New Reading Book of Middle Egyptian Texts 9789042946934, 9042946938

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Egyptologische Uitgaven • XXXIII

New Reading Book of Middle Egyptian Texts Selected and Edited by Adriaan de Buck With a new introduction and additional texts collected by

Olaf E. Kaper

Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten – Leiden Peeters – Leuven 2022

NEW READING BOOK OF MIDDLE EGYPTIAN TEXTS

Prof. Dr A. de Buck speaking at the tenth anniversary of Ex Oriente Lux, 1943.

NEW READING BOOK OF MIDDLE EGYPTIAN TEXTS

SELECTED AND EDITED BY ADRIAAN DE BUCK

With a new introduction and additional texts collected by

Olaf E. Kaper

NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN LEIDEN PEETERS LEUVEN 2022

EGYPTOLOGISCHE UITGAVEN onder redactie van R.J. DEMARÉE, O.E. KAPER, M. MÜLLER, R. VAN WALSEM en H.O. WILLEMS

VOLUME

XXXIII

Cover illustration: Book of the Dead, Spell 125, negative confession. Papyrus of Nu, British Museum, EA 10477,23. © Trustees of the British Museum.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-429-4693-4 eISBN 978-90-429-4694-1 D/2022/0602/117 © 2022, Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium New Reading Book of Middle Egyptian Texts. Selected and edited by Adriaan de Buck; with a new introduction and additional texts collected by Olaf E. Kaper. Egyptologische Uitgaven 33, Leiden & Leuven 2022. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval devices or systems, without the prior written permission from the publisher, except the quotation of brief passages for review purposes.

INTRODUCTION The Egyptian Readingbook is a classic of Dutch Egyptology. After its first publication in 1948 it has remained in print and it is still being used all over the world to teach students how to read the Middle Egyptian stage of the Egyptian language. What is the secret of the success of this seemingly simple anthology of hieroglyphic texts? The first reason is De Buck’s clever choice of texts. The book contains a wide selection of historical texts, a few classic literary pieces and some religious texts. This wide variety is particularly suitable for teaching purposes, especially when combined with the second reason for the book’s success: the beautiful and clear hieroglyphs drawn by de Buck. His handwriting has a particular charm as well as clarity, which makes it easy to read for the inexperienced beginner. De Buck once commented on his own handwriting: “Some may wish to make their signs less abstract than has been done here; whoever is able to do this may do so. One should, however, always strive for regularity and clarity”.1 Adriaan de Buck (1892-1959) held the chair of Egyptology at Leiden University from 1939, and when the Readingbook was published, he was at the pinnacle of his career. Because of the German occupation he resigned his post in 1942, but after the liberation he was able to continue his activities as before. In 1947, he became the first president of the International Association of Egyptologists, a body that exists until today, and he was a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. As a scholar, De Buck’s main claim to fame lies in his edition of the Coffin Texts, a project for which he had been selected by the University of Chicago in 1924, and which would occupy him until his death in 1959. The seven volumes with over 2,100 handwritten pages of hieroglyphic texts are a model of scholarship and clarity of presentation.2 The Readingbook developed as a result of De Buck’s need for teaching materials at Leiden University and for the general public. He had written the first grammar of Middle Egyptian in the Dutch language, published by the Netherlands Institute for the Near East in 1941. As a companion to this volume a Dutch precursor of the Readingbook appeared in the same year under the title Egyptisch leesboek. The grammar was subsequently translated into French as Grammaire élémentaire du moyen égyptien (Leiden 1952), and the English Readingbook was intended to accompany this. De Buck added some new texts to his selection, and reading exercises of words and grammatical forms, with reference to the paragraph numbers of his grammar either in its Dutch or French language versions. He 1  “Sommigen zullen misschien hun teekens minder abstract wenschen te maken dan hier geschied is; wie dit kan, doe het: men streve echter steeds naar regelmaat en duidelijkheid”; Egyptisch leesboek, v. 2  Two sets of photographic prints exist of coffins and papyri on which De Buck based his edition of the Coffin Texts: one in the archives of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, and one in the archives of the Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden. See: A. Egberts, The collection de Buck at Leiden, Göttinger Miszellen 60 (1982), 9-12. The archives of the NINO also preserve many of the work notes, photographs and letters from the possession of De Buck, which can be consulted by appointment.

