Medieval Times, Grades 5 - 8 9781580376532, 1580376533

Citation preview

$*7*-*;"5*0/4
0'
5)&
1"45

$%

5–

(S

BE

8+

Go to DBSTPOEFMMPTBDPN GPS
B
MPXFSMFWFM
WFSTJPO
PG
FWFSZ
SFBEJOH
QBTTBHF

$POUFOU
3FBEJOH
4FMFDUJPOT

t

.BQ
"DUJWJUJFT

t

)BOETPO
"DUJWJUJFT

Visit activities.carsondellosa.com for FREE activities!

FT

Medieval Times

Authors: Consultants: Editors: Proofreader:

Frank Edgar, Ph.D., and George Lee Schyrlet Cameron and Carolyn Craig Mary Dieterich and Sarah M. Anderson Margaret Brown



COPYRIGHT © 2012 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58037-653-2 Printing No. 404157-EB Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Visit us at www.carsondellosa.com

Table of Contents

Medieval Times

Table of Contents Introduction to the Teacher...........................................................................................................1 National Standards Matrix............................................................................................................2 Time Line of the Middle Ages.......................................................................................................3 The Roman Empire......................................................................................................................4 Islam Spreads Rapidly..................................................................................................................8 Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest..........................................................................................10 The Viking Plague From the North.............................................................................................12 Feudalism Comes to Europe......................................................................................................14 Showdown at Canossa...............................................................................................................16 Great Minds in the Dark Ages....................................................................................................18 Monks and Hermits Reject the World.........................................................................................20 Rulers with “Uneasy Heads”.......................................................................................................22 The Nobility of Europe................................................................................................................24 Knights in Shining Armor............................................................................................................27 Ladies of the Court.....................................................................................................................31 The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble............................................................................................33 “God wills it!” The First Crusade.................................................................................................35 Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade.......................................................................37 The Crusading Spirit Declines....................................................................................................39 A Legal System Develops in England.........................................................................................42 King John Signs the Magna Carta..............................................................................................44 Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility....................................................................46 Cities Grow in Size and Influence...............................................................................................49 Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith.................................................................................................51 Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning................................................................................55 Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities.............................................................................................57 Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot.................................................................................59 Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation............................................................................................61 Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature.....................................................................63 Life in the Middle Ages: Science.................................................................................................65 Life in the Middle Ages: Health...................................................................................................67 The Black Death.........................................................................................................................69 The Beginnings of Parliament....................................................................................................71 The Church and Its Critics..........................................................................................................73 The Hundred Years’ War.............................................................................................................75 Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French....................................................................................77 The Decline of Feudalism...........................................................................................................79 Glossary.....................................................................................................................................82 Answer Keys...............................................................................................................................89 Bibliography................................................................................................................................94 Photo Credits............................................................................................................................. C3 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

ii

Medieval Times

Introduction to the Teacher

Introduction to the Teacher Medieval Times is a valuable resource that can be used to supplement the social studies curriculum for middle school students. It presents a broad tapestry of people and events during the Middle Ages that gives the student insight into life during the Medieval period. This brief look spans a period of more than 1,000 years, from about a.d. 325 to 1453 and beyond. Each unit of study in the book is designed to strengthen history literacy skills and is correlated with National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies (NCSS). The book is specifically designed to facilitate planning for the diverse learning styles and skill levels of middle school students. The special features of the book provide the teacher with alternative methods of instruction. A modified version of the text is available for struggling readers. Classroom decoratives appeal to visual learners. Book Features: • Reading Selection introduces facts and information as a reading exercise. • Knowledge Check assesses student understanding of the reading exercise using selected response and constructed response questioning strategies. • Map Follow-Up provides opportunities for students to report information from a spatial perspective. • Explore allows students to expand learning by participating in high-interest, learning activities. • Glossary lists the boldfaced words with definitions. Online Resources: Reluctant Reader Text: A modified version of the reading exercise pages can be downloaded from the website at www.carsondellosa.com. In the Search box, enter the product code CD-404157. When you reach the Medieval Times product page, click the icon for the Reluctant Reader Text download. The readability level of the text has been modified to facilitate struggling readers. The Flesch-Kincaid Readability formula, which is built into Microsoft® Word™, was used to determine the readability level. The formula calculates the number of words, syllables, and sentences in each paragraph to produce a reading level. Additional Resources: Classroom Decoratives: The Medieval Times Bulletin Board Set, Ancient Civilizations and Cultures Topper Bulletin Board Set, and Eastern Hemisphere Maps Bulletin Board Set are available from Mark Twain Media, Inc., through www.carsondellosa.com. These classroom decoratives visually reinforce lessons found in Medieval Times in an interesting and attentiongrabbing way.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Medieval Times

National Standards Matrix

National Standards Matrix

















Curriculum Standards for Social Studies



Units Time Line Maps The Roman Empire Islam Spreads Rapidly Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest The Viking Plague From the North Feudalism Comes to Europe Showdown at Canossa Great Minds in the Dark Ages Monks and Hermits Reject the World Rulers with “Uneasy Heads” The Nobility of Europe Knights in Shining Armor Ladies of the Court The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble “God wills it!” The First Crusade Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade The Crusading Spirit Declines A Legal System Develops in England King John Signs the Magna Carta Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility Cities Grow in Size and Influence Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature Life in the Middle Ages: Science Life in the Middle Ages: Health The Black Death The Beginnings of Parliament The Church and Its Critics The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French The Decline of Feudalism

1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

5 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

6 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

7

8

9

10

x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

For more information on National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies, visit . 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Medieval Times

Time Line of the Middle Ages

Time Line of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages is a period in European history between the 5th century a.d. (400s) and the 15th century (1400s). The Middle Ages are also known as the medieval time period. The time line below provides facts and information about this time period. It shows when important events took place, in what order they occurred, and the amount of time that passed between them. 476 800 871–899 987–996 1066 1073 1077 1095 1147–49 1170 1189–99 1189–92 1192–94 1202–04 1212 1215 1217–21 1226–70 1228–29 1245–54 1265 1278 1294–1303 1295 1309–77 1337 1346 1356 1382 1413–22 1415 1429 1431 1453 1455–85 1461–83 1469 1485 1492

Fall of Rome. Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope. Alfred the Great is king of England. Hugh Capet is king of France. William the Conqueror leads Norman invasion of England. Gregory VII named as pope. Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) does penance at Canossa. First Crusade. Second Crusade. Murder of Thomas à Becket in England. Richard I is king of England. Third Crusade. Richard I of England is held hostage. Fourth Crusade. Children’s Crusade. King John signs Magna Carta in England. Fifth Crusade. Louis IX is king of France. Sixth Crusade. Seventh Crusade. Simon de Montfort’s Parliament in England. Eighth Crusade. Boniface VIII is pope. Model Parliament in England. “Babylonian Captivity” of the church. Beginning of Hundred Years’ War between England and France. English victory over French at Crécy. King John of France captured at Battle of Poitiers. Wycliffe’s followers publish Bible in English. Henry V is king of England. English defeat French in Battle of Agincourt. Charles VII crowned French king. Joan of Arc burned at the stake. Constantinople falls to the Muslims. War of the Roses in England. Reign of Louis XI in France. Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella unites Aragon and Castile in Spain. Henry VII becomes English king and establishes the House of Tudor. Columbus reaches the New World.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



The Roman Empire

Medieval Times

The Roman Empire In 753 b.c., Rome was founded on seven hills. The city overlooked the Tiber River. Rome grew as a result of wars fought with its neighbors. By 100 b.c., Rome ruled much of the Mediterranean world. Romans built roads to connect their empire, as well as aqueducts to carry water. These and many of their public buildings still stand today. At one point, the Roman Empire stretched from England to Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East. It encompassed many different people from many different cultures. Romans worshiped many gods, but they did not force people to adopt their religion. They did make people worship the emperor as a god, though. People that refused, such as Christians, were persecuted. Christianity was a religion founded in Judea about 2,000 years ago. This religion grew. Bishops were chosen as leaders in the local churches. A pope was chosen as head over all the churches. The Empire Is Divided In a.d. 284, an emperor named Diocletian came into power. He decided the Roman Empire had grown too large for one man to rule. The Roman army had difficulty defending all of the Empire’s borders from attackers. Diocletian divided the empire into two parts. The two parts were called the Eastern Empire and Western Empire. Constantine became ruler in 306. He converted to Christianity after winning Diocletian a decisive battle. He legalized Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. In 330, he made the capital of the Eastern Empire the city of Byzantium. The capital was later renamed Constantinople. Today, the city is called Istanbul. It is located in the modern country of Turkey. Barbarians Threaten the Empire While the Eastern Empire grew stronger, the western part grew weaker. Barbarian tribes lived on the fringes of the Roman Empire. They murdered and stole whatever they wanted. In 407, Vandals and Burgundians crossed the Rhine River on the ice. They were Germanic tribes. They attacked the Roman legions in Gaul. This area is now known as France. The tribes took land for themselves southwest of Paris. Today, this is called Burgundy. The Vandals spread into Spain and Africa. Their reputation was so bad that we still use the words “vandal” and “vandalism” to describe property destruction. The Visigoths also moved into the empire. By 410, they were looting and burning in Italy. After looting Rome, they raided southern Gaul and Hispania, which is now known as Spain. The kingdom they started in Spain lasted 200 years. The Romans and Visigoths joined forces to defeat Attila the Hun in 434, but the Roman Empire had already seriously declined by then. Roman strength was reduced in England. This allowed the native Celts to become targets for sea-roving invaders. The invading groups were the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons. The Vandals left Africa and attacked Italy in 455. Rome was captured and looted. Odovacer was a Germanic chief. He captured Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of the West. He sent him to a country house near Naples in 476. The barbarians had taken over. The Roman Empire had vanished, but The Sack of Rome its influence remains today. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Medieval Times

The Roman Empire

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. looting 2. invaders 3. pope 4. raided 5. empire 6. Christianity 7. vandalism

a. attacked by surprise by an armed force b. a religion founded in Judea about 2,000 years ago c. the territory under the authority of a single ruler d. a group of people who enter by force in order to conquer e. property destruction f. stealing g. the head of the Christian Church known as the Roman Catholic Church

Multiple Choice 8. Which emperor came to power in a.d. 284? a. Odovacer b. Diocletian c. Romulus Augustulus d. Attila 9. In what country is Istanbul located? a. Rome c. France

b. Turkey d. Germany

10. Who converted to Christianity after winning a decisive battle? a. Romulus Augustulus b. Diocletian c. Constantine d. Odovacer Constructed Response 11. Explain why the western part of the Roman Empire grew weaker than the eastern part. Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



The Roman Empire

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Map Follow-Up: The Eastern and Western Roman Empires



In a.d. 284, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two parts.

True or False Circle T for True or F for False

1. T F Rome was the capital of the Western Roman Empire. 2. T F Both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires were bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. 3. T F The Roman Empire was divided into three parts by Emperor Diocletian. 4. T F The Eastern Roman Empire was bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. 5. T F Both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires were bordered on the north by the Black Sea.

Critical Thinking 6. In a.d. 330, Emperor Constantine moved to Byzantium (later Constantinople). What effect do you think this had on the importance of the city of Rome? Explain your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Medieval Times

The Roman Empire

Name:

Date:

Explore: Roman Numerals Roman Numerals In the Middle Ages, Arabic numbers like we use today were not known. Roman numerals, the numeral system of ancient Rome, were used. Throughout the book, you will find Roman numerals used to identify kings and popes. Roman numerals are written as combinations of seven letters. They are written as capital letters (XVI). The key numbers in the Roman system are listed on the chart. How to Translate Roman Numerals You can easily learn how to calculate the value of Roman numerals using the chart above and two simple rules.



Roman Numerals I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000

Rule #1: If a letter with the same or smaller value follows a letter with a larger value, the letter values are added. • To write 11 in Roman numerals, you would write the capital letter “X” for the number 10 and then write the capital letter “I” after it for the number 1; in other words 11 = 10 + 1 or XI in Roman numerals. Rule #2: If a letter with a smaller value precedes a letter with a larger value, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger. • To write 4 in Roman numerals, you would write the capital letter “I” for the number 1 and then write the capital letter “V” after it for the number 5; in other words 4 = 5 – 1 or IV in Roman numerals. Test Your Understanding of Roman Numerals Complete the chart below. Write the Arabic numeral for each Roman numeral given.



Roman Numeral III VI IX X XXII

Arabic Numeral

Challenge 1. Write the present year in Roman numerals. 2. Write your birth year in Roman numerals.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Roman Numeral LX XXXIV XC CCC M

Arabic Numeral

Islam Spreads Rapidly

Medieval Times

Islam Spreads Rapidly A New Religion To Europeans, it must have seemed that every disaster that could happen had already happened: Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, and other travelers had dropped by, taken what they wanted, and destroyed everything else. Then came the pressure of a new religion that was spreading rapidly: Islam. Its founder was Muhammad, a camel driver and traveling merchant who had been born in the Arabian town of Mecca. Moors during the Middle Ages There were 300 gods honored by the people in this town. As Muhammad talked with Jews and Christians, he was convinced there was only one God, whom he called Allah. His public attacks on the pagan gods created enemies for him since Mecca was a center for pagan worship. In a.d. 622, he escaped the city with his family. This event was Year One for the Muslim (Islamic) faithful. His escape from Mecca to live in the city of Medina was called the Hegira (flight). His teachings were written in the Koran (Qur’an). Islam expanded quickly. Arabs were great warriors and believed they were fighting a jihad, or holy war. Many people in the Middle East were weary of Byzantine taxes and restrictions, and the Byzantine Empire was exhausted by warfare. As a result, the Byzantine Empire, except what is now Turkey, came under Muslim control. Islam Threatens Rome Islam was like a mighty sword, cutting its way across the Middle East. By 639, the region from Iraq across Egypt was Muslim. Then it continued across North Africa. The Byzantines tried to stop the Muslims from taking any more of their land in Africa and were defeated in 640 at Heliopolis. In 711, the Muslims crossed from Africa into Spain; the Pillars of Hercules were renamed the Straits of Gibraltar in honor of a Muslim general. On the other side of the Mediterranean, the Muslims besieged Constantinople; the Eastern Empire was in danger of extinction. The siege failed, but in Spain, the Moors (as the Spanish Muslims were called) wiped out the old kingdom of the Visigoths and crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into France. They conquered southern France and were advancing on Paris. If they succeeded in destroying France, then conquering Europe was certainly a real possibility. Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer, rose to the occasion and defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Muslims were pushed back across the Pyrenees Mountains into Spain. The Moors built a kingdom in Spain that lasted until 1492, the year Columbus sailed. At first, the Europeans looked upon the Muslims as more barbarians, but in truth, the Moors were to play a valuable role in the future of Europe. While others ignored the literature of the Greeks, The Battle of Tours the Moors preserved it. The Moors had high regard for Aristotle and referred to him simply as the Philosopher. As practical people, the Muslims valued the insights of those with whom they came in contact. They expanded on the mathematical work of Ptolemy and Euclid. Their medical schools taught the importance of cleanliness, diagnosis, and the uses and effects of drugs. Our language still uses many of their terms: alcohol, algebra, zero, etc. Their navigational instruments were important to sailors who traveled beyond sight of land in later years.  404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Medieval Times

Islam Spreads Rapidly

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. jihad 2. Muhammad 3. caliph 4. Allah 5. Islam 6. Koran 7. Moors

a. a Muslim leader who had both political and religious authority b. the religion of Muslims based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad c. a group of Muslims that invaded Spain d. a Holy War undertaken as a sacred duty by Muslims e. the Muslim name for God f. the person who founded Islam, the religious faith of Muslims g. the sacred text of Islam, considered by Muslims to contain the revelations of God to Muhammad

Multiple Choice 8. Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732? a. Charles Martel b. Aristotle c. Ptolemy d. Euclid 9. How did the Moors refer to Aristotle? a. the Great One c. the Only One

b. the Hammer d. the Philosopher

10. What was Muhammad’s escape from Mecca to live in the city of Medina called? a. Qur’an b. Hegira c. Islam d. Jihad Constructed Response 11. Describe how the Moors played a valuable role in the future of Europe. Use at least two details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers



Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest

Medieval Times

Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest Merovingian Rulers The Merovingians were Franks who had ruled what is now France for almost 300 years. There was little that was royal or majestic about the Merovingians; they were either fools or corrupt. Outside help was needed to run their affairs, and they relied on the Mayor of the Palace, a chief administrator, to control the country. Charles Martel had been the Mayor of the Palace when he had defeated the Muslims in 732. As Mayor of the Palace, Martel was more powerful than the king. Martel’s son, Pepin, wasn’t satisfied with just being Mayor of the Palace. He wanted to be king, so in 754, he went to the pope. The pope agreed to depose, or set aside, the Merovingian king and crown Pepin king. Pepin the Short was a fine king, moral and wise, much better than the Merovingians who preceded Pepin the Short him. When Pepin died in 768, his two sons, Charles and Carloman II, became joint rulers. Three years later, Carloman died, and Charles ruled alone. At that time, he was only 26 years old. Much of his next 46 years would be spent fighting 50 campaigns against Germanic enemies. He also helped the pope against the Lombards who threatened Rome. Loyal to the church, he demanded that the Saxons he defeated in Germany either become Christians or die. Most chose to be baptized as Christians. Some stubbornly refused to convert. Charles, a man of his word, beheaded 4,500 of them at the same time. Charles the Great In Rome, Pope Leo III was attacked and left for dead by a group of rowdies. After Leo’s wounds were bound, he was taken to the camp of Charles, who was nearby. The Frankish army restored order and helped Leo return to power. The next Christmas, in the year 800, while Charles was attending church in Rome, the pope placed a crown on his head and proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans. Charles was now so powerful that he was known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great). Charlemagne not only knew how to win battles, he knew how to rule. He divided his empire into counties. The head of civil government Charlemagne was the count, and in each county, there was a bishop or archbishop in charge of the churches. The county’s main landowners met several times a year to pass laws and act as a court. The king sent special agents (missi domenici) to check on local officials and make sure they were not taking bribes or abusing the people. Charlemagne was concerned about education and brought a great scholar in to teach his children. Much taller than the average man of his time (6’4”), he was well built and kept himself in good shape with exercise and moderation in food and drink. He had four wives during his long lifetime, and they produced 18 children. He was a good father who enjoyed his family. Charlemagne enjoyed music and singing. He hoped to learn to write and practiced holding a pen. In case the skill should come in the middle of the night, he slept with paper under his pillow and a pen by his side. He developed interests in science, law, literature, and religion. His reign brought a degree of civilization to Europe that had been missing since before the invasions had begun. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

10

Medieval Times

Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. Carloman II 2. count 3. missi domenici 4. Mayor of the Palace 5. Saxons 6. Pepin the Short 7. Charles the Great

a. crowned as King of France in 754 b. in 786 he became a joint ruler of France with his brother Charles c. a Germanic people King Charles ordered to become Christians or die d. a king that became so powerful he was known as Charlemagne e. the king’s special agent f. a person appointed to head the civil government of a county g. a chief administrator of the Merovingian rulers of France

Multiple Choice 8. How many wives did Charlemagne have during his life? a. 3 wives b. 4 wives c. 5 wives d. 6 wives 9. How many children did Charlemagne have during his life? a. 4 children b. 10 children c. 18 children d. 16 children 10. Who crowned Charles Emperor of the Romans? a. Pope Leo III b. Carloman II c. Charles Martel d. Pepin the Short Critical Thinking 11. In what ways did Charlemagne bring order to France? Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

11

The Viking Plague From the North

Medieval Times

The Viking Plague From the North The Northmen Threaten Europe It seemed that whenever Europe was about to settle down and the people could enjoy safety and prosperity, some new group came along to make life miserable. Shortly after the death of Charlemagne in 814, a new and frightening threat came to loot and destroy. There was no trouble recognizing them. They wore layers of animal hides and leather helmets and carried round, wooden shields. Their long, wooden ships, with a snake or dragon head on the prow and single sail, moved swiftly to attack and then left quickly after they had robbed and burned. Of all the invaders who Odin had attacked Europe, they were the most feared. The people prayed, “God, deliver us from the fury of the Northmen.” Scandinavia was home to the Vikings, who were ancestors to the Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes. At home, they lived in small villages, grew crops, and raised livestock. Their villages were well organized and were governed by a council, called a Thing. It was the Thing, not a king, who made the decisions for the community. It decided when they would go to war. It seems the Vikings loved the thrill of war more than any other people in history. In battle, Vikings often used a two-edged sword and aimed at the enemy’s arms and legs. They also used a broad axe, arrows, and spears. Their most fierce warriors were the berserkers, who wore shirts made from bear skins and worked themselves into a frenzy before battle. They were fearless and terrifying. The Vikings were pagan worshippers of the gods Odin and Thor. Odin was the god of battle and death. Thor ruled the sky and controlled the storms and winds. At sea, Thor helped them more, but when they landed, Odin became the more important god. They attacked in small raiding parties. Small seacoast towns, churches, and monasteries were favorite targets. Berserkers Explorers and Raiders There were no sailors as daring as the Vikings, and their explorers set out for distant places. They reached Iceland in 870; Eric the Red landed in Greenland in 982. About the year 1000, Eric’s son, Lief Ericson, landed on the North American coast, found wild grapes, and named his discovery Vinland. Vikings attacked Ireland, west­ern England, France, Germany, and eventually as far south as Sicily. Overland raids from Sweden spread into Russia and down the rivers to Baku on the Caspian Sea William the Conqueror and Constantinople on the Black Sea. By about 875, some Vikings landing in England continued to raid, but others were ready to settle down. A group of Danish Vikings called Normans settled on the coast of France (Normandy). With William the Conqueror as their leader, they attacked and defeated the English in 1066. The Vikings would eventually establish peaceful kingdoms in the Baltic area. They became Christian and began to fit in better with other Europeans. But in general, the turmoil they created was harmful to the peace of others. People turned to local leaders to protect them. This led to the system of feudalism that dominated Europe for many years. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

