Optik: Wellen- und Teilchenoptik [10. Aufl.] 9783110198041
For students of physics in their foundation and main study courses, this book is an accompanying text above all for lect
231 116 136MB
German Pages 1453 [1457] Year 2008
Frontmatter
Inhalt
Energieeinheiten und Äquivalentwerte
Tabelle der Fundamentalkonstanten
E. Einführung: Von den Maxwell'schen Gleichungen zur Geometrischen Optik
1. Optische Abbildung
2. Dispersion und Absorption des Lichtes
3. Interferenz, Beugung und Wellenleitung
4. Polarisation und Doppelbrechung des Lichtes
5. Optische Strahlung und ihre Messung
6. Farbmetrik
7. Quantenoptik
8. Erzeugung von kohärentem Licht - LASER
9. Nichtlineare Optik
10. Röntgenoptik
11. Materiewellen, Elektronenoptik
12. Rastersondenmikroskopie
13. Neutronenoptik
14. Optik mit Materiewellen: Atomoptik
15. Strahlungsprozesse und Optik in der Relativitätstheorie
Backmatter
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Sonne am Mittag Bogenlampe Scheinwerferlampe
Sonne am Horizont nackte Glühlampe Tageshimmel Petroleumlampe Leuchtstofflampe Stearinkerze
dunkle bewölkte Nacht
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Vollmond
de dgra Blen
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Straßenbeleuchtung
künstliche Beleuchttung im Innenraum
natürliches Tageslicht
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SP[PSPT k1)250$7,216@%(575$*81* c%=8%,/'(1'( q%-(.7( 6,1' *(.(11=(,&+1(7 '85&+ 2576$%+>1*,*( u75$+/',&+7(Ox$5,$O 7,21(1P f,(6( q%-(.7Oe+$5$.7(5,67,.$ 62//(1 62 (;$.7 :,( 0?*/,&+ ,1 '$6 d,/' @%(5O 75$*(1 :(5'(1P w0 '$6 =8 (55(,&+(1N *(1@*7 (6 1,&+7N 185 ',( *(20(75,6&+O237,6&+(1 c%%,/'81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 =8 817(568&+(1N 621'(51 (6 0@66(1 =86>7=/,&+ ',( :,&+O 7,*67(1 :(//(1237,6&+(1 g56&+(,181*(1 ',6.87,(57 :(5'(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 +,(5 $8) '(5 d$6,6 '(5 62*(1$117(1 6.$/$5(1 y(//(1237,.P k1 c1/(+181* $1 ',( c86)@+581*(1 '(6 m$3P g %(6&+5(,%(1 :,5 '(1 c%%,/'81*6925*$1* ,1 '(5 )2/*(1'(1 y(,6(\ x21 '(0 -(:(,/,*(1 q%-(.7381.7 *(+(1 m8*(/:(//(1 $86N ',( 921 '(0 237,6&+(1 u&+(1 ,1 '(5 cr =8 (5=(8*(1N ',( .21O 67$17( c03/,78'(1 81' r+$6(1 %(6,7=(1N 62/&+( c%%,/'81*(1 6,1' )5(, 921 *(20(7O 5,6&+O237,6&+(1 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(51P f,( y(//(19>&+( ,1 '(5 cr %(6,7=7 ,1 ',(6(0 h$// .8*(/)?50,*( i(67$/7] ,0 d,/'5$80 .219(5*,(57 ',(6( y(//( $8) '(1 u2//Od,/'O 381.7P f$ ',( %(*5(1=7( c3(5785 $%(5 185 (,1(1 m8*(/:(//(1$%6&+1,77 =85 c%%,/'81* %(,75$*(1 />667N (1767(+7 .(,1 381.7)?50,*(6 d,/'N 621'(51 (,1( n,&+79(57(,/81*N ',( =:$5 $0 q57 '(6 u2//Od,/'381.76 0$;,0$/( d(675$+/81*667>5.( $8):(,67N $%(5 $8&+ ,1 '(66(1 w0*(%81* '(87/,&+ 921 18// 9(56&+,('(1 ,67P f,(6( r81.7/,&+7*(%,5*( *(O 1$117( n,&+79(57(,/81* :,5' :(,7(5 817(1 12&+ *(1$8(5 =8 %(635(&+(1 6(,1P y(11 ',( c%%,/'81* '85&+ '$6 $.78(//( 237,6&+( u+(581* '(5 h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81* J6,(+( c%6&+1P UPZK '(1 3+&+( +,1:(* 925=81(+0(1P f,( n,&+7(55(*81* hJ/ N / K 6(/%67 ,67 $%(5 1,&+7 0(66%$5N 621'(51 185 ,+5 d(75$*648$'5$7 dJ/ N / KN ',( 0 1 0 1 d(675$+/81*667>5.(9(57(,/81*\ dJ/ N / K 3 hJ/ N / K h"J/ N / K P JSPSSWK 0 1 0 1 0 1 o,7 i/P JSPSSWK ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N r81.7%,/'(5 2'(5 $8&+ r81.7/,&+7*(%,5*( =8 %(5(&+1(1N (17635(&+(1'( o(6681*(1 6,1' (%(1)$//6 '85&+)@+5%$5N '2&+ 75(7(1 '$%(, 0(5./,&+( (;3(5,0(17(//( u&+:,(5,*.(,7(1 $8)N 62'$66 '(5$57,*( o(6681*(1 %,6+(5 185 6(/7(1 5($/,6,(57 :85'(1P k0 $//*(0(,1(1 h$// %(6,7=(1 r81.7%,/'(5 817(5 '(0 g,19866 921 c%(55$7,21(1 48$17,7$7,9 :,( 48$/,7$7,9 6(+5 817(56&+,('/,&+( n,&+79(57(,/81*(1N 62O '$66 d(857(,/81*(1 6&+:(5 )$//(1P f(6+$/% 6(, =81>&+67 '$5$8) (,1*(*$1*(1N :(/&+(6 r81.7%,/' 5(68/7,(57N :(11 .(,1( c%(55$7,21(1 925+$1'(1 6,1'P o$1 635,&+7 '$11 921 '(5 3(5)(.7(1 c%%,/'81*P u2/&+ (,1( c%%,/'81* ,67 185 3(5)(.7N $%(5 1,&+7 ,'($/N :(,/ (6 1,&+7 *(/,1*7N '(0 q%-(.7381.7 (,1(1 d,/'381.7 =8=825'1(1P y(*(1 '(5 %(*5(1=7(1 c3(5785 5(68/7,(57 ,0 d,/'5$80 ',( '85&+ d(8*81* $1 '(5 cr (5=(8*7( n,&+79(57(,/81*N '(5(1 5$',$/(1 x(5/$8) c%%P SPSSY :,('(5*,%7P f(5 q57 '(6 j$837O 0$;,0806 )>//7 0,7 '(0 *(20(75,6&+O237,6&+(1 d,/'381.7 =86$00(1] '(5 5$',$/( x(5/$8) '(6 527$7,21665.(9(57(,/81* ,0 r81.7%,/' %(, 3(5)(.7(5 c%%,/'81*P
SWV
S q37,6&+( c%%,/'81*
f$%(, 67(+7 l )@5 ',( d(66(/Oh81.7,21 SP q5'181*] ',( x$5,$%/( = ,67 (,1( c%.@5=81*P I g6 *,/7 T@ =3 1A /A 6,11A P JSPSSYK T + f$6 (567( o,1,080 :,5' (55(,&+7 )@5 = 3 UPZUTN 'P +P )@5 RPXS + P JSPSSZK 1A 6,11A T f,(6(5 c86'58&. ,67 ,162)(51 6(+5 :,&+7,*N :(,/ (5 '$6 o$M )@5 '$6 c89?681*69(50?O *(1 237,6&+(5 k167580(17( $1*,%7\ o$1 .$11 '$1$&+ =:(, r81.7%,/'(5 '$11 12&+ 817(56&+(,'(1N :(11 6,( '(1 '85&+ i/P JSPSSZK *(*(%(1(1 c%67$1' 1,&+7 817(56&+5(,O 7(1P p(%(1 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + ,67 '(01$&+ ',( %,/'6(,7,*( 180(5,6&+( c3(5785 (17O 6&+(,'(1' )@5 '$6 -(:(,/6 (55(,&+%$5( c89?681*69(50?*(1 (,1(6 237,6&+(1 k16758O 0(176P f$6 *,/7 )@5 c%%,/'81*(1N ',( )5(, 921 *(20(75,6&+O237,6&+(1 c%%,/'81*6)(+O /(51 6,1'P y(11 $%(5 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5 925/,(*(1 A '$6 ,67 '(5 p250$/)$// A 62 :(5'(1 ',( x(5+>/71,66( 0(5./,&+ .203/,=,(57(5N :,( (6 2%(1 %(5(,76 )(67*(67(//7 :85'(P n$1*( l$+5( *(/$1* (6 1,&+7N '$6 |86$00(1:,5.(1 921 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(51 81' d(8*81* ,1 d,/'6758.785(1 =8 (5)$66(1P g567 6(,7 (7:$ S[WR ,67 0,7 j,/)( '(6 m21=(376 '(5 237,6&+(1 %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 (,1( d(6&+5(,%81*6)250 *()81'(1 :25'(1N ',( ',( c%%,/'81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 237,6&+(5 u5.(9(57(,/81*(1N ',( +,(5 62 /$1*( $/6 *(*(%(1 $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1 '$5)N :,( ,1.2+>5(17( c%%,/'81* 925/,(*7 J=80 d(*5,5 '(5 m2+>5(1= %=:P k1.2+>5(1= 6,(+( m$3P U 81' c%6&+1P SSPUK] '$6 '$5) :(,7*(+(1' $/6 =875(5(1' $1*(6(+(1 :(5'(1P f,( d(',1*81* '(5 u7$7,21$5,7>7 %(6$*7N '$66 ',( c%%,/'81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 237,6&+(5 u0/,&+ (,1)$&+ '(6+$/%N :(,/ ,1 c%6&+1P SPY )(67*(67(//7 :(5'(1 08667(N '$66 0,7 '(0 d,/')(/' 9$5,$%/( c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5 (;,6O 7,(5(1P w0 ',( 237,6&+( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 7527='(0 $1:(1'(1 =8 .?11(1N +$7 0$1 6,&+ -(:(,/6 $8) 62*(1$117( k623/$1Oi(%,(7( =8 %(6&+5>1.(1] (6 6,1' '$6 i(%,(7( (,1(5 62/&+(1 c86'(+181*N '$66 ,11(5+$/% '(5(5 ',( x$5,$7,21 '(5 c%%,/'81*6)(+/(5 $/6 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1 '$5)P f,( i5?M( (,1(6 k623/$1Oi(%,(7(6 ,67 '$0,7 '85&+ ',( -(:(,/,*(1 i(1$8,*.(,76)25'(581*(1 %(67,007P f,( d(*5,56%,/O '81* '(5 237,6&+(1 %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 :,5' '85&+ ',( c86:$+/ 77 .$11 -('(6 q%-(.7 $/6 %(5/$*(581* 921 u,186*,77(51 %(/,(%,*(5 q576)5(48(1O =(1 $8)*()$667 :(5'(1P c/6 q576)5(48(1= J@%/,&+(5:(,6( $1*(*(%(1 ,1 00CIK :,5' ',( 5(=,352.( i,77(5.2167$17( %(=(,&+1(7] '(5 d(*5,5 ,67 $1$/2* =85 |(,7)5(48(1= /A 3
SP[ q37,6&+( k167580(17(
SWW
*(%,/'(7P f,( 2%(1 %(5(,76 $1*(6352&+(1( f(71,7,21 '(5 237,6&+(1 %(575$*81*6O )81.7,21 /$87(7\ f Jt uK 3 g g dJ/ N / K (CJ,%@$pS$!qA '/ '/ P JSPSS[K 0 1 0 1 k17(*5$7,216*(%,(7 ,67 )250$/ ',( *(6$07( d,/'(%(1(] ,1 35$;, ,67 @%(5 ',( 921 18// +,15(,&+(1' 9(56&+,('(1(1 y(57( '(6 r81.7%,/'6 =8 ,17(*5,(5(1P t 81' u 67(+(1 )@5 ',( q576)5(48(1=(1 ,1 6$*,77$/(5 %=:P 0(5,',21$/(5 t,&+781*P k0 h$// '(5 3(5)(.7(1 c%%,/'81* 5(68/7,(57\ f JtK 3
2
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|S2 0tT 1J3 P
JSPSTRK
f$%(, ,67 t (,1( c%.@5=81* 81' :,5' 5('8=,(57( q576)5(48(1= *(1$117N (6 ,67 + P JSPSTSK 1A 6,11A T f JtK )@5 ',( 3(5)(.7( c%%,/'81* ,67 185 ,1 '(0 d(5(,&+ R o t o T '(71,(57N '(0O (17635(&+(1' *,/7 R o t o T1A 6,11A B+P f(5 o$;,0$/:(57 921 t +(,M7 i5(1=)5(O T 48(1=P f,( i5(1=)5(48(1= ,67 (1* 0,7 '(5 c89?681*6*5(1=( 1$&+ i/P JSPSSZK 9(5O .1@3)7] '(5 t(=,352.:(57 921 i/P JSPSSZK ,67 1>0/,&+ %,6 $8) (,1(1 h$.725 SPTT 0,7 '(5 i5(1=)5(48(1= ,'(17,6&+P f,( c%%P SPSSZ =(,*7 '(1 x(5/$8) 921 f JtK $/6 h81.O 7,21 921 tP g6 (56&+(,17 $1*(%5$&+7N ',( 237,6&+( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 12&+ ,1 $1'(5(5 y(,6( =8 (5./>5(1N 80 '$0,7 '$6 $16&+$8/,&+( x(567>1'1,6 =8 9(5%(66(51\ g,1 %(/,(%,*(6 9>&+(1+$)7(6 q%-(.7 6(, '85&+ 6(,1( u75$+/',&+7(9(57(,/81* $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 q57(6 *(.(11=(,&+1(7P f85&+ h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 ',(6(5 u75$+/',&+7(9(57(,/81* (5+>/7 0$1 '$6 q576)5(48(1=63(.7580 '(6 q%-(.76N 'P +P ',( c1*$%(N ,1 :(/&+(0 o$M ',( 9(56&+,('(1(1 q576)5(48(1=(1 =:,6&+(1 18// 81' 81(1'/,&+ ,1 '(0 q%-(.7 (17+$/7(1 6,1'P g17635(&+(1' .$11 0$1 921 '(5 d(675$+/81*667>5.(9(57(,/81* ,0 d,/' ',( h28O 5,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( %,/'(1 81' '$0,7 '$6 q576)5(48(1=63(.7580 '(6 d,/'(6 %(67,0O 0(1P f,( 237,6&+( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 ,67 '$11 $/6 s827,(17 '(5 q576)5(48(1=O 63(.75(1 921 d,/' =8 q%-(.7 *(*(%(1] %$6,(5(1' $8) ',(6(0 |86$00(1+$1* :(5'(1 t3t
c%%P SPSSZ q37,6&+( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 %(, 3(5)(.7(5 c%%,/'81*P
SWX
S q37,6&+( c%%,/'81*
%(,63,(/6:(,6( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21(1 )272*5$76&+(5 u&+,&+7(1 (50,77(/7P f,( (%(1 $1*(*(%(1( d(=,(+81* .$11 $8&+ ,1 (,1(5 $1'(5(1 y(,6( *('(87(7 :(5'(1\ f$6 q576)5(48(1=63(.7580 ,0 d,/' (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 '(6 q%-(.76N ,1'(0 0$1 /(7=7(5(6 0,7 '(5 237,6&+(1 %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 '(6 $%%,/'(1'(1 237,6&+(1 u/7 0$1 ,0 d,/' (,1( d(O 675$+/81*667>5.(9(57(,/81* '(5 h250 g J;K 3 $1%A &26 JT @ t ;13K 0,7 '(5 o2'8/$7,21 oA oAJtK 3
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f,( o2'8/$7,21 ,0 d,/' ,67 ,00(5 *(5,1*(5 $/6 ',( ,0 q%-(.7N ',( q576)5(48(1= %/(,%7 (5+$/7(1] =86>7=/,&+ 75,77 817(5 w067>1'(1 (,1( NNr+$6(DD 3JtK $8)N ',( (,1( x(56&+,(%81* '(6 i,77(5%,/'(6 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 u2///$*( =85 h2/*( +$7P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 o2'8/$7,21(1 oA =8 o :,5' 181 *(5$'( '85&+ '(1 y(57 '(5 237,6&+(1 %(5O 75$*81*6)81.7,21 )@5 ',( %(75$&+7(7( q576)5(48(1= t *(*(%(1P f$0,7 71'(7 $8&+ ',( d(=(,&+181* %(575$*81*6)81.7,21 ,+5( g5./>581*P f(5 |86$7= 237,6&+ ,67 '$0,7 =8 (5./>5(1N '$66 %(575$*81*6)81.7,21(1 ,1 $1'(5(1 i(%,(7(1N 925 $//(0 ,1 '(5 p$&+5,&+7(15(&+1,.N %(5(,76 6(,7 *(5$80(5 |(,7 ,1 i(%5$8&+ 6,1' 81' '(0*(*(1@%(5 (,1( w17(56&+(,'81* =:(&.0>M,* (56&+(,17P d(,63,(/( )@5 237,6&+( %(575$*81*6)81.7,21(1 5($/(5 u1O ',*(1 e+$5$.7(5,6,(581* %(,63,(/6:(,6( (,1(6 h272Oq%-(.7,96 62//(1 %(5(,76 &$P SRR %(575$*81*6)81.7,21(1 (5)25'(5/,&+ 6(,1P c86 62 (,1(5 c866$*( *(+7 +(5925N '$66 ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(67,0081* 921 c%%,/'81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 :2+/ *(/,1*7N '(5(1 x2//O 67>1',*.(,7 $%(5 .$80 =8 (55(,&+(1 ,67P
SP[PT c86*(:>+/7( 237,6&+( k167580(17( SP[PTPS n83( f,( n83( ,67 '$6 (,1)$&+67( 237,6&+( k167580(17N '$6 '$=8 ',(17N ',( u(+/(,6781* '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 c8*(6 =8 (5:(,7(51P y(*(1 '(5 %(*5(1=7(1 u(+6&+>5)( 81' '(5 %(*5(1=7(1 c..2002'$7,21 '(6 c8*(6 .?11(1 ./(,1( q%-(.7( 920 c8*( 1,&+7 2+1( 237,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ (5.$117 :(5'(1P g,1 q%-(.7 '(5 i5?M( / ,1 '(5 g17)(5181* 6 H 920 c8*( (56&+(,17 817(5 '(0 y,1.(/ / P 6 H g6 ,67 @%/,&+N )@5 6 '(1 y(57 '(5 62*(1$117(1 '(87/,&+(1 u(+:(,7( 921 TWR 00 H (,1=86(7=(1P c/6 n83( :,5' 181 (,1( n,16( 326,7,9(5 d5(11:(,7( ) 9(5:(1'(7N 80 '$0,7 '$6 =8 %(2%$&+7(1'( q%-(.7 '(0 c8*( 817(5 9(5*5?M(57(0 y,1.(/ '$5=8O %,(7(1P g6 ,67 +,(5 =81>&+67 ',( 9(5*5?M(51'( y,5.81* ,1 $1*(0(66(1(5 y(,6( =8 '(71,(5(1P f$6 *(6&+,(+7 ,1 h250 '(5 n83(1Ox(5*5?M(581* "3
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JSPSTUK
:2%(, 6 '(5 y,1.(/ ,67N 817(5 '(0 '$6 q%-(.7 2+1( n83( (56&+(,17 81' 6A '(5 0,7 n83(P w0 C '85&+ ',( d5(11:(,7( '(5 n83( 81' ',( f$7(1 '(5 d(2%$&+781*6%(O ( ',1*81*(1 $86'5@&.(1 =8 .?11(1N ,67 ,0 $//*(0(,1(1 h$// $8&+ '$6 %(2%$&+7(1'( c8*( =8 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1N ,16%(621'(5( 2% (6 5(&+76,&+7,* 2'(5 )(+/6,&+7,* ,67P f(5O $57,*( d(75$&+781*(1 *(+(1 +,(5 =8 :(,7N 62'$66 185 (,1( u7$1'$5'Od(2%$&+781* ',6.87,(57 :,5'P f$6 q%-(.7 /,(*( '$=8 ,1 '(5 925'(5(1 d5(11(%(1( '(5 n83(N 62'$66 (6 1$&+ 81(1'/,&+ $%*(%,/'(7 :,5'P f$6 c8*( :(5'( 0,7 6(,1(5 r83,//( ,1 '(5 +,17(5(1 d5(11(%(1( '(5 n83( $1*(25'1(7N 62'$66 '$'85&+ )@5 ',( d/(1'(1$%%,/'81* 2%-(.7O 6(,7,* '(5 7(/(=(175,6&+( j$837675$+/(1*$1* 5($/,6,(57 :,5'P w17(5 ',(6(1 d(',1*81O *(1 :,5' ',( n83(19(5*5?M(581* =8 TWR C3 P ( )
JSPSTVK
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TR WR SRR SRR A RPRW SR TR A RPRW SRRRR TR SWRRR RPRS RPS S
RPV S S RPRS A A A RPRRT A S RPRV SRRRR SRCM RPRRS RPRRS
TR TR TR S A A A TR A S S SR UR SRR UR
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Excimerlaser
Farbstofflaser
Ti : Al2 O3
F-Zentrenlaser
FreieElektronenlaser
Co : Mag F2
XeF
Rhodamin Oxazin DOTC HIDC IR 140
Ni : Mg F2
0.2
KrF
Stilben
Moleküllaser
vibronische Festkörperlaser
Cr : Be Al2 O4
Wellenlänge (µm)
0.4
Cumarin
Ar2 Kr2 Xe2 ArF
NaF KF
0.6 0.8 1.0
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CO
2.0
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6.0
10.0
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30.0
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Cd Se S
3.0
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Ga N
Pb S Se oder Quantenkaskadenlaser
Halbleiterlaser
TTV
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TTW
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TUV
T f,63(56,21 81' c%62537,21 '(6 n,&+7(6
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TPW k1)5$527( 81' 8/75$9,2/(77( u75$+/81*
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TVR
T f,63(56,21 81' c%62537,21 '(6 n,&+7(6
Intensität
Richtung der Beschleunigung Bahn des umlaufenden Elektrons
z. B. 1 µs
Zeit
Synchrotronstrahlung Beobachter
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TVS
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TVT
T f,63(56,21 81' c%62537,21 '(6 n,&+7(6
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TPX c%62537,21 '(5 u75$+/81*
TVU
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y(,7(5+,1 0@66(1 ',( t$1'%(',1*81* $1 '(1 =:(, i5(1=9>&+(1N 'P+P ',( m21O 7,18,7>7 '(5 7$1*(17,$/(1 h(/'.20321(17(1 81' ,+5(5 SP c%/(,781*(1N %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :(5'(1\ c (;3J2,. :BTK1d (;3J,. :BTK 3 e (;3J2* :BTK 0 0 J 2,. c (;3J2,. :BTK1,. d (;3J,. :BTK 32* e (;3J2* :BTK JUPSTRK 0 0 0 0 J J c1 '(5 817(5(1 i5(1=9>&+( 0,7 ; 32:BT *(/7(1 (17635(&+(1'( i/(,&+81*(1P h@5 (,1(1 6/7 0$1 62 J9*/P =PdP LSYbK\ 2 0 . : 0@ * 0 u 3 $5&7$1 N 0 3 RN SN TN P P P JUPSTSK T T . 0 c86 ',(6(5 g,*(1:(57Oi/(,&+81* (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( (5(.7,9( d5(&+=$+/ 81' ',( c86O %5(,781*6.2167$17( # :,( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 )@5 =+1O 0 2 /,&+( d(+$1'/81* )@+57 =8 '(1 o2'(1 '(5 voOi5833(P c%%P UPSTR =(,*7 ',( g5O *(%1,66( )@5 75$169(56$/( (/(.75,6&+( o2'(1 vg *(5,1*(5 q5'181*P % y,5' 181 (,1( =86>7=/,&+( d(*5(1=81* ,1 5.( 0,7 (,1(5 r(O 5,2'( T @B# 02'8/,(57P f,( h(/'/,1,(1 '5,1*(1 $8&+ ,1 '(1 o$17(/ (,1 J(9$1(6=(17(6 h(/'K 81' .5@00(1 6,&+ ,1 '(1 m(51 =85@&.N 62'$66 ,1 *5?M(5(0 c%67$1' 921 '(5 m(51Oo$17(/Oi5(1=9>&+( .(,1 h(/' 0(+5 925+$1'(1 ,67P c8) '(5 h$6(5$&+6( 67(+(1 ',( h(/'/,1,(1 6(1.5(&+7 =85 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* =N $%(5 ,1 o$17(/1>+( 75,57 ',(6 1,&+7 0(+5 =8P f,(6 ,67 (,1 d(,63,(/ '$)@5N '$66 n,&+7:(//(1 1,&+7 ,00(5 75$169(56$/ 32/$5,6,(57 6,1'P f(5 v03)81* "& 9(5:(1'(7\ SR SR r !%* "3 /2* JUPSTXK IH r /1SR n |1/ k1 i/P JUPSTXK %(=(,&+1(7 r ',( ,1 ',( h$6(5 (,1*(.2333(/7( n(,6781* 81' r ',( !%* |1/ 1$&+ (,1(5 %(67,007(1 h$6(5/>1*( n 12&+ 925+$1'(1( n(,6781*P "& :,5' 1250$/(5O :(,6( ,1 'dB.0 3 SB.0 $1*(*(%(1P c/6 0,1,0$/( f>03)81* .$11 =PdP )@5 "& 3 RPT 'dB.0 %(, + 3 SPWW =0 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1] ',(6 (17635,&+7 (,1(0 k17(16,7>765@&.O *$1* $8) SBSRR %=:P 2TR 'd 1$&+ (,1(5 h$6(5/>1*( 921 SRR .0 2'(5 (,1(5 f>03O )81*6.2167$17( " W W4SRCO &0CIN (,1 (;75(0 1,('5,*(5 y(57 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 '(1 0(,67(1 $1'(5(1 237,6&+(1 o$7(5,$/,(1P f$0,7 +$7 ',( y(//(1/>1*( SPWW =0 (,1( %(621'(5( d('(8781* )@5 ',( u,*1$/@%(575$*81*P g,1 f>03)81*663(.7580 921 h$6(51 =(,*7 c%%P UPSTYP g6 62// 12&+ $1*(0(5.7 :(5'(1N '$66 o8/7,02'()$6(51 +?+(5( x(5/867( $/6 o21202'()$6(51 81' '$66 i5$O ',(17(1)$6(51 +?+(5( x(5/867( *(*(1@%(5 u78)(1,1'(;)$6(51 $8):(,6(1P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 181 ',( r52=(66( 6.,==,(57N ',( =85 f>03)81* )@+5(1\ "& 3
SP u725$%62537,21N $8&+ ,175,16,6&+( c%62537,21 *(1$117\ g/(.7521,6&+( %(5*>1*( ,1 i/$6 J6P $8&+ c%%P TPVXK )@5 wxOn,&+7 81' u&+:,1O *81*6@%(5*>1*( ,0 kt )@+5(1 =8 (,1(5 c%62537,21 ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 81' ,0 %(1$&+O %$57(1 ktOd(5(,&+ '(6 n,&+76 81' =8 (,1(5 w0:$1'/81* 921 n,&+7 ,1 y>50(P TP t$1*( $%P f,( u75(881* +>1*7 =8'(0 921 '(1 f27,(581*6$720(1 $%N '$ '85&+ f27,(581* $8&+ k1+202*(1,7>7(1 ,1 '(5 h$6(5 (1767(+(1P h$6(51 0,7 (,1(5 *(5,1*(1 d5(&+O =$+/',5(5(1= 675(8(1 :(1,*(5 $/6 h$6(51 0,7 (,1(5 +2+(1 d5(&+=$+/',5(5(1=P f,(6 ,67 (,1(5 '(5 i5@1'( )@5 '(1 i(%5$8&+ 921 h$6(51 0,7 (,1(5 *(5,1*(1 d5(&+=$+/O ',5(5(1= ,1 '(5 v(/(.20081,.$7,21P c%%,/'81* UPSTY =(,*7 .(,1( c%62537,21 '85&+ 1,&+7/,1($5( u75(8352=(66(P f,(6( r52=(66( %(6,7=(1 (,1( 237,6&+( n(,6781*66&+:(//( 81' :(5'(1 63>7(5 .85= (5/>8O 7(57P
U k17(5)(5(1=N d(8*81* 81' y(//(1/(,781*
Dämpfung (dB/km)
VXX
experimentell
InfrarotAbsorption
RayleighStreuung Ultraviolettabsorption
WellenleiterDefekte
Wellenlänge (µm)
c%%P UPSTY h$6(5'>03)81* (1767(+7 925:,(*(1' '85&+ t$5.67( x(5815(,1,*81*N ',( =85 (;75,16,6&+(1 c%62537,21 )@+57N ,67 ',( j+5(1' '(5 j(567(//81* :,5' 9(568&+7N ',(6( y$66(59(5815(,1,*81*(1 62 *87 :,( 0?*/,&+ =8 (17)(51(1P c1'(5( x(56&+087=81*(1N ',( =8 67$5.(1 x(5/867(1 ,1 '(5 h$6(5 )@+5(1N 6,1' k21(1 '(5 %(5*$1*60(7$//(N :,( m83)(5N g,6(1N p,&.(/N e+520 2'(5 o$1*$1P w0 (,1(1 c167,(* '(5 f>03)81* =8 9(5+,1'(51N '$5) ',( m21=(175$7,21 '(5 x(5815(,1,*81O *(1 1,&+7 *5?M(5 $/6 S 33% J3 SRCQK 6(,1P y,( 2%(1 (5:>+17 :85'(N ,67 ',( f>03)81* )@5 + 3 SPWW =0 (;75(0 *(5,1*P g6 ,67 7527='(0 127:(1',*N '$6 u,*1$/ )@5 /$1*( %(575$*81*6:(*( =8 9(567>5.(1P f$)@5 :(5'(1 0,7 g5%,80 '27,(57( h$6(59(567>5.(5 Jgfhc 3 g5%,80 '23(' 7%(5 $03/,7(5K
UPSW y(//(1/(,7(5 81' i/$6)$6(51
VXY
2'(5 1(8(5',1*6 $8&+ t$0$19(567>5.(5 Jm$3P ZN [K 9(5:(1'(7P f(5 gfhc %,(7(7 )@5 + 3 SPWW =0 (,1( %5(,7%$1',*( 237,6&+( x(567>5.81* 0,7 *(5,1*(1 x(5=(5581*(1P g5 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 %,6 =8 UR 0 /$1*(1 s8$5=*/$6)$6(5 '27,(57 0,7 (,1(5 g5%,80O .21=(175$7,21 921 SRIPASRIQ &0CKP f(5 gfhc $5%(,7(7 >+1/,&+ :,( (,1 n$6(59(5O 67>5.(5 0,7 (,1(0 f5(,Op,9($8Ou5.(5 +$7 (,1( u>77,O *81*6/(,6781* J0$;,0$/( c86*$1*6/(,6781*K 921 (,1,*(1 SRR 0y %,6 S yP k1 237,6&+(1 %(575$*81*6675(&.(1N :(5'(1 ghfc6 703)81* %,6 =8 6(+5 +2+(1 f$7(15$7(1 921 0(+5(5(1 SR v%B6 .2167$17 %/(,%7P f(6+$/% +$7 '(5 g,16$7= 921 237,6&+(1 h$6(51 ',( v(/(.20081,.$7,21 6(,7 S[ZR 5(92/87,21,(57P h@5 ',( n>1*( J(1*/P 5($&+K 921 i/$6)$6(5@%(575$*81*6675(&.(1 :,5' )2/*(1'( m/$66,7=,(581* 9(5:(1'(7 u+257 5($&+ JutK o(752 o(',80 +$8/ JojK n21* +$8/ JnjK
%,6 ZR .0 %,6 URR .0 %,6 SRRR .0 @%(5 SRRR .0
f,63(56,21P f85&+ ',( f,63(56,21 '(5 h$6(51 :(5'(1 r8/6( =(,7/,&+ $8)*(:(,7(7] ',(6 9(55,1*(57 ',( f$7(15$7(N ',( @%(5 (,1( %(67,007( g17)(5181* @%(575$*(1 :(5'(1 .$11N )$//6 .(,1( f,63(56,216.203(16$7,21 925+$1'(1 ,67P f5(, o(&+$1,60(1 6,1' )@5 ',( r8/6$8):(,781* 9(5$17:257/,&+\ SP o2'(1',63(56,21\ f,(6( 75,77 185 ,1 o8/7,02'()$6(51 $8) 81' ,67 '(71,(57 $/6 '(5 |(,7817(56&+,('N '(5 6,&+ $86 '(5 %(575$*81* '(5 /$1*6$067(1 81' 6&+1(//67(1 o2'( (5*,%7P f,(6(5 :,5' '85&+ ',( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 c86%5(,781*6.2167$17(1 )@5 ',(6( o2'(1 9(5856$&+7P o(6681*(1 =(,*(1N '$66 ',( o2'(1',63(56,21 )@5 *52M( g17)(5181*(1 (+(5 0,7 '(5 s8$'5$7:85=(/ $/6 /,1($5 0,7 '(5 n>1*( '(5 h$6(5 =81,007P f,(6 :,5' '85&+ g1(5*,($867$86&+N '(0 62 *(1$117(1 o2'(1O .233(/1N =:,6&+(1 9(56&+,('(1(1 o2'(1 9(5856$&+7P f,( o2'(1.233/81* 0,77(/7 ',( c86%5(,781*6=(,7(1N 62'$66 ',( o2'(1',63(56,21 :(1,*(5 $/6 /,1($5 0,7 '(5 n>1*( '(5 h$6(5 $167(,*7P d5(,7%$1',*( f$7(1@%(575$*81* @%(5 o8/7,02'()$6(51 ,67 $8)*581' '(5 o2'(1O ',63(56,21 )@5 *52M( g17)(5181*(1N r8/6( :@5'(1 6,&+ '$%(, 67$5. 9(5%5(,7(51 81' @%(5/$*(51N 810?*/,&+P o21202'()$6(51 (/,0,1,(5(1 ',(6( c57 921 f,63(5O 6,21P f$5@%(5 +,1$86 %/(,%(1 $%(5 12&+ =:(, c57(1 921 f,63(56,21 %(67(+(1P TP o$7(5,$/',63(56,21 Ju725',63(56,21K\ f,(6( %(6&+5(,%7 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 d5(&+O =$+/ '(6 h$6(50$7(5,$/6 921 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(P c/6 h2/*( '85&+48(5(1 817(56&+,('O /,&+( 63(.75$/( m20321(17(1 (,1(6 r8/6(6 ',( h$6(5 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 81' ',( r8/6( :(5'(1 %5(,7(5P r8/6( (,1(5 6&+0$/(1 n,1,(1%5(,7(N =PdP 921 (,1(5 /21*,78',1$/(1 o21202'(/$6(5',2'( 0,7 (,1(0 7+(581*6:(,6( '85&+ (,1( (,1=,*( y(//(1/>1*( %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P f,( y(//(1/>1*( 921 SPUS =0 ,67 )@5 ',( u,*1$/@%(575$*81* $8)O *581' '(5 1,&+7 925+$1'(1(1 f,63(56,21 ,17(5(66$17N $%(5 ',( 237,6&+(1 r8/6( 62//7(1
c%%P UPSTZ
f,63(56,2163$5$0(7(5 f )@5 '5(, 817(56&+,('/,&+( g,1Oo2'(1Oh$6(51P
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VX[