VI

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also planned to write extensive notes on the texts, with references to the French version of the grammar, but this planned second volume was never finished and only some “Notes on purely textual matters” were added (p. 126-128), which only cover a few of the texts. These notes were left out of the present edition, as were the initial pages with grammatical exercises. Therefore, the page numbering of the texts differs from that in the previous edition, and a brief table of concordance is added (p. 98), which indicates the original page numbers in case a reference to the previous edition needs to be checked. How did De Buck choose and edit the texts destined for the Readingbook? His choice of texts was directed by three motives. Firstly, he aimed to provide a wide range of different texts, representative of different styles and vocabulary, which were suitable for teaching the Egyptian language at various levels. Secondly, in the initial Dutch version of the book, he did not wish to duplicate texts that were already in the widely used anthology by De Buck’s own teacher of Middle Egyptian, Kurt Sethe (Ägyptische Lesestücke zum Gebrauch im akademischen Unterricht: Texte des Mittleren Reiches, 2nd edition, Leipzig 1928). For the English version, he acknowledged that Sethe’s book had gone out of print and the Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, the Westcar papyrus and the Semna Stela were included in the selection, even though they had already appeared in the Lesestücke. Thirdly, he wished to present the texts unabridged, so that only relatively complete texts were considered for inclusion. In cases where the chosen texts presented variants, they were corrected and supplemented from other sources. This is the case, for instance, with the texts on the five large commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III, of which the Readingbook provided the first overview. In compiling the Readingbook, De Buck left out some religious texts that had been included in the Dutch original edition. For this third edition it was thought useful to bring them back, especially because these texts include some of the Coffin Texts, a genre which will always be associated with the name of Adriaan de Buck. In addition, the “Berlin leather roll” (Papyrus Berlin 3029) was added to the new edition, because this important text was first published by De Buck in 1938. His handwritten edition is included here together with the technical notes on the reading of the original (hieratic) text, which remain of importance today. Additionally, a transcription by De Buck of the Teaching of Ptahhotep was discovered among his notes kept in the archives of the NINO, and it was decided to include a selection of passages from this text in the New Reading Book. The transcription includes some notes on the hieratic original of the text and line numbers from the 1916 edition of the Teaching of Ptahhotep by Eugène Dévaud. The final text, which is taken from the Dutch Leesboek, is called “a teaching”, and for a long time this presented scholars with a problem, because its origin was not indicated. We now know that it is a pastiche, a text in hieroglyphs written by De Buck himself in the style of an original Egyptian wisdom text. It was the Dutch/German Assyriologist Rykle Borger who finally unmasked this text as a translation of a late 18th century Dutch poem by Hieronymus van Alphen.3 The original Dutch poem is now printed next to the Egyptian interpretation by De Buck.

Olaf E. KAPER  R. Borger, Die „Lehre“ De Bucks, Göttinger Miszellen 40 (1980), 7-9.

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Selected bibliography of and about Adriaan de Buck A. de Buck, The Egyptian Coffin Texts. 7 vols., Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1935-1961. A. de Buck, Egyptisch leesboek, Deel I: Teksten, Deel II: Teeken- en woordenlijst. Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1941. A. de Buck, Egyptian Readingbook: Volume I. Exercises and Middle Egyptian texts. Selected and edited by Dr A. de Buck. Leyden: Nederlandsch Archaeologisch-Philologisch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1948 (reprints 1963, 1977). A. de Buck, Grammaire élémentaire du moyen égyptien; trad. par B. van de Walle et J. Vergote; revue par l’auteur. Leiden: Brill, 1952 (reprints 1967, 1982). Full bibliography in: B.A. van Proosdij e.a., Als een goet Instrument: Leven en werken van Professor A. de Buck, Leiden: Brill, 1960. Biographical references on Adriaan de Buck in: M.L. Bierbrier (ed.), Who Was Who in Egyptology, 5th revised edition, London: Egypt Exploration Society, 2019, 75-76.

