Mulungushi Conference 1967. Proceedings of the Annual General Conference of the United National Independence Party Held at Mulungushi 14th—20th August, 1967

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INSTITUTION 3 6105 120 784 629

MULUNGUSHI CONFERENCE

1967 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ANNUAL GENERAL CONFERENCE OF THE

UNITED NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY HELD AT MULUNGUSHI

14th-20th AUGUST, 1967

JQ

2919

A5U5A 3 1967 100m - W795 11-67

PUBLISHED BY ZAMBIA

INFORMATION SERVICES

PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER , LUSAKA

gratis

9 9 2 O J A 3 USA ? 7 6 9 1

S E RI

A R B I LD OR

F N TA

S

INSTITUTION

MULUNGUSHI CONFERENCE

1967

CONTENTS

Page

Candidates for the United National Independence Party Executive Elec tions

V

...

... ...

24

Address by His Excellency the President of Uganda

...

...

Address by His Excellency the President of Tanzania

29

...

1

Address by His Excellency the President of Zambia

Address by the Vice - President of Botswana, Mr. Q. K. T. Masire ...

34

Message from His Excellency the President of Kenya delivered by the Kenya Vice -President, Mr. Daniel Arap Moi

36

Address at the closing of the Conference by His Excellency the President of Zambia

37

...

Address at the closing of the Conference by the Vice- President of Zambia, Mr. R. C. Kamanga

41

Resolutions passed at the 1967 Annual Conference of the United National Independence Party at Mulungushi

42

Results of the United National Independence Party National Executive Elections

44

Statement on the elections from State House, Lusaka

45

Report on the Mulungushi Elections, August, 1967 ...

47

Address to the United National Independence Party National Council by His Excellency the President Dr. K. D. Kaunda

51

...

Closing Speech to the United National Independence Party National Council by His Excellency the President Dr. K. D. Kaunda

iii

55

CANDIDATES FOR UNIP NATIONAL EXECUTIVE ELECTIONS ANNOUNCED

The ruling United National Independence Party announced the following candidates for its national executive elections.

President Kaunda was returned unopposed prior to the elections as the Party's National President. The announcement came at a Freedom House Press Conference called by the eight-man election commission . The three other candidates returned were : Mr. Solomon Kalulu - National Chairman ;

Mr. Sikota Wina - Publicity Chief ; Mr. Hyden Banda — Director of Youth Brigade . The offices to be contested were : Candidates Vice - President

Mr. Reuben Kamanga and Mr. Simon Kapwepwe.. Mr. Munukayumbwa Sipalo , Mr. Aaron

National Secretary

Milner and Mr. Mainza Chona .

Vice-National Secretary ... Mr. Justin Chimba and Mr. Humphrey Mulemba . National Treasurer

Mr. Elijah Mudenda and Mr. Arthur Wina.

Vice-Treasurer

Mr. Wesley Nyirenda and Mr. Lewis Changufu .

...

Director of the Women's

Brigade ...

...

Mrs. Nankolongo and Princess Nakatindi .

Vice-National Chairman ... Mr. Grey Zulu and Mr. Peter Matoka. The Party's annual Conference at Mulungushi was held from 14th to 19th August. The Chairman of the election commission and his seven members visited the Conference site to see to the voting arrangements.

HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS TO THE UNITED NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY AT MULUNGUSHI :

15th AUGUST, 1967

We are back once again to this historic rock of Mulungushi. It is here, lest we should forget, that we passed a resolution that led us to the birth of a new nation. It is important that we observe a minute of silence in memory of the heroes who fell after the resolution that led to the revolution .

It is clear to any impartial observer that in UNIP and its Government there is no stagnation . There is always something new as we actively shape the future of our country .

Here, for the first time, we have two outstanding sons of Africa who are leading their own countries steadily to social, economic and cultural independence, thereby consolidating political independence. It is indeed with great pleasure that I welcome in our midst President Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, President of TANU , who is also President of the United Republic of Tanzania .

Indeed , I have equal pleasure in introducing to you President Dr. Milton Obote who is President of the Uganda People's Congress as well as President of the Republic of Uganda.

What these two sons of Africa have done for their respective countries in particular, and for the cause of the African independence movement and African

unity needs no elaboration by me. Their contribution is well known to all of you . I will invite them later to address you .

Coming back to our local affairs, may I thank you and, through you , all our people in the Party for expressing confidence in me. I am, of course, referring to the decision you took to return me unopposed as Leader and National President of this mighty Party . It was and still is a very humbling experience. I do wish to take this opportunity to declare publicly that I will continue to

remain entirely at your service and will always do my best to work for an early attainment of our goal which is to bring about a state of affairs in which the com

mon man finds peace, security of mind and body. I am conscious of the fact that the magnitude of the responsibilities you have

decided once again to put on my shoulders calls for loyalty, devotion and love for the common man. I will try not to betray him . With God's guidance and blessings

and, indeed, with the support you have given me I am bold enough to say success is assured .

May I now say a word or two to all of you on the elections we are holding this weekend. My first word actually goes to the whole nation . I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those of my comrades and colleagues who have been

with me in the Central Committee for two three -year terms. I have found all of dedicated to the cause of the common man . They have been loyal to me and to the country. them very

It was a privilege to serve with these young people and to see them take some very difficult decisions. I am grateful to God for their presence in this country and at this particular time. I am looking forward to working with them once again in any capacity in which the people at this Conference will decide to place 1

them . To those of them who may not succeed, I want to say that I take these elections as a family affair and none shall be considered vanquished ; there is a place for all. The success of the whole political revolution in this Republic has depended very much on the wise guidance they have given as a team to the country. I have no doubt at all that in this second stage of the revolution, this country will not lack their guidance whether they succeed or not. Secondly, I address myself to those of you who are candidates, whether you were members of the outgoing Central Committee or not. You have all taken a

pledge which says ... " I ... pledge that I shall be loyal and faithful to the United National Independence Party, to its President, to the policy of Zambian Humanism and obey any call in the interests of consolidating and safeguarding the integrity of this , our Republic of Zambia ..." .

This is a pledge not only to God but also to the people of the Republic of Zambia, and I ask you to take it seriously. The only way in which you can take this seriously is by accepting the decisions that will be taken this weekend by the five thousand -odd delegates, representing the four million-odd people of this country .

It is important that I tell my audience that I am determined to see to it as Leader and National President of UNIP that each one of those comrades who are

fighting these elections accepts the ruling or judgment of the people. This, I want to stress, is one of my most important duties to this young nation . To you our electors at this Conference, let me say you carry a very grave

responsibility. You are being called upon to elect a few people in whose hands you are going to entrust the future of this nation at least for the next three years. Cast your vote for the best candidate. Remember you are casting your vote on behalf of many thousands of people from your region . Comrades, this is the right place for me to refer to rumour-mongering. This is

a very dangerous thing. Here I am referring to two types of rumours and both of them I condemn very much indeed. The first type is that type of rumour

mongering which I associate with the Party Central Committee elections. We have fallen easy victims to this very bad habit. There has been so much mud slinging that we have forgotten we are children of one family.

The second type of rumour-mongering is that organised by outside forces. So many unsigned circulars about civil servants ; about politicians ; police and

army officers; about trade unionists; about almost everyone you can imagine on earth who holds some rank in the Party or Government. All these people have had some sort of story circulated about them . The best way in which we can kill these rumours, whether they are in the first category or in the second, is by doing the following If someone should come to you and say “ So and so was corrupt

or was

doing this and that ” —if you are a true patriot you must be able to summon sufficient courage to say to that fellow— “ Let us go and see the person himself so that you can testify before him that what you are saying about him is in fact true ” .

If he is telling the truth he will say , “ Yes, let us go.” Then , of course , the authorities will be able to take up the whole matter. If, on the other hand, he should say something different, tell him there and then he is a liar. You should

also warn him that the next time he comes to you with such stories, you will expose him . 2

If you should receive a circular letter that is not signed, you should realise that it comes from an enemy of the State and pass it on to the police immediately. I should end by saying that there are many ways in which you can kill rumours , but none more effective than by challenging the germ - carrier to face the light.

Brethren, here we are all aware that the third year of independence is drawing to a close, for in two months time we shall be three years old as the sovereign and independent Republic of Zambia . Let me mention once again that we were only a year old when evil men , determined to do what is wrong, took over control of Rhodesia illegally. They are men whose sole claim to power hangs on two strings colour and military might. Needless for me to say to you that they have been backed by people of equal minds from many quarters of the world . Nearer to us they have got champions

in the like leadership of Vorster and Salazar who, together with them , from that day of illegal declaration of independence up to now have tried to squeeze life out of this young Republic. There is no denying that these are powerful forces in that they have got almost everything that makes a modern state strong and lack only the one important and Godly thing. ... The foundation of their Governments is not the people as a whole.

Nevertheless this world is still crude and in many quarters MIGHT is very difficult to distinguish from RIGHT , and so the unholy trio helped, as I said earlier, by many other sinister forces in various parts of the world, have gone all

out to try and portray Zambia as a new state on the verge of collapse. However, this young Republic was born out of the womb of struggle and, indeed, after a very long time. Instead of sitting down to lament and moan the Party, the people and their Government decided to show they were made of steel but with hearts of gold .

It was not an easy thing to turn this real curse to this young nation into a blessing. Brethren, need I give examples of this ? On the moral side we have gone

ahead not only firmly believing in , but also practising non-racialism and non tribalism . We have gone ahead firmly believing that every law-abiding person in Zambia, citizen or resident alike, will have the same protection under the law of the country .

In other words, believing in God as we do and His whole creation , we have refused to be moved about by the policies of men who would like Zambia to collapse because they are so much afraid of our human approach to life.

And so the rule of law - which , in any case, was never in any danger from us has been maintained while, at the same time , we have dealt firmly with subversive elements in our society in accordance with the constitution and law of the people's Republic.

In the same way we have advanced on the material side . Just in case some doubting Thomases should listen to my speech let them know that out of U.D.I. has been born Nkandabwe and now Siankondobo coal mines. Out of U.D.I. has

been born the oil pipeline between Zambia and Tanzania. 3

1

1

Here all leaders are elected by the people for effective organisation . Each branch in rural areas has a number of villages under it . In urban areas it has

sections. A number of branches grouped together form what is called a con stituency. A constituency organisation has all its leaders elected . From here we move on to the regional level where leadership is either elected or nominated by the Central Committee. This, in a way, is what we might call the Civil Service of the Party. Finally, we have the headquarters of the Party which is the home of the Central Committee . The Central Committee consists of fifteen members , all of

whom are elected except four. These four are nominated by the President of the Party

Elections at various levels take place according to an established order. The Party can claim to enjoy a fully -developed democratic system within its own body politic. Second Pillar

PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS

The voice of the people is heard very readily here too . While, as in the Party, elections are naturally confined to registered members of the Party only, Parlia mentary elections are for anyone who meets the qualifications laid down in the Constitution of the Republic, namely, that he is a citizen of Zambia and has attained the age of 21 .

The Constitution provides that Zambia shall be divided into Constituencies

for the purpose of elections to the National Assembly, and that each Constituency shall return one member to the Assembly. It is again provided that the boundaries of each Constituency shall be such that the number of inhabitants is as nearly equal to a population quota as is reasonably practicable.

The population quota is the number obtained by dividing the number of inhabitants of Zambia by the number of Constituencies.

The effect of those

provisions of the Constitution is to ensure that no one part of the country is permitted to return more members than its share of the population would justify. The country is divided into a given number of constituencies. At the moment

there are seventy -five constituencies which return one member each to the National Assembly. In addition , the Constitution empowers me to nominate five Members of Parliament .

Let me now take this opportunity to announce to the Conference and the country that Government has decided to amend the Constitution in order to provide that the next National Assembly shall consist of 105 elected members and five

nominated members. As you are aware the ten Reserved seats will fall away on the dissolution of Parliament, which means that the 105 elected members of the

new Parliament will all be democratically elected by the masses . Comrades, may I remind you that the Party does not wish to encourage selfishness in Members of Parliament and speaks in terms of " a constituency belongs to the people through the Party " and should not be an instrument for a selfish few to use against the people to further their own selfish needs and ends . 6

Everyone knows that a Member of Parliament on a UNIP ticket is not allowed

to treat his Parliamentary constituency as his own property because it is not his own .

As already pointed out, we emphasise the Constituency belongs to the Party. This is why during the quarterly ten-day " Meet the People " visits Members of Parliament are directed by the Central Committee to cover other constituencies and are free at other times to visit the constituencies which they represent in the conventional sense.

A UNIP Member of Parliament is part and parcel of the whole, and does not therefore carry out his own policies in a constituency. Only independent Members

of Parliament can do that for that is what the people in that particular constituency will have chosen .

Needless for me to emphasise that the guiding line of the Party is HUMANISM

and we cannot allow anyone to treat human beings in any given constituency as if they were his own property. We believe that the people have a right to make

clainis from their Government through their Party. This they do naturally through the Party leadership at all levels and that is why Members of Parliament go wherever the Party sends them for, as Members of Parliament, they must speak

for all the people in Zambia and not just one section . Naturally note is taken of the fact that certain day to day problems will develop from constituency to constituency but there are channels of having these peculiar problems solved through the Party and the Member of Parliament for the constituency .

Third Pillar LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS

At the Local Government level the people are once again allowed to elect their own representatives who are referred to as Councillors whether it is in rural or urban areas.

Each Council area is geographically cut into wards (or small

district constituencies if you like).

Anyone who qualifies to register in accordance with the provisions of the Local Government ( Elections ) Regulations is allowed to choose his or her own We attach great importance to this,

representative through the ballot box .

because it is here that we expect, as time goes on, much work of development to take place. At the centre we are keen to decentralise because the idea is to “ develop from below ” .

In other words, as we get more and more effective councillors and qualified local government officials, we would hope that the implementation of the Develop ment Plan itself would be so much decentralised that a lot of work can be done

by councillors, civil servants and political leaders at the district as well as ward levels .