63(.75$/ 1,&+7 %5(,7(5 $/6 (7:$ RPS 10 6(,1P |8 %($&+7(1 ,67 ,1 ',(6(0 |86$00(1+$1* $8&+ ',( *(5,1*( f>03)81* J6P c%%P UPSTYKP d(, (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 921 SPWW =0 +$7 ',( u7$1'$5')$6(5 uuoh (,1(1 f 31SY 36B 10B.0P g,1 237,6&+(5 r8/6 921 (7:$6 UW 36 0,7 (,1(5 63(.75$/(1 d5(,7( 921 RPS 10N :,( 75(P g,1 (17635(&+(1'(6 u*7P f,63(56,21 81' f,63(56,216.203(16$7,21 6,1' '$+(5 %(, +2&+5$7,*(1 f$7(1@%(575$*81*667(&.(1 0,7 d,75$7(1 921 SR i%B6 81' 0(+5 921 *52O M(5 d('(8781*P f$)@5 :>5( (6 (5(.7,9N '$6 o,1,080 '(5 f,63(56,21 1$&+ SPWW =0 =8 9(56&+,(%(1P f,(6 :,5' ,1 ',63(56,2169(56&+2%(1(1 h$6(51 (55(,&+7N %(, '(1(1 ',( f,63(56,21 '(6 y(//(1/(,7(56 9$5,,(57 :,5'P f$%(, :,5' '$6 r527/ '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 62 (,1*(67(//7N '$66 ',( f,63(56,21 '(6 y(//(1/(,7(56 ',( u725',63(56,21 %(, + 3 SPWW =0 $8)+(%7P f$6 r527/ '(5 d5(&+=$+/ '(5 ',63(56,216*(*/>77(7(1 h$6(5 :,5' '85&+ (,1 63(=,(//(6 f(6,*1 62 02'(//,(57N '$66 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1 y(//(1/>1*(1%(5(,&+ 921 SPU %,6 SPX =0 185 (,1( *(5,1*( f,63(56,21 %(67(+7P g,1 x(5)$+5(1 =85 1$&+75>*/,&+(1 f,63(56,216.203(16$7,21 921 925+$1'(1(1 u7$1'$5'Oi/$6)$6(51(7=(1 %(, SPW =0 %(67(+7 ,0 g,16$7= 921 |:,6&+(1675(&.(1 0,7 67$5.(5 1(*$7,9(5 f,63(56,21 =PdP 2SRR 36B10 .0P r2/$5,6$7,21602'(1Of,63(56,21N rofP f(5 jg Oo2'( %(6,7=7N :,( 6&+21 2%(1 (5O II :>+17 :85'(N (,1( (17$57(7( r2/$5,6$7,21P f$0,7 .?11(1 6,&+ ,1 (,1(5 o21202'()$O 6(5 =:(, o2'(1 $86%5(,7(1N :20,7 ',(6( h$6(5 1,&+7 :,5./,&+ (,1( g,102'(1)$6(5 ,67P f,(6( g17$5781* :,5' '85&+ (,1( f233(/%5(&+81* %(6(,7,*7N ',( =PdP '85&+ (,1( 1,&+7 )(+/(5)5(,( j(567(//81* 81' '85&+ 0(&+$1,6&+( d($16358&+81* '(5 h$6(5 (1767(+7P l(7=7 +$%(1 %(,'( o2'(1 9(56&+,('(1( c86%5(,781*6.2167$17(1 A (,1( /$1*6$0( 81' (,1( 6&+1(//( 237,6&+( c&+6( (1767(+(1 A :$6 $/6 02'$/( f233(/%5(&+81* %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'P f(5 i5$' '(5 02'$/(1 f233(/%5(&+81* 1,007 /,1($5 0,7 '(5 f,5(5(1= '(5 c86%5(,781*6.2167$17(1 =8 81' ,67 @%(5 ',( *(6$07( n>1*( '(5 h$6(5 1,&+7 .2167$17P g5 >1'(57 6,&+N $%+>1*,* 921 6(,1(1 w56$&+(1N =8)>//,*P n,&+7 ,11(5+$/% (,1(5 h$6(5 0,7 /,1($5(5 c1)$1*6Or2/$5,6$7,21 (55(,&+7 $8)*581' 921 o2'(1.233/81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 o2'(1 6&+1(// (,1(1 |867$1' =8)>//,*(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P g,1 237,6&+(5 k0O 38/6 :,5' '$+(5 $8&+ '85&+ ',( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 c86%5(,781*6.2167$17(1 (17/$1* '(5 /$1*6$0(1 81' 6&+1(//(1 c&+6( $8)*(:(,7(7P f,(6(5 g5(.7 :,5' r2/$5,6$7,21602O '(1Of,63(56,21 rof *(1$117P f,( d(+(556&+81* '(5 rof ,67 921 *52M(5 d('(8O 781* )@5 ',( g17:,&./81* 921 VR i%B6O 81' SXR i%B6Ou7(1 d(, 67$5.(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 :,5' ',( t($.7,21 (,1(6 f,(/(.75,.806 1,&+7/,1($5 J6P m$3P [KP f,( p,&+7/,1($5,7>7 TP q5'181* 4@JA ,1 s8$5=*/$6 ,67 18// :(*(1 ' '(5 k19(56,21667 4@KA %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P h@5 ',( u,*1$/@%(575$*81* ,1 h$6(51' ,67 81(/$67,6&+( 67,08/,(57( u75(881*N ',( '85&+ (,1 .203/(;(6 4@KA %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11N 921 %(621'(5(5 d('(8781*P u7,O ' 08/,(57( t$0$1Ou75(881* JutuK 9(51,&+7(7 '$%(, (,1 r+2721 '(6 (,1)$//(1'(1 h(/O '(6N 80 (,1 237,6&+(6 r+2121 81' (,1 r+2721 '(5 u72.(6Oh5(48(1= =8 %,/'(1P u7,O 08/,(57( d5,//28,1Ou75(881* JuduK 9(5/>8)7 >+1/,&+N '$%(, :,5' 1,&+7 (,1 237,6&+(6 r+2121N 621'(51 (,1 $.867,6&+(6 r+2121 *(5,1*(5(5 h5(48(1= *(%,/'(7P f$6 x(5O 67>5.81*663(.7580 921 udu ,67 :(6(17/,&+ 6&+0>/(5 $/6 '$6 921 utu] udu =(,*7 (,1( :(6(17/,&+ +?+(5( x(567>5.81* 81' 75,77 185 ,1 5@&.:>576 *(5,&+7(7(5 t,&+781* $8)P u,( ,67 620,7 '(5 '20,1,(5(1'( r52=(66 ,1 d(=8* $8) 6&+0$/%$1',*(6 n,&+7P u(/%673+$6(102'8/$7,21 JuroK 81' m5(8=3+$6(102'8/$7,21 JzroK 6,1' :,&+O 7,*( r52=(66(N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(0 t($/7(,/ 921 4@KA (5*(%(1P d(,'( g5(.7( )@+5(1 =8 ' uro )@+57 '$6 =8 (,1(5 d((,1986O (,1(5 k17(16,7>76$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 d5(&+=$+/P h@5 681* '(5 d5(&+=$+/ 1 '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' '(5 y(//(N :,( 6,( 921 '(5 y(//( 6(/%(5 *(6(+(1 :,5'\ 1 3 1 11 8g 8J 0,7 g 3 g 6 (;3b,J6721 . =Kc1&& P JUPSTZK !"" *( H H f$%(, 67(+7 1 )@5 ',( /,1($5( d5(&+=$+/ 2+1( 1,&+7/,1($5( g5(.7(N 1 )@5 '(1 1,&+7O !"" *( /,1($5(1 v(,/ '(5 d5(&+=$+/ :,( (5 6,&+ $86 uro (5*,%7 81' && )@5 '$6 .21-8*,(57 m203/(;( '(6 +(5925*(+(1'(1 u800$1'(1P p$&+ '(0 f85&+48(5(1 (,1(5 h$6(5O />1*( n (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( 6(/%67,1'8=,(57( 1,&+7/,1($5( r+$6(19(56&+,(%81* { \ *( { 321 8g 8J. n P JUPST[K *( *( H w17(5 '(5 d($&+781* 921 (6J7K 3
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0.5 140 0.4
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d = 100 nm
Extinktion
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 500
600
700 800 Wellenlänge (nm)
900
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0.4
Extinktion
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 500
600
700 800 Wellenlänge (nm)
900
1000
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V r2/$5,6$7,21 81' f233(/%5(&+81* '(6 n,&+7(6
„rechte“ Ellipse
„linke“ Ellipse
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WRW
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WRX
V r2/$5,6$7,21 81' f233(/%5(&+81* '(6 n,&+7(6
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WRY
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VPST h/@66,*.5,67$//(
XSS
(optische Aktivität der (Reusch'sche cholesterische Moleküle u. Kristalle) Glimmersäule) Phase rechtsschraubenförmige rechtsschraubenförmige Anordnungen drehen nach rechts Anordnungen drehen nach links
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cholesterisch
flüssig – isotrop
Temperatur
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u75$+/81*65@&.)@+581* 6,1' 35>=,6( c1)25'(581*(1 $1 ',( m2/%(1O 81' i/@+.?5O 3(5*(20(75,( =8 (5)@//(1P c8M(5'(0 :$5(1 (5+(%/,&+( r52%/(0( %(=@*/,&+ '(5 u&+$)O )81* *((,*1(7(5 t(9(.7256&+,&+7(1 =8 /?6(1N ',( 1(%(1 '(5 *(:@16&+7(1 63(.75$/(1 u(/(.7,9,7>7 J+2+( v5$160,66,21 ,0 xkuOd(5(,&+ 81' +2+(5 t(9(;,216*5$' ,0 $1O 6&+/,(M(1'(1 ktK $8&+ ',( (5)25'(5/,&+( v(03(5$78567$%,/,7>7 %,6 =8 ZRR]e @%(5 ',( *(6$07( n$03(1/(%(16'$8(5 (5)@//(1P f,( 7(&+1,6&+( n?681* %(58+7 $8) (,1(5 k1O 7(5)(5(1=%(6&+,&+781* '(6 n$03(1.2/%(16N ',( 1$&+ '(0 u$1':,&+35,1=,3 $%:(&+O 6(/1' 0,7 v,7$1',2;,' 81' u,/,=,80',2;,' (5)2/*7P f85&+ ',(6( ktOu3,(*(/ :,5' ',( n,&+7$86%(87( 80 (7:$ UR@ $1*(+2%(1P g,1( 12&+ ,0 n$%2567$',80 %(71'/,&+( o?*/,&+.(,7 =85 x(5%(66(581* 921 i/@+O /$03(1 %,(7(7 (,1( '@11( d(6&+,&+781* '(5 y2/)5$0:(1'(/ 0,7 '(0 +2&+7(03(5$O 785%(67>1',*(1 y(5.6725 j$)1,801,75,'P j)p %(6,7=7 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 y2/)5$0 ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ (,1(1 +?+(5(1 g0,66,216*5$' 81' ,0 1$+(1 kt (,1(1 1,('5,*(5(1P f$+(5 67(,*7 %(, */(,&+(5 q%(59>&+(17(03(5$785 ',( n,&+7$86%(87( 80 SRASW@P n(,'(5 6,1' ',(6( u&+,&+7(1 12&+ =8 635?'(N 80 @%(5 ',( *(6$07( n$0O 3(1/(%(16'$8(5 '(1 7+(50,6&+(1 81' 0(&+$1,6&+(1 d($16358&+81*(1 67$1'=8+$/O 7(1 LWbP o,7 '(5 (567(1 n(8&+7',2'( Jngf\ /,*+7 (0,77,1* ',2'(K :85'( S[XZ (,1( g17:,&.O /81* ,1 i$1* *(6(7=7N ',( 6,&+ '85&+ 67>1',*( k1129$7,21(1 A 817(5 x(5'5>1*81* +(5.?00/,&+(5 n,&+748(//(1 A ,00(5 1(8( c1:(1'81*6)(/'(5 (56&+/,(M7P p(%(1 *(O 5,1*(5 d$8*5?M(N 0(&+$1,6&+(5 t2%867+(,7N (;75(0 +2+(5 n(%(16'$8(5 81' /$8)(1' 67(,*(1'(5 g5(.7,9,7>7 ,67 +,(5 %(621'(56 ',( =81(+0(1'( 63(.75$/( x,(/)$/7 +(5925O =8+(%(1P f,( +(87( 9(5)@*%$5(1 r($.(0,66,216:(//(1/>1*(1 %(*,11(1 ,0 ktN @%(5O '(&.(1 '(1 *(6$07(1 6,&+7%$5(1 d(5(,&+ 81' +$%(1 0,7 (,1(5 g17:,&./81* $8) '(5 d$6,6 921 k1i$p Jo$;,080 %(, UYS 10K 62*$5 ',( wxOi5(1=( @%(56&+5,77(1 LWN XbP f,( +?&+67(1 n,&+7$86%(87(1 :(5'(1 $.78(// )@5 (,1( r($.:(//(1/>1*( 921 XSS 10 0,7 SRR /0By (55(,&+7 LYbN :$6 %(5(,76 UR@ '(6 7+(25(7,6&+(1 j?&+67:(57(6 (17O 635,&+7P f85&+ ',( m20%,1$7,21 '@11(5 {ciOn(8&+767256&+,&+7(1 0,7 %/$8(1 j2&+/(,6O 781*6Ongf6 6,1' ,1=:,6&+(1 $8&+ :(,M( n80,1(6=(1=',2'(1 $8) '(0 o$5.7N '(5(1 g0,66,21663(.7580 '(1 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ )@//7 Jc%%PWPXKP d(, n,&+7$86%(8O 10
LED-Chip transparente Deckschicht mit eingelagerten Leuchtstoffpartikeln
8
nicht konvertierte blaue Primärstrahlung
6
vom Leuchtstoff konvertierte Strahlung
4 2 0 400
c%%P WPX
Glühlampe
c8)%$8 81' u3(.7580 :(,M(5 ngf6P
450
550 600 500 Wellenlänge λ (nm)
650
700
750
WPT n,&+7(5=(8*81* 81' n$03(1
XVW
6e6 4e6 3e6 2e6 1.5e6 1e6 700000 500000 400000 300000 200000 150000 100000
c%%P WPY n(8&+7',&+7(%,/' (,1(5 n8;(21 W y r2:(5Ongf Jc%0(6681* '(5 /(8&+7(1'(1 h/>O &+( U4U 00JKP
7(1 921 TW /0By .?11(1 '85&+ x$5,$7,21 '(5 n(8&+767250,6&+81* >+1/,&+67( h$5%O 7(03(5$785(1 921 U RRR m %,6 SR RRR m (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1P p(%(1 '(1 ./$66,6&+(1 g,16$7=)(/'(51 921 n(8&+7',2'(1N :,( /(8&+7(1'( c1=(,*(O (/(0(17( 81' +2&+)5(48(1=02'8/,(5%$5( u75$+/81*648(//(1 ,1 '(5 237,6&+(1 f$7(1O @%(575$*81*N 6(7=(1 6,&+ *(%@1'(/7( ngf6 Jc55$&+67 $8) '(1 d(5(,&+ ]RPS y %(6&+5>1.7N 9(5%81'(1 0,7 (,1(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 n,0,7,(581* '(5 u75$+/81*6/(,6781*P f,( g17:,&./81* 921 r2:(5Ongf6 0,7 (/(.75,6&+(1 n(,6781*(1 921 0(+5(5(1 y$77 (50?*/,&+7 =81(+0(1' ',( u8%67,78,(581* +(5.?00/,&+(5 n$03(1 A =81>&+67 12&+ ,0 817(5(1 n(,6781*6%(5(,&+ A '85&+ (,1=(/1( ',(6(5 2372(/(.7521,6&+(1 n,&+748(/O /(1P k1 '(5 c%%P WPY :,5' ',( 5>80/,&+ 6758.785,(57( g0,66,2169(57(,/81*N $8)*(120O 0(1 0,7 (,1(5 eefOn(8&+7',&+7(.$0(5$N (,1(5 W y$77 r2:(5Ongf :,('(5*(*(%(1P f,( $0 5(&+7(1 d,/'5$1' (5.(11%$5( |825'181* 921 i5$8678)(1 =8 n(8&+7',&+O 7(1 =(,*7N '$66 ,1 '(1 g0,66,216=(175(1 X o&'B0J (55(,&+7 :(5'(1P n(8&+76725/$03(1 (5=(8*(1 +(87( 0(+5 $/6 WR@ $//(1 .@167/,&+(1 n,&+7(6P u,( %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 i/$652+5N $1 '(66(1 g1'(1 =:(, y2/)5$0Oi/@+:(1'(/(/(.752'(1 0,7 g0,77(5%(6&+,&+781* (,1*(6&+02/=(1 6,1'P c/6 c5%(,76*$6 :,5' (,1( o,6&+81* $86 g'(/*$6(1 :,( c5*21 2'(5 m5M(6 Jj$/2*(13+263+$7O %=:P o(+5O %$1'(1/(8&+76725(K ,1 '(1 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ 75$16)250,(57P f85&+ ',( y$+/
XVX
W q37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681*
'(5 n(8&+76725.20%,1$7,21 .?11(1 ',( g0,66,2169(57(,/81* ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 d(5(,&+ 81' '$0,7 ',( >+1/,&+67( h$5%7(03(5$785 62:,( ',( h$5%:,('(5*$%((,*(16&+$)7(1 ,1 :(,7(1 i5(1=(1 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1 LSSbP n(8&+76725/$03(1 :(5'(1 $8&+ 0,7 )$5%,* 675$+/(1'(1 n(8&+76725(1 J527N *(/%N *5@1N %/$8K %=:P 0,7 g0,66,2160$;,0$ ,1 '(1 '5(, wxOd(5(,&+(1 cN d 81' e Jc1O :(1'81* )@5 7+(5$3(87,6&+( |:(&.( %=:P g17.(,081*K $1*(%27(1P f,( wxOeOx$O 5,$17(1 %(187=(1 :(*(1 '(5 :(,7(5 ,16 wx 5(,&+(1'(1 63(.75$/(1 v5$160,66,21 (,1 s8$5=(17/$'81*6*()>M 2+1( n(8&+76725N $86 '(0 @%(5:,(*(1' ',( 67$5.( j*Ot(O 621$1=/,1,( %(, TWV 10 (0,77,(57 :,5'P n(8&+76725/$03(1 2+1( 63(=,(//( o2',7.$7,21(1 (,*1(1 6,&+ :(*(1 '(5 $86*(O 35>*7(1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 ,+5(6 n,&+767520(6 921 '(5 w0*(%81*67(03(5$785 185 %(O ',1*7 )@5 c1:(1'81*(1 ,1 '(5 c8M(1%(/(8&+781*P u2 6,1.7 '(5 n,&+767520 *(*(1O @%(5 6(,1(0 p250$/:(57 %(, (7:$ TR]e $8) &$P XR@ %(, R]e %=:P $8) &$P TW@ %(, 2SR]eP d(, .219(17,21(//(0 d(75,(% 0,7 WR j=Oy(&+6(/67520 )>//7 ,+5 n,&+767520 ,0 u752018//'85&+*$1* $8) (7:$ TW@ '(6 y(57(6 ,0 u75200$;,080 J67$5.( n,&+7O 02'8/$7,21N c%%P WPZKP p(%(1 (,1(5 i()>+5'81* '85&+ 6752%26.23,6&+( g5(.7( J=P dP $1 y(5.=(8*0$6&+,1(1K (5*(%(1 6,&+ '85&+ w17(56&+5(,781* '(5 h/,00(59(56&+0(/O =81*6*5(1=( $8&+ r52%/(0( )@5 '(1 0(16&+/,&+(1 u(+$33$5$7P d(, $5%(,760(',=,O 1,6&+(1 w17(568&+81*(1 :85'(1 *(681'+(,7/,&+( d((,175>&+7,*81*(1 )@5 6(16,%/( r(5621(1*5833(1 1$&+*(:,(6(1P f,(6( o2'8/$7,21 .$11 =P dP '85&+ i5833(1%(O 75,(% $1 '(1 '5(, f5(+675201(7=3+$6(1 *(0,/'(57 2'(5 '85&+ ',( x(5:(1'81* (/(.7O 521,6&+(5 x256&+$/7*(5>7( JgxiK :(*(1 '(5 (7:$ 7$86(1')$&+(1 d(75,(%6)5(48(1= )$67 9?//,* 9(50,('(1 :(5'(1P v527= '(5 +2+(1 n,&+7$86%(87( 6,1' 1250$/( n(8&+76725/$03(1 $8) i581' ,+5(5 *52M(1 c%0(6681*(1 )@5 9,(/( d(/(8&+781*6$8)*$%(1 81*@167,*P f85&+ 0(+5)$&+( h$/781* 2'(5 6&+5$8%(1)?50,*( d,(*81* '(6 g17/$'81*652+5(6 ,67 (6 ,1=:,6&+(1 0?*/,&+N m203$.7/(8&+76725/$03(1 $8) ',( i5?M( 921 i/@+/$03(1 0,7 9(5*/(,&+O %$5(1 n,&+7675?0(1 =8 .2035,0,(5(1P f$6 y,5.35,1=,3 (17635,&+7 '(0 1250$/(5 n(8&+76725/$03(1P k+5( n(%(16'$8(5 %(75>*7 +(87( %,6 =8 SW RRR +P g,1( 63(=,(//( 100
rel. Lichtstrom (%)
75
50
25
0
c%%P WPZ
0
10
20 Zeit (ms)
30
40
50
|(,7/,&+( n,&+7675209$5,$7,21 (,1(5 n(8&+76725/$03( %(, WROj=Od(75,(%P
WPT n,&+7(5=(8*81* 81' n$03(1
c%%P WP[
XVY
s8(&.6,/%(51,('(5'58&.Ok1'8.7,216/$03( NNg1'85$DDP
c86)@+581* ,67 ',( =85 ',5(.7(1 i/@+/$03(168%67,787,21 (17:,&.(/7( NNg1(5*,(63$5O /$03(DDP u,( %(6,7=7 (,1 ,17(*5,(57(6 x256&+$/7*(5>7 81' (,1(1 g',621Ou&+5$8%62&.(/P f,( n(%(16'$8(5 +(5.?00/,&+(5 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 :,5' ,0 y(6(17/,&+(1 %(O *5(1=7 '85&+ g0,77(59(5/867( '(5 g/(.752'(1N ',( ',( *$/9$1,6&+( x(5%,1'81* =:,O 6&+(1 '(0 >8M(5(1 u7520.5(,6 81' '(0 g17/$'81*63/$60$ +(567(//(1P g,1( c/7(5O 1$7,9( %,(7(7 '(5 g,16$7= +2&+)5(48(17(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'(5N ',( '85&+ ',( ,62/,(5(1'( i/$6:$1' +,1'85&+ (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 '$6 n$03(13/$60$ (,1.23O 3(/1P f,( 7(&+1,6&+( w06(7=81* ,1 p,('(5'58&.Ok1'8.7,216/$03(1 (5)2/*7 ,1 =:(, x$5,$17(1N (17:('(5 0,7 (,1(5 67$%)?50,*(1 c17(11( ,1 '(5 c&+6( (,1(6 %,51(1)?5O 0,*(1 n$03(1.2/%(16 2'(5 0,7 j,/)( =:(,(5 m233(/75$16)250$725(1N ',( $8) (,1(0 ,1 6,&+ *(6&+/266(1(1 g17/$'81*6*()>M %()(67,*7 6,1' J6,(+( c%%P WP[KP d(, d(75,(%6O )5(48(1=(1 921 TPXW oj= %=:P TWR .j= :(5'(1 )@5 n(,6781*6(,1+(,7(1 921 WW y %,6 SZR y n,&+7$86%(87(1 %,6 =8 ZR /0By (55(,&+7P f,( n(%(16'$8(5 %(75>*7 XR RRR u781'(1P j2&+'58&.(17/$'81*6/$03(1 187=(1 ',( ,17(16,9( u75$+/81*6(0,66,21 921 n,&+7O %?*(1 ,1 9(56&+,('(1(1 o(',(1P f(5 +?+(5( d5(11'58&. (50?*/,&+7 *(*(1@%(5 p,(O '(5'58&./$03(1 (,1(1 :(6(17/,&+ .21=(175,(57(5(1 g1(5*,(806$7= 81' '$0,7 (17O 635(&+(1' ./(,1(5( c%0(6681*(1P u,( %(67(+(1 $86 (,1(0 g17/$'81*6*()>M Jd5(11(5K 0,7 =:(, u7520'85&+)@+581*(1N $1 ',( ',( %(,'(1 y2/)5$067,)7(/(.752'(1 $1*(O 6&+/266(1 6,1'P y(*(1 '(5 +2+(1 7+(50,6&+(1 J81' &+(0,6&+(1K d(/$6781* :(5'(1 ',( d5(11(5 $86 m,(6(/*/$6 2'(5 c/80,1,802;,'.(5$0,. *()(57,*7P |85 7+(50,6&+(1 c%6&+,5081* 6,1' ',(6( d5(11(5 0(,67 921 (,1(0 (9$.8,(57(1 2'(5 0,7 k1(57*$6 *()@//7(1 c8M(1.2/%(1 80*(%(1P f$ 6,&+ '(5 d5(11'58&. (,1,*(5 h@//68%67$1=(1 J=P dP s8(&.6,/%(5K 1$&+ '(5 k1O %(75,(%1$+0( (567 $//0>+/,&+ $8)%$87N +$%(1 j2&+'58&./$03(1 c1/$8)=(,7(1 921 0(+5(5(1 o,187(1P g,1( y,('(5=@1'81* 1$&+ .85=(5 x(5625*81*663$1181*681O 7(5%5(&+81* ,67 62)257 185 0,7 u3$1181*(1 921 @%(5 SR .x Ju21'(5$86)@+581*(1 )@5 u325767>77(1%(/(8&+781*6$1/$*(1K 2'(5 1$&+ (,1(5 c%.@+/81*63$86( 921 (7:$ UASR o,187(1 0?*/,&+P f,( 921 s8(&.6,/%(5+2&+'58&./$03(1 (0,77,(57(1 u3(.75(1 =(,*(1 185 :(1,*( s8(&.6,/%(5$720/,1,(1N :2%(, 6,&+ '(5 wxOc17(,/ *(*(1@%(5 p,('(5'58&.(17/$'81O *(1 67$5. 9(55,1*(57P d(, '(5 6(+5 /@&.(1+$)7(1 c86)@//81* '(6 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/O %(5(,&+(6 67?57 ,16%(621'(5( ',( 0$1*(/1'( t27(0,66,21P
XVZ
W q37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681*
f,( /,&+77(&+1,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 921 s8(&.6,/%(5+2&+'58&.(17/$'81*(1 .211O 7(1 '85&+ ',( |8*$%( 921 n(8&+7=86>7=(1 Jj$/2*(19(5%,1'81*(1 9(56&+,('(1(5 g/(O 0(17(K =85 d5(11(5)@//81* :(6(17/,&+ 9(592//.2001(7 :(5'(1P j,(5 .200(1 ',( l2','( 2'(5 d520,'( 921 p$75,80N v+$//,80N k1',80 81' u&$1',80 %=:P 9(56&+,(O '(1(5 n$17+$1,'( :,( j2/0,80N fM:$1' %((,198667 :,5'P f(87/,&+( x(5%(66(581*(1 %5$&+7( +,(5 ',( w067(//81* '(6 d5(11(50$7(5,$/6 921 m,(6(/*/$6 $8) c/80,1,802;,'.(5$0,.P j$/2*(10(7$//'$039$03(1 :(5'(1 ,0 n(,6781*6%(5(,&+ 921 UW y %,6 SZ .y Ju21'(575.( ',( 62*(1$117( i/2%$/%(675$+/81*667>5O .( g ,1 (,1(5 +25,=217$/(1 g%(1( (5*,%7\ H Xg J+K Xg J+K Xg J+K H E%. 3 6 6,1$1 E%" P JWPTZK X+ X+ X+ f,( 63(.75$/( u211(1%(675$+/81*667>5.( ,1 (,1(5 +25,=217$/(1 g%(1( Ji/2%$/675$+O /81*K .$11 1$&+ (,1(0 o2'(// 921 d,5' %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f$%(, :,5' 817(5 d(5@&.O 6,&+7,*81* '(6 u75(89(5+$/7(16 '(5 *(6$07(1 c70263+>5( ',( 63(.75$/( ',586( u21O 1(1%(675$+/81*667>5.( %(67,007N 817(5 '(5 c11$+0(N '$66 ',( j,00(/6675$+/81* 185 '85&+ ',( '5(, )2/*(1'(1 g5(.7( (1767(+7\ JSK t$&+( 81' '(5 c70263+>5(P f,(6( '5(, u75$+/81*6$17(,/( /$66(1 6,&+ 81$%+>1*,* 921(,1$1'(5 %(5(&+1(1P k1 (,1(5 %(/,(%,* *(1(,*7(1 81' %(/,(%,* 25,(17,(57(1 g%(1( 6(7=7 6,&+ ',( 9(5)@*%$5( 63(.75$/( d(675$+/81*667>5.( :,('(580 $86 '5(, m20321(17(1 =86$00(1N ',( -(O :(,/6 0,7 '(1 (17635(&+(1'(1 *(20(75,6&+(1 d(=,(+81*(1 %(67,007 :(5'(1 .?11(1P d(187=7 0$1 ',( %(.$117(1 y(57( '(5 yoq )@5 ',( (;75$7(55(675,6&+( 63(.75$/( d(675$+/81*667>5.(N 62 6,1' y(57( )@5 ',( 63(.75$/( d(675$+/81*667>5.( $8) '(5 g5'O 2%(59>&+( %(5(&+(1%$5 LSTbN :(11 185 h2/*(1'(6 $1*(6(7=7 :,5'\
WPU u2/$5675$+/81*
XWW
SP d(187=81* '(5 %(.$117(1 c%62537,216.2(5,=,(17(1 921 q=21 81' '(5 q=21O 6&+,&+7',&.( ' ] 0,7 (,1(0 l$+5(6*$1* ,1 o,77(/(8523$ =:,6&+(1 RPTV 81' RPVR &0 PE uvr J&0 y(*/>1*( %(, u7$1'$5'7(03(5$785 81' O'58&.KP TP x(5:(1'81* '(6 u211(1+?+(1:,1.(/6 $ ] ',(6(5 />667 6,&+ 0,7 j,/)( '(5 $675212O T 0,6&+(1 |86$00(1+>1*( 817(5 d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(5 *(2*5$3+,6&+(1 d5(,7( 81' n>1*( '(6 %(75$&+7(7(1 q57(6 %(5(&+1(1\ $ 3 &263 &26% &26216,13 6,1% N JWPT[K T %\ u211(1'(./,1$7,21 2 3 JST2yq|K 6 SW@\ u781'(1:,1.(/ '(5 u211( yq|\ :$+5( q576=(,7 3\ *(2*5$3+,6&+( d5(,7( UP d(67,0081* '(5 v5@%81* '(5 c70263+>5(] ',(6( :,5' '85&+ '(1 v5@%81*6.2()O 7=,(17(1 # 1$&+ c1*675?0N '(1 v5@%81*6)$.725 v 1$&+ n,1.( 2'(5 '85&+ ',( M u,&+7:(,7( x $1*(*(%(1P VP x(5:(1'81* '(6 c%62537,216.2(5,=,(17(1 921 y$66(5'$03) 1$&+ v$%(//(1P f,( u3(.75$/9(57(,/81* '(5 i/2%$/675$+/81* )@5 '(1 ./$5(1 j,00(/ ,67 %(,63,(/+$)7 ,1 c%%P WPSW '$5*(67(//7P c85>//,* ,67 ',( q=21$%62537,21 ,0 wx 81' ',( y$66(5O '$03)$%62537,21 ,0 ktP |85 g50,77/81* '(5 u3(.75$/9(57(,/81* '(5 i/2%$/675$+/81* %(, 92//67>1',* %(O '(&.7(0 j,00(/ :,5' =86>7=/,&+ (,1( y2/.(1.255(.785)81.7,21 $1*(:$1'7P f$%(, :,5' 921 (,1(0 /,1($5(1 |86$00(1+$1* =:,6&+(1 m/$5+(,76*5$' 81' v5$160,66,216O *5$' %(, )(67(0 u211(1+?+(1:,1.(/ $86*(*$1*(1N 62 '$66 ',( 63(.75$/( i/2%$/%(O
globale spektrale Bestrahlungsstärke (W m-2 µm-1)
2000
c%%P WPSW
extraterrestrisch
1700
1.0
1500 1.5
1200
2.0
1000
6.0 750 500 250 0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 1.2 1.4 Wellenlänge (µm)
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
f,( u3(.75$/9(57(,/81* '(5 i/2%$/675$+/81* )@5 9(56&+,('(1( 5(/$7,9( n8)70$66(1P
XWX
W q37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681* 1800 1600 m = 1.0
1400
E λG( λ ) (W m-2 µm-1)
1200 m = 1.5
1000 800
m = 2.0
600 400
m = 3.0
200 0 300
m = 4.0 400
500
700 600 Wellenlänge (nm)
800
900
1000
1100
700 600 Wellenlänge (nm)
800
900
1000
1100
500 450
m = 1.0
400
E λS( λ ) (W m-2 µm-1)
350 300 1.5
250
2.0
200 150
3.0
100
m = 4.0
50 0 300
400
500
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WPV o(667(&+1,.
XWY
+>/7 ',( )2/*(1'(1 m20321(17(1 J6P c%%P WPSXKN ',( 6,&+ =86$00(1)$66(1' :,( )2/*7 %(6&+5(,%(1 /$66(1 LSUN SVb\ X X X X g J+K 3 g J+K 6 6,1$ 6 % 1JS2.K 6 g J+K1. 6 g J+K JWPURK T T X+ H X+ E%. X+ I% X+ X+ .\ X g J+K\ X+ H X g J+K\ X+ E%. X g J+K\ X+ I% X g J+K\ X+ X+ %\ T
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4
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XXR
W q37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681*
SRNK $8) ',( |$+/ '(5 eefOr,;(/ $%*(67,007 ,67P c1 '(1 m$3,//$5,11(1:>1'(1 %(O 71'(7 6,&+ (,1( +2&+2+0,*( d(6&+,&+781*N ',( %(,0 c1/(*(1 (,1(5 j2&+63$1181* $1 ',( h$6(5(1'(1 '85&+ $8)75(5(1'( (,1=(/1( g/(.7521(1 (,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 u(.81O '>5(/(.7521(1 (0,77,(57P }+1/,&+ :,( %(,0 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(5 :(5'(1 181 )@5 -('(6 $86 '(1 r+272.$7+2'(1 J$1 '(1 h$6(567,516(,7(1K $86*(/?67( r5,0>5O (/(.7521 %,6 =80 g55(,&+(1 '(6 n(8&+76725(6 $0 g1'( '(5 m$3,//$5( '85&+ r(1'(/O %(:(*81*(1 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m$3,//$5,11(1:>1'(1 o,//,21(1 921 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 *(1(5,(57P f,( 635(.75$/( x(57(,/81* '(5 g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 i(6$0761*(5 ',( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 0(16&+/,&+(1 c8O *(6 xJ+K %(6,7=7N ,67 (6 )@5 3+2720(75,6&+( |:(&.( (5)25'(5/,&+N ,+0 ',(6( g,*(16&+$)7 '85&+ 6(/(.7,9( u75$+/81*67/7(581* $8)=835>*(1P j,(5)@5 (,*1(1 6,&+ h$5%*/>6(5N :,( 6,( =P dP 921 '(5 h,50$ u&+277 ,1 (,1(5 *52M(1 v1*(5(,175,7769>O &+( 0,7 .2167$17(5 u&+,&+7',&.(P A r$57,$/7/7(581*\ x25 '(5 g03)>1*(5(,175,7769>&+( :(5'(1 /2.$/ 817(56&+,('/,&+( h,/7(56&+,&+7(1 $1*(%5$&+7 Jc%%P WPS[KP
relative spektrale Empfindlichkeit
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 200
400
800 600 Wellenlänge (nm)
1000
1200
c%%P WPSZ t(/$7,9( 63(.75$/( g0371'/,&+.(,7 (,1(6 u,Or+272(/(0(17(6 81' xJ+KOx(5/$8) J*(O 675,&+(/7KP
WPV o(667(&+1,.
c%%P WPS[
XXS
r$57,$/7/7(5 J',( (,1=(/1(1 u&+5$585(1 .(11=(,&+1(1 9(56&+,('(1( h$5%*/>6(5KP
f,( r$57,$/7/7(581* (50?*/,&+7 %(, /2.$/ +202*(1(0 n,&+7(,1)$// (,1( 12&+ )(,1(5( 63(.75$/( c13$6681*P f,( @%(5 '(1 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ *(0,77(/7( i@7( '(5 xJ+KOc13$6681* :,5' (17635(&+(1' fkp WRUTOX LSWb '85&+ '(1 ) Oh(+/(5 *(.(11O I =(,&+1(7P
WPVPU o(66*(5>7( )@5 ',( n,&+77(&+1,. o2'(51( n,&+7O 81' h$5%0(66*(5>7( %(67(+(1 (17:('(5 %(, g,1=(/.$1$/Ov(&+1,. $86 (,1(0 o(66.23) 81' (,1(0 x(567>5.(5 0,7 c1=(,*(65.81* %=:P w0:$1'/81* '(6 o(666,*1$/6 @%/,&+(5:(,6( (,1(1 (17635(&+(1' %(6&+$/7(7(1 q3(5$7,2169(567>5.(5N '(66(1 x(567>5.81* '85&+ '(1 i(*(1.233/81*6:,'(567$1' %(67,007 :,5'N 81' (,1 f,*,7$/92/70(7(5P f85&+ ,0 x(5+>/71,6 S\SR *(678)7( i(*(1.233/81*6:,'(567>1'( $0 q3(5$7,216O 9(567>5.(5 .?11(1 ,1 x(5%,1'81* 0,7 (,1(0 xJ+KO$1*(3$667(1 u,/,=,80Or+272(/(O 0(17 d(/(8&+781*667>5.(0(66*(5>7( Jn8;0(7(5K 0,7 806&+$/7%$5(1 o(66%(5(,&+(1 *()(57,*7 :(5'(1N :2%(, ',(6( w06&+$/781* (17:('(5 $8720$7,6&+ 2'(5 '85&+ j$1'O %(7>7,*81* (5)2/*7P k16%(621'(5( %(, $8720$7,6&+(5 w06&+$/781* .?11(1 6,&+ )@5 38/6,(5(1'( n,&+76,*1$/( 0,7 u&+(,7(/)$.725(1 #T r52%/(0( '85&+ %(567(8(581*6O (5(.7( (5*(%(1P n(8&+7',&+7(0(66*(5>7( 0@66(1 62 .216758,(57 6(,1N '$66 $8) '(0 g03)>1*(5 (,1( '(5 n(8&+7',&+7( 3523257,21$/( d(/(8&+781*667>5.( (1767(+7N :$6 =P dP %(, (,1(5 23O 7,6&+(1 c%%,/'81* (55(,&+7 :,5'P p(%(1 '(5 q%-(.7/(8&+7',&+7( +>1*7 '$6 g03)>1O *(56,*1$/ $8&+ 920 c3(5785:,1.(/ " '(5 c%%,/'81*6237,. 81' '(5 v5$160,66,21 '(6 *(6$07(1 237,6&+(1 u5=7(1 v8%86 925 (,1 n8;0(7(5 +(567(//(1P u2/&+( i(5>7( (,*1(1 6,&+ $//(5',1*6 185 )@5 ',( d(67,0081* 0,77/(5(5 n(8&+7',&+7(1 $8) *52M(1 h/>&+(1P f85&+ ',( m20%,1$7,21 921 '5(, u,Or+272(/(0(17(1N '(5(1 63(.75$/( g0371'O /,&+.(,7(1 $1 ',( p25063(.75$/:(57)81.7,21(1 ;& J+KN 7( $8)%$8(1P f,( '5(,
XXT
W q37,6&+( u75$+/81* 81' ,+5( o(6681*
Objektiv
Streulichtblende
randverspiegelte umschaltbare Feldblenden
Feldlinse
Umlenkspiegel
Blendenschalter
V(λ )-Filter
Gesichtsfeld mit Innenanzeige
Okular
Si-Photoelement
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z N z1{1|
5.( g %=:P '(5 n,&+767>5.( k $8) (,1(5 .203/(77(1 j@//9>&+( 80 ',( s8(//( 2'(5 0,7 m8*(/3+2720(7(51 (50,77(/7 :(5'(1P f,( '$)@5 %,6 +(87( '20,1,(5(1'( o(66(,15,&+781* ,67 ',( w/%5,&+7I6&+( m8*(/ Jc%%P WPTSKP f,( d(6&+,&+781* '(5 m8*(/,11(1:$1' 81' '(5 $1'(5(1 g,1%$87(,/( +$7 %(=@*/,&+ ,+5(5 t(9(;,216(,*(16&+$)7(1 %(621'(5( c1)25'(581*(1 =8 (5)@//(1\ f,( t(9(;,21 0866 ',586N 63(.75$/ $6(/(.7,9 81' @%(5 ',( *(6$07( h/>&+( +202*(1 (5)2/*(1P c8M(5'(0 '$5) ',( 921 n$03(1 (0,77,(57( wxOu75$+/81* 1,&+7 '85&+ n8O 0,1(6=(1=352=(66( ,1 '(1 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ 75$16)250,(57 :(5'(1P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 :,5' $/6 d(6&+,&+781*60$7(5,$/ @%(5:,(*(1' d$5,8068/)$7 (,1*(6(7=7N '(0
WPV o(667(&+1,.