PREFACE

TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

This volume intends to provide students who wish to familiarize themselves with the hieroglyphs, the grammar, and the literature of Middle Egyptian with suitable exercises and texts. According to my experience the lack of the former is a serious difficulty for beginners. As a rule grammars do not quote more than a few examples and short sentences to illustrate the facts and rules which they record, the number of these quotations being altogether insufficient to inculcate the more vital rules of grammar. Gardiner’s Egyptian Grammar with its wealth of examples and exercises is of course a conspicuous exception; his book, however, is too exhaustive and too ponderous a volume for most beginners. We hope that the abundance of illustrative examples corresponding to the various subjects of grammar, which are offered in the first part of this book will smooth the student’s path and prove a useful supplement of the current Egyptian grammars and that the book will make the study of these grammars more attractive. The numbers of §§ mentioned in the headings of the sections refer to the §§ of my short elementary Egyptische Grammatica (in Dutch) of which a French translation is ready since long and will be published as soon as circumstances allow it. A transcription of pp. 7-37 has been added in order to help the beginning student in his rather tedious search for signs in the sign-list and to give him the means of controlling his finds. Afterwards he is supposed to be familiar with most signs and to be able to find his way in the sign-list with some ease. The references of the type (A 1) refer to section and number of Gardiner’s Sign-list or other lists which follow his system. As to the second part of the book we hope that this selection of Middle Egyptian pieces may also fill up a void. At present Erman’s delightful little Aegyptische Chrestomathie of 1904 is a rare and nearly forgotten book and as Sethe’s Aegyptische Lesestücke is also out of print and difficult to be found, no handy reading-book for students seems to exist for the time being. The present chrestomathy contains, as we hope, a fairly representative selection of historical, literary, and religious texts composed in the classical Middle Egyptian language. As to this collection little need be said. Although presumably others will have other predilections, an attempt has been made to offer texts of varying contents so that everybody may find something to his taste. We also intended to give both easier and more difficult pieces. We may remark here that the story of Sinuhe has been excluded intentionally from the literary texts, as this text is accessible to all students in Blackman’s edition in the Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca. A second volume will provide the rest of the notes on purely textual matters of which a few pages have already been included in this book. That second volume will also contain a vocabulary and a series of philological explanations, rather detailed and complete in the initial pieces, more succinct and rare in the latter parts of the book.

Adriaan DE BUCK

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by Olaf E. KAPER .............................................................................. Preface to the original edition by Adriaan DE BUCK ............................................... Table of Contents ..................................................................................................

V IX XI

HISTORICAL TEXTS Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III (K. SETHE, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie (= Urk. IV), 814) ............................... Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I (Urk. IV, 80)................................................................................................... Inscription of Tuthmosis II, recording a rebellion in Nubia (Urk. IV, 137)................................................................................................. The Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut (Urk. IV, 341) ............................................................................................... Departure of the Punt expedition (Urk. IV, 322) .......................................... Arrival of the expedition in Punt (Urk. IV, 323) ........................................... The Puntites receive the expedition (Urk. IV, 324) ....................................... Pitching a camp for the expedition (Urk. IV, 325) ........................................ Reception of the tribute of the Puntites (Urk. IV, 326) ................................ The products of Punt (Urk. IV, 328) ............................................................ The return voyage of the expedition (Urk. IV, 329) ...................................... The ‘poetical’ stela of Tuthmosis III (P. LACAU, Stèles du Nouvel Empire, nr 34010) .............................................. The Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III (G.A. REISNER and M.B. REISNER, Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 69 (1933), pp. 24-29. Tf. III-V) .................................................. The Armant stela of Tuthmosis III (Sir R. MOND and O.H. MYERS, Temples of Armant, pl. CIII, LXXXVIII, p. 182) ........................................................................................................... Scarab of Amenophis III, recording a wild cattle hunt (Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte XLIV (1945), p. 34, supplemented and corrected from other sources) .................................................................. Scarab of Amenophis III, recording his success in 10 years’ lion-hunting (G. STEINDORFF, Die Blütezeit des Pharaonenreiches, p. 44, fig. 39, supplemented and corrected from other sources) .....................................................

1 1 2 3 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

11

19

20

21

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Scarab of Amenophis III, recording his marriage with Tiy and the boundaries of his empire (G. STEINDORFF and K.C. SEELE, When Egypt ruled the East, p. 75, fig. 17) ...

21

Scarab of Amenophis III, recording the arrival of the princess Gilukhipa (Recueil de Travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes 15 (1893), p. 200, supplemented and corrected from other sources) .

22

Scarab of Amenophis III, recording the construction of a pleasure-lake (Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte XLIV (1945) p. 37, supplemented and corrected from other sources) .................................................................

