Matter and Interactions Vol1&2 [Fourth edition] 9781118875865, 9781118914519, 9781118914496, 9781118914526, 9781118914502, 9781118914533, 1118875869

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 11
1.1 Kinds of Matter......Page 19
1.2 Detecting Interactions......Page 22
1.3 Newton's First Law of Motion......Page 24
1.4 Describing the 3D World: Vectors......Page 26
1.5 SI Units......Page 35
1.6 Speed and Velocity......Page 36
1.7 Predicting a New Position......Page 38
1.8 Momentum......Page 42
1.9 Using Momentum to Update Position......Page 45
1.10 Momentum at High Speeds......Page 46
1.11 Computational Modeling......Page 49
1.12 *The Principle of Relativity......Page 51
1.13 *Updating Position at High Speed......Page 54
Summary......Page 55
Questions......Page 56
Problems......Page 57
Computational Problems......Page 60
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 62
2.1 The Momentum Principle......Page 63
2.2 Large Forces and Short Times......Page 68
2.3 Predicting the Future......Page 73
2.4 Iterative Prediction: Constant Net Force......Page 75
2.5 Analytical Prediction: Constant Net Force......Page 78
2.6 Iterative Prediction: Varying Net Force......Page 83
2.7 Iterative Calculations on a Computer......Page 90
2.8 *Derivation: Special-Case Average Velocity......Page 93
2.9 *Relativistic Motion......Page 95
2.10 *Measurements and Units......Page 97
Questions......Page 99
Problems......Page 100
Computational Problems......Page 104
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 105
3.1 The Fundamental Interactions......Page 106
3.2 The Gravitational Force......Page 107
3.3 Approximate Gravitational Force Near the Earth's Surface......Page 111
3.4 Reciprocity......Page 113
3.5 Predicting Motion of Gravitationally Interacting Objects......Page 114
3.6 Gravitational Force in Computational Models......Page 118
3.7 The Electric Force......Page 120
3.8 The Strong Interaction......Page 122
3.9 The Weak Interaction......Page 124
3.10 Conservation of Momentum......Page 125
3.11 The Multiparticle Momentum Principle......Page 128
3.12 Collisions: Negligible External Forces......Page 131
3.13 Newton and Einstein......Page 134
3.14 Predicting the Future of Complex Systems......Page 135
3.15 Determinism......Page 137
3.16 Points and Spheres......Page 139
Summary......Page 140
Problems......Page 141
Computational Problems......Page 146
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 147
4.1 Beyond Point Particles......Page 148
4.2 The Ball–Spring Model of a Solid......Page 149
4.3 Tension Forces......Page 150
4.4 Length of an Interatomic Bond......Page 151
4.5 The Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond......Page 153
4.6 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus......Page 156
4.8 Friction......Page 159
4.9 Speed of Sound in a Solid and Interatomic Bond Stiffness......Page 162
4.10 Derivative Form of the Momentum Principle......Page 164
4.11 Analytical Solution: Spring–Mass System......Page 166
4.12 Analytical vs. Iterative Solutions......Page 170
4.13 Analytical Expression for Speed of Sound......Page 172
4.14 Contact Forces Due to Gases......Page 174
4.15 *Acceleration......Page 178
4.17 *General Solution for the Mass–Spring System......Page 179
Summary......Page 181
Questions......Page 182
Problems......Page 184
Computational Problems......Page 188
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 190
5.2 Identifying all Forces......Page 191
5.3 Determining Unknown Forces......Page 192
5.4 Uniform Motion......Page 194
5.5 Changing Momentum......Page 202
5.6 Force and Curving Motion......Page 203
5.7 dp/dt for Curving Motion......Page 208
5.8 Unknown Forces: Curving Motion......Page 213
5.9 Kinesthetic Sensations......Page 218
5.10 More Complex Problems......Page 220
Summary......Page 223
Problems......Page 224
Computational Problems......Page 231
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 232
6.1 The Energy Principle......Page 233
6.2 Energy of a Single Particle......Page 234
6.3 Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer......Page 239
6.4 Work and Energy......Page 245