XXU
d 6
H
F S
L
d
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Im α
iϕ
αe 〉
ϕ α Re α α e-iϕ 〉
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Ba2NaNb5O15
Nd : YAG
θ Polarisator 0.53 µm
1.06 µm M
optischer parametrischer Oszillator 1.06 µm Signal
MgO : LiNbO3
lokaler Oszillator Filter 1.06 µm
M’
Photodiode 1
Polarisator
i1
Photodiode 2
i2 i Spektralanalysator
Φ ( Ω ,θ )
c%%P YPV g;3(5,0(17(//(5 c8)%$8 =85 g5=(8*81* 81' d(2%$&+781* 921 *(48(76&+7(0 n,&+7P g,1 t,1*/$6(5 J2%(1K (5=(8*7 0,7 j,/)( (,1(6 1,&+7/,1($5(1 m5,67$//6 n,&+7 '(5 h5(48(1=(1 6 J'85&+*(=2*(1( n,1,(K 81' T6 J*(675,&+(/7( n,1,(KP g,1 )5(48(1=6(16,7,9(5 u75$+/7(,/(5 Jr2/$O 5,6$725K />667 u75$+/81* '(5 h5(48(1= T6 3$66,(5(1N 5(9(.7,(57 $%(5 62/&+( 0,7 6P f$6 75$16O 0,77,(57( n,&+7 '(5 h5(48(1= T6 75(,%7 (,1(1 t(621$725 0,7 (,1(0 1,&+7/,1($5(1 m5,67$// Jo,7O 7(KN :(/&+(5 :,('(580 n,&+7 0,7 '(5 h5(48(1= 6 (0,77,(57P g,1 :(,7(5(5 u75$+/7(,/(5 .20%,1,(57 181 '$6 62 (5=(8*7( n,&+7 0,7 '(0 t()(5(1=675$+/N '(5 (%(1)$//6 ',( h5(48(1= 6 +$7P f,( 5(/$7,9( r+$6( =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 u75$+/(1 .$11 '85&+ (,1(1 %(:(*/,&+(1 u3,(*(/ 02',7=,(57 :(5'(1P c1 '(1 %(,'(1 c86*>1*(1 '(6 u75$+/7(,/(56 0(66(1 =:(, r+272',2'(1 ',( n,&+7,1O 7(16,7>7(1 81' 75$16)250,(5(1 ',(6( ,1 (/(.75,6&+( u75?0( , 81' , P g,1 u3(.75$/$1$/1'(1 f$ ',( s8$17(1237,. 6,&+ 0,7 g5(.7(1 %(6&+>)7,*7N %(, '(1(1 ',( s8$17(1(,*(1O 6&+$)7(1 '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (,1( :(6(17/,&+( t2//( 63,(/(1N :2//(1 :,5 ,1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 =:(, i5?M(1 ',6.87,(5(1N ',( (6 (5/$8%(1N ',( 1,&+7./$66,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 921 |867>1'(1 =8 48$17,7=,(5(1P
YPUPYPS f(5 o$1'(/I6&+( sOr$5$0(7(5 g,1 (,1)$&+(6 o$M )@5 ',( 1,&+7./$66,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 ,67 '(5 o$1'(/I6&+( sOr$5$0(7(5 LUWb sG
J(1KJ2m1Gn G 1J2S N m1Gn
JYPXSK
'(5 (1* 0,7 '(5 1250,(57(1 x$5,$1= 1J G J(1KJBm1Gn '(5 r+2721(167$7,67,. =86$0O 0(1+>1*7P h@5 (,1(1 .2+>5(17(1 |867$1' 8"n *,/7 m1Gn 3 8"8J 81' J(1KJ 3 8"8JP f$5$86 (5O +$/7(1 :,5 )@5 '(1 o$1'(/I6&+(1 sOr$5$0(7(5 '(1 y(57 s 3 RP m2+>5(17( |867>1'( 6,1' |867>1'(N ',( '(0 ./$66,6&+(1 x(5+$/7(1 '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 $0 1>&+67(1 .200(1N 6,(+( c%6&+1P YPUPUP f(5 y(57 s 3 R %,/'(7 '$+(5 (,1( i5(1=( =:,6&+(1 (,1(0 ./$66,6&+(1 h(/' 81' (,1(0 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 h(/'P h@5 (,1(1 7+(50,6&+(1 |867$1' *,/7 J(1KJ 3 1J 11 81' '$+(5 s 3 1 N 'P +P ',( r+2721(1O 0$ 0$ 0$ 67$7,67,. +$7 0(+5 h/8.78$7,21(1 $/6 (,1 .2+>5(17(5 |867$1' 0,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 0,77O /(5(1 r+2721(1=$+/ 1 P 0$ h@5 s"R ,67 ',( r+2721(1=$+/9(57(,/81* 6&+0$/(5 $/6 (,1( r2,6621Ox(57(,/81* 0,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 0,77/(5(1 r+2721(1=$+/P f(5 =8*(+?5,*( |867$1' ,67 '$+(5 1,&+7 ./$66,6&+P f,( (,1)$&+67(1 d(,63,(/( +,(5)@5 6,1' h2&.O|867>1'(P f$ 6,( g,*(1=867>1O '( '(6 q3(5$7256 1G 6,1'N 9(56&+:,1'(1 ',( h/8.78$7,21(1 ,1 '(5 r+2721(1=$+/P h@5
YPV c720Oh(/'Oy(&+6(/:,5.81*
YYY
'(1 o$1'(/I6&+(1 sOr$5$0(7(5 (5+$/7(1 :,5 '$+(5 0,7 c861$+0( '(6 x$.880=8O 67$1'6 8Rn ,00(5 s 32SP d(, (,1(0 *(48(76&+7(1 |867$1' .$11 ',( r+2721(1=$+/9(57(,/81* %5(,7(5 2'(5 6&+0$/(5 $/6 ',( r+2721(1=$+/9(57(,/81* (,1(5 r2,6621Ox(57(,/81* 0,7 */(,&+(5 0,77O /(5(5 r+2721(1=$+/ 6(,1P f(5 o$1'(/I6&+( sOr$5$0(7(5 .$11 '$+(5 62:2+/ 326,7,9( $/6 $8&+ 1(*$7,9( y(57( $11(+0(1P
YPUPYPT f,( i/$8%(5Ou8'$56+$1Ox(57(,/81* g,1( :(,7(5( i5?M(N 0,7 '(5 ./$66,6&+( h(/'(5 921 1,&+7./$66,6&+(1 h(/'(51 817(5O 6&+,('(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N ,67 ',( rOh81.7,21 921 i/$8%(5 81' u8'$56+$1P f,(6( x(57(,/81*6)81.7,21 187=7 $86N '$66 ',( .2+>5(17(1 |867>1'( @%(592//67>1',* 6,1'P i/$8%(5 81' u8'$56+$1 LSSN STN VXb .2117(1 =(,*(1N '$66 '(5 f,&+7(23(5$725 0G ,1 '(5 f,$*21$/)250 0G 3 g 'J" r J"K 8"nm"8
JYPXTK
*(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11P f,(6( i/(,&+81* '(71,(57 ,03/,=,7 ',( rOh81.7,21 r J"K 921 i/$8%(5 81' u8'$56+$1P h@5 (,1(1 .2+>5(17(1 |867$1' 8" n *,/7 25(16,&+7/,&+ H r J"K 3 6 J"2" K P JYPXUK #~B& H h@5 (,1(1 7+(50,6&+(1 |867$1' 0,7 '(5 0,77/(5(1 r+2721(1=$+/ 1 (5+$/7(1 :,5 0$ r J"K 3 J@ 1 KCI (;3L28"8JB1 b N JYPXVK 0$ 0$ 0$ :$6 ,0 i(*(16$7= =8 r J"K .(,1( u,1*8/$5,7>7 +$7P #~B& f,( rOh81.7,21(1 )@5 (,1(1 h2&.O|867$1' 81' (,1(1 *(48(76&+7(1 |867$1' 6,1' +2&+ 6,1*8/>5P u,( (17+$/7(1 c%/(,781*(1 '(5 f,5$&I6&+(1 f(/7$)81.7,21(1P k0 h$// (,1(6 h2&.O|867$1'6 7$8&+(1 185 (1'/,&+( c%/(,781*(1 $8)N :>+5(1' ,0 h$// (,1(6 *(48(76&+7(1 |867$1'6 62*$5 81(1'/,&+ +2+( c%/(,781*(1 925.200(1P }+1/,&+ :,( '(5 y(57 s 3 R )@5 '(1 o$1'(/I6&+(1 sOr$5$0(7(5 '(71,(57 (,1( rOh81.7,21 ,1 h250 (,1(5 f,5$&I6&+(1 f(/7$)81.7,21 (,1( i5(1=( =:,6&+(1 '(1 ./$66,6&+(1 81' '(1 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 h(/'(51P y,5 :(,6(1 -('2&+ '$5$8) +,1N '$66 ',(6( %(,'(1 o$M( )@5 ',( 1,&+7./$66,6&+(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 921 h(/'(51 .(,1(6O :(*6 >48,9$/(17 6,1'P u2 .$11 =P dP '(5 o$1'(/I6&+( sOr$5$0(7(5 )@5 (,1(1 *(O 48(76&+7(1 |867$1' 326,7,9 6(,1N :2+,1*(*(1 ',( rOh81.7,21 (,1(6 *(48(76&+7(1 |8O 67$1'6 ,00(5 c%/(,781*(1 '(5 f,5$&I6&+(1 f(/7$)81.7,21 (17+>/7P
YPV c720Oh(/'Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* d,6 -(7=7 +$%(1 :,5 816 185 )@5 ',( g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(6 ,17(5(66,(57P k1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 .233(/1 :,5 '$6 48$17,6,(57( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/' $1 (,1 c720P w16(5 u1*(16.$/$ (,1(6 c7206 1,&+7 6,*1,7.$17 >1O '(57P h@5 237,6&+( y(//(1/>1*(1 ,67 ',(6( c11$+0( 6(+5 *87 (5)@//7P f$11 ,67 '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 8 $0 q57 _ '(6 n(8&+7(/(.75216 1$+(=8 ,'(17,6&+ 0,7 '(0 h(/' ! ,0 |(17580 _ '(6 326,7,9 *(/$'(1(1 t803)$7206 2'(5 0,7 '(0 h(/' $0 u&+:(5O , 381.7 E '(6 *(6$07(1 c7206P y,5 0$&+(1 '$+(5 ',( f,32/1>+(581* 81' (5+$/7(1 )@5 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6(1(5*,( =:,6&+(1 h(/' 81' c720 j F G2/ / 6 8 JEN 7K 32(_ 6 8 JEN 7K N j@ :2%(, '$6 f,32/020(17 / '85&+
JYPXWK
/ 3 (_ 3 ( J_ 2_ K JYPXXK ! , *(*(%(1 ,67P i/(,&+81* JYPXWK %(6&+5(,%7 1,&+76 $1'(5(6 $/6 ',( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 f,32/6 / ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 8 JEN 7KP f,( *(6$07( j$0,/721Oh81.7,21 S CJ ]J j 3 g 'x L& 8JJ_N 7K15JJ_N 7KB, b1 1 1xJ_K2(_ 6 8 JEN 7K H H T To T, CHGGGGGGGGIGGGGGGGGHF
CIF
CGGIGGF CGGGIGGGF
j j j jF JYPXYK B0 j@ G T )@5 (,1 c720 ,1 (,1(0 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' 6(7=7 6,&+ '$11 $86 9,(5 d(,75>*(1 =86$00(1N ',( 6(+5 (,1)$&+ =8 ,17(535(7,(5(1 6,1'\ j ,67 816 6&+21 $86 G c%6&+1P YPTPSPU %(.$117 81' %(6&+5(,%7 '$6 )5(,( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/'P j %(O T 6&+5(,%7 ',( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* '(6 c7206N :2%(, C '(5 k038/6 '(6 u&+:(5O 381.76 81' o 3 0 10 ',( i(6$070$66( '(6 c7206 ,67P j %(6&+5(,%7 ',( t(O B0 ! , /$7,9%(:(*81* =:,6&+(1 n(8&+7(/(.7521 81' t803)$720P f$%(, ,67 ] '(5 k038/6 '(5 t(/$7,9%(:(*81*N :>+5(1' '$6 r27(17,$/ xJ_K ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 n(8&+7(/(.7521 81' t803)$720 %(6&+5(,%7P f,( ,1 ',(6(0 c17(,/ $8)75(7(1'( 5(O '8=,(57( o$66( , ,67 '85&+ , 3 0 0 BJ0 10 K *(*(%(1P f$ ',( o$66( (,1(6 g/(.7O ! , ! , 5216 6(+5 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( i(6$070$66( '(6 c7206 ,67N *,/7 , W 0 P f,( y(&+O ! 6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 c720 81' h(/' :,5' 6&+/,(M/,&+ '85&+ '(1 v(50 j F %(6&+5,(O j@ %(1P y,5 %(721(1 $1 ',(6(5 u7(//(N '$66 ',(6(5 v(50 $//( h5(,+(,76*5$'( '(6 u0/,&+ '$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/'N ',( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* '(6 c7206 81' ',( t(/$7,9%(:(*81* =:,6&+(1 n(8&+7(/(.7521 81' t803)$720N $1(,1$1'(5 .23O 3(/7P y(11 :,5 $//( h5(,+(,76*5$'( 816(5(6 u+(581* ,67P w16(5( j@ c'O+2&Or52=('85 .$11 -('2&+ $8&+ =8 ,1.216,67(17(1 g5*(%1,66(1 )@+5(1N :,( ,1 LVYb *(=(,*7 :,5'P
YPVPT g,1 (/(0(17$5(6 o2'(// f$6 (,1)$&+67( o2'(//N '$6 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* (,1(6 c7206 0,7 '(0 48$17,6,(57(1 h(/' %(6&+5(,%7N %(67(+7 $86 (,1(5 (,1=(/1(1 o2'( ,1 (,1(0 t(621$725 81' (,1(0 |:(,Op,9($8Oc720P f,(6(6 o2'(// (17+>/7 12&+ *(1@*(1' r+1'(1 '(5 u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* (,1(6 k216 ,1 (,1(5 h$//( (;3(5,0(17(// %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 LWXbP f,( *(0(66(1(1 t$%,O q6=,//$7,21(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P YP[ *(=(,*7P c%6&+/,(M(1' :(,6(1 :,5 '$5$8) +,1N '$66 (,1( r$8/Oh$//( LWYb (,1 =(,7$%+>1*,*(6 +$5021,6&+(6 r27(17,$/ 81' '$0,7 $8&+ (,1( =(,7$%+>1*,*( h5(48(1= \ (5=(8*7P v527='(0 ,67 (6 0?*/,&+N ',( =(,7$%+>1*,*( u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* )@5 '$6 1,&+7/,O 1($5( l$O 3$5$7,21 921 63(=,(//(1 h(/'=867>1'(1P
YPVPUPS t(621$1=\ r5>3$5$7,21 921 r+2721(1=$+/=867>1'(1 y(11 '$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 5(621$17 =85 %(5*$1*6)5(48(1= 816(5(6 |:(,O p,9($8Oc7206 ,67N .?11(1 :,5 h2&.O|867>1'( 8pn 0,7 *(1$8 p r+2721(1 ,1 816(5(5 t(621$72502'( 35>3$5,(5(1P y,5 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 '$6 t(621$725)(/' 85635@1*/,&+ ,0 x$.880=867$1' 8Rn ,67P y,5 6&+,&.(1 181 p c720( ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1' 8$n '85&+ '(1 t(621$725N 81' =:$5 62N '$66 =8 -('(5 |(,7 0$;,0$/ (,1 c720 ,0 t(O 621$725 ,67P k1 ',(6(0 h$// :,5' ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 h(/' 81' c720 '85&+
YPV c720Oh(/'Oy(&+6(/:,5.81*
YZW
Fock-Zustand 1.0 0.5
Wb (t ) 0 0
40 Zeit (µs)
20
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Wb (t ) 0.2 0
0
0
100
0.3 0.2 0.1 Pn 0
thermischer Zustand
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Wb (t ) 0.2 0
80
60
10
2
20 Zeit (µs)
4 n
30
8
6
40
10
50
gequetschter Zustand
0
5
Zeit (µs)
10
15
c%%P YP[ k21 ,1 '(5 r$8/Oh$//(P g,1 |:(,Op,9($8Ok21 :,5' ,1 (,1(5 r$8/Oh$//( (,1*()$1*(1 81' :(&+6(/:,5.7 0,7 (,1(5 ./$66,6&+(1 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//(P f,( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* ',(6(6 k216 :,5' 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+ %(6&+5,(%(1P y(11 ',( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* '(6 k216 ,1 (,1(0 g1(5*,((,*(1=867$1' ,67N =(,*7 ',( ,17(51( f03)7( t$%,Oq6=,/O /$7,21(1 J2%(1KP y(11 ',( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* 921 (,1(0 7+(50,6&+(1 |867$1' 67$57(7 Jo,77(KN =(,*7 ',( ,17(51( fM,*( q6=,//$7,21(1N ',( $8) ',( d2/7=0$11Ox(5O 7(,/81* =85@&.6&+/,(M(1 /$66(1P k0 h$//( (,1(6 *(48(76&+7(1 |867$1'6 '(5 u&+:(5381.76%(O :(*81* J817(1K =(,*(1 6,&+ 6(+5 ,55(*8/>5( q6=,//$7,21(1 J$86 o((.+2)N fPoP (7 $/PN r++/(1N '$66 &26J* |11S 7K 9(56&+:,1'(7N *,%7 '$6 c720 (,1 r+2721 $1 '$6 t(621$725)(/' $% 81' 9(5/>667 '(1 t(621$725 ,0
Y s8$17(1237,. 0.10
(a)
(A)
0.05
0.6
0
0.4
-0.05
0.2
-0.10 1.0
(B)
(b)
0.5 Inversion
1.0 0.8
0 0.8 0.6
0
0.4
-0.5
0.2
1.0
(c)
(C)
0.5
0
Photonenstatistik
YZX
0.6 0.4
0 -0.5
0.2 40
60 80 100 120 Wechselwirkungszeit (µs)
140
160
2 3 0 1 Photonenzahl
4
0
c%%P YPSR r5>3$5$7,21 81' p$&+:(,6 921 h2&.O|867>1'(1P f$6 h(/' ,1 (,1(0 o,.52:(/O /(15(621$725 +2+(5 i@7( %(71'(7 6,&+ 85635@1*/,&+ ,0 i581'=867$1' J$KP o,7 j,/)( (,1(5 h2/*( 921 $1*(5(*7(1 |:(,Op,9($8Oc720(1 .?11(1 h2&.O|867>1'( 0,7 (,1(0 r+2721 J%K 81' 0,7 =:(, r+2721(1 J&K 35>3$5,(57 81' 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1P d(, '(5 r5>3$5$7,21 '(5 |867>1'( *(%(1 c720( ,+5( c15(*81* $1 '$6 t(621$725)(/' $%P f(5 p$&+:(,6 '(5 62 35>O 3$5,(57(1 h(/'=867>1'( (5)2/*7 '85&+ o(66(1 '(5 k19(56,21N 'P +P '(5 f,5(5(1= '(5 y$+56&+(,1O /,&+.(,7(1N (,1 :(,7(5(6 c720 ,0 2%(5(1 2'(5 817(5(1 |867$1' =8 71'(1 J/,1.( u3$/7(K J$86 x$5&2(N dPvPjP (7 $/PN p$785( VRUN YVU JTRRRKKP
i581'=867$1' 8%nP f$ ',( t$%,Oh5(48(1= 921 '(5 |$+/ '(5 r+2721(1 $%+>1*7N 0866 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=(,7 )@5 -('(6 c720 (,1( $1'(5( 6(,1P y(11 $//( p c720( (,1 r+2721 $1 '$6 t(621$725)(/' $%*(%(1N +$%(1 :,5 (,1(1 h2&.O|867$1' 8pn 35>O 3$5,(57P g,1 62/&+(6 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( ,1 i$5&+,1* 0,7 j,/)( (,1(6 o,.52:(//(15(621$7256 '85&+*()@+57 LXRbP c86*(+(1' 920 x$.880=867$1' :85'(1 |867>1'( 0,7 (,1(0 r+2721 81' 0,7 =:(, r+2721(1 (5=(8*7P f,(6( |867>1'( :85'(1 0,7 (,1(0 =86>7=O /,&+(1 c720 1$&+*(:,(6(1N ,1'(0 ',( t$%,Oq6=,//$7,21(1 ',(6(6 c7206 ,0 35>3$O 5,(57(1 h(/' *(0(66(1 :85'(1N :,( ,1 c%%P YPSR *(=(,*7P
YPVPUPT u7$5.( x(567,0081*\ r5>3$5$7,21 921 u&+5?',1*(5Om$7=(1O|867>1'(1 d(, 67$5.(5 x(567,0081* 9(56&+:,1'(1 :(*(1 % W S 81' & W R ',( t$%,Oq6=,//$O & & 7,21(1N 81' :,5 (5+$/7(1 $86 '(5 =(,7$%+>1*,*(1 n?681* JYPZTK
YPV c720Oh(/'Oy(&+6(/:,5.81*
0 0
8$N 1n S (;3 ,
YZY
1
*JJ11SK 7 8$N 1n D
8%N 1n S (;3 2,
1
*J1 7 8%N 1n N D
JYPZXK
:2%(, :,5 =86>=/,&+ 12&+ ',( 9(5$//*(0(,1(57( t$%,Oh5(48(1= + )@5 *52M( x(567,0O & 081*(1 (17:,&.(/7 +$%(1P f,( |(,7(17:,&./81* '(5 |867>1'( 8$N 1n 81' 8%N 1n :,5' ,0 i5(1=)$// 67$5.(5 x(567,0081* 6(+5 (,1)$&+\ f,( %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 '(1 |8O 67>1'(1 9(56&+:,1'(1N 81' (6 %/(,%7 185 (,1 r+$6(1)$.725 @%5,*N '(5 921 '(5 |$+/ '(5 r+2721(1 ,0 h(/' 81' '(0 ,17(51(1 |867$1' '(6 c7206 $%+>1*7P f,(6( f5(17(1 |867>1'(1N ',( '(1 u&+5?',1*(5Om$7=(1O|867$1' )250(1P f,(6 ,67 ,1 '(1 r+$O 6(15$80'$567(//81*(1 $1 '(1 u(,7(1 '(5 c%%,/'81*(1 '$5*(67(//7P r81.7( 6,1' (;3(5,0(17(//( y(57(N ',( '85&+*(=2*(1(1 n,1,(1 (17635(&+(1 (,1(5 6,186)?50,*(1 c13$6681* J$86 d581(N oP (7 $/PN r++1/,&+(5 |867$1' )@5 ',( u&+:(5381.76%(:(*81* (,1(6 ,1 (,1(5 +$5021,6&+(1 h$//( (,1*()$1*(1(1 k216 :85'( (%(1)$//6 1$&+*(:,(6(1 LXTbP
YPW t(6(592,5Ov+(25,( d,6+(5 +$%(1 :,5 816 $8) 5(,1( |867>1'( )@5 '$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/' 81' $8) |:(,Op,9($8Oc720( .21=(175,(57P y(,7(5+,1 +$%(1 :,5 $1*(1200(1N '$66 ',( |(,7O (17:,&./81* '(6 i(6$0765 ,67 81' 921 (,1(1 j$0,/721Oq3(5$725 %(O 67,007 :,5'P g,1( 81,7>5( |(,7(17:,&./81* .$11 -('2&+ r+>120(1( :,( f>03)81* 2'(5 x(567>5.81* 1,&+7 %(6&+5(,%(1P f$6 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( h(/' ,1 (,1(0 9(5/867O %(+$)7(7(1 t(621$725 =P dP .$11 1,&+7 '85&+ (,1(1 5(,1(1 |867$1' %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5O '(1P f$=8 ,67 '(5 %(5(,76 ,1 c%6&+1P YPUPS (,1*()@+57( f,&+7(23(5$725 1?7,*P f,( f5.81* '(6 h(/'(6 (,1(5 (,1=(/1(1 t(621$O 72502'(P g,1 u75$+/ $86 5(621$17(1 |:(,Op,9($8Oc720(1 '85&+/>8)7 (,1(1 t(621$725 J2%(1KP f,( c720( %(71'(1 6,&+ ,1 (,1(5 67$7,67,6&+(1 o,6&+81* $86 i81'=867$1' 8%n 81' $1*(5(*7(0 |867$1' 8$nP y(11 0(+5 c720( ,0 i581'=867$1' $/6 ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1' 6,1' J/,1.6KN .?11(1 :,5 ',(6( %(,'(1 |867>1'( '85&+ (,1( d2/7=0$11Ox(57(,/81* =85 v(03(5$785 v %(O 6&+5(,%(1P k1 ',(6(0 h$// :(5'(1 ,0 o,77(/ 0(+5 i581'=867$1'6$720( '85&+ '$6 t(621$O 725)(/' $1*(5(*7 81' '$+(5 h(/'$15(*81*(1N 'P +P r+2721(1N $86 '(0 t(621$725 (171200(1P k0 o,77(/ :,5' '$+(5 '$6 t(621$725)(/' r+2721(1 9(5/,(5(1N (6 :,5' '85&+ (,1 t(6(592,5 $86 |:(,Op,9($8Oc720(1 '(5 v(03(5$785 v *('>03)7P g6 ,67 +,(5%(, :,&+7,* =8 %(0(5.(1N '$66 .(,1( o(6681* $1 '(1 ,17(51(1 |867>1'(1 '(5 c720( 925*(1200(1 :,5'N 1$&+'(0 6,( '$6 h(/' 9(5/$66(1 +$%(1P y(11 0(+5 c720( ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1' $/6 ,0 i581'=867$1' 6,1' J5(&+76KN '$11 635(&+(1 :,5 921 (,1(5 k19(56,21P k1 ',(6(0 h$// 75$16)(5,(5(1 ',( c720( c1O 5(*81*(1 ,1 '$6 h(/'N 'P +P 6,( 9(567>5.(1 '$6 h(/'P h250$/ .$11 ',( d(9?/.(581* '(5 c720( '85&+ (,1( d2/7=0$11Ox(57(,/81* 0,7 NN1(*$7,9(5 v(03(5$785DD %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1P
5(9(56,%/(1 |(,7(17:,&./81* '(6 i(6$0765( 81' '$+(5 ,55(9(5O 6,%/( |(,7(17:,&./81* )@5 '$6 t(621$725)(/'P
YPWPSPS f(7$,/6 '(6 o2'(//6 y,5 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 =8 -('(5 |(,7 +?&+67(16 (,1 c720 ,0 t(621$725 ,67P f$11 .?11(1 :,5 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 h(/' 81' c720 '85&+ '$6 l$+(581*P G f$ (,1 c720 '$6 h(/' 81' '$0,7 $8&+ 0G 1,&+7 6,*1,7.$17 >1'(57N 6&+5(,%(1 :,5 G ' 0G J71(7K20G J7K 0G J712K20G J7K G 3 G G N 0G W G JYP[SK '7 G (7 (7 :2%(, (7#2 ',( 0,77/(5( |(,7 =:,6&+(1 =:(, $8)(,1$1'(5)2/*(1'(1 c720(1 ,67P y,5 ,17(535(7,(5(1 ',( '$5$86 5(68/7,(5(1'( f,5(5(17,$/*/(,&+81* $/6 (,1( d(:(*81*6*/(,O &+81* )@5 0G N ',( )@5 $//( |(,7(1 7N $/62 $8&+ 1$&+ '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* '(6 h(/'(6 G 0,7 9,(/(1 c720(1N *(/7(1 62//P y(11 :,5 $// ',(6( p>+(581*(1 81' c11$+0(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1N (5+$/7(1 :,5 1$&+ (,1(5 (7:$6 />1*/,&+(1 t(&+181* ',( o$67(5*/(,&+81* ' S 0G J7K 3 Y J0G K G2 _ L$G $G90G J7K10G J7K $G $G92T $G90G J7K $Gb G G G G '7 G T | S 2 _ L$G9$G 0G J7K10G J7K $G9$G 2T $G 0G J7K $G9b G G G T }
JYP[TK
)@5 '(1 f,&+7(23(5$725 '(6 t(621$725)(/'(6 ,0 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6%,/'P f$%(, +$%(1 :,5 _ G 0 J* 2KJB(7 81' _ G 0 J* 2KJB(7 9(5:(1'(7P || | } }}
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81'
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JYP[UK
' m$G9$Gn 3 J_ 2_ K m$G9$Gn1_ P | } | '7
JYP[VK
y(11 0(+5 c720( ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1' 6,1' $/6 ,0 i581'=867$1'N 'P +P 0 #0 N || }} :$&+6(1 :(*(1 _ # _ ',( g5:$5781*6:(57( m$Gn 81' m$G9$Gn (;321(17,(//P f$6 | } h(/' ,0 t(621$725 :,5' 9(567>5.7N '$ 0(+5 c720( (,1 g1(5*,(48$17 $1 '$6 h(/' $%*(%(1 $/6 c720( '(0 h(/' g1(5*,( (17=,(+(1P y(11 0(+5 c720( ,0 i581'=867$1' $/6 ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1' 6,1'N 'P +P 0 #0 N =(5)>//7 :(*(1 _ #_ '(5 g5:$5781*6:(57 m$Gn (;321(17,(//N :>+5(1' || }} } | 6,&+ m$G9$Gn (;321(17,(// '(0 i/(,&+*(:,&+76:(57 _ S | 3 JYP[WK _ 2_ 0 } | }} 2S 0 || 1>+(57P f,(6( g5*(%1,66( )2/*(1 ',5(.7 $86 '(5 o$67(5*/(,&+81* JYP[TKP y,5 .?11(1 $%(5 $8&+ ',( c720( $/6 y>50(%$' ,17(535(7,(5(1 81' @%(5 m$G9$Gn 3
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1
JYP[XK
YPW t(6(592,5Ov+(25,(
Y[U
',( v(03(5$785 v ',(6(6 y>50(%$'6 '(71,(5(1P k0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 +$7 '$6 h(/' .(,1( r+$6( 0(+5N :(6+$/% '(5 g5:$5781*6:(57 m$Gn 9(56&+:,1'(7P f,( 0,77/(5( |$+/ '(5 r+2721(1 ,1 (,1(5 o2'( '(5 h5(48(1= 6N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 y>50(%$' '(5 v(03(5$785 v ,0 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 ,67N ,67 '85&+ S S 3 JYP[YK @6 0 }} 2S (;3 2S . v 0 || C *(*(%(1P f,(6(6 g5*(%1,6 67,007 0,7 '(5 67$7,21>5(1 n?681* '(5 o$67(5*/(,&+81* JYP[WK @%(5(,1P y(11 :,5 181 67$77 '(5 r$5$0(7(5 _ 81' _ ',( f>03)81*6.2167$17( | } * G _ 2_ 81' ',( |$+/ '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 r+2721(1 1 9(5:(1'(1N (5+$/7(1 :,5 0,7 } | 0$ * Y J0G K G2 J1 1SK J$G9$G 0G 10G $G9$G 2T $G 0G $G9K E G G G G T 0$ m$G9$Gn 3 1 G 0$
0 1
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JYP[ZK
',( @%/,&+( h250 '(6 n,289,//(Oq3(5$7256 =85 d(6&+5(,%81* (,1(5 *('>03)7(1 t(O 621$72502'(P
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Y[V
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y,5 9(5$16&+$8/,&+(1 ',(6(6 m21=(37N ,1'(0 :,5 (,1( o(6681* $0 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+(1 h(/' (,1(5 t(621$72502'( 0$&+(1P f$=8 .233(/1 :,5 ',( t(621$72502'( $1 ',( 9,(/(1 o2'(1 '(5 o(66$33$5$785P f$ :,5 816 1,&+7 )@5 ',( f(7$,/6 '(5 o(66O $33$5$785 ,17(5(66,(5(1N 621'(51 :,66(1 :2//(1N :,( 6,&+ '$6 h(/' ,0 t(621$725 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(5 o(66$33$5$785 >1'(57N .?11(1 :,5 ',( u385 @%(5 ',( t(O 621$72502'(1 %,/'(1 81' (5+$/7(1 (,1( o$67(5*/(,&+81* )@5 ',( h(/'02'(P k0 (,1O )$&+67(1 h$// ,67 '(5 n,289,//(Oq3(5$725 )@5 ',(6(6 o2'(// ,'(17,6&+ 0,7 '(0 n,28O 9,//(Oq3(5$725 $86 i/P JYP[ZKP f,( |$+/ 1 '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 r+2721(1 :,5' '85&+ 0$ '(1 |867$1' '(6 t(6(592,56 %(67,007N :>+5(1' * (,1 o$M '$)@5 ,67N :,( 67$5. :,5 '$6 t(621$725)(/' $1 816(5( o(66$33$5$785 $1.233(/1P f$ ',( o(66$33$5$785 '(0 t(621$725)(/' g1(5*,( (17=,(+7N .?11(1 :,5 * $8&+ $/6 f>03)81*6.2167$17( '(6 t(621$7256 $85$66(1P w0 =8 6(+(1N :,( 6,&+ (,1 1,&+7./$66,6&+(5 |867$1' 817(5 '(0 g,19866 (,1(6 t(O 6(592,56 %=:P (,1(5 o(66$33$5$785 (17:,&.(/7N /?6(1 :,5 ',( o$67(5*/(,&+81* * 0/G 32 J1 1SK J$G9$G 0G 10G $G9$G 2T $G 0G $G9K G G G G T 0$ * 2 1 J$G $G90G 10G $G $G92T $G90G $GK G G G T 0$
JYP[[K
)@5 '(1 h$//N '$66 6,&+ '$6 h(/' =85 |(,7 7 3 R ,1 '(0 u&+5?',1*(5Om$7=(1O|867$1' 0G G 85 nm5 8 3 8[8J L8" (%0nm" (%0818" (C%0nm" (C%08 ~|0 ~|0 ~|0 18" (%0nm" (C%0818" (C%0nm" (%08b
JYPSRRK
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YPX g,1Oc720Oo$6(5
Y[W
1 ∆ α = 1.4 Interferenzkontrast
∆ α = 2.0
10-1
∆ α = 2.5 ∆ α = 3.1
0
200
400 600 ∆ α 2t (µs)
800
1000
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10 1 5 15 20 25 dimensionslose Wechselwirkungszeit θ
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1.0
3
0
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θ
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10
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Qa (%)
0
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1
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20
30
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3P1 3P0 (metastabil) Fluoreszenzlicht
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Zahl der Fluoreszenzphotonen in 18 ms
10 0 20
40 Zeit (s)
60
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30 20 10 0 16 17 Zeit (s)
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80 Zeit (s)
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Vier-Niveau-System 1 ∆nSchw n0
Drei-Niveau-System
WSchw, 4
∆n/n0
-1
WSchw, 3
1/T1
Pumprate W
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R2 = R
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J -(z )
Jaus
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O
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2
3
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JZPTYK
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2
3
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ZUW
Intensität J
∆nSchw
Inversion ∆n
J, ∆n
0
0
WSchw,4 Pumprate W
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Fenster
Kathode
Helium-NeonGasentladung
Glasrohr
Anode
Spiegel
Licht
elektrische Anregungsleistung
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x
1 mm
10 mm
GaAs
Kühlkörper Cu, Si
y
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Kühlkörper
Kühlkörper
0.5 x 3 µm
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spontaner Zerfall
Elektronenstoß
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∆L 0R = 0.6 nm
Spiegelabstand L
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Pumppuls
Transmission T
100 µs
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1 10 ns 0
∆n
100 µs
∆nSchw
Besetzungsdichte
10 - 100 ns
0
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∆t
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ZZW
Frequenz ν
Leistung P
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10-8s
Zeit t
10-7s
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Verstärker
Modulator
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ZZY
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Ti-Saphir mit Kerr-Linse
c%%P ZPWV
Blende
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Eingangspuls
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Ausgangspuls
(a)
Ausgangspuls
(b)
Eingangspuls
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SRCIH SRCII SRCIJ
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W4SRCIJ SRCIK SRCIM
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Elektronenstrahl
Fluoreszenzschirm
Kamera Lichtpuls Elektronenoptik Spalt Photokathode
c%%P ZPWX
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normierte Intensität
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statistische Folge von Pulsen
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3
J[PUVK
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[TX
[ p,&+7/,1($5( q37,. y
d
LiNbO3
x z
Ey (ordentlicher Strahl)
Ey
x, b Ez (außerordentlicher Strahl)
y, a
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Oberwellenleistung
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quasi-Phasenanpassung keine Phasenanpassung 0
2d
4d
6d
8d
10d
x
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[TZ
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c%%P [PSZ
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[UR
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[PV r$5$0(75,6&+( u1*7P k1 */(,&+(5 y(,6( .$11 ',( r+$6(1$13$6681* $8&+ @%(5 '(1 g,1675$+/:,1.(/ (5O )2/*(1N :2%(, '(5 c%67,00%(5(,&+ 920 v1*( + B=0 ,
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p'O{ci i581':(//( SP q%(5:(//( SP q%(5:(//( TP q%(5:(//( UP q%(5:(//( UP q%(5:(//(
SPRX RPWUT RPWUT RPUWW RPTXX RPTXX
n,p%q K mfr ddq ddq cfr ddq
SPVAVPV RP[WYASPSSY RPYATPW RPVWATPW RPVTARPYU RPUWAUPR RP[XASPSSX
t8%,1 i581':(//( SP q%(5:(//(
RPX[ RPUVY
n,p%q K n,kq K
XXATRR RPYYAV SPSASP[ RPVSATPS
jhOi$6/$6(5
TP[Y
e'u(
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p'Oe$yq L v,Ou$3+,5 p'O{nh
SPRXW
c* c6u K K mvr mvc Jmv,qc6q K L
SPTTAZPW
RPYARP[ SPRWU
SPR[ASPTS SPWRAUPVY
3.0
Wellenlänge λ (µm)
2.5 2.0 1.5
λ p = 266 nm
1.0
λ p = 532 nm
λ p = 355 nm
0.5 0
20
25
35 40 30 Phase-Matching Winkel θ [˚]
45
50
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J[PUY$K
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J[PUY%K
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J[PUZ$K J[PUZ%K J[PU[K
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Rubin-Laser
Benzol
575 610 650 805 745 694 745 805
AS S Laser S
650 610 AS 575
c%%P [PUY t$0$1Ou75(881* %(, (;75(0 +2+(1 d(675$+/81*667>5.(1 1$&+ v(5+81( LVZb J,1'8O =,(57( t$0$1Ou75$+/81*KP
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[PYPTPU v+(25(7,6&+( f(8781* '(5 t$0$1Ou75(881* m/$66,6&+( x2567(//81*P |81>&+67 62// .85= $8) ',( ./$66,6&+( v+(25,( (,1*(*$1*(1 :(5'(1N '$ 6,( (,1,*( :(6(17/,&+( o(5.0$/( '(5 t$0$1Ou75(881* 6(+5 (,1)$&+ (5O ./>5(1 .$11P g,1( n,&+7:(//( 8 3 8 6,1JT@- 7K )$//( $8) (,1 o2/(.@/P w17(5 '(0 g,19866 '(5 H H h(/'67>5.( %(*,11(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 '(6 o2/(.@/6 *(*(1 ',( 6(+5 9,(/ 6&+:(5(5(1 m(51( =8 6&+:,1*(1P g6 (1767(+7 (,1 26=,//,(5(1'(6N (/(.75,6&+(6 f,32/020(17 ] N ! :(/&+(6 %(, ./(,1(1 u&+:,1*81*6$03/,78'(1 3523257,21$/ '(5 h(/'67>5.( 8 ,67\ ] 3 & "8 6,1JT@- 7K P ! H H H " :,5' r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 '(6 o2/(.@/6 *(1$117 81' ,67 ,0 (,1)$&+67(1 h$// (,1( 6.$/$5( i5?M(P f,( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 ,67 $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 h5(48(1= '(6 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+76N '(0 d,1'81*6=867$1' 81' '(1 u&+(5 $/6 ',( u72.(6On,1,(N 62/$1*( 6,&+ ',( o2/(.@/( ,0 7+(50,6&+(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 %(71'(1P o,7 '(5 v(03(5$785 1,007 -('2&+ ',( k17(16,7>7 '(5 c17,Ou72.(6On,1,( =8P f(5 x25*$1* '(5 63217$1(1 g0,66,21 921 u72.(6Or+2721(1 ,67 $8&+ 80.(+5%$5P f$=8 %5$8&+7 ',( i/P J[PYZK 185 921 5(&+76 1$&+ /,1.6 *(/(6(1 =8 :(5'(1 81' .$11 :,( )2/*7 *('(87(7 :(5'(1\ g,1 u72.(6Or+2721 +- N 75,57 $8) (,1 o2/(.@/ ,0 $1*(O T 5(*7(1 |867$1' 81' :,5' *(675(87P j,(5%(, *,%7 '$6 o2/(.@/ '(0 u72.(6Or+2721 6(,1( u&+:,1*81*6(1(5*,( 0,7N 62'$66 1$&+ '(5 u75(881* (,1 r+2721 '(5 h5(48(1= +- (1767$1'(1 ,67P o$1 .?117( ',(6(1 r52=(66 63217$1( c%62537,21 921 u72.(6O H r+2721(1 2'(5 63217$1( g0,66,21 921 r+2721(1 '(5 g1(5*,( +- 1(11(1P f,( %(5O H *$1*65$7( y )@5 ',( 63217$1( c%62537,21 921 u72.(6Or+2721(1 ,67 3523257,21$/ BT '(5 |$+/ 4 '(5 u72.(6Or+2721(1 81' 3523257,21$/ '(5 |$+/ 1 '(5 $1*(5(*7(1 o2O T I /(.@/(\ y J+- K 3 f4 1 P J[PZUK TB T / I d(, '(5 1250$/(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* ,67 ',( |$+/ '(5 u72.(6Or+2721(1 81' ',( |$+/ '(5 $1*(5(*7(1 o2/(.@/( *(5,1*N 62'$66 35$.7,6&+ .(,1( c%62537,21 921 u72.(6O r+2721(1 $8)75,77P f,6.866,21 '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 t$0$1Ou75(881*P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :,5' (,1( 48$/,7$7,9( d(O 75$&+781* '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* '85&+*()@+57P s8$17,7$7,9( t(&+181*(1 71'(7 0$1 ,1 '(5 u3(=,$//,7(5$785 LTWN V[bP d(, +2+(1 d(675$+/81*667>5.(1 75,77 =8O