22

The biography of Khnumḥotpe, prince of Beni Hasan (P.E. NEWBERRY, Beni Hasan, Part I, pl: XXV, XXVI, the last lines corrected by P. MONTET, Kemi III (1930-35), pp. 112 sqq., Pl. XI) .............................

22

The laudatory autobiography of Kay (Hatnub, Gr. 24, R. ANTHES, Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub, Tf. 24) ........

28

Expedition to Hammamat; the official record (J. COUYAT et P. MONTET, Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât, pl. XXXVII, nr 192) ....................................................... The same expedition; the commander’s record (op. cit., pl. XXIX, nr 113) .. A wonder, which occurred during this expedition (op. cit., pl. XXIX, nr 110) The second wonder which happened during this expedition (op. cit., pl. XXXVI, nr 191) ........................................................................................................... Semneh Stela marking the southern boundary of the realm of Sesostris III (Ägyptische Inschriften aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, Bd I, p. 255, nr 14753) ......................................................................................................

29 30 31 32

33

LITERARY TEXTS Story of the miracles which happened in the reign of Cheops (A. ERMAN, Die Märchen des Papyrus Westcar = Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen, Heft V, Tf. VI-XII) .......................................................

34

The story of the Eloquent Peasant (F. VOGELSANG und A.H. GARDINER, Die Klagen des Bauern = Hieratische Papyrus aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, Bd IV) ..................................

43

The story of the Shipwrecked Sailor ([W. GOLÉNISCHEFF], Les papyrus hiératiques No. 1115, 1116A et 1116B de l’Ermitage impérial à St.-Pétersbourg, Pl. I-VIII) .............................................

55

A story designed to make propaganda for the cult of Khonsu (The Bentresh-stela, Louvre C 284, E. DE ROUGÉ, Journal Asiatique, cinquième série, t. VIII (1856), plate between pp. 200 and 201 = P. TRESSON, Revue biblique 42 (1933), pp. 57-78, pl. I) .............................................................

61

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RELIGIOUS TEXTS Hymn to Osiris (Louvre C 286, A. MORET, Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire XXX (1930), pp. 725-750, pl. I-III) ...............................................

65

Hymn to the Sun-god (B.M. EA826, S. BIRCH, Transactions of the Society of biblical archaeology, vol. 8 (1883), pp. 143-163 = British Museum, A guide to the Egyptian galleries (Sculpture), pl. XX = I.E.S. EDWARDS, British Museum, Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae, etc. Part VIII (1939), pp. 22-25, pl. XXI) ...........................

68

Magical spell for the protection of a baby (Hieratische Papyrus aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, Bd. III, Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind, p. XVII, P. 3027, I 9-II 3) ...............................

70

Book of the Dead 125, Introduction, the Negative Confession, Address to the gods, etc. of the Hall of Judgment, Rubric (transcribed from the Papyrus of Nu, B.M. EA10477, supplemented and corrected from other sources) ........................................................................

71

The myth of the Destruction of Mankind (text of Seti I, corrected and supplemented from the texts of Ramses II and III; C. MAYSTRE, Le livre de la vache du ciel dans les tombeaux de la vallée des rois = Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale XL (1941), p. 58) .............

78

APPENDIX TO THE THIRD EDITION,

THE

NEW READING BOOK

Coffin Text Spell 390 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 1; cf. A. DE BUCK, The Egyptian Coffin Texts V, 60-64, version B9C; later reused as Book of the Dead Spell 43) .......

81

Book of the Dead Spell 37 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 1; from the papyrus of Nu; cf. G. LAPP, The Papyrus of Nu (BM EA 10477), Catalogue of the Books of the Dead in the British Museum I, London 1997) .............................................

81

Book of the Dead Spell 27 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 2; idem) .......................................

82

Book of the Dead Spell 13 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 2; idem) .......................................

82

Book of the Dead Spell 190 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 4; idem) ........................................

83

Book of the Dead Spell 64, Rubric (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 6; idem) .......................................