I have said before there is no reason why, for example, things like primary

schools, district roads and bridges , afforestation schemes, dispensaries and, indeed , economic, social and cultural development should not be handled at this level. This will not only lead to more and more participation by the people at local level--in the running of their country's affairs, but it will also help ease 7

1

I call for patriotism and the Oxford Dictionary defines a patriot as “ a lover of his country " . What are we being called upon to love as patriots ? The beautiful, physical setting of Zambia ? These are secondary to man, and their only importance is how they can be developed in the service of man. To me the

geographical features of a country are nothing, it is the people who live within the country who are important . It is you, Party leader and trade union official, who fought for independence because you wanted the common man to enjoy a fuller life. You senior Civil Servants and your officials are there primarily to help give this common man a better life.

You, senior and junior Army and Air Force Officers are there because you love

your people and you want to defend them against any outside aggression or, indeed, against any unlawful activities within the country. And you , senior Police Officers

and your men are there to see that law and order is maintained as this is necessary for the protection and development of the common man . It is therefore imperative that all of us be true and honest servants of the common man, and this is why I call for patriotism to permeate through all channels of thought, word and deed in each one of us. In other words, our role in all this has changed from what it was before

Independence. I would like to say that all of us in various walks of life must think and think again, of how best we can evolve a system in which we will all be active

participants in response to this call of service to the common man because we cannot do that effectively if we continue to think of ourselves as small entities entirely independent of the whole . This is a challenge to this generation and , as I have said before, it is of no use sticking to old methods of doing things only because they were done in that way

before. If they are good methods we must obviously continue to use them but only after a very critical and careful examination and re-examination ; so please feel free, whether you are in the Party, in the Trade Union movement, in the co operative movement or , indeed , in the Civil Service, the Army, the Air Force and

the Police, to give me advice as to how you think we might improve on our present methods of doing things in our various fields and, indeed , how we might improve

on our working relations. There is always room for something better. ONE - PARTY STATE

Before we analyse Humanism in Zambia let us discuss the question of a

one-Party system . Now , if what has been happening at both the Parliamentary and Local Government levels is anything to go by, we are obviously very close to the attainment of the one-Party state .

There are a number of points of principle which need re-stating here: ( 1 ) That we are in favour of a one - Party state.

(2) That we did not believe in legislating against the opposition. (3) That by being honest to the cause of the common man we would, through effective Party and Government organisations, paralyse and wipe out any opposition thereby bringing about the birth of a one -Party state . 10

(4) That we go further and declare that even when this comes about we would still not legislate against the formation of opposition parties

because we might be bottling the feelings of certain people no matter how few .

For the sake of emphasis and because these are important matters, I repeat: (a) a one- Party state is coming to Zambia because the masses of our people recognise that we are sincere and true to each one of them . They know we realise that all the institutions we took over and those that we have established ourselves are all servant -institutions of the

common man and the positions we hold in these institutions are as servants, and not as masters;

(6) the masses of our people trust us because we have said that the one Party state was going to come about as a result of the people voting

for the Party freely for a people's democracy and this has continued to be our guiding line.

This means, among other things, just as within the Party the leadership must get the mandate at all levels from the people from time to time, so it is that at the Parliamentary, Local Government and, indeed , Presidential levels, we must go to the people in accordance with the ORDER we have established . We cannot do this by legislation . As already pointed out, every indication on the political horizon shows that at the next general election UNIP will be returned with an overwhelming majority, if not 100 per cent. I prefer, Comrades, that we went on like that getting

that overwhelming majority through honesty, hard work, sincerity, love and loyalty to our people and, indeed , through effective Party and Government organisation, rather than through legislation against the opposition. I have constantly reminded you that leadership in a society like ours, which is humanistic in its approach, must avoid the trappings of power and constantly

work for something that will form the sound basis for a sound society. A leader who knows what he is doing must constantly and continuously bear

in mind that one of his primary tasks is to help the growth of leadership within his Party. He must use all means at his disposal to enable those who work with him to exercise the authority of their leadership so that they do not find it strange to lead or command should this be necessary earlier than is constitutionally provided for; or, indeed , when the time comes, as by law established . Any leadership that does not do this fails in one of its principal tasks. Let the people continue to be the judge and the source of authority and power. HUMANISM IN ZAMBIA

How do we interpret Humanism in Zambia in terms of all human activity ? Humanism in Zambia will not be worth the paper it is written on if it is not given practical interpretation in the day -to -day lives of the people. This obviously is a serious challenge and something that we cannot hope to do overnight.

It is a continuing process but elsewhere we are making a start on definitions of various parts of it and so it must be emphasised that Humanism in Zambia as a way of life will need , on the part of all of us who believe in it, understanding it clearly and also doing everything we can to live up to it. 11

HUMANISM THROUGH POLITICS

A humanist looks at politics as a God-given opportunity for contributing all he can to the growth of the development of man towards the attainment of a better society. To do this he needs certain tools and this is where political power, money and other things that are of material benefit to man come in . They are merely essential tools and not an end in themselves.

With this background let us delve further into the field of politics. To begin with we all understand that almost all important decisions are political. If they are not, then they are either directly or indirectly influenced by political con siderations.

If we accept this as basically correct, then we can understand how important each of the four pillars in the Zambian democracy is. This is so because each one of these pillars is controlled fully or in part by all of us here at this Conference.

If we are not to agree unwittingly with those who have claimed before us that politics was a dirty game then we must constantly - repeat constantly - be on the lookout for those elements among us who tend to look at politics as a source of material benefits to themselves.

To love, serve and help the weak must be the thinking to guide us in what we say and do . If these alone become our lodestars then we will not derive financial and other benefits from the political power we wield except that which we earn in an

honest way .

We will not seek to use the political power we have to avenge ourselves, nor, indeed, shall we be tempted to treat as less human what we might refer to as other people ” simply because we are different from them in terms of tribe or colour.

In short, whatever we try to do will be guided by the knowledge that whatever appears on earth with a body and soul similar to ours is God's creation and will not be discriminated against. If they do wrong against us as individuals or as a society we have already an ORDER of dealing with them , that is as by law established .

If, on the other hand, what is established by our law is not sufficient, we

have again channels already established to deal with any inadequacies insofar as the law of the country is concerned. This can be raised at the Party level, at

the Local Government level, at the Parliamentary level ; indeed, at the Presidential level by any person .

We shall not, therefore, take undue advantage of anyone because of the political power we wield . This is how we should see humanism through politics. Only in this way will Zambians of the present day and age contribute towards a more perfect society, namely a completely man-centred society. HUMANISM THROUGH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The whole of a country's economic activities can only mean one thing to a

humanist — the creation of more wealth that should be used to the advantage of the common man .

In other words, wealth should be used to bring about a welfare state . This, of course, has been stated before us and has almost become a convention . A

humanist must see in this something much more than the conventional. 12

By this is meant that, first of all, our people as individuals are made aware of the potential within them . Through co -operation between the State and them the best in this field is brought out of them .

In other words, there is to be co -operation between the State and the common man to help him live a fuller life through his own contribution. Exploitation of one man by another is something that a humanist will not entertain . The ability in some of our individuals to rise above their fellow men is recognised by a humanist and is, indeed, encouraged , but, in the end, ways and means must be found to make those individuals with extra talent share the results of their extra talented activities with their fellow men directly or indirectly .

If this did not happen we would run into the same old pattern of the strong

exploiting the weak . Accepting the exploitation of one man by another is not only evil and therefore ungodly, but is responsible, to a very large extent, for so much poverty in the midst of plenty between individuals within nations as well as between nation and nation . Indeed, this human exploitation is almost responsible for the fear of one by another . In the end this inevitably leads to war

A humanist, by not wanting to see the exploitation of one man by another will, therefore, encourage himself as well as others to learn to develop a spirit of hard work not only on their own but also in co -operation with others around them : this at both national as well as international levels. Because a humanist

accepts this approach to life he is international in character and would not like to see his own nation exploit other nations in any form at all. A humanist as an employer will see that he does not exploit his employees. In other words, he will not only pay them what is due to them but will also encourage or help develop the best in them . In the same way, an employee who

is a humanist will not wish to exploit his employer by loafing half the time he is supposed to be at work, thereby earning money by false pretences. Brethren , let me take this opportunity to say a word to all our labour leaders

here present a word that I hope they will spread to all our workers in this our motherland .

Any labour leader who has a one- way traffic mind is simply not good enough for this country. The type of labour leader we want in Zambia is the one who has the courage of his convictions and will speak without fear or favour to an

employer who is manhandling his fellow men simply because they work for him : and , indeed, will speak with equal authority to the workers if they suffer from

indiscipline and lack of concentration on what they are supposed to do. Every worker from the President of the Republic of Zambia, President of the Party, to any other worker or employer - must be made to understand the

importance of discipline at work for only if this is done can we create the wealth we need to distribute amongst our fellow men. Some of our people have a very false sense of money. They think money is a

question of Government making more coins or making more bank notes. The truth must be told to our people. They must also be told what inflation can do to

a country, and there are many examples on this continent. This, I would say, is the greatest challenge on the part of trade union leaders in Zambia.

These are basic points from which we should be able to follow and try to understand why this Party and Government has outlined their approach to economic activities in Zambia in the way it has in the pamphlet “ Humanism in Zambia " . 13

The aim is clear. We have a responsibility not only to Zambian nationals and all others within our borders, but to the rest of mankind. We must move

solidly and fast towards the attainment of a man - centred society. This cannot come by mere wishes. We will need to believe in what we think, say and do. HUMANISM THROUGH CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Culture, like

any

other branch of life, is like clear water. If you put this in

a green pail it looks green ; pour the same water into a black pail it looks black ; in a red pail it looks red ; in a blue pail it looks blue, etc.

Up to the time of independence; indeed , up to now, cultural activities tended , and in many ways still do, to take a provincial or even tribal base . This is understandable, for like the clear water I have referred to, we can put this water

of culture in a tribal or provincial pail, or, indeed, out of our own choice we can put it in a national pail and thereby help consolidate the nation. To this extent let me pay my compliments to those who sent a cultural

team to TANU's Saba Saba days in Dar- es- Salaam . Coming from a conference with President Kenyatta and President Obote in Nairobi, President Nyerere and I were met by this team at the Dar -es- Salaam airport.

I was impressed by the fact that I know they all belonged to different tribal groups and that they had come from various provinces of Zambia , and yet they all sang

and danced together songs from all parts of our beloved Republic.

I watched very carefully our Tanzanian brothers and sisters who were around and they were quite many. Indeed , I asked questions which led me to the con clusion that they, that is our Tanzanian brothers, did not realise that these people had come from various provinces of the country. I must admit that I,

myself, could not have told who was who. Let me give other examples. On 4th April, 1966, when I visited the David Livingstone College in Livingstone I was greatly impressed to see boys and girls from all parts of the country singing together with great enthusiasm various

songs in a number of our languages. You could not tell who had come from where because they were wearing — quite rightly — the mantle of Zambia. Later I had occasion to be present when the Kabulonga Girls School performed

at the Evelyn Hone College one night. Again, these future mothers sang in many Zambian languages and yet I knew they had come from different parts of the country .

Indeed, on 31st March, 1967, when I visited Chipembe I was again equally impressed by the way these future mothers and citizens performed together without distinction of province or tribe. I hope that much the same thing is going on at all other schools.

A humanist, therefore, will look at this wonderful variety of cultural activities from various tribes, districts, provinces and racial groups in Zambia as something that enriches the nation as a whole. Nay — a humanist will go beyond thatmand declare honestly and sincerely that this is Zambia's contribution to international growth of culture , for in the end a man - centred society that a humanist aspires and strives for ngs to an — and man remains man — whether he comes from the North or South Pole — from the East or the West. 14

HOW DOES A HUMANIST VIEW THE COLOUR AND TRIBE OF A MAN ?

A humanist does not suffer from racial or tribal prejudices at all. He makes

no apology for having been born what he is ; nor, indeed, would he like others to be apologetic for being what they are. He takes the view that, for one thing, no man had any say in how he was going to be born . Pride in colour or tribe, therefore, should not be the same as the pride that we have in the clothes we wear or anything that we have the right and ability to choose. To the theist this is God's choice. Indeed, even the atheist will know

from his own experience that he had no say in how, where and when he was going to be born . A man - centred society will only be achieved if there is universal respect for the human being regardless of his colour, race or tribe. HOW DOES A HUMANIST LOOK AT RELIGION ?

So many times wars have been fought between men of different religious beliefs. A humanist looks at this as a sad thing, because religion is about God ; and God, to the believer, is the fountain of life - human life .

This being the case , it is clear that when men start quarrelling about religion they are in fact betraying their own “ undevelopedness ” since, as already pointed out, the believer has it that all human life flows from God and religion should ,

therefore, be left very much an affair between the individual and his Creator. May I remind my audience what I have said already that an analysis of “ Humanism in Zambia " in the form of interpreting it into action is being

circulated . But mention should be made here that I am recommending to the Conference that the Central Committee should be allowed to take firm action

against any Party leader who deliberately misleads people in his interpretation of our philosophy of Zambian Humanism .

At this juncture I would like to mention one or two things before concluding my speech .

Zambia, as a non-aligned country , must take occasions like this one to restate her position in the international field . In this respect , let me take this opportunity to thank all nations, organisations as well as individuals who have contributed to our fight against the Rhodesian rebels.

We intend to continue with this fight even if the colonial power herself — that is Britain led by Mr. Harold Wilson — has let down not only Zambia but the rest of the thinking world. Our stand is right and just not only to Zambia, but also to the rest of mankind .

Now, Zambia is a member of many international organisations. There is the United Nations, the Commonwealth Organisation, the Afro - Asian Solidarity Conferences and, indeed, the Organisation for African Unity. Our strong beliefs in humanity led us to entertain the idea of an eventual world Government.