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1>&+67 (5+?+7( 63217$1( t$0$1Ou75(881* Ju72.(6Oh$//K $8)N :2'85&+ (17635(&+(1' 9,(/( o2/(.@/( ,1 '(1 $1*(5(*7(1 u&+:,1*81*6=867$1' J9 3 SK @%(5*(+(1P x,(/( $1O *(5(*7( o2/(.@/( 1 %('(87(7 -('2&+ 1$&+ i/P J[PZTKN '$66 $8&+ ',( k17(16,7>7 '(5 I 63217$1(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* ,0 c17,Ou72.(6Od(5(,&+ =81,007P p(%(1 '(5 (5+?+7(1 63217$1(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* .$11 $8&+ ,1'8=,(57( t$0$1O u75(881* $8)75(7(1N $1$/2* =85 ,1'8=,(57(1 g0,66,21N ',( (,1*(+(1' ,1 m$3P Y 81' Z %(+$1'(/7 :85'(P g,1 (,1)$//(1'(6 r+2721 +- %(:,5.7 =81>&+67 :,('(5 '(1 %(5O H *$1* (,1(6 o2/(.@/6 ,1 (,1(1 9,578(//(1 |867$1' Jc%%P [PU[KP y(11 -(7=7 ,11(5+$/% '(5 6(+5 .85=(1 x(5:(,/=(,7 ,1 ',(6(0 |867$1' (,1 $1'(56:2 63217$1 (5=(8*7(6 u72O .(6Or+2721 +- $8) ',(6(6 o2/(.@/ 75,57N 62 .$11 ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 920 9,578(//(1 T p,9($8 $86 (5)2/*(1P f$6 +(,M7N (6 (1767(+(1 =:(, u72.(6Or+2721(1 T+- ',( ,1 t,&+O T 781* h5(48(1= 81' r2/$5,6$7,21 @%(5(,167,00(1P f,( g1(5*,(%,/$1= )@5 ',(6(1 r52O =(66 /$87(7\ +- 1+- 3 T+- 1+- P J[PZVK H T T N f,( %(5*$1*65$7( y )@5 ',( ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 (,1(6 u72.(6Or+27216 +- ,67 352O JF T 3257,21$/ '(5 |$+/ 4 '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 r+2721(1 +- N '(5 |$+/ 4 '(5 u72.(6O H H / r+2721(1 +- 81' '(5 |$+/ 1 '(5 o2/(.@/( ,0 i581'=867$1' T H y J+- K 3 f4 4 1 P J[PZWK JF T H / H x(5*/,&+(1 0,7 '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 )@5 ',( 1250$/( ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 Jm$3P Y 8P ZKN ',( 3523257,21$/ '(5 |$+/ '(5 r+2721(1 ,67N 75,77 +,(5 '$6 r52'8.7 =:(,(5 r+2721(1=$+/(1 $8)P g,1 62/&+(5 r52=(66 :,5' $/6 1,&+7/,1($5 %(=(,&+1(7P c86 '(1 %(,'(1 i/1P J[PZTK 81' J[PZWK (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( *(6$07( g0,66,2165$7( (,1(6 u72.(6O r+27216 y J+- K 3 f4 1 JS14 K P J[PZXK !)%// T H H T y,( %(, '(5 /,1($5(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* n,&+7 Ac720( ,1 c%6&+1P YPV 75(7(1 :,('(5 ',( %(,'(1 v(50( '(5 63217$1(1 81' ,1'8=,(57(1 g0,66,21 $8)P g%(162 .$11 $8&+ (,1 u72.(6Or+2721 ,1'8=,(57 $%625%,(57 :(5'(1N 'P +P (,1 u72.(6O r+2721 +- N 81' (,1 r+2721 +- 75(5(1 $8) (,1 o2/(.@/ ,0 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1'P T H f$6 o2/(.@/ *,%7 6(,1( u&+:,1*81*6(1(5*,( '(0 u72.(6Or+2721 0,7 81' 1$&+ '(5 u75(881* 6,1' =:(, r+2721(1 +- 925+$1'(1P g6 ,67 $/62 (,1 u72.(6Or+2721 $%625%,(57 H :25'(1P f,( g1(5*,(%,/$1= )@5 '(1 x25*$1* /$87(7\ +- 1+- 1+- 3 T+- P J[PZYK H T N H c1$/2* =8 '(1 925$1*(+(1'(1 h>//(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( t$7( y )@5 ',(6( ,1'8=,(57( JB c%62537,21 921 u72.(6Or+2721(1 =8\ y 3 f4 4 1 N J[PZZK JB H / I 81' ',( *(6$07( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 )@5 ',( c%62537,21 (,1(6 u72.(6Or+27216 1$&+ i/P J[PZUK 81' J[PZZK =8\ y J+- K 3 f4 1 JS14 K P J[PZ[K |}/ T / I H o,7 ',(6(1 (,1)$&+(1 %(5/(*81*(1 ,67 (6 5(/$7,9 /(,&+7N ',( t$0$1Og;3(5,0(17( %(, +2+(1 d(675$+/81*667>5.(1 =8 9(567(+(1P j2+( d(675$+/81*667>5.( %('(87(7 *52M(6 4 N 'P +P 1$&+ i/P J[PZTK :,5' ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 )@5 ',( g0,66,21 921 u72.(6O H
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r+2721(1 *52MP j2+( u72.(6Or+2721(1=$+/ +$7 =85 h2/*(N '$66 1$&+ i/P J[PZWK ',( ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 921 u72.(6Or+2721(1 =81,007P y(11 62:2+/ ',( |$+/ 4 '(5 H (,1*(675$+/7(1 r+2721(1 $/6 $8&+ ',( |$+/ 4 '(5 u72.(6Or+2721(1 *52M *(*(1 (,16 T ,67N )2/*7 $86 '(1 i/1P J[PZ[K 81' J[PZXK\ y J+- K2y J+- K 3 f4 4 J1 21 K P J[P[RK !)%// T |}/ T / H H I f$ 817(5 p250$/%(',1*81*(1 1 " 1 ,67N $/62 ,00(5 :(1,*(5 o2/(.@/( ,0 $1*(O I H 5(*7(1 |867$1' $/6 ,0 i581'=867$1' 6,1'N @%(5:,(*7 1$&+ i/P J[P[RK ',( g0,66,21 921 u72.(6Or+2721(1 81' .$11 %(75>&+7/,&+( y(57( $11(+0(1P o$1 .$11 6,&+ ',(6(1 r52=(66 )2/*(1'(50$M(1 92567(//(1P d(,0 g,1'5,1*(1 '(6 ,17(16,9(1 n,&+7675$+/6 '(5 h5(48(1= - ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,76.@9(77( (1767(+(1 =81>&+67 H 63217$1( u72.(6Or+2721(1 - P g,1,*( '$921 /$8)(1 ,1 t,&+781* '(6 n,&+7675$+/6 T 81' (5=(8*(1 $8) ,+5(0 :(,7(5(1 y(* ,1 '(5 m@9(77( 1(8( u72.(6Or+2721(1 '85&+ ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21P f,( u72.(6Or+2721(1N ',( 3$5$//(/ =80 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7675$+/ /$8)(1N :(5'(1 $/62 '85&+ ,1'8=,(57( g0,66,21 9(567>5.7N 'P +P ',( |$+/ '(5 u72.(6O r+2721(1 1,007 $8) m267(1 '(5 |$+/ '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 r+2721(1 =8P f$+(5 75,77 ,1 t,&+781* '(6 n,&+7675$+/6 (,1( 9,(/ +?+(5( t$0$1Ou72.(6Ou75$+/81*6/(,6781* $8) $/6 ,1 '(1 $1'(5(1 t,&+781*(1N :,( $8&+ 921 v(5+81( %(2%$&+7(7 :85'( Jc%%P [PUYKP c86 i/P J[P[RK (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 ',( |$+/ '(5 u72.(6Or+2721(1 '4 N ',( 352 y(*(/(0(17 T '= ,1 '(5 m@9(77( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1\ '4 f T 3 4 4 J1 21 K N I '= & / H H :2%(, & ',( n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,1 '(0 o(',80 ,67P g6 ,67 @%/,&+N ',( r+2721(1O =$+/(1 '85&+ ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 k17(16,7>7(1 l 81' l '(5 (%(1(1 y(//( =8 (56(7=(1P / H c8M(5'(0 :(5'(1 $//( m2167$17(1 =86$00(1*()$667 =8 '(5 i5?M( *P f$11 )2/*7 $86 '(5 2%,*(1 i/(,&+81*\ 'l T 3 *l l P T H '= w17(5 '(5 c11$+0( .2167$17(5 (,1*(675$+/7(5 k17(16,7>7 l />667 6,&+ ',(6( i/(,&+81* H ,17(*5,(5(1 81' /,()(57\ l J=K 3 l JRK (;3J*l =K P J[P[SK T T H f,( k17(16,7>7 '(6 u72.(6On,&+76 :,5' ,1 '(5 m@9(77( (;321(17,(// 9(567>5.7P j,(5%(, ,67 l JRK ',( u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7 $0 q57 = 3 RN $/62 '257N :2 '(5 n,&+7675$+/ '(5 h5(O T 48(1= - ,1 ',( m@9(77( (,175,77P l JRK :,5' ,0 $//*(0(,1(1 ',( 63217$1 (0,77,(57( H T u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7 6(,1N ',( '85&+ '(1 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7675$+/ l $0 c1)$1* '(5 H m@9(77( (5=(8*7 :,5'N 81' =:$5 '(5 c17(,/N '(5 $11>+(51' 3$5$//(/ =80 (,1)$//(1'(1 n,&+7675$+/ />8)7P f(5 h$.725 * ,0 g;321(17(1 '(5 i/P J[P[SK +>1*7 920 63(=,(//(1 o(',80 $%P g,1,*( |$+/(1:(57( 6,1' ,1 v$%P [PST =86$00(1*(67(//7P g,1 77(1 921 (,1,*(1 .y 352 0J .(,1( 1(11(16:(57( x(567>5.81* '(6 u72.(6On,&+76 $8)75(7(1 .$11N $/62 ',(6(5 g5(.7 '(5 ,1'8=,(57(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* 0,7 1250$/(1 n,&+748(//(1 1,&+7 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11P f$*(*(1 ,67 (6 2+1( u&+:,(5,*.(,7(1 0?*/,&+N 0,7 *(38/67(1 n$6(51 k17(16,O
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u75(848(56&+1,77 Ji/P J[PYVKK 1 X1BX\ H LSRCQ &0CI 65CIb
x(567>5.81*6.2()O 7=,(17 Ji/P J[P[SKK * LSRCM 0Boyb
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7>7(1 921 SRIJ yB0J =8 (5=(8*(1P d(, '(5$57,*(1 y(57(1 921 l (5)2/*7 =P dP ,1 (,1(5 H m@9(77( 921 = 3 RPS 0 n>1*( (,1( x(567>5.81* '(6 u72.(6On,&+76 1$&+ i/P J[P[SK 80 '(1 h$.725 (IH . TPT4SRLP k1 '(5 p$&+5,&+7(17(&+1,. :,5' '(5 ,1'8=,(57( t$O 0$1Og5(.7 )@5 ',( u,*1$/9(567>5.81* ,1 n,&+7/(,7)$6(51 (,1*(6(7=7P f,( (;321(17,(//( x(567>5.81* 1$&+ i/P J[P[SK *,/7 1$7@5/,&+ 1,&+7 )@5 %(/,(%,*( y(57( 921 =P d(, '(5 k17(*5$7,21 :85'( $1*(1200(1N '$66 ',( (,1*(675$+/7( k17(1O 6,7>7 l />1*6 '(5 m@9(77( .2167$17 6(,P f$6 *,/7 -('2&+ 185 )@5 ./(,1( y(57( '(5 H u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7P o,7 =81(+0(1'(0 l 81' =81(+0(1'(5 y(*/>1*( ,1 '(0 o(O T ',80N :(5'(1 ,00(5 0(+5 r+2721(1 '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 k17(16,7>7 ,1 u72.(6Or+2O 721(1 9(5:$1'(/7P f$11 1,007 ',( (,1)$//(1'( k17(16,7>7 $% 81' i/P J[P[SK ,67 1,&+7 />1*(5 *@/7,*P k1 c%%P [PVR ,67 '(5 35,1=,3,(//( x(5/$8) '(5 u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7 l 81' T '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 k17(16,7>7 l />1*6 '(5 m@9(77( 6.,==,(57P H f,( r5,0>5:(//( l 81' ',( u72.(6Oy(//( l 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ 80 ',( o2/(.@/O H / )5(48(1= - P f,( %(5/$*(581* %(,'(5 y(//(1 )@+57 $/62 =8 (,1(5 u&+:(%81*6)5(O N 48(1= - N ',( */(,&+ '(5 o2/(.@/)5(48(1= ,67P f,(6( u&+:(%81* />8)7 '85&+ '$6 N
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c%%P [PVR r5,1=,3,(//(5 x(5/$8) '(5 u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7 l 81' '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 k17(16,7>7 l / H $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 m@9(77(1/>1*( =P f,( u72.(6Ok17(16,7>7 67(,*7 )@5 ./(,1( y(57( 921 l (;32O H 1(17,(// $1P
λ 0 = 694 nm
λ S = 745 nm
Schwebungsfrequenz = Moleküleigenfrequenz
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[YR
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81' ,1'8=,(57(5 g0,66,21 921 c17,Ou72.(6Or+2721(1 c1/$66 *(%(1 .?11(1P g,1 '(5O $57,*(5 r52=(66 .$11 ,1 '(5 g1(5*,(%,/$1= :,( )2/*7 )2508/,(57 :(5'(1\ +- 1+- 3 +- 1+- P J[P[TK BT H H T |:(, r+2721(1 +- %,/'(1 (,1 u72.(6O 81' (,1 c17,Ou72.(6Or+2721P f,( %(, '(5 H g0,66,21 '(6 u72.(6Or+27216 $1*(5(*7( o2/(.@/6&+:,1*81* :,5' 62)257 :,('(5 =85 g0,66,21 '(6 c17,Ou72.(6Or+27216 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 o2/(.@/ 9(5>1'(57 ,16*(6$07 *$5 1,&+7 6(,1(1 |867$1'N 621'(51 63,(/7 185 ',( t2//( (,1(6 x(50,77/(56P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ +,(5%(, 80 (,1(1 r52=(66 '5,77(5 q5'181* 2'(5 (,1( x,(5:(//(10,6&+81*N '$ 9,(5 r+2721(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 :(&+6(/:,5.(1P f,(6(5 1,&+7/,1($5( r52=(66 :,5' ,1 '(5 u3(.7526.23,( (,1*(6(7=7 81' ,67 817(5 '(0 p$0(1 ectu J.2+>5(17( c17,Ou72.(6O t$0$1Ou75(881*K %(.$117 LWSbP k038/66$7=P d,6+(5 :85'( %(, '(5 t$0$1Ou75(881* 185 '(5 g1(5*,(6$7= 9(5:(1'(7P p$7@5/,&+ 0866 $8&+ '(5 k038/66$7= (5)@//7 6(,1P d(, $//(1 u75(8352=(66(1 1,007 '$6 o2/(.@/ ',( k038/6',5(5(1= $8)P c/62 *,/7 =P dP %(, '(5 63217$1(1 g0,66,21 (,1(6 u72.(6Or+27216\ k038/6 '(6 (,1)$//(1'(1 r+27216 */(,&+ '(0 k038/6 '(6 u72.(6 r+27216 3/86 k038/6 '(6 o2/(.@/6\ @X 3 @X 1] N H T N
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c%%P [PVU
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J[P[UK
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9
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|
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Frequenz Ω der Kristallschwingung
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optische Schwingung akustische Schwingung
0
0 Wellenzahl K der Kristallschwingung
π/a
c%%P [PVV r5,1=,3,(//(5 x(5/$8) '(5 f,63(56,2165(/$7,21 '(5 /,1($5(1 =:(,$720,*(1 m(77(N '(0 (,1)$&+67(1 o2'(// )@5 (,1(1 m5,67$//P
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(g 3 *g 5 N C
J[P[WK
*\ n$1'(E Oh$.725 3 TPRRTU Jh81'$0(17$/.2167$17(K g \ 0$*1(7,6&+(6 o20(17 '(6 g/(.75216 Jh81'$0(17$/.2167$17(K C 3 [PTY4SRCJL c 0J 5\ 0$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 Jx6 0CJK d(, '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 26=,//,(57 '$6 g/(.7521 =:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 g1(5*,(1,9($86 0,7 (,1(5 h5(48(1= - 3 (gB+ !(!' ',( 921 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 k1'8.7,21 $%+>1*7 81' 620,7 .217,18,(5/,&+ 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( t$0$1Ou75(881* $1 ',(6(1 g/(.7521(1 )@+57 (%(1)$//6 =8 u72.(6O 81' $17,Ou72.(6On,1,(1 ,0 u75(8/,&+7P f$ -('2&+ ',( f,&+7( )5(,(5 g/(.7521(1 :(*(1 '(5 $%672M(1'(1 e28/20%Om5$)7 6(+5 *(5,1* ,67N :(5'(1 )@5 '(1 p$&+:(,6 '(5 t$O 0$1Ou75(881* ',( 48$6,)5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 (,1(6 j$/%/(,7(56 9(5:(1'(7P g6 *,/7 )@5 '(1 g1(5*,($%67$1' :,('(5 i/P J[P[WKN -('2&+ 0,7 (,1(0 02',7=,(57(1 *Oh$.725 *"N '(5 ,P c//*P *5?M(5 ,67 $/6 '(5 y(57 )@5 ',( )5(,(1 g/(.7521(1 81' 920 63(=,(//(1 j$/%/(,7(5.5,67$// $%+>1*7P f,( ,1'8=,(57( t$0$1Ou75(881* .$11 '$11 $86*(187=7
1.177
1.06415*
0.9711
0.6368
3
0.5433 0.5712 0.6022
2 1 0
0.5320* 0.5558 0.5885
4 3 2
0.5077
1 0 0.4
0.5
0.6215
stimulierte Raman-Intensität
0.8929
0.6755
4
0.8264
[ p,&+7/,1($5( q37,. 0.7193 0.7692
[YV
0.7 0.8 0.9 0.6 Wellenlänge λ Raman /µm
1.0
1.1
1.2
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10 2. Stokes-Linie 5
13.0
1. Stokes-Linie 0
magnetische Induktion B in Vs m-2 5
10
10.6
1. anti-Stokes-Linie -5
9.0
Wellenlänge des Streulichts in µm
Frequenzverschiebung νelek in 1012 Hz
" r5,0>5/,1,(1P
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1. Stokes-Linie
Ausgangsleistung P in W
10-2 10-3 10-4
1. anti-Stokes-Linie 2. Stokes-Linie
10-5 10-6 1 10 100 Intensität des Pumplichts in kW mm-2
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E in(ω)
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Brillouin-aktives Medium
E 0(ω )
E B( ω +- Ω )
Schallwelle der Frequenz Ω
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SRPV t?17*(10,.526.23,(
SRTS
SRPV t?17*(10,.526.23,( d(5(,76 810,77(/%$5 1$&+ '(5 g17'(&.81* '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* '85&+ yPeP t?17O *(1 ,0 l$+5( SZ[W 9(568&+7( 0$1N ',(6( u75$+/81* =85 u,&+7%$50$&+81* 921 o,.O 526758.785(1 =8 187=(1P g7:$ =:(, l$+5=(+17( 63>7(5 (5.$117( 0$1N '$66 t?17*(1O 675$+/81* (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( u75$+/81* .85=(5 y(//(1/>1*( ,67P f$0,7 :$5 ./$5N '$66 0,7 t?17*(1675$+/(1 ',( '85&+ ',( y(//(1/>1*( '(6 6,&+7%$5(1 n,&+7(6 *(*(%(1( c89?681*6*5(1=( @%(5:81'(1 :(5'(1 .$11P j,16,&+7/,&+ '(5 (55(,&+%$5(1 c89?O 681* %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( t?17*(10,.526.23,( =:,6&+(1 '(5 n,&+7O 81' g/(.7521(10,.O 526.23,(P o,.526.23,6&+( q%-(.7( 6,1' )@5 :(,&+( t?17*(1675$+/(1 62:2+/ c03/,O 78'(12%-(.7( $/6 $8&+ r+$6(12%-(.7(N 81' t?17*(10,.526.23,( .$11 ,0 c03/,78O '(1O 81' r+$6(1.2175$67 %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1P d(, w17(568&+81*(1 ,0 c03/,78'(1O .2175$67 :,5' '(5 m2175$67 ,0 5?17*(10,.526.23,6&+(1 d,/' '85&+ 817(56&+,('/,&+ 67$5.( 3+272(/(.75,6&+( c%62537,21 '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* ,1 '(1 q%-(.76758.785(1 +(5925*(58)(1P g6 ,67 (,1( u7>5.( '(5 t?17*(10,.526.23,(N '$66 6,&+ 0,7 ,+5 $8&+ u758.785(1 ,1 (,1(5 98,'(1 w0*(%81* 817(568&+(1 /$66(1P h@5 %,2/2*,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 ,67 '(5 y(//(1/>1*(1%(5(,&+ =:,6&+(1 TPU 10 81' VPV 10N '(1 mOc%62537,216.$17(1 '(6 u$8(567256 %=:P '(6 m2+/(167256N $0 %(67(1 *((,*1(7P k1 c%%,/'81* SRPTR ,67 '(5 /,1($5( c%62537,216.2(5,=,(17 921 y$66(5 81' r527(,1 '(5 |86$00(16(7=81* e j p q u 81' '(5 f,&+7( 0 3 SPUW * &0CK '$5*(67(//7P o$1 6,(+7N '$66 ,1 QL IKQ JL KI ',(6(0 y(//(1/>1*(1%(5(,&+ y$66(5 6(+5 9,(/ 75$163$5(17(5 ,67 $/6 25*$1,6&+(6 o$O 7(5,$/P f$5$86 (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 |(//(1 81' |(//25*$1(//(1 ,1 1$7@5/,&+(0N :>66(5,*(0 |867$1' (,1 1$7@5/,&+(5 m2175$67N h>5%(1 '(5 u758.785(1 =85 m2175$67(5+?+81* ,67 $/62 1,&+7 127:(1',*P f,( +2+( v5$163$5(1= '(6 y$66(56 +$7 =85 h2/*(N '$66 u&+,&+7O ',&.(1 921 0(+5(5(1 o,.520(7(51 *87 '85&+675$+/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P o$1 %(=(,&+1(7 '(1 y(//(1/>1*(1%(5(,&+ '$+(5 ,1 '(5 t?17*(10,.526.23,( $8&+ $/6 y$66(5)(167(5P y,( ,1 c%6&+1,77(1 SRPVPS 81' SRPVPT ',6.87,(57N :,5' ',( t?17*(10,.526.23,( 1,&+7 185 =85 w17(568&+81* %,2/2*,6&+(5 r52%(1 (,1*(6(7=7P y(,7(5( c1:(1'81*6*(%,(7(
c%%P SRPTR n,1($5(5 c%62537,216.2(5,=,(17 , )@5 r527(,1 81' y$66(5 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 y(/O ( /(1/>1*(P
SRTT
SR t?17*(1237,.
6,1' ',( o$7(5,$/:,66(16&+$)7(1 0,7 w17(568&+81*(1 =80 c8)%$8 921 r2/1(1 ,1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 u3(,&+(51 2'(5 =85 g/(.752O 0,*5$7,21 ,1 ,17(*5,(57(1 u&+$/7.5(,6(1 62:,( =P dP m2//2,'3+1*(1%(5(,&+ ,0 c03/,78'(1.2175$67 u758.785(1 921 TR 10 LUTb 81' 0,7 V .(xOu75$+/81* ,0 r+$6(1.2175$67 u758.785(1 921 XR 10 LUUb '$5=867(//(1P f85&+ y(,7(5(17:,&./81* '(5 t?17*(1237,. ,67 '$0,7 =8 5(&+1(1N '$66 c89?681*(1 921 %(66(5 $/6 SR 10 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1P
SRPVPS t?17*(10,.526.23( c%%,/'81* SRPTS =(,*7 '(1 5?17*(1237,6&+(1 u75$+/(1*$1* 921 t?17*(10,.526.2O 3(1N ',( u7=/,&+ .$11 '$6 d,/' =85 l867,(581* '(6 5?17*(1237,6&+(1 c8)%$86 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 o,.52.$1$/08/7,3/,(56 ,1 g&+7=(,7 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1P f$ t?17*(1675$+/81* $86 w1'8/$725(1 ,1 (,1(1 '(87/,&+ ./(,1(5(1 t$80:,1.(/ $%*(675$+/7 :,5' $/6 $86 c%/(1.0$*1(7(1N .?117(1 ,1 o,.526.23(1 $1 w1'8/$725O 675$+/52+5(1 1$&+ c%%P SRPTS 185 12&+ m21'(1625(1 0,7 :(1,*(1 o,//,0(7(51 f85&+0(66(5 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P y(,/ '$6 63(.75$/( c89?681*69(50?*(1 '$0,7 $%(5 1,&+7 0(+5 $865(,&+7N :(5'(1 ,1 62/&+(1 o,.526.23(1 $8):>1',*(5( o212&+520$O 725Om21'(162565(1'58&. ,1 n8)7 2'(5 y$66(5 =:,6&+(1 =:(, '@11(1 h2/,(1)(167(51P f,( m21'(1625Ox$.880.$00(5 .$11 +(5$86*()$+5(1 :(5O '(1N 80 r/$7= )@5 '$6 g,16&+:(1.(1 (,1(6 n,&+70,.526.236 =8 *(:,11(1P f,(6 (5O /$8%7 ',( l867,(581* '(6 q%-(.76 62:,( (,1( x25)2.866,(581* 925 '(5 5?17*(10,.O 526.23,6&+(1 c8)1$+0(P k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 (,1,*( c8)1$+0(1 *(=(,*7N ',( 0,7 t?17*(10,.526.23(1 $1 g/(.7521(163(,&+(55,1*(1 $8)*(1200(1 :85'(1\ c%%,/'81* SRPTT =(,*7 (,1 5?17*(10,.526.23,6&+(6 d,/' '(6 6&+2&.*()525(1(1 y8506 e$(125+$%',7,6 (/(*$16N $8)*(1200(1 %(, + 3 TPV 10P f$6 d,/' 0$&+7 '(87O /,&+N '$66 ,1 81.2175$67,(57(1 *$1=(1 %,2/2*,6&+(1 u1*,*.(,7 921 >8M(5(1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 =8 817(568&+(1P f,(6 *(6&+,(+7 0,7+,/)( 921 =,5.8/$5 32/$O
SRTV
SR t?17*(1237,.
c%%P SRPTT c866&+1,77 $86 '(0 y850 e$(125+$%',7,6 (/(*$16N $8)*(1200(1 0,7 '(0 t?17O *(10,.526.23 $0 dguu{ k %(, '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + 3 TPV 10P Jf$6 d,/' :85'( $8)*(1200(1 921 iP u&+1(,'(5N rP i8770$11N dP p,(0$11K
c%%P SRPTU h/2&.(1 .2//2,'$/(5 d2'(17(,/&+(1 ,0 :>66(5,*(1 o(',80N $8)*(1200(1 0,7 '(0 t?17*(10,.526.23 $0 dguu{ kk %(, '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + 3 TPV 10P Jf$6 d,/' :85'( $8)O *(1200(1 921 lP v+,(0(N rP i8770$11K
5,6,(57(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* 817(5 c86187=81* '(6 =,5.8/$5(1 f,&+52,6086P c%%,/O '81* SRPTV =(,*7 0$*1(7,6&+( f20>1(1 921 g,6(1 (,1(5 g,6(1Oi$'2/,1,80Oo(+5O )$&+6&+,&+7N $8)*(1200(1 $1 '(5 n Oc%62537,216.$17( '(6 g,6(16 %(, + 3 SPY 10P K |:,6&+(1 '(1 c8)1$+0(1 J$K 81' J%K :85'( '$6 $1 ',( r52%( $1*(/(*7( o$*1(7)(/' 9$5,,(57 LVUbP
SRPV t?17*(10,.526.23,(
SRTW
c%%P SRPTV o$*1(7,6&+( f20>1(1 921 g,6(1 (,1(5 g,6(1Oi$'2/,1,80Oo(+5)$&+6&+,&+7N $8)O *(1200(1 0,7 '(0 t?17*(10,.526.23 $0 dguu{ k 0,7 =,5.8/$5 32/$5,6,(57(5 u75$+/81* '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + 3 SPY 10P Jf$6 d,/' :85'( $8)*(1200(1 921 rP i8770$11N rP h,6&+(5N iPu&+0$+/K
c%%P SRPTW J$K %(56,&+7 (,1(6 ,17(*5,(57(1 u&+$/7.5(,6(6 0,7 '5(, o(7$//,6,(581*6(%(1(1N J%K 9(5*5?M(57( t(*,21 '(6 u&+$/7.5(,6(6 0,7 f(7$,/6 '(5 o(7$//,6,(581*6(%(1(1N $8)*(1200(1 0,7 '(0 t?17*(10,.526.23 $1 '(5 c'9$1&(' n,*+7 u285&( ,1 d(5.(/(7=O /,&+ ,67 (6 :@16&+(16:(57N t?17*(10,.526.23( 0,7 ./(,1(1N .203$.7(1 t?17*(1O 48(//(1 =85 x(5)@*81* =8 +$%(1P dP p,(0$11 (7 $/P LVWb 81' j(57= (7 $/P LVXb +$%(1 62/&+( u5(17( c17(,/ '(5 s8(//( J9*/P c%6&+1P UPSK )@5 (,1( %(8*81*6%(*5(1=7( c%%,/'81* '(5 s8(//( %(187=7 :(5'(1 .$11P g6 0@66(1 $/62 s8(//(1 +2+(5 63(.75$/(5 d5,//$1=N ,16%(621'(5( w1'8/$725(1 $1 g/(.7521(163(,O &+(55,1*(1N (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1N 80 1,&+7 =8 /$1*( k17(*5$7,216=(,7(1 %(, '(5 g5=(8O *81* +2&+$8)*(/?67(5 t?17*(1%,/'(5 =8 %(.200(1P t$67(55?17*(10,.526.23( :(5O '(1 ,16%(621'(5( )@5 $1$/80/,&+(5 c89?681* '85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1 LVYbN (5:>+17 6(, $8&+ ',( d(67,0O 081* 921 u385(1(/(0(17(1 0,7+,/)( '(5 t?17*(19825(6=(1=$1$/1*( )@5 ',( c%%,/'81* %(187=7P u2 )2/*7(1 $8) ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 s8(&.6,/%(5'$039$03(1 0,7 n,1,(1675$+/81* %(, UXW 10 wxOn$6(5 %(, TVZ 10 81' g;&,0(5/$6(5 %(, S[U 10 y(//(1/>1*(P f(5 1>&+67( u&+5,77 ,67 ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 SWY 10Ou75$+/81*N ',( (6 =8/>667N u758.785(1 0,7 0,1,0$/(1 d5(,7(1 921 YRA WR 10 +(5=867(//(1P w0 12&+ ./(,1(5( u758.785(1 =8 (5=(8*(1N :(5'(1 n,7+2*5$O 3+,(7(&+1,.(1 (17:,&.(/7N ',( 0,7 u75$+/81* 12&+ .@5=(5(5 y(//(1/>1*( $5%(,7(1P g,1 x(5)$+5(1 ,67 ',( g;75(0Ow/75$9,2/(77On,7+2*5$3+,(N ',( u75$+/81* '(5 y(/O /(1/>1*( 921 (7:$ SU 10 %(187=7P c%%,/'81* SRPTY =(,*7 '$6 m21=(37 '(5 gwxO n,7+2*5$3+,(N %(, '(5 ',( u758.785(1 $8) (,1(5 o$6.( 0,7+,/)( 921 $63+>5,6&+(1 u3,(*(/1 $86 o(+5)$&+6&+,&+7(1 9(5./(,1(57 $8) ',( n$&.6&+,&+7 (,1(6 y$)(56 $%*(O absorbierende Strukturen
λ = 13 nm
reflektierende Maske mit MehrfachschichtenSpiegel
asphärische Spiegel mit Mehrfachschichten zur Abbildung der Strukturen der Maske mit 4-facher Verkleinerung
6.7 nm Periode Mo Si
Wafer
Si Substrat
c%%P SRPTY c125'181* =85 u758.785@%(575$*81* 0,7+,/)( '(5 gwxOn,7+2*5$3+,(P |85 x(5O (,1)$&+81* 6,1' 185 =:(, $63+>5,6&+( u3,(*(/ *(=(,*7P f$6 v(,/%,/' =(,*7 (,1( (/(.7521(10,.O 526.23,6&+( s8(56&+1,776Oc8)1$+0( (,1(6 u3,(*(/6 $86 o(+5)$&+6&+,&+7(1 $86 o2/&+(N @%(575$*(1 0,7+,/)( '(5 t?17O *(1/,7+2*5$3+,( Js8(//(\ h5$81+2)(5,167,787 )@5 o,.526758.7857(&+1,.N d(5/,1KP
n,7(5$785
SRT[
921 c%625%(51 6,1' 81' %(/,&+7(7 '(1 /,&+7(0371'/,&+(1 n$&. $8) '(0 u8%675$7P f,( )2/*(1'(1 r52=(66Ou&+5,77( 6,1' ,1 c%6&+1P SSPY %(6&+5,(%(1P y(*(1 '(5 .@5=(5(1 y(//(1/>1*( '(5 t?17*(1675$+/81* .$11 '(5 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 o$6.( 81' u8%675$7 5(/$7,9 *52M *(:>+/7 :(5'(1N 2+1( '$66 67?5(1'( d(8*81*6(5(.7( $1 '(1 c%625O %(56758.785(1 '(5 o$6.( w16&+>5)(1 ,1 '(1 @%(575$*(1(1 u758.785(1 +(592558)(1P g,1 :(,7(5(5 x257(,/ ,67N '$66 ',( '(1 n$&. '85&+'5,1*(1'( t?17*(1675$+/81* $0 u8%675$7 1,&+7 5(9(.7,(57 :,5'N 6,&+ $/62 .(,1( 67?5(1'(1 67(+(1'(1 y(//(1 $1 '(5 u8%675$72%(59>&+( $86%,/'(1 .?11(1P c%%,/'81* SRPT[ =(,*7 n$&.6758.785(1 ,0 68%O o,.520(7(5%(5(,&+ $8) (,1(0 c/80,1,8068%675$7N @%(575$*(1 0,7 '(5 c125'181* 921 c%%P SRPTZP d(0(5.(16:(57 ,67 ,16%(621'(5( '$6 +2+( c63(.79(5+>/71,6 '(5 n$&.6758.785(1N 'P +P '$6 x(5+>/71,6 $86 j?+( =8 d5(,7( '(5 u758.785(1P
n,7(5$785 |,7,(57( r8%/,.$7,21(1 c%6&+1,77 SRPS LSb c77:22'N fPN u2)7 zOt$667 6,&+ 12&+ (,1( :(,O 7(5( u&+:,(5,*.(,7 %(,0 x(567>1'1,6 '(6 d2+5I6&+(1 c72002'(//6 %(6(,7,*(1\ ',( 32678/,(57( u75$+/81*6/26,*.(,7 '(5 67$7,21>5(1 d2+5I6&+(1 d$+1(1P f$6 u5)(5(/$7,21 Jc%6&+1P SSPZK =(,*7 ',(6 12&+ '(87/,&+(5P g6 =(,*7 6,&+ $/62N '$66 ',( g,1)@+581* '(5 o$7(5,(:(//(1 $8M(525'(17/,&+ (5)2/*O 5(,&+ ,67 %(, '(5 f(8781* 921 s8$17(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 c7206P l('2&+ 75,77 181 '$6 r52%/(0 '(5 n2.$/,6,(5%$5.(,7 (,1(6 o$7(5,(7(,/&+(16 $8)N :(11 0$1 ',( o$7(O 5,(:(//(192567(//81* $8) (,1 6,&+ )5(, %(:(*(1'(6 v(,/&+(1 @%(575>*7P k0 c720 6,1' ',( g/(.7521(1:(//(1 ,1 6,&+ *(6&+/266(1N 6,1' $/62 5>80/,&+ $8) '(1 d(5(,&+ '(6 c7206 %(*5(1=7P q5'1(7 0$1 $%(5 (,1(0 )5(,(1 v(,/&+(1 (,1( 0212&+520$7,6&+( y(//( =8N 62 ,67 ',(6( A (17635(&+(1' '(0 h285,(5Ov+(25(0 A 81(1'/,&+ $86*('(+17 81' )@//7 '(1 *$1=(1 t$80N 62'$66 (,1 y,'(56358&+ $8)75,77 =8 '(5 g,*(16&+$)7 (,1(6 v(,/&+(16N 5>80/,&+ (1* %(*5(1=7N $/62 /2.$/,6,(5%$5 =8 6(,1P g6 /,(*7 '$+(5 1$+(N (,1(0 v(,/&+(1 A >+1/,&+ :,( '(0 r+2721 A 1,&+7 (,1( 675(1* 0212&+520$O 7,6&+( y(//( 0,7 *(1$8 '(71,(57(5 y(//(1/>1*( 81' h5(48(1= =8=825'1(1N 621'(51
SRUV
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
(,1( y(//(1*5833(N :,( 0$1 6,( $86 '(5 %(5/$*(581* 9,(/(5 y(//(1 0,7 -( (7:$6 9(56&+,('(1(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 =P dP =:,6&+(1 + 81' +1(+ (5+>/7\
4
5
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c%%P SSPT
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a Biprisma
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Detektor
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β
auf U f positiv gelad. leitfäh. Faden InterferenzIntensität 1/qc
c%%P SSPSR g/(.7521(1%,35,60$ 1$&+ o?//(167('7 81' f@.(5 LSTbP %(5 '(1 w0/(1.:,1.(/ $ 3 $ w :(5'(1 0,77(/6 '(5 d,35,60$63$1181* w '(5 %(187=7( m2+>5(1=:,1.(/ " 81' '(5 H " " %(5/$*(581*6:,1.(/ # '(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(56 (,1*(67(//7P f$5$86 (5*(%(1 6,&+ m2175$67 62:,( %(5/$*(581*6:(,7( 81' u75(,)(1$%67$1' '(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(56P
Intensität
SSPU g/(.7521(1Ok17(5)(520(75,(
0
15
20
25
30
35
0
15
20
25
30
35
0
15
20
25
30
35
0
15
20
25
30
35
0
15
25 20 Ort (nm)
30
35
SRVU
c%%P SSPSS g/(.7521(1Od,35,60$Ok17(5)(5(1=(1P f,( %(, '(5 h$'(163$1181* w 3 R x 6,&+7O " %$5(1 u75(,)(1 ,1 '(1 12&+ 1,&+7 @%(5/$*(57(1 y(//(1 (1767(+(1 '85&+ h5(61(/Od(8*81* $0 d,35,60$)$'(1P c% (7:$ SR x (1767(+(1 ',( &26,186)?50,*(1 u75(,)(1 '85&+ %(5/$*(581* '(5 %(,'(1 y(//(1 5(&+76 81' /,1.6 '(6 u&+$77(16P o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 h$'(163$1181* 1(+0(1 %(5O /$*(581*6:(,7( 81' t$80)5(48(1= '(5 )(,1(1 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 =8P
% 817(5+$/% '(6 h$'(16 :(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 5(&+76 81' /,1.6 '(1 h$'(1 3$66,(5(1'(1 v(,/:(//(1
81'
0 0
1 1
4 5 3 $ (;3 1, T@ ~ ;13 I I I T 4 5 3 $ (;3 2, T@ ~ ;13 J J J T
JSSPS[K
0,7 '(5 y(//(1=$+/.20321(17(L 4 BT ,1 ;Ot,&+781* 817(5 '(0 y,1.(/ # @%(5/$*(57] ~ '(5 h$'(1 6(, ,1 1*( 9(567$1'(1N $/62 =P dP * 3 SB+N ,0 i(*(16$7= =80 d(75$* '(6 y(//(19(.7256 . 3 T@B+ J$8&+ m5(,6:(//(1=$+/ *(O 1$117KN ',( 62167 ,1 ',(6(0 d8&+ 0(,67 =85 y(//(1%(6&+5(,%81* 9(5:(1'(7 :,5'P g6 *,/7 $/62 . 3 T@* %=:P * 3 .BT@P
SRVV
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
k 3 85 15 8J 3 $J 1$J 1T$ $ 8,8 &26JT@4 ;1(310K N JSSPTRK $+( I J I J I J ~ :2%(, $ ',( c03/,78'(1 81' (3 3 3 23 ',( r+$6(1',5(5(1= '(5 %(,'(1 y(//(1 IDJ I J 6,1' Jc%%P SSPSSK] ,+5 m2+>5(1=*5$' , 3 8,8 (;3J,0K :,5' 63>7(5 817(5 NNm2+>5(1=DD '(7$,//,(57 (5/>87(57P f,( t$80)5(48(1= 4 J[ 5(=,352.(5 u75(,)(1$%67$1'K ,67 )@5 ',( $8)75(7(1'(1 6(+5 ~ ./(,1(1 %(5/$*(581*6:,1.(/ # *(*(%(1 '85&+ 4 3 * #] * 3 SB+ 3 |T(0 w" ,67 ~ H H H } ',( '(5 5(/$7,9,67,6&+ .255,*,(57(1 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w" (17635(&+(1'( y(/O } /(1=$+/ 0,7 '(5 x$.880:(//(1/>1*( + P f(5 m2175$67 J9*/P c%6&+1P UPSRK '(5 k17(5O H )(5(1=675(,)(1 k 2k T$ $ W3 I J 8,8 m[ T JSSPTSK k 1k $J 1$J I J T W ,67 %(, c03/,78'(1$%*/(,&+ J$ 3 $ K '85&+ '(1 d(75$* '(6 m2+>5(1=*5$'(6 , *(O I J *(%(1P g/(.7521(1,17(5)(5(1=(1 6,1' '$6 g5*(%1,6 '(5 g,17(,/&+(1Oy(//(1)81.7,21N 'P +P -('(6 g/(.7521 ,17(5)(5,(57 0,7 6,&+ 6(/%67P f,(6 .$11 )2/*(1'(50$M(1 (;3(5,0(17(// *(=(,*7 :(5'(1\ t('8=,(57 0$1 '(1 u7520 '(5$57N '$66 185 :(1,*( g/(.7521(1 352 u(.81'( $8) '(0 f(7(.725 $8)75(5(1N 62 6,(+7 0$1 .(,1 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5N 621'(51 (,1 6&+(,1%$5 672&+$67,6&+ 9(57(,/7(6 c8)75(5(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1] '$6 (,1=(/1( g/(.7521 352'8=,(57 )2/*/,&+ .(,1 6,&+7%$5(6N $86*('(+17(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5N 621'(51 (,1(1 (1* /2.$/,6,(5%$5(1 NNv5(5(5DD $/6 u,*1$/ $8) '(0 f(7(.725P u800,(57 0$1 $%(5 @%(5 (,1(1 />1*(5(1 |(,75$80 ',(6(6 g/(.7521(15$86&+(1 $8)N 62 %,/'(7 6,&+ '$6 k17(5)(O 5(1=0867(5 $/6 j>87*.(,769(57(,/81* $86] -( />1*(5 ',( d(/,&+781*6=(,7 *(:>+/7 :,5'N 8062 %(66(5 :,5' ',( &26,186)?50,*( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,769(57(,/81* $3352;,0,(57 Jc%%P SSPSTKP f$ ',( h/8*=(,7 '85&+ '$6 k17(5)(520(7(5 185 (7:$ S =6N '(5 =(,7/,&+(
10 s
60 s
Belichtungszeit
0.02 s
120 s
c%%P SSPST f(021675$7,21 '(5 g,17(,/&+(1Ok17(5)(5(1=P l('(6 g/(.7521 =(,*7 6,&+ $/6 /2.$/,O 6,(57(6 g5(,*1,6 ,0 f(7(.725N 1,&+7 $/6 y(//(P g567 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 d(/,&+781*6=(,7 :,5' '$6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 0,7 '(1 (,1=(/1 '85&+ '$6 k17(5)(520(7(5 *(/$8)(1(1 g/(.7521(1 $8)*()@//7P f,( h/8*=(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,67 6(+5 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 =(,7/,&+( c%67$1' '(5 v5(5(5P f$6 =(,*7N '$66 '$6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 (,1( g,*(16&+$)7 921 -('(0 '(5 g/(.7521(1 ,67 81' 1,&+7 '85&+ y(&+6(/:,5.81* '(5 g/(.7521(1 0,7(,1$1'(5 (1767(+7P
SSPU g/(.7521(1Ok17(5)(520(75,(
SRVW