6.5 Change of Rest Energy......Page 249
6.6 Proof of the Energy Principle for a Particle......Page 252
6.7 Potential Energy in Multiparticle Systems......Page 253
6.8 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 258
6.9 Electric Potential Energy......Page 267
6.10 Plotting Energy vs. Separation......Page 268
6.11 General Properties of Potential Energy......Page 273
6.12 The Mass of a Multiparticle System......Page 276
6.13 Reflection: Why Energy?......Page 281
6.14 Identifying Initial and Final States......Page 282
6.15 Energy in Computational Models......Page 286
6.16 *A Puzzle......Page 287
6.17 *Gradient of Potential Energy......Page 288
6.18 *Integrals and Antiderivatives......Page 289
6.19 *Approximation for Kinetic Energy......Page 290
6.20 *Finding the Expression for Particle Energy......Page 291
Summary......Page 292
Questions......Page 293
Problems......Page 294
Computational Problems......Page 300
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 301
7.2 Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs......Page 302
7.3 Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms......Page 308
7.4 Internal Energy......Page 310
7.5 Energy Transfer Due to a Temperature Difference......Page 315
7.7 Open and Closed Systems......Page 318
7.8 The Choice of System Affects Energy Accounting......Page 320
7.9 The Choice of Reference Frame Affects Energy Accounting......Page 322
7.10 Energy Dissipation......Page 324
7.11 Energy Dissipation in Computational Models......Page 330
7.12 *Resonance......Page 332
Summary......Page 333
Questions......Page 334
Problems......Page 335
Computational Problems......Page 338
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 339
8.1 Photons......Page 341
8.2 Electronic Energy Levels......Page 342
8.3 The Effect of Temperature......Page 352
8.4 Vibrational Energy Levels......Page 353
8.5 Rotational Energy Levels......Page 356
8.7 Comparison of Energy-Level Spacings......Page 357
8.9 *Case Study: How a Laser Works......Page 358
8.10 *Wavelength of Light......Page 360
Questions......Page 361
Problems......Page 362
Computational Problems......Page 364
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 366
9.1 Separation of Multiparticle System Energy......Page 367
9.2 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 371
9.3 Comparing Two Models of a System......Page 377
9.4 Modeling Friction in Detail......Page 386
9.5 *Derivation: Kinetic Energy of a Multiparticle System......Page 391
9.6 *Derivation: The Point Particle Energy Equation......Page 392
Questions......Page 394
Problems......Page 395
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 400
10.1 Collisions......Page 401
10.2 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions......Page 402
10.3 A Head-on Collision of Equal Masses......Page 404
10.4 Head-on Collisions Between Unequal Masses......Page 407
10.5 Frame of Reference......Page 409
10.6 Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D......Page 410
10.7 Discovering the Nucleus Inside Atoms......Page 413
10.8 Distribution of Scattering Angles......Page 416
10.9 Computational and Analytical Approaches......Page 418
10.10 Relativistic Momentum and Energy......Page 419
10.11 Inelastic Collisions and Quantized Energy......Page 421
10.12 Collisions in Other Reference Frames......Page 423
Questions......Page 428
Problems......Page 429
Computational Problems......Page 432
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 433
11.1 Translational Angular Momentum......Page 434
11.2 Rotational Angular Momentum......Page 440
11.3 Total Angular Momentum......Page 443
11.4 Torque......Page 444
11.5 The Angular Momentum Principle......Page 446
11.6 Multiparticle Systems......Page 448
11.7 Systems with Zero Torque......Page 450
11.8 Systems with Nonzero Torques......Page 459
11.9 Predicting Positions When There is Rotation......Page 461
11.11 Angular Momentum Quantization......Page 463
11.12 *Gyroscopes......Page 468
11.13 *More on Moment of Inertia......Page 473
Summary......Page 475
Questions......Page 476
Problems......Page 477
