gibs. & Jeff.

Hooe 73.833 750 181.93 Nourse 50. 2051.93 1198.235 20. 2071.93 Barnes Baltimore

D 2000. Nov. 24 Dec. 31 Jan. 5 60

Nov. 6. discounted bk US.

13. do. Columbia

Jan.

255.735 418.67  674.405

8. disct. day in bk US. 12. note of Nov. 13. will be due Columb. 15. will be Columbia disct. day4

MS (CSmH); partially dated; entirely in TJ’s hand.

1250. Nov. 17 Dec. 31 Jan. 12 60

These notes cover transactions TJ made by 15 Nov., when he sent payments to

 649 

15 NOVEMBER 1805 Robert T. hooe & Co. for a wine ship‑ ment and to Michael nourse toward construction of a Presbyterian church in Washington. TJ almost certainly worked on his tallies over a number of sittings, cramming different sets of calculations onto a small sheet of paper and boxing in the tallies associated with payments he made from his accounts at the bank of the United States and the Bank of Columbia. On the reverse side of the sheet, he ar‑ ranged the schedule for the most recent notes discounted at those banks, both of which were to be repaid after 60 days (mb, 2:1166‑8).

 1  Date inserted perpendicularly in margin. 2 TJ first wrote “290” (and made tally below “390”) before altering the numer‑ als to read as shown. 3 TJ canceled an initial tally below this figure. 4 On the opposite end of the sheet, TJ calculated his available funds at the Bank of the United States ($2,062.33) and under the date of 7 Nov. listed the pay‑ ments he made out of that account, also shown above.

From Samuel Smith Sir/ Baltimore 15 Novr. 1805 I was led (by the Secretarys Report to the last Session of Congress) to believe that there was no more Salt Petre than what was Contained in that Report—I find the Report is only for that at the Arsenal in Philadelphia. I had no Recollection of any at any other place,—If that is the whole that we have, It will produce little more than a Million of Gunpowder,—which I Should Consider not a sufficient quantity for War—I had not informed the Owner of the Powder, they knew nothing of my having written, of Course had no expectations— Mr. Levering a Native of Balte. and interested in the Bellona Pow‑ der Mill, has a Chemical Turn of Mind, he has lately made an impor‑ tant discovery, and their Powder is now Superior to the Brittish, or that of any other Works in this Union.—A Sample has been Sent to Capt. Tingey—Powder if originally good, and Stored in a high Dry Situation will keep for 20 Years—but It must be turned Once each Month—In this Way Powder belonging to Maryland was kept at Frederick—and when sold by Colo. Stricker, was (as he informs me) as good as ever It has been—I am Sir, with the most Sincere Respect Your Obedt. Servt. S. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 16 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. secretarys report: see note at Smith to TJ, 5 Nov.

John stricker was navy agent at Bal‑ timore and commanded a regiment of the city’s militia (Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser, 10 Oct. 1801; New York Public Advertiser, 27 Aug. 1807).

 650 

To Thomas Freeman

Washington Nov. 16. 05.

Th: Jefferson asks the favor of mr Freeman, as he will be in the Mathematical shops in Philadelphia to endeavor to procure for him an accurate compass for surveying, with 2. pair of sights moving concentrically, an outer graduated circle with a Nonius to take angles accurately without regard to the needle, with it’s ball & socket & staff. he believes they are called Circumferentors but is not certain. he has seen them made to turn down vertically, so as to take altitudes with a plummet: but this is not material to his object. if mr Freeman finds such a one which he thinks good, if he will be so good as to drop a line mentioning the price & where to be had, Th:J. will immediately remit the price to the person & desire it to be sent on. he salutes mr Freeman with respect. RC (PPAmP: Sol Feinstone Collection of the American Revolution); addressed: “Mr. John Freeman now in Philadelphia” with notation “to the care of mr Patter‑ son.” PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ with “Thos” interlined in place of “John.” En‑ closed in TJ to Robert Patterson of this day.

TJ listed the surveyor’s compass, also known as a circumferentor, as a “common Theodolite or Graphometer” of eight inches diameter in his inventory of “Mathemati‑ cal Apparatus” (MS in MHi). He noted drawing $54 on the Bank of the United States to forward to Freeman for the in‑ strument on 12 Dec. (mb, 2:1170; Stein, Worlds, 360‑1).

To Albert Gallatin Th:J. to mr Gallatin. Nov. 16. 1805 The Jersey law puts the lands on Sandy hook compleatly in our power; and having paid the money, the feesimple is fixed in the US. unconditionally for ever; nor would it be in the power of the Jersey legislature to alter it were they disposed. mr Hartshorne’s conduct has been so sordid as to prove that nothing restrains him from any robbery private or public but the power of the law. he is entitled to no indulgence therefore. but for the sake of peace we may yield some‑ thing. I think it would be wrong to tack his conditions to the fee­ simple of the land for ever. it would be a kind of hereditary trammel unknown to our estates in this country, and which would adhere to this land for ever even should it become private property hereafter. I would therefore limit the existence of the restrictions to 20. or any other number of years you please, and substitute the present instead  651 

16 NOVEMBER 1805

of the reasonable terms therein spoken of, and which is too vague. Affectionate salutations RC (NHi: Gallatin Papers). PoC (DLC). Notation in SJL: “Lt. H. Sandy Hook.”

From Thomas W. Maury Dear Sir Albemarle 16th. Novr. 1805. The confidence you repose in me and your attentions to my interest claim my warmest gratitude. I will endeavour to deserve them. Of the three offices offer’d me, I presume there cannot be much diffi­culty in making a choice. the superior advantages of that at Fort St. Stephens being such, as to entitle it to a decided preference I must therefore beg the favor of you to consider it as my choice, in case it should be necessary to make the appointment immediately. otherwise, it would be an accommodation to me to postpone it untill the 20. or 21. of the month, by which time I shall be in Washington. yr. mo: obt. Tho. W. Maury RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL with notation “to be.” Thomas W. Maury (ca. 1780‑1842) was the grandson of the Reverend James Maury, whose Albemarle County school TJ attended. He was admitted to the Al‑ bemarle County bar in 1800. Maury’s ten‑ ure as receiver at Fort St. Stephens was short-lived, as concern for his health led

him to resign in 1807. He returned to Albe­ marle County, where he oversaw a school, became a justice of the peace, and was elected to two terms in the Virginia House of Delegates. In 1818, he served as secre‑ tary of the commission led by TJ that chose the site for the University of Vir‑ ginia (Woods, Albemarle, 377, 381; Rich‑ mond Enquirer, 8 Mch. 1842; Gallatin, Papers, 14:348; Leonard, General Assem‑ bly, 281, 285; rs, 4:500n; 13:182‑4).

To James Oldham Sir Washington Nov. 16. 05. I inclose you mr Andrews’ reciept for 174 D. 18 c paid him on your account. mr Poype having obtained from mr Montgolfier the inven‑ tor of the Hydraulic ram permission to use his patent right to the advantage of mr Poype who has need of it, I do not think myself at liberty to make any communication of it’s construction to his preju‑ dice. on the same ground I have not put to use yet the one he permit‑ ted me to have made from his model. I understood there would be a subscription in Richmond for employing mr Poype in the setting up a number of them, which will give to the city the benefit of the con‑  652 

16 NOVEMBER 1805

struction. I think to use it myself for watering hill sides from the stream at the foot. to what extent they may be adequate to this can be known only from experience. Accept my best wishes. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); at foot of text: “Mr. Old‑ ham”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 15 Nov. Enclosure not found, but see below. mr andrews’ reciept: in his finan­ cial memoranda under 14 Nov., TJ re‑

corded an order for $174.18 drawn on the Bank of the United States for George Andrews (mb, 2:1167; Oldham to TJ, 25 Oct.).

To Robert Patterson Dear Sir Washington Nov. 16. 05 When Capt Lewis’s mission was under contemplation, and it’s principal object the obtaining a correct map of the Missouri, I recom‑ mended to him the making himself thoroughly acquainted with the practice of the Lunar observations for the longitude. but fearful that the loss or derangement of his watch, on which these were to depend, might lose us this great object of his journey, I endeavored to devise some method of ascertaining the longitude by the moon’s motion with‑ out a time piece. I thought that a meridian, always to be had at land, tho’ not at sea, might supply the want of the time piece, and proposed a method of determining by the aid of a meridian. having never been a practical astronomer, and a life far otherwise spent having even ren‑ dered me unfamiliar with the detailed theory of the lunar observations, I suggested my idea to mr Ellicot by Capt. Lewis who was going on to him to take some lessons. however he never communicated to me what he thought of my suggestion. I have since mentioned it to mr Briggs, mr Dunbar & some others, and I am led by them to believe that the calculations would be very complicated & liable to error. mr Freeman told me he had put my paper into your hands, and, as you have taken the trouble to think of it I will ask the favor of your infor‑ mation as to it’s practicability. mr Dunbar promises to send me an‑ other method of attaining the same object without a time piece. mr Moore of this place has proposed one to me which I now inclose for your consideration & opinion the paper to be returned as I retain no copy.1 I persevere in this enquiry because we have a mission now pre‑ paring for the Red river; on which mr Freeman goes, and shall send others up other rivers hereafter. will you be so good as to give the inclosed letter to mr Freeman who was to set out this morning and  653 

16 NOVEMBER 1805

will call on you. Accept my friendly salutations & assurances of great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (CtY); at foot of text: “Mr. Patter‑ son.” PoC (DLC). Enclosures: (1) Joshua J. Moore to TJ, 7 Sep. (2) TJ to Thomas Freeman, 16 Nov. The paper carried by Freeman has not been found. TJ explained his proposed method of using the meridian in letters

to William Lambert in December 1804 and William Dunbar in May 1805 (Vol. 45:224‑5; Vol. 46:444‑5). dunbar promises: see Dunbar to TJ, 8 Oct. 1 Preceding

10 words interlined.

To Philippe Reibelt Sir Washington Nov. 16. 05 Your favors of the 12th. & 14th. came together last night. you have done right in remanding to Richmond the bust &c which I consider as mine on the footing of my letter of the 3d. inst. I return you the inclosed papers with thanks for the communication. I think that ­respecting Zambeecari’s & Andreole’s ascension would be worthy of insertion in the public papers. I thank you for the communication respecting the wines of mr Guestier. of Bourdeaux wine I have a plentiful store. so I have of Champagne of midling quality. still if mr Guestier has any of first quality I would take some boxes. if he should have broken a box, perhaps he could send me a bottle or two by the stage so safely packed as not to break. the quality preferred is what we call the silky or soft, meaning a little sweetish. but very slightly so.1 whether it is mous‑ seux or non‑mousseux is unimportant. the only objection to what I have is that it is entirely dry without any softness. Accept my saluta‑ tions & respects Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr. Reibelt”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures not found (see Reibelt to TJ, 12 Nov.). zambeecari’s & andreole’s ascen­ sion: on 22 Aug. 1804, Italian balloon pioneers Francesco Zambeccari and Pas­

quale Andreoli made an ascension at Bo‑ logna (Timina Caproni Guasti and Achille Bertarelli, Francesco Zambeccari, aeronauta [Bologna 1752‑1812] [Milan, 1931], 37‑48; Trenton Federalist, 26 Nov. 1804). 1 Preceding

 654 

four words interlined.

From John Taggart Sir Philada. Novr. 16th. 1805 Your Esteemed favor of the 9th. Inst I have recd. and according to your Instructions have shipped the Articles wrote for on board the Schooner Jane Captn Pearson, he proposes to sail from here on Tues‑ day next a Bill you will find enclosed—I shall think myself Honored in complying with any Orders you may please to send me— Your Obt. Servt John Taggart RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thos. Jefferson President of the UStates”; endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

From Benjamin Smith Barton Sir, Philadelphia, 17th of november, 1805. In the month of June, last, I did myself the honor to forward for your perusal, Mr. Pearson’s printed paper on a peculiar manure. If the paper be at Washington, I shall esteem it a favor if you will send it, under cover, to my Brother, Richard P. Barton, who resides near Winchester, in Virginia. He is a good farmer, and anxious to see the paper. Or, if more agreeable to you, it may be returned to me, in Philadelphia. I have seen, but have not yet had time to examine with sufficient at‑ tention, the animal collection of Capt. Lewis. The bird is, unques‑ tionably, Corvus Pica, which I find inhabits Hudson’s‑Bay. I take the Marmot to be the Arctomys Citillus, common in the north of Asia, & even known, before, to be a native of our western coast. I long to see the large horns of a species of Sheep. I doubt not, this will prove to be the Taye of California, described and figured by Venegas, in 1757. With great respect, I remain, Sir, Your very obedient and humble servant, &c., B. S. Barton RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. pearson’s printed paper: probably George Pearson, “On the Use of Green Vitriol, or Sulphate of Iron, as a Manure; and on the Efficacy of paring and burn‑ ing depending partly on Oxide of Iron” (Philosophical Magazine, 21 [1805], 52‑62).

The Jesuit historian Miguel venegas, in his account of Baja California, de‑ scribed and depicted the tayè, an animal whose name was attributed to the Mon‑ qui people (Miguel Venegas, Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente, 3 vols. [Madrid, 1757], 1:43).

 655 

From Thomas Branagan Dear Sir Philadelphia Nov. 17: 1805 I take the liberty to Send you a Copy of Avenia, and I am truly sorry, for your Sake, that it is so inacurate: but such as it is I send to you, well convinced that You will be naturally inclined to make al‑ lowances for local imperfections. I was was really astonished at your Condiscention in answering my Letter to you, Per Dr. Logan my gratitude for the Same I Can scarce find Words sufficiently sonorous to express any‑thing like adulation I despise. Yet I would refer You to my “notes Explanatory & missaleneous” Page 331 for my senti‑ ments, respecting yourself All I can at present Say is to ardently wish and pray for your real happiness Spiriritual & Temporall & refer you to a sentiment of Christ, full of Matter to Wit What does it profit a man to gain the Whole World and lose his own Soul I never expect to see you in this world but will undoubtedly See You in the resurcec‑ tion & I hope to see you there happy etternally happy Adieu my dear Sir and that you may act officially and sperutually as you would wish You had done when you Come to die is the Sincere wish & prayr of  your humbel ob Servant with Veneration admiration esteem & ­Respect Thos Branagan NB though few performances but What is of english manufactory are in any respect encoureged hire I am happy to inform you that my Works have met with much encouragement in consequence of Which I have met with some‑essential friend amongst Which our Governer Bloomfield of Trenton near which I am to remove next Wednesday to keep a small school you can direct any Comunicatons You think proper to him for me I will be glad to have an oppertunity to prove my esteem for you in deeds as well as words RC (DLC); address page clipped; ad‑ dressed: “[.  .  .]as Jefferson [.  .  .]dent of the United States Washington”; endorsed by TJ as received 2 Dec. and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Thomas Branagan, Avenia: or, A Tragical Poem, on the Op‑ pression of the Human Species, and In‑ fringement on the Rights of Man (Phila‑ delphia, 1805); Sowerby, No. 4515. my letter to you: Branagan to TJ, 7 May. TJ requested that George logan in‑ tercede on his behalf by answering Brana‑ gan in person; see TJ to Logan, 11 May. my sentiments: Branagan, in anno‑ tation to a passage on Napoleon wrote,

“While I feel the most implacable indig‑ nation and disgust at the despot, who robs his country and fellow men of their dear‑ est rights and natural privileges, I can scarcely avoid almost idolizing the patriot, who, regardless of the solicitations of am‑ bition, who, deaf to the calls of interested motives, who, dead to the fascinating love of popularity, and the excitements of power and opportunity to aggrandize himself, walks in the paths of political rectitude and republican consistency, and who, with a philosophical patience, scarcely to be equalled and never exceeded, in ancient or modern times, treats with silent con‑ tempt the accumulated calumnies of the

 656 

17 NOVEMBER 1805 votaries of aristocracy and despotism; indeed, I do not know which to admire most, the political or the philosophical rectitude of Mr. Jefferson; with respect to the first, I would compare him to a Cincinnatus, and to the second, to the lion,

looking back with sovereign contempt on the baying of the stupid ass mentioned in the fable” (Branagan, Avenia, 331‑2). what does it profit a man: Mark 8:36.

From Joseph Crockett Sir State of Kentucky Lexington Novr the 17th 1805 My last appointment as Marshal will expire on the 26th of January next. During my service in that Office, I have never heard of any complaint from the Judge, or any of the Attornies, who practise in that court (or in short from any of the litigants or those who transact business in the district of Kentucky.) The granting of one favour is generally the forerunner of asking a second. I have some business of course not finished, My self and deputies are well acquainted with the suiters in general, and where they live. If you think proper Sir, to renew my appointment during this session of Congress, I hope and trust I will continue to do my duty in that office with fidelity and promptness. I have the Honor Sir to be respectfully your Most Obedt. and very Hble. servt. Joseph Crockett RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Dec. and “to be contd. Marshal” and so recorded in SJL but as re‑ ceived 6 Dec.

From Philip Mazzei

17 9bre, 1805.

Al mio ritorno da Volterra sente che il bastimento ——; sul quale deveno imbarcarsi gli Scultori, e che porterà la cassa dei fruttini e barbatelle; non partirà fino a domanlaltro; sicchè domani andrò a Livorno per rivedergli prima che partano. Questa dilazione mi da luogo di spiegarmi relativamente al supposto sbaglio nella risposta di Mr. Thorwaldsen, indicato nella mia del 4 corrente da Volterra. Per dimostrar la ragione del mio dubbio, ne trascrivo il passo della sua lettera: “Avendo fatto i miei scandagli, ò fissato il prezzo a z 5000, dividendolo in 4 rate, cioè la prima quando io principio il Modello da formarsi in gesso della totale grandezza, la seconda quando si prin‑ cipia a lavorare il marmo, la terza quando è abbozzato, e la quarta  657 

17 NOVEMBER 1805

quando sarà pienamente terminato il lavoro. Di più, perchè è tanto difficile di trovare un marmo di una tanta grandezza che sia sincero, desidero che se mi costasse più di z 1000, di esserne compensato, perchè il marmo non à prezzo fisso, come anche il trasporto, onde La prego di far riflettere a questa mia giusta domanda.” Se avesse detto 5000 zecchini, avrei creduto la sua chiesta molto discreta, e così pensano gli Amici coi quali ne ò parlato, e che ànno in tali cose più esperienza e cognizioni che non ò io; ma siccome la marca z denota scudi romani, e lo scudo è la metà dello zecchino, sup‑ ponghiamo tutti che abbia preso sbaglio; considerando poi che la sua modestia eccede, conforme avrà veduto nella mia lettera che Le in‑ clusi  Mr. Latrobe, ove parlo del successo tra lui e Hope riguardo alla Statua di Giasone, gli ò risposto come segue, per venire in chiaro di quel che à inteso di dire, senza manifestare il mio sospetto. [Ed in] fine ò scritto con lettere gli scudi in vece di farne la marca. “Il prezzo di scudi cinquemila, che Ella richiede per la consaputa Statua, mi pare molto moderato, e altrettanto ragionevole la domanda, che Le sia bonificato il di più di mille scudi che fosse obbligato a pagare per il costo e trasporto del marmo. Non dubito che il tutto sarà con piacere approvato dai miei Committenti.” Se nella risposta non fa obiezione alla parola scudi, sarà evidente che non vi è stato sbaglio, e io me ne sarò assicurato in maniera da non correre rischio di progiu‑ dicare al nostro interesse. In qualsisia caso io son di parere, chè dovreb‑ besene dar la commissione senza perder tempo, stante che si richie‑ dono degli anni  esaurirla, Canova non la farebbe  meno di 5000 lire sterline, quando ancora potesse far la, e son persuaso che se la facissero ambedue, quella di Thorwalsen prevarrebbe. Oltre di ciò, Canova non è sempre uguale, del che se ne ànno varie prove una di queste molto significante si vede nel suo monumento di Papa Rezzo‑ nico in S. Pietro col Genio a sinistra in figura di giovanetto, e la Fedè a destra in figura di donna. Il Papa e il Genio son due bellissimo statue; la Fedè poi è una donnaccia maschile, non solo brutta, ma orrida con aria tetra e minacciante. Non si può neppur supporre all’Artefice la filosofica intenzione di rappresenterla secondo il merito, essendo egli un bacchettone di prima classe. La prego di comunicar tutto questo a Mr. Latrobe, poichè mi mancha il tempo di tradurlo in inglese in modo che sia intelligibile. Mi pervenne a Volterra una lettera di Mr. Appleton, nella quale m’informava d’un malinteso tra il nostro Commodore e il Govr. di Livorno, che gli causava molta inquietudine. Io affrettai il mio ritorno per vedere se potevo essere di qualche utilità. Ora ne ricevo un’altra, nella quale mi dice: “The Commodore wrote to Mr. Mozzi at Florence,  658 

17 NOVEMBER 1805

stating the business, but hitherto the answer has not been received. I have nothing to do in the affair.” Il Senator Mozzi è il primo Ministro di Stato, uomo della mia età, e amico mio fin dalla prima gioventù. Domani vedrò se posso esseri utile. Intanto Le fa sapere, che i nostri Americani fanno un grandissimo e molto vantaggioso commercio á Livorno; che Livorno è un’Emporio dal quale si spandono le loro mercanzie in tutta l’Italia e in varie parti della Germania; che i dis‑ sapori possono produrre degli effetti molto progiudicevoli ad ambele parti; e che, per prevevenirgli, o rimediarvi prima che divengano gravi o irremediabili, è necessario d’averci persona, che abbia l’accesso libero ai Governi, e rivestita di un carattere che esiga rispetto e considerazione. Livorno 18 do. Mi sono informato del Malinteso tra il Com. Rogers e il Governa‑ tore. Per darne la descrizione completa ai vuol tanto tempo a scri­ verla, che non mi è possibile di mandarla col Traveller Capn. Kiddall; La manderò per altro colla prima opportunità dopo questa, perchè credo che Ella non debba ignorarla. Frattanto La prevengo (con mio grand dispiacere) che il nostro bravo Commodore, meritevolissimo per la sua professione, è troppo ardente, e non à in questo neppur un’atomo di ragione. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n



17 Nov. 1805 Upon my return from Volterra, I hear that the ship —— on which the sculptors are to embark and that will deliver the box with the fruit plants and vine shoots will not set sail until the day after tomorrow. For this reason, I will go to Leghorn tomorrow and see them before they leave. Thanks to this delay, I have an opportunity to explain what I meant when I mentioned a pos‑ sible error in Mr. Thorvaldsen’s reply, in my letter of the 4th of this month from Volterra. To show you the cause of my doubt, I transcribe a portion of his letter: “Having completed my inquiries, I have set the price to z5,000, dividing it in four installments. The first should be paid when I begin work‑ ing on the model, to be cast in plaster and to scale; the second, when the work on the block of marble will begin; the third, when the block will have been carved rough; the fourth, when the work will be completed in full. In addition, since a block of marble of such dimensions that is also free from faults is difficult to find, I wish to be compensated for any expense in excess of z1,000. Marble blocks do not come with a fixed price, and the same applies to transportation. I entreat you, thus, to have this reasonable request of mine be considered.” Had he said 5,000 zecchini, I would have deemed his asking price very considerate; and the friends with whom I have spoken about it, and who have certainly a higher degree of expertise and more information in these matters than I, think the same. However, since the sign z indicates scudi romani, and

 659 

17 NOVEMBER 1805 the scudo is half of the zecchino, we all suppose that he has made a mistake. In consideration of his exceedingly modest attitude, which you may have seen in the letter I attached for Mr. Latrobe, where I speak of his dealings with Hope regarding the statue of Jason, I replied to him in the following manner, so that I may have from him a clarification of what he means to say without manifesting him my suspicion. Thus, I have written out in letters the word scudi instead of using the sign: “The price of 5,000 scudi that you ask for the statue in question appears very moderate; similarly reasonable is the request that you should be reim‑ bursed for any expenditure in excess of 1,000 scudi that you may be forced to pay for acquiring and transporting the marble block. I have no doubt that all of this will be agreeably approved by my patrons.” If he does not object to the word scudi in his reply, it will be clear that he made no mistake, and I will have established that without running the risk of endangering our interest. At any rate, I am of the opinion that we should not waste any time in issuing the commission to him, since years will be needed to actually carry it out. Canova would not carry it out for less than 5,000 pounds sterling, provided he would be able to do it. Furthermore, I am sure that, were they both to carry out the work, Thorvaldsen’s sculpture would be better. Add to it that Canova is rather uneven in his performance. One may find several instances of it, one of which, highly indicative, is his monument for Pope Rezzonico in St. Peter’s, with the statue of Genius on the left, portrayed as a young boy, and that of Faith on the right, portrayed as a woman. While the Pope and the Genius are two beautiful sculptures, the one representing Faith is a humble and masculine‑looking figure of a woman, which is not only ugly but also bears a somber and menacing air. And it is not the case that the artist had decided to represent Faith according to its truth, since he is a first‑class zealot. Please inform Mr. Latrobe of all of the above, since I do not have time to translate it all into English, so that it may be intelligible to him. I found a letter from Mr. Appleton in Volterra, in which he informed me of a misunderstanding between our commodore and the governor of Leg‑ horn, which was worrying him quite a lot. I hastened back to see if I could be of any help. I have now received another letter in which he says: “The Com‑ modore wrote to Mr. Mozzi at Florence, stating the business, but hitherto the answer has not been received. I have nothing to do in the affair.” Senator Mozzi is the state prime minister, a man my age and a friend of mine since our youth. Tomorrow I shall see if I may make myself useful. In the mean‑ while, I let you know that our American compatriots are running a vast and profitable network of affairs in Leghorn; that the city is a commercial hub from which their goods travel to all parts of Italy and reach some areas of Germany; that any dissention may yield negative results, affecting all parties; and that, in order to prevent them or to mitigate them before they become too serious or even beyond remedy, it is necessary to have a person there who may have free access to the governments and be invested with such an authority that would demand respect and attention. Leghorn, 18th of the same month. I have gathered all information relevant to the misunderstanding between Commodore Rogers and the governor. To give a full description of it in writ‑ ing would take so much time that I am not able to send it to you via the Traveller of Captain Kiddall. I will send it out via a different vessel at the first

 660 

18 NOVEMBER 1805 opportunity after this one. I believe you should not remain in the dark about it. In the meanwhile let me anticipate that I find (to my great dismay) that our good commodore, who is highly deserving in his profession, is too hot‑ headed and, in this circumstance, he has not one single particle of right. Dft (Archivio Filippo Mazzei, Pisa, Italy). Recorded in SJL as letters of 17 Nov. from Pisa and 18 Nov. from Leg‑ horn received 1 Feb. 1806. mia lettera che le inclusi  mr. latrobe: for Mazzei’s letter to Benja‑ min H. Latrobe, see Enclosure No. 1 de‑ scribed at Mazzei to TJ, 12 Sep. monumento di papa rezzonico: from 1783 to 1792, Antonio Canova sculpted the tomb of Pope Clement XIII Rezzo‑ nico for St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. The

marble monument displays the pope kneel‑ ing in prayer and his sarcophagus flanked by statues of standing Religion and a re‑ clining Genius as well as two crouching lions at the base (Fred Licht and David Finn, Canova [New York, 1983], 60). malinteso tra il nostro commo­ dore e il govr. di livorno: for the mis‑ understanding between John Rodgers and Jacopo de Lavillette, see Mazzei to TJ, 7 Dec. 1805. Giulio mozzi was the minis‑ ter for foreign relations for María Luisa, Queen of Etruria (ndbw, 6:303).

From Thomas Appleton Sir Leghorn 18th. Novr. 1805 On board of the ship Traveller Captn. Kidall bound for Baltimore, I have put a Case of plants which are sent to you by Mr Mazzei, and is address’d to the care of Mr. Purviance collector for that port.—By the same I have obtain’d passages for the two Sculpters procur’d at Rome, and for whom I have requested Mr Purviance to give the necessary facilities for their conveyance to Washington.— I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your devoted ­Servant Th: Appleton RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 Feb. 1806 and so recorded in SJL; no‑ tation by TJ: “05. Feb. 25. Mar. 16. a 22. b. May 1. c July 6. Aug. 8. d. Sep. 28. Nov. 18. e” and

“a. vine cuttings—strawberry plants b.  Bellini’s sisters. Fabbroni’s book & letter c. Montepulciano. 473.6. d. Antonio e.  box plants. sculptors.” FC (Lb in DNA: RG 84, CR, Leghorn).

From “B. C.” Sir Philadelphia 18th. Nov. 1805 It gives much concern to many of the best men in our Country, (particularly the Old Officers [of] the Revolutionary Army) to find the late Vice President Burr, wandering about [.  .  .] United States without any employment whatever—His Military Services en[.  .  .]  661 

18 NOVEMBER 1805

and his talents eminently qualify him for almost any Appointment w[.  .  .] gift of Government.—I believe it will be allowed by every person acquainted with him & our Ministers in Europe that he is infinitely better qualified than any of them for the Stations they hold: of this however there cannot be a more competent Judge than your Excellency. Was it Such a Crime to kill General Hamilton that he must never be forgiven? Every person (a few hypocritical rascals excepted) say, as an Old Officer he could not have Acted otherwise than he did—He cannot ask employment—but he certainly would be gratified, as would every liberal Man in Our Country, by his receiving some Appointment With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be Yr. Obt. St. B. C. RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR); torn; endorsed by TJ as received from “[An]on.” on 21 Nov. and “Burr Aaron to office.”

From Hugh Holmes Dear Sir Winchester Novr. 18th. 1805 The precious Moments which hasten the commencement of an‑ other Congress and of your preparation of course to Meet it with executive information, induce Me to doubt the propriety of interrupt‑ ing You at this time, with a business entirely unconnected with your Public concerns; however as it will cost Your Mind but a Moments reflection, I will Venture the application Under the hope & belief that you will have the goodness to excuse Me— The Manual, which you did Me the honor to present on My elec‑ tion to the chair of the house of Delegates of Virginia in 1803 so re‑ markable for its perspicuity when the author of the compilation him‑ self speaks contains a quotation from Hats. 169. 170 (to be found in your Manual section 17) which in some degree perplexed Me on a sudden call for a decision on its subject, either because at that Mo‑ ment from the delicacy of the occurrence My Mind did not bear di‑ rectly on the subject and Might really have been obscured or the clause quoted was itself doubtfull from the language employed—Here is the clause—“No person is to use indecent Language, against the proceed‑ ings of the house, no prior determination of which, is to be re­flected on by Any Member, unless he Means to conclude with a Motion to rescind it.” I supposed that reflections on an Act of the preceding Legislature, no Motion being then before the house to rescind the same, were not  662 

18 NOVEMBER 1805

in Order and that such prior determination, was Meant to be secured against reflection, because a case of rescinding a determination of the existing house could not happen inasmuch as another rule “that no decision of the house can again be drawn in question during the same session” forbids such rescinding. But I fear I have Mistaken the con‑ struction and will be very thankfull to be set right by your Opinion on these questions. “Does the authority condemn reflections on de‑ terminations of a prior Legislature, no Motion to repeal or rescind the same being before the house, but collaterally introduced in debate, as being Out of Order?” Or Does it Mean that these reflections to be Out of Order Must be Made on a determination of the same session No Motion to rescind the same being before the house? I should be very Much Mortified if I supposed that to this request any other Motive were asscribed, than the consideration of support‑ ing the dignity of the Virginian Legislature in its deliberations, and protecting by a steady adherance to Rule that characters for Order and decorum in debate for which it has so long and so justly been distinguished. But I have flattered Myself that I hold a substantial se‑ curity against such a consequence, in the confidance that I am truely Your Friend Hh. Holmes RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thos: Jefferson esqe. Prest: U S Washington City”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. you did me the honor: TJ enclosed his manual of parliamentary practice with a letter to Holmes of 22 Dec. 1803 (Vol. 42:151).

Holmes referenced a quotation from John Hatsell, Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons; with Observa‑ tions, 2 vols. (London, 1785; Sowerby, No. 2894), 2:169‑70, which TJ cited in a section on order in debate in his Manual of Parliamentary Practice. For the Use of the Senate of the United States (pw, 374).

From Thomas Main Sir Main’s Nursery Novr. 18th. 1805. Immediately on my return from Richmond—a sense of duty, with sentiments of the most unfeigned thankfulness for your benevolent intention to promote my interest through a benefit to the community, in an employment so congenial to my inclination, induces me to take the liberty to lay before you the result of my journey. It would have given me pleasure to have waited on the President for this purpose, had I not reflected that his time was at this period by far too precious to suffer such intrusion from my humble concerns.  663 

18 NOVEMBER 1805

 Doctor Currie received me with great kindness, and was anxious to favour me with a place, though I found him unhappily afflicted with much grief for the loss of his only child; and he indeed nevertheless, honoured my errand with his whole attention. An obstacle of some magnitude however prevented an agreement, The house which was to be my dwelling stood contiguous, in the same yard, with those of his overseer and labourers, which I found was permanently to be the case. This was a difficulty which I really durst not encounter, fearing that disagreeable collisions might eventually ensue from such an in‑ termixture of authority, which would endanger that happy tranquil‑ lity so dear to the quiet mind; one half of this dreaded evil being ap‑ prehended from a source over which I could have no control rendered it still more insuperable. These sentiments I respectfully submitted to the Doctor; and further added that it would be my anxious care and earnest desire to cultivate a good understanding with him and wished therefore that every thing which might probably produce the seeds of discord should by anticipation be prevented. He allowed the obser‑ vations to be reasonable but could not devise a remedy, as it was out of his power to dispense with the use of that place for the residence of his people. Finding this obstacle not to be overcome, he obligingly offered to introduce me to other landholders, gentlemen of his acquain‑ tance, and to lay the Presidents letter before them, if I would tarry a day or two longer: but as I found I could not with propriety delay my return I was obliged to decline that offer. He then proposed for me to throw my ideas upon paper and write to him in Decr. I promised com‑ pliance and perceiving him very unwell took my leave: he requesting me to give his best respects to the President. Perhaps I ought to de‑ sist at this time from any further attempts to fix an establishment at Richmond. When I write to the Doctor I shall with permission, sub‑ mit my letter to your correction, as it would distress me greatly should I inadvertently dictate any thing that might seem to derogate in the least from the recommendation which you have been pleased to give me. Great part of the country through which I passed, and about Richmond appeared so far as I could observe highly susceptible of the improvement of Hedging and seemed also much to require it. Being treated with the greatest civility by every person with whom I had any intercourse in Virginia it could not fail of making a very fa‑ vourable impression on my mind respecting its inhabitants. I have only to add that your goodness, to me, so much unmerited, shall ever be held in pleasing remembrance; and that with the most affectionate attachment and sincere respect, I am Sir Your grateful humble Servt. Thos. Main  664 

18 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 19 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

 your benevolent intention: see Main’s letter to TJ and TJ’s to James Currie, both 29 Oct.

From Alexander S. Outlaw Georgetown District of Columbia Dear Sir. November 18th 1805 Permit me the liberty of adressing you, on a Subject which I am of an opinion, that no Gentleman who never has had the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with, ever took a liberty of a Similar Nature, Tho. Sir. the princepals which I am induced to address you, are pro‑ duced from many sources, One of which are from the Laws of Neces‑ sity at this period, and from the Information I have had of your Char­ ecter, as a Human Man, veiwing you as I do in your present, exalted and eligible situation in life, I am induced to believe that no address or application made to you, either in your public or private Capacety— ever has been passed by unnoticed, Tho. Sir. the request I have to ask of you, is of a local (description,) or nature So as to be as concise as possible I will in a few sentences disclose to you who I am and should I be granted an interview with you, I will state the particulars of the cause of my being placed in this situation, I am a Native of the State of Tennessee my connections are considered respectable. Mr Ander‑ son who is in the Senate of the Unitited States from that State is a Brotheren law, of mine, who I have heard Speak of you and Informed me he was intimately acquainted with you. It is not my intentions Mr Jefferson to exact favor from you, or to be initiated into your favor’s from the Respectability of any of my Relations, my veiw Sir. is to acquaint you, who I am, and that after I had the pleasure of seeing you at your House you then could Judge, weathir you could be safe in bestowing me the pecuniary aid I wish or not. which Sum amounts to $:120. or 130 Dollars, which Sir If you pardon the Liberty I have taken, and feel a disposition to befriend [a] Man in distress You will please inf[orm] me by a Note, stating the time I shall wait on you at your House, which Sir, you may rely as soon as I return to Tennessee, Via of Richmond I shall ever acknowledged the favor, and the duty of transmitting you the money by post. accept Sir. of the Sincere Wishes of Alexander S. Outlaw I shall barely add I have no acquaintances in this part of the world which has reduced me to this dilema, and Knowing of no Gentleman,  665 

18 NOVEMBER 1805

whoes funds could with the same propriety afford, me relief equiva‑ lent with yours RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); torn; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Alexander S. Outlaw was the son of Tennessee lawyer and politician Alexan‑ der Outlaw. Outlaw served as a Jefferson County circuit court clerk from 1810 to 1825 and rose to major in the militia (Rob‑

ert M. McBride and Dan M. Robinson, Biographical Directory of the Tennessee General Assembly, 7 vols. [Nashville, 1975‑2016], 1:562‑3; History of Tennes‑ see from the Earliest Time to the Present [Chicago, 1887; repr. Nashville, 1972], 863; Nashville Examiner, 13 Oct. 1813; Daily National Intelligencer, 28 Oct. 1814).

From Robert Smith Sir, Monday Morning—[18 Nov. 1805] Mr Gallatin has abandoned the idea of desiring the collectors to deposit in the hands of the Navy agents monies to be applied to the payment of the crews of the expected frigates—and has recommended the mode stated in the return letter addressed to him. This form has, I understand, been pursued in similar cases— It is necessary that the enclosed letter from me to mr Gallatin be sent to his Office early this morning— Respectfully Rt Smith RC (DLC); partially dated; at foot of text: “The President”; endorsed by TJ as a letter written and received 18 Nov. 1805 and “deficit for Navy” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Smith to Gallatin, 18 Nov., stating that the Navy Department has expenses over its current budget that total $312,370 while only $82,000 re‑

mains of the navy’s appropriation; that he requires an additional $170,000 to cover the salaries of the officers and crews of the  Congress, the Constellation, and the John Adams; and that “I am charged by the President to request” a $100,000 loan from the Bank of the United States (RC in Gallatin, Papers, 11:750).

