Lusoga Language Handbook. An Introduction to Lusoga Orthography 997071810X

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Lusoga Language Handbook

An Introduction to Lusoga Orthography

Cornelius Wambi Gulere

An Introduction to Lusoga Orthography Copyright © 2007 Cornelius Wambi Gulere First Edition 2009 Revised edition 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher or, in case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a license from the author at

Mpolyabigere RC – RICED Center Ltd. Plot 84 Ivukula Road, P.O Box 116, Busembatia, Uganda

ISBN 9970-718-10-X EAN 9789970718108

paperback Prepared for publication by Cornelius Wambi Gulere

E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The traditional hereditary leadership of Busoga In the pre-colonial past, Busoga comprised of nine chiefdoms as shown in the table below. Each chieftaincy had its own leadership and unique linguistic expressions in daily communication. This meant that what is known today as the Lusoga language is a union of dialects spoken in nine sister states. Of all chiefdoms, Busiki was a unique one because it had two chiefdoms within the chiefdom. Bukono, a dominion of Babiito clan is an independent chiefdom within Busiki. The titular chief, Kisiki, who is not a royal Mubiito or Mulangira by clan, but a Mwise Igaga, conquered and took dominion of this area. Unlike other chiefs who dominered their subjects, Kisiki allowed Nkono to continue ruling in Bukono within Busiki chiefdom as an independent state. Chiefdom Budiope Bugabula Bugweri Bukhooli Bukono Bulamoogi Bunha Busiki Butembe Buzaaya Luuka

Chief Gabula Menha Wakooli Nkono Ziboondo Nanhumba /Luba Kisiki Ntembe Tabingwa

Language / Dialect Ludiope/Lupakoyo Lugabula / Lutenga Lugweri / Lutenga Lukhooli / Lutenga Lukono / Lupakoyo Lulamoogi /Lupakoyo Lunhole / Lupakoyo Lusiginyi/ Lupakoyo Lutembe / Lutenga Luzaaya/Lutenga Luluuka / Lutenga

How did Lutenga and Lupakoyo dialects come about? Indeed, a close examination of Lusoga language expressions in different parts of Busoga reveals that the Lusoga language has many variations. However, two major dialects, namely, Lupakoyo and Lutenga can be recognized. A story is told that during the reign of Waako I, the northerners dominated by the Balamoogi were refered to as the ones in power hence the term mpa koyo meaning ‘it is for that one’. This was said by those of the south who did not speak the language of the Balamoogi or those who ‘ate sharp spears’ meaning sharp spear fighters. In turn, the Balamoogi who decried the laziness of their southern relatives named them ‘batenga’ because they were always sitting at home carrying children instead of working. They could have been afraid of work and war but not producing and nurturing children. The Lupakoyo as it has been known derives from Lulamoogi, Lusiki, Lunyole, Lukono Ludyope and Lugwere; while Lutenga derives from Lugabula, Lukooli, Lutembe, Lunhole and Lukigulu. In the Nyanza (Lake Victoria and Kyoga)

areas, the Lukenhe language is used and it falls in the category of Lupakoyo. I have put together in this workbook, Lupakoyo, Lutenga and common English vocabulary to enable you the reader to develop mutual intelligibility using these simple word structures in everyday life. I have critically evaluated the existing Lusoga language orthographies and made practical suggestions for improvements. The handbook is an attempt to accurately depict what the lusoga language obtains in everyday life. I have particularly addressed the practical need for Accuracy, Consistency, Transmission and Simplicity (ACTS). The Lusoga lexis for ‘dictionary’ When I published the Ibwanio: Lusoga English disctionary (2009), I was questioned how I came up with this name. As it is the common practise in naming rites, the Basoga usually go by the season of the time or the people’s desired wish expressed in the object which is being named. Naming commissions the article or person being named to do that which is desired by the naming party. The eibwanio is a tool for spreading the use of Lusoga. That is why I have used: spoken word – kibono; see – bona; cover – bwania; diction – ibona; and ink –bwino to coin the term ibwanio. Ibono would have meant big word, ibwona would have meant scene and ibwano would be writ. I therefore felt that the modified form of verb writ ending in –io would appropriately describe what Nabirye, (2009) and Kayaga, et. al., (2008) called “eiwanika” or granary and “eibiikiro” or store respectivley. Let the ibwanio become a visionary journey of spreading the word to every corner of Busoga, Uganda and beyond us. A platform for continuous learning that puts an end to the language shame. Let it become the forum for forging unity between the Basoga and her neighbours so that Busoga can be at peace as our anthem demands. A practical orthography of Lusoga Lusoga uses 51 letters from A a to Z z known as nhukuta in Lutenga and nyukuta in Lupakoyo. In this handbook I have given examples of how these 51 letters are used to form simple word sounds (ebigambo), sentences (enhilili) and paragraphs (ebibono). Please note that letters are known as nhukuta/nyukuta and numbers nhuguta/nyuguta. This is consistent with Runyoro, Luganda, Lugwere and Lunyoli that are akin to Lusoga. The roots ‘kuta’ and ‘guta’ refer to the verb ‘put’ or ‘place’[ta] and ‘quantity’ or ‘amount’ respectively. We talk of ‘kita’, ‘kata’, ‘guta’, ‘gita’, ‘bita’, ‘luta’ to measure or tell distance and weights in figures. Letter words on the other hand are ‘put’ [ta] together to form words.

Yega okughandiika – learn how to write 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

A B Bw By C D Dh E F G Gh ŋ Gw H I J Gy K Kw Ky L M Mb Mp Mw N Nd Ndw Nf Nh Nhw Nw Nk Nkw O P Th R S Shy Sy T Tw Ty U V W Y Z Zw zy

a b bw by c d dh e f g gh ŋ gw h i j gy k kw ky l m mb mp mw n nd ndw nf nh nhw nw nk nkw o p th r s shy sy t tw ty u v w y z zw zy

The vowel sounds Lusoga language uses 25 vowel sounds known as endhatuza (T) or enjatulya (K). When a vowel sound is added to a consonant a syllable [enkenga] is formed. A E I O U Ana Eibege Inidi Obo Usuku a asala

e ente

i ibili

o omo

u uzu

aa baana

ae baenda bayenda

ai alaisa baisi

ao kao kawo

au mau mawu

ea ee beagaza beene beyagaza

ei beidhusa

eo beogeza beyogeza

eu beunia bewunia

ia kiama kyama

ie aibie aibye

ii liiso

oa oasa owasa

oe oenda oyenda

oi oidhi

oo kooma

ou oula owula

ua muana mwana

ue muezi mwezi

ui muibi mwibi

uo muogo mwogo

uu muunhu

A

io iu kioga kiusu kyoga kiwusu

a

Abaana bana banaaba. Ababiri bantú omulala kisolo. Abali ghano balwanira ebifo. Adheemye Adhuuna Afiire Afuudha Afuusa Aghakula enume ti ghakula ndala. Aghatono ghe toolwa na maanhi. Agheera Agya Agya embi agya ewuwe.