12

Medieval Times

The Viking Plague From the North

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. Normans 2. Odin 3. Eric the Red 4. berserkers 5. Thing 6. Scandinavia 7. Thor

a. the most fierce of the Viking warriors b. the area of Europe where the Vikings lived c. a council that made the decisions for the Viking community d. a group of Danish Vikings who settled on the coast of France e. the Viking god of battle and death f. the Viking god who ruled the sky and controlled the storms and winds g. a Viking who landed in Greenland in 982

Multiple Choice 8. Who named his discovery Vinland? a. Charlemagne c. Lief Ericson

b. Eric the Red d. Odin

9. Who was the leader of the Normans when the English were attacked and defeated in 1066? a. William the Conqueror b. Lief Ericson c. Charlemagne d. Eric the Red 10. What animal heads could be found on the prow and sail of the Vikings? a. horse or goat b. lizard or snake c. dragon or eagle d. dragon or snake Constructed Response 11. Explain why Vikings were so feared in Europe. Use two details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

13

Medieval Times

Feudalism Comes to Europe

Feudalism Comes to Europe Citizens Need Protection Imagine that you live in an area where there are several hills. The people live in great fear of what the people on the next hill might do to them. They are hungry and tired, so they find a leader, and they promise him that if he will protect them, they will serve him the rest of their lives. As long as they are near the hill, they feel more secure, but they dare not travel beyond that hill. The lord’s castle, where vassals could seek protecThey become suspicious of outsiders, fearing tion, was usually in the center of the feudal manor. strangers are trying to find a way to attack them. A few merchants may come with goods to sell, but how will they pay for the goods? What would happen to trade in the area? How would people eat? What would they wear? The people would have to produce everything themselves, wouldn’t they? Since they could not get to outside goods, and goods could not get to them, they would have to learn to make their own. If you can imagine this, then you can understand the feudal system. The Feudal System The vassal (the one who wanted the help) came to the lord (the one who could give the help), and in return for protection, food, and clothing, the vassal would be the lord’s servant for the rest of his or her life. The nobles were vassals of the king; the peasant was vassal to the nobleman. The king had authority over the nobles, but could not give orders to the peasant, who was the noble’s servant. The exception to that rule was in England. The land the noble received from the king was called a fiefdom. If you were my vassal, what kinds of power did I have over you? I would have military power over you. I could expect you to fight for me. If I were the one attacked, you would serve without pay for as long as necessary. If I were the one attacking, then you would be my soldier for six weeks; after that, I would have to pay all your expenses. Even when there was no war, I could call on you to guard my castle occasionally. You might have to give political service. If I wanted you to come to my castle for your advice on any subject (war, marriage, or anything else), you must come. I could also expect your financial help if I were going to fight a Crusade or get married. When your father died, then you would have to pay for the right to continue as my vassal. If you were a girl, then you would need my permission to marry. You would also need my approval to give any land to the church. If I failed to protect you as I promised, then you could protest to my lord (if I had one). If I were the king (and had no lord), then you might ask for the help of someone strong enough to oppose me. If they succeeded in defying me, they would become your new lord and protector. If you did not live up to your obligations, I could try you in a court made up of my other vassals. If you were found guilty, you would have to surrender your fiefdom. Wars were common, but there were rules against fighting from Friday through Sunday, from Thursday through Sunday of Holy Week (Easter), and on certain holy days. There was usually no fighting during the winter or harvest. These limits helped reduce the violence. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

14

Medieval Times

Feudalism Comes to Europe

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.



feudal system vassal lord fiefdom military political financial

a. b. c. d. e.

the one who gave help and protection in the feudal system the one who wanted help and protection in the feudal system the land a noble received from a king having to do with money having to do with soldiers and war



f. having to do with government g. social system where vassals give service to a lord in return for protection, food, clothing, etc.

Multiple Choice 8. Who would be the lord of a nobleman? a. a duke c. a vassal

b. a king d. a merchant

9. If your lord were fighting a defensive war, how long were you required to serve him? a. six weeks b. six months c. two years d. as long as necessary 10. How many days a week, at most, could fighting in a war take place? a. 7 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3 Critical Thinking 11. Who do you think got the better end of the deal, the lord or the vassal? Why? Use details from the reading selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

15

Showdown at Canossa

Medieval Times

Showdown at Canossa Reforming the Church The feudal system created complicated ar­rangements between lords and vassals. Added to those problems were relations between king and church. What if the vassal was a bishop who controlled church lands? Who should appoint that bishop: the king as his lord or the pope as head of the church? These were important is­sues when nobles became bishops in order to control church land; the church became a major landholder within a kingdom. During the Middle Ages, the church held about one-third of the land in Europe. Kings insisted that the bishop or ab­bot (head of a monastery) was a vassal, and he should receive the symbols of that office from the king (lay investiture). Church reformers did not like this because they felt it divided the loyalty and duties of local church officials. Henry IV begging for The modern person usually sees the pope as a holy man, forgiveness from devoted to serving God and the church. In the early Middle Ages, the Pope Gregory VII pope had a different image. At first, the popes had been appointed by the clergy (priests) of Rome and nearby regions, but then the German nobles began choosing the pope. In 1059, the College of Cardinals was formed by high church officials around Rome to select future popes. Pope Nicholas I (858–867) had tried to bring all clergy under the control of the pope, but after he died, they returned to ignoring the pope’s orders. With churchmen practicing simony (buying and selling their positions), the pope’s control was very weak. Reformers met at Cluny, France, and demanded an end to church corruption. They wanted the pope to control the church. Kings, they said, should have no power to choose church officials. Challenge to Papal Authority A leader in this reform movement was Hildebrand, a high Roman Church official. In 1059, he was elected Pope Gregory VII by the cardinals and began making changes. In the future, no priests could be married, and the pope would choose the bishops. If the pope made a decision, only the pope could change it. Gregory’s claim of more papal authority was bold and was not going to be popular among the rulers. The Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, was furious with Gregory and insultingly called him a “false monk.” In 1077, after a clash over the choice of an archbishop, the pope excommunicated (expelled) Henry IV from the church. No Christian would have to obey the king, and he could lose his throne. Henry crossed the mountains and went to Canossa where Gregory was staying. The king stood barefoot in the snow three days begging for forgiveness. At last, Gregory forgave him. Henry returned to Germany, where he won the support of the nobles, but clearly was not humble to the pope. In 1080, Gregory excommunicated him again, but this time it didn’t work. Henry brought an army into Italy. Gregory was chased out of Rome, and Henry appointed an antipope (one installed as a rival to the real pope). Bitter to the end, Gregory’s last words were: “I have loved righteousness and hated iniquity. Therefore, I die in exile.” 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

16

Medieval Times

Showdown at Canossa

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. simony 2. College of Cardinals 3. excommunicated 4. antipope 5. lay investiture 6. abbot 7. clergy





a. the person in charge of a monastery b. the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords c. the priests of the Catholic Church d. the practice of churchman buying or selling his position e. the group of church officials responsible for selecting future popes f. to be expelled from the church g. a person installed as a rival to the real pope

Multiple Choice 8. Who was elected Pope Gregory VII by the cardinals in 1059? a. Henry IV b. Pope Nicholas I c. Hildebrand d. William the Conqueror 9. What Holy Roman Emperor disagreed and insulted the pope? a. William the Conqueror b. Lief Ericson c. Pope Nicholas I d. Henry IV 10. Where did reformers meet to discuss church corruption? a. Cluny, France b. Germany c. Rome, Italy d. Ireland Constructed Response 11. In 1080, Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV for a second time. Explain why this didn’t work. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

17

Great Minds in the Dark Ages

Medieval Times

Great Minds in the Dark Ages The Dark Ages The Middle Ages are sometimes referred to as the “dark ages” because education was very limited, people knew little about the outside world, and war seemed to be more important than ideas. Yet, even under the worst situations, there were people who continued to think and began to affect the way others thought. People Who Influenced Thinking in the Middle Ages St. Augustine (354–430) was born in North Africa and grew up lazy and wild. His mother prayed that he would shape up, and when he St. Augustine was 33 and living in Milan, Italy, he did. Augustine returned to North Africa, sold his inheritance, and gave the money to the poor. He saw life as two sided: the “City of Man” (human society) and the “City of God” (spiritual world). He thought about war and concluded that war is permitted if it is the last resort and is fought for a just cause. The most glory, he wrote, goes to the one who ends war. His most famous book is The City of God. The Venerable Bede (673–735) was an English priest and scholar. He was much more interested in learning than in attaining status. He turned down the offer to be an abbot because it would have interfered with his studies. He had many interests: languages, astronomy, mathematics, and music. One of his accomplishments was devising the formula to decide when Easter should fall each year. Peter Abelard (1079–1142) was a well-known teacher in Paris, and students came from many nations to attend his classes. He had strong opinions on many subjects and was often in trouble with the church. His most famous work was Sic et Non (Yes and No), which debated both sides of issues. He wrote: “By doubting, we are led to inquiry; from inquiry, we perceive the truth.” St. Thomas à Becket (1118–1176) was archbishop of Canterbury and a longtime friend of King Henry II of England. The king wanted to limit church power, but Becket defended the church. When government officials tried to seize church lands and some of the bishops agreed to it, he excommunicated them all. The king was very angry with him and privately complained about this troublesome man. Four of Henry’s barons who overheard his complaints went to Canterbury and killed Becket in the cathedral. The public was so outraged that the murderers were forced to go to the Holy Land for 14 years. The king, who denied responsibility, allowed himself to be flogged at Becket’s tomb. St. Francis of Assisi (1182–1226) gave away his riches and lived as a beggar preaching to the poorest people in the cities of Italy. He loved nature and found God revealed in every living thing. He believed everything that God had created was for the good of man. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) became a monk against the wishes of his family, and his brothers even held him prisoner in a castle for a year. His main interest was theology (the study of God), but he also developed new approaches to thinking. He believed that the people should participate in government. His views were helpful to democratic thought St. Francis later on. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

18

Medieval Times

Great Minds in the Dark Ages

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. cathedral 2. inheritance 3. abbot 4. theology 5. Middle Ages 6. Venerable Bede 7. priest Multiple Choice

a. the property or a title passed to a person from an ancestor b. the person in charge of a monastery c. an English priest and scholar d. a member of the clergy e. a period in European history sometimes referred to as the “dark ages” f. the official church of the bishop g. the study of God







8. What was Peter Abelard’s profession? a. priest c. teacher

b. lawyer d. carpenter

9. What scholar developed a table showing when Easter comes each year? a. Abelard b. Bede c. Assisi d. Aquinas 10. How did St. Thomas à Becket die? a. killed by five barons c. killed by four monks

b. killed by three monks d. killed by four barons

Constructed Response 11. Explain why the Middle Ages is sometimes referred to as the “dark ages.” Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

19

Monks and Hermits Reject the World

Medieval Times

Monks and Hermits Reject the World Difficult Times The Medieval world was a terrible place, full of violence and sin. For some people, there was too little of the virtues taught by the Old and New Testament. Fear had caused some early Christians to hide away in deserts or on mountainsides. They were called hermits. One lived in the desert for 90 years. The most famous hermit, St. Simeon Stylites, lived on a 60-foottall pillar for 30 years. St. Anthony was an Egyptian Christian who lived on a mountain near the Nile River around a.d. 300. He gathered other hermits together in groups of two or three, and they would all come together for worship. These were the first monks. In the difficult times of the Middle Ages, more people wanted to escape from the wars so they could live a quiet life of books and prayer. Monasteries and Convents St. Benedict The temptations of the world bothered some who feared they might not live a good enough life to reach heaven. Some moved to remote places and lived as hermits, and others moved to monasteries (for men) or convents (for women). After a year of probation, they would join the order and agree to live by its rules. They had volunteered to live with hard work, simple food, and isolation from normal family life. About 529, a hermit named Benedict started a monastery on a mountaintop in Italy (Monte Cassino). This was the first of many Benedictine monasteries. Benedict wrote tough rules for his monks. The first rule was total obedience to the abbot (head of the monastery). The monks could own nothing (even their clothes belonged to the order). Their workday began at 6 a.m. and continued until sunset; then they ate supper and went to Vespers. At 2 a.m., they went to a prayer service. Their days were spent doing manual labor, copying manuscripts, and praying. In the 1200s new orders of monks formed: Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, and the Au­gustinian Hermits. Besides monks who lived away from the world, there were now friars, members of the order who lived out among the people. Each order was easily identified by their cloak, and each had different virtues they stressed. These groups often disagreed over religious issues and became rivals for public support. Women might join convents (also called nunneries) that followed strict rules similar to the monasteries. Their orders often had the same names as the men’s: Benedictine, Dominican, Augustinian, and Franciscan orders of nuns. In the early days, nuns were more free to leave the convent, but later in the Middle Ages they were usually required to stay inside its walls. A monastery might start with a few monks who lived by the strict rules of the order, but when donations of land and money came in, they often began to change. As vassal to a lord, the ab­bot became involved in politics. With greater wealth, the order could afford more luxuries, which made the lifestyle more appealing. Enforcement of rules grew lax in time. This led to criticism and demands for reform. Still, in the important areas of education, care of the sick, and safety for travelers, monasteries provided a valuable service. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

20

Medieval Times

Monks and Hermits Reject the World

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. friars a. early Christians that hid away in deserts or on 2. St. Simeon Stylites mountainsides 3. Benedict b. a community of women devoted to a religious life; 4. St. Anthony also called nunneries 5. convents c. a service of evening prayer 6. hermits d. the members of a religious order for men who lived 7. Vespers out among the people e. a hermit who lived on a 60-foot pillar for 30 years f. created the first monastery around a.d. 300 g. the hermit who started a monastery on a mountaintop in Italy Multiple Choice 8. What was the first rule of a Benedictine monk? a. could own nothing b. work all day c. praying every day d. total obedience 9. How could you tell which order a monk belonged to? a. by their cloak b. by their hat c. by the length of their hair d. by the type of shoe worn 10. How long was the workday at a Benedictine monastery? a. 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. b. 6 a.m. to sunset c. 5 a.m. to sunset d. 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. Critical Thinking 11. What do you think were the main reasons that men and women became monks or nuns during the Medieval period? Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

21

Rulers With “Uneasy Heads”

Medieval Times

Rulers With “Uneasy Heads” Feudal Traditions When the Vikings were raiding France in 912, King Charles tried to bribe a Norman chief named Rollo with land in northern France. Rollo accepted, which made him the king’s vassal. Feudal tradition required that the vassal kiss the lord’s foot, but Rollo refused to do it and ordered one of his men to do it for him. The man obeyed, but as he knelt and kissed the Hugh Capet king’s foot, he raised it so high that Charles tipped over. The more intelligent feudal kings knew that when the nobles were rebellious they could easily overthrow the king, and all his robes, thrones, and crowns would be of little use. Shakespeare wrote in his play, Henry IV, “Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.” As modern observers, we might think that “the King’s word is law.” This was more true in later years, but in the Middle Ages, defying the king was more ordinary than obeying him. Defying the King In France, that was true for King Hugh Capet (987–996). The Count of Paris, Hugh was cho­sen by the great nobles of northern France to be king. Every French king down to Louis XVI was related to Hugh Capet. However, Hugh found that his title didn’t help much. He had no national army and no national tax sources. In southern France, the nobles barely recognized that he was king and had no intention of obeying him. On one occasion, Hugh got into a bitter argument with a count who was his vassal. Hugh yelled: “Who made you a count?” The count shouted back: “Who made you a king?” It would take many years before French kings began to get respect. England was developing a degree of order before the Normans arrived. Their system of money was already in place. The first English coin was the penny, and 240 pennies weighed a pound. The shilling was one twentieth of a pound (12 pennies). In the county or shire, courts were held with important local citizens and royal officials debating and deciding issues. In such an orderly society, the king’s role should have been simple. It was not. King Stephen (1135–1154) was a good example. His cousin, Matilda, had a better claim to the throne than he did, but Matilda was unpopular and a woman, so the nobles swore allegiance to Stephen. He was kind and likeable, Stephen and the nobles took advantage of him. They ignored the law against building castles. Soon, forts went up in England as protection, not against invaders, but to defy royal authority. Matilda was in France plotting against Stephen; when she had enough support, she marched on London and captured him. She ruled as Lady of England but was so cruel the nobles turned against her. They put Stephen back on the throne, and put her in prison. Finally, she escaped to France. The Germans had no king. Their dukes were too strong for anyone to rule over them. If they were not fighting each other, they sometimes invaded Italy and drove the pope from Rome, in­stalling a new pope in his place. When that happened, some German dukes would side with the old pope, and some Italian nobles would support the new pope, causing much turmoil. In 962, a German duke, Otto I, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. The title was worn by a German nobleman from then until the 19th century. Matilda 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

22

Medieval Times

Rulers With “Uneasy Heads”

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. Shakespeare a. a county in England 2. penny b. an English coin; one twentieth of a pound 3. Hugh Capet c. an English woman who ruled as Lady of England 4. Otto I d. the German duke who was crowned Holy Roman 5. shilling Emperor by the pope in 962 6. shire e. the playwright who wrote “Uneasy lies the head that 7. Matilda wears a crown.” f. the Count of Paris who was crowned king g. the first English coin Multiple Choice 8. How many shilling make a pound? a. 10 shilling c. 20 shilling

b. 5 shilling d. 40 shilling

9. What was a sign that the nobles were taking advantage of King Stephen’s easy-going nature? a. They built forts. b. They didn’t pay taxes. c. They wouldn’t fight. d. They made fun of him. 10. Who was elected king by nobles of northern France? a. King Stephen b. Matilda c. Louis XVI d. Hugh Capet Constructed Response 11. Using details from the selection, explain how Matilda ruled as Lady of England.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

23

The Nobility of Europe

Medieval Times

The Nobility of Europe Titles of Rank Below the rank of king and queen were many nobles with titles of rank. A title might have a different meaning in another country. A prince is the son of a king; the daughter of a king is a princess. Following these, the order of rank was duke, marquis, earl or count, viscount, and baron. • Duke: In England, the duke ranks just below a prince. A member of the king’s family was a royal duke. In Court life was defined by rank. some European countries, a duke governed a province or duchy. The wife of a duke was a duchess. • Marquis: [pronounced MAR-kwis] Originally an officer in charge of defenses along the marches (frontier regions of the kingdom), but the title became a rank of nobility. His wife was a marquise [mar-KEEZ]. In England, the titles were marquess [MAR-kwis] and marchioness [MAR-shu-nis]. • Earl: In England, this was a rank equal to a count on the European continent. The earl’s wife was addressed as lady. • Count: A title used on the continent; in some countries a count was a member of the royal court, and in others, he was the king’s ruler in a district. His wife was a countess. • Viscount: [VIE-kount] An English officer who acted as a substitute for the earl. Later, it became an honorary rank, and the actual duties went to the sheriff (acting as the substitute for the king). His wife was a viscountess. • Baron: A major vassal of the king or a person who had given major military service. The wife was a baroness, and the children were baronets. In 1611, King James I of England created an order of hereditary knights also called baronets. The Life of a Nobleman Being a nobleman was hazardous to one’s health. These were violent times, and from childhood, the sons of nobles prepared for the life of a warrior. They fought wars with outsiders, and if none were available, they fought each other. Wearing a suit of armor or chain mail, with a helmet on their heads, they were, in modern terms, one mean fighting machine. Nobles built high forts and surrounded them with moats (trenches filled with water). These forts were designed for protection, not comfort. The attacker used catapults and battering rams to attempt to make a hole in the wall or gate. Ladders were used to climb over the walls. The defender used a variety of weapons, such as boiling water, rocks, and arrows, against attackers. Arguments were frequent among the nobles, and ways to settle those disputes in court were developed. In Germany, the accused was guilty unless proven innocent. One way to find the truth was trial by ordeal in which the accused picked up a red hot iron and carried it a few paces. If his hands healed in the required time, it was proof he was innocent. There were also trials by combat in which the two parties fought each other. Violence requires justification, or the person is nothing more than a murderer or robber. To protect against the Vikings or other barbarian threats was certainly justification for the existence of nobles. However, after the invaders left or settled in, the fighting men looked for other reasons to do what they did best. They found these excuses in defense of the church, in the code of chivalry, and in the noblest of all causes: the Crusades. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

24

Medieval Times

The Nobility of Europe

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. lady

a. the wife of a duke

2. duke

b. the daughter of a king

3. countess

c. the wife of a viscount

4. prince

d. an earl’s wife

5. viscountess

e. the rank just below a prince

6. duchess

f. a count’s wife

7. princess

g. the son of a king

Multiple Choice 8. Which title was most likely to come because of military service? a. baron b. prince c. duke d. count 9. What rank became outdated when authority went to the sheriff? a. viscount b. duke c. marquis d. baron 10. In trial by combat, how were disputes settled? a. by the king b. by fighting each other c. by carrying a red hot iron d. by the baron Constructed Response 11. Nobles built forts for protection. Using at least two details from the selection, explain how they defended these forts. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

25

The Nobility of Europe

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Explore: Noble Rankings—A Graphic Organizer Directions: Place each title pair (male and female) from the word bank in the correct box in the graphic organizer. Titles are ranked from the highest at the top to the lowest at the bottom.