We take our membership of these international organisations as a good beginning towards the attainment of this goal, because by this membership we are actually eating at those physical as well as other factors that stand between us and a world Government. 15

UNITED NATIONS

Recently, a numbei of incidents in the field of international conflict - military or otherwise — have demonstrated clearly how helpless the World Body could be. However, out of this apparent weakness has been born one clear thing -- some rather unexpected strength . What I mean is that all nations at least know this world cannot do without that World Body. United Nations' failures are not really, in the final analysis, rightly blamed on

the organisation . They are our own failures as individual nations — that is, those nations that make it up. After all, the name is UNITED NATIONS . In other

words, this means nations that have come together in search of world unity. So all the weakness must be placed at the door of each one of those nations that make it up

The United Nations can be just as strong as each individual nation wishes it to be — that is, the total percentage of that willingness to make i , strong by each individual nation, is its exact strength - no less, no more .

If I may move on to another point. ... It has become a habit thes. days to blame everything on the debit side on big nations in the United Nations. I erhaps this has some justification because of the way in which these big brother 66

nations behave but also because all of us so -called small nations still limply want to lean on MIGHT IS RIGHT even if we do not say so in as many words. I say this because if we, the so - called small nations had the moral fibre and

courage to come together and refuse to be blackmailed, could go a long way towards filling the gap which the world misses to -day in the sense that MIGHT does not always believe in morality. Let me emphasise that this is our only hope ; indeed, the hope of the rest of mankind. So long as this missing link continues because all of us — small nations

want to worship at the altar of foreign aid, so long will that World Body remain ineffective to the detriment of mankind .

It is misguided criticism that is levelled at the Secretary -General and his officials . They can only be as effective as we, the nations that have put them there, are prepared to let them be. I hope it is not too much to express the feeling that

on the 22nd birthday of the United Nations, all nations_big and small - will resolve to work harder and better than they have done in the past year, thereby giving true meaning to these two very important words — UNITED NATIONS. COMMONWEALTH

One cannot imagine a better equipped organisation that could have been a very effective instrument for bringing a very big part of the human race closer and closer in all its activities.

The Commonwealth Organisation has many advantages over the United Nations. It has one common language. Most if not all the member states share to a very wide extent a common law. Although the origin is imperialistic, it has definitely worked itself out to a position where members are free and equal in their association - in this last respect just like the United Nations membership . It should also be pointed out that the Commonwealth is a multi-racial organisation. In other words, all the racial groups , as we know them on this earth, are represented. 16

It is to me, therefore, a painful pity that politically the Commonwealth

foundered on the rock of a short-sighted and rather dangerous “ kith and kin ” approach made by of all people, a leader of a British Labour Government to the Rhodesian rebellion .

With all Zambia's strong belief in the importance of the Commonwealth, we will be less than honest if we led the world to believe the organisation could still stand as a force to reckon with politically. The challenge, if I may venture to say so , is to all of us to revive this organisation to what it was before U.D.I. but I

think the main portion of this challenge goes to white leaders in this Common. wealth .

Do they sincerely believe in a multi-racial Commonwealth or do they not ? Only actions here can save the situation.

We do not, however, take a negative approach and Zambia's suggestion is

that we might keep the organisation going only insofar as technical, scientific, cultural and trade co -operation is concerned . This is necessary in order to buy time which we need to find out whether a proper medical operation on the Common wealth can revive it, since all attempts to revive it through political artificial respiration have now failed . AFRO - ASIAN, LATIN - AMERICAN CO - OPERATION

Under great difficulties more and more people are going to schools in these three areas. As it happens, at the same time, science and technology are making time and space more co -operative. This means that in the field of interaction more and more people in these three continents are able to judge how fairly, or

otherwise, they were being treated by their fellow men in other places of the world . To come to the point, wealth is concentrated - wealth and all that goes into

producing it — is concentrated in an area which is also populated by white people. It so happens, too, that from the same orbit came those who colonised Latin America , Africa and Asia .

Needless to say, it is these same areas where economic organisation is so powerful and so expansive that the vested economic interests I have referred to,

would like the status quo to continue ; that is the three continents should continue as cheap sources of raw materials as well as continue to be cheap dumping grounds

of their products, regardless of the human element found in these areas. I say this as an exercise to provoke reaction -- and I sincerely hope it will be favourable reaction from those of our friends who dwell in the comparatively small area that I have mentioned.

From this it would appear to me that we can never rule out this sphere of human activity as a source of possible conflict between men of colour. I know only too well that there are thousands, if not millions, of people who think properly who would like to see this gulf between the richest and the poorest bridged . All we can do is hope and pray that their voices grow stronger ! This, of course, is only one side of the story . We know we have been colonised . We know we have been exploited in the past both politically as well as econo mically, but no amount of argument to the contrary can ever convince me that all

these three continents can continue to be exploited by the Northern tip of this arth I have referred to already, without our co -operation directly or indirectly . 17

Certainly we have no reason for self-pity at all. True, because of this long-term exploitation we might have lost quite a bit of ourselves, but surely it must be clear to all of us that what we lack is the will and desire to deliberately establish genuine co-operation between ourselves. We do not mean that we should start on a grandiose scale to beat those who exploited, and still exploit us, at their own game. This is obviously more than we can bite, still more than we can chew.

We can, however, begin in a small way. For example, Africa, as she is today, can achieve quite a lot. Land, air and water ways are areas where the need for co-operation is so clear that one wonders why so much has not been done as yet. Indeed , tele and other methods of communication are yet another. We need to co -operate more . Our weakness lies in the fear of what I might term the shadow of colonialism . Selfism , of course, has no room in our ranks if we are to develop towards the achievement of all this.

On this point I would like to end up by appealing to those who would be saviours of the situation to act and act very quickly. The young people who are going to schools in the Southern tip I have referred to, may not be as patient as we their elders have been . My appeal, therefore, goes to those who wield power on both sides of the gulf — the rich side and the poverty -stricken one - to help

bring about better standards of living on this side of the gulf. This is necessary if wars are to be avoided and peace re -established .

Indeed, my appeal goes to those who wield power in Latin America , Africa and Asia to see what can be done to make more and more joint efforts in the field of development go beyond the talking point. This in the end, if it takes place

quickly, will serve as the only surest way of bringing real and lasting peace to this troubled world . O.A.U.

For centuries now, Africa has been interpreted and understood only through

the eyes of outsiders. It has been painted as a “ dark continent ” so effectively that this “ dark continent ” interpretation began to be accepted even by the African people themselves as correct.

Today she is saddled with immense problems ranging from some of the worst forms of colonisation to poverty , hunger, ignorance and disease . Economic exploitation of the masses by a privileged few - mainly from outside the continent,

helped at home by a number of military and political addicts and puppets—is still very much the order of the day. The struggle to influence Africa extends beyond the border of Eastern and

Western conflict, for it exists within both the Western and Eastern Camps. Indeed , racialists in the minority controlled countries around Zambia capitalise to the full on the cause as well as the effects of the interaction of all these forces within the continent.

If in this nutshell analysis of Africa's problems I have succeeded in making you feel like I do — utterly disgusted - I am happy. I would, however, feel com pletely guilty if I made you begin to believe Africa was hopelessly weak because it is not .

What I have said, however, shows we have a formidable task before us.

The journey is obviously a long one oalling for sincere, inborn and deep -rooted 18

CON FER N ENC U ELCOME W L E U S U G

M

-UNIP

UNIP

A ceremonial arch welcomes delegates to the Conference ...

His Honour the Vice-President meets distinguished guests at Lusaka's new international airport ...

On his way to the Conference site near Broken Hill, President Kaunda is met at the airport by enthusiastic crowds. He stops for a moment to say hallo to a small citizen whose future will be discussed at the Conference ...

A President Kaunda escorts his distinguished guests and delegates through the reception area at Mulungushi to the Conference site ...

The Conference gets under way as President Kaunda waves his famous white handkerchief from the dais during his address to the Conference ...

le Delegates and guests were entertained by Zambian traditional dancers ...

determination to fight what we know to be evil and to aim at leaving this world a

little better than we found it through sincere service to this continent and, indeed , to mankind as a whole .

Prophets of consternation , doubt and defeatism are now using Africa's current weaknesses to feather their own nests. No sensible African leader disputes the fact that African states have been weakened by military coups and many

other factors, some of them more than a century long. But we refuse to agree with those who say this was sufficient reason to co-operate with what is essentially evil .

We admit the task cannot be solved in one generation.

Again, that is no

reason for not making an honest and decent straightforward start on the road to real freedom . We agree, and I have said so before, a good leader is he who knows his own weaknesses; but this is not the end . A good leader knows his country's weaknesses and at the same time, plans to make it stronger. To wither like a dry leaf dropped off its branch, and, worse still, to decide not to even make a start on the road to removing that which is essentially evil no matter how powerful it might be, is to betray the entire human race, including those of our fellow but misguided human beings themselves.

To sum up what I have just said about Africa I would say – Africa suffered one of the most devastating blows by the slave trade. Indeed , the colonisation of the

continent has sapped Africa politically, economically and, above all, morally and culturally After centuries of this slave trade and colonisation came the process of de

colonisation, which began to bear fruit only within the last twenty years. While the racist regimes east, south and west of us are making a last ditch stand to reverse the process of de -colonisation , the East /West conflict and the divisions

within their various camps have taken advantage of Africa's weakness: and, either because of a genuine fear of each other, or because of their own selfish interests or , indeed, both, they have aimed and, in many cases, succeeded at influencing individuals either within parties or governments or , indeed , military commanders and all this ends up in utter confusion in some African countries.

Needless for me to say this can only help the exploiters. May I now move on to point out that I see no room for fear and retreat here, nor, indeed, need we allow ourselves to be depressed, as I said earlier, by what is happening.

All we need do is to look at what has been happening in these so -called more developed countries since the dawn of this century to realise that they are not far off ahead of us. For us it is simply a question of knowing what to do and when to do it. It is a question of us believing entirely in our cause which is the cause of

the common man, the cause that transcends all racial, national or, indeed, religious barriers. The cause of the common man here abounds everywhere. If Africa sees the cause of the common man as the only true cause , Africa will deal justly with all parts of this world whether it be in the Eastern or Western camp.

I have spoken very much in general terms but each one of the independent African states can fit in somewhere in my analysis.

This analysis, however,

cannot be considered complete without my saying a word or so on the recent developments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa ). 19

I have sent messages to thank the Emperor of Ethiopia, His Imperial Majesty Haille Selassie, as well as President Johnson for their help to President Joseph Mobutu during this crisis. We ourselves have decided to send 10,000 bags of maize.

I can tell you I wish we could do more and I do hope the time is coming when we will be able to do more should anything like that happen to any sister country in Africa .

To our leaders in Africa I say, the seriousness of the situation in the Congo can be ignored only at the risk of further peril to the continent. That a group of mercenaries can take it upon themselves to fly into an independent country, take advantage of our comparative weak position in the military sense and hope to depose the people's leaders and replace them in order to serve big economic interests that employ them , is a very serious and sad development in human history.

What can we say about this ? This is no better than slave trade days ; than the days of colonisation - days which bring to one's mind , when one reads history, the true meaning of MIGHT IS RIGHT. This is an even more dangerous method of colonisation : more dangerous because it tends to use local political addicts and puppets: more dangerous because big monopoly interests are involved . To these anything that stands between them and getting their completely uncalled for profits must be removed ruthlessly . Africa has done absolutely nothing to warrant this type of treatment. Just as in the days of slave trade and colonisation , Africa is becoming a victim of

selfish men and women whose sense of profit transcends the importance of MAN God's man .

We in Zambia certainly wish President Joseph Mobutu , the Government and the people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa ) the best of luck, and we will continue to support them in any way we can from time to time . NON - ALIGNMENT

Most African countries have chosen as their foreign affairs guide the policy of

non-alignment. I do not quite honestly think we as African independent states could have thought of anything better. We in Zambia have constantly reminded all our fellow men that we were truly non -aligned. This is an acceptance on our part that we were going to be an active participant in all human activities.

I have already told you , Comrades, of our membership to many international organisations. We have constantly declared that we would honestly and sincerely strive to establish good relationships with any country that wanted to genuinely establish good and sound human relations with us. Persistently we refuse to be dragged in the net of east and west conflict. If

we should appear even on the verge of this net, it is only where we and others think we might be of some use — no matter how minor — in bridging the gulf. In the first three years of Independence, I have noted two important factors that make this non-alignment a very difficult policy to pursue. First of all , the

moment you declare yourself a non -aligned state you are courting doubts and trouble from the “ big brothers ” . The West will say you have set yourself afloat on the ship to Moscow or Peking. The East will say you have set yourself afloat on the ship to Washington, London, Paris or Bonn. 20

All this is bad enough, but I think what deals a devastating blow to this policy is my second point, and this is that there are grades in this non -alignment. In other words, some African states are more non-aligned than others. Some are non -aligned insofar as the West is concerned and others non -aligned enough insofar as the East is concerned .

Comrades, this is a very strange world where we the leaders of the small

countries must explain everything that we do, especially those of us whose countries in the past have fallen very strongly in the orbit of Western countries.

Since Independence, I have undertaken two state visits to the capitals of the West. Apart from this I have gone to London twice - once to attend a Common wealth Conference and, secondly, to attend the funeral of the late Sir Winston Churchill — Britain's Second World War hero . In June this year I undertook a trip to India , Pakistan and China. You have all known the speculation in the Western Press. I am being dubbed as a man moving towards the East, that is towards the communist camp, or just a fellow

traveller, that is a man with sympathies for the communists. Quite honestly I do not know whether to be angry or to laugh at this ! To begin with, we have declared our policy publicly which is explained in Humanism in Zambia ” .

What there is communistic in that I do not know .

Western capital continues to flow into Zambia . ... With it, personnel from there. There are in all over 70,000 people from the West, or people of Western origin, here in Zambia .