aa Aba bbaabba Musagho basaghula balwaire ba mitwe. Abaali Abaana bale baali bali agho nga Lubaale abali ku mutwe. Abaana bana baanaaba nga bana ibwe bababona. Abaana imwe dhili saagha ina. Abbaala Abuuza buti saagha dhili imeka? Agalaamiriire Akaadha Akaali Akaana Akaana kaakana kakoona Kono ku mukono. Alaadha E e Ebwa teleka gho masuntumalire ga inha yo. Eibala Eibula Eira Eisa Ekibira kiika. Ekighaluko ti kinhaga byenda. Ekiita kiita matyama. Ekinaaba ekintu embwa tesama. Ekira Embego Emberi ekuba emikwano. Embiighi Embbooli ekula kikata. Embboosa Embuga Embulu Embuulirire tefa yonayoona. Embuzi emanhika ku mwene yo nga efiire. Embwa Emmere teiguta mulala. Endogoyi Enguuli teita nguli Muguli yafa ira. Enkende ye eirumba ntono. Enkereghe etakula mu kiina. Enkoko eba ya mwana. Era Ere

Ei Eibaale Eibaale ku lusozi liyilingita ne mpegho. Eibbongo Eibibiro Eibiikiro ly bulo liidwire. Eibiikiro lya Kayaga limpe ghano. Eibwanio lino lighubania. Eibwanio lya Gulere lindeetere. Eigaali Eigaali lino izibu lya kusilingisa. Eighanga lyaife lino likaali kweghanga bikalamu. Eighulire Kodheyo lyagya gha? Eigwanika lizira mu firiigi. Eikokootazi libiika amagi abiri. Eiloboozi lye lisaakaire lwa lukogholo. Eilumba lilumye Irumba lya muluma. Eimotoka Eisa eisa balyagaana ku mugaire lisaaba. Eisala lye nswa bwe liziba; tosima kiswa kyonakyoona. Eisira tulita ku biseera bya kugholaku. Eisisi, eikoli, eighaagha ne eilenha binhonhi bya kyeghuunio Eisisi lituuma butuume oti lulenga. Eisomero lye ebitabo elyo inene. Eisota einene balyeta zilyamire. Eisubi mu likuze nimiro. Eitaala Eitaala lizimye nga tukaalya. Eitaka lye ibumba likola ensugha engumu. Eitako lili kunnuma bwe lisiigha. Eitelekero lya sente liliku absilukale. Eitendekero lyaife likuze. Eitondo Eitondo lya maadhi liboziiz ghano. Eitondolo Eiwanika lya Nabirye lyetegereze. Eiwanika lyange liilyo kozesa ku. Eiyegero lya Igeyero lilimu abeegesa abakenkufu. Eiyengo mu nhandha litaamye. Eiyiga lye nte lili oti muti; aghasongovu ghafumita.

I

i

Iba tanhenda nga akwendeza ngonero. Ibaale Ibaasi Ibaati Ibago Ibibiro Idaala Idha tubone okwola mize. Idha tulye aye idhukira kye wankola. Idilio Idinisa Iduuka Ife Ifiliigyi Igaali liba lilyo nga oliguze mwene. Iganduula Igere Ighulire Igi Igilaasi Igye Ikalina Ikatala Ikeberezo Ikeesi Ikomo Ikoola Ikooti Ikoti Ikutiya Ilaadiyo Iliido Ilogo Ilongo Iloole Ilya Imotoka Ipaapaali Ipeeni Ipeesa Ipikipiki Isaababi tabula kye bamuloodhamu. Isaadhaibi balimanhira ku mutala. Isaanhalaze Isaati

O

o

Obuntu Obusiru Obuto buleetera omwana okubonabona. Obutwa Oiza omusango ku buko otaiziiza ku isengero. Okule obone; atyo owo lumoto bwe yakoba. Omugole omukanhu omugula yatoloka. Omwoyo omwaghule ogwoza na ighooyo. Osobola okuta obusungu mu nsugha? Owa akasubusubu taiba mugalabe. Owo mutwe omunene omulekera mbaali. Owo muze taguleka yo ka. U

u

Buli mbuli elya bya yo. Buugi mungi mu bungi. Duma Fuluma Fulumya obutungulu bukale. Fulungu Fuma Fumba Fuuta Ghugulala Ghungula Gula Guma Kifulugunhu takusigula. Kuma Kuuluza mu bulagala. Wuumya Yughuza Yuguumya ensi oti musisi. Yundha Yuuguumya Yuza Zuula

The consonounts - Enhukuta ensilifu / ensiriki Ensirifu edhikola mu Lusoga mu ndhogera yo Lutenga no Lupakoyo – Consonants used in Lusoga both Lutenga and Lupakoyo dialects

W Y C H ŋ B P V F M D DH T L R N Z S J G K

w y c h ŋ b p v f m d dh t l r n z s j g k

W w Wagya waagwa waalwa waafa. Walyenge olyagaana wa ku mwoyo. Waagwa yagwa ku mawa ku mawuledi. Wakayima wa magezi walayi!

Y y Y’olikobera amagya tomugisa maira. Y’olya naye tomutetenkereza. Yanguya ye nze. Yozayoza tugye yo muyoozi. C c Cooka aghandika ku lubaagho. Chai aghooma nkyo.

H h Habula kya kola. Habula nsonga. Hangalya ebintu Hemba ku mmere. Herezya ensi. ŋ ŋ ŋaali ali ku ŋaŋala. Wa iŋaaŋa alya ki? ŋoŋoolesa eiŋaaŋa Kasolo ŋaŋala B b Ba wa bwikaikamu. Baaba ali wa baaba. Babaalika oti bulumba. Bakoba bati abantu tibafa. Bala bubale ebiidha. Balilira abakusomesa. Beera baino emilimo. Boona baadhitoola gha? Bunia ebisenge obulezi. Bwala bwa nsolo. P

p

Pakira emifuko mu piikaapu. Panga emipango male. Pangisa paaka ya takisi. Pasula paasi eyo. Pika omuuka mu igaali. Pima ekipimo kyene. Pipa elimu lita bina. Popi mbwa ya ghaka. Pulaani yange ya kika kya ghaigulu.