Count/Countess King/Queen Earl/Lady





404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Prince/Princess Viscount/Viscountess Baron/Baroness

26



Baronet Duke/Duchess Marquis/Marquise

Medieval Times

Knights in Shining Armor

Knights in Shining Armor Horsemen Wearing Armor Around the eighth century, the nobility began to see the need for an army made up of cavalry (horsemen) wearing armor. These were called knights. For these men to afford the equipment and horses they needed, the lord would grant them lands (in other words, make them vassals). Charles Martel used this system to raise a national army with which to fight the Muslims, and local nobles began using the same system. Edward III of England with Knighthood his son, the Black Prince Becoming a knight was the result of a long process. A boy from a good family offered to serve a baron or warrior, follow him into combat, and carry his shield and spear. It required much exercise, learning to ride, practicing with the weapons of the trade, and coping with the fatigue. It also involved learning proper manners around ladies: politeness, courtesy, and helpfulness. When he reached manhood, he prepared to receive knighthood. Wearing robes with colors signifying purity and devotion, he prayed and fasted. He was instructed by a priest on the true meaning of knight­hood. He then took the vow of chivalry (which included purity, valor, compassion, defense of the church, and loyalty to the king). He knelt before a prince or a warrior who struck him lightly on the shoulder with the flat of his sword and said “In the name of God, St. Michael, and St. George, I make thee a knight; be valiant, bold, and loyal.” In the earlier years of the feudal system, becoming a knight was a way to improve one’s posi­tion in life, but eventually that door of opportunity shut. People born into the upper class believed it was family, not service, that should fix a person’s status. The process of becoming a knight then became more ritualistic. A boy from an upper-class family automatically became a page at the age of 7, a squire at about 14 or 15, and then went through the ritual ceremony of becoming a knight. Fewer and fewer boys from poor backgrounds were let into the knighthood.

Weapons Used Against Knights The purpose of the knight was to fight, and much of his life was spent in warfare. In the earlier days of knighthood, a charge by men on horseback was more than enough to scatter men on foot. In time, however, new weapons came along that lessened the shock of a knight’s attack. In the 13th century, the crossbow was developed. Firing a metal bolt, a foot soldier could use the crossbow to penetrate a knight’s armor. However, it had major limitations. The crossbow was cumbersome, had to be loaded mechanically, and had a short range. The longbow was another useful weapon; it could not pierce armor, but when fired in volleys, it broke up charges on horseback. Anything that caused the horseman to fall off his horse was effective, because with the weight and bulk of his armor, he was defenseless on foot. Orders of Knights The high point for knighthood was the Crusades, and many knights bound themselves together in orders (like religious orders) dedicated to fight the Muslims. French knights formed the Knights Hospitalers. The Knights Templars was an order composed of knights from many nations. The Teutonic Knights were German. A group dedicated to freeing Spain from the Muslims was the Knights of the Santiago de Compostella. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

27

Knights in Shining Armor

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. Knights Hospitalers 2. Crusades 3. Teutonic Knights 4. longbow 5. knight 6. Knights Templars 7. crossbow Multiple Choice

a. a solider who fought on horseback while wearing armor b. the high point for knighthood c. a weapon used to fire arrows in volleys to break up charges on horseback d. an order composed of knights from many nations e. an order of German knights f. a powerful bow with a firing mechanism; when fired, the arrow could penetrate a knight’s armor g. the order of French knights

8. What group was dedicated to freeing Spain from the Muslims? a. Knights Hospitalers b. Teutonic Knights c. Knights Templars d. Knights of the Santiago de Compostella 9. What two saints were important to the image of a knight? a. St. Michael and St. Ralph b. St. George and St. Thomas c. St. Michael and St. George d. St. George and St. Peter 10. At what age did an upper-class boy automatically become a page? a. 14 years old b. 7 years old c. 10 year old d. 9 years old Constructed Response 11. Describe how a student knight spent his first years of training. Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

28

Medieval Times

Knights in Shining Armor

Name:

Date:

Explore: Coat of Arms In Europe, a coat of arms has long been a symbol of a family’s identity and values. Warriors originally used a coat of arms to identify their family or clan. The symbols used to decorate the shield represented the characteristics of the person, family, or clan. These coats of arms have been passed down generation after generation.

Crown: authority

Eagle with wings spread: strength of mind

Griffin: valor and vigilance

Scepter: justice

Leopard: wisdom and agility

Stag: purity and strength of spirit

Head of an arrow: speed and directness

Sun: splendor and royalty

Heart: loyalty

Tower: strength and protections

Lion: Courage

Unicorn: extreme courage

Teeth of a file: oldest son

Crescent: second son

Star: third son

Martlet: fourth son

Double circle: fifth son

Rose: sixth son

Cross: seventh son

Octofoil: eighth son

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

29

Knights in Shining Armor

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Explore: Design a Coat of Arms Directions: Create your own personal coat of arms using the shield below. Divide the shield into halves, quarters, or thirds. Use the symbols on page 29 to design your shield or create your own to represent what is special about you.

Colors Have Special Meanings Gold: generosity Blue: truth and loyalty Purple: royalty

Silver or White: peace and sincerity Green: hope, joy, and loyalty in love Orange: worthy goals

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

30

Red: warrior Black: grief Maroon: victorious in battle

Medieval Times

Ladies of the Court

Ladies of the Court Lady of the Manor In a society like that of the Middle Ages, where does the woman fit? If the chief activity is war, and the woman is not a warrior, then what does she do with her time? If the main part of the household work is done by women of the lower class, what does the “lady of the manor” do? The modern woman would have difficulty understanding the Medieval woman. She was an inferior. Her status was set by the teachings of Aristotle (who believed women and slaves were naturally inferior), by the statement of St. Paul (that women were to keep silent in the church), and by Germanic laws (that treated women as their husband’s property). When looking for a wife, the nobleman was less concerned with love than in finding a woman who could benefit him, either financially or politically. Couples were often married after their families had bargained a long time over the amount of dowry the bride’s father must pay. Sometimes, the couple never even met before they were married. The whole courtship and wedding ceremony took place through letters and contracts. In southern France, a much more romantic approach to courtship developed in the 11th century. The roving troubadour would sing and play for the woman and win her love. Stories told of the knight who would slay dragons or win contests for the woman in his life, who was not always his wife. The romantic tale of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere gave the court of King Arthur the secret love and complications of Medieval romance that are typical of today’s soap operas. Once married, her husband was, in theory, the woman’s lord and master. All of her property belonged to her husband, and he could use it or waste it as he saw fit. In practice, she ran the household and supervised the spinning, weaving, and cooking. When the husband was away, she became outdoor supervisor, and if the castle were attacked while her husband Although not a real person, was away, she commanded the defense. Queen Guinevere was idolized in Medieval romance

Women Rebel The system was against them, but women did not always play the lowly servant’s role. When Norman men invaded England in 1066, some of their wives protested when they stayed away too long and warned that if they did not come home quickly, the women would find new husbands. The men said farewell to their army and went home. Some women were blunt in expressing their opinions. Isabella, the Countess of Arundel, clashed with King Henry III and told him bluntly that he did not govern himself or the nation well. Then as now, wives were not always obedient and silent. Couples that never argued were so rare in England that a couple could win a side of bacon if they could swear, after a year of marriage, that they had never quarreled. Other women were more subtle. They followed the advice of a character in Chaucer’s “Clerk’s Tale.” “The best way to rule a man,” they were told, “was to give him what he pleased.” Clever women did exist, and some used Chaucer’s advice well in their dealings with men.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

31

Ladies of the Court

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. Aristotle 2. St. Paul 3. dowry 4. Germanic law 5. courtship 6. troubadour

a. the time two people spend getting to know one another before they are married b. the person who believed women were inferior to men c. the person who stated that women were to keep silent in the church d. a poet who composed and sung songs on the theme of courtly love e. the amount of money the bride’s father must pay to the husband on their marriage f. the laws that allowed women to be treated as the property of their husbands

Multiple Choice 7. What did Chaucer think a woman could do to rule a man? a. give him what he pleased b. cook fine meals for him c. go into battle with him d. give him financial support 8. What would a nobleman look for in a wife? a. youth and beauty b. spinning and weaving ability c. financial or political gain d. silence and obedience 9. What romantic relationship did people associate with King Arthur’s court? a. Romeo and Juliet b. Lancelot and Guinevere c. Isabella and Henry d. Henry III and Guinevere Constructed Response 10. Describe the life of a noble woman. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

32

Medieval Times

The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble

The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble The Eastern Roman Empire In comparison with feudalism in the West, the Eastern Empire (also called Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire) was orderly and strong. Constantinople was ideally located for defense. It was surrounded on three sides by water, and high walls were built along the only landward side. Its army was one of the best in the world, and its navy was strong. Financially, the Empire was in good shape. It was at the crossroads of trade between East and West, and merchants in the city were safe and prosperous. The government was very efficient and operated the same regardless of who was emperor. The Eastern (Orthodox) Church had little to do with the Roman Church.The most important person in the Eastern Church was the Patriarch of Constantinople, and like the Western Church, there were archbishops and bishops in major cities. But there were differences. The Orthodox baptized by immersing the individual three times. Also, it was required that bishops be unmar­ried (celibate), but married men could be priests. The legal system of Byzantium went back to Justinian (527–565). He wrote Corpus Juris Civilis (The Body of Civil Law ), and it gave all decision-making authority in government to the emperor. “The emperor alone can make laws,” said Justinian. The emperor also had the power to decide how the laws should be interpreted. Residents of Constantinople could consider themselves lucky when compared to the confusion in the Western end of the old Roman Empire. Justinian

Threats to the Empire However, there were serious threats to this good life in the Eastern Empire. One was that there were no lines of succession to the throne. This was called the Malady of the Purple (so called because the emperor wore a purple robe). In the West, heredity was the main determinant of the next king; the eldest son of the emperor was next in line. But in the Byzantine Empire, any nobleman might decide to replace a dying emperor. Like the West, the East was threatened by invaders. Slavic tribes came in the 6th century and settled in isolated areas. The Bulgarians came out of Finland and occasionally raided the empire. The Petchenegs and Russians sometimes attacked the frontiers in the 7th century and, a few times, had to be driven from the walls of the city. In 1054, a representative of the pope (a legate) had been refused when he tried to see the patriarch. Each church had then accused the other of heresy (violation of Christian doctrine) and broke all ties with each other. By 1081, the Byzantines were in desperate trouble. The new emperor, Alexius I, faced attack by Turkish pirates from the sea and the vicious Petchenegs from the north. To save Constantinople, he melted down church treasures to pay another group of Turkish people to support him. Still, the Muslims kept coming, and Alexius panicked. He desperately turned to the pope for help. Gregory VII could not respond; he was too busy fighting off Henry IV. Pope Urban II, who followed, saw some advantages in going to the aid of the Eastern Empire. It would unite Western Christians in a common cause, strengthen the image of the pope as leader of the Christian world, and might bring the Eastern Church under the control of the Western Church. He decided to call for a Crusade. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

33

The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. heresy 2. Corpus Juris Civilis 3. Eastern Orthodox 4. Malady of the Purple 5. Constantinople 6. Byzantium 7. legate

Multiple Choice

a. the part of the of the Roman Empire also known as the Byzantine Empire b. the Christian Church in the Eastern Empire c. the crossroads of trade between Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire d. the violation of Christian doctrine e. a representative of the pope f. the laws that gave all decision-making authority in the government to the emperor g. there were no lines of succession to the throne

8. When did the Eastern and Western Churches break relations? a. 1081 b. 527 c. 1054 d. 565 9. Who was the most important person in the Eastern (Orthodox) Church? a. Justinian b. Patriarch of Constantinople c. Gregory VII d. Henry IV 10. Who made the laws for the Eastern Empire? a. emperor b. patriarch c. pope d. the people Constructed Response 11. Explain the rules about marriage for clergy in the Eastern Church. Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

34

Medieval Times

“God will it!” The First Crusade

“God wills it!” The First Crusade The Holy City In 1095, Pope Urban II traveled north to Clermont, France, and gave a speech to the church leaders and nobles who came to hear him. It was one of the most dramatic speeches in history. He called on the descendants of Charlemagne to rescue their fellow Christians in the East and the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. He told them to forget family and possessions and their past feuds and wars and take up the Cross for the holy cause. He also promised them everlast­ing life in heaven if they went. The people cried out: “God wills it! God wills it!” Their symbol was a cross worn on their tunics. Crusade literally Crusaders throwing the heads of Muslims over rampart walls meant “to take the cross.” The message spread quickly. The First Crusade Peter the Hermit was a preacher who rode around France on his donkey. His sermons caused commoners to leave their work and fol­low his banner to free the Holy City from the Muslims. Five divisions of commoners were formed in April 1096 and started east. The first two were led by Walter the Penniless, and they arrived in Constantinople in mid-July; the others arrived two weeks later. They were weak, tired, and hungry at the end of their journey. They crossed the Bosporus to Asia Minor (Turkey) in August and were wiped out by the Seljuk Turks, who left their dead bodies to bleach in the sun. The knights had gathered separately and were led by Godfrey, Bohemund, and Robert. Some traveled to Constantinople by land, others by sea. Their motives for going varied. Some went for purely religious reasons. Others planned on using this as an opportunity to get rich quick. The leaders were divided and jealous, each often working against the others. Fortunately for the Crusaders, their Muslim opponents were also badly divided and plotting against each other. In 1099, the Crusaders captured Antioch after a long siege. Just after they captured the city, they were surrounded by a newly arrived Muslim army. When the situation was at its worst, a warrior found what was said to be the lance that had pierced Jesus’ side. This was seen as a sign that God was with them; the Crusaders rallied and fought their way out. They marched on to Jerusalem, where they easily overcame the resistance. Once in the city, the Crusaders slaughtered 10,000 Jews and Muslims. Godfrey was offered the title of king, but took a more modest title Defender of the Holy Sepulcher. Three other kingdoms were established at Antioch, Tripoli, and Edessa. The Second Crusade These kingdoms, known as Crusader states, were not very strong and depended heavily on Italian merchants who used their harbors for trade. After the Muslims captured Edessa, the Second Crusade began. Its two leaders, Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France, did not work together, and when the Crusade failed, they went home in 1148. A new threat to the Crusader states came in the form of Saladin, a great military leader. In 1187, he captured Jerusalem and took its king as a prisoner. Saladin 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

35

“God will it!” The First Crusade

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. Muslims 2. Pope Urban II 3. Crusade 4. Saladin 5. Bosporus 6. Jerusalem

Multiple Choice

a. the Muslim military leader who captured Jerusalem in 1187 b. the followers of the religion of Islam c. a military expedition undertaken by Christians to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims d. narrow strait of water between Europe and Asia Minor e. the person who called all Christians in Europe to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims f. the Holy City of the Christians

7. What did the term Crusade literally mean? a. “give me the cross” b. “to take the cross” c. “long live the cross” d. “nailed to the cross” 8. What happened to the commoners who fought the Seljuk Turks? a. They were wiped out. b. They were taken as prisoners. c. They were turned into slaves. d. They were given money. 9. Who took Jerusalem away from the Crusaders? a. Conrad III b. Louis VII c. Saladin e. Godfrey Constructed Response 10. In 1099, the Crusaders captured Antioch but found they were surrounded by a newly arrived Muslim army. Explain what restored the fighting spirit of the Crusaders. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

36

Medieval Times

Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade

Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade Crusading to Free Jerusalem The fall of Jerusalem stunned people in the West, and even kings became involved in freeing the Holy City this time. Philip II of France, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, and Richard the Lion Hearted of England all joined the Crusade. Of those, by far the most famous today is Richard. His fame comes from the movies and books made about Robin Hood, who fought to save England from the evil Prince John while Richard was held hostage in Austria. Richard returned, became king once again, and Robin, Maid Marian, the merry men of Sherwood Forest, and England lived happily ever after. At least part of the story is true. Richard the Lion Hearted The son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard grew up in a family constantly at war with each other. He even had to struggle with his father to be considered an heir to the throne. Almost immediately after he was crowned king in 1189, Richard prepared to go on the Third Crusade. To pay the expenses of the expedition, he raised taxes. In Sicily he joined forces with King Philip Augustus of France. On his way to the Holy Land, Richard conquered Cyprus, and its wealth helped finance his trip. He then joined in the siege of Acre in June 1191. During the siege, Richard and leaders of the Germans and French quarreled constantly. At one time, the French and English armies almost came to blows. Acre fell in July, and in August, Philip returned to France. Battling Saladin Richard was a brave soldier and enjoyed nothing more than a good war. After the French left, he found a new enemy to fight: Saladin, the sultan of Egypt. Saladin was determined to drive the crusaders out. He said: “Let us purge the air of the air they breathe.” Richard’s army was stopped when he tried to capture Jerusalem in 1191 and was forced to retreat to Ascalon. He tried three more times, but never succeeded. Going Home to England Richard finally realized that he was never going to take Jerusalem and worked out a treaty with Saladin. The treaty left the Crusaders with only a fringe along the coastline, and their base at Ascalon was destroyed. Richard now faced another problem as there was no good way to go home. His enemies controlled all the sea and land routes. Starting back in 1192, he disguised himself while he was passing through Austria. King Leopold was watching for him, though; Richard was captured in Vienna, and Leopold turned him over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. The emperor required a ransom of 150,000 marks before he would release the king. The English quickly raised taxes to meet the demands. Even though the English were never able to pay the full amount, Richard was released. He came home in 1194, was there a few weeks, and then left for France to fight Philip. There, in 1199, he was wounded in the shoulder by a crossbow and died from the injury. In his eleven years as king, he was on English soil less than one year. During his reign, he accomplished nothing of importance to England; yet, he has always been a popular figure. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

37

Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Robin Hood treaty siege Saladin Third Crusade sultan ransom

a. the sultan of Egypt; worked out a treaty with Richard the Lion Hearted b. the sum of money or other payment demanded for the release of a prisoner c. a make-believe character who fought to save England from the evil Prince John d. ruler of a Muslim state e. a formal agreement between countries f. the blockading of a city by an army attempting to capture it g. the journey led by Richard the Lion Hearted, Phillip Augustus of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany to win control of Jerusalem

Multiple Choice 8. Who turned Richard over to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI? a. Robin Hood b. Philip II c. Saladin d. King Leopold 9. Where was Richard the Lion Hearted held hostage? a. the Holy Land b. France c. Austria d. Egypt 10. How much was the ransom for Richard the Lion Hearted? a. 150 marks b. 150,000 marks c. 1,500 marks d. 1,500,000 marks Critical Thinking 11. Why do you think Richard the Lion Hearted is remembered today as the most famous king to be involved in freeing the Holy City? Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

38

Medieval Times

The Crusading Spirit Declines

The Crusading Spirit Declines End of the Crusades Enthusiasm for crusading came like a gale at times, then dropped to a quiet breeze almost as quickly. Later Cru­sades often had more of a gangster than a religious motive to them, and none came out as planned. The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was called by Pope Innocent III. It was used by the Venetians, who transported the 12,000 Crusaders, to attack Zara (a port belonging to the Christian ruler of Hungary) and Constantinople. The Crusaders never went beyond the Byzantine capital, and their behavior was an embarrassment to the The Children’s Crusade pope. He did what he could to stop them from their cruel deeds, but ended in disaster. even the threat of excommunication had no effect. The Children’s Crusade (1212) ended in disaster. In Germany and France, children were caught up in the crusading spirit. They believed that, in their innocence, they could accomplish what the older Crusaders could not. Led by a peasant boy named Nicholas and encouraged by their parents and some priests, many children joined. Many died while trying to cross the Alps, and others who managed to get to ships were taken to North Africa and sold as slaves. The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was fought to conquer Egypt. After the Egyptians lost the Battle of Damietta, they offered to trade Jerusalem for Damietta, but the Crusaders rejected the deal. After losing the battle for Cairo, the Crusaders were forced to trade their lives for Damietta. There were no battles fought on the Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), but Emperor Frederick II got Jerusalem from the Muslims through diplomatic means. The Seventh Crusade was led by King Louis IX of France. He was captured, and the French nation had to pay a large ransom to get him back. After he returned to France, he attacked Tunis (in North Africa), which began the Eighth Crusade (1270). This effort was also a failure; after he died during the siege, the Crusaders returned home. That was the end of the Crusades. Results of the Crusades Several important changes occurred as the result of the Crusades. • They were the first united effort of Western Europe. • The religious motive was a far more noble cause than the greed, ambition, and revenge that were usual reasons for fighting. • They stopped the Muslim expansion that threatened to overwhelm Europe. • They increased the power of kings, since many of their more powerful vassals were away. • They led to the rise of cities, since feudal lords needed the cities’ help to finance their trips. • They improved relations between lords and peasants and tended to unite the society. • Europeans became more familiar with geography, not only of the Mediterranean region, but their own countries. • Europeans became aware of new products, new methods of farming, and the writings of Greeks and Romans that had been long forgotten in Europe. • Europeans discovered that the Muslims were not barbarians. Their scholarship was superior to that of Europeans, and Europeans realized how much they had to learn. • On the negative side, the idea that religious wars were pleasing to God caused the bloodshed and persecution of small minority groups in Europe. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