Four trips to the West after Independence and countless more before Inde pendence were not sufficient to make me a capitalist ! Only one trip to Peking lasting three days will make me a communist ! What reasoning is this ? Our policy is very clear. We will get aid wherever it is available on the best terms, but we never allow the political or any other life of those who give us aid to influence our thinking in doing things. Indeed, if the Chinese will provide me

with a hundred million pounds to build the much needed railway to Tanzania, I will certainly receive that aid without any apologies to anyone at all. Non -alignment, if I may re -emphasise it, means providing for ourselves such a framework in our dealings with the outside world that we will praise when this is due and, indeed, criticise, or even condemn when this is called for. This, of course , is a very difficult policy to understand. In fact, even where and when conflict has been between sister African

countries, both of which consider Zambia a friendly country, and when time came for Zambia to make her voice heard, the one that we criticised always expressed

surprise that we did not support them and supported their enemy. This perhaps is understandable, but we do not appreciate it, because we expect a friendly or sister country on the continent, or elsewhere, to tell us where and when we go

wrong : and I am sure we do this some times : but to expect us to take a permanent stand in favour of or against any given nation is not being realistic .

Every nation, like every individual , makes mistakes from time to time and by this policy, all we do is to give ourselves room to be able to say — here you are right, we agree with you — or here we think you are wrong and we do not agree with you . 21

Indeed, this very non-alignment policy has helped us to start afresh at Independence in our relations with those countries that colonised Africa and this includes Britain , which colonised us, on an equal basis, provided , of course , those countries were ready to treat us like the adult nation we are.

We have declared wise men do not live in the past, they learn from that past; they live in the present as they prepare themselves for the future . This I

believe is a mature approach to life, the result of which, as I have already said, is enabling us to create a new civilisation .

Here we see not only black, but also white, brown and yellow very much able to appreciate each other's problems and, indeed, able to readjust ourselves to fit in with our new society.

Indeed, Zambia and Britain are able to share life in the same way ; no longer, of course, as coloniser and colonised but as brothers, both belonging to the human race and ready to help each other in any possible way. CHINA'S PLACE IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

For the first time I had an opportunity to visit China to see some of the people that form a nation 700 million strong. I must admit I found them a very friendly people, not only in their enthusiastic welcome attended by hundreds of thousands of people, but also in their understanding of our problems in Zambia in particular, and Africa as a whole.

I came back, as I pointed out on the day I arrived, with a feeling that the Chinese leaders and their people felt like an outcast member of the international community.

Now, first of all, what is China ? It is a very big country physically as well as in terms of population. What is more, the Chinese are a very hard working people. This they have proved not only in their own country, but also wherever they have gone. I was amazed, and I must say equally impressed , to see that a nation which

only eighteen years ago was stagnating and staggering in poverty, hunger, ignorance and disease could in less than twenty years organise its 700 million

people to the point of almost succeeding in giving everyone sufficient food, shelter and clothing to make them fit for hard work . The rest of humanity can only ignore this energy and ability on the part of

the Chinese nation to organise themselves at its own peril . We, the rest of mankind, have a lot to learn from the Chinese people. Admittedly, their ideology is something

that belongs to them and I believe suitable for their own country, but there are other things about which we should not be ashamed to learn from them.

These things will not make us communists in the same way as the predominant influence of the West in Zambia has completely failed to make us capitalists. As the world knows the Chinese have exploded their first hydrogen bomb in quicker time than any of the big powers who today hold this weapon , ever did. Purely from a scientific point of view why should the rest of the world not

allow its scientists to exchange notes with the Chinese scientists. It is only by making them feel that they are participating in joint adventure and , indeed,

effort with other nations that that human energy they now have bottled might vent off .

22

Morality would call for the human race to accept the Chinese in the community of nations at the United Nations. Indeed, expediency or fear of such a big nation from a military angle would dictate that we did the same thing.

To -day, we in Zambia do not recognise East Germany - we recognise only the West. In China we have a similar problem. We recognise only Peking China and not Formosa . We are being consistent, for at the United Nations we do not

support the entry of East Germany. Yet, while some big powers do accept Formosa as a member of the United Nations, they do not at the same time accept East Germany to the membership of the World Body.

On the other hand, some other big powers are canvassing very seriously the entry of East Germany into the United Nations but they reject Formosa. This is double standards. If the big powers were true to the principles of democracy

which they so much profess, Formosa would be out of the United Nations and they would not be canvassing for the entry of East Germany. If the will of the people is to be done there are 700 million people in China against 12 million in Formosa and other small islands. In the same way West Germany has 30-odd million people and East Germany has only 17 million . Both these - Formosa and East Germany - were created through the influence of

outside powers. These are facts which I say without any sense of self-righteousness at all .

Having wandered all over the world, let us now come back to Zambia. Need

I emphasise any more that the world moves on the shoulders of individuals and so do the countries that make up this world. Zambia is no exception. Zambia will rise or fall according to what each one in the country contributescitizen or resident alike. Of this responsibility each one of us here at this Conference shares a double portion because we are leaders of our people. Comrades , in that cold winter of 1961 we committed ourselves to the total eradication of imperialism and colonialism from the Motherland. Because of that commitment, the revolution was successful. The call today is equally loud and

clear. We need men and women who will commit themselves to this second stage of the revolution—the revolution of implementing Humanism in Zambia as this is the cause of the common man .

The hour calls for patriots ; discipline; dedication and selflessness. Before this Conference is over, as Captain of this ship I want to see how many true soldiers of the revolution I have. This is a serious challenge but given the right qualities in leaders and followers alike, victory is assured .

May God bless you all .

23

ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY PRESIDENT JULIUS K.

NYERERE OF TANZANIA

Mr. President; Delegates; Ladies and Gentlemen .

I am very proud to have the honour of bringing greetings to this Conference. I am proud because I come on behalf of the Tanganyika African National Union , and of the Afro - Shirazi Party of Zanzibar, to express the solidarity of the Tanzanian nationalist movement with the nationalist movement of Zambia. At the same

time I speak on behalf of the whole Tanzanian people when I express our admira tion and respect for the Government and the People of this country. Not for one day has the life of independent Zambia been easy ; always this country has lived

in the knowledge that powerful neighbours to the South and West wish harm to the nation and its people. But never has the courage of Zambia faltered ; nor has there been any failure in the skill with which Zambia's Government has dealt with threats — both long-term and short- term ---to the integrity of this nation .

I am proud to bring toyou all our congratulations and good wishes. Mr. President, when I come here and see this large gathering of elected

representatives my confidence in the future of this country is renewed . That they are all united behind your leadership is only one extra source of satisfaction ; indeed, I do not know whether to congratulate the Party on its President, or the President on his Party ! I only know that all of us could be happier if these conditions existed everywhere in Africa . If every African State were able to demonstrate this degree of the people's

participation in their own government, and this degree of unity behind their leaders, then Africa would not be suffering as it is today. For it is in democratic unity that lies the strength of any African State, and thus the strength of us all . The people of this continent are the weapon with which Africa has to defend itself, and the instrument with which Africa has to develop itself. For what are our guns in contrast to the guns of the big powers-of East or West ? Where are our aeroplanes, our missiles, and so on ? We do not have them . And where is the capital with which our nations are going to build modern economies ? We don't have it. Zambia , Mr. President, is wealthy in comparison

with some African States, but we all know that the vast majority of your people too are suffering from the ill- effects of poverty. For Zambia, as for Tanzania , the

most important capital is people, not money. If the people are determined to build their nation it will be built, and no-one can prevent it. If they are not prepared to make the effort and the sacrifices necessary, then no amount of money brought in from outside, or earned from the sale of copper, will lead to national growth . I believe the existence of this Conference, its size, and its representative nature, are an indication that Zambians will respond to the challenge and the opportunity of their independence. For this Conference is, and must be, an indication of unity in Zambia . I know that there are important questions to be debated here, and also that elections will take place for some of the highest Party

offices. Obviously you will debate these important issues, and obviously not everyone will be equally happy with the results of your Party elections. But this

does not mean disunity ; it means life and democracy when people who are fundamentally at one ,talk and argue about how to achieve their common objectives. Maybe the arguing will even become heated -- certainly it does in Tanzania on oc casions ! But the important question is not the words which are said in debate, but the 24

actions which follow decisions. Do the minority accept and work loyally for the decision which has been made, and with the leaders who have been elected ? And

do the majority accept the right of those who were defeated to have had their own opinion , and to participate in the implementation of the Party decision ? Had UNIP not been doing these things in the past it would not have a Conference like the one we see here today. But I believe that there is a special

importance, and a special difficulty, for UNIP and for Zambia today. As Zambia goes forward in strength and unity, the apartheid governments in Southern Rhodesia and South Africa know that they are getting weaker, and that their fall is coming nearer.

Let us not be confused by their present strength, either

economic or military. In the long run they cannot succeed if we succeed — and they know it. It may take years, or even decades ; but time is on the side of Africa if we use it properly — that is , if we remain united, and exert ourselves for growth on the basis of human principles.

It is for this very fundamental reason that the enemies of Zambia, and of

Africa ,will make every possible attempt to destroy the unity of Zambia. And to do that they will have to destroy the unity of UNIP . Their methods will be insidious, underhand — and clever. In particular, they will play upon our tradi.

tional loyalties to tribes and to men . They will say “ so and so was elected because he was a member of this tribe, and the other tribe - or tribes—are afraid of

domination ” . And their hope will be that members of these other tribes will

look around, and wonder if it is true that their tribe has been defeated by another tribe ; and unity will be gone. Or they will say now that your tribe has been victorious in this election there is an opportunity to get jobs or money which you would not otherwise have had ” . Or they will say

so and so worked hard for

UNIP in the past and now he has been defeated ; better leave the victorious ones

to get on without you ” . All these and many other things will be written in their newspapers --- the newspapers of our enemies ; they will be whispered in the clubs,, and at work . And the sole purpose will be the defeat of UNIP and of Zambia—its dissolution through disunity .

Does anyone here think that the South African Government, or the Smith Regime, is upset over the fighting in Nigeria ? They are rejoicing. They do not care that man is killing man there; they are only happy that African is killing African . For them that is even better than having mercenaries involved, as in the Congo - although that, too, pleases them . And Nigeria is a long way away from them ; Congo is nearer ; but Zambia is on their doorstep . Let Smith make all the pious utterances he wishes ; the truth is that chaos in Zambia is his ambition, and he and his supporters will use every opportunity to create it. Only Zambians can prevent it.

But Zambians can prevent it. They have already done so, and they can and I believe will - prevent it in the future. In the past there have been attempts to play upon political party differences, and to tie them to tribal hostilities. The

people of Zambia have seen through this attempt — and the growing strength of UNIP is the result . Now he will try to use tribalism. I think he will fail. Then again he will try to loosen the hold of Zambia on the principle of non -racialism . By using white and black racialists he will damage the economy of Zambia , and

again set man against man in this country. THIS IS HIS AMBITION. For this Conference, this large united Party representing a united people, is a real danger to him . Much more so than the mouthings of a Prime Minister, bleating about legality from thousands of miles away .

25

Do not think I am dreaming when I say these things, or that I do not know the strength of Smith . Nor do I imagine that Zambia could invade Southern

Rhodesia because you have a large conference here. But Zambia is a danger to Smith because it belongs to Zambians – Zambians of all tribes and all colours.

It is a danger to him because Zambians are united in holding their country , and building their country on the basis of human principles. Certainly Zambia, like Tanzania, still employs non-Zambians with certain skills and experience which its

own citizens do not yet possess. But it is Zambia which employs them, and which does so for its own purposes. Zambia may pay these people much higher wages than Zambians get — and this, too, will be used to insinuate doubt about the

sincerity of the people's government in Zambia . But it will be Zambia which decides when these people can be dispensed with , or what they must be offered to secure their services while they are needed . Let no one doubt this fact for a moment. Zambia belongs to Zambians be cause they are Zambians, and because they are determined to work together in unity to defend, and to develop, their country. The problems of the nation are very many , and very great. They will not be easily or quickly solved - for it is

difficult to convert a colonial economy into an economy based on freedom and equality. A large number of the problems will remain for a long time. But the fact that they cannot all be tackled at once is no reason for not tackling any of them - or for pretending that Zambia is not aware of the others. The people of

Tanzania have heard me tell the story of the baby millipede; the baby said to its 66

With all these legs, which one do I move first in order to walk ? ” And the mother replied : "Move, child ; move." So it is with us — with Zambia and Tanzania . We deal with one problem at a time, and do not wait until we are in a position to do everything before we do anything.

mother :

But let us realise that while there are problems which we have not yet tackled , so there will be an opportunity for the Smith supporters to mock at us, and try to provoke us into doing other things before we are ready. And they will try. They

will provoke our anger in the hope that in the heat of emotion we shall do things we afterwards regret, or do the right things at the wrong time. Their agents will try to act as if our countries belong to them instead of to us ; they will do this in the hope that this will make us adopt their racialism - and thus give them the

justification they seek . And they will do all these things in addition to their spying, and possible attempts to sabotage our efforts for development. Yet every

one of these things we can defeat by vigilant unity. Mr. President, I have spoken at some length on this question . I have not done this because I see any disunity in Zambia. I have done it only because this is the special danger for Africa , and because Zambia's geographical position makes her a prime target for our common enemies. But I want to add this other thing. Zambia's enemies are Tanzania's enemies

too. We are at present two separate countries, but we are united in a common endeavour, and we are involved together. We get strength from one another. It is our hope in Tanzania that we can give Zambia’s front-line position all the strength

which comes from a solid and loyal supporting line. And certainly I know that Tanzania gains strength from Zambia's courage and Zambia's fight. And of course, our friendship - our unity — is another temptation to the racialists of southern Africa. So once again they try to divide us. “ Tanzania is communist " , they tell you -- and they cite the fact that we have friendly relations 26

with China, and that we have nationalised or taken partnership in the more important of the enterprises in the United Republic.