Computational Problems......Page 487
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 489
12.1 Irreversibility......Page 490
12.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid......Page 491
12.3 Thermal Equilibrium of Blocks in Contact......Page 498
12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 502
12.5 What is Temperature?......Page 503
12.6 Specific Heat of a Solid......Page 506
12.7 Computational Models......Page 511
12.8 The Boltzmann Distribution......Page 512
12.9 The Boltzmann Distribution in a Gas......Page 516
Summary......Page 524
Questions......Page 525
Problems......Page 526
Computational Problems......Page 529
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 530
13.2 Electric Charge and Force......Page 531
13.3 The Concept of "Electric Field"......Page 533
13.4 The Electric Field of a Point Charge......Page 537
13.5 Superposition of Electric Fields......Page 540
13.6 The Electric Field of a Dipole......Page 542
13.7 Choice of System......Page 550
13.8 Is Electric Field Real?......Page 551
13.9 Computational Modeling of Electric Fields......Page 553
Summary......Page 556
Questions......Page 557
Problems......Page 558
Computational Problems......Page 562
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 563
14.1 Charged Particles in Matter......Page 564
14.2 How Objects Become Charged......Page 566
14.3 Polarization of Atoms......Page 569
14.4 Polarization of Insulators......Page 575
14.5 Polarization of Conductors......Page 576
14.6 Charge Motion in Metals......Page 579
14.7 Charge Transfer......Page 586
14.8 Practical Issues in Measuring Electric Field......Page 588
Summary......Page 589
Experiments......Page 590
Questions......Page 596
Problems......Page 598
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 604
15.1 A Uniformly Charged Thin Rod......Page 606
15.2 Procedure for Calculating Electric Field......Page 613
15.3 A Uniformly Charged Thin Ring......Page 615
15.4 A Uniformly Charged Disk......Page 617
15.5 Two Uniformly Charged Disks: A Capacitor......Page 621
15.6 A Spherical Shell of Charge......Page 624
15.7 A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout its Volume......Page 626
15.8 Infinitesimals and Integrals in Science......Page 627
15.9 3D Numerical Integration with a Computer......Page 628
15.10 *Integrating the Spherical Shell......Page 631
Summary......Page 632
Questions......Page 634
Problems......Page 635
Computational Problems......Page 642
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 643
16.1 A Review of Potential Energy......Page 644
16.2 Systems of Charged Objects......Page 647
16.3 Potential Difference in a Uniform Field......Page 650
16.4 Sign of Potential Difference......Page 653
16.5 Potential Difference in a Nonuniform Field......Page 655
16.6 Path Independence......Page 662
16.7 The Potential at One Location......Page 666
16.8 Computing Potential Differences......Page 670
16.9 Potential Difference in an Insulator......Page 671
16.10 Energy Density and Electric Field......Page 674
16.12 *Integrating the Spherical Shell......Page 676
16.13 *Numerical Integration Along a Path......Page 678
Questions......Page 679
Problems......Page 681
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 690
17.1 Electron Current......Page 691
17.2 Detecting Magnetic Fields......Page 692
17.3 Biot–Savart Law: Single Moving Charge......Page 694
17.4 Relativistic Effects......Page 696
17.5 Electron Current and Conventional Current......Page 697
17.6 The Biot–Savart Law for Currents......Page 700
17.7 The Magnetic Field of Current Distributions......Page 701
17.8 A Circular Loop of Wire......Page 704
17.9 Computation and 3D Visualization......Page 707
17.10 Magnetic Dipole Moment......Page 708
17.11 The Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet......Page 709
17.12 The Atomic Structure of Magnets......Page 711
17.13 *Estimate of Orbital Angular Momentum of an Electron in an Atom......Page 717
17.14 *Magnetic Field of a Solenoid......Page 718
Summary......Page 720
Experiments......Page 721
Questions......Page 725
Problems......Page 726