From Robert Smith Sir, Monday morning [18 Nov. 1805] A Bill drawn by Wm Higgins on me for $.212 has been this mo‑ ment presented to me for payment.—This bill is, I suspect, on your account: I have accordingly referred the holder to you. If it should not be on your account, you will be pleased to let the holder return to me. Respecty. Rt Smith  666 

18 NOVEMBER 1805  RC (MoSHi: Jefferson Papers); par‑ tially dated; endorsed by TJ as a letter written and received on 18 Nov. 1805 and so recorded in SJL; also endorsed by TJ: “Higgins’s bill for 212. D. for wine.”

 your account: on 5 Dec., TJ re‑ corded in his financial memoranda that John Barnes had paid $212 to Nicklin & Griffith “in discharge of my acceptance of William Higgens’ bill on Rob. Smith for 2. pipes of Marsalla wine” (mb, 2:1168). See also TJ to Higgins, 5 May 1805.

From Philip Turner Thos. Jefferson Esqr. New York President of the united States 18th. Novr. 1805 Sir, where ever I have erred in manner and form of address, I hope to be pardoned, your unbounded information and Justice will not forsake me in the hour of decision with congress on my claims for settlement, your acquaintance with our national affairs from the be‑ ginning to the present period will recollect every thing I have wrote on the subject of my concerns, were the individuals of that honorable body (congress) to take my situation to themselves, and do as they would be done by, I should soon be paid, I served them as a satisfac‑ tory officer from the beginning of our late war with great Britain to the end, attending their sick and wounded brewing my hands in cor‑ ruption and blood, at the first action of Bunker‑hill, the wounded of the squadron of commodore Hopkins in the action with a British frig‑ ate in Block‑Island sound, bro’t into New London and attended there, at New York in our retreat from thence, Harlem, white plains, up and down the north river, at the storm of fort mongomery, the burning of Danbury, Fairfield, Norwalk, New London, Groton, and monmouth New Jersey, all these places I were at, and every where else, my as‑ sistance was solicited and courted, always ready to serve them, at all seasons of the year, marching for 30, or 40, miles of a cold winters night to attack fort independence, suffering for a number of days be‑ yond measure, with cold and hunger, all these things I went through, the fatigues of the whole war, unpaid, barr’d by the act of limitation, which I pray heaven to abolish or make provision that the resolutions of congress in my favor may be fulfiled and honoured, let the act of limitation be ever so necessary and useful, there may be cases so cir‑ cumstanced when the act ought in truth and Justice to be dispensed with, my claims ought to be considered in a very different light from anything congress had in view, at the time the act in barr was made, they were substantiated by the resolutions of congress and ordered to  667 

18 NOVEMBER 1805

be paid unconditioned, years before the act in barr was created, the paying my claims so circumstanced, cannot effect the act in barr, there was not a surgeon in service more generally called upon in all cases, or that did one half the duty, during the war, an active practical art, discharged faithfully, here I have (in myself) a satisfaction; God pre‑ serve and continue you to the establishment of a government that shall never cease, immortalized with a consciousness of identity and eter‑ nal happiness, parent & friend of the universe, remember and pity me (the unfortunate) not a fault of mine, why it was not settled in the time of it, but a fault in office, meritoriously intitled to every thing that I claim, the fulfiling of the resolutions of congress in my favor, as others of the same rank and standing, friend of the world pray do not let my application pass another session, I have no where else to go, but to the all wise executive, the president of the united States, who will see Justice done to the injured, can you say to congress that there appears an unsettled claim of Dr. Turner’s embarrased by the Act of limitation which ought to be paid, no sooner said then done, If after all this I fail in so Just a cause; I rather bid the world adieu, can I be of any use to come to congress myself,— I am the Presidents affectionate friend and Humble Servt P. Turner RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson president of the united states”; en‑ dorsed by TJ as received 22 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

Expenditures for Land Cessions 1805. July 14.

[on or after 19 Nov. 1805]

Wiandots, Ottawas, Chippawas, Munsees, Delawares, Shawanees, Putawatamas. all the country between the Connecticut reserve & the Northern boundy. establishd by the treaty of Greenville containg. abt. 1,200,000. as. for an annuity of 825. D. = 13,750. = 1 ct. per ae. Aug. 21.  Delawares, Putawatamies, Miamis, Eel rivers & Weaus. (at Grouseland) [from the mouth of the Kentucky to the Rapids.) about 2,000,000. as. 1100. D. annuity permanent 500. D. do. for 10. years 4000. D. paid down  668 

19 NOVEMBER 1805

July 23.

Oct. 25 Nov. 14

Chickasaws. north of Tennissee1 between the 2. distr. of Tenissee. 3,000,000 acres 22,000. D. cash 100. D. annuity to Chinubbee for life 1000. D. annuity is recommended as a gratuity Cherokees. abt 3,500,000, or 3¾ Mil. as. 14000. pd. down or in 3. mo. 3000. annuity Creeks ⎫ 12,000 a year for 8. y. ⎪ 132,832. pd 11,000 a year for 10. y. ⎬⎪ = down ⎭ after

MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 155:27111); undated; entirely in TJ’s hand, including bracket. For the treaty signed on 4 July with the Wyandots (wiandots) and other na‑ tions, see Dearborn to TJ, 29 July. The $825 annuity was intended to be perpet‑ ual, so TJ’s calculation for the total cost, which would have required only 17 in‑ stallments, likely indicates the creation of an interest‑bearing fund for fulfilling the

U.S. obligation (U.S. Statutes at Large, 7:88). For the treaty signed at grouse­ land, see William Henry Harrison to TJ, 29 Aug. For negotiations with the chick­ asaws, see Dearborn to TJ, 25 Mch. TJ sent all the treaties to the Senate for ratification in his message of 11 Dec. The administration received the treaty with the cherokees on 19 Nov. (DNA: RG 107, RLRMS). 1 Preceding

three words interlined.

From William Heath Sir Roxbury November 19th. 1805 The Hon Mr. Seaver, representative to Congress from this district, sitting out for the seat of Government tomorrow morning, I cannot omit so favorable an opportunity to do myself the honor of addressing a few lines to you, dictated by the purest friendship, and profound respect,—hoping that you continue to enjoy confirmed health of body, for a sound mind; in a sound body, are fortunate indeed, for those who are called deeply to investigate, and decide, on momentous questions, intricate in their nature, and effect, and of high national importance, and such I think fall to your lot, at the present moment,—neutral Na‑ tions who fall within the vortex of belligerent Powers, will ever find themselves, more, or less embarrassed in their commercial business,— although by becoming general carriers, they may enjoy particular advantages,—The United States have for some time evidently been  669 

19 NOVEMBER 1805

one of the most prosperous nations in the world, their trade, and en‑ terprise, seem to be without limits,—and although our Political atmo‑ sphere, at this moment is a little hazy, the body of the Citizens appear to possess full confidence, that the wisdom of our Government, will adopt, and pursue, those measures, which will, on the one hand pre‑ vent our Country being embroiled in war, and on the other, a shade being cast on our national honor, or rights,—wishing you Divine aid, and a successful discharge of the duties which fall to your share. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect Sir your most humble Servant W Heath RC (DLC); at foot of text: “President Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Nov. and so recorded in SJL.

From Thomas Munroe Tuesday Eveng [19 Nov. 1805] T Munroe presents his respects and begs leave to ask whether the President has any objection to the removal of the stile, at the west side of the fence, from its present situation to one a little to the south so as to avoid the danger of falling into the holes which the Brick makers dug before it was observed by T.M In wet weather the walking is so bad between the Prests Ho. and War Office that T.M. thinks a rough foot way would be a convenience to the heads of Departments & others who have frequent occasions to wait on the President; and if he has no objection TM will have one made before the meeting of Congress—The expense would be quite trifling, and if approved rough blue stone might be laid along to serve for the winter, as there will be enough left near the place that may be taken up and put to any other use in the spring. RC (DLC); partially dated; addressed “President”; endorsed by TJ as a letter writ‑ ten and received on 19 Nov. 1805 and so recorded in SJL.

Notes on a Cabinet Meeting Nov. 19. present the same. since our last meeting we have recd a letter from Genl. Armstrong containing Taleyrand’s propositions, which are equivalent to ours nearly except as to the sum, he requiring 7. M. D. he advises that we alarm the fears of Spain by a vigorous language & conduct, in order to induce her to join us in appealing  670 

19 NOVEMBER 1805

to the interference of the Emperor. we now agree to modify our proposns so as to accomodate them to his as much as possible. we agree to pay 5. Mil. D. for the Floridas as soon as the treaty is rati­ fied by Spain, a vote of credit obtd. from Congress, & orders delivd us for the surrender of the country. we agree to his proposn that the Colorado shall be our Western boundary, & a belt of 30. leagues on each side of it be kept unsettled. we agree that joint Commrs. shall settle all spolians, & to take paimt. from Spain by bills on her colonies. we agree to say nothing about the French spolians in Span. ports, which broke off the former conventn. we propose to pay the 5. Mills. after a simple vote of credit, by stock redeemable in 3. years, within which time we can pay it.  We agree to orders to the commandg officer at Natchitoches to patrole the country on this side the Sabine & all the red river as being in our possn except the settlemt. of Bayou Pierre which he is not to disturb unless they aggress. he is to protect our citizens & repel all invasions of the preceding country by Span. souldiers, to take all offenders without shedding blood unless his orders cannot otherwise be excuted. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 131:22677); entirely in TJ’s hand; follows, on same sheet, Notes on a Cabinet Meeting of 12 Nov. present the same: that is, the four department heads, as at the 12 Nov. meeting. In a letter of 10 Sep. to Madison, John armstrong discussed conversations he held with an emissary of Talleyrand con‑ veying the terms by which France might be induced to mediate an agreement be‑ tween Spain and the United States. Arm‑ strong enclosed two documents, the first being a translation of an informal pro‑ posal, the original of which had been in Talleyrand’s hand, and the second being notes of a follow‑up conversation held with the emissary, whom Armstrong identified as “M.” According to the proposal, settle‑ ment of outstanding issues with Spain as well as acquisition of both Floridas would entail a guarantee of trading privileges for France and Spain in the acquired ter‑ ritories, a western boundary set at the Colorado River with a permanent ban on settlement within 30 leagues of that river,

Spanish spoliations debts paid by bills on the Spanish colonies, and a $10 million payment by the United States to Spain. During a conversation held on 4 Sep., Armstrong informed “M” that the pro‑ posed terms sacrificed three of the four points of controversy between the United States and Spain and determined the fourth in a manner mostly to Spain’s benefit. “M” responded by outlining the advan‑ tages of consolidating such a wide expanse of territory and removing all doubts as to  boundaries “amicably & honorably— without disturbing for a moment the tranquility of your people.” After Arm‑ strong argued that France could have no legitimate complaint about the use of force to fulfill U.S. territorial and financial claims against Spain, “M” suggested that Arm‑ strong’s real objection must be to the pro‑ posed payment of $10 million. Lowering the figure to $7 million would enable the payment of spoliations claims and leave $4 million more for Spain. Armstrong would, however, “say nothing on the subject of money” (DNA: RG 59, DD, France; Mad‑ ison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:313‑14).

 671 

Orders to Commanding Officer at Natchitoches [19 or 20 Nov. 1805] Orders to the Commanding officer at Natchitoches. To propose to Commdt. Nacogdoches to restrain aggressions, if not1 That he be on the alert for the protection of our citizens pursuing their lawful concerns Westward of the Misipi. that he send patroles through the country Eastward of the Sabine river all of which he is to consider as within our actual possession2 from time to time, & especially when armed men not under the authority of the US. have entered, or are about to enter3 or when it it is necessary to protect the persons or property of our citizens: but that his patroles are not to enter the country westward of that river4 but when it is necessary to repel an invasion, to pursue & arrest the invaders or to protect the person or property of citizens or of those under our protection. that aggressors are to be arrested if possible, & the spilling of blood be avoided but when his orders cannot otherwise be executed. that prisoners arrested if Spanish sub‑ jects5 may be delivered to the Commanding officer at Nacogdoches or punished by the civil authority6 or dealt with as shall be advised by the Govr. of Orleans, as the circumstances of the case shall ren‑ der most adviseable in his judgment. that in patrolling in the part about Bayou Pierre, he is not to disturb or enter into that settle‑ ment unless an aggression makes it necessary7 MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 153:26800‑a); undated, but see Notes on a Cabinet Meet‑ ing, 19 Nov.; entirely in TJ’s hand; on same sheet as Notes on Reports from John Sibley, [on or before 19 Nov. 1805]. Dearborn communicated TJ’s orders to the Natchitoches commandant in a let‑ ter of 20 Nov. (Terr. Papers, 9:534‑5; TJ to Dearborn, 20 Nov.). 1 Text from “To propose” to this point interlined. 2 TJ first wrote “through the country considered as within our possession” be‑ fore altering the passage to read as above. 3 TJ first wrote “have entered the same, or are about to enter the same.”

4  Preceding four words interlined in place of “within our possession.” 5 Preceding three words interlined. 6 Preceding six words interlined. 7 Sentence interlined in place of “that we consider as in our actual possession only as far as the Sabine river. we consider the Redriver and all it’s waters as in our pos‑ session, notwithstanding the small set‑ tlements of Bayou Pierre & Campti have been hitherto suffered to remain under their former officers. but in patrolling in this quarter his patrole is not to enter the settlement unless an aggression makes it necessary.”

 672 

Proposal for a Treaty with Spain [on or after 19 Nov. 1805] 1. Spain shall cede & confirm to the US. of A. East & West Florida, with1 the islands & waters thereon depending, & shall deliver pos‑ session thereof 2 on the ratification by her of this treaty. 2. The US. shall pay to Spain in the city of   within   after this treaty shall have been ratified on her part five millions of dollars.3 3. Spain & France shall have the same privileges respecting trade & to the same period of time in the Floridas as in Louisiana.4 4. The boundary between the territories of the US. called Orleans & Louisiana on the one side, & the dominions of Spain on the other5 shall be the river {Guadaloupe if to be obtained Colorado, if not}6 from it’s mouth to it’s main7 source, thence due North to the high‑ lands inclosing the waters which run directly or indirectly into the Misipi or Missouri rivers, & along those highlands as far as they border on the Spanish dominions. 5. The country between the Western boundary of the sd territories of Orleans & Louisiana on the one side and the {Rio Bravo & East‑ ern branch thereof Rio Colorado} & from it’s main source8 by the shortest course9 to the highlands beforementioned as the sd West‑ ern boundary shall remain unsettled for 30.10 years from the date of this treaty. 6. Spain shall pay to the US. in the city of Washington on or before the last day of Dec. 1807. four millions of Dollars, as an indem­ nification & acquittance11 for all spoliations committed under her flag on the citizens of the US. prior to the 1st. day of Nov. 1805. with interest thereon from the date of this treaty12 & for the faithful performance thereof she hypothecates to the US. the country de‑ scribed in the 5th. Article 7. The US. in the mean time undertake to advance13 to their citizens the annual14 interest on their respective claims for such spoliations15 to be settled by authority of the US. & in the event of a failure by Spain to pay the sd 4. Mills. of D. & interest as before stipulated the16 country described in the 5th. Article shall stand ipso facto vested in the US. who shall be thereupon answerable17 to their citi‑ zens, for their just demands as settled, by the 7th. article18 and all interest past & to come, so that Spain by the for­fieture of the sd country shall stand liberated from all demands of principal or in‑ terest19 past or to come for the sd spoliations: but the US. shall  673 

19 NOVEMBER 1805

permit no settlement within the sd country for the term of 30. years beforementioned. MS (DLC: Rives Papers); undated; en‑ tirely in TJ’s hand. Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 154:26862); entirely in TJ’s hand; sig­ nificant alterations noted below; on verso of sheet endorsed in unidentified hand: “John Barnes. 14 Nov 1805.” TJ likely began drafting this projet for a treaty with Spain in the days follow‑ ing the cabinet meeting held on 12 Nov. The alterations reflected in the subsequent version, such as the addition of the third article, reflect changes coming out of the cabinet meeting held on 19 Nov. Doubts about the efficacy of negotiating a treaty with Spain without congressional autho‑ rization for the necessary funds encour‑ aged the administration to shelve the pro‑ posed treaty and pursue a different strategy. Before the end of the month, TJ turned his attention to drafting resolutions on relations with Spain to be presented to Congress. An appropriation of $2 million intended for negotiations with Spain did pass Congress, but the instructions that the administration sent to its appointed negotiators, John Armstrong and James Bowdoin, bore little resemblance to TJ’s proposed treaty (Malone, Jefferson, 5:62‑4, 74‑7, 91‑3; Madison, Papers, Sec. of State Ser., 10:313‑14; 11:378‑85; Document ii at Resolutions for Congress on Relations with Spain at 4 Dec. 1805; Statement from Albert Gallatin, with Jefferson’s Note, 4 Apr. 1806). 1 In

Dft TJ here canceled “all.”

2 In Dft, preceding ampersands and seven

words interlined along with “immedly.” in place of “thereto appertaining & which they recieved with the same.”

3 In Dft TJ first wrote “The US. shall pay to Spain in the city of Madrid on ­delivery of possn 5. M. D. within   months after signing” be‑ fore replacing the last word with “the treaty shall have been ratified by Spain.” 4 Article 3 interlined in Dft. 5  Preceding 11 words and ampersand interlined in Dft. 6  In Dft TJ first wrote and arranged the text after “river” as it appears here, with braces. He then canceled “Guada­ loupe if to be obtd” and “if not” to leave “Colorado.” 7  Word lacking in Dft. 8  In Dft TJ first wrote “Western bound‑ ary of Orleans & Louisa. & the Rio Bravo & Eastern or Saltriver branch thereof & thence” before altering the text to read as above with slight variation. 9  Dft: “coast.” 10  In Dft TJ first wrote “50,” then al‑ tered it to “30.” 11  Preceding word and ampersand inter­ lined in Dft. 12  Remainder of article interlined in Dft. 13  Word interlined in Dft in place of “pay.” 14  Word interlined (lacking in Dft). 15  Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 16  In Dft TJ here canceled “sd country between the Western boundy. of the ter‑ ritories of.” 17  In Dft TJ wrote “be answerable,” which he altered to “pay” and then altered again to “be answble.” 18 TJ reached the foot of his page here and wrote the remainder of the text per‑ pendicularly in the margin. 19  Preceding four words interlined in Dft in place of “for on acct.”

 674 

From Philippe Reibelt Monsieur le President! Baltimore le 19 Nov. 1805. J’ai l’honneur, de Vous envoyer cijoint un billet de Mr. Guestier avec une bouteille de Champagne—et Vous prie, de vouloir bien m’y repondre par le Courrier, qui partira le 21 le Soir de Federal City. J’ose, en meme tems, Vous presenter mes respectueux hommages. Reibelt. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Mister President! Baltimore, 19 Nov. 1805 I have the honor of enclosing a note from Mr. Guestier with a bottle of champagne and a request that you respond by the mail that leaves the federal city on the evening of the 21st. At the same time, I take the liberty of presenting my respectful regards. Reibelt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Nov. and so recorded in SJL. Enclo‑ sure: Peter A. Guestier to Reibelt, 19 Nov., sending a bottle of sparkling cham‑ pagne that sells for $1.50 and informing Reibelt that he can hold the rest of the supply for his order; Reibelt adds a note to TJ: “Le Commis, qui m’a remis la presente—m’a ajoutè, que Mr. Guestier

n’en avoit, que 3 Caisses encore—2 a 50— et 1 a 30 bouteilles—et qu’il desiroit de connoitre votre resolution par le Courrier du 22,” or, “The courier who delivered this added that Mr. Guestier had only three cases left—two with 50 bottles and one with 30 bottles—and would like to have your decision in the mail of the 22d” (RC in same: TJ Papers, 154:26890).

 675 

Appendix I E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

Jefferson kept an ongoing list of appointments and removals that extended through his two terms as president, with entries extending from 5 Mch. 1801 to 23 Feb. 1809. For the first installment of this list, from 5 Mch. 1801 to 14 May 1802, see Vol. 33, Appendix i, List 4. Beginning with Vol. 37, each volume’s span of the list appears as Appendix i. Contrary to the dates on this segment of the list, which begins at 7 Aug. with Jefferson’s appointment of John Breckinridge as U.S. attorney general, the president likely did not enter the names below until November 1805. The date for Breckinridge’s ap‑ pointment was apparently based on correspondence that Jefferson retained, as was the line for April that he started but left open for Mississippi Terri‑ tory’s legislative council. These and the other entries appear on the appoint‑ ments list after more regularly entered appointments for November (which begin 22 Nov. and will be printed in the next volume). This unorthodoxy almost certainly indicates that Jefferson did not take the appointments list with him to Monticello over the summer, as he evidently had in previous years. The relative brevity of the list indicates as well that the administration made fewer appointments than usual during the summer of 1805 (see, for example, Vol. 44: Appendix i). Jefferson received recommendations for most of these candidates during the summer and may have entered their names from memory after resuming the list in November. They were formally sub‑ mitted to the Senate for confirmation on 20 Dec. (TJ to Robert Williams, 28 Apr.; William Henry Harrison to TJ, 18 June; Dearborn to TJ, 29 July; Gallatin to TJ, 30 July (second letter) and 17 Aug.; TJ to John Breckin‑ ridge, 7 Aug.).

List of Appointments [April‑7 Aug. 1805] Aug. 7. John Breckenridge Atty Gen. US. [commissioned] Benjamin Chambers, Saml. Gwathney, John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard, John Hay, ­members of legislative council of Indiana Apr.       members of legislative council of Misipi John Ott, justice of the peace for Washington county Columbia James Holmes of Georgia Collector & Inspector for Sunbury Samuel Latta Collector & Inspector for Genesee John Kittridge of Mass. Collector for distr. of Gloucester. Mass.  677 

APPENDIX I  MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 186:33099); entirely in TJs hand, with one word par‑ tially effaced at edge of page; being the continuation of a list that extends from 5

Mch. 1801 to 23 Feb. 1809; for the in‑ stallment immediately preceding this one, see Vol. 46: Appendix i.

 678 

Appendix II Dinner Guest Records E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

Between 5 Nov. 1804 and 6 Mch. 1809, Jefferson kept an ongoing record of the guests he invited to dine at the President’s House. The records had three components: a roster of the members of Congress recreated at the start of each congressional session and used as a checklist; a compilation of the congressional members Jefferson invited to dinner with the dates of those dinners noted after their names; and his dinner calendar (Dinners by Date). Although the first two lists confined themselves to Congress, the dinner guest calendar attempted to track every person, congressional or otherwise, whom Jefferson invited to his table. It was interrupted only by his absences from Washington. The first installment of the Dinner Guest Records is found in Volume 44, Appendix ii. That appendix includes the Dinners by Date for 5‑9 Nov. 1804 along with the two congressional lists, Members of Eighth Congress, Second Session, November 1804, and Dinner Attendance by Members of Congress, 5 Nov. 1804‑27 Feb. 1805. Dinners by Date for the remainder of the 1804‑1805 congressional season are found in Volume 45, Appendix ii. Jefferson began his “summer 1805” round of off‑season dinners in April (see Vol. 46, Appendix ii, List 1). That list of Dinners by Date continues below. He held a few of the dinners before departing for Monti‑ cello on 15 July. The rest he held after his return to Washington on 3 Oct. and before the start of Congress. Jefferson recorded several of these dinners on a checklist (Dinner Attendance by Summer Guests, Vol. 46, Appendix ii, List 1). Using the same practice he employed during the congressional season, Jefferson logged each “summer” dinner by date and then listed the surnames of those invited, marking guests who declined the invitation with a single stroke through the name. When invitations were extended to include com‑ panions or family, he recorded the surname of the head of the party along with a numeral, for example “2. Dearb.” at 19 Oct., which in that case most likely denoted Henry Dearborn and Dorcas Osgood Marble Dearborn. Jefferson did not list houseguests and residents of the President’s House on his dinner calendar except sometimes as “fam.”

Dinners by Date July 9. Tuesd 2  Gall. 3  Dearb. 2. J. Mason 2  Beckley 3. Tingey

[9 July‑19 Nov. 1805]

 679 

APPENDIX II

2  2  July 11.

July 10. Oct. 14

Oct. 19. 3. 2. 3. 1. 3. 1. Oct. 25. 2 3. 2.

W. Brent Ranken R. Smith Oakley Duncanson

Davidson J. Law Love Burbeck Obrian Granger Madison Obrian       Toussard De Forgues Mauray

Carmac Genl Mason

Dearb. Smith Tucker Gall. Dearb. Tingey Wharton Hanson Wolstoncroft Duval S. H. Smith Cathcart  680 

APPENDIX II

2

Oct. 27. Oct. 29.

Oct. 31.

Nov. 3.

Nov. 7.

10.

Rankin Bullas Tomson Thornton Mad. fam. 2 Mad. Hawkins May. Ewell Dawson Digges Mason Lloyd Hall Ducket Digges T. Digges N. Fitzhugh D. C. Brent Bowie Le Poype Mad. Hawkins Barnes 4 Creeks Bernard Hawkins Mad. Gall. Dearb. Smith fam. 2 Wharton Barnes fam. 2  681 

APPENDIX II

12. Tuesd. Mad. Gallatin Dearb. Smith Livingston Hawkins

Freeman Davison Duncanson Chandler Coxe Tarbell

Nov. 19. Mad. Gallat. Dearb. Smith. Burr Dayton Eaton Hawkins Bernard. 2. Creeks Skipwith. Tucker Hanson

fam. 2. MS (MHi); entirely in TJ’s hand; being part of a list that extends from 5 Nov. 1804 to 6 Mch. 1809; cancellations made by a single stroke, which indicated that a  guest declined, are rendered in italics within angle brackets. carmac: Daniel Carmick.

wolstoncroft: Charles Wollstone‑ craft, youngest brother of author Mary Wollstonecraft, was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army. A few months later he re‑ ceived promotion to captain (dnb; Vol. 42:44‑5; Dearborn to TJ, 21 Feb. 1806; TJ to the Senate, 24 Feb. 1806). tomson: James Thompson of the navy yard.

 682 

Appendix III Letters Not Printed in Full E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

In keeping with the editorial method established for this edition, the chro‑ nological series includes “in one form or another every available letter known to have been written by or to Thomas Jefferson” (Vol. 1:xv). Most letters are printed in full. In some cases, the letter is not printed but a detailed summary appears at the document’s date. Other letters have been described in annota‑ tion, which, for the period covered by this volume, are listed in this appendix. Arranged in chronological order, this list includes for each letter the corre‑ spondent, date, and location in the volumes where it is described. Examples of letters not printed include brief letters of transmittal, multiple testimonials recommending a particular candidate for office, repetitive letters from a can‑ didate seeking a post, and official correspondence that the president saw in only a cursory way. In other instances, documents are described in annotation due to the near illegibility of the surviving text. Using the list in this appen‑ dix, the table of contents, and Appendix iv (correspondence not found but recorded in Jefferson’s Summary Journal of Letters), readers will be able to reconstruct Jefferson’s chronological epistolary record from 6 July to 19 Nov. 1805. From George Jefferson, 12 July. Noted at George Jefferson to TJ, 9 July. From Ahmad ‘Abd al-Qadir, [27 or 28 Aug.]. Noted at Jacob Crowninshield to TJ, 21 Jan. 1806. From Jacob Wagner, received 19 Oct. Noted at Gottfried Heise to TJ, 19 Apr. 1805.

 683 

Appendix IV Letters Not Found E D I T O R I A L

N O T E

This appendix lists chronologically letters written by and to Jefferson dur‑ ing the period covered by this volume for which no text is known to survive. Jefferson’s Summary Journal of Letters provides a record of the missing doc‑ uments. For incoming letters, Jefferson typically recorded in SJL the date that the letter was sent and the date on which he received it. He sometimes included the location from which it was dispatched and an abbreviated nota‑ tion indicating the government department to which it pertained: “N” for Navy, “S” for State, “T” for Treasury, and “W” for War. From George Divers, 6 July; received 9 July from Farmington, Virginia. From John Perry, 6 July; received 9 July from Shadwell. From John Wayles Eppes, 8 July; received 12 July from Eppington. From Lewis Deblois, 9 July; received 10 July from Alexandria; notation: “Schoonr. Ann. Peyton.” From Anonymous; received 10 July from Charleston; notation: “about the Collector.” To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 12 July. To Alexander Stewart, 12 July; notation: “40. D.” To David Higginbotham, 13 July. From John Moore et al.; received 13 July. From Philip Wilson, 15 July; received 22 July from Philadelphia. From Burgess Griffin, 20 July; received 4 Aug. from Poplar Forest. From Nehemiah Knight, Benjamin Howland, and Joseph Stanton, Jr., 22 July; received 4 Aug. from South Kingston, Rhode Island; notation: “Nichols.” To John Speer, 22 July. To John Strode, 22 July. To Anna Scott Marks, 23 July. From George Twyman, 31 July; received 4 Aug. from Point Comfort, Virginia. From John Walker, 1 Aug.; received 6 Aug. From John Strode, 4 Aug.; received 16 Aug. from Culpeper, Virginia. To Anna Scott Marks, 7 Aug. From John Strode, 7 Aug.; received 11 Aug. from Culpeper, Virginia. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield; received 8 Aug.; nota‑ tion: “[Baltimore].” To Burgess Griffin, 11 Aug. From George Hay, 12 Aug.; received 15 Aug. from Richmond. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield; received 16 Aug.; notation: “[postmark Washington].” To George Hay, 17 Aug. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield; received 19 Aug.; no‑ tation: “2. lres returned unread.” From Charles Read et al., 21 Aug.; received 26 Aug. from New York.

 684 

APPENDIX IV From James Walker, 21 Aug.; received 21 Aug. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield.; notation: “returned.” From Robert Burras, 22 Aug.; received 22 Aug. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield; received 23 Aug.; notation: “retd.” From Walter S. Hunt, 23 Aug.; received 29 Aug. from Baltimore County; notation: “place. N.” From William Higgins, 25 Aug.; received 14 Nov. from Malta. From William Frederick Ast, 26 Aug.; received 7 Sep. from Hot Springs, Virginia. From William Scales, 29 Aug.; received 13 Sep. From John Breckinridge, 1 Sep.; received 26 Sep. from Lexington, Kentucky. From Joshua Barney, 3 Sep.; received 6 Sep. from Baltimore. From Jones & Howell, 7 Sep.; received 13 Sep. from Philadelphia. From Elizabeth G. Tart and Sarah Amelia Bampfield; received 9 Sep. from Bladensburg, Maryland. From James Ferguson et al., 9 Sep.; received 17 Nov. from Liverpool; nota‑ tion: “S.” To Burgess Griffin, 11 Sep. From Burgess Griffin, 11 Sep.; received 23 Sep. from Poplar Forest. From Anonymous; received 16 Sep. from Topham, Rhode Island. From Robert Smith, 21 Sep.; received 26 Sep. from Baltimore; notation: “W. Pinckney to be Atty Genl.” From Martin Dawson, 23 Sep.; received 23 Sep. from Milton. From Olin et al., 27 Sep.; received 5 Dec. from “Raisonnable” (perhaps the British warship of that name); notation: “S.” To Robert Gamble, 28 Sep. To Burgess Griffin, 28 Sep. To David Higginbotham, 29 Sep. From John Watson, 30 Sep.; received 3 Oct. from Milton. From George Jefferson, 1 Oct.; received 12 Oct. From Louise Françoise Felix Reibelt, 2 Oct.; received 3 Oct. To Martin Dawson, 7 Oct. To Gabriel Lilly, 7 Oct. To Gabriel Lilly, 7 Oct.; notation: “825. D.” To John Watson, 7 Oct. To George Swink, 9 Oct. To John Hoomes Freeman, 9 Oct. From Robert T. Hooe & Co., 9 Oct.; received 10 Oct. from Alexandria. From Jesse Atwater, 10 Oct.; received 13 Oct. from New Haven; notation: “to be Ch. justice Michigan.” From Pierpont Edwards, 10 Oct.; received 13 Oct. from New Haven; nota‑ tion: “for Atwater.” From Justus Erich Bollmann, 11 Oct.; received 13 Oct. from New York. From “Obrien,” possibly Richard O’Brien, October; received 11 Oct. from Philadelphia. From Gabriel Lilly, 12 Oct.; received 22 Oct. From Samuel Nobbs, 12 Oct.; received 23 Oct. from Charleston; notation: “T.” From John Speer, 12 Oct.; received 15 Oct. from Charlottesville. To Robert T. Hooe & Co., 13 Oct.

 685 

APPENDIX IV From John W. Guion, 16 Oct.; received 23 Oct. from Raleigh, North Caro‑ lina; notation: “S.” To John Speer, 16 Oct. From Lewis Deblois, 17 Oct.; received 18 Oct. from Alexandria. From David Higginbotham, 18 Oct.; received 22 Oct. from Milton. From John Perry, 18 Oct.; received 22 Oct. from Shadwell. From John Hoomes Freeman, 19 Oct.; received 24 Oct. To Robert T. Hooe & Co., 19 Oct. From Rufus Easton, 20 Oct.; received 18 Dec. from St. Louis. From Justus Erich Bollmann, 21 Oct.; received 23 Oct. from New York. From Benjamin Rush, 22 Oct.; received 11 Dec. from Philadelphia; notation: “by Brodie.” From Warren Ashley, 23 Oct.; received 30 Oct. from Norfolk. To Richard Barry, 25 Oct. From James Dinsmore, 26 Oct.; received 31 Oct. from Monticello. From Thomas C. Fletcher, 26 Oct.; received 29 Oct. from Charlottesville. From John B. Magruder, 26 Oct.; received 30 Oct. From Thomas Mann Randolph, 26 Oct.; received 31 Oct. from Edgehill. From John Speer, 26 Oct.; received 29 Oct. from Charlottesville. From George Manning et al., 27 Oct.; received 19 Nov. from Halifax, Nova Scotia; notation: “S.” From Richard Barry, 30 Oct.; received 4 Nov. from Monticello. From John Perry, 30 Oct.; received 5 Nov. from Shadwell. From Theodorick Bland, 1 Nov.; received 2 Nov. from Baltimore; notation: “to be judge Orleans.” From David Higginbotham, 2 Nov.; received 5 Nov. from Milton. From John Speer, 2 Nov.; received 5 Nov. from Charlottesville. From Justus Erich Bollmann, 6 Nov.; received 8 Nov. from Philadelphia. To Joseph Brand, 7 Nov. From James Dinsmore, 8 Nov.; received 12 Nov. from Monticello. From John Hoomes Freeman, 8 Nov.; received 12 Nov. from Monticello. To Thomas Mann Randolph, 8 Nov. From Thomas Mann Randolph, 9 Nov.; received 12 Nov. from Edgehill. From Robert Williams, 12 Nov.; received 16 Dec. from Washington, Missis‑ sippi Territory. From John Hoomes Freeman, 13 Nov.; received 19 Nov. from Monticello. From Theodore Foster, 14 Nov.; received 30 Dec. from Providence, Rhode Island; notation: “by Oliver Whipple.” To David Higginbotham, 14 Nov. To George Hoffman; 14 Nov. To John Perry, 14 Nov. From John Perry, 14 Nov.; received 19 Nov. from Shadwell. To John Speer, 14 Nov. To Robert T. Hooe & Co., 15 Nov. From Critta Hemings Bowles, 16 Nov.; received 19 Nov. from Monticello. To James Dinsmore, 17 Nov. From Robert T. Hooe & Co., 1[.  .  .] Nov. (blotted); received 20 Nov. from Alexandria.