V

v

Va ghano ogye ghale. Vugisa magezi. Vootola omugongo. Vuga mpola tutuuke eka. Vuluga ekika tukubone. Vuma abali gho weghaane.

F

f

Faizo mulenzi mukulu. Fatuma mughala mulungi. Feesa einhira. Fene aghonia kokolo. Fiisa gho sente dho kulya. Fuluma mu ndhu tweye. Fulumya amakooti go. Fuma enfumo tusagambe. Fuutuusa engoye oyoze buyaaka. Fuula omuntu malayika.

M

m

Maali ne kola male wa mala. Maama wa maama mulwaire. Magulu mampi oti kikere. Makulu ki agali mu mawanga. Mandaazi galiibwa wa sente. Mizingo Mizizo D

d

dh

Dalawusi musaadha munene. Danda muka Dandada talya bidhandhaali. Dhaadha dhabangi dhafuna gho dha lya. Dhakaba aghadhaghadhaku bughadheghadhe. Dhe bakuba omwibi dhe bakuba eitaka. Dho laga omubanzi ti dhilwa kukya. Dhuludya amaadhi oghoze omubiri. Dhuuluusa amata kyayi atumale. Dindu dindilidu abageni tusangaire. T

t

Taaguula Taatu tabisa kati. Tabiisa tatya Katya. Talanta Talanta ne kola enaku dhino. Talantula Talika Taliza Tambula nga omusoga.

L

l

Laaza Laga ye ngya nkugherekere. Lagula ekinaaba gho. Laza Leeba Leega Leeta emiyembe tigilye. Lema Leza Liidha Liido Liisa Liiso lya mukulu aghairugala na ghabona. Lima Linda Linda kiweyo afumita mukira. Lindiza Lingilira omulinzi ofune ky yenda. Liza Loba kundekera milimo. R

r

In both dialects, letter R r is used only where it is phonemically realised especially in foreign words, modified stems and endings –ire, -ere, -era, -ero, -ira Eileere limera ku muti mukulu. Embulilire tefa yonayoona. Emere ye ibula eghooma igulo. Ikere tilituuma mugogo. Irenha lilya bwire. Irya nabaki omuzira kulya? Kairania talekerera kulya. Kakira ka mbuzi kampi. Regiina mughala mukatuliki. Ruganda yali muganda wa Rugunda. ilediyo eyogera mayaaka. Rweke eyoola ebivundu. N

n

Naabitanga ni iwe akweguyaku mwanhoko. Nabirye talya maluma. Nabirye yazaala abalongo.

Nabutono seyeya oli wenka. Nagya muliro tagya kilala. Nalya muno ni mule talwa kusula ndhala. Nantagalagilwa yagya nago ku ntumbu. Nda Ndezi Ndiizi Ndili Ndoolo Nduulu Nkata Nkeeto Nkende Z

z

Zaaghula Zaakaliya musaadha wa muze mubi. Zaala tazaanhibwa baana. Zaala zaala tughuumule. Zaalisa omuzaalisa. Zaaza Zeiza ni Zolo bazeeyi. Ziba Zibira Zibula Ziga Zigira S s Saaka Saaza Saba Sabula Saka Salakaani agiire mu akisoni. Salasaitira mu nsiko oghone okufa. Saliza J j Amajaani ghaghomera ku chai wa kalafu. Jaguza kuba emilaala giidye. Jalaja eyabire mu Jinja. Jinja kili gha? Jojo ahoma nga mwokya. Jokooni elimu omwosi mungi. Juluja amalusu osune amakaaha.

G

g

Gaala Gabula Gaita Gakulukutira ghe gaakulukutiraku. Galagira Galagira mwino ekyokukola. Galangatania amatama. Gama Gangalima nkughe enkola. Ganha Gania muto gabigha mukulu Ganza Gaya gh gha ghaadha ghaaghaaza ghaama ghaana ghaayira ghadhaghadha ghagala ghagula ghala ghalampa ghaluza K

k

Kaala Kabaagho Kabi Kabuzi Kabwa Kadaada Kadumo Kaduuma Kagaali Kaghala Kagogo Kaibo Kaiko Kakazi

where; give slap with the hand; struggle to achieve

far; weed

Crosscutting rules Letters J j and C c are commonly used in borrowed words. J j is the Gy gy sound and C c is the Ky ky sound in either Lupakoyo or Lutenga. Examples: Chai Cooka Jagare Jiija kukyukyuma magyani

kyayi1 Kyooka2 Gyagali Gyiigya kucucuma majaani

tea Chalk Jaggery; factory compound grass sour taste madhaani tea-leaves

Doubling of vowels In order to create distinctions between words and sounds, semi vowels like y in diagraphs is normally followed by a single vowel. For example: Kyuma Kyuzi In free consonants doubling the vowel sound creates a new words e.g. okumera growing and okumeera bleating The distinction is in the double e. Letter B b, is pronounced in two or three different ways. When it is followed by a double vowel or preceded by two mixed vowels. B b is emphatic as in: baaba, eibongo. This is where the difference between: baaba (bro)/bbaabba (father) and baba (they are); mbooli (so you’re)/mbbooli (potato) and mbuli/mbbuli (goat) is found. Double consounants are realised in the following words.

Double vowels and double consounants Cases where double vowels are realised at the beginning of words include: Abo abo Abo abo beene Ife ife Imwe imwe Iwe iwe Iye iye Ole ole Oyo oyo 1 2

This word also means banana fibre This word also means by the way

those other ones those very ones we ourselves you yourselves you in particular sh/e him or herself that other one that very one

aabo aabo beene iife iimwe iiwe iiye oole ooyo

Cases where a doubled word produces one word with double vowels to give the same meaning include: bonabona mwenamwena mwenemwene twenatwena wenawena yenayena zenazena

all of them all of you herself / himself all of us / also us all of you / also you all of him/ her /anyone even me / all of me

boona mweena mweene tweena weena yeena zeena

even them even you even even us even you even him/her even me

Double consonants Bbaabba Bbaala Bbando Bbongo Ibbongo Ibboofu Mmama Mmandule Mmanha Mmengo Mmere Mmoni Mmunga Mmungira Mmungo Mmuuma Mmuuma Mmwaanhi Mmwenha Nnene Nnhaka Nnhandha Nnhange Nnhende Nnhengere Nnhina Nnhindo Nnhundo Nnhundo Nnhwanto Nniererezi Nnunga Nnungamya