Zambia is moderate ” ,

they tell us, citing the fact that you have not done so ! But I can give this Conference one firm assurance. Neither the Government of Tanzania , nor the

Government of Zambia, is made up of fools. We will not be divided . What stupidity it would be for Tanzania to assume that, because we have

taken certain action, therefore that action is appropriate to Zambia — and appropri. ate now . What stupidity it would be for Zambia to assume that, because some thing is not right for this country, it is not right for Tanzania now. We know -both our Governments know-that we are leaders elected by the people to

pursue their interests to the best of our ability. We both feel that we are responsible to ALL the people of our country - not just elite groups. And we both know that our different geographical positions, and the different kinds of economy which we inherited from the colonialists, mean that different tactics are required in order

that we may reach the same objective. For I believe that our objective is the same. We may word it differently, but what it amounts to is this : the develop ment of a nation, in unity, in which every citizen is an equal member of the society, with an equal opportunity to contribute to the best of his ability and an equal right to human dignity and respect. Both UNIP and TANU reject racialism and tribalism , just as we reject discrimination based on religion or anything else except loyalty to our nation and our people. There is a story , however, of two people from distant lands who were going to meet on a fertile mountainside many miles away from them both . One had to cross a desert before he could start to climb . The other had to thread his way

through thick rain forests and cross many rivers and swamps. Only at the last stages of their respective journeys did they both have to climb up the same

mountainside. So each prepared for his own journey. Both carried a rope and a stick for the final climb. But in addition the first took many water bottles, and blankets to protect him from the fierce sun , then walked straight from oasis to oasis. The second travelled light, having first learned how to swim and make boats ; he then threaded his way through forest paths, going first West and then

East in order to find a passage. It was because of their different preparations , and their different tactics, that they met at their common destination .

Mr. President, the paths of Tanzania and of Zambia may at times look dif ferent, but we are fellow -travellers. One policy may be appropriate for you at one time, and another for us. But it is my conviction that nothing must ever be allowed to divide us . Let us treat with scorn those who try to sow suspicion between our countries, because they do it for their own purposes, not for ours. Our peoples are one. Our two sovereign nations are at the same time one unit. We have a common struggle and a common destiny. And the truth is that in the current difficulties of Africa, the growing unity

between East and Central Africa is of paramount importance. And it will grow .

Communications between our four states are improving all the time — and one day we shall get our railway ! Trade is increasing-and will increase more. These things will continue until finally Zambia is in a position to break the chains that still bind her to the South . But most important of all for Zambia, and for all of us , is the mutual trust and understanding which exists between our peoples, our Parties, and our Governments. In this context we shall grow, and get stronger. 27

It is the deep desire of TANU , of the Afro-Shirazi Party , and the whole of Tanzania, that the United Republic should be able to contribute to this develop. ment. It is for this reason that I have come to this Conference on behalf of the

Tanzanian people . And in their name I say this: To you , Mr. President, to UNIP , and to the whole people of Zambia, congratulations on your progress so far. Our very best wishes for your continued advance in unity. May we have the privilege of marching with you until our countries reach our common goal -- real freedom for all our peoples, and for Africa as a whole .

28

ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF UGANDA , DR. A. MILTON OBOTE .

My first and pleasant duty is to deliver to you the fraternal greetings and felicitations of members of the Uganda People's Congress. In the same represen tative manner , I wish to register the good wishes and prayers for the success of

your Conference from my colleagues in the Government of Uganda. I take this opportunity to declare to the Conference that Uganda , as a sister African state, has always followed events in Zambia not only with interest but also with

appreciation particularly the determination by your Party to remain true to Africa in spite of your geographical position. Mr. Chairman : The people of Uganda , whether from the Mountains of the Moon or the shores of Lake Victoria or the Plains of Lake Kyoga, look at Zambia

through the eyes of UNIP. The rock -like characteristic of your Party is, in our view, the main source of Zambia's endurance and strength both of which

you have

exemplified in the Party and in your President since the formation of the Party. Perhaps the most impressive image of Zambia which your President and others have successfully sold in Uganda , and indeed elsewhere, is the solidarity of a

people determined to open new ways and means for themselves and for their children and to do so at a time when some around you are giving up their rights because of external pressures.

We call Uganda the Pearl of Africa , a self-styled name, but your single minded ness to the cause of Zambia and , therefore, to the cause of Africa would entitle

you to accept the honoured position of the Pride of Africa. Like your President, I am attending this Conference in a double capacity.

I am here as President of the Uganda People's Congress and President of Uganda. I want to leave with you only a few words and I address these words to you basically in my capacity as President of the Uganda People's Congress. There is a considerable similarity between your Party and mine. It is not

difficult for me, or any person who understands the spirit in which these parties were founded, to know of the reasons for that similarity. This great Party now holding its Conference at this historic rock was founded for the same reasons and purposes that led to the founding of the other great parties in Africa, be it TANU in Tanzania or U.P.C. in Uganda. These reasons and purposes were, and remain ,

different from reasons that led to the founding, say for instance, of the Conservative Party in Britain, the United Front in Rhodesia or the U.S. political parties. In Europe and in the industrialised countries as well as in fear -ridden Southern Rhodesia and South Africa , political parties were founded to promote and preserve certain interests . Not many of these interests can be traced to total national interests. In the main they are group interests . But in Zambia, just as in Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda, parties were founded as part of the Nationalists' movement in Africa to rid Africa of colonialism and to gain independence for our respective

countries . The second objective for the founding of your Party and mine was and remains the agreed aim to use the Party as the instrument for the development of our peoples

On the matter of the struggle for independence, Zambia is now about three years old as an independent and sovereign State. Members of this party, and the

delegates now gathered here, can look back with pride. Pride based on the selfless sacrifices made by many which resulted in the Party achieving the first 29

objective in a struggle which was bitter and difficult. The Party, therefore, in giving Independence to Zambia , has made its contribution towards the freedom of Africa. UNIP together with the other parties of Africa, whose governments now

rule the independent states of Africa , have, of course, one day to tackle the problem of parts of Africa which are still under colonial rule. West and east of Zambia there are lands yet to be freed . In these areas,

namely Angola and Mozambique, Africa can and might still use the methods which freed Zambia, Tanzania , Kenya or Uganda, plus — where necessary — additional methods. The situation, however, is not the same when we look south of Zambia.

There the colonial power is domestic . Its centre of operation is right on the soil of Africa . The colonial power there, because of modern weapons, feels secure and perhaps hopes that short of atomic weapons the lands south of Zambia will always

remain in its hands . Let me say this Mr. Chairman, as a personal reading of the situation. The rulers of Rhodesia and South Africa today are people who can trace

their roots to those original settlers who came from Europe when in Europe the dominant spirit at that time was to make it clear that whoever was not a noble

man, a landowner, or a person of means was not to be covetous or envious. The original settlers both in South Africa and in Rhodesia were persons who had been taught in Europe to love their vocation, to please the Squire and his relations and always to know their proper stations which were low and degrading. In other words I would dare to say that each and every one within the mass of the settlers was a nobody in Europe before coming to Africa , and because of their awareness

as persons who could not fit in their own societies in Europe, they have adapted in Africa a form of Government that is rapidly disappearing from the world scene . They stick to it strenuously, not knowing that the very form of their Government has been discarded in Europe from where it came, for the simple reason that human development has shown that it is the one form of Government that works against the rulers and privileged .

We can also look at the same matter from a religious angle . You will all remember the famous passage in “ Paradise Lost ” where Satan said , “ Is this the Region , this the Soil , the Clime ? Said then the lost Arch Angel, this the seat

Thatwe must change for Heav'n , this mournful gloom For that celestial light ? Be it so, since hee Who now is Sovran can dispose and bid What shall be right : fardest from him is best

Whom reason hath equal'd, force hath made supreme Above his equals. Farewell happy Fields Where Joy for ever dwells : Hail Horrors, hail Infernal world, and thou profoundest Hell Receive thy new Possessor : One who brings A mind not to be chang'd by Place or Time. The mind is its own place, and in it self Can make a Heav'n of Holl, a Hell of Heav'n . What matter where, if I be still the same, and what I should be , all but less than heo

Whom Thunder hath made greater ? Here at least We shall be free ; th’Almighty hath not built

Here for his envy , will not drive us hence : Here we may reign secure, and in my choice To reign is worth ambition though in Hell : Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav'n .”

and in my view , it is better to rule in hell than Serve in Heaven . It appears clear to me that those now ruling Rhodesia and South Africa have

chosen to rule in hell in the hope that they are secure and that they are in peace. 30

True, they are in hell and hell, Mr. Chairman, is very much associated with everlasting fire. Since Satan was sent down by God , and since God has not thought

it fit to disturb Satan in his foolish and stupid belief that he is reigning on earth , it will be wrong to conclude that the time that has elapsed is proof that God is

not determined to destroy Satan . In the same way South Africa may remain as it is for years to come . The Rhodesian situation may go the same way but the time of reckoning shall come.

Who of us ever thought in 1940, for instance, that Zambia would be a Republic in 1964 ? None ! The lesson of the history of the Nationalist movement in Africa is clear, and it is that out of a seemingly peaceful situation there comes a time

for a determined struggle. Beginning with Ghana, we have not yet lost a single country where the Nationalists ' movement came out in a determined manner . Rhodesia and South Africa cannot be an exception . The methods used in the now independent States might have to be drastically changed to take into account the fact that the colonial power is domestic and has changed tactics in Africa .

The Algerians have shown one way of dislodging a domestic colonial power. There are, however, differences between what happened in Algeria and what we

find in Rhodesia and South Africa. All that we need do now is to avoid giving false hopes through the radio or other means to our brothers and sisters both in Rhodesia and South Africa ; but I do say that they must remain determined, for the time of reckoning shall come. This is no threat to anybody in Rhodesia or South Africa and it is no threat even to the friends of these fascist rulers. If

anything, I have merely tried to indicate the vital weakness in the South African and Rhodesian situation . A weakness which one day will be effectively exploited and overcome by African Nationalists. Whenever I read of segregation measures in Rhodesia and South Africa ,

I feel that the days of reckoning are drawing nearer and nearer . The outside world will one day be surprised by the development of events south of Zambesi. The peoples of the world outside Africa perhaps do not appreciate the inspirational and mobilising effects of such insults as, Africans and Dogs not Admitted ” .

There are Europeans in Uganda. We have every right to gazette certain places and to place signposts there reading, “ Europeans and Dogs not Admitted ” . If this is laughable, it is equally painful. I am sure if we did such a thing, the whole of Europe would be up in arms against Uganda . But Europe is quiet, and uncon . cerned today over Rhodesia and South Africa and yet serious atrocities are being perpetrated on the black people. In Uganda, just as it is in Zambia, we do not believe in , nor practice, racialism . One way by which the South African and Rhodesian rulers of today can hope to

succeedfor years ahead against the combined forces of African Nationalists' movements is by outside forces frustrating programmes of development inside independent African States. This, as you all know, is a serious challenge to Africa. In the case of Zambia,

I am convinced from the history of UNIP, and the determination shown by delegates at this Conference, that the Party and the Nation will not only face up

to this problem but will be victorious. Let us remember that nations are made and go on living by having a programme for the future. Here at this Conference the delegates are gathered to make a programme

and chart the course for the future of Zambia. The implementation of that programme and progress along your freely chosen course is the duty of each and every member of the Party. Success in implementing that programme and progress along your freely chosen course means making and building Zambia ; and making and building Zambia will in turn have salutary effects not only in the States neighbouring Zambia but also in the rest of Africa . 31

What you are doing here at this Conference is planning for the future of Zambia . But as you plan here, there may be people in Zambia who are wondering

what the Conference has to do with them . There may even be others who are cynical enough to think that the work that has been put in at this camp together with all the facilities constitute an example of President Kaunda's wasteful tendencies.

What is it that those who constructed this camp and also the security forces who have come from their barracks to work here, are thinking ? Then there is the body of senior Civil Servants who came to listen to your President and who may be running between Lusaka and Mulungushi daily to bring messages and perhaps to get instructions. How do they view this Conference ? And then you, the delegates,

how do you view your stay here ? The short answer is that we are all here to plan for the survival of Zambia . The cynies may say what they want but if (and God

forbid ), Zambia falls, not only Kaunda and members of UNIP will suffer, but all Zambians including the members of the Security Forces, the Civil Servants and the

cynics. If I were a Zambian, and whether I were a member of UNIP or not, or if I were a civil servant, a sollier, a policeman, a businessman , a co -operator, a trade -unionist or just a citizen looking after my family, I would not hesitate to say that the Mulungushi

Conference has everything to do with me. It is at this Conference that the future of Zambia and its continual survival and growth are being planned. Zambian society today, like that in Uganda, is still a rough sketch on the drawing board of the planners, but it is the society in which you delegates and all Zambians will live in a few years time. The health of the people of Zambia, the prosperity of the country

and its people, the education of the sons and daughters of Zambia and many other worth while matters are being planned here at this Conference . It is this plan

together with its implementation that will ensure for Zambia smooth progress and survival. Many parts of Africa are in turmoil and I urge the delegates to keep Zambian stability.

The disturbing events of the post-independence era in Africa receive great coverage by the non -African broadcasting stations and by writers and political scientists from outside Africa . In spite of this great interest by these outsiders, I believe it would be wrong for us to regard them as the only source of our troubles .