 686 

INDEX Abraham, Francis: contract to carry mail between Coweta and New Orleans, 49, 51n, 76n, 289n; lack of information from, 75, 102-3; criticism of, 218-19, 245; letters from, forwarded to TJ, 257, 276; assessment of route between Ft. Stoddert and Pearl River, 289-90 Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth (Rembrandt Peale), 396n actors, 607n Adaes (Adais). See Los Adaes (Adais; Spanish presidio) Adams (U.S. frigate): ordered to patrol Atlantic coast, 16, 146, 147n, 200; officers for, 23, 34; instructions for, 60, 61n, 92, 276n, 304 Adams, Dudley, 528n Adams, Fort, 42n, 605 Adams, George, Jr.: Geometrical and Graphical Essays, 146; Introduction to Practical Astronomy, 146 Adams, John, 62, 63n, 480 Adams, John Quincy, 252n Adams, Louisa Catherine, 7n Adams, Samuel, 210 Address of the Society of Constitutional Republicans, Established in the City and County of Philadelphia to the ­Republicans of Pennsylvania (Alex­ ander J. Dallas), 396n Africa, 146, 612 Africanus, Leo: Ioannis Leonis Africani Africæ Descriptio, 394 agriculture: farming machines, 15n; ­application of science to, 238, 239n; Native Americans and, 553, 562. See also corn; Jefferson, Thomas: Agri­ culture; tobacco Aiken, James, 11n Al-Alfi, Muhammad Bey, 153n Albemarle Co., Va.: Fredericksville Parish, 179, 456n, 601n; court proceedings regarding Shadwell milldam, 179-82; disputed lands in, 201n; ­Enniscorthy estate, 373n Alberoni, Giulio, 335 alcoholism: among Native Americans, 506 Alcorn, William: letter from, 297-8; petition for pardon, 297-8; identified, 298n Alexander, Eli: lease with TJ, 93-4

Alexander, Lawson, 303n Alexander, Robert (builder): letter from, 514-15; seeks to erect market in Washington, 514-15; identified, 515n Alexander I, Emperor of Russia: letter from, 225; gratified by TJ’s reelection, 157; reputation as a conqueror, 230; works dedicated to, 317n; bust of, sent to TJ, 499, 500 Alexandria, D.C.: vessels from, 7-8; government accused of expelling mentally ill resident, 328, 332-3; academies, schools in, 415, 416n; merchants, 601n Alexandria, Egypt, 150, 293 Alexandria Academy, 415, 416n Algeciras, Spain, 39n, 146, 501 Algiers: and Cathcart, 185-7, 188n; treaty with U.S., 186-7 aliens. See immigrants Ali Hassan, Dey of Algiers, 186-7, 188-9n Allen, Hancock, 402 Allen, William (Va.), 172 Allicocke, Elizabeth: letter from, 476; asks TJ for money, 476 Almería, Spain, 185 Almerico, Paolo, 315, 354 alphabets, 261 althaea, 407 Altona, 374n American Antiquarian Society, 251n American Citizen and General Advertiser (New York), 140 American Philosophical Society: receives specimens from Lewis and Clark, x, 492, 584-5; considers Biot’s proposal to research terrestrial magnetism, 12; receives communications, specimens, 12, 138, 261, 316, 436, 440, 570n, 604; TJ as president of, 137n, 444; elects members, 138n; library of, 162; correspondence with Humboldt, 460n; members, 482n; publishes Trans­ actions, 483 American Revolution: Loyalists, 36n, 116-17n; Continental navy, 61-2; veterans of, 89, 230, 231n, 598, 599n, 612-13, 667-8; TJ’s actions as governor during, 136n, 362n; bounty and pension claims, 230-1, 308n, 447-9, 477, 568-9, 612-13, 667-8; in Md., 306; claims on state legislatures,

 687 

INDEX American Revolution (cont.) 306-8; in Va., 306-8; biographies of participants, 364; Willing expedition, 612, 613n American Volunteer (Carlisle, Pa.), 183n Amory, Nathaniel, 4, 5n Amsterdam, 337 Analyse raisonnée de l’origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle (Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy), 395 Anderson, Joseph: letter from, 91; recommends aspirants for office, 91; as committee member, 574n; as reference, 665 Anderson, Leroy: letter to, 305; letter from, 251-2; sends prospectus to TJ, 251-2, 305; identified, 251-2n Anderson, Richard, 302 Andes Mountains, 329-31, 460n Andrei, Giovanni: engaged as Capitol sculptor, 346, 348, 349n, 389, 390n, 574, 575, 657, 659; passage to U.S., 661 Andreoli, Pasquale, 654 Andrews, Elizabeth, 189, 203, 237 Andrews, George: and architectural ornaments for Monticello, 69, 189, 256, 435, 465; payments to, 435, 462, 514, 649, 652 Andrews, Robert, 346, 348, 349n Anmours, Charles François, Chevalier d’, 18, 20n, 610n, 619 Ann (schooner), 684 Annales du musée et de l’école moderne des beaux-arts (Charles Paul Landon), 66 Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 162 Annals of the Corporation, Relative to the Late Contested Elections (Tunis Wortman), 396n Ann Eliza (schooner), 194 Annuaire météorologique (Jean Baptiste Pierre de Monet de Lamarck), 395, 397n Annual Message to Congress (1805): militia reform, 622, 630 anonymous letters. See Jefferson, Thomas: Correspondence Antwerp, 89-91, 337, 523n Apalachee River (Georgia), 561 Appeal Farther Defended; in Answer to the Farther Misrepresentations of Dr. Chauncy (Thomas Bradbury Chandler), 396n

Appleton, Thomas: letters from, 3-5, 167-9, 389-90, 661; asked to assist with engaging sculptors, stone carvers, 3, 5n, 83, 86, 389; and Ceracchi claim, 3, 84, 86-7, 108, 110, 167; and wine for TJ, 3, 102, 144, 389-90, 491, 661n; sends seeds to TJ, 4, 585n, 602-3; and Timpanari Viganò, 4; forwards books, letters, 85, 87, 167, 389; recommended for appointment by Mazzei, 109, 110; sends news of Italian affairs to TJ, 167-9; payments to, 346, 348, 389; conflated with Joseph Barnes, 404n; forwards vines, plants to TJ, 574, 575, 661; reports dispute between Rodgers and Lavillette, 658, 660; arranges passages for Franzoni and Andrei, 661; and Bellini estate, 661n apricots: stones sent to TJ, 85-6, 88, 109, 110, 345, 347, 349 Aquia Creek: quarries on, 78 Arabia, seu Arabum Vicinarumque Gen­ tium Orientalium Leges, Ritus, Sacri et Profani Mores, Instituta et Historia, 394 Arabic language, 153n, 154n Arcambal, Louis, 462, 463, 464n, 587, 588 Archer, James: Inaugural Essay on the Effects, & Modus Operandi of the Car­ bonates of Lime, Magnesia, and Potash, 397n architecture: Chinese, xiii, 407; Gothic, xiii, 407; Tuscan, xiii, 407; Corinthian order, 26; architectural ornaments, 69, 465; artificial slate, stone paper, 78-9; Delorme roof, 78-9, 354; Halle aux Bleds, 283, 315, 354; Doric order, 390; Pantheon, 407; Ionic order, 465. See also Capitol, U.S.; Jefferson, Thomas: Architecture; Monticello; President’s House Arctic Circle, 460n Argus (Paris), 377 Argus (U.S. brig), 150-1, 166n Ariadne (sculpture), 97, 116, 250, 251n “Aristides” (pseudonym). See Van Ness, William P. Aristotle, 463, 464n, 483, 499, 500 Arkansas River, 591 Armstrong, Gen. John: negotiations with France, viii, 360n, 393, 427, 544, 670-1; and case of the New Jersey, 175-7, 213, 262-9, 311, 313, 452, 470;

 688 

INDEX characterized, 265, 268; recommends embargo against Spain, 358, 360n, 363; negotiations with Spain, 360n, 413, 414n, 508, 615; encouraged to cooperate with Bowdoin, 432-3; private letters forwarded to, 523; instructions to, 674n Armstrong, Robert (Wyandot interpreter), 208 Army, U.S. See War, U.S. Department of Arnold, Benedict, 119 Arrowsmith, Aaron, 146 art: copies of classical works, 13-14; seven fine arts, 27-8; sculpture, 83, 86, 97, 116, 250, 251n, 657-8, 659-60, 661n Ashley, Warren: and TJ’s camera obscura, 600; letter from cited, 601n, 686 Ashtabula, Ohio, 76 Asia, 146, 329, 460n Assonnonquah (Labossiere, Wea leader), 271n Ast, William Frederick: letter from cited, 685 Asten, Abraham, 140, 141n astronomy: astronomical instruments, 19, 41, 145-6, 651; meteors, 425-6. See also longitude Athens, Ga., 290n Atkinson, John Augustus: Picturesque Representation of the Manners, Cus­ toms, and Amusements of the Russians, 157 Atlantic Ocean: protects U.S. from “lions & tygers Europe,” vii, 8 Attempt toward Obtaining Invariable Measures .  .  . to Ascertain the Center of Oscillation, or the True Length of Pendulums (John Whitehurst), 397n Atwater, Jesse: seeks appointment, 441; letter from cited, 441n, 685 Augusta, Ky., 53 Aurora (Philadelphia): publishes account of Lewis and Clark, 25; criticizes Davy’s appointment, 216-17, 233-4; reports on yellow fever in Philadelphia, 228, 229n. See also Duane, William Austin, Benjamin, Jr., 133-4 Austria, 433, 434n, 545-6, 548n Avellino, Italy, 168 Avenia: or, A Tragical Poem (Thomas Branagan), 656-7

Ayers, Jacob (Catawba leader): letter from, 518-20; protests terms of lease, 518-20; identified, 520n Ayers, John (Catawba): letter from, 518-20; protests terms of lease, 518-20; identified, 520n azalea, 407 Azevedo, António de Araújo de, 118n “B. C.” (pseudonym): letter from, 661-2; recommends Burr for appointment, 661-2 Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 607 Bache, Richard, 607 Baciocchi, Élisa Bonaparte, 120n Baciocchi, Félix Pasquale, 119, 120n, 167-8 Badger, Joseph, 208 badgers, 436, 440, 566 Bainbridge, William, 365, 371n, 413n, 474n Baja California, 655 Baker, Abner, 298n Baker, John Martin: letter from, 255-6; sends view of Mahón to TJ, 255-6; identified, 256n; View of the Commerce of the Mediterranean, 256n Baker, Martha Bolling Eppes (Mrs. Jerman Baker), 33, 34n Baldwin, Abraham: as reference, 121; and Barlow, 295; as committee member, 574n Baldwin, Michael, 376 ballooning, 654 Baltimore, Bank of, 604n Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, second Lord, 223n Baltimore, Md.: businesses in, 17, 640n; flour milling at, 17; postal service, 53; booksellers, stationers, 512n; schools, 512n; gunpowder manufacturing near, 582; taverns, 613 Baltimore Cathedral, 283 Bampfield, Sarah (Serena) Amelia: letters from, 34-6, 122-3, 193; sends rambling letters to TJ, 34-6, 122-3, 193; characterized as insane by TJ, 171; letters returned by TJ, 171, 193n, 684, 685; letters from cited, 171n, 193n, 684, 685; asks TJ for money, 193 Bank of the United States: TJ’s account with, 39-40, 80, 199, 256, 325, 401, 404n, 649-50; counterfeit notes of,

 689 

INDEX Bank of the United States (cont.) 73n, 269-70, 297, 298n; New York branch, 240n; Washington branch, 325; notes of, 366; and regulation of foreign coins, 438-9, 450 banks. See Bank of the United States; Columbia, Bank of (Georgetown); Virginia, Bank of Barbary states. See Algeria; Tripoli; Tunis Barbauld, Anna Letitia Aikin: Lessons for Children, 33, 34n Barbé de Marbois, François, 26, 27, 263, 266, 268n, 360n Barksdale, Samuel, 179, 181 barley, 358 Barlow, Joel: letter to, 195-6; letters from, 147, 295-6; arrives in U.S., 147, 195, 295; as consul at Algiers, 187; invited to Monticello, 195-6, 202, 295; opinions on America, news­ papers, 295-6 Barlow, Ruth Baldwin, 147 Barnard, Timothy: dines with TJ, 681, 682 Barnes, David L.: recommendation in case of D. Briggs, 194-5 Barnes, John: letters to, 39-40, 80-1, 184-5, 236-7, 369; letters from, 58, 114-15, 198-9, 256-7, 296-7, 324-5; handles financial transactions, 39-40, 63n, 114, 141n, 176, 184-5, 198, 236-7, 253, 256-7, 296-7, 369, 375, 389, 395n, 405, 524n, 640, 643, 667n; payments to, 39-40, 80-1, 114, 236, 256, 649; TJ sends wine to, 58; advises TJ to take care when traveling, 114-15; plans to travel to Philadelphia, 184, 198, 296; TJ’s account with, 198-9, 256, 324-5, 401; Madison’s drafts on, 296, 324; dines with TJ, 681 Barnes, Joseph, 403, 404n Barnet (Wyandot), 507n Barney, Joshua: letter to, 372; letter from, 382; as commander of General Washington, 61; proposes system of navy yard regulations, 372, 382; letter from cited, 372n, 685 Barrington, Richard, fourth Viscount, 454 Barron, James, 365, 452, 474n Barron, Samuel: health of, 124, 218; and Eaton’s plan of cooperation with Ahmad, 165-6; receives peace proposal from Tripoli, 259; instructions

for, 275, 276n; and Ahmad Qaramanli, 293; advises on Truxtun’s resignation, 474n Barry, James, 106 Barry, Richard: letter from cited, 686; letter to cited, 686 Barton, Benjamin Smith: letter from, 655; member of APS, 262n, 460n; Bishop Madison reports discovery to, 381n; examines specimens from Lewis and Clark, 655 Barton, Richard Peters, 655 Bartram, William, 400, 590 Basel, 13, 14 Bastrop, Baron de (Philip Hendrik ­Nering Bögel), 412, 413n, 417 Batavian Republic, 138, 431, 544 Baton Rouge, 340, 583n Batting, James, 568-9 Batting, Mary: letter from, 568-9; seeks advice on claim, 568-9; identified, 569n Bavaria, 546 Baxter, John: New and Impartial History of England, 146 Baynham, William, 148 Bayou Gentilly, 104n Bayou Manchac. See Iberville River Bayou Pierre, 19, 418n, 616, 671, 672n Bay St. Louis, W. Fla., 144n Bear, James A., 181n bears: grizzly, 440 Beatty, Mr. (Georgetown): letter from cited, 203n Beaufort, Charlotte Sophia LevesonGower Somerset, Duchess of, 454-5 Beaune, France, 487-8 Becker, Wilhelm Gottlieb: Neue Gartenund Landschafts-Gebäude, 66 Beckley, John: dines with TJ, 679 Bedford Co., Va. See Poplar Forest (TJ’s estate) Bedloe’s Island, 352-3 Bell, Boaz, Jr., 551, 596 Bell, Thomas: settlement of estate, 461-2 Bellechasse, Joseph Deville de Goutin, 610n, 618-19 Belle-Isle (brig), 259, 303 Bellini, Aurora, 661n Bellini, Carlo: estate of, 155, 345-6, 347-8 Bellini, Gaspara Farolfi: portrait of, 85, 87, 88n Bellini, Luisa, 661n

 690 

INDEX Bellona Gunpowder Manufactory, 582, 650 Benade, Andrew, 357 Benghazi, 152 Bennington, battle of, 73, 224, 225n Bennington, Vt., 455 Bent Creek, Va., 69, 105 Bentley, William (Mass.): letter to, 217-18; letter from, 72-3; asks TJ to write to John Stark, 72-4, 217-18, 260; characterized, 74 Berchem, Nicolaes, 13, 14 Bergen Point, N.J., 352 Berkhout, Teding van, 138n Bethlehem, Pa., 123, 288 Beurnonville, Pierre Riel, Marquis de, 386 Bible: James, 132, 136n; Jeremiah, 132, 136n; Kings, 134, 136n; Elijah, 328; Deuteronomy, 329; Leviticus, 329; Noah, 329; Numbers, 329; Tower of Babel, 329; Exodus, 329-30, 588, 589n; Joshua, 329-30; Moses, 329-30, 332; Genesis, 330; Abraham, 330-2; Isaac, 331; Jacob, 331; Revelation, 333; Vulgate, 349n; Thessalonians, 435, 436n; Mark, 656, 657n Biblioteca lettera di Giovanni Fabbroni uno dei XL della Società Italiana delle Scienze a Pompilio Pozzetti (Giovanni Fabbroni), 395-6n Biddle, Charles, 474n Biddle, James (1783-1848), 275, 276n Bidwell, Barnabas, 586 bighorn sheep, 440, 655 Bilbao, Spain, 116, 117n Billard, Pierre: Chrétien philosophe, 36 Binny & Ronaldson (Philadelphia), 357 Biot, Jean Baptiste: research on variations in terrestrial magnetism, 12; description of a meteorite, 426n, 511n birds: drawings of, 400; moucherolle gobemouche (Lesser Antillean pewee), 400; songbirds, 400. See also magpies Birmann, Peter, 14n Birth (Berth), James, 283 Bishop, Abraham: letter from, 441; recommends aspirant for office, 441 Bishop, Charles, 357 bison: robes, 199-200; bison hide map, 502, 592 Black Creek (Bogue Lucer), 289 Black people: banished Black convicts carried to Philadelphia, 124, 148;

efforts to regulate, in New Orleans, 419n. See also enslaved people; slavery Black Sea, 109, 110 blacksmiths, 15n Bladensburg, Md., 193, 239n Blagden, George: trustee of Washington education institution, 106; employed at Washington Navy Yard, 282-3, 315; recruits masons in Philadelphia, 286n; architectural ornaments ordered from, 465 Bland, Theodorick (1776-1846): letter from cited, 686 Bledsoe, William M., 298n Blessings of America (William Linn), 396n Blicher Olsen, Peder, 466-7 Block Island Sound, 667 Bloomfield, Joseph, 656 boats, 18-19 Bohn, Christian, 122 Bohn & Hubner (Richmond), 22, 43 Boisdoré, Louis, 104n, 144 Bolling, John, Jr. (nephew of TJ), 594, 595n Bolling, Mary Jefferson (Mrs. John Bolling, TJ’s sister), 569, 595n Bollmann, Justus Erich: letters to, 423-4, 465-6; letter from, 466; appointed factor at Natchitoches, 423-4, 465-6; letters from cited, 466n, 685, 686 Bologna, 654n Bomba, 151-2 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon, Emperor of the French Bond, Lewis, 244 Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud, 460n books: prices, 66, 242-3, 463, 464; ­atlases, 394; description of binding, 394; Elzevir editions, 394, 395n; bookbinding, 394-7. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Library; Reibelt, Philippe; Roche, P. & C. Bordeaux, France: merchants, 90-1n; quarantine regulations at, 173; Catholic diocese of, 321-2n; U.S. trade with, 337-8 Borghul, Ali, 153n Bossler, Frederick, 576 Boston: French commissary of commercial relations at, 177n; politics in, 210; ropemakers, 258; shipbuilding at, 275; Republicans in, 586 Boston Gazette, 300n, 302n

 691 

INDEX Botanic Society of South Carolina, 206n Botaniste cultivateur (Georges Louis Marie Dumont de Courset), 65, 66, 521, 522n Both, Jan, 13, 14 Bouligny, Dominique, 610n, 619 Bourdon de La Crosnière, Léonard: Plan d’un établissement d’éducation nationale, 397n Bourne, Sylvanus, 303 Boush, Capt., 254 Bowdoin, James: sends sculpture to TJ, 97, 116, 250; recommends aspirants for office, 116, 117n; instructions to, 141, 148, 227, 292, 413, 674n; negotiations with Spain, 176, 303n, 427; and T. L. Winthrop, 251n; dispatches from, 303n; travels to England, 303n, 360n, 363, 364n, 365, 393, 471n; ­return to Spain reconsidered, 393, 451-2, 470, 471n, 548; goes to France, 432, 471n, 544; encouraged to cooperate with Armstrong, 432-3; characterized, 433; health of, 433; request for letter of introduction to, 535 Bowie, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 681 Bowles, Critta Hemings: letter from cited, xii, 686 Boyd, Washington: letters from, 412, 589-90; informs TJ of trustees’ meeting, 412; receives TJ’s subscription installment, 589-90, 649 Boyveau-Laffecteur, Denys: Observa­ tions sur l’histoire et les effets du rob anti-syphilitique, 396n Bracken, John: letter from, 155; asks TJ to forward letter, 155; and Bellini estate, 155, 345-6, 347-8; identified, 155n Bradley, Abraham, Jr.: letters to, 276, 365; letter from, 257; holds, forwards mail, 257, 276, 365; records distances on postal route to New Orleans, 289-90n Bradley, Daniel: letter to, 424; letters from, 305-6, 425; takes James Hubbard into custody, xii, 305-6, 424; identified, 306n Bradley, Stephen R., 574n Braidwood, Thomas, 580n bramble, 408 Branagan, Thomas: letter from, 656-7; sends poetry, expresses regard for TJ, 656-7

Brand, Joseph: letter to cited, 595, 596n, 686 brandy, 8, 296 Brantz, Lewis, 410, 411, 412n, 457 brass: for cylinders, 15 Breckinridge, John: letter to, 163; appointment as U.S. attorney general, 51, 163, 677; recommends aspirants for office, 343-4, 399; letter from cited, 685 Brent, Daniel Carroll: advises on appointments, 249, 300; declines dinner invitation, 680; dines with TJ, 681 Brent, Richard, 351 Brent, Robert: letters to, 101-2, 196; letters from, 73, 155, 441-2; and case of P. Williams, 73, 101-2; trustee of Washington education institution, 106; informs TJ of election as edu­ cation board president, 155, 196; sends request for letter of introduction, 441-2; declines dinner invitation, 682 Brent, Robert Young, 442n Brent, William (1775-1848), 372, 373n; trustee of Washington education in­ stitution, 106; dines with TJ, 680 Briare Canal, 520, 522 Briefe an eine deutsche Edelfrau (Frie­ drich Johann Jacobsen), 374n Briggs, David: petitions for pardon, 93, 194-5; pardoned by TJ, 195n Briggs, Isaac: letter from, 536-9; and G. Davis, 18; surveys post road between Washington and New Orleans, 103, 536; deputy surveyors, 164; and calculation of longitude, 438, 653; arrangements for surveying public lands in Orleans Terr., 536; defends conduct as surveyor general of Miss. Terr., 536-9; defended by Claiborne, 583 Briggs, Samuel (British consul), 150-1 Brignoles, France, 551 British East India Company, 242 British Zoology (Thomas Pennant), 566, 567n Brodie, Mr., 686 Brooke, Francis Taliaferro: letter from, 318; introduces Roane, 318 Brown, Samuel: letters from, 570, 604; recommends aspirant for office, 61n; sends bones, niter specimen to TJ, 570; sends memoir on niter and gunpowder, 604

 692 

INDEX Brown, William (collector of New Orleans): appoints acting surveyor, 479; offices occupied by, 503; and Guerlain’s attempted fraud, 529, 531n, 584 Brownsburg, Va., 224n Brown’s Tavern (Prince William Co., Va.), 247-8, 458, 597 Bruin, Peter Bryan, 184 Bryan, George, 489 Bryan, Samuel: letter from, 489-90; protests his removal by McKean, 489-90 Buffalo, N.Y., 76 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de: animal classifications, descriptions, 202, 400, 566; demographic calculations, 495, 496n, 504, 563-5 Builder’s Price-Book, 394 Bullock, John H., 302 Bull Run, 247 Bullus, John: dines with TJ, 681 Bunker Hill, battle of, 447, 667 Burbeck, Henry: dines with TJ, 680 Burchardt, Johan Rudolf: seeks patent for inventions, 618; letter from cited, 618n Burgoyne, John, 225n Burgwin, John, 535 Burnett & Rigden (Washington, D.C.), 26 Burr, Aaron: visits New Orleans, 50; writings on, 395, 397n; recommended for appointment, 661-2; duel with Hamilton, 662; dines with TJ, 682 Burrall, Charles: letter to, 171; asked to return Bampfield letters, 171 Burras, Robert: letter from cited, 685 Burwell, William A.: letter to, 372-3; letter from, 362; portrait of, l, 366 (illus.); publishes “Vindication of Mr. Jefferson,” l; payments to, 42, 43n, 391, 392n, 403, 404n, 405; TJ borrows money from, 43n; health of, 81, 114-15, 199, 362, 372; Dougherty forwards items to, 122; defends TJ’s conduct as governor, 362; sends seeds, vines to TJ, 362, 372; wishes to continue as TJ’s private secretary, 362, 372-3; elected to Va. legislature, 372; and I. A. Coles, 373n Bush Hill, Pa., 358 Butler, Pierce, 102, 144, 172, 176, 236, 452, 491, 593 Butler, Thomas: court-martial of, 378-9

Buxton, Charles: letter to, 40; letter from, 94-6; thanked by TJ, 40; sends seawater distillation plan to TJ, 94-6 Byrd, Charles Willing, 376, 377n Byron, Lord, 374n Cadiz, Spain: U.S. trade with, 337-8 Cahokia, 573n, 612 Cairo, Egypt, 150-1 Calcasieu River, 339 Calculations for Ascertaining the Latitude North of the Equator and the Longitude West of Greenwich Observatory, in England, of the Capitol, at the City of Washington (William Lambert), 137 Caldcleugh & Thomas (Philadelphia): letter from, 387; inform TJ of parcel from J. H. Moore, 387 Calisto (brig), 168n, 345, 347 Callaway, Mr. (Bedford Co., Va.), xlviii, 107, 147 Callaway, William, xlvii-xlviii Callender, James Thomson: receives financial assistance from TJ, 132 Calycanthus, 407 Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis, 410, 412, 458 camera obscura: purchased by TJ, 527, 528-9n, 600-1, 608-9 Campbell, George W., 569 Camus, Armand Gaston: Histoire et procédés du polytypage et du stéréo­ typage, 66; Histoire des animaux d’Aristote, 463, 464n, 483, 499, 500 Canada: poaches timber from Michigan Terr., 76; smuggling from, 211; encroaches on Native American trade, 418, 590-1; U.S. urged to acquire, 481 canals, 79 Canova, Antonio: Latrobe seeks to hire, 83, 86, 349n; tomb of Pope Clement XIII, 658, 660, 661n Canovai, Stanislao: Elogio d’Amerigo Vespucci, 394 Canton, 176n, 431 Cape Henry, 62 Cap-Français, Haiti, 61 Capitol, U.S.: sculptors, stone carvers for, 3, 5n, 83, 86, 283, 346, 348, 349n, 354, 389, 390n, 574, 575; laborers, workmen, 54-5; committee rooms, 56, 281-2; plastering, 56, 281-2; iron for, 77; pine boards for, 77; roof, 77, 283-7;

 693 

INDEX Capitol, U.S. (cont.) Delorme roof, 78-9, 286; architrave, 280; gallery, 280; House chamber, 280, 286n; lobby, 280; pilasters, 280; walls, 280; appropriations for, 280-1, 286n, 354; north wing, 280-1, 353-4; south wing, 280-1, 283, 286n; Senate chamber, 280-2, 314-15, 353-4; clerks’ offices, 281, 314; ceilings, 281-2; dry rot found in, 281-2, 354; plan for ­dividing rooms, 281-2; stonemasons employed by, 282-3; skylights, 283-6, 315, 354; glass for, 284-5, 315; threat of leakage, 284-6, 354; water condensation, 284-6; blinds, 285-6; dome, 315; work on, given preference over President’s House, 315; acoustics, 354; heating, 354; Latrobe’s drawings for, 491; lottery for funding of, 577n Capua, Italy, 168 Carew, Thomas, 139 Carey, John: recovery of TJ’s papers from, 386, 387n, 426-7, 434, 543 Carey, William, 410, 411 Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil, 117-18 Carlton, William, 135, 136n Carmick, Daniel: carries specimens from Lewis and Clark to TJ, 142, 436, 440; dines with TJ, 680 Carnes, Thomas: letter from, 257-8; appeals for assistance, 257-8 Carolina Gazette (Charleston, S.C.), 571n Carpenter, Thomas: payments to, 401 Carr, Dabney (TJ’s nephew): and W. Wirt, 114; and Rivanna Company, 181n; and sale of Colle estate, 345-6, 347-8; correspondence with Mazzei, 346, 348; Monroe inquires about, 547 Carr, Martha Jefferson (Mrs. Dabney Carr, TJ’s sister), 33, 34n Carr, Peter (TJ’s nephew): nailery account, 169-70 Carr, Samuel (TJ’s nephew), 33, 114 Carte générale du territoire d’Orléans (Barthélemy Lafon), 18 Cartwright, Philip, 258 Carver, Mr. (Albemarle Co., Va.), 639, 648 Cary, Jane Barbara Carr (Jenny, TJ’s niece), 33, 34n Cary, Jane Blair, 33, 34n Cary, Rebecca Dawson, 33

Cary, Virginia Randolph (sister of Thomas Mann Randolph). See Randolph, Virginia (sister of Thomas Mann Randolph) Cary, Wilson Jefferson, 33, 115 Cary, Wilson Miles, 33 Casa Calvo, Sebastián Calvo de la Puerta y O’Farill, Marqués de: and passport for Red River expedition, 19, 49, 97; and post road through W. Fla., 49, 51n, 75; and sale of W. Fla. lands by Spain, 393-4, 413; examines boundary between Louisiana and Texas, 418n; has not left New Orleans, 451, 469, 616 Caserta, Italy, 168 Casti, Giovanni Battista: “La Mitologia degli Animali,” 119, 120n Catahoula Creek, 289 Cathalan, Eulalie (S. Cathalan, Jr.’s daughter), 173 Cathalan, Marie Hugues (Mrs. Stephen Cathalan, Sr.), 173 Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.: letters from, 172-3, 550-1, 593; TJ orders groceries, wine from, 67, 68, 69n, 172, 191, 212-13, 253, 550-1, 593; requests ratification of Olivier’s appointment, 172-3, 551, 593; suggests establishment of packet service, 173; payments to, 402, 404n Cathcart, James Leander: letter from, 185-9; account with Treasury, 185-7, 188n; captivity in Algiers, 185-7, 188n; seeks appointment, 185-9, 417; characterized by Madison, 417; dines with TJ, 680 Cathcart, Malcolm Hamilton, 185 Cathcart, Rolleston Nassau, 185 Catholic Church, 321-2n catlinite (pipestone), 591 Cazenove, Théophile, 228n, 252 Cenis, Mount, 460n Centreville, Va., 196, 247, 597 Ceracchi, Giuseppe, 3, 84, 86, 108, 110 Ceracchi, Therese: seeks compensation for husband’s work, 3, 83-4, 86-7, 108, 110, 167; correspondence with Madison, 228n, 252 Cevallos (Ceballos) Guerra, Pedro, 38, 39 chalk, 592 Chamberlayne, Byrd, 598, 599n Chamberlayne, Elizabeth Dandridge: letter from, 598-9; asks TJ to support her son, 598-9; identified, 599n

 694 

INDEX Chamberlayne, Otway, 598 Chamberlayne, Thomas D., 598 Chamberlayne, William Dandridge, 598 Chambers, Benjamin: letter from, 222-3; expresses support for TJ’s adminis­ tration, 222-3; identified, 223n; appointed to legislative council, 677 Chambersburg, Pa., 53 Chamer, Andrew, 616 Champagne, Jean François: Mer libre, la mer fermé, 395 Chandler, Story, 258 Chandler, Thomas Bradbury: Appeal Farther Defended, 396n Chandler, Walter Story: dines with TJ, 682 Chaptal, Jean Antoine: Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne, 66, 272, 273, 394 Charles (b. 1785, TJ’s enslaved worker), xi, 404n Charleston, S.C.: privateers active near, 16; collector at, 59, 92; revenue cutter for, 91-2; fortifications at, 143, 163, 164; botanical societies, 205-6; news of peace with Tripoli arrives at, 303, 304n; threats to navigation near, 557 Chase, Samuel, 35 Chauncey, Isaac, 16n, 275, 276n Cheetham, James: account with TJ, 140-1; payments to, 140, 141n, 402; TJ obtains publications of, 140, 397n; Nine Letters on the Subject of Aaron Burr’s Political Defection, 397n; View of the Political Conduct of Aaron Burr, 397n Chef Menteur Pass, 104n, 144 Chekopeheke Emantlau (Emautlau, Creek delegate), 560, 562n Cheltenham, England, 434 Chemical Essays (Richard Watson), 94, 95n chemistry: application of, to practical arts, 238-9, 272, 319; publications on, 239n, 397n, 516; still in it’s infancy, 511 Chesapeake (U.S. frigate), 473 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, 79 chicory, 521 children: education of, 33, 34n, 98, 111-12; death of, 334 Chinubbee (Chenabie, Chickasaw leader), 669 Chisholm, Hugh, xlviii, 402

Chouteau, Pierre: letter from, 79-80; sends specimens, curiosities to TJ, 5, 79-80; postpones departure of Native American delegation, 79-80, 97 Chrétien philosophe (Pierre Billard), 36 Christianity: missionaries to Native Americans, 206-7, 208n, 421-3, 505-7. See also Bible; Jefferson, Thomas: Religion Christian VII, King of Denmark: letter to, 466-7; recalls Blicher Olsen, 466-7 Christie, Gabriel, 453 Chubb, Thomas, 258 Church, Christopher: letter from, 58-9; petition for pardon, 58-9, 125; pardoned by TJ, 59n Church of England, 155n Cicero, Marcus Tullius: Philosophica, 394 Cincinnati, Ohio, 53 Cincinnati, Society of the, 528 Cincinnati College, 112n Cincinnatus, 657n City Gazette and Daily Advertiser (Charleston, S.C.), 571n Claiborne, William C. C.: letters to, 24, 48; letters from, 5, 14-15, 49-51, 97, 142-3, 325-6, 442, 467, 503-4, 540, 582-3, 618-20; forwards specimens from M. Lewis, 5, 14-15, 48, 79, 80, 142-3, 192n, 326; and Sibley, 14, 49, 255n; asked to obtain passport for Red River expedition, 19, 49, 97; and public buildings in New Orleans, 24, 130, 173, 413-14n, 442, 503-4; relations with Native Americans, 49; and postal service to New Orleans, 49-50, 51n, 75, 103-4, 144, 245, 289n; forwards specimens, information, 49-51, 142-3, 178-9n, 255n; advises on location of Lafayette’s land grant, 50; advises on appointments, 215, 467; health of, 325-6; tours Orleans Terr., 325-6; organization of territorial militia, 326; criticizes speculation in W. Fla. lands, 393-4; and establishment of public library at New Orleans, 410, 411, 457-8; and Orleans Terr. boundaries, 417, 418n; and Spanish posts in Orleans Terr., 418n; and city guard in New Orleans, 419n, 540, 582; and Spanish officials, 469, 616; recommends removal of troops from New Orleans, 582-3; correspondence with Folch respecting Mobile and Baton

 695 

INDEX Claiborne, William C. C. (cont.) Rouge, 583; defends I. Briggs, 583; rumored marriage to M. B. Trist, 608; addresses territorial House of Representatives, 610n; sends legislative council recommendations, 618-20 Clarges, Thomas, 558 Clark, Bowling: letter to, 106-7; letter from, 147; asked for valuation of Poplar Forest tracts, 106-7, 147 Clark, George Rogers, 612, 613n Clark, William: identifies animal specimens, 440n. See also Lewis and Clark expedition Clarke, Jeremiah: letter from, 606; ­recommends aspirant for military ­appointment, 606 Clarke, William (District of Columbia), 171n Claude Lorrain, 13, 14 Claxton, Thomas: payments to, 403 Clay, Joseph (Pa.), 607 Clayton, John: Flora Virginica, 520, 522 Clement XIII, Pope, 658, 660, 661n Clifford, Charles, Baron, 558 climate. See weather Clinton, DeWitt: letter to, 41; letter from, 6-7; and case of Le Blanc, 6, 7n; and condemnation of neutral shipping by admiralty courts, 6-7, 41; and Fraser, 20, 21n; and Lacarrière Latour, 418, 419n Clinton, George, 120, 613 cloth: nankeen, 306; osnaburg, 306; bolting, 366, 374, 382, 475, 550 clothing: straw hats, 197-8, 476; for enslaved persons, 306; bonnets, 518, 543; shawls, 518, 543; veils, 518, 543 coal. See household and personal articles Cocke, Buller, 608, 609n Cocke, John Hartwell, 475, 549-50 coffee, 84, 87, 194 coins: regulation of foreign coins, 438-9, 450 Colbertismo (Francesco Mengotti), 410, 411, 412n, 458, 463, 464, 483 Coles, Isaac, 373n Coles, Isaac A.: letter to, 373; offered position as TJ’s private secretary, 362, 372-3; identified, 373n; makes payments for TJ, 589n; prepares copies, 621, 627n, 629n Coles, John, 179, 180, 362, 373 Colle (Mazzei’s Va. estate), 345-6, 347-8, 639

Collection of Select Biography (Donald Fraser), 21n Collegio della Beata Verginedella Grazie, 443n Colles, Christopher: Survey of the Roads, 395, 397n Collezione de Classici Italiani, 109, 111 Colorado River, 126, 339, 671, 673 Colston, William T.: payments to, 402, 404n; TJ purchases enslaved laborers from, 404n Columbia, Bank of (Georgetown): TJ’s account with, 39-40, 80, 199, 236, 296, 324, 325, 401, 404n, 649-50; building, 283, 286n; robbed, 332, 333n Columbia, S.C., 321n Columbian Monitor (Donald Fraser), 21n Combrune, Michael: Theory and Practice of Brewing, 146 Comet (ship), 5, 142, 192n, 326 Communication, to Those Citizens of the North-Western Territory, Opposed to an Alteration of the Boundaries of the States (Thomas Worthington), 396n compasses, 146, 651 Complete Collection of Tables for Naviga­ tion and Nautical Astronomy (Joseph de Mendoza y Ríos), 242-3 coneflower, narrow leaf purple, 585 Congress (U.S. frigate), 414n, 611, 666n Congress, U.S. House of Representatives clerks, 137; organization of the militia, 622, 630 Legislation establishment of Miami collection district, 244-5n; appropriations for public buildings in Washington, 280-1, 286n; appropriation for trade with Native Americans, 424n; regulation of foreign coins and currency, 438-9, 450; limitations on claims, 447-9, 477, 481, 667-8 Connaissance des temps, 395 Connecticut: American Revolution in, 667; Western Reserve, 668 Connecticut Land Company, 125, 126n Considerations on the Government of the Territory of Columbia (Augustus B. Woodward), 396n Constantinople, 109, 110

 696 

INDEX Constellation (U.S. frigate), 152, 611, 666n Constitution and Bye-Laws of the Wash­ ington Phœnix Fire Company, 396n Constitution de la république Béninienne, ou Modèle d’une constitution républi­ caine (Ruelle), 318n Constitution of the United States: only Congress can declare war, 341 Convention between His Britannick ­Majesty, and the Emperor of Russia, 395n Convention of 1800: terms of, 41; claims under, 175, 176n, 213, 263, 266 Cook, John (Boston), 258 Cooke, Louisa Barrington Tristram, 454 Cooke, Rev. Thomas, 454 Cooper, Isaac, 403 copper, 15, 590 copying press, 10 corn: quarantino, 14, 112, 113, 410, 411, 420; prices, 214, 237, 639; purchased by TJ, 402, 468, 639 Cornells, Alexander (Oche Haujo): letter to, 552-6; letter from, 560-2; TJ seeks land cessions, road through Creek territory from, ix, 552-6, 560-2; identified, 555n Cornick, Adam, 177 Cornick, John, 177 Cosway, Louisa Paolina Angelica, 443n Cosway, Maria Hadfield: letter from, 442-3; portrait of, xlvii, 366 (illus.); oversees schools for young girls, 442-3; wishes to hear from TJ, seeks news of her brother, 442-3 cotton: yellow, 4 cottonwood trees, 590, 592 Couch, John, 258 cougars, 326 Cour de Justice Criminelle du Départment de la Seine: Extrait des minutes, 395n Courier (New York), 141n Courts, U.S. Circuit District of Columbia, 58-9, 170-1 District buildings for, 21-2, 130n, 503-4; Orleans Terr., 21-2, 130n, 156, 503-4; clerks, 120-1; New York, 120-1; low salary of judges, 156; Kentucky, 298n