Bbaabba wa inhezaala wange ni Bboobbo baba ghano. Ndi kubbaala kugya mu bbaala kubala sente dha Babale. Bbando wa Kabanda taghooma nga wa Kyebando. Bbongo wa kamusinke aba mukwafu. Eibbongo eigigo linhuunhuula. Eibaale lya Kibaale liba ibboofu okukolamu olubengo. Owa mmaama asinga owa maama. Okunhwa emmandule kikuleetera okufa amangu. Mmanha ya mukazi no muva eizaire. Emmengo ne nso dhiseeneine. Mulya mmere talwa kululuma na ku meera. Mmoni ya liiso no muva okubona. Emmunga yaibwe tesanhusa. Mmungira emmere emmala. Mmungo ya mazi enioka nsoghera. Emmuuma yo muyembe nkalangufu. Mmuuma ya fene emera. Emmwaanhi dhi muliisa. Emmweenha neelaga eisanhu. Omeeza ennene ti magezi mangyi. Enswa ennhaka dhigya bwire. Mu nnhandha muva bya nnhandha. Ennhange dhiba ndheru. Ennhende dhilya bivundu. Ennhengere dheegoniola oti misota mito. Inhina ava ku nnhina ya Baise Munhanha. Ennhindo ekulukuta inhira. Ennhundo embba evaamu eitooke ibba. Kozesa nnhundo okukaza omusumaali. Ennhwanto ennene eva mata mangyi. Ente enniererezi ennierera olugo. Ennunga ennumye eitako. Ennungamya tebaire ya mulembe emilembe gino.

In sentence form, the initial double m and n should not be confused for double consounants. Here they stand for perfonal pronoun ‘I’ which is written conjuctively. Mmaza Mmaze Mmeziiza Mmira Mmoga Mmubungira Mmunooniiza Mmulagiliire Mmuunha

I finish with. I have finished. I have grown. I swallow. I open my eyes. I pile for him/her. I looked for ... I have ordered ... I chew.

Mmyuula Nnhaala Nnhenda Nnungamya Mmwenda

I decorate ... I urinate. I need. I direct. I love him/her.

Mmaza bano me ndhire ku imwe. Mmaze okwogera ni baze. Mmeziiza emere ku imeeza. Mmira amakelenda mangu. Mmoga bwire kegyenge. Mmubungira emmere emala. Mmunooniiza mu ngira nga mmwenda. Mmulagiliire yaanayagaana omwana. Mmuunha emmuuma yo muyembe bu muunhe. Mmyuula omugole wange Kimyuula. Nnhaala mu kinaabiro lwa ku nhaala. Nnhenda enhindo yange enhilire. Nnungamya omukolo nga omulungi. Songa wange Mwenda mmwenda inho oti saawa ya mwenda.

Diagraphs and double vowels Lusoga use diagraphs and double vowels instead of double consonants for emphasis. Diagraphs include bw by dh gh gw gy ky mp mw nf nh nhw nv th zy sy ty nk nkw ndw nth (see, Gulere, 2009). bw bwa bwagu bwe bwene bweni bwino bwita-ndhala bwo bwoya

for millet for beer his/hers indeed forehead ink millet bread yours down feathers

by bya byala byalo byana byandhala

for fingers villages children; trailers famine food

dh dha dhaadha dhaliza dhelega dhondha dhuga dhuula ghaadha ghuudha idhuza kaadha kabwidhibwidhi lwambiidhi mbiidhi Mwandha Nakandha ndhidhi

zya zeiza jalizya jelega jonja juga juula haaja huuja ijilya kaaja muhabuzi lwambiizi mbiizi Mwanja Nakanja maite

of; for grandparent skip; make roughly tease joke be happy; socially well to do speak ill of beat slap fill up match majestically mughabuzi; giver of wisdom graveyard pig name of first born boy name of first born girl I know

gh gha ghaga ghagula ghala ghe gheebuula gho ghola ghoola ghula ghuula ighali kagho kiighulo kweghala Lughozo maghano maghu mughoozi

ha haga hagula hala he heebuula ho hola hoola hula huula ihali kaho kiihulo kwehala Luhozo mahano mahu muhoozi

where; give beef up; support start off a fight or deed dig up where; at ashame where; by; of cool down reduce size become bachelor beat up jelousy cow peas meal avoidance name of a person; reason taboo hides tax collector

gw bugwagwa Bugwere Bugweri gwa gwe gwita gwo gwonka kigwo magwala Mugweri Namugwere Nantamegwa

stupidity name of a neighbouring chiefdom name of county for of it kills yours; of only wrestiling match; a fall horn instruments name of a person name of a person; name of a clan no challengeable; unbwogable

gy bugyama gya gya gyalagya gyogyo kagyangya magya magye magyolo mugya ngyatulya

bujama of yaba jalaja cricket kajenje mayabire mahe mwaba ndhatuza

dirtiness go train stubborn jest way to; journey military; soldier enjoyment vein; blood vessel vowel

kw/kua kwa/kuaa kwaghula/kuyagula kwaka/kuyaka kwakira/kuyakira kwala/kuyala kwasa/kuyasa kwalula/kuyalula kwama/kuyama kwamula/kuyamula kwamya/kuyamya kwatula/kuyatula kwaya/kuyaya kwe/kuye kwega/kuyega kwema/kuyema

for; betroth separate; consencrate catch fire; give of fire taste make a bed light a fire hatch yield save make to yield pronounce graze his/hers learn stand; erect

ky bukyeire kya kyaala kyaayi kyaka kya kaba kyakala kyakyankya kyankoole kyansuti kyatule kyazike kye kyo kyondho kyokya kyonakyona kyonakyoona kyoona kyooya kyozira kyuka kyusa

in the morning of visit banana fibre it has just been tour celebrate water hyacinth tail feather of a bird pronounce it borrowed it your basked warm or hot thing anything the whole of it that also feather what you don’t have go round; turn change; return

mb mbaati mbada mbala mbalo mbede mbeera mbego mbelwa mberi mbiidhi mbiighi mbiro mbooko mbudu mbuga mbulu mbuzi mbuli mbwa mbwebwe

duck pancake count; class; type number; maths giant situation; condition cotton seed condition prevailing ahead of pig bad gas through the mouth race; speed cane; exceptional raw food palace monitor lizard goat dog chicken, about to lay eggs

mp mpaabe mpaghabi mpagi mpala mpale mpalo mpande mpandiika mpango mpapulo mpeera mpeke mpengere mpete mpiima mpika mpimbwa mpindo mpingu mpirigiti mpisa mpiti

case to answer legal fees spoke leopard pair of shorts turn bambara nut way of writing pillar paper pay seed; particle hard corn rib(s) aim; tool plant bark chichen, layer foot sound cuffs thony or slipperly tree discipline cheater

mw kamwano kamweso Mwaghule mwaka mwana Mwandha mwandu Mwase mwayi mwega mwegha mwela mwende mwenha mwenha mweso mwidu mwiga mwigha mwigo