39

The Crusading Spirit Declines

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Zara peasant Children’s Crusade Venetians Fourth Crusade Seventh Crusade Fifth Crusade

a. a person who worked the lord’s land in return for his protection b. citizens of Venice c. a military expedition led by King Louis IX to free the Holy Land from the Muslims d. a port belonging to the Christian ruler of Hungary e. a military expedition by Western Christians from 1217–1221 taken to conquer Egypt f. a journey led by a peasant boy named Nicholas in 1212 to free the Holy Land from the Muslims g. a military expedition called for by Pope Innocent III in 1202 to free the Holy Land from the Muslims

Multiple Choice 8. Which Crusade had no battles? a. Fourth Crusade c. Eighth Crusade

b. Sixth Crusade d. Third Crusade

9. Who got Jerusalem from the Muslims through diplomatic means? a. Pope Innocent III b. King Louis IX c. Richard I d. Emperor Fredrick II 10. What city was captured by those on the Fifth Crusade? a. Jerusalem b. Hungary c. Damietta d. France Critical Thinking 11. Why do you think there was no Ninth Crusade? Support your answer using details from the selections. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

40

Medieval Times

The Crusading Spirit Declines

Name:

Date:

Explore: The Eight Crusades In 1095, Pope Urban II called on the descendants of Charlemagne to rescue their fellow Christians in the east and the holy city of Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks. The series of wars to free the Holy Land are known as the Crusades. Research Directions: Learn more about the eight Crusades. Using the information, create a graphic organizer to display your work.

e

sad

ru st C

Fir

Step #1: Fold a sheet of white unlined paper in half like a hotdog bun. S

Step #2: Next, fold the paper in fourths and then in eighths. Step #3: Unfold the paper. You now have a hotdog folded in 8 equal parts. Step #4: Form eight tabs by cutting from the edge of the paper to the fold. Step #5: Write the name of a different Crusade on each of the front tabs. Start with the First Crusade and end with the Eighth Crusade. Step #6: Behind the tabs, write important facts about each Crusade.

e

rusad

dC econ

e

rusad

C Thir d

Fourth

de

Crusa

rusade

Fifth C

Sixth Crusade

Seventh Crusade

Eighth Cru

sade

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

41

A Legal System Develops in England

Medieval Times

A Legal System Develops in England Power of the King In many parts of Europe, rulers could do whatever they liked. If they wanted property, they took it. If someone argued with them too much, that person was tried for treason in a king’s court. If found guilty, he was hanged (if a commoner) or beheaded (if a nobleman). There was little effort made to decide who was innocent and should be freed or who was guilty and deserved punishment. In England, by the 13th century, some interesting changes were being made in law that had a great effect on the legal systems used later in the United Kingdom and the United States.

The Inns of Court is the oldest law school in England. Each coat of arms represents one of the old schools: Lincoln’s Inn, Middle Temple, Inner Temple, and Gray’s Inn.

Changes in the Law By the time Henry II became king in 1154, civil and criminal law had already been split. Civil law usually involves an argument over property, and the court’s role is to be an umpire. For example in the case of Smith v. Jones, Smith is the plaintiff (the one who claims to have been wronged), and Jones is the defendant (the one accused). The court decides if Smith has a legitimate complaint. Criminal law covers actions by an individual that the government says cannot be allowed. In the terms of that time, the action violated the king’s peace. The punishment under criminal law for violating the king’s peace was fine, imprisonment, or death. Henry ordered that every county have a jail. The jury of that time was much different from our juries today. In 1166, Henry II ordered that each sheriff appoint 12 good men out of every 100 to be jurors. The jurors of that time investigated rumors they had heard about a local person who, for example, was stealing chickens. If they were convinced the person might have done it, the jury ordered the sheriff to arrest that person and bring him before the judge. These charges were called presentments. In the 13th century, a second jury was formed; it was called a petit (petty) jury, and it, rather than a judge, decided guilt or innocence. However, most trials were decided by a judge. Another of Henry’s major changes was developing common law. It was so-named because law was intended to be the same in all of England. When a judge wanted to decide a case, he looked up opinions that had been given by judges in similar cases. If the judge saw something similar, but his case involved other facts that were different, he wrote up his opinion. At the end of a year, these opinions were gathered in the Year Book. Having men trained to deal with common law cases was necessary for the system to work. This training was provided in Gray’s Inn, Lincoln’s Inn, Middle Temple, or Inner Temple. These four schools are now known as the Inns of Court. Students read dur­ing the day and, at night, argued practice cases in moot trials. Three languages were needed: Latin for the official records, English to talk with the client, and Norman French for the courtroom. When the student was ready to argue a case in court, he was called to the bar. Much of what we in America and England know as our law system goes back to ideas present around the year 1200.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

42

Medieval Times

A Legal System Develops in England

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. common law a. the person accused of a crime in a civil or criminal 2. petit case of law 3. plaintiff b. laws that were intended to be the same for all of 4. defendant England 5. treason c. practice trial argued by a law student 6. presentments d. the crime of betraying one’s country or king 7. moot e. a second jury that decided the guilt or innocence of a defendant rather than a judge f. the person who claims to have been wronged in a civil or criminal case of law g. the charges brought against a person by a jury Multiple Choice 8. Where did a judge go to find out what previous judges had decided? a. Year Book b. library c. sheriff of the county d. the Inns of Court 9. Who brings the case to court in a criminal case? a. sheriff b. law students c. government d. Eric the Red 10. Who ordered that every county have a jail? a. the pope b. the sheriff c. John Smith d. Henry II Constructed Response 11. Explain why laws students needed to know three languages. Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

43

King John Signs the Magna Carta

Medieval Times

King John Signs the Magna Carta For all of his brilliance in creating a justice system for England, Henry II had a blind spot when it came to family matters. He put his wife, Eleanor of Aqui­taine, in prison, and she got revenge by stirring up their sons against Henry. Richard and John plotted with the French King Philip Augustus against Henry. Henry had never liked Richard, and John was clearly the favorite. After Henry’s death, Richard (the Lion Hearted) became king. While he added little to the monarchy, he did nothing to tear down the improvements that his father had made. In 1199, Richard died, and John succeeded him. The Rule of King John John was an evil man and violated nearly every principle of justice his father had created. He wanted his nephew’s land; he stole it, and the nephew suddenly disappeared. He fell in love with a 12-year-old girl who was engaged to one of his vassals. John married her despite public protests. John had King John signs the Magna Carta. a bitter argument with the pope and was excommunicated. That should have cost him all support, but he threatened to punish nobles if they obeyed the pope. John locked up a noble lady and her son and then allowed them only a piece of raw bacon and uncooked oats to eat; they soon died. Stories spread about a Jew in Bristol who refused to pay a special tax. Each day a tooth was knocked out until he gave in on the eighth day. John’s unpopularity among the common people was so great that the commoners began to look to the barons for relief. The Magna Carta The nobility were complaining even more than the commoners. They began to gather around Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who openly criticized the king. John had pres­sured the barons to help him invade France; when most had refused to go, he hired professional soldiers (mercenaries) and raised taxes on the nobles to pay for them. The war went badly, and finally the nobles decided it was time to act. On June 12, 1215, the barons rode out to a meadow along the Thames River called Runny­mede and met King John. They brought a document with their demands on it, and after a week of debate, John put his seal to it (he did not know how to write). This document is known as the Magna Carta (the Great Charter). There were 63 points in it, many of which involved trivial sub­jects. However, there were major points as well. Every person was entitled to justice, and only those who knew the law and obeyed it should be made officials. The king was to refund illegally collected fines and grant a general pardon. Two parts of the Magna Carta were especially important in the long run. The 12th article said there must be no tax levied unless by “common consent of our kingdom.” This led to “no taxation without representation.” The 39th article provided that no freeman could be tried except by the “lawful judgment of his peers.” The only freemen were nobles, but out of this grew our jury system. Now, government was more limited in what it could do. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

44

Medieval Times

King John Signs the Magna Carta

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. freemen 2. baron 3. pardon 4. commoners 5. mercenaries 6. excommunicated 7. Magna Carta

a. to be expelled from the church b. professional soldiers hired to serve in a foreign army c. a major vassal of the king d. the nobles e. ordinary people, without rank or title f. the document known as the Great Charter g. the release from the penalty of an offense

Multiple Choice 8. Who was Henry II’s favorite son? a. Philip c. Richard

b. John d. George

9. Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury? a. King John b. Philip Augustus c. Henry II d. Stephen Langton 10. How did the king “sign” the Magna Carta? a. signed with a seal b. signed with a thumbprint c. signed with a feather pen d. signed with a piece of charcoal Constructed Response 11. Using information from the selection, explain why two parts of the Magna Carta were especially important. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

45

Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility

Medieval Times

Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility Lords Build Castles The conflicts between King John and his nobles were also common on the continent. Evidence of that is still seen in Europe. On steep hillsides and mountains, there are tall towers to remind us of the Middle Ages. We have all seen these in movies and television shows. Some castles were very elaborate, whereas others were plain and might even be high piles of earth flattened on the top. The keep of Windsor Castle in England Castles were built so the nobility and the rich could feel safe from other lords and from the commoners. The inside walls were stone and the only decoration was usually a tapestry (to provide a little color and to cut down on the draft). Outside, the castle was built to discourage unwanted intruders. Safety, not style or comfort, was the most desired quality. The castle had to be able to withstand an attack or a siege. In a siege the enemy would surround the castle and wait for the defenders to be weakened by hunger or thirst, so it was necessary that castles not only be solidly built, but also provide space for food and water to be stored and livestock to be kept during sieges. Defending the Castle To give some idea of their design, imagine we are vassals of Prince Charming. His beautiful girlfriend, Cinderella, has been kidnapped by the cruel Baron Meanandugly, who has taken her to his castle. Like other castles of the time, this one stands on a high hill, and its tall walls stand 50 feet or so above us, and above the walls are the towers. Armed with a sword or mace (a spiked club), we set out to rescue Cinderella. As we approach the castle, our first barrier is water. A moat (a ditch filled with water) sur­ rounds the fort, and usually the only way across it is the drawbridge. When the baron sees us coming, he raises the bridge, and we must use our siege machine to cross the moat. We now run into our second problem. The castle is surrounded by two or three short walls. These had been added to the castle’s defenses after the Crusades. Between the walls are grassy areas (baileys) that are used to graze livestock during a siege. After we cross one bailey with some casualties, the defenders withdraw behind the second wall and inflict more casualties. Finally, we reach the castle’s high walls. Our task is even more difficult now. Some of our men begin climbing ladders up the wall, and as they climb, they are hit by scalding water poured down from the top of the wall. We are also using a battering ram to pound our way through the gate. The enemies stand on walkways (ramparts) and shoot arrows at us. Hanging out over the walls are battlements, which give the baron’s men a better angle from which to shoot. We finally break through the gate and find ourselves in the inner bailey, a large courtyard. Now we come to the strongest defense the baron has—the keep. It is the tall tower where the baron lives. It has its own wells, living quarters for some of his troops, and storage space. We must fight our way up the stairs and into the tower where Cinderella is being held.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

46

Medieval Times

Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. casualties 2. ramparts 3. tapestry 4. keep 5. moat 6. baileys 7. mace

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

a ditch filled with water that surrounds a castle a spiked club the grassy areas between the castle walls for grazing cattle a heavy cloth woven with multicolored designs or scenes, usually hung on castle walls for decoration the tall tower of a castle where the baron lives the people killed or injured in a war or accident the walkways on the walls of a castle walls used for defense

Multiple Choice 8. What was the most desired quality expected of a good castle? a. safety b. comfort c. style d. beauty 9. What was the purpose of the battering ram? a. to cross the moat b. to kill the enemy c. to smash through rock walls d. to break through doors and gates 10. What was the purpose of the battlements? a. to hang prisoners from b. to provide better angles to shoot at enemy c. to set potted plants on d. to pour hot water on enemies Critical Thinking 11. What supplies would you have stored in the keep, just in case a siege might occur? Use details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

47

Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Explore: Identifying the Parts of a Castle

moat outer bailey

outer wall drawbridge



keep inner bailey

rampart inner wall

Directions: Label the castle parts using the choices in the word bank below. Place the correct choice on the line next to the corresponding part.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

48

Medieval Times

Cities Grow in Size and Influence

Cities Grow in Size and Influence Medieval Cities In our society, cities are where the action is. They are centers of business, industry, government, professional sports, and the news media. Our view of cities is far different from what it was in the Middle Ages. After the Roman Empire fell, there was little need for cities, but when trade began to pick up around a.d. 1000, they began to grow. Medieval cities were far smaller than ours, both in space and population. They were of little A 1593 map of London importance to most people of that time. Many cities of the Middle Ages owed much to the Roman era. Paris, for example, had long been inhabited by a tribe called the Parisii and went by the name of Lutetia (Mudtown). The Romans made it part of their road network that tied it to Lyon, Marseilles, and other key points in France. London’s history went back to Celtic times, but the Romans called it Londonium. The old Roman town was destroyed by a fire in 1087, but it was quickly rebuilt and became the political center of England. Others were new cities. When Kaiserschloss Castle was built in 1050, the town of Nuremburg grew up around it. Design of the Castle City Medieval cities all grew up around a castle (called a bourg) where residents could escape to in case of attack. The lord who built the castle was glad to have these people around because they could supply him with soldiers in case of war, and whatever they owned could be taxed. As the population grew and became wealthier, the people built walls around the city to protect their property from outside attack. Cities were built near rivers, so drawbridges were built that could be raised in case of war. These were the Middle Ages, and like everyone else, the residents of the cities were vassals under the rule and protection of the king or a powerful lord. Like other vassals, they had to pay their dues in service. What was different was that the people in cities might tax themselves to pay for the privilege of not having to work the lord’s land or fight in his wars. If the city was vassal to a king, he usually did not interfere with the details of the lives of its residents, as long as they paid their taxes. The residents could choose their own leaders and make their own rules. In the center of the city was the marketplace, the ruler’s palace, and the cathedral. The city was divided into districts (often 12 districts, to honor the 12 apostles). The pattern was generally circular. At the middle were the homes of the wealthy merchants and local nobility. Near the middle were the workshops, churches, and schools. At the outer edge were the huts of the poor. Space was in short supply within the city’s walls; this caused the streets to be narrow and buildings to be five and six stories tall. After it got too crowded, cities built new walls. Sometimes the old walls were torn down, but in other cases the old walls were kept, Medieval streets were dark dividing towns into dis­tricts that separated the classes from each and crowded. other. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

49

Cities Grow in Size and Influence

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Lutetia drawbridge apostles cathedral Londonium districts bourg

Multiple Choice

a. b. c. d. e. f.

the 12 closest followers of Jesus and his teachings sections of a city a fort or castle where people could go for safety the Roman name for London the original name of Paris a large Christian church that is the official church of the bishop

g. a bridge that can be raised or drawn up





8. What did the Romans do that helped Paris become so important later? a. built large castles b. built cities in districts c. built a road network d. built cathedrals 9. How did river cities protect themselves from attack? a. built war ships b. built drawbridges c. built dams d. built castles 10. What did Lutetia mean in English? a. city of love c. Mudtown

b. Medieval town d. Jamestown

Constructed Response 11. Explain why the lord of a castle was glad that cities grew up around his castle. Use two details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

50

Medieval Times

Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith

Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith What makes one city different from an­other? Today, we build stadiums, arches, zoos, and statues for people to see. In the Middle Ages, city leaders also wanted to make their city outstanding. Building a magnificent cathedral was one way to do this. The cathedral was the home church for the bishop or archbishop. It had a special chair for the bishop called a cathedra. The early cathedrals were built like the Greek and Roman temples; the structure was as simple as when a child lays a block across two upright blocks. Around the 11th century, the Romanesque style of cathedral became popular. It Diagram of a typical cathedral. was made of thick stone walls with narrow openings for light, and rounded arches. The statues in them had to follow guidelines set down by the church, and no sculptor could show any originality in design. Gothic Style Cathedrals During the 13th century, the Gothic style cathedral became very popular in Germany, France, and England. It was spectacular in size, height, and design. Its walls were heavier than any pre­viously constructed; to keep them from collapsing outward, they were supported by flying but­tresses. Crowning the work were the steeples and spires, like arrows pointing to heaven. Doors and windows were pointed too, like hands at prayer. The glaziers (those who set glass in windows) used translucent glass of many colors, each color significant in meaning. Everything that was done had a symbolic meaning. The Gothic cathedral was usually shaped like a large cross. A visitor entered through the large doors at the front into the narthex (inside entrance) located on the west side of the cathedral. They then walked down the nave toward the altar. About halfway down the nave, the visitor saw the arms of the cross (transepts) off to the north and south. Walking straight to the east, the visitor came to the apse, where the choir and altar were. Building a Cathedral Cathedrals took 50 to 100 years to build, and thousands of individuals played a part in their construction. Many volunteered because of community pride and religious enthusiasm. Others were paid. Unskilled Chartres is a classic Gothic cathedral. workers received low wages for the hard work of cutting stones, moving them to the building site, and setting them in place. Masons cut the stone into the right size and shape to fit their spot in the building, and the best masons made the statues. Masons were well paid. Becoming a mason required seven years of apprenticeship and passing a test. There was always a shortage of masons, partly because those who had the rank did not want too many competitors, and also because many died of lung diseases caused by the stone dust they breathed. Many great Medieval cathedrals still stand. When you enter these mas­sive structures, you see the pride and devotion to detail that made them monuments to faith. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

51

Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. mason

a. a person who sets glass in windows

2. glaziers

b. a special chair for the bishop

3. transepts

c. the central part of a cathedral building

4. cathedra

d. stone support on the outside of a Gothic cathedral

5. apse

e. the choir and altar area of a cathedral

6. narthex

f. a person who was a builder and worker in stone

7. nave

g. the arms of the cross

8. flying buttress

h. the inside entrance of a Gothic cathedral

Multiple Choice 9. Which cathedral style used thick walls and rounded arches? a. Gothic b. Medieval c. French d. Romanesque 10. How long did it take to become a stone mason? a. 7 years b. 5 years c. 3 years d. 10 years 11. What part of the cathedral was pointed from west to east? a. nave b. apse c. narthex d. transepts Constructed Response 12. Using information from the selection, explain the difference between Romanesque style and Gothic style cathedrals. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

52

Medieval Times

Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith

Name:

Date:

Explore: Identifying the Parts of a Cathedral Directions: Label the cathedral parts using the choices in the word bank below. Place the correct choice on the line next to the corresponding part.



narthex nave



transept apse



choir aisle

altar

North West 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

53

East South

Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Explore: Stained Glass Windows The windows of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages were pointed, like hands in prayer. There were also round windows called rose windows. The glaziers, or those who set the glass, used translucent glass of many colors to make the windows. Each color had a significant meaning.