Public Opinion slow to settle estates, 461 courts-martial, 378-9 cow pens, 561 Cowper, William (poet), 446 cowpox. See smallpox Cox, Col. John, 453, 454n Cox, Esther Bowes, 453, 454n Cox, John: payment to, 9n; dines with TJ, 682 Coxe, Richard, 453, 455 Coxe, Theodosia Henrietta Sayre, 453 coyotes, 436, 440 Cozens, William R., 171n Cranch, William: letter from, 444; and pardons, 58-9, 89, 170, 444; trustee of Washington education institution, 106 Craven, John H., 639 Creighton, William, Jr., 376, 377n Creighton, William, Sr., 376 crime: forgery, xii, 305, 424, 425; ­counterfeiting, 6, 73, 101-2, 269-70, 297, 298n; medical experiments on criminals, 44-5, 149; stealing, theft, 58, 219; larceny, 125; retailing liquor without license, 170-1; robbery, 332, 333n, 616; assault, 444; fraud, 529-31, 584; underage marriage, 599-600. See also murder; pardons; smuggling Crockett, Joseph: letter from, 657; seeks renewal of appointment as marshal, 657 Croudhill, James, 501 Crowninshield, Jacob: letters to, 218, 247, 333, 351; letters from, 73-4, 259, 259-60, 326-7; asks TJ to write to Gen. Stark, 72-4, 218, 260; advises on appointments, 125, 232, 237, 244, 247, 326; TJ forwards letters to, sends news of foreign affairs, 218; sends accounts of peace treaty with Tripoli, Eaton’s campaign, 259-60, 300, 301, 303, 333; TJ orders fish from, 260, 320, 333, 351; sends news of Essex decision, 326-7; and establishment of a naval militia, 622 Crozat, Antoine, 335 Cruz Cano y Olmedilla, Juan de la, 146 Cuba, 324, 340 Culpeper Court House, Va., 196, 247-8 Cumaná, 460n Cumberland River, 53

 697 

INDEX Cunningham, Rachel Sayre: letter from, 453-5; seeks advice on divorce petition, 453-5; identified, 454n Cunningham, Thomas, 453-5 Cunningham, William (East India Co.), 453 Curaçao, W.I., 399 Currie, James: letter to, 526; TJ recommends T. Main to, 526 Cutts, Anna Payne, 9n Cutts, Thomas D.: letter from, 606; recommends aspirant for military ­appointment, 606 Cuvier, Georges: “Sur le mégalonix, animal de la famille des Paresseux,” 162; classifications of quadrupeds, 202 Cuyahoga River, 74 cymling (cymlin), 521 cypress vine, 408 Daily Compiler (Richmond), 251n Dalcho, Frederick, 205 Dale, Richard, 474n Dallas, Alexander J.: and Davy’s appointment, 217n; Address of the So­ ciety of Constitutional Republicans, 396n; and case of the New Jersey, 470; and Irujo, 616 Damanhur, Egypt, 151 Danbury, Conn., 667 Dandridge (Danderidge), Col. William, 598, 599n Danham (Dunham), Mr. (Charlestown, Mass., rope maker), 258 Daniel, Mr. (Albemarle Co.), 639 Danube River, 433 Danville, Ky., 54n, 261-2 Darby, Captain (mariner), 603, 610 Daudet, Alexis: letters from, 290-1, 638; seeks subscriptions to Le Petit censeur, 290-1, 638; identified, 290-1n Davidson, Samuel: dines with TJ, 680, 682 Davies, William, 439n Davis, George (surgeon): detention of Tunisian vessels by Rodgers, 70-1; reports on Tripolitan cruisers, 124; negotiations with Hammuda Pasha, 277, 278, 279n; resigns as consul, 279n Davis, George (surveyor): criticism of, 18 Davis, William (draftsman), 381 Davy, William: appointment questioned, 216-17, 233-4; as superintendent of

Native American trading houses, 466; recommends aspirant for office, 472n Dawson, Martin: payments to, 392n, 406; letter from cited, 685; letter to cited, 685 Dawson, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 681 Dayton, Jonathan: dines with TJ, 682 Dearborn, Dorcas Osgood Marble: letter to, 7; TJ sends wine to, 7; identified, 7n; invited to Monticello, 51, 116, 143, 163, 202, 247, 250, 301; characterized by TJ, 250; dines with TJ, 679 Dearborn, Henry: letters to, 51-2, 115, 116, 143, 202-3, 233-4, 247-8, 504-5, 577-8; letters from, 81-2, 97, 125-6, 163, 164, 199-200, 216-17, 237, 301-2, 493, 594, 624, 634 Military Affairs attends cabinet meetings, 16, 615, 670; and western exploration, 51; TJ forwards letter to, 115; and re­ lations with Spain, 125-6, 128, 418n; and U.S. fortifications, 143, 163, 164, 419n; news of peace with Tripoli, 300, 301-2; as reference, 448; organization of militia, 493-4, 504-5, 621, 624, 630, 634; and W. Tatham, 528; considers bounty and pension claims, 613n; gunpowder contracts, 620, 650. See also War, U.S. Department of Native American Affairs and negotiations with Creeks, ix, 554, 577-8, 594; reports on meeting with Choctaws, 81; and Native American delegations, 97, 418n; and allowance for W. H. Harrison, 116; sends summary of treaty, 125; instructions to Sibley, 178; and Davy’s appointment as principal trade agent, 216-17, 233-4; applications to, for appointments, 417n; instructions for treaty negotiations, 419n; and trading house at Natchitoches, 465 Personal Affairs oversees specimens sent by Lewis and Clark, x, 199-200, 226, 233; marriage, 7n; invited to, visits Monticello, 51, 116, 143, 163, 202, 247, 250, 301, 363, 373; and sculpture sent by Bowdoin, 97, 116, 250; receives items for TJ, 139; TJ sends travel recommendations to, 247-8,

 698 

INDEX Dearborn, Henry (cont.) 301; characterized by TJ, 250; health of, 373, 375; and Gen. Stark, 549; dines with TJ, 679, 680, 681, 682 Politics advises on appointments, 51-2, 81-2, 125, 202-3, 237 Dearborn, Henry A. S., 372-3 Deblois, Lewis: letter to, 7-8; forwards items for TJ, 7-8, 9; and boards for Capitol, 77; letters from cited, 684, 686 debt: debts of honor, 176 Decatur, Stephen, Jr., 611n deer: mule (black-tailed), 440 Deforgues, François Louis Michel Chemin: carries packet to TJ, 100; dines with TJ, 680 Degen, Frederick, 301, 302n Dei provvedimenti annonarj (Giovanni Fabbroni), 85, 87, 394, 661n Delabigarre, Peter, 466 Delacroix de Constant, Charles, 428, 434n De la Grange, Joseph E. G. M., 176n, 264-5, 267, 268n Delano, Calvin, 451, 525 Delaware River: frozen, 602 Del commercio de’ Romani dalla prima guerra Punica a Costantino (Francesco Mengotti), 410, 411, 412n, 458, 463, 464, 483 Della necessità riformare la legislazione (Luigi Antonio Laurenzi), 109, 110-11, 167, 169n, 661n Della Rocca, Stefano, Abbé: Traité com­ plet sur les abeilles, 66, 395 Delorme, Philibert: Delorme roof, 78-9, 354 Demaree, Samuel R.: letter from, 261-2; proposes alterations to English alphabet, 261; establishes newspaper, seeks printing contract, 261-2 demographics, 494-6 Demosthenes: lantern, xiii, 407 Dempsie, John, 106 Denison, Robert, 293, 319n Denmark, 387n, 428, 432, 466-7 Derbigny, Pierre (Peter) Augustin Bourguignon, 51n, 610n, 619 Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard: letter from, 200; provides TJ with wheat seeds, cultivation advice, 200

Derna: capture of, ix, 152, 153n, 259-60, 300, 301, 319n, 368; evacuation of, 154n; expedition against, 166, 310 Der Pelican (Philadelphia), 357 Derryfield, N.H., 72, 225n Des Moines River, 79, 80 Des pierres tombées du ciel; ou Lithologie atmosphérique (Joseph Izarn), 510, 511n Destréhan, Jean Noël: letters from, 609-10, 642; forwards communications from legislature, 609-10, 642; identified, 610n; recommended for legislative council, 619 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude: works by, sent to TJ, 26, 27; Analyse raisonnée, 395 Detroit: post office at, 74-5; fire at, 97, 377n, 412, 413n; trading factory at, 97; Wyandot settlement at, 506 Dick, Charles (gun factory manager), 307 Dickson, William (Lancaster, Pa.), 490 Dido (brig), 390n Digges, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 681 Digges, Thomas: dines with TJ, 681 Dinsmoor, Silas, 81, 82n, 474-5n Dinsmore, James: letter to, 540-1; memorandum of tasks for, 390; payment to, 402; notes on architectural ornaments, 465; and sheet iron for Monticello, 540-1; letters from cited, 540n, 686; letter to cited, 540n, 686; reports want of hauling, 639; makes payments for TJ, 640 Discours d’ouverture et de clôture du cours de zoologie (Comte de Lacépède), 396n disease. See illness and disease District of Columbia: surveyors, 42n. See also Alexandria, D.C.; Georgetown, D.C.; Washington, D.C. Divers, George: recommended to Reibelt by TJ, 43, 112, 113; and Rivanna Company, 181n; Monroe inquires about, 547; letter from cited, 684 divorce, 453-5 Dobson, John, 595n Dobson, Richard: letter from, 594-5; asks TJ for money, 594-5 Doctrine of Chances (Abraham de Moivre), 354, 355n Documents Accompanying a Message from the President of the United States, with Sundry Statements of Expendi­ tures; Containing Detailed Accounts of the Expenditures of Public Monies, by Naval Agents, 396n

 699 

INDEX Dog River, 289 Dolly (revenue cutter), 439n Dolphin (schooner), 85, 87, 345, 347 Donaldson, James Lowry: appointment as territorial attorney general annulled, 573 Donovan, Thomas, 368n Dougherty, Joseph: letter to, 189; letters from, 122, 203; as TJ’s servant, 7; forwards items to TJ, 122, 203, 213; and instructions for G. Andrews, 189, 203, 237, 256; admiration for TJ’s horse, 203; charges for hauling coal, 392n; payments to, 392n, 401, 403, 404n, 649 Downey’s ford (Rapidan River), 248 D’Oyley, Daniel, 59 Draper, William, 308n drawing boards, 146 Drummond, Captain, 177n, 214 Duane, William: criticizes Davy’s appointment, 233-4; and divisions among Pa. Republicans, 234; payments to, 403. See also Aurora (Philadelphia) DuBourg, Louis Guillaume Valentin, 441-2 Ducatel, Edme: wishes to meet TJ, 14, 28, 463, 464, 483; experiments with quarantino corn, 112, 113; and bust of Napoleon, 462, 463, 587, 588 Duckett, Allen Bowie: dines with TJ, 681 Ducoigne, Jean Baptiste, 418, 419n Duffield, George (Pa.), 489, 490n Duffield, George (Tenn.), 11 Du Jardin, Karel, 13, 14 Dulton, Thomas: carries letters from U.S. ministers, 124, 126, 128, 129n, 141, 148, 384 Dumfries, Va., 239n Dumont de Courset, Georges Louis Marie: Botaniste cultivateur, 65, 66, 521, 522n; Météorologie des cultiva­ teurs, 66 Dunbar, William: letters from, 18-20, 437-8, 605; prepares map of the Ouachita River, 18, 605; and explo­ ration of Red River, 18-19, 97n, 370, 437, 511; and calculation of longitude, 19-20, 309n, 369-70, 437-8, 605, 653-4; characterizes T. Freeman, 42n Duncanson, William Mayne: dines with TJ, 680, 682 Dunlap, James, 374

Dunlap, Miss, 123 Dunmore, John Murray, fourth Earl of, 306-7 Dunscombe, Edward, 120, 121n Dupau, Jacques: Observations sur l’usage des végétaux exotiques, 396n Dupee, Elias, 258 Duplantier, Armand Gabriel Allard, 50 Duplessis, Peter L. B., Jr., 467 Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, 262n du Pont de Nemours, E. I. & Co., 620, 621n du Pont de Nemours, Éleuthère Irénée, 312, 314, 604n Du Pont de Nemours, Françoise Robin Poivre, 266, 268 Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel: letters from, 262-9, 311-14, 481; recommended to Claiborne, 50; and case of the New Jersey, 175, 176-7n, 262-9, 311, 313; pamphlets on New Jersey claim, 268-9n; landholdings in Ky., 311, 313; promotes family gunpowder business, 311, 313; comments on European decline, 311-12, 313-14; considers emigrating to Louisiana, 312, 313-14; edits Turgot’s papers, 312, 314; promotion of public education, 312, 314; promotion of tanning in U.S., 312, 314; urges U.S. acquisition of Canada, 481 Dupuis, Charles François, 395 Duvall, Gabriel: trustee of Washington education institution, 106; forwards letters to Gallatin, 131n; dines with TJ, 680 Dynasties du second livre de Manethon (Jan Potocki), 394 earthquakes: at Naples, 168, 169n East India Company, British, 453 Easton, Rufus: criticism of, 572-4; defended by Lucas, 581; letter from cited, 686 Eaton, William: expedition against Derna, ix, xlix, 151-2, 153n, 154n, 166, 259-60, 293, 300, 301, 310, 319n, 368; convention with Ahmad Qaramanli, xlix, 151, 154n, 165-6, 293; opposes treaty with Tripoli, xlix; portrait of, xlix, 366 (illus.); provides financial assistance to Ahmad, 294; dines with TJ, 682 eclipses: lunar, 605

 700 

INDEX Edes, Peter, 258 Edgehill (Randolph estate), 597 education: teachers, 20-1, 415-16; as means to instill republican principles, 30, 31, 644-5; military, 30, 31; academies, schools, 98, 251n; promotion of public education, 98, 105-6, 155, 196, 312, 314; spelling books, 111-12; of women, 112n, 251n, 442-3; medical, 238, 239n; of the deaf, 579-80 Edwards, Pierpont: letter from cited, 441n, 685 Egg Harbor, N.J., 352 Egypt: Ahmad Qaramanli takes refuge in, 150-1, 153n, 165-6n, 293-4; Aboukir Bay, 535 election of 1804: congratulations to TJ on his reelection, 157 elephants, 202 Eliza (brig), 303 Elk Run Church (Fauquier Co., Va.), 247, 597 Elkton, Md., 79 Ellicott, Andrew: letter to, 510-11; letter from, 425-6; and meteorites, 425-6, 510-11; and calculation of longitude, 653 Ellicott, Nathaniel: letter to, 13; advises on route for new road in Va., 13 Elliot, James, 132, 136n Elogio d’Amerigo Vespucci (Stanislao Canovai), 394 Elwood, John, 435, 436, 440, 492, 565 Elzey, Arnold, 107 embargo: considered against Spain, 358, 360n, 363, 413 Emerson, William (New Orleans): letter from, 479; seeks appointment, 479; identified, 479n Emmet, Thomas Addis (1826-1919), l Emmius, Ubbo: Græcorum Respublicæ, 394 Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique (Jean Baptiste Pierre de Monet de Lamarck), 521, 522n Enehau Thlucco (Creek delegate), 560, 562n English Channel, 472n Enoch (brig), 327n Enquirer (Richmond), l, 381n enslaved people: as caregivers for workers’ children, xi, 639; purchased by TJ, xi, 402, 404n; escape, xi-xiii, 69, 88-9, 104-5, 279n, 305-6, 419n, 424-5; as sailors, boatmen, xii, 69; descrip-

tions of, xiii, 305, 424; purchased for Little Turtle, 272n; in Tunis, 279n; clothing, 306; sold to satisfy debts, 346, 348, 598; efforts to regulate, in New Orleans, 419n; as parts of estates, 461; owned by Native Americans, 555n; hiring of, 639. See also Black people; Jefferson, Thomas: Slaveholder Entwürfe zu Anlagen und Verschöerun­ gen der Landsitze und grossen Gärten im englischen Landschaftsstyl (George Isham Parkyns), 463, 464, 483, 499, 500 Eppes, Elizabeth Wayles (Mrs. Francis Eppes, TJ’s sister-in-law), 33, 34n Eppes, Francis (TJ’s brother-in-law), 299 Eppes, Francis Wayles (TJ’s grandson): health of, 33; land devised for, 179 Eppes, John Wayles (TJ’s son-in-law): TJ gives Poplar Forest land to, xlviii, 107n; sends news of family’s health, 33; TJ leases land to, 93; and Lambert, 137; bedroom at President’s House, 197; payment to, 403, 404n; and Pen Park, 534; letter from cited, 684 Eppes, Maria Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): health of, 33, 34n equatorials, 146 Erie, Lake, 104, 125, 244-5n erosion, 352-3 Erving, George, 453 Erving, George W.: letter to, 541-2; dispatches to Madison from, 99, 100n, 118, 358, 360n; family of, 116-17n; as secretary of legation, 393, 470, 471n; reports on impressment of U.S. seamen, 413, 414n; and Rachel Cunningham, 453; departure for Spain, 471n; TJ sends letter of introduction for L. B. Smith to, 541-2, 548, 582; ne­ gotiations with Spain, 544 Erving, John: letter from, 116-17; seeks appointment, 116-17; identified, 116-17n Essai d’annales de la vie de Jean Guten­ berg inventeur de la typographie (Jacques Oberlin), 66 Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europe­ ans in Hot Climates (James Lind), 94, 95n Essex (brig): admiralty court decision on, 326-7, 386n, 393, 413, 416-17, 429, 471n, 543

 701 

INDEX Essex (U.S. frigate), 452 euonymus, 407 Europe: maps of, 146 Eustis, William: letter from, 209-11; sends observations on N.H., Mass. politics, 209-11; considered for diplomatic appointment, 413 Ewell, Charlotte, 239n Ewell, Elizabeth Stoddert, 239n Ewell, Jesse: TJ’s friendship with, 239, 272-3, 319; letters to his son, 516 Ewell, Thomas: letters to, 272-3, 524; letters from, 238-9, 319, 515-16, 600; seeks advice on chemistry publication, 238-9, 272-3, 319; identified, 239n; Plain Discourses, 239n, 319, 516n; uses extract from TJ letter, 319; seeks appointment, employment, 515-16, 524; sends book to TJ, 600; dines with TJ, 681 Examination of the British Doctrine (James Madison), 359, 360n, 416-17 Examination of the Various Charges ­Exhibited Against Aaron Burr, Esq. (William P. Van Ness), 140, 397n “Experiments made to ascertain the Composition of Swedish Stone Paper or Artificial Slate” (J. G. Georgi), 78, 79n Extrait des minutes et liasses du greffe du tribunal criminel et spécial du départ­ ment de la Seine (Cour de Justice Criminelle du Départment de la Seine), 395n Fabbroni, Giovanni: and Ceracchi claim, 3, 83-4, 86-7, 108, 110, 167; Dei provvedimenti annonarj, 85, 87, 394, 661n; Biblioteca lettera, 395-6n Fabbroni, Teresa Ciamagnini: and Ceracchi claim, 3, 83-4, 86-7 Faber, Mr., 35 Fairfax Court House, Va., 247, 305-6, 424, 425, 597 Fairfield, Conn., 667 Fallen Timbers, battle of, 208n Falmouth, England, 558 Farell & Jones: TJ’s debt to, 595n Faris, Richard, 639, 648 Farley (home of Wm. Shippen), 444n Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthélemy, 202 Fauquier Court House, Va., 196, 247 Favre, Simon, 104n, 144-5, 289 Faxe, Arvid, 78

Federalists: in Miss. Terr., 12; TJ will not appoint, 12, 249, 300; and Walker affair, 131-2; in Mass., 131-6, 209-10, 586; seeks union with third party, 132, 134; accused of lies, misrepresentations, 132-3, 191, 209-10; irreconcilable, 133; printers, newspapers, 133, 135, 209-10; clergy allied with, 134; accuse TJ of cowardice during British invasion of 1781, 136n; in S.C., 205n; call for acquisition of W. Fla., 210; in Pa., 228, 489-90, 588-9; in Marine Corps, 249; removal of, expected, urged, 343-4 Fenner, Arthur: letter from, 478-9; death of, 477-8; recommends aspirant for office, 478-9 Fenwick, Mason & Co., 325n Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (and King of Sicily), 4 Ferdinand Karl Joseph, Archduke of Austria-Este, 545 Ferguson, James (Liverpool): letter from cited, 685 Fernald, Andrew P.: letter from, 606; recommends aspirant for military appointment, 606 Fesch, Joseph, 443n “Feuilleton” (pseudonym), 290n Fincastle, Va., 380 Fine, David, 573n Finlay & Taylor (Baltimore), 17 Finley, Andrew: letter from, 223-4; asks TJ for Jerusalem wheat, 223-4 Finley, O. P., 542 fire engines, 15 fish: account of a rain of fish, 511; shad, 518; statistics on fisheries, 559, 563 Fisher, Daniel (New York): letter to, 189; letter from, 129-30; sends work on military tactics, 129-30; identified, 130n; thanked by TJ, 189 Fisher, Henry, 444 Fitz, Gideon, 211 Fitzhugh, Nicholas: and pardons, 58-9; dines with TJ, 681 Flemingsburg, Ky., 53 Fletcher, Thomas C.: letter from cited, 686 Flint River, 561 Flora Virginica (John Clayton), 520, 522 Florence, 83, 86 Florida: W. Fla. claimed as part of Louisiana, vii, 335-7, 360n; U.S. seeks to acquire, viii-ix, 413, 414n, 505, 508,

 702 

INDEX 510, 615, 671, 673; post road through W. Fla., 49, 51n, 75; U.S. urged to acquire, 129n, 210, 230, 324, 341, 370, 645-6; as indemnification for American debt claims on Spain, 252; threat of Spain ceding to France, 260; potential impact of U.S. acquisition of, 337-8; U.S. seeks status quo in, 339; land sales in W. Fla. by Spain, 393-4, 413, 414n; and capture, release of Kempers, 464-5, 508; trading rights with, 673. See also Mobile, W. Fla.; Pensacola, W. Fla. flour: flour mills, 17-18 Folwell, Richard: letter from, 235; sends newspaper prospectus to TJ, 235; identified, 235n; works by, 235n food and drink: portable soup, 63n, 184, 198, 256, 297; olive oil, 102, 172; preserved fruit, 102, 139, 144; almonds, 139, 172; anchovies, 172; capers, 172; olives, 172; syrup of punch, 195, 304, 320; beer, 272; bread, 272; butter, 272; cheese, 272; cider, 272, 402; vinegar, 272; loaf sugar, 296; fish, 320, 333; figs, 551, 593; prunes, 551, 593. See also wine Forman, Francis, 640n Forster, Joseph: letter from, 356-7; asks TJ for money, 356-7 Fort Industry, Treaty of, 76n, 125, 126n, 208n, 668, 669n Forton prison, 598 Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 271n, 418 Foster, Augustus John, 334, 477, 480 Foster, George, 130-1, 173, 179 Foster, Theodore: letter from cited, 686 Fothergill, Anthony, 262n Four Letters to the People, on the Undue Influence of Bank Directors, in the Po­ litical Affairs of the State of Maryland, 396n Fourth of July. See Independence Day Fowler, John, 570 Fox (ship), 176-7n, 214 Fox, Josiah, 275 Foxall, Henry, 197 foxes: red, 436, 440, 497 Fraissinet, John Joseph, 470, 472n France Architecture Halle aux Bleds, 283, 315, 354 Economy valuation of French gold coins, 439

Foreign Relations with Spain, 246, 260, 323-4, 335-7, 363, 670-1; with Native Americans, 270; and United Irishmen, 321n; and Italy, 360n; with Russia, 377; diplomatic exemptions from import duties, 480 Law and capture and condemnation of prizes, 6-7, 41; prize courts, 374; civil code, 410, 412, 458 National Institute of Arts and Sciences members, 12; Reibelt asks for TJ’s letter to, 409, 411, 458, 483, 498, 500; and meteorites, 425-6, 510-11; and Humboldt, 460n Navy in W. Indies, 210, 211n; speculations on fleet movements, 303 Politics and Government Conseil d’État, 263, 266; use of spies, 322n. See also Napoleon, Emperor of the French (Napoleon Bonaparte) Science and Learning Académie Française, 243n; L’Aigle meteor, 426n, 511n; Jardin des plantes, 521 Society Catholic Church, 321-2n Transportation Briare Canal, 520, 522 U.S. Relations with French participation in negotiations with Spain, viii, 126, 141-2, 165, 214, 227, 228, 338-9, 360n, 367, 393, 433, 471n, 505, 508, 510, 615, 670-1; interference with U.S. shipping, commerce, 6-7, 16, 38, 39, 41, 129, 260, 340-1, 383, 546-7; American debt claims, 41, 60, 61n, 175-7, 213, 262-9, 470; emigrants to U.S., 128n; and Moreau’s visit, 246-7, 252, 291-3; and Louisiana boundary, 338-9, 363; and Jay Treaty, 434n; and U.S. trade with French colonies, 544-5; trading rights with Floridas, 673. See also Haiti (SaintDomingue); New Orleans War with Third Coalition rumored French capture of Jamaica, 360n; Ulm campaign against Austria, 433, 545-6; formation of Third

 703 

INDEX France (cont.) Coalition, 434n; convention with Prussia, 548n Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 443n Frankfort, Ky., 54n, 74, 297 Franklin, Benjamin, 62, 133, 480, 607 Franzoni, Giuseppe Antonio: engaged as Capitol sculptor, 346, 348, 349n, 389, 390n, 574, 575, 657, 659; passage to U.S., 661 Fraser, Donald: letter from, 20-1; asks TJ to subscribe to publication, 20-1; identified, 21n; works by, 21n Frederick, Prince, Duke of York and Albany, 546 Fredericksburg, Va.: stage lines, 195; on route to Monticello, 247; gun manufactory at, 308n Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 460n Fredonia, 460n Freeman, Constant, 18-19, 22n, 130, 378-9, 437, 540 Freeman, John Hoomes: letters to, 595-6, 639; hired as Monticello overseer, xi, 250, 458-9, 595n; instructions to, 408n, 639; asked to forward letters, 595-6, 639; identified, 595-6n; health of, 639; and nailery, 639, 640; letters from cited, 639n, 685, 686; makes payments for TJ, 644, 648; payments to, 649 Freeman, Thomas: letter to, 651; letters from, 41-2, 605; and calculation of longitude, 41-2, 653-4; dines with TJ, 42n, 605, 682; identified, 42n; conflated with Constant Freeman, 437; asked to purchase surveyor’s compass for TJ, 651; selected for Red River expedition, 653 Freeman’s Journal, and Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, 184, 185n, 198 Freemasons, 257-8 Freire, Cipriano Ribeiro, 468 French language: knowledge of, desired in Orleans Terr. appointees, 156, 344n, 351n, 467; knowledge of, desired in Michigan Terr. appointees, 271; newspapers, 290-1; study of, 391 Freneau, Peter: letter from, 570-1; considered for inquiry on J. Simons, 59, 92; introduces D. R. Williams, 570-1 Frick, William: Laws of the Sea, 374n Friends, Society of, 241, 512n, 562

fringe tree, 407 Fristo, William, 616 Fromentin, Eligius: establishment of public library at New Orleans, 410, 411; clerk of the Orleans Terr. House of Reps., 609n, 620n, 642n Frying Pan Shoals, 557 Fullerton, Mrs., 123 fur and peltry trade, 217 Gabriel (horse), li Gaines, Richard, 403 galena, 592 Galicia, 358 Gallatin, Albert: letters to, 24-5, 91-2, 164-5, 173, 240, 248, 273, 365-6, 450, 480, 505, 559, 584, 651-2; letters from, 21-2, 59-61, 130, 130-1, 211-12, 232, 240, 244-5, 334, 334, 343-4, 350-1, 438-9, 439-40, 477, 529, 559-60, 578, 646-8 Personal Affairs departs for New York, 60, 99; illness, death of child, 211, 334; and Barlow, 295; dines with TJ, 679, 680, 681, 682 Politics and J. Randolph, 477 Secretary of the Treasury relations with Spain, viii, 335-43, 351, 505; attends cabinet meetings, 16, 615, 670; and public buildings in New Orleans, 21-2, 130, 173; and J. Simons, 24-5, 59, 60n; acquisition of new revenue cutters, 59, 91-2; advises on appointments, 59-60, 130-1, 173, 211-12, 232, 240, 244, 248, 273, 343-4, 365; establishment of land offices in Orleans Terr., 59‑60; instructions to revenue cutter captains, 60, 92; settlement of American debt claims, 60, 61n; asked for opinion on relations with Spain, 164-5, 211, 292, 334, 365-6; TJ recommends Fitz to, 164-5; and Toulmin’s appointment as receiver, 211, 212n, 240, 273; establishment of Miami collection district, 244-5; exemption from duties for secretaries of legation, 334, 477, 480; extension of Mediterranean fund, 341-2; recommends

 704 

INDEX Gallatin, Albert (cont.) naval expansion, 341-2; discharge of public debt, 342-3, 578-9; asked to attend cabinet meeting, 365-6; and E. Randolph, 375, 513; applications to, for appointments, 391; regulation of foreign gold coins, 438-9, 450; appointment of revenue cutter officers, 439-40; and Turner’s claim, 477; and case of Guerlain’s fraudulent invoice, 529-31, 584; estimates number of U.S. seamen, 559-60, 621; provides sketch of Treasury receipts and expenditures, 578-9; and purchase of Florida, 615; dispute with Sandy Hook proprietors, 646-8, 651-2; extra expenditures by Navy Dept., 666. See also Treasury, U.S. Department of the Gallatin, Sophia Albertine, 211, 334 Gallego, Joseph, 17-18, 514 Gallego, Richard, & Co. (Richmond), 17-18 Gallia, Sive de Francorum Regis ­Dominiis et Opibus Commentarius (Johannes de Laet), 394 Gamble, Robert: letter from, 461-2; and settlement of T. Bell’s estate, 461-2; letter to cited, 461n, 685 Gamble, Robert, Jr., 386, 387n, 543 gambling, 245 Gano, Isaac E., 298n Gardeners Dictionary (Philip Miller), 521, 522n Gardiner, John: letter from, 98; informs TJ of his election as trustee of education institution, 98, 196 Garrett, Alexander, 392n, 405 Garven, James (Lynchburg, Va.), 69 Gass, John, 11n Gates, Horatio, 296 Gavino, John, 274, 327 Gayoso de Lemos, Manuel, 156 Gayoso de Lemos, Margaret Cyrilla Watts, 156 Gazette nationale, ou le Moniteur uni­ versel (Paris), 377 Gelston, David: letters to, 144, 490-1; letters from, 102, 551-2, 596; receives, forwards items for TJ, 102, 144, 451, 490-1, 551-2, 596; payments to, 403, 470; and Sandy Hook beacons, 647 Genealogical, Chronological, Historical, and Geographical Atlas (Emmanuel

Auguste Dieudonné, comte de Las Cases), 160-1, 192 General Greene (U.S. frigate), 413 General System of Nature (Carolus Linnaeus), 566, 567n General Washington (packet), 61-3 Genoa, Italy, 246, 247n, 360n Geometrical and Graphical Essays (George Adams, Jr.), 146 Georgetown, D.C.: shops in, 9n; taverns, 171n, 193; justices of the peace, 202-3, 237; ferries, 247, 597; increase of merchants in, 296; academies, schools in, 415; hatmakers in, 476; physicians, 515-16; nurseries, 526n Georgi, Johann Gottlieb: “Experiments made to ascertain the Composition of Swedish Stone Paper or Artificial Slate,” 78, 79n Georgia: Native American affairs, ix, 553-4, 560-1, 577; Sunbury collectorship, 130-1, 173, 179, 211, 212n, 240n, 677; Tallassee Co., 556n; bounty and pension claims, 568-9 Georgia, University of, 120 German language: letters translated by J. Wagner, 124, 179; newspapers, 357 Germany: immigrants from, 124, 357. See also Prussia Gettysburg, Pa., 182-3 Gettysburg Gazette, 183n geulder rose, 407 Gibaut, John: illness, death of, 211, 212n, 232, 240, 247, 248, 273 Gibraltar, 274, 303 Gibson, George, 307, 308n Gibson, John, 271n Gibson & Jefferson: letters to, 92-3, 149; handles shipments for TJ, 7, 116, 241, 250, 409-10, 411, 468, 585, 602, 603, 615, 643-4; handles TJ’s business affairs in Richmond, 43n, 67, 92-3, 149, 216n, 288, 369, 392n, 405, 435, 461, 462n; letter to cited, 149n; and sale of TJ’s tobacco, 216n; payments to, 369, 648, 649; correspondents of, 601n. See also Jefferson, George Gilbert, William, 195 Gilly, David: Handbuch der Land-baukunst, 78, 79n, 354 Gilman, Nicholas, 622 giornata, 112, 113 Girardin, Louis H., 410, 411, 463, 464, 499, 500

 705 

INDEX Giraud, Marc Antoine Alexis, 177n, 214 Glasgow, 303n Glasgow (British frigate), 667 glass: for U.S. Capitol, 284-5, 315; English, 285; German, 285 globes, 146 Gloucester, England, 454n Godefroy, Maximilian, 228n Godoy y Álavarez de Faria, Manuel de, 129, 386, 460n gold: gilded furnishings, 101; regulation of foreign gold coins, 438-9 Goldsborough, Charles W., 529n Goodrich, Elizur: Principles of Civil Union and Happiness, 396n Goodwin, Ichabod: letter from, 606; recommends aspirant for military appointment, 606; identified, 606n Gordon’s Tavern (Gordonsville, Orange Co., Va.), 247-8, 597 Governor’s Letter, of the 6th of Decem­ ber,1802, to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, of Virginia (James Monroe), 396n Græcorum Respublicæ (Ubbo Emmius), 394 Granger, Gideon: letters to, 52, 102-3, 144-5, 245; letters from, 74-6, 103-4, 218-21; arrangement of post offices in Ky., 52-4, 74, 219-22, 245; arranges mail contracts, 74-5; establishment of post road between Washington and New Orleans, 75, 102-4, 144-5, 218-19, 245, 289-90n; reports trespassers on pine lands in Mich. Terr., 75-6, 104; departs from Washington, 257; as reference, 441, 448; applications to, for appointments, 441n; dines with TJ, 680 grapes: Smyrna, 85, 87, 345, 347 Gratiot, Charles: letter from, 572-4; presents grand jury memorial against Easton and Lucas, 572-4; identified, 573-4n Gratiot, Charles, Jr., 574n Gray’s Ferry, Pa., 458 Grayson, Robert, 343-4 Great Britain Agriculture Board of Agriculture, 254n, 483 Colonies P. S. Du Pont urges seizure of Canada, 481

Economy straw plait manufacturing as poor relief, 197-8; Native American trade, 418, 419n; valuation of British gold coins, 439 Foreign Relations with Portugal, 187; with Demark, 428; with Russia, 428, 430, 432-3, 434n; with Sweden, 428, 434n; diplomatic exemptions from import duties, 480 Law and capture and condemnation of prizes, 6-7, 41, 359, 360n, 416-17; Essex decision, 326-7; Polly decision, 327n; prize courts, 374 Navy movements of Nelson’s fleet, 210, 211n, 303; drawings of 74-gun ship, 527 Politics and Government use of spies, 321-2n; distribution of Spanish prize money, 342 Science and Learning meridian at Greenwich, 19, 42, 309n, 438; smallpox vaccination, 44; Board of Longitude, 242-3 U.S. Relations with proposed alliance between Britain and U.S., vii-viii, 148, 165-6, 214, 227-8, 246, 252-3, 292, 323-4, 338, 363, 392-3, 451, 469, 510, 513, 615; interference with U.S. shipping, viii, 6-7, 16, 41, 260, 326-7, 338, 359, 360n, 383-7, 413, 416-17, 427-34, 471n, 543-4, 546-7; emigrants to U.S., 15n, 101, 515n; and banished Black convicts, 148; and threat of war between Spain and U.S., 165, 338; resolution of debt claims, 240n, 578-9; non-intercourse with Britain considered, 413; violations of U.S. sovereignty, 413, 414n; U.S. trade with W. Indies, 543-5, 547. See also impressment War with France and Spain Spain declares war on Britain, 342; rumored French capture of Jamaica, 360n; formation of Third Coalition, 434n; Hanover expedition, 546, 548n Greece, 45n, 233 Greek language, 391

 706 

INDEX Green, Charles (son of Francis Green), 580n Green, Francis: letter from, 579-80; sends pamphlet on deaf education, 579-80; identified, 580n Greene, Nathanael, 387n Greenock, Scotland, 303n Greenup, Christopher, 298n Greenville, Miss. Terr., 378n Greenville, Treaty of, 206, 208n, 668 Greenville College, 391 Greenwich, England: meridian line at, 19, 42, 309n, 438 Griffin, Burgess: provides valuation of Poplar Forest tracts, 107n; letters from cited, 684, 685; letters to cited, 684, 685 Griffin, Cyrus, 272n Griffin, James (Lynchburg, Va.), 69 Griffin, John, 271, 272n Griffith, Robert Eaglesfield, 176n, 213, 263, 266-7 Grinnell, Cornelius, 344n Griswold, Roger, 448 Groton, Conn., 667 grouse, sharp-tailed, 79, 80, 440 Grouseland, Treaty of, 270-2, 668, 669n Grove, William Barry, 231 Guadalupe River, 413, 508, 615, 673 Guerlain, Lewis H.: fraud attempted by, 529-31, 584 Guestier, Peter A., 617-18, 654, 675 Guide to the Philadelphia Museum (Charles Willson Peale), 396n Guillelmi Postelli de Republica, seu ­Magistratibus Atheniensium Liber (Guillaume Postel), 394 guinea fowl, 440 Guion, Frederick S.: letter from, 612-13; sends bounty claim, 612-13; identified, 613n Guion, John W.: letter from cited, 686 Gulf Stream, 16 gunboats: captured, released by Spanish privateers, 146, 147n; Gunboat No. 3, 146, 147n; arrive at Gibraltar, 274; Gunboat No. 7, 274, 276n; reinforce Mediterranean squadron, 274-5; seaworthiness of, 274-5, 304; construction of, 275, 276n, 323, 333, 413; Gunboat No. 1, 275, 276n; Gunboat No. 11, 275, 276n; Gunboat No. 12, 275, 276n; for New Orleans, 275, 276n, 304, 323; for New York, 304; TJ’s advocacy of, 304; Gunboat No.