c%67$1' '(5 v5(5(5 $%(5 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 S 06 /,(*7N 6,1' ',( g/(.7521(1 9?//,* 81O $%+>1*,* 921(,1$1'(5\ y>+5(1' (,1(6 $8) '(0 f(7(.725 $8)75,57N %(71'(7 6,&+ '$6 1$&+)2/*(1'( 12&+ ,0 g0,77(5N $/62 (7:$ S 0 :(,7 (17)(517] ',( g/(.7521(1 ,17(5O )(5,(5(1 1,&+7 0,7(,1$1'(5N 621'(51 -('(6 ,17(5)(5,(57 0,7 6,&+ 6(/%67P f85&+ c8)O 6800,(5(1 ',(6(5 9,(/(1 g/(.7521(1 (1767(+7 $%(5 185 '$11 (,1 6,&+7%$5(6 k17(5)(O 5(1=0867(5N :(11 (6 (,1( *(0(,16$0( g,*(16&+$)7 $//(5 g,1=(/(/(.7521(1 ,67P d(',1O *81* '$)@5 ,67N '$66 $//( J1,&+7 6,&+7%$5(1K g,1=(/Ok17(5)(5(1=9(57(,/81*(1 +,15(,O &+(1' ,'(17,6&+ 6,1' %(=@*/,&+ u75(,)(1$%67$1' 81' r26,7,21N 'P +P '$66 ',( g/(.752O 1(1675$+/81* ,16*(6$07 +,15(,&+(1' NN.2+>5(17DD %(=@*/,&+ y(//(1/>1*( 81' r+$6(1O ',5(5(1= ,67P k1 ',(6(0 u,11 635,&+7 0$1 921 NN.2+>5(17(1 g/(.7521(1DDP m2+>5(1=P g,1( 381.7)?50,*(N 0212&+520$7,6&+( s8(//( (0,77,(57 3(5)(.7 .2+>5(17] $//(5',1*6 ,67 '(5 (0,77,(57( u7520 18//N :(,/ 62167 ',( u7520',&+7( ,1 '(5 s8(//( 81(1'/,&+ *52M :>5(P g,1( 5($/(N $86*('(+17( s8(//( :,5' ,1 '(0 u,11 $/6 ,1.2+>O 5(17( s8(//( $1*(1200(1N '$66 g/(.7521(1 $86 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 s8(//381.7(1 81' 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 y(//(1=$+/ 81.255(/,(57 (0,77,(57 :(5'(1P l('(5 ',(6(5 s8(//381.7( 81' -('( y(//(1=$+/ (5=(8*7 -( (,1 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 0,7 '(0 m2175$67 m 3 SN ',(6( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 817(56&+(,'(1 6,&+ $%(5 ,1 r26,7,21 81' t$80)5(48(1=P u800,(57 0$1 $//( ',(6( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 ,17(16,7>760>M,* 'P +P ,1.2+>5(17 $8)N 5(68/7,(57 (,1 80 8,8 .2175$67*(6&+:>&+7(6 81' 80 0 9(56&+2%(1(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5N '$6 '85&+ '(1 2%(1 (,1*()@+57(1 m2+>5(1=*5$' , 3 8,8 (;3J,0K %(6&+5,(%(1 :,5'P f(5 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$' ,67 '85&+ ',( 6(,7/,&+( c86'(+181* '(5 s8(//( , J.K R1!((! *(*(%(1P g6 :(5'( =81>&+67 (,1( 0212&+520$7,6&+( s8(//( %(75$&+7(7N ',( 185 ',( ? y(//(1=$+/ * (0,77,(57] ',( s8(//( 6(, 0,77(/6 g , J.K '. 3 S 1250,(57P f$11 R1!((! H (? /,()(57 '$6 s8(//(/(0(17 J.N .1'.K =8 '(0 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 '(1 d(,75$* 'k 3 T, J.K bS1&26LT@4 ;1&J.Kbc '. JSSPTTK $+( R1!((! ~ 0,7 '(5 t$80)5(48(1= 4 3 * # 81' '(5 6(,7/,&+(1 r26,7,21 &J.K 3 T@4 J%B$K .P o,7 ~ H ~ '(0 c'',7,2167+(25(0 81' 0,7
&26LT@4 ;1&J.Kb 3 &26JT@4 ;K &26L&J.Kb26,1JT@4 ;K 6,1L&J.Kb ~ ~ ~ % &J.K 3 T@4 . 3 T@* ". ~$ H
(5*,%7 6,&+ '85&+ k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 ',( *(6$07( s8(//( k J;K 3 Tk LS18,XLJ"K8 &26JT@4 ;10XLKb P $+( H ~ f$%(, ,67 ,XLJ"K 3 8,XLJ"K8 (;3J,0XLK 3 g ,
JSSPTUK
J.K (;3J, T@* ".K '. JSSPTVK R1!((! H '(5 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$' '(5 u75$+/81* ,0 h(51)(/' '(5 s8(//9(57(,/81* J9$1 e,77(57O |(51,.(Ov+(25(0KP f(5 m2+>5(1=:,1.(/ " ,67 '(5 y,1.(/$%67$1'N 817(5 '(0 =:(, r81.7( '(5 k17(5)(5(1=(%(1( 921 '(5 s8(//( $86 (56&+(,1(1N %(925 6,( '85&+ '$6 d,35,60$ @%(5/$*(57 :(5'(1P k1 c%%P SSPSU ,67 ',( c%1$+0( '(6 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=O *5$'(6 %(, g5+?+81* '(6 m2+>5(1=:,1.(/6 *(=(,*7P f,( t($/,6,(581* +,15(,&+(1'(5
SRVX
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
UF = 5 V
U F = 19 V
U F = 30 V
U F = 46 V
I /I 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 I /I 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 I /I 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 I /I 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
µ WK = 0.89
10
20
30
40 x F /mm
µ WK = 0.63
10
20
30
40 x F /mm
µ WK = 0.30 10
20
30
40 x F /mm
µ WK = 0.07 10
20
30
40 x F /mm
c%%P SSPSU o(6681* '(5 y,1.(/.2+>5(1= 921 g/(.7521(1P o,7 67(,*(1'(5 d,35,60$63$1181* w 1,007 '(5 m2+>5(1=:,1.(/ " =8N '(5 k17(5)(5(1=.2175$67 :,5' :(*(1 '$6 $%1(+0(1'(1 " y,1.(/+2+>5(1=*5$'(6 8,XL8 ./(,1(5] '$ 0,7 w $8&+ '(5 %(5/$*(581*6:,1.(/ # =81,007N " :(5'(1 */(,&+=(,7,* ',( u75(,)(1$%67>1'( ./(,1(5P c86 '(0 x(5/$8) '(6 m2175$67(6 ,1 c%+>1O *,*.(,7 921 '(5 d,35,60$63$1181* w />667 6,&+ '85&+ ,19(56( h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 JhvCIK " ',( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* '(5 s8(//( %(67,00(1 Ju3(,'(/ 81' m85= LSVbKP
y,1.(/.2+>5(1= 67(//7 (,1 *52M(6 (;3(5,0(17(//(6 r52%/(0 '$5N :(,/ =:$1*6/>87* A $/6 h2/*( '(5 c%%(I6&+(1 u,186%(',1*81* Jc%6&+1P SP[PSPS i/P JSPSR[KK A %(, x(5O %(66(581* '(6 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$'(6 ',( u7520',&+7( ,1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=(%(1( 5(O '8=,(57 :,5'P f(5 n>1*(1.2+>5(1=*5$' ,67 '85&+ ',( 63(.75$/( x(57(,/81* '(5 s8(//( *(*(%(1P k0 h2/*(1'(1 6(, $1*(1200(1N '$66 -('(5 r81.7 ,0 q5765$80 '$6 */(,&+( y(//(1O =$+/63(.7580 6 J*2* K 80 '(1 u2//:(57 * (0,77,(57] '$6 y(//(1=$+/63(.7580 R1!((! H H .255(6321',(57 0,7 '(5 g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/81*P f$ d(,75>*( 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(5 y(//(1=$+/(1 ,1.2+>5(17 6,1'N 0@66(1 6,( ,17(16,7>760>M,* $8)680O 0,(57 :(5'(1P k1 c1$/2*,( =85 j(5/(,781* '(6 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$'(6 (5*,%7 6,&+ $/6 h2/*( 921 6 J*2* K '(5 n>1*(1.2+>5(1=*5$' R1!((! H )? J*2* K (;3L, T@J*2* K #;b '* P JSSPTWK ,MLJ;K 3 g 6 R1!((! H H (? )? j,(5%(, ,67 ',( p250,(581* g 6 J*2* K '* 3 S $1*(1200(1P y,( 7+(25(7,6&+ R1!((! H (? )2/*7 81' (;3(5,0(17(// %(67>7,*7 :85'( Jc%%P SSPSVKN /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 @%/,&+(1 g/(.7O
SSPU g/(.7521(1Ok17(5)(520(75,(
Welle 2
Abschirmung
Welle 1
SRVY
Röhre
u
L
Interferenzmuster
c%%P SSPSV o(6681* '(5 m2+>5(1=/>1*( 921 g/(.7521(1P o,77(/6 '(6 t?+5(1327(17,$/6 w :(5'(1 ',( %(,'(1 g/(.7521(1:(//(1 *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56&+2%(1N $/62 :,5' ,+5( k17(5)(5(1=25'O 181* (5+?+7P f(5 m2175$67 ,1 '(1 k17(5)(52*5$00(1 1,007 0,7 67(,*(1'(5 k17(5)(5(1=25'181* $%P f,( m2+>5(1=/>1*( J+,(5 (7:$ YR RRR y(//(1/>1*(1K ,67 '85&+ ',( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* '(5 g/(.7521(1675$+/81* *(*(%(1 Ju&+0,' LSWbKP
521(148(//(1 '(5 g1(5*,(Oj$/%:(576%5(,7( (g W S (x k17(5)(5(1=25'181*(1 921 I;J %,6 =8 * #; 3 4 ; W SRM %(2%$&+7(1P h@5 @%/,&+( k17(5)(5(1=(;3(5,0(17( 0,7 H T ~ T +?&+67(16 (,1,*(1 SRRR k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 .$11 )2/*/,&+ 8,ML8 3 S *(6(7=7 :(5'(1P g/(.7521(1,17(5)(5(1=Og;3(5,0(17( 6,1' $/62 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 1,&+7 '85&+ 0$1*(/1'( n>1*(1.2+>5(1= %((,175>&+7,*7P o,7 '(5 5($/,67,6&+(1 c11$+0(N '$66 -('(5 s8(//381.7 '$6 */(,&+( y(//(1=$+/O 63(.7580 (0,77,(57N (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 '(1 *(6$07(1 m2+>5(1=*5$' ,J"N ;K 3 ,XLJ"K 6 ,MLJ;K P
JSSPTXK
f$6 921 '(5 *(6$07(1 s8(//( (5=(8*7( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 />667 6,&+ $/62 '85&+ i/P JSSPTRK %(6&+5(,%(1P y(*(1 '(6 *(5,1*(1 g,19866(6 '(6 n>1*(1.2+>5(1=*5$'(6 :,5' ,0 h2/*(1'(1 185 '(5 y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$' :(,7(5 ,1 d(75$&+7 *(=2*(1P m2+>5(17(5 i(6$0767520P f85&+ c13$6681* '(5 s8(//*5?M( %(,63,(/6:(,6( 0,77(/6 9(5./(,1(51'(5 c%%,/'81* />667 6,&+ -('(5 *(:@16&+7( y,1.(/.2+>5(1=*5$' (,167(/O /(1P f,( h5$*( ,67N :(/&+( k17(16,7>7 '$11 ,1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=(%(1( 925+$1'(1 ,67P w0 ',(6( h5$*( =8 %($17:257(1N ,67 (6 1?7,*N '(1 %(, 925*(*(%(1(0 m2+>5(1=*5$' 925+$1'(1(1 g/(.7521(167520 =8 %(67,00(1P h@5 (,1( i$8MO)?50,*( s8(//9(57(,O /81*
2 0 13
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JSSPTYK
SRVZ
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
(5*,%7 6,&+ '85&+ h285,(5Ov5$16)250$7,21 '(5 (%(1)$//6 i$8MO)?50,*( y,1.(/.2+>O 5(1=*5$' ,XLJ"K 3 (;3L2J@* ". KJb P JSSPTZK H H f,( +,(5 :(6(17/,&+( g,*(16&+$)7 '(5 s8(//( ,67 ',( t,&+781*69(57(,/81* '(5 g0,66,21P o$M +,(5)@5 ,67 '(5 $;,$/( t,&+7675$+/:(57 J9*/P c%6&+1P SSPVN i/P JSSPWYKK d3
k N c\
JSSPT[K
'(5 $1*,%7N :,( 9,(/ u7520 $86 '(5 s8(//( 0,7 '(5 g0,66,2169>&+( c ,1 '(1 t$80O :,1.(/ \ (0,77,(57 :,5'P d 67(,*7 3523257,21$/ =85 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w $1 } J9*/P c%6&+1P SSPVN i/P JSSPXSKKN ,67 $%(5 J:(*(1 '(5 c%%(I6&+(1 u,186%(',1*81*K 237,6&+ ,19$5,$17N .$11 )2/*/,&+ '85&+ 237,6&+( c%%,/'81* 1,&+7 9(5*5?M(57 :(5'(1P o,7 '(5 s8(//9>&+( c 3 @.J 81' '(0 0,7 '(0 m2+>5(1=*5$' ,XLJ"K $86*(/(8&+O H 7(7(1 t$80:,1.(/ \ 3 @"J (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 .2+>5(17( i(6$0767520 =8 2d k J8,8K 3 /1 8,8 P JSSPURK ~+$ *J H g5 ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ '(1 5('8=,(57(1 t,&+7675$+/:(57 dB*J N '(5 :(*(1 *J : w 81' H H } d : w 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w N )2/*/,&+ (,1( g,*(16&+$)7 } } '(6 g/(.7521(1(0,77(56 ,67P k17(5(66$17(5:(,6( (5*,%7 6,&+ )@5 3(5)(.7( m2+>5(1= J8,8 3 SK '(5 .2+>5(17( i(6$0767520 k 3 RP g17635(&+(1' '(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 ~+$ c1)25'(581*(1 ,67 '(5 .2+>5(17( i(6$0767520 '85&+ ',( y$+/ 921 8,8 -(:(,/6 62 =8 237,0,(5(1 81' ,1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=(%(1( =8 9(57(,/(1N '$66 ,0 k17(5)(52*5$00 '$6 %(670?*/,&+( u,*1$/Bt$86&+Ox(5+>/71,6 5(68/7,(57P k17(5)(520(75,6&+( o(6681* 921 r+$6(16&+,(%81*(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1:(//(1P f,( r+$O 6(1',5(5(1= (3 '(5 %(,'(1 ,17(5)(5,(5(1'(1 y(//(1 .$11 $86 '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 x(56&+,(%81* '(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 *(0>M i/P JSSPTRK k 3 $J 1$J 1T$ $ 8,8 &26JT@4 ;1(310K $+( I J I J ~ %(67,007 :(5'(1P f,( 0?*/,&+(1 w56$&+(1 )@5 r+$6(16&+,(%81*(1 :(5'(1 ,0 h2/O *(1'(1 6.,==,(57P k0 t$80 0,7 '(0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 x(.725327(17,$/ 4J_K 81' '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 r2O 7(17,$/ xJ_K /$87(7 ',( u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* '(6 (,1=(/1(1 g/(.75216
2
3
S J2,@-1(4KJ2(x 5 3 g5 ] T0
JSSPUSK
( ,67 '(5 d(75$* '(5 g/(.7521(1/$'81*N 2(x ',( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( 81' g 3 (w" } ',( i(6$07(1(5*,( '(6 g/(.75216P c86 '(5 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* .$11 ',( d5(&+O =$+/ * ( Jw 1xK" } 1 J_N `K 3 3 2 J4 6 `K JSSPUTK * 3 w" } H H 0,7 '(0 y(//(11250$/(1Og,1+(,769(.725 ` 81' '(0 .,1(7,6&+(1 k038/6%(75$* ,0 x$.880 3 3 |T(0 w" $%*(/(,7(7 :(5'(1P y(*(1 '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 x(.725327(1O H H } 7,$/6 4 ,67 ',( d5(&+=$+/ $%+>1*,* 921 '(5 c86%5(,781*65,&+781* '(5 y(//(P
|
SSPU g/(.7521(1Ok17(5)(520(75,(
SRV[
Quelle
Φ mag
V1, s1
V2, s2
Detektor
c%%P SSPSW r+$6(1',5(5(1= ,0 g/(.7521(1,17(5)(520(7(5P f,( $8) '(1 921 '(1 %(,'(1 v(,/O :(//(1 =85@&.*(/(*7(1 y(*(1 6 $8)6800,(57(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/( x (5=(8*(1 (,1( IDJ IDJ (/(.75,6&+( r+$6(1',5(5(1=] '(5 921 '(1 %(,'(1 y(*(1 6 (,1*(6&+/266(1( 0$*1(7,6&+( h/866 IDJ I 58)7 (,1( 0$*1(7,6&+( r+$6(1',5(5(1= +(5925N ',( 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 ?57/,&+(1 x(57(,/81* )|# '(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 ,67P
f,( r+$6( (,1(5 y(//( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ 3 3 . g 1 '6 3 T@* g 1 '6 N JSSPUUK H H :2%(, (17/$1* '(6 y(*(6 921 '(5 s8(//( %,6 =85 k17(5)(5(1=(%(1( ,17(*5,(57 :,5'P k1 '(5 t(*(/ (5*(%(1 6,&+ )@5 ',( %(,'(1 v(,/:(//(1 ,0 d,35,60$Ok17(5)(520(7(5 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+( r+$6(1N 62'$66 (,1( r+$6(1',5(5(1= (3 $8)75,77P g17635(&+(1' '(1 %(,'(1 c17(,/(1 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ i/P JSSPUTK *,%7 (6 (,1(1 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 81' (,1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 d(,75$* =85 r+$6( Jc%%P SSPSWKP f,( (/(.75,6&+( r+$6(16&+,(%81* 5(68/7,(57 $86 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 c17(,/ '(5 d5(&+O =$+/ i/P JSSPUTK J9*/P $8&+ c%6&+1P SSPTN i/P JSSPSZKK 1J_K 3
1xK" P |Jw}w"
JSSPUVK } %/,&+(5:(,6( ,67 '$6 2576$%+>1*,*( r27(17,$/ xJ_K %(75$*60>M,* 6(+5 9,(/ ./(,1(5 $/6 ',( d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w P y,5' ',( d5(&+=$+/ ,1 (,1( v$M c%%P SSPSR Jd2(56&+ 8P n,6&+.( LTWN TXbN jP y$+/ LTX$bKP f$%(, :,5' '(5 d,35,60$)$'(1 0,7 (,1(5 d/(,Ou&+,&+7 %('$03)7P d(, c%.@+/81* $8) v(03(5$785(1 817(5+$/% 921 YPT m 0,7 9@66,*(0 j(/,80 Jd'P WN c%6&+1P VPSPTK :,5' d/(, 6835$/(,7(1'N 62'$66 '(5 d,O 35,60$Oh$'(1 =8 (,1(0 6835$/(,7(1'(1 j2+/=80( =(,*(1N '$66 ',( g/(.7521(1 7$76>&+/,&+ .(,1 5Oh(/' *(63@57 +$%(1 Jo?//(167('7 81' d$1'(51 6,&+ ',( k17(5)(5(1=',$*5$00( ',6O .217,18,(5/,&+ 81' =(,*(1 '$0,7 ',( s8$17(11$785 '(6 (,1*()525(1(1 h/866(6 $1 LTWbP
:(&+6(/1' +(//( 81' '81./( k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 ,0 u5(1= 0,7 '(5 y(//( '(5 (/$67,6&+ *(675(87(1 2'(5 '(5 81*(675(87(1 g/(.7521(1P k1(/$67,6&+ *(675(87( g/(.7O 521(1 )$//(1 $/62 $86 '(5 .2+>5(17(1 u7$7,67,. '(5 (/$67,6&+ *(675(87(1 +(5$86N 0,7 '(5 h2/*(N '$66 ',( c03/,78'( '(5 9(5%/(,%(1'(1 y(//( *('>03)7 :,5'P f,( ,1(/$67,6&+ *(675(87(1 g/(.7521(1 75$*(1 185 =80 w17(5*581' (,1(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(56 %(,N 6,( 5('8=,(5(1 '(1 m2175$67P f(66(1 81*($&+7(7 .?11(1 g/(.7521(1N ',( '(16(/%(1 ,1O (/$67,6&+(1 r52=(66 (5/(%7 +$%(1N 817(5(,1$1'(5 .2+>5(17 %/(,%(1 JNNr+$6(1.2+>O 5(1=DDKP f,(6( r52%/(0$7,. :,5' ,1 c%6&+1P SSPZ v(,/&+(1 81' y(//( '(7$,//,(57(5 %(O 6352&+(1P
SSPV g/(0(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. SSPVPS g/(.7521(1237,6&+( d5(&+=$+/ k0 c%6&+1P SSPT :,5' (,1( d5(&+=$+/ + 1 3 W|' 3 + N!
g , |S2 (w
JSSPVTK
SSPV g/(0(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,.
SRWW
'(71,(57N ',( )@5 g/(.7521(1 '(5 g1(5*,( (w %(,0 %(5*$1* 920 x$.880 ,1 (,1 o(',80 *,/7N ,1 '(0 ',( g/(.7521(1 (,1( 327(17,(//( g1(5*,( g 3 (w %(6,7=(1P f$6 , % NNo(',80DDN 921 '(0 +,(5 ',( t('( ,67N 0866 1,&+7 (,1 0$7(5,(//(6 o(',80N (7:$ (,1 m5,67$//N 6(,1P l('(6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 2'(5 $8&+ (,1 o$*1(7)(/' )@+57 =8 (,1(5 NNd5(&+81*DDN 'P +P =8 (,1(5 c%/(1.81* 921 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1P f,(6(5 w067$1' :,5' ,1 '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. $86*(187=7N ',( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 %(6352&+(1 :,5'P y,( ,1 '(5 p(:721I6&+(1 c85$6681* '(6 n,&+76 81' '(66(1 d5(&+81* ,67 ',( d5(&+81* '(5 g/(.7521(1 '85&+ m5$)7:,5.81*(1 $8) ',(6( v(,/&+(1 (5./>5%$5 J6,(+( :(,7(5 817(1KP y,5 +$%(1 $/62 (,1( c8)(567(+81* '(5 p(:721I6&+(1 q37,. ,1 *$1= $1'(5(5 i(67$/7 925 816N $%(5 (%(1 185 ,1 d(=8* $8) ',( w56$&+( '(5 d5(&+81*N 1,&+7 ,1 d(=8* '$5$8)N '$66 62*$5 $8&+ ',(6( 0$7(5,(//( u75$+/81* y(//(1&+$5$.7(5 %(6,7=7P c86 '(1 i/1P JSSPSK 81' JSSPVTK )2/*7N '$66 :,( ,1 '(5 p(:721I6&+(1 q37,. ',( d5(&+=$+/ '85&+ 9 JSSPVUK 1 3 N! 9 W|' *(*(%(1 ,67P f$%(, +$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 v(,/&+(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1N $/62 1$&+ i/P JSSPSTK 80 ',( i5833(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(5 =8*(+?5,*(1 o$7(5,(:(//(1*583O 3(1P w17(5 d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(5 d(=,(+81* JSSPSUK =:,6&+(1 r+$6(1O 81' i583O 3(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 (,1(5 o$7(5,(:(//( *(+7 '$5$86 +(5925N '$66 A *(1$862 :,( %(, n,&+7:(//(1 A ',( d5(&+=$+/ */(,&+ '(0 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 x$.880O =85 o(',80Or+$O 6(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =8 '(71,(5(1 ,67\ 9 1 3 ,DW|' P JSSPVVK 9 ,DN! d,6+(5 +$77(1 :,5 =85 g5./>581* '(5 d5(&+=$+/ )@5 g/(.7521(1 ',( o$7(5,(:(//(1O 92567(//81* %(187=7P y,5 :2//(1 ',( d5(&+81* 921 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 =80 x(5*/(,&+ $8&+ (,10$/ *$1= ./$66,6&+ 921 '(5 v(,/&+(192567(//81* +(5 %(6&+5(,%(1P f$=8 %(O 75$&+7(1 :,5 (,1( r27(17,$/Of233(/6&+,&+7N =P dP (,1( c125'181* $86 =:(, 3$5$//(/(1 )(,10$6&+,*(1 p(7=(1 p 81' p N =:,6&+(1 '(1(1 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( u3$1181* wN I J 'P +P (,1( h(/'67>5.( 8 +(556&+(1 0?*(P f(5 t$80 2%(5+$/% p 81' 817(5+$/% p I J 6(, )(/')5(, Jc%%P SSPTTKP f,( 817(5 '(0 g,1)$//6:,1.(/ " $8) '$6 p(7= p 75(5(1'(1 I I g/(.7521(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( (/(.75,6&+( h(/'67>5.( 8 =:,6&+(1 '(1 p(7=(1 %(6&+/(8O 1,*7N 62'$66 ',( =Om20321(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 9 $8) 9 67(,*7P 2I 2J
c%%P SSPTT NNd5(&+81*DD 921 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 ,1 (,1(5 )(/'(5)@//7(1 u&+,&+7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 8P
SRWX
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
f,( v$1*(17,$/.20321(17( >1'(57 6,&+ '$%(, 1,&+7P f,( g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 :(5'(1 $/62 %(, ',(6(5 r2/81* '(5 p(7=( =80 g,1)$//6/27 +,1 NN*(%52&+(1DDP f,( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7(1 '(5 g/(.7521(1 925 81' 1$&+ '(0 f85&+75,77 '85&+ ',( f233(/6&+,&+7 6,1' '85&+ '(1 g1(5*,(6$7= 0,7(,1$1'(5 9(5.1@3)7\ 0 0 9J 1(w 3 9J P T I T J
JSSPVWK
f,( (,1)$//(1'(1 g/(.7521(1 6(,(1 '85&+ ',( u3$1181* w $8) 9 %(6&+/(81,*7 :25O H I '(1N 62'$66 09J BT 3 (w ,67P f$11 )2/*7 $86 i/P JSSPVWK )@5 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 v(,/O I H &+(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 9 w J 3 S1 P 9 w I H c86 c%%P SSPTT />667 6,&+ (171(+0(1\
|
JSSPVXK
6,1" 9 I 3 JP JSSPVYK 6,1" 9 J I f,(6(5 c86'58&. (17635,&+7 :,('(580 '(0 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= '(5 n,&+7237,. 81' />667 6,&+ $/6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 d5(&+=$+/(1 1 81' 1 '(5 NNo(',(1DD S 81' T $85$66(1\ I J 9 1 w J 3 J 3 S1 P JSSPVZK 9 1 w I I H f,(6( i/(,&+81* (17635,&+7 9?//,* '(1 0,77(/6 '(5 o$7(5,(:(//(192567(//81* *(:21O 1(1(1 d(=,(+81*(1 JSSPVUK 81' JSSPVTKP
|
SSPVPT g/(.7521(1/,16(1N d5(11:(,7( f,( h250 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 /(*7 ',( h5$*( 1$+(N 2% 0$1 0,7 '(1 o$7(5,(:(//(1 (,1( =85 q37,. '(5 n,&+7:(//(1 $1$/2*( q37,.N (,1( NNg/(.7521(1O 237,.DD $8)%$8(1 .$11P y,( :,5 (%(1 $1+$1' '(5 %(,'(1 j(5/(,781*(1 '(5 (/(.752O 1(1237,6&+(1 d5(&+=$+/ *(6(+(1 +$%(1N ,67 =80 c8)%$8 (,1(5 *(20(75,6&+(1 g/(.7O 521(1237,.N ',( '(5 *(20(75,6&+(1 u75$+/(1237,. '(6 n,&+76 (17635,&+7N ',( d(=8*O 1$+0( $8) ',( y(//(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 *$5 1,&+7 127:(1',*P g6 ,67 185 =8 ./>5(1N 2% 6,&+ h(/'(5 +(567(//(1 /$66(1N ',( ',( g/(.7521(1 62 $%/(1.(1N '$66 :,( ,1 '(5 n,&+7O 237,. n,16(1:,5.81*(1 (1767(+(1P f,(6( .?117(1 '$11 ,1 *(20(75,6&+O237,6&+ .21O 6758,(57(1 k167580(17(1 $86*(187=7 :(5'(1P g567 :(11 (6 6,&+ 80 '$6 c89?681*6O 9(50?*(1 62/&+(5 k167580(17( +$1'(/7N .>0(1 ',( y(//(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 ,16 u3,(/P v$76>&+/,&+ +$7 6&+21 925 '(5 92//(1 g5.(1171,6 '(5 '8$/(1 p$785 '(5 o$7(5,( d86&+ S[TX LURb ',( o?*/,&+.(,7 (,1(5 g/(.7521(1237,. ,1 '(0 (%(1 *(1$117(1 u,11 (5.$117P c%(5 (567 ',( g5.(1171,6N '$66 ',( 6(+5 ./(,1( y(//(1/>1*( '(5 g/(.7521(1O :(//(1 (,1(1 h2576&+5,77 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 n,&+7237,. %(=@*/,&+ '(6 c89?681*69(50?O *(16 %5,1*(1 .?117(N +$7 ',( g17:,&./81* $8) ',(6(0 i(%,(7 *()?5'(57P f,( $1 6,&+ -$ 0?*/,&+( x(55,1*(581* '(5 y(//(1/>1*( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 u75$+/81* .$11 ,1 /,&+7237,6&+(1 k167580(17(1 1,&+7 $86*(187=7 :(5'(1N '$ ',( d5(&+=$+/ =8 1$+( $1 S +(5$1.2007N 62'$66 ',( m216758.7,21 921 n,16(1 810?*/,&+ :,5'N *$1= $%*(6(+(1
SSPV g/(0(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,.
SRWY
921 c%62537,2169(5/867(1 81' 5(,1 7(&+1,6&+(1 u&+:,(5,*.(,7(1P f,( h250 '(5 d5(&+=$+/ '(5 o$7(5,(:(//(1 />667 $%(5 9(5087(1N '$66 *((,*1(7( h(/'(5 =8 g/(.752O 1(1/,16(1 )@+5(1 .?117(1P k1 c1$/2*,( =85 n,&+7237,. ,67 $1=81(+0(1N '$66 (,1( 527$7,2166+1/,&+ ,67P |81>&+67 62// ',( i581'%(',1*81* )@5 ',( g5=(8*81* (,1(5 62/&+(1 c%O %,/'81* J/,&+7O 2'(5 (/(.7521(1237,6&+K $1*(*(%(1 :(5'(1P f$1$&+ :,5' =8 ./>5(1 6(,1N 2% ',(6( d(',1*81* %(, (/(.75,6&+(1 %=:P 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 (5)@//%$5 ,67N (,1( c%%,/'81* $/62 0?*/,&+ ,67P f$=8 %(75$&+7(1 :,5 c%%P SSPTUP f$6 ',( c%%,/'81* %(:,5.(1'( u1*(1P f$6 ,67 1$&+ i/P JSSPV[K '$11 (5)@//7N :(11 ',( c%/(1.81* 3523257,21$/ =8 5 ,67\ J"1#K 3 &2167P5 P
JSSPWRK
y,5' +,(5,1 SB*1SB% 3 &2167P 3 SB) *(6(7=7N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( %(.$117( n,16(1*/(,O &+81* S S S 1 3 JSSPWSK * % ) Jc%%,/'81*6*/(,&+81*N c%6&+1P SPWPUKP ) ,67 ',( 921 J"1#K 81$%+>1*,*( d5(11:(,7( '(6 c%%,/'81*66&+( (,1(6 |:,6&+(1%,/'(6 '(5 g/(.7521(148(//(N '85&+ ',( '(5 I c17(,/ (k '(6 *(6$07(1 g/(.7521(167520(6 ,1 '(1 t$80:,1.(/ (\ 3 @"J *(+7P I I I f(5 t,&+7675$+/:(57 ,1 ',(6(5 g%(1( ,67 '$+(5 (k I P d 3 JSSPXTK I (c @"J I I f,( d/(1'( 925 '(5 n,16( />667 185 (,1(1 v(,/ (k 3 (k J@"JB@"JK '(6 u7520(6 (k I J I I 3$66,(5(1P f,(6(5 u7520 (k :,5' '85&+ ',( n,16( ,1 ',( d,/'9>&+( (c 3 (c oJ J J I 352-,=,(57N :2%(, o 3 %B$ '(5 c%%,/'81*60$M67$% ,67 J9*/P c%%P SSPTYKP f(5 c3(5O 785:,1.(/ 5('8=,(57 6,&+ '$%(, $8) " 3 "BoN '$ " W tB$ 81' " W tB% 81' '$0,7 J J " B" W $B% 3 SBo ,67P k1 '(5 d,/'(%(1( ,67 '(5 t,&+7675$+/:(57 J (k J N JSSPXUK d 3 J (c (\ J J :25$86 1$&+ g,16(7=(1 '(5 i5?M(1 0,7 '(0 k1'(; T )2/*7\ (k I 3d P d 3 J (c @"J I I I
JSSPXVK
SSPV g/(0(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,.
a R
SRXU
∆ I1 ∆ A1 Quelle (Zwischenbild) ∆ Ω1 α1 α Blende Linse ∆ I2
b α2
∆ A2 Bild ∆Ω 2
c%%P SSPTY |85 g5+$/781* '(6 t,&+7675$+/:(57(6 $8) '(5 c&+6( (,1(5 (/(.7521(1237,6&+(1 c%%,/'81* J1$&+ t(,0(5 LSYbKP
f$0,7 ,67 ',( k19$5,$1= '(6 t,&+7675$+/:(57(6 $8) '(5 237,6&+(1 c&+6( )@5 ',(6(1 h$// *(=(,*7P Jf,(6( k19$5,$1= ,67 /(7=7/,&+ $8) ',( c%%(I6&+( u,186%(',1*81* Ji/P JSPSR[KK =85@&.=8)@+5(1PK g,1=(//,16(1P q5'1(7 0$1 '5(, n2&+%/(1'(1 *(0>M c%%P SSPTZ $1N :2%(, ',( >8M(5(1 g/(.752'(1 */(,&+(6 r27(17,$/ (5+$/7(1N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( 62 *(1$117( g,1=(//,16(P u,( 817(56&+(,'(7 6,&+ 921 '(5 k00(56,216/,16( '$'85&+N '$66 ',( g/(.7521(1 925 81' +,17(5 (,1(5 62/&+(1 g,1=(//,16( ',( */(,&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 %(6,7=(1P f(1 r2O 7(17,$/9(5/$8) =(,*7 c%%P SSPTZ] '$6 =8*(+?5,*( NNr27(17,$/*(%,5*(DD Jc%%P SSPT[K +$7 ,1 '(5 o,77( (,1(1 u$77(/381.7P f$6 r27(17,$/*(%,5*(N ',( w0'(8781* 921 n,1,(1 */(,&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/6 ,1 j?+(1/,1,(1N (5/$8%7 (,1 $16&+$8/,&+(6 0(&+$O 1,6&+(6 d,/' '(5 x(5+>/71,66( ,1 '(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,16(1N ,1'(0 0$1 '$6 g/(.7521 $/6 m8*(/ $85$667N ',( 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 i(6(7=(1 '(5 o(&+$1,. ,0 u&+:(5.5$)7)(/' %(:(*7P y(*(1 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* '(6 g/(.75216 ,67 ,1 c%%P SSPT[ '$6 1(*$7,9( r27(17,$/ 1$&+ 2%(1 $/6 j?+( $8)*(75$*(1P y,5 :2//(1 ',( d5(11:(,7( (,1(5 62/&+(1 g,1=(//,16( %(5(&+1(1 LUVbP f$=8 6&+5(,O %(1 :,5 ',( d(:(*81*6*/(,&+81* )@5 ',( t$',$/.20321(17( '(5 g/(.7521(1%(:(O *81* ,0 527$7,21661'(57 :(5'(1N 'P +P $8&+ ',( d5(11:(,7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,16(1 %/(,%7 '$11 .2167$17P x(5625*7 0$1 $/62 $//( g/(.752'(1 ,1 (,1(0 (/(.7521(1237,6&+(1 u75$+/(1*$1* $86 '(5 */(,&+(1 u3$1181*648(//(N 62 63,(/(1 u3$1181*66&+:$1.81*(1 '(5 s8(//( .(,1( t2//( )@5 ',( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( c%%,/'81*N (,1 :,&+7,*(5 7(&+1,6&+(5 i(6,&+76381.7P |:(,O 7(16 75,77 ,1 '(5 d86&+Oi/(,&+81* ',( 63(=,76&+( n$'81* (B0 1,&+7 $8)P f$+(5 +$%(1 (/(.75,6&+( n,16(1 0,7 *(*(%(1(1 g/(.752'(1327(17,$/(1 )@5 %(/,(%,*( *(/$'(1( v(,/O &+(1 J=P dP r52721(1K ',( */(,&+(1 d5(11:(,7(1 :,( )@5 g/(.7521(1N 62)(51 ',( v(,/O &+(1(1(5*,(1 */(,&+ 6,1'P y,5 :2//(1 181 ',( d86&+Oi/(,&+81* ,1 '(5 h250
0
1
' '5 S 'Jw S |w 32 5 '= '= V '=J |w
JSSPYSK
$8) ',( x(5+>/71,66( %(, '(5 g,1=(//,16( $1:(1'(1N 80 '(5(1 d5(11:(,7( =8 %(5(&+1(1 Jc%%P SSPURKP f(5 n,16(1%(5(,&+ %(71'( 6,&+ =:,6&+(1 '(1 g%(1(1 S 81' TP c8M(5O +$/% ',(6(6 d(5(,&+(6 6(, '$6 r27(17,$/ .2167$17N ',( h(/'67>5.( */(,&+ 18//P g,1 g/(.7O
c%%P SSPUR |85 d(5(&+181* '(5 d5(11:(,7( (,1(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 n,16(P
SRXX
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
521(1675$+/ 0?*( 921 /,1.6 3$5$//(/ =85 237,6&+(1 c&+6( J=Oc&+6(K (,1)$//(1P y,5 ,17(*5,(5(1 181 i/P JSSPYSK @%(5 = ,0 n,16(1%(5(,&+N :2%(, :,5 =85 c%.@5=81* 'w 3 wA '=
'Jw 3 wf '=J
81'
(,1)@+5(1\
0
1 0
1
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'5 '=
2 |w
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Elektronenquelle
Kondensor-Optik Objekt Objektiv-Linse
Einblick
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Quelle Anode Beschleuniger Strahljustierung Kondensorlinsen
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Strahljustierung Kondensor-Blende TWIN Objektivlinse Objekt Bühne
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y(,6( ,67 (6 0?*/,&+ A $8&+ '85&+ =86>7=/,&+( o$M1$+0(1 :,( '(0 g,16$7= 921 h(,1)2.86Oh(/'(0,66,216Om$7+2'(1 81' 921 63(=,(//(1 g/(.7521(1'(7(.725(1 ,11(5O +$/% '(5 q%-(.7,9/,16( J,1O7+(O/(16O'(7(&725K A c89?681*(1 817(5 S 10 $8) '(5 q%(5O 9>&+( 0$66,9(5 q%-(.7( =8 (55(,&+(1P g,1( $1'(5( o?*/,&+.(,7N %(66(5( c89?681*(1 %(, 0$66,9(1 q%-(.7(1 =8 (5=,(/(1N ,67 ',( x(5:(1'81* 1,('5,*(5 g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(1 921 RPT %,6 W .(xN %(, '(1(1 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 f,586,216:2/.( ./(,1 ,67P f(5 f,586,216+2) .$11 6,&+ -('2&+ 1,&+7 ,1 '@11(1 u&+,&+7(1 $86%,/'(1P d(, '(5 w17(568&+81* '@1167(5 q%-(.76&+,&+7(1 ,67 '$+(5 ,0 r5,1=,3 ',( */(,&+( +2+( c8)O /?681* 921 :(1,*(1 RPS 10 =8 (5:$57(1 :,( %(,0 .219(17,21(//(1 f85&+675$+/81*6O g/(.7521(10,.526.23P f(5 g/(.7521(1'(7(.725 :,5' '$11 =:(&.0>M,*(5:(,6( 817(5 '(5 q%-(.76&+,&+7 $1*(%5$&+7 Ju&+$/7(567(//81* vg ,1 c%%P SSPXUKP g,1 62/&+(6 f85&+675$+/81*6Ot$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23 Juvgo\ 6&$11,1* 75$160,66,21 (/(&7521 0,&526&23(K +$7 *(*(1@%(5 '(0 .219(17,21(//(1 f85&+675$+/81*6Og/(.7521(10,.O 526.23 :(*(1 '(5 =(,7/,&+ 6(48(17,(//(1 c%7$6781* ',( =86>7=/,&+( o?*/,&+.(,7N ',( d,/'6,*1$/( ,1 (,1)$&+(5 y(,6( (/(.7521,6&+ =8 9(5$5%(,7(1P g,1 :(,7(5(5 :(6(17/,&+(5 x257(,/ %(67(+7 '$5,1N '$66 g/(.7521(1N ',( ,1 '(5 q%-(.76&+,&+7 '85&+ 81(/$67,6&+( u7?M( (,1(1 v(,/ ,+5(5 g1(5*,( 9(5/25(1 +$%(1N *(1$862 :,( g/(.7521(1 2+1( g1(5O *,(9(5/867 =85 d,/'(1767(+81* %(,75$*(1 .?11(1N '$ 1$&+ f85&+675$+/81* '(6 q%-(.76 .(,1( (/(.7521(1237,6&+( c%%,/'81* (5)2/*7 81' '(5 h$5%)(+/(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1/,16(1 6,&+ 1,&+7 $86:,5.(1 .$11 J,0 .219(17,21(//(1 f85&+675$+/81*60,.526.23 :,5' ,1O )2/*( '(5 c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1/,16(1Od5(11:(,7( 921 '(5 g/(.7521(1(1(5*,( A 9*/P i/P JSSPYVK 81' JSSPZVK A ',( c%%,/'81* '85&+ g/(.7521(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,O &+(1 g1(5*,(9(5/867(1 816&+$5)N :$6 6,&+ ,16%(621'(5( %(, ',&.(5(1 q%-(.76&+,&+7(1 %(0(5.%$5 0$&+7KP d(, f85&+675$+/81*6Ot$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23(1 +?&+67(5 c89?681* :(5'(1 +(87( h(/'(0,66,216.$7+2'(1 9(5:(1'(7 J9*/P c%6&+1P SSPVPTKN '$ 6,( (6 *(67$77(1N (,1(1 g/(.7521(1675$+/ 0,7 6(+5 *(5,1*(5 g1(5*,(%5(,7( =8 (5O =(8*(1N '(5 6,&+ 0,7 g/(.7521(1/,16(1 =8 (,1(5 u21'( 0,7 :(1,*(1 RPS 10 f85&+O 0(66(5 $8) '(0 q%-(.7 )2.866,(5(1 />667P o,7 (,1(0 62/&+(1 i(5>7 ,67 (6 e5(:( LXXb (5670$/6 *(/81*(1N (,1=(/1( u&+:(5$720( ,1 fpuOo2/(.@/(1 6,&+7%$5 =8 0$&+(1 Jc%%P SSPXYKP
10 nm
c%%P SSPXY t$67(575$160,66,216(/(.7521(10,.526.23,6&+( c8)1$+0( 921 w5$1Oc720(1N ',( ,1 (,1 )$'(1)?50,*(6 fpuOo2/(.@/ =8 '(66(1 m2175$67,(581* %=:P u7$,1,1* J3c1)>5%81*K (,1*(%$87 :85'(1 LXXbP
SSSR
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
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SSPW g/(.7521(10,.526.23,(
SSSS
Elektronenoptische Säule: 1: Laserpuls-getriebene Photoelektronen-Kathode
Kathodenlaser Nd:YAGlaser 266 nm 7 _11 ns
2: Kondensorlinse
Bearbeitungslaser Nd:YAGlaser 532 nm 6 ns
4: Bearbeitungs-LaserpulsEinspiegelung 5: Objekt-Schicht
Stufenspannungsgenerator voltagestep generator
+ 0 -
PC mit Trigger-Einheit trigger unit
3: Elektronenpulse
computer with frame grabber
6: Objektiv- und 7: Zwischenlinse 8: Gesichtsfeldblende 9: Kondensator zur Bildrahmenverschiebung 10: Projektivlinse
11: Fluorenszenzschirm mit Faserplatte 12: Kanalplatten-Bildverstärker (MCP) 13: CCD-Kamera
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SSST
SS o$7(5,(:(//(1N g/(.7521(1237,.