Perhaps the greatest source of our trouble lies within the African himself who at times appears weak and becomes an easy prey to machinations which distort the march of the African Nationalist Movement. In this regard , I suggest that there are three

types of African in every independent state ( I am sorry to say this in Zambia ) : 1. There is firstly, the African who likes to live in the past ; the one who thinks about his ancestors ; how great they were and how the conditions of yester

day, together with its traditions, should not only be maintained and preserved, but also be taken by the country at large as the source of power. This type of African would like independence to mean service to him and his like, and would like to receive as of right the largest share of the fruits of independence. This type of African will not hesitate to talk openly against nationalist movements or any national leader. He dwells in the past; but prays and craves for the fruits of today. Zambia being at the door of the remaining colonial possessions in Central

and Southern Africa ,must of necessity watch very carefully the growth and plans of this type of African . This African would sell the independence of the country any day for some beads and perhaps some gunpowder. In any case , that is what his ancestors did at the turn of the century. We can all remember with amusement the great stories that were told in books by the European explorers of how they gave beads, pieces of clothing and guns to chiefs and how the chiefs signed away

independence in agreements and treaties in exchange for the material goods they 32

obtained . Let us not forget in Africa today, there still exist persons who are prepared to exchange hard -won independence for material goods and for personal positions of dignity and prestige. 2. There is the second type of African. This is perhaps more dangerous than the traditionalist African . This type sees every African problem and every national problem in his own country from his own personal angle, and goes about pretending that he is the one, and the only one, who could resolve and solve all those problems, otherwise he would be completely disinterested . This is the African who demands as of right a privileged position or position of leadership. This African has a

tendency to look down upon everybody who is not of his status. He is class conscious. When in a position of authority, he wants it to be known that he is there not as a servant of the people, but as someone who must lead merely because he is different from the masses . This is the African you might call the pompous African . Some of them have joined nationalist movements and remain there in a most uneasy manner . They are not interested in politics as such, or in nationalist

movements, nor in the fate of Africa, but only in their incomes and positions. To them it is of no consequence at all that there are in the State men, women and children who have not enough to eat. It is clear that these two types of Africans in spite of their potentialities, have not played their effective part in promoting development of events in Africa .

Africa and Zambia owe much to the third type of African who recognises the weakness and potentialities of Africa and, who as part of the masses, has remained steady and firm for the African cause . This is the African who has been

villified in the foreign press and whose name is unpopular in some world capitals. I am happy and proud to say to you that Zambia is fortunate to have in the person of Dr. Kaunda, this type of African . The sincerity, dedication and courage of Dr. Kaunda have won him and Zambia the admiration of people not only in Africa, but in other parts of the world . The problems that face you in the economic and political field are well known to us. We in Uganda have admired and will continue to admire the courageous stand and sacrifices which the President, the Government and the people of Zambia have made since U.D.I. We live in a world where ideological war is mercilessly pursued and fought. The choice before Zambians and the choice at this Conference as I see it is between

choosing, on one hand, for a safe policy, and on the other hand, being committed to an external master .

Let us observe that in both choices, there is a master. In the first choice, the master is outside Zambia and for Zambian policy to be safe is for Zambia to serve that external master for the safety of the master. In the second choice,

the external master is rejected , but the home master is accepted with open hands. The home masters in my view are the masses — the common man — that individual

who is toiling hard to provide for his family and himself while at the same time is building Zambia . I have said elsewhere that I do not believe that there is

any aid

without strings . If we are to accept any aid with strings , we must agree on the type of strings . Here at this Conference I would urge Zambia to accept the common man --the masses. I

congratulate you

for your choice and I pray for your success .

In conclusion , Mr. Chairman , I would like on behalf of my colleagues, the President of Tanzania , the Vice President of Kenya and the Vice President of Botswana to thank President and Mrs. Kaunda, the Government, members of the Central Committee and the Party for the very warm welcome and hospitality that you have all extended to us since our arrival, 33

ADDRESS BY VICE- PRESIDENT Q. K. T. MASIRE OF BOTSWANA

Your Excellencies ; Mr. Chairman ; the Hon . Mr. Speaker ; Hon . Ministers ; distinguished guests ; Ladies and Gentlemen :

Firstly, I would like on behalf of my President to express our deep gratitude for the wonderful and happy four- day state visit you accorded the President of Botswana , Sir Seretse Khama.

Sir Seretse was very touched and impressed by the friendliness and hospitality of the people of Zambia. He was impressed by the progress being made in Zambia in economic development, educational and medical fields as well as the tremendous material gains that have been achieved. But above all he was very impressed by the oneness of the people of Zambia . The motto “ One Zambia , One Nation has been truly justified to the world . It is of course incomplete to speak of a forward looking, progressive and dynamic Zambia without giving the full compliment for this success to UNIP. Because there is UNIP, Zambia can proudly speak of “ One Zambia, One Nation " . In short, I am proud that I have been given this honour to address the whole of Zambia today; I say the whole of Zambia because I am addressing UNIP — the

Party that Zambians have rightly entrusted with the responsibility of governing their affairs.

I have today decided to address you on the most difficult issue facing African

political scientists. These issues are whether a Party in power can successfully distinguish itself before the masses as a party on the one hand , and as a Government on the other .

This is a very difficult issue because what the Government strongly believes in as policy is exactly that which the party believes in ; what the Government does is exactly what the party would like to be done; the failure of the Government and its successes are those of the Party.

It is, therefore, up to the ordinary man of the Party to ensure that Government Policy does not fail. The ordinary man in the Party must see to it that the men in the villages, the workers in factories, the domestic servants in the kitchens and above all the civil servants in the offices clearly understand why Government has

decided on one project as a priority and not on the other. The African public is on the whole illiterate ; those that can read are easily

misled by press statements which in many cases distort the truth for various reasons , most of which are obvious . This can only be put right by hard work . The party man must continuously work hard and give the public the truth for which his party stands.

African Governments, are very different from Governments in Britain , United States, France, West Germany, etc. In these countries there is plenty of

material to constitute competent alternative Governments. Most states in Africa can be likened to a small school that can produce only one football team . There is no material for a second team . If the only team looses the cup, so the whole school has lost .

Politically most African States can produce only one political party with the right calibre for running an efficient Government. This applieg very well to the 34

Camping out was the order of the day. Here a delegate is given food by one of the many helpers ...

1

ZAMBIA POLICE MULUNGUSHE

POLICE STATION

HO COMME POLICE COMMAND

. FIRE

DRY GRASS ON CAUTI Successful organisation was a keynote of the Conference. Zambia Police established a special Mulungushi Police Station for the period of the Conference ...

1

The President, guests, Ministers and delegates were ererywhere given an enthusiastic reception by the younger generation of Zambians who look to their Government to open up a bright future for them ...

The serious work of the Conference proceeds as President Kaunda deals with the four pillars of democracy in Zambia ...

five Governments represented here today. So if our first teams fail, we have no alternative competent political parties to look to for Governments. This is why we must work hard to make our Governments a success.

Because of what I have just said , there is no room today for opposition

parties as each country can afford only one first team . But I must admit that there are people who have ignored these facts and have formed opposition parties.

The role of the opposition in Africa forms a very difficult problem indeed . All our governments are basically rooted in democracy. But democracy is not the obligation of the party in power alone. It is equally an obligation of the opposition .

In those countries where there is good reason for an opposition, the role of the opposition is constructive criticism, helping the Government to achieve prosperity

for the ordinary man in the country, suggesting alternative ways of achieving this prosperity. But I have my doubts if the opposition in Africa is sufficiently mature, and sufficiently honest to obey the rules of the game.

In the spirit of the 0.A.U, and in the spirit of African Unity, I would like to appeal to all Governments in Africa to avoid any acts which may encourage opposition parties to prosper. Our countries have already more than enough opposition from external forces. There are forces elsewhere in the world who have

decided to run our Governments for us. We have a very formidable problem of developing our economies, but unfortunately these outside forces will not leave us alone .

The world we find ourselves in as newly Independent African States, is divided , unsympathetic, power hungry, greedy , and above all cruel. When we are hungry they talk of aid, when we seek aid they attach strings. When we are

attacked they talk of protection, when we seek protection , they attach strings. When we talk of African Unity, they talk of the division between West and East and lobby us to support them .

Your Excellencies, my address would not be complete if I did not here and now thank the Governments represented here today for the very high understand

ing of our problems and the manner in which you regard us, and accept us on the African front. Botswana is very grateful indeed for this. We are a country geographically placed right in the centre of the potentially explosive situation .

As you are all aware Botswana is the youngest of all States gathered here at Mulungushi. We have apartheid breathing over our shoulder in the South, U.D.I. breathing over our shoulder in the North , and the South-West Africa problem breathing over our shoulder in the West. The only fresh air Botswana can breathe comes from Zambia . You should not therefore be surprised that only a week after a state visit by my President, I am already in Zambia ; we come here because we want to breathe in fresh air - and we find plenty of it too . Because of the above problems, Botswana is one country in Africa that can

easily be misunderstood, but we are very grateful to all your countries for being so kind as to appreciate our position . We were once running the danger of being written off as a dead loss to Africa , but through your voices the picture has been reversed .

Long live Kaunda, UNIP , Zambia, Africa ! 35

MESSAGE FROM HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF KENYA , DELIVERED BY KENYA VICE -PRESIDENT, Mr. DANIEL ARAP MOI

I am sorry it has not been possible for me to attend the UNIP annual Con ference. This is a great day for the ruling Party and the people of Zambia. From

the bottom of my heart I congratulate you Mr. President and your Party for the great strides which Zambia has made since independence. Your personal leader ship , Mr. President, has given Zambia a good government which has enabled your people to enjoy peace , stability and progress.

On behalf of my party KANU and the Government, I wish to congratulate the delegates of UNIP Conference for the wisdom you have demonstrated in re -electing my brother Kenneth Kaunda to be the leader of your Party again . Kenneth is a man of great courage, patience and foresight, whose leadership has earned him admiration throughout Africa and the world . The people of Zambia have shown unity and solidarity during the present Rhodesia crisis .

Our brothers in Rhodesia are dominated by an illegal White

regime which we shall relentlessly continue to fight and oppose side byside with you until our brothers in Rhodesia, Mozambique, Angola and South Africa are completely liberated from the yoke of colonialism and majority rule is achieved .

You Mr. President are aware of the assistance which Kenya has been able to make in this struggle without publicity. I want to assure you that my Government and the ruling party KANU will continue to give whatever support we can in this fight.

I hope that you will have a fruitful and useful deliberation in this Conference. I look forward to the day when Zambia and the rest of East Africa can have a complete economic and social co - operation. Long live UNIP ! Long live Zambia !

Long live African Unity !

36

ADDRESS AT THE CLOSING OF THE CONFERENCE BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF ZAMBIA, Dr. KENNETH KAUNDA

Comrade National Chairman and fellow delegates to this historical Conference,

may I first of all take this opportunity to thank most sincerely all those of our fellow men and women who were responsible for not only the erection of this camp but also for looking after us. The detailed arrangements and planning

that must have gone into the organisation of this Conference were simply tre mendous and the whole Conference will for a long time to come owe its success to

these detailed arrangements and planning. In this were involved a few members of the past Central Committee, Civil Servants, Army and Police officers and their men and the Party workers. To all of them we say: “ Very well done indeed , please remember to do the same next time.”

May I also take this opportunity to thank you all for coming from all corners of this country to represent your own various branches of the Party, to represent the common man's feelings at this rather important Conference. Your duties and responsibilities did not only begin and end with the discussions that were conducted here, nor indeed with the passing of the resolutions today, nor indeed with the elections that have taken place today — these grave responsibilities will continue as you leave this historic rock to travel back to your various areas to explain and act to and with the people you came to represent here.

The policy of Humanism , or the philosophy of Humanism in Zambia, will not be an easy philosophy to understand. It will be even more difficult to implement,

but I think, given the determination, courage and support that you have given my colleagues and I, myself, in the past, I am sure we should be able to see the benefits that this policy is bound to bring to the common man, God's man, are not only effective, but also established for all time.

Friends, the importance of this Conference has been noted long before it was

held . I remember listening to various church sermons on Sundays previous to the Conference. Church leaders were busy praying for the success of the Conference. That was no small recognition of the importance of the Conference on the part of the churches, but it was an acceptance by the churches that this party is organised on a human basis, which is God's own basis. For this we thank all the churches

that prayed for the success of the Conference .

Their prayers have obviously been answered because I think it has been a successful Conference. I wish further to thank church leaders for the part they have played today. Most of them who participated with us in these important elections arrived here as early as 5.30 this morning. Some a little earlier. This

again is an indication of how our church leaders respond to their responsibilities when it comes to political matters of this nature. I have always maintained, I still do now, and I hope I will in future that the church has an important role to play in the lives of all our people, political or otherwise — and although this was a very independent line, the church has played its part and I am sure that it is partly due to their presence here and partly due to the well -organised manner in which the

sub -committee organised the elections -- all candidateshave been satisfied with the fairness of the elections.

Now, I mentioned how difficult it is going to be to implement Humanism in

Zambia. I sincerely hope and pray that all of us put our shoulders to the wheel remembering that nothing ever comes out of nothing. If a thing is nothing, it is

37

nothing and nothing will come out of that. Humanism in Zambia will only be fruitful to us all if we are determined to work just as hard as we do the talking.

We can not expect anything more — we must not kill the initiative of the common man. This is all outlined very clearly in this pamphlet . We must not kill the initiative of the common man.

Friends, I have been asked by one or two people who complained that what I said about paying tax may or might kill the spirit of hard work in the people.

Let me tell you what I have said already, and that is that I see no capitalists amongst the Zambians here today. If you are a small farmer, a small businessman,

you may have two or three shops, you are not a capitalist in the sense that I under stand capitalism or communism to be . I have seen no capitalists in Zambia who are black. I have seen no communists in Zambia who are black. Some people

might verge on the border of communism and call themselves communists — they are not they do not understand what communism actually means. So, I am quite certain , I am quite clear in my own mind, that while we might have these problems in future of capitalists pressuring us, of communists pressuring us, if all of us stick together and support and live and breathe Humanism in Zambia, God should crown our efforts with success.