Computational Problems......Page 731
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 733
18.1 A Circuit Is Not in Equilibrium......Page 734
18.2 Current in Different Parts of a Circuit......Page 735
18.3 Electric Field and Current......Page 738
18.4 What Charges Make the Electric Field Inside the Wires?......Page 740
18.5 Surface Charge Distributions......Page 744
18.6 Connecting a Circuit: The Initial Transient......Page 750
18.7 Feedback......Page 752
18.8 Surface Charge and Resistors......Page 753
18.9 Energy in a Circuit......Page 756
18.10 Applications of the Theory......Page 760
18.11 Detecting Surface Charge......Page 765
18.12 *Computational Model of a Circuit......Page 767
Summary......Page 769
Experiments......Page 770
Questions......Page 773
Problems......Page 775
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 781
19.1 Capacitors......Page 783
19.2 Resistors......Page 789
19.3 Conventional Symbols and Terms......Page 794
19.4 Work and Power in a Circuit......Page 795
19.5 Batteries......Page 797
19.6 Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Ohmmeters......Page 799
19.7 Quantitative Analysis of an RC Circuit......Page 801
19.8 Reflection: The Macro-Micro Connection......Page 804
19.9 *What Are AC and DC?......Page 805
19.11 *A Complicated Resistive Circuit......Page 807
Experiments......Page 810
Questions......Page 812
Problems......Page 815
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 821
20.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge......Page 823
20.2 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire......Page 828
20.3 Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces......Page 830
20.4 The Hall Effect......Page 832
20.5 Motional Emf......Page 837
20.6 Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame......Page 842
20.7 Magnetic Torque......Page 846
20.8 Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole......Page 847
20.9 Motors and Generators......Page 852
20.10 *Case Study: Sparks in Air......Page 854
20.11 *Relativistic Field Transformations......Page 864
Summary......Page 868
Questions......Page 869
Problems......Page 872
Computational Problems......Page 882
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 884
21.1 Patterns of Electric Field: Gauss's Law......Page 885
21.2 Definition of "Electric Flux"......Page 887
21.3 Gauss's Law......Page 889
21.4 Reasoning from Gauss's Law......Page 895
21.5 Gauss's Law for Magnetism......Page 900
21.6 Patterns of Magnetic Field: Ampere's Law......Page 901
21.9 *The Differential Form of Gauss's Law......Page 907
21.10 *The Differential Form of Ampere's Law......Page 913
Summary......Page 914
Problems......Page 915
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 919
22.1 Curly Electric Fields......Page 920
22.2 Faraday's Law......Page 923
22.3 Faraday's Law and Motional Emf......Page 930
22.4 Maxwell's Equations......Page 933
22.5 Superconductors......Page 934
22.6 Inductance......Page 936
22.7 *Inductor Circuits......Page 940
22.8 *Some Peculiar Circuits......Page 944
22.9 *The Differential Form of Faraday's Law......Page 946
22.10 *Lenz's Rule......Page 947
Summary......Page 948
Questions......Page 949
Problems......Page 950
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 956
23.1 Maxwell's Equations......Page 957
23.2 Fields Traveling Through Space......Page 960
23.3 Accelerated Charges Produce Radiation......Page 965
23.4 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 969
23.5 Energy and Momentum in Radiation......Page 973
23.6 Effects of Radiation on Matter......Page 977
23.7 Light Propagation Through a Medium......Page 982
23.8 Refraction: Bending of Light......Page 984
23.9 Lenses......Page 987
23.10 Image Formation......Page 990
23.11 *The Field of an Accelerated Charge......Page 1001
23.12 *Differential Form of Maxwell's Equations......Page 1003
Questions......Page 1004
Problems......Page 1006
Computational Problems......Page 1009
Answers to Checkpoints......Page 1010
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1011
Index......Page 1017
Endpapers......Page 1027
EULA......Page 1030