Startstruktur
280 ns
400 ns
490 ns
Endstruktur
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SSPX g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(9(5/867Ou3(.7526.23,(N (1(5*,(7/7(51'( c%%,/'81*
SSSU
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X
θ = px /pz
θ
∆ϕ
ϕ (x ) Z
c%%P SSPZT v(,/&+(1%,/' 81' y(//(1%,/'\ c%/(1.81* '(5 g/(.7521(1%$+1 81' r+$6(16&+,(O %81* '(5 g/(.7521(1:(//( '85&+ (,1(1 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 h,/0 '(5 d5(,7( %P y(*(1 '(5 q57+2O *21$/,7>7 921 d$+1(1 81' y(//(19>&+(1 6&+(,1(1 v(,/&+(1O 81' y(//(1%,/' (,1( */(,&+:(57,*( d(6&+5(,%81* =8 /,()(51P c//(5',1*6 *,/7 ,0 v(,/&+(1%,/' ',( j(,6(1%(5*I6&+( w16&+>5)(5(/$7,21N 1,&+7 $%(5 ,0 y(//(1%,/'P f(6+$/% .?11(1 ,0 v(,/&+(1%,/' 185 r+$6(16758.785(1 0,7 (3 p T@ (5.$117 :(5'(1P
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JSSPSXWK
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g/6$66(5N yPoPN p$785:,66P SUN YSS JS[TWK f$9,6621N ePlPN i(50(5N nPjPN p$785( SS[N WWZ JS[TYK f$9,6621N ePlPN i(50(5N nPjPN r+1'(581* 921 RPS 10P f,(6 ,67 ',( w56$&+( )@5 ',( +2+( =Oc89?681*N ',( 0,7 '(0 uvo (55(,&+%$5 ,67P d(, +?+(5(1 u3$1181*(1 Jw # IK U Spitze
Probe
Scanner X, Y, Z
I-U
Regelkreis
Bildschirm
c%% STPT u&+(0$ (,1(6 t$67(57811(/0,.526.236P |:,6&+(1 r52%( 81' u3,7=( :,5' (,1( (/(.O 75,6&+( u3$1181* $1*(/(*7P f(5 v811(/67520 :,5' @%(5 (,1(1 u7520Ou3$1181*6:$1'/(5 JkOwO m219(57(5K ,1 (,1( $865(,&+(1' +2+( u3$1181* )@5 (,1(1 rkfOt(*/(5 80*(:$1'(/7N '(5 '(1 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 u3,7=( 81' r52%( 62 (,167(//7N '$66 '(5 v811(/67520 .2167$17 %/(,%7P c8) (,1(0 d,/'6&+,50 :,5' '$6 t(*(/6,*1$/ '$5*(67(//7P
SSUX
ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,( E SVac E P E Vac
ΦS
D (E ) ΦP
eU T
E PF
E SF
Spitze Probe
d
c%%P STPU u&+(0$ '(5 v811(/%$55,(5( ,0 t$67(57811(/0,.526.23P u&+5$5,(57 (,1*(=(,&+1(7 6,1' ',( g1(5*,(1,9($86 921 r52%( J/,1.6K 81' u3,7=( J5(&+76K %,6 =80 h(50,Op,9($8P u3,7=( 81' r52%( 6,1' 80 '(1 c%67$1' ' 921(,1$1'(5 *(75(117P f$6 h(50,Op,9($8 '(5 u3,7=( ,67 '85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(5 1(*$7,9(1 u3$1181* 5(/$7,9 =85 r52%( 80 ',( g1(5*,( (w 5(/$7,9 =8 U '(5(1 h(50,Op,9($8 9(56&+2%(1P k1 ',(6(0 h$// 7811(/1 ',( g/(.7521(1 $86 '(5 u3,7=( ,1 81%(6(7=7( |867>1'( '(5 r52%(P d(, w032/81* .(+5(1 6,&+ ',( x(5+>/71,66( 80P gT 81' gQ G G %(=(,&+1(1 ',( h(50,Op,9($86 921 u3,7=( 81' r52%(] gT 81' gQ 6,1' ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 W|~ W|~ x$.8801,9($86N I 81' I .(11=(,&+1(1 ',( c8675,776$5%(,7(1 921 u3,7=( %=:P r52%( J9*/P T Q d'P TN c%6&+1P ZPTKP
*,%7 (6 c%:(,&+81*(1 920 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= A (6 75,77 h2:/(5Op25'+(,0Ov811(/1 $8) LTb J9*/P d'P TN c%6&+1P ZPTPTK\ l 3 e gJ(CaA;c JSTPTK U I Je N e m2167$17(1KN :$6 =8 (,1(5 1,&+7/,1($5(1 u7520Ou3$1181*6.859( )@+57P y,5' I J ',( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181* 12&+ :(,7(5 (5+?+7N 62'$66 '$6 h(50,Op,9($8 '(5 g/(.752'( T 817(5 '(5 n(,781*6%$1'.$17( '(5 g/(.752'( S /,(*7N 75,77 6&+/,(M/,&+ h(/'(0,66,21 $8) LUbP f,( (;321(17,(//( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 v811(/675206 920 c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 '(5 o(6663,7=( 81' '(5 q%(59>&+( JSTPSK )@+57 '$=8N '$66 35$.7,6&+ '(5 *(6$07( v81O 1(/67520 '85&+ '$6-(1,*( c720 $8) '(5 u3,7=( *(75$*(1 :,5'N '$6 '(5 q%(59>&+( $0 1>&+67(1 .2007P o,7 '(5 t$67(57811(/0,.526.23,( />667 6,&+ (,1( /$7(5$/( c8)O /?681* ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 (7:$ RPSARPSW 10 (55(,&+(1N :2+,1*(*(1 ',( 9(5O 7,.$/( c89?681* %(, *((,*1(7(5 u&+:,1*81*6'>03)81* %,6 $8) 817(5 SRCL 10 *(O 67(,*(57 :(5'(1 .$11P g6 *,%7 =:(, o(669(5)$+5(1\ =80 (,1(1 ',( 62*P m2167$17675207(&+1,. Jk 3 U &2167PKN %(, '(5 '(5 v811(/67520 '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 t(*(/.5(,6 .2167$17 *(+$/7(1 :,5'P f,(6( +,6725,6&+ =8(567 5($/,6,(57( o(7+2'( (5/$8%7 48$17,7$7,9( o(6O 681*(1P f$%(, :,5' %(, (,1(5 /2.$/(1 x(5>1'(581* '(6 u3,7=(Oq%(59>&+(1$%67$1'(6 ',( r52%( %=:P ',( u3,7=( '85&+ '(1 r,(=26&$11(5 62 /$1*( 1$&+*(5(*(/7N %,6 6,&+ '(5 925*(:>+/7( v811(/67520 921 7&+(P
STPT t$67(57811(/0,.526.23,(
SSUY
g,1( :(,7(5( o(7+2'(N ',( 6,&+ ,16%(621'(5( )@5 $720$5 9$&+( q%(59>&+(1 (,*1(7N ,67 ',( m2167$17+?+(10(7+2'(N $8&+ 9$5,$%/( u75200(7+2'( *(1$117P j,(5%(, :,5' '85&+ (;75(0 6&+1(//(6 c%5$67(51 81' g,167(//(1 *52M(5 t(*(/=(,7.2167$17(1 '(5 v811(/67520 1,&+7 1$&+*(5(*(/7 81' ',( /2.$/( u75209$5,$7,21 %(,0 x(5)$+5(1 '(5 u3,7=( 3$5$//(/ =85 q%(59>&+( *(0(66(1 J' 3 &2167PKP f,(6( o(7+2'( ,67 $8) 9$&+(1 q%(59>&+(1 (,16(7=%$5 81' (5/$8%7 (,1(1 6(+5 6&+1(//(1 d,/'$8)%$8P g,1( 35$.7,6&+( d(*5(1=81* +,(5%(, ,67 0(,67 ',( 0(&+$1,6&+( g,*(15(621$1= '(6 o(66.23)(6N ',( -('2&+ '85&+ :(,7(5( o,1,$785,6,(581* '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 d$8(/(0(17( (5+?+7 :(5O '(1 .$11N 62'$66 1$+(=8 x,'(2$%7$675$7(1 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P
STPTPS k167580(17,(581* f,( m21752//( '(6 u3,7=(Or52%(Oc%67$1'(6 $8) d58&+7(,/( (,1(6 c720'85&+0(66(56 (5)25'(57 :,5.6$0( o$M1$+0(1 =85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 u&+:,1*81*(1N ',( =P dP $86 '(5 w0*(%81* $8) '$6 o,.526.23 (,1:,5.(1P f,( u&+:,1*81*6'>03)81* :85'( ,1 '(1 (567(1 uvoOr527271',*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m503)81* y,5O %(/67520%5(06(1 (,1*(6(7=7N 62:(,7 ',(6 $1'(5(N ,1 '(5 */(,&+(1 o(66.$00(5 925O +$1'(1( o(667(&+1,.(1 =8/$66(1 LVbP d(, 6(+5 .203$.7(1 c8)%$87(1 .$11 $8) ',( h('(5$8)+>1*81* 92//67>1',* 9(5=,&+7(7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P STPVK LWbP f,( i52%$11>+(581* '(5 r52%( $1 ',( o(6663,7=( 0866 62 (5)2/*(1N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76%(5(,&+ '(6 r,(=2$175,(%(6 6(1.5(&+7 =85 q%(59>&+( 921 77(5 =80 v(,/
Spitze
Probe
Schrittmotor
Piezo-Scanner
Schwingungsdämpfung
c%%P STPV m203$.7Ouvo 0,7 f5(,%(,1Ou&$11(5 81' u&+5,7702725 )@5 ',( i52%$11>+(581* '(5 r52%(P
SSUZ
ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,(
$8&+ '85&+ 5(,1 0(&+$1,6&+( w17(56(7=81*(1 (55(,&+7P k1 '(1 0(,67(1 h>//(1 9(5O :(1'(7 0$1 +(87( 0,1,$785,6,(57( v5>*+(,76$175,(%(N ',( $8) (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 81'B2'(5 (/(.75267$7,6&+(1 x(5)$+5(1 %(58+(1P f,( (/(.75,6&+ /(,7)>+,*( o(6663,7=( :,5' $86 0(7$//,6&+(1 f5>+7(1 0,7 :(1,*(1 =(+17(/ o,//,0(7(51 f85&+0(66(51 '85&+ &+(0,6&+(6 }7=(1 2'(5 (,1)$&+(6 0(&+$O 1,6&+(6 c16&+1(,'(1 *()(57,*7P f85&+ ',( v811(/&+$5$.7(5,67,. ,67 67(76 '$)@5 *(625*7N '$66 $0 g1'( 6(/%67 %(, *(20(75,6&+ 5(/$7,9 81'(71,(57(1 u3,7=(1 ,00(5 (,1( o,O 1,$78563,7=( $8)75,77N ',( 0(&+$1,6&+ $865(,&+(1' 67$%,/ ,67 81' ',( (,*(17/,&+( /2.$/( o(6663,7=( '$567(//7P f(5$57,*( u3,7=(1 6,1' -('2&+ 185 )@5 6(+5 9$&+( q%(59>&+(1 *((,*1(7N '$ 6,( 1,&+7 5(352'8=,(5%$5 6,1' 81' 5$8( q%(59>&+(1 0,7 +2+(0 c63(.7O 9(5+>/71,6 1,&+7 $%%,/'(1 .?11(1P j,(5=8 6,1' u3,7=(1 0,7 '(71,(57(0 c63(.79(5O +>/71,6 (5)25'(5/,&+N ',( 0$1 '85&+ &+(0,6&+( }7=9(5)$+5(1 +(567(//7P c/6 o$7(5,$/,(1 (,*1(1 6,&+ y2/)5$0N r/$7,1N k5,',80 81' $1'(5( o(7$//( 62:,( n(*,(581*(1 $86 ',(6(1 o$7(5,$/,(1P
STPTPT v811(/63(.7526.23,( f,( 3+1*,*(1 y(//(1)81.7,21(1 ,1 u3,7=( 81' r52%( $86N ',( 6,&+ 185 ,0 d$55,(5(1%(5(,&+ 6&+:$&+ @%(5/$33(1P h@5 7,()( v(03(5$785(1 (5+>/7 0$1 ,1 '(5 vjOp>+(581* (,1(1 $1$/&+(1 *(=(,*7 :25'(1P p(%(1 '(5 /2.$/(1 v811(/63(.7526.23,( Jc%%P STPWK *,%7 (6 ',( o?*/,&+.(,7N t$67(57811(/63(.7526.23,( =8 %(75(,%(1 81' 62 ',( x(57(,/81* %(67,007(5 q%(59>&+(1=867>1'( (1(5*,($%+>1*,* '$5=867(//(1P g,1 d(,63,(/ +,(5)@5 ,67 ,1 c%%P STPY *(=(,*7P c8&+ '(5 g,19866 921 $720$5(1 81' 02/(.8/$5(1 c'625%$7(1 $8) ',( x(5>1'(O 581* '(5 /2.$/(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 |867$1'6',&+7( 62:,( 63,1$%+>1*,*( v811(/352=(66( 817(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 (,1'20>1,*(1 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 u3,7=(1 .2117(1 0,7+,/)( '(6 uvo6 $720$5 $8)*(/?67 817(568&+7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P STPX%KP f,( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 t$67(57811(/0,.526.236 $8) /2.$/( (/(.7521,6&+( |867$1'6',&+7(1 (5/$8%7 (6 '$5@%(5 +,1$86N $8&+ 6(+5 )(,1( g5(.7( 1$&+=8:(,6(1N :,( (/(.7521,6&+( r+$1720O %,/'(5 Jc%%P STPZKN ',( @%(5 '(1 m21'2Og5(.7 ,1 .@167/,&+(1 $720$5(1 u758.785(1 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1 .2117(1P f,(6( u758.785(1 :85'(1 =8925 0,7+,/)( '(5 v81O 1(/63,7=( $/6 y(5.=(8* $86 (,1=(/1(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 e2Oc720(1 +(5*(67(//7P f$6 t$67(57811(/0,.526.23 +$7 6,&+ $/6 6(+5 9,(/)>/7,*(6 2%(59>&+(16(16,7,9(6 k1O 67580(17 (5:,(6(1P g6 .$11 62:2+/ 817(5 w/75$+2&+9$.880%(',1*81*(1 )@5 2%(5O 9>&+(163(.7526.23,6&+( |:(&.( $/6 $8&+ 817(5 1250$/(1 w0*(%81*6%(',1*81*(1 81' 62*$5 0,7 *(:,66(1 g,16&+5>1.81*(1 ,1 h/@66,*.(,7(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1P g,1 :,&+7,*(6 d(,63,(/ +,(5=8 ,67 ',( c1:(1'81* ,1 '(5 g/(.752&+(0,(N :2 (6 *(/,1*7N 0,7+,/)( '(6 t$67(57811(/0,.526.236 817(5 x(5:(1'81* 921 :(,7*(+(1' (/(.75,6&+
c%%P STPZ s8$17(1Oh$7$Oo25*$1$P e2Oc720( :85'(1 0,7 '(0 uvo =8 (,1(5 g//,36( *583O 3,(57P d5,1*7 0$1 (,1 :(,7(5(6 e2Oc720 ,1 (,1(1 d5(11381.7 '(5 g//,36(N 62 (56&+(,17 ,0 =:(,7(1 d5(11381.7 '85&+ '(1 m21'2Og5(.7 81' ',( 63(=,(//( i(20(75,( ',( u,*1$785 ',(6(6 c7206 J/,1.(6 817(5(6 d,/'KN 2%:2+/ '257 .(,1 5($/(6 c720 925+$1'(1 ,67P k0 m21752//9(568&+ $8) '(5 5(&+7(1 u(,7( :85'( '$6 (,1=(/1( e2Oc720 $8M(5+$/% '(5 d5(11381.7( $1*(25'1(7P g6 (1767(+7 .(,1 r+$1720%,/' '(6 c7206 $8) '(5 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1 u(,7( JfP g,*/(5N kdoKP f,( 817(5(1 d,/'(5 6,1' 7811(/63(.7526.23,6&+( d,/'(5 J'P +P c8)1$+0( 921 'kB'w 81' 1$&+O )2/*(1'( f,5(5(1=%,/'81* =85 m2175$679(567>5.81*KP
SSVT
ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,(
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υ Kraft Spitze
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F elektrostatische Kräfte
Bindungskräfte Abrieb
Flüssigkeitsfilm Meniskus
Bahn der Spitze
Stufe
ionische Abstoßung Pauli-Abstoßung Adhäsion van-der-Waals-Kräfte
magnetische Kräfte
elastische Kräfte plastische Deformation
Kapillarkräfte
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ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,(
Raster Richtung (a)
(c)
(b)
Torsion
vertikale Verbiegung
100.000 nm
c%% STPST d(:(*81*6)250(1 (,1(6 choOu(16256\ J$K .(,1( f()250$7,21N 'P +P .(,1( y(&+O 6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(5 q%(59>&+(N J%K 9(57,.$/(N 1$&+ 2%(1 *(5,&+7(7( d(:(*81* '85&+ 5(38/6,9( y(&+6(/:,5.81* Jv232*5$3+,(KN J&K v256,21 '85&+ n$7(5$/.5>)7(P
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STPU t$67(5.5$)70,.526.23,(
SSVY
q%(59>&+(13527/20(75,( ,17(5(66,(5(1 9,(/( :(,7(5( 3+&+(N =P dP ,+5( 0(&+$1,6&+(1 r$5$0(7(5P f$%(, ,67 =P dP ',( h5$*( 921 k17(5(66(N 2% ',( /2.$/(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 921 q%(59>&+(1 81' '@11(1 h,/0(1 $1'(5( 6,1' $/6 ',( '(6 x2/80(10$7(5,$/6P o$7(5,$/817(56&+,('( /$66(1 6,&+ 0,7 '(0 uho $8) 6(+5 ./(,1(5 u.$/$ 0(66(1P k0 .219(17,21(//(1 m217$.702'86 75,77 1(%(1 '(5 9(57,.$/(1 c%/(1.81* Jc%%P STPST%K %(, '(5 d(:(*81* 6(1.5(&+7 =85 n>1*6$&+6( $8&+ (,1( '85&+ t(,%81*6.5>)7( 9(5856$&+7( v256,21 '(6 h('(5%$/.(16 80 6(,1( n>1*6$&+6( $8) Jc%%P STPST&KP f,(6( v256,216%(:(*81* .$11 */(,&+=(,7,* 0,7 '(5 v232*5$3+,(0(6681* ,1 (,1(0 =:(,7(1 f(7(.7,216.$1$/ *(0(66(1 :(5'(1P j,(5=8 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 $/6 326,7,216(03O 71'/,&+(1 f(7(.725 x,(548$'5$17(1Of,2'(1 $167(//( (,1(5 (,1)$&+(1 f233(/Of,2'( Jc%%P STPSR$KP o,7 n$7(5$/.5$)70(6681*(1 .?11(1 817(56&+,('/,&+( /2.$/( o$7(5,$/,(1 %=:P o$O 7(5,$/(,*(16&+$)7(1 $8) q%(59>&+(1 '$5*(67(//7 :(5'(1N 62)(51 6,( 6,&+ ,1 ,+5(1 t(,O %81*6(,*(16&+$)7(1 817(56&+(,'(1P f,(6 .$11 %(, 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 o$66(',&+7(1 &+(0,6&+ (,13+$6,*(5 u&+(1 $8)75(7(1 Jc%%P STPSUKP p(%(1 '(5 t(,%81* ,67 (,1( :(,7(5( :,&+7,*( 3+&+(1(,*(16&+$)7 ',( /2.$/( 0(&+$1,6&+( j>57(P n2.$/ 9$5,,(5(1'( 0(&+$1,6&+( u7(,7*.(,7(1 $8) q%(5O 9>&+(1 .?11(1 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 o2'8/$7,2169(5)$+5(16 ,0 m217$.702'86 J'7=/,&+(6 y(&+6(/63$1181*66,*1$/ 02'8/,(57N '(6O 6(1 h5(48(1= *5?M(5 $/6 ',( t(*(/)5(48(1= '(6 t(*(/.5(,6(6 '(6 o,.526.236 *(:>+/7 :,5'P l( 1$&+ j>57( '(5 r52%( :,5' ',(6( o2'8/$7,216$03/,78'( 0(+5 2'(5 :(1,*(5 67$5. $8) '(1 e$17,/(9(5 @%(575$*(1 81' 3+$6(16(16,7,9 *(0(66(1P f$6 3+$6(16(1O 6,7,9( o(666,*1$/ (17635,&+7 '(5 c%/(,781* '(6 m5$)76,*1$/6 1$&+ '(0 r52%(1$%O 67$1'N 81' (5*,%7 62 (,1 o$M )@5 ',( /2.$/( u7(,7*.(,7 '(5 r52%(P d(, %(.$117(0 m217$.75$',86 .$11 '$0,7 '(5 /2.$/( g/$67,=,7>7602'8/ '(5 q%(59>&+( 48$17,7$7,9 %(67,007 :(5'(1P
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SSVZ
ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,(
Kraft PolymerAbstandshalter
Bindungspartner Auslenkung
Federbalken-Position
(a) repulsiver Kontakt
50 nm (b)
200 pN
Piezo Position
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STPU t$67(5.5$)70,.526.23,(
SSV[
k = 0.1 N/m 0 -2 Snap-On
Kraft
-4 A
d /nm
-8
B C (a)
k = 0.01 N/m
-6
Abstand
-10 (b)
0
5
10 zp /nm
15
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Spiegel Laser
Detektorsignal
Lock-In
Phase Amplitude
V (z)
parabolisches (harmonisches) Potential
Referenzsignal Piezo
Cantilever + Spitze
(a)
effektives Potential Anregungssignal
Probe
z-Signal x, y, z-Scanner
Spitze-Probe-Potential
Fehlersignal PID-Regler
~
E
Funktionsgenerator Sollwert
D
D + 2A
z
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Topographie
(a)
126 nm
(b)
20 nm
6 nm
c%%P STPTR J$K h/825(6=(1=0$5.,(57( n$7(;Om8*(/1 Jf85&+0(66(5 TR 10K ,1 (,1(5 48$6, (,1O ',0(16,21$/(1 c125'181* *(0(66(1 0,7 '(0 uho] J%K 1$+)(/'237,6&+( h/825(6=(1=$8)1$+O 0(N */(,&+=(,7,* 0,7 (,1(5 1$+)(/'237,6&+(1 u21'( 0,7 '5(,(&.,*(5 c3(5785 *(0(66(1] 237,6&+( c89?681*\ UW 10 LT[bP
SSWX
ST t$67(5621'(10,.526.23,( Aluminium d = 250 nm d = 160 nm Glas
HE11
exponentielle Dämpfung
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01
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SUPU d5(&+81* 81' t(9(;,21
SSYU
Perfektkristall Monochromator
optische Bank
magnetische Prismen Detektor
Perfektkristall Analysator
Zählrate (240 s)
2x103
Rockingkurve
ein Magnet
zwei Magnete
1
0 -3
-2
-1 0 Ablenkwinkel ∆ δ (s)
1
2
3
δ
c%%P SUPT o$*1(7,6&+( r5,60(1$%/(1.81* 921 p(87521(1 %(, 8167(5 =8 (,1(5 u7$1'$5'0(O 7+2'( =85 o(6681* 921 .2+>5(17(1 u75(8/>1*(1 J% K :(,7(5(17:,&.(/7 J6P =P dP m2(67(5 ~ LTZbKP f,( t(9(.7,9,7>7 (,1(6 9$&+(1 u3,(*(/6 $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 g,1)$//6:,1.(/6 ,67 ,1 i/P JSUPURK $1*(*(%(1P f,( (17635(&+(1'( g,1'5,1*7,()(N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(5 ,0 k11(5(1 (;,67,(5(1'(1 81' (;321(17,(// $%./,1*(1'(1 y(//(1)81.7,21 %(5(&+1(1 />667N %(75>*7 D3
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g6 ,67 '$+(5 0?*/,&+N '$66 @%(5+$837 185 (,1( u3,1.20321(17( 5(9(.7,(57 :,5' J=P dP $1 e2N 6P v$%P SUPSKN :$6 =85 r52'8.7,21 81' =85 c1$/O 5(17(1 u75(8/>1*(1 $86187=7N %(67(+7 ,1 '(5 h250 '(6 u&+:(5.5$)75()5$.720(7(56N :(/&+(6 921 o$,(5On(,%1,7= LURb 925*(6&+/$*(1 81' 921 m2(67(5 LUSb 5($/,6,(57 :85'( Jc%%P SUPUKP i87 .2//,0,(57(N +25,=217$/ $86 (,1(0 u&+/,7=6*7 a 3 |T*jB9N :2%(, j ',( (55(,&+7( h$//+?+( ,1 (,1(5 g17)(5181* n $1*,%7 Jj 3 *nJBT9JKP f$0,7 />667 6,&+ i/P JSUPURK $8&+ 6&+5(,%(1 $/6\
9
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SUPU d5(&+81* 81' t(9(;,21
SSYW
d R Intensität
L
c%%P SUPV u&+(0$ (,1(6 *(.5@007(1 p(87521(1/(,7(56 81' 6&+(0$7,6&+( c1*$%( '(5 k17(1O 6,7>769(57(,/81*P
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~ d(621'(5( c1)25'(581*(1 6,1' $1 ',( q%(59>&+( '(5$57,*(5 p(87521(1/(,7(5 *(67(//7N :2%(, 62:2+/ ',( 0,.526.23,6&+( t$8,*.(,7 $/6 $8&+ ',( :(,75(,&+(1'(5( y(//,*.(,7 '(5 q%(59>&+( =8 v5$160,66,2169(5/867(1 )@+57P j>87* :(5'(1 0(7$//%('$03)7( Jp,N e8K i/$63/$77(1 =8 p(87521(1/(,7(51 =86$00(1*(6(7=7N '(5(1 n>1*(1 '$11 SR %,6 SRR 0 81' '(5(1 m5@0081*65$',(1 SR %,6 URRR 0 %(75$*(1P f,( 0(,67(1 p(87O 521(1 :(5'(1 (17/$1* '(5 .21.$9(1 u(,7( '(6 p(87521(1/(,7(56 ,1 h250 921 i,5O /$1'(15(9(;,21(1 75$160,77,(57N :(6:(*(1 (6 $0 g1'( '(6 n(,7(56 =8 (,1(5 ,1+202O *(1(1 k17(16,7>76O 81' y(//(1/>1*(19(57(,/81* .2007P f,( v5$160,66,2169(5/867( /,(*(1 @%/,&+(5:(,6( 817(5 TR@ 81' .?11(1 %(, %(621'(5(5 q%(59>&+(1%(+$1'/81* 62:,( 237,0$/(5 l867,(581* :(,7(5 5('8=,(57 :(5'(1P c1 (,1(5 j2&+9866Op(87521(1O 48(//( .$11 $0 g1'( (,1(6 p(87521(1/(,7(56 0,7 (,1(0 h/866 921 SRIL 0CJ 6CI *(O 5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f,( g5(.7,9,7>7 1,007 =8 /$1*:(//,*(1 p(87521(1 +,1 =8P h@5 u21'(5$1:(1'81*(1 .$11 '85&+ (,1( x(5(1*81* ,1 h250 (,1(5 /2*$5,7+0,6&+(1 u3,5$/( $0 g1'( '(5 p(87521(1/(,7(5 (,1( k17(16,7>76(5+?+81* $8) m267(1 '(5 u75$+/',9(5*(1= (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 LUXbP g17:,&.(/7 :85'(1 $8&+ *(.5@007( 727$/O 5(9(.7,(5(1'( u2//(5Ou1*,* 6,1'N 6,1' d(8*81*63+>120(1( '(87/,&+ $%+>1*,* 921 '(1 f,0(16,2O 1(1 '(5 q%-(.7( 81' $8&+ 921 '(5 5(/$7,9(1 c125'181* 921 s8(//(Oq%-(.7Of(7(.725P f,( 7+(25(7,6&+( d(6&+5(,%81* (5)2/*7 0,7+,/)( '(5 67$7,21>5(1 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,O &+81* Ji/P JSUPUKKN ',( '(5 j(/0+2/7=Oi/(,&+81* '(5 n,&+7237,. Jc%6&+1P gVPSK >48,O 9$/(17 ,67N :(6:(*(1 :,5 ',( '257 (5+$/7(1(1 g5*(%1,66( ,0 y(6(17/,&+(1 @%(51(+0(1 .?11(1P d(75$&+7(1 :,5 ',( u,78$7,21 $1 (,1(0 (,1)$&+(1 u3$/7 Jc%%P SUPWKN 921
c%%P SUPW
d(8*81*6*(20(75,(P
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6,1
0
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0
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'$6 +(,M7N (6 75,77 (,1( o2'8/$7,21 '(6 d(8*81*6%,/'(6 921 =:(, r81.748(//(1 0,7 '(0 d(8*81*6%,/' '(6 g,1=(/63$/76 $8)P g17635(&+(1'( w17(568&+81*(1 :85'(1 921 |(,/,1*(5 (7 $/P LVTN VUb '85&+*()@+57 81' (5%5$&+7(1 1$&+ d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(5 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 r$5$0(7(5 (,1( *87( %(5(,167,0081* =:,6&+(1 v+(25,( 81' g;O 3(5,0(17 Jc%%P SUPX&KP x(5:(1'(7 :85'(1 p(87521(1 0,7 (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 921 JSPZVWuRPSVK 10N '(5 u&+/,7=$%67$1' %(758* c 3 STX =0 81' ',( u&+/,7=%5(,7( f 3 TT =0P f,( x(56&+0,(581* '(5 k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* %(, +?+(5(1 q5'181*(1 ,67 925 $//(0 '85&+ ',( 5(/$7,9 %5(,7( y(//(1/>1*(19(57(,/81* 9(5856$&+7 :25'(1N ',( 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1 08667(N 80 ',( o(66=(,7 ,1 (575>*/,&+(1 i5(1=(1 =8 +$/7(1P &K o,7 '(5 */(,&+(1 c33$5$785 (5)2/*7( $8&+ (,1( *(1$8( o(6681* '(5 d(8*81* $1 (,1(5 m$17(N :$6 $/6 ./$66,6&+(6 d(,63,(/ (,1(5 h5(61(/Od(8*81* $1=86(+(1 ,67P p$&+ d(5@&.6,&+7,*81* '(6 ,167580(17(//(1 c89?681*69(50?*(16N '$6 +(,M7 '(5 d5(,7( '(6 s8(//O 81' f(7(.72563$/76 62:,( '(5 y(//(19(57(,/81* (5*$% 6,&+ :,('(580 (,1( $86O *(=(,&+1(7( %(5(,167,0081* =:,6&+(1 v+(25,( 81' g;3(5,0(17 Jc%%P SUPX$ LVVbKP
SUPV d(8*81* $1 0$.526.23,6&+(1 q%-(.7(1
SSY[
Detektor
Spalte 150 µm
120° Quarzprisma
Objekt
Messspalt 30 µm
evakuierte Laufstrecken
Intensität
von kalter Quelle
Eintrittsspalt 15 µm
Messspalt-Position in µm
c%%P SUPX p(87521(1237,6&+( d$1. =85 o(6681* J$K '(5 d(8*81* $1 (,1(5 m$17( LVVbN J%K '(5 d(8*81* $0 g,1=(/63$/7 81' J&K $0 f233(/63$/7 LVTbP
k1 ',(6( m$7(*25,( )>//7 $8&+ ',( ,1 '(5 g,1/(,781* $1*(6352&+(1( w17(568&+81* (,1(6 d,35,60(1,17(5)(520(7(56 921 o$,(5On(,%1,7= 81' u35,1*(5 LYbN %(, '(0 '$6 d,35,60$ =:(, 9,578(//( s8(//63$/7( Ju 81' u K (5=(8*7N '(5(1 y(//(1)81.7,21 6,&+ I J ,0 f(7(.725%(5(,&+ @%(5/$*(51 Jc%%P SUPSKP f,(6( w17(568&+81*(1 (5)2/*7(1 0,7 p(87521(1 (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 921 RPVVuRPS 10N ',( u&+/,7=%5(,7( %(758* SR =0 81' ',( f,67$1= '(5 9,578(//(1 s8(//(1 STX =0P f$0,7 .2117( n$1'.$00(5 LVWb (567( c1=(,&+(1 921 d(8*81*63+>120(1(1 $1 (,1(5 m$17( %(2%$&+7(1P 'K h@5 '(1 i5(1=)$// 9,(/(5 ,0 c%67$1' ' $1*(25'1(7(5 u3$/7( (5+$/7(1 :,5 '$6 d(8*81*6%,/' (,1(6 i,77(56N '(66(1 o$;,0$ %(, 6,1 a 3 0+B' /,(*(1N :2%(, '(5(1 k17(16,7>7(1 '(5 q5'181*(1 0 '85&+ ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 h285,(5Om20321(17(1 '(5 v5$160,66,216)81.7,21(1 *(*(%(1 6,1'P g567( '(5$57,*( w17(568&+81*(1 :85'(1 921 m85= 81' t$8&+ LVXb 0,7 7+(50,6&+(1 p(87521(1 81' (,1(0 p,&.(/Ot(9(;,216*,77(5 0,7 (,1(0 i,77(5$%67$1' ' 3 SZPW =0 81' (,1(0 v(,/81*69(5+>/71,6 %B' 3 TBU '85&+O *()@+57P c8)*581' '(5 %(5/$*(581* '(5 921 '(1 h/>&+(1 $86*(+(1'(1 |8M(5( q5'181*(1 J0 " RK %(2%$&+7(7P y(,7(5( '(7$,//,(57(5( w17(568&+81*(1 ',(6(5 c57 :85'(1 921 i5$) (7 $/P LVYb 0,7 .$/7(1 p(87521(1 J+ # RPV 10K '85&+O *()@+57 81' 921 u&+(&.(1+2)(5 81' u7(5.81* %(67,007(5 d(8*81*625'181*(1 0?*/,&+P r+$6(1*,77(5 0,7 (,1(5 i,77(5.2167$17( ' 3 TS =0 :85'(1 921 k25( (7 $/P LWRb )@5 p(87521(1 0,7 (,1(5 y(//(1/>1*( 921 + 3 RPUSWuRPRV 10 ,1 t(9(;,21667(//81* 9(5:(1'(7N 81' @O 81' @BTOr+$6(1*,77(5 0,7 (,1(5 i,77(5.2167$17( 921 ' 3 T =0 :85'(1 )@5 6(+5 /$1*O :(//,*( p(87521(1 J+ 3 SRPTuSPT 10K 921 g'(5 (7 $/P LWSb (5352%7P c%%,/'81* SUPY =(,*7 ,0 817(5(1 v(,/ '$6 *(0(66(1( d(8*81*6%,/' (,1(6 '(5$57,*(1 @Or+$6(1*,77(56P (K p(%(1 '(5 d(8*81* $1 /,1($5(1 i,77(56758.785(1 :85'( $8&+ ',( d(8*81* $1 3/$1$5(1 u758.785(1 Jo8/7,/$M,* *(6&+,&+7(7 @%(5(,1$1'(5 $8)*(%5$&+7N 62 (1767(+7 (,1 u&+,&+7*,77(5N '(66(1 d(8*81*60$;,0$ :,( %(, '(5 d5$**Od(8*81* $1 g,1.5,67$//(1 =8 %(5(&+1(1 ,67 0+ 3 T' 6,1a N 0 3 SN TN UN P P P P JSUPWRK C f,( k17(16,7>7 '(5 r($.6 ,67 $8&+ +,(5 *(*(%(1 '85&+ ',( h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( '(6 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6327(17,$/6 x ,11(5+$/% '(5 3(5,2',6&+(1 u&+,&+7(1 LSTbP
9
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SU p(87521(1237,.
c%%P SUPZ x(5*/(,&+ '(5 t(9(;,216*5$'( 921 (,1(0 u3,1=867$1' $1 37 (,1(6 u&+,&+7*,77(56N %(67(+(1' $86 SWRR h(Oi(Ou&+,&+7(1N 0,7 (,1(5 i,77(5.2167$17( 921 ' 3 WPW10N 0,7 '(5 t(9(.7,9,7>7 (,1(6 3&+(1 H '(5 (,1=(/1(1 |21(1 */(,&+ 6,1'P f,( ,11(5+$/% (,1(5 *(:,66(1 c3(5785 0,7 t$',86 t /,(*(1'( c1=$+/ 921 '(5$57,*(1 h5(61(/O|21(1 %(75>*7 620,7 p 3 JtB/ KJP d/(1'(7 H 0$1 ',( *(5$'(1 2'(5 ',( 81*(5$'(1 |21(1 (7:$ '85&+ c%625%(56&+,&+7(1 $86 2'(5 A 12&+ %(66(5 A 625*7 0$1 '85&+ 817(56&+,('/,&+( f,&.( '$)@5N '$66 ',( y(//(1 ,1 $//(1 |21(1 0,7 */(,&+(5 r+$6( $8675(7(1N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 ,0 |(17580 (,1( 0,7 '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 9(5)@*%$5(1 |21(1 =81(+0(1'( k17(16,7>7P f$'85&+ 6,1' |21(13/$77(1 ,17(5(66$17( h2.866,(581*6(/(0(17( )@5 t?17*(1O 81' p(87521(1675$+/(1N =80$/
|
SUPV d(8*81* $1 0$.526.23,6&+(1 q%-(.7(1
SSZU
λ
s
r0 s0
P0
Zn
Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4
P
Z1
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l0 √ 2l 0 √ 3l 0
c%%P SUP[
m216758.7,21 '(5 h5(61(/O|21(1 )@5 '(1 h$// '(5 m8*(/*(20(75,(P
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SSZV
SU p(87521(1237,.
Substrat antireflektierende Schicht Superspiegel
c%%P SUPSR
Reflexionsgrad
berechnet
gemessen
r5,1=,3 (,1(6 u83(563,(*(/6 81' g5*(%1,66( )@5 (,1 URRO/$*,*(6 v,Op,OuM ' J0K 3 " 0,7
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SSZX
SU p(87521(1237,. 1
Reflexionsgrad
10-1
gepulste Quelle
Detektor
10-2 Glas Langmuir-Schichtstruktur
10-3 10-4 0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9 Q
1,0
1,1
1,2 nm-1
c%%P SUPST t(9(;,216*5$' (,1(6 T[O/$*,*(1 n$1*08,5Od/2'*(77 h,/06 *(0(66(1 $1 (,1(5 *(O 38/67(1 s8(//( 81' 0,7 n$8)=(,7$1$/1*7 Ji/P JSUPZKKN %/(,%7 (,1( o(+5'(87,*O .(,7 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 c%)2/*( '(5 u&+,&+76758.785 Jr+$6(1352%/(0KP f85&+ =86>7=/,&+ $8)*(%5$&+7( u&+,&+7(1 .$11 0$1 ',(6(6 r52%/(0 =80 v(,/ ,1 '(1 i5,5 %(.200(1 LXVbP
SUPV d(8*81* $1 0$.526.23,6&+(1 q%-(.7(1
SSZY
,K d(8*81*6(56&+(,181*(1 75(7(1 1,&+7 185 $1 (,1O 81' =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 0$.O 526.23,6&+(1 q%-(.7(1 $8)N 621'(51 $8&+ $1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1N :$6 ,1 '$6 i(%,(7 '(5 p(87521(1Om/(,1:,1.(/675(881* )@+57P u2)(51 :,5 816 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 h5$81+2)(5O d(8*81* %(71'(1 J=P dP i/P JSUPWYKK 81' '(5 '85&+ '$6 q%-(.7 '(5 f,&.( ' 9(585O 6$&+7( r+$6(16&+8% 4 3 .JS21K ' * T@ ,67N .?11(1 :,5 '(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 $/6 h285,(5Ov5$16)250,(57( '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*667>5.( $1*(%(1 Ji/P JSUPVVKKP d(=,(O +(1 :,5 '(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 $8) (,1 c720 81' 0,77(/1 :,5 ',( m(51:(&+6(/O :,5.81* @%(5 (,1(1 *(1@*(1' *52M(1 x2/80(1%(5(,&+N 62 (5+$/7(1 :,5
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SS[R
SU p(87521(1237,.
Neutronenstrahl
Geschwindigkeitsselektor
ortsempfindlicher Detektor
Filter
Piezoantrieb
Nickel bedampfter Glasspiegel
Experiment
Intensität
Theorie
Energieänderung ∆E (neV)
c%%P SUPSW o(6681* '(5 g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* 1$&+ '(5 t(9(;,21 $1 (,1(5 0,7 TPTT oj= 9,%5,(O 5(1'(1 q%(59>&+(N :$6 $/6 d(8*81*O,1O'(5O|(,7Og5(.7 ,17(535(7,(57 :(5'(1 .$11 LY[bP
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SS[T
SU p(87521(1237,.
d(:(*81* '(5 c720( 80 '(1 -(:(,/,*(1 i,77(5381.7 0,7 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7N 62 :>5( % )@5 j X R '85&+ g,1%(=,(+81* '(6 f(%+(581*(1 0?*/,&+N :2%(, :,5 $8&+ 12&+ '(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 d()81' (,19,(M(1 /$66(1N '$66 (,1( 0(5./,&+( k17(16,7>7 185 '$11 =8 %(2%$&+7(1 ,67N :(11 D 3 X2XA 7 ; N
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SUPY k17(5)(520(75,(
STR[
c%%P SUPTZ p$&+:(,6 '(5 .2+>5(17(1 u3,1Ou83(5326,7,21 '85&+ %(5/$*(581* 921 v(,/675$+O /(1 0,7 r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781*(1 ,1 8=n 81' 82=n LSSYbP
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JSUPSSTK
f,( r2/$5,6$7,21 /,(*7 620,7 (%(1)$//6 ,1 '(5 J;N 5)(5(/$7,21 J(p (I # SK 35,1=,3,(// 810?*/,&+ ,67P
STSR
SU p(87521(1237,.
c%%P SUPT[ p$&+:(,6 '(5 =(,7/,&+(1 u75$+/02'8/$7,21 %(, *(5,1*)@*,* 817(56&+,('/,&+(0 g1(5*,(@%(575$* ,1 %(,'(1 v(,/675$+/(1 Jp(87521(1Ol26(3+621Og5(.7K LSS[bP
p(87521(1Ol26(3+621Og5(.7P k1 ',(6(0 h$// :,5' ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 ,1 %(,'(1 v(,/675$+O /(1 0,7 t(621$1=Ou3,1Oh/,33(5 80*('5(+7N :(6:(*(1 ',( g1'32/$5,6$7,21 ,1 ',( 82=nOt,&+781* =(,*7P q%:2+/ ,1 ',(6(5 c125'181* 0,7 u,&+(5+(,7 S (,1 g1(5*,(O $867$86&+ (5)2/*7N %/(,%7 ',( k17(5)(5(1=)>+,*.(,7 '(6 u75$+/6 (5+$/7(1P f$6 k17(5)(O 5(1=%,/' +>1*7 ,1 ',(6(0 h$// 921 '(5 r+$6(1/$*( '(5 %(,'(1 t(621$1=)(/'(5 $%P g,1 %(621'(56 ,17(5(66$17(5 h$// (5*,%7 6,&+N :(11 ',( h5(48(1= '(5 %(,'(1 t(62O 1$1=)(/'(5 /(,&+7 817(56&+,('/,&+ ,67\ 5 3 (%@3C3|CA,82=n1(%@3C3|DA,82=n N
JSUPSSUK
:$6 (,1( =(,7/,&+( k17(16,7>7602'8/$7,21 +(592558)7N *(0>M k 6 S1&26L41&26J6 26 K7b P JSUPSSVK .I .J f(5 h5(48(1=817(56&+,(' 81' '$0,7 '(5 w17(56&+,(' ,1 '(5 @%(575$*(1(1 g1(5*,( .$11 6(+5 ./(,1 *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1N :2'85&+ ',( =(,7/,&+( q6=,//$7,21 6(+5 /$1* :,5' Jc%%P SUPT[K LSS[bKP f(5 g1(5*,(817(56&+,(' (17635,&+7 ,1 ',(6(0 h$// (g 3 ZPX4SRCIO (x 81' ',( g1(5*,((0371'/,&+.(,7 TPY4SRCIQ (xP y,( '85&+ '$6 g;O 3(5,0(17 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 .2117(N .$11 ',(6(5 g5(.7 %(, p(87521(1 =85 g5O =,(/81* (,1(5 (;75(0 +2+(1 g1(5*,($89?681* 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P f,(6(5 g5(.7 .$11 $/6 p(87521(1Ol26(3+621Og5(.7 *('(87(7 :(5'(1N '$ ,1 ',(6(0 h$// ',( r+$6( 9$5,,(57 *(0>M\ X JD 2D K 3 6 26 3 T, (d B@ .J .I I H X7 J
JSUPSSWK
81' '85&+ '$6 o$*1(7)(/' *(75,(%(1 :,5'N :>+5(1' 6,( %(,0 l26(3+621Og5(.7 %(, 6835$/(,7(1'(1 v811(/.217$.7(1 '85&+ '$6 (/(.75,6&+( r27(17,$/ x *(75,(%(1 :,5' J=P dP y(%(5 81' j,770$,5 LSTRb 81' d'P XN c%6&+1P [PUK\ X S J{ 2{ K 3 Jg 2g K 3 T(xB@ P I I X7 J @ J
JSUPSSXK
SUPY k17(5)(520(75,(
STSS
i5$9,7$7,216(5(.7(P y,( ,1 c%6&+1P SUPS $86*()@+57 :85'(N ,67 ',( i5$9,7$7,216O :(&+6(/:,5.81* 817(5 @%/,&+(1 n$%25%(',1*81*(1 921 9(5*/(,&+%$5(5 i5?M(125'O 181* :,( ',( *(0,77(/7( m(51O 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( y(&+6(/:,5.81*N :(6:(*(1 %(, ,1O 7(5)(520(75,6&+(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 (17635(&+(1'( g,19@66( =8 (5:$57(1 6,1'P o,7 i/P JSUPS[K (5+$/7(1 :,5 =81>&+67 ',( d(:(*81*6*/(,&+81* (,1(6 o$66(381.7(6 ,0 i5$9,7$7,216)(/' '(5 g5'( 0
XJ_ X_ 3 0T20q4Jq4_K2T0q4 N X7J X7
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:2%(, T ',( =80 g5'0,77(/381.7 :(,6(1'( i5$9,7$7,216%(6&+/(81,*81* $1*,%7N :(/O &+( '85&+ ',( i5$9,7$7,216.2167$17( i 3 XPXYUJSRK4SRCII 0K 6CJ .*CIN '85&+ '(1 g5'5$',86 81' '85&+ ',( o$66( '(5 g5'( *(*(%(1 ,67 J* 3 ioBtJKP c86 2%,*(5 d(=,(+81* )2/*7 ',( d$+1*/(,&+81* S S _ 3 _ 1c 71 TA7J1 7Kq4TA N H H T U
JSUPSSZK
:2%(, ',( $0 q57 t :,5.6$0( (5(.7,9( i5$9,7$7,216%(6&+/(81,*81* =85 d(6&+5(,O %81* 9(5:(1'(7 :85'(\ TA 3 T1q4Jq4EK P
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f(1 r+$6(16&+8% ,0 k17(5)(520(7(5 %(5(&+1(7 0$1 0,7+,/)( '(6 y(*,17(*5$/6 $86 i/P JSUPZXKN :2%(, '(5 .$121,6&+( k038/6 $86 X5BX7 3 0JXjBX3K 0,7 '(0 y(&+6(/O :,5.81*6327(17,$/ $86 i/P JSUPS[K =8 %(5(&+1(1 ,67\ X3
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STST
SU p(87521(1237,. vertikal
Phasenschieber
Kollimator West Strahl vom Monochromator
Nord
Ost
Süd
West
Be-Kristall
c%%P SUPUR p$&+:(,6 '(5 y,5.81* '(5 g5'527$7,21 $8) '(1 r+$6(16&+8% ,0 p(87521(1O k17(5)(520(7(5 LSTTbP
7(7(1 81' (,1 r(5)(.7.5,67$//Ok17(5)(520(7(5 80 ',(6( 181 6(1.5(&+7( c&+6( '5(+7(1 Jc%%P SUPURKP f$6 g5*(%1,6 *,%7 (,1(1 g,1'58&. 921 '(5 g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(5 o(66O 0(7+2'(P x2567(//(1 .$11 0$1 6,&+ ',(6(1 g5(.7 $0 (+(67(1N ,1'(0 0$1 6,&+ ',( 921 '(1 v(,/675$+/(1 $8)*(63$117( h/>&+( $/6 h$+1( $8) '(5 6,&+ '5(+(1'(1 g5'( '(1.7N ',( A :(11 6,( ,1 9(56&+,('(1( j,00(/65,&+781*(1 *('5(+7 :,5' A 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 e25,2/,6Om5>)7(1 $86*(6(7=7 ,67N :$6 6,&+ ,0 k17(5)(520(7(5(;3(5,0(17 $/6 r+$O 6(16&+8% %(0(5.%$5 0$&+7P g,1( (,1*(+(1'(5( f,6.866,21 '$=8 71'(7 0$1 %(, i5((1%(5*(5 L[ZbP f,( y,5.81* '(5 g5'527$7,21 $8) (,1=(/1( m$/=,80Oc720( :85'( 0,77(/6 (,1(6 c720,17(5)(520(7(56 921 t,(+/( (7 $/P LSTUb %(2%$&+7(7P g,1( =8 '(1 i5$9,7$7,2160(6681*(1 .203/(0(17>5( w17(568&+81* :85'( 921 d216( 81' y52%/(:6., LSTVb '85&+*()@+57N ',( '$6 k17(5)(520(7(5 /(,&+7 %(:(*7 81' (%(1)$//6 (,1( '(5 -(:(,/,*(1 d(6&+/(81,*81* '(5 k17(5)(520(7(53/$77(1 3523257,21$/( r+$6(19(56&+,(%81* %(2%$&+7(7 +$%(1P f$0,7 :85'( ',( i@/7,*.(,7 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 v5$16)250$7,216*(6(7=( )@5 1,&+7O,1(57,$/( d(=8*667,*7P p(87521(1Oh,=($8Og5(.7P u2%$/' 6,&+ '(5 r+$6(16&+,(%(5 5(/$7,9 =80 p(87521(1O 675$+/ %(:(*7N (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1 =86>7=/,&+(5 r+$6(16&+8%P y(*(1 '(5 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 *(5,1*(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 p(87521(1N .$11 ',( d(5(&+O 181* $8) '(5 d$6,6 '(5 i$/,/(,Ov5$16)250$7,21 (5)2/*(1N '(5=8)2/*( '(5 k038/6 ,0 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 : %(:(*7(1 uA 3 >2
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SUPY k17(5)(520(75,(
STSU
c%%P SUPUS o(6681* '(6 p(87521(1Oh,=($8Og5(.7(6 0,7 (,1(0 f233(/63$/7Ok17(5)(520(7(5 81' (,1(5 527,(5(1'(1 s8$5=Or52%( LSTXbP
81' '(1 h,=($8Or+$6(16&+8% $/6 f,5(5(1= '(6 r+$6(16&+8%(6 '(5 %(:(*7(1 81' 58+(1'(1 r52%(\ x/ f0 : (4 3 JS21AK .Af2JS21K .f 32 P G @J. 92:
JSUPSTVK
c8)*581' '(5 t$1'%(',1*81*(1 '(5 s8$17(10(&+$1,. 6,1' %(, '(1 i(6&+:,1',*O .(,7(1 185 ',( m20321(17(1 6(1.5(&+7 J;K =85 %(:(*7(1 h/>&+( 921 t(/(9$1= J: S : N 9 S 9 KP f$5$86 (5.(117 0$1N '$66 (,1 h,=($8Or+$6(16&+8% 185 $8)75,77N 0 0 :(11 6,&+ ',( q%(59>&+( '(6 r+$6(16&+,(%(56 5(/$7,9 =80 p(87521(1675$+/ %(:(*7 LSTWbP f$6 67(//7 (,1(1 '(87/,&+(1 w17(56&+,(' =80 n,&+7Oh,=($8Og5(.7 '$5N :2 '(5 d(:(*81*6=867$1' '(6 %5(&+(1'(1 o(',806 )@5 '$6 c8)75(7(1 '(6 g5(.76 (176&+(,O '(1' ,67 J6P d'P SN c%6&+1P T[PUKP f(5 p(87521(1Oh,=($8Og5(.7 :85'( =8(567 921 m/(,1 (7 $/P LSTXb 0,7 (,1(0 f233(/63$/7Ok17(5)(520(7(5N :,( (6 ,1 c%%P SUPTR& '$5O *(67(//7 ,67N 81' (,1(0 '5(+(1'(1 s8$5=Or+$6(16&+,(%(5 1$&+*(:,(6(1 Jc%%P SUPUSKP |86>7=/,&+( g5(.7( 75(7(1 $8)N :(11 '$6 0,77/(5( r27(17,$/ x/ (1(5*,($%+>1*,* $1O =86(7=(1 ,67P c+$52129Oe$6+(5Og5(.7P u2)(51 6,&+ (,1 0$*1(7,6&+(5 f,32/ ,1 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %(:(*7N .2007 (6 =85 u3,1Od$+1Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* Ji/P JSUPSZKKP f,(6( 9(585O 6$&+7 (%(1)$//6 (,1(1 J*(5,1*(1K r+$6(16&+8%N '(5 =8(567 921 c+$52129 81' e$6+(5 LSTYb $1*(*(%(1 81' 921 e,00,12 (7 $/P LSTZb (;3(5,0(17(// 0,7 (,1(0 r(5)(.7.5,6O 7$//Ok17(5)(520(7(5 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :85'(P i(0>M i/P JSUPSZK .?11(1 :,5 (,1 ,0 %(O :(*7(1 u7=/,&+ 1,&+7 ',$*21$/( *(20(75,6&+( r+$6(1 ,'(17,7=,(5(1P g,16&+/8663+$6(1P f(5 |(5)$// (,1(6 c7206 :,5' '85&+ ',( 5>80/,&+( p>+( =8 (,1(5 y$1' Je$6,0,5Og5(.7K 2'(5 '85&+ 67>1',*( =(,7/,&+( d(2%$&+781* J|(121Og5(.7K
STSX
SU p(87521(1237,. _ V
Vx (x )
einfallender Strahl Phasenschieber
- a_2
a_ 2
0
x
L I
a y
PerfektkristallInterferometer
z x
n
II
Schlitz System
α
5 cm
H-Strahl O-Strahl
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γ
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x
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STSZ
SU p(87521(1237,.