50, 452n; lack opportunities to prove their worth, 586; expenditures on, 611n gunpowder: manufacture of, 239n, 311‑12, 313-14, 570n, 582, 620-1, 650; prices, 582; War Dept. urged to purchase, 582, 620-1, 650; analysis of, 604, 650; writings on, 604 gunsmiths, 306-8 Gurley, John Ward, 60, 350, 351n, 365, 610n, 619 Gwathmey, Samuel, 677 gypsum, 591 Haarlem, Netherlands, 138n Hadfield, George, 443 Hadley, John, 381 Hagerstown, Md., 487n ha-has, 406 Haiti (Saint-Domingue): privateers from, 262-3, 266 Halesia tetraptera, 407 Halifax: admiralty court at, 102, 144, 172, 176, 177n, 550 Hall, Dominick A.: letter from, 156; requests building for use by district court, 21, 22n; and public buildings in New Orleans, 130, 173; recommends aspirant for office, 156 Hall, Henry Bryan, xlix-l Hall, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 681 Hall, Thomas (Leghorn): letter from, 36; forwards manuscript to TJ, 36; identified, 36n Hall, Zachariah: letter from, 241; rec­ ommends free postage for religious, political pamphlets, 241 Halle aux Bleds, Paris, 283, 315, 354 Halsey, Silas (N.J.): letter from, 352-3; seeks to lease Bedloe’s Island, 352-3; identified, 353n Halsey, Silas, Jr., 353n Hamburg, Germany, 285 Hamilton, Alexander: and Reynolds affair, 235n; works by, 254; and Philip Turner’s claim, 447; and regulation of foreign coins, 450; killed in duel with Burr, 662 Hamilton, Andrew (nephew of William Hamilton), 531, 584 Hamilton, Mary Wilkinson, 382n Hamilton, Paul: letter from, 381-2; fortifications in Charleston harbor, 143, 163, 164; introduces Lehré, 381-2; identified, 382n

 707 

INDEX Hamilton, William (of the Woodlands): letter to, 584-5; letter from, 531; sends silk tree to TJ, 531, 584; TJ sends seeds to, 584-5 Hammock River, 289 Hammuda Bey (of Tunis): letters from, 69-71, 276-9; protests capture of vessels, 69-71, 277, 278; sends envoy to U.S., 276-9; threatens war with U.S., 277, 278, 279n Hampton (Ridgely estate), li Hampton Roads, 365n Hancock, John, 210 Hand, Mrs., 34-5 Handbuch der Land-bau-kunst (David Gilly), 78, 79n, 354 Handbuch über das practische Seerecht de Engländer und Franzosen (Friedrich Johann Jacobsen), 374 Hannah (ship), 264, 267 Hanover, Germany, 546, 548n Hanson, Alexander Contee: Publications Relative to the Difference of Opinion, 396n Hanson, Samuel: dines with TJ, 680, 682 Hardenberg, Karl August von, 377 Hardy, John (naval officer), 568-9 hares. See jackrabbits Harlem Heights, battle of, 667 Haro’nu (Cherokee Boy, Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9; identified, 208n Harris, Levett: letter from, 157; forwards book, congratulates TJ on his reelection, 157, 603, 610 Harris, Simon: letter from, 203-4; seeks appointment in Louisiana, 203-4 Harris, Thaddeus Mason, 447n Harris, Thomas (Virginia): letter from, 306-8; seeks compensation for gunsmithing services, 306-8; identified, 308n Harrison, William Henry: letters from, 270-2, 614; and Native American affairs, 79, 80, 270-2, 418, 419n, 614; seeks increase in compensation, 116; appointments by, 223n; recommends aspirants for office, 271; recommends Parke, 614 Hartshorne, Joseph: Inaugural Essay, 600 Hartshorne, Richard, 646-8, 651-2 Harvard College, 250n

Harvie, John: letter to, 201; land dispute with TJ, 201 Harwood, Elizabeth (Eliza) Bache: letter from, 607; seeks appointment for her husband, 607; identified, 607n Harwood, John Edmund, 607 Hatsell, John: Precedents of Proceedings, 662-3 Havana, Cuba, 62, 323, 338, 339 Hawke (Hawkes), Martin Bladen, Baron, 254 Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Baron, 386n, 428-9, 434n Hawkins, Benjamin: correspondence with Dearborn, 125, 126n; negotiations with Cherokees, 126n; post road through Creek lands, 126n; as agent to Creeks, 553; accompanies Creek delegation to Washington, 555n; relationship with W. McIntosh, Cornells, 555n; dines with TJ, 681, 682 Hawkins, John Isaac: polygraph, 361, 362n, 435, 497, 565, 567, 607 Hawkins, John T., 179, 181 hay, 176, 177n Hay, George: and Henderson lands, 204, 302; letter from cited, 204n, 684; letter to cited, 204n, 684 Hay, John (Cahokia), 677 Haydock, John, 283, 286n Hays, Laurence, 15 Hazard, William, 551 Hazelius, Ernest Lewis, 357 Heath, William: letter from, 669-70; expresses regard for TJ and his administration, 669-70 Hédouville, Gabriel Marie Théodore, comte de, 263, 266, 268n Heide, Germany, 374n Heise, Gottfried Lebrecht: proposal for a German colony in Louisiana, 124, 146, 179 Helmuth, Justus Christian, 357 Hemings, Critta (1769-1850). See Bowles, Critta Hemings Hemings, James, xii Hemings, James (b. 1787, Jamey): runs away from Monticello, xi-xii, 69, 88-9, 104-5 Hemings, John, 88 Hemings, Robert, 104 Hemings, Sally: family of, xii; relationship with TJ, 136n Henderson, Archibald, 231 Henderson, Bennett (d. 1793), 180

 708 

INDEX Henderson, Bennett Hillsborough, 302 Henderson, Charles, 302 Henderson, Elizabeth Lewis (Mrs. Bennett Henderson), 302 Henderson, Frances, 302 Henderson, Isham, 302 Henderson, James L., 302 Henderson, John, 302 Henderson, Lucy, 302 Henderson, Mathew, 179, 180 Henderson, Nancy Crawford, 302 Henderson lands: warehouse shares, 204, 302 Henry, Patrick: proposal for biography of, 113-14, 150, 364; characterized by TJ, 150; as governor of Virginia, 307 Henry IV, King of France, 533 Hercules (ca. 1733-1807, TJ’s enslaved worker), xi, 147 Hereford, Margaret, 247-8 Herin’s Tavern (Culpeper Co., Va.), 247-8, 250, 597 Hern, James (son of David and Isabel Hern), xi Hern, Lucretia (Cretia): purchased by TJ, xi Herreros, Antonio Garcia: letter to, 215; letter from, 174-5; seeks patronage for his cure for yellow fever, 174-5, 215 Heth, Henry, 366, 391, 392n Hewes, Abraham, 601n Hewes & Miller (Alexandria): letter to, 600-1; letter from, 608-9; asked for information about TJ’s camera obscura, 600-1, 608-9; identified, 601n Higginbotham, David: payments to, 42, 392n, 402, 404n, 405-6, 648, 649; letters from cited, 43n, 686; letters to cited, 43n, 684, 685, 686; makes payments for TJ, 88; handles shipments for TJ, 195, 366, 550; forwards letters for TJ, 639 Higgins, William: TJ orders wine from, 666-7; letter from cited, 685 Hinde, Thomas S., 298n Hippocrates, 233 Hispaniola. See Haiti (Saint-Domingue) Histoire des animaux d’Aristote (Armand Gaston Camus), 463, 464n, 483, 499, 500 Histoire des chênes de l’Amérique (André Michaux), 492, 500, 501 Histoire et procédés du polytypage et du stéréotypage (Armand Gaston Camus), 66

Histoire naturelle des perroquets (François Levaillant), 463, 464, 482, 499, 500, 509, 534 Historical Disquisition on the Mammoth, or, Great American Incognitum (Rembrandt Peale), 396n History of Man, or, A View of the Virtues and Vices of Human Nature in Both Sexes (Donald Fraser), 21n History of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (Ebenezer Thompson and William Charles Price), 63n, 184 Hoban, James, 459n Hobart, John Sloss, 121n Hockingpomsga (Delaware leader), 271n Hoffman, George (Baltimore): payment to, 648; letter to cited, 686 Holland, James: letter from, 391; seeks clerk’s appointment for eldest son, 391 Holland, William B., 391 Holmes, Hugh: letter from, 662-3; ­requests clarification on point of parliamentary practice, 662-3 Holmes, James (Ga.): recommended, appointed collector at Sunbury, Ga., 130-1, 173, 179, 211, 212n, 240n, 677 Holmes (Holms), John, 62, 63n Home, Henry, Lord Kames, 27 honeysuckle, 408 Hooe, Robert T., & Co. (Alexandria): and wine for TJ, 139; payment to, 648-50; letters from cited, 685, 686; letters to cited, 685, 686 Hope (lifeboat), 556-8 Hope, Michael: and Shadwell milldam, 356; payments to, 401, 402, 648; departure of, 640 Hope, Thomas, 658, 660 Hopkins, Esek, 667 Hornet (U.S. brig): ordered to patrol Atlantic coast, 16, 304; officers for, 23, 34; praise for, 275, 276n; expen­ ditures on, 611n horses: horse racing, li, 366 (illus.); ­Arabian, 45, 149; for postal service, 219, 245; theft of, 219 Hort, Mr., 34-5 Horton, J. Havens, 124n household and personal articles: coal, 7, 15, 236, 366, 369, 374-5, 391-2, 405; combs, 9, 518, 543; earrings, 9, 26; pins (jewelry), 9, 26; walking sticks, 32; cups and saucers, 33, 92-3, 195; tumblers, 92; frames, 101; gilded ­furnishings, 101; mirrors, looking

 709 

INDEX household and personal articles (cont.) glasses, 101; candles, 149, 195, 296; hinges, 149, 195, 225, 298-9; soap, 272; locks, 298-9; handkerchiefs, 518, 543; wigs, 518, 543. See also food and drink; polygraphs Howard, Charles Pitt, 358, 360n Howell, David: letter to, 93; letter from, 194; and case of D. Briggs, 93, 194-5; friendship with TJ, 194, 195n Howell, Joseph, 447 Howland, Benjamin: letter from cited, 684 Hubbard, James (b. 1783, Jame, TJ’s enslaved worker): runs away from Monticello, xii-xiii, 305-6, 424-5; ­description of, xiii, 305, 424 Hudson Bay, 655 Hudson River, 667 Hughes, James H., 550 Hughes, Ursula Granger (b. 1787, TJ’s enslaved worker), 639 Hughes, William Carylon, 124 Hughs, James: letter from, 505-7; forwards petition from Western Mis­ sionary Society, 421, 423n, 505-7; identified, 507n Hull, Isaac: and Derna campaign, 150-2, 166n, 319n Hull, William: and trespassers on public lands, 104; collection of timber from unceded lands, 412, 413n; and Native American relations, 506 Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander, Baron von, 460-1 Hume, David: Philosophical Essays on Morals, Literature, and Politics, 239n Humphreys, David, 187, 480 Hunt, Walter S.: letter from cited, 274, 685 Hunter, John S., 297, 298n Hunter, William (seaman), 535-6 Huntington, Samuel, l Huntington, Samuel (Ohio): declines appointment, 271, 272n Huntsville, Ala., 231n Huron, Lake, 75 Hurshid Pasha, 151, 154n hydraulic ram, 388, 527, 652-3 Hylton, Daniel L., 269 Iberville River, 612, 615 Ibiza, 256n Ile Aux Pins, 104n

Illinois, 223n Illinois Regiment, 612, 613n Illinois River, 612 illness and disease: ulcerated knees, 9n, 99-100, 107-8, 392; efficacy of vaccination, 44-5, 149; mumps, 72; sore leg, 170, 171; insanity, mental illness, 171, 257-8, 331n, 332-3, 577; dropsy, 212n; dysentery, 215, 362; fever, 233, 364; bilious fever, 354, 358, 458, 459; hemorrhoids, 358, 360n; head wounds, 535; deafness, 579-80. See also medicine; plague; quarantine; smallpox; yellow fever immigrants: British, 15n, 101, 515n; German, 124, 357; French, 128n; Irish, 130n, 321n, 532, 533n, 604n; Scots, 224n, 526n, 532; attracted by cheap land, 230; Swiss, 573n, 576n impressment: by Britain, viii, 142, 338, 413, 414n Inaugural Address (1801): publication of, 486-7 Inaugural Address (1805): translations of, 83, 86, 88n, 345-6, 348 Inaugural Essay on the Effects, & Modus Operandi of the Carbonates of Lime, Magnesia, and Potash; in the Cure of General & Local Diseases (James ­Archer), 397n Inaugural Essay on the Effects Produced by Air Upon Living Animals (Joseph Hartshorne), 600 Independence (schooner), 541 Independence, Fort (N.Y.), 667 Independence Day, 447n Independent (polacre), 185-6, 188n India, 109, 111, 409, 411 Indiana Territory: address from General Assembly, 222-3; Native American affairs in, 42n, 76, 222-3, 270-2, 418, 419n, 614, 668; legislative council, 118, 677; Illinois country, 127, 143, 223n; advancement to second grade of government, 222; expresses support for TJ’s administration, 222-3; Dearborn Co., 223n. See also Harrison, William Henry; Kaskaskia Indian King tavern (Baltimore), 613 Informant (Danville, Ky.), 261-2 Ingersoll, Jared, 168n Ingle, Henry: letter from, 542; and furnishings for the President’s House, 236; inquires about locks for TJ, 542 Ingle, John P., 542

 710 

INDEX Inn River, 546 insurance: and neutral shipping, 6; indemnification for insurers, 175-6, 262-9; impact of privateering on rates, 340, 383 Intrepid (U.S. ketch), 611n Introduction and Notes, on Bird’s Method of Dividing Astronomical Instruments (William Ludlam), 397n Introduction to Practical Astronomy (George Adams, Jr.), 146 Ioannis Leonis Africani Africæ Descriptio (Leo Africanus), 394 Ireland: immigrants from, 130n, 321n, 532, 533n, 604n; rebellion of 1798, 130n; wheat cultivation in, 223; Irish nobility, 454 iron: bar, 15, 242; sheet, 77, 540-1, 571, 602; nailrod, 241-2, 585, 603, 615, 639, 640; samples of iron ore, 592 Irujo, Carlos Martínez de: conduct toward Madison, 227, 252; recall of, expected, 358, 413, 451, 469-70, 616; sends grain samples to Madison, 358; accused of being a spy, 386 Irvin, William (Georgetown, D.C.), 415n Irvine, Christopher, 298n Irvine & Cobean (Baltimore), 17 Isaac (b. 1768, TJ’s enslaved worker), xi, 404n Israelites, 329 Italy: lack of U.S. diplomatic agents in, 108-9, 110; relations with France, 360n; annexation of Ligurian Republic, 377; currencies, 657-8, 659-60. See also Leghorn (Livorno), Italy; Naples; Tuscany Izarn, Joseph: observations on meteorites, 425, 426n; Des pierres tombées du ciel; ou Lithologie atmosphérique, 510, 511n jackrabbits, 436 Jackson, Andrew: letter from, 378-9; protests arrest of T. Butler, 378-9; and W. McIntosh, 555n Jackson, William. See Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia) Jacobin (horse), 203n Jacobsen, Friedrich Johann: letter from, 374; sends copy of Handbuch to TJ, 374; identified, 374n; works by, 374n Jamaica, 340, 360n James River, 143

Jane (schooner), 615, 655 Janney, George Fox: letter from, 511-13; seeks support for mechanical invention, 511-13; identified, 512-13n Janney, Levis, 512n Jardin des plantes (Muséum national d’histoire naturelle), 521 Jarvis, William: letter to, 8; letters from, 139, 451, 525; TJ sends views on Portuguese neutrality, news of Lewis and Clark to, 8; and wine for TJ, 8, 139, 451, 525; sends gift of preserves, almonds, 139; payment to, 403, 404n Jason, 658, 660 Jay Treaty, 434n, 578 Jefferson (brig), 172 Jefferson (revenue cutter), 439n Jefferson, George: letters to, 42-3, 304, 344, 366, 374-5, 443, 513, 541, 596, 640; letters from, 22, 67, 195, 225, 320, 382, 391-2, 517, 541, 571, 609; handles TJ’s business affairs in Richmond, 22, 42-3, 67, 195, 320, 344, 366, 374-5, 382, 391-2, 475, 517; letters from cited, 22n, 513n, 683, 685; collects payments, handles transactions for W. Short, 159-60, 204, 304; letter to cited, 195n; handles shipments for TJ, 225, 320, 351, 366, 382, 443, 513, 541, 550, 639, 640; payments to, 302, 402, 404n, 596, 609; TJ orders syrup of punch from, 304, 320; and TJ’s account with Gibson & Jefferson, 513; TJ orders coal from, 640, 644. See also Gibson & Jefferson Jefferson, Martha (Patty) Wayles ­Skelton (Mrs. Thomas Jefferson), xlvii-xlviii Jefferson, Thomas Agriculture growing tobacco, xlviii, 216n, 406n; cotton seeds from Malta, 4; tenants, 93-4; quarantino corn, 112, 113, 410, 411, 419-20; moldboard plow, 177, 483, 567; wheat, 200, 223-4, 287, 358; use of thorn hedges for fencing, 526; crop rotation plans, 639 Architecture house at Poplar Forest, xlviii, 106; Halle aux Bleds, 315; skylights, 315. See also Capitol, U.S.; Monticello; President’s House

 711 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) Business and Financial Affairs purchases fire engine, 15; borrows money from banks, 39-40, 43, 67, 199, 325; salary, 39-40, 325; pays for laundry service, 43n; lease with E. Alexander, 93-4; newspaper subscriptions, 140-1, 184, 185n, 198, 297; dispute with Harvie, 201; orders coal, 366, 369, 374-5, 391-2, 405, 640, 644; pays carriage taxes, 401; manages personal finances, 401-6, 648-50; purchases corn, 402; debt to Henderson, McCaul & Co., 405; and T. Bell’s estate, 461-2; debt to Farell & Jones, 595n. See also Bank of the United States; Barnes, John; Columbia, Bank of (Georgetown); Gibson & Jefferson; Henderson lands; Jefferson, George; Monticello; Shadwell (TJ’s estate); Short, William Character and Image will accept no gifts while in public office, 10n, 443, 456, 457, 568; publications dedicated to, 111n, 137; use of name by private individuals, 305; friend to arts and science, 319, 579; ease of access to, 533 Correspondence receives anonymous, pseudonymous letters, 24-5, 244, 327-31, 481, 661-2, 684, 685; characterizes correspondents as mentally ill, 171, 331n, 577n; returns unwanted letters, 171, 193, 684, 685; writes letters of recommendation, introduction, 526, 541-2, 548; asked for letters of recommendation, introduction, 535. See also polygraphs Education elected trustee of Washington insti­ tution for education of youth, 98, 105-6, 155, 196, 412; subscription to Washington public school fund, 98n, 589-90, 649; promotion of public education, 312, 314 Gardens and Horticulture plans grounds for Monticello, xiii, 406-9; considers landscape design a fine art, 27-8; exchanges seeds, plants with friends, 85-6, 87-8, 109, 110, 167, 300, 345, 347-8, 349, 362,

372, 410, 411, 419-20, 457, 462, 464, 520-3, 531, 574, 575, 576, 584-5, 587, 588, 602-3, 657, 659, 661 Governor of Virginia defends actions during British invasion, l, 136n, 362n Law inquest on Shadwell milldam, 179-82; dispute with Rivanna Company, 181-2n; impact of lawyer’s fees on legal proceedings, 584 Library books obtained for, 26-7, 36, 37, 63n, 64-6, 100, 111-12, 129-30, 135, 136n, 137, 145, 146, 157, 201, 242-3, 256, 374, 377-8, 394-7, 463, 464, 511n, 579-80, 587, 588, 600, 603-4, 610, 656; maps obtained for, 146, 394; arrangement of pamphlets, 394-7; TJ pays for bookbinding, 394-7; newspaper collection, 395; others granted access to, 459n; books borrowed from, 463, 464; limits acquisitions to works on science, 482. See also Reibelt, Philippe; Roche, P. & C. Minister to France exemption from import duties, 480 Nailery enslaved workers at, xii, 306n; Peter Carr’s account with, 169-70; nailrod and iron stock for, 241-2, 585, 603, 615, 639, 640; T. Bell’s account with, 461 Opinions dislikes adding brandy to wine, 8; definition of fine arts, 27-8; on Patrick Henry, 150; growing influence of commercial towns, 195; will not take “orders” from Napoleon, 252; criticizes writing on science, 272, 319; disapprobation of friends more worrisome than of enemies, 272-3 Patronage and Appointments will not appoint Federalists, 12, 249, 300; appointment of U.S. attorney general, 51, 81, 82-3, 163, 685; recommends aspirants for office, 164-5; appointment of principal agent for Native American trade, 233-4; appointments to more than one office, 273; delaying appointments leads

 712 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) to intrigue, discontent, 273; offices subject to presidential appointment, 524; lists of appointments and removals, 677-8

exequaturs, 100n; establishment of post road between Washington and New Orleans, 102-3, 144-5, 245; trespassers on public lands, 104; and case of banished Black convicts carried to Philadelphia, 148; war with Tripoli, 153n, 165-6, 218; case of the New Jersey, 213, 452; case of the Fox, 214; postal service, 245; arrival of Moreau in U.S., 246-7; advocacy of gunboats, 304; treaty with Tripoli, 310, 333, 368; western boundaries with Spanish possessions, 363, 417, 508, 672n; acqui­ sition of Floridas, 370; considers naval expansion, 413, 414n; regulation of foreign coins, 450; relations with Denmark, 466-7; establishment of public market in Washington, 525

Personal Affairs attends horse races, li; orders wine, 3, 8, 67-9, 102, 144, 176, 177n, 236, 253, 389-90, 490-1, 550-1, 654, 666-7; orders teacups, saucers, 92-3; strangers ask for money, 182-3, 193, 356-7, 452, 476, 665-6; private secretary, 362, 372-3; gives money in charity, 452n, 476n; makes measured drawing of phaeton, 484-5; purchases camera obscura, 527, 528-9n, 600-1 Political Theories Atlantic Ocean ensures U.S. neutrality, vii, 8; Europe cannot bend “spirit of independence” in U.S., 8 Politics and Walker affair, x-xi, 131-2, 136n; fears divisions among Republicans, 11-12, 190, 508-9; accused of interfering in Pa. election, 98-9, 190-1; and debt to G. Jones, 132, 136n; financial support for Callender, 132; relationship with Sally Hemings, 136n; will not take sides in state quarrels, 190 President relations with Portugal, vii, 8; relations with Britain, vii-viii, 148, 165-6, 214, 246, 252-3, 363, 413, 414n, 451, 510, 513; relations with Spain, vii-viii, 148, 164-6, 214, 218, 246, 252-3, 274, 333, 363-4, 365-6, 367, 368, 413, 414n, 451-2, 498, 505, 507-8, 510, 513, 548, 615-16, 670-4; relations with France, viii, 148, 214, 246, 252, 363, 670-1; Native American policy, ix, 370, 418, 419n, 423-4, 552-6, 577-8, 668-9; plan for land and naval militias, ix, 413, 492-6, 504-5, 510, 559-60, 563-5, 621-9, 630-8; defense of U.S. coasts and harbors, 8, 16, 304; suppression of privateers, 16, 304; public buildings in New Orleans, 24, 173; labor protests, 54-5; public buildings in Washington, 54-6; issues pardons, 59n, 89n, 171n, 195n, 444n; issues

Religion accused of lack of faith, 55, 327-32 Scientific Interests receives specimens, curiosities, 5, 142-3, 212-13, 226, 409-10, 411, 436, 440, 483, 499, 500, 502, 570, 590-2; weather, 28; water purification, 40; elected to scientific societies, 138; purchases scientific, mathematical instruments, 145-6, 651; vaccination, 149; megalonyx, 162, 202; Native American vocabularies, 178, 255; meridian line at Washington, 189-90; classification of animals, 202; western exploration, 248-9, 316, 369, 436, 440, 511; chemistry, 272, 319; calculation of longitude, 309, 369-70, 653-4; astronomy, 369; hydraulic water pumps, 388, 652-3; zoology, 436, 440; botany, 457, 520-2; limits library acquisitions to works on science, 482; magnetism, 483; demographics, 494-6; meteorites, 510-11; skeptical of some scientific claims, 511. See also American Philosophical Society; Lewis and Clark expedition Secretary of State and British trade restrictions, 428, 434n Slaveholder purchases enslaved laborers, xi, 402, 404n; and runaways, xi-xiii, 69,

 713 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) 88-9, 104-5, 305-6, 424-5; sells enslaved laborers, 306n; hires enslaved labor, 639; seeks nurses for enslaved mothers, 639 Travel routes through northern Virginia, 13; between Monticello and Washington, 60n, 81, 114-15, 195-6, 247-8, 250, 390n, 458, 597 Writings Plan for the Grounds at Monticello, xiii, 406-9; notes on cabinet meetings, 16, 615-16, 670-1; Specifications for Work at President’s House and Capitol, 56; Notes on Lease to Eli Alexander, 93-4; Notes on Letter to Gibson & Jefferson, 149; Inquest on Shadwell Milldam, 179-82; Notes on Locks and Hinges, 298-9; Endorsement of a Hydraulic Ram, 388; Memorandum of Tasks for James Dinsmore, 390; notes on personal finance, 401-6, 648-50; Notes on Foreign Affairs, 412-14; Notes on Letters Received by the War Department, 417-19; Supplementary Note on the Moldboard Plow, 483; Estimates of Men Eligible for Militia, 494-6; Proclamation Designating Site for Public Market, 525; Report on Commerce (1793), 548n; Naval and Land Militia Enrollment Estimates, 563-5; Notes on Reports from John Sibley, 616; Bill for Establishing a Naval Militia, 621-9; Bill for Organizing the Militia, 630-8; Expenditures on Land Cessions, 668-9; Orders to Commanding Officer at Natchitoches, 672; Proposal for a Treaty with Spain, 673-4; lists of appointments and removals, 677-8; dinner guest records, 679-82. See also Inaugural Address (1805); Manual of Parliamentary Practice; Notes on the State of Virginia Jenner, Edward, 201 João, Prince Regent of Portugal: letter to, 468; letter from, 117-18; announces birth of a daughter, 117-18; and Freire’s recall, 468

John Adams (schooner), 4, 85, 88 John Adams (U.S. frigate), 274, 611n, 666n Johnson (Judge), 34-5, 122-3, 193 Johnson, Hezekiah, Jr.: letter from cited, 115n Johnson, Joseph (S.C.), 205 Johnson, Mrs., 123, 193 Johnston, Edward: letter from, 32; forwards bill of lading, 32 Jones, Edward (Treasury clerk), 240 Jones, Evan, 610n, 619 Jones, Gabriel: controversy over TJ’s debt to, 132, 136n Jones, John Rice, 677 Jones, Meriwether: letters from, 366-7, 517; introduces B. F. Read, 366-7; seeks naval appointment for nephew, 517 Jones, Mrs. (Philadelphia), 123n Jones, Obadiah, 12 Jones, Thomas ap Catesby, 517 Jones, William (London): letter from, 145; TJ orders astronomical instruments, books from, 145-6 Jones, William & Samuel, 145 Jones & Howell: letters to, 37, 241-2, 585; letters from, 61, 615; forward letter for TJ, 37, 61; payments to, 37, 39-40, 61, 184, 199, 242, 296, 325, 402; complaints regarding nailrod quality, 241-2; TJ orders nailrod from, 241-2, 585, 603, 615; TJ orders bar iron from, 242; letter from cited, 685 Jordan, John (brickmason): letter to, 640; letter from, 517; seeks payment for work at Monticello, 517, 640; identified, 517n Jouett, Charles, 76, 125 Jourdan, Charles, 68n Jourdan, Charles Prosper, 68n Jourdan, Louis Antoine, 68n Jourdan, Mr.: letter from, 67-9; TJ ­orders wine from, 67-9, 172, 550-1 Jourdan et fils (Tain, France), 68n, 550, 593 Jourdan family, 68-9n Journals of Congress (Richard Folwell), 235n Julian (schooner), 124n “Juvenal Junius” (pseudonym). See Davis, John (author) Juvenile Instructor (Daniel R. Preston), 446n

 714 

INDEX Kakonweconner (Long Legs, Miami leader), 271n kalmia, 407 Kanawha River, 457 Kansas River, 592 Kaskaskia, 612 Kean, John, 490n Keene, Eleonora Martin, 474 Keene, Richard Reynal, 474 Keller, Christian, 640n Keller & Forman (Baltimore): letter to, 640-1; payment to, 640-1, 648; identified, 640-1n Kelly, John, 179, 181, 402 Kemper, Nathan, 465n, 508 Kemper, Reuben, 465n, 508 Kemper, Samuel, 465n, 508 Kennedy, Thomas (Ky.), 298n Kentucky: Mason Co., 52, 221-2; merchants in, 52-4; post offices in, 52-4, 74, 219-22, 245; newspapers, 261-2; Du Pont’s landholdings in, 311, 313; Great Saltpeter Cave, 570; gunpowder manufacturing in, 570n, 604; Madison Co., 570n; marshal, 657 Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, Ky.), 262n Kentucky River, 271n, 668 Kerlegand, John Guiho de: letter from, 127-8; sends account of dispute to TJ, 127-8; identified, 128n Kerlegand, Louis Guiho de, 127-8 Kerlegand, Marie Élisabeth Désirée Guiho de, 127 Kerns, John, 613 Kew Gardens: Chinese pavilion, 407 Key, Ann, 456n Key, Martin, 456n Key, Walter: letter to, 468; letter from, 455-6; requests payment from TJ, 455-6, 468, 639; identified, 456n Kiddall, John, 659, 660, 661 Kilty, John, 552 Kilty, William: letters from, 444, 552; and pardons, 89, 170, 444; encloses prospectus for brother’s work, 552 Kindred, Bartholomew, 402 King, Benjamin: invoice from, 15; TJ purchases fire engine from, 15; identified, 15n King, George, 77 King, James (laborer), 15 King, Mr., 403, 404n King, Nicholas, 51, 106

King, Rufus, 385, 386-7n, 428-9, 434n, 544 Kinnan, Robert, 405 Kirk, Milesius Thomas: letter from, 415-16; seeks appointment, 415-16 Kittredge, John: recommended, appointed collector at Gloucester, 125, 211, 212n, 232, 237, 240, 244, 247, 248, 273, 326, 677 Kittredge, Thomas, 125 Knight, Nehemiah: letter from cited, 684 Knight, Thomas Andrew: Treatise on the Culture of the Apple & Pear, 145 Knox, Henry, 555n Kosciuszko, Tadeusz: letters from, 30-2, 644-6; offers opinions on relations with Spain, education, 30-2, 644-6; consults with Monroe, 360n; sells military land grant, 456n; suspected as author of anonymous letter, 481n Krafft, Johann Karl: Plans, coupes et élévations, 354 Kuhn, Peter, Jr., 246, 247n labor: protest by laborers on public buildings, 54-5 Lacarrière Latour, Géraud Calixte Jean Baptiste Arsène, 418, 419n Lacépède, Bernard Germain Étienne de La Ville-sur-Lyon, Comte de: Dis­ cours d’ouverture et de clôture du cours de zoologie, 396n Laet, Johannes de: Gallia, 394; Persia, 394 Lafayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles, Marquise de, 522 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de: sends books to TJ, 26, 27; recommends Tousard, 29; land granted to, 50, 51n, 56-7; debts of, 56-7; tour of United States (1824), 251-2n; TJ sends salutations to, 522 Lafon, Barthélemy: Carte générale du territoire d’Orléans, 18; and Lafa­ yette’s land grant, 51n; map of mail route from New Orleans, 103-4n La Fontaine, Jean de, 291n La Harpe, Jean Baptiste Bénard de: journal of, 178-9 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de: Annuaire météorologique, 395, 397n; Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique, 521, 522n

 715 

INDEX La Maria (Spanish privateer), 16n Lambert, William: letter to, 189-90; letter from, 137; calculations of latitude and longitude in Washington, 137, 189-90; seeks appointment as House clerk, 137 “La Mitologia degli Animali” (Giovanni Battista Casti), 119, 120n Landon, Charles Paul: Annales du musée et de l’école moderne des beaux-arts, 66 landscaping: design of grounds at Monticello, xiii, 406-9; as fine art, 27-8; ha-has, 406 Langdon, John, 158, 159n, 209 Langham, Elias, 308n Lantern magique (New Orleans), 291n La Poype, Mr.: and hydraulic ram, 388, 527, 652-3; and TJ’s letter to National Institute, 462, 464, 483, 498, 500; Reibelt forwards letter to, 576; sends regards to TJ, 587, 588; dines with TJ, 681 La Rochefoucauld, Alexandrine Charlotte Sophie de Rohan-Chabot, Duchesse de, 496 La Salle, Robert de Cavelier, Sieur de, 335 Las Cases, Emmanuel Auguste Dieu­ donné, comte de: Genealogical, Chro­ nological, Historical, and Geographical Atlas, 160-1, 192 Latin, 112, 113, 415 latitude: calculation of, 137, 380 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry: letter to, 314-15; letters from, 77-9, 280-7, 353-5, 491; seeks stone carver for ­public buildings, 3, 5n, 83, 86, 88n, 346, 348, 349n, 574, 575, 658, 660; and Benjamin King, 15n; surveyor of public buildings, 47; negotiates with laborers on public buildings, 54-5n; seeks white pine for Capitol, 77; TJ buys sheet iron from, 77, 540-1; sends progress reports on public buildings, 77-9, 280-7, 314-15, 353-5; and artificial slate, 78-9; and Delorme roof, 78-9; and Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, 79; moves to Maryland, 79; health of, 354, 459, 491; payments to, 402; and R. Mills, 459; forwards drawings of the Capitol, 491; and R. Alexander, 515n; partnership with S. Mifflin, 602n Latta, Samuel, 211, 212n, 240, 677 Lattimore, William, 539

La Tullaye, Alexandre de: exchanges seeds with TJ, 419, 420, 457, 462, 464, 576, 587, 588; wishes to meet TJ, 463, 464, 483 Laurenzi, Luigi Antonio: Della necessita riformare la legislazione, 109, 110-11, 167, 169n, 661n Laussat, Pierre Clément, 177n, 336, 363 Lavillette, Jacopo de, 658-9, 660-1 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 425, 426n Lavole (French ship), 62 law: and neutral rights, 6-7; corporal punishment, 58; ad quod damnum, writ of, 179, 181n; criticism of attorneys, 209; prizes, 374; divorce, 453-5; settlement of estates, 461; impact of lawyer’s fees on legal proceedings, 584; marriage, 599-600. See also crime; pardons Law, John (attorney): dines with TJ, 680 Law, Thomas: declines dinner invitation, 680 Laws of the Sea, with Reference to Mari­ time Commerce during Peace and War (William Frick), 374n Laws of the United States of America, 235n Lea, Luke, 91 lead: in Louisiana Terr., 590; samples of, 592; white, 603 League of Armed Neutrality, 433 Lear, Tobias: negotiates peace treaty with Tripoli, ix, 154n, 259, 300n, 310, 318, 365, 371, 413n; portrait of, xlix-l, 366 (illus.); and release of Ahmad Qaramanli’s family, 154n; appointed consul general at Algiers, 188; negotiations with Tunis, 277, 278-9; and Nissen, 413n Learmonths & Berry (London), 528-9n Leather Lips (Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9; identified, 208n Le Blanc, J. Athanasius (Louis Hardi): seeks release from prison, 6, 7n Leçons d’histoire (Constantin François Chasseboeuf Volney), 394 Lee, Capt., 596 Lee, William (1772-1840): letters from, 377, 496; recommends aspirants for office, 117n; defends his conduct as consul, 118; sends news from Europe, 377; payment to, 403, 404n; sends wine to TJ, 496, 550

 716 

INDEX Leech, Samuel, 259-60 Leeds Museums and Galleries (England), xlvii Leghorn (Livorno), Italy: British factory at, 36; U.S. consul at, 109, 110; U.S. trade with, 337-8, 659, 660; pezza, 346, 348 Lego (TJ’s estate): portion leased to E. Alexander, 93-4 Le Havre, France, 62, 520 Lehré, Thomas, 381-2 Leib, Michael: letter to, 190-1; letter from, 98-9; reports rumor of election interference by TJ, 98-9, 190-1; criticized in anonymous letter to TJ, 244 Lemaire, Étienne: letter to, 212-13; letters from, 191-2, 226; receives specimens from Lewis and Clark, x, 191-2, 199, 212-13, 226; payments to, 39, 199, 236, 256, 296, 325, 401, 405, 648-9; forwards letter to TJ, 115; and portable soup, 256, 297 Lenox, Peter: letter to, 235-6; letter from, 197; and ornaments for Mon­ ticello, 26; and work on President’s House interior, 197, 235-6; payments to, 401, 403 Lenthall, John: letter to, 54-5; TJ forwards petition from laborers on public buildings to, 54-5; specifications for work at President’s House and Capitol, 56; correspondence with Latrobe, 77, 355; Latrobe sends drawings to, 459 Leodiensi Republica, 394 Le Sage, A. See Las Cases, Emmanuel Auguste Dieudonné, comte de Lessons for Children (Anna Barbauld), 33, 34n Letter Concerning the Ten Pound Court, in the City of New-York, Addressed to the State Legislature (James Cheetham), 396n Lettere sull’Indie orientali (Lazzaro Papi), 109, 111 Letters of Curtius (John Thomson), 394, 395n Letters on Our Affairs with Spain (James Cheetham), 140 Letter to a Friend on the Conduct of the Adherents to Mr. Burr (James Cheetham), 140, 397n lettuce, 345, 347-8 Levaillant, François: Histoire naturelle des perroquets, 463, 464, 482, 499, 500, 509, 534