Now, may I say a word on the labour front. Quite rightly the Press this week has been disgusted with the behaviour of some of our workers who have

been on strike. Comrades, the General Secretary of the Zambia Congress of Trade Unions and his colleagues have appealed to all workers to use this whole week as a week of rededication to the national cause, the cause of the common man. These, our brothers, chose this week when the leadership of the Party was not there,

when the leadership of the trade union movement was not there, to go on some irresponsible strike . Now , I have pledged myself that in this nation there will be no softness with anybody who misbehaves in this, our society. If anybody thinks I am joking when I say this, let them wait for a few minutes . I pleaded with my

friends in the Zambia Mineworkers' Union when they were going out on an irresponsible strike about a certain fund when they had been deceived by enemies of Zambia that the Government was stealing their money. They trusted the enemies of Zambia rather than we, who fought with them for Independence. How can that be ? I appealed and appealed and appealed, and they took my appeals for weakness — so in the final analysis I was forced to act and when I acted ,

unfortunately, I say , unfortunately, when I acted all was quiet. Does this mean that responsible appeals do not make sense to my fellow human beings and only action can make sense to them ? Why must they choose this week to humiliate us , embarrass us ? The money that has been awarded to them is something more, much more than the common man in the village is having today — absolutely

nothing. They did not have the courage of their convictions to analyse the situation. Let me tell you, comrades, if any one of you, including Kaunda himself, is playing with the President, he will be in trouble.

Humanism in Zambia to be implemented to the benefit of the common man means tightening up our belts, means sacrifice, just the same sacrifices as we made here at that famous Mulungushi Conference. How much more are my fellow workers demanding from you ?

Now, I have some good news for well -behaved workers. I have received

reports from all those concerned that those that we had restricted because of their misbehaviour when we sent them to various parts, to their own villages,

have been behaving very well. As a result I am hoping to release them from 38

restriction sometime this week — this coming week. But nobody should take this as a weakness. It is because they have behaved well that I am going to review their restrictions. Early next week some of them , if not all of them, will be released . But this misbehaviour on the part of these workers for the local authorities, I don't like.

Their leaders have gone to them to appeal to them to go back to work — they have refused . Even essential workers have gone on strike against the law of the country. Is that fair to this nation ? The law will have to take its own course , we can't interfere with the law of the country.

Comrades, my final word is to all of you present here. Elections have been conducted very fairly indeed . I am now about to announce the results. Let me emphasis that I want peace and orderliness to continue. The peace and orderliness that has reigned right through this week . I have said before, and I repeat now for the third time that even those defeated at this election will not be outcast. They are still very faithful and loyal members of this family. All that has happened is that we have managed to fight for these positions within the family and none will

be thrown out at all . Early next week, tomorrow , I hope to consider the now central committee and early next week I will announce the four nominees that I must make in accordance with the constitution of the Party. It may be necessary

to retain some of those who have been defeated at the polls in the central com

mittee. That is entirely my decision and I don't have to ask for anyone's per mission. So, next week the full central committee will be announced . What I am

announcing here are the namos of those who bave fought and later I will announce any candidate who has won in the respective position . Women's Brigade Directorate — there were two contestants, Mrs. Maria Nankolongo and Princess Nakatindi, M.P. The votes cast were 3,272 for Mrs. Maria Nankolongo and 1,440 for Princess Nakatindi. So I declare that Maria Nankolongo has been elected Director of the Women's Brigade of the United

National Independence Party of Zambia.

Deputy National Chairman. The post of Deputy National Chairman , this was contested by Mr. Peter Matoka, M.P. and Mr. Alexander Grey Zulu , M.P. Votes cast were 2,401 for Peter Matoka and 2,527 for Alexander Grey Zulu . I therefore declare that Alexander Grey Zulu has been duly elected as Deputy National Chairman of the United National Independence Party of Zambia. Post of Deputy National Treasurer. This was contested by Mr. Wesley Nyirenda, M.P. , and Mr. Lewis Changufu , M.P. Votes cast were 1,921 for Wesley Nyirenda and 2,896 for Lewis Changufu . I therefore declare that Lowis Changufu

has been duly elected as Deputy National Treasurer of the United National Independence Party of Zambia.

Post of National Treasurer. This was contested by Mr. Elija Mudenda, M.P. , and Mr. Arthur Wina, M.P. Votes cast were 2,971 for Elija Mudenda and 1,802

for Arthur Wina. I therefore declare that Elija Mudenda has been duly elected as National Treasurer of the United National Independence Party of Zambia. Post of Deputy National Secretary. This was contested by Mr. Humphrey Mulemba, M.P. , and Mr. Justin Chimba , M.P. Votes cast were 2,315 for Humphrey Mulemba and 2,962 for Justin Chimba . I therefore declare that Justin Chimba has

been duly elected as Deputy National Secretary of the United National Inde pendence Party of Zambia. 39

Post of National Secretary. This was a three -cornered contest. Contestants were Mr. M. Sipalo, M.P. , Mr. M. Chona, M.P. , and Mr. A. Milner, M.P. Votes cast were Mr. Sipalo 1,913, Mr. Chona, 2,405 , Mr. Aaron Milner, 1,495 . I therefore declare that Mr. Mainza Chona has been duly elected as National Secretary of the United National Independence Party of Zambia.

Post of Deputy National President. This was contested by Mr. R. C. Kamanga, M.P. , and Mr. S. M. Kapwepwe, M.P. Votes cast were : R. C. Kamanga,

2,406, S. M. Kapwepwe, 2,744. I therefore declare that Simon Kapwepwe has been elected Deputy National President of the United National Independence Party.

In making this announcement it is appropriate for me to thank the one group of people that I thought I should thank at the end of the Conference. I would thank you, Mr. Chairman of the Commission and your other serving Commissioners who have conducted these elections in such a responsible manner so as to leave no doubt in any of our minds as to the fairness of the way in which

you played the game. I think this is important and I do hope that, although I am now dissolving you , you will still go back home realising that all of us are most grateful to you for the work that you have done. If there should be any need to recount these votes, these are being carefully locked , as usual in the custody of the Commissioner of Police .

I would like to say :

Thank you for coming ”—you must remember to drive

very slowly and not to cause accidents on the road at all. Now, before I close the Conference, I am going to call on Vice - President Kamanga to say a few words.

40

ADDRESS AT THE CLOSING OF THE CONFERENCE,

BY HIS HONOUR THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF ZAMBIA, Mr. R. C. KAMANGA

Your Excellency and Fellow Delegates: In the first instance I would like to take the opportunity to thank you , Your Excellency, for bringing the whole country together, culminating today in the

national elections of the Central Committee of the Party. As one of the old fighters for this country since 1950 I would just like to assure you once again that I have learned during this long experience of the struggle to be sincere and honest in all that one does in the furtherance of the people of this country.

I would like to assure you, Sir, as I have already done so in black and white that I will continue to serve this country in any position, in any place, that you choose to put me. And, having said those few words, I would like to thank those

people who voted for me and also to thank them for putting their trust in me, but I would like to ask them that once the results are declared we are supposed to forget

how we voted and I would like, therefore, to congratulate all my comrades who have been successful in these national elections this afternoon and particularly Comrade Kapwepwe who has fought me and has been successful. I wish him success in his new position as Deputy National President of the Party and, as I

have already said, Sir, to you, that I would be quite prepared to serve this country in any position , because losing an election does not mean the end of the world . All of us here must go back home as one people under your leadership - once again I would like to thank you , Sir, for giving me this opportunity and also to assure you of my continuous support of your leadership and wish to serve the people of this country of Zambia sincerely .

41

RESOLUTIONS PASSED AT THE 1967 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF UNIP AT MULUNGUSHI

This historic Conference having given an unqualified vote of confidence in Dr. Kenneth Kaunda as its President and after having re-affirmed its desire for

peace and stability as the vital prerequisites to the construction of a Nation founded on National Unity and the policy of Humanism to which we, through our

members of the National Council all pledged ourselves at the April Chilenje meeting :

Do hereby summon all the members of the Party to rededicate ourselves unfailingly to the implementation of our policy of Humanism ; Do hereby renew the emergency powers granted by previous successive Conferences of the Party to our President; And assure His Excellency that any disciplinary or corrective measures he

might deem fit to take on any member of this family in the interests of the survival and growth of the Nation shall receive our unqualified support. RESOLUTION TWO

Fully aware of the fact that Zambia, Tanzania , Uganda and Kenya form a

natural geographical and ethnic entity and having taken note of the closer links which have been forged between the four leaders of our beloved Republics; Do hereby saluto Presidents Nyerere and Obote for not only the spiritual unity which they have forged with our beloved leader but even more important their physical presence at this historic Conference which was a clear demonstration of their unswerving loyalty to the ideals and principles of Pan -Africanism . RESOLUTION THREE

This Conference fully pledge on behalf of the Party to the maintenance of the

territorial integrity of every sovereign state and condemning in no uncertain terms banditry , piracy and territorial theft by voluntary or hired mercenaries acting on instruction of foreign powers; And aware that our sister Republic of the Congo is at the moment under strains which are not only imperialistic in design, but stupidly reminiscent of 19th century adventurism unrelated to mid-20th century Africa ; Do hereby call upon the Security Council to answer the call of President

Mobutu for aid to eradicate the mercenary scum from the Congo ; Do hereby send a sincere and brotherly appeal to the President of the Republic

of Algeria to extradite Moise Tshombe back to the Congo in accordance with the request of the Congo government for him to face the criminal charges which Africa has at his doorstep ;

Applauds the decision of the Presidents Kaunda, Obote, Nyerere and others to give practical aid to the Congo, for we believe that the time for slogans and empty war- cries in Africa is now past and the world shall hear Africa's voice more clearly when action takes over from words;

Appeals to the Federal government of Nigeria and to Major -General Gowon to seek a solution to that country's problems through negotiation rather than

through physical force and to study the detailed appeal of Presidents Kenyatta, 42

Obote, Nyerere and Kaunda sent from Nairobi which could lead to a swift and peaceful settlement for no arms purchased from outside powers intended for Africans to kill Africans can ever settle the Nigerian problems and the only people who stand to gain are the imperialist powers whose sole purpose is re- colonisation of this continent. RESOLUTION FOUR

Knowing the importance which the entire country attaches to this Con ference, in particular the elections, and realising that the destinies of the people in our far-flung villages depend upon the team elected here today ;

Hereby calls upon the entire country to give full support to the new Central Committee irrespective of the personalities elected and to accept the verdict of the

people of the Republic as expressed through their representatives here assembled .

43

It will be seen that in the following cases the total number of votes polled is in excess of the total number of voters :

Deputy Chairman , 2,401 + 2,527 = Deputy National Secretary, 2,315 + National Secretary , 1,913 + 2,405 + Deputy National President, 2,406 +

4,928 , giving an excess of 104. 2,962 = 5,277 , giving an excess of 455 . 1,495 = 5,813 , giving an excess of 989 . 2,744 = 5,150, giving an excess of 226.

The President has appointed the Chief Justice to chair the three -man Commission which will include an Archbishop and a Bishop.

The other two members are Archbishop Chabukansasha of Kasania and Bishop P. Mataka of Lusaka .

The spokesman said that the President is taking this matter seriously and is therefore summoning all the members of the Electoral Commission which consisted of the eight Ministers of State for the Provinces .

Saturday's Mulungushi decisions will remain in force until the Commission has completed its work and presents its report to the President.

Members of the National Council will be summoned to an early meeting.

46

REPORT ON MULUNGUSHI ELECTIONS CHIEF JUSTICE'S CHAMBERS,

High Court, P.O. Box RW.67, RIDGEWAY , LUSAKA , ZAMBIA .

24th August, 1967.

YOUR EXCELLENCY , REPORT OF BODY OF PUBLIC PERSONS APPOINTED TO EXAMINE AND REPORT ON THE ELECTIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONAL

INDEPENDENCE PARTY OFFICES , HELD AT MULUNGUSHI ON 19TH AUGUST , 1967

Although our investigations are not finally concluded we are now in a position to report to Your Excellency our findings on the main issues raised in this investiga tion .

Your Excellency's terms of reference to us were : “ ... to examine the Ballot Papers, Registers, Counterfoils and other documents relating to the Elections held at Mulungushi and to make

such recounts and do such other things as you consider necessary in order to advise me :

( a) whether, in your view , there is any discrepancy between the number of persons entitled to vote and the number of votes cast, and if so, the reason for such discrepancy ;

(b ) whether, in your view , any further inquiry is necessary, and, if so , the nature of such inquiry.”

We have carried out our investigation on these lines, and our recounts of the votes cast in the ballot boxes have revealed a number of substantial errors in the

counting of the votes which was carried out at Mulungushi . In no case, however, do the votes cast, as determined by the recount, exceed the number of persons entitled to vote. Nor do they indicate any change in the results of the elections announced at Mulungushi.

We have also compared the number of votes cast, as determined by the re count, with the number of voting papers issued from the voting booklets. Each

election shows a small excess of voting papers issued over votes cast. This excess would be accounted for by a small number of voters not casting their votes at all - as they would be perfectly entitled to do, presumably because they had no

particular preference for either or any of the candidates offering themselves for election .

As an Appendix to this report we have prepared a table showing comparative figures of the votes as announced at Mulungushi, and the votes actually cast as determined by our recounts in respect of each candidate. The table also compares, 47

50

Brigade

Director Women's

Treasurer

Deputy National

Deputy National Secretary

Election

spoiled )(+2

1,919

)(+3 spoiled

2,893

)(+1 spoiled

2,314

spoiled )(+9

)(+4 ed spoil

Nakatindi Princess 1,436

)(+2 spoiled

1,436

)(+2 spoiled

3,323

1,868 (+1 led )spoi

1 spoiled )(+

2,888

)(+2 spoiled

2,259

)(+7 spoiled

2,450

Inquiry at

Mulungushi 2,953

at

Votes cast

determined by recounts

as

announced

Votes cast

Mrs. Nankolonga 3,270 )( 2 spoiled +

Nyirenda

Changufu

Mulemba

Chimba

Candidate

as

4,718

4,712

4,817

4,763

4,758

4,766

4,768

4,779

Counterfoils Inquiry at

Mulungushi

of Total Voting Papers cast Votes

determined as issued according Voting to

5,277

at

of Total

announced as

Votes cast

of Total

errors Major

votes Nankolonga's Mrs. undercounted by 53

overcounted by 51

votes Nyirenda's

55 by overcounted

Mulemba's votes

503 by overcounted

Chimba's votes

Mulungushi at

counting in

ADDRESS TO THE UNITED NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY NATIONAL COUNCIL BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT DR . K. D. KAUNDA

I do not apologise for calling you so soon after the Mulungushi Conference . As you all know, after the Central Committee, the next important Administrative Body is the National Council . When , therefore, doubts were raised about the

authenticity of the 19th August, Mulungushi elections results, I had to act very quickly

The action I took , as you all know , was to cause an Inquiry to be made into these results. The Inquiry which was made by three leading personalities was led by the Chief Justice, The Honourable Mr. Justice J. R. Blagden, with Archbishop Chabukasansha and Bishop Mataka . The terms of reference were :

“ To examine the Ballot Papers, Registers, Counterfoils and other Documents relating to the elections held at Mulungushi and to make such recounts and do such other things as are considered necessary in order to advise His Excellency the President:

(a) whether, in the view of the persons making the Inquiry there is any discrepancy between the number of persons entitled to vote and the number of votes cast and if so , the reason for such discrepancy;

(6) whether, in the view of the persons making the Inquiry, any further inquiry is necessary, and if so, the nature of such inquiry.”