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STS[
UKN-Ausgang Nickel-Neutronenleiter
Wasserbecken
Turbine
totalreflektierende Turbinenblätter NeutronenEingang v = 50 m/s
D2-Kalte Quelle
Reaktor
NeutronenAusgang v = 5 m/s
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STTR
SU p(87521(1237,.
Turbine Einkristalle gerichteter monochromatischer Strahl zu den UCN Experimenten
UCN Speichervolumen Shutter geschlossen
zu den UCN Experimenten
gekühlter fester D2 oder CD4 Konverter Protonenpulse Spallationstarget D2O
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STTT
SU p(87521(1237,.
Absorber
Zählrate (s-1)
z
Detektor
V UCN
0.01 0.001
Spiegel
Spiegel
0.1
0
20
40 z (µm)
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2
3
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SUP[ q37,. 0,7 8/75$.$/7(1 p(87521(1
STTU
80 '(1 h$.725 TR %,6 UR *(5,1*(5 $/6 ',( %(5(&+1(7(1 y(57(N :$6 $8) t$8,*.(,76()O )(.7(N $8) :$66(56725+$/7,*( q%(59>&+(1%(/(*81*(1 81' 63(=,(//( q%(59>&+(1$15(O *81*(1 =85@&.*()@+57 :,5'P x(5%(66(581*(1 (5*$%(1 6,&+N ,1'(0 0$1 $/6 y$1'0$O 7(5,$/ (,1(1 h/@66,*.(,767/0 Jr(59825Or2/&+/,&+(1 c125'181* ',( 6(&+6 6835$/(,7(1'(1 n(,7(56&+/(,)(1 $1 '(5 c8M(16(,7( '(6 t,1*(6 $1*(%5$&+7P f,( i5(1=(1(5*,( '(5 p(87521(1N ',( ,1 (,1(0 '(5$57,*(1 t,1* *(63(,&+(57 :(5'(1 .?1O 1(1N %(75>*7 t g 3 ,d 1S N JSUPSUSK T H t H :$6 )@5 (,1 o$;,0$/)(/' 921 UPW v (,1(0 y(57 921 T4SRCN (x J6 TR 0B6K (17635,&+7P f,( g,1)@77(581* '(5 p(87521(1 (5)2/*7 @%(5 (,1(1 *((,*1(7(1 p(87521(1/(,7(5 921 '(5 k11(16(,7( +(5P f(5 h@//6787=(1 :,5' '$11 =85@&.*(=2*(1N 80 ',( p(87521(1 81*(67?57 ,0 t,1* +(580/$8)(1 =8 /$66(1P f$0,7 *(/$1* (6N p(87521(1 :(,7 @%(5 ',( n(%(16'$8(5 +,1$86 =8 63(,&+(51N :,( '$6 $86 c%%P SUPVR (56,&+7/,&+ ,67 LSXVbP
2
3
c%%P SUPVR u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(6 p(87521(163(,&+(55,1*6 pguvqt 81' g5*(%1,66( (,1(6 p(87521(1Ou3(,&+(5(;3(5,0(176 LSXVbP p ,67 ',( |$+/ '(5 *(63(,&+(57(1 p(87521(1P
STTV
SU p(87521(1237,.
f(5 62(%(1 %(6352&+(1( u3(,&+(55,1* .2117( $8&+ $/6 (,1( c57 y$$*( )@5 p(87O 521(1 9(5:(1'(7 :(5'(1P y(*(1 '(5 d$/$1&( 921 i5$9,7$7,216O 81' 0$*1(7,6&+(5 m5$)7 J0T 3 , *5$' 5K ,67 '(5 u&+:(5381.7 '(5 80/$8)(1'(1 p(87521(1 (7:$6 1$&+ 817(1 9(56&+2%(1N :$6 -( 1$&+ u752067>5.( ,1 '(1 n(,7(51 (,1( x(56&+,(%81* 921 TAW 00 $860$&+7 81' =8 (,1(5 d(67,0081* '(5 6&+:(5(1 o$66( 921 p(87521(1 921 0 3 JSPXYuRPRXK4SRCJO .* )@+57(P o$*1(7,6&+( u3(,&+(55,1*( 67(//(1 (,1 r(1O '$17 =8 '(1 r$8/I6&+(1 k21(1.>7*(1 '$5 LSXWbP g%(1)$//6 *(7(67(7 :85'(1 k25(O$57,*( 6835$/(,7(1'( h$//(1N :2%(, ',( 8/75$.$/7(1 p(87521(1 ,11(5+$/% '(5 h$//(1 ,1 9@6O 6,*(0 j(OV '85&+ ,1(/$67,6&+( u7?M( (5=(8*7 :85'(1 LSXXbP
n,7(5$785 c%6&+1,777 SUPS LSb LTb LUb LVb LWb LXb LYb LZb L[b LSRb LSSb LSTb LSUb LSVb LSWb LSXb
d52*/,(N nP '(N p$785( SSTN WVR JS[TUK u&+5?',1*(5N gPN c11P r+1'( 5 3 JSB|TK J5 15 KP g17635(&+(1' '(5 r+$6(1/$*( '(5 f,32/( (5)$+5(1 ~ S C 5 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7( r27(17,$/(P f$6 n,&+7)(/' (17635,&+7 '$11 (,1(0 '233(/%5(&+(1O 8 '(1 o(',80P h$//6 5 81' 5 :>+5(1' ',(6(5 f80/,&+ @%(5/$33(1N S C .2007 (6 =85 k17(5)(5(1= =:,6&+(1 ',(6(1 |867>1'(1P k+5( |(,7(17:,&./81* /,()(57 (,1(1 5(/$7,9(1 r+$6(1817(56&+,(' 921 ({J7K 3 J(gB@K 7 3 6 7P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 $/62 S
SVPT c720On,&+7 y(&+6(/:,5.81*
STUY
=8 9(56&+,('(1(1 |(,7(1 ',( r238/$7,21(1 85 8J 81' 85 8JN 62 .2007 (6 =85 62 *(O ~ | 1$117(1 t$%,Oq6=,//$7,21 =:,6&+(1 92//67>1',*(5 c15(*81* J85 8J 3 SK 81' t@&.O | .(+5 ,1 '(1 i581'=867$1' J85 8J 3 SKP ~ d(,63,(/ S\ f(5 237,6&+( u7(51Oi(5/$&+Og5(.7 LUbP f(5 %(5*$1* 921 $',$%$7,6&+(1 h2/*(1 =85 c8)7(,/81* ,1 =:(, g,*(1=867>1'( .2117( ,1 (,1(0 c720675$+/(;3(5,0(17 '(021675,(57 :(5'(1P f$=8 :85'( =81>&+67 (,1 7+(50,6&+(5 c720675$+/ 0(7$67$%,/(5 E /h 0
Ψ-
Ψg
√ δ 2 + ω R2
δ >0 Ψe
Ψ+
I
x E /h
Ψ+
Ψe
√ δ 2 + ω R2
δ δ > 0
z
x
c%%P SVPW q576$%+>1*,*( g1(5*,(1,9($86 ,1 (,1(0 i$8MI6&+(1 u75$+/3527/ J=Ot,&+781*K 62O :,( ,1 (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( J;Ot,&+781*KP f,( i5?M( '(5 *5$8(1 m5(,6( '(87(7 ',( r2O 38/$7,21(1 ',(6(5 p,9($86 $1P g,1 r238/$7,21675$16)(5 '85&+ ',( d(:(*81* ,1 =Ot,&+781* )@+57 =8 (,1(5 u3$/781* '(5 $720$5(1 y(//(1)81.7,21 ,1 ;Ot,&+781*P
STUZ
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,. y
stehende Lichtwelle 3
S
He* 1
1
S
3
S, S
S -〈
2 µm
25 µm
x
57 cm
c%%P SVPX
SEV
3
Spiegel
y
+〈
z
x
2 cm
10 µm 57 cm
z
q37,6&+(5 u7(51Oi(5/$&+Og5(.7\ g;3(5,0(17(//(5 c8)%$8 A 921 2%(1 *(6(+(1P
j(/,80Oc720( '85&+ (,1(1 T =0 %5(,7(1 u3$/7 75$169(56$/ /2.$/,6,(57P f$11 :85'( +,17(5 ',(6(0 u3$/7 6(1.5(&+7 =80 c720675$+/ (,1( 67(+(1'( n,&+7:(//( (5=(8*7P f85&+ '(1 675(,)(1'(1 g,1)$// '(6 n,&+76 $8) (,1( i/$62%(59>&+( %(758* ',( r(5,2'( '(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( SVPW =0P f(5 c720675$+/ .2117( $16&+/,(M(1' ,1 '(1 d(5(,&+ '(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( 0,7 0$;,0$/(0 75$169(56$/(1 i5$',(17(1 ,1 '(5 n,&+7,17(16,7>7 -867,(57 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPWKP k1 '(5 f(7(.725(%(1( .2117( 6&+/,(M/,&+ ',( c%/(1.81* '(6 c720675$+/6 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(56 '(7(.7,(57 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPXKP f$6 n$6(5O /,&+7 :85'( 5(621$17 $8) (,1(1 %(5*$1* A $86*(+(1' 920 0(7$67$%,/(1 KuO|8O 67$1' A (,1*(67(//7P f,( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=(,7 '(5 c720( 0,7 '(0 n,&+7)(/' %(758* :(1,*(5 $/6 ',( n(%(16'$8(5 '(6 $1*(5(*7(1 |867$1'6N 62'$66 63217$1( g0,66,21(1 ,1 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21( 9(51$&+/>66,*7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f,( ,0 u75$+/ %(71'O /,&+(1 IuOc720( :(5'(1 (17635(&+(1' 920 n,&+7)(/' 1,&+7 %((,198667 81' /,()(51 (,1(1 67$5.(1 =(175$/(1 r($.P g7:$ 80 uTRR =5$' '$1(%(1 (5.(117 0$1 ',( $%O *(/(1.7(1 u75$+/(1 Jc%%P SVPYKP k0 h$// 5(621$17(1 n,&+76 J% 3 RK :,5' '(5 |867$1' '(6 (,1/$8)(1'(1 c7206 =8 */(,&+(1 v(,/(1 ,1 5 81' 5 $8)*(7(,/7 81' (17635(&+(1' 920 n,&+7)(/'*5$',(17(1 S C 1$&+ 5(&+76 2'(5 /,1.6 $%*(/(1.7P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 =:,6&+(1 /,1.6 81' 5(&+76 9(5>1'(57 6,&+ (17635(&+(1' '(5 x(567,0081* '(6 n,&+7)(/'6P |80 d(,63,(/ @%(5:,(*7 )@5 %BJT@K 31V oj= '(5 c17(,/N )@5 '(1 ',( c720( $86 +?+(5(1 n,&+7,17(16,7>7(1 +(5$86O *('5@&.7 :(5'(1P f$ -('2&+ ',( d(',1*81* )@5 $',$%$7,6&+(6 h2/*(1 12&+ 1,&+7 *87 (5)@//7 ,67N ,67 $8&+ '(5 $1'(5( g,*(1=867$1' 12&+ %(6(7=7P g,1 80*(.(+57(6 x(5O +$/7(1 =(,*7 6,&+ )@5 1(*$7,9( x(567,0081* %BJT@K 3 2[ oj=P f(5 g5(.7 ,67 ,0 t(621$1=)$// ',5(.7 =8 9(5*/(,&+(1 0,7 '(0 %(.$117(1 u7(51O i(5/$&+Og;3(5,0(17 )@5 67$7,6&+( 0$*1(7,6&+( f,32/(N =P dP (,1(6 u3,1OJSBTKOc7206 ,0 i5$',(17(1 (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'6P y,( )@5 9,(/( g;3(5,0(17( ,1 '(5 c720237,. ,67 $8&+ +,(5 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=(,7 '(6 c720675$+/6 0,7 '(0 n,&+7)(/' 62 ./(,1N '$66 ',( d$+1.859( '(5 c720( ,11(5+$/%
SVPT c720On,&+7 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 80
(a)
δ /2π = 4 MHz
(b)
δ /2π = 0 MHz
STU[
60 40 20
Zählereignisse/min
80 60
^= hk
40 20 80
δ /2π = -9 MHz
(c)
60 40 20 -300
100 -200 0 -100 Ablenkungswinkel (µrad)
200
300
c%%P SVPY q37,6&+(5 u7(51Oi(5/$&+Og5(.7P c720$5( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81* ,1 '(5 f(7(.725O (%(1( )@5 '5(, 9(56&+,('(1( t(621$1=9(567,0081*(1 DBT@] '(5 =(175$/( r($. 5(35>6(17,(57 ',( 81%((,198667(1 u,1*8/(77O|867>1'(P
'(6 n,&+7)(/'6 1,&+7 9(5>1'(57 :,5'P f(5 k038/6@%(575$* )@+57 (567 1$&+ '(0 n,&+7O )(/' =8 (,1(5 6,*1,7.$17(1 c%/(1.81*P h250$/ %('(87(7 '$6N '$66 ',( y(&+6(/:,5O .81* 185 =8 (,1(5 r+$6(1>1'(581* {J_K (,1(6 (,1/$8)(1'(1 y(//(13$.(76 )@+57 5 3 (%7@jA5 N -('2&+ 1,&+7 =8 (,1(5 }1'(581* '(6 d(75$*6 85 J_K8 3 85 J_K8P +10 !& !& +10 f,( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21( (17635,&+7 $/62 (,1(5 r+$6(13/$77( )@5 ',( o$7(5,(:(/O /(1P k1 '(5 n,&+7237,. 635,&+7 0$1 +>87* 921 '(5 NNf@11( n,16(DDOp>+(581*P k1 '(5 c720237,. 1(117 0$1 ',(6( p>+(581* 2)7 ',( t$0$1Op$7+Op>+(581*P k1 (,1(0 :(,7(5(1 d(,63,(/ .2007 ',(6( p>+(581* $8&+ =80 g,16$7=\ d(,63,(/ T\ d(8*81* $0 '@11(1 r+$6(1*,77(5 Jm$3,7=$Of,5$&Og5(.7K LVbP d(:(*7 6,&+ (,1( o$7(5,(:(//( '85&+ (,1 6(1.5(&+7 '$=8 $1*(25'1(7(6 67(+(1'(6 n,&+7)(/'N 62 (5*,%7 6,&+ %(, $',$%$7,6&+(5 g17:,&./81* )@5 ',( v5$160,66,216)81.7,21 ',(6(5 NNr+$O 6(13/$77(DD ,1 t$0$1Op$7+Op>+(581*\ vJ;K 3 (%c@0A 0,7 S S IJ;K 3 g xJ;N 7K '7 3 g xJ;N =K '= N JSVPTXK @ 9 @ 2 :2%(, 9 3 &2167P $1*(1200(1 :(5'(1 .$11N )$//6 J:,( 0(,67 '(5 h$// ,1 g;3(5,O 2 0(17(1 0,7 7+(50,6&+(1 c720675$+/(1K 09 + (3N :2%(, (3 ',( /21*,78',1$/( k0O 2 38/6>1'(581* '85&+ '$6 n,&+7)(/' '$567(//7P
STVR
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
k1 '(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( /$87(1 ',( g,*(1(1(5*,(1 )@5 % + 6 J=K S @ 6J J=K 6,1JT. ;K1&2167P N gAJ;N =K W M Z% S
JSVPTYK
'P +P ',( v5$160,66,216)81.7,21 +$7 ',( h250 {J;K 3 e 6,1JT. ;KN :2%(, M S g 6J J=K '= P JSVPTZK e3 Zx % S 2 k1 h5$81+2)(5Op>+(581* (5*,%7 6,&+ '$6 d(8*81*60867(5 ',(6(6 r+$6(1*,77(56 $/6 75$169(56$/( k038/69(57(,/81* ? rJ3 K 3 8hL(%c@0Ab8J 3 s %J3 21T@. K8l JeK8J P 0 0 M & &*(? stehendes Lichtfeld
He*-Quelle
(a)
JSVPT[K
z
Impulsgeber
t
Bildschirm 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Flugzeit / ms
560 µm Ablenkung
0
PhotonenHintergrund (b)
18. Beugungsordnung
-560 µm
c%%P SVPZ d(8*81* (,1(6 0(7$67$%,/(1 j(/,80Ou75$+/6 $1 (,1(0 '@11(1 n,&+7*,77(5\ p(%(1 '(5 5>80/,&+ $8)*(/?67(1 f(7(.7,21 ,0 h(51)(/' '(6 i,77(56 (5/$8%7 '(5 g,16$7= (,1(5 *(38/67(1 c72048(//( */(,&+=(,7,* ',( o(6681* '(5 h/8*=(,7 '(5 c720( J$KP |8 6(+(1 6,1' (7:$ UX d(8O *81*625'181*(1 J%KP
SVPU u3217$1( g0,66,21 81' n,&+7.5>)7(
STVS
f$%(, *,%7 '$6 d(75$*648$'5$7 '(5 1O7(1 d(66(/Oh81.7,21 '$6 i(:,&+7 (,1(5 d(8O *81*625'181* $1P p$&+'(0 ',(6(6 d(8*81*63+>120(1 $/6 (567(6 $1 (,1(0 p$75,80O c720675$+/ '(021675,(57 :85'(N .2117( '$6 g;3(5,0(17 (,1,*( l$+5( 63>7(5 0,7 (,1(0 *(38/67(1 j("Ou75$+/ :,('(5+2/7 :(5'(1 Jc%%P SVPZKP f$%(, :85'( '(5 7+(5O 0,6&+( c720675$+/ 0,77(/6 (,1(5 *(38/67(1 i$6(17/$'81*648(//( (5=(8*7 81' 0,7 =:(, SR =0 %5(,7(1 u3$/7(1 62:(,7 .2//,0,(57N '$66 ',( 75$169(56$/( m2+>5(1=/>1*( (,1,*( r(5,2'(1 '(6 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7)(/'6 J'(5 r(5,2'( WVS 10K %(758*P k0 h(51)(/' .2117( '$11 '$6 d(8*81*60867(5 $8)*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f,( =(,7$8)*(/?67( f(7(.7,21 (5/$8%7( (6 '$%(,N ',( d(:(*81*6%,/'(5 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( h/8*=(,7(1 81' '$0,7 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*(1 $8)=81(+0(1P f$6 g5*(%1,6 =(,*7 c%%P SVPZJ%KP o$1 .$11 %,6 =8 UX d(8*81*60$;,0$ (5.(11(1P f,( h/8*=(,79(57(,O /81* (17635,&+7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* '(6 c720675$+/6P u2:(,7 =81>&+67 =85 g,1)@+581* ,1 ',( .216(59$7,9(1 n,&+7.5>)7(P y,5 :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 $16&+/,(M(1'(1 c%6&+1,77(1 12&+ =$+/5(,&+( d(,63,(/( )@5 ',( c1:(1'81* 921 0$M*(6&+1(,'(57(1 237,6&+(1 r27(17,$/(1 0,7+,/)( 921 n,&+7)(/'(51 .(11(1/(51(1P o,7 ,+1(1 /$66(1 6,&+ .2+>5(17( u75$+/7(,/(5 )@5 k17(5)(520(7(5N u3,(*(/ 2'(5 n,16(1 )@5 c720675$+/(1 5($/,6,(5(1P f,( d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 c720On,&+7Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* :>5( -('2&+ 8192//67>1',* 2+O 1( (,1( d(+$1'/81* '(5 63217$1(1 g0,66,21P m$11 %(, '(5 %,6+(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 ,1O '8=,(57(1 f,32/.5$)7 '(5 k038/6@%(575$* $8) ',( c720( 0,77(/6 '(5 w09(57(,/81* 921 r+2721(1 '85&+ 67,08/,(57( c%62537,21 2'(5 g0,66,21 (5./>57 :(5'(1N 62 .2007 '85&+ ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21 (,1 1(8(6 g/(0(17 +,1=8P p(%(1 '(0 (1(5*,((5+$/7(1'(1 c867$86&+ 921 c15(*81*(1 =:,6&+(1 '(0 c720 81' '(0 n,&+7)(/' .200(1 -(7=7 $8&+ ,1(/$67,6&+( r52=(66( 925N %(, '(0 g1(5*,( ,1 ,55(9(56,%/(5 y(,6( ,1 (,1( *52M( |$+/ 921 n,&+702'(1 (0,77,(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f$'85&+ :,5' 816(5 =81>&+67 .2+>5(17 *(.233(/7(6 u5(1= 921 $720237,6&+(1 g/(0(1O 7(1N :,5' -('2&+ $8&+ 6(+5 (5)2/*5(,&+ =85 *(=,(/7(1 m@+/81* '(5 $720$5(1 u&+:(5O 381.7%(:(*81* (,1*(6(7=7P f$+(5 :2//(1 :,5 816 $8&+ 0,7 '(5 d(6&+5(,%81* ',(6(6 c63(.76 '(5 c720On,&+7Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* .85= %(6&+>)7,*(1P
SVPU u3217$1( g0,66,21 81' n,&+7.5>)7( d(75$&+7(1 :,5 =81>&+67 12&+ (,10$/ ',( =8 c1)$1* ',(6(6 m$3,7(/6 (17:,&.(/7(1 NN'5(66(' 67$7(6DD ,1 c%%P SVP[ LTb\ d,6+(5 +$%(1 :,5 (,1 *(6&+/266(1(6 u&+7,*7N :(,/ ',( 63217$1 (0,77,(57(1 r+2721(1 '(5 w0*(%81* ',(
STVT
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,. +,n 〈
δ >0
g,n +1〈 e,n 〈
√ δ 2 + ω R2 -, n〈
ωL
+,n -1〈
g,n 〈 e,n -1 〈 -,n -1〈
c%%P SVP[ u3217$1( g0,66,216352=(66( =:,6&+(1 '(1 g,*(1=867>1'(1 '(5 c720On,&+7Oy(&+O 6(/:,5.81* (51,('5,*(1 ',( g1(5*,( '(6 *(.233(/7(1 u)7(a |81>&+67 ,67 0,7 -('(0 63217$1 (0,77,(57(1 r+2721 (,1 =8)>//,*(5 t@&.672M J(] 3 @XK 9(5%81'(1P f$ ',( t,&+781* '(6 t@&.672M(6 ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 y,1.(/O 9(57(,/81* '(6 $720$5(1 %(5*$1*6 =8)>//,* ,67N )@+57 ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21 =8 (,1(0 NN5$1'20 :$/.DD ,0 k038/65$80P f(5 @%(5 9,(/( r52=(66( *(0,77(/7( k038/6@%(575$* 9(56&+:,1'(7N '$6 *(0,77(/7( k038/648$'5$7 67(,*7 -('2&+ 0,7 '(5 |(,7 /,1($5 $1P f$+(5 (17635,&+7 ',( 63217$1( g0,66,21 (5(.7,9 (,1(5 j(,=5$7(P d(75$&+7(1 :,5 c%%P SVP[ :(,7(5N 62 :,5' ./$5N '$66 ,0 h$// 6 # C '5(, 817(5O S 6&+,('/,&+( r+2721(1 (0,77,(57 :(5'(1 .?11(1P f$ %(,'( g,*(1=867>1'( J81N 1n 2'(5 82N 1nK (,1( d(,0,6&+81* 921 8(n (17+$/7(1N .?11(1 %(,'( g,*(1=867>1'( =(5)$//(1P f,( g1'=867>1'( 6,1' 81N 12Sn 81' 82N 12Sn (17635(&+(1' '(5 -(:(,/,*(1 d(,O 0,6&+81* '(6 $720$5(1 i581'=867$1'6 8*nP g6 *,%7 $/62 9,(5 |(5)$//65$7(1 C N SS C N C N C N ',( ',(6( 9,(5 0?*/,&+(1 %(5*>1*( %(6&+5(,%(1N :2%(, =P dP CC CS SC C 3 C8m(81n8J 6 8m*82n8J %(75>*7P SC d(, (,1(0 y(&+6(/ '(6 g,*(1=867$1'6 0866 '$6 (0,77,(57( h/825(6=(1=3+2721 ',( (17635(&+(1'( g1(5*,(',5(5(1= $8)1(+0(1 81' ,67 (17635(&+(1' 527 2'(5 %/$8 9(5O 6&+2%(1P f$6 h/825(6=(1=63(.7580 =(,*7 '$11 '$6 62 *(1$117( NNo2//2:Ov5,3/(77DD LWbP h@5 ',( n,&+7.5>)7( %('(87(7 '$6N '$66 ',( f,32/.5>)7( $8)*581' '(5 5>80/,&+ $%+>1*,*(1 g,*(1(1(5*,(1 %(, '(1 %(5*>1*(1 81n S 82n 2'(5 82n S 81n ,+5 x25O =(,&+(1 >1'(51P y(11 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 '(0 n,&+7)(/' /$1*( *(18* $1'$8(57N :,5' 6,&+ ',( @%(5 ',( t$7(1*/(,&+81*(1 *(0,77(/7( d(6(7=81* 921 81n 81' 82n
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)@+57P g,1 +?+(5(5 t(,%81*6.2(5,=,(17 )@+57 %(, */(,&+%/(,%(1'(5 f,586,216.2167$1O 7( =8 (,1(5 1,('5,*(5(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+767(03(5$785P f,( i5(1=7(03(5$785 )@5 ',(6(1 o(&+$1,6086 ,67 35,1=,3,(// ',( t@&.672M7(03(5$785 v 3 [email protected]. N '$ :(,7(5O .!~ C +,1 =8)>//,* *(5,&+7(7( 63217$1( g0,66,216352=(66( '(0 m@+/352=(66 =8*581'( /,(O *(1P c8M(5'(0 (5)25'(57 '$6 2%(1 %(6&+5,(%(1( o2'(// (,1( n2.$/,6,(581* '(5 c72O 0( $/6 48$6, 381.7)?50,*( v(,/&+(1 ,1 '(5 r27(17,$//$1'6&+$)7P d(, '(5 t@&.672MO 7(03(5$785 :,5' ',( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( -('2&+ 62 *52M :,( ',( 237,6&+( y(/O /(1/>1*(N '$+(5 9(56&+0,(57 6,&+ ',( c8)(17+$/76:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 @%(5 d(5* 81' v$/ 81' '(5 u,6&+/,&+ ,67 ',( v+(25,( +,(5=8 '(87/,&+ .203/(;(5 $/6 +,(5 .85= 805,66(1 :(5'(1 .$11 LSZbP f85&+ (,1( g5:(,7(581* '(5 f233/(5Ov+(25,( 921 |:(,1,9($8Oc720(1 $8) o(+5O 1,9($8Oc720( ,1 r2/$5,6$7,216*5$',(17(1 .2117( ',( f233/(5Oi5(1=( '(87/,&+ 81O 7(56&+5,77(1 :(5'(1 LS[bP k0 i(*(16$7= =85 f233/(5Ov(03(5$785 +>1*7 ',( t@&.O 672M7(03(5$785 921 '(5 o$66( '(5 c720( 81' '(5 y(//(1/>1*( '(5 r+2721(1 $%P u,( /,(*7 70/,&+ ',( 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 d(:(*81* '(5 c720(P
SVPWPTPW u8% t(&2,/ e22/,1* w0 7527= r+2721(1675(881* v(03(5$785(1 817(5+$/% '(5 t@&.672M7(03(5$785 =8 (55(,&+(1N 0866 25(16,&+7/,&+ '(5 NN5$1'20 :$/.DD ,0 k038/65$80 '85&+ ',( =8)>/O /,*(1 t@&.67?M( '(5 (0,77,(57(1 r+2721(1 02',7=,(57 :(5'(1P k'($/ :>5(N :(11 c72O 0(N ',( =8)>//,* =80 u7,//67$1' .200(1N 1,&+7 0(+5 $1*(5(*7 :(5'(1 .?11(1 81' ,+5( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 1,&+7 0(+5 9(5>1'(51P g,1 62/&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 .$11 =P dP '85&+ (,1( *(6&+,&.7( c%)2/*( 921 *(6&+:,1',*O .(,766(/(.7,9(1 t$0$1Or8/6(1N %(, '(1(1 '85&+ c%62537,21 81' g0,66,21 921 =:(, (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 /$8)(1'(1 r+2721(1 %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 =:(, j1'(1 $1*(5(*7 :(5'(1N (5=(8*7 :(5'(1 LTRbP d(,0 62 *(1$117(1 t$0$1Om@+/(1 :(5'(1 c720( 0,7 (1'/,&+(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,00(5 :,('(5 ,1 t,&+781* 9 3 R *(672M(1P f,( =8)>//,*( 81' ',66,3$7,9( m20321(17( .2007 '85&+ '(1 t@&.3803/$6(5 ,1 ',(6(6 m@+/6&+(0$N '(5 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 $//( c720( 1$&+ (,1(0 t$0$1Or8/6 :,('(5 ,0 c86*$1*6++/7N '$66 c720( %(, 9 3 R 921 '(1 t$0$1Or8/6(1 '$11 1,&+7 0(+5 (5)$667 :(5'(1 81' '$+(5 921 '(1 n,&+7)(/'(51 (17.233(/7 6,1'P g,1 9(5:$1'7(6 x(5)$+5(1N '$6 62 *(1$117( 9(/2&,7< 6(/(&7,9( &2+(5(17 3238/$7,21 75$33,1* JxuervK LTSbN 62// +,(5 .85= %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P j,(5 :,5' '85&+ (,1 48$1O 7(10(&+$1,6&+(6 k17(5)(5(1=3+>120(1 (,1 c720 185 '$11 920 n,&+7)(/' (17.23O 3(/7N :(11 (6 67(+7P d(75$&+7(1 :,5 '$=8 (,1(1 l 3 S S lA 3 SO%(5*$1*N :,( (5 =P dP ,0 0(7$67$%,/(1 j(/,80 $8)75,77 J6,(+( c%%P SVPS[KP k1 (,1(0 (,1',0(16,21$/(1 o2'(// 62// ',(6(6 c720 921 /,1.6 0,7 1 On,&+7 81' S 921 5(&+76 0,7 1 On,&+7 %(/(8&+7(7 :(5'(1P f$ '(5 %(5*$1* 921 0 3 R 1$&+ C " 0 3 R 9(5%27(1 ,67N :(5'(1 6,&+ $//( c720( 1$&+ (,1,*(1 237,6&+(1 r803=1'(581* ,0 NN5$1'20 :$/.DD (55(,&+7\ y,5' (,1 c720 '85&+ (,1( 63217$1( g0,6O 6,21 ,1 (,1(1 58+(1'(1 |867$1' 9(56(7=7N 62 ,67 '(5 ,17(51( |867$1' 920 n,&+7)(/' (%(1)$//6 (17.233(/7P c16&+$8/,&+ />667 6,&+ ',(6(5 u$&+9(5+$/7 62 ,17(535(7,(5(1\ f$6 n,&+7)(/' +$7 (,1( 67(+(1'( r2/$5,6$7,2166758.785\ c1 -('(0 q57 +(556&+7 (,1( /,1($5( r2/$5,6$7,21 925N '(5(1 q5,(17,(581* 6,&+ '5(+7 81' 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 r(5,2'( +BT :,('(5+2/7P h@5 3 3 R (17635,&+7 85 n *(5$'( (,1(5 %(5/$*(581* 921 =:(, *(O *~ *(1/>87*(1 o$7(5,(:(//(1 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(1 NN=,5.8/$5(1DD |867>1'(1 * 81' C * N ',( $1 -('(0 q57 (%(1)$//6 =8 (,1(0 /,1($5(1 $720$5(1 |867$1' )@+5(1N '(5 S 6,&+ (%(1)$//6 0,7 +BTOr(5,2'( 5>80/,&+ '5(+7P x(567(+7 0$1 ',( m233/81*667>5.( $/6 u.$/$5352'8.7 $86 n,&+7)(/' 81' $720$5(5 r2/$5,6$7,21N 62 67(+(1 )@5 85 n ',(6( *~ %(,'(1 i5?M(1 ,00(5 6(1.5(&+7 $8)(,1$1'(5 81' (17.233(/1 '$+(5P h@5 85 n 67(+(1 ~ 6,( @%(5$// 3$5$//(/P k1 ',(6(0 d,/' ,67 $8&+ /(,&+7 9(567>1'/,&+N '$66 )@5 3 X R $86 (,1(0 81*(.233(/7(1 |867$1' =85 |(,7 7 3 R (,1 *(.233(/7(5 :,5'N '$ 6,&+ ',( %(,'(1 r2/$5,6$7,21663,5$/(1 '(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( 81' '(5 o$7(5,(:(//( =8(,1$1'(5 %(O :(*(1 81' 1$&+ +BV $86 6(1.5(&+7(5 r2/$5,6$7,21 :,('(5 3$5$//(/( r2/$5,6$7,21 *(O :25'(1 ,67P f$6 r5,1=,3 ',(6(6 n$6(5.@+/9(5)$+5(16 ,67 S[ZZ ,1 (,1(0 (567(1 g;3(5,0(17 $1 (,1(0 j("Oc720675$+/ '(021675,(57 :25'(1 J6,(+( c%%P SVPTRK LTSbP c8&+ ,1 63>O 7(5(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 ,1 =:(,O 81' '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 c125'181*(1 .2117(1 v(0O 3(5$785(1 '(87/,&+ 817(5 '(5 t@&.672M7(03(5$785 (5=,(/7 :(5'(1P l('2&+ .2117( ',( r+$6(15$80',&+7( %(, ',(6(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 1,( 62 '5$0$7,6&+ *(67(,*(57 :(5'(1N '$66 d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$7,21 0?*/,&+ :85'(P i581' '$)@5 ,67 817(5 $1'(5(0N '$66 '$6 *(675(87( 48$6,O5(621$17( n,&+7 %(, '(1 (55(,&+7(1 5>80/,&+(1 f,&+7(1 0(+5)$&+ *(675(87 :85'( 81' 620,7 ',( 5>80/,&+( f,&+7( %(*5(1=7 %/,(%P j,(5 +$7 /(7=7/,&+ 185 ',( o(7+2'( =80 g5)2/* *()@+57N ',( $8) n,&+7)(/'(5 1$&+ '(5 x25.@+O /81* *$1= 9(5=,&+7(7N ',( c720( ,1 .216(59$7,9(1 h$//(1 (,1)>1*7 81' '85&+ x(5O '$03)81*6.@+/81* :(,7(5 .@+/7P
SVPWPU x(5'$03)81*6.@+/81* p(%(1 '(5 m@+/81* 921 +(,M(1 i(18660,77(/1 ,1 9@66,*(5 h250 Jm$5((N v((K ,67 ',( x(5'$03)81*6.@+/81* =P dP $8&+ $86 '(5 m(513+/7P f(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' =:,6&+(1 '(1 c720(1 ,67 ' 3 1(I;KN :2%(, 1 3 pBx ',( f,&+7( '(6 i$6(6 %(=(,&+1(7P f,( =:(,7( n>1*(16.$/$ A ',( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1O />1*( A 1,007 0,7 v(I;J %(,0 m@+/352=(66 =8P y,5' + W 'N '$11 6,1' ',( c720( C 1,&+7 0(+5 $8)*581' ,+5(6 q57(6 =8 817(56&+(,'(1 81' %(, $162167(1 1,&+7 817(5O 6&+(,'%$5(1 d2621(1 0866 =85 .255(.7(1 d(6&+5(,%81* ',( u/7(5P f,(6( '(0 7+(502'667 6,&+ (,1 u75$+/ )250(1N ,1 '(0 '(5 d(+>/7(5 )@5 c720(N 'P +P ',( h$//( $1 (,1(5 u7(//( /(,&+7 '85&+/>66,* *(0$&+7 :,5'N 81' ',( '257 )5(,*(O 6(7=7(1 c720( '$11 %(6&+/(81,*7 :(5'(1P k1 '(1 *(=(,*7(1 d(,63,(/(1 Jc%%P SVPTSK (5)2/*7 ',( c86.233/81* =P dP '85&+ thO,1'8=,(57( u3,19,36 ,1 (,1(1 1,&+7 0$*1(O 7,6&+ *()$1*(1(1 |867$1' 81' ',( d(6&+/(81,*81* '85&+ ',( i5$9,7$7,21 LTUATXbP f,(6( c720/$6(5675$+/(1 =(,*(1 '$%(, 817(5+$/% 921 v (,1( 67$5. 5('8=,(57( f,9(5O ~ *(1=N 62 >+1/,&+ :,( %(,0 g55(,&+(1 '(5 u&+:(//( (,1(6 n$6(56 ',( =81>&+67 ',9(5*(17( h/825(6=(1= '85&+ (,1(1 *(5,&+7(7(1 n$6(5675$+/ (56(7=7 :,5'P f$6 g;3(5,0(17N '$6 ',( r+$6(1.2+>5(1= (,1(6 d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$76 9,(//(,&+7 $0 '(87/,&+67(1 =(,*7N ,67 '$6 c1$/2*21 =8 {281*6 f233(/63$/79(568&+P g,1 m21'(16$7 $86 0(+5(5(1 o,/O /,21(1 c720(1 :,5' '85&+ '$6 5(38/6,9( r27(17,$/ (,1(6 :(,7 %/$8 9(567,007(1 n$6(5O 675$+/6 ,1 '(5 o$*1(7)$//( ,1 =:(, v(,/( *(7(,/7 81' $16&+/,(M(1' )5(,*(6(7=7 Jc%%P SVPTTKP k1 ',(6(5 )5(,(1 g;3$16,21 '(5 %(,'(1 y(//(13$.(7( .2007 (6 ,0 h(51O )(/' =80 %(5/$33 '(5 %(,'(1 81' =8 (,1(5 '(87/,&+ 6,&+7%$5(1 k17(5)(5(1= LTYbP f$'85&+ 81' '85&+ $1'(5( 63>7(5( g;3(5,0(17( :85'( %(:,(6(1N '$66 (,1 d26(O g,167(,1Om21'(16$7 (,1(5 0$.526.23,6&+ %(6(7=7(1 (5(.7,9(1 y(//(1)81.7,21 (17O 635,&+7N '(5(1 r+$6(1.2+>5(1= 6,&+ @%(5 6(,1( *(6$07( c86'(+181* (5675(&.7P g567 ,1 (;75(0 $1,627523(1 i(20(75,(1 :85'(1 .@5=/,&+ r+$6(198.78$7,21(1 1$&+*(:,(O 6(1 81' 678',(57 LTZbP g,1( :(,7(5*(+(1'( d(+$1'/81* ',(6(6 (;3/2',(5(1'(1 h256&+81*6*(%,(76 LT[b :@5'( '(1 t$+0(1 ',(6(6 d(,75$*6 635(1*(1P k0 t$+0(1 '(5 c720237,. %/(,%7
STXU
Potential
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
Position
c%%P SVPTT f,( r+$6(1.2+>5(1= ,1 (,1(0 d26(Og,167(,1Om21'(16$7 :,5' %(621'(56 (,1O '5@&./,&+ 6,&+7%$5 ,1 (,1(0 {281*I6&+(1 k17(5)(5(1=(;3(5,0(17P f$6 m21'(16$7 :,5' '85&+ (,1 5(38/6,9(6 n,&+7327(17,$/ *(7(,/7 81' 1$&+ (,1(5 )5(,(1 g;3$16,216=(,7 =85 k17(5)(5(1= *(O %5$&+7P f,( (17635(&+(1'(1 c%62537,216%,/'(5 6,1' 5(&+76 *(=(,*7P
-('2&+ )(67=8+$/7(1N '$66 0,7 ',(6(5 g17:,&./81*N $1'(56 $/6 ,1 $1'(5(1 i(%,(7(1 '(5 o$7(5,(:(//(1237,.N (,1( /$6(5$57,*( s8(//( =85 x(5)@*81* 67(+7 81' '$+(5 12&+ 9,(/( :(,7(55(,&+(1'( c1:(1'81*(1 81' *581'/(*(1'( g;3(5,0(17( =8 (5:$57(1 6,1'N ',( 6,&+ ',(6(5 s8(//( %(',(1(1P
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,. SVPXPS c720/,7+2*5$3+,( SVPXPSPS n,16(1 )@5 c720( f$6 |,(/ '(5 0(,67(1 )2.866,(5(1'(1 i(5>7( ,67 (6N (,1( +2+( q576$89?681* =8 (5O 5(,&+(1P k1 '(5 Jh(51)(/'OK 237,6&+(1 o,.526.23,( ,67 '$%(, ',( y(//(1/>1*( '(6 9(5O :(1'(7(1 n,&+76 (,1 %(*5(1=(1'(5 h$.725P f$ ',( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( (,1(6 7+(5O 0,6&+(1 c720675$+/6 :(,7 817(5+$/% (,1(6 p$120(7(56 /,(*7N *,%7 (6 (,1 *52M(6 r2O 7(17,$/N ',(6( c89?681* =8 (5+?+(1P f,(6(5 x257(,/ :,5' =P dP ,1 '(5 g/(.7521(10,O .526.23,( 6(+5 (5)2/*5(,&+ *(187=7 Jm$3P SSKP f257 :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 $8) i(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 %(6&+/(81,*7N %(, '(1(1 ',( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( 1,&+7 0(+5 ',( j$837%(6&+5>1.81* '(5 c89?681* '$567(//7P d(, c720(1 %,(7(1 6,&+ ',(6( ./(,1(1 '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*(1 $8)*581' '(5 *5?M(5(1 o$66( 6&+21 %(, 7+(50,6&+(1 g1(5O *,(1 $1P g6 *,%7 -('2&+ :,&+7,*( w17(56&+,('( =:,6&+(1 c720O 81' g/(.7521(1675$+/(1P c8) '(5 (,1(1 u(,7( *,%7 (6 %(, c720675$+/(1 .(,1( t$80/$'81*6(5(.7(N ',( %(, +2+(1 h/@66(1 ,1 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 ',( c89?681* %(6&+5>1.(1 Jd2(56&+Og5(.7N c%6&+1P SSPYKP c8)*581' ,+5(5 n$'81* .?11(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7( g/(.7521(1O 675$+/(1 0,7 (;75(0 6&+0$/(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* 352'8=,(57 :(5'(1P y,(
STXV
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
:,5 63>7(5 6(+(1 :(5'(1N ,67 ',(6 127:(1',*N 80 925 $//(0 ',( &+520$7,6&+(1 n,1O 6(1)(+/(5 =8 5('8=,(5(1P g,1 7+(50,6&+(5 c720675$+/ .$11 $8)*581' 6(,1(5 o$;:(//O d2/7=0$11Oi(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* 0,7 (,1(5 :(,M(1 n,&+748(//( 9(5*/,&+(1 :(5O '(1P j,(5 %,(7(7 =:$5 ',( /21*,78',1$/( n$6(5.@+/81* 81' ,0 r5,1=,3 $8&+ '(5 g,16$7= 921 c720/$6(51 (,1( c/7(51$7,9( $1N ',(6( 6,1' $%(5 (;3(5,0(17(// 12&+ 1,&+7 =85 x(5%(66(581* '(5 c89?681* (,1*(6(7=7 :25'(1P
SVPXPSPT h5(61(/O|21(13/$77( f,( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( (,1(6 71*7N ,67 ',( c8)O /?681* $8&+ '85&+ &+520$7,6&+( n,16(1)(+/(5 %(*5(1=7P f,( 0$;,0$/( %(8*81*6O %(*5(1=7( c89?681* '(5 n,16( ,67 81*()>+5 921 '(5 i5?M( '(6 >8M(567(1 t,1*6 81' 620,7 '85&+ '(1 1(8(67(1 u7$1' '(5 o,.52)$%5,.$7,2169(5)$+5(1 /,0,7,(57P f,(6(5 /,(*7 020(17$1 (7:$ %(, SRR 10 )@5 )5(,67(+(1'( r/$77(1P g,1 p$&+7(,/ '(5 |21(1O 3/$77( ,67N '$66 185 SR@ '(5 c720( ,1 ',( (567( q5'181* *(%(8*7 :(5'(1P f,( hO|$+/ ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ h 3 ) Bf 3 'tBJ0+ KN :2%(, f '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 |21(13/$77( C % 81' 't ',( d5(,7( '(6 >8M(567(1 t,1*6 ,67P S[[S :85'( ',( h2.866,(581* 921 0(7$67$%,/(1 j(/,80Oc720(1 0,77(/6 (,1(5 h5(6O 1(/O|21(13/$77( (5670$/6 '(021675,(57 LURbP k1 c%%P SVPTU ,67 (,1( ugoOh272*5$7( '(5 |21(13/$77( '$5*(67(//7P f(5 0,77/(5( t,1* +$77( (,1(1 t$',86 921 t 3 S[ =0N I '(5 *(6$07( f85&+0(66(5 %(758* TTR =0P f,( d5(11:(,7( )@5 ',( y(//(1/>1*( + 3 T cA '(6 0(7$67$%,/(1 j(/,806 :$5 RPVW 0P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1( hO|$+/ 921 TRRRP C c%%,/'81*(1 (,1(6 g,1=(/O 81' f233(/63$/76 0,7+,/)( (,1(5 h5(61(/O|21(13/$77( :(5'(1 ,1 c%%P SVPTV *(=(,*7P f,( c89?681* :$5 '85&+ &+520$7,6&+( n,16(1)(+/(5 /,0,7,(57] '(5 c720675$+/ +$77( (,1( 5(/$7,9( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76%5(,7( 921 (9B9 . SBSWP
STXW
100 µm
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
(Zählereignisse/5 min)
150
20 µm
(a)
100
s1
50 0
(Zählereignisse/6 min)
Signal
c%%P SVPTU t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23,6&+( c8)1$+0( (,1(5 h5(61(/O|21(13/$77(N ',( =85 h2.866,(581* (,1(6 c720675$+/6 %(187=7 :85'( J=85 c86%/(1'81* '(5 81)2.866,(57(1 18//7(1 q5'181* :85'( (,1 f5$+7 @%(5 ',( |21(13/$77( *(/(*7KP
BG (b)
20 µm
200 100 0
s2
d2
BG Detektor-Spalt-Position
c%%P SVPTV d,/' (,1(6 g,1=(/O 81' (,1(6 f233(/63$/76N '$6 '85&+ h2.866,(581* (,1(6 0(7$O 67$%,/(1 j(/,80Ou75$+/6 0,77(/6 (,1(5 h5(61(/O|21(13/$77( (5+$/7(1 :85'(P f,( u3$/7( 6,1' 817(1 0$M67>%/,&+ '$5*(67(//7] 6 3 SR =0N 6 3 TT =0N ' 3 V[ =0P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 q%O I J J -(.7O =8 d,/'$%67$1' %(758* SPSWP di .(11=(,&+1(7 '(1 f(7(.725+,17(5*581'P f,( '85&+*(O =2*(1(1 n,1,(1 6,1' '$6 g5*(%1,6 '(5 180(5,6&+(1 k17(*5$7,21 '(6 d(8*81*6,17(*5$/6P
m@5=/,&+ ,67 @%(5 (,1( :(,7(5( (,1'58&.692//( f(021675$7,21 '(5 h2.866,(581* '85&+ (,1( h5(61(/O|21(13/$77( )@5 (,1(1 u75$+/ 921 i581'=867$1'Oj(/,80Oc720(1 %(5,&+7(7 :25'(1 LUSbP
STXX
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
SVPXPSPU f,&.( 81' '@11( n,16(1 )@5 c720( k1'(0 0$1 9(56&+,('(1( y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 921 c720(1 0,7 5>80/,&+ ,1+202*(1(1 h(/'(51 %(187=7N .?11(1 3$5$%2/,6&+( r27(17,$/( )@5 ,+5( u&+:(5381.7%(:(*81* (5=,(/7 :(5'(1P u,( 6,1' ',5(.7 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 i/$6/,16(1 )@5 n,&+7 81' .?11(1 ,1 =:(, j$837./$66(1 (,1*(7(,/7 :(5'(1\ f@11( n,16(1\ j,(5 ,67 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=(,7 '(5 c720( 0,7 '(1 h(/'(51 .85= *(18*N '$66 6,&+ ',( 5$',$/( f,&+7(9(57(,/81* '(5 c720( ,1 '(5 n,16( 1,&+7 9(5O >1'(57P f,( d5(11:(,7( (,1(5 '@11(1 n,16( 1,007 48$'5$7,6&+ 0,7 '(5 $720$5(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 =8N '$ (,1(56(,76 '(5 5$',$/( k038/6@%(575$* '85&+ ',( n,16( 921 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=(,7 81' '$0,7 921 '(5 ,19(56(1 $720$5(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $%+>1*7N 81' $1'(5(56(,76 %(, *(*(%(1(0 5$',$/(1 k038/6@%(575$* '(5 c%/(1O .81*6:,1.(/ (%(1)$//6 ,19(56 3523257,21$/ 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 c720( 6.$/,(57P f,&.( n,16(1\ u,( .?11(1 $0 %(67(1 0,7 n,16(1 )@5 n,&+7 0,7 +$5021,6&+(0 d5(&+=$+/3527/ 9(5*/,&+(1 :(5'(1P j,(5 817(5/,(*(1 ',( c720( (,1(5 +$5021,O 6&+(1 q6=,//$7,21 ,0 3$5$%2/,6&+(1 n,16(1327(17,$/P f$ 6,( $//( ',(6(/%( q6=,//$O 7,216)5(48(1= +$%(1N 75(5(1 6,( 6,&+ $//( 1$&+ '(5 */(,&+(1 |(,7 A *(1$8(5 *(6$*7 1$&+ (,1(0 x,(57(/ (,1(5 q6=,//$7,2163(5,2'( A $0 o,1,080 '(6 r27(17,$/6P k0 5($/(1 t$80 %('(87(7 '$6N '$66 ',( d5(11:(,7( 3523257,21$/ =85 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67P f,( '85&+ d(8*81* /,0,7,(57( h/(&.*5?M( ,67 :.