Blue: heaven, heavenly love, meditation, loyalty, eternity Red: blood, fire, love, courage, hate Yellow/Gold: sun, treasure in heaven, jealousy, treason Green: spring, hope, victory of life over death Violet/Purple: love and truth, passion and suffering, justice, royalty White: purity, innocence, peace, faith Black: death, mourning Gray: ashes, humility, mourning Brown: death, giving up worldly things Rainbow: union, God’s covenant with humanity

Directions: Create a stained glass window. Materials Pencil or chalk Black construction paper Colored tissue paper Scissors Glue Tape or string Procedure Step 1: Draw a design with pencil or chalk on a sheet of black construction paper. Step 2: Cut out different sections of your design so that these areas can be shown in color. Step 3: On one side, glue the edges of colored tissue paper to the black paper. This will be the back of your window. Step 4: Tape your window in a classroom window or attach a string and hang from the classroom ceiling.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

54

Medieval Times

Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning

Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning Colleges and Universities Another way cities distinguished themselves was by building a university. In our time, going to college or a university is common, but there was a time, even in the United States, when colleges were scarce. Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale were the earliest colonial colleges, and their students got heavy doses of Latin and Greek. They were copying the style of English universities of their time, all fol­ lowing traditions of Medieval universities established centuries before. Note taking, lectures, and tests, followed by receiving a diploma and wearing a cap and gown, are present-day reminders of those times. Medieval universities started without a campus. A famous scholar would come to town, and students would come to learn A university lecture from him. The students sat on the floor or on benches. The teacher lectured, and the students took notes. By the time the course was over, the student had a book full of notes that he either kept or sold to a new student. These notebooks were expensive, and students wrote home to ask their parents for more money. Some things never change! Lectures were all in Latin, and the area of Paris where students lived came to be called the “Latin Quarter.” Latin was the universal language of the educated, so no matter which country was the student’s homeland, he could converse with the others. The two main universities at that time were at Paris (famous for its study of theology and philosophy) and Bologna in Italy (famous for its law school). Salerno was becoming famous for its study of medicine. Life of a Student Students varied in qualities and character. Many were very serious and eager to learn. Oth­ers were troublemakers who took their university days as a time to party and enjoy life. Wealthy students lived far better than those from poor families, but some aid was available for the poor. Robert Sorbon gave money for a hall in Paris where 16 poor students could live for free. The school that developed around that hall came to be the Sorbonne, one of the most famous universities in the world today. Students were easily identified by their scholars’ gowns, and they often clashed with the local young people who thought they were snobs and foreigners. Students complained about the prices they were charged for food and lodging. To protect themselves, teachers and students formed guilds (like the craft guilds of the time). These were called universitas, meaning “all who belong to the guild.” In 1200, students in Paris fought with local police, and after some students were killed, they threatened to move elsewhere unless they were given the right to be free from local rule. The king gave them a charter saying they were responsible only to church law. The young man who successfully passed all the tests was awarded a B.A. degree. If he con­tinued his studies, he could earn an A.M. degree, the minimum requirement to be admitted to the teaching guild at the university level. Doctoral degrees were also conferred on those who could teach law, medicine, or theology. Other doors were open to a young man with university training in the church, government, law, or medicine. For the poor, it was one way to rise above their humble status in life. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

55

Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. universitas 2. Salerno 3. college 4. Bologna 5. Latin Quarter 6. Sorbonne 7. scholar 8. theology

a. the study of God or religion b. the area of Paris where students lived c. an educational institution d. a university famous for its medical school e. a specialist in a particular branch of study f. the term meaning “all who belong to the guild” g. a university famous for its law school h. one of the most famous universities in the world

Multiple Choice 9. What language was used for university lectures? a. French b. English c. Latin d. German 10. What degree was granted to the student upon graduating? a. B.S. degree b. Ph.D. degree c. B.A. degree d. A.M. degree 11. What were common student complaints about their living conditions? a. unclean rooms and poor lighting b. harassed by local police c. ridiculed by local youth d. overcharged for food and lodging Critical Thinking 12. Do you think a college or university degree is still important for a young person who wants to move up in life? Why? 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

56

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities

Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities Cities Grow As trade began to revive at the end of the 11th century, towns which had been dormant began to develop a new enthusiasm and larger population. There were many reasons peasants might want to move to the city. They could be more free. A person living in a city for a year and a day was free from any previous feudal obligation. They could own land and either rent or sell it. They could learn a trade and possibly even become a leader. Since nearly all cities were located Windsor Guildhall near the walls of a burgh (fort), those who led the local community were known as burgesses (English), bourgeois (French), or burghers (German). Many burgesses were from lower-class families, but they had become successful in the city. The upper class in cities lived well. They had large homes with many rooms, glass windows, and carpets on the floor. Their ambitions made them want to marry their daughters off to nobles, so there would be titles of nobility in the family and added prestige. The old aristocracy looked down on burghers and insultingly called them nouveaux riches (new rich). Centers of Trade Guilds in the city played an important part. The tailors in the city, for example, formed a guild and blocked anyone who was not a member from selling clothing. Thus, customers received bet­ter quality clothes. However, they paid higher prices for clothing because guild merchants could charge more than they might have otherwise. Guild members did not do all the work; they hired others to work for them. The tailors gave cloth to seamstresses to turn into clothes and paid them by the piece. In Florence, Italy, there were seven important guilds and about 15 minor guilds. Cities were centers of trade as well as production. Part of the business was with local custom­ers, but part of it involved bringing in goods from distant places and sending them on to other trading centers. The Italian cities like Genoa, Venice, and Florence developed large navies and drove competitors off the Mediterranean Sea. Problems Come With Growth Along with the growth of cities came serious problems with overcrowding and sanitation. Medieval cities were filthy. Human inhabitants shared space with rats, fleas, pigs, horses, and oxen. Italian cities were the first to pave streets, but the streets in other cities were either dust or mud. Cities did not have garbage collectors, and people dumped their waste out their windows. Men walked next to the street to protect the women from garbage dumped out of upper windows. Polluted well water caused epidemics that wiped out whole sections of cities. The rich had room, but the poor lived in overcrowded huts. Contagious diseases spread rapidly in the crowded cities, and when health conditions got too bad, the whole city might move to a new location. Travelers often criticized cities they visited. Rome was noted for crime, bad food, scorpions, and mosquitoes. A Frenchman warned friends to avoid London because of its degenerates, gambling, belly dancers, and beggars. Despite their problems, cities were an alternative to life as a peasant in the country. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

57

Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. burgh 2. burgesses 3. bourgeois 4. tailor 5. burghers 6. nouveaux riches 7. seamstress



Multiple Choice





a. a person who had recently become wealthy b. a person who led the community in a French Medieval city c. a woman who sews, especially one who makes her living by sewing d. a person whose occupation is making fitted clothes for individual customers e. a person who led the community in a German Medieval city f. a person who led the community in an English Medieval city g. the term used for the word fort

8. How long did a person have to live in a city before he was free of all feudal obligations? a. two years b. a year and a day c. two years and a day d. a month and a day 9. Approximately how many guilds were there in Florence? a. 11 b. 33 c. 22 d. 44 10. What city was noted for its crime, bad food, and mosquitoes? a. Venice b. Italy c. France d. Rome Critical Thinking 11. Do you think the guilds helped or hurt the other residents of the city? Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

58

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot

Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot Hidden away and almost forgotten, the Medieval peasant was at the bottom of the pile. Upper classes rarely mentioned them, and if they did, it was to complain of their smell, ignorance, ugliness, or dishonesty. Classes of Peasants We might refer to peasants as one group, but there were differences in status that they understood and by which they separated them­selves. There were four different Peasants led a hard, short life. classes: villeins, serfs, crofters, and cotters. Feudal law most protected the villein because his ancestors had made a contract with a lord for protection. The serf’s ances­tors in the village had been made subject of the lord as a group. Serfs were tied to the land, and if one lord took the land away from another, he got the serfs too. Crofters and cotters had no land but rented their services to nobles or rich villeins. Life as a Peasant A peasant worked hard for what little he received. The lands he farmed were not all in one place, but were in strips separated by open fields. It was common for peasants to work in groups, both for the companionship and because with the oxen and heavy plows then in use, it was im­ possible for the peasant to work alone. The French peasant complained that the king demanded taxes, the noble paid no tax, the priest demanded his tithe, the merchant needed his profit, the soldier paid for nothing he took, and the beggar had nothing to take. The peasant complained he alone was supporting the king, noble, priest, merchant, soldier, and beggar. He was also at the mercy of these people. If the lord had a bishop as guest, he took up a collection from the serfs. If for entertainment they rode across his land on a fox hunt, the peasant lost hours of back-breaking labor. Peasants Revolt It was in the nature of a peasant to be docile and not cause trouble, but there were occasions when resentment led to mob violence. In 1358, French peasants were fed up with high taxes and revolted in the north and west of France. This was known as the Jacquerie rebellion. Out of it came a demand for the taxpayers to have more say in decisions to raise taxes. In 1381, England was at war with France, and new taxes were needed to pay for it. The merchants and large landowners were tired of being taxed, so Parliament came up with a head tax. Everyone, except beggars, was forced to pay one shilling. Peasants felt the greatest burden from this tax. They did not want to sacrifice their shilling to the king. When collectors were sent to catch tax evaders, rebellion spread. Wat Tyler, a peasant, killed a tax collector and became a hero to the poor. Peasants marched on London, and King Richard II fearlessly rode out to talk with them. The peasants returned home with new respect for the king and many empty promises. The largest peasant revolt came in Germany in 1524–1525. Peasants and urban workers rebelled over higher rents and losses of privileges. They attacked nobles and wealthy priests. The rulers sent in armies that crushed the rebels and put the rebel leaders to horrible deaths. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

59

Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. Jacquerie Rebellion 2. peasant 3. crofter 4. Parliament 5. shilling 6. docile 7. tithe 8. rent





a. a person who worked the lord’s land in return for his protection b. a tax for the support of the church and clergy; one tenth c. submissive in attitude d. payment for the use of land or a house e. the part of English government responsible for making the laws f. g. h.

a coin equal to one twentieth of a pound a person who had no land, but rented his services to a noble or rich villein the French peasant revolt

Multiple Choice 9. What rank of peasant had the highest status? a. serf b. villein c. crofter d. cotter 10. Who were the targets of German peasant anger in 1525? a. Wat Tyler b. crofters and cotters c. rich churchmen and nobles d. serfs 11. How did Wat Tyler become a hero? a. He killed a tax collector. c. He saved the king.

b. He gave money to the poor. d. He led the largest peasant revolt.

Constructed Response 12. Explain the differences in status among peasants. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

60

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation

Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation Entertainment for the Nobles People of the Medieval period, like those before and since, looked for ways to enjoy themselves. For upper-class men, the great entertainments were hunting and hawking. They Hawking was popular among nobles. would ride through fields and forests chasing deer or boars. Hawking was a sport that had developed in Asia and then spread to Rome. Hawks were trained to bring down hares, pigeons, and herons. Women sometimes accompanied men on these hawking trips. The work of a knight was war, and preparing for war involved hours of practice with weapons, which was not much fun. The tournament was in­vented to make practice more enjoyable. The contests were with swords and lances, and knights who participated came as representatives of noble families or a region. The competitors and their supporters met in a field on the appointed day, and the fight continued until one had defeated the other. These contests were dangerous for the participants, but they could be profitable. The winner received the horse and arms of the loser. Jugglers and jesters performed for the wealthy. The jesters were made up in ridiculous cos­tumes and gave witty answers to questions. For their efforts, they received food, lodging, and small donations. Entertainment for the Poor Even for the peasant, there were some activities that brought pleasure. The lord gave dinners for his vassals on certain feast days, at planting time, and when the harvest was complete. Feast days were Jesters were Medieval comedians. joyous occasions for the peasants. They gathered at the church for physical contests: wrestling and jumping matches, shooting with bow and arrow, and tugs of war. Plays were per­formed; they were supposed to be religious, but some got so obscene that the church barred them from the churchyard. Poaching was also a dangerous peasant activity. The forests were only to be used by the lord for hunting, but peasants in need of food or just wanting the thrill of illegal hunting sometimes went in search of game. If caught, the poacher’s foot was cut off. The poor in cities also had festival days where they had fun at the expense of their betters. The Feast of Fools was celebrated in London with a woman of bad reputation being seated on the bishop’s throne in the cathedral. The soles of old shoes were burned instead of incense. A town idiot was given a robe and crown to wear and placed on a throne. He was honored as if he were king for the day by the lower classes. No effort was made to stop these little displays of disrespect; it was recognized as a way to let the poor blow off steam. Plays were popular and educational. They were used by the church to instruct the public, most of which could not read. There were three types of plays: stories from the Bible (mystery plays), those about saints (miracle plays), and plays where the characters represented certain virtues and vices (morality plays). The stage was often a box, and the play lasted 10 to 20 minutes. Guilds often paid the cost of production and performed the plays. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

61

Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. virtues 2. hawking 3. tournament 4. jesters 5. vices 6. saints 7. Bible

a. the comedians of the Middle Ages b. the sacred text of Christians c. exceptionally holy people, formally recognized by the Catholic Church d. good qualities or moral correctness e. the sport of hunting with hawks f. a competition held for entertainment where knights could practice their combat skills



g. bad habits or moral failings





Multiple Choice 8. What was the punishment for poaching? a. Poacher’s hand was cut off. b. Poacher’s finger was cut off. c. Poacher’s foot was cut off. d. Poacher’s head was cut off. 9. Why were plays no longer allowed at some churches on feast days? a. Plays got obscene. b. Plays were too expensive. c. Plays were not funny enough. d. Plays didn’t make sense. 10. What was used as a substitute for incense on the Feast of Fools? a. Soles of shoes were burned. b. Dry manure was burned. c. Leaves were burned. d. Old clothing was burned. Constructed Response 11. Describe the three types of plays in the Middle Ages. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

62

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature

Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature In the Middle Ages the lives of the people centered on war, chivalry, and religion. Those topics also became the themes for music, art, and literature. The arts that survived offer an interesting window into medieval life and times. Art and Music Painters and sculptors had to please those who bought their services: churches, religious or­ders, and noblemen. Art work was commissioned for both the interior and exterior of buildings. Some painters and sculptors were regarded as masters, and to learn the trade, the beginner studied with a master. Soon the masters had many imitators who spread their style, and their style became the fashion for Madonna and Child, others to copy. by Cimabue, 1285 A painter named Cimabue (1240–1302) was the son of a rich noble, but unlike many of his class, he wanted to do something worthwhile with his life. He became a painter. One of his outstanding paintings of the Madonna (the mother of Jesus) was so famous that the French king came to Florence to see it. More important than his role as a painter was his success in recruiting new talent. Fra (Brother) Angelico (1400–1455) was a painter and Dominican monk who bridged the time between the Medieval period and the Renaissance. His work involved many types of art. He was trained as a miniaturist and learned how to draw precisely, but he could also create large paint­ings. Among his contributions to art was perspective, the technique of having some figures look more distant than others. The most important music of the Middle Ages was religious. The people were in church very often and wanted music pleasing to their ears. The Gregorian chant was popular with the church; it was sung by a person and a choir without musical instruments to support them. Literature Geoffrey Chaucer was the greatest English writer of the Middle Ages. His best-known work is Canterbury Tales, a story centered around 29 travelers on their way to London who stop at an inn. They decide that to pass the time, each will tell two stories on their way to the city and two on their way home. Chaucer never finished his tales, but they gave a useful description of the people of 14th century England. Dante’s Divine Comedy was also written in the 1300s, and its story begins with Dante lost in a deep forest. There he meets the Roman poet, Virgil, who helps him find his way through hell, then purgatory. For his journey through heaven to the throne of God, his guide is Beatrice. In 1455, the Gutenburg Bible was published at Mainz, Germany, on a printing press. William Caxton set up the first printing press in England about 20 years later. Earlier printers had con­centrated on books in Latin, but Caxton published books in English. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

63

Chaucer, shown in miniature in a copy of Canterbury Tales, circa 1387.

Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. master 2. purgatory 3. miniaturist 4. Latin 5. chivalry 6. commission 7. sculptor 8 perspective Multiple Choice

a. b. c. d. e.

an artist who models, carves, or fashions figures or forms of clay, stone, metal, wood, etc. the hiring and payment for the creation of a piece of artwork an artist who paints small pictures the code of behavior for a knight: politeness, bravery, honor, and protecting the weak the technique of having some figures look more distant

f. g. h.

than others an accomplished artist with great skill a place between heaven and hell the official language of ancient Rome and its empire

9. Who was known for his painting of the Madonna? a. Cimabue b. Geoffrey Chaucer c. Dante d. Virgil 10. Who set up the first printing press in England? a. William the Conqueror b. Geoffrey Chaucer c. William Caxton d. Eric the Red 11. When was the Gutenburg Bible published? a. 1240 b. 1302 c. 1455 d. 1400 Constructed Response 12. Using information from the selection, describe Fra Angelico’s work as a painter. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

64

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: Science

Life in the Middle Ages: Science If there was any part of Medieval life that seemed to move backward rather than forward, it was science. The word science comes from the Latin, mean­ing “to know.” Science, as we know it, involves observation, experiments, and drawing logical conclusions. Scientists use information that has been gathered in the past, but they check it against the latest information. Just be­cause something was written in the past does not give it any more influence than a study of that subject done today. In the Middle Ages, science fell behind where it had been in the year a.d. 200. Scientists did not observe, they Alchemists were early scientists. merely quoted what Galen said about medicine (much of which was wrong) or what Ptolemy said about the universe (he thought the earth was at its center). Nothing that was written could deviate from church teachings. What passed for science in Europe seems more like magic to us. Turning Metals Into Gold Alchemy was one of the sciences of the Middle Ages. Its goal was to turn base metals into gold. Geber, a Spanish alchemist, explained that metals were made up of sulfur and mercury, and if conditions were right, any metal could be converted into gold. The alchemist’s problem was to find the exact combination of metals, temperatures, and methods that would produce the most perfect of all metals: gold. When found, the new substance would be the Philosopher’s Stone. If taken as medicine, gold would cure disease and might even give the person immortality. The effort was long and unsuccessful. However, in their experiments, alchemists began to learn more about chemicals. Many alchemists were foolish dreamers, but some were true scientists. One was Roger Bacon, a 13th century Englishman who became interested in optics, astronomy, mathematics, and technology. Bacon saw the possibility of a lens being used to improve eyesight. He studied explosives and said they created “thunderbolts” greater than those in nature. He predicted that someday ships would sail without the aid of the wind and carriages would be propelled without the use of animals. Paracelsus was a Swiss-born scientist of the late Middle Ages who Roger Bacon gave us the word zinc from his studies. He started out as an alchemist, but his interests broadened into experiments with medicines. He was very outspoken and made many enemies, but others began looking to medicine rather than herbs to cure illness. Scientific Discoveries by Arab Scientists While Europeans worried about the Philosopher’s Stone, Arab scientists made progress in many areas. When the Arabs conquered Egypt, they took the Greek records from the library at Alexandria back to Baghdad and translated them into Arabic. They did not stop there, but con­ tinued to discover for themselves. An Arab physician, Avicenna, wrote a medical book, Canon of Medicine, in which he described the symptoms of diseases like meningitis and tetanus. Another Arab, Alhazen, discovered that we see through the reflection of light from objects into our eyes. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

65

Life in the Middle Ages: Science

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. alchemy 2. Philosopher’s Stone 3. science 4. Paracelsus 5. Geber 6. Ptolemy 7. Avicenna



a. a Spanish alchemist b. the person who said that the earth was the center of the universe c. in the Middle Age, the science dealing with turning base metals into gold d. a Swiss-born scientist who gave us the word zinc e. an Arab physician who wrote Canon of Medicine f. from the Latin word meaning “to know” g. a substance believed to have the power of turning base metals into gold

Multiple Choice 8. Who first described diseases like meningitis? a. Geber b. Avicenna c. Paracelsus d. Bacon 9. What was seen as the perfect metal? a. copper c. iron

b. silver d. gold

10. Whom did Medieval doctors look to for information? a. Geber b. Avicenna c. Paracelsus d. Galen Constructed Response 11. Using details from the selection, explain the problems alchemists had trying to turn base metals into gold.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

66

Medieval Times

Life in the Middle Ages: Health

Life in the Middle Ages: Health In 1524, Erasmus wrote to a friend: “I often wonder and grieve to think why Britain has now been afflicted so many years with chronic pestilence. . .” It is surprising that Medieval people somehow managed to live to be 30 or 40 years old, living and eating as they did. Cleanliness was not a big concern for them. Baths were taken once or twice a year, at most. In castles, bath water and waste were flushed out into the moat surrounding the castle. The meat people ate was often old and poorly cooked, and vegetables were boiled until little nutritional value was left. Homes had very poor heating systems and were both cold and smoke-filled. Swiss homes were an exception, and travelers noted that there people did not need hats and coats when they were indoors. The poor had no floors in their houses, but even the rich put rubbish under their floors to insulate them. Straw was strewn to sleep on, and in time, it began to smell. Noxious odors in cities This 13th century anatomy came from open sewers, piles of manure, and garbage tossed on drawing shows a limited the streets. Lice, flies, mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, spiders, mice, and knowledge of blood vessels. rats spread diseases, and epidemics were common. Home Remedies and Superstitions People had no knowledge of medicine and relied on superstition to save them. Gregory of Tours believed that God worked through saints and trusted St. Martin to cure him. The dust from the saint’s shrine solved his stomach problems. Licking the rail at St. Martin’s tomb healed his sore tongue. To free a fish bone he had swallowed, Gregory rubbed his throat with a cloth that hung at the tomb. Such remedies were not uncommon. Even when the person relied on science, his physician was not often reliable. Physicians explained that there were four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Whenever the person’s supply of any of these became too great or too small, he became ill. The doctor’s cure involved restoring the balance. The leading medical university of Europe was at Salerno, and even there superstition was a major part of the curriculum. Students were informed that onions cured baldness. If a woman did not wish to have a child, she should wear a red ribbon around her head. However, some sound medical advice was also included. Students were told that eating and drinking should be done in moderation. Experiments began on cadavers (dead bodies) of animals and humans. However, performing surgery was beneath the dignity of a trained physician. That was left to butchers and barbers. Early Hospitals The Byzantines were the first to develop hospitals. The first hospitals in the West were places for travelers and sick people to find shelter and food. In the 11th century, monks began to take care of the ill, but their main treatment was spiritual healing. Confession and communion were more part of the treatment than medicine. There were about 19,000 leprasaria (leper hospitals) in Europe in the 13th century. The European lack of medical knowledge, overcrowded cities, and tolerance of rats was about to contribute to an astounding loss of life in the 14th century. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

67

Life in the Middle Ages: Health

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. cadaver 2. humors 3. leprasaria 4. epidemic 5. physician 6. superstition 7. Byzantines 8. hospital





a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

an outbreak of deadly disease affecting many people at the same time a place for travelers and sick people to find shelter and food a dead body a hospital for a person who was a leper the four body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile the group of people who were the first to develop hospitals an irrational belief that an object, action, or circumstance not

logically related to a course of events influences its outcome h. a healer

Multiple Choice 9. What was a Medieval cure for baldness? a. apples b. onions c. potatoes d. garlic 10. How often did people in Medieval times take baths? a. 4 to 5 times a year b. once or twice a month c. once or twice a year d. once or twice a week 11. How long did people in the Middle Ages live? a. 50 to 60 years b. 30 to 40 years c. 20 to 30 years d. 70 to 80 years Constructed Response 12. What were some of the obvious health mistakes people made in the Middle Ages? Use at least two details from the selection to support your answer.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

68

Medieval Times

The Black Death

The Black Death John, the smith, was one of those in the 14th century who be­gan running a high fever and whose lymph glands swelled up in his neck. Jeanne, his sister, began hemor­rhaging and vomiting blood. No physician was needed to tell them what was wrong. They had the plague. There was no cure, and they could expect to live only a few days. After their painful deaths, John and Jeanne’s bodies were taken out of the house by one of the city’s poor and dumped in an open grave. No one understood why they died, and being commoners, no one cared.