Mwahule mwaka mwana

Mwase mwega mweha mwela

mwenya mweso mwiga mwiha mwigo

razorblade shaving tool Reverend year child name of first born child bridewealth name of the clan of light animal keeper; herdsman learner vargin seed; grain; single banana fruit loved one; beloved smile laugh puzzle; type of board game servant river grandchild stick; cane; stuff

ndw kifundwa lukandwa Mulindwa ndwadwalika ndwaire ndwankufu ndwankula ndwiira

knot type of shrub expected visitor; friend way of speaking funny sickness It behaves stubornly way of behaving clumsily way of screaming

nf nfa nfaanana nfakubi nfakulya nfeete nfo nfuga nfuko nfulu nfumo nfumu nfungulo nfunza nfunzi nfuufu nfungiro nfungulo nfukiro nfiirabulago nfunta nfeete nfafaagania nfafaagana

way of dying; cause of death looks; resemblance bad death; carelessness dying from eating too much hunchback place; place value leadership mole rat small fish tale; story culture; tradition piles jigger a little bird dust; dirt

nh bukunha kinhazi kinhiizo kinhusi kinhuzi munhale nhaaza nhaza

bukunya kinyazi kinyiizyo kinyusi kinyuzi munyale naalya nyalya

nakedness crotch ill-treatment core; nucleus sweet smoke soot wash accustom

nk nkaadha nkaaga nkaatu nkabi nkaga nkalabanda nkali nkandha nkandha nkanja nkanhi nkanyi nkasi nkazaluya nkembo nkende nkenga nkenge nkepya nkereghe nkoko nkolo nkolokooto

blessing woden sandal

torn clothes or oar for rowing a boat monkey waist syllable; section star grass squirrel chicken root; base

nkw nkwale nkwole Nkwanga nkwakwa nkwenda nkwe nkwanzi

partridge provoke name of a person rib cage I love you betrayal flutes

nhw kinhwa munhwa nhwa nhwesa nhwisa kinhwero nhwanto nhwegera

kinywa munywa nywa nywesya nywisya

bundle mouth drink make to drink use to drink bar; restaurant

nw bunwe kanwe kinwa munwe nwegera nweza

bunywe kanywe kinywa munywe nywegera nwezya

little fingers little finger bundle single banana or thing kiss hold tight; firmly

nv nvaaza nvala nviiri nvuga nvugira nvukuta nvukuto nvulumulo nvulungo nvumbo sy beesya keesya kozesya seesya sya teesya yesya

beesa keesa kolesa seesa sa teesa yesa

give company transnite to use grind good discuss; debate play; riddle

ncupa cupa

bottle bottle

th nthupa thupa

tw busitwa butwa ikutwi matwale Musiitwa mutwalo ntwiga

ikutu

ntwiga

fencing plants poison ear territory name of a person unit of number; ten thousand; token giraffe

ty katyo kityamo kityanka kityo matyama mutyere tya tyaba tyabula tyama tyamya tyanka tye tyebula tyetya tyo tyoboola

may be seat soggy soil its like that while seated; place name rice fear collect e.g. firewood, water expose; dance sit make to sit down muddle; mix up when show off move on the floor like that underrate; destroy

zy funzya hezya kazya mezya yazya yezya yozya

funza gheza kaza meza yaza yeza yoza

reduce in size accumulate; much; gather enough dry up germinate check have crop ready for harvesting wash clothes

zw zwaala zwa nzwiili muzwa kizwi Zwangendaba

vaala va nviili muva kivu

dress up get away; come from hair artery; blood vessel knee name of a Zulu King

Spelling variations between Lutenga and Lupakoyo There are some letters which have obvious transformations between the Lupakoyo and Lutenga. For instance w, h, gh, v, s, sy, z, zy, dh, nh, nd, gy, nhw, nyw, ndw, nzw: “gh” becomes “h” Sounds ‘gh’, ‘h’ and ‘w’ are some of the most troublesome in Lusoga. The use of sounds`gh’, ‘h’ and `w’ is a dialectical point of reference. In the Ibwanio, we mostly use “gh” in the Lutenga (T) and ”h” in the Lupakoyo (K) because where gh is phonemically realised in Lutenga, the Lupakoyo uses h. I personally recommend that where this rule applies, it should be applied in both Lutenga and Lupakoyo instead of the ‘w’ which is difficult to justify and sounds awkward in some words. Examples: gha ha where ghaata haata peel ghaata haata remove the peel ghala hala far; dig over ghale hale there ghamba hamba plant; take possession of ghandiika handiika write ghanga hanga undertake; try ghano hano here ghaza haza use force; rip; shred gheta heta turn; bend gheza heza quantity; pile ghoghoigana hohoigaana shout ghoghoola hohoola cry; howl ghola hola lend ghoola hoola remove a think layer; level surface ghoota hoota where you put ghoza holya make to cool down ghunha hunya stink; smell fowl ghuuna huuna rise early in the morning; keep time ghuuma huuma hum ghuuta huuta drink ghuuzi huuzi thread igha iha pick axe ighembe ihembe horn ighondo ihondo cotton flower ighu ihu hide ighuli ihuli little dung; egg (kisw.) kighozima kihozima luke-warm kighutu kihutu fruit skin

lughu maghalo maghata mughala mughere mughiigo mughogo mugholo mughuulu nkwaagha subagha yaghuza

luhu mahano mahata muhala muhere muhiigo muhogo muholo muhuulu nkwaaha subaha Yahuzya

skin; hide taboo banana peels girl baby booty from hunting cassava big knife or panga single arm-pit deceive; lie split

Please observe that sound ‘ghi’ is not very common because it tends towards ‘yi’ which is realised in words like: kayi kiyigo muyiigo yinza

kahi kihigo muhiigo hinza

again bathroom booty from hunting manage

Words where ‘w’ sound is realised in both dialects include the following: Buwaiswa Buwambi waamu waaza Wakhooli walagi walifu wangi weema wiitula

place of the waiswas; place name place of the wambis; place name drain; empty; give out shake to make a sound different from ‘ghaza’ name of the chief of bukhooli alcohol alphabet (‘ghalifu’ and ‘halifu’ are also realised) yes please tent beat