Levering, Nathan, 650 Levrault, Schoell & Comp., 64, 65, 500, 501 Lewis (enslaved worker), 88 Lewis, Charles (son of Charles Lilburne Lewis), 617 Lewis, Charles Lilburne (TJ’s brotherin-law), 547 Lewis, Fielding, 308n Lewis, Jesse, 179, 180 Lewis, Joshua: recommended, appointed land commissioner, 60, 350 Lewis, Meriwether: sends specimens, journals to TJ, 5n, 48n; sends Native American delegations to St. Louis, 8, 79-80; expectation of dispatches from, 10, 25; expected to return as TJ’s private secretary, 362. See also Lewis and Clark expedition Lewis, Morgan, 20, 21n Lewis, Mr., 119 Lewis, Reuben: letter to, 25; TJ sends news of Lewis and Clark to, 25 Lewis and Clark expedition: specimens collected by, x, 5, 14-15, 48, 79-80, 142-3, 191-2, 199-200, 212-13, 226, 316, 326, 436, 440, 492, 497-8, 511, 566-7, 584-5, 655; winter encampment at Fort Mandan, x, 8, 25n; and contact with indigenous people, 8; newspaper accounts of, 25; maps prepared by, 51, 249, 511, 576, 653; praise for, 210; astronomical observations, 249, 653; mineral specimens for APS, 492, 584 Lewis William (ship), 531n Lexington, Ky., 53, 54n Lexington, Va., 517n libraries: in New Orleans, 50, 410, 411 Library Company of Philadelphia, 482n Library of Congress: TJ deposits works received from others at, 318n lifeboats, 556-8 Life of George Washington (John Marshall), 296, 394 Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Called the Magnificent (William Roscoe), 395 lighthouses: Sandy Hook, N.J., 646-8, 651-2 Ligurian Republic, 377 lilacs, 408 Lilly, Gabriel: TJ purchases enslaved people from, xi; and James Hemings, xii, 69; plans move to Ky., xii, 424; reputation as brutal, 69; superintends

 717 

INDEX Lilly, Gabriel (cont.) nailery, 169-70, 241-2; replaced as Monticello overseer, 250, 640; payments to, 401; and Key’s account, 455, 468; and Magruder’s account, 641-2; letter from cited, 685; letters to cited, 685 Lilly, Wilson, xii, 305, 424 lime, 233 Limozin, André (Andrew), 63n Lincoln, Daniel Waldo: Oration, Pro­ nounced at Worcester, 135, 136n Lincoln, Levi: letters from, 131-6, 586; TJ sends defense of conduct to, x, 131, 136n; sends support for TJ, political news, x-xi, 131-6; introduces Bidwell, sends news of Mass. politics, 586 Lind, James: Essay on Diseases Inciden­ tal to Europeans in Hot Climates, 94, 95n Lindsay, Adam: letter from, 514-15; seeks to erect market in Washington, 514-15 Lindsay, Reuben, 246 Linn, William: Blessings of America, 396n Linnaeus, Carolus, 440, 566, 567n lions, 202 Little Turtle (Miami leader): pension for, 271, 272n Liverpool, 90, 303n, 558 Livingston, Brockholst, 646 Livingston, Robert R.: and Strobel, 90-1n; and Paine, 398; dines with TJ, 682 lizards: horned, 592 Lloyd, Edward: dines with TJ, 681 Loche, Mr. de, 67, 68 Lodi, Italy, 443n Logan, George: claims TJ urges Mc­ Kean’s reelection, 98-9, 190-1; communicates TJ’s reply to Branagan, 656 Logan Act, 393-4n Log River, 289n Logwood, Polly: letter from, 269-70; seeks pardon for her husband, 269-70; identified, 270n; letter from cited, 270n Logwood, Thomas (counterfeiter), 269-70 Lombardy, 4 Long Branch, N.J., 288 Long Island, N.Y., 352

longitude: calculation of, 19-20, 41-2, 137, 242, 309, 369-70, 437-8, 444-5, 605, 653-4 L’Orient (Lorient), France, 62, 523n Lorimier, Louis, 418-19 Loring, Captain, 139 Los Adaes (Adais; Spanish presidio), 335, 418n, 616 lotteries: to fund U.S. Capitol, 577 Louisiana (colony): historical boundaries of, 335-6, 339 Louisiana Gazette, 290n Louisiana Purchase: praise for, 222-3, 229-30, 642; failure to specify fixed boundaries, 336, 341; U.S. will forever remain masters of Louisiana, 554 Louisiana Territory: depopulation of lower settlements in, ix, 418, 590-1; relocation of Native Americans to, ix, 230, 370, 418n, 590-1; applications for appointments in, 203-4; price of public lands too high, 229-30, 370; British traders in, 418, 419n; militia in, 418; Native American affairs in, 418-19; judges, 572-4; memorial from grand jury of, 572-4; attorney general, 573n; lead mines in, 590, 592; mineral specimens from, 590-2; Mine à Breton, 592; Mine à Joe, 592; Mine à Maneto, 592; Mine à Renault, 592; Mine la Motte, 592; Old Mines, 592; boundary of, 673. See also Wilkinson, James Loutherburg, Johann Rudolf, 13, 14 Love, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 680 Lowe, Hannah: letter from, 444-5; sends method for calculating longitude, 444-5; identified, 445n Lower Blue Lick, Ky., 54n Lowndes, Mrs., 35, 123 Lowry, Miss, 123 Lucas, John B. C.: letter from, 580-1; seeks additional appointment, 273; criticism of, 572-4; criticizes grand jury, defends Easton, 580-1; identified, 581n Lucca, 109, 110-11, 118-19, 120n, 167-8, 169n Lucia (C. Bellini’s servant), 346, 348 Lucy (brig), 520, 522, 523-4, 556n Ludlam, William: Introduction and Notes, on Bird’s Method of Dividing Astronomical Instruments, 397n Ludlow, Charles (N.Y.), 141n

 718 

INDEX Lufborough, Nathan: letter from, 182; asks TJ to forward letter to Thomas Mann Randolph, 182 lumber. See timber Luzières, Pierre-Charles de Hault de Lassus de, 128n Lyle, James, 405 Lyman, Moses: letter from, 606; recommends aspirant for military appointment, 606 Lynchburg, Va., 69, 105 lynx, 440 Lyons, France, 442-3 Lyons, Peter, 159-60, 204 “Lysander” (Tunis Wortman): writings by, 396n Macarty, Jean Baptiste, 610n, 618-19 Mack, Karl Freiherr von Leiberich, 545 Madgett, Nicholas: letter from, 320-2; alleged British spy, 320, 321; seeks appointment, 320-2; identified, 321-2n Madgett, Nicholas (French official), 322n Madison, Bishop James: letter from, 379-81; comments on cucumber tree, 362; reports on scientific subjects, 379-81; Map of Virginia, 381, 576 Madison, Dolley Payne Todd: letters to, 9, 25-6, 542-3; asked to obtain items for Martha Randolph and her children, 9, 25-6, 518, 542-3, 597; health of, 9n, 99-100, 107-8, 118, 142, 143, 146, 148, 163, 165, 176, 214, 228, 246, 253, 275, 292, 303, 358-9, 363, 367, 392, 416, 451-2, 458, 469, 486, 498, 507, 508, 542, 597; anticipated return to Washington, 301; and T. Parke, 482 Madison, James: letters to, 104, 118, 148, 165-6, 213-14, 246-7, 252-3, 363-4, 367, 451-2, 507-8; letters from, 99-100, 107-8, 141-2, 175-7, 227-9, 291-3, 358-60, 392-4, 416-17, 469-72, 482, 486 Congress resolutions on TJ’s report on commerce (1794), 546, 548n Personal Affairs orders wine, 40, 102, 144, 172, 176, 177n, 236, 253, 256, 452, 470, 491, 596; anticipated visit to Montpelier,

56, 107-8, 202, 214, 363, 367; travels to Philadelphia for wife’s health, 99-100, 107-8, 118, 123, 125, 142, 143, 146, 148, 163, 176, 228, 246, 253, 275, 292, 310, 358-9, 392, 416, 469, 486, 507, 508; will not visit Va., 202, 214; drafts on J. Barnes, 296, 324; return to Washington, 301, 310, 392, 414n, 416, 451, 469, 480, 486, 508, 510, 597; sends grain samples to TJ, 358, 360n; provides TJ with bills of exchange, 390; introduces T. Parke, 482, 486; letters of introduction to, 516; dines with TJ, 680, 681, 682 Politics and land grant for Paine, 398n President private secretary, 373n Secretary of State proposed alliance with Britain, vii-viii, 227-8, 252-3, 292, 392-3, 451, 469; attends cabinet meetings, 16, 615, 670; sends news from Washington, 99-100; and trespassers on public lands, 104; TJ forwards letters, communications to, 118, 165-6; and case of banished Black convicts carried to Philadelphia, 124n, 148; instructions to Bowdoin, 141, 470; negotiations with Spain, 141-2, 148, 165, 227-8, 393, 505, 507-8; sends letters to TJ, 141-2; impressment of U.S. seamen, 142; and case of the New Jersey, 175-7, 213, 452, 470; and Bénard de la Harpe’s journal, 178-9n; forwards commissions, communications, 179, 358, 360n, 470-1; and Cathcart, 187-8; and books for State Department, 192; on Mobile River access, 227; sends views on Spanish relations, Pa. ­politics, 227-9; arrival of Moreau in U.S., 246-7, 291-3; considers embargo against Spain, 358; sends account of yellow fever at Philadelphia, 358-9; prepares Examination, 359-60, 416-17; TJ sends views on Spanish affairs to, 363-4, 367, 451-2; asked to attend cabinet meeting, 367, 392, 416, 451; applications to, for appointments, 391, 417; and Essex decision, 393; negotiations with France, 393; and correspondence

 719 

INDEX Madison, James (cont.) between Claiborne and Casa Calvo, 393-4; land speculation in W. Fla., 393-4; sends views on British relations, 416-17; continued Spanish presence in Orleans Terr., 469; expected recall of Irujo, 469-70. See also State, U.S. Department of magnetism, 460n, 483 magnets, 410, 411, 457, 483, 499, 500 magpies: live specimen sent by Lewis and Clark, x, 79, 80, 191-2, 199, 212‑13, 226, 436, 440, 492, 497, 566, 655 Magruder, John B.: letter to, 641-2; account with TJ, 639, 641-2; letter from cited, 641n, 686; payment to, 641n, 648 Mahón, Minorca, 255-6 Maid of the Oaks (horse), li Main, Thomas (nurseryman): letters from, 526, 663-5; payments to, 403, 404n; TJ writes letter of recommendation for, 526; identified, 526n; TJ purchases thorns from, 526n; seeks employment in Richmond, 663-5 Maine: militia, 606 Mainz, Germany, 112, 113 Majorca, 256n Malaga, Spain, 188n, 303 Mallet, Robert Xavier: Parfait jardinier, 66, 395, 397n Malta, 4, 71n, 124, 151 Mamluks, 153n, 293 mammoth: reported discovery of mammoth stomach, 379-80, 381n Manchester, Va., 20 Maneer, Mr. (Charlestown, Mass.), 258 Manhattan School for Girls, 112n Manila: British expedition to (1762), 308 Manning, George: letter from cited, 686 Manual of Parliamentary Practice. For the Use of the Senate of the United States (Thomas Jefferson), 662-3 Manuel du muséum français (François Emmanuel de Toulongeon), 66, 394 manufacturing: employment of young women in, 197-8; as means of poor relief, 197-8; straw plaiting, 197-8, 216; hats, 198n, 217n, 476; gunpowder, 239n, 311-12, 313-14, 570n, 582, 650; glass, 285; tanning, 312, 314

manure, 655 Mapa geográfico de America meridional (Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla), 146 Map of Virginia Formed from the Actual Surveys (Bishop James Madison), 381, 576 maps: of Orleans Terr., 18; of Missouri River, 51, 249, 502; prepared by Lewis and Clark, 51, 249, 511, 576; of mail route from New Orleans, 103-4n; of Africa, 146; of Asia, 146; of Europe, 146; of South America, 146; of Va., 381, 576; bound into atlases, 394; of British colonies in N. America, 394; of South Carolina, 394; drawn by Native American, 502, 592 marble, 657-8, 659-60 Marbury, Horatio, 568-9 March, Mrs. John: statement of TJ’s account with, 394-7; payments to, 395n, 401 Maria (brig), 139 Maria (ship), 32n Maria da Assunção, Princess (Portugal), 117-18 Maria I, Queen of Portugal, 187 María Luisa, Infanta of Spain, Queen of Etruria, 661n Marie (C. Bellini’s servant), 346, 348 Marines, U.S., 232, 249, 288 Maringouin (village), 104n Maringouin (Mulatto) Bayou, 104n Marks, Anna Scott Jefferson (Mrs. Hastings Marks, TJ’s sister): letters to cited, 684 marmots, 436, 440, 655 Marseilles, France: quarantine regulations at, 173; trade of, 173; duties on, prices of tobacco at, 593 Marshall, John: Life of George Washing­ ton, 296, 394; criticism of, 318n Martin (enslaved wagoner and miller): purchased by TJ, xi Martin, Luther, 474 Martin, William (Ky.): letter from, 55; offers religious advice, 55 Martini, Antonio, 345-6, 348, 349n Martinique, W.I.: coffee from, 84, 87; evasion of customs duties at, 176-7n, 214; birds from, 400; commercial agent at, 470, 472n Marum, Martinus van: letter from, 138; informs TJ of election to Batavian society, 138; identified, 138n

 720 

INDEX Maryland: American Revolution in, 306; land office, 552; loans to D.C. commissioners, 579. See also Baltimore, Md. Mason, John (Georgetown merchant): advises on appointments, 202, 237; refunds overcharge to TJ, 324-5n; dines with TJ, 679, 680, 681 Mason, John Thomson: letter from, 82-3; declines appointment as U.S. attorney general, 51, 81, 82-3; advises on appointments, 237; declines dinner invitation, 680 Mason & Fenwick. See Fenwick, Mason & Co. Massac, Fort, 115n Massachusetts: Gloucester collectorship, 125, 211, 232, 237, 240, 244, 247, 248, 273, 677; elections in, 132, 135n; Society of Friends in, 241; drought in, 260; New Bedford collectorship, 343-4; militia, 606. See also Boston; Federalists; Republicans Massachusetts Historical Society, 251n Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, 251n Matagorda Bay, 178n, 335, 363 mathematics, 415 Mather, Mr., 56 Mathers, James, 281, 354 Mathews, George, Jr., 12 Maumee River, 244 Maury, James, 303 Maury, Rev. James, 601n, 652n Maury, Matthew: letter to, 601; complains about drought, 246; TJ offers appointment to his son, 601 Maury, Mr. (TJ dinner guest), 680 Maury, Thomas Walker: letter from, 652; offered, accepts appointment as receiver, 601, 652; identified, 652n May, Daniel, 487n May, Frederick: declines dinner invitation, 680; dines with TJ, 681 May, John J.: letter from, 486-7; sends copies of TJ’s first Inaugural Address, 486-7; identified, 487n Mayer, Christian, 409-10, 411, 412n, 457 Mayer & Brantz (Baltimore), 412n Maysville, Ky.: post office at, 52-4, 74, 219-22, 245 Mazzei, Antonia Antoni, 574, 575 Mazzei, Elisabetta, 574, 575 Mazzei, Philip: letters from, 83-8, 108-11, 118-20, 345-9, 574-5, 657-61;

asked to engage stone carvers, 3, 83, 86, 88n, 346, 348, 349n, 389, 574, 575, 657-8, 659-60; translates TJ’s second inaugural address, 83, 86, 346, 348; and widow Ceracchi, 83-4, 86-7, 108, 110; and Bellini’s estate, 84, 87, 345-6, 347-8; house and lot in Richmond, 84, 87; sends power of attorney to TJ, 84-5, 87; exchanges seeds, plants with TJ, 85-6, 87-8, 109, 110, 167, 345, 347-8, 349, 574, 575, 657, 659, 661; advises on U.S. consuls in Mediterranean, 108-9, 110; translates poetry for TJ, 118-20; asked to send wine samples, 345, 347, 574, 575; sale of Colle estate, 345-6, 347-8; wishes to translate collection of TJ’s speeches, 346, 348; reports dispute between Rodgers and Lavillette, 658-9, 660-1 McCorkle, William, 184, 185n, 198, 297 McCormick, Andrew T.: payment to, 401, 404n McDowell, James: letter to, 287; letter from, 223-4; requests sample of Jerusalem wheat, 223-4, 287 McFarland, Duncan, 231 McIntosh, Lachlan, 569 McIntosh, William (Tustunnuggee ­Hutkee): letter to, 552-6; letter from, 560-2; TJ seeks land cessions, road through Creek territory from, ix, lii, 552-6, 560-2; portrait of, li-lii, 366 (illus.); identified, 555n McKean, Thomas: TJ’s alleged support for, 98-9, 190-1; and Irujo, 227, 228n; Federalist support for, 228; subscribes to Der Pelican, 357; reelection as governor, 426, 490n; criticism of appointments and removals by, 489-90 McKenney, Rosanna: invoice from, 43; payment for laundry services, 43n McKoy, Abraham: seeks appointment, 214-15; letter from cited, 215n McMenamy, John: letter from, 139-40; seeks support for shipping plan, 139-40 McMillan, John: letter from, 421-3; seeks confirmation of land for Wyandots, 421-3; identified, 423n McNeil, Archibald, 258 McNeil, William, 258 McNeill, James, 192n McPherrin, John: letter from, 421-3; seeks confirmation of land for Wyandots, 421-3; identified, 423n

 721 

INDEX McRae, Alexander, 21n Meara, Francis O., 32n Medical Repository (New York), 233 Medical Society of South Carolina, 206n medicine: criticism of physicians, 33; medical experiments on criminals, 44-5, 149; knee surgery, 107-8, 142, 146, 363, 469; medical societies, 206n; education, 238, 239n; publications on, 396n; difficulty establishing a medical practice, 515-16, 524. See also illness and disease; women megalonyx, 162, 202 megatherium, 202 Meigs, Henry: letter from, 120-1; asks for recommendation from TJ, 120-1; identified, 121n Meigs, Josiah, 120, 121n Meinert, Friedrich: Schöne Landbau­ kunst, 66, 395, 407, 408n Melmelli, Sulayman: sent as envoy to U.S., 277-9, 414n melons: winter, 585 Melzi d’Eril, Francesco, 4, 109, 111, 443n Mémoire justificatif du Géneral Moreau (Jean Victor Moreau), 395n Mémoire sur les expériences aérostatique (Louis Robert and Anne Jean Ro­ bert), 397n Memorial on Behalf of the Citizens Resi­ dent and Concerned in the City of Washington, 396n Menard, Pierre, 677 Mendoza y Ríos, Joseph de: letter from, 242-3; Complete Collection of Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astron­ omy, 242-3; offers to sell work on navigation to U.S., 242-3; identified, 243n Mengotti, Francesco: Colbertismo, 410, 411, 412n, 458, 463, 464, 483; Del commercio de’ Romani, 410, 411, 412n, 458, 463, 464, 483 Mentelle, Waldemar, 61n Meramec River, 592 Mercer, John (Va.), 384, 386, 426-7 “Mercer” (James Cheetham): writings by, 396n Merieult, Jean François (John Francis), 240n, 530 Meriwether, David, 553 Mer libre, la mer fermé (Jean François Champagne), 395 Mermentau River, 339

Merry, Anthony, 146, 177n, 334, 358, 360n, 477, 480 Merry, Elizabeth Death Leathes, 358 meteorites, 425-6, 510-11 Météorologie des cultivateurs (Georges Louis Marie Dumont de Courset), 66 Mexico, Gulf of, 323 Mezaluna, Muhammad, 151 mezereon, 407 Miami of the Lake. See Maumee River Miami University (Ohio), 507n Michaux, André: Histoire des chênes de l’Amérique, 492, 500, 501, 521, 522n Michigan Territory: trespassers on pine lands in, 75-6, 104; White Rock, 75-6; Gnadenhutten, 76; Native American affairs in, 76; judges, 271, 272n, 376, 377n, 441, 685. See also Detroit Middleton (Annapolis, Md.), 306 Mifflin, Samuel: letter to, 602; TJ orders for sheet iron, 77, 540-1, 602; payments to, 402, 517, 602; identified, 602n Milan, Italy, 4, 5n, 108, 110, 112, 113 militia: organization, classification of, ix, 492-3, 563-5, 630-8; plans for naval militia, ix, 413, 492, 493, 510, 559-60, 563, 621-9; estimate of men eligible for, 494-6, 504-5, 559-60, 563-5; Mass., 606 Milledge, John, 121, 568 Milledgeville, Georgia, 126n Miller, Mordecai, 601n, 608-9 Miller, William H., 601n Miller (Millar), Philip: Gardeners Dic­ tionary, 521, 522n Milligan, Joseph, 395n mills: Occoquan, 13; flour, 17-18; dams, 179-82, 355-6; Shadwell, 179-82, 355-6, 366, 368, 374, 382, 389, 449-50, 475, 549-50, 639, 644; canals, 355-6; bolting cloth, 366, 374, 382, 475, 550; burrstones, 368, 389, 644; irons, 374, 640; gudgeons, 475, 550 Mills, Robert: letter from, 459; sends news on Latrobe’s health, 459; identified, 459n Milton, John (Ga.), 568 Minnesota River, 418n Minor, Peter, 181n Minorca, 256n Mint, U.S.: assays foreign gold coins, 438-9, 450 Mississippi: Hancock Co., 144n

 722 

INDEX Mississippi River: U.S. control of, 323; French claim to, 335; Spanish posts on, 339-40, 413 Mississippi Territory: political factions in, 11-12; judges, 12, 184; secretary, 184; receivers of land offices, 211, 212n, 240, 601, 652; criticized as ­uncultured, 378; surveyor general, 536-9; Adams Co., 539n; legislative council, 677. See also Federalists; ­Mobile, W. Fla.; Republicans Missouri, 223n Missouri Compromise, 223n Missouri River: maps of, 51, 249, 502, 511, 653; descriptions of, 248-9; exploration of, 460n. See also Lewis and Clark expedition Mitchell, David Brydie, 555n Mitchill, Samuel Latham: letter to, 316; letters from, 201, 233; TJ forwards salt specimen to, 10, 316; and Fraser, 20, 21n; as reference, 121, 516; sends books, manuscripts to TJ, 201, 233, 316 Mobile, W. Fla.: Spanish duties charged on U.S. goods at, 340, 413, 583; ­rumored Spanish reinforcement of, 583n; Mobile collection district, 601 Mobile River, 227, 339 Moivre, Abraham de: Doctrine of Chances, 354, 355n monax. See woodchucks Monmouth, battle of, 667 Monroe, Eliza, 434 Monroe, James: letters from, 384-7, 426-34, 543-8; departs from Spain, 30, 31, 124, 128; and Kosciuszko, 30, 31-2; recommends bold action against Spain, 31n, 129n, 360n; special envoy to Spain, 38, 39; instructions for British negotiations, 41, 253, 384; as reference, 90, 91n; negotiations with Spain, 124, 125, 128-9, 337, 360n, 367, 508; termination of negotiations with Spain, 124, 141, 322, 384-5; private journal of, 129n; negotiations with France, 142, 360n, 367, 471n; wishes to return to U.S., 142, 360n, 367, 384, 427-8, 480, 543-4; and acquisition of Florida, 230; arrives at London, 358, 360n, 471n; recommends embargo against Spain, 358, 360n; protests seizures of American vessels by British, 384-7, 427-34, 469, 471n, 480, 543-4, 546-7; asked to

recover TJ’s papers from J. Carey, 386, 387n, 426-7, 543; and Robert Gamble, Jr., 386, 387n, 543; Gover­ nor’s Letter, 396n; correspondence with Madison, 427, 430, 434, 471n; View, 434n; and J. Randolph, 477; expected to remain in London, 480; sends observations, news from Europe, 543-8 Montalto, 406 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 122 Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, 388n, 652 Montgomery, Fort, 667 Montgomery, William (merchant): letter from, 383-4; protests European violations of U.S. shipping rights, 383-4; identified, 384n Monticello: various visitors to, x, 363, 369, 373, 388, 409, 411, 457, 463, 464; enslaved people at, xi-xii, 88-9, 147n, 305-6, 424-5, 639; gardens, xiii, 406-8, 584, 639; landscaping of, xiii, 406-9; temples, architectural features planned for, xiii, 407-8; walks, xiii, 406-7; biannual visits to, by TJ, 10, 28, 32, 38, 43-4, 56, 59, 60n, 81; ornaments for, 26, 69, 213, 256, 435, 465; ice house, 32; painting of, 32, 603, 655; thorns for, 32; wedding held at, 33, 115; TJ invites friends to, 44, 51, 64, 65, 112, 113, 116, 143, 158, 163, 178, 195-6, 202, 247-8, 288, 301, 310, 594-5; carpenter dies from injuries, 62, 63n; sheet iron for, 77, 540-1, 571, 602; doors, 105, 149, 195, 225, 298-9, 390, 514, 542; healthy climate of, 118, 195-6; recommendations for travel to, 247-8, 250, 597; Freeman hired as overseer at, 250, 458-9, 595n; groceries and supplies for, 297, 320; skylights, 315; venetian blinds for, 315; hydraulic pump for, 388; balusters, balustrade, 390; Chinese railing, 390; dome, 390; entrance hall, 390; greenhouse, 390, 407; parlors, 390, 465; piazzas, 390; porticos, 390; sashes, 390, 514; shutters, 390; staircases, 390; windows, 390; fences, 406; fish pond, 406; ha-has, 406; Mulberry Row, 406; roundabouts, 406; walls, 406; water supply, 406; orchards at, 407; plants for, 407-8; “Indian Hall” at, 436; dining room, 463, 464; chimneys, 465; cornices, 465; fireplaces,

 723 

INDEX Monticello (cont.) 465; friezes, 465; plinths, 465; busts at, 482, 499, 500, 501n, 513; drawing of TJ’s phaeton at, 484-5, 498, 500, 501n; bison hide map displayed at, 502n; brickmasons at, 517; locks, 542; search for new overseer at, 595n; roads, 639; coal for blacksmith, 640; floors, 641-2. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Nailery Montlezun de Labarthette, Barthélémy Sernin du Moulin, baron de, 502n Montpelier: Madisons plan to visit, 56, 107-8, 202, 214, 363, 367; recommended to Barlow, 196 Montreal, 573n Montufar, Carlos, 460n Moody, John: letter to, 389; letter from, 368; offers to supply TJ with burrstones, 368, 389 moon, 19, 41, 137, 605 Moore, John (Washington laborer): letter from cited, 54n, 684 Moore, John Hamilton: letter from, 37; sends chart of North America, West Indies, 37, 387; identified, 37n Moore, Joshua J.: letter to, 369-70; letter from, 309; method for calculating longitude, 309, 369-70, 653; identified, 309n Moore, William (Dublin), 287 Morales, Juan Ventura: and speculation in W. Fla. lands, 393-4, 413; continued presence in Orleans Terr., 451, 469, 616 Moreau, Jean Victor: arrival in U.S., 246-7, 252, 291-3, 358; Mémoire justificatif, 395n Morocco: U.S. relations with, 124, 146 Morris, Gouverneur, 428, 434n Morris, Robert, 62, 398 Morrison, James, 61n Morrison, Robert: letter from, 61-3; seeks navy appointment, 61-3 Morrisville, Pa., 293n Morton, Nathaniel, Jr., 344n mountain goats, 440 Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, l Mount Vesuvius, 168 Mozzi, Giulio, 658-9, 660-1 Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel: letter from, 602-3; handles items sent to TJ, 85, 87, 168n; and case of banished Black convicts carried to Philadelphia,

124n; as reference, 357; forwards items to TJ, 602-3 Mulgrave, Henry Phipps, Baron, 386n, 428, 430-2, 434n, 471n Mulligan, Francis, 59 Munroe, Thomas: letters from, 55, 670; encloses blank warrant, 55; trustee of Washington education institution, 106; establishment of market in Washington, 514, 525n; and digging at the President’s House, 670; and footpaths in Washington, 670 murder, 555n Murray, Alexander: ordered to patrol Atlantic coast, 16n, 146, 147n, 275, 276n, 304; advises on Truxtun’s resignation, 474n Murray, John J., 303n Muye, John, 258 Nacogdoches: reinforced by Spain, viii-ix, 339, 363, 616; Spanish post at, 126; establishment of, 335; commanding officer at, 672 nails. See Jefferson, Thomas: Nailery Nantes, France, 91n, 128n, 520, 522-3 Naples: earthquake at, 168, 169n Napoleon, Emperor of the French (Napoleon Bonaparte): as King of Italy, 5n, 118, 119; and U.S. negotiations with Spain, 141, 165, 671; and Lucca, 169n; reputation as a conqueror, 230; and Moreau, 246n, 252, 292; U.S. won’t take orders from, 252; criticism of, 317n; and threat of war between U.S. and Spain, 338, 363; and Italy, 360n; expected return to Paris, 367; termination of Novosiltsov’s mission, 377n; bust of, 409, 411, 412n, 420, 443, 457, 462, 463-4, 482, 499, 500, 501n, 513, 541, 568, 587-8, 617, 618, 643-4, 654 Natchitoches: robberies committed by Spanish troops near, viii, 616; orders to commanding officer at, viii-ix, 671, 672; and western boundary, 339; Native American trading house at, 417n, 423-4, 465-6; Spanish posts near, 418n; description of, 423, 465-6 National Aegis (Worcester), 135-6n, 446 National Intelligencer (Washington): mistaken report of Toulmin’s appointment, 212n; defends Davy’s appoint-

 724 

INDEX ment, 233, 234n; reports on peace with Tripoli, 301, 302n, 318-19n. See also Smith, Samuel Harrison Native Americans Apaches vocabulary, 255 Caddos friendly toward U.S., 49; Kadohadacho (Caddoquis), 255; vocabulary, 255; delegation invited to Washington, 417, 418n Cahokias protest against Kaskaskia land sale, 418 Catawbas protest terms of land lease, 518-20; leadership titles, 520n Cherokees refuse to sell land, 126n; land cessions by, 669 Chickasaws road through land of, 562; land cessions by, 669 Choctaws commissioner to treat with, 81, 82n; road through land of, 562; land cessions sought from, 577 Creeks (Muskogees, Muscogees) land cessions sought from, ix, 553, 560-1, 577-8, 594; question land valuations, ix, 560-1, 577-8, 594; send delegation to Washington, ix, lii, 552, 555n, 560, 562n; acculturation of, li-lii, 553, 555n, 562; Lower Creeks, li-lii, 555n; Coweta town, lii, 75, 103, 219, 245, 257, 555n; road through land of, 75, 103, 554, 561-2; treaties with U.S., 552, 553, 555n, 561; delegation dines at President’s House, 555n, 681, 682; own enslaved persons, 555n; Wind clan, 555n; encroachment on lands of, 560-1, 562n; land cessions by, 669 Culture acculturation, li-lii, 206-7, 421-3, 506‑7, 553, 555n, 562; Sibley’s account of tribes in Louisiana, 178; vocabularies, 178, 255; bison robes, 200; education, 206-7, 506-7; clan naming practices, 209n; languages,

329; maps drawn by, 502, 592; alcoholism, 506; use of pipestone, 591, 592 Delawares treaties with U.S., 125, 126n, 270-1, 668; hostility toward Osages, 271; annuity for, 272n; relocate to Louisiana Terr., 418n; land cessions by, 668 Economy fur and peltry trade, 217; trade with Canada, 418 Eel River treaty with U.S., 270-2, 418, 668; annuity for, 271n; land cessions by, 668 Foxes (Renards) delegation to Washington, 79, 80, 502n Iowas delegation to Washington, 502n Kansas delegation to Washington, 502n Kaskaskias treaty with U.S., 418, 419n Kickapoos delegation to Washington, 502n; ­hostility toward U.S., 614 Mandans and Lewis and Clark expedition, 25n; earthenware, 142-3; tobacco, 585; mineral specimens from, 592 Miamis treaty with U.S., 270-2, 418, 668; annuity for, 271-2n; delegation to Washington, 502n; land cessions by, 668 Missouris delegation to Washington, 502n Monqui language of, 655n Munsees treaty with, 125, 126n, 668; land cessions by, 668 Natchitoches vocabulary, 255 Ojibwas (Chippewas) treaty with, 76n, 125, 126n, 668; land cessions by, 668

 725 

INDEX Native Americans (cont.) Osages conference at St. Louis with, 271; conflict with other nations, 271, 591; delegation to Washington, 502n

cessions, ix, 76, 125, 126n, 271, 272n, 418, 419n, 553, 560-1, 577-8, 594; delegations to Washington, 8, 79, 80, 97, 417, 418n, 502, 552, 555n; and western exploration, 8, 79, 80; surveying Native American boundary lines, 42n; relations with western nations, 49; roads through Native Americans’ lands, 75, 103, 554, 561-2; trading houses, factories, 97, 216-17, 233-4, 417, 423-4, 465-6; treaties, 125, 126n, 270-2, 553, 555n, 668-9; U.S. seeks peace and friendship with, 222-3, 552, 554; continued Native American attachment to French, 270; perceived attachment of Native Americans to U.S., 270; delegations to St. Louis, 271; treatment of Native Americans criticized, 332; relations governed by commerce rather than arms, 423; encouragement of agriculture, husbandry, 553, 562; hostility toward U.S., 614; expenditures for land cessions, 668-9

Otoes delegation to Washington, 502n Ottawas treaty with, 76n, 125, 126n, 668; land cessions by, 668 Pawnees towns on Platte River, 418n; delegation to Washington, 502n; Kitkahahki (Republican) band, 502n Peorias protest against Kaskaskia land sale, 418 Piankashaws land cessions sought from, 271, 418, 419n, 614 Potawatomis treaties with U.S., 125, 126n, 270-1, 668; annuity for, 271-2n; delegation to Washington, 502n; land cessions by, 668 Relations with Non-Indians Christian missionaries to, 206-7, 208n, 421-3, 505-7, 562; encroachment on lands, 206-7, 560-1; adoption of whites by Native Americans, 207-8; theft, robbery, 219; sale of alcohol to Native Americans, 506; lease of Native American land, 518-20 Sacs (Sauks) delegation to Washington, 79, 80, 502n; threat of war with U.S., 614 Seminoles Seminole War, 555n Shawnees treaty with, 125, 126n, 668; relocate to Louisiana Terr., 418n; land cessions by, 668 Sioux delegation to Washington, 79, 80, 502n U.S. Policy annuities, presents, ix, 125, 271-2n, 668-9; relocation of Native Americans to upper Louisiana, ix, 230, 370, 418n, 590-1; U.S. seeks land

Weas treaty with U.S., 270-2, 418, 668; annuity for, 271n; land cessions by, 668 Wyandots treaty with, 76n, 125, 126n, 206-7, 208n, 668; acculturation of, 206-7, 506-7; Christian missionaries among, 206-7, 208n, 421-3, 505-7; wish to remain on reserve lands, 206-9, 421-3; clan naming practices, 209n; land cessions by, 668 Natural History (Pliny), 463, 464n, 483, 499, 500 Nautilus (U.S. schooner), 152 navigation: books on, 242-3 Navy, U.S.: plans for naval militia, ix, 413, 492, 493, 510, 559-60, 563, 6219; request to serve criminal sentence in, 73, 101-2; applications for appointments in, 214-15, 274, 517; Mediterranean squadron, 274-6, 501-2; construction of 74-gun ships, 323-4, 341-2, 343, 413; expansion of, 323-4, 341-3, 413, 414n; Mediterranean fund, 341-2, 413, 578, 579; storeship captured by Spanish privateers, 501-2; extra expenditures by, 579, 611, 666.