Plague pits were mass graves where the dead were dumped.

The Plague Strikes To the 20th century witness, their deaths were not as mysterious. The bubonic plague, called the Black Death, was spread because of the fleas on black rats or from contact with a person who had the disease. Ships carried the plague from the Middle East to Italy in 1347, and it quickly spread to France, Spain, England, and Russia. It killed saint and sinner, poor and rich, male and female, without much discrimination. Because cities were so overcrowded, contact with plague carriers was more common there than in rural areas, but no one was safe. With no known way to avoid the disease, frightened people began to look for any possible solution. Some joined the flagellation movement and beat themselves until their bodies were black and blue. They hoped that, by confessing their sins and suffering this self-imposed torment, God’s anger would be satisfied. The movement was finally stopped by Pope Clement VI, who threatened to excommunicate the flagellants. Jews had long drunk water from moving streams rather than wells. In this time of mass fear, some charged the reason for that unusual behavior was that Jews were poisoning the wells. It did not seem to matter that Jews were also dying from the plague. Terrible slaughters of Jews took place in Strasbourg, Mainz, and other European cities. The houses of the infected were quarantined, and no one was allowed to leave. However, some plague victims managed The bubonic plague left black to escape their houses at night, and officers let them go because sores on victims’ bodies. they were afraid to touch them. By 1350, the worst of the crisis was over; by then, between 25 and 33 percent of Europe’s population had died in the plague. Some cities were especially hard hit. Florence lost about two out of three people. Outbreaks of the plague continued to kill people for the next 400 years before modern medicine and cleanliness habits stopped it. Effects of the Plague There were many effects of the plague. Europe’s population was greatly reduced. Feudal ob­ligations ended with the death of the noble and his family. After the plague threat had lessened, those tired of the peasant’s life used the opportunity to escape to the cities. Workers received higher wages than ever before, but costs went up too. Many monks and priests had died, and their replacements were of poor quality in comparison with them. It would take centuries for Europe to recover from the plague. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

69

The Black Death

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. flagellation 2. Black Death 3. plague 4. excommunicate 5. discrimination 6. monks 7. quarantined



a. to be expelled from the church b. men who withdrew from the world for religious reasons; they lived and worked in monasteries c. an act of beating oneself d. the strict isolation of people to prevent the spread of disease e. the treatment of a person based on the group, class, or category to which that person belongs rather than on individual merit f. the bubonic plague g. a terrible disease that spreads quickly and kills many people

Multiple Choice 8. When did the plague arrive in Italy? a. 1347 c. 1340

b. 1350 d. 1370

9. About what percentage of the people of Europe died from the plague? a. 10–17 percent b. 45–48 percent c. 38–47 percent d. 25–33 percent 10. What did Jews do differently from others that caused suspicion? a. They didn’t eat meat. b. They didn’t drink from wells. c. They didn’t sleep at night. d. They ate only fresh fruit. Constructed Response 11. Explain why the plague spread faster in cities than rural areas. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

70

Medieval Times

The Beginnings of Parliament

The Beginnings of Parliament Medieval Courts We usually do not think of the Middle Ages as being a time when people were democratic, and they were not. Absolutism (unrestricted power) was much more in style. Yet, very slowly, the first tiny steps were being The Parliament building today. taken toward allowing groups rather than individuals to make decisions. It was customary under feudal­ism for the lord to call in his vassals to discuss major problems or ask their permission to raise taxes. These meetings were not on a regular basis, and delegates were not chosen by elections to rep­resent the people. Yet, some produced heated exchanges, with the vassals demanding changes. If the vassals had enough power, the lord had little choice except to agree to their terms. In Anglo-Saxon England, a council called the Witan existed. It was made up of important leaders of the church and nobility; its purpose was to advise the king and sometimes to act as a court. The Norman invaders brought a similar group with them: the Magnum Concilium (the Great Council). It met three times a year, but was too large to accomplish much, so a smaller group was formed, the Curia Regis (the King’s Court). The most important member of the court came to be the king’s most important advisor, the chancellor. The Court’s importance increased when it started handling the king’s financial matters. Since a checkered cloth was used to count the money, the one in charge was called the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Parliament In 1258, King Henry III gathered a parliament of important officials in London. Parliament was a French word meaning to “talk” or “discuss.” This particular gathering has been called the “Mad (angry) Parliament.” They were furious with the king for letting the pope and Frenchmen have too much influence. The king was forced to approve the Provisions of Oxford, which placed government in the hands of the nobles. When he tried to back out of the agreement, Henry was captured by his most outspoken critic, Lord Simon de Montfort, in 1264. From then until his death, Henry became a “rubber stamp,” approving whatever Lord Simon wanted. Simon called Parliament together in 1265, and for the first time, citizens of towns, knights, barons, and high churchmen met. Kings could no longer ignore the people. From then on, the people’s voices would be heard when laws were being considered. Heir to the throne, Prince Edward, was also held hostage but escaped and went on the Sev­enth Crusade. When he returned in 1274, he was crowned king. He knew that to keep power, he must appeal to public opinion. Faced with many problems—war with France and rebellions by the Welsh and Scots—Edward I convened the Model Parliament in 1295, saying that “…common dangers should be met by measures agreed upon in common.” High churchmen, nobles, and commoners met, but divided into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament would keep that form to the present day. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

71

The Beginnings of Parliament

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. chancellor 2. parliament 3. Witan 4. Provisions of Oxford 5. Magnum Concilium 6. absolutism 7. Curia Regis



a. b. c. d. e. f.

the Great Council for the Normans the king’s most important advisor the King’s Court the unrestricted power of the government a council in Anglo-Saxon England that advised the king and sometimes acted as a court the French word meaning to “talk” or “discuss”; the English law-making body

g. a written document that placed government in the hands of the nobles

Multiple Choice 8. What official was associated with a checkered cloth? a. Witan b. Curia Regis c. Chancellor of the Exchequer d. Magnum Concilium 9. What are the two houses of Parliament? a. Kings and Queens b. churchmen and nobles c. Lords and Commons d. knights and barons 10. When did Edward I convene the Model Parliament? a. 1265 b. 1295 c. 1274 d. 1258 Critical Thinking 11. As a ruler, do you think you would have liked the idea of calling Parliament together? Explain your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

72

Medieval Times

The Church and Its Critics

The Church and Its Critics The Medieval church was different from the modern church; it was an economic and political power as well as a religious power. It controlled much land in Europe. The church was wealthy. It used its power to threaten kings. It had a monopoly on religion; everyone (except Albigensians, Waldensians, and Jews) belonged to the church. Often, where there is power and wealth, greedy and ambitious men will use it for gain. This was true of the Medieval church. Rulers wanted their man to be pope, and if someone else were chosen, they worked to limit the damage that pope could do. Popes were angered by this attempt to control the church, and Pope Boniface VIII issued a papal bull (papal statement) called Clericos Laicos in 1294 prohibiting lay rulers from taxing church property without Pope Boniface VIII the pope’s permission. Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France began taking protection away from the church, and Boniface backed down. Boniface’s prestige returned during religious festivals held in 1300, and he decided to put the kings in their place with another bull, Unam Sanctum, in which he claimed the power to remove any king. He said obedience to the pope was necessary for salvation. Philip reacted strongly and almost succeeded in taking Boniface as a captive to France. The next pope, Benedict XI, died within a year, and after much debate, Clement V (1305–14) was chosen as pope. He moved to Avignon (papal territory next to France) and never returned to Rome. Scared by the French king, he reversed Unam Sanctum. The English saw him as a French puppet and ignored him. Babylonian Captivity This began the Babylonian Captivity of the church. From 1309–77, the popes lived in Avignon. When Pope Gregory XI moved back to Rome in 1377, he found the situation there was chaos and wanted to return to Avignon, but he died in 1378 before he could. The French cardinals left Rome after an Italian had been chosen as pope, and they elected a different pope. This split was called the Great Schism. Now there were two popes, each excommunicating the other. In 1409, a meeting at Pisa decided neither pope was valid and chose a third one. The other two did not resign, so then there were three. Finally in 1417, the Council of Constance fired two popes, the third resigned, and Martin V was named as the new pope. Critics of the Church As you can guess, this was all very confusing to faithful Christians. Two who spoke up in protest were John Wycliffe and John Huss. Wycliffe (1320–1384) was an Oxford professor who saw the suffering caused by the plague and the Hundred Years’ War and felt neither kings nor popes cared about the people. He argued that man must obey God over king or pope and that the Bible, not the church, had authority over Christians. In 1382, his followers translated the Bible into English. In 1415, the Council John Wycliffe’s bones are of Constance ordered that his body be dug up and burned. dug up and burned. John Huss (1369–1415) was also critical of the church and was ordered to appear before the Council of Constance. Although he received a promise of safe passage, he was captured and burned at the stake. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

73

The Church and Its Critics

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

cardinal Bible papal bull papal salvation Babylonian Captivity Great Schism

Multiple Choice

a. a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church, nominated by the pope b. time when the popes lived in Avignon c. the sacred text of Christians d. of or relating to a pope e. when the French cardinals and the Italian cardinals each chose a different pope f. a statement from the pope g. the deliverance from sin and its consequences







8. What was the largest number of people ever claiming to be pope at the same time? a. 5 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4 9. What happened to Huss at the Council of Constance? a. He was given gold. b. He was burned at the stake. c. He was held captive. d. He had a heart attack 10. During what time period did the popes live at Avignon? a. 1309–1377 b. 1369–1415 c. 1305–1314 d. 1320–1384 Constructed Response 11. Explain John Wycliffe’s complaint against kings and popes. Use two details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

74

Medieval Times

The Hundred Years’ War

The Hundred Years’ War When a king was vassal to another king, there was sure to be trouble. When they were the kings of France and England, and each was determined to hold on to what was his, it added up to 116 years of trouble. The Hundred Years’ War, as it was called, was not continuous by any means; there were long lulls in the fight­ing and many distractions: revolts, political disputes, and the plague years. There had been bad blood between English and French rul­ers since the Norman invasion. Each tried to stir up trouble for the other. The English had allies in France opposed to the French The Battle at Crécy king. The French helped the Scots fight the English and stirred up the people of Aquitaine against English rule. In 1337, nine years after Philip VI was crowned the French king, Edward III of England claimed the throne was rightfully his, and the war was officially on. Still, little happened until 1346 when both armies met at Crécy. The French and British Armies The French army was made up of 15,000 Genoese mercenaries (soldiers from Genoa paid to fight). When the battle started, they were tired from an 18-mile march in heavy armor. Add­ing to their troubles was heavy rains that left their bowstrings wet and useless. The English archers were rested and had kept their strings dry. This battle was notable because the English brought three or four small cannons with them. The French troops had never heard the boom of a cannon before and thought that “God thundered.” The Genoese survived that, but not the volley of white arrows that hit them like a “snowstorm.” Crécy was a great victory for Eng­land. John the Good, who followed Philip to the throne, was determined to stop the raids of the Black Prince (the son of Edward III) and get revenge for the defeat at Crécy. With 60,000 men, John faced an English army of only 10,000 men at Poitiers, but the English position was so strong they defeated the French and captured John. French peasants were required to pay a high tax to ransom the king, and that led to the Jacquerie revolt in 1358. Troubles in England The English also had their troubles. For a time, England seemed to pull together, and national pride ran strong. Then taxes went up, hitting the poor the hardest. Wat Tyler’s Rebellion (1381) protested the head tax imposed on everyone over 15. Rioting also occurred in London where the Lord Chancellor, collector of the tax, was beheaded. The Black Death also visited both countries and took people’s minds off war.

The Battle at Agincourt

Henry V Picks a Fight Later, Henry V decided that war would bring the nation together again and picked a quarrel with the French. In 1415, at Agincourt, a French army of 50,000 met Henry’s army of 7,000 to 8,000 men. Again, circumstances favored the English. A heavy rainstorm made the land over which the French crossed so wet that their horsemen sank deep in it. Henry’s men put sharpened stakes in the ground to stop the French cavalry. The bewildered French faced a barrage of arrows and once again suffered a humiliating defeat.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

75

The Hundred Years’ War

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. archer 2. head tax 3. Normans 4. revolt 5. allies 6. mercenaries 7. Black Prince 8. Lord Chancellor Multiple Choice

a. the professional soldiers hired to serve in a foreign army b. to rise up against the government or ruler c. the son of Edward III d. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows e. a tax on everyone over 15 f. a group of Danish Vikings who settled on the coast of France and invaded England g. a country joining with another for military or other purposes h. collector of the tax in England





9. What new weapon was used at Crécy? a. bow and arrows c. cannon

b. sword d. gun

10. What caused Wat Tyler’s Rebellion? a. a head tax c. a cow tax

b. higher taxes for the wealthy d. lower taxes

11. What year was Wat Tyler’s Rebellion? a. 1415 c. 1381

b. 1346 d. 1337

Constructed Response 12. Explain what happened in 1415 at Agincourt. Use two details from the selection to support your answer.



404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

76

Medieval Times

Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French

Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French The long war with England had produced only de­feat and discouragement for France. The French ruler, Charles VII, was an uncrowned king. The coronation (crowning ceremony) had to take place at Rheims, but it was in English hands. Then a 17-year-old girl came to the French court with a message from God. He had chosen her, she claimed, to drive the English from French soil. It was unbelievable, almost as strange as the events of her young life. Divinely Inspired Joan of Arc was a peasant girl from a small town, Dom­rémy, who had not learned to read or write, but was devoted to God. She began hearing voices that made her believe God had chosen her to give France vic­tory over the English. Charles knew she was coming and, to test her, put another man on the throne, while he hid among Joan of Arc the crowd. She had never seen the king before, yet she walked past everyone else in the crowded room and bowed before the real king. He still wasn’t convinced, but then she told him what he had prayed for in his private chapel. Priests came to test her, but they left believing she was divinely inspired. She was given command of the army, but the generals refused to obey her until they discovered her voices won victories. Whenever they did not obey her, the French lost. Dressed in simple armor, she rode at the head of attacks, and common soldiers had such trust in her that they overcame stronger foes. The English soldiers lost courage and fought with little enthusiasm. She drove the English from Rheims and witnessed proudly the crowning of her king. The Voices Go Silent Then her voices did not speak to her, and she wanted to return to Domrémy, but the king wanted her to attack English-held Paris. Joan was badly wounded in the battle, and French forces withdrew to Compiégne. The mayor raised the drawbridge as she approached the city, and she was captured by the Burgundians, allies of the English. They sold her to the English for the small sum of 16,000 francs. She was tried before English churchmen as a heretic who listened to voices. Her trial lasted a year, and during that time, Charles made no effort to ransom or rescue her. Under the pressure of constant questioning, she was ready to recant (admit her sin), but the visions and voices returned and strengthened her resolve. She was found guilty of heresy and condemned to death. Burned at the Stake At the marketplace of Rouen, Joan was burned at the stake in 1431. As the flames roared around her, she raised a cross made of firewood and, looking to heaven, said, “Jesus!” An English soldier, realizing the tragedy he had witnessed, said: “We are lost. We have burnt a saint.” Despite all of the early successes at Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, the English were never again able to win any major battles. Their army fought with little spirit or enthusiasm, while the French fought with revenge in their hearts. In 1453, the English sailed home defeated. The sepa­rate identities of France and England were now firmly established. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

77

Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching 1. ransom 2. foes 3. heresy 4. Burgundians 5. recant 6. coronation 7. divinely 8. saint Multiple Choice

a. to admit to a sin b. the act or ceremony of crowning a king or queen c. those working with the English; their allies d. a person who led an exceptionally holy life; formally recognized as such by the Catholic Church e. relating to or coming from God f. a sum of money or other payment demanded or paid for the release of a prisoner g. a controversial opinion, especially one not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church h. enemies





9. Why did Joan of Arc believe she had been chosen to drive the English out? a. She had courage. b. She heard voices and saw visions. c. Charles VII convinced her. d. The priests gave her strength. 10. Why did Joan of Arc attack Paris? a. She had a vision. c. She heard voices.

b. The king asked her to. d. The priest asked her to.

11. When Joan was tried for heresy, how much help did she receive from Charles? a. 16,000 francs b. none c. 20,000 francs d. 160,000 francs Critical Thinking 12. Why do you think the story of Joan of Arc has fascinated people through the years? Use at least two details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

78

Medieval Times

The Decline of Feudalism

The Decline of Feudalism No newspapers announced when the Middle Ages were over and the Renais­sance began. The period had begun with barbarian invasions, when European civilization was threatened by Goths, Vandals, Lombards, Huns, and Normans. At the end, these barbarians were farmers, merchants, sailors, and priests, no different than those they had conquered. Dynasties Appear Many things conspired to break feudalism, and one of the most important was the development of strong rulers and ruling families, called dynasties. These took power away from the local lords who had controlled Europe’s people for centuries. Events began to play into the hands of kings. The Black Death had wiped out many of the nobility. The church was less of a political force since it had been weakened by internal bickering. Growing cities were closely allied to their rulers. Merchants needed trade, and it was far easier to move goods where there were fewer tax collectors. Cannons also made it easier for the king’s army to keep local lords under control. In Portugal, Spain, England, and France, dynasties began to emerge. A New Age Begins By 1500, there were many doubts being expressed about the feudal sys­tem—with its lords, vassals, knights, and wars. Was this the way society should be? Were some of the practices within the church proper? Was alchemy good science? Should artists and writers be limited by the rigid standards of the past? The church was soon to be challenged on many fronts. It had lost some of its influence dur­ing the time it was in France (the Babylonian Captivity) and when two or three men at a time claimed to be pope (the Great Schism). Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early 16th century, however, succeeded in bringing dramatic change Martin Luther through the Protestant Reformation. Traditional views on science were also being challenged by the 16th century. One major change was the growing doubt that the earth was the center of the universe. In the Middle Ages, the theory of Ptolemy that the earth was the center of the universe was much more popular. Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and others were beginning to develop a new understanding of physics. Knowledge of the human body was also increasing. In the 14th century, dissection of hu­man bodies, cadavers, became a common practice at the University of Bologna. Clever writers made people think about the events of the Middle Ages in a new and critical way. In England, William Shakespeare covered many Medieval themes in his plays. A new age had arrived—Renaissance—with its expanding knowledge of the world, cities, technology, education, and faith in the Leonardo da Vinci human ability to control history.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

79

The Decline of Feudalism

Medieval Times

Name:

Date:

Knowledge Check Matching



1. feudalism 2. Renaissance 3. nobility 4. Middle Ages 5. dynasties 6. barbarians 7. cadaver

Multiple Choice





a. b. c. d. e. f.

a succession of rulers from one family the highest social class in Medieval times a group of people considered dangerous and from a primitive civilization the period of European history between 14th and 16th centuries; a time noted for the revival of art and literature a dead body, often used for scientific study the period of European history from the fall of the Roman

g.

Empire in the West in the 5th century to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 a social system in medieval Europe where vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

8. Who wrote about the events of the Middle Ages in a new and critical way? a. Martin Luther b. Galileo c. John Calvin d. William Shakespeare 9. Who succeeded in bringing dramatic change through the Protestant Reformation? a. Martin Luther and John Calvin b. William Shakespeare c. Galileo and Leonardo da Vinci d. Ptolemy 10. What was it called when two or three men at the same time claimed to be pope? a. the Great Schism b. Renaissance c. the Babylonian Captivity d. feudalism Constructed Response 11. Many things conspired to break feudalism. Explain. Use details from the selection to support your answer. 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

80

Medieval Times

The Decline of Feudalism

Name:

Date:

Explore: Who’s Who in the Middle Ages Directions: Construct an easy reference guide for your study of the Middle Ages. Step #1: Research people from the lists below.