Letter v becomes zw va vaagho vaala vaamu vaaza veesiti viira voola vootola vuma

zwa zwaho zwala zwaamu zwalya veesiti (foreign word) zwiira voola (foreign word) vootolya zuma

get away; come from get away wear get out dress up vest clear the way; give way bend squash abuse

vuukula vuuma vuumuula

zuukulya zuuma zuumuula

devour sound; resonate drive fast; accelerate

Suffix sa, so become sya, syo kisa kisiisa kiso kiteeso kitiisa lukusa lwasa mpasa mpaso mpisa mpiso mukisa mulisa pakasa

kisya kisiisya kisyo kiteesyo kitiisya lukusya lwasya mpasya mpasyo mpisya mpisyo mukisya mulisya pakasya

kind; nobility; peaceable; insect; caterpillar panga; big knife decision; resolution respect permission lightening axe bride-wealth discipline needle chance; opportunity light up work for a pay

Suffix za becomes zya (more than two syllables), lya (two sysllables) baza boza buzaabuziiza faaza feeza funza ghaza ghoza ghuliza guminkiliiza kaza kyaza maza miza naaza ndhikiiza paaza siikiriza sikiza tuukiliiza yanduluza yandulwiiza yoza

bazya bolya bulyabulya faaza (foreign word) feeza (foreign word) funzya ghalya gholya hulizya guminkiliilya kalya kyalya malya milya naalya nzikiilya paalya siikililya sikizya tuukiliirya yandululya yanzulwiilya yozya

calculate wet; soak messed up; confused up father silver reduce in size use force make to cool hear from showing patience dry; tighten entertain; get a visitor exhaust; give to everyone make to swallow clean; bathe; cleanse darkness lead astry; put out of control encourage; attract appoint as heir fulfillment spread out spreading out wash

dh becomes j or z Budhagaali dhaabaadha dhaadha zeiza Dhabasaadha dhuumuula dhuuzi eidho idha idhindha idho idhukira idhuza isandha kikaadho koodhi kudherega kwandhula kweidhusa mudheenene musaadha mwidhandhabi mwiidhe ndhala ndheru ndhikiiza ndhobe ndhogeza ndhoka ndhu

bujagaali place name; name of diety at jaabaaja rumble; rattle on grandparent Zabasaija name of a person juumuulya stretch juuzi the day after tomorrow/yesterday eizo yesterday iza come jinja place name, capital of busoga izo tomorrow ijukira remember ijulya fill up isanja/isogyi dry banana leaf kikaijo sugar-cane koizi perhaps kujerega berate; criticise kwanzula introduce kweijukya to regret mujeenene honey musaiza man mwijanjabi nurse mwiize you come nzala hunger njeru white; place name nzikiirya darkness nzobe njogezya vowel; sound nzoka tapeworm nju house

nh becomes ny bumanhi funfunha funha inhabo inhazaala inho inhoko inhonhola kanha kanhaghala kanhanha kiinha kunha manha

bumanyi funfunya funya inyabo inyazaala inyo inyoko inyonyola kanya kanyahala kanyanya kiinya kunya manya

knowledgeable eat from the bones fold over madam mother-in-law so much; a great deal your mother explain persist; keep on be determined; act daringly calf hole rub know; vagina

Menha munhanha muunha mwanhoko nhandha nhanga nhange nhanha nhendhe nhingi nhuguta nhukuta zaanha

Menya munyanya muunya mwanyoko nyanza nyanga nyange nyanya nyenze nyingi nyuguta nyukuta zeenya

break; person’s name; clan name name of a person; clan name chew up sister; brother lake piano egret tomato maggot much; plenty number; numeral letter; elphabet play

Suffix ng become nz ngira ngooli

nzira nzooli

road, path, way plain necked bird

Some of the words in Lupakoyo with different words in Lutenga include: bebenyeka menheka break; fracture bikomere bikomye it has ended gudya binga chase; run after isoigi isandha dry banana leaves izuli dhuuzi past or future date koola toola get from say a granary kwaba kugya to go by lutumu lulimi language mahio masu hot water maizi maadhi water nyama mamba meat soba fa die teite lata bbaabba father zeiza jaaja dhaadha grandparent tete kabiri again

Personal pronouns The use of personal pronouns – Enkozesa ye enhina ye nguliko ya bwene N A Tu Ba O Mu

I S/He We They You (sing.) You (pl.)

Nnaaza sowaani. Nnima duuma. Mpanga igaali. Anaaza seepiki. Alima pamba. Apanga iduuka. Tunaaza bikopo. Tulima kapiki.Tupanga sukaali. Banaaza kiyigo. Balima doodo. Bapanga kitanda Onaaza meeza. Olima bulime. Opanga mupango. Munaaza nhumba. Mulima ngaano. Mupanga isa.

Ensooko dho kubani - Possessive Prefixes Like most Bantu languages of the Nyanza region in Uganda, nouns are reflected mainly by changing prefixes: mu person (singular), e.g. musoga = native of Busoga land, mutaka ba many people, e.g. Basoga = the Soga people, bataka, bakopi ka kambe, kaso, kaala, kaba, kata, bu land, e.g. Busoga = land of the Soga, butaka ki customs or traditions, e.g. kika, kisoga = describes religious tradition or culture common to the Soga people. Kintu, kiga lu language, e.g. Lusoga = language of the Soga, Luzungu, Lungereeza, Lufalansa, Luyonaani, Lutooro, Lutenga, luuma N nso, nziira, nsa, nsesere, nsiko, Bi bika, bintu, bisoga Nsokaliina edhetengerera - Self Standing pronouns Nze me Iwe you (singular) Imwe you (plural) Ibo them Abo those Oyo that one Ole that other one Bale those other ones Ensoko edhitera okughangibwa ku bikolwa - Prefixes usually fixed to verbs N– I O– You (singular) A– He/She Tu – We/Us Mu – You (plural) Ba – They Endhitootozi - Demonstratives Bino These (things) Bire those Ghale there Ghano Here Iwe you Kire that Kino This (thing) Nze me Ole that one Ono This (person) Oyo That (person)

Embuuza

Interrogatives

Ani ? Ki ? Li ? Lwaki ? Tya ?

Who? What? when? Why? How?

