One Goal, Two Paths: Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and the Pacific 9780821388372, 9780821388709, 0821388371

Table of contents :
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 15
Two Faces of Energy Poverty: Lack of Access to Electricity and Modern Cooking Solutions......Page 19
2 Lack of Access to Modern Cooking Fuels and Its Relative Health Impacts in Developing Countries, 2008–30......Page 21
Modern Cooking Solutions: Clean Fuels and Advanced Cookstoves......Page 28
One Goal: Achieving Universal Energy Access......Page 32
Energy Access, Poverty, and Development......Page 35
1.4 Poverty and Lack of Access to Electricity by Country, 2008......Page 39
1.6 Rural-Urban Divide in Electricity Access in EAP Countries, 2008......Page 41
Cost-Effectiveness: Least-Cost Technical Options for Desired Reliability and Quality of Service......Page 49
2.3 Technology Advances in Off-Grid Electrification......Page 56
Consumer Focus and Timing of Electrification......Page 60
2.5 Electricity Access: Estimated Results of Business-as-Usual and Universal Access Scenarios, 2010–30......Page 63
Sustained Government Commitment......Page 69
Effective Enabling Policy Framework......Page 72
Accountability for Results......Page 80
Relationship among Traditional Cooking Solutions, Health, and Poverty......Page 83
4.1 Women’s “Invisible” Work......Page 86
4.2 Population Relying on Traditional and Modern Fuels in Developing Countries, 2007......Page 87
Advances in Cookstoves and Biogas Systems......Page 91
4.5 Biogas Energy and Carbon Financing in the World Bank’s Hubei Eco-Farming Project, China......Page 95
What Is Different from the Past?......Page 101
5.1 New Advanced Biomass Cookstoves Initiative in India......Page 102
Pathway to Implementation......Page 107
Both Paths Will Bring Signifi cant Economic, Social, and Environmental Benefits to All EAP Countries......Page 113
1 Electricity Access: Selected Country Briefs......Page 121
A1.1 Cambodia......Page 122
A1.2 Indonesia......Page 128
A1.3 Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)......Page 134
A1.4 Mongolia......Page 140
A1.5 The Philippines......Page 145
A1.6 Pacific Island Countries (PICs)......Page 150
A1.7 Vietnam......Page 167
2 Energy Access Projects Funded in the EAP Region by IBRD, IDA, and GEF, 2001–10......Page 175
References......Page 179
1.1 Importance of Modern Energy in Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)......Page 37
1.2.1 Households cooking mainly with LPG or electricity in China, 1989–2006......Page 43
1.3 China: Sustained Commitment to Universal Electrification......Page 44
2.1.1 SWER line, New Zealand......Page 53
2.2 Vietnam: Balancing Speed and Quality in Electricity Grid Expansion......Page 55
2.4.1 Indicative electricity connection fees in selected developing countries......Page 59
2.5.1 GIS mapping for electrification rollout in Rwanda, 2009–20......Page 62
3.1 Thailand: Clear Criteria and Transparent Process for Electrification Expansion......Page 71
3.2 Cambodia: Proposed Sector-Wide Approach for Electricity Access Expansion......Page 75
3.3 Raising and Channeling Subsidies for Rural Electrification......Page 76
3.4 Power to the Poor (P2P) Program: Affordable Connection Fees for the Poorest in Lao PDR......Page 78
3.5.1 Solar-powered LED light and cell phone charger......Page 79
3.6 Applying Output-Based Aid (OBA) to Improve Accountability in Providing Energy Access......Page 81
4.2 Promoting LPG Use: Thailand’s Successful Approach......Page 92
4.4 Testing New Generation of Stoves in China......Page 93
4.4.1 Cooking with New Lao Stove......Page 94
5.2 Potential for Financing Efficient Biomass Stove Projects through Climate and Carbon Funding Mechanisms......Page 105
5.3 Water and Sanitation Program: Potential Model to Promote Modern Cooking Solutions......Page 106
A1.6.1 Tonga Energy Roadmap: Many Partners, One Team, One Plan......Page 159
A1.6.2.1 Use of NaS batteries for peak shaving......Page 162