T)+ C 3 T+ h P C f
JSVPWTK
j,(5,1 6,1' ) 81' f ',( d5(11:(,7( 81' '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 n,16(P h@5 7+(50,6&+( c720(N '(5(1 '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( ./(,1(5 $/6 ,+5 f85&+0(66(5 ,67N .$11 0$1 6,&+ (,1( n,16( 92567(//(1N ',( (,1(1 h2.86 ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 c720'85&+0(66(5 (5=(8*7P f,(6 ,67 .(,1 y,'(56358&+N '$ ',( '( d52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( 185 ',( u&+:(5381.7%(O :(*81* '(6 c7206 %(6&+5(,%7N 81' (6 35,1=,3,(// 0?*/,&+ ,67N '(1 u&+:(5381.7 (,1(6 q%-(.76 %(66(5 =8 .(11(1 $/6 6(,1(1 f85&+0(66(5P k1 '(5 r5$;,6 /,0,7,(5(1 $1'(5( h$.725(1 :,( =P dP ',( &+520$7,6&+(1 n,16(1)(+/(5 ',( 0,1,0$/( h/(&.*5?M(P d(, '(5 h2.866,(581* (,1(6 c720675$+/6 0,7 (,1(5 5(/$7,9(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,76%5(,7( (9B9 0,7 (,1(5 '@11(1 n,16( ,67 '(5 =86>7=/,&+( d(,75$* =85 0,1,0$/(1 h/(&.*5?M( :.f
(9 P 9
JSVPWUK
f$0,7 ',( &+520$7,6&+(1 n,16(1)(+/(5 1,&+7 @%(5 ',( d(8*81*6*5(1=( '20,1,(5(1N %(1?7,*7 0$1 (,1( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76%5(,7( 921 (9 T)+ C P * 9 fJ
JSVPWVK
h2/*/,&+ 6,1' )@5 (,1(1 ./(,1(1 h2.86 (,1( n,16( 0,7 ./(,1(5 hO|$+/ 81' (,1 c720O 675$+/ +2+(5 o212&+520$6,( 1?7,*P
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
STXY
SVPXPSPV h2.866,(581* 0,77(/6 67$7,6&+(5 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(5 h(/'(5 u&+21 S[WS '(021675,(57(1 h5,('(%85* 81' r$8/ ',( h2.866,(581* (,1(6 c720675$+/6 0,77(/6 (,1(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 j(;$32/)(/'(6 LUTbP f$6 j(;$32/)(/' 9(5856$&+7 (,1( |((O 0$1Ox(56&+,(%81* 0,7 (,1(5 48$'5$7,6&+(1 q576$%+>1*,*.(,7N ',( )@5 c720( ,0 5,&+O 7,*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 w17(5=867$1' )2.866,(5(1' :,5.7P f$66(/%( r5,1=,3N $//(5',1*6 0,7 67$7,6&+(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(51N :85'( 921 i25'21 '$=8 9(5:(1'(7N $1*(5(*7( c0021,$.Oo2/(.@/( ,0 (567(1 o$6(5 =8 )2.866,(5(1 LUUbP g,1 p$&+7(,/ '(5 h2.866,(581* 921 c720(1 0,7 67$7,6&+(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 ,67N '$66 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =8 6&+:$&+ ,67N 80 '$0,7 .203$.7( n,16(1 )@5 7+(50,6&+( u75$+/(1 =8 5($/,6,(5(1P k1 (,1(0 1(8(5(1 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( (,1 c720675$+/ '85&+ n,&+7.5>)7( 921 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 921 URR 0B6 $8) YR 0B6 $%*(%5(067P f$'85&+ 9(5.@5=7( 6,&+ ',( d5(11:(,7( 921 S 0 $8) W &0 LUVbP f(5 ,11(5( f85&+0(66(5 '(5 n,16( $86 3(50$1(17 0$*1(7,6&+(0 o$7(5,$/ %(758* SPW &0P f$'85&+ .2117( %(, c%%5(0681* '(6 u75$+/6 ',( hO|$+/ 817(5 SR 5('8=,(57 :(5'(1N :$6 )@5 c720675$+/(1 (,1 6(+5 *87(5 y(57 ,67P g,1 :(,7(5(5 x257(,/ ',(6(6 x(5)$+5(16 ,67 ',( t('8.7,21 '(5 d5(,7( '(5 i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,769(57(,/81*N ',( 1$&+ '(0 c%%5(06(1 $8) (9B9 . SRR =86$00(1*(35(667 ,67P f$'85&+ :,5' '(5 &+520$7,6&+( d(,75$* =85 h/(&.*5?M( $8) 81*()>+5 SWR =0 5('8O =,(57P y,// 0$1 -('2&+ ',( c89?681* 817(5 SRR 10 '5@&.(1N 0866 ',( ~5181* 80 (,1(1 h$.725 SRRR $8) 81*()>+5 SW =0 9(5./(,1(57 :(5'(1] '$0,7 :,5' ',( hO|$+/ $8) 0(+5(5( v$86(1' $167(,*(1P g,1( $1'(5( x(5%(66(581*60?*/,&+.(,7 ,67 ',( :(,7(5( t('8.7,21 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* '85&+ :(,7(5(17:,&.(/7( n$6(5.@+/9(5O )$+5(1P
SVPXPSPW h2.866,(581* 0,77(/6 n,&+7.5>)7(1 p$+O5(621$17( n,&+7)(/'(5 6,1' *87 '$)@5 *((,*1(7N c720675$+/(1 =8 )2.866,(5(1N '$ ',( c720On,&+7Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* 5(/$7,9 67$5. ,67 81' '$ %(, (,1(5 x,(/=$+/ $1 n,&+7)(/'.217*85$7,21(1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 3$5$%2/,6&+( 237,6&+( r27(17,$/( $8)75(O 7(1P c8M(5'(0 .?11(1 '85&+ ,17(5)(5,(5(1'( n$6(5675$+/(1 n,&+70$6.(1 (5=(8*7 :(5'(1N ',( ',( c720( *52M9>&+,* ,1 (,1 1$126758.785,(57(6 o867(5 )2.866,(5(1P g,1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 3$5$%2/,6&+(6 r27(17,$/ 71'(7 0$1 =P dP ,1 '(5 p>+( 921 y(//(1%>8&+(1 ,1 (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//(P f85&+48(57 (,1 c720675$+/ (,1(1 y(/O /(1%$8&+ (,1(6 5279(567,007(1 y(//(1)(/'6N 62 (5)>+57 (,1 (,1/$8)(1'(6 c720 ,0 i581'=867$1' ,0 $',$%$7,6&+(1 i5(1=)$// (,1 r27(17,$/ @ @.J 6 wJ=K 32 |%J16J &26J. = . M S =J1&2167P P S M T V
JSVPWWK
j,(5 +$%(1 :,5 6 + % $1*(1200(1P f$6 r27(17,$/ 9(5+>/7 6,&+ )@5 .85=( y(&+6(/O S :,5.81*6=(,7(1 :,( (,1( =1.7P h@5 n,16(1 0,7 6(+5 *52M(1 hO|$+/(1 ,67 '(5 g5(.7 '(5 &+520$7,6&+(1 n,16(1)(+/(5 5(/$7,9 *(5,1*P c8M(5O '(0 :85'( ',( n,16( '$=8 %(187=7N (,1 d(8*81*60867(5 0,7 (,1(5 r(5,2'( 921 Z =0 $%=8%,/'(1P f,(6 :$5 ',( (567( f(021675$7,21 ',(6(6 r5,1=,36N '$6 '$11 ,1 9,(/(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 0,7 67(+(1'(1 y(//(1 817(5 1250$/(1 g,1)$//6:,1.(/1 81' '$'85&+ 0,7 r(5,2'(1 '(5 +$/%(1 237,6&+(1 y(//(1/>1*( $86*(187=7 :85'(P
Linse
Objekt
y
Bild 57 cm
57 cm
optisches Potential
z
He*
x
SEV
1
( S; 3S)
x 2 µm
25 µm
Spiegel
2 µm
y
z
normierte Strahlintensität
c%%P SVPTW g;3(5,0(17(//(5 c8)%$8 =85 h2.866,(581* (,1(6 c720675$+/6 '85&+ y(//(1%>8O &+( 0,7 *52M(5 r(5,2'( (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 237,6&+(1 y(//(N ',( '85&+ t(9(;,21 (,1(6 5279(5O 67,007(1 n$6(5675$+/6 $1 (,1(5 i/$62%(59>&+( 817(5 '(0 i/$1=:,1.(/ *(%,/'(7 :85'(P
-20
P = 5 mW P = 2.7 mW P = 1 mW -15 -10 -5 0 5 Detektor-Position (µm)
10
15
20
c%%P SVPTX d,/' (,1(6 g,1=(/63$/7(6N '(5 '85&+ (,1( =1'(57 :,5'P
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,. Cr
STX[
2000 nm 22 nm
Lichtmaske I
1000 nm
x I 0 nm
Substrat
λ /2
z
0 nm 0 nm
1000 nm
2000 nm
c%%P SVPTY h2.866,(581* (,1(6 c720675$+/6 '85&+ (,1 67(+(1'(6 n$6(5:(//(1)(/'P f,( 67(+(1O '( y(//( 9(5+>/7 6,&+ :,( (,1( c125'181* 921 =7 $8) '(5 q%(59>&+( :85'( =8(567 '85&+ 237,6&+( d(8*81* 81' 63>7(5 '85&+ (,1 v811(/0,.526.23 1$&+*(:,(6(1P m85= '$5$8) :85'( 921 o&e/(//$1' 81' 6(,1(1 o,7$5%(,7(51 @%(5 ',5(.7( o(66(5*(%1,66( 0,77(/6 (,1(6 m5$)70,.526.236 %(5,&+7(7 LUYbP k1 ,+5(0 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( '85&+ (,1 527 9(567,007(6 67(+(1'(6 n,&+7:(//(1)(/' (,1( e+520/,1,(16758.785 $8) (,1 u,/,=,80Ou8%675$7 *(6&+5,(%(1P f$6 u8%675$7 :$5 ,0 |(17580 '(6 n$6(5675$+/6 326,7,21,(57P f,( e+520On,1,(1 +$77(1 181 (,1( d5(,7( 921 UZ 10N (,1(1 c%67$1' 921 +BT 3 TSTPZ 10 81' (,1( j?+( 921 6UV 10 %(, TR 0,1 d(/,&+781*6=(,7P g,1 >+1/,&+(6 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( $8&+ 0,7 c/80,1,80 '85&+O *()@+57 LUZbP r5,1=,3,(// ,67 '$6 x(5)$+5(1 )@5 (,1( x,(/=$+/ 921 c7206257(1 0?*/,&+P f,( 7+( (,1(6 f,32/@%(5*$1*6 6(/(.7,9 $8) (,1( $720$5( u3(=,(6 :,5.(1 81' $//( $1'(5(1 o$7(5,$/,(1 J2)7 $8&+ $1'(5( k62723( (,1(6 o$7(O 5,$/6K 81%((,198667 /$66(1P f,( (,1)$&+67( u758.785 ',(6(5 n,&+70$6.(1 ,67 (,1( m(77( 921 |87*(5 (%(1(1 n,&+7:(/O /(1 =867$1'( .2007P f,( u758.785 '(5 n,&+7)(/'(5 @%(5 '(0 =8 %('$03)(1'(1 u8%O 675$7 .$11 '85&+ .203/(;(5( k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 $8&+ ,1 =:(, f,0(16,21(1 9$5,,(57 :(5'(1P |80 d(,63,(/ /,()(57 ',( k17(5)(5(1= 921 '5(, n,&+7675$+/(1 817(5 STR i5$' (,1 +(;$*21$/(6 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5N '$6 )@5 527 9(567,007( n,&+7)(/'(5 ',5(.7 =8 9(5O */(,&+(1 ,67 0,7 (,1(5 +(;$*21$/(1 c125'181* 921 o,.52/,16(1 )@5 c720(P g17O 635(&+(1'( g5*(%1,66( 6,1' ,1 c%%P SVPTZ =8 6(+(1 LU[bP f257 ,67 $8&+ *(=(,*7N :$6 3$66,(57N :(11 6,&+ '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 x(567,0081* '(5 n$6(5675$+/(1 9(5>1'(57P f$11 '5(+7 6,&+ $8&+ '$6 x25=(,&+(1 ,1 '(5 r27(17,$//$1'6&+$)7 )@5 ',( c720( 80
STYR
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
ge
Atome
ieg el
Sp ie
Polarisationskonfiguration
Sp
l
Lichtmaske
δ >O
δ 760867(5N '$6 $/6 n,&+70$6.( (,1(5 +(;$*21$/(1 c125'181* 921 u$0O 0(//,16(1 J% " RK 2'(5 |(5675(881*6/,16(1 J% # RK (17635,&+7P n,1.6 2%(1 ,67 ',( (;3(5,0(17(//( c125'181* '(5 n,&+70$6.( *(=(,*7P w17(1 ',( (17635(&+(1'(1 .5$)70,.526.23,6&+(1 c8)O 1$+0(1 '(5 '85&+ ',( n,&+70$6.( $8)*('$03)7(1 e+520Ou758.785(1P
81' $86 u$00(//,16(1 :(5'(1 |(5675(881*6/,16(1P f$6 $8)*('$03)7( o867(5 ,67 '$11 1,&+7 0(+5 (,1( +(;$*21$/( c125'181* 921 d5(11381.7(1 +,17(5 -('(5 o,O .526$00(//,16(N 621'(51 (,1( j21,*:$%(16758.785N (17635(&+(1' '(0 o867(5 '(5 '81./(1 u7(//(1 ,0 n,&+7)(/'P k17(5)(5,(57 0$1 67$77 '5(, 181 9,(5 n$6(5675$+/(1 817(5 [R i5$' 62 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( .8%,6&+( u758.785P o$1 .$11 $/62 $8&+ ,1 =:(, f,O 0(16,21(1 -('(6 k17(16,7>760867(5 (,1(5 n,&+70$6.( '85&+ ',(6( c8)'$03)7(&+1,. $8) ',( u8%675$72%(59>&+( @%(575$*(1P f,( '85&+ n,16(1)(+/(5 %(*5(1=7(1 u758.785O %5(,7(1 /$*(1 %(, '(1 %(67(1 g;3(5,0(17(1 %(, (7:$ SRATR 10P f(112&+ %/(,%7 ',( h5$*(N :(/&+( x257(,/( ',(6( n,7+2*5$3+,(7(&+1,. *(*(1@%(5 '(1 m21.855(17(1 %,(O 7(7P u,1' 1,&+7 ',( ./(,167(1 c%67>1'( :,('(5 '85&+ ',( ./(,167(1 c%67>1'( ,1 '(1 n,&+70$6.(1 *(*(%(1N ',( :,('(580N :,( ,1 '(5 237,6&+(1 n,7+2*5$3+,(N '85&+ ',( +$/%( 237,6&+( y(//(1/>1*( /,0,7,(57 6,1'a y(/&+(1 35,1=,3,(//(1 x257(,/ +$7 ',(6( v(&+1,. *(*(1@%(5 $1'(5(1 v(&+1,.(1a f,( u7>5.( '(5 c720/,7+2*5$3+,( /,(*7 925 $//(0 ,1 '(1 9,(/6(,7,*(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1N ',( ',( c720On,&+7Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7%5,1*7P g567(16 .$11N :,( 6&+21 ',6.87,(57N '85&+ (,1)$&+( }1'(581* '(5 n$6(5)5(48(1= '$6 x25=(,&+(1 '(5 327(17,(//(1 g1(5*,( 9(5>1'(57 :(5'(1 81' '$0,7 =P dP (,1( n,1,(16758.785N ',( =81>&+67 '85&+ h2.86O
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
STYS
6,(581* ,1 ',( k17(16,7>760$;,0$ (,1(5 67(+(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( (1767$1'(1 ,67N 80 (,1 x,(57(/ '(5 n,&+7:(//(1/>1*( 9(56&+2%(1 :(5'(1P f85&+ (,1( %(5/$*(581* 921 %/$8 81' 527 9(567,007(1 n,&+70$6.(1 .2117(1 62 r(5,2'(1 921 +BV (5=,(/7 :(5'(1P |:(,O 7(16 ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,216$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 c720On,&+7Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* *(:,11%5,1O *(1' (,1=86(7=(1P k0 |86$00(163,(/ 0,7 '(5 5(,&++$/7,*(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 w17(5O 6758.785 '(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 c720( .2117(1 (,1O LVRb 81' =:(,',0(16,21$/( LVSb n,&+7O 0$6.(1 0,7 u758.785(1 %,6 +,1817(5 =8 +BZ '(021675,(57 :(5'(1N :$6 %(, '(1 9(5O :(1'(7(1 e+520$720(1 (,1(5 r(5,2'( 921 WU 10 (17635,&+7 Jc%%P SVPT[KP w1' '5,77(16 ,67 $8&+ ',( h5(48(1=$%+>1*,*.(,7 '85&+ ',( t(621$1=@%(5+?+81* ,1 '(5 p>+( (,1(6 f,32/@%(5*$1*6 )@5 c1:(1'81*(1 921 k17(5(66(N '(11 ',( 5(68/O 7,(5(1'( u(/(.7,9,7>7 '(5 n,&+70$6.(1 (5/$8%7 (6N */(,&+=(,7,* (,1 816758.785,(57(6 o$75,;0$7(5,$/ $8)=8'$03)(1N '$6 0,7 '(0 '85&+ ',( n,&+70$6.( )2.866,(57(1 o$O 7(5,$/ '27,(57 :,5' LVTbP f,( $8) ',(6( y(,6( ,1 (,1(0 (,1)$&+(1 x(5)$+5(1 +(5*(O 67(//7(1N 6758.785,(57 '27,(57(1 r52%(1 .?11(1 =86>7=/,&+ :>+5(1' '(6 y$&+67806 ,1 '(5 '5,77(1 t,&+781* 6758.785,(57 :(5'(1N ,1'(0 =80 d(,63,(/ '(5 h/866 '(6 f2O 7,(50$7(5,$/6 2'(5 ',( n,&+70$6.( :>+5(1' '(6 y$&+67806 9$5,,(57 :,5'P f,(6 (5O 0?*/,&+7 $/62 (,1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(6 n,7+2*5$3+,(9(5)$+5(1N '$6 0,7 $1'(5(1 n,7+2O *5$3+,(7(&+1,.(1 =80,1'(67 1,&+7 62 (/(*$17 0?*/,&+ ,67P c%6&+/,(M(1' %/(,%7 $/62 )(67=8+$/7(1N '$66 ',( c720/,7+2*5$3+,( 3(5,2',6&+( u758.785(1 ,0 68%OSRRO10Od(O 5(,&+ +(567(//(1 .$11N 81' ,+5( u7>5.(1 925 $//(0 ,1 1,&+7.219(17,21(//(1 c1:(1O '81*(1 /,(*(1N ',( 0,7 +(5.?00/,&+(1 v(&+1,.(1 185 $8):>1',* %(:>/7,*7 :(5'(1 .?11(1 Jc%%P SVPURKP Atome
ϑ 4 µm
ϑ = 35.3˚
34 nm
0 nm 0 µm 0 µm
2 µm
4 µm
c%%P SVPT[ g,1( %(5/$*(581* 921 '5(, 257+2*21$/ =8(,1$1'(5 /,1($5 32/$5,6,(57(1 n$6(5O 675$+/(1 =(,*7 .(,1 k17(5)(5(1=0867(5 ,1 '(5 i(6$07,17(16,7>7P g,1( 62/&+( n,&+70$6.( +$7 -('2&+ (,1( 5(,&++$/7,*( r2/$5,6$7,2166758.785N ',( ,0 |86$00(163,(/ 0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 w17(56758.785 '(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7(1 e+520Oc720( (,1( 925+(56$*%$5( 5>80/,&+( u758.785 ,1 '(5 d5(11(%(1( '(5 n,&+70$6.( (5=(8*7P i(=(,*7 ,67 :,('(5 ',( .5$)70,.526.23,6&+( c8)O 1$+0( (,1(5 0,7 ',(6(5 n,&+70$6.( (5=(8*7(1 u758.785P
STYT
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
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STYV
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
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SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
80
n=0
3
60 40
x35
1
20
˚ He ( λ = 0.56 A)
In /I1 0
2
4
0
2
6
4
80
x25 0
40
2
100 10-1 10-2 10-3
7
6
˚ Ne ( λ = 0.25 A)
120 Ionen-Signal (103 Zählereignisse/s)
5
STYW
4
6
100 10-1 10-2 10-3
0 ˚ Ar ( λ = 0.18 A)
100 75
x30
50
0
25
2
4
6
100 10-1 10-2 10-3
0 ˚ Kr ( λ = 0.12 A)
40
x20
30 20
0
10
2
4
6
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0 0
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7
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4
ω R2 / δ 1 -2
-1
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1
2 p /hk L
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01
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01
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JSVPXSK
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
5’ 4”
8h 27’ 44”
50’ 46”
16h 55’ 28”
42h 18’
1h 41’ 33”
Anzahl / Pixel
4h 13’ 52” 0 -80
-40 0 x / µm
40
STZS
24
80
c%%P SVPUY f233(/63$/7Oc720,17(5)(5(1=(1 0,7 (,1(5 c125'181* >+1/,&+ '(5 ,1 c%%P SVPUXP h,/7(57 0$1 (,1 %(67,007(6 h/8*=(,7)(167(5 +(5$86N 62 =(,*7 '$6 u,*1$/ $8) '(0 u&+,50 =81>&+67 6&+(,1%$5 =8)>//,* 9(57(,/7( 381.7)?50,*( g,1=(/(5(,*1,66(P p$&+ (,1(5 />1*(5(1 k17(*5$7,216=(,7 :,5' ',( y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,769(57(,/81* )@5 '$6 g16(0%/( */(,&+ 35>3$5,(57(5 c720( 6,&+7%$5 81' ',( k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 :(5'(1 '(87/,&+P
h@5 *(0,6&+7( |867>1'( (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( (17635(&+(1' *(:,&+7(7( u800( ',(6(6 c86O '58&.6 @%(5 ',( %(7(,/,*7(1 |867>1'(P k0 i(*(16$7= =85 ./$66,6&+(1 y$+56&+(,1/,&+O .(,769(57(,/81* .$11 ',( y,*1(5Oh81.7,21 $8) '(5 u.$/$ '(6 r/$1&.I6&+(1 y,5.81*6O 48$17806 $8&+ /2.$/ 1(*$7,9( y(57( $11(+0(1 81' (17635,&+7 $/62 12&+ 1,&+7 ',5(.7 (,1(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,769(57(,/81*P f,(6( (1767(+7 (567 ,1 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(5 c1*$%( (,1(5 o(669256&+5,)7P f,( y,*1(5Oh81.7,21 +$7 ',( g,*(16&+$)7N '$66 ,+5( r52-(.7,21 =P dP $8) ',( q576.225',1$7( ; *(5$'( '(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,769(57(,/81* )@5 ',( q576.225',1$7( (17635,&+7P c86 (,1(0 u$7= 921 r52-(.7,21(1 '(5 y,*1(5O h81.7,21 $8) c&+6(1 ,0 r+$6(15$80 />667 6,&+ ',( y,*1(5Oh81.7,21 :,( ,1 (,1(0 7202*5$3+,6&+(1 x(5)$+5(1 5(.216758,(5(1P y,( ,1 c%%P SVPUZ *(=(,*7N ,67 ',(6 $8&+ (;3(5,0(17(// *(/81*(1 LWSbP f5(,*,77(5Ok17(5)(520(7(5P g,1 $/7(51$7,9(6 u&+(0$ )@5 (,1 k17(5)(520(7(5N '$6 $8) o,.526758.785(1 %$6,(57N ,67 ',( f5(,*,77(5$125'181*N ',( =8(567 $0 okv '(02167O 5,(57 :85'( LWTbP g,1 f5(,*,77(5Ok17(5)(520(7(5 ,67 $&+520$7,6&+ 81' '$+(5 ,'($/ )@5 c720675$+/(1 0,7 (,1(5 %5(,7(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* *((,*1(7P k1 (,1(0 g;3(5,0(17 :85'( '85&+ (,1( %(56&+$//(;3$16,21 0,7 (,1(0 c5*21O v5>*(5*$6 (,1 p$75,80Oc720675$+/ (5=(8*7 J+ 3 SX 30N 9B(9 6 [KP f(5 u75$+/ :85'( '85&+ =:(, u3$/7( .2//,0,(57 J6P c%%P SVPU[KP f(5 u75$+/'85&+0(66(5 %(758* 6TR =0P k1 -@1*67(1 c5%(,7(1 :85'(1 i,77(5 0,7 (,1(5 r(5,2'( 921 ' 3 SRR 10 ,1 c%67>1'(1 921 -(:(,/6 RPX 0 326,7,21,(57P f,( 75$169(56$/( r26,7,21,(581* '(5 i,77(5 :85'(
STZT
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,. Ortsmessung
Impulsmessung
P (p ) P (x )
p x
W (x, p )
Experiment
Theorie
8
p /h µm
-1
4
0.5
1.25
0
0
0 -4 -8
-0.75
-0.3 -8 (a)
-4
x /µm
0
4
8
-8 (b)
-4
x /µm
0
4
8
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Kollimationsspalte
Septum
Heißdrahtdetektor
c%%P SVPU[ u&+(0$ (,1(6 f5(,*,77(5,17(5)(520(7(56P f$6 (567( i,77(5 %(8*7 '(1 c720675$+/ J'$5*(67(//7 6,1' ',( 18//7( 81' 1SP q5'181*KP f,( d(8*81*625'181*(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 =:(,7(6 i,77(5 12&+0$/6 *(%(8*7N :$6 =8 (,1(0 5>80/,&+(1 %(5/$33 '(5 u75$+/(1 81' k1O 7(5)(5(1= 925 '(0 '5,77(1 i,77(5 )@+57P g,1 '5,77(6 i,77(5 :,5' %(1?7,*7N 80 '$6 k17(5)(5(1=O 0867(5 $8)=81(+0(1N '$ '(5 f(7(.725 ,1 '(5 r5$;,6 *5?M(5 $/6 ',( u75(,)(13(5,2'( ,67P f$6 u(3780 :,5' $/6 v5(11(/(0(17 =:,6&+(1 ',( %(,'(1 k17(5)(520(7(5$50( (,1*(%5$&+7 81' (5O /$8%7 (,1( 6(/(.7,9( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 (,1(0 r)$'P |80 d(,63,(/ .$11 '85&+ c1/(*(1 (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(6 (,1 r+$6(16&+,(%(5 ,1 (,1(0 k17(5)(520(7(5$50 5($/,6,(57 :(5'(1P
SVPX c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 c720237,.
STZU
'85&+ (,1 237,6&+(6 k17(5)(520(7(5 $.7,9 67$%,/,6,(57P f,( 5>80/,&+( c8)63$/781* '(5 18//7(1 921 '(5 (567(1 d(8*81*625'181* $0 0,77/(5(1 i,77(5 %(758* WW =0N $/62 0(+5 $/6 '(5 '233(/7( u75$+/'85&+0(66(5P |:,6&+(1 '(1 =:(, r)$'(1 :85'( (,1( y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21(N %(67(+(1' $86 (,1(5 SR =0 ',&.(1 m83)(5Oh2/,( Ju(3780K 81' (,1(5 i(*(1(/(.752'(N (,1*()@+57P f85&+ c1/(*(1 921 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'(51 $1 ',(6(1 g/(.752'(1 %(67,007(1 r5,7&+$5' 81' 6(,1( o,7$5%(,7(5 =P dP ',( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 921 p$75,80 LWUbP |86>7=/,&+ .2117(1 ',( t($/O 81' k0$*,1>57(,/( '(5 u75(8$03/,O 78'(1 )@5 (,1(1 u72M 921 p$75,80Oc720(1 0,7 (,1(0 g'(/*$6 %(67,007 :(5'(1N ,1'(0 '$6 i$6 185 ,1 '(1 (,1(1 c50 (,1*(/$66(1 :85'( LWVbP f,(6 ,67 (,1( ,17(5(66$17( c1:(1'81* '(5 c720,17(5)(520(75,(N '$ 6,( =86>7=/,&+( k1)250$7,21(1 /,()(57N ',( ,1 (,1(0 +(5.?00/,&+(1 u75(8(;3(5,0(17 1,&+7 =8*>1*/,&+ 6,1'P d,6 +(87( 6,1' ',(6 gnd
gnd Glasplatten
β
a
2 µm Schlitz
U
gnd
1 mm
Detektor
U
gnd
2 mm
L = 1.3 m
L = 1.3 m
300 V
Zählrate / a.u.
200 V 150 V 100 V
-30 -20 -10 0 10 Detektorposition (µm)
20
30
-20
-10 0 10 Detektorposition (µm)
20
c%%P SVPVR g;3(5,0(17(//( f$7(1 =85 d(8*81* 921 c720(1 $0 *(/$'(1(1 f5$+7P q%(1 ,67 '(5 c8)%$8 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6=21( (5.(11%$5 J1,&+7 0$M67>%/,&+KP n,1.6 817(1 ,67 '$6 d(8*81*6%,/' 2+1( $1*(/(*7( u3$1181* =8 6(+(1P p(%(1 '(0 u&+$77(1 '(6 f5$+7(6 6,1' '(87O /,&+ '(5 r2,6621Oh/(&. ,0 |(17580 '(6 u&+$77(16 81' ',( h5(61(/I6&+(1 u75(,)(1 =8 (5.(11(1P t(&+76 817(1 ,67 %(, =81(+0(1'(5 u3$1181* '$6 c86%,/'(1 '(5 k17(5)(5(1=675(,)(1 '85&+ c%O /(1.81* '(5 c720( ,1 '(1 u&+$77(1%(5(,&+ =8 6(+(1P
STZV
SV q37,. 0,7 o$7(5,(:(//(1\ c720237,.
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1, 0 〈 2, 2 〈
δ ω1
ω2
2, 2 〈
ω1
2〈 (a)
1〈
ω2 2, 2 〈 1, 0 〈
(b)
c%%P SVPVT g,1 c720,17(5)(520(7(5 %$6,(5(1' $8) 67,08/,(57(1 t$0$1O%(5*>1*(1 =:,6&+(1 =:(, j1'( 6,1' 0,7 8,N 1n *(.(11=(,&+1(7N :2%(, , '(5 ,11(5( |867$1' 81' 1 '(5 75$169(56$/( k038/6 ,1 g,1+(,7(1 921 @. ,67P M
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