Okulamusa - Greetings Greeting in Kisoga culture is personal and intimate and it depends on the time of the day and the elapsed time since the last contact with the person greeting. Respect is key to effective greeting in Lusoga and a person may go into fine details and stories depending on the nature of the relationship. Waidha: Naikoba:

Waidha:

Wasuze otya (osiibye otya) Isebo (Inhabo)? – How did you sleep (How was your day) sir(madam)? Bulungi. Wasuze otya? (osiibye otya?) Isebo? (Inhabo)? – Well (Good). How did you sleep (How was your day) sir (madam)? – Well, how did you sleep? (How was your day) sir (Madam)? Bulungi Isebo. (Inhabo) – Well sir. (Madam)

In dealing with many people the greeting changes to "Mwasuze mutya" which is composed from mu-a-sula / suze mu-tya Sula – sleep Suze – slept Tya – how Mu you -athe past tense marker Okweyandhula – Introducing Okuyandhula / okuyanzula Introduction Okweyandhula / okweyanzula self introduction Omwandhu / omwanzu price for being introduced Ni nze Kateme. I am Kateme. Ni iwe Waiswa. You are Waiswa. No ole Gulume. The other one is Gulume Ebibono ebitera okukozesebwa - Commmon phrase used Baali Baali bantu ba ife aye... Bali Ife tuli baise Mwase. Muli N’abo

They were They were our people but... they’re For us we’re of the Mwase clan. you’re and/even/ it is/ it’s those

N’ebyo N’ekyo N’ife N’iwe N’ole Na abo baino. Na abo Nabo Nabyo Nali Ndi N’dha Ndi dha Ne ebyo Ne ekyo Ni bale Ni bano Ni ife Ni iwe Ni nze zenka. No ole N’ole Nze Ni nze Ninze Nze, ndi Musoga Tu’li Tuli Twali Wali Yali

and/even/ it is/ it’s those and/even/ it is/ it’s that it’s us it’s you it’s that one and/even/ it is/ those are your friends. and/even/ it is those with those (people) with those (things) I was I am I’ll I will and/even/ it is those and/even/ it is that and/even/ it is them and/even/ it is these and/even/ it is us and/even/ it is/ you and/even me alone. it is that one it’s that one me with me it’s me Me, I am Musoga. we‘re we are we were you were s/he was

Some common Verbs Put the required pronoun i.e. n, o, a, tu, mu, ba to conjugate a verb. Examples: akola he/she works/does alya s/he eats bakola they work/do balya they eat elya it eats galya they eat kilya it eats kola work/ do lya eat mukola you work/do (plural) ndya I eat nkola I work/do okola you work/do o’kola [o/li/ku/kola] /you are/ working Okukola working Okulya eating Okunhwa drinking Okuseka laughing Okusobola managing Okusoma reading Okutambula walking Okutwala taking Okuvuga driving olya you eat tukola we work/do tulya we eat Maliriza enhuguta mu nhukuta - complete the numbers in words 0-9 10 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 0- ziiiro

10 – Ikumi

20 – Abili

30 – Asatu

40 – Ana

1– 11 – 21 – 31 – 41 – Ndala Ikumi na ndhala Abili na ndala Asatu na ndala Ana na ndala 2– Ibili

12 – Ikumi na ibili

22 – Abili na ibili

Ebi[kun]su ebya amaina (The Noun Classes) Buli kibono kya liina (noun) mu Lusoga kigwa mu ndala ku bisu eikumi ni omwenda (19) (noun classes). Buli nsegeka ya ekibono kino bweva mu

bulangasa okugya mu bungi ekyusa ekisu, emirundi egisinga nga ekisu ni ekiriraine ekisu ekya ekibono ekyo ekisooka nga bwe tukibona gha manga: 1. Mu – ni omuli amaina aga abantu aga buliidho okugeza nga musaadha mulungi, mukazi munene era muno ni omuli amaina aga eiva nga doodo mungi ni amaina aga endwaire nga kawaali mubi, lukonvuba muka. 2. Ba – buli kibono kya liina mu kisu 1. mu bigwa mu luse luno nga bifuuse mu bungi, okugeza nga basaadha babiri, bakazi bana, baana bato, baami batono; 3. Mu – ebibono mu luse luno ni ebyo ebiri ni akabonero aka ekisu kya mu era nga biziraku ka buntu. Tutwale nga: omuti omutiini, omuyembe omunene, omutyere omukulu, omugwana omuleeyi, ni ebindi. 4. Mi – muno ni omuli ebingi ebya mu luse lwa 3. mu tukobe nga: miyembe minene, miti mitiini, mityere mikulu, migwana miwanvu. 5. Li – ebibono mu luse luno ni ebiri ni li mu nsengeko ya byo nga: liiso, liino, limbo, aye nga ni omuli ni ebyo ebiziramu [l] aye nga ewulikaniramu tukobe nga: [l]iriibwa, [l]irwaliro, lyato, [l]itu. 6. Ma – ni omugwa ebibono mu bungi ebya oluse lwa li tukobe nga: maiso, maino, maato, magulu, matu. 7. Ki – buli kibono na liina eriri mu kisu kya ki ligwa mu luse luno, tukobe nga: kikaadho, kisero, kibiina, kikolo, ni ebindi. Bi – ni omuli mu bungi bwa ebibono bya ki tukobe nga bisero, bibira, bikolo, ni ebindi. 8. Ni – ebibono mu luse luno biri ni enkula eya nC oba mC nga C eyemerera wo ku lwa enhukuta etali ndhatuza aye enkontozi (not vowel but consonant) tukobe nga: ntwiga, nkulo, mbwa, nkota, mbuzi, ni ebindi. Era mulimu ni amaina agazira nsengeka oti ni eyo aye nga liri mu kisu oba oluse lwa Ni mu nkula ya go. 9. N – mu bingi, amaina agali mu Ni gagwa mu luse luno. Kubanga ensengeko dhifaanana kale ni ebibono byona tibikyuka ku waire. Era mu kisu kino ni omuli amaina aga omu luse lwa N-Lu tukobe nga: nku, ngabo, ngoye. 10. Lu – amaina agali mu luse lwa lu gagwa mu kisu kino, tukobe nga: luku, lugalo, lugoye, ni ebindi. 11. Ka – ekisu kino kirimu amaina matono tukobe nga: kambe, kaso, katale, kubanga amaina agasinga agaba muno ganhoomoola emboneka eya amaina agali mu bisu ebindhi tukobe nga: kalenzi, kakaadho, kaana, kasaadha. 12. Tu – ni omuli amaina agali ni tu mu nsengeka, tugeze nga: tugalo, tulezi, tuudhi; era kyona kinoomoola okusingira irala ebifukika. 13. Bu – ni omuli amaina aga ebyomu l. Ka nga bingi, tugeze nga: bwambe, buso, busaadha; era ni amaina agandi agazira nsengeko ya go, tugeze nga: bwito. 14. Ku – ni omuli amaina agali mu luse lwa ku tugeze nga: kutu, kuluseeni; era ni omuli ebibono ebyekonta byonabyona mu Lusoga mu luse lwa amaina ga ebikolwa (gerund nouns) tugeze nga: okulima, okukola, okusoma, okumwa, okukyola, ni ebindi.