Nobility Charlemagne William the Conqueror Henry IV Henry II King John King Charles VII of France Conrad III of Germany Louis VII of France King Hugh Capet of France King Stephen German Duke Otto I Justinian Richard the Lion Hearted King Leopold of Austria King Henry VI of England King Henry III King Philip VI of France King Edward III of England King Henry V of England

Religion Pope Leo III Pope Nicholas I Pope Gregory VII Pope Urban II Pope Innocent III Pope Boniface VIII Peter the Hermit St. Augustine Pope Benedict XI Clement VI St. Francis of Assisi St. Thomas Aquinas St. Simeon Stylites St. Anthony St. Thomas à Becket Stephen Langton Bother Fra Angelico Venerable Bede St. Benedict

Other Walter the Penniless Saladin Peter Abelard Dante Gutenberg King Arthur Geoffrey Chaucer Cimabue William Caxton Geber, a Spanish alchemist Avicenna, an Arab physician Alhazen Wat Tyler Roger Bacon John Wycliffe John Huss Joan of Arc Paracelsus Knight Godfrey

Step #2: Use several copies of the chart below to organize your research. Step #3: Cut out the sections and put them in chronological order. Step #4: Design and cut out a cover. Step #5: Fasten the cover and sections to form a booklet.

Name:

Contribution:

Date:

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

81

Glossary

Medieval Times

Glossary abbot: the person in charge of a monastery absolutism: the unrestricted power of the government alchemists: those who practiced alchemy; some were only foolish dreamers but others were true scientists alchemy: the science dealing with turning base metals into gold Allah: the Muslim name for God allies: a country joining with another for military or other purposes antipope: a person installed as a rival to the real pope apostles: the 12 closest followers of Jesus Christ and his teachings apprenticeship: a person bound by legal agreement to work for another for a set period of time apse: the choir and altar area of a cathedral archbishop: a church official who leads a large group of Christians in a particular region archer: a person who shoots with a bow and arrows aristocracy: a class of persons holding rank and privileges, especially the nobility Aristotle: believed women and slaves were naturally inferior to men armor: metal coverings to protect the body in battle Asia Minor: the country we call Turkey today Babylonian Captivity: the time when the popes lived in Avignon baileys: the grassy areas between the castle walls for grazing cattle baptize: a Christian ceremony where a person is immersed in water to be cleansed of sin barbarians: a group of people considered by Rome to be dangerous and from a primitive civilization baron: a vassal of the king or a person who had given major military service baroness: the wife of a baron baronet: the person with a rank of honor below a baron and above a knight baronets: the children of a baron and baroness battering ram: a heavy object swung or rammed against a door to break it down battlements: the places on the castle used for defense 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Benedict: a hermit who started a monastery on a mountaintop in Italy about 529 berserkers: the most fierce of the Viking warriors Bible: the sacred text of Christians bishop: a church official who leads a large group of Christians in a particular region Black Death: the bubonic plague; an epidemic spread by the fleas on rats; it killed 25–33% of Europe’s population between 1347 and 1350 Black Prince: the son of Edward III Bologna, Italy: its university was famous for its law school Bosporus: narrow strait of water between Europe and Asia Minor bourg: a fort or castle bourgeois: a person who led the community in a French Medieval city bubonic plague: an epidemic spread by the fleas on black rats; known as the Black Death burgesses: the people who led the community in an English Medieval city burgh: a fort or castle burgher: a person who led the community in a German Medieval city Burgundians: allies of the English in France during the Hundred Years’ War Byzantine Empire: the Eastern Roman Empire also known as Byzantium Byzantine: a citizen of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire; the group of people who first developed hospitals Byzantium: the Eastern Roman Empire; the original city later named Constantinople cadaver: a dead body, often used by medical students to study the body caliph: a Muslim leader who had both political and religious authority campaign: a series of military operations cardinal: a leader in the Roman Catholic Church nominated by the pope castle: a large building or group of buildings fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, and towers casualties: the people killed or injured in a war or accident catapult: a medieval military machine used for hurling large stones cathedra: the special chair for the bishop

82

Medieval Times

Glossary

cathedral: a large Christian church that is the official church of the bishop cavalry: soldiers who fought on horseback celibate: unmarried chancellor: the king’s most important advisor chapel: a small and/or private place of worship, such as in a residence or institution Charlemagne: Charles the Great, the king of France, who was crowned the Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 Children’s Crusade: an expedition in 1212 by children from Germany and France to free the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims chivalry: the code of behavior for a knight: politeness, bravery, honor, and loyalty Christianity: a religion founded in Judea about 2,000 years ago by Jesus Christ Christians: the followers of Jesus and his teachings civil law: the system of law concerned with arguments over property between members of a community clergy: the priests of the Catholic Church college: an educational institution College of Cardinals: the group of church officials responsible for selecting future popes commission: the hiring and payment for the creation of a piece of artwork common law: the part of English law that is derived from custom and applies to all people equally commoner: a person without rank or title communion: a Catholic ceremony confession: an admission or acknowledgment of guilt Constantinople: the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire); originally called Byzantium contagious: a disease that is spread from person to person convent: a community of women devoted to a religious life; also called a nunnery convert: a person who changes their religious faith or other beliefs coronation: the act or ceremony of crowning a king or queen Corpus Juris Civilis: The Body of Civil Law written by Justinian, which gave all decision-making authority in government to the emperor cotter: a person who had no land but rented their services to nobles or rich villeins 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

count: a member of the royal court; the head of the civil government in each county courtship: the time two people spend getting to know one another before they are married courtyard: an unroofed area that is completely or partially enclosed by the castle walls criminal law: the system of law that covers actions by an individual that the government says cannot be allowed crofter: a person who had no land but rented their services to nobles or rich villeins crossbow: a powerful bow with a firing mechanism; when fired the arrow could penetrate a knight’s armor Crusade: any of the journeys and battles undertaken by European Christians between 1095 and 1270 to win control of the Holy Land from the Muslims Crusader: a person who went on any of the military expedition from 1095 to 1270 taken to free the Holy Lands from the Muslims Crusader states: the kingdoms established after the first crusades: Jerusalem, Antioch, Tripoli, and Edessa Curia Regis: the King’s Court curriculum: the subjects comprising a course of study defendant: the person accused in a criminal case in a court of law degenerate: a person who is undesirable because of their behavior: gamblers, belly dancers, and beggars democratic: the principle of political or social equality for all: democratic treatment descendant: a person who is an offspring of a certain ancestor deviate: to move away from discrimination: the treatment of a person based on the group, class, or category to which that person belongs rather than on individual merit district: a region; a section of a city divinely: having to do with God docile: a submissive attitude dowry: the money or property brought by a bride to her husband at marriage drawbridge: a bridge that can be raised or drawn up duchess: the wife of a duke duke: a person with the rank just below a prince dynasties: a succession of rulers from one family

83

Medieval Times

Glossary

earl: in England, this was a rank equal to a count Eastern Empire: In a.d. 284, Roman Empire divided into two parts: Eastern and Western Roman Empire Eastern Orthodox Church: a branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire economic: the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth Eighth Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christians in 1270 taken to free the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims; end of the Crusades emperor: the male ruler of an empire empire: the territory under the authority of a single ruler epidemic: a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease in a community era: a certain time period in history excommunicate: to expel from the church excommunication: to deprive a person of the right of church membership feast days: joyous occasions when peasants could gather at the church for physical contests, watch plays, and eat food provided by the lord Feast of Fools: festival day where the poor in cities could make fun of their betters feud: a bitter, continuous hostility feudalism: a social system in medieval Europe feudal system: a system of governing in which vassals received land from overlords in exchange for armed warriors and other services fiefdom: the land a noble received from the king Fifth Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christians from 1217–1221 taken to conquer Egypt financial: having to do with money First Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christianity from 1096–1099 to free the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims flagellation: an act of beating oneself flying buttress: stone support on the outside of a Gothic cathedral foe: a military enemy fort: a building that could be defended from attack Fourth Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christianity from 1202–1204 taken to free the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims Frankish army: the soldiers who came from Northern Europe and spoke the German language freemen: the nobles friars: the members of a religious order for men who lived out among the people 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Germanic: associated with a tribe of people who lived in Northern Europe and spoke the German language Germanic laws: treated women as their husband’s property glazier: a person who sets glass in windows Gothic: style of cathedral with heavy walls supported by flying buttresses; crowned with steeples and spires pointing to heaven; had pointed doors and windows Great Schism: when the French cardinals and the Italian cardinals each chose a different pope guild: merchants or artisans organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members hawking: the hunting of rabbits, pigeons, and herons with a hawk head tax: a tax imposed on everyone in England over the age of 15 Hegira: the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina heresy: a controversial opinion, especially one not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church hermit: a person who retires from society and lives in solitude, especially for religious reasons Holy City: Jerusalem Holy Roman Emperor: ruler of a loose confederation of German and Italian territories hospital: a place for travelers and sick people to find shelter and food hostage: a person held for the fulfillment of certain conditions or terms, such as a ransom House of Commons: the house of Parliament consisting of commoners House of Lords: the house of Parliament consisting of high churchmen and nobles Hugh Capet: (987–996) the Count of Paris; chosen by the great nobles of northern France to be king humors: the four body fluids; blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile Hundred Years’ War: the series of wars fought between England and France from 1337–1453 immortality: the condition of unending life inheritance: the property or a title passed to a person from an ancestor invaders: a group of people who enters by force in order to conquer invasion: an army entering or invading another country

84

Medieval Times

Glossary

Islam: the religion of Muslims based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad Jacquerie rebellion: in 1358, French peasants revolted in the north and west of France over the high taxes, demanding taxpayers have more say in decisions to raise taxes Jerusalem: the city holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims jester: a professional fool or clown Jesus: a teacher and prophet; his life and sermons formed the basis for Christianity Jew: a member of the community whose traditional religion is Judaism Jihad: a holy war undertaken as a sacred duty by Muslims Joan of Arc: (1412–1431) a French peasant girl from the town of Domrémy who heard voices that told her God had chosen her to lead the French in victory over the English; English churchmen tried her for heresy and burned her at the stake Justinian: (527–565) emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire jury: 12 good men out of every 100 appointed by the sheriff to investigate rumors of crimes keep: the tall tower of a castle where the baron lives King Stephen: (1135–1154) king of England who battled against his cousin Matilda and was taken advantage of by the nobles knight: a medieval warrior who rode a horse and wore armor knighthood: the title, rank, or status of a knight Knights Hospitalers: an order of French knights Knights of the Santiago de Compostella: an order of Spanish knights dedicated to freeing Spain from the Muslims Knights Templars: an order composed of knights from many nations Koran: the sacred text of Islam lady of the manor: a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also, the wife of a manor lord lady: an earl’s wife Latin: the official language of ancient Rome and its empire Latin Quarter: the area of Paris where students lived lay investiture: the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

lecture: a speech delivered before a class for instruction on some subject legate: a representative of the pope legitimate: in accordance with the law leprasaria: a hospital for lepers Lombards: a tribe of Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the sixth century Londonium: the Roman name for London longbow: a long, hand-drawn bow, such as that used in Medieval England looting: to steal lord: a person who had authority, control, or power over others who live on his land Lord Chancellor: the collector of taxes in England Lutetia: the original name of Paris, meaning Mudtown mace: a spiked club used as a weapon Madonna: the mother of Jesus Magna Carta: (the Great Charter) a legal document written by English lords in 1215 that limited the power of the king Magnum Concilium: the Great Council Malady of the Purple: the problem of having no lines of succession to the throne in the Eastern Empire manor: a large estate granted to a lord marquis: an officer in charge of defenses along the marches (English: marquess) marquise: the wife of a marquis (English: marchioness) mason: a person who was a builder and worker in stone master: an accomplished artist with great skill Matilda: had the best claim to the throne of England and ruled as Lady of England for a time, but was defeated by her cousin Stephen Mayor of the Palace: a chief administrator who ran things for the Merovingian rulers of France Medieval: a term relating to the Middle Ages mercenaries: the professional soldiers hired to serve in a foreign army merchant: a person who buys, sells, or trades to make a profit Merovingians: Franks who ruled what is now France for a period of almost 300 years; poor rulers who were foolish and corrupt Middle Ages: a period in European history between a.d. 500 and about the 1400s

85

Glossary

Medieval Times

Middle East: an area of southwestern Asia and northern Africa that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to Pakistan and includes the Arabian peninsula military: having to do with soldiers and war miniaturist: an artist who paints small pictures miracle plays: plays about saints missi domenici: special agents sent by Charlemagne to check on local officials to make sure they were not taking bribes or abusing the people moat: a ditch filled with water surrounding a castle monarchy: ruled by a king or queen monastery: a community in which people lead lives devoted to religion monk: a man who has withdrawn from the world for religious reasons living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience monopoly: the exclusive control of something monument: a building surviving from a past age, and regarded as of historical or archaeological importance Moors: a group of Muslims that invaded Spain moot: practice trial argued by a law student morality plays: plays where the characters represented certain virtues and vices Muhammad: a teacher and prophet; the person who founded the religion of Islam Muslim: a follower of the religion of Islam mystery plays: plays using stories from the Bible narthex: the inside entrance of a Gothic cathedral nave: the central part of a church building nobility: the highest social class in Medieval times noble: a person distinguished by high birth or rank nobleman: a man distinguished by high birth or rank Norman: a member of the Danish Vikings who settled on the coast of France and eventually invaded England Normandy: the coast of France nouveaux riches: new rich; a person who had recently become wealthy nun: a woman who lived in a convent and was devoted to a religious life Odin: the Viking god of battle and death Old and New Testament: the two major portions of the Bible

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

order: a group of knights dedicated to fighting the Muslims Otto I: the German duke who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in 962 pagan: the religious beliefs other than those of the established main world religions; usually believing in many gods page: a youth being trained for the medieval rank of knight papal: having to do with the pope papal bull: a statement from the pope pardon: the release from the penalty of an offense Paris: capital of France; its university was famous for its study of theology and philosophy Parliament: the part of the English government responsible for making laws Patriarch: the most important person in the Eastern Orthodox Church peasant: a person who worked the lord’s land in return for his protection penny: the first English coin Pepin the Short: crowned king of France by the pope in 754; Charlemagne’s father perspective: the technique in art of having some figures look more distant than others Peter Abelard: (1079–1142) well-known teacher in Paris; wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No) debating both sides of issues petit: a second jury that decided guilt or innocence of a defendant Philosopher’s Stone: a substance believed to have the power of turning base metal into gold physician: a healer plague: a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people plaintiff: the person who claims to have been wronged in a criminal case of law poaching: illegal hunting on the lord’s land political: of or relating to the government or the public affairs of a country pope: the leader of the Roman Catholic Church pound: English currency equal to 240 pennies or 20 shillings presentments: the charges brought against a person by a jury prestige: a reputation gained from success, achievement, or rank priest: a member of the clergy prince: the son of a king

86

Medieval Times

Glossary

princess: the daughter of a king profit: in a business, the money left over after paying the bills Protestant Reformation: an effort to reform the Catholic Church that led to a split in the church and the formation of Protestant denominations; led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others Provisions of Oxford: a document the English King Henry III was forced to sign that placed government in the hands of the nobles prow: the forward part of a ship’s hull; the bow purgatory: a place between heaven and hell quarantine: the strict isolation of people to prevent the spread of disease raid: a surprise attack by an armed force ramparts: the walkways on the walls of the castle used for defense ransom: a sum of money or other payment demanded or paid for the release of a prisoner rebel: a person who rises up against the government or ruler of his or her country recant: to admit to a sin reform: to change something in order to improve it reformers: a group of people who want to bring about change reign: the rule of king or queen; the time a king or queen is in power remedies: medicine or treatments for diseases or injuries Renaissance: the period of European history between the 14th and 16th centuries that is known for the revival of art and literature rent: payment for the use of land or a house revolt: to rise up against the government or ruler rioting: a crowd protesting in the streets Robin Hood: a make-believe character who fought to save England from the evil Prince John Roman Catholic Church: the Christian Church of which the pope in Rome is the leader Roman Empire: the empire founded in 753 b.c.; at its height stretched from England into Iraq and included the coast of North Africa Romanesque: style of cathedral with thick stone walls, narrow openings for light, and rounded arches saint: a person who has led an exceptionally holy life; formally recognized as such by the Christian Church

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Saladin: military leader of the Muslims who captured Jerusalem in 1187 and took its king prisoner Salerno, Italy: its university was famous for its study of medicine salvation: the deliverance from sin and its consequences sanitation: the disposal of sewage and solid waste Saxon: a member of an ancient Germanic people, many of whom conquered and settled in southern England in the 5th–6th centuries Scandinavia: the area of Europe where the Vikings lived; modern-day Sweden, Norway, Denmark scholar: a person with great knowledge on a subject science: from the Latin word meaning “to know” sculptor: an artist who models, carves, or fashions figures or forms of clay, stone, metal, wood, etc. seamstress: a woman who sews, especially one who makes her living by sewing serf: a person who worked the lord’s land in return for his protection; his ancestors had been made subjects of the lord as a group Seventh Crusade: a military expedition (1248– 1254) led by King Louis IX to free the Holy Lands from the Muslims shilling: an English coin that weighed one twentieth of a pound; equal to 12 pennies shire: a county in England shrine: any structure or place devoted to a holy person siege: the blockading of a city by an army attempting to capture it siege machine: a device used to break or overcome walls or other fortifications in a siege simony: the practice of a churchman buying or selling his position Sixth Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christians from 1223–1229 taken to free the Holy Lands from the Muslims Slavic: relating to the people of Russia, Poland, Croatia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etc. Sorbonne: one of the most famous universities in the world today, founded in the Middle Ages when Robert Sorbon gave money for a hall in Paris where 16 poor students could live for free

87

Medieval Times

Glossary

squire: a boy who was the personal attendant to a man of rank St. Anthony: an Egyptian Christian who lived on a mountain near the Nile River around a.d. 300; he gathered hermits together in groups of two or three; these were the first monks St. Augustine: (354–430) from North Africa; sold his inheritance and gave the money to the poor; wrote The City of God St. Francis of Assisi: (1182–1226) gave away his riches and lived as a beggar preaching to the poorest people in the cities of Italy St. Paul: made the statement that women were to keep silent in the church St. Simeon Stylites: hermit who lived on a 60-foottall pillar for 30 years St. Thomas à Becket: (1118–1176) archbishop of Canterbury and friend of Henry II of England; killed by four of Henry’s barons St. Thomas Aquinas: (1225–1274) a monk; his main interest was theology; developed new approaches to thinking and believed that the people should participate in government sultan: a ruler of a Muslim country superstition: a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge tailor: a man whose occupation is making fitted clothes for individual customers tapestry: a heavy cloth woven with multicolored designs or scenes, usually hung on castle walls for decoration tax: a sum of money demanded by a government to pay for facilities or services Teutonic Knights: an order of German knights theology: the study of God or religion The Venerable Bede: (673–735) an English priest and scholar; devised the formula to decide when Easter should fall each year Thing: a council that made the decisions for the Viking community Third Crusade: a military expedition by Western Christians from 1189 to 1192 taken to free the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims; led by Richard I and the king of France Thor: the Viking god of the sky who controlled the storms and winds tithe: a tax for the support of the church and clergy; one-tenth tournament: a competition held for entertainment where knights could practice their combat 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

transepts: the arms of the cross in a cross-shaped cathedral translate: to convert from one language to another treason: the crime of betraying one’s country treaty: a formal agreement between countries troubadour: a poet who composed and sang songs on the theme of courtly love universitas: guilds formed by teachers and students university: an educational institution vandalism: property destruction vassal: a person given land (fief) by a lord in exchange for loyalty and protection Venetians: citizens of Venice Vespers: a service of evening prayer vice: bad habit or moral failing Vikings: the fierce, seafaring warriors from Scandinavia; ancestors to the Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes villein: a person who worked the lord’s land in return for his protection; his ancestors had made a contract with the lord virtue: a characteristic of goodness; righteousness; moral correctness viscount: an English officer who acted as a substitute for the earl viscountess: a viscount’s wife Wat Tyler’s Rebellion: in 1381 a protest by peasants against the head tax in England; the peasant Wat Tyler killed a tax collector Witan: a council in Anglo-Saxon England made up of important leaders of the church and nobility; it advised the king and sometimes acted as a court Year Book: a record of the opinions written by judges about cases they tried Zara: a port belonging to the Christian ruler of Hungary

88

Medieval Times

Answer Keys

Answer Keys The Roman Empire Knowledge Check (page 5) Matching 1. f 2. d 3. g 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. e Multiple Choice 8. b 9. b 10. c Constructed Response 11. Barbarian tribes murdered and stole wherever they went. In 407, Vandals and Burgundians attacked the Roman legions in Gaul and took it for themselves. In 410, Visigoths moved in. They raided, looted, and burned Italy, Rome, southern Gaul and Hispania. Map Follow-Up (page 6) True or False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F Critical Thinking 6. The importance of Rome declined as the Western Roman Empire fell into disarray. Since the most powerful rulers were in Constantinople, they did not respond as quickly to problems in the West. Explore: Test Your Understanding of Roman Numerals (page 7) Roman Arabic Roman Arabic Numeral Numeral Numeral Numeral III 3 LX 60 VI 6 XXXIV 34 IX 9 XC 90 X 10 CCC 300 XXII 22 M 1000 Challenge 1. Answers will vary, depending on the year. 2012: MMXII 2013: MMXIII 2014: MMXIV 2. Answers will vary. Islam Spreads Rapidly Knowledge Check (page 9) Matching 1. d 2. f 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. g 7. c Multiple Choice 8. a 9. d 10. b Constructed Response 11. While others ignored the literature of the Greeks, the Moors preserved it. As practical people, the Muslims valued the insights of those with whom they came in contact. They expanded on the mathematical work of Ptolemy and Euclid. Their 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

navigational instruments would be important to sailors who traveled beyond sight of land in later years. Charlemagne Rises Above the Rest Knowledge Check (page 11) Matching 1. b 2. f 3. e 4. g 5. c 6. a 7. d Multiple Choice 8. b 9. c 10. a Critical Thinking 11. Charlemagne defended France from Germanic tribes. He organized the empire into counties, and sent missi domenici to check on local officials. The Viking Plague From the North Knowledge Check (page 13) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. g 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. f Multiple Choice 8. c 9. a 10. d Constructed Response 11. The Vikings wore animal hides and sailed on wooden ships with snake or dragon heads on the prow. They moved quickly and raided and looted towns, monasteries, and churches. Berserkers were especially terrifying warriors dressed as bears. They often used a two-edged sword and aimed at the enemy’s arms and legs. Feudalism Comes to Europe Knowledge Check (page 15) Matching 1. g 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. e 6. f Multiple Choice 8. b 9. d 10. c Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary.