A1.6.3.1 FEA staff explain features of new electricity connection to customers......Page 163
1 Rural-Urban Divide in Access to Modern Energy in EAP......Page 20
1 Electricity Access in EAP, 2009......Page 22
2 Electricity Access Challenges in EAP......Page 23
5 Schematic Profiles of Relative Costs of Electricity Supply: Main Grid versus Household Solar PV Systems......Page 24
3 Renewable Energy Options for Off-Grid Areas......Page 27
7 Patterns of Cooking Fuel Use in EAP Countries, 2009......Page 29
8 Use of Cooking Fuels in EAP by Urban and Rural Populations, 2010–30......Page 30
9 Investment Needs for Modern Cookstoves under Business-as-Usual and Universal Access Scenarios by Cooking Fuel......Page 33
1.2 GDP per Capita versus Electricity Use, 2008......Page 36
1.3 Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass in Developing Countries: A Major Health Issue, 2008–30......Page 38
1.1 Electricity Access in EAP Region, 2009......Page 40
1.2 Population without Modern Cooking Fuels in EAP, 2009......Page 42
2.1 Estimated Shares of Grid-Based and Off-Grid Electricity in EAP Countries, 2009......Page 50
2.2 Schematic Profi les of Relative Costs of Electricity Supply: Main Grid versus HH Solar PV Systems......Page 52
2.3 Indicative Electricity Tariffs for Small Customers in EAP Countries......Page 57
2.2 Current National Targets for Electricity Access......Page 61
3.1 Principles Underlying Successful Electrifi cation Programs......Page 70
4.1 Household Biomass Energy Use versus GDP per Capita in Developing Countries, 2007......Page 85
4.3 Patterns of Cooking Fuel Use in EAP Countries......Page 88
4.5 Baseline (2010) and Projected (2030) Cooking Fuel Use in EAP......Page 96
4.6 Investment Needs for Modern Cookstoves under Business-as-Usual and Universal Access Scenarios by Cooking Fuel......Page 98
6.1 Investment Requirements for Universal Access to Electricity and Modern Cooking Solutions in EAP, 2011–30......Page 114
6.2 Focusing on the “Second Front”: Households beyond Reach of Standard Delivery Mechanisms for Modern Energy Access......Page 116
A1.2.1 Electricity Access in Indonesia: Urban versus Rural, 2009......Page 131
A1.6.1 World Bank East Asia and the Pacifi c Region Member Island Countries......Page 154
A1.6.3.2 Electricity tariffs among lowest in Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand......Page 164
1.3 Electricity Access Challenges in EAP......Page 45
1.4 Context and Challenges for Promoting Modern Cooking Solutions in EAP......Page 46
2.1 Levelized Power-Generating Costs for Various Technologies, 2005......Page 51
2.4 Investment Needs for Electricity Access in EAP by 2030: Universal Access versus Business-as-Usual Scenarios......Page 64
2.5 Investment Needs for Business-as-Usual and Universal Access Scenarios for Electricity Access in EAP Countries by 2030......Page 65
2.6 Universal Access Scenario for Electricity: Annual Incremental Needs by EAP Country by 2030......Page 66
3.1 Tunisia: Multiple Funding Sources for Rural Electrification......Page 74
4.1 Annual Premature Deaths Attributed to Air Pollution from Cooking with Solid Fuels in EAP Countries, 2007......Page 84
4.3 Overview of Policies That Promote Clean and Efficient Cooking in Urban and Rural Areas......Page 89
A1.1.1 Cambodia: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 123
A1.2.1 Indonesia: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 129
A1.3.1 Lao PDR: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 135
A1.4.1 Mongolia: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 141
A1.5.1 Philippines: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 146
A1.6.1 EAP Region Pacific Island Countries Selected Indicators......Page 151
A1.6.2 EAP Pacific Island Countries Electricity Grid Access and Cell Phone Coverage, 2009......Page 152
A1.6.3 EAP Pacific Island Countries: Physical Geography and Population Settlement Patterns......Page 153
A1.7.1 Vietnam: Scenario Analysis for Universal Electricity Access by 2030......Page 168