 726 

INDEX See also gunboats; Smith, Robert; Tripoli Negus, Joseph, lii Negus, Nathan, lii Neill, Henry, 23 Nelson, Horatio, 211n, 303 Nelson, William (Ky.), 298n Neptune (brig), 451 Netherlands: U.S. debt to, 240n Neue Garten- und Landschafts-Gebäude (Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker), 66 neutral rights, 6-7, 359, 360n, 374, 383, 385, 386-7n, 416-17, 427-34, 471n Nevitt, Thomas: letter from, 170-1; petition for pardon, 170-1; pardoned by TJ, 171n New and Impartial History of England (John Baxter), 146 New Bourbon, 128n Newburyport, Mass., 276n New Hampshire: compared to Louisiana, 203. See also Republicans New Jersey: drought in, 177n; Sandy Hook lighthouse, 646-8, 651-2 New Jersey (ship): disputed indemnification claim regarding, 175-7, 213-14, 262-9, 311, 313, 470 New Jersey, College of (Princeton), 156 New London, Conn., 667 New London, Va., 107n, 116, 143, 144, 381 New Orleans: custom house, 21, 414n, 479, 503, 515n; marine hospital, 21, 503; courts, 21-2, 130n; public buildings at, 21-2, 24, 130, 173, 413, 414n, 442, 503-4; French diplomatic agents at, 30n, 48, 100; establishment of post road from Washington to, 49-50, 51n, 75, 102-4, 126n, 144, 218-19, 245, 257, 289-90; Burr visits, 50; Caron­ delet Canal, 50, 51n, 57, 104n; establishment of a public library in, 50, 410, 411, 457-8; yellow fever in, 50, 608n; revenue cutter for, 91-2; alleged French involvement in termination of deposit at, 129; claims arising from closure of deposit at, 253; gunboats for, 275, 276n, 304, 323; threat of capture by Spain, 322-4, 339; improvements to, 326, 414n; land office at, 350, 351n; city guard at, 413, 414n, 418, 419n, 540, 582; enslaved and free Black population in, 419n; surveyor at, 467, 479; continued presence of Spanish officials at, 469, 616; bar-

racks, 503; building for executive, 503; city hall, 503; magazine, 503; school building, 503-4; waterworks, 515n; behavior of troops in, 582-3. See also Orleans Territory New Orleans (ship), 102, 144, 172, 176, 253, 550 New Point Comfort, Va., 306 New River, 362, 381 New River (Catawba leader), 518-19 New Rochelle, N.Y., 398n newspapers: Federalist, 133, 135, 209-10; Republican, 135-6n, 182-3; TJ’s subscriptions to, 140-1, 184, 185n, 198, 297; commercial towns dominate, 195, 295-6; prospectuses for, 235; seek printing contracts, 261-2; French language, 290-1; German language, 357 Newton, Thomas, 491 Newton, Thomas, Jr.: letter from, 177; introduces Adam and John Cornick, 177 New York: Council of Appointment, 120; courts, 120; Genesee collection district, 211, 212n, 240, 677; grants farm to Paine, 398; Lewis Co., 453; currency, 462, 514 New York, Treaty of (1790), 555n, 561 New York City: teachers in, 20; libraries, 21n; deputy collector, 91n; academies, schools, 112n; Republicans in, 130n; newspapers, 291n; characterized as “a corner of Europe,” 295; gunboats for, 304; yellow fever in, 324, 350, 435, 470, 490, 551, 552n; fortifications for, 418, 419n; and American Revolution, 667 New-York Evening Post, 140 Niagara Falls, 288 Nicholas, John (brother of W.C. Nicholas), 211, 212n Nicholas, John, Jr., 179, 180, 181n Nicholas, Margaret Smith, 215n Nicholas, Wilson Cary: letters to, 375-6, 513; letter from, 375; invites Dearborns to visit, 143, 375; illness of daughter, 215; and government’s suit against E. Randolph, 316, 375-6, 513; TJ sends observations on Spanish affairs to, 513 Nichols, Mr. (R.I.), 684 Nicholson, Joseph H., 413 Nicholson, Mrs., 35, 123 Nicklin, Philip, 176n, 213, 263, 266 Nicklin & Griffith, 667n

 727 

INDEX Nicoll, John, 431 Nicolson, Andrew, 391, 392n Nile, battle of the, 535 Nimrod, 20 Nine Letters on the Subject of Aaron Burr’s Political Defection (James Cheetham), 397n Nissen, Nicholas C., 412, 413n niter, 570, 604 Nobbs, Samuel: letter from cited, 685 Norfolk, Va.: revenue cutters at, 439-40n Norman’s ford (Rappahannock River), 247, 597 North Carolina: cession of western lands by, 230, 370 Northrop (Northup), Hampton, 208, 507n North Sea, 472n Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 609, 610n Norwalk, Conn., 667 Notes on the State of Virginia: on Arabian horses, 45; quoted by other authors, 239n; criticized as atheistic, 327-31; French-language edition of, 463, 464, 483, 498, 500; praise for, 556-7 Notes on the Stomach and Secretion (Thomas Ewell), 239n Notice biographique sur le Docteur Jenner (Louis Valentin), 201 Nourse, Michael, 649, 650n Novosiltsov, Nikolai, 377 Nowell, John: letter from, 606; recommends aspirant for military appointment, 606 nurses: for enslaved people, xi, 639 Oakley, John: resigns as justice of the peace, 202; dines with TJ, 680; declines dinner invitation, 682 oats, 639 Oberlin, Jacques: Essai d’annales de la vie de Jean Gutenberg, 66 O’Brien, Richard: criticized by Cathcart, 186; dines with TJ, 680; letter from cited, 685 Observations sur l’histoire et les effets du rob anti-syphilitique (Denys BoyveauLaffecteur), 396n Observations sur l’usage des végétaux exotiques et particulièrement du gayac, de la squine, de la salsepareille, et de la lobelia syphilitica dans les maladies vénériennes (Jacques Dupau), 396n Occoquan River, 13, 122

Ochs, Peter, 588n Ocmulgee River, ix, 553, 560-1 Oconee River, ix, 553, 560-1 “Ode to Modesty,” 72 Oella (brig), 168-9n Ogilsby, Samuel, 261, 262n Ohio: Native American affairs in, 125, 126n, 668; Miami collection district, 244-5; prosperity and contentment in, 376; marshal, 376-7; Kosciuszko’s land in, 456n; Western Reserve, 668 Ohio River: low water in, 92n oil: linseed, 603 Old, James, 179, 392n, 406 Oldham, James: letters to, 26, 88-9, 462, 652-3; letters from, 69, 104-5, 435, 514, 527; and James Hemings, xii, 69, 88-9, 104-5; and architectural ornaments for Monticello, 26, 69, 435; doors and sashes for Monticello, 105, 195, 514; payments to, 403; and payment for Andrews, 435, 462, 514, 652; erects own plank kiln, 514; seeks advice on La Poype’s hydraulic ram, 527, 652-3; and shipment of TJ’s sheet iron, 571 oleander, 408 Olin, Mr.: letter from cited, 685 Oliveira Fernandes, João F., 32 Oliver & Case (trading house), 616 Olivier, Julius, 172-3, 551, 593 Olmedilla. See Cruz Cano y Olmedilla, Juan de la Olmstead, Moss, 168n O’Neill, John: letter from, 532-3; seeks appointment, 532-3; identified, 533n On the Political State of Europe, Drawn Up for the Consideration of a Foreign Statesman, in a High Political Situa­ tion (Sir John Sinclair), 395n Orange Court House, Va., 196, 247-8, 597 Oration, Pronounced at Worcester, on the Anniversary of American Indepen­ dence, July 4th, 1805 (Daniel Waldo Lincoln), 135, 136n Orleans, University of, 50-1, 503 Orleans Territory: disputed boundary with Texas, vii, 178-9n, 214, 335, 339, 351, 363, 417, 418, 508, 510, 615, 671, 672, 673; maps of, 18; Native American affairs in, 49, 418n, 423; survey of lands in, 49, 536-7; courts, 50, 503-4; militia, 50, 326; establishment of a university in, 50-1, 503; legislative

 728 

INDEX council, 50-1, 609-10, 618-20; commissioners of land titles, 59-61, 91, 164, 211, 240, 343-4, 350, 351n, 504, 536, 601; emigration to, 124; judges, 156, 474-5n, 686; price of public lands too high, 229-30; Concordia, 325; Opelousas County, 350; Spanish posts in, 418n; legislature, 503; marshal, 503; secretary, 503; House of Representatives, 609-10, 620n, 642; Opelousas, 616; robberies committed by Spanish troops in, 616; Campti, 672n. See also Bayou Pierre; Claiborne, William C. C.; Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de; Natchitoches; New Orleans orthography, 261 Osage River, 590, 592 Otis, James, Jr., 210 Ott, John, 171n, 677 Ottoman Empire: and Tripoli, 151, 153n Ouachita River: map of, 18, 605; Ouachita Post, 605 Outlaw, Alexander, 666n Outlaw, Alexander S.: letter from, 665-6; asks TJ for money, 665-6; identified, 666n overseers: wages for, 250n. See also Freeman, John Hoomes; Lilly, Gabriel Overton, Richard, 179 Page, John: letter to, 178; letter from, 158; invited to Monticello, 158, 178; letter from cited, 158n; and Logwood’s case, 269; and Thomas Harris’s claim, 307, 308n Page, Margaret Lowther: letter from, 349-50; sends poem on peace with Tripoli, ix-x, 349-50 Paine, Thomas: letters from, 397-8, 643; seeks compensation for services during American Revolution, 397-8, 643 painting: paints and painting supplies, 603, 655 Palais de Saint Pierre, 443n Paleske, Charles Gottfried, 172 Palladio, Andrea, 315, 354 Palladium (Frankfort, Ky.), 262n Palmer, Job, 608 Palmer, Timothy, 77 Palmer’s Packet, 527, 608 Pantheon, 407 Papi, Lazzaro: Lettere sull’Indie orientali, 109, 111

Paradise, John, 254 Paradise, Lucy Ludwell (Mrs. John Paradise): letter to, 370; letter from, 254; returns to U.S., 254, 370 Paramaribo, Surinam, 124n pardons: petitions for, 58-9, 89, 125, 170-1, 194-5, 269-70, 297-8, 444, 599-600; granted by TJ, 59n, 89n, 171n, 195n, 444n; TJ requests recommendations from judges, attorneys, 93; denied by TJ, 101-2; consideration of conditional pardons, 270n Parent, Étienne, 487-8 Parfait jardinier (Robert Xavier Mallet), 66, 395, 397n Paris, Ky., 54n Parish, William, 439-40 Parke, Benjamin, 271n, 591, 614 Parke, Hannah, 482, 486 Parke, Rachel Pemberton, 482n Parke, Thomas, 482, 486 Parker, Thomas, 92 Parkyns, George Isham: Entwürfe, 463, 464, 483, 499, 500 Parmentier, Antoine Auguste: Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne, 66, 394 Pascagoula River, 289 patents: iron plates, 15n; bedsteads, 101; encourage useful discoveries, 215 Paterson, William (N.J.), 156 Patterson, Catherine Livingston, 523n Patterson, John, 523n Patterson, Robert: letter to, 653-4; and calculation of longitude, 41, 309n, 653-4; valuation of foreign gold coins, 439n, 450 Patterson, Samuel (Va.): letter from, 223-4; requests Jerusalem wheat grains from TJ, 223-4 Patterson, William (N.Y.): letter to, 522-3; asked to forward seeds to ­Madame de Tessé, 520, 522-3, 556; identified, 523n Peace Establishment Act (1801), 16 peaches, 167, 345, 347 Peale, Charles Willson: letters to, 38, 435-6, 440, 492, 620; letters from, 361-2, 497-8, 565-7, 607-8; specimens from Lewis and Clark sent to, x, 436, 440, 492, 497-8, 566-7; and polygraphs, 9, 38, 361, 435, 440, 492, 497, 565-7, 607-8, 620; payments to, 38, 403; and megalonyx, 162; family of, 354-5; marriages, 354-5; reports

 729 

INDEX Peale, Charles Willson (cont.) on yellow fever at Philadelphia, 361-2, 497; Guide to the Philadelphia Mu­ seum, 396n; museum, 497, 566-7; promotes TJ’s moldboard plow, 567; TJ sends specimens from Lewis and Clark to, 584 Peale, Elizabeth DePeyster, 354, 355n Peale, Hannah Moore, 354-5 Peale, Martha McGlathery, 498n Peale, Rachel Brewer, 354, 355n Peale, Rembrandt: portrait of Eaton, xlix; Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth, 396n; Historical Disquisi­ tion on the Mammoth, 396n Peale, Rubens, 497 peanuts, 521, 522n Pearl River: Favre’s Bluff, 104n, 144n, 289 Pearson, Ephraim, 615, 655 Pearson, George, 655 Peck, Francis, 192n Peckham, William, 556 Pendleton, Edmund, 159-60, 204 Pendleton, Nathaniel, 647-8 Penington, John, 272, 273n Pennant, Thomas: British Zoology, 566, 567n Pennsylvania: Bucks Co., 98, 99n; elections in, 98-9, 183, 190-1, 228, 244; drought in, 176; Adams Co., 182-3; grants money to Paine, 398; Presby­ terians in, 421-3; Montgomery Co., 567. See also Federalists; Philadelphia; Republicans Pennsylvania, Bank of, 284 Pennsylvania, University of, 239n Pen Park (Gilmer residence), 500, 501, 534 Penrose, Joseph, 244n Pensacola, W. Fla., 335, 339 Perdido (Perdigo) River: claimed as boundary with W. Fla., 335-7, 339, 363 Péron, François: Voyage de découvertes aux terres Australes, 233 Perry, John: payments to, 401, 639, 648; reports want of hauling, 639; letters from cited, 684, 686; letter to cited, 686 Perry, Reuben, 306n Persia, seu Regni Persici Status, Vari­ aque Itinera in atque per Persiam ­(Johannes de Laet), 394

Person de Berainville, Louis Claude: Recueil de mécanique relatif à l’agriculture et aux arts, 66, 395, 420 Peter, John, 332, 333n Peter I (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 499, 500 Petersburg, Va., 250 Petit censeur (New York and Philadelphia), 290-1, 638 Petry, Jean Baptiste: letters from, 26-7, 100; sends books, letters to TJ, 26-7, 100; secretary of French legation, 27n, 471 Peyton, Craven: letter to, 204; letters from, 302, 617; payments to, 42, 43n, 302, 402, 405; and Henderson warehouse, 204, 302; and appointment for C. Lewis, 617 Peyton, John, 69, 402 Peyton, Sir John, 307-8 Peyton, Mr., 684 Peyton, Thomas W.: letter from, 399; seeks appointment, 399; identified, 399n pezza (Leghorn currency), 346, 348 phaetons: drawing of TJ’s, 411, 412, 458, 463, 464, 484-5, 498, 500, 501n Philadelphia: postal service, 53; boardinghouses, 123n; banished Black convicts carried to, 124, 148; yellow fever in, 174, 228, 229n, 235n, 292, 303, 324, 358-9, 361-2, 392, 486, 497, 567; hat manufacturing in, 198n, 217n, 476; printers, 235, 357n; masons recruited at, 286n; newspapers, 290-1; Moreau at, 292, 293n; Southwark, 359, 486n; merchants, 384n, 393; protests violations of U.S. shipping rights, 384n; reaction to Essex decision at, 393 Philadelphia (U.S. frigate): release of crew, 318-19, 365, 367, 371; replacement for, 413; captured by Tripoli, 472n Philadelphia Evening Post, 185n Philadelphia Medical and Physical Jour­ nal, 381n Philippe, Mr., 442 Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, 335 Phillips, Benjamin H., 399n Phillips, Richard (London): Public Characters of 1805, xlvii Philosophica (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 394

 730 

INDEX Philosophical Essays on Morals, Litera­ ture, and Politics (David Hume), 239n Physick, Philip Syng: treats Dolley Madison, 108, 142, 146, 148, 176, 469; treats Anthony Merry, 358 Pic, Marie Ann, 9n Pickering, Timothy, 186, 188n, 204, 434n Picket, Albert: letter to, 192; letter from, 111-12; sends spelling books to TJ, 111-12; identified, 111-12n; thanked by TJ, 192 Picket, John W., 112n Picturesque Representation of the Man­ ners, Customs, and Amusements of the Russians (John Augustus Atkinson and James Walker), 157 Pièces officielles relatives aux préliminaries de Londres et au Traité d’Amiens, 395n Pignieu Bergier, Mr., 67, 68 Pike, Joshua: letter from, 158-9; complaint against Portsmouth collector, 158-9, 240; identified, 159n Pinckney, Charles: termination of negotiations with Spain, 125, 128-9, 141, 148, 165, 322; recommends bold action against Spain, 129n; correspondence with Madison, 227, 228n, 365; and acquisition of Florida, 230; departure from Spain, 363, 365; wishes to return to U.S., 470 Pinckney, Thomas, 434n Pinkney, William, 685 Piombino, 118-19, 120n Piper, George, 98, 99n Piper, John, 489 Pitot, James, 51n Pitt, William, 431 Pittsburgh: Presbyterians in, 421-3 plague: efficacy of vaccination against, 44-5, 149 Plain Discourses on the Laws or Proper­ ties of Matter: Containing the Elements or Principles of Modern Chemistry (Thomas Ewell), 239n, 319, 516 Plan d’un établissement d’éducation na­ tionale (Léonard Bourdon), 397n Plans, coupes et élévations des plus belles maisons et hôtels construits à Paris et dans les environs (Johann Karl Krafft and Pierre Nicolas Ransonnette), 354 Planter (ship), 254 plants: equinoctial, 460n Platte River, 418n, 502, 592

Pliny: Natural History, 463, 464n, 483, 499, 500 plows: TJ’s moldboard, 177, 483, 567 plumbago, 592 plums, 345, 347 Plutarque de la jeunesse, ou Abrégé des vies des plus grands hommes de toutes les nations, 66, 394 Poetical Scraps (Thomas Clio Rickman), 394 Poindexter, George, 538-9 Pointe Coupee, 465n Point of Fork, Va.: arsenal at, 308n Poitiaux, Michael B., 18n Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia): criticizes Davy’s appointment, 216-17, 233-4 Polkinhorn & Hall, 401 Polly (schooner): admiralty court decision on, 327n polygraphs: given by TJ as gifts, 7-8, 9-10, 38, 136; recommended by TJ to others, 9-10; defects in, 38, 497, 565-6; portable, 38, 435; for TJ’s private secretary, 38; Hawkins’s, 361, 362n, 435, 497, 565, 567, 607; modifications, improvements to, 361, 435, 497, 607-8, 620; pen bars, 361, 497, 565; pens for, 361, 435, 497, 607, 620; pen tubes, 361, 497, 607, 620; price, 361; small versions, 435, 492, 497, 607-8; repairs to, 565-6, 567 Pontchartrain, Lake, 75, 323 Poole, England, 62, 63n Poole, William (mariner), 541 Pope, Edward, 343-4 Poplar Forest (TJ’s estate): enslaved people at, xi, xlviii, 147n, 639; construction of TJ’s house at, xiii, xlviii, 106; TJ visits, xiii, xlvii-xlviii, 104, 106, 107n, 116, 118, 143, 144, 148, 185, 198; survey maps of, xlvii-xlix, 107n, 366 (illus.); land from, given to T. M. Randolph and J. W. Eppes, xlviii, 107; tobacco cultivation at, xlviii; land from, intended for TJ’s grandchildren, 106-7; valuation of tracts, 106-7, 147 Portefeuille des artistes, ou Collection de desseins et du plans, 66, 395 Porter, Andrew, Jr., 467 Portland, Me., 7-8, 275, 276n Portsmouth, England, 63n Portsmouth, N.H.: surveyor at, 158

 731 

INDEX Portugal: neutrality of, vii, 8; relations with Barbary states, 187; relations with Britain, 187; valuation of Portuguese gold coins, 439; wine from, 451 postal service: mail damaged in transit, 14; establishment of post road between Washington and New Orleans, 49-50, 51n, 75, 102-3, 126n, 144, 218-19, 245, 289-90; postal service through W. Fla., 49, 51n, 75; in Ky., 52-4, 74, 219-22; postal contracts, 74; horses for, 219, 245; free postage for religious, political pamphlets recommended, 241; criticism of mail car­ riers, 245; post office revenue, 578. See also Granger, Gideon Post Boy (horse): trophy awarded to, li, 366 (illus.) Postel, Guillaume: Guillelmi Postelli de Republica, 394 Post & Russell (New York City), 451 Potocki, Count Jan: Dynasties du second livre de Manethon, 394 Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), 35, 36n poultry: bantams, 10, 72 Practical Navigator (John Hamilton Moore), 37n prairie dogs: live specimen sent by Lewis and Clark, x, 5, 79, 80, 191, 199-200, 213, 226, 436, 497 Prairie du Chien, 590 Preble, Edward: letter to, 9-10; letter from, 136; sends wine to TJ, 9, 10n, 58, 116; TJ sends polygraph to, 9-10, 38, 136; supervises bomb ketch, gunboat construction, 275, 304, 611n; advises on Truxtun’s resignation, 474n; gold medal awarded to, 611n Preble, Esaias, 606 Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons (John Hatsell), 662-3 pregnancy. See women Presbyterians: in Washington, D.C., 283; synod of Pittsburgh, 421-3, 507n; synod of Ohio, 507n President (brig), 551, 596 President (U.S. frigate), 365, 367n, 371 President’s House: busts, artwork for, 13-14, 28; appropriations for, 28, 354; furnishings for, 28, 101, 236; cellars, 56, 236, 283, 354; ice house, 56; specifications for work at, 56; doors, 77; iron for, 77; floors, 77-8; gutters, 77-8; offices, 77-8; stone for, 78; din-

ners hosted by TJ at, 100n, 294n, 555n, 605n, 610n, 679-82; servants, 101; progress reports on, 191; Eppes’s bedroom, 197; jambs and backs, 197, 235-6; whitewashing, 197; attic, 226; dumbwaiter, 236n; masons employed at, 283; roof, 283; longitude of, 309n; work on Capitol given preference to, 315; sheet iron for, 354; coal for, 366, 369, 374, 391-2; digging at, 670 Preston, Daniel R.: letter from, 445-7; sends prospectus, poetry to TJ, 445-7; identified, 446-7n Preston, William, 381n Preston, William (d. 1821), 379, 381n Prevost, John B., 156 Prevot, P., 15 Price, George, & Co. (Baltimore): letters to, 472, 643; payment to, 472, 643, 648 Price, William Charles: History of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, 63n Priestley, Joseph: criticized by Federalists, 133; Doctrine of Phlogiston Estab­ lished, 397n Prince William Court House, Va., 247 Principles of Civil Union and Happiness Considered and Recommended (Elizur Goodrich), 396n Pringle, John Julius, 51 Pringle, Robert, 205 printing: long primer type, 357 privateers: directives for the suppression of, 16; French, 16, 38, 39, 260, 262-3, 266, 340, 383; Spanish, 16, 38, 39, 146, 147n, 260, 340, 351, 383, 501; Tunisian, 69-71; British, 260; in W. Indies, 260, 340-1, 383; impact on insurance rates, 340, 383 prizes, law of, 374 pronghorn (antelope), 226, 436, 440, 566 Prospect of Exterminating the Small-Pox (Benjamin Waterhouse), 396n Prospect of Exterminating the Small Pox, Part II, Being a Continuation of a Nar­ rative of Facts Concerning the Progress of the New Inoculation in America (Benjamin Waterhouse), 396n Prout, Joshua: letter to, 370-1; letter from, 229-31; seeks assistance with land claim, 229-31, 370-1; identified, 231n Prout, Sarah Wade, 231n

 732 

INDEX Prout, William: letter from, 514-15; seeks to erect market in Washington, 514-15; identified, 515n Providence, R.I., 194 Prussia, 377, 433, 460n, 546, 548n Pryce, William: letter from, 63; payment to, 63, 184, 185n, 198, 297, 402 Publications Relative to the Difference of Opinion between the Governor and Council on Their Respective Powers (Alexander Contee Hanson), 396n Public Characters of 1805 (Richard Phillips), xlvii Puerto Rico, 176n pumice, 591 Purviance, John H., 434 Purviance, Robert: letter to, 523-4; letters from, 556, 610; forwards, receives items for TJ, 192n, 523-4, 556, 610, 661; payment to, 524n, 648 Purviance, Samuel, 4, 5n pyrite, 592 Qaramanli, Ahmad (Hamet): letters from, 150-4, 293-4; expedition against Derna, ix, 151-2, 166, 260, 300, 301; arrives at Malta, 124; exile in Egypt, 150-1, 153n; seeks pension, release of family, 150-4, 293-4; convention with Eaton, 151, 154n, 165-6, 293; identi­fied, 153-4n; governor of Derna, 153n; seeks to overthrow brother, 153n, 293 Qaramanli, Ali Pasha, 153n, 293, 371 Qaramanli, Hassan Bey, 293, 371 Qaramanli, Yusuf, Pasha of Tripoli: agrees to peace treaty with U.S., ix, 152, 153n, 259-60, 300, 301, 310, 371; efforts to displace, 151, 153n, 293; holds brother’s family as hostages, 151-2, 153n; threatens to kill U.S. prisoners, 371 quadrants, 380 quarantine: at Bordeaux, 173; impact on trade, 173; at Marseilles, 173; at Liver­ pool, 303n Quarrier, Alexander, 527 Quinard, Gaspard: letter from, 487-8; offers to supply TJ with wine, 487-8 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 210 Rab & Jane. A Legendary Tale, (and True.) By Peter Pindar’s Cousin

Pindar: letter from author of, 377-8; copy sent to TJ, 377-8 radish, Chinese, 112, 113, 410, 411, 420 Raisonnable (British warship), 685 Ramsdell, Capt., 4, 85, 88 Ramsden, Jesse, 146 Randolph, Anne Cary (TJ’s granddaughter): letter to, 10; letter from, 32; Dolley Madison obtains garment for, 9; correspondence with TJ, 10, 71; tends fowl, poultry at Monticello, 10, 72; and TJ’s visit to Monticello, 10; sends news of Monticello, family, 32; affection for TJ, 608 Randolph, Beverley (d. 1797), 347, 348 Randolph, Col., 617 Randolph, Cornelia Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): Dolley Madison obtains garment for, 9; learns to read, 33, 34n Randolph, Edmund: letter to, 204; letters from, 159-60, 316; and W. Short’s salary, 159-60, 204; payments by, 316, 375; sued by government, 316n Randolph, Ellen Wayles, II (TJ’s granddaughter): letter to, 27-8; letters from, 71-2, 608; Dolley Madison obtains garment for, 9; and TJ’s visit to Monticello, 10, 72; inquires about fine arts, 27-8; friendship with Margaret B. Smith, 28, 29, 608; characterized as lazy by sister Anne, 32; correspondence with TJ, 71, 608; sends family news to TJ, 71-2; TJ sends poetry, papers to, 72, 459, 597; sends rumor of Claiborne’s marriage, 608 Randolph, Jane Cary, 518 Randolph, John (of Roanoke), 477 Randolph, Martha Cocke, 347, 348, 349n Randolph, Martha Jefferson (Patsy, Mrs. Thomas Mann Randolph, TJ’s daughter): letters to, 458-9, 498, 597; letters from, 33-4, 518; Poplar Forest lands given to, xlviii; Dolley Madison asked to obtain items for, 9, 518, 542-3, 597; TJ’s affection for, 10; sends family news, requests tea items, 33-4; and J. Page, 158; and L. Paradise, 254; expected visit to Washington, 458, 498, 518, 597; TJ sends news from Washington, 458-9, 498; health of, 498; Monroe sends regards to, 547; affection for TJ, 608; TJ gives money to, 648, 649; letter to cited, 684

 733 

INDEX Randolph, Thomas Eston: TJ purchases enslaved person from, xi; and Shadwell milldam, 179-80, 182n; TJ uses boat owned by, 320 Randolph, Thomas Jefferson (TJ’s grandson): education of, 112, 113 Randolph, Thomas Mann (TJ’s son-inlaw): TJ gives Poplar Forest land to, xlviii, 107; sends salt specimens, 10, 316; recommended to Reibelt by TJ, 43; Reibelt writes to, 112, 113, 617, 618; and Lambert, 137; and J. Page, 158; property line with TJ’s land, 179; letter from Lufborough forwarded to, 182; reelection to Congress, 346, 348, 349n; Burwell forwards letters to, 362; raises merino sheep, 409, 411; TJ’s affection for, 459, 498, 597; and Pen Park, 500, 501, 534; and M. J. Randolph’s visit to Washington, 518; Monroe sends regards to, 547; letters from cited, 686; letter to cited, 686 Randolph, Virginia (sister of Thomas Mann Randolph), 9, 72, 115 Randolph, Virginia Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): Dolley Madison asked to obtain sash for, 25-6 Rankin, Robert: dines with TJ, 680, 681 Rankin, Robert (pardon seeker): letter from, 89; petition for pardon, 89, 118; pardoned by TJ, 89n Ransonnette, Pierre Nicolas: Plans, coupes et élévations, 354 Rapidan River, 13 Rapine, Conrad & Co. (Washington, D.C.), 401 Rapport des commissaires chargés par le Roi, de l’examen du magnétisme ani­ mal, 396n Rapport des commissaires de la Société royale de medécine, nommés par le Roi pour fair l’examen du magnétisme ani­ mal, 396n rattlesnakes, 585 Rattletrap (ship), 612 Ray, Jacob, 73n Razid. See Rosetta (Rashid, Razid) Read, Benjamin F., 366-7 Read, Charles: letter from cited, 684 Recovery, Fort, 271n Recueil de mécanique relatif à l’agriculture et aux arts, et description des ­machines économiques (Louis Claude Person de Berainville), 66, 395, 420 redbud, 407

Red Creek (Bogue Houma), 289 Red House Tavern, Va., 247 Redick, David: letter to TJ forwarded to postmaster general, 52, 74; letter from cited, 52n Red River: exploration of, 18-19, 42n, 49, 50n, 97, 369, 437, 511, 653; Spanish posts on, 418n; and Louisiana boundary, 671, 672n Reed, Theodosia Bowes, 453, 454n Reed (Reid), Joseph, 453, 454n Reibelt, Louise Françoise Felix: letter to, 456; sends gift of plates to TJ, 456; identified, 456n; letter from cited, 456n, 685; chides her husband, 534 Reibelt, Philippe: letters to, 28, 43-4, 457-8, 482-3, 492, 568, 654; letters from, 13-14, 28-9, 64-6, 112-13, 409‑12, 419-20, 462-4, 498-501, 509, 534, 576, 587-8, 617-18, 643-4, 675; offers artwork for the President’s House, 13-14, 28; offers corn seeds to TJ, 14, 112, 113, 420; considers purchasing a farm, 28-9, 43-4, 112, 113; payments to, 40, 64, 65, 236, 256, 403, 405, 458, 509; invited to, visits Monticello, 64, 65, 112, 113, 369, 388n, 409, 411, 457, 463, 464; retires from bookselling, 64, 66, 499, 500; TJ orders books from, 64-6, 122, 236, 397n, 483, 492, 499, 500-1; account with TJ, 66, 369, 410, 412, 420; recommends Chinese radish, 112, 113, 410, 411, 420; sends book for TJ’s grandson, 112, 113; and La Poype, 388n, 483, 576; offers TJ bust of Napoleon, 409, 411, 412n, 420, 443, 457, 462, 463-4, 482, 499, 500, 501n, 541, 568, 587-8, 617, 618, 643-4, 654; sends Bengal sheep to TJ, 409-10, 411, 420, 457, 499, 500, 501n; offers to supply books for public library in New Orleans, 410, 411, 457-8; sends magnet to TJ, 410, 411, 457, 483, 499, 500; asks for sketch of TJ’s phaeton, 411, 412, 458, 463, 464, 483‑5, 498, 500, 501n; asks TJ advice on publication ideas, 411, 412, 458; sends seeds to TJ, 419, 420, 457; introduces La Tullaye, 419-20; as agent for L. F. Felix, 456; asks to borrow books from TJ’s library, 463, 464, 499, 500; offers portrait of Peter the Great, 499, 500; interest in Pen Park, 500, 501, 534; encloses article on the topognomon, 534; meets W. Short,

 734 

INDEX 534; forwards seeds to TJ, 576; recommends Bossler, 576; and T. M. Randolph, 617, 618; and wine offered by Guestier, 617-18, 654, 675 religion. See Bible; Christianity; Jefferson, Thomas: Religion Remarks on the “Merchants’ Bank” (James Cheetham), 140, 396n Renault’s Fork, 592 Repertory (Boston), 136n Reply to Aristides (James Cheetham), 140, 397n Report from the Committee on the Peti­ tion of the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company, 395n Report of the Committee Appointed to Examine into the Executive Expendi­ tures, 396n Republican Advocate (Frederick, Md.), 25 Republican Chronicle (New York), 141n republicanism: criticized as blasphemous, 332 Republicans: divisions among, 11-12, 98-9, 183, 190-1, 228, 234, 244, 489‑90, 508-9, 588-9; in Miss. Terr., 11-12; allege election interference by TJ, 98-9; in Pa., 98-9, 182-3, 190-1, 228, 234, 244, 489-90, 508-9, 588-9; in Mass., 125, 131-6, 209-10, 232, 586; in New York City, 130n; printers, newspapers, 135-6n, 182-3; in S.C., 205n; in N.H., 209; in Marine Corps, 249; seek removal of Federalists, 343‑4; in Boston, 586; decline in ­republicanism among, 586 Republican Watch-Tower (New York), 140 Respublica Bohemiæ (Pavel Stránský), 394 Respublica et Status Imperii RomanoGermanici, 394 Respublica et Status Regni Hungariæ, 394 Respublica Namurcensis, Hannoniæ, et Lutsenbergensis, 394 Restitution (ship), 603, 610 Résultats de l’inoculation de la vaccine (Louis Valentin), 100 Revenge (U.S schooner), 452n revenue cutters: acquisition of new, 59, 91-2; armaments for, 59, 92; instructions to captains, 60; appointments to, 439-40 Reynolds, Maria Lewis (Mrs. James Reynolds), 235n

Rhea, John: letter from, 11; recommends aspirants for office, 11 rhinoceroses, 202 Rhode Island: opposes national impost, 397, 398n. See also Providence, R.I. rhododendron, 408 Rhone River, 68n Rice, Alexander: letter from, 606; ­recommends aspirant for military ­appointment, 606 Richard, John, 17-18n Richards, Alexander, 140, 141n Richardson, Joseph (assayer), 439n Richman, John: letter from, 101; offers services as chamberlain, 101 Richmond, Va.: flour milling at, 17-18, 366n; education in, 251n; newspapers, 251n; postmaster, 369n; latitude of, 381 Rickman, Thomas Clio: Poetical Scraps, 394 Riddick, Thomas F., 592 Ridgely, Charles, li Ridgway, Jacob, 90-1 Right, James, 69 Rigolets, 104n Rio Grande (Rio Bravo), 129n, 335, 360n, 363, 510, 615, 672n, 673 Rio Salado, 672n Rising Sun (schooner), 409, 411 Rittenhouse, David, 450 Rivanna Company, 181-2n Rivanna River: Secretary’s Ford, 179-80; and Shadwell milldam, 179-82 roads: routes for new roads, 13; through Native Americans’ territory, 75, 103, 554, 561-2. See also postal service Roane, Spencer, 318 Roban, Francis, 616n Robbins Reef, 353 Robert, Anne Jean: Mémoire sur les ex­ périences aérostatique, 397n Robert, Louis: Mémoire sur les expéri­ ences aérostatique, 397n Robert, Peter John, 61n Robertson, James (Tenn.), 81, 82n Robertson, John, 188n Robertson (Robinson), Daniel, 107, 147 Robertson (Robinson), John (Bedford Co., Va.), xlvii, 107, 147 Robinson, David (Kanawha Co., Va.): letter to, 248-9; sends Louisiana travel journal to TJ, 248-9 Robinson, John, 159-60, 316, 375, 513

 735 

INDEX Roche, P. & C.: letter to, 192; letter from, 160-1; offers atlas to TJ, 160-1, 192; payments to, 403 Rochshawruh (Stukey, Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9; identified, 208n Rockcastle River, 570 Rock River, 612 Rodger, John: letter from, 223-4; requests Jerusalem wheat grains, 223-4 Rodgers, John: detains Tunisian vessels, 70-1; negotiations with Hammuda Pasha, 277, 278, 279n; correspondence on peace with Tripoli, 301, 302n, 310, 318-19n, 327; oversees Bainbridge’s court of inquiry, 371n; dispute with Lavillette, 658-9, 660-1 Rodney, Caesar, 23 Rodney, Caesar A.: letter to, 508-9; letters from, 464-5, 588-9; considered for diplomatic appointment, 413; forwards letter from his father respecting Kempers, 464-5, 508; and divisions among Republicans, 508-9, 588-9 Rodney, Thomas: recommends aspirants for office, 23, 24n; and kidnapping of the Kempers, 464-5, 508; and I. Briggs, 539 Rogers, Daniel (Gloucester), 232n Rogers, Elias: letter from, 577; seeks payment of lottery prize, 577 Rogers, John, 402, 404n Rogers, Maj. Robert, 225n Rogers, William (Gloucester), 232n Romans, 367 Rome, 3, 83, 86 Ronceiah (Crowe, Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9 ropemakers, 258 Roscoe, William: Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici, 395 Rosetta (Rashid, Razid), 151 Ross, John, 460 Rotterdam, 303n Row, Jonson, 105 Rowse, Edward: letter to, 149; letters from, 44-5, 161; observations on efficacy of vaccination against other diseases, 44-5, 149, 161 Royal Academy of Arts (London), xlvii Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, 460n Royal Society of London, 243n

Rozier, François: Traité théorique et ­pratique sur la culture de la vigne, 66, 394 rubbi, 112, 113 Ruelle, Mr.: letter from, 316-18; sends manuscript on model republican constitution, 316-18; works by, 317-18n; identified, 317n rulers, 146 Rush, Benjamin: criticism of, 35; and Ewell, 239n, 516; letter from cited, 686 Russia: culture, 157; relations with France, 377; and neutral rights, 385, 387n, 428, 430, 432-3, 546; member of Third Coalition, 434n, 545-6, 548n. See also Alexander I, Emperor of Russia Sabine River, 339, 671, 672 Said, Egypt, 151 Saint Croix River, 557 Saint-Domingue, W.I. See Haiti (Saint-Domingue) Saint Mary’s College (Baltimore), 441-2 Saint-Mémin, Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de, l Salem, Mass., 303 Salem Register, 136n, 218n, 247, 248, 300n Sallust: War with Catiline, 458n Sally (schooner), 392n salt: analysis of, 10, 316; duties on, 413; specimens of, 591-2 salt logs, 561, 562n saltpeter, 570, 582, 604n, 620, 650 San Antonio, viii, 338, 339, 363, 616 Sanderson, William, 15 Sandusky River, 206-7, 208n, 421, 506 Sandy Hook, N.J., 646-8, 651-2 Sanford, Nathan, 120 San Ildefonso, Treaty of (1800), 129, 335-6 Santa Fe, 338 Santander, Spain, 176 Santo Domingo, 61 Saratoga, battle of, 224, 225n Saunders, John (Salem), 232n Sauvé, Pierre, 610n, 619 Savary de Valcoulon, Jean, 61n Saxony, 124 Say, Jean Baptiste: Traité d’économie politique, 458, 463, 464, 483, 499, 500

 736 

INDEX Sayre, John, 454n Sayre, Mary Bowes, 453, 454n Scales, William: letter from cited, 685 Schenck, William P., 647 Schöne Landbaukunst (Friedrich Meinert), 66, 395, 407, 408n Schuylkill Arsenal, 582n, 650 Schuylkill Navigation Company, 602n Schwartz (Schwarze), Augustine: offers bust of Napoleon to TJ, 409, 411, 457, 462, 463, 499, 500, 587-8 Scotch broom, 407 Scotland: immigrants from, 224n, 526n, 532 Scott, Alexander (Pa.), 489, 490n Scott, Charles A., 449-50 Scott, Jacob (Catawba leader): letter from, 518-20; protests terms of lease, 518-20; identified, 520n Scott, John B., 591 Scott, William, Lord Stowell, 374n, 417 Scott & M’Clellan (Baltimore), 17 scudi, 658, 659-60 seamen: convicted for smuggling, 194-5. See also impressment Seaver, Ebenezer, 212n, 669 Seerecht des Friedens und des Krieges (Friedrich Johann Jacobsen), 374n Selim III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 277, 278 Sellers, Coleman, 355n Sellers, Sophonisba Peale, 355 Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (Laurence Sterne), 394 Sequel to the Union Spelling-Book (Albert Picket), 111, 192 service tree, 408 sextants, 19, 41, 309n, 381 Seybert, Adam, 492 Seymour, Ledyard: letter from, 122; seeks appointment, 122 Shadwell (TJ’s estate): leased to E. Alexander, 93-4; inquest on Shadwell milldam, 179-82; mills at, 179-82, 355-6, 366, 368, 374, 382, 389, 449-50, 475, 549-50, 639, 640, 644 Sharples, Ellen, l Sharples, James, l Shaw, John (Miss. Terr.), 378n Shaw, Mr. (stonemason), 283 sheep: from Bengal, 409, 411, 412n, 420, 457, 499, 500, 501n; crossbreeding, 409, 411; merino, 409, 411; tayè, 655 Sheppard, William, 195