7. d

Showdown at Canossa Knowledge Check (page 17) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. f 4. g 5. b 6. a 7. c Multiple Choice 8. c 9. d 10. a

89

Medieval Times

Answer Keys

Constructed Response 11. Henry IV brought an army into Italy. Gregory was chased out of Rome and Henry appointed an antipope.

Explore: Noble Rankings (page 26) King/Queen Prince/Princess Duke/Duchess Marquis/Marquise Earl/Lady, Count/Countess Viscount/Viscountess Baron/Baroness Baronet

Great Minds in the Dark Ages Knowledge Check (page 19) Matching 1. f 2. a 3. b 4. g 5. e 6. c 7. d Multiple Choice 8. c 9. b 10. d Constructed Response 11. Education was very limited. People knew little about the outside world, and war seemed to be more important than ideas.

Knights in Shining Armor Knowledge Check (page 28) Matching 1. g 2. b 3. e 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. f Multiple Choice 8. d 9. c 10. b Constructed Response 11. A student knight followed a baron or warrior into combat. He would carry his shield and spear. He learned to ride, practice with weapons, and cope with fatigue.

Monks and Hermits Reject the World Knowledge Check (page 21) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. g 4. f 5. b 6. a 7. c Multiple Choice 8. d 9. a 10. b Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary.

Ladies of the Court Knowledge Check (page 32) Matching 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. f 5. a 6. d Multiple Choice 7. a 8. c 9. b Constructed Response 10. Once married, all of her property belonged to her husband. She ran the household and supervised the spinning, weaving, and cooking. When the husband was away, she became outdoor supervisor. If the castle were attacked while her husband was away, she commanded the defense.

Rulers with “Uneasy Heads” Knowledge Check (page 23) Matching 1. e 2. g 3. f 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c Multiple Choice 8. c 9. a 10. d Constructed Response 11. Matilda plotted against her cousin, King Stephen while in France. When she had enough support, she marched on London and captured him. Her rule was so cruel that the nobles turned against her and put her in prison.

The Byzantine Empire Is in Trouble Knowledge Check (page 34) Matching 1. d 2. f 3. b 4. g 5. c 6. a 7. e Multiple Choice 8. c 9. b 10. a Constructed Response 11. It was required that bishops be unmarried, but married men could be priests.

The Nobility of Europe Knowledge Check (page 25) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. f 4. g 5. c 6. a 7. b Multiple Choice 8. a 9. a 10. b Constructed Response 11. The forts were surrounded by a moat, which were trenches filled with water. Weapons such as boiling water, rocks, and arrows would be thrown over the walls of the fort against any attackers.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

90

Medieval Times

Answer Keys

“God wills it!” The First Crusade Knowledge Check (page 36) Matching 1. b 2. e 3. c 4. a 5. d 6. f Multiple Choice 7. b 8. a 9. c Constructed Response 10. A warrior found what was said to be the lance that pierced Jesus’ side. This was seen as a sign that God was with them; the Crusaders rallied and fought their way out.

Constructed Response 11. The 12th article said there must be no tax levied unless by “common consent of our kingdom.” This led to “no taxation without representation.” Article 39 provided that no freeman could be tried except by the “lawful judgment of his peers.” This led to our jury system.

Richard the Lion Hearted and the Third Crusade Knowledge Check (page 38) Matching 1. c 2. e 3. f 4. a 5. g 6. d 7. b Multiple Choice 8. d 9. c 10. b Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary, but may include Richard’s role as a just king in the stories of Robin Hood. The Crusading Spirit Declines Knowledge Check (page 40) Matching 1. d 2. a 3. f 4. b 5. g 6. c 7. e Multiple Choice 8. b 9. d 10. c Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary, but may include that people were tired of fighting and losing, they ran out of money, and the knights no longer fought for the Christian cause, but for selfish gains.

Cities Grow in Size and Influence Knowledge Check (page 50) Matching 1. e 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. d 6. b 7. c Multiple Choice 8. c 9. b 10. c Constructed Response 11. The people could supply him with soldiers in case of war, and whatever they owned could be taxed. Cathedrals: Monuments to Faith Knowledge Check (page 52) Matching 1. f 2. a 3. g 4. b 5. e 6. h 7. c 8. d Multiple Choice 9. d 10. a 11. a Constructed Response 12. Romanesque style was made of thick stone with narrow openings for light and rounded arches. Gothic style had pointed arches. Doors and windows were pointed too, like hands at prayer. Gothic cathedrals were usually shaped like a large cross. Explore: Identifying the Parts of a Cathedral (page 53) A. choir B. apse C. altar D. narthex E. aisle F. nave G. transept

A Legal System Develops in England Knowledge Check (page 43) Matching 1. b 2. e 3. f 4. a 5. d 6. g 7. c Multiple Choice 8. a 9. c 10. d Constructed Response 11. They needed Latin for the official records, English to talk to the client, and Norman French for the courtroom. King John Signs the Magna Carta Knowledge Check (page 45) Matching 1. d 2. c 3. g 4. e 5. b 6. a 7. f Multiple Choice 8. b 9. d 10. a 404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Castles and Forts Give More Power to the Nobility Knowledge Check (page 47) Matching 1. f 2. g 3. d 4. e 5. a 6. c 7. b Multiple Choice 8. a 9. d 10. b Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary, but may include wells for water, food, and weapons. Explore: Identifying Parts of a Castle (page 48) A. outer bailey B. inner bailey C. keep D. inner wall E. rampart F. moat G. drawbridge H. outer wall

91

Answer Keys

Medieval Times

Medieval Universities: Centers of Learning Knowledge Check (page 56) Matching 1. f 2. d 3. c 4. g 5. b 6. h 7. e 8. a Multiple Choice 9. c 10. c 11. d Critical Thinking 12. Answers will vary.

Life in the Middle Ages: Music, Art, and Literature Knowledge Check (page 64) Matching 1. f 2. g 3. c 4. h 5. d 6. b 7. a 8. e Multiple Choice 9. a 10. c 11. c Constructed Response 12. His work involved many types of art. He was trained as a miniaturist and learned how to draw precisely, but he could also create large paintings. Among his contributions to art was perspective, the technique of having some figures look more distant than others.

Life in the Middle Ages: The Cities Knowledge Check (page 58) Matching 1. g 2. f 3. b 4. d 5. e 6. a 7. c Multiple Choice 8. b 9. c 10. d Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary. Life in the Middle Ages: The Peasants’ Lot Knowledge Check (page 60) Matching 1. h 2. a 3. g 4. e 5. f 6. c 7. b 8. d Multiple Choice 9. b 10. c 11. a Constructed Response 12. Feudal law most protected the villein because his ancestors had made a contract with a lord for protection. The serf’s ancestors in the village had been made subject of the lord as a group. Serfs were tied to the land, and if one lord took the land away from another, he got the serfs too. Crofters and cotters had no land but rented their services to nobles or rich villeins. Life in the Middle Ages: Recreation Knowledge Check (page 62) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. f 4. a 5. g 6. c 7. b Multiple Choice 8. c 9. a 10. a Constructed Response 11. There were three types of plays: stories from the Bible (mystery plays), those about saints (miracle plays), and plays where the characters represented certain virtues and vices (morality plays).

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Life in the Middle Ages: Science Knowledge Check (page 66) Matching 1. c 2. g 3. f 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. e Multiple Choice 8. b 9. d 10. d Constructed Response 11. The alchemist’s problem was to find the exact combination of metals, temperatures, and methods that would produce the most perfect of all metals: gold. Life in the Middle Ages: Health Knowledge Check (page 68) Matching 1. c 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. h 6. g 7. f 8. b Multiple Choice 9. b 10. c 11. b Constructed Response 12. People believed in the four humors. Some people believed that touching things associated with saints would cure them. People did not bathe, meat was old, and vegetables were overcooked. Houses were cold, smoky, and smelled. Insects and pests spread disease, and manure and garbage were thrown into the street. The Black Death Knowledge Check (page 70) Matching 1. c 2. f 3. g 4. a 5. e 6. b 7. d Multiple Choice 8. a 9. d 10. b

92

Medieval Times

Answer Keys

Constructed Response 11. The cities were crowded, so contact with plague carriers, such as rats and lice, as well as other sick people, was more common. More travellers came to and left from big cities, which spread the disease to other cities faster. The Beginnings of Parliament Knowledge Check (page 72) Matching 1. b 2. f 3. e 4. g 5. a 6. d 7. c Multiple Choice 8. c 9. c 10. b Critical Thinking 11. Answers will vary. The Church and Its Critics Knowledge Check (page 74) Matching 1. a 2. c 3. f 4. d 5. g 6. b 7. e Multiple Choice 8. b 9. b 10. a Constructed Response 11. He saw the suffering caused by the plague and the Hundred Years’ War and felt neither kings nor popes cared about the people. He argued that man must obey God over king or pope and that the Bible, not the church, had authority over Christians.

Joan of Arc Steps in to Save the French Knowledge Check (page 78) Matching 1. f 2. h 3. g 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. e 8. d Multiple Choice 9. b 10. b 11. b Critical Thinking 12. Answers will vary. The Decline of Feudalism Knowledge Check (page 80) Matching 1. g 2. d 3. b 4. f 5. a 6. c 7. e Multiple Choice 8. d 9. a 10. a Constructed Response 11. The development of strong rulers and dynasties was one of the most important in breaking feudalism. The church was less of a political force since it had been weakened by internal bickering. The plague had wiped out much of the rest of the nobility and church leaders. Kings also had new weapons, such as cannons, that gave them more power.

The Hundred Years’ War Knowledge Check (page 76) Matching 1. d 2. e 3. f 4. b 5. g 6. a 7. c 8. h Multiple Choice 9. c 10. a 11. c Constructed Response 11. A French army of 50,000 met Henry V’s army of 7,000–8,000 men. A heavy rainstorm made the land over which the French crossed so wet that their horsemen sank deep in it. The French faced a barrage of arrows. They suffered a humiliating defeat.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

93

Medieval Times

Bibliography

Bibliography Books

Web Sites

Bauer, Susan Wise. The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child, Volume 2: The Middle Ages: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of the Renaissance. Peace Hill Press, 2003.

Medieval Times: The Middle Ages for Kids http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/ Kidipede: Middle Ages for Kids–Medieval Europe http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/

Berger, Gilda. The Real Vikings: Craftsmen, Traders, and Fearsome Raiders. National Geographic Children’s Books, 2003.

The Middle Ages for Kids http://www.kathimitchell.com/middleages.htm

Cels, Marc. Arts and Literature in the Middle Ages. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2004.

Middle Ages Crafts & Projects http://www.abookintime.com/crafts/ projectsmidages.html

Cels, Marc. Life in a Medieval Monastery. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2004.

Social Studies for Kids: The Middle Ages http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/subjects/ middleages.htm Medieval & Renaissance Material Culture: Books for Young Readers: The Middle Ages and Renaissance http://larsdatter.com/kids-books.htm

Corbishley, Mike. The Middle Ages (Cultural Atlas for Young People). Chelsea House Publications, 2007. Dawson, Imogen. Clothes and Crafts in the Middle Ages. Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2000. Eastwood, Kay. Women and Girls in the Middle Ages. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2003.

The Middle Ages.net http://www.themiddleages.net/

Elliott, Lynne. Food and Feasts in the Middle Ages. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2004.

Chivalry Kidzone: Medieval Nobles http://www.chronique.com/Kids/nobles.htm

Elliott, Lynne. Medieval Medicine and the Plague. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2005. Groves, Marsha. Manners and Customs in the Middle Ages. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2005.

Everyday Life in the Middle Ages http://www.localhistories.org/middle.html Western Reserve Public Media: The Middle Ages http://westernreservepublicmedia.org/ middleages/hotlist.htm

MacDonald, Fiona. How to Be a Medieval Knight. National Geographic Children’s Books, 2007. Olmon, Kyle. Castle: Medieval Days and Knights (A Sabuda & Reinhart Pop-up Book). Orchard Books, 2006. Schlitz, Laura Amy. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! Voices from a Medieval Village. Candlewick Press, 2007. Willard, Barbara. Son of Charlemagne (Living History Library). Bethlehem Books, 1998.

404157-EB ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

94

Medieval Times Photo Credits pg. 4 Diocletien Vaux1.jpg. 17th century. {{PD-Art}} Jebulon. pg. 4 “Sack of Rome by Alaric - sacred vessels are brought to a church for safety (2nd of 2)” from The City of God by Augustine. 1475 {{PD-Art}} Jan Arkesteijn. pg. 8 Maler der Gescichte von Bayad und Riyad 002.jpg. {{PD-GNU/CC}} The Yorck Project . pg. 8 Bataille de Poitiers, en Octobre 732 by Carl von Steuben. 1835. {{PDArt}} Chateau de Versailles . Frank Schulenburg. pg. 10 Pepin le Bref by Jean Fouquet. 15th century. {{PD-Art}} Acoma. pg. 10 Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini. 1725. {{PD-Author}} St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican. Myrabella. pg. 12 Odhin by Johannes Gehrts. 1901. {{PD-Art}} From Walhall: Germanische Gotter - Und Heldensagen. Bloodofox. pg. 12 Bronze plates with raised images, Vendel era. {{PD-Art}} Oland, Sweden. Hedning. pg. 12 William I of England vylodeni.jpg. 15th century. {{PD-Art}} . Acoma. pg. 16 Heinrich vor Canossa by Euduard Schwoiser. 1852. {{PD-Art}} Preusachse. pg. 18 Augustine of Hippo by Sandro Botticelli. 1480. {{PD-Art}} The Yorck Project . pg. 18 St. Francis by Vittore Crivelli. 1490. {{PD-Art}} El Paso Museum of Art. Wmpearl. pg. 20 St. Benedict by Herman Neig. 1926. {{PD-Art}} Heiligenkreuz Church. Georges Jansoone. pg. 22 Hugh Capet of France. 12th century. {{PD-Art}} Acoma. pg. 22 Stephen of England from Cotton Vitellius A XIII. 14th century. {{PD-Art}} British Library. Acoma. pg. 22 Matylda from Gospels of Henry the Lion. 12th century. {{PD-Art}} HerzogAugust-Bibliotheck, Wolfenbuttel. pg. 24 Hommage of Edward I to Philippe le Bel in Les Grandes Chroniques de France. 15th century. {{PD-Author}} Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. World Imaging. pg. 27 Edward III of England and his son, The Black Prince. 14th century. {{PD-Art}} University of Pennyslvania. Cartedaos.

pg. 31 Queen Guenevere and Isoude Les Blanches Mains by William Morris. 19th century. {{PD-Author}} Harden Grange, Yorkshire. PKM.

pg. 63 Enthroned Madonna with Angels and Prophets by Cimabue. 1285. {{PD-Art}} Uffizi Gallery, Florencek, Italy. The Yorck Project .

pg. 33 Justinian I. {{PD-Art}} San Vitale Church, Ravenna, Italy. Strangerer.

pg. 63 Chaucer as a pilgrim from The Canturbury Tales. The Ellesmere Manuscript. {{PD-Art}} Huntington Library, San Marino, Califorina. Bkwillwm.

pg. 35 Siege of Nicaea; Crusaders Throwing Heads of Muslims Over Ramparts from Histoir d’Outre Mer by Guillaume de Tyr. 13th century. {{PD-Art}} World Imaging.

pg. 65 Der Stein der Weisen by J. Ch. Schellenberg. 1786. {{PD-Art}} Dr. Meierhofer.

pg. 35 Saladin. Gaspa. {{PD-GFDL/CC}}. Cairo Museo Militare. Dudubot.

pg. 65 Roger Bacon from Popular Science Monthly. 1897. {{PD-Art}} Ineuw.

pg. 37 Richard I the Lionheart, King of England by Merry-Joseph Blondel. 1841. {{PD-Art}} Musee National des Chateauz de Versailles et de Trianon. Deerstop.

pg. 67 Anatomical illustration showing the veins from Ashmole MS. 13th century. {{PD-Art}} England. Leinad-Z.

pg. 39 The Children’s Crusade by Gustave Dore. 19th century. {{PD-Art}} Bender235. pg. 42 Inns of Court, London. {{PD-GFDL/ CC}} Marc Baronnet. pg. 44 John of England signs the Magna Carta from Cassell’s History of England - Century Edition. 1902. {{PD-Art}} Tagishsimon. pg. 46 Windsor Castle Round Tower. London, England. 2006. {{PD-GFDL/CC}} PlusMinus. pg. 49 John Norden’s map of 1593 London. {{PD-Art}} Parrot of Doom. pg. 49 Une rue d’Honfleur, Calvados, Basse-Normandie. 2004. {{PD-GFDL/ CC}} Urban. pg. 51 Chartres Cathedral, Chatres, France. 2005. {{PD-GFDL/CC}} Atlant. pg. 54 Stained Glass Windows. ©Kristin Thomas, 5th and 6th Grade Gallery, Thomas Dooley Elementary School. pg. 54 Stained Glass Windows Materials © pg. 55 Meeting of Doctors at the University of Paris from Chants Royaux. {{PDArt}} Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. pg. 57 Windsor Guildhall, designed by Christopher Wren. 1689. {{PD-GFDL/ CC}} WyrdLight.com. pg. 59 Braies. 1244. {{PD-Art}} PKM. pg. 61 Falconry, Book of Frederick II. 1240s. {{PD-Art}} Vatican Library. Web Gallery of Art. PKM. pg. 61 Statue of a jester in Niepolomice, Poland. 2006. {{PD-GFDL/CC}} Jurek Durczak. Romek79.

pg. 69 Bubonic Plague victims in a mass grave in Martingues, France. 2011. {{PDPhoto}} Centers for Disease Control, United States of America. 7mike5000. pg. 69 Smallpox/Black Death. Der Toggenburg-Bibel (Schweiz). 1411. {{PD-Art}} Fingalo. pg. 71 Palazzo di Westminster (Parliament). 2007. {{PD-GFDL/CC}} London. Aldo Ardetti. pg. 73 Pope Boniface VIII. {{PD-Art}} APPER. pg. 73 John Wycliffe’s bones being burnt in 1427 from John Foxe’s Book. 1563. {{PD-Art}} The Ohio State University. Bkwillwm. pg. 75 Bataille de Crecy. 1346. {{PD-Art}} Cyberprout. pg. 75 Battle of Agincourt, 1415 from Chroniques d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet. 15th century. {{PD-Art}} The real Marcoman. pg. 77 Joan of Arc. Circa 1450–1500. {{PD-Art}} Centre Historique des Archives nationales, Paris. The Anome. pg. 79 Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder. 1533 {{PD-Art}} CTSWyneken. pg. 78 Self-Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci. 1513. {{PD-Art}} Front Cover: Astronomical Clock in the old town square ©iStockphoto.com/POOH1.

About the Authors Frank T. R. Edgar, Professor of History at Culver-Stockton College, has 36 years of teaching experience in both public and private institutions, teaching courses in history, government, geography, anthropology, economic history, world literature, English composition, and grammar. Edgar received a B.A. in history from the University of Denver, a B.S. in education (social studies) from Northern Illinois University, and completed his Ph.D. work in history at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the recipient of two awards for excellence in education. George R. Lee is a retired Professor of History. He taught junior high school history for six years before becoming a college teacher. He is a graduate of Northeastern Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma. Lee is the author or coauthor of several books published by Mark Twain Media, Inc. His articles have appeared in The Encyclopedia of Southern History and The Missouri Historical Review. Consultants: Schyrlet Cameron and Carolyn Craig are retired elementary and middle-school teachers from Mt. Vernon, Missouri. Currently, they are working as writers and educational consultants. They have authored several social studies and science worktexts for Mark Twain Media, Inc.

To see these products and more, visit your nearest teacher bookstore or go online at www.carsondellosa.com and click on the Mark Twain Media logo or Shop by Brand.

Civilizations of the Past Series

CD-404161 Greek and Roman Civilizations CD-404158 CD-404157 Medieval Times CD-404159 CD-404160 Egypt and the Middle East CD-404162

Renaissance World Civilizations and Cultures Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Civilizations

This product has been correlated to state, national, and Canadian provincial standards. Visit www.carsondellosa.com to search and view its correlations to your standards, or call 800-321-0943.