15. Wa oba gha – luse lwa ndagiriro omuli amaina nga: ghano, ghainhuma, ghale, ni ebindi 16. Ku – yoona ni omuli endagiriro mu luse lwa ebibono nga: kungulu, kunkyo, kuntuuma. 17. Mu – yoona ya ndagiriro ya bibono nga: munda, munte, mumutwe, mumotoka. 18. Gu – amaina mu kisu kino gava mu bisu ebindi aye nga kiraga obubeede, obubi, ni okitiisa kya byo, tukobe nga: ogusaadha, ogughala, ogukaba, ni ebindi. 19. Ga – muno ni omuli ebibono bya 7. ki mu bungi, tugeze nga: gasaadha, gaghala, gatabo, ni ebindi. 20. E – yoona esengeka ndagiriro mu maina nga endha, embali, eka, ere. Eriina lisobola okukyusibwa okuva mu kisu ekya oluse luno lyatwalibwa mu kisu ekya oluse olundi okugeza nga ekibono ekiranga omuwala oba omuguna (girl) kiva mu luse lwa mu aye kisobola okukyukakyuka kiti: Ka okunoomoola akawala + katono, kalala Tu okunoomoola otuwala + tutono, tungi Ki okughansania ekiwala + kirala, kidhagudhagu Gu okughansania, obubi oguwala + gulala, gunene, gubi Lu okunoomoola/ obulungi oluwala + lughanvu, lulala Mu ekyaghalala omuwala + mulala, mulungi Ga agawala + gangi, ganene, gabi Dh edhiwala + dhingi, dhireeyi Ba abawala + abangi, abasomi Okwatula endhatuza eibili edheelilainhe: Mu ndhogera, ghaligho endhatuza edheyunga amaloboozi ni dhikola ebigambo ebyaghukanaku mu mateeka go okubisengeka. Kino kikola amakulu na amalala era kiyamba olulimi okusheetuka bukalamu nga ti lwesiitaala. Ebyokuboneraku ni bino. a + e/o bya enda bya oyo

efuuka byenda byoyo

e/o nga mu It wants. false hearts.

ki/ndi + a/e/o ki yayo ki yeyo ki yoga ndi agho ndi eyo ndi oyo

i+y/a/e/o efuuka y kyayo kyeyo kyoga ndyagho ndyeyo ndyoyo

mu eso by’enda by’oyo

nga mu

(mweso) of stomach. for that one.

ndi ere

(ndyere)

efuuka

kw-

nga mu

ku-asa

(kwasa)

mu + a/e/i/o mu aana mu yeso mu yigo mu wogo

efuuka (mwaana) (mweso) (mwigo) (mwogo)

mw

nga mu

mu-ali

(mwali)

n+b

efuuka

mb

nga mu

n-be

(mbe)

n+d

efuuka

nn

nga mu

n-lu

(nnungamya)

n+l

efuuka

nd

nga mu

n-li

(ndi)

n + ngh

efuuka

mp

nga mu

n-gh-eera

(mpeera)

n+p

efuuka

mp

nga mu

n-pa

(mpa)

o+a/e/i/

efuuka

wa

nga mu

oabala

(wabala)

tu+a/e/i/o

efuuka

twa nga mu

tuali

(twali)

ku + a/e/i/o

Verb: lungamya Nlungamya Ndungamya Nnnungamya

direct I direct. nd = nn I direct.

Verb: linda Nlinda Ndinda Nninda

wait I wait. nd = nn I wait.

Verb: li Nli Ndi Ndi

be/am I be/am. nl = nd I am.

Verb: gha Ngha Mpa Mpa

give I give. ngh = mp Give me.

Verb: gheera Ngheera Mpeera Mpeera

breath I breath. Ngh = mp I breath.

Adverb of Place: And: Of: The: Then: What: When:

Gha-agya, na-amata, Kya-abo, a-bantu, Ta-agye, Ka-ayenda, bwa-abantu,

ghe-egya, ne-emiti, kye -ere, e-bintu, te-egye, ke-etwala, bwe -ebintu,

gho-ogya ni-iwe, no-oyo kyi-ikyo, kyo-oyo o-muntu to-ogye ko-otoola bwo-omuntu

This means that the prefix of the verbial phrase is determined by the last vowel on the conjunction or particle. Ekikolwa ekyabita tukisengeka tuti: Enkolo enhimpi edhikoma mu –a oba –ya dhifuuka –aire, -ire nga mu –fa (fiire), -va (-viire), -ba (-baire), -swala (-swaire), -vaala (-vaire). Ebibono ebikoma ni -la (-bila), ebighanvu ebikoma mu -na (-onoona), ne ebyebisa mu ngeli etali ya lughazo nga bikoma mu –bwa (-yononeibwa) okutoolaku ebikoma mu –i (-faanani) bifuuka –bize, -yonoonie, -suze. Ebibono ebili ne enhingo kamala ela ebikoma mu –la (-bila), ne ebimpi nga bikoma mu –nda (-tunda) oba –gya (-gya) bifuuka –bize (gyibize), -nze (tunze), -iire (-giire). Enkolo bwe eba ekoma mu –sa (-gasa, -kaasa) oba –za (-gasiiza, -kaasiiza) nga –yoza, -yuza, -kooza, era yailililwaku endhogeza empanvu mu nkolo empanvu oba –ya (-yeya, -teesa), enhukuta –a esembayo efuuka –ya oba – eiza (-yeyiya, teseiza, yuziiza, kooziiza). Enkolo bwe dhiba dhiswika mu ibili, nga mu: –ikiliza, -egeleza, dhifuuka – ikiliiza, -egeleisa, nga ogaiseeku –iza ni -iza. Ebyaghukanamu kuliku –va (-viire) ni –ba (-baire).