Sherman, Roger, 447 Shields, William B., 538-9 “Shiloh” (pseudonym): letter from, 327-31; criticizes Notes as atheistic, encloses writings on sin and persecution, 327-33 Shippen, William, 444n, 516 Short, William: letter to, 215-16; letters from, 288, 376; as reference, 90, 91n; salary due to, 159-60, 204; invited to Monticello, 215-16, 288; TJ’s debt to, 215-16, 288, 304, 344, 402, 404n, 405; seeks appointment, 288; travel plans, 288, 376; meets Reibelt, 534 Short History of the Yellow Fever, 235n Shotwell, Eden, 551, 593 Sibley, John: letters from, 178-9, 255; asked to collect Native American vocabularies, 14, 178, 255; criticism of, 49; instructions to, 178; forwards copy of Bénard de la Harpe’s journal, 178-9; appointed agent for Native Americans near Natchitoches, 418n; reports on Native American delegations, 418n; reports robberies committed by Spanish troops, reinforcement of Spanish posts, 616; TJ’s notes on reports from, 616 Siena, Italy, 426 silk tree (Mimosa or Albizzia julibrissin), 531, 584 Simcoe, John Graves, 558 Simons, Benjamin B., 205 Simons, James: letter from, 205-6; criticized in anonymous letter, 24-5, 92, 684; characterized, 59; delinquent accounts of, 59, 60n, 92; navy contract, 60n; sends circular from botanical society, 205-6; identified, 205-6n; resignation as collector, 206n Simpson, James, 124, 146 Sinclair, Captain, 345, 347 Sinclair, Sir John: and Hawke, 254n; On the Political State of Europe, 395n; and TJ’s moldboard plow, 483 Sitgreaves, Samuel, 357 Skipwith, Fulwar: carries letters from Du Pont, 311, 313; dines with TJ, 682 slate: artificial, 78-9 Slate Run Church, Va., 13, 247, 597 slavery: criticism of, 332. See also enslaved people smallpox: vaccination, 44-5, 149, 394, 396n Smith, Adam: Wealth of Nations, 458

 737 

INDEX Smith, Charles (Va.): payment to, 402 Smith, Edward L., 9n Smith, John (Ohio), 574n Smith, Larkin: letter to, 310; letter from, 299; unable to visit TJ at Monticello, 299, 310 Smith, Louis Buchanan: letter of introduction from TJ for, 535, 541-2, 548, 582 Smith, Margaret Bayard: letter to, 29; friendship with Ellen Wayles Randolph, 28, 29, 608 Smith, Robert: letters to, 166, 214-15, 249, 274, 304-5, 368, 510; letters from, 23, 34, 232, 249-50, 274-6, 288, 294-5, 299-300, 310, 318-19, 322-4, 371, 473-4, 611, 625, 666, 666-7; attends cabinet meetings, 16, 615, 670; instructions to naval commanders, 16n, 275, 276n, 304; suppression of privateers on U.S. coasts, 16n, 147n; forwards commissions, warrants, 23, 34, 232, 249-50, 288, 300; and Tatham, 45, 161, 527-8; relations with Spain, 166, 227, 274, 300, 310, 322-4, 510; TJ forwards applications for appointment to, 214-15, 274; reports on gunboat construction, deployment, 274-6, 304-5; forwards recommendations, 288, 294-5; sends news of peace with Tripoli, 299-300, 310, 318-19, 368, 371; recommends expansion of the navy, 323-4; asked to attend cabinet meeting, 368; release of U.S. prisoners by Tripoli, 371; delayed return to Washington, 414n; dispute with Truxtun, 471n, 473-4; return to Washington, 508, 510; proposal for a naval militia, 510, 621, 625; applications to, for appointments, 517; requests gunpowder analysis, 604; extra expenses of the Navy Dept., 611, 666; authorizes TJ to draw on Navy Dept., 666-7; dines with TJ, 680, 681, 682; advises on appointments, 685; letter from cited, 685. See also Navy, U.S. Smith, Samuel (Md.): letters to, 548, 620-1; letters from, 474-5, 535, 582, 650; comments on letter to Turreau, 291; forwards recommendation to TJ, 474-5; requests letter of introduction for his son, 535, 541-2, 548, 582; as committee member, 574n; recommends gunpowder purchases, 582, 620-1, 650

Smith, Samuel Harrison: letter from, 105-6; informs TJ of his election as trustee of education institution, 105-6, 196; prints mistaken report of Toulmin’s appointment, 211, 212n; dines with TJ, 680. See also National Intel­ ligencer (Washington) Smith, William (laborer), 15 Smithfield plantation (Montgomery Co., Va.), 380-1 smuggling, 194, 211 Snyder, Simon, 190, 490n Societé Batave des Sciences (Batavian Society of Science), 138 Soldani, Ambrogio, 426 Songster’s Tavern, Va., 247 South Amboy, N.J., 352 South America: maps of, 146 South Carolina: viticulture in, 320, 321; St. Bartholomew Parish, 382n; maps of, 394; Native American affairs in, 518-20. See also Charleston, S.C.; Federalists; Republicans Spain Economy valuation of Spanish gold coins, 438-9, 450 Foreign Relations with France, 246, 260, 323-4, 335-7; retrocession of Louisiana to France, 335 U.S. Relations with convention on claims, vii, 124, 129n, 141, 148, 214, 335-7, 340-1, 351, 615, 671; boundary issues, vii-ix, 31n, 124, 129n, 214, 252, 335-7, 338-9, 341, 351, 360n, 363, 417, 418n, 508, 510, 615, 671, 672, 673; spoliations claims, vii-ix, 252, 335, 336-7, 342, 363, 413, 414n, 508, 510, 615, 671, 673; French participation in negotiations with Spain, viii, 126, 141-2, 165, 214, 227, 338-9, 360n, 367, 393, 433, 471n, 505, 508, 510, 615, 670-1; robberies committed by Spanish troops, viii, 616; establishment, reinforcement of Spanish posts, viii-ix, 126, 339, 363, 413, 418n, 583n, 616; proposal for a treaty with Spain, ix, 673-4; Spanish privateers in W. Indies, 16, 340-1, 351; western exploration, 19, 49, 97; threat of war with U.S., 30,

 738 

INDEX Spain (cont.) 31, 141-2, 165, 166, 211, 214, 322-4, 337-8, 340-3, 351, 498, 508, 583; interference with U.S. shipping, commerce, 38, 39, 260, 340-1, 351, 383, 501-2; termination of U.S. special mission, 128-9, 141, 148, 164-6, 211, 214, 218, 227-8, 274, 292, 300, 322, 384-5; and free navigation of rivers, 141, 227, 339, 413; capture, release of U.S. gunboat by Spanish privateers, 146, 147n; U.S. seeks to maintain status quo with, 227, 339-40, 363, 508; U.S. trade with Spanish colonies, 227, 544-5; French influence on, 246, 260; claims arising from termination of deposit at New Orleans, 253; threat posed by Spanish navy, 323; threat of Spanish alliance with France, 323-4; renewal of negotiations with Spain, 338-41, 393, 470, 505, 507-8, 510, 513, 615-16, 670-1; embargo against Spain considered, 358, 360n, 363, 413; and kidnapping of the Kempers, 464-5, 508; continued Spanish presence in Orleans Terr., 469, 616; Spanish threat to U.S. settlements, 671. See also Florida; Mobile, W. Fla.; New Orleans; Pinckney, Charles War with Britain movements of Spanish fleet, 303 spar, 591-2 Speck, Henry, 613 Speer, John: payments to, 402, 404n; TJ makes payments on behalf of, 472, 640, 641n, 643; letters from cited, 472n, 685, 686; letters to cited, 472n, 641n, 684, 686 Spering, Henry, 357 Spieing, P. H., 124 Spirit of the Press (Philadelphia), 235 Spitfire (U.S. bomb ketch), 275 Sprigg, William, 376, 377n Sprigg, William O.: declines dinner invitation, 680 Sprig of Liberty (Gettysburg, Pa.), 183 springs: Berkeley Springs, 288 squirrels. See prairie dogs St. Bernard, Bay of. See Matagorda Bay St. Catherine, Lake, 104n St. Clair, Lake, 75

St. Louis: post office at, 74-5, 245; Native American delegation to, 271; ­merchants, 573n. See also Louisiana Territory St. Petersburg, Russia, 109, 110, 603, 610 St. Peter’s Creek, 289 St. Stephens, Fort, 601, 652 St. Vincent, Ill., 613 Stanard, Edward C., 179, 181 Stanhope, Charles (third Earl of Stanhope), 296 Stanton, Joseph, Jr.: letter from cited, 684 Stark, Gen. John: letter to, 224-5; letter from, 549; TJ asked to write to, 72-4, 217-18; TJ expresses his esteem for, 217-18, 224-5, 260, 549; identified, 225n Stark, Theodore, 538 State, U.S. Department of: books for, 192. See also Madison, James; Wagner, Jacob staves, 612 Stephen, James: War in Disguise, 544, 547n Stephenson, Clotworthy, 54n Sterne, Laurence: Sentimental Journey, 394 Steuart (Stewart), William, 283 Stevensburg, Va., 247-8, 597 Stevenson, George, 452 Stevenson, Rosetta: letter from, 452; asks TJ for money, 452 Stewart, Alexander (blacksmith’s son): letter to cited, 37, 684 Stewart, William (blacksmith): payments to, 37, 403; works on Shadwell mill, 550; coal for, 640, 644 Stille, James, 156 Stiness, Samuel, 390n Stith, Richard, 107 Stockton, Richard, 156 Stoddard, Amos, 502, 590 Stoddert, Benjamin, 239n Stoddert, Fort: postal route through, 75, 104n, 218-19, 245, 289-90; residence of Mobile collector, 601 Stokes, Montfort, 231 stonemasons: employed on public buildings in Washington, 282-3, 286n Stránský, Pavel: Respublica Bohemiæ, 394 strawberries, 85, 87, 88, 300, 345, 347 straw plaiting, 197-8, 216

 739 

INDEX Stricker, John, 529n, 650 Strobel, Daniel: letter from, 89-91; seeks appointment, 89-91; identified, 90-1n Strobel & Martini (Bordeaux), 90-1n Strode, John: letter to, 250; tavern of, 13, 248; TJ recommends Dearborns to, 250; asked to recommend an overseer, 458-9, 595n; letters from cited, 684; letter to cited, 684 Strong, Caleb, 446 Stuart, Gilbert, 403 stucco, 78 Suarez, Joseph (John, Juan), 51n sugar, 84, 87 sulfur, 582n, 620 Sullivan, James: recommended for U.S. attorney general, 81-2; attacked, slandered by Federalists, 135-6n; criticism of, 209 Surinam, 124, 148, 194 “Sur le mégalonix, animal de la famille des Paresseux” (Georges Cuvier), 162 Survey of the Roads of the United States of America (Christopher Colles), 395, 397n Susan (ship), 139 Swabia, 410, 411 Swan, James, 175, 177n Sweden, 78, 387n, 428, 434n, 548n Sweitzer (Shweitzer, Schweitzer), Henry, 357 Swift, Jonathan, 457 Swink, George: returns James Hubbard to Monticello, 424; letter to cited, 424n, 685 Switzerland: immigrants from, 573n, 576n; Helvetic Republic, 588n Syracuse, 151, 152, 294 System of Military Tactics (Daniel Fisher of New York), 129-30, 189 Taggart, John: letter to, 603; letter from, 655; payments to, 403; TJ orders paint supplies from, 603, 655 Tahowmendiya (Book Son, Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9 Taliaferro, Francis, 179, 180 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 360n, 670-1 Talman, Peter, 147, 196n Tammany Society of Washington City, 309n tanning: promotion of, in U.S., 312, 314

Tarbell, Joseph: dines with TJ, 682 Tarhe (Wyandot leader): letter from, 206-9; signs memorial about reserved lands, 206-9; identified, 208n tarragon, 457, 458n, 462, 464 Tart (Bampfield), Elizabeth G.: letters from, 34-6, 122-3, 193; sends rambling letters to TJ, 34-6, 122-3, 193; characterized by TJ as insane, 171; letters returned by TJ, 171, 684, 685; letters from cited, 171n, 193n, 684, 685; asks TJ for money, 193 Tassoni Estense, Giulio Cesare, 4, 108, 110 Tatham, William: letters from, 45-6, 161-2, 527-9, 535-6; summoned away on legal matter, 45-6; wishes to call on TJ, 46; prospectus for department of works and public economy, 46-7, 161; recommends improvements to navigation aids, 161-2; obtains camera obscura for TJ, 527, 528-9n; complains of lack of respect from cabinet secretaries, 527-8; payments to, 529n; recommends Hunter for navy commission, 535-6 taverns: rated by TJ, 247-8 taxes: necessary to support war with Spain, 337; on carriages, 401; repeal of, 413; on salt, 413 Tayloe, John, li, 106 Taylor, George, Jr., 215, 216n Taylor, James, Jr. (Norfolk), 491 Tazewell, Littleton W., 254 Teignmouth, England, 557 telescopes, 41, 146 Tennessee: Greene Co., 11n; Washington Co., 11n; land claims in, 230-1; Jefferson Co., 666n Tennessee River, 561-2 Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 208n Tessé, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de (Madame de): letter to, 520-2; TJ sends plants and seeds to, 520-3 Tessé, René Mans, Comte de, 522 Texas: disputed boundary with Orleans Terr., vii, 178-9n, 214, 335, 339, 351, 363, 417, 418n, 508, 510, 615, 671, 672; Spain reinforces posts, settlements in, viii-ix, 339, 363, 413; Monroe recommends seizing Spanish posts in, 31n; and Red River expedition, 97n. See also Nacogdoches

 740 

INDEX Teylers Museum (Haarlem, Netherlands), 138n Theory and Practice of Brewing (Michael Combrune), 146 Thom, Christopher S., 192n Thomas, Jesse B.: letter from, 222-3; expresses support for TJ’s adminis­ tration, 222-3; identified, 223n Thompson, Ebenezer: History of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, 63n Thompson, James (paymaster): dines with TJ, 681 Thomson, James, 446, 447n Thomson, John: Letters of Curtius, 394, 395n thorns: as fencing, 32, 526, 664 Thornton, William: To the Members of the House of Representatives of the United States, 396n; dines with TJ, 681 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 349n, 574, 575, 657-8, 659-60 tigers, 202 Tilman, Mr, 35 timber: acquisition of pine lands urged, 75-6; pine, 77; price of, 77; plank houses, drying kilns, 514; flooring plank, 641-2 Timpanari Viganò, Giuseppe, 4, 85, 87-8, 109, 110 Tingey, Thomas: letter from, 501-2; wine for TJ sent to, 9; trustee of Washington education institution, 106; as superintendent of Washington Navy Yard, 473, 650; sends news on capture of brig Washington, 501-2; dines with TJ, 679, 680 Titus (Titus Flavius Vespasiamus, Roman emperor), 330 tobacco: cultivation at Poplar Forest, xlviii; shipment, sale of TJ’s, 216n, 406n; Mandan, 585; duties, prices at Marseilles, 593 Todd, George Richardson: letter from, 599-600; seeks pardon, 599-600 Todd, John Payne, 442n Tomahawk Creek, xlviii Tombigbee River, 164 Tomkins, Christopher, 432 Tompkins, Daniel, 120 Topham, Edward, xlvii Topinabee (Potawatomi leader), 271n topognomon, 534

To the Members of the House of Represen­ tatives of the United States (William Thornton), 396n Toulmin, Harry: confusion over appointment as receiver, 211, 212n, 240, 273; recommended for appointment, 474-5n Toulongeon, François Emmanuel de: Manuel du muséum français, 66, 394 Tousard (Touzard), Anne Louis de: letter to, 56-7; letter from, 29-30; forwards letter to TJ, 29-30; appointed diplomatic agent at New Orleans, 30n, 48, 56; and Lafayette, 56-7; dines with TJ, 100n, 680 Towill, Christopher: letter from, 556-8; seeks support for lifeboat design, 556-8 Town, Thomas, 288, 294-5 Traité complet sur les abeilles (Abbé Della Rocca), 66, 395 Traité d’économie politique (Jean Baptiste Say), 458, 463, 464, 483, 499, 500 Traité de la fièvre jaune d’Amérique (Louis Valentin), 26, 27, 100 Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne (Jean Antoine Chaptal, François Rozier, Antoine Auguste Parmentier, and Louis d’Ussieux), 66, 272, 273n, 394 Traveller (ship), 389, 659, 660, 661 Travers, Benjamin, 392n Travis, Samuel, 439n Treasury, U.S. Department of the: de­ linquent accounts with, 59, 60n; appointment of customs collectors, 130-1, 173, 211-12, 237, 240, 244, 247, 248, 677; and Cathcart’s account, 185-7, 188n; establishment of collection districts, 244-5; Treasury Building, 283; clerks, 309n; exemption from duties for secretaries of legation, 334; fraudulent cargo invoices, 529-31, 584; tonnage estimate for 1803, 559-60, 563; annual reports on receipts and expenditures, 578-9. See also Gallatin, Albert; revenue cutters Treatise on the Culture of the Apple & Pear, and on the Manufacture of Cider & Perry (T. A. Knight), 145 trees: locust, 352; Lombardy poplars, 352; sycamore, 352, 407, 520; used for erosion prevention, 352-3; cucumber, 362; mulberry, 406; apple, 407;

 741 

INDEX trees (cont.) ash, 407; chestnut, 407; dogwoods, 407; elm, 407; hickory, 407; linden, 407; magnolia, 407, 520-1; maple, 407; oak, 407, 520-1, 522n; peach, 407; poplars, 407; white pine, 407; catalpa, 520; crab apple, 520; dogwood, 520; persimmon, 520; tulip poplars, 520; walnut, 520; cedar, 520-1; marronier, 521; silk trees, 531, 584; cottonwood, 590, 592 Trenton Federalist, 177n trigonometry, 537 Trimble, James: appointed land office commissioner, 11; declines appointment, 91, 164, 211, 240 Tripoli: capture of Derna, ix, 152, 153n, 259-60, 319n, 368; peace treaty with, ix-x, 152, 153n, 173, 259-60, 293-4, 299-302, 303, 310, 318-19, 327, 333, 334, 341, 349-50, 365, 367, 368, 371, 442, 465, 586, 611; blockade of, 71n; cruisers capture grain cargos, 124; anticipation of peace with, 218, 275, 276n; reinforcement of Mediterranean squadron, 274-5; threat of renewed attack on, 301, 319n; terms of peace treaty criticized, 318; release of U.S. prisoners at, 318-19, 365, 367, 371, 465; Truxtun’s ideas for defeating, 471-2n; capture of Philadelphia, 472n. See also Eaton, William; Philadelphia (U.S. frigate); Qaramanli, Ahmad (Hamet) Trippe, John: declines dinner invitation, 682 Trist, Hore Browse, 467 Trist, Mary Brown, 608 Troughton, Edward, 19, 20n Trumbull, John, 413 Truxtun, Thomas: dispute with R. Smith, 470, 471-2n, 473-4; offers ideas for defeating Tripoli, 471-2n Tuckabatchee, 555n Tucker, Thomas Tudor: dines with TJ, 680, 682 Tufts, Turell, 124n Tuilleries, 167 Tullos, Richard, 107 Tunis: enslaved people in, 279n; renegotiates treaty with U.S., 279n; U.S. relations with, 413, 414n. See also Hammuda Bey (of Tunis); Melmelli, Sulayman

Tunnicliff, William: asked to obtain items for TJ in London, 145; payment to, 145n Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 312, 314 Turin, Italy, 112, 113 Turin, New York, 453 Turkey, 44, 45n Turner, Philip: letter to, 481; letters from, 447-9, 667-8; seeks settlement of claim, 447-9, 477, 481, 667-8 Turner, Thomas (Va.), 132, 135, 136n Turreau de Garambouville, Louis Marie: forwards diplomatic appointments, 30n; and case of the Fox, 176-7n; ­correspondence with Madison, 227, 228-9n; and arrival of Moreau in U.S., 246-7, 252, 291-3; characterized, 291; opinions on U.S. negotiations with Spain, 363; and bust of Napoleon, 462, 463, 464n; and commercial agent at Martinique, 470-1 Turton, William, 566, 567n Tuscany: wine from, 491. See also Leghorn (Livorno), Italy Tuskenehau (Tuskenchaw, Creek dele­ gate), 560, 562n Tuskenehau (Tuskenchaw) Chapco (Creek delegate), 560, 562n Twyman, George: letter from cited, 684 Typographic Society of Italian Classics, 111n Ulm, Germany, 545, 548n Underwood, James, 183n Underwood, William B.: letter from, 182-3; asks TJ for a loan, 182-3; identified, 183n Union Bank (Baltimore), 283 Union Canal Company, 602n Union Spelling-Book (Albert Picket), 111, 192 Union Tavern (Georgetown, D.C.), 193 United Irishmen, Society of, 321n United States Economy potential impact of war with Spain on, 337, 342-3; regulation of foreign coins and currency, 438-9, 450; tonnage estimates for 1803, 559-60, 563

 742 

INDEX United States (cont.) Public Finance sinking fund, 341, 343; discharge of funded debt, 342-3, 578-9; eight percent stocks, 343; five and onehalf percent stocks, 343; six percent stocks, 343; three percent stocks, 343. See also Gallatin, Albert; Treasury, U.S. Department of the United States Military Philosophical Society, 57, 154-5 Universal Magazine (Great Britain), 557 Usage du monde, ou la Politesse, le ton et les manières de la bonne compagnie, 66, 394 Ussieux, Louis d’: Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne, 66, 394 Valentin, Louis: Traité de la fièvre jaune d’Amérique, 26, 27, 100; Résultats de l’inoculation de la vaccine, 100; Notice biographique sur le Docteur Jenner, 201 Vall-Travers, Rodolph, 36 Vandewall, Markes: letter to, 369; asked to forward TJ’s mail, 369 Van Ness, William P.: Examination of the Various Charges Exhibited Against Aaron Burr, Esq., 140, 397n Van Pradelles, Benedict F., 59, 60-1n, 92 Van Vleck, Jacob, 357 varnish: copal, 603 Varnum, Joseph Bradley, 622, 630 Vaughan, John (Philadelphia): letter to, 202; letters from, 162, 460, 460-1; sends work on megalonyx to TJ, 162, 202; offers wine to TJ, 460; forwards letter from Humboldt, 460-1; catalogs mineral specimens from Lewis and Clark, 492n Venegas, Miguel, 655 Vengeance (U.S. bomb ketch), 275 Venus (brig), 551, 593 Veracruz, 174, 338 Vienna, 3, 84, 87, 167 View of the Commerce of the Mediterra­ nean (John Martin Baker), 256n View of the Conduct of the Executive (James Monroe), 434n View of the Political Conduct of Aaron Burr, Esq. Vice-President of the United States (James Cheetham), 397n

Villa Rotonda, 315 Villars, Joseph (pere), 610n, 619 Villeneuve, Pierre Charles de, 211n Vincennes, Treaty of, 272n Virgil, 112, 113 Virginia: roads, 13; Fluvanna Co., 21n, 308n; horses in, 45, 149; national influence of, 132; Princess Anne Co., 177; militia, 224n; Rockbridge Co., 224n; taverns, inns, 247-8; Berkeley Springs, 288; American Revolution in, 306-8; arsenals, armories, 306-8; Committee of Safety, 307; Wythe Co., 379; mastodon discovered in, 379-80, 381n; maps of, 381, 576; and land grant for Paine, 397-8, 643; Northampton Co., 398n; currency, 462, 514; tobacco, 593; Culpeper Co., 595-6n; marriage laws, 599-600; bounty lands, 613; House of Delegates, 662-3. See also Albemarle Co., Va.; Richmond, Va. Virginia, Bank of: TJ’s account with, 22, 43, 67, 320, 366, 382, 405, 406n, 648 Virginia, University of, 224n, 239n, 459n, 652n Volney, Constantin François Chasseboeuf: polygraph for, 38; Leçons d’histoire, 394 Volterra, Italy, 574, 575, 657, 659 “Vox Oculis Subjecta;” A Dissertation on the Most Curious and Important Art of Imparting Speech, and the Knowledge of Language, to the Naturally Deaf (Francis Green), 579-80 Voyage de découvertes aux terres Aus­ trales (François Péron), 233 Wabash River, 272n, 418, 419n Wade, Thomas, 230, 231n Wadesboro, N.C., 231n Wagner, Jacob: letter to, 179; letters from, 123-4, 125, 128-9, 146-7, 303-4, 365, 618; summarizes admiralty court condemnation procedures, 6-7n; forwards letters, dispatches to TJ, 123-4, 126, 128-9, 148, 179, 303-4, 365; summarizes, translates German language letters, 124, 146, 179, 618; and pardons, 125; sends news from Washington, Mediterranean to TJ, 146-7; and Cathcart’s accounts, 188n; asked to

 743 

INDEX Wagner, Jacob (cont.) prepare appointment commissions, 202; forwards reply to Turreau, 293n; sends news of peace with Tripoli, 303-4, 365; comments on application of Logan Act, 393-4n; writes letters for Madison, 470, 471; provides TJ with shipping information, 523; summarizes letter from Burchardt, 618; letter from cited, 683 Walker, Elizabeth Moore: and Walker affair, x-xi Walker, Francis, 246 Walker, James (engraver): Picturesque Representation of the Manners, Cus­ toms, and Amusements of the Russians, 157 Walker, James (millwright): letters to, 475, 644; letters from, 355-6, 449-50, 549-50; recommendations on milldam and canal, 355-6; letter from cited, 356n, 685; obtains equipment for Shadwell mill, 366, 374, 475, 550; terms of agreement with TJ, 449, 475, 549-50; dispute with C. A. Scott, 449-50; payments to, 475, 639, 644, 648; reports want of hauling, 639 Walker, John: and Walker affair, xi, 131-2, 136n; letter from cited, 684 Waller, Benjamin, 254 Waller, Edmund, 115n Walsh, Patrick, 503 Wanonecana (Night Stander, Eel River leader), 271n War, U.S. Department of: contingent fund, 57; and U.S. Military Philosophical Society, 57, 154-5; military agents, 115n; engineers, 154n; regulation of hair length by, 378-9; plan for land militia, 413; gunpowder supply, 582, 620-1; returns of ordinance and supplies, 582n. See also Dearborn, Henry; Native Americans: U.S. Policy Wardlaw, William, 402 War in Disguise; or, The Frauds of the Neutral Flags (James Stephen), 544, 547n Warker, Mr. (Charlestown, Mass.), 258 War of 1812, 224n, 555n War of Quadruple Alliance, 335 Warren, James, 210 War with Catiline (Sallust), 458n Washington (brig): captured, released by Spain, 501-2

Washington, D.C.: horse racing at, li, 366 (illus.); social life in, 7n; Washington Navy Yard, 15n, 282-3, 315, 473, 515n; establishment of post road to New Orleans from, 49-50, 51n, 75, 102-4, 126n, 144, 218-19, 289-90; city council, 98; public education in, 98, 105-6, 155, 196, 309n, 412, 589-90; reputation as unhealthy, 116, 118, 458, 498; meridian line at, 137, 189-90, 309; Presbyterian church in, 283, 401, 650n; Tammany Society, 309n; Christ Church, 401, 404n, 515n; rental property in, 415; Washington monument, 459n; markets, 514-15, 525; footpaths in, 670; justices of the peace, 677. See also District of Columbia Washington, George: praise for, 21; works dedicated to, 37; publication of letters, 387n; and Creeks, 552, 555n, 561 Washington, Ky.: post office at, 52-4, 219-22, 245 Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis, 599n Washington Academy (Lexington, Va.), 224n Washington and Lee University, 517n Washington Jockey Club, li Wasp (U.S. sloop), 275, 611n water: distillation of seawater, 40, 94-6 Waterhouse, Benjamin: writings on smallpox, 396n watermelons, 345, 347 Waters, Mr. (Georgetown), 203n Watkins, John (Orleans Terr.), 414n, 540, 642n Watson, John: letter from cited, 685; letter to cited, 685 Watson, Richard: Chemical Essays, 94, 95n Wayles, John (TJ’s father-in-law): estate of, xlvii, 595n Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith), 458 weasels, 440 weather: heat, 28, 81, 551; thunderstorms, 81, 114, 199; rain, 99, 458; warm, 118; drought, 176, 177n, 246, 256, 260; frost, 458, 498; hail, 511 Webb, James, 236, 401, 403 Webster, Isaac, 366n, 374 Webster, Noah, 111n Weems, John, 107 Wells, William, 271n, 272n Wentworth, George, 158, 159n

 744 

INDEX Wentworth, John, 176, 177n West, Cato, 48, 538 Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teachers, 112n Western Missionary Society: letter from, 421-3; seeks confirmation of land for Wyandots, 421-3, 505-7 West Indies: privateers in, 260, 340-1, 351, 383; U.S. trade with, 543-5, 547 Weston, Isaiah, 344n Weymouth, England, 431 Wharton, Franklin: advises on appointments, 249; dines with TJ, 680, 681 Wharton, John, 179, 181 wheat: rust, 200; white, 200; Jerusalem, 223-4, 287; South American, 358; weevils, 358; and crop rotation, 639 Wheatcroft, John, Sr., 426n Wheaton, Joseph: explores postal route through Ga., 75, 102-3 Wheeling, Va., 74 Whipple, Jeremiah, 478 Whipple, John, 76 Whipple, Joseph, 158-9 Whipple, Oliver: letter from, 477-8; reports death of Fenner, seeks appointment, 477-8; recommended for appointment, 478-9; carries letter from Foster, 686 Whitaker, Elizabeth Fulks, 207-8, 209n, 422 Whitaker, James, 207, 422 White, George: letter to, 216; letter from, 197-8; plan for manufacturing straw plaiting, 197-8, 216 White, John, 306 White, Mrs, 197-8 White, Stephen: letter from, 17-18; offers services as miller to TJ, 17-18 Whitehurst (Whitford), John: Attempt toward Obtaining Invariable Measures, 397n White Plains, battle of, 667 wild crab, 407 Wiley, David, 424n Wilkinson, Fort, 553, 561 Wilkinson, James: letters from, 502, 590-1; and depopulation of lower settlements in La. Terr., ix, 590-1; and Stille, 156; and Butler court-martial, 378-9; recommends establishment of military posts, 418, 591; reports encroachment by Canada on Native American trade, 418; sends bison hide map to TJ, 502, 592; appointment of

J. L. Donaldson, 573n; conduct as governor criticized, 581; instructions from TJ to, 590-1; sends mineral samples to TJ, 590-2; thwarts war with Sacs, 614 William and Mary, College of, 155n, 239, 272, 349n, 373n Williams, David Rogerson, 570-1 Williams, Henry, 179, 181 Williams, John (captain of the Dolphin), 85, 87, 345, 347 Williams, John (lieutenant), 232, 249, 300 Williams, Jonathan: letter to, 57; letter from, 154-5; superintendent of U.S. military academy, 47; and U.S. Military Philosophical Society, 57, 154-5 Williams, Mr. (Georgetown), 203n Williams, Nathan, 454 Williams, Philip, 73, 101-2 Williams, Robert: letter to, 11-12; letters from, 48, 184; TJ sends observations on Miss. Terr. politics to, 11-12; wishes to visit N.C., 12, 184; dispute with C. West, 48; as land commissioner, 48; sends observations on Miss. Terr. politics, 103, 104n; advises on appointments, 184; and I. Briggs, 536, 539; letter from cited, 686 Williams, Thomas Hill, 184 Williamsburg, Va., 155n, 251n, 254, 307, 308n Williamsburg Academy, 251n Williamson, Mr. (Va.), 362 Williamson, Samuel (silversmith), li Willing, James, 612, 613n Willis, Dr. John, 81, 115 Willis, Nelly Conway Madison (Mrs. John Willis), 81n Wilson, Alexander: letter from, 400; sends bird drawings to TJ, 400 Wilson, Caesar Rodney: letter from, 23-4; seeks appointment, 23-4; identified, 24n Wilson, James (Baltimore), 604n Wilson, Philip: letter from cited, 684 Wilson, Sarah Wilson, 23, 24n Wilson, Simon Wilmer, 23, 24n Wilson, Thomas (Baltimore), 604n Wilson, William (Baltimore), 604n Wilson, William, & Sons (Baltimore): letter from, 603-4; forwards books to TJ, 603-4 wine: Montepulciano, 3, 102, 144, 389, 551, 661n; ordered by TJ, 3, 8, 67-9,

 745 

INDEX wine (cont.) 102, 144, 176, 236, 253, 490-1, 550-1, 654, 666-7; Tokay, 7; Arruda, 8, 139, 451, 525; instructions for shipping, 8, 389; TJ dislikes adding brandy to, 8; aging of, 9; Marsala, 9, 58, 667n; ordered by Madison, 40, 102, 144, 176, 236, 253; sherry, 58; books on wine, viticulture, 66, 272, 273n; Hermitage (white), 67, 68, 69n, 102, 144, 172, 452, 470, 496, 550-1, 593; straw wine, 67, 68, 593; Bucelas, 139; prices, 139, 389-90, 460, 487, 488, 675; Termo, 139, 525; effect of heat on, 144, 172, 389; Frontignan, 172; chemistry of wine making, 272; viticulture, 320, 321; muscatel, 345, 347, 574, 575; Verdea, 345, 347, 574, 575; claret, 460; Haut-Brion, 460; Goutte d’or (vineyard), 487, 488; Meursault, 487, 488; Montrachet (Monrachet), 487, 488; Nuit, 487, 488; packing, shipping costs, 487, 488; Vosne, 487, 488; from Burgundy, 487-8; Tuscany, 491, 551; Cahuzac, 496; Bordeaux, 617, 618; champagne, 617, 618, 654, 675; Italian, 617, 618 Winthrop, Elizabeth Bowdoin Temple, 251n Winthrop, Joseph, 250-1n Winthrop, Thomas L.: letter from, 250‑1; forwards sculpture for TJ from Bowdoin, 97, 116, 250-1; identified, 250-1n Winthrop, Tod, & Winthrop (Charleston, S.C.), 251n Wirt, William: letter to, 150; letters from, 113-14, 364; requests information on Patrick Henry, 113-14, 150, 364 Wisconsin River, 418n, 591 Wistar, Caspar: letter to, 12; TJ forwards Biot pamphlet, letter to, 12; as reference, 516 Wolcott, Oliver, Jr., 159n, 186, 204 Wolf River (Miss.), 289 Wollstonecraft, Charles: dines with TJ, 680, 682n Wollstonecraft, Mary, 682n women: nurses for enslaved, xi, 639; widows, widowhood, 3, 7n, 83-4, 86‑7, 108, 110, 568-9, 598-9; pregnancy, childbirth, 33, 34n; as launderers, 43;

education, 112n, 251n, 442-3; employment of young women in manufacturing, 197-8; victims of spousal abuse, 444; divorce, 453-5; as hatmakers, 476 Wonders of Creation; Natural and Artificial (Daniel R. Preston), 446n woodchucks, 497, 498n Woodward, Augustus Brevoort: Con­ siderations on the Government of the Territory of Columbia, 396n Wordsworth, William, 374n Worthington, Eleanor Swearingen, 300 Worthington, Thomas: letters from, 300-1, 376-7; advises on Capitol committee rooms, 281, 282; sends strawberry seeds to TJ, 300; sends reports of peace with Tripoli, political news, 300-1; advises on appointments, 375-6; Communication, to Those Citizens of the North-Western Territory, 396n; as committee member, 574n Wortman, Tunis: Annals of the Corpora­ tion, 396n Wren, James, 247, 597 Yale University, 121n, 250n Yazoo Companies, 132 yellow fever: publications on, 26, 27, 100, 235n; efficacy of vaccination against, 44-5, 149, 161; in New Orleans, 50, 608n; prevention of, 173; in Philadelphia, 174, 228, 229n, 235n, 292, 303, 324, 358-9, 361-2, 392, 486, 497, 567; treatment of, 174-5, 215, 361; in ancient Greece, 233; in New York, 324, 350, 435, 470, 490, 551, 552n; transmission of, 359 Yellowstone River, 502, 591 Young, Moses, 123-4, 365, 470 Young Gentleman and Lady’s Assistant (Donald Fraser), 21n Young Gentleman and Lady’s Monitor (John Hamilton Moore), 37n Yznardi, Joseph, Sr.: letter from, 38-9; sends news, observations on negotiations with Spain, 38-9 Zambeccari, Francesco, 654 zecchini, 657-8, 659-60 zoology: publications on, 396n

 746 

A comprehensive index of Volumes 1-20 of the First Series has been issued as Volume 21. Each subsequent volume has its own index, as does each volume or set of volumes in the Second Series.

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson are composed in Monticello, a font based on the “Pica No. 1” created in the early 1800s by Binny & Ronaldson, the first successful typefounding com­­pany in America. The face is considered historically appropriate for The Papers of Thomas Jefferson because it was used extensively in Ameri­ can printing during the last quarter-­ century of Jefferson’s life, and because Jefferson himself expressed cordial approval of Binny & Ronaldson types. It was revived and rechristened Monticello in the late 1940s by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, under the direction of ­C. H. Griffith and in close consultation with P. J. ­Conkwright, specifically for the publication of the Jefferson Papers. The font suffered some losses in its first translation to digital format in the 1980s to accommodate computerized typesetting. Matthew Carter’s reinterpretation in 2002 restores the spirit and style of Binny & Ronaldson’s original design of two centuries earlier. ✧