84

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Introduction for use of Book of the Dead Spell 156 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 6; idem; but the final sentence taken from the Book of the Dead of Iuya: T.M. DAVIS, The Funeral Papyrus of Iouiya, London 1908, pl. XIII) .................................................................. Coffin Text Spell 315 (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 80; cf. A. DE BUCK, The Egyptian Coffin Texts IV, p. 97, version B1P, 132-138) ............................................... Building inscription of Sesostris I (from A. DE BUCK, “The building inscription of the Berlin leather roll” in Studia aegyptiaca I, Rome 1938, pp. 48-57) ................................................... The Teaching of Ptaḥḥotep (from a transcription of papyrus Prisse by A. DE BUCK in the NINO archives) The Teaching of DE BUCK (from Egyptisch Leesboek, Leiden 1941, p. 53; DE BUCK’s translation of the Dutch poem ‘Het geduld’, by HIERONYMUS VAN ALPHEN; Kleine gedigten voor kinderen, Utrecht 1778-1782) ....................................................................... Concordance of texts (page numbers) in the present and previous editions .........

84

85

86 89

96 98

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2

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80

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Coffin Text Spell 390.

Book of the Dead Spell 37.

81

82

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Book of the Dead Spell 27.

Book of the Dead Spell 13.

The title of the previous spell is :

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Book of the Dead Spell 190.

The only parallel has :

83

84

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Book of the Dead Spell 64, Rubric.

Another version :

Instruction for use of Book of the Dead Spell 156.

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Coffin Text Spell 315.

85

86

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Building Inscription of Sesostris .

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87

88

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The Teaching of tah.h.otep.

89

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The Teaching of De Buck.

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HET GEDULD Geduld is zulk een schoone zaak Om in een moeielijke taak Zijn oogwit uittevoeren; Dit zag ik laatst in onze kat Die uuren lang gedoken zat, Om op een rat te loeren. Zij ging niet heen voor zij de rat, Gevangen, in haar klauwen had. Hieronymus van Alphen, Kleine gedigten voor kinderen, Utrecht 1783: Wed. Jan van Terveen en Zoon.

PATIENCE A charming thing I patience name, The means by which you gain your aim, And here’s an illustration: A cat sat watching, all the day, A rat that left its hole to play In some lone habitation. Puss watched so long till pussy-cat, Pounced on the squeaking luckless rat. Poetry for children by Hieronymus van Alphen translated into English verse by F.J. Millard, London 1856: Partridge and Co.

LA PATIENCE La patience est une belle chose Qui, dans un travail malaisé, Fait parvenir au but qu’on se propose. Par notre chat si malin, si rusé, La preuve hier m’en fut encor donnée. Pendant une heure, il se blottit Dans un coin de la cheminée, Attendant qu’un rat en sortit. Il ne s’en alla point que la bête bloquée Sous sa griffe ne fut croquée. Jérôme van Alphen, Petits poèmes, à l’usage de l’enfance, traduits par Aug. Clavereau, Maestricht 1834: J.G. van Terveen et fils.

97

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C ONCOR DA NCE

OF TE XTS IN THE PR ESENT A ND PR EV IOUS EDITIONS

Text

Page numbers in Page numbers in Egyptian Readingbook New Reading Book (1948) and (2022) subsequent reprints

HISTORICAL TEXTS Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III ...............................................

46

1

Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I ................................................

46

1

Inscription of Tuthmosis II, recording a rebellion in Nubia ........

47-48

2-3

The Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut ..................................

48-53

3-8

The ‘poetical’ stela of Tuthmosis III .............................................

53-56

8-11

The Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III ......................................

56-63

11-18

The Armant stela of Tuthmosis III ...............................................

64-65

19-20

Scarabs of Amenophis III .............................................................

65-67

20-22

The biography of Khnumḥotpe, prince of Beni Hasan ................

67-72

22-27

The laudatory autobiography of Kay ............................................

73-74

28-29

Expedition to Hammamat ............................................................

74-78

29-33

Semneh Stela marking the southern boundary of the realm of Sesostris III ...............................................................................

78

33

Story of the miracles which happened in the reign of Cheops ....

79-88

34-43

The story of the Eloquent Peasant ..............................................

88-99

43-54

The story of the Shipwrecked Sailor ...........................................

100-106

55-61

A story designed to make propaganda for the cult of Khonsu ....

106-109

61-64

Hymn to Osiris ..........................................................................

110-113

65-68

Hymn to the Sun-god ................................................................

113-115

68-70

Magical spell for the protection of a baby ..................................

115

70

Book of the Dead Spell 125 .......................................................

116-123

71-78

The myth of the Destruction of Mankind ..................................

123-126

78-81

LITERARY TEXTS

RELIGIOUS TEXTS