Their report on this is being circulated to all members of the National Council. I don't think I need emphasise the independence and impartiality of the members of the Inquiry.

Before I say anything on what I think of the findings, I would like to take this opportunity to discuss with you very seriously the whole question of Elections, with special reference to the electioneering that took place before the 20th August. You will excuse me if I am brutally frank . I am always conscious, when it comes to matters of national importance, that all of us living at this time owe it to past, present and future generations to behave in such a way as not to leave

something behind us that could or might be a problem for the future generations . This we could only be excused in doing if there was absolutely nothing we could do about it. In this case we are still masters. In other words, we can do something about it. This is why I intend to be brutally frank on this issue . First of all let me remind you that when elections do not take place, there is

dictatorship in the country. That to me is unthinkable . We fought for Independ ence and won that Independence in order to develop our country along certain

principled lines . Our strong beliefs in the importance of man cannot be over emphasised. We are untrue to the cause of the common man if we do not give him a voice to decide who is going to be what in the Party hierarchy from time to time. Although in the past we have had a form of election, it has been a question of whoever was President, together with a team of his colleagues who would be as 51

representative as possible of the country as a whole , calling the Party's Annual Conference and presenting themselves before it. This was quite right and justified in the initial stages. Now let us take note of the following:

We are a progressive Party. One of our cardinal aims and objectives is to develop ourselves politically, economically, socially, culturally and scientifically, and above all our dedication

to the cause of the common man makes it imperative that the “ONE MAN ONE VOTE ” we struggled for is established not only as it is at the governmental lovel, but also within the Party machinery itself.

Early this year I decided, as President, that we were going to have no more team elections, insofar as Central Committee posts were concerned . From that time electioneering started. Here I would like to make another point. I have always held the view that without exceptions— “ to do unto others as

you would have them do unto you " is a truism which is not only a statement of religious importance - full of morality — but is in actual fact rational also. Once we accept this, we will do well to remember that whatever method we use for or against another person , may be used for or against us . What happened in the last elections shows clearly that we have not under stood this. We have canvassed so strongly and indeed , viciously, along tribal,

racial and provincial lines, that one wonders whether we really have national or tribal and provincial leadership. I must admit publicly that I have never experienced in the life of this young nation, such a spate of hate, based entirely on tribe , province, race , colour and religion , which is the negation of all that we stand for in this party and Government. I do not think that we can blame the common man for this. The fault is ours

fellow -leaders — we, the people here assembled .

Was it really necessary to win votes by being tribal, racial or provincial ? It came as a complete shock to me when several times I was approached and told by this or that group about how the opposite team was canvassing along tribal,

racial or provincial lines, only to hear that they — the accusers — were themselves doing exactly the same.

It is very easy to shout “ ONE ZAMBIA ONE NATION ” but very difficult to think and act in that way honestly and sincerely . As we discuss this matter here, I don't want to hide from you all that there are very few fields in the life of

this nation which have not been adversely affected . How difficult it is to build but how easy to destroy! Since the election campaign started up to this time - we

have become false prophets of “ ONE ZAMBIA ONE NATION”. The people we have taught to hate others may successively be taught to hate us next time. So that even from a personal and rather selfish angle this way of

electioneering must be condemned as completely un -Zambian unless, of course, we do not mean it when we speak of

ONE ZAMBIA ONE NATION ” .

Apart from this let us remember that we are also training our people to rise

above tribal democracy and whatever methods we employ in electioneering will be accepted by our people as the right thing to do whenever there is an election 52

round the corner. When , therefore, there is an election, we must remember, and

I repeat - must remember — that it is not simply a question of fighting for a particular seat but that we are also training our people to understand and appreci ate democracy both in theory and in practice. Let it be remembered that it would be madness to expect to harvest ground

nuts where in fact we have planted castor oil . And so do I agree with the person who wrote :

“ I swear the earth shall surely be complete ; to him or her who shall be complete ; the earth remains jagged and broken only to him who remains jagged and broken ” .

Comrades, it will take us some time to recover from this mistake. We must

all use this period as one of re-dedication to the building of a truly “ ONE ZAMBIA ONE NATION ” , if we are still true to the cause of the common man.

Up to now I have spoken only in general terms. Let me now cite a few

examples. Some of you canvassed along such lines as— “ appointments to the Civil Service at home and abroad — including the Police are all made on Pro vincial lines because Kaunda is so influenced ” .

After the Mulungushi Conference a serious campaign has been under way to the effect that all this will now be worse because in a Central Committee of eleven elected members, five are from one Province.

(I will say a few words about this later .)

To be fair , this of course was only one side canvassing. On the other hand, equally terrible and vicious campaigns were mounted and I now know that my

name was used without my authority. Innocent people were told that Kaunda was not in favour of such -and -such people, either because they were ineffective

in their work or because they owed their allegiance to the Pope and would betray the secrets of the Central Committee and that, therefore, Kaunda wanted to get rid of them .

All this was completely untrue . If I am unhappy about someone in the Party or Government, in the position they hold , I move them by making re-shuffles .

In the process, of course, many other innocent people suffer, but this is something we cannot avoid . This is all part of the unfortunate story.

Indeed, rumours of assassinations were manufactured and circulated by all factions and the conduct of the people concerned is something that I will decide upon as soon as I have consulted the new Central Committee .

I mentioned earlier that I would say a word or two on the composition of the Central Committee . It is true to say that five of the eleven elected members of the Central Committee come from one Province and it is true to say that to

those of us concerned in this, these rumours flying around — that things will be

worse because of this — are really causing us great embarrassment. But it must be pointed out that this is not our decision. It was the decision taken by 4,824 representatives of the people from all over Zambia. To try and apportion blame on one Province is neither fair nor just. What we should be asking ourselves, if we are true and sincere patriots, is “ WHAT NEXT ” . 53

May I also remind you all that those who stood for these posts had signed a Pledge which I will read again :

pledge that I shall be loyal and faithful to the United National Independence Party, to its President, to the policy of Zambian Humanism and obey any call in the interests of consolidating and safe . " I

.

guarding the integrity of this , our Republic of Zambia . ... " . I should also emphasise that everybody here realises - or should realise that

no member sits on the Central Committee, or indeed in Cabinet, to represent a tribe or a province. I have no doubt at all that those of us who have been returned unopposed, or elected at Mulungushi, look at our problems as NATIONAL problems. However, I have had to say all that I have said, because of the campaign that has been raging, like a bushfire, against the new Central Committee. I also know that for people to believe that justice and fair play was the order of the day, it must be seen to be done. In this case the basis is the people themselves must believe that it was there and was being done. All the same, it is painful to me to have to say this just when we are entering our fourth year of Independence.

If I may now go back to the findings of the Inquiry, I would say that I have reproduced all the correspondence that is there between the Chief Justice as Chairman of the Body of Public Persons appointed to inquire into this, and myself. All I ask you is not to be prejudiced . Read this report carefully and you will see

that there is no room at all for suspecting foul play. I know that rumours have been flying round in the Capital City of Zambia—the report, however, speaks for itself. Everyone who has been mentioned to me as being the source of some in

formation has been investigated and on the basis of my being completely satisfied , I have accepted the report from this Inquiry. And I therefore accept that the New Central Committee was validly elected and is the Central Committee of the United National Independence Party. Finally I counsel calmness here. We are considering an issue of national importance and I would like to warn you very seriously against taking steps that might bring disaster to this young and very promising nation . At no time has the spirit of " give and take ” between leaders within this party and Government been so much required .

It is absolutely necessary that no-one takes a hasty step that might lead to destruction and chaos. The question you must ask yourselves is— " Where am I going to be prepared to give in, for the good of the whole nation ?” This , I think , is the challenge of the moment. The friends and foes of Zambia

are all keenly interested in what is going to happen at this National Council. Your duty is to shelter the nation by contributing to its healthy growth and not to its destruction. Where — I ask - where, are you going to give in ?

In all that I have said, you will be justified if you see in me a disappointed man , for so I am ; deeply hurt and disappointed , because, I have said, the good work that we have tried to do together has been undone and it is a question of starting all over again.

In spite of all this, I can tell you that I have not lost hope in mankind as such. For it must be clear to you all that if anyone in my position lost hope in mankind, he might as well stop living. All I am doing in this disappointment is to seek ways and means of repairing what we have damaged by these excessive methods of electioneering. 54

CLOSING SPEECH TO THE UNITED NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE PARTY NATIONAL COUNCIL BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT DR. K. D. KAUNDA

Barely 30 hours ago we met as a nation split on the basis of tribes and provinces. We were shaken and disappointed people but being men and women conscious of the fact that the horizon of our responsibilities extended far beyond our simple selves and indeed, under Divine Guidance, we have managed to save the country from what would have been a tragedy. That the affairs of the nation should be in the hands of men and women

capable of responding adequately to such serious challenges must be reassuring to Zambian citizens and residents alike. Indeed , there is no doubt at all that this

must cause as much joy to Zambia's friends as it is causing woe to her enemies.

We met here yesterday fully conscious of the fact that in any given happy family a husband knows if he is to help maintain that happiness and contentment,

he has got to give up part of himself for the good of the family as a whole. The same goes for a good wife. This analogy is true of a nation's family . We must admit that we are individuals. We must admit that we come from

various tribes and racial groups interested in various religious organisations. At the same time we know that if any one of these groups pulled in opposite directions,

Zambia would be destroyed and in the process each one of these groupings will also be destroyed . This is why we are able to say to ourselves, whenever we are challenged by something very serious at a national level— “ let us discuss this as men and women of one family and find a solution to it " . This is precisely what we have been doing since yesterday .

That we have been able to agree is a sign of maturity on the part of each one of us in this Council. We have been brave enough - sufficiently patriotic — to

give and take, for the good of the nation. For all this I say to you all, CON GRATULATIONS: WELL DONE and may God continue to develop in you this spirit of patriotism . We could not have done better.

I believe Comrades it is also my duty to ask you to pray that the damage that

has been done can only be undone — if we go back prepared to put in as much effort, if not more, than we put in when we caused the damage we have been causing. No human being is capable of compelling you to do anything about this if you yourselves are not willing to do so. With this decision we have, like our proverbial eagle, risen above yet one more national problem . By this decision we have planted a healthy seed . Before we reap the harvest of this decision, there is plenty of work to be done. We must water this good seed. We must weed and then harvest. It will not be easy and

yet against this is the trust and confidence that the nation and I have in you. Let me also point out that I took long and copious notes of all that was said here. Although not all of you were able to contribute, the National Chairman has enabled me to have representative views of various groups. It is now my duty to

study all the points that you made. I said yesterday and I repeat now that it is my duty and responsibility to

run this country in such a way as to remove these fears. Alone I cannot hope to succeed. With your co -operation and your help, success is assured . 55

I once again take this opportunity to re -state what I have said several times

before. That I will do my best to meet the legitimate demands and requirements of all my fellow men regardless of their tribal, provincial or racial origin. Indeed , neither religion nor creed will affect my thinking when it comes to serving my country. So here, once again, I say, “ SO HELP ME GOD ” . My request is that each one of you make the same rededication in your heart of hearts .

May I also assure you , if any assurance is necessary, that no matter what

you said here, I will not bear any grudge against you when it comes to making appointments both in the Central Committee and in the Government or anywhere else. I will not be influenced — I emphasise- I will not be influenced favourably or otherwise by what you

said .

May I now take this opportunity to express, on your behalf and indeed on

my own behalf, our heartfelt thanks to The Honourable the Chief Justice J. R. Blagden, to Archbishop Chabukasansha and Bishop Mataka and indeed to all Church leaders for their co -operation from the time of the Mulungushi elections

up to this moment. It is gratifying to know that one can lean on leading person alities to this extent.

Any society that can produce this willingness to co -operate amongst and

within its people is assured of success . May God continue to make our people ever responsive in the manner that this period has shown. Secondly, may I thank you Your Honour the Vice- President, for the lead

which you gave at Mulungushi and which you have maintained up to this time. Finally, before I conclude, may I warn against the habit of anyone who is writing anonymous letters. Let us leave this to our enemies and anyone who receives such letters, as I said at Mulungushi, should quickly pass them to the Police .

I would also like to counsel once again against rumours . Let me say that I will deal very firmly with anyone who goes round boasting that the people who Such boasts are not only stupid but very dangerous to the unity which we have pledged to start building once again. May I now most sincerely thank you all for coming and I do hope and pray come from his Province had won .

that God will re -charge your human batteries to go back as true and honest servants of our people. I am hoping to visit as many districts as possible as soon as I come back from Kinshasa , to see how you are starting to work on the implementation of Humanism in Zambia, because unless this is taken seriously at the district level leadership , we cannot hope to succeed . MAY GOD BLESS YOU.

56

STAMFORDUBRARIES To avoid fine, this book should be returned on or before the date last stamped below 10M - 5-70-26940

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JQ2919 ASUS A3 1967